ALBERT R. MANN LIBRARY AT CORNELL UNIVERSITY THE GIFT OF Frances Phinney, in memory of her father Mervin Phinney. Ann Cornell University Library The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924089539088 FERNS (‘IIT sadeqg 29g) ‘wq3i ay) uo (vuviuoikvjD Opunusg) usay pardnazajur ayy $359] ay} Uo (vuDaIpjOD staadoksq) Use} PPIs s2IPjoH Waduod GaXIW V NI SNwdat iy se a tag ZN FERNS AND HOW TO GROW THEM BY G. A. WOOLSON ILLUSTRATED GARDEN CITY NEW YORK DOUBLEDAY, PAGE & COMPANY IQ14 Copyright, 1905, by Doubleday, Page & Company Published, November, 1905 All rights reserved, including that of translation into foreign languages, including the Scandinavian. PREFACE Tuis contribution to fern literature is designed simply as a practical work for the benefit of the amateur fern culturist. The most satisfactory way of gaining an acquaintance is to study the subjects at first hand. But we cannot always live in the woods, so a fraction thereof must live with us, that we may watch the ferns “budding, with each stem and leaf wrapped small” and con- tinue our observations until, and after, “their spreading forms unfurl.” As the aim of this book is cultural, no special key to the genera has been prepared. Such a key would be out of place, involving more science than the nature of the book permits. Technical terms have been eliminated as far as practicable; where it is not possible to omit them explanatory remarks follow. Vv vi PREFACE The system of nomenclature used is uni- form with that adopted in the “Cyclopedia of American Horticulture,” with these ex- ceptions—Filix replaces Cystopteris, and Os- munda spectabilis is used for our native royal fern instead of O. regalis as the dis- tinctiveness of the American species is now accepted. But for the convenience of the more conservative school of fern lovers (to which the author belongs) a synonymous list of the names of ferns best adapted for special cultural uses is given. A multiplicity of English synonyms has purposely been avoided, as many of them are local, un- important, and often perplexing. The larger part of our native ferns which have special cultural value are illustrated by original photographs, the work of Miss M. T. Randall, Miss M. E. Manley, Mrs. H. A. Hall, Rev. G. W. Perry and Dr. H. H. Swift. PitrsForD, VERMONT, 1905. CONTENTS CHAPTER Preface . The Life of a Fern . Where Hardy Ferns Can Be Grown . Ferns in the Mixed Border, . Rockwork for Ferns : . Hardy Ferns for Indoor Culture, and Hes to Select Them . Ferns in the Living Room During Winter . Fern Rockeries Indoors . Fern Culture Under Bell Glasses and i in ae Wardian Case . Exotic Ferns Without a Greenhouse . ZErial Fern Culture . Ferns for Special Purposes Index to Contents and Synonymy 107 121 135 139 153 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS PLATE I II. Ill. IV. V. VI. . (a2) The Maidenhair at Home—(b) The Ferns im a Mixed Border . Frontispiece FACING PAGE Youth and Age in the Cinnamon Fern Two Valuable Garden Ferns The Fruits of the Ferns Fronds of the Oak and Beech Ferns Contrasting Types of Fern Foliage Wall-Rue on a Rocky Ledge . A Regal Beauty . A Treasure of the New Pnélend Woods . The Shield Ferns as Pot Plants . The Most Variable of All Ferns . The Oak and the Beech Ferns . The Christmas Fern . Nothing Better for a Stony Bank . The Purple Cliff Brake at Home . The Ebony Spleenwort . ; . A Trio of Spleenworts ‘ . The Narrow-leaved Spleenwort . A Fern for Sun or Shade The Most Graceful and Delicate af Our Common Ferns . The Walking Fern ix 4 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS FACING PAGE . A Fern Rockery . . Indoor Rockeries . Making an Indoor Rockery. A . An Ideal Fern for Indoor Culture . The Boston Fern . Two Popular Exotic House ern . Three Ferns for Special Purposes . The Harmony of the Plant and Its Re- ceptacle . An Ideal Fern Case . The Fern Case in Use . A Fantastic Fancy The Life of a Fern ‘* Pokin’ round ’mid ferns and mosses, Like a hop-toad or a snail, Somehow seems to lighten crosses Where my heart would elsewise fail.’? FERNS CHAPTER I Tue Lire or a FERN To apMiRE a fern for its beauty is one thing; to understand its life is another. To this end one must be on the alert, for the spring awakening of the ferns is highly inter- esting. In scientific parlance all true ferns must be “‘circinate in vernation’’; that is, they must come from the ground rolled up like a watch spring. A grotesque lot they are, their stiff stalks pushing the woolly heads into the air with all the pertness of youth. Only an expert can recognize old friends in this guise. Technically speaking, the stalk of a fern consists of the “stipe” and the “rachis.” The former corresponds with the leaf stem or petiole of a flowering plant, while its con- 3 4 FERNS tinuation through the leafy portion of a divided frond is the rachis or midrib if the lamina (or leafy portion) is entire. This part, of course, is not ready for inspection until the segments (or pinnz) begin to unroll, hence specific peculiarity of stipe is the surest test in this early stage, although no two species are coloured or “done up” just alike. We have a group of cinnamon ferns (Os- munda cinnamomea) before us, the wool of which fairly drips from their uncanny heads like water after a bath, looking very much as if they “needed a maternal tongue to lick them into shape.” The sun.and the winds kiss them, the scales part, and a miracle is per- formed! The stately Osmunda cinnamomea is a regal exchange for the wooly head. The rapidity of development varies greatly in different species. Ferns of fragile texture quickly unfurl their sails, while those of heavier build are comparatively slow in as- suming shape. The spring colouring is particularly beau- tee Osmunda cinnamomea. The pertness of youth Osmunda cinnamomea. The perfect development of the stately cinnamon fern Prats I—YOUTH AND AGE IN THE CINNAMON FERN THE LIFE OF A FERN 5 tiful. The greenest of all green things grow- ing are the freshly developed fronds of