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SELECTED WESTERN FLORA
MANITOBA, SASKATCHEWAN, ALBERTA

MACMILLAN’S CANADIAN SCHOOL SERIES

SELECTED WESTERN FLORA

MANITOBA, SASKATCHEWAN,
ALBERTA

BY

B. J. HALES, B.A.

PRINCIPAL, NORMAL SCHOOL, BRANDON

AUTHORIZED BY THE ADVISORY BOARD OF THE DEPARTMENT
or Epucation For Usr 1x Hicu ScHoois anp |
CoLLeGiIatE INSTITUTES IN MANITOBA

Toronto
THE MACMILLAN COMPANY OF CANADA, LIMITED
; 1919

CopvricutT, CaNaDA, 1915
By THE MACMILLAN COMPANY OF CANADA, Limtro
REPRINTED, 1916

PREFACE

Tus Flora contains 81 families, 291 genera, and more than 650 species.
-While making no claim to being a complete flora of the territory covered,
it is believed that it contains all the species likely to. be studied by students
in the High Schools and Collegiate Institutes of the Prairie Provinces.

The arrangement of families follows the order of Engler & Prantl
which has now been almost universally adopted, and the nomenclature
has been made to conform as closely as possible to the Vienna rules.
The capitalization is that of the Index Kewensis, which is now being
largely followed, and differs from that of many of the earlier floras in
that adjectives derived from names of places are spelled without the
capital. :

In- the descriptions the aim has been to introduce only such character-
istics as can be observed by the beginner, and as far as possible to bring
out the points of contrast between species found in the same locality.
While the descriptions have mostly been written with the plant in hand,
yet full reference has been made to all the well-known floras covering
the area. The author wishes especially to acknowledge the help derived
from the following: ‘‘ Gray’s New Manual of Botany,’ revised by Rob-
inson and Fernald ; ‘‘Illustrated Flora,’’ Britton & Brown, both first
and second editions; Gray’s ‘‘Synoptical Flora of North America”? ;

Piper’s ‘‘ Flora of Washington’’ ; and ‘‘ A New Manual of Rocky. Moun-
tain Botany,” Coulter & Nelson.

.. Thanks are also due to the following persons for help: Miss M. E.

Moodie and Mr. G. S. Johnson for checking the lists for Alberta and
Saskatchewan, respectively; Mr. D. W. Yuill for trying out and check-
ing the key ; Professor B. L. Robinson, Harvard University, for confirm-
ing a list of names; Mr. J. M. Macoun, Curator of the Herbarium of the
Geological Survey, Ottawa, for constant and invaluable assistance in fur-
nishing descriptions and confirming the determination of species; and
to many ex-students of my own who have so kindly sent specimens for
identification from all parts of the Canadian West.

Special mention should also be made of the assistance received from
Professor John Macoun’s ** Catalogue of Canadian Plants.’’

B. J. H.
BranNpDon,
August 1, 1915.

\

ANALYTIC KEY TO THE FAMILIES

OF THE

COMMON PLANTS OF MANITOBA, SAS-
KATCHEWAN, AND ALBERTA

‘(Carried out to genera where the genus differs in characteristics from
the family.)

DIVISION I. PTERIDOPHYTA

Fern-like or rust-like plants without true flowers and reproducing by
means of spores.

a. Rush-like plants with jointed stems, the joints surrounded by con-

spicuous toothed sheaths ; the stems terminating in conical spikes.

Equisetacee, p. 4
Aa. Fern-like plants with leaf-like fronds.

Fronds from a creeping rootstock . . . . . Polypodiacee, p.1
Fronds from fleshy roots . . . . . . «. Ophioglossacee, p. 2

DIVISION II. SPERMATOPHYTA

Plants with true flowers and reproducing by means of seeds.

SUBDIVISION I. GYMNOSPERMA

Trees or shrubs with needle-shaped leaves and ovules not enclosed in
an ovary.
a. Flowers in catkin-like spikes which become conesin fruit . Pinaceae, p. 4

SUBDIVISION II. ANGIOSPERM

Plants having the ovules borne in a closed ovary which matures into
a fruit.

, Cuass 1. MONOCOTYLEDONEZ

Stems, when present, without central pith or annual rings; seeds
with only one cotyledon; leaves usually straight-veined.
vii \

Vili ANALYTIC KEY TO THE FAMILIES

a. Small, elliptical or flask shaped, aquatic plants without’ true stems

or leaves, and swimming freely on the water . Lemnacee, p.

AA. Plants with true stems and leaves, the latter sometimes reduced to
scales.
B. Perianth free from the ovary or wanting..
u. Perianth wanting or scale-like.
Dp. Flowers enclosed in husk-like scales (glumes) ; grass-like
plants with jointed stems, sheathing leaves and
1-seeded fruit. :

Stems hollow; leaf-sheaths split . . Gramineae, p.

Stems generally solid, often triangular; leaf-sheaths

not split... . ¥ 4) @) Cyperacee, p.

pp. Flowers not enclosed in planned,
Rush-like marsh plants with an ovary of 3 carpels

Juncacee, p.

Leafy immersed plants with perfect flowers

Najadacea, p.

Flag-like marsh plants with flowers in dense cylin-

drical spikes & oslo a a 4 Typhacee, p.

cc. Perianth always present, either colored or herbaceous but
never scale-like.

aw. Pistils numerous in ahead orring . Alismacea, p.

EE. Pistil one; compound.
Stamens 3; marsh herbs with rush-like leaves and

flowers in spikes . . . . Juncaginacea, p.
Stamens 4 SA ud: yee ta “see Ae MIANTHEMUM, p.
Stamens 6;
Divisions of the perianth alike.
Rush-like plants . . . . . . Juncacee, p.
Notrush-like . . .. . . . Liliaceae, p.
Divisions of the perianth not alike; leaves net-
Weinéd 5 « ¢ » & w= G TRILLIUM, Dp.
BB. Perianth adhering to the ovary.
Immersed aquatic herbs . . . . . . Hydrocharitacea, p.
Terrestrial herbs.
Stamens 2; flowersirregular . . . . . Orchidacee, p
Stamens 3 coe ew ew ew ew ww...) Tridacee, p.
Stamens6. ...... . . . . Amaryllidacee, p

Cuass 2. DICOTYLEDONEZ

Stems with a central pith; if woody, the wood arranged in annual
rings; leaves net-veined; embryo with two cotyledons.
A. Corolla absent.

B. Flowers moncecious or dioecious; one or both kinds in catkins or

catkin-like clusters.

\

14

“.

ANALYTIC KEY TO THE FAMILIES . x

Fertile flowers, only, in catkins . . . . . .'Urticacea, p. 32
Sterile flowers, only, in catkins ; ; the fertile iu a guplket in-
volucre . . . woe . Fagacee, p. 31
Both sterile and fertile Bowers i in ontistas:
Ovary many-ovuled . . . . . « Salicacee, p25
Ovary 1-2-seeded ; cell eavulad:
Calyx regular, succulent in fruit. . . . Urticacee, p. 32
Calyx wanting; two or three fertile flowers in the axil of
each scale . . : as tases . Betulacee, p. 28

BB. Flowers not in catkins.
v. Ovary or its cells 1—4-ovuled.
p. Pistils more than one, distinct.
Stamens on the calyx; leaves with stipules . Rosacea, p. 60
Stamens on the receptacle; petioles spreading at the base
Ranunculacee, p. 44
pp. Pistil one, either simple or compound.
B. Ovary superior. ‘
Stipules sheathing the stem . « « Polygonacee, p. 35
Stipules not sheathing the stem.
F. Herbs.
Style or stigma 1; flowers unisexual Urticacea, p. 32
Style 2-3-branched ; inflorescence not a spike
Euphorbiacee, p. 81
Flowers small in dense heads or spikes accompanied
by scarious or colored bracts Amaranthacee, p. 39
Flowers small; densely clustered; no scarious
bracts . . . . . . . Chenopodiaceae, p. 37
¥. Shrubs or trees.
Leaves opposite.

,

Fruit 3-celled » oo. « « « « Rhamnacee, p. 85
Fruit a double samara . . . . Acerace@, p. 83
Fruit a single samara . . . . . .Oleacea, p. 107
Leaves alternate ;
Styles2 . . . « . .« Urticacee, p. 32
EBB. Ovary inferior or apparently so.
Aquatic herbs . . ... . Haloragidacee, p. 96
Terrestrial.

Herbs with colored calyx. 2
Leaves opposite, simple . . .Nyctaginacee, p. 40
Leaves alternate, simple . . . COMMANDRA, p. 34

Shrubs.

Leaves silvery or brownish scurvy Eleagnacee, p. 93
cc. Ovary or its cells many-ovuled.
bp. Ovary superior; calyx present.
Ovaries 2ormore . .. .. .. . . Ranunculacee, p. 44
Ovary single, of 1 or 2 cells.

xX ANALYTIC KEY TO THE FAMILIES

Calyx of separate sepals . . . . . Caryophyllacee, p, 40
Calyx 5-toothed . . . . . .. . . .).) 60@LUX, p. 105
aa. Calyx and corolla both present.
B. Corolla of separate parts.
c. Stamens more than twice as many as the sepals.
pb. Calyx free from the ovary.
EB. Pistils several or many ; distinct.
Aquatic herbs with peltate leaves . Nymphacee, p. 44
Terrestrial plants.
Filaments united in a tube . . .« Malvaceae, p. 89
Filaments not united, inserted on the calyx
Rosacea, p. 60
BB. Pistils forming 1 ovary but may have several styles

or stigmas.
Ovary 1-celled, simple. -

Ovules2 . ... . . =. . . . £Rosacee, p. 60
. Ovulesmany .. .. . . Ranunculaceae, p. 44

Ovary compound.
Ovary 1-celled.
Sepals 2; succulent plants with watery juice
_and free central placenta . Portulacacee, p. 43
Sepals 3-5; placenta parietal . . Cistacee, p. 89
Ovary several-celled.
Terrestrial herbs; filaments united forming a

| tube. . . . . . « . Malvacee, p. 89
Aquatic or marsh adh:

Leaves pitcher-shaped . Sarraceniacee, p. 57

Leaves peltate . . . . . Nymphacee, p. 44
Trees with 2-celled anthers , . . Tiliacee, p. 89

pp. Calyx adherent to the compound ovary.
‘Ovary 1-—5-celled.
Fleshy-stemmed plants without true foliage
Cactacee, p. 92
Leaf-bearing plants.
Calyx 2-parted . . . . . . . Portulacacee, p. 43
Calyx of more than 2 parts.
Leaves opposite, without stipules Sazifragacee, p. 58

Leaves alternate, with stipules. . Rosaceae, p. 60
Leaves opposite, with Liisa rough-leaved
herbs. . . ‘4 . . Doasacee, p. 92

cc. Stamens not more than twice as many as the petals.
p. Stamens of the same number as the petals and opposite
to them.
Ovary one.
“Ovary 2-5-celled. 238
Calyx minute, petals valvate in bud . Vitacee, p. 86
Calyx 4~5-cleft, foldedinwardin bud Rhamnacee, p. 85

ANALYTIC KEY TO THE FAMILIES

Ovary 1-celled.

Anthers opening by lids . . . . Berberidacea, p.

Anthers not opening by lids.

Style 1, unbranched, stigma 1 Primulacee, p.

pp. Stamens not of the same number as the petals, or if of the
_ same number alternate with them.
Bu. Calyx free from the ovary.
F, Ovaries 2 or more, separate or slightly united.
Stamens united, with a large common stigma
Stamens free from each other.
Stamens on the receptacle.

Leaves fleshy . . “ . - Crassulacee, p.

Leaves not fleshy. .

Ovary 5-lobed with 1 style Primulacee, p.

Ovaries distinct, styles and stigmas sepa-

rate. . . . . . Ranunculacee, p.
Stamens on the calyx.
With stipules . . . . . . Rosacea, p.
Without stipules . . . . Saxifragacee, p.
FF. Ovary 1. :

Ovary simple with 1 parietal placenta.

Leguminose, p.

Ovary compound.
a. Ovary 1-celled.
Corolla irregular.

Petals 4, stamens6 . . . Fumariacee, p.
Petals and stamens5 . . . Violacea, p.

Corolla regular.
Ovule solitary.

Shrubs ©. . . . . Anacardiacee, p.
Herbs... . . . . « Crucifere, p.

Ovules not solitary. |
Ovules at the bottom of the cell

Caryophyllacee, p.

Ovules attached to the sides of the cell.

Leaves glandular hairy Drosoracee, p.

Leaves not glandular hairy.
Petals 4.
Stamens 6, equal, pod on a stipe

Capparidacee, p.

Stamens 6, 4 long and 2 short,

pod sessile . . Crucifere, p.

Petals 3 or 5.
Calyx 5-lobed, lobes equal

Sazxifragacea, p.

Asclepiadacee, p.

104

68

90

51

58

xii ANALYTIC KEY TO THE FAMILIES

Calyx of 3 equal or 5 unequal lobes
aa. Ovary 2-several-celled.
Flowers irregular.
Anthers opening by a pore at the top
_ Polygalacee,
Anthers opening down the side

Balsomimaten, p-

Flowers regular.

Stamens just as many or twice as many as

petals.
Ovules 1 or 2 in a cell.
Herbs. a

Flowers unisexual . Euphorbiacee, p.

Flowers perfeet.
Cells of the ovary the same num-

ber as thesepals Geraniacee, p.

Cells of the ovary twice as many

as the sepals . Linacea, p.

Shrubs or trees.
Leaves compound or palmately

lobed . . . . . Aceracee, p.

Leaves simple, alternate; « climb-

ing shrub . . CELASTRUS, p.

Ovules several or many in a cell.
Leaves compound, of three obcordate

leaflets . . . . Ovwalidacea, p.

Leaves simple.
Style 1, stamens free from calyx.

Uy Ericacee, p.

Styles 2 or 5; leaves opposite from

swollen joints Caryophyllacee, p.

Stamens not just as many or twice as many
as the petals.
Trees or shrubs.
Stamens fewer than the petals

Oleacee, p.

Stamens more numerous than the

petals. . . . . Aceracee, p.

EE. Calyx attached to the ovary for at least part of its
length.

Tendril-bearing, herbaceous vines Cucurbitacee, p.

Not tendril-bearing. 3
Ovules more than 1 to a celk.
Ovary 1-celled; sepals2 . . Portulacacee,

Cistacee, p.

89

p. 80

84

the

79

82

78

100

40

107

83

132

p. 43

ANALYTIC KEY TO THE FAMILIES xiii

Ovary 2—many-celled; stamens on the calyx.
Style 1; stamens 4-8 . . . Onagracee, p.
Styles 2 or3; stamens5or10 Sazifragacee, p.

Ovules only 1 in a cell.

Stamens 5 or 10.

Trees or shrubs . . . . . CRATEGUS, p.
Herbs.
Fruit dry, styles2 . . . Umbellifere, p.

Fruit berry-like; styles 2-5 Araliacee, p.
Stamens 2, 4 or 8.
Style 1, stigma 1, fruit a drupe Cornacee, p.
Style 1, stigma 2-4-lobed; fruit dry
Onagracee, p.
BB. Parts of the corolla more or less united.
c. Stamens more numerous than lobes of corolla.
Ovary 1-celled
Placenta 1, parietal . . . . . . . Leguminose, p.
Placente 2;parietal . . . . . % . Fumariacee, p.
Ovary 2-celled; cells l-ovuled . . . . Polygalacee, p.
Ovary 5-many-celled.
Stamens free from the corolla.
Style 1; leavessimple . . . . . . Ericacee, p.
Styles 5; leaves 3-foliate . . . . Oxalidacea, p.
Stamens attached to the corolla.
Trees or shrubs; style 1 . . « . Ericacee,'p.

Herbs; filaments united ina tube . . Malvaceae, p.
cc. Stamens not more numerous than the corolla lobes.
p. Stamens of the same number as the corolla lobes and

opposite to them; style] . . . . Primulacee, p.

pp. Stamens alternate with the corolla lobes or fewer.

B. Ovary free from the calyx tube.
F. Corolla regular.
Gc. Stamens as many as the corolla lobes.
H. Ovaries more than 1, or if 1, deeply lobed.
Ovaries 2, or if 1, then 2-horned.

Stamens united . Asclepiadacee, Dp.

Stamens distinct . . Apocynacee, p.
Ovary 1, deeply 4-lobed.

Leaves alternate . Boraginacee, p.

Leaves opposite . . . Labiate, p.

aH. Ovary 1, not deeply lobed.
I. Ovary 1-celled.
Seed 1, corolla dry Plantaginacee, p.
Seeds several—many.
Leaves entire and opposite.
Gentianacee, p.

93
58
67

97
97

100

93

68
50
80

100
78
100
89

104

111
110

114
117

127

108

xiv ANALYTIC KEY TO THE FAMILIES

Leaves more or less divided, or

compound.
Corolla white, bearded within,
leaves compound of 3 leaflets

MENYNANTHES, p.

Corolla white or purplish, not
bearded within, leaves
toothed, lobed, or divided -

1m. Ovary 2-10-celled.

Leafless twining parasite cUSCUTA, p.

Leaves alternate.
Stamens free from the corolla; style

Ug nade he PS Ericacee, p.

Stamens on the corolla tube.
Stamens 4.
Leafy stemmed, leaves opposite

Verbenacee, p.

Stemless, corolla dry and mem-

braneous Plantaginacee, p.

Stamens 5.
Fruit 2 or 4 seed-like nutlets

Boraginacee, p.

Fruit a pod or berry; few-
many-seeded.
Style or stigma 3-branched

Polemoniacee, p.

Style2-branched ; pod4-seeded. »

Convoloulacee, p.

Style and stigma single, fruit a

berry . . . Solanaceae, p.

eq. Stamens fewer than the corolla lobes.
Stamens, with anthers, 2 or 3.

Ovary 4-lobed . . . . . . Lycopus, p.

Ovary 2-celled.

Stemless herbs ... . Plantaginacee, p.

Leafy stemmed herbs with capsule flat-
tened and notched at the apex

VERONICA, p.
Trees... . . . . « Oleacea, p.

Fr. Corolla irregular.
Stamens, with anthers, either 2 or 4.
Ovary 4-lobed, splitting, at maturity, ‘into 4

nutlets. . . . . . . . Labiate, p.

Ovary 1-celled. ;
Stamens 2; aquatic, often free swimming

et ydrophyllacee, p.

109

121

112

100

117

127

114

113

112

120

120

127

125
107

117

Lentibulariacee, p. 125

ANALYTIC KEY TO THE FAMILIES

Stamens 4; root parasite without green

foliage . . . . . Orobanchacee, p.

Ovary 2-celled; seeds numerous

. Scrophulariacee, p.

ER. Ovary adhering to the calyx tube. ;
Tendril-bearing, trailing or climbing herbs

Cucurbitacee, p.

- Tendrils absent.
Stamens separate.
Stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla.

Stamens free from the corolla Campanulacee, p.

Stamens inserted on the corolla -tube. ‘
Leaves opposite or perfoliate

Caprifoliacee, p.

Leaves opposite with stipules or whorled

without stipules . . . Rubiaceae, p.

Stamens 1 less than the lobes of the corolla

Linnae, p.

Stamens united by their anthers.
Flowers separate, corolla irregular and split

down one side . . . . . Lobeliacee, p.

Flowers united in heads on a common recep-
tacle and surrounded by an involucre

Composite, p.

xv

133

134

SELECTED WESTERN FLORA

MANITOBA, SASKATCHEWAN, AND ALBERTA

DIVISION I. PTERIDOPHYTA.
(VASCULAR CRYPTOGRAMS.)

_ Plants without true flowers, and reproducing with an alternation
of generations. The sexual generation, the prothallus, is incon-
spicuous, while the asexual consists of conspicuous fronds, some of
which bear the reproductive bodies or spores.

I. POLYPODIACEZ (Frrn Famity).

Leaf-like herbaceous fronds springing from a creeping rootstock;
spores enclosed in sporangia (spore-cases) collected in groups called
sori or fruit dots, each of which is
covered by a Seale called an indusium ;
sori arranged in lines or clusters on the
back or margin of the frond division.

1. ASPIDIUM. Woop Fern.

Fronds pinnate; fruit dots round,
borne on the back of the fertile .
fronds which scarcely differ from
the sterile; stipes not jointed.

1. A. cristatum, (L.) Sw. Fic. 1.— Prothallus of a Fern.

Fronds lanceolate to oblong, the pinne
oblong to triangular, deeply cut into 6 to 10 pairs of sharply serrate segments;
fruit dots about half way between the margin and the midvein, the covering
almost rounded and smooth; stipe and rootstock covered with light brown
scales. Moist cold woods, Man. and westward.

B 1

2 SELECTED WESTERN FLORA

2. CYSTOPTERIS. Buapper Fern. |

Fruit dots on the back of the frond, the covering inflated. Deli-
cate ferns with 2-3-pinnate fronds.

1. C. fragilis, (L.) Berna.
Fronds lanceolate, 2 or 3-pinnate, the pinnules cut-toothed. Coolies, Alta.
4

3. PTERIS. Bracken.

Spore case a continuous line on the back of the frond around the
margin, and covered by the edge of the frond folding backwards
over it. Fronds 1-3-pinnate.

\

Fic. 2, — Fruiting Frond of
‘Fern. ;

Sori at a. One sorus with its Fig. 3. — Aspidium cristatum.
indusium at b. e eee

1. P. aquilina, L. Brake.

Frond stout, 1-2 ft. high, 3-forked at the top, each branch 2-pinnate;-
rootstock black, widely spreading. Rocky Mts. and E. Man.

II. OPHIOGLOSSACE.

More or less fleshy or succulent: plants, consisting of a frond-like
stem and leaf growing from a, short rootstock or fleshy.root, . The
frond consists of two parts, the one fern-like and sterile, the other
a spike or panicle of rather large sporangia, which open at maturity

OPHIOGLOSSACE 3.

by a transverse slit. The spores are developed from the main tissue
of the fruiting stem, and the prothallus is underground.

Fie. 4. — Bo-
trychium
Lunaria.

1. BOTRYCHIUM. Moonworr.

Fleshy plants from a short, erect rootstock. The
sterile portion ternately or pinnately compound; the
fertile portion pinnately divided, with sessile sepa-
rate sporangia in rows on the sides of the branches;
spores yellow.

1. B. virginianum, (L.) Sw. RATTLESNAKE FERN.

Sterile portion sessile, attached above the middle of
the plant, the main divisions on short’ stalks, 1 or 2-
pinnate, and the leaflets pinnatifid; fertile part 2 or 3-
pinnate. Cool rich woods, Man.—Alta.

2. B. Lunaria, (L.) Sw.

The sterile part of the frond almost sessile, 1=pinnate,
the divisions entire and somewhat fan-shaped, very
succulent. Foothills of Rocky Mts.

Fie. 5. — Equisetum arvense.

et, sterile shoot; f, fertile shoot showing the spike at a; 6, sporophyll, with spo-

rangia; $, spore.

4 SELECTED WESTERN FLORA

III. EQUISETACEZ (Horserain FamILy).

Rush-like plants from a perennial creeping rootstock; stems
hollow, jointed, and sheathed at the joints.

1. EQUISETUM. Horseratt.

Stems simple or branched, the nodes solid and surrounded by a
toothed sheath; fruit borne in a terminal cone-shaped organ formed
by a number of shield-like bodies, closely fitted together, and
bearing the sporangia on their inner surfaces.

J. E. arvénse, L. Common Horseratu.

Fertile stems 2-10 in. high, simple or with very few branches, destitute of
chlorophyll; sterile stems green and profusely branched, the branches
springing in whorls from the nodes. Wet places, common.

2. E. fluviatile, L. Prexs.

Stems 3 in.—4 ft. high, sparingly branched, all green and bearing on the
top the fruit, which soon falls off, leaving a withered tip. Deep, damp soil,
common.

DIVISION II. SPERMATOPHYTA.

(PHANEROGAMS, OR FLOWERING PLANTS.)

Plants bearing flowers with stamens or pistils or hotly and
reproducing by seeds.

SUBDIVISION I. GYMNOSPERMA.

Seeds naked at the base of a scale.

; IV. PINACEZ (Pine Famity).

Trees or shrubs with a resinous juice, and mostly entire needle-
shaped leaves; flowers borne in a sealy catkin which at maturity
becomes a cone, or else berry-like by the scales becoming fleshy;
seeds naked, at the base of each scale; mostly evergreen.

1. PINUS. Pine.

Cones formed of imbricated woody scales maturing the second
year, and spreading when ripe, allowing the seed to fall; leaves
never springing singly from the branch, when in 2’s the pair forming
a cylinder, when in more than 2, each triangular.

PINACEA - 5

1. P. Banksiana, Lamb. Jack Pine.

Leaves in 2’s, stout, about 1 in. long, divergent along the branches; cones
usually curved, the scales blunt or ending with a minute prickle; a low tree.
Sandy soil, E. and N. Man., N. Sask., and Alta.

2. P. strébus, L. Wuuire Prine.

Leaves in 5’s, long and slender, the fascicles clustered in large tassels at the
ends of the branches; cones 3-6 in. long, cylindrical, nodding, often slightly
curved. A lofty tree with white wood, the most valuable
timber tree of all the pines, but now scarce. . 8S. E. Man.

3. P. sylvéstris, L. Scorcu Pre.

Leaves in 2’s about 2 in. long; fascicles given off all
along the branch, but more
clustered at the end; cones
13-3 in. long, the scales thick
and rigid with a tubercle on
the centre; bark gray. <A’
small tree, introduced, but
thoroughly hardy in the
prairie region, being exten-
sively used for decorative pur-
poses and for wind-breaks.

4. P. resinésa, Ait. ReEp or
Norway PINs.

Fic. 7; — Pinus sylvestris.

Leaves in 2’s; cones erect,
about 2 in. long, conical, the
scales somewhat thickened, but smooth; bark rather smooth, reddish. A
tall, graceful tree with somewhat hard wood; valuable as timben S. E. Man.

; 5. P. albicaulis, Engelm. Wauits-Bpark PIN.

Leaves in 5’s, 13-23 in. long; cones oval, sessile, dark purple, the scales
thickened at the ends and often beaked but never awned, not spreading at
maturity. A low, much branched tree with rough gray bark. Rocky Mts.

6. P. Murrayana, Balfour. Lopcr-pote Pinn, Buack Pine.

Leaves in 2’s, about 2 in. long, somewhat rigid; cones small, appressed,
often persistent, the scales armed with prickles. A rather tall and often
very slender tree usually growing in thick groves; the source from which
the western Indians secured poles for their lodges. Rocky Mts. and east to
Meridian 114° and a small area in the Cypress Hills. =

2. LARIX. Larcu.

Leaves soft, many in a fascicle, and deciduous; cones lateral,
the fertile red while in flower.

,

6 SELECTED WESTERN FLORA

1. L. laricina, (Du Roi) Koch. Tamarack, HackMaTAcK.

- Cones roundish, consisting of'a few scales. A slender tree with reddish
bark and hard resinous wood. (L. Americana, Michx.) Swamps, Man.-
Alta. .
_ 8. PICEA. Spruce.

Leaves about } in. long, scattered on all sides of ‘the stem, needle-

shaped, stiff; cones pendulous, maturing the first year; otherwise
resembling Pinus.

1. P. canadénsis, (Mill.) B.S. P. Ware Spruce.

Branchlets smooth, leaves slender, somewhat pale green; cones cylindri-
cal, deciduous. A fine tree with white wood, much used for both timber-and
decoration. (P. alba, Link.) Wet or sandy places, Man.—Alta.

2. P. mariana, (Mill.) B. S. P. Buack SPRUCE.
Branchlets pubescent, leaves shorter,
stouter, and darker green than in the

preceding; cones smaller, almost, glob-
ular, persistent. A valuable tree much

3. P. Engelmannii, (Parry) Engelm.

Leaves }-1 in. long, four cornered, distributed singly and evenly along the
branches; branchlets slightly pubescent; cones oval, about 2 in. long, the
scales thin and blunt. A tall conical tree with reddish bark, but becoming
shrubby at high elevations. Rocky Mts.

4. ABIES. Fir.

Leaves flattened, arranged on two sides of the branch; cones
erect, maturing the first year, deciduous.

1.A. balsamea (L.) Mill. Bausam.

Leaves narrowly linear; cones cylindrical,’ violet-colored when immature.
A conical shaped tree with rather smooth, gray bark, containing numerous
blisters of resinous juice. KE. and N. Man. to Lat. 58° and north-westward.

5. THUJA. Angpor Vita.

Leaves appressed, imbricated, some
awl-shaped and others scale-like;
cones of few scales, spreading at ma-
turity.

1. T. occidentalis, L. Wuirre Cepar.

Leaves appressed in 4 rows on flat ny
branchlets; scales of cones blunt. A Fic. 9.— Thuja occidentalis,

resembling the preceding and found
Fic. 8.— Picea mariana. in the same range. (P. nigra, Link.) ,

TYPHACEA 5 7

tree with gray, shreddy bark and light, but very durable wood, the latter
with a strong resinous odor. Swamps, S. E. Man., and about the mouth
of the Saskatchewan River.

1

6. JUNIPERUS. Junirer..

Leaves: either needle-shaped or scale-like; fruit composed of
3-6 fleshy scales, each containing an ovule, and coalescing to form
a sort of berry.

1. J. comminis, L. Common Juniper.

Leaves sharp-pointed, linear, arranged in whorls of 3; fruit axillary.
An erect shrub often widely spreading. Wooded banks, Man.—Alta.

2. J. horizontalis, Moench. Grounp CEDAR.

Leaves scale-like; fruit terminal, borne on short re-curved peduncles.
A prostrate shrub spreading over the ground like a mat. (J. Sabina, var.
procumbens, Pursh.) Sandy hills, Man.—Alta.

7. PSEUDOTSUGA. Doveuas Fir.

Leaves short-petioled and arranged on the branches like teeth in a
comb; cone oblong, drooping, maturing in one season. A large, rough-
barked tree. 3

1. P. mucronata, Raf.

An exceedingly large tree, 100-240 ft. high and 3-12 ft. in diameter, with
very thick rough bark; cones somewhat fringed from the projection of the
bracts beyond the scales. East side of Rocky Mts. from Lat. 53° southward.

SUBDIVISION II. ANGIOSPERMA.

Seeds enclosed in an ovary.

CLASS I. MONOCOTYLEDONES.

Parallel-veined leaves, endogenous~ stems, monocotyledonous
seeds, and flowers mostly in 3’s. :

V. TYPHACEZ (Cat-raru. FAMILY).

Perennial marsh herbs with long, nerved, sword-shaped. leaves,
and moncecious flowers; inflorescence a spike borne on a long stem,
the flowers destitute of floral envelopes.

8 SELECTED WESTERN FLORA

1. TYPHA. Car-rarn Fuaa.

Flowers in a long and very dense spike terminating the stem, the
upper part containing the sterile, and the lower part the ‘fertile
flowers. At maturity the sterile flowers fall, off, leaving a part of
the stem projecting beyond the fruit; seeds attached to bristles
forming a copious down. ;

1. T. latifélia, L. Common Cat-ralL.
Stout, with flag-like leaves and conspicuous spikes. Marshes, Man.-
Alta.
VI. NAJADACEA (Ponpweep Famity).

Immersed aquatic herbs with jointed stems, and leaves either
sheathing or stipulate; flowers perfect with 4-6-parted perianth,
1-6 stamens, and 1-6 distinct 1-celled ovaries, each usually 1-ovuled.

1. POTAMOGETON. Ponpweerp.

Perianth 4-parted; stamens 4, opposite the segments of the
perianth; anthers 2-celled; ovaries 4; style short or wanting?
fruit drupe-like when fresh. Immersed aquatic herbs, generally
rooting at the joints, with alternate leaves some of which frequently
float on top of the water.

1. P. pectinatus, L.

Stem thread-like, branched; leaves very narrowly linear; peduncles
thread-like; flower spikes of 2-6 whorls somewhat widely separated. A
common submerged plant in still or slow-running water, Man.—Alta.

2. P. perfoliatus, L. é

Stem branching; leaves round, ovate, or lanceolate from a heart-shaped,
clasping base, usually obtuse and crinkled on the edges; peduncles thick
and spongy. Still or slow-running water, more local than the preceding,
Man.

