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THE AMERICAN
FRUIT CULTURIST
CONTAINING
PRACTICAL DIRECTIONS FOR THE PROPAGATION
AND CULTURE OF ALL FRUITS ADAPTED
TO THE UNITED STATES
BY
JOHN J. THOMAS
First PresipeNT or THE Fruir Growers’ Society of WesTerN New York}
Honorary MEMBER OF MassaAcuuseTts HorticutTuraL Society; oF PENN«
SYLVANIA Fruit Growers’ SociETY; WorcEsTER HorricuLtTurA So=
ciety; Assistant Epitor ‘t Country GENTLEMAN 3"? AND FOR
Tuirty Years A Practical NurseRYMAN.
Twenty-first Codition, Revised and Enlarged
BY
WILLIAM H. 8. WOOD
Lire Memsper American Pomorocicart Socigty, Msamsgsr New York ACADEMY OF
Sciences, IncorroraAToR New York BoTanicat GARDEN, FetLow AMERICAN
Gzocraruicat Society; Msgmsper Horricurturat Society or New
York; oF Beprorp Farmers’ Cuus, Etc , Erc,
ILLUSTRATED WITH OVER EIGHT HUNDRED
ACCURATE FIGURES
NEW YORK
ORANGE JUDD COMPANY
I9II
p
C
SR 2S
THs
(903
COPYRIGHT 1875, 1885, 1897, 190%
By WILLIAM H. S. WOOD.
ae or
Printep In U. S. A.
39%
EDITOR’S PREFACE TO THE TWENTY-FIRST
EDITION.
PROBABLY no other work of its character has enjoyed the
popularity of Thomas’ “ American Fruit Culturist”; first pub-
lished many years ago. It has, unlike most books by other
authors, been revised and kept up to date, both with respect
to the newer varieties of fruits and also the improvements in
cultivation—in all the details, in fact, pertaining to the science
and art of fruit growing. In the preparation of the present
edition the editor has had the valued assistance of Prof. M. V.
Slingerland of Cornell University, who wrote the chapter on
Destructive Insects; of Prof. Byron S. Halsted of Rutgers
College, who wrote that on Diseases of Fruits; and especially
of Prof. L. H. Bailey, who supervised almost the entire book.
The editor still feels that the time has not yet come to adopt
absolutely the rule of the American Pomological Society with
respect to the names of fruits. To doso before the nursery-
men, the dealers, much more generally conform to it could
only lead, as before stated, to uncertainty and confusion.
Thomas’ “Fruit Culturist’” has again been materially en-
larged both in text and illustrations.
While it is believed that this book will be found scientifi-
cally accurate, it must be remembered that it is prepared
especially as a practical working manual for the amateur and
farmer. WILLIAM H. S. Woop.
New York, February, 1903.
EDITOR’S PREFACE TO TWENTIETH EDITION.
In presenting the present edition of “ Thomas’ American
Fruit Culturist,” it seems necessary briefly to state the reasons
for the numerous changes which will be found, and also to
offer an apology for whatever shortcomings may be noticed.
Mr. Thomas was my lifelong friend, and, when the infirmities
of his later years prevented him from making the needed re-
vision himself, he requested that I should personally under-
take it. Though the cares and responsibilities of an active
business life seemed to forbid so arduous a task, congenial as
it was to an amateur for thirty years in horticultural work,
nevertheless, the great value of the book, and its probable con-
tinued usefulness to all interested in fruit-culture in America,
were so apparent, that I consented to undertake it under Mr.
Thomas’ supervision. Unfortunately, almost before it was
begun his death deprived me of the support upon which I had
so greatly calculated. The work has, therefore, been com-
pleted under disadvantages which those only who personally
knew its gifted author can appreciate.
John J. Thomas, the son of David Thomas, the chief engi-
neer in building the Erie Canal from Rochester to Buffalo,
was born at Ledyard, Cayuga County, N. Y., January 8th, 1810.
He was chiefly educated at home, and early developed an in-
tense interest in natural science, especially devoting himself
to botanical study. After some years spent with his father in
the nursery business, he established a nursery of his own in
Wayne County, and for over thirty years continued in the
business, earning a reputation which placed him in the front
rank as a practical pomologist and authority in everything
pertaining to the propagation and raising of fruits of all kinds.
He was an industrious writer, both of books and as contributor
to journals. He was an associate editor of the Country Gentle-
man, from its foundation until 1894, when failing strength
vi PREFACE TO TWENTIETH EDITION.
prevented him from continuing his connection with that paper.
On February 22d, 1895, hedied. Mr. E. W. Lincoln, secretary
of the Worcester County (Mass.) Horticultural Society, wrote
of him: He “was ever the peer of Barry and the Downings,
and survived them to take his proper place, unchallenged, at
the very head of the pomologists of America.”
The changes which have been made in this edition of
Thomas’ work are such only as seemed to confine its matter
strictly to the propagation and cultivation of fruits in the open
air, and to bring it in all respects fully up with our present
knowledge. The few sections which treated of raising or
ripening under glass, of preserving fruit, and the lists of such
as could be grown only in houses, have been omitted. The
selected list of fruits recommended for different parts of the
United States has also been omitted, because now the agri-
cultural experiment stations of each State afford a more re-
liable guide. The “Monthly Calendar of Work” has been
dropped, on account of its unsuitableness for every locality.
The cultivation of fruit in California and the Pacific States
is not especially treated of, there being already a voluminous
work upon this subject.
On the other hand, numerous chapters have been added
upon subjects which have become of practical value and of
almost vital importance to the would-be successful fruit-
grower. 2
| The chapter on “Insects and Diseases” has been greatly ex-
tended, the investigations of the past ten years having added
much to our knowledge upon these important topics.
The second section of the book, treating of the varieties of
the “ Different Kinds of Fruits,” has been very thoroughly re-
vised, and it is believed will be found to embrace practically
complete descriptions of all the acknowledged standard and
approved newer sorts; while the “ Descriptive Index,” as here-
tofore, includes also very many kinds now nearly or quite
superseded, and others which have been so recently intro-
duced that their real value is not yet established.
An entirely new chapter has been added on “ Nuts.”
The new chapter on “ Wild Fruits” closes this section.
The third section has been expressly prepared for this work
by Mr. E. H. Hart, of Florida, upon the recommendation of Mr.
PREFACE TO TWENTIETH EDITION. vii
P. J. Berckmans, of Augusta, Ga., the veteran and learned ex.
president of the American Pomological Society. It covers all
the sub-tropical fruits which can be successfully cultivated,
save, perhaps, in the limited extreme southern part of Florida.
One of the most unsatisfactory points in connection with
illustrations of fruits, wherever found, is the uncertainty as
to the actual size of the variety represented, while it is pretty
generally understood that the engravings in nurserymen’s
catalogues are usually of abnormally large specimens, and too
often, especially with the smaller fruits, the same cut is made
to do duty in different lists for several sorts.
In this work all illustrations of fruit are from average-sized
specimens, and are life-size, unless otherwise definitely stated.
The importance of this feature in identifying varieties has
been considered so great that, in certain chapters, as, for in-
stance, that upon “ Grapes” and that on “ Strawberries,” illus-
trations have been wholly omitted, from the impossibility of
obtaining photographs in the time allowed me by the publish-
ers. In future editions, it is hoped these and other omissions
in the same line may be supplied.
I am indebted to Prof. L. H. Bailey, of the Cornell State
Experiment Station, Ithaca, N. Y., for the chapter on “ Spray-
ing;” to Prof, J. L. Budd, of the State Experiment Station at
Ames, Iowa, for descriptions of Russian apples, incorporated
in the chapter on that fruit; to Mr. E. H. Hart, of Federal
Point, Fla., for the entire section on “Sub-Tropical Fruits;”
to the Directors of all the experiment stations of the country
for their courtesy in sending me, as far as possible, complete
files of their publications, of which I have made copious use,
especially in the way of illustrations.
For kind permission to copy wood-cuts, I have also to thank
Prof. C. C. Georgeson, of Manhattan, Kan.; and William
Parry, of Parry, N. J.
I must also acknowledge my indebtedness to Mr. S. B.
Heiges, pomologist of the Department of Agriculture, Wash-
ington, D. C., for courtesies received.
WIiLL1aM H. S. Woop.
New York, January 2d, 1897.
PREFACE TO NINETEENTH EDITION.
THE first edition of the “ Fruit Culturist,” the basis of the
present work, was written more than thirty years ago, anda
year before the appearance of Downing’s first edition of the
“Fruits and Fruit-Trees of America.” It was subsequently
much enlarged through several revised editions. The rapid
progress made of late years in the culture of fruit has required
a still further revision, and the work is now brought down to
the present date. Being intended as a guide tothe practical
‘cultivator, its object is to furnish useful directions in the man-
agement of the nursery, fruit-garden, and orchard, and to as-
sist in the selection of the best varieties for cultivation. It
aims to give full descriptions only of valuable and promising
fruits suited to the country at large, or which may have been
popular in certain districts. Many sorts, however, which are
less known, or whose position or value is undetermined, and
several excellent new varieties, will be found noticed in the
general “Descriptive List and Index,” where their leading
characteristics are briefly described.
As some confusion would result from a promiscuous assem-
blage of all the different varieties, a systematic classification
has been adopted for the principal fruits. By placing them
under separate and characteristic heads, the cultivator is ena-
bled to distinguish and remember each sort with more readi-
ness than where all are thrown indiscriminately together.
The names of those varieties which have been proved of the
greatest general value, or which have received a large vote in
their favor, either in particular regions or throughout the
country, are distinguished by being printed in small capitals.*
One of the chief points for determining the classification is
the time of ripening; and the principal fruits are separated
* In this edition by an asterisk following the name. [Ep1Tor.]
x PREFACE TO NINETEENTH EDITION.
into summer, autumn, and winter sorts. Although the pe-
tiods of ripening vary several weeks in different parts of the
country, these divisions of time will be sufficiently exact for
general purposes.
The distinguishing characteristics of this work are the fol-
lowing: 1. The arrangement of the chapters. 2. The syste-
matic classification of most of the large fruits, and more espe-
cially of the apples and pears. 3. The condensed descriptions
of fruits, which have been mostly taken from the ripened spe-
cimens. 4. The copious illustrations of the various operations.
The reader will understand the comprehensive character of
the “ Descriptive List and Index” by referring to the note at
its head,
Joun J. THomas.
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
PART I.
CHAPTER I.
LEADING PRINCIPLES OF THE GROWTH OF TREES,
Germination—The Root—The Stem and Branches—The
Process of Growing—Flowers—Species and Varieties, .
CHAPTER II.
PRODUCTION OF NEW VARIETIES,
New Varieties by Crossing, . . . . . . .
CHAPTER III.
PAGES
I-15
16-21
PROPAGATION BY BUDDING AND GRAFTING, BY LAYERS AND BY CUTTINGS,
I. Cuttings. II. Layers. HI. Grafting. IV. Budding—
Limits of Budding and Grafting. Saving Mice-Gnawed
Trees, . . . . . . . . . .
CHAPTER IV.
SOIL, MANURES, SITUATION, AND ENCLOSURES.
Manures—Situation—Enclosures—Hedges, . a A 5
CHAPTER V.
TRANSPLANTING.
Laying Out Orchards—Transplanting—Distances for Plant-
ing Trees, . . . ‘ ‘ . F . F F
CHAPTER VI.
e CULTIVATION OF THE SOIL,
Renovating Old Trees—When to Manure Orchards—Ar-
rangements to Facilitate Cultivation—The Modern Cul-
tivation of Commercial Orchards—Fertilizers, .
22-48
49-59
60-76
77-89
xii TABLE OF CONTENTS,
CHAPTER VIL
PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE OF PRUNING,
Pruning Young Trees at Transplanting—Pruning the Tops
—Proper Time for Pruning—Pruning, as Affecting
Fruitfulness—Summer Pruning—Giving Desired Form
to Trees by Pruning—Pruning Nursery and Young
Trees—Pruning Single Shoots—Pruning Young Apple-
trees—Pyramids—Pruning Apple Orchards in Bearing
—Pruning the Peach—Pruning the Cherry—Pruning
the Quince—Pruning the Roots, . . . . + QO-III
PAGES
CHAPTER VIII.
HAND IMPLEMENTS USED BY FRUIT GROWERS,
Knives and Saws—Fruit Pickers—Reel—Ladders—Syringes
—Garden Engines—Labels, . s . . . - I12-12T
CHAPTER IX.
THINNING, GATHERING, KEEPING, AND MARKETING,
Thinning—Gathering—How to Pick Apples—Assorting and
Packing for Market—Packing Grapes for Market—Pack-
ing Strawberries and Other Small Fruits—Keeping
Fruit—Keeping Grapes, . ‘ A ‘ . . - 122-139
CHAPTER X,
FRUITS TO SUPPLY A FAMILY.
Plan of a Fruit Garden—How to Obtain Fruit Quickly on
New Places, ‘ . - . . - é F + 140-146
CHAPTER XI.
MANAGEMENT OF NURSERIES,
Soils—Laying Out—Shelter—Seeds and Stocks—Planting
Seeds—Cultivation—Budding and Grafting—Digging
or Lifting the Trees—Packing for Transportation, + 147-159
CHAPTER XI. .
DESTRUCTIVE INSECTS,
How Insects Eat— Woolly A phis— Round-headed Apple-tree
Borer—Flat-headed Apple-tree Borer—Oyster-shell
TABLE OF CONTENTS. xiii
‘ PAGES
Bark-louse—Scurfy Bark-louse—San José Scale—Leca-
nium Scales—Apple Aphis—Bud Moth—Canker-worms
—Yellow-necked Apple-tree Caterpillar—Apple Maggot
—Apple-worm or Codling Moth—Pear Psylla—Pear or
Cherry Slug—Pear Midge—Plum Curculio—Plum
Gouger—Black Peach Aphis—Peach-tree Borer—Fruit-
tree Bark-beetle—Cherry Aphis—Cherry Fruit-fly—
Quince Curculio—Grape Phylloxera—Grape-vine Flea
Beetle—Rose Chafer—Grape-vine Leaf-hopper—Cur-
rant Borer—Imported Currant-worm—Currant Span-
worm—Raspberry Cane-borer—Snowy ‘Tree-cricket—
Raspberry Saw-fly—White Grubs—Strawberry Root-
louse—Strawberry-crown Borer—Strawberry Leaf-roller
—Strawberry Weevil, é . é ‘ : s - 160-210
CHAPTER XIII.
THE DISEASES OF FRUITS,
Apple: Rust—Scab—Ripe Rot—Black Rot—Fire Blight—
Powdery Mildew. Pear: Fire Blight—Leaf Blight—
Scab, Quince: Rust—Black Rot—Fire Blight—Leaf
Spot—Ripe Rot. Peach: Yellows—Leaf Curl—Fruit
Rot—Scab. Apricot: Rust. Plum: Black Knot—
Plum Pockets—Leaf Blight—-Scab—Fruit Rot. Cherry:
Black Knot—Leaf Blight—Fruit Rot—Mildew. Grage:
Black Rot—Anthracnose—Downy Mildew—Powdery
Mildew—Ripe Rot. Blackberry and Raspberry: Rust
—Anthracnose. Currantand Gooseberry : Cane Blight
—Anthracnose — Leaf Spot—Mildew. Strawberry:
Leaf Spot. Cranberry: Scald. Root Galls, +» 211-244
CHAPTER XIV.
THE SPRAYING OF FRUITS.
History and Description—The Apparatus, Materials, and
Formulas—Spray Calendar, . .~ .« «© © © 242-259
CHAPTER XV.
TERMS USED IN DESCRIBING FRUITS.
Growth of the Tree, Shoots, and Leaves—Form of the Fruit
—Texture of Fruit—Flavor—Quality, . . . « 260-271
xiv TABLE OF CONTENTS.
CHAPTER XVI.
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS,
PAGES
Act of 1887 Establishing—Extract from Act of 1895—List of
Experiment Stations, . ‘ s so ‘i . 272-282
CHAPTER XVII.
RULES ADOPTED BY THE AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION
FOR NAMING AND DESCRIBING FRUITS, * % : 5 283
PART II.
On the Different Kinds of Fruit.
CHAPTER XVIII.
THE APPLE,
Nursery Management—Planting Orchards—Cultivation—
Renovating and Pruning Old Orchards—Changes
Wrought by Climate and Soil—Dwarf Apples—Age
at which Apple-trees Begin to Fruit—Varieties, . + 287-350
CHAPTER XIX.
THE APRICOT.
Cultivation and Soil—Varieties, . ‘ ‘i 5 » 351-355
CHAPTER XX.
THE BLACKBERRY AND DEWBERRY.
Cultivation—Covering from Cold—Varieties, 3 ‘ « 356-361
CHAPTER XXI.
THE CHERRY,
Propagation—Soil—Dwarf Cherries—Varieties, . . . 362-381
CHAPTER XXII.
THE’ CRANBERRY.
Soil and Cultivation—Setting the Plants—Flooding—Gath-
ering—Varieties, 7 - . ° . . ‘ « 382-385
TABLE OF CONTENTS. xv
‘CHAPTER XXIII.
THE CURRANT.
Propagation—Pruning— Varieties, 7 . . e » 386-392
CHAPTER XXIV.
THE GOOSEBERRY,
Propagation and Cultivation—Varieties, . . . + 393-397
CHAPTER XXV.
THE GRAPE.
Propagation—Grafting—Training—Transplanting—Trellis
—Training on the Trellis—Modifications of Training—
Spraying Grapes—Bagging Grapes—Soil for Vine-
yards—Distances for Planting—Raising Grapes from
Seed—Varieties, % 7 5 . . . . + 398-427
CHAPTER XXVI.
THE MULBERRY.
Propagation and Cultivation—Varieties, . . . « 428-430
CHAPTER XXVII.
NECTARINES.,
Cultivation—Varieties, . - % 3 . 7 es 431-433
CHAPTER XXVIII
NUTS,
Propagation — Grafting—Chestnuts—Chinquapin — Hazel-
Nuts. ickories: Pecans—Shellbarks. Walnuts:
Butternuts—Black Walnuts—Persian Walnut, . + 434-463
CHAPTER XXIX.
THE PEACH.
Propagation—Raising in Pots—Winter Protection—Varie-
ties, . . ‘ . - . F é . ‘ - 464-490
CHAPTER XXX.
THE PEAR.
Propagation—Wintering—Budding—Dwarf Pears—Prun-
ing—Dwarf Pears—Regrafting Large Pear-trees—Va-
rieties, * . ° . . . . 7 « 491-544
xvi TABLE OF CONTENTS.
CHAPTER XXXI.
PLUMS.
Propagation—Grafting and Budding—Cultivation—Varie-
ties, . . . . . . . . . . .
CHAPTER XXXII.
THE QUINCE.
Propagation—Pruning—Varieties, ose . . .
CHAPTER XXXIII.
THE RASPBERRY.
Propagation—Planting for Market—Propagating by Seed—
Rules for Culture—Varieties, . ; : . . z
CHAPTER XXXIV.
THE STRAWBERRY.
Requisites for Cultivation—Soil—Transplanting—Cultiva-
tion — Runners — Early Strawberries — Setting Out-
Plants—Selection of Varieties—Staminate and Pistil-
late Sorts—Varieties, F . ‘ . : . a
CHAPTER XXXV.
WILD AND UNCLASSIFIED FRUITS.
Buffalo Berry—Eleagnus Longipes—Huckleberries—June
Berry—Medlars — Paw-paw — Strawberry-Raspberry—
Japanese Wineberry, . . . . . . .
PART III.
Sub-Tropical Fruits,
CHAPTER XXXVI.
CITRUS FRUITS.
The Orange : Evolution—Propagation—Budding and Graft-
ing—Transplanting—Cuttings and Layers—Soil—Fer-
tilizers—Distance of Planting—Cultivation—Pruning—
Frost—Insects—Diseases—Selection of Varieties—Va-
tieties. Zhe Lemon: Cultivation—Varieties—Market-
PAGES
545-579
580-584
585-595
596-609
610-618 ~
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
ing the Orange and Lemon. Zhe ‘Citron : Cultivation
—Varieties. The Shaddock: Description—Varieties.
The Lime: Description—Propagation—Varieties, .
CHAPTER XXXVIL
THE BANANA,
Cultivation and Propagation, . Soe a ee we
CHAPTER XXXVIII.
THE DATE,
Cultivation, . a 4 . - - * ‘ <
CHAPTER XXXIX.
THE FIG.
Description—Propagation—Cultivation—Varisties, ,
CHAPTER XL.
THE GUAVA,
Description—Propagation, . < e . .
CHAPTER XLI.
THE LOQUAT.
Description—Propagation, % “ ° ° . e
CHAPTER XLII.
THE PERSIMMON.
Cultivation—Japanese Improvements—Insect Enemies—
Varieties, . < . : 7 ‘ 7 7 7 .
CHAPTER XLIIL
THE PINEAPPLE,
Description—Cultivation—Propagation — Diseases—Varie-
ties, . e . . . : 5 s . .
CHAPTER XLIV.
-THE POMEGRANATE,
Sor
Description—Propagation—Varieties, . . ‘ :
DescrIPTIVE List AND INDEX OF FRUITS, . - é
GLOSSARY, ° S . O . ° * ° 4
GENERAL INDEX, % 3 . . ° ° ° Ff
xvii
PAGES
621-652
653-654
655-657
658-664
665-666
667-668
669-677
678-685
686-687
689-808
809-814
815-823
THE AMERICAN FRUIT CULTURIST.
CHAPTER I.
LEADING PRINCIPLES OF THE GROWTH OF
TREES.
Tue formation of a large tree from a minute. seed is one of
the most interesting and wonderful occurrences in nature. It
is important that the fruit culturist should so understand the
process as to know what will hasten it on one hand or retard it
on the other. By understanding these principles, the neces-
sary rules will be greatly simplified, and the directions ren-
dered more clear and obvious.
GERMINATION.
The first movement of the seed towards forming a new
plant is termed germination. After the plant is formed, and
its growth is carried on through the agency of its leaves, the
process is termed vegetation ; the latter immediately following
the former.
To produce germination seeds require heat, moisture, and
air, but not light. It will be observed that these three requi-
sites are present when seeds are slightly buried in moist,
warm, mellow earth. Heat, although essential to all seeds,
varies in the degree required by different species. The chick-
weed, for instance, will vegetate nearly down to the freezing-
point; while tropical or hot-house plants often need a blood
heat. Nearly every person has seen proofs of the necessity of
moisture for the germination of seeds—indicated by the prac-
tice of watering newly-sown beds. The florist is aware that
I
2 PRINCIPLES OF THE GROWTH OF TREES.
minute seed, which cannot be planted deep, as the portulacca,
must be kept moist by a thin covering or shading. It is often
requisite to bury seeds to a considerable depth, in order to
secure a proper degree of moisture to start them. On the
other hand, they will sprout on the surface unburied, if kept
constantly showered.
The third requisite, air, is an important one. Seeds may be
kept dormant a long time by deep burying. Nurserymen
have often retained the vitality of peach-stones fora year or
two, by burying them a foot or more in compact earth. Other
seed might doubtless be kept fora time in the same way.
Planting too deep is often fatal to the success of acrop. The
seeds of noxious weeds remain many years buried beneath the
soil, until cultivation brings them up, mixes them with the
soft mellow surface, accessible to air, when they spring up in
profusion over the ground.
As a general rule, seeds germinate and grow most readily
when buried to a depth of from three to five times their
diameter, in soils of ordinary moisture.
In order to produce germination, moisture must find ready
access to the interior of the seed. It is often excluded, if the.
coats have been allowed to become too dry. The thick cover-
ings of the chestnut, horse-chestnut, and many seeds of sim-
ilar character, if left a few days exposed to the air, become
so hard as to prevent it. To secure success, they must be
kept moist by imbedding them in moist sand, leaf-mould, or
moss, from the moment they separate from the tree until
planted in the earth. Apple seeds and some others, which
have been allowed to become too dry, may frequently be
started by scalding and then exposing them to the action of:
the frost; and by repeating the process several times, there is
greater certainty of germinating. As the scalding and cool-
ing must be quickly done, portions not larger than two or
three pounds should be taken atatime. The object in crack-
ing peach and plum-stones before planting, is to admit air and
moisture—a process which is also hastened by subjecting
them to freezing and thawing.
The Structure of the Plant or Tree.—A\\ plants, in the first
place, are manufactured or built up of innumerable little
cells, sacs, or cavities. These are usually not over a five-
PRINCIPLES OF THE GROWTH OF TREES. 3
hundredth part of an inch in diameter, and in many plants
they are still smaller. Fig. 1 exhibits a section of the wood
of the maple cut across—presenting many thousands of these
little vessels, only visible under a good microscope. The
branch of an apple-tree, an inch in diameter, cut across, shows
about one million. This cellular structure exists throughout
the roots, stems, shoots, leaves, flowers, and fruit.
The cells of plants usually vary from 1-300th to 1-500th of an
inch in diameter, and it is obvious that during vigorous
growth the plant forms them with great rapidity. Ashoot of
Fic. 1.—Cross Section of Tree Trunk.
asparagus increases the length of one cell every ten seconds;
and as its diameter embraces many thousands, from fifty to a
hunred million are formed every day. The building up of the
plant of these cells has been compared to the erection of a
house by the successive addition of bricks; but if as many
bricks were daily added to a structure, they would be enough
to make a building daily larger than the great pyramid of
Egypt, or the Coliseum at Rome. Yet every one of these
cells is as perfect and finished as the finest work of art.
THE Root.
The root consists of several parts (Fig. 2). The mazn root,
called also the Zap root, is the large central portion, extend-
ing downward. In many plants or trees, however, it is
4 PRINCIPLES OF THE GROWTH OF TREES.
divided as growth advances, until lost in /atera/s or side
branches. The fibres or rootlets ate the small thread-like
roots proceeding from the laterals; and lastly, the smallest of
all, the new fibres are furnished with root-hairs, scarcely visi-
- ble without a
microscope.
The whole
surface of
roots continue
to absorb
moisture from
the soil so
long as they
are fresh and
new; and the
newer por-
tions, near the
tips, absorb
most freely.
Old roots,
covered with
a hard or hor-
ny bark, imbibe almost none. The root-hairs convey mois-
ture into the fibres with rapidity. Young trees, when dug
up for transplanting, have most of the fibres and root-hairs
torn from them, and they would suffer serious injury or die,
but for the power which they possess of rapidly reproducing
them under favorable influences.
The collar is the point of union between the root and the
stem, but its place may be easily changed in many young
plants by banking up the stem, which will emit new roots
above. Or, a branch may be buried, as in layering grape-
vines, honeysuckles, gooseberries, and many other woody
plants. Small portions of roots attached to a graft will often
produce a new plant; this is especially the case with the
grape and rose, which are extensively propagated in this way;
and also in some degree with the apple, of which, however,
when thus root-grafted, larger portions should be employed of
the roots of one-year, or at most two-year, seedlings.
Fig. 2.—Root System of Two-year-old Apple.
PRINCIPLES OF THE GROWTH OF TREES. §
THE STEM AND BRANCHES,
As roots are annual, biennial, or perennial, as they continue
living one, two, or more seasons ; so the stem is herbaceous or
woody, as it grows only one year or more—in the latter in-
stance hardening into wood. Woody plants, when small, are
_ called shrubs, as the rose, gooseberry, and currant. When
large, they are trees, as the apple, pine, and oak.
causes the leaves to become spotted and to fall.
PLuM—Brown-rot.—As for peach, which see. Leaf-dlight.
—1, Copper-sulphate solution, before buds swell; 2, When
fruit has set, Bordeaux mixture; 3, 4, etc., repeat 2 at in-
tervals of two or three weeks; use a clear fungicide after
fruit is three-quarters grown. Black-knot.—t1, During first
‘warm days of early spring, Bordeaux mixture; 2, repeat 1
when buds are swelling; 3, during latter part of May, repeat
1; 4, repeat 1 during middle of June; (5, repeat 1 in July).
All knots should be cut out and burned as soon as discovered.
Curculio.—Spraying is not always satisfactory; jar the trees
after fruit has set, at intervals of one to three days during
two to five weeks. Plum Scale.—1, In autumn when leaves
THE SPRAYING OF FRUITS. 257
have fallen, 25 per cent. kerosene and water mixture; 2 and 3,
in.spring, before buds open, repeat 1.
PeacH—Brown-rot.—1, Before buds swell, copper-sulphate
solution; (2, before flowers open, Bordeaux mixture); 3, when
fruit has set, repeat 2; 4, repeat after ten to fourteen days;
5, when fruit is nearly grown, amoniacal copper carbonate; 6,
7, etc., repeat 5 at intervals of five to seven days if necessary.
Curculio.—See Plum.
CHERRY—Dlack-knot.—As for plum. of.—1, As for plum.
Aphis.—1, 10 per cent. kerosene and water when insects first
appear; 2, 3, repeat at intervals of three to four days if neces-
sary. It is essential to be ontime with this treatment. Siug.
——_1, When insects appear, arsenites, hellebore or air-slaked
lime; 2, 3, repeat 1 in ten to fourteen days if necessary.
Curculio.—See Plum.
Quince—Leaf-blight or Fruit-spot.—1, See under Pear. Rust.
—Same treatment as for leaf-blight. Curculio.—See under
Plum.
RoseE-CHAFER or Rosre-Buc.—A very difficult insect to com-
bat. There is no good remedy. Spraying thick lime white-
wash on the plants is a fairly good repellant. Kerosene emul-
sion is also partially efficient. Hand-picking and bagging the
fruit, where these means can be employed, are always to be
recommended. The insects breed in sandy lands. These
breeding places should be kept in constant tilth, and never
seeded down.
San José ScaLe.—For nurserymen with infested stock, fumi-
gation with hydrocyanic-acid gas; for those with infested
growing trees, a crude oil and water mixture from 60 to 80 per
cent., dependent upon the specific gravity of the oil. Details
on the methods of application may be obtained from many
experiment station bulletins. Whale-oil soap and kerosene
emulsion are no longer practicable remedies, because they
are so costly and disagreeable to apply. Resin washes are
used with success in California.
2. The Vineyard.
Anthracnose.—1, Before buds break in spring, sulphate of
‘ron and sulphuric-acid solution; 2, repeat 1 after three or
17
258 THE SPRAYING Ol FRUITS.
four days to cover untreated portions. Ifspraying for rot, no
further treatment is necessary; if not, two or three applica-
tions of Bordeaux will be beneficial. No treatment is wholly
satisfactory. SBlack-rot.—(1, as soon as first leaves are fully
expanded, Bordeaux mixture); 2, after fruit has set, Bor-
deaux mixture; 3, repeat 2 at intervals of two to three weeks
until fruit is three-quarters grown; 4, ammoniacal copper car-
bonate when fruit is nearly grown; 5, 6, etc., repeat 4 at
intervals of seven to fourteen days as required. Downy
Mildew, Powdery Mildew.—The first application recommended
under Black-rot is of especial importance. Azfe-rot.—Apply
very thoroughly the later applications recommended under
Black-rot. Steely-bug.—i, As buds are swelling, arsenites; 2,
after ten to fourteen days, repeat 1. /ea-beetle.—1, Arsenites
as the buds swell. 2, Arsenites when worms appear on the
leaves.
3. Small Fruits.
Currant—Lea/-blights.—1, When injury first appears, be-
fore the fruit is harvested, ammoniacal copper carbonate, to
avoid staining the fruit; 2, after fruit is harvested, Bordeaux
mixture freely applied; 3, repeat 2 whennecessary. Worm.—
1, When first leaves are nearly expanded, arsenites; 2, after
ten to fourteen days, hellebore; 3, repeat 2 if necessary.
GOOSEBERRY—Mi/dew.—1, Before buds break, Bordeaux
mixture; 2, when first leaves have expanded, Bordeaux mix-
ture or potassium sulphite; 3, 4, etc., repeat 2 at intervals of
seven to ten days, if necessary, throughout the summer.
Avoid staining the fruit. Thorough and timely spraying
will keep the mildew completely in check. Worm.—See Cur-
rant, above.
RASPBERRY, BLACKBERRY, and DEWBERRY—Anthracnose.—1,
Before buds break, copper-sulphate solution; also cut out
badly infested canes; 2, when growth has commenced, Bor-
deaux mixture; 3, 4, etc., repeat 2 at intervals of one to three
weeks; avoid staining fruit by use of clear fungicide. Only
partially successful; better treatment is short rotation, clean-
ing off the old patch as soon as it becomes diseased. Orange-
rust.—Remove and destroy affected plants as soon as dis-
covered. Sazw-fly.—1, When first leaves have expanded,
THE SPRAYING OF FRUITS. 259
arsenites; 2, after two to three weeks repeat 1, or apply kero-
sene and water (unsatisfactory).
STRAWBERRY—Lea/-blight.—1, When growth begins in
spring, Bordeaux mixture; 2, when first fruits are setting,
repeat 1; 3, during fruiting season, ammoniacal copper car-
bonate; 4, after fruiting, or on non-bearing plants, Bordeaux
mixture at intervals of one to three weeks. Short rotations
are best preventives of disease. Select resistant varieties.
Saw-fly.—Spray plants when not in bearing with arsenites,
vepeating application if necessary.
CHAPTER XV.
TERMS USED IN DESCRIBING. FRUITS.
It is only by a uniform and definite use of terms that de-
scriptions can be made intelligible to the reader. Hencea
full explanation of these terms becomes a matter of impor-
tance. Distinctive characters should be permanent, and not
liable to variation with a change of locality, soil, season, or
climate; or, if variable, the nature of such variation should
be distinctly pointed out. To assist the cultivator the more
fully to understand written descriptions, the devotion of a few
pages toaclear explanation of the terms used in this work
may prove useful,
I. GROWTH OF THE TREE, SHOOTS, AND LEAVES,
The form of growth often affords a good distinctive char-
acter of varieties, not liable to great variation. Young trees,
only a few years old, usually exhibit peculiarities of growth
more conspicuously than old trees of irregular spreading
branches. Hence, in all cases where this character is men-
tioned, it refers to young trees not more than three or four
years from the bud or graft, unless otherwise expressed.
1. Shoots are erect, when they rise nearly perpendicularly
from the main trunk or stem, as in the Early Strawberry
apple and Bartlett pear (Fig. 305).
Diverging, when they deviate from the perpendicular at an
angle of about forty-five degrees, considerable variation being
found in the same tree; as in the Domine and Ribston Pippin
(Fig. 306).
Spreading, when they more nearly approach a. horizontal
direction, as in most trees of the Rhode Island Greening (Fig.
307).
260
TERMS USED IN DESCRIBING ER UITS. 261
Drooping, when they fall below the horizontal, a form which
many spreading shoots assume, as they become the large
branches of older trees.
Ascending, when they curve upward, as in the Gravenstein
apple, and small Red Siberian Crab (Fig. 308). Erect trees
usually partake more or less of this quality, but the Early
Harvest is free from it.
trregular, when they assume no very distinct growth, but
more or less a mixture of the preceding, as Black Gilliflower
and Summer Bonchretien pear.
Wy
AZ
cy JL Z
FIG. 305. “Fic. 306, FIG. 307. FIG. 308. FIG. 309°
Showing Forms of Growth. .
Straggling, similar to the next preceding, but with shoots
more slender and curved, as Winter Nelis and Black Worces-
ter pear (Fig. 309).
Shoots are straight, as in the Early Harvest and Northern
Spy apples; #Zexuous, or more or less deviating from a straight
line, as in the Swaar and Roxbury Russet. This distinction
is very apparent and uniform in young and very thrifty
trees, but not in older ones of feeble growth.
They are stout, asin the Red Astrachan; slender, as in the
Jonathan apple and Winter Nelis pear.
Trees with erect straight shoots when young, usually form
more regular and compact heads in older trees; and those of
a spreading habit, more irregular or drooping heads.
Some trees which grow very rapidly when young, are small
when of full size, examples of which are found in the Late
Strawberry and Tallman Sweeting. Others at first grow more
slowly, but ultimately become large, as the Esopus Spitzen-
burgh. Some varieties, again, continue to increase rapidly
262 TERMS USED IN DESCRIBING FRUITS.
in size at all periods, as the Northern Spy; while others of
feeble growth when small, never attain much magnitude, as
the Early Joe and Sine Qua Non.
2. The color of the shoots varies greatly in the same variety
at different periods of the year, as well as with different de-
grees of exposure to the sun, and with a change of soil, cli-
mate, and season. When fresh or very young, all have a
greenish color, but gradually assume various shades of yel-
low, olive, brown, red, purple, and nearly black, as the season
advances, and as they become bare and are exposed to the sun
and weather. For this reason, in describing the color, the
terms must be relative, and can only be correctly applied by
a comparison at the time with the color of other sorts. Dur-
ing winter, and early in the spring, the shoots of most trees
become so much darker than at other times, that it is only
by practice and by placing the different sorts side by side, that
accuracy may be attained. Skilful culturists will readily dis-
tinguish, by a glance at the color of the shoots, many of the
kinds they cultivate; but the peculiar cast is hard to describe
in words, in the same way that it is impossible to describe the
handwriting of an individual, so as to be known from fifty
others, although many can, at a glance, know the penmanship
of hundreds of different persons. A few of the most strongly
marked cases, however, present peculiarities of color, which
form useful points of distinction. No one, for instance, could
easily mistake the ye//ow shoots of the Bartlett and Dix pears,
for the dark brown or purple of the Tyson and Forelle; or the
light greenish cast of the Bough and Sine Qua Non apples,
for the dark color of the Northern Spy, or dark brown of the
Baldwin; nor the downy or grayish appearance of the Ladies’
Sweeting and Esopus Spitzenburgh, for the clear shining
brown of the Gravenstein and Red Astrachan. Nearly all
shoots are more or less downy at first, but the down disap-
pears as they grow older. Hence the term must be used
relatively. In plums, the smooth or downy shoots afford in
most cases good distinctive points.
3. The Buds sometimes afford distinct characteristics. As
examples, the large, compact, and projecting buds of the
Summer Bonchretien always contrast strongly with the
smaller, more rounded, and softer buds of the Madeleine,
TERMS USED IN DESCRIBING FRUITS. 263
Buds are large on the Swaar and Golden Sweet, small on the
Tallman Sweeting and Rhode Island Greening.
4. Lhe Leaves, in a large number of instances, are of use in
distinguishing different varieties.
They are even (not wrinkled), as in the Bartlett pear and
Baldwin apple (Fig. 310).
FIG. 310.—Even Leaf, FIG, 311.—Waved Leaf. FIG. 312.—Wrinkled Leaf,
Waved asin the Tallman Sweeting and Beurre d’Aumalis
pear (Fig. 311).
Wrinkled, when the waves are shorter and more irregular,
as in Green Sweet (Fig. 312).
Flat, as in the Madeleine and Skinless pears (Fig. 313).
Folded and recurved, as in the Easter Pear and Bonchre-
tien (Fig. 314).
SY
FIG. 313. FIG. 314. Fic. 315. FIG, 316.
Flat Leaf, Folded Leaf. Erect Leaf, Drooping Leaf.
Large and wide, as in the Red Astrachan and Huling’s
Superb.
Narrow, as in the Dyer apple, and Van Mons’ Leon le Clerc
pear.
Erect, as in the Early Strawberry (Fig. 315).
Drooping, as in Domine (Fig. 316). But these two last are
indistinct characters, and only to be resorted to in a very few
remarkable instances, as most leaves are erect on new shoots,
and become spreading or drooping as they grow older.
The color of the leaves may sometimes assist in description,
+
264 TERMS USED IN DESCRIBING FRUITS.
as light green in the Yellow Bell-flower and Rambo; deep
green, as in the Rhode Island Greening; and d/uish green, as
Peck’s Pleasant. Color varies with soil and tillage.
The serratures, or saw-teeth markings on the margins of leaves,
are characteristics of importance, in many varieties of the
apple, and on the peach they are so well defined as to form a
basis of the classification of varieties. The latter will be
found particularly described in the separate chapter on the
peach.
FIG. 517.—Sharply Serrate. Fic. 318.—Double Serrate. FIG. 319.—Crenate.
Leaves of apples are—
Serrate, or cut with teeth like those of a saw.
Sharply serrate, when every serrature ends in a sharp point,
as in the Fall Pippin (Fig. 317).
Doubly serrate, when the serratures themselves are again
minutely serrated,as in the Vandevere and Drap d’Or (Fig. 318).
Coarsely serrate, as in the Swaar.
Crenate, when the teeth are rounded, as in the Esopus Spitz-
enburgh (Fig. 319).
Obtusely crenate, when the teeth are unusually rounded, as
in the Bough.
TERMS USED IN DESCRIBING FRUITS. 265
Finely crenate, when the rounded teeth are small, as in the
Summer Queen.
When the serratures are partly rounded, and irregularly
and rather deeply cut, they become
toothed, as in Ladies’ Sweeting (Fig.
320).
Many varieties present inter-
mediate degrees, as—
Serrate-crenate, partaking some-
what of both, as the Jersey Sweet-
ing and Summer Rose.
Crenate- toothed, as in Bevan’s
Favorite.
Serrate, slightly approaching
toothed, as in Rambo.
5. The Flowers.—In apples, pears,
cherries, plums but little external
difference exists in the flowers. FIG. 320.—Toothed Leaf.
In the peach and nectarine, how-
ever, an important division in classification is made by the
great difference between those with large and small petals;
one class, including the Early Ann, Grosse Mignonne, and
others, having large, showy flowers; and another class, com-
prising the Early Crawford, George IV., and many more,
having flowers with small, narrow petals.
II. Form OF THE FRUIT,
In the following pages, the dase of a fruit or any other part
of production of a tree is the portion toward the branch or
root. This is in accordance with the lan-
guage universally adopted in describing
plants. It has, however, been more or less
departed from in the common language used
to describe fruits, and especially so as ap-
plicable to the pear. This deviation from
scientific accuracy tends to confusion, and
if simplicity of expression is sought, am-
biguity must be avoided. The apex of the
stalk of a fruit, however, where it joins the fruit, may, in all
cases, be termed the insertion,
apez °F elroy,
base
FIG. 32.
266 TERMS USED IN DESCRIBING FRUITS.
The term agex should be understood as applying to the part
most remote from the branch or root. In fruits, it is the part
opposite to the insertion of the stalk. In pears, this part is
usually denominated the crown.
The axis is a line connecting the base and apex (Fig. 330).
A longitudinal section is made by cutting an apple from base
to apex.
A transverse section, by cutting it at right angles to the axis.
The Zength is the longitudinal diameter; the breadth the
transverse diameter.
FIG. 322.—Oblate. FIG. 323.—Conical. FIG. 324.—Ovate.
A fruit is round when nearly spherical, as the Fameuse and
Green Sweet.
Roundish, when varying slightly from round, or when the
length and breadth are nearly equal, as the Dyer and Graven-
stein.
Oblate, flat, or flattened, when the height is much less than
the breadth, as the Rambo and Maidens’ Blush (Fig. 322).
Conical, when tapering from the base to the apex, as Bul-
lock’s Pippin (Fig. 323).
Ovate, or egg-shaped, when the length rather exceeds the
breadth, with a rounded taper from base to apex, as in the
Esopus Spitzenburgh (Fig. 324).
Obovate, or reversed ovate, is when the smaller end of an
egg-shaped fruit is at the base, as the Buffum and Dearborn
Seedling pears (Fig. 325).
Oblong, when the length exceeds the breadth, and the sides
are nearly parallel, as Kaighn’s Spitzenburgh (Fig. 326).
Obtuse, when the parts are rounded or blunt.
Acute, when any part as the neck of a pear, tapers to nearly
a point (Fig. 327).
Fruits may partake of forms variously combined, as—
TERMS USED IN DESCRIBING FRUITS. 267
Round-ovate, when nearly round with a slight rounded taper
to apex, as Ladies’ Sweeting (Fig. 328).
Round-conical, nearly the same as the last, but with the taper
less rounded.
Oblong-conical, as the Yellow Bell-flower.
Oblong-ovate, as the Black Gilliflower.
Oblate-conical, as the Rhode Island Greening and Hawthorn-
den (Fig. 329),
OOOOO
FIG. 325. FIG. 326. FIG. 327. FIG. 328. FIG, 329.
Obovate. Oblong. Acute, Round-ovate. Oblate-conical,
Depressed, pressed down, sunk or shortened, applied to the
apex of peaches, strawberries, etc.
Flattened at the ends, when the base and apex only are flat-
tened, as the Winter Pearmain. An oblong fruit, though not
flat, may be flattened at the ends; a conical fruit may be flat-
tened at base.
Compressed, pressed together, when the sides are flattened,
as in some apricots, plums, etc.
The cavity is the hollow in which
the stalk or stem of afruit is placed
(Fig. 330).
The BASIN is the depression which
contains the calyx, eye, or remains
of the blossom (Fig. 330).
A cavity may be shallow, narrow,
deep, or broad.
It may be obtuse, or somewhat
blunt or rounded, at bottom, as in
the Petre pear and Pomme Grise apple (Fig. 331).
Acute, when simply ending in a sharp point at bottom, as
the Baldwin (Fig. 332).
Acuminate, when ending in a long-drawn-out taper, \as the
Fall Pippin (Fig. 333). The Holland and Fall Pippin are dis
5
268 TERMS USED IN DESCRIBING. FRUITS.
tinguished from each other by the rather obtuse cavity of the
former, and acuminate cavity of the latter.
The BASIN is always narrow in any fruit having a narrow or
pointed apex (Fig. 336); it is usually wide in fruits having a
|
FIG. 331. FIG, 332. FIG. 333-
Obtuse Cavity. Acute Cavity. Acuminate Cavity.
wide or obtuse apex, as the Rambo (Fig. 334); but where the
rim or boundary is broad and obtuse, the basin may be nar-
row, as in the St. Lawrence and Gravenstein (Fig. 337).
It is distinct when well defined.
Abrupt, when the depression breaks off suddenly from the
rim (Fig. 335).
FIG. 334.—Wide Basin. Fic. 335.—Abrupt Basin.
FIG. 336.—Narrow Basin. FIG. 337.—Narrow Basin,
£ven, when not furrowed or wrinkled.
Angular, with several corners.
Wrinkied, having small itregular hollows and ridges.
Waved, with gentle and irregular undulations of surface.
Furrowed, when more regularly channelled.
Pilaited, having small, straight, and regular ridges.
Ribbed, with larger and more obtuse or rounded ridges.
Pears have peculiar forms which render some additional
terms necessary:
Many pears have a neck, or narrower part toward the stalk,
and a éody, or larger part toward the crown (Fig. 338).
They are distinctly Ayriform when the sides formed by the
TERMS USED IN DESCRIBING FRUITS. 269
body and neck are more or less concave or hollowed, as in
Fig. 338, shown by the dotted lines.
Turbinate, or top-shaped, when the body is nearly round
and a short rounded acute neck, as in the Bloodgood (Fig.
339).
The form of different pears is further distinguished by the
form of the different parts:
The neck may be long, as in the Calebasse.
Narrow, as in the Bosc (Fig. 340).
Short, as in the Glout Morceau (Fig. 341).
Obdtuse, as in the Bartlett.
Acute, as in the Jargonelle (Fig. 342).
Distinct, as in the Bosc.
Obscure, as in the Seckel.
OLO6
FIG. 338. FIG. 339. FIG. 340. FIG. 341. FIG. 342.
Pyriform, Turbinate. Narrow Neck. Short Neck. Acute Neck.
The body may be eavy or large, when greatly exceeding in
size the neck, as the Catillac.
Light or small, when not much larger than the neck, as the
Washington; in which case the fruit approaches oblong in
form.
Oblate, or flattened, as in the Frederick of Wiirtemburg.
Round, as in the Jargonelle.
Conical, as in the Vicar.
Ovate, as in the Marie Louise.
Cultivation influences considerably the form of pears. Thus,
on a young, thrifty tree, the Seckel pear has a slight neck; on
an old, heavily laden tree, the neck is obsolete. The body,
when ovate or slightly conical on young trees, becomes
rounded on older trees, and even flattened in rare instances,
CHERRIES may be round, cordate or heart-shaped, or ovate.
STONE FRuITS usually have a furrow on one side, extend-
270 TERMS USED IN DESCRIBING FRUITS.
ing from the stalk to the apex, termed a suture (literally mean-
ing a seam), which sometimes occurs on both sides, It is
large, when wide and deep; distinct, when clear or well de-
fined; obscure, when faint; obsolete, when not existing, or only
a faint line on the surface.
CoLor or Fruit.—The lightest-colored fruit is white, as
the Snow peach; next, yellowish-white; pale yellow; yellow;
and deep yellow. The addition of red produces, successively,
orange yellow, orange, orange red, rich warm red. Shades
of red—clear red, crimson when darkened, purple when blue
is added, violet less blue than in purple. Amber is a very
light yellowish-brown. Fawn color is a light reddish-brown.
with a slight admixture of gray.
A fruit is stvifed, when in alternating broad lines of color.
Streaked, when the lines are long and narrow.
Marbled, when the stripes are wide, faint, irregular, or wav-
ing.
Blotched, of different abrupt shades, without any order or
regularity.
Clouded, when the blotches are broader and more softly
shaded.
Stained, having the lighter shades of a blotched or clouded
apple.
Stlashed, when the stripes are much broken and of all sizes.
Mottled, covered with nearly confluent dots.
Dotted, when these dots are more distinct.
Spotted, when the dots become larger.
TEXTURE OF FRUIT.—/ard, those which need the artificial
aid of cooking to soften them sufficiently, as the Catillac pear.
Breaking, when tenderer than the preceding, but not yield-
ing to the simple pressure of the mouth, as the Summer
Bonchretien.
Buttery, when the flesh forms a soft mass, yielding to the
pressure of the mouth, as in the White Doyenné and Seckel
pears.
Melting, when the flesh becomes nearly or entirely liquid
by this pressure, as in the Madeleine. These qualities may
be combined, as breaking and melting, in the Washington;
breaking and buttery, in the Onondaga; buttery and melting,
in the Tyson, and in most of the best varieties of the pear.
TERMS USED IN DESCRIBING FRUITS. 271
The texture may be fine, granular, coarse, gritty, fibrous,
tough, crisp, or tender.
Tue FLAvoR may be sweet, neutral, slightly sub-acid or mild
sub-acid, sub-acid, acid, very acid, or austere; aromatic or spicy;
perfumed, or possessing odor, and with more or less of a
shade of musk; astringent, usually a defect, but sometimes an
excellent quality, if in a very minute proportion; rough,
astringent and austere; vizous, rich, high-flavored, and rather
acid; sugary, or saccharine, sometimes nearly sweet, possessing
the qualities of sugar, which may be mixed with acid.