the oak fern (Phegopteris Dryopteris). A fine foil to this in point of colour is the maidenhair (Adiantum pedatum), with its soft pink © stalks deepening through shades of red, maturing in ebony. With the sunlight in its crown of pale pendant pinnz, we have indeed the fairy of the fern creation. The economic value of “fern wool’ or “fern cotton” is duly appreciated by the birds. Certain of the smaller kinds, such as creepers, warblers and humming birds, are on the alert for this exquisitely soft product to use in felting their nests. The dividing line between phenogamous, or flowering, plants and cryptogamous, or flowerless, plants is one of the simplest princi- ples of plant life, nevertheless this is the rock upon which the casual observer wrecks his botanical skiff. The “brown stuff’ on the back of the frond or on the stiff, dark spikes of the onocleas is often attributed to some sort of disease, whereas it is Nature’s method 6 FERNS for perpetuating the species. In place of true seeds there are substituted tiny spores, contained in capsules, technically called “sporangia,” which grow out of the veins of the leafy portion of the fronds. The so- called “fruit dot’ thus formed is termed a sorus. It is this feature which so readily distinguishes the ferns from true leaves. The classification of ferns depends largely upon the position and variation of the sori on the under sides of the full-grown fronds. Another point of importance in classification, although of less intrinsic value to the plant, is the “indusium,” the thin, membranous body, more or less persistent and of various forms, which covers the sorus. Thus the genus dryopteris is characterised by round dots and shield-shaped indusia, the exact form of the latter depending largely upon its point of attachment. The asplenium family, on the contrary, has oblong or linear fruit dots with straight or, rarely, curved indusium fixed lengthwise to the upper side of the fertile vein. Nature assuredly does Dryopteris cristata « marginalis. A new and valuable acquisition for cultural use Dryopterts marginalis. The most valuable of all the wood ferns for garden cultivation is the evergreen marginal shield fern Pirate III.—TWO VALUABLE GARDEN FERNS THE LIFE OF A FERN 7 not serve all alike. The sturdy polypody has no cover for its spores. A fern spore does not directly produce a fern but a small flat and thin circular or kidney-shaped body, green in colour, called the prothallus, which is attached to the soil by delicate rootlets. On this the separate reproductive organs analogous to the stamens and pistils of the ordinary flower are pro- duced. The individual fern is not dependent on spores alone for its perpetuation. Perennial rootstocks are the rule, not the exception, among ferns, and only hardy species make open preparation and practical arrangement for their own demise and renewal each year. Plate 3 is a typical specimen of a species which adds much lasting beauty to our highways and byways, coming into greater prominence when deciduous foliage has dropped away. Look down into the heart of the plant and you will see that the nine stipes are holding the fronds for the coming year—all tightly rolled and packed by unseen hands. The 8 FERNS marginal shield fern (Dryopteris marginalis) is undisturbed by early winter storms, but, burdened with snow to the tips, the fronds settle close to earth, retaining their freshness and colour, but never relaxing their protecting clasp until life stirs in the springtime. When fresh young fronds unfurl their sails the tale of an evergreen fern is told. (et8ueiods) sseur asods ay3 jo uorsod Surmoys ‘sqppurdapiu stuadokugy JO puory jo uonszod Gus ay} uQ ~whisnpur paaind Ajarer Jo 3sIeNs yWM ‘utuatdsy snued ayi Jo uoMOYyHINIJ AOU Zuo] ay} ajou ajqusa ayy UT ‘eISNpur padeys-pyarys yA ‘sJop JMsy punos Aq paztsiaiseseYp st Ie] 243 Uo stiajydodiq snuad ay], SNUG AHL AO SLINUA THL—AL VI Where Hardy Ferns Can Be Grown CHAPTER Ii WuHer_E Harpy Ferns Can BE Grown “Tt is the wild garden alone which leads us into the clouds.” —Gibson. The growing desire in the human mind for something straight from the heart of Nature has brought the wild garden to our doors. Hence the fern border, with its refreshing, lingering loveliness, rivals the gaily painted garden with its transient beauty. THE IDEAL CONDITIONS Happy indeed is the fern culturist whose domain includes a ledge or a pile of rocks, a shaded bank, a bit of swamp and a brook, with consequent irregularity of surface, where he may successfully simulate Nature. These ideal conditions, however, are for Ir 12 FERNS the favoured few. The majority of fern lovers who would be continually reminded of woodland dells which they cannot reach have only the ordinary town lot or city back yard for displaying the souvenirs of tramps abroad. Pleasing results are easily obtained under seemingly adverse conditions, and it is worth while to learn by experience how to make the most of given surroundings. FERNS AROUND THE HOUSE Many of our native species are so cosmo- politan in matters of location and soil that whoever wills may grow ferns; even the owner of limited grounds may have a fern border, for the narrow strip of ground between the foundation walls of a house and the channel worn by the drip from the overhanging eaves is an ideal location, availiable for nothing else, but replete with conditions which ferns enjoy, e. g., a cool, damp atmosphere and good drainage. Given an eastern exposure and _ partial shade, the majority of our native ferns flourish (saptospodéjod st1aidoBay 7) uray yooogq (stsaigokiq stsaidoday 7) W129} FeO SNYdI HOT GNV MVO AHL AO SANOWI—A F1v1g WHERE HARDY FERNS CAN BE GROWN 13 under cultivation with as much grace (and with but a trifle less luxuriance) as though Nature herself had selected the environment. But it must not be inferred that the growth of ferns is regulated by the points of the compass. An eastern exposure is preferable, because partial shade is a condition in native haunts