3. P. zosterifélius, Schumacher.

Stem branching, with a flattened wing; leaves linear and grass-like,
usually floating on top of the water for part of their length; spike cylindrical
and shorter than the peduncle. Still or slow-running water, Man.—Alta.

VII. JUNCAGINACEA (Arrow Grass Famity).

Marsh plants with cylindrical leaves, and perfect flowers in a
raceme or spike supported on a naked scape. Perianth 3 or 6-lobed,
earpels 3 or 6, united; fruit a follicle or capsule.

* ALISMACEA — HYDROCHARITACEE 9

1. TRIGLOCHIN. Arrow Grass.

Perianth 6-parted, greenish; stamens 3~6, with short filaments;
pistil a 3 or 6-celled ovary, splitting when ripe into 3 or 6 carpels
around. a central axis. Low herbs with rush-like leaves sheathing
the scape at the base.

1. T. maritima, L. ; .
Scape 6 in.— 2 ft, high; leaves rather fleshy; carpels mostly 6-grooved on
7 the back. Wet alkaline soil, Man.—Alta.
2. T. paldstris, L.
Scape 2-18 in. high; leaves slender. Marshes, Alta.

\

VIII. ALISMACEZ (WarTeR-PLANTAIN FAMILY).

Marsh herbs with scape-like stems and radical petiolate leaves,
the petiole sheathing the stem at the base; perianth of 3 herbaceous,
persistent sepals, and 3 white, deciduous petals; stamens 6 or more;
ovaries distinct, 1-celled, and usually 1-ovuled.

. 1. SAGITTARIA. ARROW-HEAD.

Sepals spreading in fruit; petals imbricated in the bud; ovaries
crowded on a globular receptacle forming winged achenes when ripe.
1. S. latifélia, Willd.

Glabrous; scape angled; petals waxy white; lower whorls of flowers
fertile; leaves mostly arrow-shaped. In water or wet places, easily recog-
nized by its arrow-shaped leaves and large white flowers... Common and
exceedingly variable, Man.—Alta. =

2. ALISMA. Water PuaNtaIN.

Flowers small, the whitish petals rolled inwardly in the bud;
ovaries many, in a circle on the flattened receptacle; scape with
whorled panicled branches.

1. ‘A. Plantago-aquatica, L.
Perennial, from a strong corm; leaves ovate or oblong, acute, and some-

times heart-shaped at the base, somewhat resembling those of the plantain;
panicle very loose. Common in shallow water, Man.—Alta.

IX. HYDROCHARITACE (Frod’s-sit FAmiy)..

Aquatic herbs with regular perfect or dicecious flowers; stamens,”
when present, 3-12, united in our species; stigmas 3; fruit ripening
under water.

10 SELECTED WESTERN FLORA

1, ELODEA. Warter-weep.

‘Flowers dicecious, or the fertile bearing stamens; sterile flowers
minute, the fertile ones larger, with a 6-parted perianth. Slender,
submerged, perennial herbs with somewhat transparent veinless
leaves arranged opposite or in whorls.

a
1. E. canadénsis, Michx, CaNaDIAN WATER-WEED.

Leaves linear to oval; stamens 9 in sterile flowers, 3 or 6 sessile anthers in
the fertile; a good aquarium plant, not uncommon on the bottom of slow-
running or still water. (Anacharis canadénsis of Planchon), Man. and west-
ward.

X. GRAMINEZ (Grass Famity). :

Herbs with hollow stems, closed at the nodes,

-+ and two-ranked parallel-veined leaves; leaves

ny divided into blade and sheath, the sheath en-

ft veloping the stem with the edges overlapping;

flowers small, perfect, without distinct perianth,

A. and arranged in spikelets consisting of a short

A axis, or rhachis, and 2—many bracts arranged

Fic. 10.— Diagram in two vertical ranks; the two lowest bracts

showing the struc- (glumes) empty, and each succeeding one

ture of a spikelet (emma) bearing in its axil a single flower; the
of grass. flower usually subtended by another bract °

9 paid ih aio P, (palet) with its back to the rhachis of the

Peel SEeER spikelet, the two bracts enclosing the flower;
floral envelopes wanting; stamens 3; ovary 1-celled and 1-ovuled; .

fruit a caryopsis; spikelets arranged in spikes, racemes, or panicles.

1. HORDEUM. Banrtey.

Spikelet 1 or rarely 2-flowered, three together at each joint of the
flat-jointed rhachis, the centre one sessile, perfect, the lateral pair
usually pediceled, and generally reduced to awns; the spikes becom-
ing disjointed at maturity, the joints fall with the spikelets attached.
1. H. jubatum, L. SQUIRREL-TAIL or SKUNK-TAIL Grass. “a

Biennial, either erect, or with the stems declining at the base; the lateral
pair of spikelets and the glumes of the perfect spikelet reduced to spreading
awns; spike nodding. Waste ground and damp prairie, often a troublesome
weed, and frequently, but wrongly, called fox-tail. Man.—Alta.

GRAMINE 11

2. ELYMUS. Witp Rye. *

Spikelets 2-6-flowered, in pairs, sessile, arranged alternately at
notches in a continuous rhachis; glumes rigid, forming awns.
Tufted perennials.

1, E. canadénsis, L.

Spike exserted on a long stem above the somewhat coarse, either green or
glaucous leaves; spikelets not closely arranged on the rhachis; spike nodding
at maturity. A coarse, tufted, bearded grass very common in light soil and

z

in waste places, with spikes somewhat resembling heads of rye. Man.<
Alta.
3. ANDROPOGON. Berarp Grass.

Spikelets in pairs, one sessile and perfect, the other pediceled
and sterile, arranged at joints of the rhachis; bracts containing
perfect flowers awned.

1. A. furcatus, Muhl. Forxep Bearp Grass.

Stems stout, in tufts, and branching above; leaves often hairy on the sur-
face near the base; racemes purplish; joints of the rhachis hairy. Dry
ground, fairly common, Man.—Alta.

4, STIPA. Fraruer Grass.

Spikelets 1-flowered; glumes sharp and narrow, often terminating
in a bristle; bract below the flower continued into a persistent awn,
abruptly bent and twisted. Coarse perennial grasses.

1. S. comata, Trin. and Rupr. ,
Stem erect, simple; 6 in. to 3 ft. high; sheaths longer than the internodes,

the upper inflated and often enclosing the base of the somewhat loose and_

spreading panicle. Dry prairie, Alta.

2. S. virfdula, Trin. ;
Stems erect, clustered, sometimes branched, 1-3 ft. high; sheaths shorter
than the internodes; panicle strict, erect, and rather densely flowered.
Prairie, Man.—Alta. ;
5. BOUTELODA.

Spikelets 1 or 2-flowered, arranged in 2 rows along one side of the
rhachis which often projects; usually short-awned. Annual or
perennial grasses with flat leaves and conspicuous one-sided spikes.

1. B. oligostachya, (Nutt.) Torr. ;
Stems 6-18 in. high, simple, erect or ascending, smooth; sheaths shorter
than the internodes; spike 1-3 on a stem, each 1-2 in. long, sometimes

~ eurved, the rhachis terminating in a point which is more or less hidden by the

crowded spikelets. Dry prairies, Man.—Alta.

12 SELECTED WESTERN FLORA

6. PHRAGMITES. Reep Grass.

Spikelets 3-7-flowered; bracts narrow, purplish. Tall, leafy,
perennial grasses with large, terminal, rather soft-hairy panicles.

1. P. comminis, Trin.

Stems very tall, stout, erect, 4-12 ft. high, from a creeping rootstock which
frequently runs a long distance on the surface of the ground; leaves large,
flat, with overlapping, sheaths; panicle large, 6-12 in. long. Marshes,
Man.—Alta.

7. AGROPYRON.

Spikelets 3-many-flowered, sessile, and alternate in the notches of
the rhachis; flowering scales rigid, sometimes awned, the two lower
empty; stamens 3; styles short and distinct; stigmas feathery.
Mostly perennial grasses with flat leaves, and spikelets in close strict
spikes.

1. A. répens, L. Beauv. Coucu Grass, Quack Grass.

Bright green or more rarely glaucous; rootstock long and stout, often with
very conspicuous scales, and bright yellowish green internodes. Anintroduced’
form, often very troublesome owing to its habit of spreading by the root-
stock. Cultivated fields and waste places.

2. A. Smithii, Rydb.

Resembling the preceding, but glaucous throughout with bluish green
leaves; rootstock more slender with less conspicuous scales, and internodes
not yellowish or greenish. (Agropyron repens, var. glaucum, Schribn.)
Moist land, Man.-Alta. A somewhat troublesome grass in cultivated fields.

8. LOLIUM. Rys-crass.

Spikelets several-flowered, solitary, alternate in the notches of

, the rhachis ; flowering scales rigid, the lowest empty in the lateral

spikelets, the two lower empty in the terminal spikelet; stamens 3;

styles short ; stigmas 2. Annual or perennial grasses with flat leaves
and spikelets in strict terminal spikes.

1. L. temuléntum, L. Darnel. =

Stem erect, 1-3 ft. high, simple, glabrous; sheaths shorter than the in-
ternodes; spikelets 2-8-flowered, the empty scale long and strongly nerved ;
flowering scales without awns. Often a troublesome weed with bitter poi-.
sonous seeds. Introduced locally.

9. AVENA. Oat.

Spikelets 2-many-fiowered, the lower flowers perfect, the upper
often staminate; glumes long, usually exceeding the flower ; lemma

CYPERACEAD 13

bearing long, often twisted awns, except in the cultivated forms when
the awns are straight or lacking. Annual grasses with flat leaves
and spikelets in large loose panicles. ;

1. A. fatua, L. Wiup Oat.
Stem 1-3 ft. high, simple, erect, smooth; sheaths sometimes roughened
towards the top; spikelets 2—-1-flowered ; flowering scales covered with stiff

brown hairs; awn long and twisted. A troublesome annual weed in culti-
vated fields. :

XI. CYPERACEZ (Srpcu Famity).

Grass-like or rush-like herbs with solid stems; stem leaves, when
present, 3-ranked, with closed sheaths; flewers in spikes each in the
axil of a bract, and destitute of perianth, except in some cases a
few bristles; style 2-cleft; ovary 1-celled; fruit an achene.

1. SCIRPUS. Butrusn.

Spikelets few.or many-flowered, solitary, or in terminal clusters
surmounted by an involucre of one-several bracts, which often
appear as a withered continuation of the stem; perianth of a few
bristles; stems sheathed at the base, but blades of leaves not always
appearing.

1. S. validus, Vahl. Great Butrusn.

Stem 2-8 ft. high, stout, springing from a strong scaly rootstock; sheaths
at the base of the stem soft,'‘not green. Avery large rush, common around the
edges.of lakes and deep ponds. Man.—Alta.

2. S. rubrotinctus, Fernald. :

Not so stout as the preceding, 1-3 ft. high; upper sheaths green, leaf
blades broadly linear, the upper rising above the flower spike; sheaths
mostly red-tinted at the base. Marshy places, Man.—Alta-

3. S. occidentalis, (Wats.) Chase.

Similar to S. validus, but stems firmer and darker green; basal sheaths
firmer; flower bracts spotted with red and viscid at the top. Edges of
lakes, Man.—Alta.

2. CAREX. Sxrpaz.

Perennial grass-like herbs with mostly 3-ranked leaves and tri-
angular stems; flowers unisexual, the staminate and pistillate in
separate spikes or different parts of the same spike, the staminate
consisting of 3 stamens in the axil of a bract, the pistillate of a single
pistil with a 2 or 3-parted style developing into an achene. A

14 SELECTED WESTERN FLORA

very common genus, making up a large part of our grass-like marsh
plants, but very difficult to determine as to species. The beginner
will generally do well to content himself with the power to.recognize fi
the genus, and if attempting species should be careful to get fully
matured specimens.

1. C. rostrata, Stokes.

Stems stout, 1-3 ft. high, spongy at the base; leaves long and flat, re-
sembling a coarse grass; flowers in spikes, the fertile developing into large,
somewhat flask-shaped achenes. Marshes, Man.—Alta.

2. C. trichocarpa, Muhl. &
Stout, 1-3 ft. high, rough, sharp-angled; leaves very rough, often cutting
the hands; spikes 2-5, scattered.

Var. aristéta, Bailey. A common western form, stouter and coarser than
the type. Marshes, Man.-Alta. —

XII. LEMNACEZ (Duckxweep Famity).

Small plants consisting of a leaf-like frond floating freely on the
‘water, producing one or more small moneecious flowers on its
margin, and roots hanging from the lower surface. The smallest
flowering plant, often very plentiful, and covering the surface of
stagnant water like a green scum.

1. LEMNA. Ducxweep.

Flowers usually three together surrounded by a bract.

1. L. trisfilca, L.

Fronds produced into a stalk at one end, obscurely 3-nerved, generally

several adhering. Stagnant water, Man.—Alta.
%

2. L. minor, L.
Frond ovate, usually separated. Stagnant water, Man.—Alta.

XIII. JUNCACEZ (Rusu Famty).

Grass-like or rush-like plants with very small, regular, perfect,
hypogenous flowers. Sepals 3; petals 3; stamens 3 or 6; ovary
3-celled, or 1-celled with 3 parietal placente. A rather curious
family with flowers resembling the lily in structure, but the whole
plant having the appearance of a sedge.

LILIACE 15

1. JONCUS. Russ.

Stamens mostly 3, opposite the sepals; capsule 3-celled, but fre-,
quently apparently 1-celled, the divisions not reaching the centre.
Rush-like perennials.

1. J. nodésus, L.

Stem erect, 6-18 in. high, from a very slender tuber-bearing rootstock;
usually with 2 or 3 slender leaves. Common in wet, sandy places, Man.-
Alta. ;

2. J. balticus, Willd.
Stem erect, 6 in.-3 ft. high, stout, rising at intervals from a creeping root-
stock; leaves reduced to bladeless sheaths; panicle appearing lateral;

divisions of the perianth sharp, brown with green midrib. Sandy and
alkaline shores, Man.—Alta.,

XIV. LILIACEZ (Lity Fatty).

Herbs, with regular symmetrical flowers; their parts — except
in Maianthemum — always in 3’s or. 6’s; leaves parallel-veined
except in Trillium and Smilax; divisions of the perianth similarly
colored — except in Trillium and Calochortus — and free from the
3-celled ovary; stamens 6; fruit a pod or berry.

1. LILIUM. Lity.

. Perianth bell-shaped, of 6 similarly colored
parts, deciduous, the 6 stamens adhering to the
base; anthers linear, attached to the filament
near the middle; style club-shaped; stigma
3-lobed; capsule oblong with seeds densely packed
in 2 rows in each cell. Herbs with simple stems
springing from bulbs, and bearing showy flowers.

1. L. philadélphicum, L. Witp Oranee Liy.

Stem 6-18 in. high; leaves linear to lanceolate;
flowers erect, showy, reddish-orange with purplish
spots inside. .Moist prairie and edges of thickets,
Man.—Alta.

Fic. 11. — Lilium
philadelphicum.

2. FRITILLARIA

Perianth bell-shaped, of 6 deciduous segments each with a pit or
gland at the base ; stamens 6, hypogenous, the filaments flattened and
the anthers linear; ovary cleft at the top with 3 stigmatic lobes;

16 SELECTED WESTERN FLORA

capsule 6-angled, many-seeded. Herbs springing from scaly bulbs and
bearing large nodding flowers.

1. F. pudica, (Pursh.) Spreng.

Stem simple, 4-8 in. high; bulb very scaly; leaves 3-8, rather scattered
flowers 1-6 on the stem, usually solitary, nodding, yellow tinged with purple.
8. Alta. ‘‘ McLeod and Lethbridge the only known stations east of the Rocky
Mts.” — Macoun.

3. ZYGADENUS.

Flowers perfect; perianth spreading, persisting after it withers;
sepals with conspicuous glands near the base. Very smooth peren-
nials with simple stems, usually from a bulb, and béaring a panicle
of rather large, conspicuous, whitish flowers.

1. Z. chloranthus, Richards.
Stem 1-2 ft. high; leaves somewhat grass-like; perianth coherent with
the base of the ovary; sepals marked with a large heart-shaped gland, the

inner narrowed to a claw. (Z. elegans, Pursh.) Low, grassy land, Man.—
Alta. ‘

2. Z. venenosus, Wats.

Differing from the preceding by having the perianth free from the ovary,
the sepals with broad, short claw, and the gland at the base not well defined.
W. Sask. and Alta.

4, SMILACINA. Fase Sotomon’s SEAL.

Perianth 6-parted, spread-
ing, persistent; filaments 6,
slender; ovary 3-celled; style
short with~ an obscurely 3-
lobed stigma. Perennial
herbs with simple stems from
a creeping rootstock, simple
sessile leaves and white flowers.

1. S. stellata, (L.) Desf.

Stem 6-15 in. high from a
slender rootstock; leaves usually
arranged on opposite sides of the
stem; raceme simple, few-flowered;
Fic. 12. —Smilacina stellata. stamens included; fruit a globu-

LILIACE® 2 17

lar berry, striped at first and then turning dark. Moist soil, common,
Man.-Alta.

2. S. racemésa, (L.) Desf.

Flowers almost sessile in a terminal raceme-l'':e panicle; stamens exserted;
rootstock stout and fleshy; berry red or speckled; otherwise resembling
the preceding. Moist, rich woods, Man.-Alta.

Fie. 13. — Smilacina racemosa.

4. MAIANTHEMUM.

Perianth 4-parted; stamens 4; ovary 2-celled; stigma 2-parted.
Low herbs with few-leaved stems.

1. M. canadénse, Desf.
Stem slender, smooth or slightly hairy, usually bearing 2 ovate or ovate-
lanceolate leaves. Moist: woods, common, Man.—Alta.

5. TOFIELDIA. Fase AsPHoDEL.

Perianth spreading, persistent, white or greenish; stamens 6,
filiform; ovary 3-lobed above; styles 3, short, recurved. Tufted
perennial herbs with short rootstocks, slender, simple, erect stems,
linear leaves clustered at the base, and flowers in a terminal raceme
or spike.

ane)

18 SELECTED WESTERN FLORA

1. T. glutinédsa, (Michx.) Pers.

Stem 4-16 in. high, pubescent, covered with dark glands, and sticky to
touch; leaves short, linear; seeds with a crooked tail at each end. Cold
bogs and borders of mountain streams or lakes. From Hudson Bay west-
ward, and in the Rocky Mts., and valleys of streams flowing castward.

6. CALOCHORTUS.

Perianth segments narrow, separate, the three outer sepal-like,
the three inner petal-like, bearded or spotted, and glandular within;
stamens 6, hypogenous; ovary 3-celled; stigmas 3, recurved;
seeds flat. Perennial herbs from coated corms, with narrowly linear
leaves and large showy flowers.

1. C. Nuttallii, T. and G.

Stem 3-12 in. high, few-leaved, usually branched; leaves narrowly linear,
the lowest gencrally with a bulblct in the axil; flowers, white, purplish, or
yellowish, yellow within, with a gland at the base of each petal. Foothills
of Rocky Mts.

7. ALLIUM. Onton.

Perianth of 6 colored sepals, distinet or but slightly united, and
often persistent when dry; stamens 6, filaments frequently dilated
at the base; style persistent, thread-like, and stigma only slightly,
if at all, 3-lobed; capsule 3-valved. Strong-scented herbs from a
coated bulb, with round scape-like leaves and flowers in a simple
umbel, some of the flowers being frequently replaced by bulblets.

1. A. Scheendprasum, L.

Scape 8-20 in. high, rather stout; bulbs narrowly ovoid, clustered, and
‘fibrous-coated; umbel globular, many-flowered; flowers ,rose-purple; scg-
ments of the perianth lanceolate. Moist places, Man.—Alta.

/
2. A. stellatum, Ker.

Scape 6-15 in. high, slender, rather stiff above; bulbs narrowly ovoid,
usually solitary, membranous-coated; leaves somewhat flat; umbel severar
or many-flowered, erect; flowers rose-pink; segments of the perianth ovate.
Prairie, Man.—Alta., widely distributed, but never plentiful.

38. A. cérnuum, Roth. Noppinc WiLp ONron.

Scape slender, 8-20 in. high; bulbs usually clustered, not fibrous-coated ;
leaves mostly shorter than the scape, flat or grooved; umbel many-flowered,
nodding; flowers white or pink; segments of the perianth ovate. Prairies,
Man.-Alta.

LILIACE® 19

4. A. reticulatum, Don.

Scape 3-8 in. high; bulb usually solitary, covered with a network of
fibres; umbel several-Rowered, flowers white or pinkish. Dry prairie,
Man.—Alta.

8. DISPORUM.

Perianth of 6 equal deciduous segments; stamens 6, with fila-
ments longer than the anthers, exserted; style slender; stigma
3-cleft or entire; ovary 3-celled, usually with 2 ovules in a cell;
berry red. Rather hairy branching herbs from slender rootstocks,
with terminal drooping flowers. °

1. D. trachycarpum, Wats.

Stem 1-2 ft. high; leaves oval to lanceolate, scarcely at all cordate;
flowers yellowish white; style 3-lobed; berry leathery and roughened.
Poplar groves, Man.—Alta.

9. STREPTOPUS. Twistep Srax.

Perianth somewhat bell-shaped with the 6 separate segments
spreading or recurved, the inner 3 keeled; stamens 6, filaments
short, anthers long and arrow-shaped; style slender, 3-cleft; ovary
3-celled, the ovules in 2 rows in each cell. Branching herbs with
sessile, clasping, alternate leaves, and flowers solitary or in pairs
from the axils. :

1. S. amplexifélius, (L.) DC.

Stem glabrous, 1-2 ft. high, usually branching below, from a short, stout
rootstock closely covered with fibrous roots; leaves large, pointed, glaucous
beneath, clasping, with a cordate base; flowers greenish white, the segments
of the perianth narrow; peduncles often 2-flowered. Cool moist woods,
never plentiful, Man.—Alta. -

2. S. réseus, Michx.

Resembling the former, but the leaves narrower and only slightly, if at
all, heart-shaped at the base, green on both sides; peduncles usually
1-flowered; flowers purple or rose-colored. Same range as preceding, but in

rather drier soil.

10. TRILLIUM. Waxe Rosin.

Sepals 3, spreading, herbaceous, persistent; petals 3, colored,
withering; stamens 6; ovary 3 or 6-angled; fruit a berry. Low
perennial herbs with simple stems springing from short root-
stocks, and bearing at the top a whorl of 3 broad net-veined leaves,
and a large terminal flower on a fairly long peduncle.

20 SELECTED WESTERN FLORA

1. T. cérnuum, L.

Flower white, turning pink; petals recurved; peduncle curved downward
so that the flower is usually hidden by the large foliage leaves. May or
June. Moist woods, Man.

11. POLYGONATUM. Sotomon’s Szat.

Perianth 6-lobed; stamens 6, inserted about the middle of the
tubular perianth, included; ovary 3-celled with two ovules in each
cell; style slender, jointed, and easily dropping off at the joint;
berry black in our species. Perennial herbs with simple stems from
knotted rootstocks, bearing nearly sessile or half-clasping simple
leaves; flowers axillary, greenish, nodding, on jointed pedicels.

1. P. commutatum, (R. and 8.) Dietr. Great Sotomon’s SEAL.

Stem stout, 1-4 ft. high; leaves ovate, clasping below, sessile or nearly so
above; peduncle several-flowered. Wooded river banks, Man. and west-
ward.

12. SMILAX.

Leaves simple, prominently ribbed, petioled, net-veined; flowers
dicecious; perianth segments similar, separate, deciduous, greenish
yellow; stamens of pistillate flowers on. the base of the perianth;
ovary in fertile flowers 3-celled, with 1 or 2 ovules in each cell;
stigma almost sessile; inflorescence an umbel on an axillary pe-
dunele; fruit a berry. Shrubby or herbaceous plants with tendrils
on the petioles.

1. S. herbacea, L. Carrion FLOWER.

Stem herbaceous, often tall and climbing; leaves ovate, smooth, 7-9-
nerved; peduncles usually exceeding the leaves; flowers carrion-scented;
berries black with a bloom. Rich woods and thickets, Man. and Sask.

13. ERYTHRONIUM. Doctooty Vio.er.

Flowers large, nodding, usually solitary ; peri-
anth of 6 separate, narrow, colored, recurved
segments, each with a gland or groove, and some-
times two short projections at the base; style
long, 3-cleft at the apex; capsule oval or elliptical,
-8-celled with several seeds in a cell. Low herbs
from deep-seated corms or bulbs, and bearing
2 leaves at or near the base.

Fic. 14.—Ery- 1. E. parviflérum, (Wats.) Gooding.

thronium gran- Segments of the perianth bright yellow, greenish at

diflorum. the base, strongly recurved; anthers white or yellow-
ish. (E. grandifldrum, var. parviflérum Wats.) a subalpine species.
Rocky Mts.

AMARYLLIDACEA — IRIDACE 21

2. E. grandiflérum, Pursh.

Resembling the preceding but with larger flowers and purple anthers.
Rocky Mts.

: 14. CLINTONIA
Perianth divisions similar, deciduous; anthers attached near the
centre. Stemless or short-stemmed herbs with flowers in umbels on
a scape sheathed by the bases of the 24 large oblong leaves.
1. C. borealis, (Ait.) Raf.

Flowers greenish yellow in terminal or lateral umbels; scape 4-10 in.
long; fruit a blue berry. Cool woods, E. Man.

XV. AMARYLLIDACEA (AmaryLus Famizy).
Bulbous herbs with flat linear root leaves, closely resembling
Liliacess, except that the perianth is adherent to the ovary and the
flowers are usually borne on a scape. .

1. HYPOXIS. Srar Grass.
Perianth spreading, withering, persistent in fruit; seed globular.
Small stemless herbs with grass-like leaves and a few-flowered scape.
1. H. hirsita, (L.) Coville. Yruuow Star Grass.

Leaves longer than the scape; perianth hairy, greenish outside, yellow
within. Moist prairie, Man. and Sask.

XVI. IRIDACEZ (Irnts Famity).

Herbs with equitant, 2-ranked, linear leaves and perfect flowers;
parts of the perianth petal-like, the tube adnate to the 3-celled ovary;
‘stamens 3, distinct, with extorse anthers. Perennials from fibrous
roots or rootstocks; flowers from a spathe of 2 or more leaves.
1. IRIS. Fusvur-pr-is. Fuaa.

Flower tube prolonged above the ovary, stamens distinct, the
anthers sheltered by arching, somewhat petal-like branches of the
style. Perennials with sword-shaped leaves and large showy flowers.
1. I. versicolor, L. Larce Buur Fuae.

Stem stout, angled on one side; leaves glaucous; fruit large, triangular
flowers blue, variegated with green, yellow, and white towards the centre.
Wet ground, E. Man.

2. SISYRINCHIUM. Buvn-zyEepD Grass.

Perianth spreading; fruit globular, 3-angled. Low, slender
perennials with grass-like leaves and 2-winged stems; flowers from
a 2-leaved spathe.

22 SELECTED WESTERN FLORA
1. S. angustifélium, Mill.

Stems 1-12 in. high, stiff, glaucous, distinctly winged; flowers bright blue.
Moist prairie, Man.—Alta.

2. S. septentrionale, Bicknell.
Resembles the preceding but very much smaller, with relatively larger
capsules. Moist prairie, Man.—Alta.

3. S. mucronatum, Michx.

More tufted than S. angustifolium, and altogether more slender, with
narrower leaves and stem very slightly winged; spathe often red or purple;
bracts thin, the outer slender and much prolonged, enclosing the inner and
more scarous bracts at the base; flowers deep blue. Man.—Alta.

4. S. campéstre, Bicknell.

Resembling S. mucronatum but stiffer, the stem not winged, the spathe
more one-sided ; flowers pale blue or white; the outer bract not greatly pro-
longed, about twice the length of the inner, not clasping the other bracts at
the base. Prairies, S. Man.

XVII. ORCHIDACEZ (Orcuip Famtty).

Perennial herbs with perfect but peculiarly irregular flowers.
Perianth usually of 6 divisions, but sometimes apparently only of
5, the three outer mostly of the same color and texture as the inner.
Of the inner divisions one called the lip differs from the others in
shape, and is frequently prolonged backwards into a spur. This
lip is really the upper petal, but in our species, owing to a half turn
in the pedicel or ovary, it appears to be the lower. Rising from the
base of the lip is the column, composed of one or two stamens, with
sometimes the rudiments of a third, variously joined to the style.
The anther, usually single, is 2-celled, each cell containing the pollen
masses or grains; stigma rough and sticky; fruit l-celled with 3
valves. <A very large family containing many beautiful flowers.

1. CYPRIPEDIUM. Lapy’s S.ipprER.

Lip large and inflated; 2 fertile stamens, one on each side of the
column, and each bearing a 2-celled anther; pollen loose and
pulpy or granular, but not in masses. On the upper side of the
column there is a somewhat petal-like sterile stamen. Flowers
mostly solitary and showy.

ORCHIDACE 23

Flowers yellow..

1. C. parviflérum, Salisb. Smatu YELLow Lapy’s SLIPPER.

Stem 8-15 in. high, leafy, 1-several-flowered; the outer divisions of the
perianth purplish, and the lip strongly marked with purplish spots or lines,
and not as much inflated as in the next species; usually slightly fragrant.
Low woods, Man—Alta. —

2. C. pubéscens, (Willd.) Knight. LarGcer YELLOw Lapy’s SLIPPER.

Somewhat larger than the preceding, more hairy, and with larger lip less
strongly marked with purple; often growing in clusters. Low woods or
moist prairie, Man.—Alta.

Flowers pink.

3. C. hirstitum, Mill. Snowy Lapy’s SuippEr.

Stem stout, leafy, 1-2 ft. high, hirsute, usually in clumps; leaves ovate,
sepals rounded, rather longer than the petals; lip oblong, much inflated,
white marked with crimson. (C. spectabile, Salisb.) Moist woods, Man.

4. C. passerinum, Richards.

Stem 6-10 in. high, softly pubescent; leaves lanceolate; upper sepal nearly
circular, yellowish; lip globular, pink, spotted with crimson at the base.
Wooded valleys of foothills of Rocky Mts.

2. HABENARIA.

Flowers small, greenish in our species, arranged in a spike or
raceme, each in the axil of a bract; lip entire or toothed, but ait
fringed in any of our species; pollen i in masses.

1. H. bracteata, (Willd.) R. Br.

Stem rather stout; lip 2 or 3-toothed at the apex, more than twice the
length of the spur; flower bracts 2-4 times the length of the flowers. Moist
thickets, Man.—Alta.

2. H. hyperborea, (L.) R. Br.

Stem more slender than the preceding; lip entire, lanceolate, curved
upward, and about the same length as the spur; flower bracts not projecting
above the flower. Cold moist woods or bogs, Man.—Alta.

3. ORCHIS.

Sepals and petals almost equal; lip spurred at the base, turned
downward to join with the base of the column; pollen in coarse
waxy grains cohering in two large masses; leaves 1 or 2; flowers
pink, in a raceme,

24 SELECTED WESTERN FLORA

1. O. rotundifélia, Banks.

, Stemless; leaf solitary; scape 4-8 in. high; flowers pink; lip 3-lobed
Moist woods and banks, Alta.

4. EPIPACTIS. Rarrimsnake PLaNtain.

Lip sac-shaped, with recurved tip; upper sepals and petals united
over the lip; pollen masses 2. Herbs consisting of a clump of
dark green, somewhat mottled leaves from a fleshy rootstock,
and a scape bearing a raceme of whitish downy flowers.

1. E. répens, (L.) Crantz; var. ophioides. (Fernald), A. A. Eaton.

Scape 4-6 in. high; leaves ovate to oblong, with dark veins bordered with
white; lip inflated. Cold damp woods, N. Man.—Alta.

5. CALYPSO.

Sepals and petals alike and nearly equal; lip large, inflated,
2-parted; column petal-like with the anther just below the apex;
pollen masses 2. Bog plants from solid corms, with solitary flowers
borne on scapes sheathed with 2 or 3 scaly. bracts,. and a solitary
leaf at the base.

1. C. bulbdésa, (L.) Oakes.

Scape 3-6 in. high; leaf almost round; flower richly colored in purple,
pink, and yellow; lip hairy near the point of division; petals and sepals
narrow. (C. borealis, Salisb.) Bogs and mossy woods, Rocky Mts.