THE QuaLity is designated by first, second, and third rates:
and fruits perfectly worthless by still lower grades. A second-
rate fruit, to be worthy of cultivation, must possess other
good qualities in a high degree, as hardiness, productiveness,
fair appearance, etc. Very few fruits as low as third rate,
can ever be worth retaining, and only for extreme earliness
or other tncommon quality. Fruits that possess desirable
qualities are usually designated by three degrees of flavor;
the lowest, including the best of second-rate fruits, or “ good
second rate,” are termed good; the lower grade of first-rate
fruits are termed very good, or jine; and the highest quality
of all are Jest, very fine, or excellent. Examples—Maiden’s
Blush apple,Napoleon pear, Lombard plum, and Crawford's
Early peach, are good; Rhode Island Greening, Bartlett pear,
Graffion or Bigarreau cherry, and Red Gage plum, are very
good or fine; and Swaar apple, Seckel pear, Downton cherry,
and Green Gage plum, are excellent or best.
CHAPTER XVI.
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS.
In the year 1887, President Cleveland signed an act then
known as the “ Hatch bill,” passed after long discussion, pro-
viding for the establishment in each State and Territory of a
station for scientific investigation and experiments respecting
the principles and applications of agricultural science, and for
diffusing among the people such useful and practical informa-
tion. Up to the close of the fiscal year, June 30, 1898, 54 sta-
tions had been established. In Canada there are five experi-
ment farms under government control. The results already
attained by the hundreds of able and painstaking men con-
nected with these institutions are of the utmost value. The
bulletins constantly emanating from them, embodying the
results of their enlightened research, conveying information
and advice of the greatest practical value to every cultivator
of the soil, cannot fail to add to thcir successes, to lessen the
possibilities of disappointment, and to increase the comfort
and enjoyment of the individual and the wealth of the nation.
These bulletins are sent, on application, free to the resi-
dents of every State in which the station is located. From
these stations may be obtained the most reliable suggestions
and advice as to the varieties of fruit of every kind, suited
for cultivation in their State. No one should plant large
orchards without first corresponding with his Agricultural
Experiment Station.
In consequence of the greater knowledge and accuracy
concerning the adaptability of various fruits to the different
States thus at the command of every one, the lists of fruits
recommended for special States, which previous editions ef
this work contained, have now been omitted. ,
272
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS. 273
The Acts of Congress establishing Agricultural Experiment
Stations, and a full list of them, are here given, together
with their post-office address. Communications should in
all cases be addressed “Director, Agricultural Experiment
Station,” followed by the post-office and State.
AcT oF 1887 ESTABLISHING AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT
STATIONS.
Aw AcT to establish agricultural experiment stations in con-
nection with the colleges established in the several States
under the provisions of an act approved July second, eigh-
teen hundred and sixty-two, and of the acts supplementary
thereto.
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the
United States of Americain Congress assembled, That in order to
aid in acquiring and diffusing among the péople of the United
States useful and practical information on subjects connected
with agriculture, and to promote scientific investigation and
experiment respecting the principles and applications of agri-
cultural science, there shall be established, under direction of
the college or colleges or agricultural department of colleges
in each State or Territory established, or which may hereafter
be established, in-accordance with the provisions of an act
approved July second, eighteen hundred and sixty-two, entitled
“An act donating public lands to the several States and Terri-
tories which may provide colleges for the benefit of agriculture
and the mechanic arts,” or any of the supplements to said act,
a department to be known and designated as an “ agricultural
experiment-station:” Provided, That in any State or Territory
in which two such colleges have been or may be so established
the appropriation hereinafter made to such State or Territory
shall be equally divided between such colleges, unless the
legislature of such State or Territory shall otherwise direct.
Sec. 2. That it shall be the object and duty of said experi-
ment stations to conduct original researches or verify experi-
ments on the physiology of plants and animals; the diseases
to which they are severally subject, with the remedies for the
same; the chemical composition of useful plants at their dif-
8
274. AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS.
ferent stages of growth; the comparative advantages of rotas
tive cropping as pursued under a varying series of crops; the
capacity of new plants or trees for acclimation; the analysis
of soils and water; the chemical composition of manures,
natural or artificial, with experiments designed to test their
comparative effects on crops of different kinds; the adaptation
and value of grasses and forage plants; the composition and
digestibility of the different kinds of food for domestic
animals; the scientific and economic questions involved in the
production of butter and cheese; and such other researches or
experiments bearing directly on the agricultural industry of
the United States as may in each case be deemed advisable,
having due regard to the varying conditions and needs of the
respective States or Territories.
Sec. 3. That in order to secure, as far as practicable,
uniformity of methods and results in the work of said stations
it shall be the duty of the United States Commissioner of
Agriculture to furnish forms, as far as practicable, for the
tabulation of results of investigation or experiments; to indi-.
cate, from time to time, such lines of inquiry as to him shall
seem most important; and, in general, to furnish such advice
and assistance as will best promote the purpose of this act. It
shall be the duty of each of said stations annually, on or before
the first day of February, to make to the governor of the State
or Territory in which it is located a full and detailed report of
its operations, including a statement of receipts and expendi-
tures, a copy of which report shall be sent to each of said
stations, to the said Commissioner of Agriculture, and to the
Secretary of the Treasury of the United States.
Sec. 4. That bulletins or reports of progress shall be pub-
lished at said stations at least once in three months, one copy
of which shall be sent to each newspaper in the States or
Territories in which they are respectively located, and to such
individuals actually engaged in farming as may request the
same, and as far as the means of the station will permit.
Such bulletins or reports and the annual reports of said sta-
tions shall be transmitted in the mails of the United States
free of charge for postage, under such regulations as the Post-
master-General may from time to time prescribe.
SEC. 5. That for the purpose of paying the necessary exe.
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS. 275
penses of conducting investigations and experiments and
printing and distributing as the results as hereinbefore pre-
scribed, the sum of fifteen thousand dollars per annum is
hereby appropriated to each State, to be specially provided
for by Congress in the appropriations from year to year, and
to each Territory entitled under the provisions of section
eight of this act, out of any money in the Treasury proceed-
ing from the sales of public lands, to be paid in equal quar-
terly payments, on the first day of January, April, July, and
October in each year, to the treasurer or other officer duly
appointed by the ‘governing boards of said colleges to receive
the same, the first payment to be made on the first day of
October, eighteen hundred and eighty-seven: Provided, how-
ever, That out of the first annual appropriation so received by
any station an amount not exceeding one-fifth may be ex-
pended in the erection, enlargement, or repair of a building
or buildings necessary for carrying on the work of such sta-
tion; and thereafter an amount not exceeding five per centum
of such annual appropriation may be so expended.
Sec. 6. That whenever it shall appear to the Secretary of
the Treasury from the annual statement of receipts and ex-
penditures of any of said stations that a portion of the preced-
ing annual appropriation remains unexpended, such amount
shall be deducted from the next succeeding appropriation to
such station, in order that the amount of money appropriated
to any station shall not exceed the amount actually and neces-
sarily required for its maintenance and support.
Sec. 7. That nothing in this act shall be construed to impair
or modify the legal relation existing between any of the said
colleges and the government of the States or Territories in
which they are respectively located.
Src. 8. That in States having colleges entitled under this
section to the benefits of this act and having also agricultural
experiment stations established by law separate from said col-
leges, such States shall be authorized to apply such benefits
to experiments at stations so established by such States; and
in case any State shall have established under the provisions
of said act of July second, aforesaid, an agricultural depart-
ment or experimental station, in connection with any univer-
sity, college, or institution not distinctively an agricultural
276 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS,
college or school, and such State shall have established or
shall hereafter establish a separate agricultural college or
school, which shall have connected therewith an experimental
farm or station, the legislature of such State may apply in
whole or in part the appropriation by this act made to such
separate agricultural college or school, and no legislature
shall by contract express or implied disable itself from so
doing.
Sec. 9. That the grants of moneys authorized by this act
are made subject to the legislative assent of the several States
and Territories to the purposes of said grants: Provided, That
payment of such instalments of the appropriation herein
made as shall become due to any State before the adjourn-
ment of the regular session of its legislature meeting next
after the passage of this act shall be made upon the assent of
the governor thereof duly certified to the Secretary of the
Treasury.
Sec. 10. Nothing in this act shall be held or construed as
binding the United States to continue any payments from the
Treasury to any or all the States or institutions mentioned in
this act, but Congress may at any time amend, suspend, or
repeal any or all the provisions of this act.
Approved, March 2, 1887.
EXTRACT FROM AN ACT MAKING APPROPRIATIONS FOR THE
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE FOR THE FISCAL YEAR END-
ING JUNE THIRTIETH, EIGHTEEN HUNDRED AND NINETY-
FIVE,
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS: To carry into effect
the provisions of an act approved March second, eighteen
hundred and eighty-seven, * * * and to enforce the execution
thereof, seven hundred and forty-five thousand dollars, twenty-
five thousand dollars of which sum shall be payable upon the
order of the Secretary of Agriculture to enable him to carry
out the provisions of section three of said act of March second,
eighteen hundred and eighty-seven; and the Secretary of
Agriculture shall prescribe the form of the annual financial
statement required by section three of the said act of March
second, eighteen hundred and eighty-seven; shall ascertain
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS, 277
whether the expenditures under the appropriation hereby
made are in accordance with the provisions of the said act,
and shall make report thereon to Congress; and the Secretary
of Agriculture is hereby authorized to employ such assistants,
clerks, and other persons as he may deem necessary, and to
incur such other expenses in travelling, stationery, and office
fixtures as he may find essential in carrying out the objects of
the above acts, and the sums apportioned to the several States
shall be paid quarterly in advance. And the Secretary of
Agriculture is hereby authorized to furnish to such institu-
tions or individuals as may care to buy it copies of the card
index of agricultural literature prepared by the Office of Ex-
periment Stations, and charge for the same a price covering
the additional expense involved in the preparation of these
copies, and he is hereby authorized to apply the moneys re-
ceived toward the expense of the preparation of the index.
LIsT OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS,
ALABAMA.
Agricultural Experiment Station of the Agricultural
and Mechanical College of Alabama,
AUBURN, ALA.
Canebrake Agricultural Experiment Station,
UNIonTown, ALA.
Tuskegee Agricultural Experiment Station,
TUSKEGEE, ALA.
ALASKA.
Alaska Agricultural Experiment Station,
Sitka, ALASKA.
ARIZONA. ‘
Agricultural Experiment Station of the University of
Arizona,
ae . Tucson, ARI.
278 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS.
ARKANSAS,
Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station,
FAYETTEVILLE, ARK.
CALIFORNIA,
Agricultural Experiment Station of the University of
California,
BERKELEY, CAL.
COLORADO.
Agricultural Experiment Station,
Fort Co.tins, Co.
CONNECTICUT.
The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station,
New Haven, Conn,
Storrs Agricultural Experiment Station,
Storrs, CONN,
DELAWARE,
The Delaware College Agricultural Experiment Station,
NEwaRK, DEL,
FLORIDA.
Agricultural Experiment Station of Florida,
Lake City, FLA.
GEORGIA,
Georgia Experiment Station,
EXPERIMENT, Ga,
HAWAIL
Federal Station,
’ Hono.Lutvu, Hawali.
Sugar Planters’ Station,
HonoLu.u, Hawall.
IDAHO,
Agricultural Experiment Station of the University of
Idaho, Moscow, IDAHO,
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STA TIONS. 279
ILLINOIS.
Agricultural Experiment Station of the University of
Illinois,
Urpana, ILL,
INDIANA.
Agricultural Experiment Station of Indiana,
LaFayette, IND,
IOWA,
Iowa Agricultural Experiment Station,
Ames, Iowa,
KANSAS,
Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station,
ManuatTtan, Kan,
, KENTUCKY,
Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station,
: LExiNcTON, Ky,
LOUISIANA,
No. 1. Sugar Experiment Station, Audubon Park,
NEw ORLEANS, La,
No. 2. State Experiment Station,
Baton Roucg, La,
No. 3. North Louisiana Experiment Station,
CaLHoun, La.
MAINE,
Maine State College Agricultural Experiment Station,
Orono, ME,
MARYLAND.
Maryland Agricultural Experiment Station,
CoLLEGE Park, Mp.
MASSACHUSETTS.
Hatch Experiment Station of the Massachusetts Agricultural
College,
see AMHERST, Mass.
280 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS.
MICHIGAN.
Experiment Station of Michigan Agricultural College,
AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, MICH.
MINNESOTA.
Agricultural Experiment Station of the University of
Minnesota,
St. ANTHONY PARK, MINN.
MISSISSIPPI.
Mississippi Agricultural Experiment Station,
AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, Miss,
MISSOURI.
Missouri Agricultural College Experiment Station,
CoLumBi4, Mo,
Fruit Station, Mountain GROVE, Mo.
MONTANA.
Montana Agricultural Experiment Station,
BozEMAN, MON.
NEBRASKA.
Agricultural Experiment Station of Nebraska,
LINCOLN, NEB.
NEVADA.
Nevada Agricultural Experiment Station,
RENO, NEV.
NEW HAMPSHIRE,
New Hampshire College Agricultural Experiment
Station,
Duruay, N. H.
NEW JERSEY.
New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Stations.
New Brunswick, N. J.
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS. 281
NEW MEXICO.
Agricultural Experiment Station of New Mexico,
MESILLA Park, N. M.
NEW YORK.
New York Agricultural Experiment Station,
GENEVA, N, Y.
Cornell University Agricultural Experiment Station,
ItHaca, N. Y.
NORTH CAROLINA,
North Carolina Agricultural Experiment Station,
RALEIGH, N, C.
NORTH DAKOTA.
North Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station,
AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, N. D.
OHIO.
Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station,
Wooster, O.
OKLAHOMA.
Oklahoma Agricultural Experiment Station,
STILLWATER, OKLA,
OREGON.
Oregon Experiment Station,
CORVALLIS, ORE.
PENNSYLVANIA.
The Pennsylvania State College Agricultural Experi-
ment Station,
STATE COLLEGE, PENN.
PORTO RICO.
Agricultural Experiment Station,
MAYAGUEZ, PoRTO RICO.
RHODE ISLAND.
Rhode Island Agricultural Experiment Station,
’ Kineston, R. 1.
282 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS.
SOUTH CAROLINA.
South Carolina Agricultural Experiment Station,
CLEMSON COLLEGE, S. C.
SOUTH DAKOTA.
South Dakota Experiment Station,
Brookines, S. D.
TENNESSEE.
Tennessee Agricultural Experiment Station,
KNOXVILLE, TENN.
TEXAS.
Texas Agricultural Station,
COLLEGE STATION, TEX.
UTAH.
Agricultural Experiment Station,
Locan, UTAH,
VERMONT.
Vermont Agricultural Experiment Station,
BURLINGTON, VT.
VIRGINIA,
Virginia Agricultural and Mechanical College Experi-
ment Station,
BLACKSBURG, VA.
WASHINGTON.
Washington Agricultural Experiment Station,
PULLMAN, WASH,
WEST VIRGINIA.
West Virginia Agricultural Experiment Station,
Morcantown, W. Va.
WISCONSIN.
Agricultural Experiment Station of the University of
Wisconsin,
MapIson, WIS.
WYOMING.
Wyoming Agricultural Experiment Station,
LaRaMIE, WY.
CHAPTER XVII.
RuLES ADOPTED BY THE AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL ASSOCIA:
TION FOR NAMING AND DESCRIBING FRUITS,
tule r.—The originator or introducer (in the order named)
has the prior right to bestow a name upon a new or unnamed
fruit.
ftule 2.—The society reserves the right, in case of long, in-
appropriate, or otherwise objectionable names, to shorten,
modify, or wholly change the same when they shall occur in
its discussions or reports; and also to recommend such changes
for general adoption.
ule 3.—The name of a fruit should preferably express, as
far as practicable by a single word, a characteristic of the
variety, the name of the originator, or the place of its origin.
Under no ordinary circumstances should more than a single
word be employed.
ule 4.—Should the question of priority arise between dif-
ferent names for the same variety of fruit, other circumstances
being equal, the name first publicly bestowed will be given
precedence.
Rule 5.—To entitle a new fruit to the award or commenda-
tion of the society, it must possess (at least for the locality
for which it is recommended) some valuable or desirable qual-
ity or combination of qualities in a higher degree than any
previously known variety of its class and season.
Rule 6.—A variety of fruit having been once exhibited, ex-
amined, and reported upon, as a new fruit, by a committee of
the society, will not thereafter be recognized as such so far as
subsequent reports are concerned.
A rule governing the revision of names was authorized by
the society at its meeting in Washington in September, 1891,
as follows:
283 i;
284 NAMING AND DESCRIBING FRUITS.
Prefixes, suffixes, apostrophic terminations, and secondary
words, together with words whose significations are expressed
in the descriptive columns of the catalogue, are eliminated from
the names of fruits, save in a few cases in which they may be
needful to insure the identity of a variety and in a few time-
honored names.
The anglicising of foreign names is resorted to only in the
interest of brevity or pronounceability.
In questionable cases, subsidiary words are retained in
parentheses,
Patt Two,
ON THE
DIFFERENT KINDS OF FRUIT.
The synonyms on all the following pages are given in
parentheses.
The dates for the ripening of fruits given in this book are
mostly adapted to the Northern States; they should be about
three weeks earlier for the latitude of Southern Virginia, and
six weeks earlier for the Gulf States.
CHAPTER XVIII.
APPLES,
“THE APPLE,” says Downing, “is the world-renowned fruit
of temperate climates.” Although less delicious than the
peach or pear, it possesses, from its great hardiness, easy
cultivation, productiveness, its long continuance through the
whole twelve months, and its various uses, an importance not
equalled by any other fruit.
Nursery Management.—The mode of raising the seedlings
or stocks, and of Budding and Grafting has been already de-
scribed in Chapter III. of the first part of this work. Theseed-
lings are treated in three different ways. They may be set
out into nursery rows in the spring, when a year old, to be
budded the second summer; they may be taken up and root-
grafted as soon as large enough; or they may be planted into
tows and grafted at any subsequent period.
The following figures exhibit the difference between good
and bad planting-out. Fig. 343 represents a graft well set
out, the earth packed closely around the root, which is sending
out new fibres, and the leaves expanding above. In Fig. 344
the work has been carelessly done, the earth being closed
around the top, but left with a cavity below. Grafts set in
this way rarely grow.
Fig. 345 represents the usual form of the dibble, and Fig.
346 the appearance of the root-graft when ready to be set out.
The most favorable soils are rich, well-pulverized, and
rather strong loams. If light or gravelly, there is more dan-
ger from midsummer droughts, which often prove quite de-
structive. Grafting the whole root entire will much lessen
the difficulty.
The chief care afterward is to keep the ground constantly
cultivated, and perfectly clean, which will increase the growth
during summer, and exclude mice in winter; the trees are to
be trained up to one leading-stem, not trimming so closely as
to make them slender; they are to be kept straight, by tying
287 :
288 APPLES.
them when necessary to upright stakes; and all destructive
insects must be watched and destroyed.
FIG. 343.—Root-Graft, set out well, with FIG. 344.—Root-Graft, badly set
earth compactly pressed against its roots. out, with a cavity below.
If the ground is rich and kept perfectly clean, they will
grow from one and a half to two feet the first summer after
grafting; to three or four feet the second summer; five to six
or seven feet the third summer, when many of them will be
large enough for removal to the orchard, and most of the re-
mainder in one year more.
FIG, 345.—Dibble. Fic. 346.—Root-Graft ready for setting.
Root-grafting is extensively performed in large nurseries;
but on unsuitable soils, budding is found the most certain of
success, the buds being rarely destroyed, and only by the
most unfavorable winters. The bud remaining dormant the
first summer, the growth is one year later than on grafted
stocks of the same age; but this difference is made up by the
more rapid growth of the shoot from the bud, which is usually
twice as great as that of a graft on the root. To obtain
APPLES. 289
handsome and good trees, the bud should be set within two or
three inches of the ground. Budded trees usually have better
roots than root-grafted ones, and are the common stock in the
East.
PLANTING ORCHARDS.
Sotl.—The apple is a vigorous and hardy tree, and will grow
upon most soils. It does best, however, on those that are
deep, rich, and fertile, such as will give good crops of Indian
corn. Hard, shallow, and wet grounds are to be avoided.
Improvement by manuring and deep cultivation is desirable,
as a great difference in quality and productiveness results from
a difference in fertility.
Distance.—Where the quantity of ground is limited, and in
rare cases, trees may fora time stand within fifteen or twenty
es. # 2% # * * * *. * * 2 a
ee * *£ #* # * # 2 * * * * *
e 2 # # *® * * * * * * * *
e* *# *# # # * * * * * * 2 *
os ¢ # # * s * * * * * *
FIG. 347.—_Diagram of Rows for Tree Planting.
feet; but for large and permanent orchards they should not
be nearer than forty feet. There is, however, a material
difference in the size of varieties, hence a variation may be
allowed. But this variation in distance should not break the
rows which are to be preserved for convenience in cultivation.
The rows may be kept entire, by varying the distance in one
way only, as in the annexed figure (Fig. 347). The middle
portion is for trees of the largest size, as the Esopus, Fall
Pippin, and Rhode Island; those of smallest size, as Bough,
Yellow Harvest, and Sine Qua Non, are on the left; and those
of middle growth, as the Swaar, Black Gilliflower, and Tol-
man Sweet, are on the right. On the plains, the trees may be
planted somewhat closer, as the trees do not attain such great
size as in the Northeastern States.
Transplanting.—F ull directions have been given in a pre-
ceding chapter, where the superior advantages of broad, deep,
and loose beds of earth, made by heavy subsoiling and manur-
ing, have been pointed out; or in the absence of this excellent
preparation, by digging large holes to be filled with rich
mould, or manured surface-soil.
19
290 APPLES.
CULTIVATION.
The importance of thorough cultivation has been already
noticed, and cannot be too well understood. If two speci-
mens could be exhibited side by side, the one showing the
stunted, lingering, mice-eaten, and moss-covered trees, caused
by neglect; and the other, the vigorous and thrifty growth,
and the fair and abundant crops, resulting from fine and clean
culture,—none could fail to be satisfied of the superiority of
the one and impolicy of the other.
RENOVATING AN OLD ORCHARD.
It is not an easy matter to outline treatment for an old and
barren orchard. One cannot often tell just why such an or-
chard does not bear. Through long years of neglect the trees
have got into a non-bearing habit, and it may be next to im-
possible by any kind of treatment to thoroughly renovate and
recuperate them. The one safe thing always to advise is better
care and good tillage. If the orchard has not been ploughed
for many years, it is probable that the roots are go high that
ploughing is practically impossible. In that case it is well to
make a surface mulch by cutting up the sod when rather
moist and soft with a spading harrow, spring tooth harrow, or
other strong surface-working tool. After the sod is once
broken, it can be got into fine and mellow condition, and
thereafter surface tillage may be employed to hold the mois-
ture. In most cases it will be necessary to prune the lower
limbs in order to allow a team to work in the plantation. If
the heads are so low that a team cannot work in the orchard
even after the trees are pruned, it may be well to apply an
annual mulch of straw or litter. After the ground is once
mellow on top, it may pay to add stable manure or commer-
cial fertilizer. If one has only a few such trees, he may dig a
trench around the tree somewhere near the edge of the spread
of limbs, and put manure therein.
The trees should be pruned. Heavy pruning of the top in-
duces wood growth. This pruning therefore will tend to
teinvigorate the trees and to correct any of the mistakes of
earlier years. Heavy pruning is not a direct means of setting
trees into bearing; in fact, it is rather a means of setting
them into growing. But after they have been renovated by
ern
APPLES. 29r
this means, they may be expected soon to slow down and to
come into bearing condition, after which time a moderate or
light annual pruning should keep them in shape. Scrape off
the hanging bark. Spraying with fungicides and insecticides
should be begun with the other treatment.
The way to make apple-trees bear well is to give good and
thoughtful treatment from the time they are set. To begin
with such treatment late in life is necessarily only corrective,
and too much should not be expected of it.
Bearing orchards commonly lose their vigor, and give small
and poor fruit, when allowed to grow in grass-land, without
any cultivation. Ifthe soil is naturally rich, a shallow plough.
ing and an occasional harrowing will restore their vigor. Or
if ploughing cannot conveniently be given, they may be much
improved by being converted to pasture for sheep, adding
occasionally a top-tressing of manure in autumn. These ani-
mals will serve in part to enrich the land, keep the grass
grazed short, and pick up the prematurely fallen fruit, in-
fested with worms or insects.
The amount of cultivation or top-dressing to be given to
such orchards must be determined by the annual growth of
the shoots. If less than a foot in length, more vigor must be
imparted to them. If more than a foot and a half, they are
quite thrifty enough.
Pruning.—The mode of treating large trees has been already
adverted to in the chap-
ter on pruning. There
are some owners of or-
chards who most errone-
ously suppose that when
trees become old, heavy
pruning will restore
their vigor in the ab-
sence of good cultiva-
tion; while the correct
mode of treatment is
very moderate and grad-
ual pruning, in connec-
f Z FIG. 348.—Illustration of Bad Pruning of
tion with the best of cul- Old Trees,
tivation. The forego-
ing correct portraits of actually existing specimens of bad
292 APPLES.
pruning unhappily have too many originals over the country
(Fig. 348). This most unsightly mode of trimming is often
adopted when a removal of the top by grafting is intended.
Grafting New Tops on Old Trees.—It often happens that
fruit on large trees is worthless, and it becomes an important
object to change the top by grafting or budding it with some
better variety. In this case, instead of cutting off large
‘ branches and grafting them at once,
it is better to prune the top in part,
as shown by Fig. 349, which will
cause an emission of vigorous
shoots. These are then budded or
grafted with ease and success. And,
as the grafts gradually extend by
growth, the remainder of the top
may, by successive excisions, be en-
tirely removed. Where trees are
not too old, and the ground is kept
Fie: ae—Proge ‘Peanine 46 cultivated, good-sized trees are thus
form New Headson Old Trees. obtained much sooner than by set-
ting out young ones.
To give a well-shaped head to such newly formed trees, and
to prevent the branches from shooting upward in a close body
near the centre of the tree, the old horizontal boughs should
be allowed to extend to a distance in each direction, while the
upright ones should be lopped. This is distinctly exhibited
in Fig. 349.
The following judicious mode of renewing the old tops of
trees formerly regarded as worthless, was given by the late
George Olmsted, of Hartford, Conn., in the Horticulturist :
“ These trees I commenced grafting six years ago last spring.
I began on the top, and grafted one-third of the tree each year. It
therefore required three years to complete the entire heads of
the trees.
“T like this method better than any I have ever tried for
grafting large trees, as it gives the grafts a good opportunity
to get well started. Cutting off and grafting the top first
gives the grafts there the best possible chance, while the
necessary reduction of the top throws the sap into the remain-
ing side-branches, which fits them well for grafting the fol-
lowing year; and the third year, the lowest branches being
APPLES. 293
made ready in the same way, may be grafted successfully,
By this mode, it will be seen that when the grafts are put in
the side-branches, they are not shaded by the heavy shoots
above them, and they have an unusual supply of nourishment
to carry them forward. Those who have attempted to graft
the whole head of a large tree at once are best aware of the
great difficulty in the common mode of getting the grafts to
take on the side-limbs.
“One of these large trees so treated is probably more than
seventy-five years old, and has now an entirely new and
vigorous head, grafted with this excellent variety. When I
began with it, the fruit was only fit for cider, and it was ques-
tionable.whether the tree should not be cut down. By graft-
ing it in this manner, I have added surprisingly to its value.
Two years ago (the bearing year), I obtained from it ten
bushels of apples; last year eight bushels; and this year (only
six years from the time I began to graft it), I gathered twenty-
eight and a half bushels of excellent fruit!
“T consider this tree now worth one hundred dollars; the
cost of grafting it was about five dollars; and the latter was all
repaid two years ago—the first season the grafts bore fruit.”
The bearing year of apple-trees which yield excessive crops
is only every alternate year; but by thinning out a large por-
tion of the fruit while yet small, the exhaustion will not be so
great as to render the tree barren the second season, and it
will bear annually. By picking off all the young fruit, the
bearing year may be entirely changed, or one bough may be
made to bear one year, and another bough
the second year.
Depredators.—The insect enemies of the
apple have been already described. Mice,
which sometimes girdle and destroy young
trees, especially such as are neglected and
allowed to grow in grass, may be excluded
by a small mound of earth, thrown up about aoe Pee seca
ten inches high around the stems late in Banking up Trees
autumn. This earth should be compact and to Protect from
smooth, and not consist of turf, which is Mice.
liable to cavities, instead of repelling the depredators. Fig.
350 shows the mode of performing this operation. If well
294 APPLES.
done, it has never failed to protect the trees. One man will
go over some hundredsinaday. In the following spring this
earth is again levelled.
Rabbits are excluded by tying woven wire netting or stiff
painted paper around the stems eighteen inches high, or,
easier, by rubbing fresh blood upon the bark every few weeks
during winter, which may be done by using a piece of fresh
liver for this purpose.
CHANGES WROUGHT BY CLIMATE AND SOIL.
This subject has been treated, as applied to fruits generally,
in a former part of this work; a few brief remarks on the vari-
ations in the apple may be interesting.
The winter apples of the Northern States, when cultivated
farther south, are changed to autumn apples; and as far south
as Georgia, some of our good keepers ripen nearly by the end
of summer. The Baldwin and Rhode Island, at Cincinnati
and at St. Louis, cease to be winter fruits. There are few or
none of the northern apples which succeed well as keepers as
far south as Carolina. This is owing to the long southern
summers. It has been found that varieties originated in the
Southern States are generally best adapted to the climate of
that region.
Some varieties are greatly influenced by a change of cli-
mate and others but slightly. The Ribston, so excellent at
Montreal, is of little value a few degrees further south.
The Rhode Island and the Roxbury, on suitable soils, through-
out New York and New England, present the same charac-
teristics of flavor and appearance; the Baldwin, so fine at
the east, greatly deteriorates in northern Ohio; and the
Belmont, which has been pronounced the most valuable
of all apples at Cleveland, is unworthy of cultivation at
Cincinnati. These changes, in the latter instances, may
perhaps be ascribed to a difference in soil; and the applica-
tion of special manures, as lime, potash, etc., on those unfavor-
able soils, has improved the quality. The periods of ripening,
given in the following pages, are intended to apply to the
Northern States. A difference of about two or three weeks
exists between fruits cultivated at Boston or Rochester, and
APPLES. 295
in central Ohio and southern Pennsylvania, and other differ-
ences of latitude nearly in the same ratio.
DwarF APPLES.
For summer and autumn sorts, dwarf apples are valuable in
affording a supply to families. They begin to bear in two 01
three years from setting out, and at five or six years, if well
cultivated, will afford a bushel or so to each tree. A portion
of a garden as large as the tenth of an acre may be planted
with forty or fifty trees, without crowding. All the different
varieties of the apple may be made Dwarfs by working on the
Paradise or Doucin stock—the former are smaller and bear
soonest; the latter are large and ultimately afford the heaviest.
crops. Among the handsomest growers as dwarfs are Red
Astrachan, Jersey Sweet, Porter, Baldwin, Dyer, Summer
Rose, Benoni, and Bough.
Tue AGE AT WHICH APPLE-TREES BEGIN TO FRUIT.
To those who wish fruit at the earliest time after setting
out trees, the following results of observations at the New
York General Agricultural Experiment Station is of interest
and value. Probably most trees obtained from nurseries are
two to three years old, and the time of fruiting after this will
no doubt vary somewhat with the location, soil, and cultiva-
tion given them. The list is by no means complete, and
from it are here quoted only those in general cultivation:
Baldwin . A ‘ 5 e - 8 years
Ben Davis . . . . ~ 4 "*
Carolina June . . . . ag?
Cooper’s Market . «© « « 5 “
Dominie ; F . F Ss *
Oldenburg 7 . . . a ee
Early Harvest ‘ a
Early Strawberry had not feited ist 9 “
Esopus Spitzenburgh . . - 9 *
Fallawater . a te 6 eh o5)
Fall Pippin. . . ae got
Fameuse . . - ‘ s Pan ee
Gideon 5 « 8 & © «© & *
296
APPLES.
Golden Russet. . .
Golden Sweet
Gravenstein F
Green Newtown Pippin .
Haas ‘ ‘ . é
Jefferis . : : ‘
Jersey Sweeting . -
Keswick . F
King, Tompkins County.
Lady Sweet . .
Longfield . . .
Maiden’s Blush - ‘
McMahon’s White . .
Melon . : ; .
Monmouth 3 ‘ a
Mother . - . ‘
Munson’s Sweet ; A
Northern Spy . 3 .
Peck’s Pleasant . .
Pewaukee < e .
Pomme Grise . . .
Primate - . .
Pumpkin Russet . .
Pumpkin Sweet a .
Rambo had not fruited at
Rawle’s Janet . .
Red Astrachan ‘ .
Red Beitigheimer . .
Red Russet. .
Rhode Island Groeniiy :
Rome Beauty . . .
Sops of. Wine . ‘ .
Stump . . .
Sutton’s Russet * .
Tallman’s Sweet .° .
Tetofsky . . . .
Twenty Ounce. . .
Vandevere a . .
Wagener .
Westfield Seak-ioducthet
APPLES,
William's Favorite . 5
* » 3 years
Winesap . - . . . ~ 5 “
Yellow Bellflower . . . ~ 9 *
Yellow Transparent . . ~ 4 °*
VARIETIES,
SYNOPSIS OF ARRANGEMENT
Division I Summer APPLEs,
Class I. Sweet Apples.
Section I, Color striped with red.
Section II. Color not striped.
Class Il. With more or less acidity.
Section I. Color striped with red.
Section II. Color not striped.
Division Il. AutTuMN APPLES.
Class I. Sweet Apples,
Section I. Color striped with red.
Section II. Color not striped.
Class II. With more or less acidity.
Section I. Color striped with red.
Section II. Color not striped. —
Division III], WiInTER APPLES.
Class I. Sweet Apples.
Section I. Color striped with red.
Section II. Color not striped.
Class II. With more or less acidity.
Section I. Color striped with red.
Section II. Color not striped.
Division IV. Crap APPLES.
297
The characteristics which constitute these divisions. and
subdivisions are not in all cases perfectly distinct. Summer
apples gradually pass into autumn, and autumn into winter
apples. A few, but the number is extremely small, possess
nearly a neutral flavor between a dead sweetness and slight
acidity. Again, apples classed with those that are striped
298 APPLES.
sometimes present a nearly uniform shade of red; and in rare
instances, the brown cheek of a green or yellow variety ex-
hibits faint stripes.
But these may be regarded rather as exceptions to general
characters, which are on the whole as clearly defined as any
other distinctive points of the different varieties. Controlling
circumstances will produce changes in all fruits, and descrip-
tions are not founded on extreme exceptions, but on average
characteristics.
The sizk is designated by comparison;—for example, the
Swaar and Baldwin are /arge; Herefordshire and Tolman
Sweet are medium; English Golden Pippin and Lady are
small. Qualifying terms give a more precise meaning—as the
Fall Pippin and Monstrous are very /arge; Hawley and Mig-
nonne are guite Jarge; Bullock and Early Strawberry are rather
small ; and the Siberian Crab is very small.
The illustrations in this chapter are all taken from average
sized specimens of the fruit, and uniformly reduced in size one-
half. The more valuable varieties are indicated by an asterisk,
thus *,
DIVISION I.—SUMMER APPLES.
Crass I.—Sweet Apples.
Section I.—Striped with red.
Beautiful Arcade. Medium, oblong, truncated, angular; white, yel-
low splashed with crimson on side. A marked characteristic is
the roughened surface; cavity slightly abrupt, slightly wavy,
stem very short; basin wide, corrugated; flesh yellow, firm, fine-
grained, sweet, andrich; bestquality. Summer. Fig. 358. Rus-
sian.
Foster, Large, roundish; indistinctly striped, pale red on yellow;
stalk short, calyx open; basin deep, ribbed, sweet, rich. August.
Massachusetts.
Sweet Borovinka. Medium, roundish, oblate; yellow, striped, and
splashed with red; cavity acute; stem short; basin wide, shallow,
corrugated ; flesh white, firm, juicy, mild, quality good. Sum-
mer. Fig. 355. Russian,
APPLES. 299
Section II,—Not striped,
Golden Sweet.* Medium or rather large, roundish, slight -
tened; greenish, becoming ‘pale yellow; stalk ah ince se fee
long, slender; cavity acuminate; basin moderate; flesh very
Sweet, good, of moderate quality. The fruit is always fair, the
tree a free grower, and very productive. Buds large; leaves
sharply Setrate, Late in summer. Valuable for culinary pur-
poses. ‘Tender far West; succeeds well Southwest. Connecti-
cut. Fig. 359.
Hightop.* (Summer Sweet of Ohio, Sweet June.) Rather small,
roundish, regular; skin smooth, light yellow: cavity deep, nar-
row; calyx small, in a shallow, slightly furrowed basin; flesh
yellowish, very sweet, rich: tree upright, productive. A valua-
ble summer sweet apple at the West. Massachusetts. Fig. 353.
FIG. 351.—Sweet Bough.
FIG. 353. FIG. 354. FIG. 352.
Hightop Sweeting. Early Harvest. American Summer Pearmain.
Manomet. (Manomet Sweeting.) Size medium, roundish; yellow,
with a rich cheek; stalk rather slender, cavity shallow; basin
shallow, furrowed; flesh tender, sweet, rich. Late summer.
Massachusetts.
Sweet Bough.* (Large Yellow Bough, Early Sweet Bough.)
Large, roundish, remotely conical-ovate, sometimes distinctly
conical; pale greenish yellow, stalk one-half to an inch long;
basin narrow, deep; flesh white, very tender, with an excellent
sweet flavor. Ripens from the middle to the end of summer.
A moderate and regular bearer. Shoots yellowish, somewhat,
irregular, ascending; tree round-headed; leaves obtusely crenate.
Fig. 351.
Crass II.—WITH MORE OR LESS ACIDITY.
Section I,—Striped with red.
American Summer Pearmain.* (Early Summer Pearmain, of Coe.)
Medium in size, oblong, slightly inclining to truncate-conical ;
nearly covered with fine broken streaks and dots of red; stalk
300 APPLES,
nearly one inch long; basin round, even, distinct; very tender,
often bursts in falling; sub-acid, flavor fine. Continues to ripen
for several weeks in late summer and early autumn. Needs
good and rich cultivation. Growth rather slow. This is distinct
from the English Summer or Autumn Pearmain, in its larger size,
higher red, more oblong form, and superior quality. Fig. 352.
Aromatic Carolina. Large, oblate-conic, oblique; pale red with
heavy bloom; flesh tender and melting, flavor aromatic and ex-
cellent. July. Tree spreading. An abundant bearer. South-
ern.
Benoni.* Medium in size, roundish, sometimes obscurely conical ;
deep red on rich yellow, in distinct broken stripes and dots;
stalk half an inch long; basin small; flesh yellow, tender, rich;
mild sub-acid, “very good.” Late summer. Tree erect, good
bearer, Has not succeeded well in all localities. A native of
Dedham, Mass. Fig. 364.
FIG. 355. FIG. 356. FIG. 357. FIG. 358.
Sweet Borovinka, Sweet Pepka. Smoky Arcad. Beautiful Arcad.
Carolina Red June.* (Red June, Blush June.) Size medium, ob-
long, very red; flesh white, tender, juicy, sub-acid, with a
sprightly, agreeable flavor; quite early, and continues to ripen
for four weeks, and will keep long after ripe for a summer apple;
profitable for market. The tree is a fine erect grower, very
hardy, bears young and abundantly. The most valuable early
apple in northern Illinois and adjacent region. Hardy at the
West. North Carolina. Fig. 360.
Carolina Watson. Large, greenish yellow, red, striped; flesh
white, tender, sub-acid; tree vigorous. Alabama. Summer.
-Early Joe.* Size medium or rather small; oblate, sometimes ob-
scurely approaching conical; smooth and regular; color, with
numerous short, broken, red stripes on yellow ground, a nearly
uniform deep red to the sun, with conspicuous white specks;
stem three-fourths of an inch long, rather thick; cavity shallow,
acute; basin small, even; flesh fine grained, very tender, slightly
crisp, juicy, sub-acid, spicy, quality “best.” Ripens the last two
weeks of summer. Shoots dark, growth slow. A profuse bearer.
Fig. 362. Origin, East Bloomfield, N. Y.
APPLES. 301
Early Norfolk. Medium, oblate: yell i
q folk, , ; yellow striped and blotched red:
flesh white, -acid. i i }
Virginia €, sub-acid. Said to bear transportation well. July.
Early Pennock, Fruit large, roundish, conical; striped bright red
on greenish yellow; stem long; cavity deep; irregular; flesh
yellowish white, rather coarse, sub-acid, of rather poor quality.
Esteemed at the West for its hardiness and ducti
August and September. Carcieri
Early Red Margaret. Medium, round-ovate; striped with dull
red, somewhat russeted; stalk half an inch long, thick; basin
plaited, jarrow, very shallow; flesh sub-acid, tender, good when
fresh; ripens at wheat harvest, scarcely earlier than Early Har-
vest. Shoots erect, downy; moderate bearer. England.
NY
Z—
FIG. 359.—Golden Sweet. Fic. 360.—Carolina Red June.
Early Strawberry.* (American Red Jurieating, of Manning.)
Rather small, roundish, varying to round-ovate, and sometimes
quite conical; surface indistinctly and finely striped with bright
and deep red, tinging faintly the flesh; stalk slender, three-quar-
ters to an inch anda halflong; basin small and narrow; flesh
white, tender, sub-acid, rather brisk, pleasant, not very rich.
Ripens one to three weeks later than Yellow Harvest. Growth,
very erect; leaves erect, finely crenate. Productive. Good in all
localities. New York. Fig. 361.
Fourth of July. Above medium, roundish oblate, often slightly
conic; striped red on pale yellow, with a white bloom; flesh
yellowish, tender, rather acid, of moderate quality; ripens
very early, productive. Valuable for cooking and profitable for
market. Cultivated at the West. Of foreign origin.
Foundling. Rather large, oblate-conic, ribbed; striped red on yel-
lowish green; stalk short, slender, cavity large, basin small,
furrowed; flesh yellow, tender, with a rich, sub-acid flavor.
Late summer. Massachusetts.
Garden Royal. Below medium, roundish, slightly flattened at ends,
even and regular; surface with small, broken, red stripes on
yellow ground, deep red to the sun; stalk short, or half to three-
302 APPLES,
fourths of an inch long, slender, cavity acute; calyx large, open;
basin very shallow; flesh yellowish white, exceedingly tender,
and fine-grained; flavor mild, sub-acid, fine. A poor grower,
pee a first-rate dessert fruit. Late summer. Origin, Sudbury,
ass.
Hocking. (Townsend.) Rather large; striped red on yellow; cav-
ity wide; basin shallow, slightly ribbed; flesh fine-grained,
tender, mild sub-acid. August. An upright, vigorous, produce
tive tree. Valued atthe West. Pennsylvania.
Julian. (Julin.) Fruit medium, roundish, conical; calyx small in
a narrow basin, stem short in a moderate cavity; striped with
fine red on yellowish white; flesh white, tender, and fine
flavored. One of the finest summer apples at the South, where it
ripens at midsummer.
FIG. 361.—Early Strawberry. Fic. 364.—Benoni.,
FIG. 362. FIG. 363. FiG. 36s.
Early Joe. William’s Favorite. Summer Rose
Klaproth. Size medium, oblate; streaked and stained with red on
greenish yellow; stalk short, cavity deep; basin wide, even;
flesh white, crisp, with a pleasant sub-acid flavor. Tree astrong
grower and great bearer. Fruit bears carriage well. A good
market sort. Lancaster County, Pa. August to October.
Raspberry. (ed Cheek.) Small, oblong truncated; yellow, cov-
ered rosy red; cavity narrow; basin wide, almost flat; flesh white
stained with red; sub-acid, juicy, sprightly, best. Resembles
Red June. Tree hardy and healthy. Russian. Fig. 394.
Sops of Wine.* Medium size, round-ovate, dark red, stalk long,
slender; flesh white, often stained red, moderately juicy, sub-
acid, of good flavor. Valuable for its free growth and fair fruit.
Late summer. The Safson' is smaller, firmer in flesh, and less
valuable. Fig. 392.
APPLES. 303
Summer Hagloe. Size medium, roundish conic; streaked with
bright red on yellow ground; stalk rather short and thick; flesh
very soft, rich, of fine quality. Ripens at the end of summer.
An excellent culinary variety. Shoots dark, strong, thick; termi-
nal buds very large.
This is wholly distinct from the Hagloe Crad, a late, small, ill-
shaped, ovate fruit, cultivated only for cider.
Summer Queen. Rather large, roundish-conical, somewhat ribbed ;
striped with bright red on rich yellow ground; stalk an inch and
a half long; cavity small, acute; basin small, furrowed; flesh
yellowish, rather acid, spicy, very rich. Fine for cooking. Late
summer. Good on warm, sandy soils, poor on cold clay. Shoots
light colored, leaves finely crenate. Hardy far West.
Summer Rose.* (Woolman’s Early, Lippincott’s Early, Wool-
man’s Striped Harvest.) Medium or rather small, roundish-ob-
late; yellowish, blotched, and streaked with red; stalk rather
short; basin round, slightly plaited; flesh very tender, slightly
crisp, texture fine, mild sub-acid, juicy, excellent. Begins to
ripen with wheat harvest, and continues a month. Tree a slow
grower but productive. Too small for market but good for home
use. New Jersey. Fig. 365. ‘
Williams’ Favorite.* (Williams, Williams’ Red, Williams’ Favo-
rite Red. Size medium, sometimes rather large; oblong-ovate,
remotely conical, very smooth; color mostly fine dark crimson
stripes; stalk three-quarters to one inch long, enlarged at inser-
tion, cavity shallow; basin small and shallow, even, or some-
what ribbed ; flesh yellowish white, moderately juicy, with some-
times a tinge of red near the surface, mild, agreeable, fine.
Ripens for several weeks late in summer. Its handsome appear-
ance has partly contributed to its high reputation. Requires a
rich soiland good cultivation. Fig. 363. Origin, Roxbury, Mass.
Section 11,—Not Striped.
Cole’s Quince. Large, round, oblate, ribbed; yellow; mellow
when ripe, mild, rich, high quince flavor. Cooks well before ripe.
Productive. Maine. Hardy far West.
Early Harvest.* (Yellow Harvest, Prince’s Harvest, Early French
Reinette, July Pippin. Size medium, roundish, usually more or
less oblate, smooth; bright straw color when ripe; stalk rather
short and slender; calyx moderately sunk; flesh nearly white,
flavor rather acid, fine. Ripens at wheat harvest, and for three
weeks afterward. Shoots erect, slightly diverging, straight,
often forked. Productive. Needs rich cultivation to be fine.
Good throughout the northern States and Southwest, tender North-
west. Fig. 354.
Fanny.* Fruit large, roundish; skin deep crimson ; flesh tender,
sub-acid, very good. Season, August. Popular in the East.
Pennsylvania.
Garrettson’s Early. Size medium, roundish-conic; skin greenish
yellow with numerous dots; stalk short, cavity shallow; basin
small, furrowed; flesh white, crisp, tender, sub-acid, fair. July
and August. Tree vigorous, productive. New Jersey.
Switzer.* ‘Tree vigorous, spreading, very productive; fruit me-
dium, roundish-oblate; skin pale yellow, striped and blushed
304 APPLES.
‘with light crimson; very handsome flesh, white, fine grained,
juicy, very good. Russian. Valuable for market or culinary.
Tetofski.* Medium, roundish, or oblate conic, handsomely striped
with red and covered with a whitish bloom; flesh white, sprightly,
sub-acid, pleasant. Tree a moderate grower, very hardy and
productive. Valuable for market. July and August. Russian.
Horse. Large, varying from oblate to round, ribbed; yellow ;
stalk short; cavity and basin shallow; flesh yellow, rather coarse,
sub-acid. Tree vigorous, productive, valued at the South and
West as a summer cooking and drying apple. North Carolina.
FIG. 366. FIG. 367. FIG. 368.
Primate. Red Astrachan. Starr.
Kirkbridge White. (Yellow June.) Size medium, oval, tapering
to apex and base, equally blunt at ends with broad ribs, smooth;
pale yellow; stem short; cavity and basin very narrow; flesh
very tender, fine-grained, with a moderately “good” sub-acid
flavor. Ripens soon after Early Harvest and for six weeks.
Tree a slow grower, but a great and early bearer; valuable at
the West. Too tender for long transportation.
Lowland Raspberry. Medium, roundish, conic, clear; waxen,
white, shaded and marbled crimson; cavity narrow, acute; stem
medium; basin small; flesh snow-white, tinged with pink next
the skin; tender, fine-grained, crisp, juicy, sub-acid, almost
sweet, quality good. Fig. 397. August. Russian.
Lyman’s Large Summer. Large, roundish, flattened at ends;
pale yellow; sub-acid, high flavored, rather fine in quality. Ri-
pens attheendofsummer. Tree a poor bearer untillarge. Conn.
Primate.* Above medium in size, roundish-conical, somewhat
ribbed; light green, becoming light yellow, often with a slight
blush; fine grained, very juicy, with a very agreeable, mild,
sub-acid flavor. Ripens for several weeks through the latter
part of summer. Often water-cores. Valuable for home use.
New York. Fig. 366.
Red Astrachan.* Rather large, sometimes quite large, roundish-
oblate, slightly approaching conical, rather smooth ; nearly whole
surface brilliant deep crimson, with a thick bloom like a plum;
stalk one-half to three-fourths of an inch long; calyx in a small
slightly uneven basin; flesh white, rather crisp; good, rather
acid, slightly austere. A few days after Early Harvest. Excel-
lent forcooking. Shoots stout, dark brown, diverging and ascend-
ing; leaves broad. This apple, although of second-rate flavor,
APPLES. 305
because of its earliness and very handsome and fair appearance,
by the vigor and productiveness of the tree, and its excellent
culinary qualities, is now in general cultivation. It should be
picked a few days before fully mature, .Hardy far West. Rus-
Sian. Fig. 367.
Sine Qua Non. Size medium, roundish, inclining to conical:
smooth, pale greenish yellow, shaded with teddich baown oD ae
sun; stalk quite slender, nearly an inch long; basin smooth or
very slightly plaited; flesh greenish white, fine grained, delicate,
very tender, moderately juicy, of a fine, agreeable, sub-acid
flavor. Shoots greenish yellow, growth slow. Ripens two weeks
after Early Harvest. Origin, Long Island.