and easily simulated in a situation where extremes of sun and shade are practi- cally out of reach. Ferns grow with tolerable grace on the north side of a house, and may be induced to do something worth while on the west, but a southern exposure is rarely successful. SOILS AND THEIR MAKING The close association in Nature of tree and fern offers a practical suggestion which the owners of old stumps and trees do well to note. ‘The fortunate possessor of an old tree, with abutting bark-covered roots trailing over the ground, has an artistic setting. The botanist looks at the soil and tells you 14 FERNS what ferns should be at home, and, although a natural preference is manifested, ferns possess greater adaptability than almost any other plants. Most of our common ferns will flourish in any decent soil, provided it be light and porous. Where the ground seems especially poor and hard, as it often does under trees which have absorbed the greater part of virtue and moisture for years, the top soil should be removed and replaced with something better. European growers recommend a compost of equal parts of rough peat, loam, leaf mould and coarse sand for the majority, with added loam for vigor- ous growing kinds, sandy peat for the most delicate, and a sprinkling of old mortar for limestone-loving ferns. Leaf mould pure and simple in my experi- ence is the ideal soil for nearly all save the latter class. The economical culturist learns to save all bits of waste moss and small instal- ments of wood’s earth for the fern bed; thus in time, with little trouble, a feast of fat things may be obtained for epicurean species. WHERE HARvY FERNS CAN BE GROWN I5§ There was absolutely no special prepara- tion of the soil, or even a formal cutting away of the sod for the luxuriant border, sections of which are shown in the illustrations (Frontis. and Plate 6). The luxuriance of this display is by no means due to careful planting, but to the fact that the soil happened to be good and other conditions right. Properly pre- pared beds where the environment is not as favourable are often less luxuriant. MOVING AND ESTABLISHING MATURE SPECI+ MENS The successful establishment of mature specimens in the home grounds depends largely upon intelligent transplanting, which necessitates a knowledge of the various forms of root growth. Fern culture is one thing and fer digging quite another, as the inexperienced find to their surprise and sorrow if an attempt to uproot a monarch of the swamp be made without the proper imple- ments. It is worth while to sacrifice speci- 16 FERNS mens from available genera in order to learn how to uproot others without disturbing the growth by loosening the soil about the plants. For instance, the root growths of the osmun- das are a dense mass of wiry, fibrous matter apparently anchored to all creation; the interrupted fern (Osmunda Claytoniana) is especially trying, for the thickened rootstock, massive, with imbricated base stalks, clings so tenaciously to the earth that the amateur collector will gravely assure you on his second trip that “the proper kit for the business consists of a spade, an axe and a cross-cut saw.” However, the game is really worth the candle, for once taken up and carefully reset these ferns readily establish themselves, even in a different soil, and require no further attention. The most regal member of the fern family, the ostrich fern (Matteuccta Struthtopterts), is less difficult to transplant because the short, thickened caudex is firmly anchored to the earth by slender stolons, all heavily fringed with delicate rootlets. A circle should Japiog Uses e UT WONLUIqUIOD juaT[aoxa ue oyeU (unwpad wuniuoipp) meyuapreur pure (staaid oryinang p1INaND PY) WII} YoIAIso aq, AOVITOA Nada AO SAdAL ONILSVULNOO—TA 224¥1d WHERE HARDY FERNS CAN BE GROWN 17 be cut several inches from the crown with a knife or a sharp spade; this severs the stolons but does not materially disturb the plant if it is then carefully lifted. On the other hand, Goldie’s fern (Dryopteris Goldieana), one of the finest of New England ferns—often growing to a height of four feet, with hand- some fronds a foot broad—is easily uprooted by the hand alone. The spinulose shield ferns (Dryopteris spinulosa) give themselves up in like manner. Ferns which spring from an underground branching rootstock that sends up but one frond in a place, such as the sensitive fern (Onoclea sensibilis), the hay-scented fern (Dennstedtia punctilobula) and maidenhair (Adiantum pedatum), are quite likely to be disturbed unless a section of turf is carefully cut and lifted. This form of root growth never runs deep, hence a sharp, flat trowel is in most cases equal to the occasion. Many of the dainty cliff dwellers have tenacious and far-reaching roots, therefore require great care to be of cultural service. 18 FERNS Fortunately, many of them, like the purple cliff brake (Pella atropurpurea), are also found growing on disintegrating limestone ledges, loose sections of which can often be pulled away, laying bare the thread of life reaching for hidden springs within. The common polopody (Polypodium vul- gare) is an exception to this mode, as the entire mass of growth is anchored by tiny rootlets to the surface of rocks only. Sec-. tions for transplanting should be cut, not pulled, from the beautiful mat which Nature flings down here and there. FAILURES DUE TO EXCESSIVE ZEAL The majority of unsuccessful attempts to make ferns live even after they have been properly uprooted are due to over-zealous efforts rather than careless planting. Nature has different standards for different genera, and we have but to observe how far above the surface she carries the crowns of her ferns or buries her rootstocks beneath. A WHERE HARDY FERNS CAN BE GROWN IQ common fault of the amateur culturist is to plant too deep and so cause the crown to rot. Of the two extremes it is better to “dig a hole and stick them in,” for slipshod planting will at least insure admission of air to the roots, a necessity indicated by the porosity of the various soils in which ferns naturally grow. The soil should never be packed hard about ferns, unless temporarily so about large specimens, which need to be held in position until the roots have time to gain a foothold. TRANSPLANT TO SIMILAR EXPOSURES Another frequent cause of failure lies in selecting for a sunny location on the lawn plants which have grown in deep woods. Many species have so wide a range that individual plants may usually be found growing naturally in the same degree of sun or shade to which they are to be subjected in cultivation. 