6. LISTERA.

Sepals and petals nearly alike, spreading; lip 2-lobed, drooping;
anther erect, jointed to the back of the column; pollen powdery,
in‘two masses. Small plants with fibrous roots, and a simple stem
with 1 or 2 seales at the base, a pair of opposite leaves about the
middle, and a terminal raceme of small spurless flowers.

1. L. convallarioides, (Sw.) Torr.

Stem 4-10 in. high, pubescent above the leaves; leaves smooth, ovate;
flowers greenish yellow, with petals and sepals shorter than the lip. Rich
woods, Rocky Mts.

7. SPIRANTHES. Lapis’ Tresszs.

Perianth somewhat gaping, the upper sepal united with the petals,
lip spreading and crisped or crinkled, but rarely toothed, and
bearing two hard projections at the base; column short, with the

SALICACEA 25

stigma on the front and the anther on the back; pollen masses 2.
Slender herbs from fleshy or tuberous roots bearing spikes of small
spurless flowers in 1-3 more or less spirally twisted rows.

1. S. Romanzoffiana, Cham. z

Stem 3-15 in. high, leafy below and bracted above; leaves oblong to
linear; scape pubescent above; spike dense, the flowers appearing in several
rows; flowers yellowish white, the lip constricted near the middle, and the
apex recurved. Wet places, Man.—Alta.

2. S. gracilis, (Bigel.) Béck.
Stem slender, 8 in.-2 ft. high, from a cluster of spindle-shaped tuberous
roots; flowers white with a greenish lip, fragrant, in « single row, usually

spirally twisted around the axis. Open woods and grassy slopes, N. Man.,
westward and northward.

8. CORALLORRHIZA. Corau Roor.

Perianth gaping, very ‘slightly spurred, the sepals and petals
colored alike. Reddish or yellowish saprophytic herbs, without
green leaves, springing from branched and knotted’ rootstocks;
flowers in a raceme and about the color of the stem.

1. C. trifida, Chatelain.

Stem rather slender, 4-12 in. high, glabrous, yellowish, with a few scales;
lip whitish without red markings, notched at the apex, and a small tooth
on each side near the base; spur obscure. Cool, moist woods, Man.—Alta.

2. C. maculata, Raf.

Stem stouter than the preceding, 6-18 in. high, clothed with several
scales, reddish purple; lip white, spotted or marked with red, deeply 3-lobed,
the middle lobe broad, rather square, and curved downward at the apex.
Red River Valley at Winnipeg.

CLASS II. DICOTYLEDONEA.

Net-veined leaves, exogenous stems, and dicotyledonous seeds.

XVIII. SALICACEZ (Witiow Famtity).

Dicecious trees or shrubs with both kinds of flowers in catkins,
without perianth, and each in a bract or scale; fruit a pod, 1-celled
and 2—4-valved, with numerous seeds furnished with long, silky
down; stigmas 2; leaves alternate, stipulate, the stipules often
deciduous or seale-like.

26 SELECTED WESTERN FLORA

1. SALIX. Wituow.

Sterile flowers generally of 2 more or less distinct stamens, with
1 or 2 small glands at the base; fertile flowers a single pistil with 2
stigmas ‘or one 2-lobed stigma and a gland at the base. Trees or
shrubs with long, supple branches, long, pointed and entire leaves,
and catkins usually appearing before the leaves.

Fie. 15. ee Catkins of a Willow.

A staminate flower is shown at s, and
a pistillate flower at p. The stami- - Fie. ; 17. —
nate and pistillate are on different Fic. 16. — Salix Salix longi-
plants. amygdaloides. folia.

1. S. amygdaloides, Anders. PrACH-LEAVED WILLOW.

Leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, pale beneath, petioles slender,
stipules deciduous; fertile catkins loose in fruit. A large, rough-barked tree.
Sandy shores, Man.—Alta.

2. S. longifélia, Muhl. Sanp Bar WILLow.

Leaves long and narrow, tapering at each end, more or less hairy when
young, smooth and green when older; stipules small, deciduous; catkins
slender, usually clustered at the ends of the branches. A shrub spreading
extensively from the roots, forming dense thickets. Sandy shores or alluvial
flats, Man.—Alta.

3. S. candida, Fligge. Sse WiLLow.

Leaves oblong to lanceolate, somewhat rigid, downy above when young
and densely tomentose beneath, the margin almost entire and turned under;
catkins cylindrical, densely flowered; style and stamens red; capsule densely
white-woolly. A low shrub with hoary leaves, the young shoots white-
woolly, becoming red when older. Cold bogs, Man.-Alta.

SALICACE 27

4. S. cordata, Muhl. .

; Leaves pubescent when young, oblong-lanceolate, serrate, green on both
sides or paler beneath, acute at the apex and subcordate at the base; stipules
large, oblique, serrulate, usually persistent; catkins appearing before the
leaves, with two bracts at the base, the sterile

about 1 in. long, the fertile becoming much
longer in fruit; stamens 2; style short. <A
large shrub 6-12 ft. high, usually growing in
clumps. Moist places, Man.-Alta.

\

Fie. 18. — Salix Fre. 19, — Salix Fic, 20.— Salix
candida. desertorum. cordata.

5. §S. desertérum, Richards. Desert WILLow.

Leaves oblong to lanceolate, tapering to both ends, pubescent at least while
young, entire or nearly so; stipules early deciduous; catkins appearing with
the leaves, with leafy bracts at the base about 3 in. long; stamens 2; stigma
2-cleft; capsule densely tomentose. A tall shrub with purplish green twigs.
Dry slopes, Cypress Hills to Rocky Mts., and northward.

; 2..POPULUS. Popruar.
Flowers from an irregular cup-shaped disk;
bracts irregularly cut at the apex; stamens
8-60, distinct; stigmas 2 or 4, long; seed pods
2-4-valved; catkins appearing before the
leaves. Trees with broad, often heart-shaped
leaves on flattened petioles.
1. P. tremuloides, Michx. Ammrican ASPEN.
Aslender tree with smooth greenish white bark; ;
leaves heart-shaped, sharp-pointed; petioles long,

slender, and flat. The common ‘white poplar’ of Fic. 21.— Populus
the prairie region. Man.—Alta. tremuloides,

28 SELECTED WESTERN FLORA

2. P. balsamifera, L. Bausam Popuar.

A larger tree than the preceding, with the bark becoming rougher as the
tree increases in size; buds large and smeared with a fragrant resin; leaves
ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed. The tree commonly called black poplar or
Balm of Gilead, and widely distributed over the prairie region. Man.—Alta.

3. P. deltoides, Marsh. Corron-woop.

A large tree with very rough bark and broad deltoid leaves on flattened
petioles often tinged with red; stamens about 60; catkins long, easily drop-
ping, and spreading the seeds, which, being. furnished with copious down,
become very noticeable. River valleys, Man.—Alta.

4. P. alba, L. Wuirr Popuar.

Leaves oval, coarsely sinuate, toothed, densely white-woolly when young,
becoming smooth and dark green above. A
' fair sized tree with the branches white-woolly
when young; often spreading from the root.
Introduced, but frequently used for orna-
mental purposes in Manitoba.

‘

.
S

Fig. 23. — Populus balsami-
Fig, 22.— Populus alba. fera (Western form).

XIX. BETULACEZ (Bircu Famity).

Moncecious trees or shrubs with alternate simple leaves and decid-
uous stipules; the sterile flowers in catkins, the fertile often in dense
cylindrical spikes; ovary 2-celled; styles 2.

BETULACEZ 29

Fig. 24. — Populus deltoides.

1. CORYLUS. Hazzeunour.

Sterile flowers consisting of 8 stamens and a pair of scaly bracts,
in catkins in the axils of the branches of the preceding year; fertile
flowers clustered in a scaly bud at the ends of the shoots, easily
recognized by the long, slender red stigmas appearing before the
leaves in early spring; fruit a nut with much thickened coty-
ledons and enclosed in a leaf-like involucre. Shrubs with thin
double-toothed leaves folded lengthwise in the bud. :

1. C. americana, Walt. Haze.nur.

Involucre of 2-toothed and somewhat distinct bracts opening down to
and disclosing the globular nut. Thickets, Man. and Sask.
2. C. rostrata, Ait.. Brakep HazEeunort.

Bracts of the involucre united and prolonged above the nut into a tubular
beak densely covered with minute bristles; nut ovoid. Thickets, Man.—
Alta.

2. OSTRYA. Ironwoop. .

Sterile flowers in slender drooping catkins with several stamens in
the axil of each bract; fertile flowers in shorter catkins, two in

30 : SELECTED WESTERN FLORA

the axil of each bract, each consisting of a more or less 2-celled ovary
with the rudimentary calyx and 2 long stigmas attached, and en-
closed by a bract which becomes enlarged and bladder-like in fruit,
these overlapping to form a sort of hop. Slender trees with simple
alternate leaves.

1. O. virginiina, (Miller) Koch.

Leaves sharply double-serrate and prominently veined. A small tree
with hard wood and gray, shreddy bark. S. E. Man.

3. BETULA. Brincu.

Sterile flowers 3 to each seale of the catkin, rudiments of a calyx
present, bract shield-shaped; fertile flowers 2 or 3 to each bract of
the catkin, no rudimentary calyx,
bract 3-lobed; ovary naked, becom-
ing a winged nutlet. Trees or shrubs
with smooth outer bark, separable
into sheets.

1. B. alba, L. Wuuirs or Canor Bircn.

Branchlets erect; leaves ovate, taper-
ing to a point, unequally doubly serrate,
_pale green beneath, slightly hairy on
the veins; fruiting catkins generally
drooping on slender peduncles. A small
to medium-sized graceful tree in our
range, but the species varies widely, con-
taining many varieties ranging from
shrubs to large trees. Across the con-
tinent.

2. B. pimila, L. Swamp Brrca.

Fic. 25.— Betula alba.

Young branchlets and lower sides
of young leaves downy; leaves obovate
to orbicular, coarsely dentate, glabrous above when mature but the pubes-
cence often persisting beneath; fruiting catkins erect, about 1 in. long. A
shrub sometimes reaching 15 ft. in height. Bogs and wet places, Man.-
Alta. (Var. glandulifera, Regel, young branchlets and leaves, glandular-
dotted, is also found. The varicty is probably the more common western
form, but the distinctions between it and the type are not always clearly
marked.)

\

FAGACE® 3l

3. B. glandulésa, Michx. Dwanr Bincu.

Branchlets brown, rough, glandular,
. not pubescent, erect; leaves obovate
or orbicular, coarsely crenate dentate,
glabrous on both sides and glandular
beneath; fruiting catkin erect, } to 1
in. long. A shrub 2-4 ft. high. Hud-
son Bay to Rocky Mts. and southward
in the mountains and foothills. When
alpine often procumbent.

Fic. 27.—Be-
Fig. 26.— Betula tula glandu- 7
pumila. losa. Fie. 28.— Alnus incana.

4. ALNUS.. Aupzr.

Sterile flowers with 4 or 5 bractlets and usually 3 flowers to each
scale of the catlin, each flower with a 3-5-parted calyx and the same
number of stamens; fertile catkins cylindrical or ovoid, made up of
fleshy scales, with 2 or 3 flowers in the axil of each; calyx of
4 braets. Small trees or shrubs usually growing in clumps.

1. A. incana, (L.) Moench. Tac ALprr.

Flowers developed before the leaves; catkins clustered; fruit wingless;
leaves broadly ovate, serrate, or doubly serrate, downy beneath. Borders
of streams or wet places, Man.—Alta.

XX. FAGACEZ (Brseca Famity).

Moneecious trees or shrubs with alternate pinnately-veined
leaves and deciduous stipules; sterile flowers in catkins or clusters;
fertile flowers solitary or in small clusters; ovary 3-7-celled; ovules
1 or 2 in each cell, but only one ripening; styles 3; the l-seeded
nut at least partly enclosed in a hard covering composed of more or
less united bracts.

32 SELECTED WESTERN FLORA

1. QUERCUS. Oak.

Sterile flowers in slender naked catkins; stamens 3-12; calyx,
2-8-parted; fertile flowers not in catkins but sometimes clustered;
ovary enclosed in a scaly cup-like involucre forming a fruit called
an acorn. Trees with heavy durable wood, rough bark, and usually
sinuate-pinnatifid leaves.

1. Q. macrocarpa, Michx. Bur Oak.

Leaves lyrately pinnatifid or deeply sinuate;
cup deep, almost enclosing the nut, and furnished
with a fringe of bristles around the edge. <A
valuable tree in moist climates, but in our range
Fic. 29.— Quercus ma- seldomreachinglargesize. Richsoil, Man. north

crocarpa, _ to Lake Winnipegosis and into eastern Sask.

XXI. URTICACEA (Nerriz Famity).

Herbs, trees, or shrubs, with alternate or opposite stipulate leaves
(stipules often deciduous) and moncecious, dicecious, or (in the elm)
perfect flowers; calyx free from the ovary; ovary 1 or 2-celled
forming a 1-seeded fruit; stamens as many as the lobes of the
calyx.,

1. ULMUS. Ex.

Flowers perfect; calyx 4-9-cleft, bell-shaped; sta-
mens 4-9, with slender filaments; ovary 1 or 2-celled
with a single ovule in each cell; fruit winged all
around. Trees with tough wood and rough scaly
bark.

1. U. americana, L. Amertcan Wuite Euo.

Buds and branchlets smooth; leaves obovate or oval,
abruptly pointed, soft-pubescent beneath, and usually
oblique at the base; flowers in close fascicles. A rough-
barked tree, usually with long spreading branches, and
often with drooping branchlets, much used for ornamental Fic. 30.— Ul-
purposes. Rich moist soil, especially along rivers, Man. mus ameri-
and E. Sask. ie

2. CELTIS. Hacxserry.

Flowers moncecious with sometimes a few perfect; calyx 5 or 6-
parted, persistent; stamens the same number as the calyx lobes;
ovary 1-celled with a single ovule; stigmas 2, long, recurved; fruit
a drupe. Trees with large pointed leaves, very oblique at the base,

\

and bark prominently marked by broken spiral layers of very much

thickened cork; flowers greenish, the fertile solitary or in pairs, the
sterile fascicled.

URTICACE 33

1. C. occidentalis, L. Hacxsrrry.

~ Leaves ovate, pubescent, particularly beneath, usually taper-pointed and
oblique at the base, variable in’ texture; fruit dark purple when mature,
edible. A tree with something the appearance of the elm, but easily distin-
guished by its larger leaves and the thickened bands of cork in the bark.

Very local and usually growing in colonies of fairly mature trees. The
south end of Lake Manitoba.

e
7 \y

ax Lu

Fic. 31.— Humulus Lupulus.

3. HUMULUS. Hop.

Flowers dicecious, axillary, the sterile in long loose panicles, the fer-
tile in short spikes (hops) with foliaceous bracts; calyx of sterile
flowers 5 sepals, that of fertile a single bract; stamens 5; fruit an

si :

34 SELECTED WESTERN fSLORA

achene enclosed by the large calyx scale. Rough, twining, perennial
herbs.

1. H. Lipulus, L. Common Hop.

Leaves 3-5-lobed; the calyx of the fertile flowers sprinkled with some-
what resinous grains giving it a peculiar (hop) aroma. Moist places, Man.
north to Lat. 53°, and westward in river valleys.

’

4. URTICA. Nerve.

Flowers moncecious or dicecious, in clusters; in sterile flowers
sepals 4, stamens 4; in fertile flowers sepals 4, in pairs, the 2 outer
smaller, spreading, the two inner enclosing the flattened acheno.
Herbs with opposite leaves, greenish flowers, and armed with
stinging hairs.

1. U. gracilis, Ait.

Perennials; leaves ovate-lanceolate, pointed, serrate; flowers in loose
panicles; sparingly armed with stinging hairs. Moist ground, Man.—Alta.
2. U. didica, L. Stincinc NEerrie.

Resembling the preceding but stouter, the leaves on shorter pctioles, and
the stems densely beset with coarse stinging hairs. Introduced, but fre-
quently found in waste places about towns.

XXII. SANTALACEZ (SanpaLwoop FamIty).

Herbs, shrubs, or trees (in our species somewhat woody herbs)
with entire leaves; ealyx 4 or 5-cleft, its tube coherent with the 1-celled
ovary; ovules 2-4, suspended from the top of the column of a free
central placenta; fruit indehiscent, and only 1l-seeded, owing to all
the ovules not developing.

1. COMANDRA. Basrarp Toap-Fuax.

Calyx urn-shaped, erect, having a disk adhering to the base;
anthers connected by hairs to the calyx tube. Smooth perennial
herbs from a woody base, with alternate leaves and greenish flowers.

1. C. Richardsiana, Fernald.

Rootstock spreading near the top of the ground; stems leafy, 4-10 in.
high; leaves lanceolate, ascending; inflorescence a sort of corymb. “Dry
soil, Man. and Sask. :

2. C. pallida, A. DC.

Leaves linear or nearly so, glaucous, acute. Dry soil, S. Man. and Sask.-
Alta.

POLYGONACE 35

3. C. livida, Richards.
Stems slender, 4-10 in. high; leaves oval, thin, short-petioled; cymes

axillary, not numerous, and few-flowered; fruit red, globular, the calyx
teeth persisting as a crown. Bogs and mountains, N. Man.—Alta.

XXIII. POLYGONACEA (Buckwueat Famity).

Herbs with alternate entire leaves and stipules sheathing the
stem above the swollen joints; flowers perfect, usually with per-
sistent calyx; ovary 1l-celled with 2 or 3 styles or stigmas, one-
seeded; fruit usually a 3 or 4-angled achene.

1. RUMEX. Dock.

Calyx of 6 sepals, the three inner slightly colored and enclosing
the 3-angled achene; stamens 6; styles 3. Coarse herbs with loose
racemes of small dull-colored flowers.

1. R. venésus, Pursh.

Stems 1-2 ft. high from a creeping rootstock; leaves oblong to lanccolate,
petioles slender, stipules dilated; raceme short and dense, appearing pink
in fruit from the color of the sepals enclosing the achene. Light soil, W.
Sask.

2. R. occidentalis, Wats.
Stems stout, erect, 2-4 ft. high, usually tinged with purple; leaves large;

sepals enclosing the achene large and blunt-pointed. Damp alkaline soil
Man.—Alta. m

3. R. persicarioides, L. GoutpEen Dock.

Stem 8 in.-2 ft. high branched, finely pubescent; leaves linear to lanceo- 5
late, wavy on the margin, the lower heart-shaped at the base; inner sepals
with 2 or 3 spines on the back. Wet alkaline soil, Man.—Alta.

4. R. mexicanus, Meisn.

Erect; leaves lanceolate to oblong, pale,
glaucous; panicle strict, dense; calyx brown.
Alkaline soil, Man.—Alta.

5. R. acetosélla, L. Suerp SoRREL.

Stem low, 6-10 in.; leaves, or at least
the lower ones, halberd-shaped, sour to the
taste; sepals not sufficiently enlarged to en- ‘
close the achene, dull reddishin fruit. Sandy Fic. 32.— Rumex aceto-
soil, introduced. sella.

36 SELECTED WESTERN FLORA

2. POLYGONUM. Kwnorcrass.

Calyx mostly 5-parted, the divisions often petal-like, and usually
withering; styles or stigmas 2 or 3; achene angled according to the
number of stigmas. Slender or prostrate herbs usually
from fibrous roots.

1. P. aviculare, L. Knorterass.

Leaves small, lanceolate, with the flowers in the axils; sepals
small, green with pink borders; stamens 5 or 8. Slender or
prostrate herbs of a bluish green color forming a mat
on the ground. Very common around dwellings ; intro-
duced.

2. P. amphibium, L.

Stem slender, ascending or prostrate; leaves ellip-
tical to Panepelates pike dense; flowers bright rose-pink.
Aquatic herbs but
continuing to grow in
the mud after the
water has dried up;
the leaves long-peti-
oled, floating, and the
spikes of rose-colored
flowers protruding
from the surface of
the water or standing erect above the decumbent or prostrate stems.
‘Man.-Alta. *

Fic. 33. — Polygonum aviculare.

3. P. Convélvulus, L. Witp Buckwuerat or Buack BINDWEED.

A twining or procumbent annual with slightly halberd-shaped leaves and
irregular racemes of small whitish flowers; achene 3-angled, black. A
common introduced weed.

”

4. P. viviparum, L.

Stem low, simple, glabrous, erect, from a corm-like rootstock; root leaves
oblong, petioled, cordate; stem leaves linear or lanceolate, sessile; raceme
terminal, strict, rather dense, with some dark-colored bulblets just below
the base. Swampy places, W. Alta.

3. ERIOGONUM.

Calyx 6-parted, colored, persistent; stamens 9, on the calyx;
styles 3; achene triangular. Mostly perennial herbs with the
flowers on short pedicels mixed with narrow echaffy bracts, and sur-
rounded by a 4-8-lobed involuecre.

CHENOPODIACE . 37

E. flavum, Nutt.

Stem simple or tufted, woody, more or less creeping; scape 2-10 in. high,
erect; leaves linear to oblong, crowded on the short stem; the whole plant
white-woolly throughout; flowers in heads surrounded by an involucre, ~
the heads arranged in an umbel with leaf-like bracts at the base. Dry
gravelly ridges, W. Man.—Alta.

XXIV. CHENOPODIACEZ (Goosrroor Famity).

Coarse and somewhat succulent herbs with alternate exstipulate
leaves and minute greenish flowers; calyx 3-5-parted, or of a single
sepal, or wanting; stamens about as many as the lobes of the
ealyx; ovary 1-celled becoming a 1-seeded utricle mostly enclosed
by the persistent calyx. A family containing many of our most
prevalent weeds.

1. CHENOPODIUM. Goosrroot.

Calyx 5-parted, enclosing the fruit; stamens mostly 5; styles
2 or 3; seed with its longest diameter across the flower. Weedy
plants, generally more or less covered with a white mealiness; con-
taining many weeds, mostly introduced.

1. C. capitétum, (L.) Asch. StTrawsBerry BLITE.

Stem ascending, branched; leaves triangular to halberd-shaped and sin-
uate-toothed; flower spikes interrupted, the calyx becoming fleshy in fruit,
making the spike look like clumps of strawberries. Moist sandy soil.
Man.—Alta.

2. C.ribrum, L. Coast Buite.

Stem 6-18 in. high, angled, much branched; leaves rather thick, not
mealy, pointed at both ends — the upper almost linear — sparingly and
coarsely toothed; calyx lobes 2-5, somewhat fleshy, turning dull red in fruit;
stamens 1 or 2; flower clusters scattered in Jeafy spikes in the axils of the leaves;
seed black, shiny. Alkaline soil, Man.—Alta.

3. C. himile, Hook.
Resembling the preceding but dwarf, with somewhat spatulate leaves.
Alkaline marshes, Man. —Alta.

4. C. hybridum, L. Mapus-.teavep Goossroot.

Stem erect, widely branched, 1-3 ft. high; leaves thin, somewhat tri-
angular, taper-pointed, the margin with a few large pointed teeth; racemes
loose, leafless; calyx not covering the fruit. Waste places, Man.—Alta.

38 SELECTED WESTERN FLORA

5. C. glaficum, L. OaxK-LEaveD GoosEFooT.
Stem low, spreading, mealy; leaves oblong, pale

beneath, sinuately-toothed; flowers in small axillary

spikes. Waste places and alkaline soil, Man.—Alta.

a
6. C. album, L. Lams’s Quarters, PIGWEED.
Erect, 1-4 ft. high, generally mealy; leaves vary-
ing from almost linear above to ovate below, the
lower angular-toothed; flower clusters dense; lobes
of the calyx covering the seeds. A common weed in
cultivated ground.

2. AXYRIS

Flowers monoecious; sterile very small with
3-5-parted calyx and 2-5 stamens, fertile with
3-4-parted calyx, 2 stigmas and flattened ovary,
rather hairy and arranged below the sterile;
utricle enclosed in the perianth.

1. A. amarantoides, L. Russian PIGWEED.

Erect, 1-2} ft. high, slightly pubescent, much
branched ; caves ovate to lanceolate, mostly entire,
Fic. 34. — Cheno- on slender petioles; flowers in dense leafy clusters

podium album. the minute staminate ones towards the ends of the

stems; fruit oval, flattened ; seed black but not shiny.
An unsightly weed in waste places- about towns in Man., and extending
westward along the railways.

3. ATRIPLEX.

Herbs resembling the last genus except that the flowers are mo~
noecious or dicecious, the sterile resembling the flowers of the Che-
nopodium, with an undeveloped pistil, the fertile consisting of a
naked pistil enclosed by a pair of bracts which become enlarged in
fruit; the long axis of the seed lengthwise with the flower.

1. A. argéntea, Nutt.

Low, much branched, gray-scurfy; leaves varying from deltoid to hastate;
sterile flowers in terminal spikes, the fertile in axillary clusters; bracts of the
fertile flowers united, with their margins toothed or wavy. Waste places,
Man.—Alta.

2. A. Nuttallii, Wats.

A whitish or pale green scurfy shrub 1-2 ft. high, with rather stiff, erect
branches; leaves linear to oblong or oblanceolate; flowers in dense clusters

AMARANTHACEA 39

along short axillary branches; fruiting bractlets toothed or spiny. Dry
or alkaline soil, W. Sask. and Alta.

3. A. patula, L.; var. hastata, Gray.

Annual, erect or spreading, 1-2 ft. tall, pale green or slightly scurfy ;
leaves on slender petioles, the lower broadly triangular, the upper lanceolate ;
flowers in interrupted leafy spikes; fruiting bractlets often tubercled.
Margins of alkaline sloughs, Man.—Alta. ; a

4. MONOLEPIS.

Flower small, calyx of one entire bract-like fleshy sepal; utricle
somewhat flattened, containing a very much flattened seed.

1. M. Nuttalliana, (R. and S.) Wats.

Stem branched from the base, the lower branches often resting on the
ground, pale green, very slightly, if at all, mealy; lower leaves hastate,
passing above into leaf-like bracts. Alkaline soil, Man.—Alta.

5. SALSOLA. Sattrwort. :

Flowers perfect; calyx 5-parted; stamens 5; styles 2. Branching
herbs with fleshy linear leaves, at least while young, and sessile
axillary flowers.

S. Kali, L. Common. Sattwort.

Annual, diffusely branched; leaves alternate, awl-shaped, becoming stiff
and prickle-pointed. Var. Tenuifolia, G. F. W. Mey, Russian Thistle, intro-
duced from Europe, has become a most troublesome weed.

XXV. AMARANTHACEZ (AmarantH Famity).

Coarse weedy plants very much resembling the preceding family
except that the flower is enclosed in a number (usually 3) of dry
persistent bracts, which often change color, making the plant
showy. Mostly tropical. \

1. AMARANTHUS. Amaranrs.

Bracts surrounding the flower 3; stamens 2-5, separate; stigmas
2 or 3; fruit dry, containing one black shiny seed. Coarse annual
weeds, or, in one case, an ornamental plant, owing to the coloring of
the bracts.

40 SELECTED WESTERN FLORA

1. A. retrofléxus, L. Reproot PIGwEeEp.

Rough, pubescent; leaves ovate, long-petioled;
flowers in a spike made large and somewhat rigid by
the presence of the stiff sharp-pointed bracts. A
common weed in cultivated ground.

XXVI. NYCTAGINACEZ (Fovur-o’ciocx
FamMILy).

Herbs with opposite entire leaves, stems
swollen at the joints, and calyx colored like a
corolla, the persistent base becoming restricted
above the 1-celled ovary forming a nut-like fruit.

1. OXYBAPHUS.

Calyx tube short; stamens 3, hypogenous:
style filiform with a somewhat club-shaped
stigma; fruit several-angled. Perennial herbs
with rose-colored flowers, 3-5 in a cluster, sur-
rounded by a saucer-shaped involucre.

Fie. 35, — Ama-
ranthus retroflexus.

O. nyctagineus, (Michx.) Sweet.

Stem smooth or nearly so; leaves ovate, petiolate except at the top; in-
florescence axillary, consisting of a single cluster in each axil below, but
becoming crowded above; involucre broad. Sandy shores, local and rare.
Wood End, Souris River, (Dawson) Delta, Man.

O. hirsitus, (Pursh) Sweet.

Stem glandular, hairy, lanceolate, sessile or nearly so; fruit not so sharply
angled as the preceding. Dry sandy plains, local but more frequent. Sand
Hills along the Red River Valley, Qu’Appelle Valley, sandy places W. Sask.

XXVII. CARYOPHYLLACEZ (Prnx Famity).

Herbs with opposite entire leaves; stems swollen at the joints;
flowers with or without petals, 4 or 5-merous; stamens distinct,
never more than twice the number of the sepals, and arranged either
on the receptacle or on the corolla; styles 2-5; fruit a 1-5-celled
pod with the seeds attached around the base of the central column.
A large family containing a few more or less troublesome weeds and a
large number of our most beautiful cultivated flowers.

CARYOPHYLLACE# 41

1. STELLARIA. Curckweep.

Sepals 4 or 5; petals when present white, deeply 2-cleft so as
frequently to look like 10 petals; stamens not more than 10; styles
3. Low annual or perennial plants with white star-shaped flowers.

1. S. borealis, Bigel.

Stems weak, reclining, many times forked, and ending in leafy cymes of
small and inconspicuous flowers. Damp shady places, Man.—Alta.

2. S. léngipes, Goldie.

Erect or nearly so, 4-10 in. high, glabrous; leaves linear to lanceolate,
gradually narrowing from near the base, shining; inflorescence terminal!;
pod ovoid, protruding 'beyond the sepals, dark, shining. Dry soil, Man.
Alta.

!

3. S. longifélia, Muhl. LoneG-LEavep STITCHWORT.

Stem erect, weak, generally roughened on the angles,
6-15 in. high; leaves linear, tapered at both ends;
inflorescence a leafy cyme; fruit pale. Damp grassy
places, Man.—Alta., not common in our range.

-4, S. média, (L.) Cyrill. Common CHICKWEED.

Low, annual, or sometimes living over winter; stem
hairy in lines; leaves ovate, some on hairy petioles;
petals 2-cleft and shorter than the calyx. An in-
troduced weed becoming common on neglected lawns Fic. 36, —Stellaria
and other waste places, where it forms a close mat on media.
the ground, smothering out the grass.

2. CERASTIUM. Movusz-Ear CuHICKWEED.

Sepals 5 (4 in one species); petals the same number as the
sepals, notched at the apex but not deeply cleft; styles as many as
the sepals and opposite to them; pod 1-celled.

1. C. arvénse, L. Firup CHICKWEED.

Flowering stems erect or nearly so and almost destitute of leaves; the
other stems ascending, leafy; leaves linear to lanceolate, usually hairy;
petals much longer than the calyx. Dry places, common, Man.—Alta.

2. C. vulgatum, L. Common Movus&-EAR CHICKWEED.

Stem low, spreading, densely viscid-pubescent; leaves ovate to spatulate;
flowers clustered, and pedicels longer than the calyx. An introduced door-
yard weed, but not yet very common in the West.

42 SELECTED WESTERN FLORA

3. AGROSTEMMA. Corn Cocx us.

Calyx 5-cleft, the long narrow divisions much ex-
ceeding the 5 large petals; stamens 10; styles 5, op-
posite the petals. Soft-hairy annual or biennial
herbs occurring in grain crops.

1. A. Githigo, L. Purpie Cocke.

Ercct, 1-3 ft. high, little if at all branched; leaves linear
or nearly so; flowers large, solitary, purplish red often
spotted with black, and paler towards the centre of the
flowers. A fairly common introduced weed in cultivated
crops.

4. SILENE. Carcuruy or Campion.

Calyx 5-toothed, usually strongly marked with
not less than 10 nerves; stamens 10; styles 3; flowers
mostly solitary or in cymes, but occasionally ra-
cemose.

Bie. 37.— Calyx not inflated.

, Agrostemma

githaco. 1. S. noctifléra, L. NIGHT-FLOWERING CATCHFLY.

Stem tall; lower leaves large and somewhat spatulate,
upper smaller and narrower; both stem and leaves-viscid-pubescent; flowers
few, large, white or pinkish, sweet-scented, and opening at night. A field
weed in cultivated ground, introduced.