Starr. Large, roundish oblate, regular, smooth; pale green, often
with blush on sunny side; flesh yellowish, fut Subeaced,’ good.
Summer. New Jersey. Fig. 368.
FIG. 369.—Broadwell. FIG. 370,—Munson’s Sweet.
FIG. 371.—Porter. FIG. 372.—Hawley. FIG. 373.—Pomeroy,
,
Summer Pippin. (Sour Bough.) Rather large, oblong, oval, irreg-
ular; skin pale yellow, with greenish dots and a crimson blush:
stalk variable, deep set; basin abrupt, furrowed; flesh white,
tender, with a pleasant sub-acid flavor. End of summer. A
ee handsome grower and good bearer. Westchester County,
N.Y.
Trenton Early. Size medium, roundish-oblate, ribbed; color yel-
lowish, somewhat marked with green; surface smooth, cavity
wide, basin furrowed; flesh light, tender, with a pleasant sub-
acid flavor. Late summer. Valued at the West.
White Juneating. (Yel/ow May.) Small, round, sometimes
slightly oblate, smooth, very regular ; pale greenish yellow, or light
yellow; very thin russet round the stalk; stalk slender, three-
quarters of an inch long, set shallow; basin very shallow; ten-
der, sub-acid, not rich, becoming dry. Ripens a little before
Yellow Harvest. Growth upright, rather stout, Productive.
For cooking only. Old English sort.
20
306 APPLES.
The May apple, of Virginia, is a fruit similar to or identical in char-
acter and quality with the White Juneating, where it ripens about
the first of summer, bearing every year. Large quantities are
sent to Baltimore for tarts,
Warfield. Medium, very round; fair, with a light blush; tender,
pleasant acid; may be used for cooking in July when two-thirds
grown. Anexcellent latesummer marketapple. Origin, Musca-
tine, Ia.
Yellow Transparent.* Medium, round conic; skin yellow,, almost
transparent; basin shallow, regular, cavity acute; flesh crisp,
sub-acid, good. Largely grown all over the country as an excel-
lent early market apple. Especially valuable for the kitchen,
Russia.
DIVISION II.—AUTUMN APPLES.
Crass I.—SweEeET APPLES.
Section 1.—Striped with red.
Jersey Sweet.* Size medium, round ovate, often oblong-ovate,
somewhat conical; thickly striped with fine red on greenish yel-
low; stalk one-half to an inch long; cavity rather irregular;
basin wrinkled, distinct; flesh whitish, very sweet, juicy and
tender, good flavor. Succeeds well in most localities. Early
and mid-autumn—immediately follows Golden Sweet. Shoots
stout, short jointed; leaves crenate-serrate. New Jersey. Fig.
376.
FIG. 374. FIG. 375. FIG. 376.
Rambo, Prolific Sweeting. Jersey Sweet.
Richmond. Large, roundish-oblate, slightly ribbed; splashed and
striped with crimson on yellow ground, with numerous dots;
stalk short, cavity large; calyx large, open; basin large, fur-
rowed ; flesh white, tender, sweet, rich. Late autumn. Origin,
Sandusky, O.
Section I1.—Not striped.
Autumn Swaar. (Sweet Swaar.) Large, oblate, sometimes very
slightly ribbed ; rich yellow; stalk an inch or more long, varying
from long and slender, to thick and fleshy at insertion; cavity
APPLES. 307
and basin wide and slightly ribbed; ®esh tender, yellowish, not
juicy, with a very sweet, spicy, agreeable flavor. ‘Mid-autumn.
Growth vigorous, shoots diverging, tree spreading. A large,
roundish-conical apple, with a good, mild, sub-acid flavor, is
grown under this name at the West.
Autumn Sweet Bough. (Autumn Bough, Fall Bough, Late Bough,
Philadelphia Sweet.) Size medium, conical, angular; pale yel-
low; stalk slender, deep set; basin deep, furrowed; flesh white,
tender, with a very good flavor. Early autumn. Tree vigorous
and productive.
Haskell Sweet. Large, oblate, regular: greenish, a warm brown
cheek ; stalk one-half to three-fourths of an inch long, moderately
sunk; basin rather deep, nearly even; flesh tinged with yellow-
ish brown, very tender, sweet, good.
Munson Sweet.* Size medium, oblate, smooth, and regular; pale
yellow, with a brown blush; stalk short, in a broad cavity; calyx
in small basin; flesh yellowish white, tender, with a very good,
sweet flavor. Tree a strong grower and uniform bearer. Last
half of autumn. A valuable sweet apple. Mass. Fig. 370.
Prolific Sweet. Medium, oblate conical, base and apex very
irregular ; smooth yellowish white, lined green ; flesh white, firm,
juicy, sweet, with clear water spots. Good. September in Ver-
mont. Fig. 375. Russian.
Pumpkin Russet. (Sweet Russet.) Large, round, slightly flat-
tened ; yellowish green, partly russetted; cavity wide, shallow;
basin small; flavor rich and sweet. Through autumn. Distinct
from the Sweet Russet cultivated through western New York,
which is a more conical fruit. Connecticut.
Pumpkin Sweet. (Lyman’s.) Very large, roundish, ribbed most
toward the stalk; pale green; stalk short; calyx small, basin
abrupt; flesh white, sweet, tender, not juicy, of moderate qual-
ity. Ripens through autumn, into winter. A valuable culinary
sort. Connecticut.
Stump.* Fruit medium, oblong-conic; yellow, striped bright red ;
sub-acid, very crisp, excellent. Resembles Chenango. Remark-
ably prolific. A very desirable home or market variety. Monroe
County, N. Y.
Summer Sweet Paradise. Large, roundish, sometimes remotely
oblong, and slightly flattened at the ends, regular; pale green;
stalk rather thick, three-quarters of an inch long; basin large,
distinct; flesh tender, sweet, rich, aromatic. Ripens first of
autumn. Shoots spreading, leaves sharply serrate. Origin,
Pennsylvania.
This is totally distinct from the Dwarf Paradise, used for stocks,
which bears a small, poor, sweet, summer fruit.
Sweet Longfield. Large, regular, oblong-conic; truncated green-
ish yellow, usually blushed on sunny side; cavity regular, acute;
stem medium; basin small and abrupt; flesh white, fine-grained,
rich, very sweet, quality good. Late autumn. Fig. 381, Rus-
sian,
308 APPLES.
Sweet Pepka. Small, oblong-conic, angular; yellowish white;
cavity regular, narrow; stem short; basin wide, shallow, wrin-
kled; flesh white, juicy, fine-grained, sweet, quality fair. Au-
tumn. Fig. 356. Russian.
Tifft Sweet. Medium in size, flat; greenish yellow with rus-
set network and a warm, light brown cheek ; stalk one inch long;
cavity wide, obtuse; flesh yellowish, rich, sweet, fine in flavor.
A light bearer. New England.
Cuiass I].—WiTH More or Less Acipity.
Section 1—Striped with red.
Alexander. Very large, oblate, inclined to conic, regular; streaked
with bright red on greenish-yellow; stalk small, cavity rather
deep; calyx large, basin deep, even; flesh rather crisp, sub-acid,
good ; a coarse sort, only for cooking. A moderate or poor bearer.
Late autumn. Very showy, its chief recommendation. Russian.
Beauty of Kent. Very large, rounding, somewhat flattish-conical,
fair, smooth, and rather obtuse; nearly the whole surface striped
with rich purplish red; stalk three-fourths to an inch and a half
long, slender; cavity acuminate; calyx small, basin deep, nar-
row ; flesh tender, slightly sub-acid, of rather poor flavor. One
of the most beautiful and magnificent in appearance of all apples,
but of little or no value, except for cooking. Late autumn.
Growth strong and upright, shoots dark. English.
Bonum. Large, oblate; red; basin cavity shallow; stem medium
length; flesh yellow, sub-acid, rich, delicious. An early and
abundant bearer. North Carolina.
Buckingham.* (Bachelor, Equinetely, Fall Queen of Kentucky,
Kentucky Queen.) Medium to large, oblate, inclining to conic;
striped, shaded and splashed with crimson on greenish yellow,
with many light brown dots; cavity large; stalk short; basin
wide and deep, somewhat furrowed; flesh yellowish, tender,
breaking, mild sub-acid, very good in quality. Late autumn and
early winter. A popular and profitable sort in the southwestern
States. Tree hardy and healthy, and moderately productive,
forming a round-headed top. Virginia. Fig. 383.
Carnation. W.N. White, of Georgia, gives the following descrip-
tion of this apple: Medium size; a delicious, sub-acid apple, fully
first rate; dark red, splashed with russet; flesh white, brittle, and
very juicy; both stalk and calyx are sunk in deep depressions ;
no autumn apple is superior. Ripe August roth.
Chenango Strawberry.* (Frank, Buckley, Jackson, Sherwood’s
Favorite, Strawberry.) Rather large, oblong-conic, angular;
striped and splashed with light crimson on whitish yellow ground ;
cavity narrow and deep; basin narrow; flesh white, very tender,
with a pleasant, mild, sub-acid flavor. September, October.
Growth upright, vigorous, shoots light colored. Origin, Chenango
County, N. Y. An excellent dessert or market variety.
APPLES. 309
Clyde Beauty. Large, roundish-conical, slightly ribbed; striped
and mottled red on greenish yellow; stem short, slender, deep
set; basin furrowed; flesh white, fine-grained, sub-acid, fair.
Late autumn. Wayne County, N. Y.
Cooper. Rather large, round oblate, sides unequal; greenish yel-
low and pale red; stalk slender, deep set; basin deep; flesh
crisp, juicy, pleasant, but not very high flavor. Mid-autumn.
Cultivated in Central Ohio. ae i
Cornell. (Cornell’s Fancy.) Medium, oblong conic; shaded and
splashed red on yellow; stalk medium, cavity large; basin
abrupt, furrowed; flesh white, tender, with a pleasant sub-acid
flavor, September. Originated and valued in central Pennsyl-
vania,
FIG. 378. FIG. 380.
Red Summer Calville. Lubsk Queen.
FIG. 379.- FIG. 377. FIG. 381.
Basil the Great. Longfield. Sweet Longfield.
Doctor. (De Witt.) Medium in size, or large; regular, oblate;
yellow, clouded and streaked with red; stalk and calyx deep set;
flesh breaking, tender, aromatic, brisk, fine flavor. Late au-
tumn and early winter. Succeeds well in Pennsylvania and
Ohio; less esteemed farther north. Origin, Pennsylvania.
Fairbanks, Size medium, rather oblate, inclining to conic; skin
light yellow, striped with red, with patches of russet; stem long,
set in a broad and shallow cavity; flesh yellowish, juicy, with a
rich sub-acid and vinous flavor. September and October. Ori-
gin, Winthrop, Me. :
Fall Seek-no-further. Very large, oblate; shaded and striped with
red on yellow; stalk long; cavity large, russeted; basin broad,
uneven; flesh whitish, tender, pleasant, sub-acid. Productive.
-Connecticut.
310 APPLES.
Fall Wine.* Medium to large, roundish-oblate; color a rich red,
faintly striped ona rich yellow skin; stem slender; flesh yellow,
crisp, tender, juicy, with a mild, rich, scarcely sub-acid flavor.
Mid-autumn till winter. Fig. 382. Succeeds best in the West—
often scabby at the East.
Fameuse.* (Snow-apple, Pomme de Neige.) Medium in size,
round, often oblate, even; handsomely striped and blotched with
fine deep red on whitish ground—where much exposed, a deep,
nearly uniform red; stalk three-fourths of an inch long, slender,
cavity small; basin quite small, slightly wrinkled; flesh very
white, juicy, sub-acid, a little spicy, exceedingly pleasant, but
not very rich. Late autumn. Shoots dark, diverging, some-
what fléxuous. Much admired as a table fruit for its handsome
appearance and pleasant, refreshing flavor. Fig. 388.
Gabriel. Size medium, roundish-ovate, regular; striped and
splashed with pale red on yellow; stalk slender; calyx and
basin small; flesh yellowish, sub-acid, of excellent flavor.
at
FIG, 382. FIG. 383. FIG. 384.
Fall Wine, Buckingham. Soulard,
Gravenstein.* Rather large, roundish, slightly oblate, obtusely and
obscurely ribbed, surface a little wavy; striped and splashed
with bright red on a yellow ground; stalk three-quarters of an
inch long; cavity rather deep; calyx large; basin deep, narrow,
flesh tender, juicy, very rich, sub-acid or rather acid, high
flavored. Mid-autumn. Productive, handsome, and excellent.
Fine in all localities. Shoots strong, becoming smoo‘’h and shin-
ing, ascending. Fig. 391. German.
Hurlbut. Size medium, oblate, conic; yellow striped with red;
stalk small; cavity large; basin shallow; flesh white, crisp,
tender, with a mild sub-acid flavor. Connecticut.
Jefferson County. Medium, roundish, regular; striped and shaded
red on yellow; cavity deep; calyx small; basin deep, smooth;
flesh crisp, tender, with a very good mild sub-acid flavor. Late
autumn. Tree vigorous, productive. Jefferson County, N. Y.
Jefferis. Medium or rather large, round oblate; yellow, red, and
deep red, striped; stalk very short, slender; cavity and basin
APPLES. 311
deep * flesh yellowish white Tema: y J
’ v ’ rkabl tender and juicy ; flavor
very pleasant. Ripens fi rst of autumn Fi le} Ori ii West-
Chester * Pa, Harty far ae th. : = a facilis
Jewett’s Red. (Jewett’s Fine Red, Nodhead.) Medi
7 N ‘ , edium
large, roundish, slightly oblate; striped red ee yellow af. sigutly
greenish yellow ground, with conspicuous white dots; stem
ey an inch long; cavity acuminate; basin rather shallow ;
esh remarkably tender, fine grained, mild sub-acid, slightly
aromatic. | Mid-autumn into winter. Cultivated in the northern
parts of New England. Hardy at the West. New Hampshire.
Fic. 386.—Late Strawberry. Fic. 388.—Fameuse.
Fic, 387—Oldenburg. FIG. 385.—Twenty Ounce. Fic. 389.—Melon.
Kane. (Cane, Cain.) Size medium, roundish-oblate, often ob-
scurely conical, regular; surface fair and beautiful, highly pol-
ished, indistinctly striped with brilliant light crimson, gradually
merging into delicate blush color on the shaded part; stalk often
very short; cavity acute, narrow; basin regular; flesh yellow-
ish white, with a pleasant, good flavor. Hardly of the highest
quality, but much admired for its beauty. Late autumn.
native of Kent County, Delaware. ;
Late Strawberry.* (Strawberry, Autumn Strawberry.) Size me-
dium; roundish, slightly conical, sometimes faintly ribbed;
nearly whole surface with small broken streaks of light and dark
red; stalk slender, about an inch long; basin ribbed , flesh yel-
lowish white, slightly fibrous, very tender and juicy, with a fine,
very agreeable, sub-acid flavor. Young trees of remarkably
thrifty growth, leaves sharply serrate, which at once distin-
guishes them from the crenate leaves of the Early Strawberry.
Ripens early in autumn, and often keeps till winter. Very pro
ductive. Fig. 386. One of the best early autumn apples. Sue
ceeds well in the West. New York.
312 APPLES,
Leland Spice. (Leland Pippin.) Large, roundish, obscurely coni-
cal, slightly ribbed; whole surface with brilliant red streaks on
yellow ground, dotted with yellow; stalk half an inch long;
cavity and basin ribbed; flesh yellowish white, sub-acid, spicy,
rich, fine. October. Origin, Sherburne, Mass.
Long Island Seek-no-further. Large, oblate, conical; skin yellow,
striped and splashed with red; flesh tender, with a good sub-
acid flavor. October to February. An old variety. Tree pro-
ductive. Origin unknown.
Lyscom, Large, round, with broad, broken, distinct, pale red
stripes, on yellowish or greenish yellow ground; stalk three-
fourths of an inch long, slender; calyx deep set; flesh fine
grained, mild, slightly sub-acid, moderately rich, good flavor.
Middle and late autumn. Massachusetts.
FIG. 390. FIG. 391. FIG. 392.
Jefferis. Gravenstein. Sops of Wine.
Magnolia, Size medium, oblate-conical; striped and mottled with
crimson on yellow; stalk short; cavity broad, uneven; basin
small; flesh white, tender, with a brisk aromatic flavor. Growth
moderate, productive. Mid-autumn.
Mangum. (Gulley.) Medium, oblate, slightly conic, ribbed;
shaded and striped with red on yellow with numerous dots;
stalk small, in a broad, russeted cavity; basins lightly furrowed;
flesh yellow, very tender, with a mild sub-acid excellent flavor.
A valuable Southern apple. ‘Treethrifty, productive. Alabama.
Melon.* (Watermelon, Norton's Melon.) Medium or large, round.
ish, often slightly conical, frequently a little irregular; color,
with stripes and dots of bright red on yellow ground, or clear
red on pale yellow; stalk an inch long, slender; cavity acumi-
nate; basin-deep; flesh white, tender, very juicy, fresh, and
pleasant, spicy, sub-acid or slightly sub-acid, fine flavored.
Growth rather slow. Late autumn and early winter, but often
keeps longer. Fig. 389. An excellent table apple, but a moder-
ate bearer. Origin, East Bloomfield, N. Y.
Melt in the Mouth. Medium or rather small, roundish, slightly
flattened; skin greenish yellow, indistinctly striped and shaded
with red, with russet dots; stalk short; cavity shallow, obtuse;
calyx open; flesh yellow, with a rich, aromatic, rather acid, and
very good flavor. Ripens through autumn. Pennsylvania.
APPLES. 313
Mexico. Size medium, roundish; striped light and dark red;
stalk large and long; cavity broad, shallow, russeted; calyx
large, in a narrow basin; flesh whitish stained with red, tender,
with a very good flavor. A handsome New England fruit. ‘Tree
very hardy, productive.
Myer’s. (Ohio Nonpareil.) Large, roundish, slightly oblate;
marbled and splashed red on yellow; cavity and basin medium;
flesh yellowish white, with an excellent sub-acid flavor. Autumn.
Growth strong and straight, forming a compact head. Produc-
tive, and much valued at the West.
Oldenburgh.* Medium or rather large, roundish, a little flattened
at the ends; light red in broad broken stripes and splashes on
yellow ground; stem short, in an acuminate cavity; basin deep
and narrow; flesh yellowish white, sub-acid, very handsome.
Good for cooking. Early autumn. Shoots dark, ascending.
Very hardy. Suceeds well at the West and North. The strong
growth of the tree, its early bearing and endurance of severe win-
ters, and the fair and handsome appearance of the fruit, render it
one of the most valuable sorts for the West. Russian. Fig. 387.
Orndorf. Size medium, roundish; slightly striped and shaded red
on yellow; stalk slender; cavity and basin deep; calyx open;
flesh yellowish, crisp, with an excellent sub-acid flavor. A mod-
erate bearer. October and November. Ohio.
Rambo.* (Romanite of New Jersey.) Size medium, oblate,
smooth; streaked and marbled with dull yellowish red on pale
yellowish ground ; dots large; whitish; stalk aninch long, rather
slender; basin broad, slightly plaited; flesh tender, rich, mild
sub-acid, fine flavored, often excellent. Fine in nearly all local-
ities. Late autumn and early winter. Known by the erroneous
name of Seek-no-further in Philadelphia market. Pa. Fig. 374.
Tender far West.
Red Summer Calville. Medium, regular, oblong-conical; yellow-
ish white, mostly covered with rosy red, mottled and splashed
with darker red, basin very shallow, almost wanting; flesh white,
fine grained, spicy, sub-acid, quality good. Early autumn. Fig.
378. Russian.
Republican Pippin. Large, round-oblate; striped with red on a
mottled reddish ground, greenish yellow in the shade; stalk an
inch long, slender; cavity sometimes with radiating russet rays;
flesh tender, sub-acid, with a pleasant, peculiar, somewhat walnut
flavor. Ripens early and mid-autumn, but isa good cooking apple
in summer. Excellent for drying. Tree a strong and crooked
grower—moderate bearer. Origin, Lycoming County, Pa.
Ribston Pippin. Mediumor rather large, roundish conical ; clouded
and striped with yellowish red, on a yellow and slightly russeted
ground; stalk slender, often short; cavity rather wide ; basin nar-
row, angular; flesh yellow, crisp, granular, juicy, with a very rich
and rather sharp or acid flavor. First-rate as far north as Maine,
often second-rate farther south ;: but its quality is usually suffered to
deteriorate needlessly by remaining too long on the tree. Late
autumn and early winter. Shoots diverging or spreading; buds
and young shoots rather hoary. English.
314 APPLES.
Richards’ Graft. (Derrick’s Graft, Red Spitzenburgh.) Rather
large, roundish-oblate; striped red on yellow; cavity large; basin
deep; flesh fine grained, tender, with a refreshing, sub-acid, very
good flavor. Septemberand October. Cultivated on the Hudson
River.
Shiawasse Beauty. Medium, oblate, regular, smooth; deep bril-
liant red on greenish yellow ground; stalk very short,deeply sunk;
basin small, regular; flesh white, tender, crisp, sub-acid and aro-
matic. October and November. Resembles Fameuse, but tree a
stronger and more upright grower and fruit larger. Michigan.
Smokehouse.* Medium or rather large, oblate, regular; mottled,
and indistinctly striped with red on yellow ground; a slight green-
ish cast at the crown; stalk one inch long, slender, cavity wide,
acute; basin rather distinct; flesh yellowish white, rich, aromatic,
fine sub-acid flavor. Mid-autumn to winter. Origin, Chester
County, Pa. Succeeds in the Middle States.
St. Lawrence. (Corse’s St. Lawrence.) Large, roundish, slightly
oblate, and sometimes a little conical, obtuse; whole surface
broadly and very distinctly striped with very dark red, on light
greenish yellow ground; stem rather short and slender, cavity
wide; basin round, deep, with avery obtuse rim; flavor rather
acid, moderately rich, agreeable. A very handsome, hardy, and
productive apple, of good flavor, ripening about mid-autumn.
Canadian. :
Soulard. Medium, round oblate, slightly angular; whitish, striped
bright red, dots few, brown; stalk short, cavity large; basin me-
dium, corrugated ; flesh white, tender, juicy, sub-acid. Very good.
Late autumn. Fig. 384. Missouri.
Titus. Large, round; greenish yellow, striped with red; cavity
deep, stem medium; basin wide, shallow; flesh fine-grained,
juicy, sub-acid, the best of the Titus family of Russian apples.
Late autumn. Fig. 434. Russian.
Twenty Ounce.* (Cayuga Red Streak, Twenty Ounce Pippin
erroneously.) Very large, roundish, remotely conical; surface
sometimes smooth, often very wavy; color striped rich yellowish
ted on greenish yellow or yellowish white ground; stalk three-
fourths inch long; sub-acid, rather coarse, second quality. Very
showy, fair, and productive. Fig. 385. A profitable market sort.
Late autumn and early winter. Growth in large trees becoming
straggling. Connecticut. The Twenty Ounce Pippin is a large,
green, third-rate fruit.
Vandevere. (Watson’s Vandevere, Indiana Vandevere.) Large,
oblate, remotely conic; striped and blotched with light red on
yellow; stalk short, cavity large; flesh greenish yellow, firm,
crisp, brisk sub-acid. Culinary. Western. November and De-
cember. Delaware.
Washington Strawberry. Rather large, roundish-conic, slightly
oblate ; striped and splashed with deepcrimson on yellow; cavity
deep ; flesh yellow, a little coarse, brisk sub-acid. Growth vigor-
ous. September, October. Origin, Washington County, N. Y.
APPLES. 315
Winter Pear. Rather small ; yellow striped, splashed and marbled
with red; cavity rather deep ; stem medium, basin narrow, regular;
flesh yellowish, fine-grained, juicy, very spicy, mild sub-acid with
a decided pear flavor. Early autumn. Fig. 393. Russian.
Section I1.—Not Striped.
Bailey Spice. Fruit medium, roundish-conic; light yellow with
a faint blush; stalk large, deeply set; calyx closed, basin moder-
ate; flesh fine-grained, tender, spicy, rich, sub-acid. Mid-autumn.
Origin, Plattsburgh, N. Y.
Bellerdovskoe. Large, round, regular, smooth; greenish yellow,
bronzed in the sun; cavity regular, acute; stem short, basin wide,
shallow; flesh white, juicy, sub-acid, good. Early autumn.
Fig. 396. Russian.
FIG. 393-—Winter Pear, FIG. 394.—Raspberry,
FIG. 395. FIG. 396. ___ FIG. 397.
Blushed Caivine. Bellerdovskoe. Liveland Raspberry.
ietigheimer. (Red Bietigheimer.) Very large, round, oblate;
aire! yellow, F aaerek with purplish crimson ; flesh firm, sub-acid,
good. Tree a vigorous grower and free bearer, hardy. German.
Calville. Medium, roundish oblate; yellow, blushed on
ate large, oblique; basin narrow, corrugated; flesh red-
dish’ white, fine-grained, sub-acid, quality good. Season August,
following Yellow Transparent. Fig. 395. Russian.
’s Pleasant. Rather large, roundish-oblate ; greenish yellow ;
ae vied et ; calyx large; cavity and basin medium ; flesh yel-
low, tender, mild, sub-acid, agreeable. September and October.
ing. Large, roundish; light yellow, with a tinge of red in the
one Gait aden ina deep, narrow, acuminate cavity ; basin deep
and narrow ; flesh alittle coarse, yellow, with a pleasant breaking
texture, and a good sub-acid flavor. Valuableat the West. Ohio,
316 APPLES,
Disharoon, Rather large, roundish-oblate, slightly conical; yellow-
ish green; stalk short, cavity large, calyx small; basin rather deep
and narrow; flesh white, with a fine sub-acid, aromatic flavor,
resembling that of Newtown Pippin. *November, December.
Georgia.
Drap d’Or or “Cloth of Gold.” Large, roundish, sometimes slightly
oblong-conical, more frequently rather oblate; bright yellow, with
numerous black specks; stalk short; basin shallow, plaited; sub-
acid, mild, agreeable. Early autumn, extending to mid-autumn,
Tree regular, spreading; leaves doubly serrate.
Duckett. Rather large, roundish-oblate; light greenish yellow,
slightly ribbed; stalk short, deep set; basin deep; flesh fine-
grained, mild, sub-acid. Late autumn. A good southern fruit.
Dyer.* (Pomme Royal, which is the original name.) Rather large,
roundish, often approaching round oblong, sometimes slightly flat-
tened, obscurely ribbed; light yellow, rarely a faint brown cheek,
and sometimes a slight russet network over the skin; stalk three-
fourths to one inch long; basin often deep and large, ribbed ; flesh
very fine-grained, tender, very juicy, with arich, sub-acid, or rather
acid, excellent flavor, having but few equals. Fig. 365. Season
variable; November, December. Productiveness variable. An
early bearer.
Ernst’s Pippin. Large, oblate, smooth; pale greenish yellow, with
a brownish cheek; cavity wide, basin wrinkled, calyx open; flesh
tender, sub-acid, very agreeable. Mid-autumn. Cincinnati.
Esten. Large, oblong-ovate, slightly ribbed, smooth; yellow, some-
times a blush; dots large, green and red; stalk one inch long,
slender ; cavity very deep; basin shallow; flesh white, fine-grained,
mild sub-acid. Tree vigorous, very productive. Rhode Island.
Fall Harvey. Large, roundish-oblate, nearly regular; pale yellow;
stalk slender, one inch long; cavity moderate; basin medium in
size, furrowed; flesh fine-grained, juicy, good, mild sub-acid flavor.
Moderate or poor bearer. Essex County, Mass.
Fall Orange.* (Holden Pippin.) Large, roundish-ovate, or oval;
light greenish yellow, becoming pale yellow, rarely a brown
cheek ; stalk half an inch long, cavity narrow; basin even-rimmed,
slightly plaited; sub-acid, tender, good, best when fresh from the
tree. Shoots very stout, dark colored. Tree very hardy, bears
while very young, fruit always fair. Massachusetts.
Fall Pippin.* (Holland Pippin, erroneously.) Very large, round-
ish, obtuse, somewhat oblong-conical, a little flattened at the
ends, sometimes with large obtuse ribs; color greenish, becoming
a high rich yellow when ripe, with some large shades of green about
the crown before fully ripe; stalk large, in an acuminate cavity,
basin deep; flesh yellowish, rather firm, becoming tender, rich,
aromatic, excellent. Leaves sharply serrate, shoots vigorous,
rather dark, diverging, becoming spreading; tree large. Late
autumn, keeping into mid-winter. ostly a moderate bearer—
fruit sometimes water-cored. Excellent for cooking. Fine in
nearly all localities. Fig. 368. .
APPLES, 317
Hawley. (Dowse.) Quite large, roundish, slightly conical, some-
times nearly round, with a broad obtuse apex, and slightly flat-
tened, smooth; pale green becoming yellow, sometimes a very
faint orange cheek ; stalk one-half to one inch long, slender ; cavity
wide, deep, acute, sometimes slightly obtuse; basin deep, slightly
furrowed; flesh yellowish white, fine-grained, quite tender, with
a mild, rich, sub-acid, fine flavor. Ripens at mid-autumn. Shoots
of rather slow growth. Origin, Columbia County, N.Y. Liability
todry rot and water-core has rendered it of Jittlé value. Fig. 372.
Holland Pippin. Very large, roundish, somewhat oblong, and flat-
tened at theends, sometimes slightly oblate; greenish yellow, be-
coming pale yellow or whitish yellow, with a brownish ted cheek ;
stalk variable in length, usually short; cavity wide, acute; basin
slightly plaited; flesh nearly white, rather acid, with a moderate
flavor. Ripens early and mid-autumn, butise good cooking apple
some weeks previously. Wholly distinct from the Fall Pippin. An
excellent culinary sort.
Hunge. Rather large, roundish, somewhat irregular and oblique;
skin smooth, bright yellow, with a faint delicate blush ; stem half an
inch long; basinrather deep, slightly ribbed; flesh fine-grained,
tender, sub-acid, “very good.” Cultivated in North Carolina.
September and October.
Keswick Codlin.* Rather large, somewhat conical, and ribbed;
greenish yellow, becoming light yellow; stalk short, deep set;
calyx rather large; juicy, pleasant acid, quality moderate. Suc-
ceeds well at the West. Fine for cooking; very productive, bears
early. Ripens in September but may be used for cooking in sum-
mer. English.
Lowell.* (Orange, Tallow Apple, Tallow Pippin, Queen Anne, of
Northern Ohio.) Large, roundish-oblong, obtuse,slightly conical ;
green, becoming rich yellow; surfaces lightly oily; stalk one inch
long; basin deep, furrowed or plaited inside, rim obtuse, even ; flesh
yellowish white, rather coarse, rich sub-acid, or rather acid ; hardly
first quality, but valuable for its fair surface and great and early
productiveness. Early autumn. Tree rather slender and a mod-
erate grower.
Maiden’s Blush.* Rather large, oblate, smooth, and regular; with
a fine, evenly shaded red cheek or blush on aclear pale yellow
ground; stalk short; cavity rather wide; basin moderate, even ;
flesh white, fine-grained, tender, pleasant sub-acid, but not rich.
Mid-autumn. Tree spreading. Although deficient in richness, it
is valued for its fair, tender, and beautiful fruit, and uniform pro-
ductiveness. Fig. 4oo. Valuable at the West. New Jersey.
Porter.* Above medium, oblong-ovate-conical, regular, often ribbed
at apex; bright yellow, sometimes a dull blush in the sun; stalk
one inch long, slender, cavity rather small, basin narrow; flesh
tender, rich, rather acid, of fine flavor. Fair and productive.
Early autumn. Succeeds in the Northern and Middle States.
Leaves sharp,serrate. In some localities this fruit proves too acid
for the table. Fig. 371. Massachusetts,
318 APPLES,
Roberson’s White. Medium, oblong, flattened at ends; green, with
dark dots; flesh yellowish, fine-grained, crisp, with a sub-acid,
aromatic flavor. Late autumn. ‘Tree vigorous, upright. A
good bearer. Formerly grown in Maryland and Virginia.
Oliver. Medium, red on greenish yellow ground, with grayish
dots ; flesh yellowish white, stained with pink, crisp,sprightly, sub-
acid. Arkansas.
Star. Medium, flat, slightly conical, unequal, regular, smooth;
greenish yellow; dots numerous, dark, prominent; basin shallow,
regular, eye small, closed, cavity shallow, regular, russeted; stem
short; flesh white, tender, juicy, sub-acid, rich.
FIG. 398.—Dyer. FIG. 399.—Am. Golden Russet,
FIG. 400. FIG, 401. Fic. 402.
Maiden’s Blush. Fall Pippin, Monmouth Pippin.
Stevenson’s Winter. Medium, roundish oblate; greenish yellow
and dark red; vigorous and prolific. Autumn. Alabama.
Wealthy. Medium, roundish, oblate; yellowish shade with dark
red, oily; flesh tender, white, juicy, sub-acid, very good. Tree
hardy, vigorous and productive. A standard commercial variety
in the plains region, and valued as an excellent culinary and
market sort elsewhere. Minnesota. Fig. 469.
Winthrop Greening. Large, oblate, remotely conical, slightly
ribbed, nearly regular; skin yellow, when ripe, with a little
green, sometimes a faint red shade to the sun; stem short, cav-
ity shallow, basin moderate; flesh yellowish white, sub-acid,
very good. Mid-autumn. A valued sort in Maine,
APPLES. 319
DIVISION II].—WINTER APPLES.
Crass I—Sweer Appts.
Section L.—Striped with red.
Bailey Sweet.* (Patterson Sweet, Edgerly Sweet.) Large, Tegtt
lar ovate, often slightly and sometimes considerably ribbed ; the
whole surface frequently a full bright red, in small, broken, indis-
tinct stripes and dots, on light ground; stalk slender, one inch
long; cavity small, narrow, slightly ribbed ; basin small, plaited ;
flesh very tender, not juicy; flavor mild, rich, sweet; fine,
Early winter. Fig. 4oq. Origin, Perry, Wyoming Co., N. Y.
Bentley’s Sweet. Rather large, roundish-cblong, striped and
blotched with red on yellow ground; stalk in a deep, narrow
cavity, calyx large, open; basin deep; flesh rather coarse, firm,
of moderate quality. Keepslong. Virginia.
Hartford Sweet. (Spencer Sweeting.) Rather large, roundish,
slightly flattened; striped with fine red on greenish yellow
ground ; stalk slender, cavity rather shallow, round; calyx large,
basin shallow; juicy, tender, rich, agreeable. Keeps through
winter and spring. Productive. Although hardly first-rate in
quality, valuable for its productiveness and long keeping. A
native of Hartford, Conn.
Hockett’s Sweet. Large, roundish oblate, smooth; lightly shaded
and obscurely striped with light dull red on a dull rich, yellow
skin; flesh yellowish, coarse grained, somewhat crisp, compact,
with a very sweet and rather rich flavor. Early winter. North
Carolina.
Ladies’ Sweet.* Medium, roundish-ovate, apex narrow; striped
with red on pale yellow ground, a nearly uniform shade of fine red
to the sun; faintly marbled or clouded with white over the red,
and cavity faintly rayed with white; stalk short, cavity small;
calyx and basin small; tender, juicy, agreeable, fine. One of
the best winter sweet apples. A profuse bearer. Growth feeble.
Fig. 403. Newburgh, N. Y.
Maverack’s Sweet. Large, roundish-oblate, approaching conical ;
striped and shaded with bright red on yellow skin; stalk short,
cavity rather large; calyx open; flesh fine-grained, tender, of
sweet, very good flavor. Early winter. South Carolina.
Phillips’ Sweet. Medium or large, roundish, slightly flattened and
conical, regular; mottled red, yellow, and dark red; flesh rich
yellow, tender, juicy, crisp, sweet. Very handsome; resembles
Ladies’ Sweeting, but more showy and not equal in flavor.
Early winter. Growth upright, vigorous. Central Ohio.
Ramsdell’s Sweet. (Ramsdell’s Red Pumpkin Sweet.) Rather
large, oblong, obscurely conical, regular; dark rich red, with
a blue bloom ; stalk short; basin rather deep, even ; flesh yellow-
ish, tender, sweet, rich, good second quality. Tree vigorous,
upright, productive. Late autumn and early winter, Connecti-
cut.
320 APPLES.
Sweet Pearmain. (Henrick Sweet.) Medium size, roundish ot
ovate-conical; dark rich red, with rough dots; stalk an inch
long, slender, cavity wide, round; calyx woolly, basin very small;
flavor sweet and els Through winter. Introduced from England
bore the Revolution. Much valued in central Ohio and farther
est.
Sweet Romanite. (Sweet Nonsuch, of Illinois.) Size medium,
roundish oblate, regular; striped and shaded with bright red on
greenish yellow; stalk short; calyx large, open; basin shallow,
furrowed ; flesh greenish yellow, firm, crisp, juicy, sweet. Keeps
through winter. Fig. 405. Valuable at the West.
FIG. 403. FIG. 404. FIG, 405.
Ladies’ Sweeting. Bailey’s Sweet. Sweet Romanite.
Sweet Vandevere. (Sweet Redstreak, Sweet Harvey.) Size me-
dium, oblong, slightly conical; shaded and striped dull red on
greenish yellow; stalk small, cavity large, irregular; basin wide;
flesh tender, juicy, with a rich aromatic flavor. Growth crooked,
a profuse bearer. Through winter.
Wing Sweet. Medium, roundish, slightly oblong, ribbed; cclor
bright red in small stripes and shades on yellow skin; stalk slen-
der, basin and apex very sharply ribbed; flesh whitish yellow,
sweet, good. A good bearer, and when well grown on strong soil,
a handsome and fine sweet winter apple.
Section I1.—Not Striped.
Broadwell.* Rather large, slightly conical, somewhat oblate; skin
thin, smooth, greenish yellow; stalk short, small, deep set;
flesh white, tender, sweet, juicy, fine—and one of the best winter
sweet apples. Keeps through winter late into spring. Ohio.
Fig. 369.
Camak Sweet. Size medium, roundish-conical; light green with a
warm cheek; stem short or long, cavity narrow; calyx open,
basin deep; flesh firm, sweet, very good. North Carolina.
APPLES. 321
Danvers Winter Sweet.* Medium or rather large, roundish, re-
motely oblong or conical, obscurely ribbed; greenish yellow, be-
coming a rather dull rich yellow, sometimes an orange blush; stalk
three-quarters to one inch long, cavity acute ; basin smooth, narrow;
flesh yellow, sweet, rich. Fig. 4o8. Growth vigorous, tree pro-
ductive. Massachusetts.
Green Sweet.* Large or medium, nearly round, slightly approach-
ing ovate-conical, regular; surface green, with greenish white
dots; stalk about an inch long, moderately thick, cavity rather small
and narrow, round, acuminate; basin small, slightly furrowed;
flesh greenish white, with a very sweet, spicy, good flavor. Fair,
productive, and along keeper. Fig. 407. Massachusetts.
Higby’s Sweet. Size medium, roundish, slightly oblate; pale yel-
low ; stalk short ; basin deep, slightly furrowed; flesh white, tender,
with a good, sweet flavor. Early winter. Northeastern Ohio.
FIG. 406. FIG. 407. S Fre. 408,
Tallman Sweet. Green Sweet. Danvers Winter Sweet.
Honey Greening. Large, oblong, oval; greenish yellow with green
and gray dots; stalk long, slender, deeply set; basin broad, deep;
flesh tender, mild, sweet, slightly aromatic. Grown at the West.
Tree vigorous, upright, an early and constant bearer. November
and December.
Jacobs Sweet.* Tree vigorous, spreading; fruit medium to large,
roundish-oblate ; light yellow with numerous large greenish dots,
occasionally blushed; flesh white, crisp, somewhat coarse, but
good. November to late winter. An excellent winter sweet.
Medford, Mass.
Leicester Sweet. (Potter Sweet.) Ratherlarge, oblate; greenish
yellow and dull red ; tender, rich, excellent. fine for dessert or bak-
ing. Winter. Tree vigorous, not very productive. Origin,
Leicester, Mass.
London Sweet. (Heicke’s Winter Sweet.) Rather large, oblate;
pale yellow; stalk very short, deeply set; basin abrupt; flesh
whitish, tender, with a fine, sweet, aromatic flavor. Early winter.
Tree upright, a good annual bearer.
Tolman Sweet.* Medium or rather large, roundish-oblate slightly
conical; clear light yellow, with a clear brownish line from stalk
to apex; stalk nearly an inch long; calyx in a distinct, slightly
322 APPLES.
wrinkled basin; flesh white, firm, rich, very sweet. Excellent
for winter baking. Keeps into spring. Young tree vigorous,
upright, shoots becoming spreading; leaves wavy. Fig. 406.
Productive. Hardy. Rhode Island.
Wells Sweet. Medium in size, roundish, tapering slightly to base
and apex; color light green, wtih a brownish cheek ; stalk short;
basin shallow; flesh very white, tender, rich, agreeable. Early
winter. Newburg, N. Y.
Winter Sweet Paradise. Rather large, roundish; skin pale green-
ish yellow with a brown blush; stalk short; calyx and basin small ;
flesh white, with a sweet, “very good” flavor. Ripens through
winter. Origin, Pennsylvania. Succeeds well at the West.
Crass I1.—WiruH More or Less AcIpiTy.
Section 1.—Striped with Red.
Ailes. Warge, oblate; striped andshaded red on yellow; stalk short,
cavity narrow, basin medium; flesh yellow, crisp, firm, with a
rich, sub-acid, “very good” flavor. Keeps through spring. Chester
County, Pa.
Anis. Small, oblate conical, ribbed; yellow, nearly covered with
dark crimson in strips and splashes; cavity deep, stem short, stout;
basin wide, shallow; flesh firm, fine grained, sub-acid, aromatic;
quality best when properly ripened. ‘This apple belongs to a family
grown on the upper Volga in Russia, on a large scale, all of which
are valuable for cultivation in the northern limits of fruit culture.
Fig. 432. Russian.
Anisovka. Large, oblate; yellowish, striped and splashed with red;
flesh yellowish white, juicy, sub-acid; cavity large, stem medium,
basin wide, deep. This belongs to the Oldenburg family and re-
sembles the Oldenburg in the tree and in the size, shape, and mark-
ings of the fruit. It has also proven hardy in the Northwest.
Fig. 451. Russian.
Arkansas Black. Medium, slightly conical, regular, smooth, glossy ;
yellow, generally covered with deep crimson, :small light-colored
dots; basin shallow; eye small, closed; cavity shallow, russeted ;
stem medium ; flesh very yellow, fine-grained, firm, juicy, sub-acid,
tich, very good. Late winter. Arkansas. Fig. 477.
Babbitt. Large, oblate conical, angular, smooth; greenish white,
shaded and striped with red, dots light, few; cavity large, deep,
regular ; stem short; basin medium, regular, furrowed ; calyx shal-
low; eye small, closed; flesh yellowish white, fine-grained, juicy,
brisk, sub-acid; excellent cooking apple. Strong grower, hardy,
productive.
Baer. Rather small, roundish-oblate ; striped red on greenish yel-
low; stalk long, cavity wide and deep; basin small, plaited; flesh
tender, fine grained, pleasant, very good—keepstillspring. Berks
County, Pa. Identical with Hiester.
APPLES. 323
Baldwin.* Rather large, roundish, with more or less of a rounded
taper towards the apex; shaded and striped with yellowish red
and crimson on yellow ground ; stalk three-fourths of an inch long,
rather slender, calyx in a narrow, slightly plaited basin ; flesh yel-
lowish white, with a rich, sub-acid flavor. Young tree vigorous,
upright, shoots dark brown, diverging and ascending. Fig, 380.
Very productive. Ripensthrough winter. A first-rate winter apple
in New England, New York, and Michigan; mostly unsuccessful
at the West and South. Too tender, and mostly fails as far
north as Maine, unless grafted standard height. | Massachusetts.
The Baldwin is liable to vary in character; the Late Baldwin ap-
pears to be identical, but modified by external causes.
Ben Davis. (New York Pippin, Kentucky Streak, Carolina Red
Streak, Victoria Red.) Large, roundish-ovate, slightly oblique,
regular, smooth, striped red on yellow; stalk long, deep set; basin
deep, wrinkled; flesh whitish, tender, with a mild, good, but not
rich, sub-acid flavor. Fig. 409. Succeeds well at the West, where
it proves one of the most profitable winter apples for market; does
not mature well at the extreme North. An early and abundant
bearer. The leading commercial variety of America to-day.
Kentucky.
FIG. 409.—Ben Davis. Fic. 4z0.—Dutch Mignonne,
FIG. 411.—Prior’s Red. FIG. 412,--Dominie. FIG. 413-—Baldwin.
Bethlehemite. Medium, roundish-oblate, remotely conical; striped
red on yellow; stalk short, deeply set; basin deep; furrowed ;
flesh yellowish white, tender, witha mild, sub-acid, very agreeable
flavor. Ripens through winter. Growth strong, upright. Ohio.
Black Gilliflower. Rather large, oblong-ovate, long conical, regu-
lar, obscurely ribbed ; surface dark, dull, reddish purple, inclining
to greenish yellow where densely shaded; cavity very narrow,
acuminate; basin very small, ribbed ; flesh greenish white, with a
rich, good, slightly sub-acid flavor, becoming -dry when ripe.
Keeps through winter and late into spring. Shoots dark, rather
crooked, fruit always fair; very productive. Rejected by most cul-
tivators on account of its very dry flesh, but a good baking variety.
Totally distinct from the Red or Cornish Gilliflower.
324 APPLES.
Blue Pearmain,* Very large, roundish, inclining to oblong, slightly
and obtusely conical; dark purplish red in large broken stripes on
lighter ground; bloom conspicuous; dots large; indistinct; stalk
three-fourths of an inch long; calyx deep set; flesh yellowish, mild
sub-acid, good. Early winter. A thin bearer.
Boardman, Medium, roundish; light yellow,splashed, streaked and
dotte1 crimson; stem short; cavity open and rather deep; basin
large, deep; flesh very white, crisp, juicy, sub-acid, good. Winter.
Maine.
Brightwater. Large,round, conical ; greenish yellow, mottled russet,
splashed and striped dull red, dots minute yellow and brown; skin
peu flesh greenish yellow, fine-grained, juicy, sub-acid, good.
Arkansas,
Bryant, Large, roundish oblate; greenish yellow, shaded with dull
red and striped darker, dots numerous, large, gray, many with
rough prominent centres, gray over all color; flesh yellow, coarse,
tender, juicy, mild sub-acid. Virginia.
Buff. Large, round, oblate, smooth; distinctly striped with light
and dark red; cavity broad and deep; basin round, furrowed;
flesh white, tender, sub-acid, mild, agreeable, “good,” or perhaps
“very good,” sometimes poor. Much valued at the South.
Bullet. (North Carolina Greening, Green Abram.) Rather small,
roundish; striped with light and dark red on greenish yellow; stal
short, often with a lip at base, cavity small; basin deep; flesh ten+
der, juicy, with a pleasant sub-acid flavor. Valuable in Virginia
and North Carolina as along keeper. Tree productive.
Cannon Pearmain. Rather large, roundish or oblong-conical; red
on yellow; cavity small, basin abrupt; flesh yellowish, firm, rich,
spicy, mild sub-acid. Keep stillspring. Tree vigorous, spread-
ing, productive. ‘North Carolina.
Carnahan Favorite. Large, roundish conic; red on yellow; cav-
ity and calyx large, basin furrowed; flesh fine-grained, pleasant,
sub-acid. Tree vigorous, productive. Keeps tillspring. Ohio.
Carolina Queen. (Carolina Winter Queen.) Rather large, round-
ish, slightly oblate, smooth and regular; greenish yellow shaded
and striped with light dullred; stalk three-fourths of an inch long,
cavity wide and rather inclining to obtuse, basin ribbed; flesh yel-
lowish white, sprightly sub-acid, of an excellent flavor. Early
winter. Popular in North Carolina.
Carter.* (Mangum.) Medium to large, roundish-ovate; red on
orange yellow; stalk rather short, cavity deep, caiyx large, open, in
a wide, deep, somewhat furrowed basin; flesh tender, mild, pleas-
ant. One of the best apples in the Southern States. Alabama.
Carthouse,* (Gilpin, Romanite, Red Romanite, and Small Roman-
ite, of the West.) Medium or rather small, roundish-oblong,
nearly regular, apex flattened; striped and shaded deep red on
greenish yellow ground; stalk one-half to an inch long, slender;
basin slightly furrowed, wide, distinct; flesh tough, crisp, fresh,
APPLES. 325
agreeable, mild sub-acid, nearly sweet, of moderate quality. Keeps.
fresh till late in spring. Much cultivated as a 1 k
West. Virginia. pee
Chandler. Large, roundish, slightly flattened, somewhat angular;
striped and shaded red on greenish yellow; stalk short, cavity
large, calyx small, in a wide, plaited basin; flesh greenish white,
tender, with a moderately rich, sub-acid flavor. Early winter.
Connecticut.
Cogswell, Rather large, roundish-oblate, regular; striped rich red
on yellow; stalk smail, cavity large, russeted ; calyx short, basin
small ; flesh yellowish, compact, tender, scarcely sub-acid, with a
fine, rich, aromatic flavor. Through winter. An excellent dessert
fruit. An abundant bearer every other year. Connecticut.
Cooper’s Red. (Cooper’s Market.) Size medium, oblong conical;
shaded and striped with red on yellow; stalk short, cavity deep,
narrow; basin small; flesh white, tender, with a brisk sub-acid
flavor. Through winter. Shoots long, slender. Profitable, al-
though not of highest quality, New Jersey.
Cranford. Large, oblate; yellow, covered with brownish red,
splashed and streaked with light crimson; stem short, thick; basin
broad, deep, russeted ; calyx wide, deep; flesh yell. w, juicy, sub-
acid, sprightly. Tree good grower, fair bearer. Winter.
Arkansas. ;
Cross. Medium, regular, oblate; yellow, splashed and striped with
crimson, much like Fameuse; cavity deep; basin shallow; flesh
white, sub-acid, very good. Fig. 412. Midwinter. Russian.
Cullasaga, Rather large, roundish; slightly conical, striped crim-
son on yellow; stalk short, slender; cavity deep, russeted; calyx
open; basin shallow, furrowed; flesh yellow, tender, very mild,
aromatic, rich. A well-known, long-keeping, valuable Southern
fruit. North Carolina.
Detroit. (Red Detroit.) Medium or rather large, roundish or
slightly conical; skin thick, smooth, dark purple when mature;
cavity deep; basin shallow, plaited; flesh white, often stained
with red, crisp, of an agreeable sub-acid flavor.