20 FERNS If the culturist will observe Nature always, and follow her lead, gross mistakes like that of planting a rock fern in damp leaf mould will be avoided.. Nature may have “method in her madness,” oftentimes hidden beneath charming con- fusion, for the aim of true art is to conceal itself; therefore the goddess who rules the woods flings her “lacework” about in an apparently reckless manner. Had we the earth to choose from, assuredly no set rules could be given for the selection and arrange- ment of ferns for the border or other situa- tions. However, a few hints from experience may be of service. THE DESTRUCTIVE FERN COLLECTOR Collectors of ferns may be classed under three heads: scientific, commercial and cul- tural. To be able to add new facts to a known science is the aim of all biologists. Anatomical peculiarities can only be demon- strated by the investigation of many speci- THE WALL-RUE ON A ROCKY LEDGE The little wall-rue is easily naturalised in the rockery A shallow spreading rooted species Prare VII. WHERE HARDY FERNS CAN BE GROWN 2I mens regardless of life and beauty thus sacri- ficed; hence extinction of species often follow -over-zealous efforts. The commercial collector sees only possible dollars and cents in each rare plant he happens to find. Granted that the collection and sale of living plants or herba- rium specimens is lawful, there is no excuse for exterminating rare finds for greed of gain. Not long ago a successful collector of this class told me of the rare luck he had in find- ing a dozen or more plants of a choice variety not then noted in the state in which it grew, and indeed only two other stations were on record. This man dug up over half the plants before discretion overtook him, and he left a few roots but carried off all the fronds. The ruthless annihilation of so much natural beauty, simply because herba- rium specimens brought a few cents more in the market if a little fringe of rootlets adhered to the lifeless fronds, is deplorable. The culturist is more likely to have a keen appreciation of the real beauty of the ferns and wild flowers than collectors of either of 22, FERNS the other classes. He wishes to make them grow where they can be studied and enjoyed with less trouble than in their native haunts. Cultural experience not only teaches the value of the individual plant but discreet selection, for only certain forms and stages of growth will fit into the various places which he wishes to fill; these he learns to tell at a glance without reckless waste of raw material. But the gospel of moderation is everywhere in order, for vandals are in our midst under every guise. There is no end to the wanton destruction of plant life by persons having no real interest in Nature, but who ruthlessly pull up that which attracts the eye for the moment and as quickly throw it aside. Granted that none of us own the wild things growing, and that nobody can “stake a claim,” yet the smallest soul among us should feel conscience-stricken for spoiling, even for a laudable purpose, gems of art which Nature has taken years to perfect. sjueyd sayj0 jo a8erjoy ay} [[eIe1 sapsiued paymnsy PBL ‘rene os Afqesayord ynq ‘dweas so puejdn ur smoid (sisqvpads ppunusg) wsiay Buramoy uesueUYy oq, ALNVAG TVOTN VIA vig Ferns in the Mixed Border CHAPTER III FERNS IN THE MixEep BorpDER Ir 1s always well to emphasise marked situations by tall-growing species. Osmunda Claytoniana, which is well shown on the right of Plate 1, plays an important part in the decoration of country roads and byways, but rarely shows to better advantage than in the fern border. The botanists quote the height at three feet, which, however, is often doubled in damp woodlands; four feet is the limit of the plant photographed. There is no period in the existence of this fern when it is not attractive, but it is especially so as it is unfolding in the spring. The stipe pushes up through the dead leaves, the fern wool drops away, and a symphony in green is literally unrolled before our eyes—the fertile section of an exquisite olive shade, pale green 25 26 FERNS below and silvery green above, the colour deepens as full development is attained and the “brown stuff” in the midst of a luxuriant frond testifies to the unique method Nature employs for the propagation of the species, and gives rise to the common name of interrupted fern. This fern is second only to the ostrich fern (Matteuccia Struthiopteris) in stately grace and its superior beauty of colour and veining. The most artistic effects are produced by associating contrasting species. In the sec- ond group illustrated the blue-green fronds of Goldie’s shield fern (Dryopteris Goldieana) are largely in evidence. A few delicately cut fronds of the American royal fern (Osmunda spectabilis) serve as an excellent foil.* The bladder fern (Filix’ bulbifera) relieves the vivid green of the oak fern (Phegopteris Dryopteris), which carpets the space between the groups. [* The best authorities now agree that the American and European osmundas are not identical. The name of 0. regalis is retained for the latter, our plant taking the name of 0. spectabilis, which, as a matter of fact, was given to it a hundred years ago by Wildenow. The fronds of the European species as they arise from the ground are much stronger and bolder looking than those of the native plant.