2. S. Menziésii, Hook.

Stem low, weak, forked-branched; petals 2-cleft, flowers small, white, in
leafy cymes. N. Man.—Alta.

Calyx much inflated.

3. S. latifélia, (Mill.) Britten and Rendle. Buapprr Campion.

Stem weak, growing in clumps, glaucous; leaves opposite, ovate-lance-
. olate; calyx much inflated; petals 2-cleft. An introduced weed occasionally
found about dwellings.

5. LYCHNIS. Campion.

Closely resembling Siléne but with 5 styles, and the pod opening
with 10 teeth.
1. L. alba, Mill. Waurre Cocke.

Leaves ovate to oblong; flowers white, opening in the evening, A

biennial weed in cultivated ground distinguished from Siléne noctiflora by
its 5 styles.

PORTULACACE 43

6. ARENARIA. Sanpwort.

Sepals 5; petals 5, not notched at the apex; stamen 10; styles 3;
pod short. Low tufted herbs with white flowers.

1. A. laterifiéra, L.

Stem not much branched, very slightly pubescent; leaves oval to oblong;
peduncles usually 2-flowered. Moist places, prairies, common, Man—Alta.

2. A. vérna, L.; var. propinqua, Fernald.

Stems numerous, slender, 1-5 in. high, tufted or matted; leaves awl-
shaped; flowers 2-5 on a stem; sepals longer than the somewhat obscure
petals. Rocky Mts.

7. SAGINA. Prartwort.

Sepals 4 or 5; petals 4 or 5, united, of none; stamens mostly as
many as the sepals; pod many-seeded. Small matted herbs with
thread-like leaves without stipules, and small terminal flowers.

1. S. deciimbens, (Ell.) T. and G.

Annual; stem ascending, smooth, 2 or 5 in. high; leaves narrowly linear;
peduncles thread-like, rising above the leaves; flowers 5-parted. Rocky Mts.
On the open prairie 30 miles east of Hand Hills. (Macoun.)

8. SAPONARIA. Soapworr.

Calyx 5-parted; petals 5; stamens 10; styles 2; pod mostly
1-celled or with some incomplete divisions. Weedy annuals.

1. S. Vaccaria, L. Cow-cock.e.
Glabrous; leaves lanceolate; flowers red, the calyx with five sharp angles.
(Vaccdria vulgaris, Host.) Local, Man. and Sask.

XXVIII. PORTULACACE (Purstane Famtty).

Succulent and usually spreading herbs with regular but unsym-
metrical flowers. Sepals 2; petals 5 or none, opening in the sun;
stamens 5-20; styles 2-8, often united below; pod 1-celled.

: 1. PORTULACA. Pursuane.

Calyx 2-parted with the tube adhering to the ovary; petals 5,
inserted on the calyx; stamens 7-20; style 3-8-parted; pod 1-celled,
many-seeded, opening by the removal of the upper part like a lid.

44 SELECTED WESTERN FLORA

1. P. oleracea, L. Common PURSLANE.

Stem spreading, succulent; leaves fleshy, smooth, opposite; flowers
sessile, with pale yellow but inconspicuous petals, soon withering. A
troublesome garden weed, introduced.

.

XXIX. NYMPHAACEZ (Water Lity Famity).

Aquatic perennial herbs with horizontal, fleshy, and apparently
endogenous rootstocks, floating or emersed leaves, and solitary
axillary flowers. Sepals 3-5; petals 5-many; stamens 5—many;
earpels 5-many, distinct or united; stigmas distinct, or (as in our
species) united into a large radiate disk. ,

’

1. NYMPHAA. Ponp Lity.

Leaves cordate with a deep sinus at the base; flowers showy yellow
or sometimes tinged in places with purple; sepals 5 or 6, thick, con-
cave; petals and stamens many, the one gradually merging into the
other, hypogenous; carpels many, united; stigmas united into a
disk of 8-24 rays.

1. N. 4dvena, Ait. Lares YELLOw Ponp Lity.

Floating leaves large, orbicular, thick, with a deep sinus; submerged
leaves, if present, thin; submerged parts of the plant often pubescent;
flowers large, yellow or tinged with purple. Slow streams, Man.—Alta.

XXX. RANUNCULACEE (Crowroot Fami.y).

/ Herbs or woody vines, with a colorless, bitter, and sometimes

/ poisonous juice; parts of the flower all separate, and inserted on
the receptacle; petals 2-15, or wanting; sepals 3-15, and may be
colored like the petals; stamens numerous; fruit a dry pod, achene
or berry; leaves usually lobed or finely dissected, the petiole clasping
the stem by a spreading base.

‘1. RANUNCULUS. Burtercurp. .

Sepals usually 5; petals 5 or more, with a pit or gland at the base.
Mostly annuals or perennials, with alternate leaves and somewhat
solitary flowers.

RANUNCULACEA ; 45

* Aquatic.
} PETALS WHITE.

1. R. aquatilis, L. Warre Water Crowroor.
Leaves finely dissected, submerged, collapsing

when withdrawn from the water. Common in

stagnant or slow-running water, Man.—Alta.

2. R. circinitus, Sibthorp.

Resembling the preceding but the leaves with
broad stipules and rigid, not collapsing when taken
from the water. A rarerform but not uncommon Fig. 38.— Flower of a
in the prairie region. Buttercup in Section..

tt Paras YELLow.

3. R. delphinifélius, Torr. YrELuow Water Crowroor.

Leaves either floating or immersed, all repeatedly 3-forked into long
thread-like divisions. Common in slow-running water, but continuing to
grow in the mud if the water dries up, in which case the leaves are not cut,
and the flowers are smaller. (R. multifidus, Pursh.) Man.—Alta.

4k TERRESTRIAL, but often growing in wet places.
¢ Creerina.

4. R.cymbalaria, Pursh. Srasip—E Crowroort.

Smooth, spreading by means of long runners; scapes séveral-flowered;
leaves rounded, crenate, and clustering at the base. Very common in low
places, preferring alkaline soil; Man.—Alta.

5. R. Flammula, var. réptans, (L.) Mey. Creepinc SprARWORT.

Stem slender, creeping, rooting at the joints, pubescent or glabrous;
peduncles erect; leaves linear or nearly so, usually entire, narrowing into
petioles; flowers small, solitary, bright yellow, the petals greatly exceeding
the calyx; achenes flattened, beaked. Sandy shores of lakes and rivers,
“Man.—Alta.

6. R. répens, L. CreEepina BUTTERCUP.

Stem creeping and rooting at the joints; leaves 3-parted or 3-lobed, the
divisions or lobes variously cut or toothed, usually more or less pubescent,
sometimes spotted with white; flowers large, yellow. Low ground and along
ditches or streams. ‘‘Numerous places on the great plains.’’ — Macoun.
“Swamps, foothills of Rocky Mts.” — Dawson.

tt Erect, or nearly so.

7. R. scelerdatus, L. CursED CRowFooT.

Annual, glabrous; leaves deeply 3-lobed or 3-parted; stem large and
hallow, often appearing rather naked; flowers small and pale yellow. Com-
mon around the edges of ponds, Man —Alta.

46 SELECTED WESTERN FLORA

8. R. acris, L. Common Butrercup.
Tall, erect, hairy; leaves deeply cleft; flowers large and bright yellow.
Introduced, but fairly common along the railways.

9. R. abortivus, L. Smani-rLowBRED CROWwrooT.

Biennial, slightly hairy; root leaves round or 3-lobed, stem leaves 3-5-
parted; petals small, pale yellow, making the flower very inconspicuous.
Cool, moist woods, Man.-Alta.

10. R. rhomboideus, Goldie. Dwarr Buttercup.

Low, hairy; root leaves entire, roundish, crenate; stem leaves 3-5-lobed,
the lobes becoming more deeply divided and the petioles shorter until the
upper leaves are 3—5-parted and sessile or nearly so. Common on prairiés,
April-June, Man.—Alta.

11. R. Macéunii, Britton.
Annual, stout, hairy, reclining; stems few-leaved; achenes with a stout
beak. Moist places. Man. and westward.

12. R. affinis, R. Brown.

Stem 4-12 inches in height, pubescent or glabrous; leaves various but at
least the upper cut into linear lobes; flowers few-several; petals light yel-
low or wanting; achenes short, woolly, with a short recurved style not
more than one third the length of the ovary and sometimes persisting as
a beak. Sask. and Alta.

2. ACTA, Banepenry.

Sepals 4 or 5, falling off when the flower opens, making it appear
to have only one set of floral envelopes; petals 4-10, small; stamens
numerous; inflorescence a naked raceme; fruit a large and poisonous
berry. Erect perennial herbs with large compound leaves ‘and
terminal racemes of small white flowers.

1. A. ritbra, (Ait.) Willd. Rep Bangeserry.
Raceme ovoid; petals somewhat broadly spatulate; berries bright red.

Rich moist woods and occasionally in waste places near the woods, Man.-,
Alta.

2. A. alba, (L.) Mill. Warrm Baneperry. ;
Raceme more slender than in the preceding; petals slender, like modified

stamens; berries white on much thickened pedicels. Rich woods only,
Man.—Alta.

3. THALICTRUM. Mzapow Ruz.
Apetalous; sepals 4 or 5, greenish. Perennial herbs with 2 or

3 ternately compound leaves, both the divisions and the leaflets
stalked. Flowers dicecious in our species.

RANUNCULACE 47

1 T. didicum, L. Earty Mrapow Ros.

Stems smooth; 12-18 inches high; leaflets thin, light green, drooping;
sepals purplish or greenish white. Common, Man.~Alta.

2. T. dasycarpum, Fisch. and Lall.
Stem purplish, 14-8 ft. high; leaflets mostly 3-toothed, often finely pubes-

cent beneath; sepals and thread-like filaments purplish white. Common
about the edge of groves, Man.—Alta.

4. MYOSURUS. Movsz-ratu.

Sepals 5-spurred; petals 5, on a slender claw; stamens 5-20;
achenes numerous and crowded on a very long, spike-like receptacle;
flowers greenish. Low tufted annuals with linear root leaves and
naked 1-flowered scapes.

1. M. minimus, L.

Fruiting spike 4-2} inches long. Moist rich ground, Southern Man.
and westward.

5. ANEMONE. ANeEmons.

Sepals usually few and petal-like; petals wanting or stamen-like;
fruit an achene sometimes with along tail. Perennial herbs with
radical leaves and a whorl of 2 or 3 stem leaves forming a sort of
involucre below the flower.

1, A. patens, L.; var. Wolfgangiana, (Bess.) Koch. Pasque FLower.

Flower ercct, solitary, appearing in early spring before the leaves, silky
pubescent; involucre deeply cleft; leaves of 3 divisions, the middle division
stalked, and each division deeply cleft; sepals 5-7, pale blue, spreading and
turning whitish with age; fruit an achene with a long feathery tail formed
from the elongated style. Prairies, early spring, common, Man.-Alta.

¢

2. A. multifida, Poir.

Stem hairy, 4-12 in. high; involucre of 2 or 3 short-petioled leaves
bearing one naked and one or two 2-leaved peduncles; flowers red or occa-
sionally greenish white; fruit head globular. Dry prairies, local, Man.-
Alta. and northward. '

3. A. cylindrica, Gray.

Stem slender, 6-15 in. high, pubescent; flowers 2-6, borne on long, upright
peduncles springing from an involucre composed of 2 or 3 times as many
3-parted leaves as there are peduncles; root leaves long-petioled; sepals
5, greenish white; ‘fruit head cylindrical, Dry prairies, Man.—Alta,

48 SELECTED WESTERN FLORA

4. A. riparia, Fernald.

Resembling the former, but more slender and less pubescent; the sepals
white or rarely reddish; the fruit head only sub-cylindrical.” Same range as.
preceding, but flowering somewhat earlier, and not so common.

5. A. canadénsis, L. -

Stem hairy, 6-12 in. high; involucre at first 3-leaved with one naked
peduncle, but later two other peduncles appear, each bearing a 2-leaved
involucre about its middle; these may branch similarly; radical leaves 5-7-
parted; sepals large, white; fruit head globular. Common around the edges
of groves or on damp prairie, Man.—Alta.

6. A. quinquefélia, L. Woop ANEMONE.

Stem low, smooth; involucre of 3 petioled leaves each in turn 3-parted;
peduncle short; flower large for. size of plant, white or tinged with purple;
carpels with a hooked beak. Moist woods, spring, Man. and westward.

7. A. parvifléra, Michx.

Stem slender, 4—8 in. high from a creeping rootstock; leaves 3-parted, the
divisions 2-3-lobed; flowers solitary, white. River banks, Alta. and north-
ward.

6. CLEMATIS. Vircrn’s Bower.

Perennial, more or less woody vines climbing by means of clasp-
ing petioles of the leaves; sepals 4 or 5, petal-like; stamens numerous ;
pistils numerous; achenes with a long, plumose style.

1. C. virginiana, L.

Leaves 3-parted, leaflets acute, thin, dark green above; flowers small, in
cymose panicles, dicecious, but the pistillate usually with u few sterile sta-
mens. Climbing over shrubs in moist woodland, south end of Lake Win-
nipeg. (Drummond.)

2. C. ligusticifdlia, Nutt.

Similar to the preceding, but leaves 5-foliate, the leaflets smaller, paler in
color and thicker in texture. ‘‘ Climbing over bushes or sand at the source
of the Qu’Appelle.”’—Macoun. Southern Alta,

3. C. verticillaris, DC.

Stem woody, climbing, smooth; leaves 3-parted; flowers large, cach on a
separate peduncle; sepals thin, spreading, pinkish purple. Through the
wooded district, Man.—Alta.

7. CALTHA. Marsu Manticotp.

Sepals 5-9, large, deciduous and petal-like; petals wanting; sta-
mens numerous; carpels few to numerous, sessile, forming in fruit

RANUNCULACEAS 49

a many-seeded follicle. Stout glabrous perennials with large
round to heart-shaped leaves.

C. palistris, L.

Stem hollow, furrowed, low; leaves round or kidney-shaped, crenat
dentate or entire, the upper sessile or short-petioled; flowers bright yellow“
Wet places, spring, Man.—Alta.

8. AQUILEGIA. Co.umsine.

Sepals 5, petal-like; petals 5, longer than
the sepals, produced backward into large
hollow spurs; pistils 5, with slender styles;
pod a many-seeded follicle. Perennial herbs
with decompound leaves and large showy
flowers.

1. A. canadénsis, L. Wiip CoLuMBINE.

Stem short, erect, 1-3 ft. high; flowers large,
scarlet lined with yellow, nodding; stamens and Fic, 39. — Aquilegia
styles longer than the sepals. Wooded regions, canadensis.
Man.—Alta.

2. A. brevistyla, Hook. SMALL-FLOWERED COLUMBINE.
Stem slender, erect, with few leaves; flowers small, blue, the spurs short

and slightly incurved, making the flowers no longer than they are broad.
Cool woods, Qu’Appelle and Sask. valleys, Southern and Central Alta.

3. A. flavéscens, Wats. YELLOW CoLUMBINE.

Slender, 1-2 ft. high, branching; flower yellow or yellowish white, the
sepals sometimes tinged with scarlet without. Foothills of Rocky Mts.
and eastward.

9. DELPHINIUM. Larxspur.

Sepals 5, petal-like, irregular, the upper one prolonged with a
spur; petals 4, irregular, the upper pair prolonged into spurs which
are contained in the spur of the calyx, the lower pair with short
claws; flowers in terminal racemes, showy; fruit a many-seeded pod.

1. D. scopulérum, Gray. Rocky Mountain Larkspur.

Stem 1-6 ft. high, glabrous at least below; leaves 5-7-parted, the divisions
of the lower wedge-shaped, those of the upper linear; only the lowest petioles
spreading at the base; flowers blue or rarely white. Calgary to Rocky Mts |
and northward.

E

50 SELECTED WESTERN FLORA

2. D. azireum, Michx. Prarrim LARKSPUR.

Stem 1-2 ft. high, grayish, pubescent; leaves deeply 3-5-parted, the divi-
sions also deeply cleft into narrow linear lobes; flowers sky-blue. South of
Lake Winnipeg (Dr. Houghton). Plains near Wood Mountain (Dawson).
Cypress Hills (Macoun). Prairies and foothills of Alta.

XXXI. BERBERIDACE.

Shrubs or herbs with colorless juice but sometimes yellow wood;
leaves with petioles dilated at the base or stipulate; flowers regular,
hypogenous, perfect, symmetrical, usually 3-merous, the parts dis-
tinet, deciduous, and each arranged in 2 series.

1. BERBERIS. Barperry.

Flowers small, yellow, mostly in racemes and scented, the fila-
ments sensitive. Shrubs with yellow bitter wood and inner bark.

,

_1. B. répens, Lindl.

Dwarf, less than 1 ft. high; leaflets 3—7, glaucous, obtuse, weakly spiny-
toothed. Crow’s-nest Pass, Rocky Mts. (Dawson).

XXXII. FUMARIACEZ (Fumirory Famity).

Smooth succulent herbs with compound much-dissected leaves
and irregular flowers. Sepals 2, small; petals 4, in two pairs, the
one pair with spreading tips, and one or both spurred, the other pair
narrow with the tips united over the stigma; stamens 6, in two sets
of 3 each, opposite the larger petals, hypogenons: pods 1-celled and
1 or many-seeded. Harmless herbs.

1. CORYDALIS.

Corolla 1-spurred, deciduous; style persistent; pod many-seeded;
flowers in racemes. Leafy glaucous herbs..

1. C. afirea, Willd. Goztpmn Corypatis.

Usually spreading; corolla golden yellow, about } in. long, spur barely
half the length of the body of the corolla. Waste places and newly cleared
land, Man.—Alta.

Var. occidentalis, Engelm. With spur almost as long as the body of
corolla, Prairies, Alta.

CRUCIFERZ : —~=6l

2. C. sempérvirens, (L.) Pers.
Strict, erect, 6-24.in. high; corolla pink tipped with yellow, spur short;
flowers in panicled racemes. Rocky places, N. Man.—Alta., not common.

XXXII. CRUCIFERZ (Musrarp Famtty).

Herbs with a pungent juice, alternate leaves and cross-shaped
corollas; sepals 4, deciduous; petals 4, hypogenous, arranged in
form of a cross; stamens 6, in two groups, 4 long and 2 short; pod
usually of two cells separated by a thin partition, and bearing several
to many seeds. A large family containing some of our most trouble-
some weeds.

1. DRABA.

Pods oval or oblong, flattened; seeds in two rows in each cell.
Low herbs with leaves either toothed or entire, and with white or
yellow flowers.

1. D. nemerdésa, L.

Leaves somewhat lanceolate and more or less toothed; pods oblong on
spreading pedicels which are about twice the length of the pods. Sandy
soil, Man.—Alta.

2. ERYSIMUM. Treacts Mosrarp.

Pods linear, generally 4-sided, valves strongly keeled; stigma
lobed; seeds oblong, in 1 rowin each cell. Erect annual or biennial
herbs more or less pubescent, often rough, with simple leaves, entire
or not deeply lobed.

1. E. cheiranthoides, L. Worm-srep Mustarp.

Stem slender, erect, branching, 6 in.—2 ft. high, rough; leaves lanceolate,
entire or slightly toothed, the lower short-petioled, the upper sessile but
not clasping; flowers small, yellow; pods short, obtusely 4-angled, spreading
on short pedicels. Moist ground and waste places, Man.—Alta.

2. E. fsperum, DC. Western WaLL-FLOWER. Prairie Rocket.

Stout, erect, 1-2 ft. high, simple or branching, rough; upper leaves sessile,
usually entire, lower leaves petioled, lanceolate or linear, and entire or den-
tate; flowers large, yellow, showy; pods long, linear, rough, spreading on
short pedicels. Dry sandy prairie, Man.—Alta. .

3. E. parviflérum, Nutt.

Stem erect, simple or sparingly branched, roughish, 1-2 ft. tall; leaves
oblanceolate to linear, the upper sessile, the lower on slender petioles;
flowers small; pods narrow, ascending on short pedicels. Touchwood Hills,
Hand Hills, Cypress Hills, and similar localities:

52 SELECTED WESTERN FLORA

3. THLASPI. Penny Cress.
Pod obcordate, flattened, with the partition forming the short axis ;

seeds 2-8 in a cell. Low plants with the stem leaves clasping, and
racemes of small white flowers.

1. T. arvénse, L. FrReNcHWEED or STINKWEED.

A smooth annual or winter annual with wings on the petioles of the lower
leaves, and a broadly winged pod with a deep notch at the top. Fields and
waste places, a very troublesome introduced weed.

4. LEPIDIUM. Prprzer Grass.

Pods small, round, slightly notched at the top, flattened as in the
preceding, with a solitary seed in each cell; flowers minute.

1. L. apétalum, Willd.

Leaves toothed or pinnatified ; pod slightly winged; petals usually want-
ing. Dry waste places, Man‘—Alta.

\

5. CAPSELLA. SuepHERp’s Purse.

Pod triangular, flattened, wingless; seeds nu-
merous; petals white.

1. C. Barsa-pastoéris, (L.) Medic.

Fie. 40.— Capsella Stem leaves arrow-shaped, sessile; root leaves form-
Bursa-pastoris. ing a rosette, but extremely variable. A common weed
in cultivated places, particularly about dwellings.

6. NESLIA. Batt Musrarp.
Pod globular, slightly beaked, with a single seed ; flowers yellow.

1. N. paniculata, (L.) Desv.
A slender annual with simple stem, sagittate clasping leaves, and an

elongated raceme of small yellow flowers. Grain fields and waste places,

introduced.
e

7. BRASSICA. Turnip, Mustarp.
Pod stout, sometimes 4-sided, with a stout beak; leaves lyrate
to pinnatifid; annuals or winter annuals.
1. B. arvénsis, °(L.) Ktze. Witp Mustarp, CHARLOCK.

Erect, 1-2 ft. high, usually hairy, branching above; lower leaves petioled,
lyrate; upper leaves sessile, entire or nearly so; flowers large, bright yellow;

CRUCIFERAE 53
pod constricted between the seeds,
and tipped with a flattened, often
l-seeded beak. A troublesome
field weed, introduced.

2. B. nigra, (L.) Koch.. Buack
Mustarp.

More slender and not so rough
as the preceding; lower leaves
with a large terminal lobe; pods
short, erect; seeds black. The
mustard of commerce, frequently
introduced as a weed.

8. ARABIS.” Rock Cress.

Pods linear, long and flat,
often appressed, seeds inlor pig 41, — Brassica Brassica
2rows; stigma 2-lobed; leaves arvensis. nigra.
pinnatifid if at all divided, the
root leaves more or less petiolate, often forming a rosette, the stem
leaves sessile, often clasping. Usually annual or biennial herbs,
glabrous or nearly so, with white, yellowish, pink, or purple flowers.

* SEEDS IN ONE ROW IN THE CELL.
+ SEEDS OBLONG OR ELLIPTICAL, SMALL, NOT WINGED.
1. A. lyrata, L. :

Root leaves lyrate-pinnatifid in a rosette; stem leaves spatulate or linear,
base tapering; flowers with white petals but yellowish sepals, the petals
much longer than the sepals; pods long, flat, usually ascending. Sandy
waste places, Alta.

2. A. glabra, (L.) Bernh. Towrr Musrarp. '

Biennial, tall, 1+3 ft., erect, glaucous above, slightly pubescent below,
stem usually simple; root leaves petioled, oblanceolate to oblong, dentate
and hairy; stem leaves sessile, lanceolate with sagittate base, glabrous, entire
or the lower sparingly dentate; flowers yellowish white, the petals only
slightly longer than the calyx; pods linear, erect, and appressed. <A. per-
foliata, Lam.) Waste places and fields, Man.—Alta.

-tt SEEDS ORBICULAR AND WINGED.

3. A. hirsita, (L.) Scop.

Stem erect, usually simple, rough, hairy or nearly glabrous; root leaves
obovate or spatulate, dentate, on margined petioles; stem leaves lanceolate,
dentate, sessile, clasping the stem at the base; flowers white or greenish
white; pods linear, appressed. Rocky or sandy banks, Man.—Alta.

54 SELECTED WESTERN FLORA

4. A. Lyallii, Wats.

Perennial, stems several from the same root, less than 1 ft. high; lower
leaves spatulate to lanceolate, 4-3 in. long; upper leaves oblong to lanceolate,
1-2 in. long; pods 14-3 in. long, erect; flowers white or pinkish. Rocky
Mts., and eastward in river valleys.

** Surps IN 2 ROWS IN THE CELL.
5. A, Drumméindii, Gray. ‘
Stem erect, simple, 1-2 ft. high, glabrous or nearly so, and somewhat
glaucous; root leaves spatulate, more or less petioled: stem leaves narrowly

lanceolate clasping by the base; flowers white; pods erect. Rocky banks of
streams, Man.—Alta.

6. A. brachycarpa, (T. and G.) Britton.

Resembling the preceding in size and general habit, but the root leaves
densely pubescent, and the pods longer and widely spreading. Light or
rocky soil, usually in woods, Man.—Alta.

7. A. Holboéllii, Hornem.

Stems 6 in.-2 ft. high, branched, or more than one stem from the same
rosette of root leaves, pubescent at the base, glabrous above; stem lcaves
sessile, erect, clasping; lower leaves spatulate and sparingly toothed;
flowers pink, purple, or whitish; pods mostly on one side of the stem, droop-
ing and spreading. Rocky and sandy places, Man.—Alta.

¢

9. SISYMBRIUM. Hepcr Mustarp.

Pods long, flattened, or somewhat 4-sided, valves nerved; seeds
small, slightly oblong, in 1 or 2 rows in the cell; leaves generally
divided; flowers small, whitish or pale yellow.

1. S. altissimum, L. TumBiina Mustarp.

Tall, branched, the branches widely spreading; stem leaves deeply
pinnatifid, root leaves not so deeply cut; flowers pale yellow; pods very long,
rigid, standing out from the stem, and scarcely thicker than the pedicels.
Annual or biennial weed, introduced, abundant in waste places.

2. S. canéscens, Nutt. Gray Tansy Mustarp.

Leaves 1-3 times pinnatifid, whitish with minute soft hairs; flowers very
small, yellowish, in long racemes; pods linear or club-shaped, and shorter
than the pedicels. Waste places, Man.—Alta.

3. S.incisum, Engelm. Green Tansy Mustarp.

Resembling the preceding, but green or only slightly whitish; pods
more slender and about equal to the pedicels in length. Waste places,
Man. to Alta., usually represented by the following varieties.

CRUCIFERAE 55

Var. filipes, Gray. Slender spreading pedicels longer than the pods. |

Var. Hartwegianum, (Fourn.) Wats. Short erect pedicels with short
pods, but the pods longer than the pedicels. c

10. CONRINGIA. Hanre’s-ran Musrarp.

Pods long, 4-angled; seeds in a single row in each cell; leaves
entire, elliptical, clasping.

1. C. orientalis, (L.) Dumort.
A glabrous, succulent annual occurring occasionally in cultivated ground,
introduced.

11. BRAYA.

Flowers white or purplish; fruit linear to lanceolate in outline,
the septum so constructed that the cells are longer transversely or
obliquely than along the axis of the pod; leaves usually tufted at the
base.

1. B. himilis (C. A. Mey.) Robinson.

Pubescent with branched hairs; stems usually several from the same root,
low, 2-8 in. high; leaves mostly basal, linear to spatulate, slightly pinnatifid;
flowers purplish white. (Sisymbrium humile, C. A. Meyer.) Rocky Mts.

12. RADICULA. Water Cress.

Pods short, varying from slender to globular; seeds in 2 irregular
rows. Marsh plants with yellow or whitish flowers and pinnatifid

leaves.

1. R. palistris, L. Marsu Cress.

Erect, 1-2 ft. high; leaves pinnately divided, or the upper cut into narrow
pointed lobes; pods short, cylindrical, about as long as the pedicels (nas-
turtium palustre, Gray.) Wet places, Man.—Alta.

Var. hispida, Robinson. Hairy, with globular pods, not common.

13. CAMELINA. Fausr Fiax.

\ F
Pods pear-shaped with a broad partition; seeds numerous;
flowers small, yellow.

1. C. sativa, (L.) Crantz.
Annual, with large pear-shaped pods, and lanceolate is arrow-shaped
leaves. Cultivated fields, introduced.

56 SELECTED WESTERN FLORA

14. LESQUERELLA. Buapper-pop.

Pods globular and inflated, with a semi-transparent partition;
seeds flat, in 2 rows, never numerous. Low, rather hoary herbs
with yellow flowers. ‘

1. L. ludovicidna, var. arenésa, Wats.

Stem low, slender, decumbent; leaves linear, the basal forming a rosette,
greenish stellate pubescent throughout; pods globose or oval, drooping on
recurved pedicels; cells 4-6-ovuled. Sandy banks, Man. and Sask.

2. L. Macoinii, Greene.

Stems slender, tufted, sometimes branched ; basal leaves oblong to oval, ina
dense rosette, stem leaves few, oblanceolate to linear; densely silvery stellate,
pubescent throughout ; pods somewhat broadly ovate. Man. and Sask.

3. L. alpina, (Nutt.) Wats.

Stems very low from a branched rootstock; leaves all linear, crowded at
the base; pedicels slender, much longer than the pod; pod ovate, very
slightly compressed. Gravelly knolls on top of Cypress Hills (Macoun).

15. PHYSARIA.

Resembling Lesquerella except that the fruit is double, the two
parts separated by a narrow partition.

1. P. didymocarpa, (Hook.) Gray.

Densely whitish, pubescent with stellate hairs; stem slender, spreading;
cauline leaves entire, spatulate; root leaves rounded, petioled, more or less
toothed or lobed, or entire; flowers pale yellow; fruit inflated, double.
Sand or gravel, Rocky Mts.

XXXIV. CAPPARIDACEA (Caper Famity).

Herbs with ecross-shaped corolla, and in other ways resembling the
Crucifere, but the stamens are all the same length and the pod
is 1-celled with 2 parietal placentsw; leaves alternate, palmate.

1. CLEOME.

Petals with claws; stamens 6; receptacle produced between the
petals and stamens; ovary on a stipe; pod linear to oblong, with
numerous seeds.

1. C. serrulata, Pursh. Pink CiLEome.

Erect, glabrous, branching; leaves 3-foliate, the lower on long slender
petioles, the upper sessile or nearly so; leaflets entire or sparingly serrulate,
flowers white or pink, showy; pod on a stipe as long as the pedicel. (C.
integrifolia, T. and G.) Dry and often alkaline soil, Man.—Alta,

SARRACENIACEA® — DROSERACEAR 57

XXXV. SARRACENIACE (Pitcuer-PuantT Famity).
Bog plants with hollow pitcher-shaped or trumpet-shaped leaves.

1. SARRACENIA.

Sepals 5, persistent, colored, with 3 bractlets at the base; petals 5,
incurved, deciduous; stamens numerous, hypogenous; ovary 5-celled
with a short style expanded above into a peculiar 5-rayed umbrella-
shaped body, the rays terminating beneath as many stigmas.
Yellowish or purplish perennials with hollow leaves and large,
solitary, nodding flowers on a long naked scape.

1. S. purpirea, L. Prrcwer-Piant.

Leaves pitcher-shaped, broadly winged on one side, with a one-sided,
erect hood at the top which is beset with bristles pointing downward. Con-
spicuous bog plants with greenish purple flowers. Bogs, Man.—Alta., very
local.

XXXVI. DROSERACEZ (Sunpew Famity).

Herbs with regular hypogenous flowers; calyx and corolla each of
5 parts, persistent; stamens 5, anthers fastened by the middle;
leaves in bud rolled from apex to base, when open covered with
glandular hairs each with a small drop of mucilaginous secretion at
the tip. A small and peculiar family of insectivorous bog plants.

1. DROSERA. Sunpzw.

Stamens 5; styles 3 or 5, forked so as to appear like 6 or 10.
Low perennials with reddish succulent leaves and flowers on a naked
seape in a 1-sided raceme, or solitary.

1. D. rotundifélia, L. Rounp-Leavep SuNnpDEW.

Leaves round or broader than long; flowers white or pinkish. Peat bogs,
N. Man.—Alta.

2. D. anglica, Huds.
Leaves erect, spatulate to linear; scape 13-3 in. high, 1-8-flowered;
flowers white. (D. longifolia, L. in part.) Cold bogs, N. Man.—Alta.