The Black Detroit, or Grand Sachem, is a larger apple, more irreg-
ular; rather dry fruit of inferior quality.
Domine.* (Wells, of Ohio.) Rather large, roundish oblate; sur-
face with narrow and distinct stripes of light red, on whitish
yellow ground ; dots or specks large, rough; stalk three-fourths of
an inch long; cavity wide, deep, acute; basin deep, obtusely
ribbed; flesh white, firm, mild sub-acid, spicy, fine flavored.
Fig. 412. Shoots very long, vigorous, diverging, leaves drooping,
coarsely serrate. Productive. Keeps through winter. Tender at
the West. New York.
Dutch Mignonne. Quite large, roundish, regular; rich orange,
dotted, mottled, and obscurely striped with bright red, slightly
326 APPLES.
. Tusseted; stalk nearly an inch long, slender; calyx large, open;
basin large, round, even; flesh firm, becoming tender, with a
high, rich, rather acid flavor. Fig. 410. Early winter. Native
of Holland. A large, handsome, high-flavored, but coarse fruit.
Walbridge. Large, roundish, oblate; red streaked; flesh tender,
juicy, sub-acid, vigorous, hardy. ‘Tree prolific bearer, good.
Winter,
Elkhorn. Large, oblate, regular ; yellowish, striped red and brown,
dots light gray, large, and numerous; basin large; eye closed;
cavity wide, deep, russeted; stem very short, slender; flesh yel-
lowish, coarse, juicy, sub-acid, pleasant, good. Arkansas.
FIG. 475.
Belle de Boskoop.
FIG. 474.
VW. Fic. 416.—Herren,
FIG. 418.
CSmall.)
FIG. 417.~—Cross, Grandmother, FIG. 419.—Sandy Glass,
Eustis, (Ben.) Rather large, roundish, very slightly ovate;
striped and dotted with light rich red on rich yellow; stalk very
short; basin narrow, rather deep; flesh yellowish, rich, sub-acid,
fine. Origin, Essex County, Mass.
Evening Party. Rather large, oblate, slightly oval; yellow, striped
with red; stalk short, inserted in a round, deep cavity, often
russeted; calyx closed, basin large; flesh juicy, tender, crisp,
with a vinous, aromatic flavor. An excellent dessert fruit. Tree
health, vigorous, a good bearer. December and January. Penn-
sylvania. ©
Flushing Spitzenburgh. Medium, roundish conical; rich red on
yellow, with large whitish or fawn spots; cavity, basin, and calyx
small; flesh whitish yellow, crisp, with a very mild sub-acid, mod-
erate flavor. Early winter. Shoots strong, brown, unlike the
slender, gray shoots of Esopus Spitzenburgh.
Gano.* (Ozark Reagan.) Fruit medium large, oblate, irregular ;
red striped, handsome; sub-acid, brisk, good; season medium to
late. Grown for market in Middle West.
APPLES, 324
Good Peasant. Medium; greenish yellow, splashed and striped red
on the sunny side; cavity russety; basin deep, wrinkled; stem
medium; flesh fine-grained, sub-acid, very good; season, mid-
winter. Russian.
Grandmother. Medium, regular, roundish oblate; green, striped
and splashed with red; calyx broad, large; basin narrow; stem
short, stout; flesh firm, juicy. Fig. 418. Mid-winter. Russian.
Granite Beauty. Large, roundish-ovate, longest at middle, ribbed;
skin yellow, striped bright red; stalk short, slender; cavity rather
small, ribbed; basin medium, furrowed; flesh juicy, rich sub-acid,
quality medium. Early and mid-winter. Growth rather spread-
ing. New Hampshire.
Hall.* Rather small, roundish, slightly oblate; striped red on
greenish yellow, with russet dots; stalk slender, curved; cavity
round, medium; basin small, plaited ; flesh yellowish, fine-grained,
with a very rich, mild sub-acid, aromatic flavor. Through winter.
A widely cultivated and highly esteemed Southern variety.
Growth moderate, upright, shoots slender, reddish. Fig. 420.
Hardy. North Carolina.
Herefordshire Pearmain. (Royal Pearmain, Winter Pearmain,
erroneously.) Medium in size, round-oblong, approaching obtuse-
conical; surface mostly covered with indistinct stripes and soft
clouds of light red on greenish yellow, which on ripening becomes
a pale clear yellow; stalk half an inch long, cavity small; calyx
large, open; basin narrow, plaited; flesh yellowish white, fine
grained, with a pleasant, mild sub-acid, aromatic, fine flavor.
Early winter. Best on light soils. Distinguished from Winter
Pearmain by its stronger shoots, less oblong form, and by the soft
shades and clouds of fine red, which cover the surface. Fig. 424.
Herren. Medium, regular, oblate; yellow, nearly covered with
dark red, splashed crimson ; basin wide ; stem medium ; flesh white,
sub-acid. Early winter. Poland. Fig. 416,
Hess. Medium, roundish or conical; striped with red; stalk short.
rather stout; cavity narrow, deep; basin deep, narrow ; flesh green-
ish white, tender, with a very good, aromatic flavor, Through
winter. Pennsylvania.
Hollow Crown, Size medium, oblong, oval, flattened at crown:
skin yellow, striped and splashed with red; stalk short, in a
moderate cavity; calyx closed, basin broad ; flesh yellowish, with a
sprightly excellent flavor. October, January. (Downing.)
Hubbardston.* Large, round-ovate, largest at the middle, nearly
regular; color with small broken stripes and numerous dots of light
rich red on arich yellow ground; stalk three-fourths to one inch
long; cavity acute, russeted; calyx open, basin ribbed; flesh yel-
lowish, very rich, slightly sub-acid, with a strong mixture of a rich
sweet flavor, excellent. Early winter. A famous New England
sort—fine at the North and Northwest. Shoots rather slender,
gray. A native of Hubbardston, Mass. Loses flavor by keeping.
Coming into favor as a-commercial sort.
328 APPLES.
Indiana Favorite. Medium, oblate, regular, handsome; shaded and
striped with red on rich yellow, with large yellow russet specks;
stem short, cavity wide, calyx open, in a moderate even basin;
flesh yellowish, crisp, a mild sub-acid, agreeable flavor, “very
good.” Treespreading, excellent bearer. Keeps remarkably well.
It is a seedling of the Vandevere Pippin and resembles it, except in
being of a deeper red and much less acid, and superior in flavor.
Ipgram. (Ingram Seedling.) Medium, roundish conical; yellow,
splashed and striped crimson ; cavity regular, medium depth, stem
short and stout, basin medium; slightly leather cracked; flesh
yellowish, fine, tender and juicy when fully ripe, sub-acid, good.
Late winter. Seedling of Ralls. Good South. Missouri.
Jersey Black. Size medium, round, somewhat irregular; striped
blackish red on lighter red, with numerous small dots; flesh often
stained; stalk variable, cavity deep; basin shallow, plaited; flesh
yellow, crisp, juicy, mild sub-acid, agreeable, Early winter.
Tree vigorous, but does not grow large; spreading, productive. A
valuable market apple at the West.
FIG, 420.—Hall. FIG. 421.—King. FIG. 422.—Jonathan,
FIG. 423—Smith’s Cider. FIG. 424.—Herefordshire Pearmain,
Jonathan.* Medium in size, round-ovate, or approaching truncate-
conical; regular, nearly covered with brilliant stripes of clear red
on a pale yellow ground; stalk slender; basin very distinct, rather
deep; flesh white, very juicy, spicy, sub-acid, moderately rich.
Keeps through winter. Shoots slender, diverging; tree very pro-
ductive; fruit always handsome and fair. Fig. 422. Kingston,
The slender growth of the tree is an objection with cul-
tivators. It succeeds well in most localities and is a popular
market variety in many sections, both East and West.
Jones’ Seedling. Medium, round conical; light yellow, striped
red; flesh sub-acid, almost sweet. Winter. Tennessee.
Kaiser. (Red Seek-no-further.) Size medium, roundish-oblate,
often slightly oblique; shaded and obscurely striped with red on
greenish yellow; stalk short, cavity large; basin shallow, some-
times deep, furrowed; flesh fine-grained, mild sub-acid, slightly
APPLES: 329
aromatic, with a very good flavor. Small specimens have a small
cavity and are smooth, regular, and are free from ribs. Early
winter. Southeastern Ohio. Growth resembles Rambo.
King.* (Tompkins County King.) Large, sometimes quite large,
roundish, ribbed; color a deep red, in stripes; flesh tender,
juicy, rich, high flavored. Tree a strong grower with few
branches, Shoots slightly flexuous: a good but not heavy bearer.
Drops its fruit rather early, and should be gathered soon. Early
winter, and keeps through winter. Fig. 421. Succeeds East and
West at the North, but not so well farther South. New Jersey.
Lacker. Rather large, oblate, somewhat irregular; striped light
and dark red on greenish yellow, with conspicuous whitish specks ;
stalk half an inch long; basin furrowed; flesh white, fine-grained,
firm, crisp, fresh, mild, agreeable, sub-acid. Keeps through
Ssecemae Cultivated in Western New York; originally from Lan-
caster, Pa,
Large Anis (Cross.) Large, irregular conic; yellowish green,
splashed and striped with red; cavity deep, stem medium, basin
regular, deep; flesh fine-grained, mild acid, good. Will prove
valuable north of parallel 43°, where it will keep through the win-
ter. Fig. 433. From the Upper Volga, Russia.
Lawver. Large, roundish, regular; with surface handsomely
striped with red, sub-acid, good. It is not very productive and
does not promise well for a market variety. Winter. West.
Fig. 468. Missouri.
Limbertwig.* (James River.) Large, roundish, slightly conical ;
striped and splashed with red on yellow; stalk long, slender,
calyx rather small; flesh yellowish, very compact, not high flav-
ored, but cultivated in the South and West for its keeping prop-
erties. The tree is ill shapen, with pendent branches, whence
its name. Distinct from the Willow Twig. North Carolina.
Long Stem of Pennsylvania. Rather small, roundish-oval; shaded
and slightly striped with red or crimson on yellow; stalk long,
-slender, curved, cavity large; basin somewhat furrowed; flesh
tender, crisp, with a rich, aromatic, sub-acid, excellent flavor.
Berks Co., Pa. A fine dessert fruit.
McLellan. (Martin.) Medium insize or rather large, nearly round,
smooth, regular; striped ard mottled with lively clear red on
yellow ground; stalk three-fourths of aninch long, slender ; cavity
narrow; basin narrow, waved; seeds small; flesh nearly white,
fine grained, very tender, slightly sub-acid, agreeable, but not very
rich. Early winter. Very productive. Connecticut. Fig. gag.
Mallett. Large, roundish oblate; greenish yellow, marbled red
with crimson slashes; cavity shallow, stem medium ; basin wide,
wrinkled; flesh white, coarse-grained, juicy, sub-acid, quality
good. October. In Minnesota it keeps well into the winter.
Fig. 435. Russian. *
Marston’s Red Winter. Large, roundish-oval, regular, slightly
narrowed to each end, smooth; striped with bright red and
crimson on yellow ground; stalk half an inch long, slender ; cavity
330° APPLES.
russeted; basin abrupt, round, smooth; flesh yellowish, fine-
grained, tender, juicy, high flavored. Ripens through winter.
Origin, New Hampshire.
Mickel. No. 1. Large, oblate, smooth; glossy, greenish white,
striped light red, dots few, white; cavity large, very deep,
slightly russet; stem short, slender; basin medium, deep, abrupt,
folded; eye small, closed; flesh white, fine-grained, tender, juicy,
slightly sub-acid, good. Wisconsin.
Milam. Rather small, roundish; greenish, shaded and striped with
red; flesh rather firm, with a pleasant, sub-acid, moderate flavor.
A good keeper. Although not of high flavor, it is widely culti-
vated at the West and Southwest on account of its hardiness, pro-
ductiveness, and good keeping qualities. Does not succeed well
farther North. Fig. 425.
FIG, 425.—Milam, FIG. 426.—Mother, FIG. 427.~Roxbury Russet.
FIG. 428.—Rawle’s Janet. FIG. 429.—Mclellan. FIG. 430.—Nickajack,
Minister. Large, rather irregular, oblong-conical, ribbed, surface
more or less wavy, base broad, apex very narrow; very distinctly
striped with red on greenish yellow ground; stalk one inch long,
slender; cavity usually wide, shallow, and irregular; flesh yellow-
ish, moderately rich, sub-acid, flavor second quality. Productive,
fair, andshowy. Early winter. Apt tobe warty. Mass.
Mother.* Rather large, oblong-ovate, approaching conical; slightly
and obtusely ribbed; color a high warm rich red on yellow
ground; deep red to the sun—in obscure broken stripes and spots;
stalk three-fourths of an inch long, cavity moderate; basin small,
plaited; flesh yellow, more so toward the outside, moderately
juicy, rich, very spicy, very mild sub-acid, with an admixture of
sweet. Somewhat resembles the Esopus Spitzenburgh in external
appearance, and in its rich yellow flesh,and spiciness. Growth
slow. Fig. 426. Late autumn and early winter. Worcester
County, Mass.
Monk’s Favorite, Large, roundish, slightly oblate, ribbed; mots
tled and striped red on yellow; stalk short, cavity wide, calyx
APPLES, 331
small in a broad basin; flesh yellowish white, with a very good
snb-acid flavor. A long keeper.
Newark King. Size medium, conical; skin smooth, red in streaks
on yellow ground; flesh tender, rather rich, pleasant. Early wine
ter. Origin, New Jersey.
New York Vandevere.* (Newtown Spitzenburgh, Ox Eye.) Me-
dium in size, round-oblate, regular; color light red in indistinct
streaks on yellow ground, often ahigh red where exposed; dots
numerous; stalk uniformly about half an inch long, cavity and
basin wide; flesh light yellow, with arich, mild, sub-acid, excellent
flavor. Early winter. Not always fair—succeeds best on light
soils. Shoots spotted; leaves doubly serrate-crenate. New York.
Nickajack.* (Summerour, Berry, Edwards, Carolina Spice, Red
Hazel.) Rather large, smooth, handsome, roundish, slightly ob-
long; splashed, striped, and mottled with deep red, and with large
. whitish spots; stalk short, deep set, basin moderate, rim obtuse,
calyx open; flesh yellow, rather firm, sub-acid, spicy, very good.
Fig. 430. Keeps till spring. Growth irregular—a good bearer.
A standard Southern variety, and a good market sort in lower Ohio
valley. Georgia.
Fic. 431.—Recumbent. Fic. 432.—Anis, FIG. 433-—Large Anis,
FIG. 434.—Titus (Riga). Fic. 435-—Mallett. FIG. 436.—Rambour Queen,
Northern Spy.* Large, roundish-conical, often flattened, slightly
ribbed; handsomely striped with red; stalk and calyx deep set;
flavor rich, aromatic, mild sub-acid, fine. Keeps through winter
and late into spring; preserves its flavor remarkably fresh.
Shoots dark, spotted, erect, stout. Atardybearer. To afford fine
fruit, the tree must be kept thrifty by good cultivation. A native
of East Bloomfield, N.Y. A fruit of the highest quality, and profit-
able for market under proper cultivation, and with care in picking,
assorting, and packing. Succeeds throughout the North and
Northwest, but less valuable farther South. Fig. 439.
Osceola. Size medium. roundish-oblate, angular; skin yellowish,
shaded and striped with red; stalk small; cavity large, russeted;
332 APPLES.
basin deep ; flesh yellowish, firm, crisp, mild sub-acid, “ very good.”
A good keeper. Indiana. Resembles New York Vandevere.
Perry. Medium, oblate, regular, smooth; yellow shaded and striped
bright red, dots numerous, large, russety; cavity large, deep,
russet; stem short, medium; basin medium, folded; calyx short ;
flesh yellow, fine-grained, tender, juicy, mild sub-acid, good. A
good bearer and long keeper. Ohio.
Pewaukee.* Fruit medium to large, roundish oblate; striped with
dark red on a bright yellow ground; flesh white, tender, brisk
sub-acid. Seedling of Oldenburg. Valued for its hardiness,
Wisconsin.
Pilot. Medium, round, regular, smooth; yellow covered by dull red,
with brighter splashes of lighter red, dots numerous, large, gray,
sometimes star-shaped; basin deep, regular; eye small, closed;
cavity shallow, narrow, slightly russeted, stem short; flesh yellow,
fine-grained, firm, juicy, mild sub-acid, rich; very good. Fig. 4qo.
Virginia.
FIG. 437-—Willow Twig. FIG, 438.—Winesap.
Fic. 439.—Northern Spy. FIG. 440.—Pilot. FIG. 441.—Rome Beauty.
Pryor’s Red.* (Pryor’s Pearmain.) Medium or rather large,
roundish, irregular, varying, apex often broad, sometimes narrow,
considerably or slightly ribbed; color dull brick red on greenish
yellow in dots, shades, and obscure streaks, slightly russeted; stalk
long or short, cavity small; calyx open, basin narrow; flesh very
tender, mild, rich, sub-acid, agreeable. Highly esteemed in In-
diana, Kentucky, and Virginia—where it keeps till spring—and
succeeds well farther North. Often a poor bearer. Fig. 411. Va.
Ragan, Large, roundish ovate; striped and marbled with red on
light greenish yellow ground; stalk medium to long, cavity deep,
basin deep; flesh yejiowish white, of a rich, spicy, rather acid
flavor. Early winter. Putnam County, Ind.
APPLES. 333
Rambour Queen. Large, irregular oblate ; greenish yellow, splashed
with crimson ; cavity medium, stem medium, basin wide, irregu-
lar; flesh white with greenish veinings, very juicy, sub-acid,
good. Late autumn. Fig. 436. Good for keeping in cold stor-
age. Russian.
Rall’s Genet.* (Rawle’s Jenneting, Neverfail, Rockremain.)
Medium in size, roundish, approaching oblong or obtuse-conical,
often oblique; color pale red, distinct stripes on light yellow
ground; stalk half an inch long; flesh nearly white, fine, mild,
sub-acid, fine texture, crisp, juicy. Growth slow; a profuse
bearer, with a portion of the crop knotty or under size. Keeps
through spring. Highly esteemed in the Ohio valley; does not
succeed farther North. The blossoms open ten days later than
usual, thus sometimes escaping spring frosts; hence the name
Neverfail. Hardy far West. Fig. 428. France.
Recumbent. (Lieby.) Large, irregular, oblate; yellow splashed
red and crimson; cavity deep, regular, basin wide; skin astringent,
good for cooking. Fig. 431. Russian.
Red Canada.* (Nonsuch, Old Nonsuch of Massachusetts, Richfield
Nonsuch of Ohio.) Medium in size, roundish-conical, regular;
nearly the whole surface covered with red, and interspersed with
large and rather indistinct whitish dots; stalk about aninch long, in
a very wide and even cavity; basin nearly even, moderate; flesh
fine-grained, compact, with a rich, sub-acid, high and excellent
flavor. Keepsthrough winter. Shootsrather slender, leaves wavy.
Productive. Succeeds in New England, New York, and Ohio.
This is wholly distinct from the Nonsuch of England, to prevent
confusion with which the name Red Canada is preferred. One of
the finest table apples, often keeping late in spring. The slender
growth of the tree, the frequent scabbiness of the fruit, and its
moderate crops in some localities, are the chief drawbacks on its
value. Fig. 450,
Red Winter Pearmain. (Red Lady Finger, Meigs, Red Fall Pippin,
aud Red Vandevere of Tennessee.) Size medium, oblong conical ;
dark purplish red on yellow, with numerous whitish dots; stalk
short, cavity narrow; basin small; flesh whitish, very tender and
juicy, with a mild, slightly sub-acid, slightly aromatic flavor.
Mid-winter. Growth moderate, upright; a regular bearer.
Robey’s Seedling. Large, roundish conic; obscurely striped with
lively red; flesh yellowish, juicy, with a rich, high flavor. Early
winter. Succeeds in Middle and Western States. Tree vigorous
and productive.
Rome Beauty.* Large, roundish, very slightly conical; mostly
covered with bright red on pale yellow ground; flesh tender, not
fine-grained, juicy, of good quality. Ripens early in winter. The
large size and beautiful appearance of this Ohio apple render it
popular as an orchard variety. Fig. 441.
. Medium, conical, ribbed, greenish yellow, red
BOT ad on Galen side; cavity wide, shallow; basin wide; flesh
greenish white, quality good. Early winter. Russian.
334 APPLES.
Russet Pearmain. Size medium, roundish-conical ; faint red stripes
on greenish yellow ground; flesh juicy, tender, rich, fine sub-acid
flavor. Through winter.
Shockley. (Waddel’s Hall.) Medium, roundish-oblong, narrow-
ing to the eye; yellow striped and clouded with red, with dark
greenish russet blotches; stalk long, slender; cavity narrow, deep;
flesh firm, of good but not high flavor, Georgia. Ripens from
October to March. Wm. N. White.
Siloam. Medium, oblate, regular, smooth; yellow, with dull red
stripes and splashes, dots numerous, small, light gray; basin shal-
low, regular; eye small, closed; cavity shallow, russeted; stem
very short; flesh yellow, juicy, sub-acid, rich, very good. Arkan-
sas.
Skrnishapfel. Medium; flat, conical, ribbed; yellow, flushed and
striped with red; cavity and basin shallow and ribbed; flesh firm,
sub-acid. Mid-winter, Belongs to Cross apple family, and may
prove identical with the Russian Baldwin. Russian.
IG. 443.— Westfield, FIG. 444.
FIG. 442. F
Esopus Spitzenburgh. Seek-no-Further, Wagener.
Smith Cider.* Medium or rather large, roundish-oblong, some-
what flattened at the ends; shaded and slightly striped with light
red on pale greenish yellow, with a few conspicuous whitish,
yellow dots; stalk slender, cavity rather deep, calyx large; basin
shallow, wrinkled; flesh whitish, tender, crisp, with a sub-acid,
moderate flavor. Grown in Pennsylvania and the Ohio valley.
Valued for its hardiness, productiveness, and handsome fruit.
Pennsylvania. Fig. 423.
Spitzenburgh, Esopus.* Rather large, round;ovate, slightly coni-
eal; surface a high rich red, rather obscurely striped; stalk
three-fourths of an inch long, rather slender; basin shallow,
slightly furrowed; flesh yellow, firm, crisp, spicy, rather acid,
nearly unequalled in its high rich flavor. Keeps through winter.
Shoots ascending and erect, ratherslenderleavescrenate. Usually
a moderate bearer. Fig. 442. Succeeds best in New York, its
native State.
Sutton Beauty.* Fruit large, roundish; skin waxen yellow, striped
and shaded with crimson, very handsome; flesh white, tender,
APPLES. 335
sprightly, very good. A late keeper. Tree a free grower and
productive. Coming to be one of the most profitable market
varieties in the East. Massachusetts.
Wagener.* Medium, oblate, distinctly ribbed; shaded and indis-
tinctly striped with pale red, and a full, deep red in the sun on
warm yellow ground; often streaked with russet; stalk three-
fourths of an inch long; cavity wide, rather obtuse; basin even,
rather large; flesh yellowish, fine-grained, tender, compact, mild
sub-acid, aromatic, excellent. Ripens through winter. From
Penn Yan, N.Y. Fig. 444. Succeeds wellat the West. An early
bearer.
Wellford’s Yellow. Rather small, roundish oblate; faintly streaked
with red on pale yellow; flesh yellow, fine-grained, juicy, witha
rich, aromatic flavor. Rapid grower, great bearer, and long
keeper. Cultivated in Maryland and Virginia.
Westfield Seek-no-Further.* (Connecticut Seek-no-further, New
England Seek-no-further.) Medium or large, roundish, often
slightly conical; obscurely striped with light dull red, more or less
tusseted, rarely covered wholly with russet; stalk slender; calyx.
partly open; flesh tender, rich, spicy, of fine flavor. Early and
mid-winter. Tree productive, fruit always fair. Connecticut.
Fig. 443. Succeeds well throughout the Northern States.
Fic. 445.—Scott’s Winter. Fic, 446.—Windsor. Fic. 447.—Wolf River.
Willow Twig.* Large, roundish, slightly conical, obtuse, very
regular ; ereoniah te striped and mottied faintly with dull red;
stalk short; basin very wide and deep, rim obtuse; flavor sub-acid,
or rather acid, not rich. A long keeper. Shoots slender. Culti-
vated as a market apple in Southern Ohio. Fig. 447.
Windsor. (Windsor Chief.) Small, oblate; greenish yellow suf-
fused with red splashes, gray dots; flesh pale yellow, fine-grained
juicy, sub-acid, good. ‘Tree early bearer and prolific. Winter.
, Wisconsin. Fig. 446.
Wine. (Hays’ Apple, Hays Winter.) Rather large, often quite
large, seh, slightly flattened ; obscurely striped and mottled
336 APPLES.
with red on yellow ground; stalk quite short; cavity deep, acumi-
nate; calyx large, open; basin large; flesh yellowish white,
with a rich sub-acid flavor. Early winter. There are several
spurious varieties under this name. Delaware.
Winesap.* Size medium, round-ovate, slightly conical, sometimes
obscurely flattened ; color a lively deep red; stalk slender, three-
fourths of an inch long; cavity acute; calyx small, ina finely
plaited basin; flesh yellowish. firm, crisp, with a rich sub-acid or
rather acid flavor. Keeps through winter. One of the best apples
for baking. Growth rather irregular, fruit formerly always fair,
of late years more imperfect. Widely cultivated at the West and
Southwest. Fig. 438.
Winter Aport. Large, flat, conical; greenish yellow, red striped;
cavity deep; basin shallow, ribbed; stem medium; flesh yellow-
ish, firm, sub-acid, good. Season, winter. Russian.
Wolf River. Very large, round oblate, regular, smooth; yellowish
white, splashed with bright red, dots large, scattering, light
gray; basin shallow, small; eye medium, open, segments re-
flexed ; cavity deep, wide, very russet; stem short, stout; flesh
yellowish white, coarse, tender, dry when ripe, sub-acid, not
rich, medium quality only. Valuable in the Northwest. Winter.
Fig. 447. Wisconsin.
Fic. 448. FIG. 449. FIG. 450.
Yellow Transparent. York Imperial. Red Canada,
Yacob. Large, oblate, smooth; yellow, striped and splashed crim-
son, dots few, gray; cavity regular, deep, abrupt, green; stem
short, slender, basin deep, calyx twisted, eye small, closed; flesh
yellowish white, slightly tinged with red, fine-grained, tender,
juicy, sub-acid, spicy, good. Pennsylvania.
Yates. Small, oblate; yellow, covered with dark red stripes, small
white dots; flesh yellow, spicy, sub-acid. Great bearer and good
keeper. Georgia.
York Imperial.* (Johnson’s Fine Winter.) Medium, oblong,
angular, oblique, often varies in form, smooth; yellow, shaded
red, indistinct red stripes; basin deep, wide; eye nearly closed;
cavity deep, narrow, russeted; stem short; flesh yellow, firm,
juicy, sub-acid, good. Winter. Pennsylvania. An excellent
shipping apple, always brings high prices. Fig. 44g,
APPLES. 337
Section 1l.—Not Striped.
Antonovka. Roundish oblate; yellow with white bloom: basin
deep and cavity acute; flesh yellow, sub-acid, crisp, good. ‘Tree
not so hardy as some varieties received from Northern Europe
which much resemble it in form and fruit. Fig. 452. Russian.
Arabsko, Large, conic; green covered with purplish red; cavity
medium, stem medium, basin shallow ; flesh greenish white, sharp,
sub-acid,. Winter. Fig, 459, Russian. Often rots on the trees.
Aunt Hannah. Size medium, roundish, approaching ovate; straw
color, with a very pleasant mild sub-acid, fine flavor, resembling
in character the Newtown Pippin. Origin, Essex County, Mass.
Basil the Great. (Vasilis Largest.) Large, roundish, oblong,
unequally truncated, irregular; yellow, mostly covered with dark
red and crimson; cavity deep, acute; stem very short; basin
wide, deep, abrupt; flesh coarse grained, red next skin, juicy,
sub-acid, excellent for culinary use. Very showy apple andisa
profitable market one. The trees are said to endure drought with-
out lessening the size of the fruit. Russian. Fig. 379.
FIG. 452.—Antonovka. FIG. 453.—Iowa Blush.
FIG. 451.—Bergamot. FIG. 454.—Anisovka.
Belle et Bonne. Large, roundish, flattened at ends, obtuse; green-
ish yellow; stem short; calyx ina wide, deep basin; flesh yellow,
tender, large grained, sub-acid, agreeable, and very good. Early
winter. A Connecticut apple; a strong growing and productive
variety, much esteemed in the neighborhood of Hartford.
Belmont.* Rather large, roundish-conical or ovate-conical, apex
usually narrow, but sometimes quite obtuse; faintly ribbed,
smooth; color clear pale yellow, with sometimes a light vermilion
blush, and rarely with large thinly scattered carmine dots; stalk
varying from half an inch long and stout, to an inch or more long
and slender; basin in conical specimens, narrow and shallow; in
obtuse specimens, narrow and deep, with an obtusely ribbed rim ;
flesh yellowish white, compact, crisp, becoming quite tender, with
a mild, rich, sub-acid, fine flavor. Leaves crenate. Early win-
ter. A profuse bearer. Excellent in New York, Michigan, and
Northern and Central Ohio—worthless at Cincinnati. Tender at
the West. Fig. 466.
22
338 APPLES.
Bergamot. Medium, regular, oblong, cylindrical; yellow with
white bloom, has much the appearance of Grimes’ Golden; cavity
regular, deep; stem very short; basin deep, ribbed; flesh yellow,
crisp, sub-acid, good. Fig. 451. Russian.
Boiken. Medium, roundish conic; yellowish green, reddened on
sunny side, cavity large; stem short; basin large; flesh white,
acid. Very late keeper, good culinary apple. Fig. 456. Russian.
Brooke’s Pippin. Large, roundish, slightly conical; greenish yel-
low, with a faint blush; stalk short and stout; cavity deep, rus-
seted; basin small, shallow, furrowed; flesh crisp, aromatic.
November to March. Productive. Maryland and Virginia.
Bullock’s Pippin, or American Golden Russet.* (Golden Russet,
Sheepnose.) Rather small, conical; light yellow, sprinkled and
sometimes overspread with thin russet; stalk long, slender; basin
very smal] and narrow, ribbed; flesh yellowish white, very fine
grained, becoming very tender, with a mild, rich, slightly sub-acid
flavor. Growth erect, shoots rather slender; leaves sharply serrate ;
tree overbears. Early winter. When well ripened, this apple is
FIG. 455.—Longstem. FIG. 456.—Boiken. FIG. 457.—Rosenhager.
FIG. 458.—Red Queen. FIG. 4s9.—Arabsko,
exceedingly delicate and tender; sometimes it does not become soft
in ripening, when the quality is poor, and often worthless. It is
too small to become very popular. Generally rendered worthless at
the East by black mildew, and becoming more affected with it at
the West. Fig. 399. New Jersey.
Canada Reinette. (Reinette du Canada, Canadian Reinette.)
uite large, somewhat conical and flattened; rather irregular,
ribbed, apex obtuse; greenish yellow, sometimes a brown cheek:
stalk short, cavity wide; calyx large; basin rather deep, irregular;
flesh nearly white, rather firm, becoming quite tender, juicy, with
a good, lively sub-acid flavor. Early and mid-winter.
APPLES. 339
Clarke Pearmain. Size medium, roundish, slightly conical;
skin inclining to rough yellow and russety in shade, light rich red
in the sun, thickly dotted with whitish russet; cavity and basin
medium; flesh yellowish white, with a very good sub-acid flavor.
re productive. A well-known Southern variety. North Caro-
ina,
Cumberland Spice. Rather large, varying from roundish conical to
long conical, the tapering sides being nearly straight and not
rounded; color waxen yellow, with a slight vermilion tinge near
the base, and with black specks on the surface; stalk half to three-
fourths of aninch long; cavity wide, slightly russeted; calyx open,
basin even; flesh yellowish white, breaking, rather light; core hol-
low; flavor mild sub-acid, with a peculiar and agreeable spiciness,
of good quality.
Dansic Pepka. Large, roundish oblong; greenish yellow with
blush; cavity very narrow, deep; stem short; basin small, wide,
shallow; flesh white, juicy, sub-acid, fair. Late winter. Rus-
sian. Fig. 460.
English Russet.* (Poughkeepsie Russet.) Medium or rather
small, roundish conical, regular; surface more or less overspread
with brownish russet on light greenish yellow ground; in large ex-
posed specimens, wholly russeted; stalk one-half to three-fourths
of an inch long ; cavity moderate, round; basin smooth; flesh green-
FIG. 460.—Dansic Pepka, Fic. 461.—Lead.
Fic. 462.—Zugoff Winter. FIG. 463.--Romna.
ish or yellowish white, texture fine, rather firm, with an aromatic,
sub-acid flavor. Keeps through spring, and often through sum-
mer for twelve months. Growth upright, shoots lively brown. A
profuse bearer. A profitable market variety, but of rather poor
quality. New York.
Fallawater.* (Tulpahocken, Fornwalder.) Rather large, round-
ish, and slightly ovate-conical, very regular, smooth; color a
smooth shade of dull red on light greenish yellow, with a few
large whitish dots; stalk slender ; cavity narrow, acuminate , basin
small; flesh greenish white, fine-grained, with amild, slightly sub-
340 APPLES.
acid, moderate flavor. Early winter. A native of Pennsylvania.
Although this fruit is of quite moderate quality, its large size and
fair anpearance render it very popular in Pennsylvania, Ohio, and
portions of the West. Fig. 464.
Fulton. Rather large, roundish, flattened at ends, slightly oblique;
skin smooth, yellow, often with a handsome blush; stalk rather
short, cavity deep; basin large, slightly wrinkled; flesh yellowish,
white, fine-grained, with a mild sub-acid flavor. Illinois—valued
at the West.
Golden Ball. Large, often quite large, roundish, remotely conical,
ribbed; fine yellow; stalk short, slender, with fine green rays 6r
furrows radiating from the centre of the cavity; basin very shal-
low; flesh tender, rich, aromatic. Ripens late in autumn, and
keeps through winter. Liable to vary in size and fairness. Ex-
cellent for cooking. Tree very hardy. a poor bearer. Cultivated
chiefly in Maine.
Fic. 464.—Fallawater. Fic. 465.-Huntsman. FIG. 466.—Belmont.
Golden Pippin, of Westchester County. (American Golden Pippin,
New York Greening.) Form variable, oblate, globular or conic,
ribbed; skin golden yellow; stalk short, deeply set; basin irregu-
lar; flesh yellow, tender, juicy, with a rich, refreshing, aromatic
flavor. Early winter. Tree spreading—very productive.
Golden Russet.* (Golden Russet of Western New York.) Size
medium, roundish, usually a little oblong, sometimes slightly flat-
tened, nearly regular; surface sometimes wholly a thick russet,
and at others a thin broken russet on a greenish yellow skin; stem
slender, from half an inch to an inch long, being longest on oblate
specimens; flesh fine-grained, firm, crisp, with a rich, aromatic
flavor. Shoots speckled; tree rather irregular. Keeps through
winter. This is distinct from the English Russet, of straight up-
tight growth, and a very long keeper, and from the American
Golden Russet or Bullock’s Pippin. English.
Green Seek-no-further. Large, often quite large, roundish, slightly
approaching oblong obtuse conical; greenish yellow becoming yel-
Jow, specks large and conspicuous; stalk very short; calyx large,
ae slightly ribbed, deep; flesh rather coarse, sub-acid, of good
avor.
APPLES. 341
Grimes’ Golden.* Above medium, roundish, slightly oblong, regu-
lar; skin yellow, with large russet dots; stalk slender, ina deep
cavity; basin deep, slightly wrinkled; fiesh of yellowish white,
witha mild sub-acid, agreeable, very good flavor. November.
Virginia. Unexcelled for home use.
Hughes. Large, roundish; skin greenish yellow, with a blush ;
stalk slender; calyx large, open; basin wide, deep; flesh fine
grained, tender, with an excellent, agreeable, aromatic flavor.
Berks Co., Pa,
Huntsman, (Huntsman’s Favorite.) Large, unequal, oblate,
smooth ; yellow, large distinct dots; stem medium to short, basin
wide, deep, eye open; cavity wide; flesh yellow, fine-grained,
firm, juicy, sub-acid, rich, very good. Winter. Western. Fig.
465. Missouri.
Iowa Blush. Medium, conical, regular, smooth; yellow, blushed
red on sunny side; cavity regular, deep; stem medium; flesh
fine grained, juicy, sub-acid, good. A seedling originating in
Iowa. Midwinter. Fig. 453. Russian.
Kinnard. (Kinnard’s Choice.) Medium, oblate; yellow, covered
with dark red; flesh tender and juicy. Tree vigorous, hardy.
Bears young. Tennessee.
Lady Apple.* (Pomme d’Api.) Quite small, regular, flat; a
brilliant deep-red cheek on light clear yellow; stalk and calyx
deep set; flesh tender, delicate, sub-acid, flavor good. A fancy
dessert apple, sometimes selling for $10 a barrel. Winter and
spring. Tree rather tender. France.
Lead. Medium, irregular, oblate; greenish yellow, red blush;
cavity acute, stem long; basin very wide, shallow; quality good.
Mid-winter. Fig. 461. Russian.
Ledenets. Large, roundish oblate; yellow, with white veinings;
cavity regular, basin wide, stem medium; flesh white, sub-acid,
juicy. Mid-winter. Russian.
London Pippin. Large or very large, roundish, slightly flattened,
obtuse-conical; greenish yellow; stalk very short; calyx large,
in a smooth even basin; flesh sub-acid, of a good second-rate
flavor. Early winter. Much cultivated in Northern Virginia ;
and from its large size and handsome appearance sells well in the
Washington market. Productive.
Longfield.* Medium, round-conic, regular; yellow; cavity nar-
row; stem large, slender; basin small; flesh white, melting,
juicy, sub-acid, quality good. A fine fall or early winter apple.
Fig. 374. Russian.
Lubsk Queen. Medium, irregular oblique; white, more or less
covered with rosy red; very smooth, polished and waxy; cavity
small, acute; stem medium; basin wide, rather shallow; flesh
snow white, firm, juicy, sub-acid, very good. Late autumn.
Keeps well in cold storage until March. Fig. 380. Russian.
Mann. Fruit large, roundish oblate ; yellow, with a brownish-red
cheek; mild, juicy, good. Tree an upright grower and annual
bearer. Keeps till April. New York. :
arshall Red. Large, oblong ovate; bright red all over; acid,
peter bearer; a ae between Yellow Bellflower and Red June.
Does well in the West.
342 APPLES.
Michael Henry Pippin.* Size medium, roundish-ovate, apex nar-
row; yellowish green; stalk short, rather thick; basin narrow,
flesh yellow, tender, juicy. Growth upright. Through winter.
Origin, Monmouth County, N.J. Fig. 467.
Monmouth Pippin.* (Red-cheeked Pippin.) Rather large, round-
ish-oblate, light greenish yellow, with a fine red cheek ; flesh crisp,
juicy, mild sub-acid, with a good rich flavor. Keeps through
winter. Fig. 4o2. New Jersey.
Monstrous Pippin. (Gloria Mundi, Ox Apple, Baltimore.) Very
large, roundish, somewhat flattened at the ends, slightly angular or
ribbed; skin smooth whitish green, becoming whitish yellow, stalk
stout, short; calyx large; basin wide, deep, somewhat ribbed, with
an obtuse rim; flesh white, tender, rather coarse, sub-acid, not
rich. Late autumn and early winter. A good cooking apple.
FIG. 467,—Michael Henry Pippin. Fic. 468.—Lawver.
FIG. 469.—Wealthy. FIG. 470. Fic. 471.—White Pippin.
White Winter Pearmain,
Newtown Pippin.* (Pippin, Green Newtown Pippin.) Medium or
rather large, roundish, oblique, slightly irregular, remotely conical
or else a little flattened; dull green becoming yellowish green,
often with a dull brownish blush; stalk short, deep set, and sur-
rounded by thin, dull, whitish russet rays; basin narrow, shallow;
flesh greenish white, juicy, crisp, fine-grained, with a high, fine
flavor. Keeps through spring, and retains remarkably its fresh-
ness. Tree of rather slow growth, with arough bark. The fruit
is very liable to black spots or scabs, unless under high, rich, and
constant cultivation. One of the best fruits for foreign markets.
A native of Newtown, Long Island. Extensively grown in Vir-
ginia and California.
Newark Pippin. (French Pippin, of some.) Rather large, round-
oblong, regular; greenish yellow, becoming yellow; stalk and
calyx deep set; flesh tender, rich, and high flavored, Growth.
crooked, irregular. Early winter.
APPLES. 343
Northwestern Greening. Tree a free grower, spreading; fruit
large, oblate, inclined to conic; skin pale yellow when fully
ripe ; flesh coarse, juicy, mild, good. Season December to April.
Wisconsin.
Ortley.* (White Detroit, Ortley Pippin, Warren Pippin, White
Bellflower, Woolman’s Long, Detroit, Jersey Greening, Detroit of
the West.) Large, roundish, somewhat oblong-ovate; pale yellow,
slightly tinged with pink in the sun; stalk about an inch long;
sometimes short, but always slender; cavity deep and narrow;
basin rather deep, nearly even or slightly plaited; flesh sub-acid,
crisp, sprightly, rich, fine. Shoots slender. ‘This fine fruit hashad
a high reputation in the Ohio Valley, but it is becoming much
affected with the black mildew or scab. Fig. 476. New Jersey.
Peck Pleasant.* Large, often quite large, roundish, sometimes
remotely oblong, often a little oblique, usually slightly flattened ;
smooth and regular; color light green, becoming yellow, with a
brown blush; stalk very short, one-fourth to one-half an inch long,
thick, rarely longer and somewhat slender; calyx open, basin
abrupt, rather deep; flesh compact, very tender, with a mild, rich,
fine, clear sub-acid, Newtown Pippin flavor. Early winter; poor,
if too ripe. Growth rather erect. Shoots somewhat diverging.
A good bearer; fruit always fair. Fig. 473. R.I. Tender far West.
FIG. 472.
FIG. 473. . FIG. 474.
Switzer. Peck’s Pleasant. Green Mt, Pippin.
Pittsburg Pippin. (Father Apple, William Tell.) Large, round-
ish-oblate; pale yellow; stalk small, cavity large; basin broad-
furrowed; flesh tender, with a mild sub-acid flavor. — Early win-
ter. Valued in Pennsylvania. An irregular, spreading grower.
Pomme Gris.* (Gray Apple.) Rather small, roundish-oblate; a
gray russet; stalk slender, cavity wide, rather obtuse; calyx
small, basin round; flesh very tender for a russet, and fine-
grained, rich, and high flavored. Canada. One of the best
dessert apples for the extreme north.
Pound Royal. (Pomme Royale, erroneously.) Large, sometimes
furrowed, roundish, slightly oblong, a little uneven ; surface whit-
344 APPLES.
ish yellow; stalk slender, an inch and a quarter long, cavity
large; basin furrowed, regular; flesh tender, breaking, fine-
grained, mild, agreeable, sprightly. Ripens through winter.
Tree vigorous, productive. Origin, Pomfret, Conn.
Progress. Rather large, roundish-conical, often slightly oblate;
smooth, yellow, often with a brownish cheek; stalk short, cavity
tusseted; calyx large, basin shallow; flesh crisp, with a pleasant
sub-acid flavor. Connecticut.
Red Russet. Large, roundish-conical; yellow, shaded with dull
red and deep carmine in the sun; thickly dotted with some rough
russet; stalk shortand thick; calyx with long segments, basin nar-
row, uneven; flesh yellow, solid, crisp, tender, with an excellent,
rich, sub-acid flavor, somewhat resembling Baldwin. (C. Down-
ing.) Said to be a graft hybrid between Baldwin and Roxbury
Russet.
Red Queen. Medium, irregular conical; greenish yellow, red blush
on sunny side; cavity small; stem short, stout; basin small; flesh
white, green veinings, quite acid. Late winter. Fig. 458. Rus-
sian.
FIG. 475.—R. I. Greening. FIG. 476,—Ortley. Fic. 477—Arkansas Black.
Rhode Island Greening.* (Greening.) Large, roundish oblate;
green, becoming greenish yellow, always fair, a dull brown blush
to the sun; stalk three-fourths of an inch long; basin rather small,
often slightly russeted ; flesh yellow—a rich yellow if much exposed
to the sun, and whitish yellow or greenish white if much shaded—
tender, juicy, with arich rather acid flavor. Growth strong, young
trees crooked or oblique, shoots rather spreading, leaves sharp
serrate; very productive, single trees sometimes yielding forty
bushels of fair fruit in favorable years and orchards 500 bushels
peracre. Fine in New England and New York. Fig. 475. Ten-
der far West. Susceptible to scab. Rhode Island.
Roman Stem. Medium in size, round ovate; whitish yellow, with
afaint brownish blush; stalk one-half to three-fourths of an inch
APPLES. 348
long, with a fleshy protuberance at insertion ; cavity shallow ; basin
narrow, slightly plaited; flesh tender, juicy, mild sub-acid, good
flavor. Keeps through winter. A New Jersey fruit which suc-
ceeds well throughout the Ohio Valley and Middle States.
Hardy far West.
Romna. Medium, oblate; greenish yellow, dull red blush; cavity
deep, basin wide, shallow; flesh firm, mild sub-acid, juicy, good.
Winter. Fig. 465. :
Rosenhager. Medium, round; partly yellow, nearly covered with
bright red; cavity medium, deep, stem medium, basin shallow;
flesh white, mild sub-acid. Late winter. Fig. 460. Russian.
Roxbury Russet.* (Boston Russet, Putnam Russet of Ohio.) Me-
dium or large, roundish-oblate, remotely conical; partly or wholly
covered with rather rough russet on greenish yellow ground, some-
times a dull brown cheek; stalk one-half to an inch long, cavity
acute; basin round, moderate; flesh greenish white, rather granu-
lar, slightly crisp, with a good sub-acid flavor. Keeps late in
spring. Large specimens become conical, with short thick stalks;
small specimens are more flat, and with longer and more slender
stalks. Growth spreading, shoots downy. Although not of the
highest flavor, its productiveness, uniformly fair fruit, and long
keeping, render this variety one of the most profitable for orchard
culture. It succeeds well throughout the Northern States, but par-
tially fails in a few localities at the West. Fig. 431. Mass.
Sandy Glass. Large, regular, oblate; green; cavity acute; basin
very wide; shallow, regular; stem short; flesh yellow, firm, sub-
acid; quality very good, and best for culinary use. Season,
winter. Fig. 421. Russian.
Streintown. Medium, ovoidconical; greenish, blush on side; flesh
white. A good cooking apple. Winter. Pennsylvania.
Swaar.* Rather large, roundish, slightly flattened at the ends,
often considerably oblate, sides regularly rounded, crown as wide
as base; color greenish yellow, becoming a rich yellow, sometimes
faintly russeted, and a small blush near the base, when much ex-
posed to the sun; stalk rather slender, three-fourths of an -inch
long; cavity round, moderate, or often small; basin small, even;
flesh yellowish, fine-grained, compact, tender, with a very rich,
mild, aromatic, agreeable, slightly sub-acid flavor. Esteemed by
some as the finest winter table apple. Ripens through winter and
_keeps into spring. Shoots ascending, buds large, leaves coarsely
rounded serrate. Fruit apt to be scabby on old overloaded trees.
Not successful in all localities. Fig. 480. New York.
Tewksbury Blush. (Tewksbury Winter Blush.) Small, round
oblate; yellow with a red cheek ; flesh yellow, juicy, with a good
flavor. Keeps till midsummer. Very productive. New Jersey.
Virginia Greening. Large, oblate; skin yellowish, with large brown
dots; stalk and cavity large; calyx open, basin large, abrupt; flesh
yellow, coarse, with a rather pleasant sub-acid flavor. A good
keeper. Southern.
346 APPLES.
Western Spy. Large, round-ovate, very regular and even, with a
beautiful red cheek on a lemon yellow skin; stem short, in a
small cavity; flesh yellowish white, sub-acid, of a fine flavor—
hardly first-rate. Proved as yet only at the West.
White Pippin.* (Canada Pippin.) Large, roundish, oblong, flat-
tened at ends; light greenish yellow; cavity large; basin abrupt,
furrowed; flesh yellowish white, sub-acid. Good, but not very
tich, Winter. Fairand productive, valued at the West and South-
west. Fig. 473.
White Rambo. Rather large or medium, roundish-oblate, remotely
conical; skin greenish yellow, becoming yellow; cavity large;
basin wide; flesh yellowish, with a mild sub-acid, ‘‘very good”
flavor. Early winter. Ohio.
White Spanish Reinette. (Reinette Blanche d’Espagne.) Very
large, roundish, oblong, slightly conical, somewhat angular,
ribbed; yellowish green in the shade, rich brownish red next the
sun; stalk short, cavity small and even; calyx large, open; basin
deep, angular; flesh yellowish white, crisp, flavor rich sub-acid.
Growth of tree and fruit resemble that of Fall Pippin, but it keeps
longer.
White Winter Pearmain.* Rather large, conical, angular or ribbed ;
light yellowish green, with a brownish red cheek; stem short; flesh
whitish, fine-grained, with a mild sub-acid, rich, fine flavor. This
is distinct from the Michael Henry Pippin, which it resembles, and
at the West is one of the best and most productive winter apples.
Fig. 472.
Winter Cheese. (Green Cheese.) Medium in size, oblate; green
in the shade, red in the sun; flesh very crisp, very tender and deli-
cate, sprightly, and of a fine, pleasant flavor. One of the most
highly esteemed early winter apples of southern Virginia, closely
resembling the Fall Cheese, but a longer keeper. Becomes mealy
and insipid after maturity.
Winter Pippin of Geneva. Large, oblate, slightly angular; yellow,
with crimson cheek sparsely covered with gray dots; stalk small,
cavity narrow; calyx open, segments long; basin open; flesh yel-
low, tender, vinous, excellent. Ripens through winter. Tree
and fruit resemble Fall Pippin. (C. Downing.)
Wood’s Greening. Large, roundish, little oblique, slightly flat-
tened, obscurely conical; pale green, smooth; stalk very short,
cavity acuminate; calyx rather large, basin distinct, slightly
plaited; flesh greenish white or nearly white, fine-grained,
slightly crisp, tender; flavor very agreeable, mild sub-acid, first-
rate, but not very rich.