—Epiror.] FERNS IN THE MIXED BORDER 27 There is to my mind no happier combina- tion in the mixed fern border than that of the ostrich and maidenhair ferns (Plate 6). It is impossible to find more strongly contrast- ing species. As an embodiment of grace and dignity Matteuccta Struthiopteris has no peer. Perfectionof growth is reached only in swampy lowlands, the rich alluvial soil producing a grand vase-like circle of foliage often higher than a man’s head; fine specimens are often found skirting dry woodlands or following the wall in an upland pasture. Thus by nature cosmopolitan, it takes kindly to the situation indicated. ‘The fertile fronds are like nothing else under the sun. Curious stiff brown spikes appear within the ver- dant circle, a most unfernlike product, which claims the honour of naming the species, as botanists long ago discovered the plume-like arrangement of its divisions. The sterile fronds might share the honour, for if any- thing in Nature resembles a plume it is the sterile frond of an ostrich fern in June before the tips of the segments have lost their curl. 28 FERNS Adiantum pedatum, growing so luxuriantly, enhances by contrast the dignity of the stately guardians overhead. The maiden- hair is always beautiful in sun or shade, accepting whatever soil is offered, and, if taken up as directed, grows on with little interruption. The chief beauty of this fern is architec- tural. The two branches of the stalk diverge at an angle of perhaps 50°, rise obliquely, gracefully recurving until they meet again. From the outside of the curve each branch sends out from two to seven diverging branch- lets of varying length. Thus the whole frond is from five or six to fifteen or even eighteen inches broad, and, while somewhat funnel shaped in the centre, radiates horizontally toward the circumference, and is the most graceful thing in the fern creation (Plate 7). Another advantage in associating these two ferns in the border is that the texture of the maidenhair, although delicately membranous, is very elastic, and, therefore, holds its fresh- ness much longer than the ostrich fern, which apeys ut ‘fos daap ‘yar ev ur uelg ‘auoe puey ay Aq pajooidn Ayisea stay ‘aoeyd aures ay3 ut 3y3nos aq Aeut yo -ueeds paava[-sosen ‘ares ay} pur ‘syoou puefpoom Apeys ur punoy st (puvaipjoy stsazdokiqZ) O42} PpPrIYs s,arpjop SdOOM GNVTIONG MAIN FHL JO FTANSVAUL V—XI FvIg FERNS IN THE MIXED BORDER 29 is often faded by midsummer. General shabbiness is evaded by breaking away the taller fronds and depending upon the maiden- hair for continued beauty throughout the latter part of the season. Even the visita- tions of Jack Frost, which sadly humiliate more imposing genera, are received with comparative indifference because of this very elasticity. THE COSMOPOLITAN FLOWERING FERN The royal fern (Osmunda spectabilis) is in- dispensable. The simple elegance of the species manifests itself in vernation, a period when many ferns are a trifle uncanny. No other fern is more deftly “done up,” clothed with softer wool, or coloured so exquisitely as this. Ferns in general are but symphonies in green, but here a prelude in Quaker drab runs softly into the green, which complements its colour scheme by a shading in and out of rosy fawn deepening into golden brown. 30 FERNS The man who considers a fern “a thing with a backbone and side members like a feather,” is apt to be skeptical when assured that this “bush” is but a fern after all. Nature has a special arrangement for the fructification of each member of the genus, but the fruited panicle which crowns Osmunda spectabilis is the most graceful of all, and a plausible excuse for the misleading name of “royal flowering fern,’ which has been borrowed from its European prototype O. regalis. The amateur will have no difficulty in naturalising it. Although a native of swamps and river banks, it grows also on uplands, where it loses some grace and gains rigidity enough to look “bushy.” But it is always beautiful, often growing to a height of four or five feet in cultivation. AN INTRACTABLE BUT HANDSOME SPECIES The sensitive fern (Onoclea sensibilis) is another fern valuable for lasting freshness FERNS IN THE MIXED BORDER 31 and contrasting foliage. It is unmanageable in cultivation, as the underground rootstocks branch freely in all directions, sending up fronds without the delay of growing a caudex. Colour and veining are fine, indeed the chief beauty of the fern is its elaborate reticulation over the smooth green surface. The fronds vary from six inches to three feet in height. In a mixed border they are a marked feature and are excellent for an independent corner. THE SHIELD FERN FAMILY The marginal shield fern (Dryopteris mar- ginalis) is the most valuable of all the wood ferns. Graceful outline, blue-green colour and rich texture characterise the species. It readily adapts itself to whatever situation is offered, and there is never a period of shab- biness until the round year is full and new life stirs within the old. It is easily recog- nized by the spores borne along the margin of the frond (see Plate 4). A new and valuable acquisition for cultural 32 FERNS use is Mr. Dodge’s hybrid (Dryopterts cristata x marginalis). It has the rich colour and texture of the marginal shield fern but is more erect in habit, resembling in this res- pect its other parent. The simple elegance of Boott’s shield fern (Dryopteris Boottit) attracts attention in any, collection. It is really one of the finest cul- turable ferns. Unlike Dryopterts cristata, var. Clintontana, with which it is often associated in wooded swamps, it retains its dignity of pose outside its natural environment. The spinulose shield fern (Dryopteris spinu- losa) and its varieties are among the most beautiful of our ferns. They are indispen- sable indeed, for the fern garden depends upon them for its most effective lacework. The broad spreading variety (D. spinulosa, var. dilatata) is especially handsome. A TALL FERN FOR SHADED SPOTS In shaded situations where tall species with