3. D. linearis, Goldie.
Leaves linear, erect, petioles naked; scape 1-4 in. high, 1-8-flowered;
flowers white or pink. Cold bogs, N. Man.~Alta.

58 SELECTED WESTERN FLORA

XXXVII. CRASSULACEE.

Shrubby or succulent herbs with ex-stipulate leaves, and flowers
mostly in eymes; calyx 4—5-cleft or parted, persistent, free from the
ovary; petals the same number as the calyx lobes, mostly distinct;
stamens as many or twice as many as the petals; carpels the same
number as the sepals, free at least above, with a scale at the base of
each.

1. SEDUM. Svonzcrop.

Calyx 4-5-lobed; petals 4-5, distinct; stamens 8-10, periginous,
half of them usually attached to the petals; carpels 4-5, distinct,
or united at the base, the scale at the base entire. Fleshy, glabrous,
often tufted herbs, with alternate or overlapping leaves.

1. S. stenopétalum, Pursh.

Perennial, glabrous, tufted; flowering stems 3-6 in. high; leaves alternate,
or overlapping on the sterile branches; flowers yellow. Gravelly hills,
Rocky Mts.

XXXVI. SAXIFRAGACEZ: (Saxirracr Famity).

Herbs or shrubs strongly resembling the Rosacesw, but mostly
differing in the following respects: leaves opposite as well as alter-
nate; no stipules; stamens a definite number; carpels fewer than the
sepals. The calyx is usually persistent, and may or may not adhere
to the ovary.

1. MITELLA. Mrrrrwort.

Calyx short, 5-cleft, adhering to the ovary at the base; petals 5,
slender; stamens 5-10; styles 2, short; capsule 2-beaked. Low
perennial herbs with rounded heart-shaped leaves on slender petioles
springing from the root or rootstock, and slender, almost naked
flowering stems.

1. M. nida, L.

Leaves deeply and doubly crenate; stem usually leafless and few-flowered.
Moist woods about Lake Winnipeg, westward to Alta.

2. PARNASSIA. Grass or Parnassus.

Sepals 5, united at the base, persistent; petals 5, white with green-
ish veins, spreading, bearing what resembles a tuft of sterile stamens
at the base; fertile stamens 5, alternate with the petals; ovary

' SAXIFRAGACEAD 59

1-celled, seeds numerous. Smooth perennial herbs with entire
leaves, and large solitary flowers on long scape-like stems which often
bear a single leaf.

1. P. palistris, L.

Slender, 4-12 in. high, the root leaves broad and usually cordate at the
base, stem leaf clasping the stem. Wet places, Man.—Alta.

"2. P. parvifléra, DC.

More slender than the preceding, about the same height, but with a
smaller flower. Stem leaf only slightly clasping, and root leaves ovate,
tapering to the base, which is not cordate. Wet places, Man.—Alta.

t

3. HEUCHERA. Atum Root.

Calyx 5-cleft, often oblique; petals 5, slender, spatulate, inserted
on the throat of the calyx; stamens 5, inserted on the calyx with the
petals; ovary 1-celled; styles 2, slender; pod 2-beaked. Erect
perennial herbs with large, rounded, heart-shaped leaves on long
petioles mostly from the root.

1. H. hispida, Pursh.
Stems 1-2 ft. high, hispid with long spreading hairs; stamens longer than

the petals, exserted; leaves rounded, slightly lobed. Dry prairie, Man.-
Alta.

4. RIBES. Currant, GooseBErRyY.

Calyx 5-lobed, often colored, the tube adhering to the ovary;
petals 5, small, inserted on the throat of the calyx; stamens 5,
alternate with the petals; ovary 1-celled; styles 2, distinct or united;
fruit a berry with the. withered calyx adhering. Low, often prickly
shrubs with palmately divided leaves and edible fruit.

1. R. Cynésbati, L. Prickuy GoosrBERRY.

Leaves on long slender petioles with generally 1-3 slender spines just
below the axil, nearly orbicular, somewhat pubescent, and rounded or sub-
cordate at the base, deeply 3-5-lobed, crenate-dentate or incised; spines of
the stem few or none; flowers green, calyx lobes shorter than the tube;
fruit large, usually armed with stout prickles. Pembina Mts. and similar

- locations in Man.

2. R. oxyacanthoides, L. SmootH GooseBERRY.

Leaves thin and leathery, somewhat glabrous; spines few and long ¢
flowers greenish yellow; stamens equalling the calyx lobes; fruit smooth
or armed with a few whitish prickles. Moist places, Man.—Alta,

60 SELECTED WESTERN FLORA

3. R. fléridum, L’Hér. Witp Buack CurRRANT.

Leaves sharply 3-
5-lobed, doubly ser-
rate; flowers large,
yellowish; racemes
drooping, downy;
calyx bell-shaped,
smooth. Moist thick-
ets, Man. and E. Sask.

4, R. hudsonianum,
Richards.

Fic. 43.— Ribes
floridum. Fic, 44. — Ribes hudsonianum.

Similar to the preceding, but the racemes upright or spreading; calyx
whitish, the tubes shorter than the ascending lobes. Moist woods, Man.—
Alta.

5. R. prostratum, L’Hér. Skunk Berry.

Stems reclining; leaves 5-7-lobed, smooth, doubly serrate; racemes
erect, slender; fruit glandular-bristly, giving the fruit a disagreeable taste
which suggests the smell of a skunk. Damp woods, Hudson Bay-Alta.

XXXIX. ROSACEZ (Rost Famity).

Herbs, shrubs, or small trees with alternate stip-
ulate leaves and regular flowers. Calyx generally f
of 5 sepals united at the base, frequently having \
5 alternating bracts; petals the same number as Zp
the sepals, inserted on the calyx; stamens nu- EV a
merous, distinct, inserted on the calyx; pistils 1- F
1a. 45. — Sec-

many, and either distinct, or united with the calyx tion of Fruit
tube to form a fleshy fruit. A large family of of Rosa.

ROSACEA 61

plants furnishing many of our most valuable fruits and flowers.
Closely resembling the Saxifragaces in the flower, and the Legumi-
nose in the leaf.

* OVARY NEITHER ADHERING TO THE CALYX TUBE, NOR SURROUNDED BY,
NOR ENCLOSED IN IT.

1. Prunus, pistil solitary, becoming a drupe.

2. Spirea, pistils 5-8, forming several-seeded follicles.

3. Geum, pistils numerous, on a dry receptacle forming dry achenes'with
styles elongating at maturity.

4. Dryas, same as preceding, but shrubby.

5. Potentilla, pistils numerous on a dry receptacle forming achenes, but
the styles not elongating at maturity.

6. Fragaria, pistils numerous in pits on the surface of a fleshy receptacle.

7. Chamerhodus, pistils 5-20 on a dry receptacle.

8. Rubus, pistils numerous as drupelets on a fleshy receptacle.

** OVARY ENCLOSED IN THE CALYX TUBE, BUT NOT ADHERING TO IT.
9. Agrimonia, pistils 2, enclosed in a dry calyx tube armed with hooked
prickles around the top.
10. Rosea, pistils, many, enclosed in an urn-shaped fleshy calyx tube.

**&* OVARY ADHERING TO THE CALYX TUBE TO FORM A FLESHY FRUIT.
11. Pyrus, fruit a large fleshy pome.
12. Crategus, fruit a small drupe-like pome with 1-5 bony kernels.
13. Amelanchier, fruit a small and berry-like pome with 10 hard seeds.

1. PRUNUS. Puum, Curry.

Calyx 5-cleft; petals 5, separate, spreading; stamens 15-20;
pistil solitary; fruit a fleshy drupe. Small trees or shrubs with
white flowers and edible fruit. : :

1. P. nigra, Ait. Wriip Pium.

A short or small tree armed
with thorns; leaves thin, ovate,
doubly crenate or serrate, usually
glandular at the points of the teeth;
fruit yellowish red, somewhat ob-
long. Thickets, Man. west not
far past meridian 100. :

Fig. 4. —Baction of Flower of Prunus.

2. P. virginiana, L Cox st. stigma; s. style; sta. stamens; se. sepal;
CHERRY. p. petal; o. ovary.

A tall shrub with grayish brown bark; leaves oval, oblong, or obovate,
blunt, sharply serrate or double serrate; flowers on short pedicels in axillary

62 SELECTED WESTERN FLORA

racemes; fruit red, turning dark crimson or
brown, and very astringent. Man.—Alta.

3. P. pennsylvanica, L. Prin CHERRY.

A tree 10-30 ft. high, with smooth reddish
brown bark; leaves oblong-lanceolate, pointed,
finely and sharply serrate, bright green and
smooth on both sides; flowers in clusters on
long pedicels; fruit light red, sour. Man.—
Alta.

4. P. pimila, L. Sanp CuHerry.

Fic, 47.— Prunus nigra. Stem dwarf or trailing; leaves obovate,

tapering to the base and toothed near the
apex, pale beneath; flowers 2—4 in a cluster; fruit dark red or almost black,
sour, and astringent. Sandy land, west to about meridian 106.

2. SPIREA. Mrapow-swezev.

Calyx 5-cleft, persistent; petals 5, deciduous; stamens 10-50;
pistils 5-8, forming follicles containing several seeds each. Shrubs
or shrubby perennial herbs with simple pinnate leaves, and white or
rose-colored flowers.

1. S. salicifélia, L. Common Mrapow-sweEst.

Smooth or nearly so, 1-3 ft. high; leaves wedge-shaped, serrate or doubly
serrate; flowers white in a crowded terminal panicle. .A somewhat herba-
ceous shrub growing in low ground, common, Man.—Alta.

3. GEUM.

Calyx bell-shaped or flat, 5-cleft, with alternating bracts; petals 5;
stamens many; achenes many on a dry receptacle, the styles per-
sisting and elongating, feathery or naked, straight or hooked. Per-
ennial herbs with lyrate or pinnate leaves, and differing from the
Potentilla chiefly in the elongation of the styles.

1. G. strictum, Ait. YrELLow AVvENS.

Stem erect, stout, hairy, 1-3 ft. high; root leaves interruptedly pinnate,
of 5-7 leaflets; stem leaves sessile or nearly so, 3-5 leaflets; flowers yellow;
styles long, jointed and bent near the middle, the upper portion hairy and
deciduous, the lower part naked and becoming elongated and hooked in
fruit. Moist prairie and thickets, common, Man.—Alta.

2. G. macrophyllum, Willd. LarGe-LEAvED AVENS,

Stem erect, coarse, hairy, 1-2 ft. high; leaves as in the preceding except
that the terminal leaflet of the root leaves is very large, with a rounded

ROSACEA : 63

heart-shaped base; otherwise the plant is smaller and more hairy. Moist
prairie or mountain woods, local, Sask. and Alta.

3. G. trifldrum, Pursh. Turen-rLOWERED AVENS.

Low, soft-hairy; root leaves interruptedly pinnate, leaflets numerous;
flowers usually 3,on a long peduncle; flowers reddish purple, the bracts on
the calyx longer than the lobes of the calyx; styles persistent, forming long
feathery tails to the achenes, Dry prairie, common, Man.—Alta.

t

4. DRYAS. Moonvain AVENS.

Calyx 8-9-lobed, persistent, without bracts; petals 8-9, larger
than the calyx lobes; stamens numerous; ecarpels numerous on a
dry receptacle; style terminal, persistent, elongated into a feathery
tail in fruit. Low, tufted, shrubby plants with simple, petioled,
stipulate leaves, and rather large white or yellow flowers.

1. D. octopétala, L. Wairz Mountain AVENs.

Stem prostrate and woody at the base; leaves ovate, coarsely crenate,
glabrous above, and densely white-tomentose beneath; stipules linear;
flowers white, about 1 in. across. Rocky Mts.

2. D. Drumméndii, Richards. Drummonp’s Mountain AVENS.

Similar to preceding, but the leaves rather dentate than crenate; the scape
pubescent; flowers yellow, with glandular-pubescent sepals. Rocky Mts.

5. POTE NTILLA. CIN QUEFOIL.

Calyx flat, deeply 5-cleft, but appearing 10-cleft because of 5
bracts alternating with the lobes of the calyx; petals 5, roundish;
stamens numerous; pistils numerous, forming achenes collected on a
dry receptacle. Herbs — or in one case a shrub — with compound
leaves and large solitary or cymose flowers.

1. P. argita, Pursh. ;

Stem erect, stout, 1-2 ft. high, hairy and rather clammy towards the top;
leaflets 7-11, downy beneath; stamens about 30; flowers large, white, ina
close cyme. Open prairies, and thickets, Man.-N. Alta.

2. P. monspeliénsis, L.

Stout, erect, coarse, hairy, 6 in. to 2 ft. high; leaves 3-foliate, leaflets
obovate, variously toothed; flowers yellow, rather small, in a close leafy
cyme. (P. norvegica, L.) Common in cultivated ground and waste places
across the prairies.

3. P. rivalis, Nutt.; var. millegrana, (Engelm.) Wats.

Resembling the preceding, but more slender and branched, either erect or
ascending, and the cyme less leafy; petals minute; achenes small, light-

64 SELECTED WESTERN FLORA

colored. Common in thick masses about the margins of ponds in Man. and
S. Sask.

4. P. pennsylvanica, L.

Stem erect, or reclining at the base, 6 in. to 2 ft. high; leaflets 5-9, white-
tomentose beneath, green above; flowers yellow in a somewhat open cyme.
Var. strigosa, Pursh. Stems lower, mostly reclining, white silky-tomentose
throughout; leaflets deeply pinnatifid, the margins of the lobes revolute;
cyme short and close. The variety more plentiful than the type. Man.-
Alta.

5. P. Hippiana, Lehm.

Densely silvery-silky throughout, the upper surfaces of the leaves darker;
stem ascending, slender, branched above into a diffuse cyme; leaflets 5-11,
incisely toothed, getting smaller towards the stem; carpels 10-30. Com-
mon, Man.—Alta.

6. P. effisa, Dougl.

Tomentose throughout, and more or less covered with scattered hairs;
stem reclining, diffusely. branched above; leaves pinnate, leaflets 5-11,
smaller leaflets alternating with the larger; carpels 10. Common in parts of
Manitoba and Eastern Saskatchewan, but not well differentiased from the
preceding species farther west.

7. P. palfstris, (L.) Scop.

Stem stout, ascending, glabrous; leaves pinnate, of 5-7 leaflets, serrate;
flowers purple in an open cyme. Bogs across the northern part of the prairie
region.

8. P. fruticésa, L. SHruspsy CINQUEFOIL.
Stem erect, shrubby, much branched, 1-2 ft. high; leaves pinnate, mar-
gins of leaflets revolute; flowers yellow. Sandy soil, common, Man.—Alta.

9. P. tridentata, Ait. Tsuren-TooTHED CINQUEFOIL.

Stems low, 2-8 in. high, tufted, rather woody at the base; leaves of three
leaflets, wedge-shaped to oblong, smooth, coarsely 3-toothed at the apex;
flowers white in a few-flowered cyme. In wooded districts but not common,
Man.—Alta.

10. B, anserina, L. Srtver WEEp.

Widely spreading by slender runners; leaves all radical of 7-21 Jeaflets
with smaller leaflets between the larger; white silky-tomentose beneath,
usually green above; flowers large, yellow. Very common on low alkaline
ground, Man.—Alta. i

Var. concolor, Ser. Leaves canescent above as well as below. W. Alta.

11. P. Nuttallii, Lehm.
Stems several from a perennial root, ascending; leaves 5-9-foliate, green

above, whitish beneath, deeply toothed; flowers in a small compact cyme.
Low lying prairie, Man.—Alta.

ROSACEA 65

6. FRAGARIA. SrrawBERRY.

Flowers very much as in Potentilla,
but often dicecious; receptacle much en-
larged in fruit, bearing the achenes scat-
tered overitssurface. Stemless perennial
herbs with 3-foliate leaves, white flowers,
and slender runners.

1. F. virginiana, Duchesne.

Leaflets not deeply toothed; flowers ar-
ranged in a rather flat cyme; achenes sunken in
pits on the surface of the enlarged receptacle.
Moist rich ground, common, Man.—Alta.

iS. ae
Fic. 48. — Fragaria vifgini-
ana. ‘

7, CHAMZRHODUS.

Calyx 5-cleft, without bracts; petals 5, about as long as the calyx
lobes, white or purplish; stamens 5, opposite the petals; carpels
5-20; styles lateral. Erect pubescent herbs with 3-foliate leaves,
the leaflets usually cut into linear segments.

1. C. erécta, (L.) Bunge.

Erect, 1-3 ft. high, glandular-pubescent; root woody; flowers small,
crowded in cymes. Light gravelly soil, Sask. and Alta.

8. RUBUS. Bramsue.

Calyx deeply 5-parted, without bracts, persistent, the tube short
and broad; petals 5, deciduous; stamens numerous, on the calyx,
distinct; styles nearly terminal; carpels numerous, collected on a
convex or elongated, more or less succulent receptacle, and ripening
into small drupes forming an aggregate fruit. Perennial herbs,
shrubs, or vines with alternate stipulate leaves, and frequently
armed with prickles.

1.;R. idaéus, L. (var. aculeatissimus, C. A. Mey.) Rep RaspBERrRy.
Stems upright, shrubby, 2-5 ft. high, usually covered with weak glandular
prickles (or on the older stems hooked prickles); leaves 3-foliate, the leaflets
ovate and sharply serrate; flowers white, the petals as long as the sepals;
calyx hairy; fruit red, separating freely from the elongated receptacle.
Common in newly burned woods, Man.—Alta.

2. R. Chamemérus, L. Cuioup Burry.

Herbaceous, creeping as a rootstock, sending up branches 3-10 in. high,
often finely pubescent; leaves simple, orbicular, somewhat 5-lobed, serrate,

F

66 SELECTED WESTERN FLORA

wrinkled; flowers white, solitary, dicecious; fruit red or yellowish, separating
from the dry receptacle. In great bog at Porcupine Mts. and similar loca-
tions, but not common south of Lat. 53°.

3. R. triflérus, Richards. Dwarr RaspBERRy.

Stem ascending and short, or trailing and longer, unarmed, herbaceous
above and woody towards the base; leaves 3 or rarely 5-foliate, leaflets
rhombic-ovate and sharply serrate or double-serrate; flowers white, the
5-7 petals erect and longer than the reflexed sepals; peduncles 1—3-flowered;
fruit red, not separating from the receptacle. Wet woods, common, extend-
ing far northward. ‘

4. R. arcticus, L. Arctic, RaspBERRY.

Stems somewhat erect, 3-10 in. high, unarmed; leaves 3-foliate, leaflets
often sessile, obovate, coarsely and unevenly serrate, or sometimes slightly
lobed; flowers large, pink, or rarely white, términal and usually solitary;
fruit red, not separating easily from the receptacle. In cold peat bogs in the
spruce woods along the northern borders of the prairies.

9. AGRIMONIA. Acrimony.

Calyx 5-cleft, tube somewhat hemispherical, the throat armed
with hooked bristles and enclosing the two achenes; petals 5, yel-
low; stamens 5-15. Perennial herbs with pinnate leaves, and
small flowers in a spike-like raceme.

1. A. striata, Michx.

Stem erect, 1-2 ft. high, usually simple below the flowering branches,
softly pubescent with appressed hairs; leaflets somewhat ribbed and nar-
rowing to a point; calyx turned abruptly outward in fruit. Damp ground
about thickets, extending westward almost to Rocky Mts.

10. ROSA. Ross.

Calyx tube cup-shaped, drawn in at the throat and becoming
fleshy in fruit; petals and stamens inserted on the edge of a disk
lining the calyx tube; ovaries becoming bony achenes attached to
the hollow receptacle inside the calyx tube. Prickly shrubs with
large showy flowers. ,

1. R. blanda, Ait.

' §tems 1-5 ft. high, slightly prickly or naked; stipules dilated, sometimes
glandular-toothed; leaflets 5-7, oblong-lanceolate; flowers large, white or
pink, solitary or in corymbs. Eastern Man.

ROSACEZ | 67

2. R. aciculdris, Lindl.
Stem 1-4 ft. high, very prickly; stipules
dilated, glandular-ciliate or resinous; leaflets

3-7, oblong, sessile; flowers mostly solitary.
Thickets, Man.—Alta., not well defined.

3. R. pratincola, Greene.

Stems low, very prickly; stipules narrow,

more or less glandular-toothed; leaflets 7-11,

Fie. 49. — Fie. 50. —

Stipules elliptical to oblanceolate, prominently veined; Stipules of
of Rosa fowerspink turning white, usually in corymbs. Rosa pra-
acicularis, (&.arkansdéna, Porter.) Prairies, Man.—Alta. tincola.

11. PYRUS.

Calyx urn-shaped, 5-cleft; petals 5, roundish; stamens numerous;
styles 2-5; fruit a pome, either large and fleshy or small and berry-
like. Trees or shrubs with flowers in umbel-like, or corymb-like
cymes.

1. P. americana, (Marsh.) DC. American Mountain AsH.

Leaves odd-pinnate with 13-15 leaflets, lanceolate, sharply serrate;
fiowers small, in large flat cymes; fruit berry-like, bright red. Damp woods,
Eastern Man. /

12. CRATZGUS. Hawruorn.

Calyx 5-cleft; petals 5, almost round; stamens 5-25, in 1-3 rows;
carpels 1-5; styles 1-5, distinct, persistent, usually somewhat
hairy around the base; fruit a small d
red or yellow pome containing 1-5
horny nutlets. Thorny shrubs or
small trees with pink or white flowers
in corymbs, and simple leaves usually
lobed.

1. C. coccinea, L.

Leaves on slender petioles, broadly pig. 51. —Crategus coccinea.
ovate, tapering towards the apex to a ;
‘sharp point, sharply incised or serrate, truncate or sub-cordate at the base;
stamens about 10; fruit reddish brown when ripe. Very variable. In
thickets west almost to the Rocky Mts.

13. AMELANCHIER. JuNEBERRY.

Calyx tube bell-shaped, 5-cleft; petals 5, usually obovate to
oblong; stamens numerous; styles 5, united part of their length;

68 SELECTED WESTERN FLORA

ovary 5-celled, each cell 2-seeded, and
partly divided into 2 by a false parti-
tion. Shrubs or small trees with al-
ternate, simple, petioled leaves, white
flowers and red or purple edible fruit.

1. A. alnifélia, Nutt. SasKaToon.

H A shrub 4-12 ft. high; silvery-tomentose
when young, afterwards becoming glabrate
throughout; leaves thick, almost orbicular,
blunt or rounded at the apex, sub-cordate
at the base, coarsely dentate above the
middle; racemes short; petals oblanceolate;
fruit purple, covered with a bloom. Rich
woods, Man.—Alta.

XL. LEGUMINOSAE (Pxa
Fic. 52.— Amelanchier alni- FamI Ly).
folia.

Herbs, shrubs or trees with alternate,
stipulate, compound leaves and peculiarly irregular flowers; calyx
5-parted; corolla of 5 petals, the upper, or standard, larger than the
others, enclosing them in the bud and later spread-
ing; the two lateral petals, wings, more narrow
and often more or less joined to the lower; the
two lower petals united to form the keel, and
enclosing the stamens and pistil; the whole form-
ing what is known‘as a papilionaceous corolla;
stamens usually 10, and arranged in groups of 9 ;
and 1, but more rarely distinct or all joined to- Fic. 53.— Pistil
gether; ovary 1-celled, forming a egnine in fruit. of Garden Pea.

* STAMENS ENTIRELY DISTINCT.
1. Thermopsis, flowers yellow, leaves 3-foliate.

** STAMENS ALL UNITED IN ONE GROUP (MONADELPHOUS).

2. Amorpha, stamens joined at the base, corolla of a single petal. .
3. Petalostemon, stamens 5, their filaments united in a tube split down
one side, and bearing 4 petals attached to it.
=,4, Lupinus, stamens united in a closed tube, eautihers of two kinds.
‘ STAMENS IN TWO GROUPS (DIADELPHOUS), USUALLY IN GROUPS OF
9 anv 1.
‘; } LEAVES PALMATELY 3-5-FOLIATE.

5. Psoralea, leaves 3 or S-talinte, glandular-dotted.

LEGUMINOS 69

6. Trifolium, leaves 3-foliate, flowers in heads, pods straight.
7. Medicago, leaves 3-foliate, flowersin heads or short spikes, pod coiled or
curved.

8. Melilotus, leaves 3-foliate, flowers in racemes.

-{t LEAVES PINNATELY 3-FOLIATE.

9. Amphicarpa, some tiny inconspicuous flowers at the base of the plant on
stems which are usually underground.

ttt LEAVES PINNATELY COMPOUND OF MORE THAN THREE LEAFLETS.
{| LEAVES ODD-PINNATE, WITHOUT TENDRILS.

10. Astragalus, keel blunt-pointed.

11. Oxytropis, keel ending in a sharp beak.

12. ‘Hedysarum, pod constricted between the seeds.

13. Glycyrrhiza, pod covered with hooks.

tT} LEAVES EVEN-PINNATE, THE TERMINAL LEAFLET BEING REPLACED
BY A TENDRIL.
14. Vicia, style slender, with a tuft of hair at the end.
15. Lathyrus, style flat and bearded down the inner side.

1. THERMOPSIS.

Calyx 5-parted, or sometimes 4-parted by the joining of the two
upper lobes; corolla papilionaceous, the standard orbicular and about
equalling the wings and keel in length; stamens 10, incurved and
distinct; pod flat, sessile or on a short stipe. Perennial herbs with
palmately 3-foliate leaves, foliaceous stipules, and large showy
flowers in terminal or axillary racemes.

1. T. rhombifélia, (Nutt.) Richards.

Erect or decumbent at the base, 6-15 in. high, silky-pubescent with fine
appressed hairs; leaves petioled, with broad leaf-like stipules; flowers large,
yellow, in terminal or axillary racemes of few flowers; pod usually strongly
recurved and stalked. Dry open ground, S-W, Man.—Alta.

2. AMORPHA.

Calyx 5-cleft, persistent; corolla wanting, except the standard,
which is wrapped about the stamens and style; stamens 10, united
at the base, otherwise distinct; pod longer than the calyx, 1 or
2-seeded. Shrubs with odd-pinnate leaves, the midrib of the leaflet
projecting; flowers purple, in a terminal spike.

70 SELECTED WESTERN FLORA

1. A. canéscens, Pursh. Leap Puant.

Erect, 1-3 ft. high, whitish-pubescent ; leaflets 29-51, oblong to elliptical ;
flowers bluish purple; spikes clustered at the summit. In bunches on sandy
prairie, Man.

2. A. microphylla, Pursh.
Low, less than 1 ft. high, nearly glabrous; leaflets rigid; flowers purplish;
spikes solitary. Moist prairies, Red River Valley.

3. A. fruticdsa, L. Fause Inpico.

A rather tall shrub, not so pubescent as A. canescens; flowers violet-
purple; leaflets 9-25, rather scattered. Along the Red River. -_

3. PETALOSTEMON. Praririz Cuover.

Calyx 5-toothed; petals on slender claws, four of them alike and
borne on the sheath of the monadelphous stamens, the other, the
standard, attached to the calyx tube; pod 1-2-seeded, enclosed in
the calyx. Perennial herbs with odd-pinnate leaves, minute stipules,
and small flowers crowded in dense terminal heads or spikes.

1. P. purpireus, (Vent.) Rydb.

Smoothish; leaflets 5, linear; heads short, cylindrical; flowers rose-
colored. (P. violacens, Michx.) Dry prairies, Man.—Alta.

2. P. candidus, Michx.
Smooth; leaflets 7-9, lanceolate; heads cylindrical; flowers white. Dry
prairies, Man. Alta.

4. LUPINUS. Lupine.

Calyx 2-lipped; sides of. standard recurved; stamens monadel-
phous, the tube entire; anthers of two kinds, alternately round and
oblong; pod flat and often constricted between the seeds. Herbs
with palmately compound leaves, the stipules adhering to the base
of the petiole, and racemes or spikes of rather showy flowers.

1. L. argénteus, Pursh. Sitrvery Lupine.

A perennial shrubby herb, 1-2 ft. high, much branched and densely silky-
pubescent; leaflets 6-8, rounded at the apex and tapering towards the base;
flowers bluish purple or yellowish; pod silky-pubescent, 3-5-seeded. Var.
argophyllus, Wats., more silky than the type, is reported from Cypress Hills,
Wood Mountain, foothills S-W. of Calgary, and similar localities of N. Sask.
and Alta.

2. L. Kingii, Wats.
Dwarf, clustered, perennial, 3-6 in. high, from a rootstock; villous
throughout; leaflets oblong to lanceolate, shorter than the petioles; flowers

LEGUMINOS& 71

purple, the standard shorter than the wings; racemes on peduncles about
the height of the leaves; pod 1-2-seeded. Dry sandy soil, W. Sask.

3. L, pusillus, Pursh.

Annual, low, 4-8 in. high, stout, diffusely branched, hairy with coarse
hairs; leaflets mostly 5, wedge-shaped or oblong, nearly glabrous above;
flowers blue in numerous dense short-peduncled racemes; pods 1—2-seeded.
S. Alta.

5. PSORALEA.

Calyx 5-toothed; stamens usually diadelphous, half the anthers
smaller than the others; pod thick, indehiscent, 1-seeded, seldom
projecting beyond the calyx. Perennial’ herbs usually roughened
with glandular dots, having 3-5-foliate leaves, and flowers in spikes
or racemes.

1. P. argophylla, Pursh.

Erect, 6-18 in. high, branched, whitish silky-pubescent throughout;
leaves linear to obovate, acute; flowers deep blue, in interrupted spikes.
Dry soil, Man.—Alta.

2. P. lanceolata, Pursh.

Glabrous or nearly so, yellowish green, densely covered with glandular
dots; leaflets 3, linear to oblanceolate; flowers small, bluish white, in short
spikes; fruit globular. Sandy hills, W. Sask. and Alta.

3. P) esculénta, Pursh.

Rough; hairy, stout, 6-12 in. high; leaves palmately 5-foliate; leaflets
obovate; flowers pale blue; raceme spike-like, short, dense, on a long pe-
duncle. Low perennial herbs from a spindle-shaped edible root. Dry plains,
Man.—Alta.

6. TRIFOLIUM. Cuover.

Calyx 5-cleft, teeth bristle-like; corolla papilionaceous, the petals
more or less united to the stamen tube; stamens usually diadel-
phous, 9 and 1, but the separation of the tenth stamen not always
complete; pods small, straight, and membranous, included in the
persistent calyx and withered corolla. Diffuse herbs with palmately
3-foliate leaves and flowers in heads.

1. T. répens, L. Wurre Ciover.

Smooth, creeping, perennial; leaflets notched at the apex; flowers white,
in small loose heads. A common importation in lawn grass mixtures.

2. T. praténse, L. Rep Ciover.
Perennial, stems ascending, hairy; leaflets ovate, sometimes notched at
the apex, with a pale spot on the upper surface; stipules broad; heads ovoid,

fe * SELECTED WESTERN FLORA

of red or reddish-white flowers. Commonly introduced as a fodder plant,
but not hardy enough to become very widespread. Frequently found
around fields in the Red River Valley.

7. MEDICAGO. Mepicx.

Flowers as in Melilotus; pod 1-several-seeded,
curved or twisted; leaves 3-foliate, leaflets toothed,
stipules often cut.

1. M. sativa, L. Lucerne, ALFALFA.

Erect, smooth, perennial; leaflets obovate; flowers
purple; pods twisted. Introduced into America from
Europe and now being largely used as a fodder plant.

2. M. lupulina, L. Buiack Mepicx, Nonesucu.
Fic. 54.— Medi-

cago sativa. Creeping, pubescent, annual; leaflets toothed at

the apex; flowers yellow, in short spikes; pods 1-
seeded. Waste places, not uncommon, Man.—
Alta.

8. MELILOTUS. Swrzr Cuover.

Flowers asin Trifolium, but with corolla
free from the stamen tube, and arranged: in
long terminal racemes;
_pod more leathery in tex-
ture and with fewer seeds.
Annual or biennial herbs
with rigid stems, and 3-
foliate leaves fragrant in
drying.

1. M. officinalis, (L.) Lam.
YELLOW SwEET CLOVER.
Erect, tall; leaflets some-

what broadly ovate, closely

serrate; petals yellow, all
nearly equal in length.