Yellow Bellflower.* (Bellflower, Yellow Belle Fleur.) Large,
often quite large, oblong-ovate, apex quite narrow and conical,
more or less irregular; surface pale yellow, often with a blush;
stalk slender; basin ribbed; seeds long; flesh very tender when
ripe, fine grained, crisp, juicy, acid, becoming sub-acid, excellent.
keeps through winter. Shoots yellowish, rather slender; growth
APPLES. 347
of the tree rather upright; succeeds best on rather light soils.
Adapted to the climate of the Northern and Middle States, as far
south as Kentucky, but fails by premature dropping in many
localities. More tart and less rich in cold summers, and far
North. Hardy atthe West. Fig. 481. New Jersey.
Yellow Newtown Pippin.* Medium, or rather large, roundish,
oblate and oblique, more or less flattened; yellow, with a brownish
ted cheek, purplish before ripe; stalk very short; flesh firm, crisp,
with a rich, mild flavor. Closely resembles the Green Newtown
Pippin, and believed by many to be identical, differing only by a
warmer exposure. It is fairer in some localities than the Green,
but is usually inferior to it in favor. C. Downing gives the fol-
lowing distinguishing points between these two sub-varieties:
“The Yellow is handsomer, and has a higher perfume than
the Green, and its flesh is rather firmer and equally high fla-
vored; while the Green is more juicy, crisp, and tender. The
Yellow is rather flatter, measuring only about two inches deep,
and it is always quite oblique—projecting more on one side of
the stalk than the other. When fully ripe, it is yellow, with a
rather lively red cheek and a smooth skin, few or none of the spots
on the Green variety, but the same russet marks at the stalk. It
is also more highly fragrant before and after it is cut than the
Green. The flesh is firm, crisp, juicy, and with arich and high
flavor.” Fig. 482.
Fic. 478 FIG. 479. FIG. 480.
Swaar. Yellow Bellflower. Yellow Newtown Pippin.
Zukoff’s Winter. Large, irregular conical, greenish, nearly cov-
ered with dark red; cavity medium, basin small; flesh white, sub:
acid, juicy, quality good. Mid-winter. Fig. 462. Russian.
a8 APPLES.
‘
DIVISION IV. CRAB APPLES.
Crabs belong to an entirely distinct branch of the Apple family,
the type of the former being the well-known Siberian Crab, Pyrus
baccata, while all our common apples are varieties of Pyrus malus.
Hybrids of the two are freely produced, and of recent years many
new sorts have been introduced, some of divided merit and beauty.
The common idea concerning Crab apples is that they are pretty
miniature apples of more or less astringency and fit only for making
jellies and preserves. The following descriptions show that they
vary from less than one to over two inches in diameter—that they
are sweet, sub-acid, acid, and bitter. It is probable their great
hardiness will make the choicer varieties valuable for cultivation in
the extreme North.
Cherry. Very small, round oblate; light yellow, red blush, dots
small; stem very long, slender; cavity narrow, shallow; calyx
small; basin narrow, very shallow. Flesh yellow, juicy, sub-acid
astringent. August. Fig. 484.
Dartmouth. Large; crimson and orange, with a light brown,
handsome; sub-acid. Tree vigorous and productive. Late,
Excelsior. Very large, roundish-oblate; stem long and slender;
skin yellow, shaded and splashed with red, sprinkled with many
russet dots, handsome; flesh white, juicy, good. Early. Min-
nesota. -
Florence. Large, very handsome, hardy dwarf. Bears early and
profusely. Western.
Gibb. Large, round oblate; bright orange yellow, flushed in sun;
stem short, thick; cavity wide, deep; calyx medium, open; basin
very wide, shallow, ribbed; flesh deep yellow, firm, crisp, juicy,
sub-acid. Tree vigorous, hardy, and productive. One of the
best. Autumn. Fig. 482, Wisconsin.
Gideon. Large, oblate conical; light yellow; stem long, slender;
basin narrow, shallow; calyx medium; cavity narrow, deep; flesh
yellowish white, tender, juicy, sub-acid, good. Autumn. Fig.
483. Minnesota.
Hyslop.* Large, round; in clusters; bright, deep crimson, blue
bloom ; sub-acid, only fair quality, handsome. Tree very hardy
and vigorous. October. ‘he most popular variety.
Hewes Ciler Crab. Small, round, dull red, juicy, acid. Good
for cider only.
Lady. (Lady Elgin). Rather large, whitish and red, juicy, sub-
acid Late. Illinois.
APPLES. 349
Lady Finger. Large, oblong ovate, ribbed; light yellow, covered
with bright red ; stem long, slender; calyx small; basin narrow,
shallow ; flesh yellowish, tender, juicy, brisk acid, good. Late
autumn. Fig. 485. Kansas.
Looker Winter. Large, oblate; yellow with red cheek; juicy,
sub-acid. Late keeper.
Martha.* Medium, obiate; yellow with a red cheek; acid, good.
Season early. Minnesota.
Marengo. Medium, round; yellow, bright red over; crisp, sub-
acid. Keeps all winter. Illinois,
FIG. 483.—Gideon,
Fic. 481.—Orange.
Fic. 485.
Lady Finger.
(Small. )
FIG. 482.—Gibb. Cherry. FIG. 486.—Van Wyck.
Minnesota. Very large, roundish, irregular; skin pale yellow;
shaded or marbled with red and with russet dots, covered with a
thin, white bloom; flesh juicy, crisp, mild, good. Late. Minn.
Montreal Beauty. Large, round-obovate; bright yellow, shaded
red, flesh yellowish white, firm, acid. Fair. Tree a free grower
and very ornamental. Late.
Orange. Medium large, round; yellow; flesh crisp and juicy.
Tree a slow grower, free bearer. Ripens late. Fig. 481.
Paul’s Imperial. Medium, yellow, nearly covered with bright
red, acid. Ripensearly. ‘Tree vigorous.
Quaker Beauty. Large, in clusters; yellow, with crimson cheek;
350 APPLES.
very mild. Tree a strong grower, hardy, productive. West.
Winter.
Queen’s Choice. Medium, round; bright crimson; flesh white,
brisk flavor, handsome. Tree vigorous and prolific. Orna-
mental. Late.
Red Siberian.* Medium, about an inch in diameter, round-oblate ;
yellow, one side scarlet. A free-growing, handsome tree, but the
fruit not so good for culinary purposes as larger varieties.
France.
Richland Sweet. Large, conical; bright red; juicy, sweet, and
rich. Tree a handsome grower and profuse bearer; does not
blight. Winter.
Snyder. Large, oblate conical; yellow, splashed and striped car-
mine; dots medium, yellow; flesh yellowish, juicy, sub-acid.
September. Wisconsin.
Sweet Russet. Large, round, inclined to conical, yellow russetted.
Sylvan Sweet. Very large, bright red, tender, juicy, and sweet.
Wisconsin.
Transcendent.* Medium large, round; yellow striped with red;
flesh crisp, juicy, good. Tree vigorous and productive. Said to
blight badly. Early.
Van Wyck. Large, round conical; whitish, shaded light red;
dots small; stem long; basin medium, shallow; cavity narrow,
deep, russeted; flesh yellowish, very sweet, moderately juicy,
good. Early. Fig. 486. New York.
Whitney.* Medium large, roundish, very good, handsome, rich.
Very hardy. Illinois.
Yellow Siberian.* Medium, round, golden yellow. Vigorous
grower. Early.
CHAPTER XIX.
THE APRICOT.
It is remarkable that a fruit of such excellence as the apri-
cot, and ripening from one to two months before the best early
peaches, should be so little known. In its natural character,
it is more nearly allied to the plum than the peach, resembling
the former in its broad leaf, and in the smooth stone of its
fruit; but downy like the peach, and partaking largely of its
flavor and excellence.
The apricot is budded on seedling apricots, and on peach
and plum stocks. Plum stocks are preferred, and are more
especially adapted to heavy soils; on light soils the hard-
shelled almond and the wild plum have proved excellent.
The soil should be deep and dry. Young trees have fre-
quently perished from a wet sub-soil, even where the surface
is not unusually moist. On suitable soils, the tree is as hardy
as most early peaches, but its greatest drawback is that it
blossoms so early as to be caught by frost, andthe young fruit
is very attractive to the curculio. The trees have been com-
monly, planted in the warmest situations, as on the warm side
of buildings, or other sheltered site, facing the hot sun, where
they have blossomed early, and, as a consequence, the crop
has not unfrequently been destroyed by vernal frosts. Hence,
anorthern or more exposed aspect would be far preferable.
If trained on a building, the eastern side should be especially
avoided, as a hot morning sun upon frosted buds would be
nearly certain destruction.
The liability to the attacks of the curculio, and the very
common destruction of the whole crop by this insect, have con-
tributed to the general conclusion that the apricot is not suited
to our northern climate. Several cultivators, as far north as
forty-three degrees of latitude, by a systematic destruction of
351
352 THE APRICOT,
this insect, and by selecting a dry sub-soil, are able to obtain
heavy crops of this delicious midsummer fruit.
More recently varieties from southern Russia have been in-
troduced, which, so far as hardiness and vigorous thrifty
growth are concerned, appear to have advantages over the
elder kinds in cultivation. But thus far in producing satisfac-
tory crops of fruit for market purposes, apricots east of the
Rocky Mountains neither North nor South have been very
successful except with a few skilful growers.
By careful management, of which it is surely worthy, suffi-
cient for family use may be obtained wherever the fruit will
grow, but that apricots may be expected to be about as pro-
ductive as the peach, as one prominent authority has recently
stated, unless indeed in a few favored localities, is hardly prob-
able. The following varieties are the most worthy of culti-
vation:
VARIETIES,
Alexander. Medium, oblong, orange yellow, spotted red, sweet,
juicy, early. Good. Prolific. Freestone. Russian.
Alexis. Large, yellow, red blush, sub-acid, rich and good. Does
wellin West. Ripens about July 15th. Russian.
Black. (Purple Apricot, Noir, Violet.) Small or medium, round;
pale red where densely shaded, dull deep purple or nearly black
in the sun; surface with a thin down; flesh red near the skin,
yellowish at the stone, somewhat fib-
rous, sweet, slightly astringent, with
a pleasant, good flavor, inferior to the
common apricots in quality. Kernel
sweet; adheres to the stone. Hardy
as an apple-tree, and very produc-
tive. A distinct species (4. dasy-
carpa) from the other apricots. Ri-
pens with the Breda. Reproduces
itself from the stone. ‘There is an-
other quite different apricot, called
Violetor Red Angoumois; small, ob-
long, lighter red, free from the stone.
Blenheim. (Shipley.) Large, oval, Fic, 487.—Breda.
surface orange; flesh deep yellow,
juicy, rather rich. Stone roundish, not perforate. Kernel bit-
ter. A popular variety for canning in California,
Breda.* (Holland, Amande Aveline.) Rather small, sometimes
nearly medium (an inch and a half diameter), roundish, ob-
scurely foursided, suture distinct; surface orange, with a dark
reddish orange cheek; flesh deep orange, free from the stone,
THE APRICOT. 353
rich, and high flavored. Sweet kernel. Quite early, or a week
or two after midsummer. Hardy for an apricot, and very pro-
ductive. Fig. 487. Africa.
Brussels. Size medium, rather oval, compressed ; pale yellow,
dotted white in the shade, russety brown to the sun ; suture deep
at base; flesh yellow, rather firm, moderately rich. Rather late.
Budd. Small, oblong, yellow with fine red cheek; sweet, juicy,
rather fibrous. Good. Ripens early in August. Russian.
‘Loo small for market.
Burlington. Rather large, oblong, suture distinct; skin golden
yellow, dotted red, and a blush to the sun; flesh yellowish,
sweet, good. Last half of July. New Jersey. .
Dartmouth. Medium, an inch and a half in diameter, round;
dark crimson and orange, with light bloom. Quality very good,
Tree a free grower.
Early Golden.* (Dubois’ Apricot.) Small, an inch and a fourth
in diameter, round-oval, nearly smooth; suture narrow, distinct;
surface wholly pale orange; flesh orange, moderately juicy,
sweet, good, free from the stone. Kernel sweet. Early, or ten
days before the Moorpark. Hardy, very productive, profitable for
market. Origin, Dutchess County, N. Y.
Early Moorpark. Medium large, round orange, compressed, very
good. Ripens about three weeks earlier than Moorpark.
Gibb.* Medium, roundish, very light yellow, sub-acid, juicy,
good. Ripensearly. Russian. Freestone.
Harris. Medium, roundish oval, flattened, suture distinct, bright
yellow, red cheek, juicy, good. Hardy, productive. Ripens
middle of July to first of August. New York.
Hemskirke.* Large, roundish, compressed; surface orange, with
a red cheek; flesh bright orange, rich, juicy, sprightly. Kernel
bitter. Stone rather small. Resembles Moorpark, but smaller;
a little earlier, and stone not perforate. English.
Lafayette. Very large, oval, light yellow, marbled red in the sun;
flesh high flavored and excellent. Ripens in August.
Large Early. Size medium, oblong, compressed, suture deep,
slightly downy ; pale orange, with a spotted bright orange cheek,
very handsome; flesh free from the stone, pale orange, rich,
juicy. Ripens at ora little before midsummer. Fig. 488. South
of France.
Montgamet. (Alberge de Montagmet.) Smail, roundish, slightly
compressed ; deep yellow; flesh reddish, firm, with a rather brisk
flavor; stone compressed. Early. Leaves with stipules. One
of the best for preserving.
Moorpark.* (Anson’s, Dunmore’s Breda, Temple’s.) Large, two
inches in diameter), nearly round, slightly compressed ; surface
orange, with a deep orange-red cheek, and with numerous darker
dots; flesh free from the stone, bright yellowish orange, rather
firm, quite juicy, with a rich, high flavor. Kernel bitter. Stone
23
354 THE APRICOT.
perforate, or with a hole lengthwise under one edge, so thata pin
may be thrust through. Season medium, or two weeks after
midsummer. The tree is somewhat tender and the fruit ripens
unevenly in most places, which has led to its rejection in many
parts of California. English. Old.
Musch. (Musch-Musch.) Rather small, round, deep yellow, with
a slight orange-red cheek; flesh yellow, translucent, tender, sweet.
Tree rathertender. Little knowninthiscountry. Origin, Musch,
in Asia Minor.
Orange. (Early Orange, Royal Orange. Royal George, Persian,
Royal Persian.) Size medium, roundish, suture distinct, deep at
base; surface orange, often a ruddy cheek; flesh dark orange, half
dry, partly adhering to the stone—dry and poor unless house
ripened. Stone small, roundish. Kernel sweet. Culinary.
Ripens at midsummer.
Fic. 488.—Large Early,
Peach.* (Anson’s Imperial, Péche, De Nancy.) Very large,
slightly larger than Moorpark, roundish; yellowish orange, with a
brownish orange cheek, and mottled with dark brown to the sun;
flesh rich yellow, juicy, with a rich, high flavor. Kernel bitter.
Stone perforate. Ripens about the time of the Moorpark, which
it closely resembles, but is of larger size. Origin, Italy.
Red Masculine. (Early Masculine, Brown Masculine, Abricotin,
Abricot, Precoce, Abricotier Hatif.) Small, nearly round, suture
distinct; bright yellow, with deep orange cheek and red spots;
flesh yellow, slightly musky, sub-acid. Stone thick, obtuse at ends.
Kernel bitter. Flowers rather small. Very early or about mid-
summer. Hardy for an apricot. Valuable only for its earliness.
Ringgold. Large, roundish, slightly oblong; light orangé, darker
in the sun; flesh yellow, juicy, excellent. Ripens soon after the
Orange. Georgia.
THE APRICOT. 355
Roman.* (Abricot Commun.) Medium in size, rather oval, com-
pressed, suture small or obscure; surface pale yellow, with a few
red dots to the sun ; flesh very fine grained, half juicy, with a mild
pleasant flavor. Kernel bitter. Worthless in England, but greatly
improved by our warm summers. Productive. Season rather
early or medium, or two weeks after midsummer. It is dissemi-
nated in this country under various erroneous names.
The Blotch-leaved Roman differs only in the yellow spot or stain
of its leaves.
Royal.* Rather large, round-oval, slightly compressed, suture shal-
low; dull yellow, faintly reddened to the sun; flesh pale orange,
firm, juicy, sweet, high flavored, slightly sub-acid, free from the
large, oval, nearly impervious stone. Ripens a week before
Moorpark, smaller than the latter, and with a less bitter kernel.
French, A profitable market variety, particularly in California.
Texas. Small, round, dark maroon; flesh juicy and pleasant, as-
tringent at stone; clingstone. Athens, Ga.
Turkey. Size medium, round, not compressed; surface deep yel-
low, with a mottled, brownish, orange cheek; flesh pale yellow,
firm, juicy, with a fine mixture of sweet and acid; very free from
stone. Rather late, or middle of August. Somewhat resembles
Moorpark, but differs in being rounder, paler, with an impervious
stone, and sweet kernel.
The Blotch-leaved, or Golden Blotched, is identical with the pre-
ceding, with a yellow spot on the centre of each leaf.
Turkish of Western New York. Large, oval, compressed, orange-
yellow shaded red. Productive. This is undoubtedly a different
variety from the old Turkey.
White Masculine. (White Apricot, Early White Masculine, Abricot
Blanc.) Small, roundish; nearly white, rarely a faint reddish
cheek, rather downy ; flesh white, delicate, a little fibrous, adhering
to the stone. Kernel bitter. Closely resembles the Red Mascu-
line, except in cclor and being rather better, and four or five days
later.
CHAPTER XxX.
THE BLACKBERRY AND DEWBERRY.
Tue Blackberry requires nearly the same treatment as the
Raspberry; but being more a rampant grower it should have
more room, and needs more pruning or pinching. The dis-
tances of the rows may be six to eight feet apart, and the
plants, if kept single, two feet inthe row. Sometimes they
are allowed to grow thickly or in a continuous line, in which
case they should be kept well cultivated and properly pruned.
Constant cultivation is always better than much manuring.
Pruning the blackberry is commonly but little understood.
We hear complaints of the rambling and straggling growth of
this bush, extending across alleys, tearing dresses, at the
same time proving unproductive. This is owing to a neglect
of summer pruning. As soon as the new shoots have reached
two and a half or three feet in height, the ends should be
pinched off with the thumb and finger, which will cause the
protrusion of laterals. These in turn may be pinched off
when they have grown from twelve to eighteen inches. As
soon as the fruit is off (or the operation may be delayed until
winter) the canes which have fruited should be cut off at the
ground. In the mean time, three to five new canes have been
allowed to grow for fruiting the following season. That is,
blackberry canes fruit but once (the second year), and the old
canes choke the plant, take its strength, and afford breeding
places for insects and fungi. The old canes should be burned
to destroy diseases and insects.
The Dewberry is much like the blackberry in fruit, but the
canes are trailing. ‘ The fruits are earlier than blackberries,
and therefore prolong the blackberry season. Cut out the
canes, as in blackberries. To facilitate cultivation, tie the
growing canes to stakes (one stake for each hill), Cut the
356
THE BLACKBERRY AND DEWBERRY. 357
cords in late fall, and let the canes lie on the ground for win.
ter protection. Tie up again in the spring.
CovERING BLACKBERRIES.—The following mode of cover-
ing is described in Zhe Country Gen-
ileman, by Amos Fish, of Bethlehem,
N. Y., and is adapted to cold regions:
“At the approach of winter re-
move the stakes and lay the bushes
at right angles from the rows, flat
on the ground, and cover them two
or three inches deep with earth, as
follows: Cut off the limbs within
one and a half inches of the canes,
at the right and left hand sides of the
row, making flat bushes. ‘Shorten
in’ the remaining limbs by cutting
off the slender ends; then, with a
digging or dung fork, loosen the
earth about the roots, and remove
some, laying the roots loose on one
Fic. 489.--Ancient Briton ° 3 7
Blackberry. (SeeIndex.) side, so that in laying down the roots
shall be bent instead of the canes
being broken. When laid down use bricks to hold them
down while covering, and remove the bricks when in the
way. The bushes should be raised up and the stakes re-
placed as early in the spring as the frost is out of the
ground, which can be easily done with a fork if the rows are
laid down singly instead of lapping over one another.”
BLACKBERRY VARIETIES.
Agawam. Medium to large, round-oblong, bright black, juicy,
sweet; flavor excellent. Canes. generally stout, sometimes
drooping. Productive, hardy, suckers freely. Season early.
Ancient Briton.* Large, oblong to oval, sweet, very good. Mid-
season, ripening with Snyder. Bush a sturdy grower, hardy and
one of the most productive. A standard variety in many places,
particularly in the middle West. Fig. 489. Wisconsin.
Dorchester. Rather large, oblong (sometimes an inch and a fourth
long), nearly sweet, color shining black. It bears carriage well.
Vigorous, productive, ripening at the North the first of August.
Fig. 490. Massachusetts. The first cultivated variety.
358 THE BLACKBERRY AND DEWBERRY.
Early Cluster.* Canes erect, healthy, and remarkably productive ;
berries medium, short-oblong, sweet, without a hard core, very
good. Entire crop ripens within a few days of first picking.
One of the best very early varieties, equal if not superior to Early
Harvest. :
FIG, 490.—Dorchester. Fic. 491.—Kittatinny,.
Early Harvest.* Medium, round-oblong, tender, very juicy, sweet,
very good, Canes red, moderately vigorous; thorns few, small,
Season very early. Good. Illinois.
FIG. 492.—Lucretia Dewberry. FIG. 493.—Loganberry.
(See Index.)
Erie, Large, nearly globular, not very sweet, but good. Canes
vigorous, upright, branched, green, tinged with red. Very pro-
ductive and largely grown for market. Winter kills. Pennsyl-
vania.
Kittatinny.* Large, sometimes an inch and a half long, eblong
ovate, glossy black; flesh moderately firm, nearly sweet, rich,
THE BLACKBERRY AND DEWBERRY. 359
excellent, Canes very vigorous Quite hardy, very producti
l ‘ A ctive,
oe ite One i ae family blackhes ine y Phe berries
ecome duller in color after picking and less sh i <
Fig. 491. New Jersey. . Soest mae
Loganberry. Probably a cross between the Western dewberry and
an unknown variety of the European red raspberry. Originated
by Judge J. H. Logan, Santa Cruz, Cal., in 1882. Has the dew-
berry habit of growth and propagates by tips, its principle resem-
blance to the raspberry being in color and flavor, Berries very
large, very long (often 24/ inches) shining; not high flavored
FIG. 494.—Snyder.
but good. Season early, with the raspberries. Not bardy in the
North unless the vines are covered. Appears promising in some
sections. ;
Lucretia Dewberry.* Large, coreless, glossy black, juicy, sweet;
ripens a fortnight earlier than Wilson’s Early. Vine vigorous,
procumbent, thorny, hardy, but does better if lightly covered in
winter. The best dewberry yet introduced. Fig. 492. Texas.
Mayes Dewberry (Austin). Plant trailing when young, more up-
right when old; productive; fruit very large, oval-conic, hand-
some, of good quality. Very early. Very promising in the mid-
dle West. Texas. .
Mersereau.* A selected strain of Snyder, to which it is superior by
being larger, of better quality, and less liable to turn red after
being picked. Very promising. New York.
Minnewaska. Large, nearly round, juicy, sweet. Canes branched,
shaded red, thorny. Winter kills. Mid-season. New York.
360 THE BLACKBERRY AND DEWBERRY.
Missouri Mammoth. Large, black, firm, sweet. Hardy, produc-
tive. Not entirely hardy north of New York. Missouri.
FIG. 495.—Wilson.
Newman. Rather large, oval, quality very good. Canes of mod-
erate growth, nearly free from spines. Early August. Some-
times productive, usually not. Ulster County, N. Y.
Oe € 4
r yy,
\ Te Ou ’
f \ ea
FIG, 496. FIG, 497.
THE BLACKBERRY AND DEWBERRY. 361
New Rochelle. (Lawton.) Large, oblong-oval, black, soft and
sweet when fully ripe. Middle of August. Canes tender in
severe climates. New Rochelle, N. Y. The second variety in-
troduced into cultivation.
Snyder.* Medium, oblong-oval, juicy, sweet, fine flavor. Canes
strong, upright, thorny. Very productive and extremely hardy,
A standard market variety. Fig. 494. Mid-season. Indiana.
Taylor.* Canes a peculiar greenish-yellow, moderately vigorous,
productive; berries medium large, oblong, juicy, sweet; very
good, Oneof the very best late dessert or market varieties. Very
hardy. Indiana.
Wilson.* Very large, oblong-oval, black; quality good. Canes
tender at the North, hardy as far south as Philadelphia, where it
is very productive. Introduced in 1854 and still largely grown.
Early. Fig. 495. New Jersey.
Wilson, Jr. Medium tolarge, very juicy; good. Canes moderately
vigorous, thorny. Good in New Jersey and South. Winter kills
north of New York. Origin in New Jersey, 1875. Can hardly be
distinguished from Wilson. .
CHAPTER XXI.
THE CHERRY.
PROPAGATION.—The cultivated varieties of the Cherry con-
sist of two distinct classes of sorts; the first, comprising the
Mazzards, Hearts, Bigarreaus, and Dukes, is characterized
usually by the tall, upright growth and pyramidal form of the
tree, by the large, vigorous, and straight young branches, and
by a sweet or. bitter, but not a sour, taste. The second class,
or round-fruited, including the Morelloes, Kentish, and the -
common pie cherry, has small, irregular, and thickly growing
branches, and a decidedly acid fruit. Observation will soon
enable any one to distinguish these two classes, even where
the trees are not more than a foot in height. It is the former
only that are commonly used as stocks for grafting and bud-
ding, on account of their straight and rapid growth. At-
tempts are not unfrequently made to propagate the common
cherry on the wild Black Cherry (Prunus Virginiana), or on
the Choke Cherry (P. serotina). Such attempts prove to be
failures, the sorts being too dissimilar in their natures to favor
union. These two species, it will be observed, have racemose
inflorescence, while in the cultivated cherry the flowers are
simply in fascicles or umbels. Some of the wild species (as
the Sand and Pin cherries, P. Besseyi and P. Pennsylvanica)
having the latter kind of inflorescence, have been successfully
used as stocks, and their adoption might possibly prove useful
at the South and West, where the Heart cherries fail. In the
East, at least, the Mahaleb cherry (P. Maehaleb), is now exten-
sively used as stocks, The stocks are mostly imported.
The stones, as soon as they are taken from the fruit, should
be dried only enough to prevent mouldiness, and then mixed
with an equal quantity of clean moist sand. The best way to
keep them till spring is to bury them in shallow pits on a dry
362
THE CHERRY. 363
spot of ground, covering them with flat stones and a few
inches of earth.
The seed may be planted in autumn or spring. If in au.
tumn, the ground should be dry, and entirely free from all
danger of becoming flooded or water-soaked. Unless the soil
is quite light, the surface should be covered with leaf mould
or pulverized manure, to avoid the formation of a hard
crust upon the surface, which would prevent the young
plants from breaking through. But usually spring is the best
season, if the planting is done the moment the frost is out of
the ground; for the seeds sprout and grow on the first ap-
proach of warm weather. The distance should be the same
as for the peach and apple; and nearly the same directions
are applicable to their management in the nursery rows.
Good seedlings, averaging a foot and a half high, may be
transplanted from the seed-beds when a year old, and if well
cultivated in good soil, may be budded the same season.
Where the buds fail, the trees may be grafted in the follow-
ing spring.
Budding can only succeed with thrifty, freely growing
stocks and with well-matured buds. About the time, or a lit-
tle after the most vigorous stage of growth, or just as the
terminal buds on the shoots commence forming, is the best pe-
riod. If earlier, the buds will usually be too soft; if later, the
bark will not peel freely, nor the buds adhere well. This
period usually commences about midsummer, and continues,
under the various influences of season and soil, for two or
three weeks, and sometimes more than a month. Success
will be found to depend also upon cutting out with the buda
larger portion of the wood than is common with other bud-
ding, or. equal to one-third the diameter of the shoot. This
will be found particularly useful where the buds are slightly
immature, retaining in them a larger portion of moisture,
and preventing their curling off from the stock.
Difficulty is often experienced in successfully grafting the
cherry. It succeeds well, if performed very early in the
spring, before the slightest swelling of the buds, and before
the frost has disappeared from the ground. After this period
it is very liable to failure. _
In propagating the slower-growing, sour-fruited varieties,
364 THE CHERRY.
good trees are often soonest obtained by grafting or budding
them at standard height on large straight stocks. If grafted,
they soon form a handsome head; if budded, care must be
taken by judicious pruning to prevent the young shoots from
growing all on one side.
Pruning the cherry, except to form the head, is rarely
needed.
SOIL.
The cherry being a very hardy tree, will thrive in the
Northern States in nearly all good soils. Butadryer soil
than for most other species is found preferable; a sandy or
gravelly loam is best. In wet places, or on water-soaked sub-
soils, it does not flourish, and soon perishes.
DwarF CHERRIES,
These are, as yet, cultivated to a limited extent in this
country. They are chiefly adapted to village gardens, or
other grounds of limited extent, as they may be set as near
each other as five or six feet. They may be easily covered
with netting, and thus protected from the birds; and what is
most rare and desirable, the fruit permitted to remain until
fully ripe, so important to the flavor of all cherries of an acid
character.
The stocks used for this purpose are the Mahaleb (Prunus
Mahaleb), which also possesses the advantage of flourishing
on heavy clay ground. The buds usually grow quite vigor-
ously, their branches being so pruned that seven, nine, or
more may come out from the centre of the plant, like a well-
managed gooseberry bush. These branches will put forth
early in summer, as in pyramidal pears, several shoots at
their extremities, all of which must be pinched off to within
two or three buds of their base, leaving the leading shoots
untouched till near the close of summer, when they must be
shortened to eight or ten buds. If trees on Mahaleb roots are
allowed to grow at will, they are not much dwarfed as orchard
trees. Systematic heading-in each year, as for dwarf pears,
will tend to keep them dwarf.
THE CHERRY. 365
The cultivation of dwarf cherries would greatly facilitate
the use of net screéns for covering entire orchards, as some-
times practised in Holland and England. The boundary fence
is made of wire (or wood) lattice, so as to exclude small birds.
At regular distances, through the inclosed area, are inserted
into the earth wooden or tile sockets for the reception of poles
or props tosupport thenet. These poles have each a small cir-
cular board nailed on their tops, to prevent injury to the net-
ting. The boundary fence is supplied with hoops, to which
the net is readily attached. When the cherries begin to ripen,
it is elevated on several of the poles, each carried by a man,
and spread over the garden, the rest of the poles being easily
inserted in their sockets afterward. All birds are thus com-
pletely excluded. During rain or dewy evenings, the net is
stretched to its utmost extent. In dry weather it is slackened,
and forms a festooned vault over the whole cherry garden,
Its durability is increased by soaking it in tan once a year.
Ten square rods of ground, comprised within a circle of fifty-
nine feet in diameter, would contain forty dwarf cherry-trees
at eight feet distance, or ninety trees at five feet distance.
Sometimes the cherry crop is much lessened by premature
rotting of the fruit. This is due to afungous disease. Pick
the cherries before they are fully ripe, and when they are dry.
Spraying with Bordeaux will help.
At the South and West the finer varieties of the Heart and
Bigarreau cherries do not flourish. This is supposed to be
caused by the hot sun upon the bark of the trunk, and by
rapid growth preventing a sufficient hardening of the wood.
The Mayduke, Early Richmond, and the Morelloes generally
succeed well. Grafting the Heart varieties upon these hardy
sorts has been found useful, and training the trees with low
heads, or with but little bare trunk, is an additional security.
The cracking and bursting of the bark at the West are partly
prevented by these precautions; but the safest way is to con-
fine the culture of this fruit to the sorts above named, which
are least affected. Cherries of any kind are unsatisfactory in
the Southern States, those only which are grafted upon Maha-
leb stock giving any satisfaction.
366 THE CHERRY,
SYNOPSIS OF ARRANGEMENT.
Crass J. Fruir Heart-SHAPED.
(fruit inclining to sweet, tree vigorous and regular in growth.)
Heart and Bigarreau Cherries.
Section I. Fruit black, dark red, or crimson,
Section II. Fruit bright red, or lighter.
Crass II. Fruit Rounp.
Duke and Morello Cherries.
Section I. Fruit black, dark red, or crimson.
Section II. Fruit bright red, or lighter.
Crass III.
Native Dwarf Cherries.
Cuass I. Fruit HEART-SHAPED.
Section I. Frutt black, dark red, or crimson.
Afghanistan. Large, black, sweet; flesh firm; goodshipper. Tree
vigorous, prolific.
Black Eagle. Rather large, obtuse heart-shaped, roundish, nearly
black; stalk aninch and a half long, rather slender, slightly sunk ;
flesh dark, deep purplish crimson, with a very rich, high, excel-
lent flavor. Season medium, after Tartarian. Shoot stout,
diverging or spreading. A cross of the Graffion and May Duke.
English. Not always of the highest character. A moderate:
bearer. Fig. 502.
Black Hawk. Large. heart-shaped, often obtuse, sides compressed,
surface uneven; color purplish black, glossy; flesh dark purple,
rather firm, rich, high flavored. Last week of June. Dr. Kirt-
land, Cleveland, Ohio.
Black Heart.* Medium or rather large, heart-shaped, slightly irreg-
ular; blackish crimson, becoming black; stalk an inch and a half
long, moderately sunk; tender when ripe, with a high, “very
pr flavor. Season medium, or rather early. Productive and
ardy; growth rather erect, or with diverging shoots.
THE CHERRY, 367
Davenport (or Davenport's Early) closely resembles Black Heart,
meee a few days earlier, and the leaves are larger and lighter
Fic. 498. FIG. 499.
May Bigarreau., Knight’s Early Black.
2
FIG. 500. FIG, sor. FIG, 502.
Early Purple Guigne. Black Tartarian. Black Eagle,
Black Tartarian.* (Frazer’s Black Tartarian, Black Circassian,
Black Russian, Ronald’s Large Black Heart, Ronald’s Heart.)
Quite large (often an inch in diameter), on crowded old trees only
medium; heart-shaped, often rather obtuse, surface slightly un-
even; nearly or quite black; stalk an inch and a half long,
slightly sunk; flesh dark, half tender, with a peculiar liver-like
consistency, rich, nearly destitute of acid, with a very fine, mild
flavor. Ripensearly, or about the middle of June. Shoots very
erect. The vigorous growth and great productiveness of the tree,
and the large size and mild, sweet flavor of the fruit, render this
variety a general favorite. Fig. 501. Russian.
Brandywine. Rather large, broad heart-shaped; crimson, mottled;
flesh tender, slightly sub-acid, very good. Last of June. Origin,
Wilmington, Del.
Brant. Large, heart-shaped; reddish black; flesh dark purplish
red, sweet, half tender, juicy, rich. Middle of June. Cleveland,
Ohio. Dr. Kirtland. ;
368 THE CHERRY. -
Conestoga, Large, obtuse heart-shaped; dark purple; stalk long,
slender; flesh firm, with a rich, pleasant flavor. Lancastet
County, Pa.
Cumberland Seedling. (Triumphof Cumberland.) Large, obtuse
heart-shaped; purplish crimson; flesh firm, very good. Middle
of June. Carlisle, Pa.
Early Purple Guigne.* Size medium, round heart-shaped, distinctly
dotted when ripening; dark red, becoming nearly black; flesh
dark, tender, juicy, rich, sweet. Growth less vigorous than most
heart cherries ; shoots dark brown, spreading; leaves rather small,
drooping on long petioles. Very early, ripening first ten days in
June. One of the best early cherries. Fig. 500.
Elkhorn. (Tradescant’s Black Heart, Large Black Bigarreau.)
Large, heart-shaped, surface slightly uneven; black; stalk rather
short, or an inch and a fourth long; cavity rather deep: flesh
solid, firm, not juicy, with a high, fine flavor, bitter before fully
ripe. Rather late. Shoots dark gray.
Hoskins. Very large, round heart-shaped, dull purple; flesh dark
mottled, firm, sweet. Seedling of Napoleon. Oregon.
Jocosot, Large, regular, heart-shaped, indented at apex; glossy,
nearly black; flesh tender, with a sweet, rich flavor. Last of
June. Ohio.
Kennicot. Large, oval heart-shaped; amber-yellow, mottled and
shaded with bright red; flesh firm, rich, sweet. Early in July.
Cleveland, Ohio.
Knight Early Black.* Large, obtuse heart-shaped, surface
slightly uneven; black; stalk an inch and a fourth or an inch and
a half long, rather stout; cavity deep, narrow; flesh dark purplish
crimson, tender, juicy, with a very rich, high, excellent flavor.
Ripens nearly with the Black Tartarian. Shoots diverging or
spreading. Much resembles the Black Eagle, but larger, earlier,
more heart-shaped, and with a much deeper cavity. English. In
some localities it appears to need a rich soil and warm situation to
develop its excellence. A moderate and sometimes poor bearer.
ig. 499.
Leather Stocking. Medium, heart-shaped; reddish black; flesh
firm, sweet. Last half of July. Cleveland, Ohio.
Logan. Rather large, obtuse heart-shaped, indented at apex; pur-
plish black; flesh rather firm, sweet, rich. Last half of June.
Cleveland, O.
Manning Late Black. Large, roundish; deep purple or black;
flesh purplish, half tender, sweet, excellent. EndofJune. Salem,
Mass.
May Bigarreau. (Baumann’s May of Downing, Bigarreau de Mai.)
Rather small, oval heart-shaped, becoming as it ripens nearly
round; color deep red, becoming black; stalk an inch and three.
THE CHERRY. 369
fourths long, rather stout at the ends; cavity narrow; flesh dark
crimson, juicy, rather sweet, not high flavored. Very early, or
first ten days of June. Productive. Shoots diverging, brown,
resembling in color those of the Mayduke. Fig. 489.
Mezel.* (Great Bigarreau, Great Bigarreau of Mezel.) Large, ob-
tuse heart-shaped; surface uneven, dark red, becoming black;
stalk long, slender; flesh rather firm, rich, very good. Late.
Shoots slightly flexuous; tree great bearer. France.
Osceola. Rather large, heart-shaped; dark red, nearly black; flesh
a ale very good. End of June. Cleveland, O. Dr.
irtland.
Pontiac. Large, roundish heart-shaped; dark red, becoming nearly
black; flesh half tender, sweet, and agreeable. Cleveland, O.
Dr. Kirtland.
Powhatan. Size medium, roundish; dark purple, glossy; flesh pur-
plish red, half tender, with a pleasant flavor. End of July.
Cleveland, O.
Richardson. Large, heart-shaped; blackish red; flesh deep red,
half tender, sweet. Last of June. Massachusetts.
Tecumseh. Rather large, obtuse heart-shaped; reddish purple;
flesh dark red, half tender, with a rich sub-acid flavor. End of
July. Cleveland, O.
‘Wendel Mottled Bigarreau. Medium or rather large, obtuse
heart-shaped; dark red, becoming nearly black, mottled with dark
streaks or points; suture a dark line on one side; stalk medium;
cavity round, irregular; flesh firm, crisp, high flavored; stone
smali. Rather late. Growth upright. Albany, N. Y.
Werder Early Black Heart. Large, roundish heart-shaped; skin
black; flesh purplish, tender, very good. First half of June.
Section Il. Bright red or lighter.
American Heart.* Medium or rather large, four-sided heart-
shaped; color light red or pink, mixed with amber; stalk nearly
two inches long, slender; cavity small and shallow; flesh half ten-
der, adhering to the rather tough skin, juicy, sweet, good. Very
productive. Early.
Belle d’Orleans.* Rather large, roundish heart-shaped; light yel-
low, with pale red; flesh tender, with a sweet, excellent flavor.
Middle of June. Tree a good grower. Productive. A valuable
early sort.
Burr Seedling. Rather large, distinct heart-shaped, smooth; a
fine deep clear red, often spotted or marbled; stem an inch anda
half long; cavity moderate; flesh half tender (about as firm as
American Heart, from which it probably originated) . Sweet, rich,
with a fine flavor. Growth vigorous, very productive. Season
medium. Origin, Perrinton, N. Y.
24
37° THE CHERRY.
Carmine Stripe. Rather large, heart-shaped; a carmine line on the
suture, amber yellow with bright carmine; flesh tender, agree-
able. Last of June. Ohio.
Caroline. Rather large, roundish oblong; pale amber mottled with
red; tender, sweet, delicate. Last of June. Cleveland, O.
Centennial. Large, yellow, marbled crimson, very sweet, good
shipper. A seedling of Napoleon. Fig.
303. California.
Champagne. Medium, roundish heart-
shaped; reddish pink; stalk medium,
cavity shallow; flesh amber colored, sub-
acid, rich. Last of June. Raised by C,
Downing, Newburg, N. Y.
China Bigarreau. Medium in size, oval
. heart-shaped, somewhat roundish, sut-
ure distinct; color amber mottled with
ted, becoming red; stalk long, slender,
cavity shallow; flesh half tender when
ripe, with a rather rich and peculiar sec-
ond-rate flavor. Season rather late.
Shoots spreading. Origin, Flushing,
L. I.
Cleveland. (Cleveland Bigarreau.) Large,
round heart-shaped; suture broad and
deep half way round; color bright, clear,
delicate red on amber yellow; stalk an
inch and a half long, curved; flesh firm,
juicy, sweet, rich. Season early, or with Black Tartarian. Ori-
gin, Cleveland, O.
Coe’s Transparent.* Size medium, nearly globular, very regular;
skin thin, pale amber, reddened in the sun, with peculiar pale
spots or blotches; stalk nearly an inch and a half long, moderately
sunk; very tender, melting, sweet, excellent. Early, just before
Black Tartarian. Growth thrifty. Origin, Middletown, Conn.
One of the most valuable of all cherries for home use. Fig. 504.
FIs, 503.—Centennial.
Delicate. Rather large, roundish, oblate; stalk medium in length,
cavity rather large; color yellow, mottled and shaded with car-
mine, translucent; flesh light yellow, flavor excellent. 1st of July.
Tree spreading, forming a round head. Cleveland, O.
Doctor. Size medium, round heart-shaped; color light yellow and
red, blended and mottled; stalk an inch anda half long; cavity
round, regular; flesh white, tender, juicy, sweet, fine. Very
eatly. Resembles American Heart, but two weeks earlier.
Growth moderate, spreading leaves, narrow. Origin, Cleveland, O.
Downer.* (Downer’s Late, Downer’s Late Red.) Size medium,
round heart-shaped, smooth; red, light amber in the shade; stalk
an inch and a half long, slightly sunk; fruit in clusters: flesh
tender, melting, rich, very high flavored—not good till fully ripe.
Rather late. Growth erect. Hangs late, and does not rot easily.
Origin, Dorchester, Mass. Fig. 506.
THE CHERRY. 371
Downing’s Red Cheek. Size medium or rather large, obtuse heart-
shaped, regular; suture distinct; color with a broad crimson cheek ;
stalk an inch anda half long; cavity of medium size; flesh half
tender, delicate, sweet, rich, very good. Rather early. Origin,
Newburg, N. Y.
Downton. Large, round heart-shaped, apex quite obtuse, or
slightly indented; light cream color, stained with red; stalk an
inch and three-fourths or two inches long, slender; cavity wide;
flesh yellowish, tender, adhering slightly to the stone, rich, deli-
cious. Season medium or rather late. Growth rather spreading.
Fig. 505.
Early Prolific. Medium, roundish heart-shaped; color bright red
on yellow ground; stalk long; flesh half tender, very good.
Early. Cleveland, O.
FIG, 504.
Coe’s Transparent,
FIG. 505. FIG. 506. FIG, 507.
Downton, Downer’s Late. White Heart.
i edium, or rather small, heart-shaped, slightly ob-
Vee ees little one-sided, suture distinct; color dull whitish
ellow, tinged and spotted with pale red; stalk aninch and three-
fourths long, cavity wide, shallow; flesh rather firm, tender
when ripe, sweet, pleasant. Quite early. Growth erect, Ap
old sort, now becoming superseded. Fig. 507,
372 THE CHERRY.
Elliott’s Favorite. Size medium, round, regular, slightly com-
pressed ; color pale amber yellow, witha bright, marbled, carmine-
red cheek ; stalk aninch and a half long; cavity even and regular ;
flesh pale amber, translucent, tender, delicate, juicy, with a sweet,
fine flavor. Season medium, ripening with Belle de Choisy.
Shoots vigorous, diverging. Origin, Cleveland, O.
FIG. 508.
Florence.
FIG. 509. FIG. 510.
Elton, Holland Bigarreau,
Fic. sz.
Bigarreau or
Yellow Spanish.
Elton.* (Flesh-Colored Bigarreau.) Large, pointed heart-shaped,
somewhat oblong; pale yellow, blotched and shaded with red;
stalk two inches long, slender; flesh firm, becoming rather tender,
rich, high flavored; ‘‘very good.” Season medium. Not desira-
ble for market because of its light color, tender flesh, and liability
to rot, but excellent for home use. English. Rather tender in
very severe climates. Fig. 509.
Florence. (Knevett’s Late.) Large, heart-shaped, regular, smooth;
amber yellow marbled with red, and with a red cheek; stalk an
inch and a half long; flesh firm, juicy, sweet; season rather late.
Resembles Yellow Spanish, but hardly so large, and ten days
later. Fig. 508.
Dr. Wiseman. Large, yellowish, shaded red;
resembles Gov,
Wood. Tree tender, does well in North Carolina,
THE CHERRY. 373
Governor Wood.* Large, roundish heart-shaped; light yellow,
shaded and marbled with light red; stalk an inch and a half
long, cavity wide; rather tender, nearly sweet, rich, excellent.
Early to mid-season. ‘Tree vigorous, shoots diverging, forminga
round head. Cleveland, O. As the trees grow older, they often
overbear and yield a smaller and less excellent fruit—hence re-
quiring thinning.
Hoadley. Rather large, roundish heart-shaped; light clear red on
pale yellow; flesh tender, rich, sweet, excellent. Last week of
June. Origin, Cleveland, O.
Hovey. Large, obtuse heart-shaped; amber, with a fine red cheek;
stalk an inch long, deeply set; flesh rather firm, pale amber, “very
good.” Last half of July. Boston, Mass.
Hyde’s Late Black. Medium, obtuse heart-shaped; purplish black;
flesh half firm. First week in July. Newton, Mass.
FIG. 512. FIG, 513.
Rockport. Napoleon.
irtland’s Mammoth. Very large, obtuse heart-shaped; rich red
ee ‘bright, clear yellow; flesh rather tender, with a fine, high
flavor. A moderate bearer. End of June. Cleveland, O.
irtland’s Mary.* Quite large, round heart-shaped, regular, base
ela e tone color light and dark red, deeply marbled on
a yellow ground; stalk an inch anda fourth to an inch and a half
long; flesh light yellow, half tender, rich, juicy, sweet, high
flavored. Season medium, or withthe Elton. Origin, Cleveland,O.
i ottled. (Mottled Bigarreau.) Medium orrather large,
sot RAIS suture distinct; color amber, shaded and
mottled with red; semi-transparent, glossy; stalk slender, cavity
shallow; flesh yellow, tender when ripe, sweet, good. Stone
rather large. Season, end of June. Shoots dark, Productive
Origin, Salem, Mass.
374 THE CHERRY.
Napoleon.* (Royal Ann.) Very large, regularly heart-shaped,
remotely oblong; skin pale yellow and amber, spotted and shaded
with deep red; stalk an inch and a fourth long; flesL very firm,
juicy and sweet, very good. Rather late. Shoots with a light
greenish cast. Growth rather erect, vigorous. Very yroductive,
good for market, and especially valuable for canning Fig. 513.
Europe.
Fic. 514.—Windsor Cherry.
The Holland Bigarreau closely resembles the above, and is
thought by some to be identical.
Ohio Beauty. Very large, oblate heart-shaped; dark red on a pale
red ground, somewhat marbled, very handsome; stalk an inch and
a half long, rather stout; cavity wide and deep; flesh white, ten-
der, juicy, with a fine flavor. Early, or about ten days before
Napoleon Bigarreau, which it equalsinsize. Origin, Cleveland, O.
Red Jacket.* Large, obtuse heart, shaped; color light red; flesh
half tender, with a good sub-acid flavor. Ripens with Downer.
Keeps well without rotting. Cleveland, O.
Rockport Bigarreau.* Quite large-round heart-shaped; color, when
fully ripe, a beautiful clear red, shaded with pale amber, with
occasional spots; stalk an inch and a half long, cavity wide; flesh
firm, juicy, sweet, rich, with an excellent flavor. Mid-season.
Tree upright, vigorous. Origin, Cleveland, O.; one of the best
of Dr. Kirtland’s seedlings. Fig. 512.
THE CHERRY. 375
Sweet Montmorency. Medium in size, round, slightly flattened at
base, with a depressed point at apex; color pale amber, mottled
with light red; stalk an inch and three-fourths long, slender ;
cavity small, even; flesh yellowish, tender, sweet, excellent.
Season very late or past mid-summer. Approaches somewhat in
character the Morello. Origin, Salem, Mass.
Townsend. _Large, obtuse heart-shaped, high-shouldered, suture
distinct ; light amber with red; flesh rather tender, with a rich,
pleasant flavor. End of June. Lockport, N. Y.
White Bigarreau. (Large White Bigarreau, White Ox-Heart.)
Large, heart-shaped, tapering to obtuse apex; suture distinct;
surface slightly wavy, yellowish white marbled with red; flesh
moderately firm, or half tender, very rich and delicate. Season
medium. A moderate bearer when young, more productive
afterward ; liableto crack afterrain. Treerather tender; growth
spreading.
Windsor.* ‘Tree upright, vigorous, a heavy bearer; fruit large,
roundish oblong; very firm, yellow, nearly overspread with red;
juicy, very good. One of the most desirable late cherries, espe-
cially for market or preserves. Ontario, Ripe at Fourth of July
in New York. Fig. 514.
Yellow Spanish.* (Bigarreau, Graffion.) Very large, often an
inch in diameter, obtuse heart-shaped, very smooth, regular,
base flattened; surface clear, pale waxen yellow, with a hand-
some light red cheek to the sun; stalk an inch and three-fourths
long; cavity very wide, shallow; flesh firm, with a fine, rich fla-
vor. Season medium. One of the best and most popular of light-
colored cherries. Fig. 511. Europe.
The Late Bigarreau, originated with Dr. Kirtland, of Cleveland,
resembles this, but is slightly less in size, deeper red, and ripens
about ten days later.
Crass II, Fruit Rounp.
Section 1. Fruit black, dark red, or crimson.