simply pinnate fronds are not common, pipausaqur zea ‘vsojnuids staagokagy *IatUUINS Ut sioOpuT ainy[no jod 105 Usay [eapr uy LNVId LOd V SV Nada GTSIHS FHL f4vIg FERNS IN THE MIXED BORDER 33 a charming effect is produced by the narrow- leaved spleenwort (Asplenium angustifolium), the rarest of the tall spleenworts. There is nothing in the fern kingdom which looks so cool and refreshing on a hot day as a mass of this clear-cut, delicately made-up fern. Although rarely growing in such profusion as in the natural habitat, it is cultivable and makes a pretty addition to the wild garden. An exposed situation is not advisable, as the fonds are of so thin a texture that they are easily broken by summer storms or victim- ised by the earliest frosts. There seems to be an affinity between this species and the strongly contrasting Goldie’s fern (Dryop- terts Goldieana). When we find one we are very likely to find the other close at hand. THE AGGRESSIVE LADY FERN The lady fen (Asplenium Filix-famina) is usually in evidence in any collection, often a chance comer. It is persistent and aggres- sive, often crowding out more delicate species. 34 FERNS Some forms of this most variable of all known ferns are very beautiful, but as a whole they do not merit the praise hitherto given. The Christmas fern (Polystichum acros- tichoides) is too well known to need comment. Its mission is to cheer the winter months and enhance the beauty of other ferns by contrast. Of the lesser growths which fill out the mixed border, a limited quantity of the blad- der fern (Filix bulbifera) gives a light and dainty touch. The oak fern (Phegopteris Dryopteris) develops early and is the greenest of all green things in Nature. The other two members of the genus are late in appearing, and consequently are valuable for freshening up the border when other species have passed their prime. The broad beech fern (Phegop- terts hexagonoptera) is very beautiful but often grows too tall to be considered a footnote. Phegopterts polypodioides, sometimes called the long beech fern, is more common. It has good colour, and a distinct individuality of pose which attracts attention; the leaf spread FERNS IN THE MIXED BORDER 35 is nearly horizontal and the lower pair of pinne are tured sharply down, which gives a sort of apologetic air unusual among ferns. FLORAL ACCOMPANIMENTS OF FERNS It is a deplorable fact that lack of a sense of the fitness of things cheapens the decora- tions of a good many lawns and gardens. It is the worst possible taste to associate our native ferns with the ordinary bedding plants. In the first place, it spoils the purpose of the wild garden, literally keeping one’s thoughts at home when they long for the restfulness of a journey to Nature. In the second place, one or the other is out of harmony with the surroundings. There is a certain incon- gruity, unobserved by the majority perhaps, but keenly felt by those in tune with Nature. It is true that some rather pretty effects have been produced in some of our public gardens by thoughtful selection. Double daisies and forget-me-nots lose none of their 36 FERNS beauty if partially veiled by the maidenhair (Adiantum.) But it is a profanation of Nature to force ferns to live in the midst of gorgeous geraniums or other cultivated plants blazing with colour. Where Nature has the selection of the floral accompaniments of ferns, her touch will be light and delicate. Wild flowers are the only permissible adjuncts of the fern border, whether as invited guests or as chance comers. Beauty of design is often greater than that of colour, hence variety of foliage is often desirable. Orchids of any kind are especially fitting. A trilluum here and there, or even a Jack-in-the-pulpit, may preach the gospel of good effect by contrast. Solomon’s-seal droops gracefully beneath the interrupted fern (Osmunda Claytoniana), (see Plate 1), and is nearly as interesting in its unfolding and development. The ever present herb Robert spreads itself to the left of the oak fern, and Clintonta borealis carpets the space at the right. This wildling is not as well known as it should FERNS IN THE MIXED BORDER 37 be. There is an aristocratic exclusiveness about it which does not appeal to those who wish for something gayer than the graceful umbel of greenish-yellow bells; however, with its orchid-like foliage, it is highly decorative indoors or out. The wild strawberry gives an ideal finish to our June picture. A mass of the foam flower (Tuarella cordifolia) is especially pleasing. Once established, it takes the situation in hand and the ferns literally rise out of the spray of bloom in self- defence. But the daintiest conception which Nature has dropped among the ferns is the bishop’s-cap (Mitella dipbylla). This ex- quisite bit of floral conservatism is in perfect harmony with the “feathery fern, whether it groweth wild and free” or as a willing captive. MASSING SEPARATE SPECIES For the amateur gardener with only a limited area there is undeniably more varied beauty and greater interest in a mixed border; 38 FERNS but from a landscape gardener’s pomt of view more striking effects are produced by massing one or perhaps two species. A row of well-developed ostrich ferns in front of a broad veranda or following the foundation walls of a stately mansion is truly imposing. More permanent beauty is insured if the maidenhair is associated with it. The situ- ation, however, must be taken into consider- ation, for accessories that are befitting to a cottage are not of necessity in harmony with pretentious architecture. A practical idea is suggested by Mr. New- man’s story of the impression which fine specimens of the royal fern (Osmunda regalis), fringing the river between the Lakes of Kil- larney, made upon Sir Walter Scott. Scarcely a word had the novelist uttered in praise of the scenery, but at this point he stopped the rowers and exclaimed, ““This is worth coming to see.” Few of us are fortunate enough to possess a river to fringe, but fine specimens are also seen on the uplands, which is con- clusive evidence that the flowering fern, Prate XI.