Waste ground, not uncom-

mon, introduced, Man.—
Alta.

2. M. alba, Desv. Wuuits
Sweer CLover.

Fic. 55.—Melilotus Erect, tall; leaflets nar- Fic. 56.— Melilotus
officinalis. rower than in the preceding; alba.

LEGUMINOSE 73

corolla white, standard longer than the other petals. Waste places, fairly
common, introduced, Man.—Alta.

9. AMPHICARPA. Hog Pzanvt.

Flowers of two kinds, — small white or violet perfect flowers in
axillary racemes, and solitary apetalous fertile flowers on filiform
creeping branches from
the base and generally
underground; calyx 4 or
rarely 5-toothed; sta-
mens diadelphous; pods
of the upper flowers
curved and stalked, those
of the lower pear-shaped,
l-seeded.- Low slender
perennial herbs with pin- Fic. 57.— Amphicarpa monoica, showing a
nately 3-foliate leaves. leaf, and a cleistogamous flower at a.

\

1. A. mongica, (L.) Ell.

Leaflets thin, broadly ovate, acute at the apex and rounded at the base;
upper flowers purplish white in nodding racemes; pods of the perfect flowers
pubescent along the margin. Rich moist woods, Red River Valley.

10. ASTRAGALUS. Mux Vercs.

‘Calyx 5-toothed; corolla papilionaceous, the standard long and
narrow with reflexed sides; keel blunt; stamens diadelphous; pod
several-seeded, often turgid, and frequently apparently 2-celled
by the intrusion of one or both sutures. Perennial herbs with odd-
pinnate leaves, and flowers in spikes or racemes. A very large
genus, and impossible to determine all the species without matured

pods.
* Pop SUCCULENT AND INDEHISCENT.

1. A. caryocérpus, Ker. Grounp Pium.

Tufted, ascending, minutely pubescent with appressed hairs; flowers
purple, in a short spike; fruit glabrous, ovoid-globular, with very thick walls,
and completely divided into 2 cells. Prairies, common, Man.—Alta.

** Pop DRY AND DEHISCENT.
{ Pop COMPLETELY 2-CELLED.
2. A. canadénsis, L.
Erect, 1-3 ft. high, somewhat pubescent, leaflets 21-27; flowers yellowish
white, in a long, dense spike; pod sessile, erect, very slightly grooved on the
back, almost straight and pointed. Light soil, common, Man.—Alta,

74 SELECTED WESTERN FLORA

3. A. adsirgens, Pall.

Ascending or decumbent, minutely pubescent or glabrate; leaflets 15-25,
linear-oblong; peduncles exceeding the leaves; flowers purplish, in dense
short spikes; pod sessile, pointed, coriaceous, deeply furrowed on the back.
Moist prairie, common, Man.—Alta.

4. A. hypogléttis, L. ‘

Resembling the preceding, but more diffusely branched; pod membran-
ous, oblong, and densely villous. ' Dry prairie, Man.—Alta.

Tt Pop INCOMPLETELY 2-CELLED.
5. A. racemésus, Pursh.

Erect or ascending, 1-13 ft. high, finely pubescent, branched at the base,
somewhat zigzag; leaflets 17-21, linear-oblong; peduncles equalling or
‘exceeding the leaves; flowers long, yellowish white, in a loose raceme or
spike; pods stalked, triangular in section, imperfectly 2-celled by the intru-
sion of the dorsal suture. Prairies, S. Man. and S. Sask.

6. A. lotifiérus, Hook.

Low, gray with appressed hairs; leaflets 7-13, lance-oblong; flowers
yellowish white, in few-flowered heads; peduncles may or may not exceed the
leaves in length; pod sessile, oblong-ovate, villous-pubescent, slightly keeled
and often curved along the dorsal suture, ventral suture nearly: straight.
Rather rare, Man.—Alta.

Ttt Pop Nor aT ALL 2-cELLED.
7. A. Drumméndii, Dougl.

Erect, 1-2 ft. high, growing in clumps, loosely woolly-pubescent; leaflets
19-33, rounded or obtuse at the apex, tapering to the base; flowers yellowish
white, the keel often tinged with purple, in somewhat loose spikes, the
peduncles equalling or frequently exceeding the leaves in height; pod 1-celled,

talked, pendent. Cypress Hills, Red Deer Hills, Hand Hills; probably
hilly regions generally. ,

8. A. pectinatus, (Hook.) Dougl. ,

Ascending, 10-18 in. high, much branched, canescent or glabrate; leaflets
11-21, very narrowly linear; peduncles may or may not exceed the leaves;
flowers yellowish white, in loose spike-like racemes, standard much longer
than the wings or keel; pod 1-celled, sessile, oblong, leathery in texture,
keeled on the upper suture and terminating in a long point.

9. A. aboriginérum, Richards.

Erect, 6-12 in. high, somewhat branched, canescent with fine appressed
hairs, or glabrate; leaflets 7-13, linear or oblong; flowers white, tinged with
purple or violet, in loose racemes, the peduncles exceeding the leaves in
height; pod 1-celled, inflated, on a long stipe, dorsal suture slightly intruded.
On gravelly ground across the prairies and far north.

LEGUMINOS& 75

10. A. flexudsus, (Hook.) Dougl.

Ascending, or rarely erect, branched at the base and loosely spreading,
10-15 in. high; leaflets 9-21, linear, oblong, or oblanceolate; flowers purple,
in a very loose raceme, peduncles exceeding the leaves in height; pod
1-celled, sessile, cylindrical. Common across the prairies, usually growing
in patches, Man.—Alta. ‘

‘

11. A.'tenéllus, Pursh.

Slender, decumbent, 6-12 in. high, diffusely branched; leaflets 11-15,
linear to oblqng, pale green; racemes axillary, very loose-flowered, on short
peduncles; flowers small, yellowish white or pinkish; pod 1-celled, flattish,
oblong, pointed at both ends, on a slender stipe. (A. multiflorus, Gray.)
Prairies from W. Man. to Rocky Mts.

12. A. missouriénsis, Nutt.

Stems very low, tufted; leaflets 7-21, elliptical to obovate, usually obtuse;
whole plant densely hoary-pubescent throughout; flowers violet-purple,
few in heads or short spikes; pod 1-celled, about 1 in. long, wrinkled, sessile,
oblong, tapering to a point, leathery in texture, circular in section with the
ventral suture slightly keeled. Clay and alkaline flats, Sask. and Alta.

13. A. paucifl6rus, Hook.

Dwarf from a woody rootstock, densely whitish-pubescent, leaves
crowded forming mats on the ground; leaflets 7-11, oblong to lanceolate;
flowers violet, 2-5 to a peduncle; pod linear, minutely silky-pubescent, less
than }in. long. W. Alta.

14. A. triphyllus, Pursh.

Stems numerous from a woody rootstock; leaves usually 3-foliate,
crowded, on long petioles exceeding ‘the peduncles, silvery-silky-pubescent,
flowers white or yellowish in crowded heads or spikes; pod enclosed in the
calyx, soft, hairy, somewhat conical. Dry gravelly ridges, Sask. and Alta.

11. OXYTROBIS.

Stemless herbs, with odd-pinnate leaves of numerous leaflets,
from an erect rootstock, and with flowers resembling those of
Astragalus except that the keel terminates in a sharp beak and the
spike is borne on a long naked scape.

1. O. Lambérti, Pursh.

Silky-pubescent with fine appressed hairs, 6-14 in. high, growing in
clumps; leaflets 9-19, mostly linear; flowers in short dense spikes or heads,
showy, reddish purple or yellowish white; scapes exceeding the leaves;
pod sessile, erect, incompletely 2-celled, leathery in texture and densely
silky-pubescent. Dry prairies, Man.—Alta.

76 SELECTED WESTERN FLORA

2. O. spléndens, Dougl.

Densely white silky-villous, 6-12 in. high, in clumps; leaflets numerous,
usually in fascicles of 3-5; flowers very showy, in dense spikes, rose-pink
to purple; scapes exceeding the leaves; pod erect, 2-celled or nearly so,
villous-pubescent. Dry prairies, Man.—Alta.

8. O. defiéxa, DC.

Low, with leaves prostrate and scapes ascending, never more than 1 ft.
high, loosely pubescent throughout; leaflets 25-33, lanceolate to oblong;
flowers small, scarcely seen, in a short close spike which becomes much
lengthened in fruit; scapes exceeding the leaves; pod 1-celled, longer than
the calyx. Sandy soil, local, Man.—Alta. :

12. HEDYSARUM.

Calyx 5-cleft; standard and keel longer than the wings; stamens
diadelphous, 9 and 1; pod flat and jointed, being composed of seve-
ral separable parts. Perennial herbs with a tendency to become
shrubby, with odd-pinnate leaves and showy flowers in axillary
racemes or spikes.

1. H. boreale, Nutt.

Erect, 1-2 ft. high, smooth; leaflets 18-21; flowers purplish red to whitish,
deflexed, in a long raceme; calyx teeth shorter than the tube; pods of 3 or
4 joints. Prairies, N. Man.—Alta.

2. H. Mackénzii, Richards.
Resembling the preceding, but the stem frequently decumbent, minutely
pubescent; leaflets 11-19; flowers slightly larger, violet-purple, calyx teeth

longer than the tube or at least equalling it; pod 3-8-jointed. Prairies,
Sask. and Alta.

13. GLYCYRRHIZA. Liquorice.

Calyx 5-toothed, the two upper shorter or partly united; corolla
long and narrow, the standard reflexed at the sides; stamens
diadelphous, the anthers alternating larger and smaller; pod ovate,
compressed, sessile, covered with prickles, hooks or glands. Per-
ennial herbs from thick sweet roots, with odd-pinnate leaves,
flowers in axillary spikes and foliage spotted with glands.

1. G. lepidéta, (Nutt.) Pursh. Wuiip Liquorice.

Erect, 1-3 ft. high, branching; leaflets 15-19, sprinkled with scales or
dots; flowers whitish, in peduncled spikes; pods oblong, covered with
hocks. Edges of thickets or moist ground generally, common, Man.—Alta.

LEGUMINOSA® 77

14. VICIA. Vercu, Tare. :

Calyx 5-toothed, somewhat unequally; wings of corolla adhering
to the keel at the middle; stamens mostly diadelphous, 9 and 1,
the stamen tube oblique; style filiform with a tuft of hairs at the
summit; pod dehiscent, 2-valved, several-seeded. Herbs climbing
by tendrils which replace the terminal leaflets; flowers axillary.

1. V. americana, Muhl.

Smooth, 2-3 ft. long, trailing or climbing; leaves nearly sessile, of 10-14
ovate leaflets; flowers purple; peduncles 4—8-flowered. Common in wooded
districts across the prairies. (Var. linearis, Wats.), shorter, with linear
leaflets, is common in open ground, trailing rather thanclimbing, Man.-
Alta.

15. LATHYRUS. Everuastine Pra.

Similar to Vicia, except that the style is somewhat paddle-shaped
and hairy on the inner surface, and the filament tube is not oblique.
Smooth perennials.

1. L. maritimus, (L.) Bigel. Bmacu Pra.

Stout, trailing, with 6-12 thickish ovate-oblong leaflets, and large leaf-like
stipules; flowers large, purple, peduncles 6-10-flowered. Trailing on the
sand on the shores of Lakes Manitoba and Winnipeg.

2. L. palistris, L.

Slender, glabrous, 1-3 ft. high, the stem more or less winged down the

two sides; stipules somewhat sagittate and linear; flowers purple, peduncles
8-5-flowered. Climbing on grass and bushes in moist thickets across the
prairie region. Some varieties are found more slender than the type.
Man.—Alta.

3. L. venésus, Muhl.

Stout, somewhat pubescent, 2-3 ft. long; stipules small; leaflets 8-12,
oblong-ovate, obtuse; peduncles shorter than the leaves; flowers purple, the
calyx persistent; pod linear, sessile, glabrous. In mixed woodland and
prairie regions, Man.—Alta.

4. L. ochroleicus, Hook.

Slender, 1-23 ft. long; stipules half cordate, large; leaflets 6-10, thin;
peduncles 7-10-flowered, shorter than the leaves; flowers yellowish white.
Sparsely wooded districts, Man.—Alta.

78 SELECTED WESTERN FLORA

XLI. LINACEZ (Fuax Famity).

Annual or perennial herbs, often woody at the base, with regular,
perfect, symmetrical, hypogenous flowers, and simple sessile leaves :
sepals 5; petals 5; stamens 5, monadelphous; ovary 4 or 5-celled
and 8-10-seeded.

1. LINUM. Fax.

Sepals 5, persistent; petals 5, alternate with the sepals, deciduous;
stamens 5, alternate with the petals; styles 5; ovary 5-celled with
2 seeds in each eell, or more or less completely 10-celled with 1 seed
in each cell. Tough fibrous herbs, sometimes woody at the base,
with simple sessile leaves either opposite or alternate, and perfect
flowers.

1. L. Lewisii, Pursh.

Perennial, 1-2 ft. high from a woody root, glabrous and glaucous through-
out, the stems simple or branching above, but growing in clumps; leaves
linear, acute; flowers few, blue, rather large, the petals very deciduous.
(L. perenne, L.) Dry prairies, Man.—Alta.

2. L. rigidum, Pursh. Yewuow Fuax.

Usually perennial, glabrous or minutely pubescent or roughened on the
angles, 4-12 in. high, branched, but often growing in tufts or mats, the
branches stiff and angled; leaves narrow, erect; flowers large, yellow.
Dry prairies, Sask. and Alta.

3. L. sulcdatum, Riddell.

Annual, glabrous; stem sparingly, if at all, branched towards the base, but
profusely branched towards the top, the branches all rising to about the same
height; branchlets more or less grooved; leaves linear or lanceolate, sharp-
pointed, the lowest entire, the upper smaller and serrulate, usually with
dark glands in place of stipules; flowers yellow, about } in. broad, rather
scattered in few-flowered raceme-like or corymb-like clusters. Dry sandy
soil, rare; Qu’Appelle Valley west of Fort Ellice. (Macoun.)

XLII. OXALIDACEA: (Woop Sorret Famity).

Low herbs with a sour watery juice, regular flowers, and delicate
palmate leaves of three obcordate leaflets; sepals 5, often unequal;
petals 5, pink or yellow; stamens 10-15; ovary 5-celled; styles
united or distinct.’

GERANIACE 79

1. OXALIS. Woop Sorret.

Sepals 5, persistent; petals 5, united at the base; stamens 10,
monadelphous, alternately longer and shorter; styles 5, distinct;
pods erect, often on bent pedicels.

1. O. stricta, L.

Stems usually more than one, decumbent; leaves pale green, sensitive;
flowers yellow, peduncles mostly 2-flowered, the deflexed pedicels and stems
covered with appressed hairs.

2. O. corniculata, L. Lapy’s Sorren.

Stems resembling the preceding; leaves deep green often tinged with
purple; flowers yellow, the peduncles several-flowered, the pedicels ascending
and spreading, with very little, if any, pubescence. Dry soil, across the
prairies. Some confusion exists regarding this and the preceding species.

XLII. GERANIACEZ (Grranium Famity).

Herbs with palmately lobed or cleft, usually stipulate leaves,
and perfect, regular, hypogenous flowers, either solitary or in axillary
clusters. Sepals 5, persistent; petals 5, hypogenous; stamens as
many, or two or three times the number of sepals, distinct; ovary
5-lobed and 5-celled.

1. GERANIUM. CranesBILu.

Sepals 5, imbricated; petals 5, hypogenous, imbricated; stamens
10, 5 long and 5 short; ovary 5-lobed, 5-celled, beak-like, often
tipped with the persistent style; ovules 2 in each cell.

1. G. maculatum, L.

Perennial, erect, 4-12 in. high, hairy; leaves 5-parted, the divisions still
further cut towards the ends; flowers large, light purple, petals bearded at the
base; ‘pedicels and beak of the fruit hairy. Mostly a woodland species and
to be looked for in eastern Manitoba.

2. G. carolinianum, L.

Low, much branched, and hairy, with spreading, sometimes glandular
hairs; leaves deeply cut into many oblong segments; flowers pale pink, in
cymose clusters; fruit tipped with a short style. Newly burnt woods or
around thickets, Man.—Alta.

8. G. incisum, Nutt. ; ’
Rather coarse, leafy-branched; pedicels, peduncles, or entire plant gland-
ular-hairy with short hairs; leaves 3-5-cleft, or the lower still more divided;

80 SELECTED WESTERN FLORA

petals purple; beak of the fruit very glandular.* Foothills of Rocky Mts,
and eastward to Cypress Hills and Wood Mt.

4, G. Richardsénii, Fisch. & Mey.

Stem slender, slightly pubescent; pedicels, peduncles, and sometimes the
upper part villous with white hairs tipped with purple glands; leaves usually
few, 3-5-parted, the parts of the lower further divided, the terminal lobe
much longer than the lateral in the upper; flowers white veined with red;
beak of the fruit somewhat glandular-hairy. Foothills of Rocky Mts. and
prairies of 8. Sask. and Alta.

5. G. pusillum, L.

Annual, stem slender, weak, spreading, pubescent; leaves on long petioles,
round, and cut into 7 or 9 lobes, which are either entire or 3-toothed at the
apex; peduncles rather short, 2-flowered; flowers small, pale reddish purple,
the stamens with anthers often 5 instead of 10; capsule hairy, but the long
slender beak naked or nearly so. Introduced about towns.

2. ERODIUM. SvrorxsBiILu.

Resembling the Geranium, but the short stamens sterile, and the
styles, in fruit, spirally twisted.

1. E. cicutarium, (L.) L’Hér.

A low hairy annual with leaves 1 or 2-pinnate, and sepals tipped with
bristles. Portage la Prairie. Introduced about towns.

2. E. moschatum, (L.) L’Hér. #
Stouter than the preceding, with leaflets less divided. Introduced, rare.

’

XLIV. POLYGALACEE (Mitkwort Fami.y).

Herbs or shrubs with very irregular hypogenous flowers arranged
in a variety of ways. Sepals 5, the two lateral ones large and
colored; petals 3 or 5, hypogenous, more or less united; stamens
4-8, generally in 2 sets; ovary 2-celled with a single ovule in each
cell.

1. POLYGALA.

Sepals 5, persistent, the upper one and the two lower small and
greenish, the two lateral ones large and colored; petals 3, hypog-
enous, connected with the stamen tube, the lower one keel-shaped;
stamens 6 or 8, their filaments united into a tube split down the back,
or joined in 2 sets to the petals; ovary 2-celled with a single ovule.

Low bitter herbs with simple entire leaves.

: EUPHORBIACE 81

1. P. paucifélia, Willd. FLOWERING WINTERGREEN.

A low glabrous perennial from a creeping rootstock, with the leaves on the
lower part of the stem either much reduced or absent, and a clump of crowded
ovate leaves on short petioles at the summit, surmounted by 1-3 large rose-
purple flowers rising from the axils of the upper leaves; keel of the corolla
with a fringed crest; stamens 6. Shady woods, E. Man. and westward.

r

2. P. sénega, L. Seneca SNAKEROOT.

Stems simple, glabrous, erect or ascending, several from hard knotty
rootstocks; leaves simple, lanceolate to oblong; flowers small, white, crest
short, in close terminal spikes. Common across the prairie, Man.—Alta.

XLV. EUPHORBIACEZ (SpurcE Famity).

Plants with a bitter milky juice, and moncecious or dicecious
flowers. The floral envelopes may vary greatly or be wanting,
or, as in our representatives, greatly reduced, and enclosed in a
calyx-like involucre. Ovary 3-celled; ovules 1 or 2 in each cell;
styles as many as the cells of the ovary; fruit a 3-lobed capsule. A
very large family, but mostly tropical, and only represented here by
the genus Euphorbia.

EUPHORBIA. Spunrce.

Flowers moncecious, enclosed in a 4 or 5-lobed involuere which
resembles a calyx, and bears in the angles large glands which are
easily mistaken for petals. Sterile flowers numerous in each in-
volucre, each one just a single stamen from a minute bract; fertile
flowers solitary in the involucre, consisting of just a 3-lobed and
3-celled ovary, soon protruded by the lengthening of the pedicel.
Low spreading herbs with a bitter milky juice.

1. E. glyptospérma, Engelm.

Spreading, glabrous; leaves linear-oblong, about § in. long, sometimes
slightly curved, very oblique at the base and minutely serrulate towards
the apex; stipules divided into bristles; flowers very small in dense lateral
clusters; seeds with 5 or 6 distinct cross-wrinkles and sharply 4-angled but
not pitted. Gravelly soil, Man.—Alta., becoming a common dooryard weed.

2. E. serpyllifélia, Pers.

Resembling the preceding, but darker green with a tendency to become
reddish as the plant gets older; leaves not curved and often sharply serrulate
to about the middle; seeds only very slightly wrinkled and often pitted.
Dry soil, Man.—Alta.

G

82

SELECTED WESTERN FLORA

XLVI. ANACARDIACEA.

Trees or shrubs with an acrid, milky, or somewhat resinous juice,
alternate exstipulate leaves, and regular, 5-merous, generally polyg-
amous flowers; ovary 1-celled and 1-ovuled; styles or stigmas 3.
Some species exceedingly poisonous.

‘

1. RHUS.

SuUMACH.

Calyx 5-parted; petals 5; stamens 5, inserted on a disk at the
bottom of the calyx; flowers greenish or yellowish; fruit. drupe-like.

.1. R. toxicodéndron, L. Poison Ivy; Porson Oak.

Fic. 58.— Rhus toxicodendron.

Low, erect from a creeping root-
stock, usually glabrate; leaves 3-
foliate, ovate to rhombic, rather
thick, often irregularly few-toothed;
berries whitish, persisting through
the winter. Poisonous to the touch
tomany people. Common in thick-
ets, Man.—Alta.

2. R. canadénsis, Marsh.

A shrub 3-7 ft. high, scented;
leaves thin, 3-foliate, soft-pubescent

' when young; leaflets ovate or obo-

vate, the terminal sometimes 3-cleft,
and all coarsely toothed or incised,
1-3 in. long; flowers yellow; drupes
rather large. (Var. trilobata, (Nutt.)

Gray.) Leaflets small, usually about { in. long, lobed or incised, mostly
S-W. Sask. and Alta. ,

at the summit.

XLVI. CELASTRACEE

Shrubs with alternate simple leaves and regular flowers; sepals
and petals 4 or 5, inferior; stamens as many as the petals, alternate
with them, periginous; seeds with an appendage (aril) growing up
from the point of attachment, and sometimes covering the seed.

1. CELASTRUS.

Birrer-swEet.

Flowers polygamous, with a tendency to be dioecious, in raceme-
like clusters terminating the branches; petals and stamens 5,

ACERACE 83

inserted on a disk lining the bottom of the calyx; pod 3-celled and
3-valved, berry-like, a deep orange color when ripe, the coat soon
splitting and disclosing the scarlet pulpy aril enclosing the seeds,
making the fruit very showy.

1. C. scandens, L. Cxiimspine Birter-sweEert.

Leaves ovate-oblong and finely serrate. A twining shrub often growing
very tall and twining around the stems of trees! Moist woods, Man.

XLVIII. ACERACEZ (Marte Famity).

Trees or shrubs with a sweet watery sap, dioscious flowers, and
simple, opposite palmately lobed or pinnately compound leaves.
Calyx 5-parted ; petals 5 or wanting; stamens 4-12, filaments long;
ovary 2-lobed with 2 styles inserted between the lobes; fruit a
double samara.

1. ACER. Maptz.

The only genus, and having generally the characteristics of the
family.
1. A. saccharinum, L. Sinver Mapie; Sorr Maria.

A lofty tree with gray flaky bark; leaves large, deeply 5-lobed, the
lobes narrow and irregularly toothed; white-pubescent beneath; flowers
greenish, preceding the leaves; petals wanting; samara large, pubescent
when young. Introduced for ornamental purposes and becoming some-

what common about Winnipeg and
Portage la Prairie. It thrives well in
the Red River Valley.

2. A. spicittum, Lam. Mountain
MapPLe.

A shrub or very small tree with
somewhat greenish bark. Leaves 3-

Fia. 59. — Acer negundo. Fic. 60. — Acer saccharinum.

84 SELECTED WESTERN FLORA

lobed, or obscurely 5-lobed, serrate, glabrous above and whitish-pubescent
below, at least when young: racemes dense, upright. Moist woods through
Manitoba. ’

3. A. Negindo, L. Box Extper, Manrropa Map.ie.

A fair-sized tree with rough gray bark, and compound leaves, of 3 or 5
leaflets; leaflets smooth when old, ovate, irregularly toothed; flowers small,
clustered, appearing before the leaves, drooping on long slender pedicels.
Common as far west as Meridian 112°, and north to the Sask. River.

Fie. 61. — Acer spicatum. Fig. 62.— Acer glabrum.
/

4. A, glabrum, Torr.

A shrub, or low, rather spreading tree with smooth light-brown twigs;
leaves mostly small, 3-5-lobed or 3-foliate, the lobes or leaflets unequally
but somewhat sharply serrate, glabrous or almost so. (Var. tripartitum),
a form in which the leaves are mostly 3-foliate. Rocky Mts.

XLIX. BALSAMINACEZE (Bausam Famity).

Succulent herbs with alternate, simple, exstipulate leaves and
irregular flowers. Sepals 3, two small and green, the other large,
petal-like and spurred; petals 2, each 2-lobed; stamens 5, with
short flat filaments; ovary 5-celled.

1. IMPATIENS. Tovucu-me-Nnot.

Herbs with orange or yellow flowers and seed pods which burst
suddenly on being touched.

RHAMNACEA 85

1. I. pallida, Nutt. Pate Toucs-
ME-NOT.

Flowers pale yellow, very little
dotted; spur shorter than it is
wide; larger than the next species.
Wet shady places, Man. and Sask.

2. I. bifléra, Walt. SPorrep
ToucH-ME-NOT.
2 Fic. 63.—Impa- Fic. 64, — Im-
Flowers orange, thickly spotted tiens pallida. patiens biflora.
with reddish brown; spur longer
than broad, and incurved. (J. fulva, Nutt.) Wet shady places, Man.—
Alta. and far north.
‘

L. RHAMNACEZ (Bucxtuorn Famity).

Shrubs with simple, alternate, stipulate leaves (the stipules small .
and very deciduous) and small regular flowers. Calyx 4 or 5-toothed;
petals 4 or 5 on the calyx, or none; stamens the same number as
the petals and opposite to them, inserted with them on the calyx;
ovary 2—5-celled with one ovule in each cell; fruit a drupe or capsule.

1. RHAMNUS. BoucsrHorn.

Calyx: 4 or 5-toothed, petals 4 or 5, dlawed; stamens same number
as petals; ovary 3 or 4celled; style 3-4-cleft; drupe berry-like.
Shrubs with pinnately veined leaves and (with us) usually dicecious
flowers.

1. R, alnifélia, L’Hér.

A small shrub with ovate or elliptical leaves, each with 6 or 7 pairs of
prominent veins; flowers mainly dicecious, in 2’s or 3’s on short pedicels in
the axils of the leaves, appearing with the leaves. Moist wooded regions,
Man.—Alta.

2. CEANOTHUS. Rep-root.

Calyx 5-lobed, the tube adhering to the ovary; petals 5, hooded,
clawed, longer than the calyx lobes; stamens 5, the filaments
elongated; style short, 3-cleft; fruit dry, 3-lobed, separating when
mature into 3 nutlets. Shrubs with alternate petioled leaves and
white, blue, or yellowish flowers in terminal or axillary clusters.

1. C. velutinus, Dougl. ;
A large shrub with brownish twigs; leaves broadly elliptical, 3-nerved,
closely serrate-dentate ; dark green, smooth, shiny above and slightly canes-

86 SELECTED WESTERN FLORA

cent beneath, 2 or 3 in. long; flowers white. , (Var. levigatus, Torrey and
Gray.) - Leaves glabrous, light green, rather glaucous below. Crow’s
Nest Pass.

2. C. ovatus, Desf. ‘

Leaves elliptical to lanceolate, finely serrate, glabrous; flowers clustered
on short peduncles. Dry sandy soil, E. Man.

LI. VITACEZ (Grape Famity).

Shrubs erect, or climbing by tendrils, with watery sap, alternate
petioled leaves, and small greenish flowers in panicles, cymes, or
racemes. Calyx 4 or 5-toothed, sometimes minute; petals 4 or 5,

iy

Fia. 65.— Psedera vitacer,

.

VITACER 87

separate or united; stamens 4 or 5, opposite the petals, inserted on

a disk at the bottom of the calyx; ovary 2-6-celled; fruit berry-
like.

1. PSEDERA. Virointa Crupper. WoopsiNe.

Calyx slightly 5-toothed; petals 5, separate, spreading; berry
2-4-seeded, inedible. Climbing vines -with digitate leaves, and
flowers in cymose clusters. (Ampelopsis, Michx.)

1. P. vitacea, (Knerr.) Greene.

Leaflets 5, coarsely serrate, glabrous, turning red in the fall; tendrils
branched and with few, if any, adhesive disks at the ends; fruit dark purple.
(A. quinquefolia, Michx.). Moist woods, Man.

Fic. 66, — Vitis vulpina.

88 SELECTED WESTERN FLORA

2. VITIS. Gnrapr.

Flowers perfect, or staminate with rudimentary ovary; calyx
5-parted, teeth very short; petals 5, separate at the base and falling
without opening; stamens 5, on a disk with glands between them;
berry pulpy. Vines with simple leaves, clustered flowers, and
climbing by tendrils without adhesive disks.

Fic. 67.— Tilia americana.

1. V. vulpina, L.

Glabrous, except a slight pubescence on the veins on the lower sides of the
leaves; leaves thin, shiny, 3-7-lobed, deeply and sharply toothed; berries
bluish black with a bloom. (V. riparia, Michx.) River valleys, Man.

TILIACEA — MALVACEA — CISTACEA 89

LIT. TILIACEA (Linpen Famiy).

Trees with alternate simple leaves, fibrous inner bark, and flowers
in axillary or terminal panicles or cymes. Sepals 5, deciduous;
petals the same number, fewer or none; stamens numerous, often
in groups; fruit drupe-like or berry-like.

1. TILIA. Basswoop.

Sepals 5; petals 5, spatulate, with scales at the base; stamens
numerous, united in 5 groups; fruit dry, woody, and indehiscent.
Large trees with soft white wood, and cymes of cream-colored, sweet-
scented flowers.

1. T. americana, L.

Leaves large, glabrous, heart-shaped, serrate, oblique; fruit ovoid. Rich
woods, Red River Valley.

LUI. MALVACEA (Mattow Famity).

Herbs or shrubs with alternate, mostly palmately veined leaves
with deciduous stipules and regular flowers. Sepals 5, united at
the base, persistent, sometimes with a number of bracts on the
outside; petals 5, with short claws, united at the base; stamens
numerous, their filaments united in a tube and joined with the base
of the petals; styles mostly as many as the cells of the ovary,
united below, distinct above, and generally projecting beyond the
stamen tube; pistils several, united in a ring.

1. MALVASTRUM. Fausz Mattow.

Calyx with 2 or 3 bractlets or none; petals often notched at the
apex; styles 5 or more; seeds kidney-shaped.

1. M. coccineum, (Pursh.) Gray.

A low, hoary, perennial herb with 5-parted palmate leaves, and reddish
pink flowers in short racemes or spikes. Dry soil, from the Red River Valley
westward.

LIV. CISTACEA (Rocx Ross Famity).

Shrubs or low, somewhat shrubby herbs with simple leaves and
regular flowers, solitary or variously clustered; sepals 3-5, per-
sistent, when 5 the two outer smaller; petals 3 or 5 or wanting;

90 SELECTED WESTERN FLORA

stamens numerous, hypogenous; style simple; stigma entire or
3-lobed; ovary simple, sessile, 1-several-celled.

1. HELIANTHEMUM.

Flowers of two kinds, the earlier with large yellow petals, numer-
ous stamens and many-seeded pods, the later with small petals or
none, and small few-seeded pods. The early flowers open only
in the sunshine, hence the name. Woody herbs, more or less
- branched.