Archduke. (Portugal Duke, Late Archduke.) Very large, round
heart-shaped, slightly flattened, dark shining red, becoming
nearly black; stalk an inch and a half long, slender, deep sunk ;
flesh light red; when matured rich sub-acid, slightly bitter till
fully ripe; of fine flavor, hardly equal in quality to May Duke.
Mid-season. One-fourth larger than May Duke, and tree more
spreading, and with thicker and darker foliage. Rare.
Donna Maria. Size medium, dark red; rich, acid. Late. Suc-
ceeds well at the West. ,
Early Morello. Size small, round-oblate, red, small pit, flesh firm,
juice uncolored. A little earlier than Early Richmond.
enie.* Medium large, round-obtuse, heart-shape; skin amber
se ; of the very best quality. Early. An excellent dessert vari-
ety which should receive more attention. France,
376 THE CHERRY.
Late Duke.* Large, obtuse, roundish heart-shaped, slightly oblate ,
color light, mottled with bright red at first, becoming rich dark
red when ripe; stalk an inch and a half long, rather slender ;
cavity shallow; flesh pale amber, sub-acid, not rich, much iess so
than May Duke; season very late, or a little after mid-summer.
Tree more spreading than May Duke, and foliage rather more
Fic. 515.—Montmorency Cherry.
compact, approaching somewhat the character of a Morello.
English.
Lee Very large, black, round, heart-shaped; flesh firm,
solid. aluable.
Louis Filipe, Size medium, roundish; dark red; flesh red, acid,
tender, iddle of July. French, Succeeds well at the West.
May Duke.* Large, roundish, obtuse heart-shaped; color red at
first, becoming when mature nearly black; flesh reddish, becom-
ing dark purple, very juicy and melting, rich, acid, excellent.
It is frequently picked when red, immature, and not fully grown,
and imperfect in flavor. Quite early, but often varying greatly
and permanently in its season of ripening, even on the same
THE CHERRY, 377
tree. Holman’s Duke and Late May Duk iati
i ay Duke are only late variations
perpetuated by grafting. Growth upright for A Duke. Very
hardy, and adapted to all localities. France.
Montmorency.* Large, round, bright red, acid. Tree hardy,
great bearer; fruits early. A good market variety, especially
valuable for preserving. There are several sub-varieties ; that
(Sed Montmorency Ordinaire is usually considered the best.
Montmorency Ordinaire. Fruit medium large, round-oblate, dark
Tich red, tender, a fine acid; very good. Season early; a week
ah Early Richmond. A profitable market sort. France, Fig.
FIG. 516.—English Morello Cherry.
Morello.* (Wragg.) | (English Morello, Large Morello, Dutch
Morello, Ronald’s Large Morello.) Rather large, approaching
medium; round, obscurely heart-shaped; dark red, becoming
nearly black; flesh dark purplish crimson, of a rich acid, mixed
withaslight astringency. Season very late, or after mid-summer.
In England its ripening is retarded till autumn by the shading of
a wall, The common Morello is a smaller sub-variety, a little
darker and with smaller branches. English. Fig. 516.
Olivet.* Large, roundish, deep red; flesh rich, vinous, good;
season early. A favorite market variety in some parts of the
East, but its greatest value is for canning. French.
Ostheim. Large, roundish, dark red; flesh liver color, tender,
juicy, sub-acid, when fully ripe nearly sweet; good. Very hardy,
slender growth. Russian. Mid-season.
378 THE CHERRY.
Royal Duke. (Royal Tardive.) Very large, roundish distinctly
oblate; surface dark red; flesh reddish, tender, juicy, rich;
season rather early. Growth like the May Duke. France.
Shannon. Medium, round, flattened at base; dark purplish red;
stalk long, slender, open; flesh reddish purple, rather acid. Mid-
dle of July. Cleveland, O.
Section 11. Frudt bright ved or lighter.
Belle de Choisy.* Size medium, round, very even, obscurely ob-
: late; skin thin, translucent, showing
Fic. s17.—Belle de Choisy. the netted texture of the flesh; stalk
Re rather short, slender; flesh pale am-
; ber, mottled with yellowish red, be-
coming in the sun a fine carnelian
red; skin very tender, with a fine,
mild, sub-acid flavor, becoming nearly
sweet. Season rather early. Moder-
ately productive; needs good cultiva-
tion. French. Fig. 517.
Belle Magnifique.* Quite large, round-
ish, inclining to heart-shaped; color
a fine rich red, portions of the surface
often a lighter: hue; stalk slender,
nearly two inches long, cavity large;
flavor rather mild for this class, fine,
but not of the highest quality. One of
the best late varieties, ripening about
midsummer. Productive. Fig. 518.
Growth resembles that of the May
duke inform. French.
Belle de Sceaux. Size nearly medium,
roundish; red; stalk moderate; flesh
rather acid—the tree and fruit some-
ae resembling Early Richmond, but
ater.
Se Carnation. Large, round, yellowish
Fic. 518.—Belle Magnifique. white, mottled and marbled with fine
, orange red; stalk an inch and a fourth
long, stout; flesh slightly firmer than most of this class, a little
bitter at first, becoming mild acid, and with a rich, fine flavor.
Growth spreading, leaves resembling those of a heart cherry.
Mid-season. Europe.
Prince’s Duke is a large sub-variety, but a very poor bearer and of
little value.
Coe’s Late Carnation. Rather large, medium; color amber and
bright red; sub-acid, sprightly. Last half of July.
Duchesse de Palluau. Size medium, roundish heart-shaped; dark
purple; stalk long, slender; cavity large; flesh dark red, mild,
acid. Middle of June.
THE CHERRY. 379
Early May, (Cerise Indulle.) Small, round, approaching oblat
bright high red; stalk an inch long; flesh aioe acl, ged. ery
early. Tree dwarfish. Of little value.
Early Richmond.* (Virginian May, Kentish, Kentish Red, English
Pie Cherry.) Rather small, becoming medium when well ripened,
round, slightly oblate, growing in pairs; color a full red; stalk an
inch or an inch and a fourth long, rather stout; flesh very juicy,
acid, moderately rich. Stone adhering strongly to the stalk, often
withdrawing it from the fruit when picked. Very productive; fine
for early cooking; ripens early and hangs long on the tree,
Valued everywhere. Europe.
FIG. 519.—Rocky Mountain Cherry,
Jeffrey Duke. (Jeffrey’s Royal, Royale.) Size medium, round,
obscurely oblate; color a fine lively red; stalk medium; flesh
amber with a tinge of red, rich, juicy, of fine flavor. Growth slow,
very compact, fruit in thick clusters. Season medium. Resem-
bles Mayduke, but smaller, rounder, and lighter colored. Rare in
this country.
Large Morello. (Kirtland’s Large Morello.) Rather large, round-
ish; dark red, with a good, rich, sub-acid flavor. Early, July.
Cleveland, O.
Pie Cherry. (American.) (Late Kentish of Downing, Common
Red, American Kentish.) Size medium, approaching small,
roundish, slightly oblate; stalk an inch to an inch and a half long,
stout; color light red; flesh very juicy, quite acid, moderately
rich. Rather late. Stone not adhering to the stalk, as with the
preceding. Very productive; a good culinary sort.
Plumstone Morello. Large, roundish heart-shaped; color deep
red; stalk an inch and a half long, slender, straight; cavity mod-
380 THE CHERRY. ;
erate; flesh reddish, of a rich acid flavor. Very late, or after mid.
summer. Stone rather long and pointed.
Reine Hortense.* Quite large, roundish oblong; bright red,
slightly marbled and mottled; suture a mere line; sub-acid, rich,
excellent. Last half of July. Tree a handsome, good grower, a
moderate bearer. French.
Vail’s August Duke. Large, obtuse heart-shaped; brightred; stalk
medium; sub-acid, with a Mayduke flavor. First of August.
Vigorous and productive. Troy, N. Y.
Crass III. Native Dwarr CHERRIES,
The four varieties described below are as yet the only ones which
have been at all cultivated or experimented upon. They are of
FIG. 520.—Sand Cherry.
little value for commercial purposes, or for home use, but are
worthy of planting on barren soils and for ornamental purposes.
It is quite within the range of possibility that valuable seedlings
or hybrids may spring from them under intelligent cultivation.
Compass. Fruit about one inch in diameter, round, bright red, of
good quality. A very rapid grower, and bears heavily every
year. Originated with H. Kundson, Springfield, Minn., by
pollinating Sand Cherry with Miner Plum. Thought to be of
value on the plains.
Rocky Mountain. (Improved Dwarf.) Small, roundish, jet black,
not very sweet. Tree small, bushy, not over four feet high,
very hardy; bears profusely. Worthy of cultivation as an orna-
mental shrub, Colorado. Fig. 519. The species is Prunus
Bessayi.
Sand Cherry. Small, roundish oval, black, variable in quality,
usually very acid; ripens about August ist. A very hardy
shrub; branches irregular, coarse, and scrawny ; bears profusely,
THE CHERRY. 381
grows on the poorest soils. Fig. 520. The species is Prunus
pumila,
Utah Hybrid. Small, round, dark-reddish black, with a plum-like
bloom; flesh soft, juicy, skin bitter. A bush three or four feet
high. Hybrid of Prunus Besseyi and P. Watsoni.
CHAPTER XXII.
THE CRANBERRY.
Tue American Cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon) is much
larger than the European (V. oxycoccus), and superior in flavor.
While growing it is light green, changing to a light or dark
red, crimson, or mottled color, as it ripens. It blossoms in
, June, and the fruit ripens in
September and October. The
running stems are often sev-
eral feet in length, the small
oblong leaves remaining dur-
ing winter, on the approach
of which they become brown.
There are three types recog-
nized. The Bell type (Fig.
521) is so called from its pe-
culiar form; the Bugle (Fig.
522) somewhat resembles a
bugle head; and the Cherry
f (Fig. 523) is nearly round.
FIG. 521.—Bell Cranberry. While the differences in
the external appearance of
cranBerries offered for sale are manifest to the most casual
inspection, there seem to be few generally recognized named
varieties. In parts of the country where its cultivation is ex-
tensively carried on, as Cape Cod, local names have been given
to choice kinds, but they are not as yet catalogued by dealers
in nursery stock.
The cranberry is successfully cultivated in this country
between 38° and 45° north latitude; but its limit may extend
farther southward in the mountain ranges,
382
THE CRANBERRY. 383
SolL.
The best soil and situation consist of peat and muck bottoms,
coated with pure sand obtained from adjacent banks, and the
ground thus prepared must be capable of being flooded with
clear running water at pleasure during winter, and thoroughly
drained at other times, for it is absolutely essential that it
should be dry during the blooming and growing season. Drift
soils have proved unsuc- .
cessful. Muddy water run-
ning over the plants injures
them.
In preparing the soil all
wood and rubbish must be
cleared off, called “ turfing,”
and the surface, or “turf,”
removed with a hoe made
for the purpose. It is then
provided with drains by
clearing out the main water-
course and making parallel
open side ditches at regular distances of about two to five
rods. The whole surface is then covered with from four to
six inches of pure sand. The chief object of this coating of
sand is to retard the growth of the vines and thus increase
their productiveness. An embankment or small dyke should
surround the whole to allow the plantation to be flooded or
drained at pleasure.
Setting the plants. After sanding, the plants are set in rows
about two feet apart. Some prefer a greater distance, to ad-
mit more freely the passage of a horse cultivator. They
should be ten or twelve inches in the row.
Flooding should be continued at intervals from December to
May, and furnishes, among other advantages, protection from
insects as well as from early frosts.
The plantation should be carefully kept clear of weeds for
the first two or three years, after which, if well managed, the
cranberry plants will cover the surface and render this labor
comparatively light.
FIG, 522.—Bugle Cranberry,
384 THE CRANBERRY.
Gathering the fruit is begun in September, and lasts several
weeks. It is an arduous labor; various devices have been in-
vented to facilitate it, such as the Lambert picker, used on Cape
Cod. Raking with an ordinary steel garden-rake is sometimes
FIG. 523.—Cherry Cranberry,
practised, but tears the vines badly. Good pickers will gather
from six to ten bushels a day.
VARIETIES,
A. D. Makepeace, said to be one of the most experienced
cranberry growers in the country, and the owner of the larg-
est cultivated bog in the world, states that there are now many
distinct and named sorts, all originating from the types figured.
Nurserymen, however, cannot be depended upon for supply-
ing varieties true to name, which can only be had from repu-
table cultivators of cranberry bogs.
Dennis. Large, bright scarlet, prolific. Belongs to the Bugle type.
Early Black. Large, rich purple-black; good bearer; leaves turn
purple in fall. A Bell berry. Ripens three weeks earlier than
other sorts.
Early Red. Medium, bright red. A Bell berry.
Franklin, A new Bell sort.
Gould. Medium, bright purple, bell-shaped berry; light-colored
foliage. Productive. Mid-season.
Lewis. Medium, bright glossy scarlet, bell-shaped. A beautiful
berry. Mid-season.
McFarlin. Very large, dark red, oval berry. Late.
Makepeace. Very large, bright rose-purple. Belongs to the Cherry
type. Early.
Neville. Medium, oval, deep crimson; flesh firm, skin decidedly
THE CRANBERRY. 385
astringent, which becomes prominent after cooking. More desir-
able for jelly than for sauce.
Shaw. Medium, broad ovate, purplish red; flesh deeply colored,
moderately acid; good. Very hardy.
Bell. Medium, pear-shape, bright red, occasionally mottled with
lighter red; flesh firm, stained with red; rich acid, without
astringency.
Cherry. Very large, roundish-oblate, yellowish white, mostly cov~
ered with patches of light red. Flesh firm; very good. A late
keeper.
25
CHAPTER XxiIli
THE CURRANT.
Tue currant, trom its hardiness, free growth, easy culture,
great and uniform productiveness, pleasant flavor, and early
ripening, is one of the most valuable of our summer fruits.
It is propagated, like the gooseberry, from cuttings, for
which vigorous shoots of the last year’s production should be
chosen. As soon as the leaves ripen, cut off the new growth
and make cuttings about six inches long. Set them in rows
fifteen inches apart and two inchesin the rows. Just as winter
sets in, cover them over with coarse litter—taking it off in
spring, and keeping them well hoed, and by fall they will
have large fine roots. Half the buds only at the top of the
shoot should be left; and the plants may be kept trained up
to a single stem, a few inches high, when the branches should
radiate on all sidesin an upward direction so as to form a
handsome spreading top. Currant bushes, if permitted to
sucker moderately, will, however, endure for a longer time,
as the new shoots, sending out roots of their own, afford, in
fact, a spontaneous renewal. But care is needed that they do
not form too dense a growth.
The currant being one of the hardiest and most certain fruit-
producing bushes is, for this reason, badly neglected. Good
cultivation and pruning will more than triple the size of the
fruit. Old bushes should have the old and stunted wood cut
out, and thrifty shoots left at regular distances. Old manure
should be spaded in about the roots, and the soil kept clean,
cultivated, and mellow. As the currant starts and expands
its leaves very early, this work should be performed as soon
as the frost leaves the soil. A resident in Canada says that
the best currants he ever had, produced in great abundance,
were obtained ina dry season, by covering the whole surface of
the ground with cow manure as a mulch, three inches thick.
386
THE CURRANT. 387
On looking under, the soil was always moist. Heavy pruning
must follow the luxuriant growth thus produced. Currants
thrive also when they are somewhat shaded, and consequently
an excellent position for them is in the rows of young orchard
trees. Clean cultivation cannot be too strongly insisted upon.
The different varieties of the currant succeed nearly alike
in the Northern, Middle, and some Western, but fail in the
Southern States.
PRUNING THE CURRANT.—In the culture of the currant
three distinct modes are
adopted. The first,
which is quite common
in this country, is to
plant the bushes along
garden fences, where
they often grow up with
grass, and being neither
cultivated nor cared for,
the fruit becomes small
and of little value. This
is the worst mode.
The next is to culti-
vate, but not to prune.
The fruit on such bushes
is fine while they are
young, but as they be-
come filled with a profu-
Fic. 524.—Raceme of Currants. sion of old bearing wood
it diminishes in size. ,
The third and best mode is to give them good, clean culti-
vation, and to keep up a constant supply of young bearing
wood, yielding large and excellent crops.
The currant, like the cherry, bears its fruit on shoots two or
more years old; and it is important that a succession of strong
young shoots be maintained for this purpose. When a cane
has borne two or three crops, the fruit usually begins to de-
teriorate in size; therefore cut it out. In the mean time, a
young cane should be coming on to take its place. After a
bush has been in bearing three or four years, one or two of
the cld canes should be cut out each year. A good bush may
388 THE CURRANT.
be allowed to have four to eight bearing canes at any time.
The fewer the canes, the larger the fruit.
When a young currant bush is set out, all the buds or suck-
ers below the surface of the ground should be previously cut
Fic. s25.—Cherry Currants. FIG. 526.--North Star.
off clean, soas toform aclear stem. It is often recommended
that this stem be afoot high before branching—which does
well for the moist climate of England; but under our hot suns
it is better that the branches begin near the surface of the
ground.
CuassI. Red and White Currants.
Attractor. Large, very white, handsome, strong grower and prev
ductive. French.
THE CURRANT. 389
Cherry.* Very large, nearly twice the size of the common Red
Dutch, often five-eighths of an inch in diameter; round, dark
red; clusters moderately short, quite acid. Growth tall and
luxuriant. The shoots sometimes go blind; that is, the buds
near the end are often imperfect or wanting. A standard variety.
The flavor is improved by hanging long. Fig. 525. Italy.
FIG. 527.—Palluau, FIG. 528.—Red Cross.
.* (Fay’s Prolific.) Bush vigorous, spreading, generally
sits Omuhedve than Cherry; bunch long, well filled, with a
long stem which facilitates gathering; berries variable in size,
averaging large; dark red, mild, good, mid-season. Generally
considered better than Cherry, but reports on it are very conflict-
ing. Largely grown for market. New York.
in Red. (Raby Castle, May’s Victoria, Rouge d’Holland.)
ee. Tae nee anal long; bush shoots strong, vigorous.
The leaves and fruit hang long. It proves of good quality by
39° THE CURRANT, |
the first of September. Much earlier, it is sour and unpalatable.
France.
Gondoin White. Fruit large, whitish-yellow, less acid than most
other sorts, of excellent quality. A strong grower and productive
Holland. (Long Bunch.) Bunch long, well filled; berries medium
to small, bright red; quality good. Season medium. Bush
unusually vigorous and holds foliage well. Popular in many
parts of the West. Europe.
Fic. 529.—Red Dutch. FIG. 530.—White Dutch. FIG. 531.—White Grape.
Knight Large Red. Size of berries moderate, or nearly as large as
Red Dutch—bright red. This is not a sweet currant, and is
rather more acid than White Dutch.
Knight Sweet Red. (Goliath, Fielder’s Red, Palmer’s Late Red,
Pitmaston Red, Pitmaston Prolific, Large Sweet Red, Bertin
No. 1, Danen’s Selected.) Berries medium, bright red; bush
strong and vigorous; shoots mostly erect.
London Market. Bunch medium, long; berries large, light crim-
son, resembling Fay. Sharp acid, good; seeds large and numer-
ous. Mid-season. England.
North Star. Medium size berry on long stem, bright crimson,
mild andrich. Very hardy. Bears earlyand profusely. Season
late. Vigorous. More valuable for home use than for market.
Minnesota. Fig. 526.
THE CURRANT, 391
Palluau. (Fertile Currant of Paluau.) Large, dark red. Pro-
ductive, nearly the size of the Cherry Currant. French. Fig.
527. Resembles Red Dutch.
Prince Albert.* Bunch short, berries medium to large, light red,
tipens quite late. Growth strong, productive. Popular for can-
ning.
Red Cross. Large, red berry, long cluster, and stem long between
fruit and stem; flavor mild, sub-acid, excellent. Mid-season.
Growth vigorous, productive. A valuable variety. Fig. 528.
New York.
Red Dutch.* (Fertile, Fertile d’Angleterre, Fertile de Bertin,
La Hative, Hative de Bertin, Bertin No. 9, Belle de St. Gilles,
Chenonceaux, Grosse Rouge de Boulogne, Queen Victoria,
Red Grape.) Bush generally dwarf, somewhat slender habit.
Prolific bearer, ripens at mid-season. A little larger than the
common old red currant, and clusters much longer and a little
less acid. One of the oldest varieties in cultivation and still a
prime favorite. Europe. Fig. 529.
Transparent. Large, yellowish white, very productive. Said to
be a seed]*ng of White Grape, and resembles that variety.
Versaillaise.* (La Versaillaise, Red Cherry.) Large, closely
resembles Cherry, but slightly less acid; deep red, bunches long
but regularly filled, bush rank grown; the young shoots break
off very easily. Productive, valuable. A seedling of Cherry,
and often confounded with that variety. One of the best market
varieties. French. La Fertile and La Hative scarcely differ
from Versaillaise.
Victoria.* Bush a strong grower, upright, productive; cluster
medium; berries large, bright red, mild acid, good. Mid-season
to late. Partially exempt from the attacks of the twig borer,
hence a leading variety insome places. Distinct from Red Dutch.
England.
White Dutch.* Full medium in size, yellowish white, bunches
rather long; less acid than Red Dutch and other red currants,
quality best. Dana’s White is nearly identical. Fig. 530.
White Grape.* Large (rather larger than White Dutch) ; bunches
rather short, quality excellent. Growth spreading and moder-
ately vigorous. Fig. 498. Europe.
Wilder.* Bush a vigorous, upright grower; berries very large,
fine color, lighter than Fay, remaining fresh on the bushes
longer; flavor mild, good. A seedling of Versaillaise which
promises to become a standard. Indiana,
Cuass Il. Black Currants.
Black Naples. Large (sometimes five-eighths of an inch in diam-
eter), black; bunches small, with a strong musky flavor. A
coarse grower. Fig. 532. One of the best-known English sorts,
392 . THE CURRANT.
Champion.* Large berries, black; flavor mild and good, prolific,
superior to Black Naples. Mid-season. Good for cooking ; jams,
etc. Best. Fig. 533.
Common Black or Black English. Large, one-third of an inch in
diameter, quite black, clusters very short, with a strong odor,
mid-season ; flavor poor.
FIG, 532.—Black Naples. FIG. 533.—Champion,
Crandall. Large, biue-black, mild, sub-acid, spicy. Bush vigor-
ous and prolific. Season late. The thick tough skin makes it
objectionable for most culinary purposes. A variety of the
native Ribes aureum. Kansas.
Lee’s Prolific.* Bush dwarf, upright, moderately vigorous, pro-
ductive; berries large, of good quality. Mid-season. Considered
to be an improvement on Naples, especially in size.
Prince of Wales.* Bush vigorous and productive; fruit variable
in size, averaging large, of milder flavor than most other black
Looe ni Nearly sweet when fully ripe. Mid-season, Good.
ntario,
CHAPTER XXIV.
THE GOOSEBERRY.
WITH the advent of the practice of applying fungicides new
possibilities are opened up for success in propagating and ob-
taining satisfactory and profitable crops of the superb varieties
of these fruits, so much esteemed abroad. The field is an in-
viting and a promising one, and offers opportunities to the
painstaking cultivator which will no doubt prove encouraging
andremunerative. Few evenof our native varieties of goose-
berries are wholly free from mildew, and no one who plants
them should neglect spraying.
The propagation, pruning, and cultivation of the gooseberry
are similar to that of the currant (see p. 386).
Of the English gooseberries many hundreds have been
named and described, and large numbers have been imported
and tried in this country, but they have so generally mildewed
and become worthless after bearing a year
or two that they have been mostly dis-
carded. A few of the best are included
in the list below and in the Index of
Fruits.
I. European VARIETIES.
Chautauqua.* Bush vigorous, sometimes
mildewing; fruit large, roundish oblong,
smooth, pale green, of the very best qual-
ity. Unexcelled for home use. New York.
Columbus.* Large, oval, greenish-yellow,
smooth, very good. Hardy, vigorous, pro-
ductive, free from mildew. Fig. 534. LA
valuable mid-season sort. American seed-
ling.
Crown Bob. (Melling’s Crown Bob.) Large, often an inch and
a fourth long, roundish oval, red, hairy ; flavor of first quality ;
early ; branches spreading or drooping. England. Fig. 535.
FIG. 534.—Columbus,
Industry.* Very large, oval, dark red, hairy. Vigorous upright
393
394 THE GOOSEBERRY,
growth, prolific. Season early. One of the best known and
most successful varieties. Quality good. Fig. 536.
FIG. 535 —Crown Bob.
Lancashire Lad. Large, bright red, smooth, excellent quality.
Vigorous and productive. juicy, very sweet and rich. Early. Free from rot and mildew.
The berries hang well tothe stems. Anexcellent grape for the
table or early market.
Green Golden, Bunch medium, long stem, compact, regular;
berry large, round, greenish-white, very juicy, acid. A hand-
some grape. Poor shipper.
Hayes. Bunch medium, cylindrical, shouldered; berry below me-
dium size, round, yellowish-white; pulp rich, juicy, vinous.
Early. Massachusetts. :
Lady Washington. Bunch quite large, shouldered ; berry medium,
round, pale greenish-yellow, often tinged with pink, quality
medium. Season rather late. A cross of Concord and Allen’s
Hybrid, and one-fourth exotic. Variable. Newburg, N. Y.
THE GRAPE, 427
Lydia. Bunches above medium ; berries large, oval, greenish white,
with a tinge of rose in the sun; sweet, excellent. Ripens with the
Delaware. C. Carpenter, Kelly’s Island, O.
Martha, Bunches medium, rather loose, shouldered; berries large,
round, pale yellow; slightly pulpy, sweet, juicy, a little foxy.
ye a hardy, healthy, and strong grower. A seedling of Con-
cord.
Mary. Bunches quite large, loose; berries medium, round, nearly
white, translucent; flesh tender, little pulp, sweet and sprightly,
very good. Rather late. Kelly’s Island.
Maxatawney. Bunches medium, moderately compact, not shoul-
dered; berries light greenish yellow, tinged with amber; flesh
tender without pulp when ripe, quality excellent. Vine hardy.
Ripens rather late. The Maxatawney much resembles the Re-
becca in flavor and general appearance; but while it is hardly
canal to the latter in quality, it is a bettergrower. Berks County,
a.
Niagara.* Bunch rather large, slightly shouldered; berry nearly
round, pale green becoming partly yellow, medium in quality.
Medium late. Vine possessing great vigor and productiveness,
A cross of Concord and Cassady. The standard white grape for
market in the East. Lockport, N. Y.
Pocklington.* Bunch medium, shouldered, compact; berry large,
pale greenish yellow, pulpy, with good flavor when fully ripe.
Season rather late. Vine hardy, healthy, productive. A showy
and attractive grape. Aseedling of the Concord. Origin, Sandy
Hill, N. Y.
Prentiss. Bunch medium, sometimes shouldered, compact; berry
medium, roundish oval, greenish white becoming tinged with
pale yellow; sweet, and very good in quality. Slow grower.”
Season medium. A seedling of the Isabella. Steuben County,
N. Y.
Rebecca.* Bunches nearly cylindric, compact, heavy, often shoul-
dered: berries, medium, oval; color light green in the shade,
golden in the sun, with a light bloom, somewhat translucent ;
flesh juicy, sweet, delicious. Ripens nearly with Concord, and
keeps along time. When fully ripe, one of the finest flavored of
all grapes. Moderate grower, but does well when grafted on
strong growing sorts. For home use only. Foliage tender.
Hudson, N. Y.
Scuppernong. (Fox Grape or Bullet Grape of the South, American
Muscadine.) This is a distinct Southern species, the Vitis
vulpina. Bunches very small, loose; berries round, large; skin
thick; pulpy, juicy, sweet, strongly musky. The ‘‘White” is
light green, the “Black” dark red; the color of the tendrils corre-
sponding in each variety. Leaves quite small, glossy, on both
sides. ‘Tender at the North. Valuable for the South, North
Carolina.
Taylor’s Bullet. Bunches medium, loose, with many imperfect
berries; berries rather small, greenish-white, of moderate qual-
ity. A-strong grower. Kentucky.
CHAPTER XXVI.
THE MULBERRY
Has generally been planted as an ornamental tree, but with
exception of Teas’ drooping mulberry the varieties are gener-
ally too irregular and spreading in growth to compete with
other trees not possessing their fruit-bearing advantages.
To many the flavor of the mulberry is not attractive, but to
others its rich sub-acid sweetness and the long continuance
of its season commend it to favor.
Probably no fruit has been so neglected as the mulberry.
The Chinese have cultivated the tree from time immemorial
as food for the silkworm, and the craze which spread over
this country seventy years ago in the same direction is a mat-
ter of history.
The berries are of varying size and color, largest on old
trees.
The varieties worthy of cultivation are not numerous, and
are mostly not hardy in the North. The practice of substitu-
tion is so common among nurserymen that it is not easy to
obtain trees true to name. It will grow in any well-drained
soil, but appears to prefer one which is rather light and
gravelly. At full size the trees are twenty to thirty feet high,
with round open heads; the berries as they mature drop off
and may be gathered from the ground. A slight jarring will
shake the ripe ones off, and this is the best mode of gathering
them.
The most complete monograph on the fruit-bearing mul-
berry is that of L. H. Bailey, Cornell Experiment Station of New
York. He classifies those grown in America thus:
1, The White Mulberry group.—Morus alba.
1. (@) Russian mulberry.—Var. Zatarica.
1. (6) Nervosa mulberry.—Var. venosa,
428
THE MULBERRY. 429
. The Multicaulis group.—Morus latifolia.
. The Japanese group.—Morus Japonica.
. The Black Mulberry group.—Morus nigra.
. The Red or Native Mulberry group.—Morus rubra.
5. (2) Lampasas mulberry.—Var. tomentosa.
He says: “ Mulberries can be propagated by cuttings of the
ripe wood or of roots. Cuttings start best under glass. Some
nurserymen propagate by short cuttings indoors, starting
them in February or March. The cheap Russian mulberry
stocks, from the West, have supplanted cutting-propagation
very largely. Thenamed sorts are grafted upon these Russian
roots in winter, with fair success, in the same manner in which
apple-trees are root-grafted, or they are sometimes crown-
grafted, the stocks for this purpose being grown in pots or
boxes. Ordinary fall budding in the field is not successful
with mulberries, but spring budding gives good results.
Spring budding has been employed and recommended cer-
tainly for thirty years, but it does not yet appear to be a com-
mon practice. S. D. Willard, Geneva, N. Y., who grows
quantities of mulberries, has several times shown me his stock,
which is propagated by spring scion-budding. This is per-
formed just before the foliage is out, or as soon as the bark
slips freely. Fig. 74 explains the operation. The incision in
the stock is the same as for the ordinary fall budding. The
scion carries one o#two buds, and is cut upon one side only.
This prepared side is inserted next the wood in the stock,
and is held in place by string, as for fall budding.”
ub wb
VARIETIES,
wning.* (Downing’s Everbearing.) Large, black, sub-acid,
seh Bod. Prolif. but not entirely hardy in Northern States.
A valuable sort, not readily obtained, as New American is com-
monly substituted for it. The leaf of the latter is smaller and
not so pointed. Fig. 568. New York.
Hicks. (Hicks’ Everbearing.) Medium, very sweet; good, Tree
vigorous and a profuse bearer. Season extends over three or four
mouths. Kentucky. Fig. 569.
Johnson. Very large, black, two inches by three-fourths of an
inch, sub-acid. Tree strong, irregular, poor bearer, Ohio,
Being superseded by other varieties.
430 THE MULBERRY.
New American.* Large, from one to two inches long, glossy.
Tree strong, vigorous, very productive, hardy. Fruit begins to
ripen in June and continues into September. The best variety
for Northern States. Fig. 570. New York.
Fic. 568.—Downing Mulbezry, F's. 569,—Hicks. FIG. 570.—New American.
2
a
Russian. Tree spreading, drooping, hardy; fruit produced in
great abundance over a long season, purplish-black to cream
white. Worthless for table use, but good to attract birds away
from more desirable fruit. It is a form of Morus alba, The
nursery trees are grown from seeds, and therefore they are very
variable. There are some good strains for eating, and three or
four of these have been given distinct names.
Stubbs. Large, two inches by three-quarters, deep black, rich,
sub-acid, Extremely prolific. Very valuable for the South.
Georgia.
Feas Weeping. Fruit small, reddish, of little value, but the tree
is so very pronounced in its weeping habit that it is desirable as
eu ornament for lawns. Tree dwarf, slow grower. Seedling of
Rassiap, Museouri.
CHAPTER XXVII.
NECTARINES.
THE Nectarine being nothing more than the peach with a
glossy skin, the same rules for cultivation will apply equally
to both (see Chapter XXIX.), with the exception that, as its
smooth surface renders it eminently liable to the attack of the
curculio, special attention must be given to the destruction of
this insect. Not much grown in the East.
The nectarine is usually inferior, and has more of the noyau
flavor than the peach, and the shoots are of smoother and more
compact growth.
DIVISION I.—FREESTONES.
Crass I, FresH PAs,
v Section 1. Leaves with reniform glands.
Downton.* Medium in size, roundish oval, pale green, with a
deep violet-red cheek; flesh pale green, slightly red at the stone,
melting, rich, excellent. Ripensearly. Flowerssmall. English.
Early Violet.* (Violet Hative, Aromatic, New Scarlet, Large
Scarlet, Early Brugnon, Violet Musk, Violette Musquée.) Size
medium, roundish; apex slightly narrowed; suture shallow;
skin witha dark purple-red cheek and brown dots, on pale yellow-
ish-green; flesh whitish, much reddened at the stone; stone
roundish, moderately rough, reddish or reddish-brown; flesh
melting, rich, high-flavored, and aromatic; of the finest quality.
Season very early. Flowers small. Distinguished from Elruge
by its redder flesh and stone, and darker skin. France.
The Large Early Violet, or Violette Grosse, differs in its larger
size and rather inferior flavor.
Elruge.*. Medium in size, roundish oval, suture slight, distinct at
apex; skin a dark red or deep violet on a greenish-yellow ground,
with minute brownish dots; flesh greenish-white, slightly, some-
times scarcely, stained with pale red at the stone; juicy, rich,
high-flavored; stone rough, pale. Flowers small. Season about
medium, or first of autumn. Thisis one of the best and most cele-
brated of nectarines. England.
431
432 NECTARINES.
Hardwicke. Large, roundish, approaching oval, resembling EI-
ruge; skin with a violet-red cheek on pale green; flesh greenish
white, slightly reddened at the stone, juicy, rich, high-flavored.
Flowers small. Season medium or end of summer. English.
A favorite in Southern California.
New White.* Rather large, nearly round; skin white, often a
slight tinge of red; flesh white, tender, juicy, rich, vinous;
stone small. Flowers large. Season medium, or first of autumn.
English.
The Old Waite resembles the preceding, but is less hardy and
productive.
Telliers. Rather large, roundish oblong; apex slightly narrowed ;
base broad, pale green, with a marbled ‘purple-red cheek ; flesh
pale red at the stone, juicy, sweet, good. Flowerssmall. Rather
early, or end of summer.
Crass II, FiesH DEEer YELLow.
Section 1. Leaves serrate, without glands,
Hunt Tawny. Nearly medium size, roundish ovate, narrowed and
pointed at apex, one side slightly enlarged; skin a dark red cheek
on pale orange, with numerous russet specks; flesh deep orange,
rich, juicy, good. English. Flowers small. Valuable for its
early maturity, ripening quite early, or three weeks before the
close of summer. Often mildews badly.
Section Ll, Leaves with reniform glands.
Boston.* (Perkins, Lewis.) Large, handsome, roundish-oval ;
bright yellow, with a deep red cheek; flesh yellow to the stone,
with a good, pleasant flavor. Flowers small. Season medium,
or about the first of autumn. A native of Boston.
Pitmaston. Large, roundish ovate, base broad, apex narrow and
pointed ; surface with a dark reddish cheek, slightly streaked at
the margin, on rich orange; flesh deep yellow, red at the stone;
ert rich, fine. Flowers small. Stone rather small. Rather
early.
DIVISION II.—CLINGSTONES.
Crass I. FLEsu PALE.
Section 1. Leaves serrate, without glands.
Early Newington.* (Black, Early Black, Lucombe’s Seedling.)
Large, roundish ovate, one side slightly enlarged, apex pointed ;
skin pale green, nearly covered with bright red and with darker
marblings and dots; flesh greenish-white, deep red at the stone,
juicy, with a fine, rich flavor, Flowers large. Early, England,
NECTARINES. 433
Newington, (Scarlet Newington, Scarlet, Old Newington, Smith's
Newington, Anderson’s.) Rather large, roundish; nearly cov-
ered with red and darker marblings, on pale greenish yellow;
flesh deep red at the stone, juicy, rich, vinous. Rather late.
Flowers large. Best when ripened to shrivelling.
Crass II. FLesH YELLow.
Section 1. Leaves with renzform glands.
Red Roman. (Roman, Old Roman, Brugnon Musquée.) Large,
roundish, a little flattened at apex; skin greenish-yellow, with a
somewhat rough, dull reddish-brown cheek, with brown russet
specks; flesh firm, greenish yellow, deep red at the stone, rich,
vinous, high flavored. Flowers large. Season medium or rather
late.
238
CHAPTER XXVIII.
NUTS.
TuE introduction of mainly Japanese varieties of chestnuts
and walnuts has created an interest in the growth of our native
nuts, too long delayed, which will unquestionably contribute
much to pleasurable and profitable cultivation of land.
In this country a crop of nuts of any value has heretofore
been generally considered an adventitious, an accidental wind-
fall, to be prized by the lucky owner of a tree which produces
fruit of unusual size and in large quantity. Few attempts
have been made to propagate from such trees, and when it has
been, it has usually resulted in complete failure.
Nut trees have been treated as one would an apple, or
peach; transplanted trees invariably died and grafted ones
fared no better. Within the past few years more careful
study has been made of the ditficulties which have heretofore
discouraged experiments in this direction.
It is not at all so easy a matter to raise any of our native
nuts as it is the soft fruits. Unless nursery grown, and that
properly too, they are all intolerant of removal, and grafting
is too commonly a failure; besides this, they do not come into
bearing, excepting in the Southern States, until of considerable
age.
Notwithstanding the inherent and persistent character of
some of these drawbacks, the results to be obtained fully
justify the necessary care and skill which will in a measure
overcome them.
A new and most interesting, valuable, and pecuniarily
profitable industry is within reach of all who will avail them-
selves of it.
So new is it that practically it has no nomenclature. Here
and there have appeared in the market, from year to year,
434
NUTS. 435
some enormous hickory nut, an immense chestnut, a nearly
finger-long pecan, the product of some unknown tree, “ back
in the country,” but save for its annual appearance and im-
mediate sale at a big price, the unknown has remained unlo-
cated and unnamed. Consequently the list of identified
varieties is very small. It will doubtless increase with
rapidity.
While the extraordinary size and appearance of nuts, as in
soft fruit, will always have a favorable influence in their sale,
it should not be overlooked that it is often the case that small
nuts may have proportionately larger meats and be of sweeter
and higher flavor than larger ones. Each variety should be
judged upon its individual merit.
Wherever there is a tree which produces nuts which pos-
sess apparent superiority over others, the owner should send
specimens, with the fullest description of the tree, its probable
age, location, and peculiarities to the Agricultural Experiment
Station of his State (see p. 272), and thus aid in the develop-
ment of this new industry.
PROPAGATION.
It is generally conceded that the surest way to grow nut
trees is to plant the nuts. As with all other trees, this is not,
after all, the slowest way to obtain good, healthy, long-lived
trees. The height that even the slow-growing hickory will
reach at two years, if properly managed, will astonish
most persons,
The vitality and germinating power of nuts is greatly im-
paired by loss of moisture, so that but a small proportion will
sprout if kept out of ground and not planted until the follow-
ing spring. Gather them as soon as they fallin the autumn,
spread them upon the ground, cover with three or four inches
of sand, and upon that as much nice loam. Under this cover-
ing, exposed to the weather, a large percentage will keep in
good condition through the winter. As soon as the ground
can be worked take them out and plant in rows, about six
inches apart. The following spring dig them up, cut off
about one-half-of the tap-root and plant again. The next
year follow the same course, and the third year plant out where
436 NUTS.
they are to remain. The length of the tap-root of a one- or
two-year-old hickory or pecan is something wonderful, and
readily accounts for the difficulty of successfully transplanting
them, either from the fields or nursery. It is commonly two
or three times as long as the shoot above ground, and as re-
ceived from nurserymen it is more often as bare of fine roots
asaparsnip. Itis little wonder then that sometimes it stands
dormant and seemingly dead through the whole of the first
season, to start slowly into growth the second summer after
transplanting. Rich soil, good cultivation, with shortening of
the tap-root as above directed, should give a good growth of
fibrous roots while in the nursery rows, and conduce to success-
ful subsequent transplanting.
This method will usually produce strong, vigorous young
trees. The drawback to this method is that nut trees do not
come absolutely true from seed; at the same time a good
stock is likely to reproduce most of its good qualities.
Mr. E. H. Van Deman, late U. S. Pomologist, says: “ The
variation of seedlings is so great that, with nuts as well as
other fruits, the only sure method of reproducing a variety is
by budding or grafting.” This is a more difficult operation
with nut-bearing trees than with most others. However, it
can be done, and with each year we are learning better how
to do it.
At present the best-known method is to work upon one- or
two-year-old seedlings, either in nursery rows or where seeds
have been planted in the orchard. They should be cut some
two or more inches below the surface of the ground, or just
above where the roots begin to swell, and a scion inserted
not less than five or six inches long and having a terminal bud
if possible. The “tongue” graft is the best for small stocks.
No wax is needed for this underground grafting, but some
bandage should be used to hold the parts firmly in place.
Cotton strips dipped in hot grafting-wax and then dried are
very good. A ball of wet clay may be pressed about the
wound and the earth packed to near the top of the scion to stop
evaporation. A very important point, and one that must not
be overlooked, is that the scions should be cut early, before
any signs of starting, and put in some cool, damp place until
after the stocks have begun to grow. In the sawdust of an
NUTS. 437
ice-house is a safe place, or buried in earth where the sun will
not warm it early; otherwise they are apt to start too early.
Prong Grafting is recommended by B. M. De Long, in the
excellent monograph on nut culture, recently issued by the
U.S. Department of Agriculture,* as follows:
“In this method the prongs or extremities of the branches
are used. Fig. @ represents the scion or prong used, and the
a
Fic. 571.—Prong Grafting.
method of cutting it from the branch. The prong is cut as
illustrated, and the wood on the prong (graft) is partly re-
moved, being gouged out with the point of the budding-knife.
This is done to allow the inner bark of the bud to unite with
the inner bark of the stock, which union would be prevented
if the wood should be allowed to remain in the bud. After
the wood on the bud has been partly removed, as shown in
Fig. 3°, the stock is cut off with a sharp saw, smoothed over
with a knife, and the graft inserted as shown in Fig. c, and
tied tight; no less than eighteen-ply twine should be used.
The cuts are waxed over with grafting-wax. After the grafts
have started they should be examined and if the twine is
found to begin to cut into the stocks it is untied and tied on
again; this will prevent further injury. The object of allow-
ing the twine to remain a longer time is to prevent the cut
* “Nut Culture in the United States, Embracing Native and Introduced
Species.” Report by S. B. Heiges, Pomologist. Large octavo, pp. 141, 16
plates. U. S. Department of Agriculture, Division of Pomology, Washington,
Government Printing Office.
438 NUTS.
bark from warping open by the action of the atmosphere, thus
causing the graft to die.”
Cleft Sap Grafting.—As this differs somewhat from cleft
grafting as described on page 33, and is claimed by Felix Gil-
let, of California, to succeed with walnuts, his method is thus
described: “If done early in the spring when the sap is com-
mencing to flow, it can be used on limbs as large as three and
Fic. 572.—Cleft Sap Grafting.
ahalf inches in diameter. The stock is sawed off and smoothed
as for ordinary cleft grafting. Instead of making a single
cleft through the centre, two are made, one across the stub at
each side of the centre (Fig. de, de) the cleft thus being in
sapwood, instead of through the heartwood and pith. The
scion is prepared as for ordinary cleft grafting, except that
the sloping cuts are so made that but one scarf exposes the
pith (Figs. 7’, 7’, 7*). After the insertion of the scions the
cut surfaces left exposed are thoroughly waxed, and the stock
is well bound with cotton cloth to prevent it from opening
and drying out.”
Hickories and walnuts can be budded by the annular pro-
cess (page 45), working upon one- or two-year-old seedlings,
and probably with much less percentage of loss than by any
NUTS. 439
kind of grafting. Chestnuts may be grafted, however, in
favorable seasons with a loss of not over twenty-five to fifty
per cent, by the “cleft” process (pages 33 and 438). Two or
three year old seedlings, or young sprouts, are most favora-
ble subjects; put the graft in high up, so that the native stock
shall form the trunk of the tree.
As soon as specific varieties are demanded nurserymen will
have recourse to all these methods.
Native walnuts, pecans, and hickories do not bear much be-
fore they are fifteen or twenty years old. Chestnuts usually
bear at about ten or twelve years; foreign varieties bear
earlier, as do all budded and grafted trees, but then they are
always shorter-lived. In the Southern States most nut trees
will produce crops in five or six years.
CHESTNUTS.
NATIVE VARIETIES.
THE American Sweet Chestnut is the only one really entitled
to be called sweet; it is much superior in flavor to both the
European and Japanese kinds, though as yet it cannot approach
Fic. 573.—Murrell. Fic. 574.—Native Chestnut,
either in size. Nevertheless, in only the few years it has be-
gun to attract attention some wonderfully large nuts have
been discovered. Chestnuts are so much easier to propagate
than other nut trees, come into bearing so much earlier, and
command such highly remunerative prices that their cultiva-
tion is not likely to be neglected much longer. The tree is
indigenous all over the eastern United States, growing lux-
uriantly on rocky, gravelly hillsides. It does not do well on
440 NUTS.
limestone, or clayey soil, nor will it flourish in wet, boggy
land. The young seedlings are characterized by their long
tap-root, and therefore unless the nuts are planted where the
trees are to grow they must be treated as described on
page 435.
When chestnut groves are cut for the timber, sprouts or
scions spring up with rank growth from the stumps. A fruit.
\
»
Pes ai
FIG. 575.—Wild (abundant yield). Fic. 576—Wild Chestnut.
ing orchard may be had earlier than from seedlings by cutting
away the sprouts sufficiently to give ample room to those
which are left to form good bushy heads, and budding or
grafting those left. However, owing to the difficulties attend-
ing either of these operations, according to the Pennsylvania
State College Agricultural Experiment Station but seventy-
five per cent can be expected to be successful. It is better to
graft all the strongest shoots and thin out, after it is found
which have succeeded in making perfect unions and are grow-
ing vigorously.
STORING chestnuts either for market purposes or for home
use requires attention as soon as the cropis gathered. Put
them in any suitable tub and pour boiling water over them
until the nuts are covered. Stir them with a stick to insure
thorough scalding. The wormy ones will float and may be
gathered off the surface. Allow the others to remain fifteen
or twenty minutes, after which spread them out until perfectly
dry. They may then be stored in bags or barrels until
wanted, and will be found to keep much better than if not
subjected to the scalding process. The meat will be less
horny and hard.
NUTS. 441
In the chapter on chestnuts in the monograph on nut culture
of the U. S. Department of Agriculture, some seventeen va-
tieties are named, but as it is improbable that many of these
are in the hands of dealers—being as yet only local—it is
hardly worth reproducing them here.
Those who desire to obtain trees of native chestnuts must
usually themselves search out those of exceptional merit.
FOREIGN VARIETIES.
French, Italian and Spanish chestnuts have long been im-
ported in moderate quantities and sold at high prices in the
FIG. 577.—Tamba-guri (reduced one-half),
fruit stores. Abroad they are highly prized as an article of
food and are largely consumed by all classes. They lack the
sweetness of the American chestnut and the meat is enveloped
in a tough and sometimes bitter skin. In some varieties this
skin is readily removed, while in others it follows the convo
442 NUTS.
lutions of the nut deep into its centre. The French, Spanish,
and Italian chestnuts are of the same stock. ‘The trees are
strong growers, introduced originally into Europe from Asia
Minor. The nuts vary considerably in size and in quality.
They are usually large, oblate conical in shape, the scar small
compared with that of the Japanese varieties, in which latter
it sometimes covers nearly half the shell. These nuts are
often not worth growing in the United States, the greater
promise of the newly introduced Japanese varieties of chest-
nut (Guri) being much more attractive, although they have
not as yet proved so hardy as their European congeners.
The wild chestnuts of Japan annually produce large crops of
nuts about an inch in diameter—the variety known as Tama-
guri (Mountain Chestnut) being highly esteemed by the
Japanese. The tree is some thirty feet high. The culti-
vated sorts are of many varieties, the largest of all being the
Tamba-guri (Fig. 577). These trees grow thirty to sixty feet
high.
All of these foreign chestnuts compensate in a measure for
their inferior flavor to our native sorts, by their greater size
and the earlier bearing of the trees. They are furthermore
very prolific.
Grafting these great nuts upon American stocks will prob-
ably add to their hardiness and vigor.
VARIETIES,
Advance. Large, smooth, dark. Tree vigorous, productive, bears
early. Ripens last of September. Japan.
Alpha.* Large. Tree vigorous, regular, and prolific bearer. Ear-
liest toripen. Japanese. Originated in New Jersey.
Bartram Late. Medium, bright color, three to a burr. Ripens
middle of October. European. Originated in Pennsylvania.
Black. Large, dark color, productive. Ripens last of September.
Japan. Originated in New Jersey.
Dager. Large. A seedling of Ridgeley. European. Origin
Delaware.
Early Reliance. Medium, smooth, bright. Tree dwarf, spread-
ing, bearsearly. Ripens last of September. Japan.
NUTS. 443
Eureka, Large, quality above average. Tree rapid grower,
spreading habit. Not hardy North. European.
A se ees
FIG. 578.—Japan Giant. FIG. 579.—Numbo,
Felton. Large, sweet, good flavor. Japanese. Above average
in quality. Origin, Delaware.
Hannum. Large, bright, regular and productive. Ripens early.
European.
Kerr.* Dark, three to a burr. Tree enormously productive.
Japanese. New Jersey.
FIG. 580.—Paragon, FIG. 581.—Ridgeley.
Killen.* Very large, handsome, superior quality. Japanese. Dela-
ware.
Mammoth Very large. A seedling of Giant. Japan.
Numbo. Medium, smooth, bright. Tree vigorous, hardy, regu-
larly productive; good. Does not bear early. Fig. 579. Euro
pean. Origin, Penusylvania.
444 NUTS.
Paragon.* Large, sweet, good flavor. Tree bears young and
abundantly. Fig. 580. European. Origin, Pennsylvania.