—THE MOST VARIABLE OF ALL FERNS fern, sure to appear in any collection, and will crowd out more ttention delicate kinds unless given ai ressive Asplenium Filix-femina is an agg FERNS IN THE MIXED BORDER 39 (Osmunda), is worth looking at in any situa- tion and easy of culture. A few well- disposed plants create a display unrivalled for simple elegance among the ferns. Our native species O. spectabilis is an excellent counterpart of the European one. The boulder or hay-scented fern (Denn- stedtia punctilobula) is considered one of the most decorative of the entire fern family. Growing as it does from an extensively creep- ing rootstock, it is unmanageable in a limited border, but it is a good fern for massing in the open. The effect of the shimmering fronds, so “delicately wrought and sweet of scent,” flanked by evergreens, is highly artistic. The sensitive fern (Onoclea sensutbilis) makes a fine bit of colour, grown en masse in a damp corner. For a dry, stony bank there is nothing better than the marginal shield fern (Dryop- teris marginalis). The Christmas fern (Poly- stichum acrostichoides) is equally fine for low massing. 40 FERNS Extensive grounds which are fortunate enough to possess a wooded border in which pine trees are intermingled are sure of an effective setting for fern pictures. Note the simplicity of design in the perfect medallion of shield ferns (Dryopteris marginalis) spread in the carpet of pine needles (Plate 31). An- other choice bit of art is the Christmas fern (Polystichum acrostichotdes), deep green and glossy, on a tawny background (Plate 13). Both pictures may be easily copied if only a pine tree is at hand to furnish the needles. Braun’s holly fern (Polystichum Braunii) is remarkably fine, grown as a specimen plant in a damp, shady corner. The fronds are beautiful in outline, long and tapering, rich and glossy in texture and finish, deep green above and pale green beneath. It is especially attractive as it develops, not only because the stalks are densely clothed with golden-brown scales but because the crosiers execute a double curve before they assume the graceful pose of maturity. It is some- times called the prickly shield fern. ps 1 ah contol OK Ss wy. aN r < 5 Dita / Yn The oak fern (Phegopteris Dryopteris) is the greenest of all green things in early spring Appears much later, when the fresh green of other ferns is passing. The broad beech fern (Phegopteris hexagonopiera) 2 i y . 4 oh alk ~ The long beech fern (P. polypodioides) is another late comer. Note the downward direction of the lower pinnz. Pirate XII.—THE OAK AND THE BEECH FERNS FERNS IN THE MIXED BORDER 4I A single vase of ostrich ferns or regal os- mundas on each side of an entrance, thus serving as sentinels, combine grace and dignity befitting the situation. FERN BEDS In shady street parks I have seen ovals filled with stately ostrich ferns (Matteuccia Struthiopteris), which were quite as imposing as the red cannas in neighbouring sections. The ferns were closely set and enclosed with wire netting, so that the winds had no pur- chase; without these precautions the first storm of summer would have taken. the grandeur out of them on short notice. The maidenhair (Adiantum pedatum) is a safe fern for this purpose and very artistic, if foiled by a few plants of the Christmas fern (Polystichum acrostichoides). A strikingly beautiful effect is produced by sowing seeds of the scarlet field poppy in beds of the hay-scented fern (Dennstzdtia.) Both are airy and light, and in no way inter- 42 FERNS fere with each other’s growth, and the con- trast of the intense red against the pale-green fronds is superb. ‘This is perhaps the one exception where gayety among the ferns is permissible. CARE OF FERNS OUT OF DOORS Once established, the care of ferns is prac- tically nothing. My ferns are rarely watered, and never with the hose, unless a small stream is turned on and the hose allowed to lie on the ground for the purpose of soaking the roots in extremely dry weather. One application of the full spray is as dis- astrous as a tornado. I have had the beauty of many choice ferns spoiled for the season by the veering of the wind which blew the spray from a hose, supposed to be out of reach, upon them. Even the maidenhair, that so-called voucher for the purity of waters near which it grows, turns brown and withers. Now and then an elimination of undesir- (Sapioyrsisoson wnyrissiod) NATI SVALSIMHO FHL—IWIX svg = , - a FERNS IN THE MIXED BORDER 43 able weeds is imperative, and a little thinning out of over-zealous species like the sensitive fern (Onoclea sensibilis) and the bladder fern (Filtx bulbifera). Careful shearing of grass is also necessary where we compromise *twixt Nature and Art. In the fall preservation is effected by pack- ing deciduous fronds over their own roots and allowing some of the dead leaves which have blown among the ferns to remain as they do in Nature. This is all very well for the ferns, but dead leaves blowing about the lawn after fall cleaning are objectionable. This is obviated by spreading evergreens over the fern beds and borders; these serve to hold the leaves in place and to cover all that is unsightly. Discretion must be used in removing the boughs in the spring; in a sheltered situation there is little danger of being too previous, as ferns are not easily spring killed; but there is danger in delay after life stirs, for the delicate crosiers are sure to be broken or beheaded in a belated cleaning. It is granted 44. FERNS that this is net in accordance with Nature, but an instance of the adaptability of wild- lings to conventional life. FERN PESTS Chief of these are the neighbour’s dogs, which revel in the cool shade of house walls and settle themselves in the midst of the border with aggravating complacency. Wise fern growers keep the remedy to themselves. Of no less importance are the neighbour’s hens, which