1. H. canadénse, Michx. Frostwrep.

Erect, hoary-pubescent, with some slender branches; leaves alternate,
linear-oblong; early flowers large, solitary, terminal, but later overtopped
by elongating branches; later flowers clustered, axillary. The plant gets
its name from crystals of ice bursting through the bark at the base in the fall.
MacGregor, Man.

LV. VIOLACE (Vioter Famtity).

Herbs with alternate stipulate leaves and irregular, axillary nodding
flowers; sepals 5, persistent;
petals 5, irregular; stamens
5, hypogenous; fruit a 1-
celled pod opening by 3
valves, with 3 parietal
placente.

i

1. VIOLA. Vio.er.

Petals unequal, the lower
spurred at the base; some
of the stamens with spurs
projecting into the spur of
the corolla; producing in-
conspicuous flowers at the
base which never open.

* PLANTS WITHOUT STEMS.
1. V. cucullata, Ait. Common

Buugp VIoLer.

Leaves all without divisions,
all except the earliest pointed,
crenate or dentate, cordate at

Fia. 68. — Viola cucullata.

VIOLACEAR 91

the base; petals violet-blue, the spurred one glabrous; peduncles taller than
the leaves. Wet places, common, somewhat variable, Man.—Alta.

2. V. pedatffida, Don. Brrp-roor Viouer.
Leaves palmately parted and variously cleft into narrow lobes; peduncles

exceeding the leaves bearing showy violet flowers; rootstock short and erect.
(V. delphinifolia, Nutt.) Moist prairies, Man.-Alta. °

3. V. blanda, Willd. Swseer Wuirp VIo.er.

Leaves acute, midribs and petioles tinged with red, almost glabrous;
flowers small, sweet-scented, white with the lower petals veined with purple.
Damp places, mostly northward.

4. V. palastris, L.

Glabrous, from a jointed rootstock; leaves round or kidney-shaped,
slightly crenate; flowers small, pale blue with purple veining. Bogs, N.
Man. and westward.

**PLANTS WITH STEMS.

5. V. Nuttallii, Pursh.

Slightly, if at all, pubescent, leaves ovate to lanceolate, entire or only
slightly crenate, tapering into winged petioles; petals yellow, often tinged
with purple on the outside. Dry prairies, occurring locally, Man.—Alta.

6. V. pubéscens, Ait. Downy YrLLow VIOLET.

Stems often solitary, softly pubescent; root leaves long-petioled, usually
gone before the flower appears; stem leaves 2-4, on short petioles near the
summit, blades ovate to reniform; petals yellow veined with purple, the
lateral bearded. Rich woods, Man. and E. Sask.

7. V.canadénsis, L. CaNnapa VIOLET.

Stem 4-12 in. high, minutely pubescent; leaves large, heart-shaped,
pointed, serrate; flowers white, lasting throughout the summer, the spurred
petal yellow at the base and marked with dark lines, lateral petals bearded.
Rich woods, common, Man.-Alta.

8. V. arenaria, DC. :

Stems low, growing in tufts; leaves thickish, densely pubescent on both
surfaces, ovate, narrowing to an obtuse apex, and only slightly, if at all,
cordate at the base; flowers small, blue, with short blunt spur. (V. canina
var. puberula; Wats.) Sandy soil, Man. and Sask.

9. V. adfinca, Gray.

Glabrous or nearly so, very short-stemmed; leaves rounded to ovate,
rarely cordate; flowers large, side petals bearded; spur almost as long as
the petals, either curved or straight. (V. canina, var. adunca, Wats.)
Dry soil, W. Sask. and Alta.

92 SELECTED WESTERN FLORA

LVI. LOASACEZ (Loasa Famity).

Erect or climbing herbs armed with hooked or stinging hairs, with
alternate or opposite exstipulate leaves and regular perfect flowers
either solitary or clustered. Calyx 4-5-cleft, its tube adhering to
the ovary; petals as many or twice as many as the divisions in the
ovary; stamens numerous, in clusters opposite the petals, inserted
with the petals; style entire or 2-3-lobed, ovary 1-celled, with 2 or
3 parietal placentw, and crowned with the persistent calyx teeth.

1. MENTZELIA. Bartonrta.

Calyx 5-lobed; petals 5 or 10, spreading, deciduous; stamens 20
or more; styles 3, somewhat united; capsule few-seeded. Erect
herbs with alternate leaves and showy terminal flowers.

1. M. decapétala, (Pursh.) Urban and Gilg.

Stout, 1-2 ft. high, rough-pubescent; leaves ovate to lanceolate, sinuate-
pinnatifid, the upper sessile, the lower petioled; flowers mostly solitary,
yellowish white, opening in the evening. (M. ornata, T. and G.) Clay
banks, S. Alta.

LVII. CACTACEZ (Cactus Famity).

Mostly leafless plants, the thickened fleshy stems usually covered
with prickles. Flowers sessile and solitary; sepals and petals
numerous, adhering to the tube formed by the union of petals and
sepals; ovary 1-celled; style 1; stigmas many.

1. MAMILLARIA.

Globose or ovoid, covered with spine-bearing tubercles with the
flowers springing from woolly or bristly projections between the
tubercles.

1. M. vivipara, (Nutt.) Haw.

. Single or in clumps; tubercles with 5-8 brownish spines surrounded by
12-20 gray ones, often dark on the tips; flowers reddish or purplish with
fringed petals; berry ovoid, succulent. Dry sand hills, S. W. Man. and west-
ward to 8. Alta:

2. OPUNTIA. Pricxiy Pzar.
Sepals and petals not united; stems in joints, flattened, with very

small, awl-shaped, deciduous leaves and clusters of bristles or spines
in the axils.

ELEAGNACEA — ONAGRACEZ 93

O. polyacantha, Haw.

Prostrate, the joints light green, ovate or orbicular, forming large spread-
ing masses, covered with spiny tubercles; leaves minute; flowers yellow,
sometimes orange within or rarely purple; fruit dry and spiny. Dry
prairies and hillsides, W. Man.—Alta.

LVIII. ELEAGNACEZ (Oueaster Fatty).

Shrubs with simple scurfy leaves, and regular perfect or dicecious
flowers; calyx colored, mostly 4-cleft; petals wanting; stamens
as many or twice as many as the calyx teeth; fruit drupe-like or
berry-like, owing to the thickening of the calyx tube.

1. ELEAGNUS.

Calyx teeth 4, deciduous; stamens 4, inserted in the throat of the
calyx; style linear with the stigma down one side; fruit drupe-like;
leaves alternate.

1. E. argéntea, Pursh. SrILvERBERRY; WouF WILLOW.

A thornless shrub with silvery leaves and numerous flowers, silvery with-
out and yellow within, and very fragrant; fruit dry. Common on rich
prairie, Man.—Alta.

2. SHEPHERDIA.

Flowers dicecious; calyx 4-cleft; stamens 8; style slender,
stigma down one side; fruit pulpy, berry-like; leaves opposite.

1. S. canadénsis, (L.) Nutt.

A thornless shrub 3-8 ft. high; leaves elliptical, almost naked above,
silvery-scurfy beneath; fruit yellowish red. Wooded valleys, N. Sask., Alta.,
and northward.

2. S. argéntea, Nutt. Burrato Burry.

A thorny shrub higher than the preceding; leaves silvery on both sides;
fruit scarlet. Valleys of Red, Assiniboine and Souris Rivers, and westward
to Alta.

LIX. ONAGRACEZ (Evenine Primrose Famity).

Herbs with either alternate or opposite leaves and regular, sym-
metrical, usually. 4-parted flowers; calyx adheres to the ovary and
may project beyond in a long tube; petals sometimes wanting;
stamens as many or twice as many as the calyx lobes or petals;
ovary 2 or 4-celled; style slender; stigma often deeply lobed.

94 SELECTED WESTERN FLORA

1. EPILOBIUM. Wi.iow-HERB.

Calyx tube scarcely, if at all, prolonged beyond the ovary; petals
4, shading from violet to white; pod slender; seeds many, tufted
with downy hairs (a coma). Innocent perennial herbs with sessile
flowers.

1. E. angustifélium, (L.). Great WILLOW-HERB.

Calyx tube not prolonged beyond the ovary; petals large, not notched
at the apex, reddish purple; stigma deeply 4-lobed; flowers in showy
terminal racemes. Common in newly burned ground, Man.—Alta.

2. E. mélle, Torr.

Erect, branched, 1-3 ft. high, densely pubescent; calyx tube slightly
prolonged beyond the ovary; petals notched at the apex; stamens and style
erect; stigma entire or nearly so; flowers small, pink, solitary, in the upper
axils. Wet places, local and not common.

3. E. dénsum, Raf.

Slender, erect, 1-2 ft. high, branched, minutely hoary-pubescent with
incurved hairs; leaves linear or nearly so, acute at both ends, opposite or
alternate, erect; flowers pink or white, small, erect, in the upper axils;
stigma entire or nearly’ so. (. palustre, var. lineare, Gray.) Peat bogs
and wet places, Man.—Alta.

4, E. palfstre, L.

Decumbent, with a tendency to root by prostrate branches, minutely
pubescent or glabrate; leaves thin, green, mostly opposite, oblong to lanceo-
late, somewhat spreading; flowers small, pink or whitish, few, in the upper
axils, usually nodding, at least when young. Bogs and wet places, Man.-
Alta.

5. E. adenocaulon, Haussk.

Erect, 1-3 ft. high, minutely pubescent, sometimes sticky; leayes ovate
to lanceolate, almost sessile, sparingly toothed; flowers pink, nodding at
first; seeds with a white coma. Moist ground, Man.—Alta.

6. E. latifolium, L.

Erect, branched, 6-18 in. high, glabrate below, canescent above; leaves
ovate to lanceolate, sessile, those on the branches opposite; flowers perfect,
in leafy racemes; coma white. River valleys, Alta., and north and east to
Hudson Bay.

2. G@NOTHERA. Eventna Primrose.

Calyx tube much prolonged beyond the ovary, deciduous; calyx
lobes 4, reflexed; petals 4; stamens 8; pod 4-valved, many-seeded;
stem leaves alternate; flowers yellow, white, or pink.

ONAGRACE 95

1. G. biénnis, L. Common Evenina Primrosn.

Biennial, producing a strong root and a large rosette of leaves the first
year; stout, erect, 2-4 ft. high, usually simple, somewhat pubescent with
spreading hairs; leaves lanceolate to oblong; flowers
large, yellow, erect, closing in the hot sun; lobes’ of
the stigma linear. Open ground, common, Man.-—Alta.

2. CG. pallida, Lindl. Wautrs-stemmep Evrnina

PRIMROSE.

Erect, simple or branched, 1-3 ft. high; stem
white, often with shreddy bark; leaves linear to
oblong, mostly sessile; flowers large, axillary, white,
turning pink. (Q@. albicaulis.) Dry prairies, Man.—
Alta.

3. G. triloba, Nutt.

Perennial, glabrous, stemless or nearly so; leaves
pinnatifid or sinuate-toothed, petioled; flowers white
or pink, the petals often 3-lobed; pod short. Clay
soil, S. W. Man. and S. Sask.

4. CG. caspitisa, Nutt.

Stemless perennial from woody root; leaves oval to
oblanceolate, tapering to « slender petiole, often
densely pubescent, more or less pinnatifid but not
deeply cut; flowers white, the petals broad and ob- Fic. 69.— GSnothera
cordate. Dry hills, Sask. and Alta. biennis (Fruit).

'5. QE. serrulata, Nutt. 7

Slender, erect or ascending, simple or branched, 6-18 in. high, mostly
glabrous, but canescent on the younger parts; leaves linear to lanceolate,
sharply but shallowly dentate or denticulate; calyx tube funnel-form, often
‘silvery-canescent; petals yellow, broadly obovate; stigma scarcely lobed
Dry slopes, Man.—Alta.

3. GAURA.

Calyx tube much prolonged, deciduous, 4-lobed, the lobes reflexed;
petals 4, clawed, rose-colored; stamens 8, often turned down;
style long, slender, deflexed; stigma 4-lobed, surrounded by a sort
of ring; fruit hard, 1-celled, 1—4-seeded; flowers rather small, in

spikes or racemes.

1. G. coccinea, Pursh.

Ascending, 4-12 in. high, usually canescent; leaves linear to lanceolate;
flowers rose-colored turning red, in simple spikes. Gravelly banks, Man.-
Alta.

96 SELECTED WESTERN FLORA

4. CIRCEA. ENcHANTER’s NIGHTSHADE.

Calyx tube hairy, slightly prolonged, deciduous, 2-lobed, the lobes
_ reflexed; petals 2, obcordate; stamens 2, alternate with the petals;
fruit 1-2-celled, small, densely covered with hooked hairs. Low
perennial herbs with opposite leaves and small white flowers in
terminal or axillary racemes.

1. C. alpina, L.
Slender, 3-8 in. high; leaves ovate, slender petioled, more or less cordate,

strongly dentate; flowers small, white; fruit covered with weak hooks.
Moist woods, Rocky Mts., northward and eastward.

LX. HALORAGIDACEZ (Water Miro Famity).

Aquatic or marsh plants with inconspicuous sessile flowers in the

. axils of the leaves. Calyx tube adhering to the ovary, the teeth

minute or wanting; petals small or none; stamens 1-8; fruit 1-4-
celled, indehiscent.

1. MYRIOPHYLLUM. Water Mitroru.

Flowers moncecious or perfect; calyx 4-parted or toothed; petals
-4 or none; stamens 4-8; fruit 4-lobed and 4-celled. Perennial water
herbs with the leaves often in whorls, and the submerged ones cut
into capillary divisions; flowers in the axils of the upper leaves,
usually above the water. s

1. M. spicatum, L.

Leaves somewhat rigid, not entirely collapsing when removed from the
water; staminate flowers purplish, in clusters, more or less whorled on the
upper part of the stem. Slow streams, Man.—Alta.

2. M. verticellatum, L.; var. pectinatum, Wallr.

Much resembling the preceding, but the leaves entirely collapsing when
withdrawn from the water; staminate flowers pale green or pinkish, and the
fruit of four distinct carpels. Ponds, local. Marshes of Porcupine Mts.
(Macoun.)

2. HIPPURIS. Manrn’s-Tatn.

Flowers perfect, calyx entire; petals none; stamen 1, on the
ealyx; style thread-like and stigmatic down one side; fruit 1-celled
and l-seeded. Aquatic herbs with simple erect stems and linear
leaves arranged in whorls.

ARALIACE® — UMBELLIFERAE 97

1. H. vulgaris, L.

Stems 6-18 in. high; leaves 6-12 in a whorl. Wet places, very common,
| Man.—Alta,
\

LXI. ARALIACEZ (Ginsene Famuty).

Herbs, shrubs or trees with alternate or whorled leaves, and perfeet
or polygamous flowers, usually in umbels. Calyx tube adnate to
the ovary; stamens alternate with the petals, on a disk on the ovary;
ovary 1-several-celled.

1. ARALIA.

Perennial herbs (with us) with compound leaves and small, per-
fect, greenish-white flowers in umbels; fruit a berry.

1. A. nudicatlis, L. Witp SarsaPARILuA.

Stemless or nearly so; leaf usually solitary, rising from a strong rootstock;
petiole 6-15 in. high; leaf divided into three parts, and each part sub-
divided into 3-5 leaflets; peduncle shorter than the petiole; flowers whitish,
usually in 3 umbels; fruit dark purple. Woods, Man.—Alta.

LXII. UMBELLIFERZ (Parsuey Famuity).

Herbs with hollow stems, alternate, usually compound leaves with
sheathing petioles, and small flowers in simple or compound umbels.
Calyx adhering to the ovary, the 5 teeth usually minute; petals 5,
stamens 5, both on a disk on the ovary; styles 2; fruit 2 seed-like
carpels adhering to each other but separating when ripe. A large
family comprising many of our most useful garden vegetables and
aromatic herbs, but also with some poisonous members. Extremely
difficult for inexperienced students.

1. SANICULA. Buackx SnaxKEROOT.

Calyx teeth present and persistent; carpels not separating when
ripe and covered with hooks. Glabrous perennial herbs with pal-
mately lobed leaves and irregular umbels of greenish flowers.

1. S. marilandica, L.

Erect, 1-3 ft. high; leaves 5-7-parted, the divisions serrate, basal petioled,
upper sessile; flowers greenish white, the styles slender and spreading,
longer than the hooks on the carpels. Rich woods, Man.—Alta,

98 SELECTED WESTERN FLORA

2. OSMORRHIZA. Sweerr Cicety.

Calyx teeth wanting; petals incurved at the apex; fruit narrow,
linear, bristly on the ribs, with short beak but tapering to a long
slender base. Perennial herbs from fleshy clustered roots, with
decompound leaves and small umbels of white flowers.

1. O. Clayténii, (Michx.) Clarke. -

Rather slender, 1-2 ft. high, pubescent; leaves 2 or 3-ternate, hairy,
leaflets deeply cut; style very short. Rich damp woods, Man.—Alta.
2. O. longistylis, (Torr.) DC.

Coarser than the preceding, 1-3 ft. high, glabrous or nearly so; leaflet
less deeply cut; style longer. Rich woods, less common, Man.—Alta.
3. O. obtisa (Coult. and Rose) Fernald.

Slender, 12-20 in. high, glabrous or nearly so; rays of the umbels spreading
or the lateral deflexed. (O. nuda, Torr.) Rocky Mts. and eastward.

3. CICUTA. Warer Hemuock.

Calyx teeth prominent; fruit orbicular; herbs with pinnately
compound leaves and white flowers.
1. C. maculata, L. Sporrep CowBaNne.

Stem stout, 1-6 ft. high, marked with purple lines; leaves 2-3-pinnate,
the lower on long petioles. A coarse poisonous plant frequent in wet places,
Man.-Alta. This includes C. virosa in early references.

2. C. bulbifera, L.

Similar but more slender, with narrower leaflets, and bulblets clustered
in the axils of the upper leaves, which are often simple or but little divided.
Swamps, chiefly northward.

4. SIUM. Warer Parsnip.

_ Calyx teeth minute; fruit oblong. Smooth perennial plants with
simple pinnate leaves and large compound umbels of white flowers.
1. S. cicutefélium, Schrank.

Stout, 3-6 ft. high; leaflets 3-8 pairs, sharply serrate, the lower finely
dissected when submerged. Wet places, Man.—Alta. and far northward.

,

5. ZIZIA.

Calyx teeth prominent; fruit oblong. Smooth perennials with
ternate or ternately compound leaves, — sometimes the root leaves

UMBELLIFERA 99

not divided, — and compound umbels of yellow flowers, the central
fruit of each umbel sessile.

1. Z. atrea, (L.) Koch. Gonpen AuBXANDER.

Radical leaves 2 or 3-ternate with long petioles, leaflets sharply serrate.
Banks of streams, Man.

2. Z. cordata, (Walt.) DC.

Root leaves long-petioled, cordate, crenately toothed, but rarely lobed;
stem leaves, except the highest, 3-foliate, with the leaflets serrate, or more or
less deeply cut. Prairies, Man.—Alta.

; 6. MUSINEON.

Calyx teeth prominent, ovate; petals with a claw; involucre
wanting; fruit ovate to oblong, slightly compressed. Low, some-
times stemless, perennial herbs with pinnately decompound leaves,
and yellow or white flowers. (Musenium, Nutt.)

1. M. divaricatum, Nutt.

Stem leafy, decumbent, branched, 6-12 in. high, glabrous; leaves bi-
pinnatifid, the rhachis winged; umbels on long peduncles; flowers yellow.
Dry hillsides, Man.—Alta.

7. HERACLEUM. Cow Parsnip.

Calyx teeth obsolete or very small; petals clawed, the outer often
2-lobed; fruit broadly oval, much flattened dorsally. Stout, erect,
usually pubescent, perennial herbs with ternately compound leaves
and large umbels of white flowers.

1. H. lanaétum, Michx.

Very stout, 3-8 ft. high, woolly-pubescent; leaflets broad and irregularly.
cut. Wet ground, Man.—Alta.

8. LOMATIUM.

Calyx teeth obsolete or nearly so; fruit oval to oblong, dorsally
flattened. Stemless perennial herbs with bi-pinnate or finely
dissected leaves, and compound umbels of white or yellow flowers.

‘

1. L. orientale, Coult. and Rose. .

Peduncles 3-8 in. high; leaves bi-pinnate, the divisions generally pin-
natifid into linear lobes, finely pubescent; root often swollen in places,
flowers white or pinkish; umbels with 5-8 equal rays; fruit glabrous, broadly
oval. Dry sandy soil, S. Man. and westward.

100 SELECTED WESTERN FLORA

2. L. macrocérpum, Nutt.

Closely resembling the preceding, but often higher; root never swollen;
umbel 3-10-rayed; flowers always white. Dry plains, Sask. and Alta.

3. L. feeniculaceum, (Nutt.) Raf.

Peduncles 4-12 in. high; the whole plant finely and densely villous when
young; leaves finely dissected, the primary divisions almost always in 3’s;
umbel of 5-15 rays; flowers yellow, the ovaries densely pubescent. Dry
plains, local, Man.—Alta.

LXIII. CORNACEZ (Docwoop Famity)..

Shrubs or trees with simple entire leaves and regular flowers in
cymes or heads. Calyx tube adhering to the ovary, teeth 4 or 5
or none; petals 4 or 5 or wanting; stamens as many as the petals
or more, inserted with the petals on a disk on top of the ovary;
ovary 1 or 2-celled; style 1; ovules 1 ineach cell; fruit a drupe with
a 1 or 2-celled stone.

1. CORNUS. Doewoon.

Calyx tube bell-shaped, minutely 4-toothed; petals 4; stamens 4;
ovary 2-celled; drupe globular with a 2-celled stone. Shrubs with
opposite or whorled entire leaves, and small white or greenish
flowers in cymes, or in heads surrounded by a corolla-like involucre.

1. C. canadénsis, L. Buncusrrry.

Stem simple, low, 4-8 in. high, from a slender rootstock; leaves sessile or
almost so, the lower scale-like, the upper large, in a sort of whorl; flowers
small, greenish white, in a terminal head surrounded by an involucre of white!
petal-like bracts; fruit deep red. Common in cool woods, Man.—Alta.

2. C. stolonifera, Michx. Rerp-osizrn Doagwoop.

A shrub 2-12 ft. high, the twigs bright red or reddish, only the youngest
at all pubescent. Leaves opposite, petioled, ovate, acute, often pubescent
with fine appressed hairs, whitish beneath; flowers white, in cymes; fruit
white, berry-like. Common in wet places, particularly along streams,
Man.—Alta.

LXIV. ERICACEZ (Hzartu Famity).

Shrubs or woody herbs with regular perfect flowers and simple ex-
stipulate leaves. Calyx free from the ovary, mostly 4 or 5-parted;
corolla 4 or 5-parted, or lobed; stamens as many or twice as many as

ERICACE 101

the petals or lobes of the corolla; ovary 3-10-celled; style 1. A
large family divided into a number of well-marked sub-families, but
mostly represented only in wooded regions.

1. PFROLA. Sain Lear.

Calyx 5-parted, persistent; petals 5, with points usually turned
inward; stamens 10; capsule 5-valved; seed minute; stigma
5-lobed. Low, smooth, somewhat woody, evergreen perennials,
with clusters of petioled leaves, and a simple flower scape rising from
a slender creeping rootstock.

* STYLE STRAIGHT.
} SryLE INCLUDED.

1. P. minor, L.

_ Leaves rounded, with margined petioles; flowers small, white, crowded on
the scape. Cool woods, Rocky Mts. and northward.

tt STYLE LONG AND EXSERTED.

2. P. secfinda, L.

Leaves ovate; flowers greenish white, crowded all on one side of the scape.
Rich woods, Man.-Alta.

** SpYLE STRONGLY DECLINED, APEX TURNED UP.
3. P. chlorantha, Sw.

Leaves small, rounded, thick; flowers small, greenish white, few on the
scape; style not much exserted. Sandy soil in evergreen woods, Man.-
Alta.

4. P. elliptica, Nutt.

Leaves thin, elliptical, longer than the petiole; flowers white in a many-
flowered raceme. Dry woods, Man. and Sask.

5. P. americana, Sweet.

Leaves orbicular or nearly so, thick, shiny; flowers white, in a long, many-
flowered raceme. (P. rotundifolia of many authors.) Dry woods, swamps,
or mountain tops, Man.—Alta., especially northward.

6. P. asarifélia, Michx.

Leaves often longer along the transverse axis, cordate at the base, thick
and shiny; flowers pink or rose color. (P. rotundifolia, var. asarifolia,
Hook.) Cool dry woods, Man.—Alta.

102 SELECTED WESTERN FLORA

2. VACCINIUM. Buveperry, CRANBERRY.

Calyx 4 or 5-lobed or cleft, persistent; corolla 4 or 5-cleft; stamens
8-10; fruit a berry crowned with the persistent calyx teeth,
4 or 5-celled or 8 or 10-celled, many-seeded. Shrubs or vines with
solitary, clustered or racemed flowers.

* Cowberry — Creeping or tufted shrubs; flowers in clusters; corolla
4-toothed; filaments hairy.

1. V. Vitis-Idaéa, L. Cowsrrry.

Low, 4-10. in. high; stems creeping, with erect branches; leaves dark
green, obovate with revolute margins, evergreen, shiny above, bristly dotted
beneath; corolla 4-cleft, white or pink; flowers in short, terminal, nodding
clusters; fruit dark red, sour. Rocky Mts. and northward in the wooded
districts.

** Blueberries — Low, ascending or erect shrubs; flowers in racemes;
corolla 5-toothed; filaments hairy.

2. V. pennsylvanicum, Lam. Low BLuEBerry.

Stem low, 6-15 in. high; branches green, angled, warty; leaves lanceolate
or oblong, smooth, serrulate, the teeth bristle-pointed; flowers white or pink,
in short racemes; berry blue, black, or'reddish, usually with a bloom. Sandy
barrens and swamps, N. Man.—Rocky Mts.

3. V. canadénse, Kalm. Common BLuEBerry.

Stem 6 in. to 2 ft. high; leaves oblong to elliptical, entire, pubescent;
flowers in few-flowered clusters on naked branches in the upper axils; pedicels
shorter than the greenish white corolla; fruit blue or black with a bloom.
Sandy barrens, northward.

*** Bilberries — Low shrubs, flowers solitary or few on drooping pedicels; .
corolla 4 or 5-toothed; filaments naked.

4. V. cespitisum, Michx. Dwarr BILBrerry.

Stem dwarf, tufted, 3-12 in. high, with smooth round branches; leaves
obovate, serrate, smooth; corolla urn-shaped, pink or red; berries blue,
sweet. Grassy woods or plains and exposed mountain ridges, Cypress
Hills, Rocky Mts. from Bow River northward.

5. V. uligindsum, L. Boa Bivperry.

Stem 1-2 ft. high, branching; leaves obovate or oblong, entire, slightly
pubescent beneath, dull green; parts of the flower mostly in 4’s or 8's;
flowers in bunches of 1-3; berries black with a bloom, sweet. Northern
swamps. ‘

BRICACEA 103

+ ' : .
+ Cranberries — Very slender trailing shrubs; corolla 4-parted; berries
sour.
6. V. oxycéccos, L. Smaty Cranperry.

Stems very slender, trailing, with slender erect branches; leaves ever-
green, oblong or ovate, small, with revolute margins, and whitened beneath ;
corolla pink; flowers in terminal fascicles; berry globose, sour, brown-spotted,
especially when young. Sphagnum bogs, N. Man.-Alta.

7. V. macrocarpon, Ait. Large CRANBERRY.

Stems somewhat stouter than the preceding; leaves larger and scarcely
revolute; flowers in lateral clusters; berry large, turning deep red, at least on
one side. Bogs, northward.

3. MONESES. j
Calyx 4 or 5-parted, persistent; petals 4 or 5, spreading; stamens
8-10; ovary 4-5-celled; style straight; stigma 4 or 5-lobed; capsule
many-seeded. Low, perennial, somewhat woody herbs, decumbent
at the base, with evergreen leaves, and solitary drooping pink or
white flowers.
1. M. unifléra, (L.) Gray.

Scape with 2 bracts; flower waxy white or rose, fragrant. Cold woods,
N. Man.—Alta. y

4. ARCTOSTAPHYLOS. BzrarBerry.

Calyx 4 or 5-parted, persistent; corolla 4 or 5-lobed, recurved;
stamens 8 or 10, included; ovary 4-10-celled; style slender; .fruit
a drupe with 4-10 hard nutlets cohering to form a sort of stone.
Shrubs with alternate leaves and nodding pink or white flowers
in terminal racemes.

1. A. Uva-érsi, (L.) Spreng. BErARBERRY.

Prostrate; leaves evergreen, thick, obovate, entire, smooth and shiny;
fruit red, inedible. Sandy hills, Man.—Alta.

2. A. alpina, (L.) Spreng. ALPINE BEARBERRY.

Low; leaves deciduous, wrinkled, prominently veined, obovate; fruit
black, edible. Alpine in habit, Rocky Mts.

5. KALMIA. American LAUREL.

Sepals 5; lobes of the corolla 5; filaments long, and anthers often
imbedded in depressions in the corolla; capsule 5-celled, many-
seeded. Evergreen shrubs with opposite leaves and showy flowers.

1. K. polifolia, Wang.

A straggling bush 1-2 ft. high, with large, rose-purple flowers in. loose
terminal corymbs. Cold bogs, E. Man. and northward.

104 SELECTED WESTERN FLORA

6. LEDUM. Lasrapor Taxa.

Calyx small, 5-toothed; petals 5, spreading; capsule 5-celled,
many-seeded; flowers in terminal clusters. A low shrub with alter-
nate entire leaves with strongly revolute margins, and covered with
rusty wool beneath.

1. L. greenlandicum, Oeder. (JL. latifoliwm, Ait.)

Erect, 1-2 ft. high; leaves linear to oblong; stamens mostly 5. Bogs and
swamps, N. Man.—Rocky Mts.
2. L. palastre, L.

Lower with narrowly linear leaves and 7-11 stamens. An Arctic species
coming south to Hudson Bay.

7. MONOTROPA. Inpran Pipe.

Calyx of 2-5 bract-like scales, deciduous; petals 5 or 6, erect, often
withering persistent; stamens 10-12; capsule 5-celled, many-seeded.
Succulent, white, yellowish, or reddish saphrophytic herbs, destitute
of chlorophyll, with solitary nodding flowers, and leaves reducéd to
scales; usually growing in clumps from a mass of fibrous roots.

1. M. uniflora, L. ?

Smooth, waxy white, or occasionally tinged with red, drying black.
Rich shady woods, Man.—Alta.

LXV. PRIMULACEZ (Primrosn Famiy).

Herbs with simple leaves and perfect regular flowers, either soli-
tary or in terminal or axillary clusters; calyx usually 5-parted,
free from the ovary ; corolla usually 5-cleft, gamopetalous (want-
ing in glaux); stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla and
opposite to them; ovary 1-celled with a free central placenta;
seeds few to many.

1. PRIMULA. Primrosz.

Calyx 5-lobed, persistent; corolla 5-cleft, usually salver-form, the
tube longer than the calyx; stamens 5, inserted on the corolla tube, in-
cluded; ovary superior, capsule many-seeded. Perennial herbs with
a rosette of root leaves, and flowers in an umbel on a simple scape.

1, PB, farinésa, L. Brrp’s-ryz PRIMROSE.

Scape 3-18 in. high; leaves spatulate or oblong, obtuse at the apex, and
sometimes tapering into petioles, mealy white, at least when young; flowers
pale lilac or pinkish, usually with a yellow eye. Moist ground, N. W. Man.-
Alta. :

PRIMULACE 105

2. P. mistassinica, Michx.

Scape 2-8 in. high; leaves spatulate or wedge-shaped, rather thin with
prominent veins, and not mealy as in the preceding; corolla pale pink or
white, with a long tube. Wet banks, local, Lake Winnipeg and west to
Rocky Mts. '

2. LYSIMACHIA. Loosrsrrirn.

Calyx 5 or 6-parted; corolla wheel-shaped or bell-shaped, 5-7-
parted, tube very short; stamens 5-7, on the corolla; style thread-
like; capsule ovoid, few to several-seeded. Leafy stemmed per-
ennials with yellow flowers, solitary or clustered in the axils of the
leaves.