Parry. (Parry’s JapanGiant.) Very large, smooth, dark-colored ;
one or two nuts only ina burr. ‘Tree vigorous, upright grower.
Fig. 578. Japan.
Parry Superb. Large, bright, smooth. Tree strong grower and
enormously productive. Japan.
Ridgely.* (Dupont.) Medium, sweet flavor, excellent. Tree
hardy. Fig. 581. European. Origin, Delaware.
Success. Large, handsome nut of good quality. Tree vigorous
and productive, Japanese. Origin, New Jersey.
THE CHINQUAPIN
Is really a dwarf chestnut, which grows wild in various
localities on the eastern seaboard from Pennsylvania to the
Gulf. Usually a small spreading bush
four to ten feet high, varieties are some-
times found which form trees from
thirty to sixty feet in height. The nuts
of the Eastern States are ovoid conical,
dark mahogany color, very handsome,
and the meat is sweet and good. The
chinquapin of the Pacific coast nearly
Fic. 582.—Eastern Tesembles in appearance a small chest-
Chinguepin. nut. The bushes will thrive and appear
entirely hardy as far north as New York.
HAZELNUTS.
The cultivation of this nut is almost wholly neglected in this
country, and while the native bushes abound, the crop and the
FIGs, 583 and 584.—Native Forms of Fic. 585.—‘Istrian ” (an
Hazelnuts. imported nut),
nuts are usually so small that they rarely appear in market.
The imported filbert has complete possession, and until some
NUTS. 445
method of overcoming the difficulty of its culture in the United
States is discovered, we are likely to be dependent upon
foreign growths for supplies of this nut.
The bushes are easy of cultivation and will often apparently
flourish, but they fail to bear fruit and the bushes are liable to
a disease which eventually kills them. The late Mr. N. S.
Fuller had probably more experience in growing filberts than
any other man in America, and his recent book on Nut Cul-
ture gives in detail his experiments and failures.
In the States west of the Rocky Mountains the hazel be-
comes a tree of fifty or sixty feet, and is said to bear large
crops.
The following description of the propagation, etc., of the
filbert is taken from “ Nut Culture in the United States:”
“ Propagation.—Propagation is effected by seed, by layers,
by suckers, by cuttings, and by grafting or budding. Grown
from suckers, trees come earliest into bearing, and by
some are claimed to make the strongest trees; but the
major portion of hazel trees produced in nurseries are
from cuttings, made eight or ten inches in length, from
last year’s wood.. They root as readily as gooseberries.
A moist, not wet, sand supplies the best ground in which
to root cuttings; a deeper setting is necessary in the
drier climate of the United States than in England. In
a year the cuttings become well rooted, and are then trans-
planted, after pruning, from the propagating-bed to the nur-
sery row. The nursery culture consists of thorough and fre-
quent stirring of the surface soil, and the training of each
plant to tree form. The sprouts and branches are kept re-
moved from about the base to a height of twelve inches (the
Germans claim that a height of from three to four feet for the
trunk is better); within the next six or eight inches the head
is formed of not less than six branches. In the midst of these
branches a barrel hoop is often placed, to which the limbs are
tied for forming a shapely and open crown. The aim of the
two or three years of nursery work is to grow the trees to six
or eight feet in height and in form like a goblet, after which
they are ready for planting.
“In the Orchard.—The hazel will not thrive in stiff clay,
while in dry, sandy soil it becomes stunted and pro-
duces fruit of small size. Otherwise, the bush is not
446 NUTS.
particular as regards soil and locality; it is always more
vigorous on rich land than on poor land. A light loam
with dry subsoil will give the least wood and most nuts.
A strong soil produces an excessive growth of wood at
the expense of the crops. Wet soil produces too much
wood and too little fruit. In Kent, England, the hazel
thrives best in limestone land, and reaches a height of twelve
feet, and occasionally of thirty feet. The trees are set in
well-drained ground, about ten feet apart each way, though
sometimes they are set in hedges, when a less distance in the
row is adopted. Root pruning is frequently practised to
prevent the too rapid growth of food. The disposition of
the hazel to make thrifty inside cane growth is kept constantly
in check by summer pruning, and the outer limbs, together
with the general growth of the trees, are checked by pruning
back in the latter part of the winter. The thin, unfruitful
twigs are removed and the fruitful limbs are shortened back
nearly to the female buds. Care is taken to leave sufficient
male catkins for an ample supply of pollen. The fruit spurs
are near the extremities of the last year’s growth, and nuts
are more abundant where air and light have ready access. In
the fifth or sixth year after planting, trees should bear consid-
erable fruit. Trees of this age in England are reported to
produce from three to four pounds of nuts each. It isa very
important orchard tree with many cultivators in Europe, and
has been greatly improved by years of careful cultivation and
selection, A very fruitful hazel orchard is reported in Wern-
feld, Germany, occupying about two and a half acres of land
and having a northwesterly slope. In that latitude the trees
are said to thrive with any exposure except directly southern.
They are recommended by Goeschke for clothing the steep
sides of hills and mountains; also for railroad banks. He
states that in Germany they are advantageously used in those
portions of fruit orchards where other trees fail.
“ Harvesting and Marketing.—It is a popular method in
England to harvest and market finer nuts in their husks.
In all cases the fruit is left on the bush or tree until fully
ripe, the proper condition being readily determined by the
brown color of the nut, the tint of the husk, and the
readiness with which the nuts would rattle out by a slight
jarring of the trees. In curing the nuts thus harvested,
NUTS. 447
they are placed for a few days in lofts to sufficiently dry,
after which they are packed in sound casks with a slight
sprinkling of sait throughout the filling. Salt is also used in
small quantities in storing the nuts that have been freed from
the husks, and it is claimed for this practice that freedom
from ravages of insects is secured and that the nuts come out
fresher and brighter than by other methods.
“ Generally, the hazel is marketed for dessert purposes alone.
though a pleasant oil, resembling olive oil, is sometimes ex-
Fic. 586.—Lambert Filbert.
pressed from it; and in portions of Europe this nut, like the
chestnut, has been used in limited quantities for making
bread.”
VARIETIES.
The named varieties are numerous, but the grower having
a half-dozen of the best can well afford to forego the planting
of others. Of the ten varieties named by Robert Hogg,* the
Cob and Lambert are the best known in reputation to Ameri-
cans. We follow his description of the best varieties known
to him:
Bond Nut. Husk hairy, shorter than the nut; nut of medium size,
ovate and oblong; shell thin; kernel large. This is an excellent
nut and the tree is a good bearer.
*“Pruit Manual,” London, 1875
448 NUTS.
Cob. (Round Cob.) Husk hairy, shorter than the nut and much
frizzled ; nut large, obtusely ovate; shell of alight brown color,
rather thick; kernel large. A good nut for early use, but does not
keep well. Fig. 587.
Cosford. (Miss Young’s.) Thin shelled; husk hairy, long as the
nut and deeply cut; nut large, oblong; shell of a light-brown
Fic, 587-—-Downton Cob-nut,
solor, very thin, so much so as to be easily broken between the
finger and thumb; kernei large and well flavored. An excellent
early nut, and the tree an abundant bearer.
Downton Square. Husk smooth, shorter than the nut; nut large,
short, four-sided: shell thick, kernel full and well flavored.
Frizzled Filtert, (Frizzled nut, Cape nut.) Husk hairy, twice as
long as the nut; deeply frizzled and spreading open at the mouth ;
nut small, oblong, and flattened; shell thick, kernel full. Thisis
arather late variety. The tree is an excellent bearer. The nuts
are produced in clusters.
Lambert. (Kentish Cob, Filbert Cob.) Husk nearly smooth,
longer than the nut, and very slightly cut around the margin;
nut large, oblong, and somewhat compressed ; shell rather thick,
of a brown color; kernel full and very rich flavor. This is, per-
.
NUTS. 449
haps, the best of all filberts. The tree is a most abundant bearer.
Some of the nuts are upward of an inch in length, and they have,
with care, been kept for four years. It is only after being kept
for some time that their full richness of flavor is obtained. Mr.
Hogg says this nut was first brought to the notice of the Horticul-
tural Society by A. B. Lambert about the year 1812. It is
improperly called Kentish Cob. The true Cobs are roundish,
thick-shelled nuts. Fig. 586.
Pearson. (Dwarf Prolific, Nottingham Prolific.) Husk hairy,
shorter than the nut; nut medium in size, smaller than the Cob,
obtusely ovate; shell rather thick: kernel full. A very excellent
variety. Trees are most abundant bearers, sometimes laden
with fruit when not more than 2% feet high.
Purple Filbert. (Purple leaved.) This differs from the red filbert
in having the leaves of a dark, blood-red color like those of the
purple beech. The fruit is similar to, and quite as good as that
of the Red Filbert, and is of a deep purple color.
Red Filbert. (Red Hazel.) Husk hairy, longer than the nut;
nut of medium size, ovate; shell thick, kernel full, covered with
a red skin.
White Filbert. (Wrotham Park.) Husk hairy, longer than the
nut, around the apex of which it is contracted; nut medium size,
ovate; shell thick; kernel full, covered with a white skin,
HICKORIES.
Pecans (Hicoria Pecan).
It is commonly supposed that the pecan is hardy only in
the Southern States, and few attempts have been made to
grow it in the North. It flourishes best in Texas, the Gulf
States, and Mexico. Probably the greatest quantity sent to
market comes from Texas or Louisiana, where the tree grows
to sixty or seventy feet high in the rich alluvial bottom-lands
and annually produces large crops of nuts, which find a ready
market at very remunerative prices. The thinness of the shell,
its bright glossy surface, often artificially polished for market,
but above all the full, tender, rich kernel, combine to make
this member of the hickory family the popular nut-tree after
the chestnut grown in America. West of the Alleghanies the
pecan has been found growing wild and yielding good nuts
as far north as Southern Iowa. Forty miles north of New York
there are some very large old trees, which are evidentiy:
hardy enough, but they have never been known to produce
nuts.
29
450 NUTS.
The tree as grown in the South much resembles the com-
mon hickory, grows to about thirty feet high in fifteen years,
and bears at ten or twelve years of age.
Pecans are usually propagated from seed, but the results
are so unreliable that grafting or budding must take place as
the only certain way of obtaining valuable sorts.
The remarks made in the introduction to this chapter con-
cerning the difficulties of transplanting nut-trees apply with
Fics. 588 and 589.—Common Forms of Pecan.
intensified force to the pecan, whose tap-root is, in one and
two year seedlings, three times as long as the shoot above
ground. They must be treated as suggested for other nut-
seedlings—the ground must be rich and deeply cultivated.
If raised from seed, plant the nuts in drills three or four
feet apart, and twelve or fifteen inches apart in the drills.
Fic, 590.—Centennial,
In the early spring following, the young trees should be about
two feet high; take them up carefully, to preserve all the
fibrous roots possible, cut off about one-half the tap-root, and
reset immediately. Two years after, again take up and plant
permanently, or, preferably, make the permanent planting at
the end of the second year. Six or seven years subsequently,
the trees should begin to bear, and as it is a rapid grower it is
said that at fifteen years of age it will produce from two and
a half to three bushels of nuts, Grafted or budded trees al-
NUTS. 451
ways produce fruit earlier. For directions concerning graft-
ing, see general directions elsewhere in this book.
There has been too little attention given to the commercial
growing of pecan trees to enable one to procure any definite
sorts from nurserymen. The varietié$ here enumerated have
generally been named by their discoverers or propagators,
Fic. 59r.—Frotscher. FIG. 592.—Idlewild.
and are mostly taken from their reports to the United States
Pomologist. Correspondence with these parties is suggested
to those who wish to obtain the choicest kinds thus far known.
VARIETIES OF PECANS,
Biloxi. (Mrs. W. R. Stuart, Ocean Springs, Miss.) Medium size,
cylindrical, pointed at each end; surface quite regular, light brown;
shell thin; cracking qualities medium; kernel plump, with yellow-
FIG. 593.—Jewett.
ish-brown surface; free from astringency, of good quality, and
keeps well without becoming rancid. Introduced several years
ago by the late W. R. Stuart as Mexican Paper-Shell, but the
name has since been changed to Biloxi.
4k2 NUTS.
Centennial. A very large oblong nut; thickness of shell medium;
partition walls rather thick; kernel plump, oily, good. Richard
Frotscher, New Orleans, La. Fig. 590.
Columbian.* (Mrs. W. R. Stuart, Ocean Springs, Miss.) Large, cy-
lindrical, somewhat compressed at the middle, rounding at the
base; pointed and ‘somewhat four-sided at the crown; shell rather
FIG. 594.—Jumbo.
heavy; cracking qualities medium; quality good. In size and
form this nut closely resembles Mammoth, which was introduced in
18g0 by Richard Frotscher, of New Orleans, La.
Faust. A long slender nut, good. D. D. Faust, Bamburg, S. C.
Frotscher.* Large; very thin shell; kernel oily, good. Richard
Frotscher, New Orleans, La. Fig. 591.
FIG. 595.—McCallister.
Gonzales. (I. V. Munson, Denison, Tex.) Above medium size,
with firm, clean shell; quality excellent. Originated in Gonzales
County, Tex.
Idlewild. Medium size, thick shell, kernel good. Louis Biediger,
Idlewild, Tex. Fig. sg2.
Jewett. Very large, irregular oblong, compressed near centre;
shell rather thick; corky inner growth large; kernel oily, good.
The late W. R. Stuart, Ocean Springs, Miss. Fig. 593.
Jumbo. Large, ovoid; thin shell, much corky partition ; quality
very good. F. M. Ramsay, Bluffton, Tex. Fig. 594.
NUTS. 453
McCallister. (Floyd.) The largest
ter. : pecan known, supposed to be
a hybrid of shellbark ; base broad, rounded; apex oad blunt,
angular; flavor very like a shellbark; not very valuable except for
possibilities of improvement. O. L. McCallister, Mt. Vernon, Ind.
Fig. 595.
Fic. 596.—Risien. FIG, s97.—Stuart,
Pearl. Medium size, thin shell, sweet kernel; no corky growth in-
side. A choice nut for family use, but said to be too small for
market. E. E. Risien, San Saba, Tex.
Ribera. Size above medium; oblong ovate; cracking qualities
good; shell thin; kernel plump, light brown, free from the bitter,
red, corky growth which adheres to theshell; meat yellow, tender,
with rich, delicate, pleasant flavor.
Fic. 598,-Van Deman.
Risien. Large ovate; quality excellent. E. E. Risien, San Saba,
Tex. Fig. 596.
San Saba. Medium, cylindrical; kernel plump, light yellow, sweet
andrich. E. E. Risien, San Saba, Tex.
Stuart.* Large, roundish, ovoid; thin shell; considerable corky
growth in partitions ; kernel plump; quality good. Late W. R.
Stuart, Ocean Springs, Miss. Fig. 597.
Van Deman.* Large, oblong; thin shell; considerable corky
growth; kernel not so plump as Stuart; flavor excellent. Mrs.
W. R. Stuart, Mississippi. Fig. 598.
454 NUTS.
Shellbark Hickories.
Of the several varieties of ordinarily so-called hickories
found growing wild in the United States—as the shellbark
(Hicoria laciniosa), shagbark (Hicoria ovata), mocker-nut (fico-
ria alba), pignut (Hicoria glabra) bitter-nut (Aicoria minima)
water hickory (Aicoria aquatica), and nutmeg-hickory (Aico-
ria myristiceformis)—the first only has qualities which com-
mend themselves for cultivation. As this work is intended
Fig. 599.—Typical Thin-shell Shellbarx, FIG. 600,—Oval.
to be strictly practical, only the shellbark hickory will there-
fore be treated of. ;
Perhaps but one variety of this nut has been subjected to
cultivation and offered for sale (Hale’s Paper-Shell). All
others are the product of wild trees. And yet the differences
in the sizes of the nuts, the thickness of the shell, the quali-
ties of the kernels, the cracking peculiarities, and the freeness
with which the meats may be extracted are very marked.
While size undoubtedly has a large influence in the selling
of nuts, it is well known to all who have had any intelligent
experience that comparatively small nuts have frequentiy
disproportionately large and extremely high-flavored kernels.
The slow growth of the shellbark has and will have a de«
terrent effect upon its cultivation, and while a wild two-year-
old will often be found four to five feet high, a transe
NUTS, 455
planted tree three or four years old seems to make almost
no growth for a year or two.
The late A. S. Fuller says he never knew an instance of
successful budding of the hickory, while others claim that
ring budding (see page 45) is moderately so.
Of the methods of grafting, the cleft (see pages 33 and 435)
is said to give the best results, cutting the young trees close
to the ground, inserting the scion, waxing thoroughly, and
covering to its top with earth.
The nuts germinate easily, but, however valuable those
planted, seedlings are nearly always inferior in every way to
FIG. 601.—Quadrangular. FIG. 602.—Long Ovate, Compressed.
the originals. For stocks, nevertheless, upon which to graft
scions from wild trees which are found to produce nuts of
exceptional merit, they are well worth planting. If taken up
from the nursery rows annually and the tap-root shortened in
for two or three years, then planted out where the tree is to
remain permanently, growing for one year and then cleft-
grafted, every requisite for success at present known will
have been complied with. If wild trees are dug for the pur-
pose of grafting, those not over two or three years old should
be taken, the chances of living of older and larger ones being
too uncertain to make such experiments worth the trouble
and cost.
The reports of the United States Pomologist give a list of a
dozen or so of varieties which have been named by those who
have found or own the wild trees upon which they grew.
But it is so uncertain that any of these can be had by the
456 NUTS.
intending purchaser, that no list of varieties would be of much
value at this time.
Illustrations are given of various shellbarks collected by the
editor, or sent to the Department of Agriculture from different
parts of the country, to show the variety in shape and appear-
FIG. 603.—Roundish, Compressed. FIG. 604.—Roundish, Oblique.
ance of wild nuts. Probably the number might be largely
increased. Fig. 599 represents the typical form of the thin-
shelled shellbark; any very wide departure from this shape,
as Figs. 600 to 604 inclusive, usually indicates thicker shells
and correspondingly smaller kernels.
WALNUTS.
The name walnut is rather indiscriminately used in this
country, being perhaps most frequently applied to hickory-
nuts (white walnuts, so called), and after them to the Persian
or Madeira nut. Two valuable members of this family are’
indigenous to America, whose nuts are highiy appreciated and
much used, the butternut (/uglans cineria) and the black wal-
nut (Juglans nigra). The value of the timber of both these
trees is well known, and alone should offer sufficient induce-
ment for their cultivation. So great, indeed, has been the de-
mand for the latter that there has seemed danger it would be-
come exterminated wherever within profitable reach of a
shipping-point, and the use of the former is rapidly increas-
NUTS. 457
ing, with a probability of the same reckless cutting that has
befallen the black walnut. While possibly it may not pay in
a pecuniary way to propagate either of these trees for their
nuts alone, together with the value of the timber, constantly
increasing in price, it offers an opportunity to those having
‘land adapted to their growth.
The Butternut
is considered by many the best of all native nuts. The
meat is tender, crisp, oily, and highly flavored. The thick-
FIG. 605.—Typical Butternut. FIG. 606.—Typical Black Walnut.
ness and sharply ridged and furrowed character of the hard
shell is a drawback to its use; nevertheless, the richness of the
kernel makes them well worth adding to the varieties of nuts
for home use.
There are no named varieties in the hands of nurserymen,
who supply orders with seedlings usually from trees in their
neighborhood or from nuts purchased by them. As usually
the case, however, there are considerable differences in size
and shape of nuts found growing wild in different sections of
the country. Fig. 605 is a typical illustration.
Those who wish to grow either the butternut or the walnut
will do best to select the nuts which please them and raise
their own seedlings. ;
458 NUTS.
The Black Walnut
is a large, round, hard-shell, deeply furrowed nut, with a
rich, oily kernel. While much appreciated by most, its flavor
is so pronounced as to make it unpleasant to others. Large
quantities are used by confectioners and others, and its sale
is of considerable value to those who are fortunate enough to
own a number of trees.
It is found growing all over the United States, making a
FIG. 607.—Black Walnut (Taylor). FIG. 608. —Peanut-shaped
Black Walnut.
tree from forty to sixty feet high. It has a more open spread-
ing head than the hickory, and is more rapid inits growth.
The nuts from different trees and sections vary considerably
in size and depth of the furrows. The photo-engraving is an
average specimen, while the other illustrations of this nut
show variations.
PERSIAN WALNUT.
(English Walnut, Madeira Nut.)
The varieties of this nut, together with the hickories, belong
to the order /uglandee, and, while the genus was first known
in the Old World, the greater number of species are indig-
enous to North America. In England this nut is known
NUTS. 459
simply as the walnut, while in the United States it is com-
monly called English walnut or Madeira-nut. The varieties
which have been introduced, chiefly from France, are quite
numerous. They have all been the product of selected seed-
lings or careful hybridizing. Recently Eastern Asia and
Japan have added to the number, and the illustrations here
given show that the grower has quite a scope for his taste and
fancy.
The trees will endure a considerable degree of cold, but
from experience over the greater part of the United States it
has been noted that it does not succeed in the Middle States,
nor westward to the Rocky Mountains. They are hardy near
the coast line as far north as latitude 40°, and do well southward
as far as Northern Georgia. It is sometimes the case that the
trees flourish but produce no fruit, or the nuts contain no ker-
nels. The consensus of opinion among those who have prop-
agated this nut appears to be that it really succeeds as a crop-
producer in comparatively few places in the United States
east cf California.
In England and on the Continent the trees are said to be
practically free from diseases. In the United States a mi-
nute worm (Azguillule), which infests the soil, particularly of
the Gulf States, gets into the young roots and causes the root-
knit which is such a destructive pest in these States.
Propagation.—All of the walnuts may be readily raised
from seed. The nuts should be kept through the winter, and
planted in the early spring as directed on page 437. In good
soil and under favorable conditions they will sprout and grow
two to three feet high the first season. The care of the seed-
lings is the same as stated in the general directions at the
beginning of this chapter. Asa rule, no pruning is required
by these trees; they usually begin to bear at ten to fifteen
years. The Japanese varieties are said to produce nuts ata
much earlier age, say five to six years, and grafted trees at
three to five years.
VARIETIES,
So few of the different named varieties of walnuts can be
had from nurserymen that the following brief descriptions and
illustrations are given, chiefly as matters of interest in this con-
460 NUTS.
nection. Where it is believed that any variety can pe pur-
chased, an asterisk follows the name.
The smallest cultivated nut is /uglans regia microcarpa
(Fig. 609). The shell is thick, the kernel cor-
respondingly small. The largest walnut is /u-
glans regia gibbosa (Fig. 610). The shell is thick,
hard, and roughly corrugated, and the kernel
quite small for so large a nut; the flavoris said pie, 609.—Ju-
to be good. /uglans intermedia pyriformis is glans Regia
claimed to be a hybrid of the Persian walnut Mictocarpa.
and the black walnut. The fruit, as the name indicates, is
pear-shaped. The nut has the hard, thick shell of the black
FIG. 610.—Juglans Regia Gibbosa. FIG, 611.~—Juglans Regia
Barthieveana.
walnut and its consequent limitation of space for the kernel,
but it is said to split readily and the meat to leave the shell
freely. A peculiar form of the walnut is shown in Fig. 611,
Juglans regia Barthitveana, which its originator, M. Bar-
thiéve, of Toulon, France, says is of exceptional merit—thin
shell, splitting easily; kernels full, rich; very prolific and
bearing early from seed. The following are varieties of the
Persian walnut:
NUTS. 461
Chalbert. Medium, oval, oily, good, productive; blooms late.
Fig. 615.
Franquette.* Large, oval, rich, excellent table sort. France,
Fig. 619.
Kaghagi. Large, handsome nut; meat fills the shell; high flavor;
claimed to be the hardiest of the Persian walnuts,
FIG. 612.—Juglans Cordiformis,
Mayette.* Large, oblong, oily, good; nuts grow in pairs; shell
hard; blooms late. Suited for frosty places. France. Fig. 620.
Parisienne. Large, oblong, excellent: good table nut. Fig. 616.
Preparturiens.* A famous French variety, introduced into Cali-
fornia in 1871, now widely distributed. Its chief merits are early
bearing and high quality. Fig. 617.
St. Jean. Medium, roundish; hard shell; meat oily. Cultivated
chiefly for its oil. Fig. 618.
Asian and Japanese.
Cordiformis.* Small, heart-shaped; thick, hard shell. Hardy
and productive as far north as New York. It will be of commer-
cial value, especially for confectioners’ use, as soon as it becomes
FIG. 613.—Juglans Sieboldiana. FIG. 614.—Juglans Manchuria,
known, on account of the ease with which the meat shells out
entire, when cracked. Fig. 612.
FIG. 618.—St. Jean.
FIG. 619.—Franquette. Fic. 620.—Mayette,
NUTS. + 463
at (Juglans Steboldiana.) Small, hard shell; sweet, rich
ernel; grow in bunches of fifteen or twenty in an odd-looking
husk. Tree hardy and vigorous grower; round head ; ornamental.
Fig. 580. Not grown commercially to any extent.
Juglans Manchuria. A large, thick, rough-shelled nut from Eastern
Asia. The tree is vigorous, entirely hardy, and fairly productive.
Much resembles the butternut in appearance. Fig. 614.
CHAPTER XXIX,
THE PEACH.
THE PEACH, when in perfection the most delicious fruit of
our climate, succeeds in favorable localities, from Maine to
the Gulf of Mexico. In the more northern regions, the ripen-
ing of the earlier varieties commences only a few weeks before
the close of the summer months; in the extreme South, well-
matured peaches are obtained nearly as early as cherries and
strawberries at the North.
The trees are more tender and of shorter duration than most
fruit trees of temperate climates. In some localities they
bear only two or three good crops, and then decline or perish.
On favorable soils they continue for twenty or thirty years.
In Western New York trees have in rare instances borne fruit
for forty or fifty years. In France, according to authentic
testimony, peach-trees which have been annually and freely
pruned have lived to an age of one hundred years; and there
is no doubt that on favorable soils, and by a regular shorten-
ing-in pruning, most of our orchards would endure much
longer than the ordinary period.
The most extensive peach-growing regions are in New Jer-
sey, Delaware, Maryland, Georgia, Southern Illinois, Michigan,
California, thousands of acres being occupied with the planta-
tions of single proprietors. Thenorthern portions of Ohio and
Western New York, protected on the north by Lakes Erie and
Ontario, and Western Michigan, afford a very favorable climate
for this fruit. But throughout the country at large, the selec-
tion of proper localities would doubtless afford good and regu-
lar crops, even in districts where its culture is rarely attempted.
The remarks on this subject in a previous chapter of this work
are particularly commended to the attention of those who may
attempt the peach culture in severe climates.
464
cy
THE PEACH. 465
The destruction of the peach-crop is caused in very many
cases by the intense cold of winter. Vernal frosts often cause
serious damage, but perhaps less than commonly supposed.
If the fruit-buds remain unswollen, they will endure
very severe cold. But it often happens that we have a few
days of mild or warm weather during winter. This is suffi-
cient to swell them slightly, or to throw moisture enough into
them to render them tender; and if the thermometer should
FIG. 621. FIG. 622. FIG, 623.
Peach Buds (Magnified Twice).
then sink several degrees below zero, there is scarcely a
chance for their escape. Their condition may be soon ascer-
tained by making a cross-cut with a knife through the fruit-
buds. If destroyed, the centre will be dark brown; if unin-
jured, they will present the fresh greenish centre of sound buds.
The accompanying figures represent the branches and buds of
the peach magnified twice in diameter. Fig. 622 shows the
two flower-buds, with the usual leaf-bud between, before they
have become swollen by warm weather. Fig. 621 represents
the appearance of the same after the occurrence of several
warm days after midwinter. Fig. 623 exhibits the dark and
dead interior of a flower-bud cut through its centre, after it
has been killed by the frost. Under ordinary circumstances,
the peach crop is destroyed when the thermometer sinks
about 12° below zero (Fahr.); but when the buds have been
much swollen, the crop has sometimes been cut off when only
5° or 6° below; while in rare instances unswollen buds under.
30
466 THE PEACH.
favorable circumstances have passed uninjured through a
temperature 20° below zero.
PROPAGATION OF THE TREES.
The peach-tree is of remarkably easy and rapid propaga-
tion. In rare instances, seedling trees have borne the second
year, or sixteen months from the planting of the stone.
Stocks may be budded the first summer, affording trees five
or six feet high the second autumn. Transplanted the second
year from the bud, the trees, with good cultivation, usually
come into bearing about the third year afterward.
Some varieties reproduce the same from the stone with
slight variation, but the only certain way to perpetuate deli-
cious sorts is by budding. Grafting at the North rarely suc-
ceeds; at the South it is often successful. It often happens
at the North that the severe frost of winter destroys the
inserted buds, which die and drop off, leaving the attached
portion of bark adhering fresh and green to the stock. This
disaster, which so often disappoints the hopes of the young
cultivator, is to be prevented by selecting buds from the
largest and thriftiest shoots. These usually possess sufficient
vigor to withstand severe frosts. The triple buds on the
older and more matured portions of the shoots of bearing
trees generally survive when the single buds above them
perish, as may be at once perceived by examining the shoots
of bearing trees late in spring.
When stocks are not budded till the second summer, it is
very important to cut them down the previous spring, and
suffer but one ascending sprout to grow, which will form a
fine thrifty shoot for the reception of the bud.
In raising stocks, select the seed of hardy and late varieties.
The stones are not injured if kept dry in a cellar till winter.
If they become water-soaked for a length of time, they are
spoiled. But soaking in water for a day or two and subse-
quent exposure to freezing facilitate the cracking of the stone.
They may be kept through winter mixed with moist sand, and
exposed to freezing and thawing, or placed in a moist cellar
till near spring, then soaked in tubs or barrels, till the shells
are well swollen with moisture. They are then placed in thin
THE PEACH. 467
layers on the surface of the ground, and exposed for two or
three weeks to the action of the frost, being protected from
drying by a covering of soil, leaf-mould, or muck. About the
time the frost disappears from the ground, they are taken up
and cracked by hand, placing the stone on the end of a wooden
block, and striking a gentle blow on the side edge with a
hammer. If well frozen, cracking may be unnecessary. They
are then planted one or two inches deep (a light thin soil need-
ing more depth than a heavy and moist one), and if they have
been previously uninjured nearly every one will grow. Care
is needed that the seeds do not become dried nor mouldy be-
fore planting.
When it is intended for them to come up evenly, as they
are to remain in the nursery row, the most certain way to
avoid vacancies or failures is to sprout thém before planting.
This is effected by mixing the kernels with sand and leaf-
mould, and spreading them ina thin bed in the sun. When
sprouted, a line or cord, permanently marked at equal dis-
tances of eight inches with a touch of paint, is stretched on
the ground, and a sprouted kernel carefully inserted at every
mark of the line, by means of a transplanting trowel. This
insures great regularity in the rows. Accidental vacancies
may be filled from a seed-bed when the plants are not more
than two inches high. To prevent drying, the sprouted seeds
should be kept covered with a flake of wet moss or a wet
cloth, until deposited in the ground; and if the weather be
dry, watering the ground may be requisite.
By planting the stones without cracking, a very small por-
tion will grow and no regularity can be attained in the rows,
unless the following mode is adopted, which, if the stones can
be had fresh from the fruit before drying many days, and in
large quantities, is perhaps the cheapest or attended with
least labor. Mix the fresh stones with moist sand, spread
them in a stratum about six inches thick over the ground, and
cover them with a few inches of old straw or coarse manure
to prevent drying. Remove this covering in winter, to ex-
pose them freely to freezing and thawing. In spring, a large
portion will be found sprouting; carefully select these and
plant them immediately in drills made with the hoe, covering
them by drawing on earth with the hand. One man will thus
468 THE PEACH.
plant four or five thousand inaday. Ina few days a second
portion will be found sprouted, which plant as before; and so
on, so long as the process continues. Those which do not
open (often not more than one-third of the whole), will grow
another year if kept moist and exposed.
If the soil is good, and the cultivator is passed between the
rows as often as once a fortnight—oftener is better—the trees
will be large enough to bud by the close of summer.
In cases where the ground cannot be prepared early for
their reception, germination may be retarded by burying the
uncracked stones a foot or two beneath the surface, till
wanted.
The distances of the rows asunder should be about the same
as for apples and other trees in the nursery, or about three
and a half feet.
Plum-stocks for the peach slightly lessen their luxuriance of
growth, render the trees smaller, thus slightly increasing their
hardiness for the extreme North by favoring an early maturity
of the young wood. It is, however, important to observe
that this does not add to the hardiness of the fruit-buds.
Small dwarfs are produced by budding on the Mirabelle, a
diminutive variety of the plum. The plum-stock is also
sometimes employed to guard against the peach-borer, a rem-
edy often unsuccessful, as that insect frequently attacks the
peach above the place of union. On the whole, the practice
of working the peach on the plum is not regarded by fruit-
culturists with much favor.
Unlike most other fruit trees, the peach may be transplanted
in the spring next after the insertion of the bud, with scarcely
a check in its growth.
Sotls.—It may be observed, as a general rule, that soils
affording good farm crops, and with a well-drained subsoil,
are well adapted to peach-orchards. On a strong loam, the
trees grow with more uniform luxuriance and live longer than
on light, sandy, or gravelly soils. Even a compact clay may
be made suitable for the peach by regular and thorough
underdraining and mellow cultivation. On the light sands
of New Jersey and Delaware orchards succeed and bear well
for a time, but they do not endure so long as where the soil
has a considerable admixture of heavier ingredients.
THE PEACH. 469
In transplanting for an orchard, the practice of shortening-
in the shoots, described in the chapter on transplanting,
should be invariably attended to, as it is of the greatest
importance for the safe removal of peach-trees. Trees two
years from the bud were formerly recommended, but only
yearlings are now bought by good growers. Twenty
feet apart is the common distance for orchards; but as bet-
ter crops and better fruit is obtained where the heads are
kept well shortened-in, and consequently within less com-
pass, a distance of twelve or fifteen feet only will be found
sufficient.
While the trees are small, the intermediate spaces between
the rows may be cultivated with low-hoed crops; but after-
ward it will be found best to keep the ground perfectly clean
and mellow by ploughing and harrowing. Where soils are
very shallow, top-dressing with manure in autumn and fre-
quent harrowing have been found best; the roots being thus
brought near the surface, deep ploughing proves injurious.
But where soils are deep and fertile, ploughing may be occa-
-Sionally resorted to without injury.
The principle on which rotation in crops is founded dictates
that two crops of peach trees, whether in the nursery or
orchard, should not be grown successively on the same piece
of ground; diminished growth in nearly all instances being
the result.
One of the best manures for the peach-tree is wood ashes,
whether fresh or leached; hence all composts with this mate-
rial are eminently beneficial to peach orchards. When applied
alone, half a peck of fresh and half a bushel of leached ashes
to each tree are suitable quantities, spread broadcast over
the surface.
The mode of pruning and shortening-in the peach has been
already described in a previous chapter.
Training the peach against walls and buildings, so essential to
the successful culture of the peach in England, is rarely prac-
tised in this country. It would doubtless hasten the maturity
of the crop; but the warm exposure would at the same time,
unless the branches were purposely protected, render the
crop more liable to destruction by frost. Espalier training
has been found to give excellent fruit, in consequence of the
470 THE PEACH.
thorough pruning and full exposure adopted in the manage.
ment of the trees. Figs. 624, 625, and 626 exhibit the fan
training usually adopted in espalier and wall training, in its
successive stages. The limits of this work do not admit full
directions, but the following general rules may be observed
as a guide and will apply to all other annual pruning of the
peach: 1. The fruit being borne on the shoots of the preced-
ing year, a good supply of annual bearing-shoots must be
kept on all parts of the tree. 2. As the shoots, left unpruned,
extend yearly in length, and become bare on the sides, it is
necessary to cut them back, in order to keep up a supply of
new shoots from their base. 3. Rub off or cut out all the
FIG. 624. FIG. 625. FIG, 626,
Fan Training of Peach-Trees.
shoots which spring up from the bases of shoots thus cut back,
leaving only a few strong ones at regular distances, so as
to admit sun and air to the leaves, which distance may be
usually about six inches.
RAISING PEACHES IN POTS.
Peaches are raised in pots to secure uniform crops every
year in an uncertain climate, to test new sorts, to produce
early bearing, and to obtain a supply of peaches where the
grounds are too small for planting an orchard. Two modes
are adopted—one without fire heat, the crop maturing a little
earlier than in common orchards; the other, where, by the
use of fire heat, the fruit is obtained two or three months
earlier than in open ground.
Among those who have most successfully adopted the first-
named mode are Ellwanger & Barry, of Rochester. P.
Barry has furnished the following statement of their manage-
ment, written when the trees were three years of age and in
successful bearing:
THE PEACH. 471
“We have now fruiting, in wooden boxes ten by ten inches,
fifty-three varieties of peaches, eleven varieties of nectarines,
and seven of apricots.
“Age, Potting, and Soil.—The trees are now three years
from the bud. They were taken up in the fall of 1861;
heeled-in and covered during winter; potted early in spring—
March, I think; soil a mixture of about three parts yellow
sandy loam and one part of old hotbed manure.
“ Summer Care.—After potting they were kept in a cool
house, partly covered with glass, until they had made shoots
four or five inches long and the danger of cold weather was
over. They were then plunged to the rim of the boxes in an
open border until the fall. They were carefully watered
when necessary during summer, and the shoots kept as much
as possible in uniform vigor by pinching.
“ Pruning.—When potted, the yearling trees were cut back
to six or eight inches, and in some cases to four inches, or
only two or three buds above the union of bud and stock, the
object being to grow them in the form of bushes. We now
find that those cut back farthest are the best trees. [Fig. 627
represents the yearling tree; Fig. 628, the same cut back;
Fig. 629, the tree set ina pot; and Fig. 630, the same after a
year’s growth. ]
“ Wintering.—On the approach of very cold weather, or just
before the freezing of the ground so as to prevent out-
door work, they were removed to a shed, where they were
plunged as they had been during summer, up to the edges of
the tubs.
“ Spring Treatment.—On the return of mild spring weather
abundance of air was admitted, and they remained there till
1st of May, when they were placed under glass, the buds at
this time being about to expand. Here they were kept till
the 15th of June, at which time the fruits were set, and all
danger of cold to affect the foliage past.
“ Ventilation and Watering.—During the period they were
under glass, May 1st to June 15th, the principal points of
management were ventilation, which was ample, and water-
ing—the latter being one of the most important points in the
treatment of all trees and plants in pots. Careless watering
will ruin any plants, no matter how skilfully or carefully
472 THE PEACH.
other points may be managed. Daily watering is necessary,
and as soon as out of bloom a free use of the syringe night
and morning.
“ Summer Treatment.—On the 15th of June, when all danger
of cold was over and the fruits set, they were removed from
the glass covering and plunged in an open but sheltered
border, and mulched with old hotbed manure. Since that
FIG. 627. FIG. 628. FIG. 629. FIG. 630,
Raising Peaches in Pots.
time they have received no care but watering, except an
“ oceasional pinch, to regulate the growth of shoots.
“There has not been a single leaf curled on any one of all
these trees, showing conclusively that the curl is due to un-
favorable changes of weather. Each tree now is a bush about
two and a half feet high, and occupies about three feet square
of space.
“The first winter we had potted trees we kept them in
a cellar, but most of the buds dropped, and we changed to
the cool dry shed, the boxes plunged, and this has been suc-
cessful. ;
“The uncertainty of our climate now, as to the peach crop,
compelled us to adopt this mode of testing varieties, and we
are much pleased with the results thus far. Astothe amount
THE PEACH. 473
of labor required, it would not be possible to state it with any
degree of precision, as it is made up of odds and ends,”
WINTER PROTECTION FOR THE TREES,
In the chapter on the Situation of Orchards, directions
were given for the selection of sites for peach-orchards, to
secure them against the destruction of the crop by the cold of
winter. There are large districts throughout the more north-
ern States where a selection of this kind cannot be made, and
where the frequent and general failure of the crop indicates
the necessity of some artificial protection. Various experi-
ments for this purpose have been made, among which the
following have so far proved most successful.
1. Training the young trees very low or near the ground,
so that the branches may be bent down in winter, and covered
with straw, corn-stalks, or, still better, with forest leaves or
evergreen boughs. Itisimportant that the branches should
be laid upon the earth, that they may receive warmth from
below, and the covering should be thick enough to exclude”
the cold air. Attempts to protect the fruit-buds by encasing
them in non-conducting substances, without bending down,
have generally proved failures. Covering with earth has
been tried, but the moisture often rots the buds.
2. As the limbs of the peach soon become quite rigid, while
the roots are more flexible, a more successful mode has been
adopted: When the young trees are set out, the principal
roots are extended in opposite directions and the others are
kept cut ‘off. This enables the tree, when the earth is par-
tially dug away, to turn as on an axle by a slight twisting of
the roots, so that it may be easily laid upon the ground. If
trained flat or fan-shaped, it is easily covered.
3. A third mode has been successfully adopted in some of
the western States. The trees are planted in a row and the
branches trained horizontally in opposite directions. Posts
are set between the trees four or five feet high, and the tops
connected by strong horizontal poles. On the approach of
winter, rafters are placed on each side against these poles,
so as to form a rather steep roof. The outer limbs may be
bent under the rafters if necessary. The whole is then cov-
474 THE PEACH.
ered with rough or cheap boards, and with two or three inches
of earth. At the approach of warm weather in spring, the
covering is partly removed to admit air and prevent the rot-
ting of the buds, and the whole is taken off as soon as there
is no danger from frost. The use of corn fodder laid on the
rafters about two feet thick would be easier, and would prob-
ably answer an excellent purpose.
The earliest and hardiest sorts should be selected for these
experiments, among which may be named Cooledge’s Favo-
rite, Hale, Early York, Cole Red, and Barnard.
VARIETIES.
While the pear and apple are chiefly affected by the influ-
ence of soil, the variations in the quality of the peach result
mostly from the effects of climate. Fine American varieties
are pronounced worthless in England. In this country, some,
often delicious, are of little value in unfavorable seasons.
Some which succeed finely as far south as Philadelphia lose
much by removal to Western New York, from the slightly
diminished warmth of the summers.
A large number of seedlings of high quality have been pro-
duced in this country, but as they vary but slightly and do
not excel other named and known sorts, it becomes desirable
not to extend the present list, unless by those decidedly supe-
rior to existing first-rate varieties. The similarity in quality
and the comparative shortness of the fruit season render a
small selection sufficient for ordinary collections. Hence the
main object of the following descriptive list is to define the
characters of described or well-known sorts, and point out
those most worthy of cultivation in our climate.
While the foregoing holds true with respect to the varieties
more particularly described in the pages immediately follow-
ing, a very large number selected from the more recent
introductions has been added in the present edition to the
list given in the descriptive index. It is not pretended, how-
ever, that even together the large number of varieties named
embrace all that may be described or offered for sale by
nurserymen, nor are included those which are more pecul
iarly adopted for cultivation in the Pacific States.
THE PEACH. 475
SYNOPSIS OF ARRANGEMENT.
The fruit of different varieties of the peach is marked with
but few distinctive characters. A similarity in outline, tex-
ture, color, and flavor, more nearly than exists in the apple,
pear, and some other kinds, renders it necessary to resort to
other points of distinction. The peach presents characters for
this purpose not found in other fruits.
1. The Divisions are founded on the adherence or separation
of the flesh from the stone, distinguishing clingstones and
freestones; or, more prop-
erly, on the firm or melt-
ing texture of the flesh,
indicated by the terms Za-
vies and melters.
2. The Divisions are sub-
divided into Classes, em-
bracing gale or light-colored
flesh and deep yellow flesh.
3. The Sections are found-
ed on the glands of the a) a Ae
Jeaves. Section I. compre- Tiere pea tease
hends those whose leaves
are deeply and sharply serrate (or cut like saw-teeth), and
having no glands (or gum-like minute knobs) at the base
(Fig. 631). Section II. contains those whose leaves are
crenate or serrulate (with shallower and more rounded
teeth), and having globose glands (Fig. 632). Section III.
includes all those whose leaves are crenate or serrulate,
having reniform or kidney-shaped glands (Fig. 633). “The
form of the glands,” observes Lindley, “as well as their
position, is perfectly distinct; they are fully developed
in the month of May, and they continue to the last per-
manent in their character, and are not affected by cultiva-
tion. The globose glands are situated, one, two, or more on
the foot-stalks, and one, two, or more on the “¢%s or points of
the serratures of the leaves. The reniform glands grow also
on the foot-stalks of the leaves, but those on the leaves are
placed within the serrature, connecting, as it were, the upper
476 THE PEACH,
and lower teeth of the serratures together; their leaves, when
taken from a branch of a vigorous growth, have more glands
than the leaves of the globose varieties. It will, however,
sometimes happen that glands are not discernible on some of
the leaves. especially on
those produced on weak
branches; in this case, other
branches must be sought
for which do produce them.”
4. The sections thus form-
ed are each divided into two
subsections; the first embrac-
ing those which have large
flowers, as in Fig. 634; and the second including such as bear
small flowers, Fig. 635. The sub-sections are in most cases
distinctly marked; but a few doubtful intermediate flowers
may be immediately referred to one or the other by the
color of the petals, the smaller being reddish or pink, and the
larger nearly white, or with light margins. In the following
revision, the leaf characters of some varieties have not been
studied.
FIG. 634. FIG. 635.
Large and Small Flowers of the Peach.
DIVISION I.—FREESTONES OR MELTERS.
Crass I. Fires Pate or Licut-Cotorep.
Sectton I, Leaves serrated, without glands.
Belle de Vitry. (Admirable Tardive.) Size medium, approaching
oblate; apex depressed, suture deep; skin nearly white, tinged
and marbled with bright and dull red; flesh rather firm, red at
the stone, juicy, and rich. Flowers small. Quite late, or last of
September. This is quite distinct from the Late Admirable, which
ripens two weeks earlier; and from the Early Admirable, often
known by the name of Belle de Vitry, and which ripens six weeks
oe iliet Both of the latter have crenate leaves with globose
glands.
Double Mountain, (Double Montagne.) Medium insize, roundish,
natrow at apex; surface pale greenish-white, with a slight soft
red cheek, marbled darker; flesh white to the stone, delicate:
stone ovate and rugged. Flowers small. Ripens at the end of
summer. French.
Early Anne. _ (Green Nutmeg.) Rather small, round; surface
greenish-white, becoming nearly white, sometimes faintly tinged
with red to the sun ; flesh white to the stone, sweet, pleasant, with
THE PEACH. 477
a faint mingling of avinous flavor. Stone light-colored, small, un-
commonly smooth. Shoots with a light greén cast. Very early.
The tree at the North is very tender, and the young shoots are
often winter-killed, which, with its slow growth and deficient
productiveness, render it unprofitable for general cultivation.
Flowers large, white. English, old.
Early Chelmsford. (Mammoth.) Large, roundish, suture clear
round, deep on one side; white, with a bright red cheek; flesh
white, juicy, melting, slightly vinous, excellent. End of August.
Succeeds well North and South.
Early Tillotson.* Size medium ; round, or nearly globular; thickly
dotted with red on a nearly white ground in the shade, dark deep
red in the sun; flesh whitish, red at the stone, to which the flesh
partially adheres; juicy, rich, high flavored, more of a nutmeg
and less of a vinous flavor than the Early York, and ripening
about the same time or a few days earlier, or the early part ani
middle of August. Flowers small. Its time of maturity is often
somewhat variable, even on the same tree. The young trees are
of slow growth, and the leaves liable to mildew, from both of
which it gradually recovers as the tree advances in size. Origin,
Cayuga County, N. Y, Succeeds well and is very valuable at the
South, where it 1ipens in June.
Early York.* (True Early York, Early York of Downing, Early
Purple erroneously.) Size medium, roundish oval, suture slight ;
dotted with red on greenish-white in the shade, dark red to the
sun; flesh very tender and full of juice, rich, with a faint min-
gling of acid. Quite early, or middle of August. Growth rather
free for a serrate-leaved peach. Very productive and, from its
earliness, of great value. Differs from the large Early York by
its large flowers, cut leaves, oval fruit, and earlier maturity.
Flowers large. English.
Emperor of Russia. (Cut-leaved, Serrated, Unique.) Fruit large,
approaching oblate, one-half more swollen; surface rather downy,
dull yellowish-white, with a dark red cheek; flesh yellowish-white,
rather firm, rich, high flavored. Flowers small. End of summer.
Although the flavor is first-rate, it is a poor grower and a poor
bearer. Origin, New York.
Fulkerson. Medium, obtuse, roundish; suture extending half round,
sides unequal; skin whitish, with a rich red cheek; flesh whitish,
red at stone, juicy, rich, sweet. Last half of August. Ohio.
Gorgas. Rather large, roundish, apex pointed, skin yellowish-
white, clouded with red to the sun, suture indistinct, cavity large;
flesh whitish, stained at stone, juicy, rich, of excellent quality.
Late in September. Philadelphia, Pa.
alta. (Italian.) Rather large, roundish, slightly flattened, su-
ae Beh alia Ctece pale, dull green, blotched and
spotted with dull purple next the sun; flesh greenish, slightly
red at the stone, very juicy, melting, rich, with an excellent sub-
acid, vinous flavor. Ripens end of summer. A moderate bearer.
Shoots slightly liable to mildew. A spurious sort, with globose
glands and of inferior quality, has been generally disseminated
in this country. Flowers large.
478 THE PEACH.
Mountain Rose.* Medium large, round; skin white with a dark
red cheek; flesh éntirely free, white, very juicy, sweet, ~ best.
Early to mid-season. One of the best early market or dessert
varieties. Widely grown. New Jersey.
Noblesse. (Vanguard, Mellish’s Favorite.) Large, round-oblong
or oval, slightly narrower at apex, and terminated by a short
acute point; skin pale green, clouded and shaded with light dull
red to the sun; flesh pale greenish-white to stone, very juicy, with
a very rich high flavor. Tree of rather slow growth and liable to
mildew, the only drawback on the value of this excellent peach.
Ripens end of summer and the beginning of autumn. English.
Flowers large.
Red Rareripe. (Early Red Rareripe, Large Red.) Rather large,
globular, broad, and depressed, suture broad and deep, passing
nearly round the fruit; skin nearly white, with red dots in the
shade, and a rich dark-red cheek in the sun; flesh whitish red at
the stone, juicy, rich, and high flavored. Ripens during the last
two weeks of summer. Flowers small. Resembles the Royal
George, but superior in quality. Both are subject to mildew of
the leaves.