also require prompt and efficient attention to offset their fundamental efforts. Ferns in cultivation have the same natural leaf-eating enemy that makes such havoc with certain species in the woods, a small green worm that appears early and often mars the beauty of fine plants for the season. It is well to anticipate the arrival of the despoiler by dusting the fronds with hellebore. A solution is better if the thief is at work, as the powder does not easily wash off after its mission is accomplished. Rockwork for Ferns CHAPTER IV Rockwork FOR FERNS ALTHOUGH many of native ferns are eminently cosmopolitan, the successful cultivation of a goodly number depends largely upon simulation of natural environ- ment. Glancing over the list of species at our dis- posal we are surprised at the number which the mind instantly associates with rocks. Rocks not only by river and roadside, but in Nature’s laboratory, where the choicest of fern treasures are scattered about on open or shaded ledges. This association of rock and fern is not accidental, but a simple de- vice of Nature for inducing a lower tempera- ture, moisture for the fern roots, and the needful supply of disintegrating limestone or other mineral matter. 47 48 FERNS The owners of large estates may be fortu- nate enough to possess a naturally shaded dell, or at least a ravine which can, with little expense and trouble, be converted into a charming glade, full of nooks and corners, where hardy ferns from all parts of the earth may be naturalised. The value of such a collection needs no comment. Rockwork plays an important part in the landscape gardener’s art. But great under- takings which require skilled artisans, an endless amount of stone and much expense are confined chiefly to public parks and gardens. Boulders artistically arranged about a fountain, with a leafy canopy over- head, are for the favoured few; but a few stones judiciously placed are within the reach of the majority and will afford more pleasure in proportion to the time consumed in the making and in space occupied than could be obtained in any other way. A shady nook is of course the ideal loca- tion, but is not always available. Partial shade, however, is imperative. Pines and ROCKWORK FOR FERNS 49 spruces make an artistic background and soften the abrupt transition from smooth lawn to ragged rocks. The colour effect of rock and fern against a screen of Virginia creeper (Ampelopsts quinquefolia) is par- ticularly fine, and within the reach of all. THE BEST KIND OF ROCK In the selection of rocks most people have to take what they can get; but, given a choice, sandstone and calcareous rocks are the most desirable. Much of the so-called artificial rockwork is composed of tufa, a soft, porous volcanic stone of light weight. Nothing, however, can surpass the pic- turesque quality of a bit of old limestone in process of decay. Freshly quarried stones of any kind should never be used; the more rugged and weather-beaten they are the better for the place assigned. Now and then one sees a giant pebble or cobblestone landed high and dry on a sunny lawn; just a bald, impenetrable, inorganic 50 FERNS mass, without a depression, seam or furrow in which plant life of any kind could gain a foothold. Indeed, one might as well attempt to grow hair on an eggshell as to make even Boston ivy (Ampelopsts tricuspidata) cover the glaring surface. Obviously there are rocks and rocks. Those which are absolutely of no use and have no beauty are out of place on any lawn. SOILS FOR ROCK PLANTS Rock plants in general’ require light, sandy soil mixed with old mortar, if de- composed limestone is not at hand; brick rubbish also, makes a satisfactory mixture. Certain species require a richer and lighter compost in which leaf-mould predominates. BUILDING ON LAWNS In building rockeries on our lawns we may follow general principles but may not imitate Nature in detail of construction, for too much (ssyourd sou stzazd oh 4) Ura} pyatys yeurszeus ay, UNV ANOLS V YO YALLAL ONIHLON—AIX 21v1d ROCKWORK FOR FERNS 5! confusion is out of place on a well-ordered lawn; therefore we have recourse to some- thing “ ’twixt Art and Nature.” Happily the stone-wall abominations, with dry, cramped pockets in which no respectable fern would attempt to grow, are things of the past. The more exposed the position, however, the greater the need of something approach- ing regularity, in outline at least, for proper deference must be paid to the lawn mower. It is wise also to consider the feelings of the trimmer, else something besides grass will be cut off with the shears. Whatever form of architecture is adopted, see to it that there is a soil connection through every pocket and crevice with the earth be- neath, and that the top soil is firmed down to that which is underneath, otherwise capil- lary attraction will have no more chance of keeping the earth damp than in an imper- fectly drained flower pot. ‘This is the funda- mental principle on which depends success- ful garden rockwork or rockeries. Environments usually suggest the proper ’ 52 FERNS style, which should always be simple and unpretentious. THE CIRCULAR ROCKERY A CONVENIENCE As a matter of convenience, I have a cir- cular rockery on my lawn. Careful selection of stone gives a varied outline; a curved slab of calcareous rock is highly valued, as it is so advanced in decay that layers are easily sprung and ferns inserted as fancy dictates. Regularity ceases with the mar- ginal tier of stones. Four good-sized rocks artistically irregular in shape are placed at right angles slightly inclined toward the centre; the space between the big stones is walled up to a height of two or more feet, with a six-inch wall across the open front. This gives four large receptacles below the central pocket, with a twelve-inch border and no end of tiny nooks for tucking in petite members of the fern family. Unless a rockery is in a sheltered nook the height should be limited to two and a half oat = ie) ise] & < y