Royal Charlotte. Rather large, approaching ovate, base slightly
wider than apex, suture moderate; skin pale greenish-white, with
a deep-red marbled cheek; flesh white, pale red at the stone,
juicy, rich, fine. Flowers small. First of autumn.
Royal George. (Early Royal George.) Rather large, globular,
broad and depressed, or inclining to oblate; suture deep at apex,
passing two-thirds round the fruit; skin nearly white, thickly
dotted with red, with a broad, deep, rich red, slightly marbled
cheek, flesh whitish, very red at the stone, juicy, and rich.
Ripens a week or two before the end of summer. Flowers small.
A moderate bearer. Shoots liable to mildew.
Stevens Rareripe.* Large, round-ovate; skin yellowish white
with a crimson cheek; flesh white, free, juicy, very good. Me-
dium late. Considered a profitable market variety in the East.
New Jersey.
Sweetwater. (Serrate-leaved.) Is aseedling of the Early Anne but
twice its size, resembling it in general character ; ripening a week
later, and, being too tender at the North and a miserable bearer,
it is of little value.
The Sweetwater of Downing has globose glands, and is a dis-
tinct fruit—which see,
Walburton Admirable. Large, roundish, greenish-white, dark-red
in sun; flesh white, red at stone, juicy, sweet. Middle and last
of September. English.
Section 11, Leaves crenate, with &lobose glands,
Alexander.* Medium, white, covered deep red; flesh white, firm,
juicy, sweet; pit nearly free; flowers large. An extra early
variety. Good market peach. Very difficult to distinguish from
Amsden; has many synonyms. Illinois,
THE PEACH. 479
Amsden.* Size medium, roundish; shaded and mottled red; flesh
melting, juicy, very good in quality, adhering to the stone. Tree
vigorous, glands globose, flowers large. One of the earliest
peaches, ripe at the North the latter part of July, and the last of
May in the Gulf States. The Alexander closely resembles the
Amsden in every particular. There are several other new sorts
ripening about the same time, and similar in character and quality.
Astor. Large, slightly oblate, apex slightly depressed, suture dis-
tinct; surface nearly white, with a deep red cheek, stone small;
flesh very juicy, sweet, good. Flowers large. Ripens end of
summer. Origin, New York.
Barrington, Large, roundish ovate, apex rather pointed, suture on
one side, moderate; skin nearly white, with a deep red, marbled
cheek; flesh slightly red at the stone, juicy, rich, and of high
quality. Flowers large. Ripens early in autumn. Does not at-
tain its full flavor north of New York City. English.
Bellegarde. (Galande, Smooth-leaved Royal George, Violette
Hative of some, Red Magdalen erroneously.) Size medium or
large, round, regular; suture shallow, deepest at apex, with a
slight projecting point; skin nearly white, with a faint tinge of
green, and a rich red cheek, often streaked darker: flesh slightly
red at the stone, a little firm, melting, juicy, rich, and of fine
flavor. Stone rather large. End of summer. French. Flowers
small,
Carpenter’s White. Very large, round; white, slightly greenish;
flesh white to the stone, juicy, melting, rich, excellent. Middle
of October, promises well for market. Vigorous and productive.
New York City.
Champion.* Medium large, roundish; skin creamy white with a
beautiful red cheek; very handsome; flesh firm, white, juicy;
very good. Early to mid-season. Quite hardy. Excellent for
market or dessert. Illinois.
Cole’s Early Red. Size medium, roundish; suture small; skin
mostly mottled with red, with dark red on the sunny side; flesh
juicy, rich, with a pleasant and fine flavor, hardly first-rate in
quality. Flowers small. Valuable for its great productiveness
and early maturity, ripening nearly as early as the Early York.
American.
Cooledge’s Favorite.* Rather large or medium, roundish, largest
on one side; suture distinct at apex; skin nearly clear white,
mottled with red dots in the shade, and with a brilliant deep scar-
let cheek in the sun; flesh very melting and juicy, with a rich,
faintly acid flavor. Ripens about the middle of August. Home
use only. Flowers small. Origin, Watertown, Mass.
Druid Hill. Very large, roundish, cavity rather narrow, suture
slight, with a distinct but scarcely prominent point at apex; sur.
face pale greenish-white, clouded with red toward the sun; flesh
greenish-white, purple at the stone, juicy, with a rich, very good
flavor; stone long and rather compressed, much furrowed. Flow-
ers small. Ripens quite late, or latter part of September. Ori-
gin, Baltimore. ;
Early Admirable. (Admirable, Belle de Vitry erroneously.) Size
480 THE PEACH,
medium, nearly round, skin nearly white, with a red cheek; flesh
red at the stone, juicy, rich, sweet, fine. Quite early, ripening
immediately after Serrate Early York. Flowers large. French.
Favorite. Large, oblong, or oval; skin rather downy, much cov-
ered with red, very dark toward the sun; flesh red at the stone,
a little firm, juicy, with a good, vinous, but not rich flavor. Flow-
ers small. Hardy and very productive. Ripens medium or rather
late, or about the second week of September. Glands of the
leaves very small, obscure, or none. American.
Fay’s Early Ann. A seedling from the old Early Ann, glandular,
thrifty, hardy, very productive; fruit greenish-white, rather small,
of good and agreeable flavor. Ripens with the Tillotson, and
valuable for its earliness.
Fox’s Seedling.* Medium, round, slightly compressed, cavity
narrow; white, with a red cheek; juicy, sweet, good. Flowers
small. Season late. New Jersey.
George the Fourth. Large, round, suture deep and broad, one-
half slightly larger; skin nearly white in the shade, dotted red
with a deep red cheek; flesh slightly red at the stone, melting,
juicy, rich, excellent. Flowers small. Ripens at the end of sum-
mer. Branches rather more diverging than usual, leaves pale
green, often glandless. Crops moderate, one cause of its excel-
lence. Origin, New York.
Green Catherine. Large, round, pale green, with a red cheek;
flesh bright red at the stone, tender, juicy, rather acid. Season
rather late; does not ripen rich as far North as the forty-third de-
gree of latitude. Flowers small.
Grosse Mignonne.* Large, roundish, slightly oblate, apex de-
pressed, with a deep suture; skin tinged with greenish-yellow,
mottled with red, and with a purplish red cheek; flesh reddened
at the stone, juicy, with a very rich, high, and somewhat vinous
flavor; stone small, very rough. Early, the last two weeks of
August. Of French origin. Flowers large. The peach usually
cultivated in this country under this name, although an excellent
variety, is not the genuine Grosse Mignonne, but differs in its
small flowers.
Haines’ Early Red. Medium, round; flattened at apex, suture dis-
tinct; skin whitish, with a deep red cheek; flesh whitish, juicy,
melting, sweet, excellent. MiddJe to end of August. Flowers
small.
Hales’ Early.* Medium, nearly round; skin mottled red, dark red
cheek ; flesh white, melting, juicy, and high flavored, semi-cling.
Flowers large. Last of July and first of August. Tree vigorous,
healthy, an abundant bearer, ripening ten days or two weeks
before any other good variety.
Hastings Rareripe. Rather large, roundish, sometimes slightly
flattened, skin yellowish-white, shaded purplish-red; juicy, ex-
cellent. Middle of September. Flowers small.
Jones Early. Medium, roundish, suture shallow, distinct; yellow
THE PEACH. 481
ish-white, with pale red; flesh slight! reddened at st jui
rich, excellent. Twentieth of Rueue. . Staten Island, Mae
Large Early York.* _(Early York, Honest John.) Large, roundish,
inclining to oblate in fully grown specimens, nearly white in the
shade, with red dots, and with a deep red cheek to the sun; flesh
nearly white, fine-grained, very juicy, with mild, rich, excellent
flavor. Flowerssmall. English.
The New York Rareripe * (a name which has been more or less
applied to nearly all the early red peaches sent to New York mar-
ket), or Livingston’s New York Rareripe, is usually regarded as
identical with the large Early York, but the late T. Hancock, of
Burlington, considered them distinct, the New Vork Rareripe
being rather superior, and ripening three days later.
Late Admirable. (La Royale, Bourdine, Téton de Venus, Judd’s
Melting, Motteux’s, Late Purple zucorrectly.) Quite large,
roundish, inclining to oval, with a deep suture extending nearly
round, and an acute swollen point at the apex; surface pale yel-
lowish-green, with a pale red cheek, marbled with darker red;
flesh greenish-white, red at the stone, juicy, delicate, flavor excel-
lent. Flowers small. Season rather late. Of French origin.
Late Rareripe. Large, roundish oval, apex marked with a de-
pressed suture and sunken point ; skin rather downy, pale grayish-
yellow, spotted and thickly marbled, deep dull red to the sun,
and with fawn-colored specks; flesh white, deep red at the stone;
juicy, with a very rich and high flavor. The fruit is distin-
guished by its peculiar erayzsh cast. Flowers small. Season,
the first two weeks of autumn. American.
Moore Favorite. Large, roundish; white, with a blush; flesh
white, rich, vinous. Stone small, free. Early in September.
Massachusetts.
Morris Red. Large, roundish, apex slightly depressed, suture
moderate, distinct; surface greenish-white, with a bright rich
red cheek; flesh greenish-white, quite red at the stone, juicy,
sweet, rich. Flowers small. Season, end of summer. Origin,
Philadelphia. Differs from George IV. in its darker leaves,
heavier crops, more even fruit, inferior flavor, and in ripening
a few days later.
Morrisania Pound. (Hoffman's Pound.) Very large, nearly
round, surface dull greenish-white, with a brownish-red cheek ;
flesh pale yellowish, juicy, tolerably rich. Late. Flowers small.
Origin, New York.
Nivette.* Large, roundish, sometimes slightly oval, suture slight,
apex but little depressed; surface light yellowish-green, with a
faint red cheek; flesh pale green, varying from pink to deep red
at the stone, juicy and melting, and with a very rich flavor.
Season medium, immediately preceding or ripening nearly with
Morris White, and one of the best of its season for the North.
Flowers small. Of French origin.
Oldmixon Free.* Large, roundish, slightly oval, one side swollen;
suture visible only at apex; cavity shallow; surface a pale yel-
31
482 THE PEACH,
lowish-white, marbled with red, with a deep red cheek when
fully exposed; flesh deep red at the stone, tender, rich, excellent.
Season medium, orthe first of autumn. Flower small. Succeeds
well in all localities, and has few equals as a variety for the
North, to succeed the early peaches.
President. Large, roundish oval, with little suture; skin very
downy, yellowish-white, with a tinge of green, and a dull-red
cheek; flesh nearly white, deep red at the stone, very juicy, and
with a high flavor; stone rough, to which the flesh partially
adheres. Flowerssmall. Ripens a little later than Morris White,
or middle of September.
Scott’s Early Red. Medium size, roundish, suture distinct, moder-
ate; skin nearly white, mottled and covered with red; flesh very
juicy, with a rich, fine flavor. Flowers small. Rather early, or
end of summer. New Jersey.
Scott’s Nectar. Large, roundish oblate; bright red on pale yellow;
flesh white, sweet, excellent. Early in September.
Stetson’s Seedling. Large, roundish, suture indistinct; crimson on
greenish-white; flesh white, pink at the stone, juicy, rich, excel-
lent. Last half of September. Massachusetts.
Stump.* Large, slightly oblong, red cheek; flesh white, with an
excellent flavor; free from the stone. Flowers small. Ripens
middle of September, just after Oldmixon Free, which it re-
sembles in size, appearance, and flavor. Popular in the East.
New York.
Sweetwater Early. (Downing.) Medium, roundish, suture slight ;
skin whitish, rarely with a faint blush; flesh white, slightly
stained at stone; juicy, sweet, melting, agreeable. Ripens with
Tillotson and Serrate Early York. Flowers large.
Troth’s Early.* (Troth’s Early Red.) Small, round, red; flesh
white, red at stone, not of first quality, but esteemed asa valuable
early market variety; freestone. Flowers small. Early in
August. New Jersey.
Van Zandt. Size medium, roundish, one-half larger, suture slight;
skin nearly white, with a beautifully dotted red cheek; flesh
whitish, tinted with red at the stone; juicy, sweet, of fine pleas-
ant flavor. First of autumn. Origin, Flushing, Long Island.
Flowers small.
Walter’s Early. Rather large, roundish; surface nearly white,
with a rich red cheek; flesh whitish, touched with red at the stone;
juicy, sweet, of fine flavor. Ripens the last week of summer.
Flowers small. A native of New Jersey, and is a valuable peach
at the North.
Ward’s Late.* Large, not quite of the largest size, roundish;
surface dull yellowish-white, with a red cheek, nearly the color
of the Oldmixon Free, but not soclear nor bright; flesh nearly
white, of excellent flavor. One of the finest late peaches of the
Middle States. Flowers small.
Washington. (Washington Red Freestone.) Large, somewhat
oblate, with a broad, deep suture passing nearly round; skin thin,
THE PEACH, 483
yellowish-white, with a deep crimson cheek; flesh nearly white,
tender, juicy, sweet, rich. Stone small, to which the flesh slightly
adheres. Rather late. Flowers small. Origin, New York.
White Imperial. Rather large, roundish, often slightly oblate, de-
pressed at apex, suture moderate; surface pale yellowish-white,
often with a faint tinge of green; slightly tinged and sometimes
striped with light purple to the sun; flesh very juicy, delicate,
sweet, excellent. Flowers small. A uniform moderate bearer,
and a valuable peach at the North, but worthless in Virginia.
Ripens rather early, or latter part of August. Origin, Cayuga
County, N. Y.
Section III. Leaves with reniform glands.
Baldwin’s Late. Large, oblong, pointed at apex; greenish white,
with a slight red cheek; flesh firm, juicy, good. End of October,
keeping well. Flowers small. Southern Alabama.
Baugh. Medium, roundish, slightly pointed, suture obscure; flesh
yellowish-white, quite white at the stone; melting, juicy, with a
sweet, pleasant flavor—free from the stone. First of October.
Georgia.
Brevoort.* (Brevoort’s Morris, Brevoort’s Seedling Melter.) Me-
dium or large, round, and slightly oblate, suture distinct, deep at
apex; skin nearly white or with a faint dingy hue, with a bright-
red cheek; flesh rather firm, slightly red at stone, rich, sweet and
high flavored. Flowers small. First of autumn. Moderately
and uniformly productive. Origin, New York.
Chancellor. (Late Chancellor, Noisette.) Large oval, suture dis-
tinct; skin nearly white, with a dark crimson cheek; flesh deep
red at the stone, with a rich, vinous flavor, stone oblong. Flow-
erssmall. Late. Of French origin.
Columbus June. Medium to large, flattened at apex; skin pale yel-
lowish-white, with a rich, red cheek; flesh slightly reddened at
stone, melting, of excellent flavor. Flowers small, Georgia,
where it ripens the twentieth of June.
Early Newington Free. Size medium, roundish, one-half
always larger, suture distinct; surface nearly white, dotted and
streaked with red, the cheek a rich red; flesh white, red at the
stone, at first wholly adhering, but as it ripens partially separat-
ing from it, juicy, rich, fine. Flowers small. A valuable early
variety, ripening immediately after the Early York.
Early Purple. (Pourprée HAtive, Pourprée HA&tive 4 Grandes
Fleurs.) Size medium, globular, depressed, a deep suture across
the apex; skin light yellow, wth a mottled, purplish-red cheek ;
flesh red at the stone, melting, juicy, with a high flavor; stone
broad and rough; season early, or middle or latter part of August.
Flowers large. Rare inthis country. The Early York has been
propagated under this name in portions of this country, and the
Grosse Mignonne in Europe, from both of which it differs in the
glands of its leaves.
484 THE PEACH.
Henry Clay. Very large, deep purple in sun; flesh grayish-white,
delicate, tender, peculiar flavor. First of August at the South,
September at the North. Mississippi.
Jones Large Early. Large, roundish, flattened at ends, suture
deep ; skin white, shaded deep crimson; flesh white, pink at stone,
juicy, rich, excellent. Middle of August. Staten Island, N. Y.
Kenrick. (Kenrick’s Heath.) Very large, oblong, suture slight,
apex pointed; surface pale greenish-white, with a purplish red
cheek ; flesh deep red at the stone, rather coarse, very juicy, sub-
acid, often poor; when well grown in some localities, it preves a
good sub-acid peach. Flowers small. Season medium, or rather
late. New England. Valued for drying.
Lady Parham. Large, roundish, suture distinct, yellowish-white,
downy; flesh pale, red at the stone, firm, with a rich, vinous
flavor. October. Georgia.
La Grange. Large, oblong, surface pale greenish-white, rarely
tinged with red by the sun; flesh juicy, with rich, fine flavor.
Flowers small. Quite late. Origin, Burlington, N. J., and does
not attain a fine flavor much farther North.
Montgomery’s Late. Large, round, skin downy, yellowish-white,
with a dull red cheek; flesh whitish, red at stone, juicy, melting,
very good. September. Georgia.
Morris White.* (Morris’ White Rareripe, White Rareripe, Lady
Ann Steward.) Rather large, roundish, or roundish-oval, often
obscurely obovate or a little larger toward the apex, suture small;
surface rather downy, of apale creamy white at maturity, rarely
tinged with purple to the sun; flesh slightly firm, wholly white,
very free from the drab stone, melting, juicy, with a good, rich
flavor; hardly of the highest quality at the North, better in the
Middle States; very popular everywhere. Season medium, or
early in autumn. Good for home use.
Cole’s White Melocoton, as usually cultivated, is a synonym; but
when genuine, is quite distinct, according to the late T. Hancock,
being larger, heavier, and rounder, and ripening two weeks later.
Flowers small.
President Church, Large, roundish-oval, suture slight; pale red in
shade, dark red in sun, handsome; flesh white, pale red at stone,
very juicy, melting, and of delicious flavor. Middle of September.
Georgia. ‘
Scott’s Magnate. Large, roundish-oblate; pale yellow, with a dark
red cheek; flesh white, very good. Early in September.
Snow.* Large, globular, suture distinct only at apex; skin thin,
wholly white; flesh white to the stone, tree, juicy, sweet, rich.
First of autumn. Flowers small. Very variable, sometimes
worthless for the table. A beautiful peach for preserving.
Strawberry. (Rose.) Size medium, oval, cavity deep, suture
passing half round; surface mostly marbled with deep red;
flesh whitish, free, melting, rich, of fine favor, Flowers small,
Early. New Jersey.
THE PEACH. 485
Cuiass II. Fieso Derr YELLow.
Section 1. Leaves crenated, with globose glands.
Baltimore. (Baltimore Beauty.) Rather small, round-oval; skin
deep orange, with a bright-red cheek; flesh yellow, red at the
stone, sweet, good; mealy when over-ripe. Quite early. Flowers
large. Origin, Baltimore, where it is good, but it proves of
third-rate quality at the North.
Barnard.* (Early Barnard, Yellow Barnard.) Rather large,
roundish, suture distinct, mostly covered with dark brownish-
red; flesh deep yellow, red at stone, juicy, rich, very good. ‘Tree
hardy and a great bearer. Flowers small. This is a seedling of
the Yellow Alberge, which it much exceeds in quality.
Brigdon.* (Garfield.) Medium, round-ovate; skin yellow, hand-
somely cheeked; flesh juicy, rich, very good. Mid-season. A
popular market variety in Central New York. Of the Crawford
type. New York.
Crawford’s Early.* (Early Crawford, Crawford’s Early Meloco-
ton.) Very large, oblong-oval, sometimes round-oval; apex
with a prominent point, suture shallow, surface yellow, witha
red cheek; flesh very juicy, rich, slightly sub-acid, of good but
not the highest flavor. End of summer and beginning of autumn.
Productive. Flowers small. Ranks very high in the Northern,
Middle, and Western States, asa market variety. Origin, New
Jersey.
Crawford’s Late.* (Crawford’s Late Melocoton.) Very large
roundish, suture shallow, distinct; surface yellow, with a broad,
dark-red cheek; flesh red at the stone, rich, juicy, vinous, good.
Quite late, or latter part of September. Flowers small. Origin,
New Jersey. ‘The common Red Cheek Melocoton is cultivated
in some localities under this name. Often a poor bearer.
Crosby.* ‘Tree prolific, exceptionally hardy ; fruit medium, round,
orange-yellow, splashed with red; flesh yellow, red at the pit
juicy, rich, Mid-season, A popular market sort. Fruit apt to
be small and inferior unless heavily thinned. Massachusetts.
Elberta.* Medium to above average size, round-oval, strongly
sutured ; lemon yellow, blush on sunny side; flesh pale yellow,
tender, juicy. Tree vigorous, large leaves, hardy. A cross of
Chinese Cling and Crawford Early. A good shipper. Can be
gathered before it is ripe and will ripen up without rotting. 'Me-
dium late. One of the best of the new varieties. Origin,
Georgia.
Foster.* Very large, roundish, slightly flattened; skin yellow;
flesh rich, juicy, quality very good to best. One of the finest
varieties for general culture. Widely grown for market. Mid-
season. Massachusetts.
486 THE PEACH.
Jaques. (Jaques’ Rareripe.) Very large, roundish, slightly ob-
late, suture distinct, one side slightly larger, surface a little
uneven; surface deep yellow, variously shaded with red; flesh
deep yellow, red at the stone, of good but not of the highest
flavor. Shoots diverging. Flowers small. Ripens at the end of
summer. Origin, Massachusetts.
Lincoln. Large, roundish, suture large; skin downy, mostly dark
purplish-red; flesh tinged with red at stone, juicy, excellent.
Through September. Massachusetts.
Merriam. Very large, roundish-oval, with a bright red cheek;
melting, juicy, sweet, rich. First of October.
Mrs. Poinsette. Large, globular; skin yellow, brown to the sun;
flesh juicy, melting, rich, excellent. South Carolina, where it
Tipens early in August.
Muir.* A very large, yellow fleshed freestone of finest quality.
Mid-season. It is highly valued on the Pacific coast for drying
and for market. California.
Poole’s Large Yellow. Large, roundish, suture half round; dark
red on deep yellow; flesh yellow, red at stone, rich, juicy, very
good. Last of September. Near Philadelphia, Pa.
Red Cheek Melocoton. Large, roundish oval, with a point at
apex; surface yellow, with a deep red cheek; flesh red at the
stone, juicy, with a good, rich, vinous flavor, not of first-rate
quality. Ripens rather late, or during the last half of Septem-
ber; in the Middle States about the first of autumn. Flowers
small, Formerly extensively cultivated as a market peach; now
superseded by varieties of the Crawford type.
Reeves Favorite.* Large, roundish oval, pointed, witha fine red
cheek; yellow flesh, melting, vinous, good. Middle of Septem-
ber, New Jersey. Excellent for home use.
Salway.* Large, roundish ovate. Yellow, with a crimson cheek;
flesh deep yellow, red at the pit; sweet, juicy, good. Late.
Valued as one of the best late peaches for market where it will
ripen. England.
Scott Nonpariel. Large, roundish, slightly oblong; surface deep
yellow with ared cheek, resembling Crawford’s Late, but sweeter.
Flowers small. Origin, Burlington, N. J., where it ripens about
the 12th of September.
Tuft’s Rareripe. Medium, roundish, with a bright-red cheek, melt-
ing, sweet, rich. Last half of September.
Yellow Alberge. (Purple Alberge, Yellow Rareripe erroneously.)
Size medium, roundish, suture distinct, passing half round; skin
yellow, with a deep purplish red cheek; flesh deep red at the
stone, juicy, sweet, pleasant, of moderate flavor.
THE PEACH. 487
Yellow Admirable. (Abricotée, Admirable Jaune, Orange Peach,
Apricot Peach.) Large, roundish oval. suture small, and on one
side only, surface wholly yellow, or faintly reddened next the
sun; flesh slightly red at the stone, firm, and rather dry; flavor
Sweet and agreeable, stone small: season very late. Flowers
large. Of French origin. Adapted to the Middle States.
Yellow Rareripe. (Large Yellow Rareripe.) Large, roundish,
suture a little sunken, extending more than half around, witha
small point at apex; skin deep orange yellow, with a rich red
cheek with faint streaks: flesh deep yellow, red at the stone,
juicy, melting, with a very good vinous flavor. Stone small.
End of August. Flowers small.
Yellow St. John.* Medium large, round; orange yellow with a red
blush on sunny side; flesh tender, juicy, very good. Popular in
:many sections as an excellent yellow-fleshed freestone for the
early market.
Section 1], Leaves with reniform glands.
Bergen’s Yellow.* Very large, round, slightly oblate; suture
distinct, passing more than half round; surface deep orange,
with a broad deep red cheek; flesh juicy, rich, excellent. Ripens
the first of autumn. Flowers small. his is perhaps the finest
of all yellow-fleshed peaches. Origin, Long Island, N. Y.
It differs from the Yellow Rareripe in its more oblate form, darker
color, superior flavor, and later maturity, and in its reniform
glands. ‘Tree of feeble growth.
Columbia. Large, roundish-oblate; suture distinct, passing half
way round; skin rough, rather thick, dull dingy red, with spots
of darker red; flesh yellow, rich, juicy, of excellent flavor.
Origin, Georgia. Ripens early in autumn. Shoots dark reddish
purple. Flowers small.
Hill’s Chili.* Tree unusually productive; fruit medium large,
oval, yellow and red; flesh rather dry, good. Season medium to
late. Esteemed for market and for drying, especially in New
York. It comes nearly true from seed and there are several sub-
varieties. New York.
Smith Favorite. Large, roundish; suture deep, deep rich red on
yellow ; juicy, rich, very good. Lasthalfof September. Valuable.
Smock Free.* (Beer’s Smock.) Large, oval, base rather narrow;
orange-red on yellow: flesh bright yellow, red at stone; moder-
ately juicy and rich. Good drying variety. First of October.
A standard late variety. New Jersey.
Susquehanna.* Very large, nearly round; skin rich yellow, with a
red cheek ; flesh sweet, juicy, rich, vinous, best. First to middle
of September. Pennsylvania. Widely distributed and popular.
Triumph.* Medium to large, round, yellow and red; flesh deep
yellow, semi-cling, juicy, very good. Ripens near Alexander.
One of the best very early yellow-fleshed varieties, Popular in
the South. Georgia.
488 THE PEACH,
DIVISION II.—CLINGSTONES OR PAVIES.
Cuass I. FiesH Pate or LicHt-CoLorep.
Section 1. Leaves serrated, without glands.
Old Newington. (Newington, Large Newington.) Large, round-
ish, suture slight; surface nearly white, with a fine red cheek,
somewhat streaked with darker red; flesh nearly white, deep
red at the stone; partly melting, juicy, rich. Season rather late,
or middle of September. Flowers large.
A sub-variety, cultivated to a considerable extent in this country,
has globose glands.
Smith Newington. (Early Newington.) Size medium, roundish
oval, narrower at apex, one side slightly enlarged; surface pale
yellow, with a lively red cheek, streaked with purple; flesh
bright red at the stone, juicy, good. Ripens end of summer.
Flowers large. \
This is of English origin, and is quite distinct from the Early
Newington Freestone, a melting (not firm-fleshed) peach, often
adhering to the stone.
Section 11, Leaves crenate, with globose glands.
Large White Cling.* Large, round, sutures light, point at apex
small; skin white, dotted with red, or with a light-red cheek next
the sun; flesh very juicy, sweet, rich, and high-flavored. Season,
early in autumn. Flowers small. Origin, New York.
Oldmixon Cling.* Large, roundish oval, suture distinct only at
apex, fruit slightly larger on one side; surface yellowish-white,
dotted with red, or with a red cheek; flesh juicy, rich, with a
high flavor. Flowers small. Ripens first of autumn. This is
one of the finest of clingstone peaches,
Section 11f. Leaves with reniform glands.
Catherine. (Catherine Cling.) Large, roundish oval, swollen most,
on one side, with a small point at apex; surface pale yellow-
ish-green, thickly dotted and with a cheek of red, with darker
streaks; flesh firm, dark red at the stone, juicy, rich, fine. Season
late. Flowers small. Of English origin. The fruit of this
variety and of the Old Newington and Oldmixon Cling considera-
bly resemble each other, but all differ in the glands of the leaves.
Chinese Cling. Large, round-conic, suture shallow; fine red on
yellowish white; flesh white, red at the stone, rich, vinous, good.
Middle of September—middle of summer at the South. China.
Donahoo Cling. Very large, roundish, suture deep on one side;
creamy white. tinged red in the sun; flesh white to the stone, juicy,
rich, excellent. Georgia, where it ripens middle of September,
THE PEACH, 489
Hyslop. Large, roundish oval; crimson on white; juicy, rich,
vinous. First of October.
Heath.* (Heath Cling, White Heath, White English, Eliza Thomas,
Potters’ September, Rany, White Globe.) Very large, oblong-
oval, the largest specimens nearly round, with a large, conspicu-
ous point at the apex; suture distinct on one side; surface quite
downy, pale yellowish-white, sometimes faintly tinged with red
next the sun; flesh exceedingly juicy, becoming melting, with a
sweet, very high, rich, and excellent flavor; leaves large, wavy,
deep green, slightly crenate. Flowers small. Season very late,
about mid-autumn, and the fruit may be kept nearly till winter.
At the North it matures fully in the warmest seasons only; and
never attains its full size, which is about three inches in diameter,
unless much thinned on the branches, to effect which a thorough
shortening-in is the best mode. Origin, Maryland. Tree quite
hardy and vigorous. In Southern Virginia, the Heath is rather
an uncertain peach, but when perfect it ripens there the first fort-
night in autumn. It is known also as Henrietta, but should not
be confounded with a yellow peach of this name.
Pavie de Pompone. Very large, roundish-oval, suture distinct on
one side; a deep red cheek on yellowish-white ground; flesh deep
ted at stone, juicy, sweet, good. Flowers large. First of Octo-
ber. French.
Rodman’s Cling. (Red Cling.) Large, oblong; red next the sun;
flesh whitish, firm, juicy. Last of September. Flowers small.
American.
Shanghae. Large, oval, flattened, suture distinct, deepened at
apex; skin greenish-yellow, shaded pale red; flesh greenish-yel-
low, melting, juicy, with a high, vinous flavor. First half of
September.
Crass II. Fires Drep YELLow.
Section I, Leaves serrate, without glands.
Orange Cling.* Large, round, suture distinct, passing nearly
round with a point at the apex; surface deep orange, with a dark-
red cheek; flesh rather firm, rich, juicy, vinous. Season, early
in autumn. Flowers small. Largely grown in California,
Section 11, Leaves with reniform glands.
Blanton Cling. Large, oval, pointed; skin rich orange, with a
slightly reddened cheek ; flesh orange-yellow, firm, vinous, good.
Lemon Cling.* (Kennedy’s Cling, Pine-Apple Cling, Yellow Pine-
Apple.) Large, oblong-oval, slightly narrowed at apex, termi-
nated by a large prominent point; surface deep yellow, with a
dark brownish-red cheek; flesh firm, slightly red at the stone,
with a rich, vinous, sub-acid flavor. Flowers small. Rather
late. Tree productive, hardy. Origin, South Carolina,
490 THE PEACH.
Tippecanoe. Large, nearly round, slightly compressed; surface
yellow, with a red cheek ; flesh yellow, juicy, vinous, good. Quite
late. Flowers small. A native of Philadelphia; of little value
much farther North. New.
Washington Cling. Size medium, roundish; surface yellowish-
green, with gray specks, and with a slight tinge of red to the
sun; not handsome; flesh very tender, sweet, high-flavored.
Flowers small. Quite late.
Crass III]. FLesH PurpiisH CRIMSON,
Section 1. Glands reniform.
Blood Cling.* (Claret Clingstone, Blood Cling.) Large, often very
large, roundish-oval, suture distinct; skin quite downy, dark,
dull, clouded, purplish-red; flesh deep red throughout, firm,
juicy, valuable for culinary purposes. Verylate. Flowers small.
The French Blood Clingstone, the parent of the preceding, only
differs from it in its smaller size and large flowers.
The Blood Freestone is somewhat smaller and of less value.
“
CHAPTER XXX.
THE PEAR.
THE Pear, when grown to full perfection, is distinguished
for its great delicacy, its melting and juicy texture, and its
mild, rich, and delicious flavor. Excelling the apple in these
particulars, it falls below it in importance in consequence of
the less uniformly healthy habit of the tree.
PROPAGATION,
The best trees are raised from seedling stocks; suckers,
unless unusually furnished with fibrous roots, are of crooked,
one-sided, and stunted growth.
Raising the Seedlings.—The seeds, after separation from the
fruit, should be kept as already described for apple-seeds, by
mixing with sand or leaf-mould. The soil for the seed-bed
should be unusually deep and fertile, rather damp than other-
wise, and should have a good manuring with lime and ashes
and an abundant supply of peat or muck, if the soil is not
already largely furnished by nature with this ingredient.
The mode of sowing the seeds may be the same as that de-
scribed for the apple, in drills from one to two feet apart.
The more thinly they are sown, the less will be the danger of
disaster from the leaf-blight; and for this reason, drills near
together, with the seeds somewhat sparingly scattered in
them, will be found best.
The leaf-blight is the most serious evil met with in the cul-
ture of pear-seedlings. It is more formidable in some seasons
than in others. Commencing about midsummer, sometimes
earlier, but more frequently later, it is first indicated by the
leaves in certain parts of the seed-beds turning brown; in a
few days they fall off; other portions of the beds are succes-
4gt
492 THE PEAR.
sively attacked, till all the seedlings become more or less de-
nuded, those last affected occtipying the most favorable por-
tions of the soil. As a necessary consequence, growth
immediately ceases; and if they are attacked early, and have
made but little previous growth, they are nearly ruined, and
few will survive the succeeding winter, for they never make
asecond growth the same year of any value. But if their
previous growth has been vigorous, and the blight appears
late in summer, much less injury is sustained. The best
remedy is high cultivation, on good new soil, and taking out
daily every diseased tree.
Wintering the Young Seedlings.—The frequent destruction of
the trees the first winter is another serious evil. The danger
is least with those that have made the best well-ripened
growth; hence it becomes very important to secure healthful
vigor by the adoption of the cultivation previously mentioned.
But in many localities, pear seedlings, which are always re-
markably free from fibrous or lateral roots the first year, are
drawn out by the freezing of the soil, and either destroyed or
greatly injured. Several modes have been proposed to pre-
vent this result, and have been tried to a greater or less ex-
tent. One isto induce the emission of lateral roots, by taking
up the young seedlings from the thickly sown beds early in
the season, and, as soon as four leaves have appeared, cut off
their tap-roots and reset them in the nursery-rows. Robert
Nelson, of Newburyport, Mass., pursued this course with great
success; but its general utility may be questioned, except dur-
ing arainy period or on favorable soils, unless abundant water-
ing isgiven. A more easy as well as safe mode would perhaps
be to cut off the tap-roots, at the same age, by means of a
sharp spade thrust beneath the soil, and without transplant-
ing. Neither of these modes could be successfully applied
except to large, vigorous seedlings growing in deep, rich soil.
But where tne growth of lateral roots has not been effected,
and the consequent danger is greater of their being drawn
upward by frost, much protection may be given them by
covering the whole ground with forest leaves to a depth of
several inches; and, if the rows are near each other and the
trees several inches or a foot high, they will prevent the leaves
from being swept off by the winds. The incursion of mice
THE PEAR, 493
may be avoided by placing the seed-beds as near as practi-
cable to the middle of a clean ploughed field, and by encircling
the ground with a bank or ridge of fresh earth thrown up for
this purpose, about afoot high. Mice will not pass such a
boundary under the snow.
Taking up the seedlings late in autumn, and burying them
in a cellar, or laying them in by the roots and nearly covering
the whole stems, will preserve them safely.
Budding may be performed the first summer after transplant-
ing if the stocks have made a good growth. The manage-
ment of the young trees is the same as for apples, by grafting
or budding near the surface of the ground, and heading down,
trimming, and cultivation. But as pear-stocks are valuable,
budding is to be preferred to grafting, because it may be re-
peated in case of failure. Pear stocks are usually imported,
since it is cheaper to import than to raise them. They come
chiefly from France. Root-grafting is not employed.
DwarF PEARS.
For orchard culture, and in most parts of the country where
the pear flourishes with great vigor and proves highly produc-
tive, pear-stocks will doubtless always be found preferable to
all others. The advantages of a dwarf growth on dissimilar
stocks have been already pointed out under the head of stocks.
Such trees are not so long-lived as on pear-roots, and they
require more thorough and fertile culture, and care in prun-
‘ing. But they have some important advantages, such as com-
ing soon into bearing, occupying a fifth part of the ground,
thriving in many soils where pear-stocks will not, and in a
few instances improving the quality of the fruit.
Tne only reliable stock is the French quince. Nearly all
the experiments with the mountain ash have sooner or later
proved failures. Budded or grafted upon apple seedlings,
pears sometimes make a feeble growth for a few years; but
unless the grafts themselves throw out roots, by planting
beneath the surface, they sooner or later perish. It some-
times happens that grafts of a few varieties inserted at stand-
ard height grow and bear for a few years. The thorn has
been used in England, and to some extent in this country, with
494 THE PEAR.
partial success. But all other kinds of dissimilar stocks have
given way to the guince, which is much superior for general
use to any other.
The varieties of the pear do not grow with equal facility
upon the quince. A few, as the Angouléme, Louise Bonne,
and Diel, are so much improved in quality that their cultiva-
tion on pear-stocks is discontinued by most fruit-growers. A
large number flourish well, but are little changed in quality,
as White Doyenné and Dearborn’s Seedling. A few, on the
other hand, succeed badly or wholly refuse to grow upon
quince stocks, without double working, which consists in first
budding some freely growing pear upon the quince bottom,
and then budding or grafting the “refractory” sort into the
pear-shoot.
As a general rule, double-worked trees do not flourish for
a great length of time. Single-worked have done well for
fifty or sixty years under favorable influences.
The following list, made out chiefly from the combined ex-
perience of European and American cultivators, may prove
valuable to those commencing with dwarf pears:
I. Pears succeeding better on quince than on pear stocks, and
which should be mostly worked as dwarfs.
Amalis. Easter.
Angouléme. Glout Morceau.
Autumn Long Green. Louise Bonne.
Diel. Vicar.
Tl. Pears usually succeeding well, both on pear and quince.
Alengon. Colmar.
Anjou. Dearborn’s Seedling.
Bloodgood. Delices Hardenpont.
Boussock. Dumas.
Buffum. Early Rousselet.
Cadette. Figue.
Capiaumont. Figue Alengon.
Catillac. Forelle.
Chaumontelle. Germain.
THE PEAR, 495
Gratioli. Oswego.
Jaminette. Poiteau.
Jargonelle. Pound.
Jodoigne. Real.
Kingsessing. Rostiezer.
Laboureur. Sterkmans.
Lamy. Stevens.
Langelier. St. Michel Archange.
Madeleine. Superfine.
Malines. Tyson.
Napoleon. Urbaniste.
Orleans, Van Mons Leon Le Clerc,
Osband White Doyenné.
Ill. Pears growing on quince but better on pear stocks.
Aremberg. Lucrative.
Bartlett. Onondaga.
Eté. Seckel.
Gray Doyenné.
IV. Pears usually failing on quince, unless double-worked.
Bose. Paradise
Dix. Sheldon.
Dunmore. Washington.
Gansel’s Bergamot. Winter Nelis.
Marie Louise.
The result is not always the same in different soils and in
different seasons. The Seckel, for instance, has wholly failed
in one year, and in another, on the same spot of ground, has
grown well. The White Doyenné grew finely one summer,
and almost totally failed the next. Some sorts which in nearly
all cases do well occasionally prove unsuccessful. A few
uniformly, in all seasons and in all soils, make a rapid and
vigorous growth, of which the Louise Bonne is perhaps the
most striking example; some others, again, invariably fail
(unless double-worked), the most prominent among which
stands the Bosc. Indeed, so averse is this variety to a union
496 THE PEAR.
with the quince, that it is by no means certain that it may not
soon failif worked in whatever manner. In some places, how-
ever, double-working has given it smooth and fair fruit where
it has been cracked and blighted on the pear. Both this and
the Flemish Beauty, as well as the Marie Louise and some
others, succeed well when grafted on the hawthorn.
The changes wrought by the quince stock are often impor-
tant and interesting. T. Rivers states that the Aremberg
FIG. 636, FIG. 637.
a, Trunk of Dwarf Pear-Tree; 5, 6, Pear-Stocks Inserted into it for New Bot-
tom; ¢, Cut for Receiving the Pear Stock; @, Pear Stock, Cut Sloping
before Insertion.
ripens several weeks earlier in winter; that the Easter is ren-
dered more productive and matures its fruit, while on the pear
it is a bad bearer, and does not ripen; that the Fortunée isa
“perfect crab” upon the pear, but on the quince is melting and
juicy; that the Glout Morceau is imperfect and ripens badly
on the pear, but is always fair and attains a high and mature
flavor on the quince. Asa general effect, the size of the fruit
is increased, but in a few cases it is rendered more gritty in
texture.
Pruning Dwarf Pears.—Dwarf pear-trees are usually pruned
into the yramidal and conical form, the latter differing only in
its broader shape. The principle to be adopted in pruning
has been already explained on a former page; the extent to
which it must be carried should be such as to keep the trees
THE PEAR, 497
within ten or twelve feet in height, and six or seven feet in
diameter at the base. A greater height increases the difficulty
of pruning. The same reason forbids the adoption of a head
with a clean stem below, as in common standards.
The pyramidal mode of pruning may be applied to pear-
trees upon pear stocks. Dwarf trees may be planted from ten
to twelve feet apart. They will always need careful attention
to pruning, and to thorough and enriched cultivation of the
ground,
In planting out the dwarf pear, the quince stock should be
planted a little below the surface to elude the borer, which
often attacks the quince, but rarely the pear. It is sometimes
planted deeper for the purpose of causing the pear to throw
out roots of itself, thus changing the dwarf to a standard.
This practice is objectionable, as such roots are apt to be few
or one-sided, inclining or prostrating the tree. It is also de-
sirable to retain the bearing character of the dwarf.
When dwarfs become old, or begin to decline, pear-roots
may be given to them, and renewed vigor imparted, by plant-
ing a small pear tree closely on each side, and, when these
become established, by inarching them into the tree, as shown
in the annexed cuts. It is performed as follows:
Make a slit in the bark of the dwarf pear-tree, a few inches
above ground, and across the lower end of the slit make a
cross-cut, so as to form an inverted 1. If the tree is large,
make a notch instead of the cut, sloping downward, the better
to admit the stock. Then bend the stock against this notch
or cross-cut, and mark it at that point. Then, with aknife set
with the edge upward at this mark, cut the stock off with a
slope two or three inches long. It is then easily bent and in-
serted into the slit (see Figs. 636 and 637). It may becovered
with grafting-wax, but grafting-clay is much better. This is
made of clay or clay-loam one part, and horse-manure two parts,
well mixed together—the addition ofa little hair is an improve-
ment. This is an Old World method which may be adaptable
to a few trees in a garden, but is not applicable to commercial
orchards. .
Horizontal training, for walls or espaliers, is very rarely
practised or needed in this country. It is occasionally em-
ployed in limited gardens, to form boundaries of walks, with-
put occupying much lateral space, and where it is desired to
32
498 THE PEAR.
grow large and fine specimens of fruit by strong exposure to
the sun. The mode may be briefly understood by the accom-
panying figure representing a partly grown tree (Fig. 638).
As the tree advances, shoots will be produced from the sides
of the horizontal arms; these must be stopped or pinched off
early in summer, to prevent their drawing too hard on the rest
of the tree, and a similar course pursued with them to that
coin aan
already described in a former chapter. The fruit-buds, and
all the shoots or spurs supporting fruit-buds, are to be cut
closely off wherever too thick for an even crop. Early in
autumn the shortened shoots are to be cut down, leaving the
fruit-buds only, tobear the next season. By this regularity
of pruning, the tree will preserve a neat appearance, and bear
regular crops.
The horizontal branches may be about one foot apart for
large pears, and eight inches for smail; and the trees, if on
quince-roots, may be about ten feet apart.
Regrafting Large Pear-Trees.—Some of the varieties de-
scribed in the following pages have already shown indications
of becoming generally affected by cracking. In such cases it
becomes desirable to regraft them with valuable sorts, or else
thoroughly to spray each year with Bordeaux mixture.
The old and common way is to cut off the trunk or a few of
the larger limbs, and insert a few grafts, say four or five in
all, and compel them to form the whole new head, requiring
the lapse of many years. A much better and more expedi-
tious mode is to scatter the grafts through the top—inserting
THE PEAR. 499
so many that, each one forming a small branch of itself, the
whole taken together will make a full top in a few years.
In order to render the operation plain, Fig. 639 is made to
represent the unchanged tree at an age of from ten to twenty
years. Many smaller branches are cut away, and those of
medium size left distributed at as regular distances as may
be. As the tendency of the growth is upward, the top should
be rather worked downward in this operation, and the side
limbs near the bottom allowed a full chance. In the ends of
these shoots some thirty or forty grafts are set, as shown in
Fig. 640. Trees of the Virgalieu or Doyenné, which had be-
come worthless by cracking, and which were large enough to
bear a bushel or two annually, have been entirely changed in
this way to better sorts, and yielding three years afterward
larger crops than ever. ,
If the labor of inserting so many grafts is too great for ordi-
nary practice, one-third or less may be set, as shown in Fig.
641.
Dwarf pear-trees of undesirable varieties may be readily
changed in this way to other sorts—the more easily because
they are lower, and accessible from the ground. Old dwarf
500 THE PEAR,
trees, which have become enfeebled by long bearing and
sparse pruning, may be thus rendered thrifty and vigorous.
With trees of large size, it may be safest to change the
upper half in one year, and the re-
mainder the next, for the purpose
of avoiding too great a check in
growth.
Younger trees, or those but a few
years old, of undesirable sorts, but of
straight growth, may be used for
stacks on which to work new heads
of crooked or slow growers at stan-
dard height. Fig. 642 represents a
tree of the Virgalieu worked over to
the Winter Nelis, the former being
a straight and handsome tree, and
the latter the most crooked grower
known. A few buds of the Winter
Nelis are inserted into the side limbs
of the Virgalieu so as to form an
even, well-balanced head. The same
result may be obtained by grafting these limbs in spring.
FIG. 642.
SYNOPSIS OF ARRANGEMENT.
Division I, SuMMER PEarRs.
Ciass I. Destinct pyréform.
Crass II. Obscure pyriform, obovate, or turbinate.
Crass IIT. Roundish or oblate.
Division II. Autumn Pears.
Crass I. Destinct pyrzform.
Crass II, Obscure pyriform, obovate, or turbinate.
Cuass III. Roundish or oblate.
Division III, Winter Pears.
Cuass I. Distinct pyriform.
Crass II. Obscure pyreform, obovate, or turbinate.
Crass III. Roundzsh or oblate,
THE PEAR, 508
FURTHER CLASSIFICATION OF FORMS.
In addition to the several general forms mentioned in the
preceding synopsis, the shape is more particularly designated
by comparison with well-known sorts. No fruit has so many
forms as the pear in its different varieties; and to assist the
fruit-grower in preserving a recollection of the distinctive
characters of each, these forms are classified in the following
pages. The distinction between pyriform, obovate, and oblate,
which constitute the three principal divisions, has been already
pointed out in the chapter on describing fruits; but there are
many subdivisions, or less distinct modifications, which, if ac-
curately observed, would additionally distinguish the differ-
ent varieties. For example, PYRIFORM pears may be divided
into Bartlett-shaped, where the general form is oblong, but
both body and neck rounded and obtuse; Winkfield-form, longer
and less obtuse; Bosc-shaped, when the body is broad and the
neck long and narrow; Zyson-form, similar to Bosc, but with
a shorter and acute neck; Urbaniste-form, shorter and less dis-
tinctly pyriform; Diel-shaped, where the body is large and
rounded, and the neck short and obtuse; Madeleine-shaped,
similar to the last, but of smaller body and lighter form.
Obovate pears may be either Doyenné-form, when they slight-
ly approach pyriform; Buffum-shaped, or distinct obovate,
when gradually rounded toward the stem with no approach
toaneck; or Bloodgood-shaped, similar to the last, but often
shorter and tapering, or rounded into the stalk.
Thesé forms are, of course, more or less variable in the
same varieties, but those more generally prevailing are
adopted.
The illustrations of fruits in this chapter are all reduced one-
half in diameter.
502 THE PEAR.
PyrirorM.—Bartlett-shaped.
FIG. 643.—Bartlett. FIG, 644.—Duval.
Winkfield-shaped.
FIG. 645.—Heyst. Fic. 646.—Winkfield. FIG. 647.—Verte Longue,
THE PEAR, 503
PyriroRM.—Bosc-form.
Fic. 648,—Bosc, Fic. 649.—Dupuy.
\
Fic. 650,—Conseiller de la Cour, FIG. 651,—Pound.
504 THE PEAR.
PyrRIFORM.—Diel-shaped.
Fic. 652.—Comice. Fic. 653.—Diel.
Fic. 654.—Onondaga, Fic. 655.—Worcester.
THE PEAR, 505
PyRIFORM.—T yson-shaped.
FIG. 656.—Brandywine (two outlines). FIG, 657.—Canas,
Fic, 658.—Wilmington. FIG. 659.—Rosabirne. FIG. 660,—Ghislain,
506 THE PEAR.
OBOVATE-PYRIFORM.—Urbaniste-form.
FIG. 661.—Urbaniste. FIG. 662.—Pratt,
Fia. 663.—Kingsessing. Fic. 664.—Kennes. FIG. 665.—Langelier.
THE PEAR, 507
OBOVATE-PYRIFORM.—Madeleine-form.
Fic. 666.—Madeleine. FIG. 667.—Alpha, Fic. 668.—Inconnue Van Mons.
OBovATE.—Doyenné-form.
FIG. 669.—Boussock, FIG. 670.—Cushing. FIG. 671.—Defais,
508 THE PEAR.
OxsovaTE.—Buffum-shaped.
Fic. 672.—Heaticot. FIG, 673.~Lewis. FIG. 674.— Dearborn.
SHORT OBOVATE.
| FIG. 675.—Cadette. Fic. 676.—Sieulle. Fic. 677.—Hiver.
THE PEAR. 509
OBOVATE-TURBINATE.—Bloodgood-shaped.
FIG. 678. FIG. 679. FIG. 680. FIG. 681.
Bloodgood, Henry IV. Dundas, Payency.
OsLaTE.—Bergamot-shaped.
Fic. 682,—Beurré Goubalt. FIG. 683.—Gansel Bergamot. FIG. 684.—Fulton,
510 THE PEAR,
The quality of pears is remarkably liable to change from
external causes.