1. L. thyrsifléra, L. Turrep Loosssrrirt.

Stem simple, 8-24 in. high, smooth or slightly pubescent when young;
flowers in heads or spikes in the axils of some of the leaves about halfway up
the stem. Wet places, Man.—Alta.

3. STEIRONEMA.

Calyx 5-parted, persistent; corolla 5-parted, wheel-shaped, with
no tube; stamens 5, distinct or united at the base; capsule several
or many-seeded. Leafy perennial herbs with opposite simple
leaves and nodding yellow flowers on slender peduncles in the axils.

1. S. cilidtum, Raf.

Stem erect, simple; leaves lanceolate to ovate, tapering to a point, and
heart-shaped at the base; petioles ciliate. Low-lying thickets, Man.—
Alta.

2. §S. lanceolatum, Gray.

Stem erect, or reclining and rooting at the joints; leaves lanceolate, usually
tapering into a petiole generally margined but never ciliate, the lower leaves
sometimes broader on slender petioles. Low ground, local, or doubtful.

3. S. quadriflérum, (Sims) Hitchc.
Stems slender, 4-angled, 8 in. to 2} ft. high, branched towards the base;
upper leaves sessile, linear, smooth, shining, and rather rigid, lower leaves

spatulate; corolla longer than the calyx. (S. longifolium, Gray). Banks of
streams, E. Man.

4. GLAUX. Sea Mingwort.

Calyx bell-shaped, 5-cleft, the lobes petal-like; corolla wanting;
stamens 5, on the calyx and alternate with the lobes; capsule few-
seeded. Low, succulent, and leafy perennials with opposite sessile
leaves, and solitary flowers in the axils.

106 SELECTED WESTERN FLORA

1. G. maritima, L.

Glabrous perennial from a creeping rootstock, usually branched, ascend-
ing or erect, 3-6,in. high; leaves linear; flowers white or pink. Common,
forming mats, on low alkaline soil, Man.—Alta.

5. ANDROSACE.

Calyx 5-cleft, with a short tube; corolla salver-shaped or funnel-
shaped, the tube shorter than the calyx, 5-parted; stamens 5, on
the ecorolla-tube, included; capsule few to many-seeded. Small
herbs with clustered root leaves and very small flowers in umbels.

1. A. occidentalis, Pursh.

Annual, small, 2-3 in. high; minutely pubescent; leaves ovate to oblong,
entire; scape one or more; flowers white, with leafy calyx lobes longer than
the corolla. Dry sandy ground, 8S. Man.—Alta.

2. A. puberulénta, Rydb.

Resembling the former, but pubescence even less marked; scapes often
several; leaves oblanceolate, acute, in a rosette; calyx lobes lanceolate, acute,
strongly keeled; corolla white, about equal in length to the calyx. Dry
soil, Man.—Alta.

3. A. septentrionilis, L.

Glabrous; leaves lanceolate to oblong, irregularly toothed; .scape 2-6
in. high; corolla white, longer than the calyx. Dry plains and gravelly
ridges, Man.—Alta.

4. A. subumbellata, Small.

Almost glabrous, 2-3 in. high; peduncles several, often spreading, and
shorter than the pedicels, which lengthen in fruit; leaves oblong, rather thick ;
corolla white, longer than the calyx. Dry soil and alpine regions, Man.-—
Alta.

6. DODECATHEON. American Cowstir.

Calyx 5-cleft; corolla 5-parted, with a short tube, the lobes re-
flexed; stamens 5, united at the base, filaments short, anthers long
and united into a cone or beak, exserted; style thread-like, exserted;
capsule oblong, many-seeded. Glabrous perennial herbs with basal
leaves, and rather showy rose-pink flowers in an umbel supported by
a naked scape.

1. D. Medadia, L. SHoorine Srar.

Leaves obtuse at the apex, narrowing into margined petioles. Moist,
slightly alkaline soil, Man.—Alta,

OLEACE 107

7. TRIENTALIS. Svar Fiowsr.

_ Sepals mostly 7, persistent; corolla rotate, without a tube; fila-
ments united at the base. Low glabrous perennial herbs with
slender erect stems, and ovate to lanceolate leaves clustered at the
top.

1. T. americana, (Pers.) Pursh. Star Firownr.

Peduncles one or more, slender; flowers white, star-shaped; rootstock
slender, spreading. Woods about Lake Manitoba and eastward.

LXVI. OLEACE (Outve Famity).

Trees with opposite pinnate leaves; calyx 4-cleft or wanting;
stamens usually 2; ovary usually 2-celled with 2 ovules in each cell.

1. FRAXINUS. Asx.

Flowers dicecious, monoecious, or polygamous; calyx small,
4-cleft, or obsolete; petals wanting in our species; stamens 2,
fruit a samara. Valuable timber trees.

1. F. pennsylvanica, Marsh.;, var.
lanceolata, (Borkh.) Sarg. GREEN
ASH. : ‘
Leaflets 5-9, petioled, oblong to

lanceolate, acute at the apex, green

on both sides; flowers dicecious, the
ealyx of the pistillate persistent ; an-
thers oblong; fruit a samara, the
body round, winged for about half its
length and clearly distinguishable

from the wings. (F. viridis, Michx.) y

Along streams, Man. north to Lat. Fic. 70.— Fraxinus pennsylvanica.

54°, and S.E. Sask. to Meridian 110°.

2. F. nigra, Marsh. Buack Asa.

Leaflets 7-11, lanceolate, serrate, sessile and rounded at the base, midrib
slightly hairy when young; fruit flat, the body winged throughout, and the
wing and body not clearly distinguishable. A large tree with light but val-
uable timber. Low woods and swamps, N. and E. Man. and the Red River

Valley.

108 SELECTED WESTERN FLORA

Fig. 71.— Fraxinus nigra.

LXVII. GENTIANACEZ (Gentian Famity).

Smooth herbs with a bitter watery juice, opposite, simple, entire,
sessile leaves, and regular perfect flowers. Calyx inferior, 4-12-
lobed or toothed, persistent; corolla gamopetalous, _4—12-lobed;
stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla, alternate with them, and
situated on the tube; ovary 1-celled, many-seeded.

1. CENTAURIUM.

Calyx 4-parted; corolla 4 or 5-cleft, funnel-form with slender tube,
style slender, anthers exserted. Low-branching annuals with
reddish flowers, mostly introduced from Europe.

GENTIANACE 109

1. C. umbellatum, Gilib. Crnraury.

Erect, 6-18 in. high, branched, the branches all ending on the same level;
leaves linear at the top, getting broader down the stem; flowers rose-purple,
in flat-topped cymes. Sask., introduced.

2. HALENIA. Spurrep GENTIAN. |
Calyx 4 or 5-parted; corolla 4 or 5-cleft, without folds between the
lobes; each lobe with a spur at the base; stigmas 2, persistent;
capsule flattened. Small herbs with yellowish or purplish flowers.

1. H. defiéxa, (Sm.): Griseb.

Leafy annual with the lower leaves petioled, spatulate, the upper lanceo-
late; corolla 4-lobed, purplish-white. Cool woods, Man.—Alta.

3. MENYANTHES. Bucxsean.

Calyx 5-parted; corolla 5-cleft, short, the upper surfaces bearded;
style slender, persistent; stigma 2-lobed; capsule: many-seeded.
Perennial glabrous marsh herbs with 3-foliate leaves on long sheath-
ing petioles, and white or purplish flowers.

1. M. trifolidta, L.

Rootstock thick; flowers in « raceme on w long scape-like peduncle.
Bogs, Man.—Alta.

4. GENTIANA. Gentian.

Calyx tubular, usually 5-cleft; corolla 4 or 5-lobed, ofter with
plaited folds between the lobes; stamens on the corolla tube; stig-
mas persistent; capsule with innumerable small seeds. Low herb;
with showy, usually blue flowers, and blooming in late summer. ©

* WITHOUT FOLDS OR PLAITS BETWEEN THE LOBES OF THE COROLLA.
+ CoROLLA LARGE, BLUE.

1. G. crinata, Froel.

Erect, leafy, 6-18 in. high; leaves lanceolate or ovate from a heart-shaped
or rounded base; corolla large, blue, strongly fringed around the summit.
Low-lying prairie in late summer, Man. and Sask.

2. G. précera, Holm.

Erect, more slender and not so high as the preceding; leaves linear or
lance-linear; corolla blue, ciliate-fringed on the sides of the lobes and finely
dentate around the summit. (G@. serrata of some authors.) Moist ground,
late summer, Man.—Alta.

110 SELECTED WESTERN FLORA

3. G. propinqua, Richards.

Stem slender, branched; leaves spatulate below, lanceolate above,
calyx 4-cleft, 2 lobes linear and 2 oblong; corolla 4-cleft, blue. Hillsides
and Alpine swamps, Hudson Bay to Rocky Mts.

+t CoRoLLA SMALL, WHITE OR YELLOWISH.
4. G. Amarélla, L., var. acita, (Michx.) Herder.
Erect, 6-18 in. high; upper leaves lanceolate, but the very lowest often

obovate or spatulate; flowers small, clustered in the axils of the upper
leaves. (G. plebeja, Cham.) Moist grassy places, Man.—Alta.

** WITH FOLDS OR PLAITS BETWEEN THE LOBES OF THE COROLLA.
} CoROLLA OPEN.
5. G. affinis, Griseb.

Stems clustered, 6-12 in. high, very leafy; leaves oblong to linear; flowers
blue, numerous, in raceme-like clusters; the plaits between the corolla lobes
with projections sometimes equalling the lobes. Damp soil in late summer,

‘Man.-Alta.

tf CoroLLa ¢LosED.
6. G. Andréwsii, Griseb. CiLosrD GENTIAN.
Stem upright or ascending; leaves ovate-lanceolate ; corolla closed at the

mouth, the lobes equalled by the projections of the plaits, blue with whitish
folds. Damp soil, Man.

LXVII. APOCYNACEZ (Doapane Famity).

Perennial herbs with a bitter milky juice, opposite entire leaves
and regular flowers; calyx 5-parted, free from the ovary; corolla
5-parted, twisted in the bud; stamens distinct, on the corolla; seeds
often having a tuft of down.

1. APOCYNUM. Doasanz.

Calyx teeth sharp; corolla bell-shaped with an appendage on the
tube at the base of each lobe; stamens 5, on the base of the corolla,
filaments shorter than the anthers, anthers adhering to the stigma;
flowers pink or white in cymose clusters.

1. A. androsemifdlium, L. Spreapinc DoacBane,

Stem smooth, erect, branching, 1-2 ft. high; ‘leaves ovate to oblong,
spreading on slender petioles, usually pale and somewhat pubescent beneath;
flowers pink, nodding, in cymes with the central flower the largest, and all the
cymes opening at the same time. Dry thickets, Man.—Alta.

ASCLEPIADACE 111

2. A. cannabinum, L. Inpian Hemp.

Stems smooth, usually erect or ascending; leaves ovate to lanceolate,
usually appressed, sometimes slightly pubescent beneath, those on the main
stem petioled; flowers white, in cymes, the central cyme the first to flower.
Very variable and represented by a large number of varieties. Moist open
places, Man.—Alta.

LXIX. ASCLEPIADACEA (Muxweep Famtty).

Perennial herbs with milky juice, usually opposite leaves, and
regular flowers arranged mostly in umbels. Calyx free from the
ovary, 5-cleft; corolla 5-parted with a 5-lobed crown between the
corolla and the stamens, and attached to either one; stamens 5,
inserted on the base of the corolla, short and mostly monadelphous,
the pollen in waxy masses; fruit a 2-many-seeded follicle.

1. ASCLEPIAS. Muintxwesp.

The type species having the characteristics of the family, but the
crown attached to the stamen tube and made of 5 bodies covered
with concave or spreading hoods, each having within it a slender
horn; follicles large, on bent pedicels; seed with down attached.

* FLOWERS RED.
.
1. A. incarnadta, L. Swamp MILKWEED.

Smooth, erect, 1-4 ft. high, leafy; leaves oblong to lanceolate, usually
tapering to a point and often heart-shaped at the base; hoods scarcely as long
as the horn. Wet places, Man. and westward.

** FLOWERS GREENISH WHITE OR TINGED WITH PURPLE.
2. A. syriaca, L. Common MILKWEED.
Stout, tall, 2-4 ft. high, softly pubescent; leaves oblong to oval, densely

pubescent beneath, soon smooth above; corolla whitish to purplish with a
tooth oneach sideofthehorn. (A.Cornuti,Dene.) Richsoil, Man. and Sask.

3. A. ovalifélia, Dene.

Low, 6-18 in. high, soft-pubescent; leaves ovate to lanceolate, short-
petioled, downy beneath; flowers greenish-white, sometimes tinged with
purple on the outside, the horn about the length of the lobes of the corolla.
Rich prairies, Man. and Sask.

4, A. verticillata, L. °

Stems slender, 1-2 ft. high; leaves linear, whorled; flowers greenish-
white, hoods about half the length of the horn. Around thickets, Man. and
Sask,

112 SELECTED WESTERN FLORA

5. A. speciésa, Torr.

Stout, 1-24 ft. high; stem, leaves, and calyx finely canescent-tomentose;
leaves thick, oval to oblong, very slightly cordate; corolla purplish-white, the
hood slightly longer than the lobes; horn short, incurved; follicles densely
woolly and somewhat spiny, erect on recurved pedicels. Moist places, Man.-
Alta.

LXX. CONVOLVULACEZ (Mornine Guory Famity).

Twining herbs with alternate leaves, sometimes reduced. to scales,
and regular flowers. Sepals 5; corolla 5-lobed, often twisted in the
bud; stamens 5, on the tube of the corolla; ovary superior, 2-3-
celled.

1. CONVOLVULUS. Brinpwesp.

Calyx of 5 sepals often with a pair of bracts enclosing the flower in
bud; corolla funnel-form, obscurely 5-lobed ; stamens 5, included, in-
serted on the corolla tube; ovary 2-celled, or somewhat 4-celled by
partial partitions between the seeds, or more rarely I-celled. Twin-
ing perennial herbs with large flowers and entire or lobed leaves.

1. C. sépium, L.

Stems glabrous, twining extensively; leaves
halberd-shaped; flowers showy, white or pink.
Moist soil, especially along streams, Man.—Alta.

2. CUSCUTA. Dovper.

Calyx 5-parted; corolla bell-shaped with
a spreading 5-cleft border; stamens as many
as the corolla lobes and alternate with them,
each with a scale-like or fringed appendage
at the base; ovary 2-celled with 2 ovules in
each cell; styles 2, usually distinct. Annuals
with yellow stems, and leaves reduced to
minute scales, rooting in the ground, but later
becoming entirely parasitic on the plant
around which they twine.

1. C. Gronévii, Willd.

Corolla lobes obtuse, spreading, shorter than or
equalling the tube. Wet shady places twining
Fig. 72.— Cuscuta around other plants, very often on the Solidagos,

Cronovii. Man,

POLEMONIACE 113

‘2. C. arvénsis, Beyrich. "

Corolla lobes sharp, incurved, longer than the tube. Dry sandy ridges,
climbing on such plants as Lygodesmia juncea, and Artemisia frigida. Man.
and westward. (Macoun.)

LXXI. POLEMONIACE (Putox Famity).

Innocent, and often ornamental herbs with usually simple leaves,
either opposite or alternate, and regular flowers. Calyx inferior,
tubular, 5-cleft; corolla gamopetalous, funnel-form or salver-
shaped; stamens 5, inserted on the tube of the corolla and alternate
with the lobes; ovary mostly 3-celled and many-ovuled.

- 1. PHLOX.

Calyx tubular, 5-cleft; corolla 5-lobed, salver-shaped, with a
narrow tube; stamens short, included, inserted unequally on the
corolla tube; ovary 3-celled; style slender; ovules 1-4 in each cell.
Perennial or annual herbs; either erect or diffuse, with opposite
entire leaves, and flowers solitary or in terminal cymes.

1. P. Hoddii, Richards. ;

_ Low, diffuse, and branched, forming a mat on the ground from a woody root;.
leaves erect, crowded on the stem, linear, rigid; flowers white, solitary, and
sessile, at the ends of branches. Dry sandy prairie, Man.—Alta.

2. P. canéscens,.T. and G.

Resembling the preceding, but the corolla tube yellowish, hairy at the base
within, and twice as long as the calyx. Turtle Mts. (Dawson), Cypress Hills,
(Macoun.)

3. P. alyssifélia, Greene.

Stems stout and prostrate; leaves oblong-linear, thickish, hard and white
on the margins; flowers few, large, purple or white. Gravelly hills, S. Sask.
(A. Nelson.)

4. P. pilésa, L.

Slender, erect, 1-3 ft. high, usually pubescent; leaves lanceolate to linear,

calyx teeth sharp and narrow; corolla lobes scarcely or not at all notched;

flowers pink to purple, in compact leafy cymes. Opensandy woods. Vicin-
ity of Winnipeg. (Bourgeau.) West to the Saskatchewan River. (Gray.)

2. GILIA.

Calyx lobes sharp and narrow, the tube thin and dry; leaves
usually alternate; ovules solitary or few. Otherwise as Phlox.

I
/

114 SELECTED WESTERN FLORA

1. G. linearis, (Nutt.) Gray.

Annual, erect, viscid and finely pubescent, leafy, 3-15 in. high; flowers
whitish-purple in a leafy head-like cluster. (Collomia linearis, Nutt.)
Dry prairies, Man.—Alta.

’
‘

3. POLEMONIUM.

Calyx herbaceous, 5-cleft to about the middle; stamens equally
‘inserted near the base of the corolla; ovules few or several in a cell;
seed mucilaginous. Perennial herbs with alternate pinnate leaves,
and flowers in a corymb-like cluster.

P. pulcherrinum, Hook.
Stem rather slender, 4-12 in. high, minutely pubescent or glandular and
sticky; leaflets 9-21, oblong to lanceolate; flowers on slender pedicels in

clusters of small cymes; corolla blue with a white tube. (P. humile, var.
pulchellum, Gray.) Rocky Mts.

LXXII. BORAGINACE (Borace FAmity).

Rough herbs with entire alternate leaves, and regular symmetrical
flowers arranged on one side of the stem which is rolled from the tip
and straightens as the flowers open from the bottom upward. Calyx
inferior, 5-parted, persistent; corolla gamopetalous, usually regu-
lar, 5-lobed, sometimes with scales on the throat; stamens as many
as the corolla lobes and alternate with them, inserted on the tube;
ovary of 2 carpels each containing 2 ovules, sometimes the carpels
deeply grooved making it appear like 4 carpels. ;

1. LAPPULA. Buve Bur.

Corolla salver-form, the tube closed by scales in the throat;
stamens included; nutlets fastened to the base of the style, their
backs armed with barbed prickles. Rough weedy annuals or bien-
nials with small blue or whitish flowers, and fruit acting as a bur.

* RacEMES WITHOUT BRACTS, PEDICELS REFLEXED IN FRUIT, CALYX-LOBES
SHORT AND REFLEXED WHEN OLD. y

1. L. defléxa, (Wahlenb.) Garcke; var. americana, (Gray) Greene.

Erect, 1-3 ft. high, pubescent, diffusely branched; leaves oblong, tapering
to both ends; nutlets keeled and roughened on the back, and a few prickles
along the middle. Waste ground and around thickets, Man.—Alta.”

BORAGINACEE 115

2. L. floribfinda, (Lehm.) Greene.

Erect, 1-3 ft. high; leaves linear-lanceolate to oblong, rather erect;
flowers blue, numerous, crowded in a somewhat dense strict raceme; nutlets
keeled, rough on the back, armed along the margins with a single row of
flat prickles, sometimes confluent at the base, giving them a saw-tooth
appearance. Man.—Alta.

** RaceMEs WITH BRACTS, FRUITING PEDICELS NOT REFLEXED, CALYX-
LOBES LEAF-LIKE.

3. L. echinata, Gilib. ‘

Erect, pubescent, 6 in. to 2 ft. high; nutlets roughened on the back and
with two rows of slender prickles on each margin. (L. lappula, L.) Waste
cultivated ground, introduced, Man.—Alta.

4. L. Redéwskii, (Hornem.) Greene; var. occidentalis, (Wats.) Rydb.

_ Erect, 6 in. to 2 ft. high, branched; leaves linear-oblong, small, gradually
passing into bracts; nutlets with a single row of 7-11 flat prickles often united
at the base. Waste places, Man. and Sask. , :

, 2. ONOSMODIUM.

Calyx 5-cleft, the lobes linear and erect; corolla 5-cleft, tubular,
the lobes acute and scarcely, if at all, spreading; stamens inserted
on the throat of the corolla; style thread-like and much exserted;
nutlets bony. Coarse perennial herbs with sessile rib-veined leaves
and whitish or greenish flowers.

.1. O. occidentale, Mackenzie.

Stout, somewhat rigid, 1-2 ft. high; densely gray pubescent; leaves
lanceolate to ovate, sharply rib-veined; nutlets smooth or nearly so. (O.
carolinianum, var. molle, Gray.) Moist ground about thickets, Man~

Alta.
3. MERTENSIA. Lunewort.

Calyx 5-cleft; corolla 5-lobed, the tube much longer than the
calyx, open at the throat, but sometimes with a small crest at the
base of each lobe; style long and thread-like; nutlets wrinkled
when dry. Smooth or softly pubescent perennial herbs with entire
leaves and small clusters of rather large blue flowers.

1. M. paniculata, (Ait.) Don.
Erect, 1-2 ft. high, more or less hairy; leaves ovate to lanceolate, thin,
“taper-pointed; corolla funnel-form, much longer than the calyx, with small
crests in the throat. N. Man. and westward in sparsely wooded districts.

116 SELECTED WESTERN FLORA

2. M. lanceolata, (Pursh.) DC.

Erect, branched, 8-16 in. high; leaves spatulate to linear, rather thick,
minutely pubescent on the upper surface, the whole plant otherwise glabrous ;
flowers in a loose panicle, the corolla tube hairy at the base and never more
than twice the length of the calyx-tube. Dry hills, 8. Sask.

4. LITHOSPERMUM. Puccoon.

Calyx and corolla 5-cleft; throat of the corolla open, naked, or
with a scalé-like fold opposite each lobe; stamens included; nut-
lets bony; flowers solitary in the axils of the leaves or leaf-like
bracts. Roughish herbs from a thick, often red root.

1. L. canéscens, (Michx.) Lehm. Hoary Puccoon.

Soft-pubescent, more or less hoary; leaves oblong to ovate, obtuse, some-
what downy beneath, and roughened with appressed hairs above; flowers
orange, sessile, with a naked throat. Dry prairies, Man. and westward.

2. L. angustifélium, Michx.

Erect, or spreading by diffuse branches from the base, minutely rough-
pubescent; leaves linear; flowers pediceled, orange-yellow, the earlier showy,
the later inconspicuous and paler. Dry soil, Man.—Alta.

3. L. pilésum, Nutt.

Hairy, somewhat pale green; stems 6-18 in. high, stout, often clustered;
leaves lanceolate to linear, usually tapering to both ends; flowers small,
dull yellow, crowded; lobes of the calyx densely hairy; throat of the corolla
slightly pubescent below each lobe. Gravelly ridges, W. Sask. and Alta.

5. OREOCARYA. ‘

Calyx deeply 5-parted, the divisions spreading in fruit; corolla
5-lobed, salver-form, crested in the throat; stamens 5, included;
ovary dividing into 4 nutlets, their margins sharp or sometimes
winged. Hairy perennial herbs with narrow leaves and small
white flowers.

1. O. glomerata, (Pursh.) Greene.

Stems erect, 6-18 in. high, rather stout; leaves spatulate below, linear
above, the lower tufted; flowers in small axillary clusters closely grouped at
the top of the stem; the whole plant densely hairy. (ritrichium glomera-
tum, DC.) (Krynitzkia glomerata, Gray.) Dry soil, Man.—Alta.

6. MYOSOTIS. Foraet-mz-nor.

Calyx 5-cleft, the lobes erect in fruit; corolla 5-lobed, salver-
form; stamens 5, included; ovary dividing into 4 glabrous nutlets.

VERBENACE —— LABIATA 117

Low pubescent perennials with alternate entire leaves and small
blue flowers often in one-sided bractless racemes.

1. M. alpéstris, Schmidt.
Perennial, slender, tufted, ascending, 4-8 in. high, softly pubescent;
leaves oblong to lanceolate; racemes bractless when fully matured, densely

flowered; flowers blue. (M. sylvatica, var. alpestris, Koch.) Rocky Mt.
foothills.

LXXIII. VERBENACEZ (Vervain Famity).

Herbs with opposite leaves, somewhat irregular flowers and didyn-
amous stamens. Not unlike the Labiatex, except that the ovary
is not 4-lobed and the plant is not aromatic. Mostly tropical. ‘

1. VERBENA. Vervain.

Calyx 5-toothed, one usually short; corolla tubular or salver-
shaped, unequally 5-cleft; stamens 4, didynamous, included;
style simple; stigmas 1 or 2; fruit composed of 2 carpels, each of 2
ovaries which separate into 4 nutlets.

1. V. hastéta, L. Buu VERVAIN.

Tall; leaves lanceolate, or the lower lobed; flowers blue, in long, slender,
panicled spikes. Damp ground, Man.

LXXIV. LABIATZ (Mint Famity).

Herbs with square stems, opposite leaves, two-lipped corolla,
stamens either 2 or in 2 groups, and a deeply 4-lobed ovary forming
4 nutlets in fruit. The foliage is frequently glandular, giving to
many members of the family a pleasing aromatic odor.

1. TEUCRIUM.

Calyx 5-toothed; corolla apparently without the upper lip on
account of a deep cleft in the upper side, which makes the two lobes
on each side of it seem to join with the large lower lobe to form the
lower lip; stamens 4, exserted from the cleft in the corolla; style
2-eleft. Slender herbs.

1. T. canadénse, L.

Somewhat slender, 1-3 ft. high, more or less pubescent, with arather dense
spike of pink or purplish flowers. Rich low land; Man.—Alta.

118 SELECTED WESTERN FLORA

2. SCUTELLARIA. SxuLucap.

Calyx bell-shaped, 2-lipped, the upper having a peculiar crest
on the back and usually deciduous in fruit. Corolla with a curved
tube, the upper lobe usually entire, the lateral joined to it, the lower
lobe spreading and notched at the apex; stamens ascending under
the upper lip.

1. S. galericulata, L.

A slender herb from a stoloniferous rootstock, erect or leaning for support
on surrounding plants; flowers violet-blue, solitary in the axils of the upper
leaves. Low places, Man.—Alta.

3. AGASTACHE.

Calyx 5-toothed, the upper teeth longer than the others; corolla
2-lipped, the upper erect, the lower 3-cleft, the central lobe broader
and crenate; stamens 4, the longer pair declined. Tall perennials
with serrate leaves and small flowers in a dense, sometimes inter-
rupted, terminal spike.

1. A. Feniculum, (Pursh.) Ktze.

A tall, rather smooth herb with blue flowers and foliage having the odor
of anise. Around thickets, Man.—Alta,

4. NEPETA. Cat Minv.

Calyx 5-toothed, tubular, the teeth unequal; corolla 2-lipped, the
upper erect, 2-lobed, the lower 3-lobed, the middle larger than the
others. Rather low perennial herbs.

1. N. hederdcea, (L.) Trevisan. Grounp Ivy.

Low, creeping; leaves round or kidney-shaped;: flowers blue. Intro-
duced, but becoming common in shady places about towns.

5. DRACOCEPHALUM. Dracon Hzap.

Calyx 5-toothed, tubular; corolla 2-lipped, the upper arched
and notched, the lower 3-cleft, the middle lobe notched; stamens4,
ascending under the upper lip; flowers small, whorled, in short, very
leafy spikes.

1. D. parviflérum, Nutt.

The upper tooth of the calyx almost as long as the corolla; flowers light
blue, crowded in a dense spike, and sometimes in the axils of the upper leaves.
Leafy annuals or bi2znnials. Newly burnt or cultivated ground, Man.-Alta.

LABIAT 119

6. PRUNELLA. Seur-Hzat.

Calyx 2-lipped, closed in fruit; corolla 2-lipped, the upper entire,
arched, and the lower 3-lobed; stamens 4, ascending under the
upper lip, filaments of the longer 2-toothed at the summit, one
tooth bearing the anther, the other with none. Low, often procum-
bent herbs with purple or whitish flowers in dense leafy terminal or
axillary spikes.

1. P. vulgaris, L.

Leaves ovate or oblong, pubescent or smooth; corolla violet-purple;
calyx purplish; procumbent or erect. Moist grassy places, Man.—Alta.
‘XN

7. PHYSOSTEGIA. Fause Dragon Hwan.

Calyx equally 5-toothed, slightly inflated in fruit; corolla much
longer than the calyx, strongly 2-lipped, the upper somewhat arched,
entire, and the lower 3-lobed; stamens 4, ascending under the
arch of the upper lip, the filaments pubescent. Erect, usually
glabrous herbs with entire “serrate leaves, and showy flowers in
naked, often panicled, terminal spikes.

1. P. virginiina, (L.) Benth.
Stem 1-4 ft. high; leaves thickish, sharp-serrate; flowers rose-color or
pale purple. Edges of streams or lakes, Man. and westward.

2. P. parviflora, Nutt.

Stem 1-3 ft. high, simple up to the flowers; leaves thin, lanceolate, serrate
or dentate; flowers bright rose-purple in short, rather dense spikes. Wet
places, Man.—Alta.

8. STACHYS. Hepcr Nerrie.

Calyx 5-toothed, the teeth about equal; corolla strongly 2-lipped,
the upper erect, entire, slightly arched or concave, the lower sproad-
ing, 3-cleft, the middle lobe sometimes notched, tube small, no longer
than the calyx; stamens 4, ascending under the upper lip of corolla.
Erect or diffuse perennials with flowers in spikes, both terminal and
in the upper axils.

1. S. paléstris, L.

Erect, pubescent, from a somewhat tuberous rootstock, frequently
stoloniferous; calyx hispid, with somewhat spiny teeth diverging in fruit,
corolla purplish or reddish. Marshy grourid,-Man.—Alta,

120 SELECTED WESTERN FLORA

9. MONARDA. Horses Mintz.

Calyx 5-toothed, tubular, hairy in the throat; corolla elongated,
gradually widening, 2-lipped, the upper lip erect, usually entire,
the lower 3-lobed, spreading; fertile stamens 2, usually exserted.
Aromatic herbs with dentate or serrate leaves and showy reddish-
purple flowers in dense terminal clusters, the bracts sometimes
colored.

1. M. méllis, L. Wiup Bercamort.

Throat of the calyx densely hairy; upper lip of the corolla hairy on the
outside; leaves oblong to ovate, rather taper-pointed, somewhat canescent,
especially beneath. About thickets, Man.—Alta. .

10. LYCOPUS. Water Horenounp.

Calyx 4-toothed, naked in the throat; corolla equally 4-cleft,
or one lobe slightly broader than the others; perfect stamens 2,
the other pair rudimentary or wanting. Perennial stoloniferous
herbs with small whitish or purplish flowers in dense axillary clusters.

1. L. licidus, Turcz.; var. americanus, Gray.

Rather stout and strict; leaves oblong to lanceolate, sharply serrate, ‘
sessile. Wet places, Man.—Alta.
2. L. americanus, Muhl.

Somewhat slender, glabrous, stoloniferous, and sharply 4-angled; leaves
oblong to lanceolate, irregularly and deeply cut, or the upper narrow and
more sinuate. Wet places, Man.—Alta.

11. MENTHA. Mun.

Calyx equally 5-toothed; corolla irregularly 4-toothed, the tube
shorter than the calyx; stamens 4, equal. Diffuse or stoloniferous
herbs with thick glandular leaves and whorls of white or purplish
flowers in terminal spikes, the foliage having a strong mint odor.

1. M. arvénsis, L.; var. canadensis, (L.) Briquet.

Pe
Diffusely branching; leaves oblong to lanceolate, narrowed at the base,
pubescent. (MM. canadensis, L.) Damp places, Man.—Alta.

LXXV. SOLANACEZ (NicutsHapE FamIty).

Succulent herbs with alternate exstipulate leaves and regular
perfect flowers, Calyx gamosepalous, mostly 5-lobed, persistent;

HYDROPHYLLACE 121
corolla gamopetalous, generally 5-lobed, mostly rotate; stamens as
many as the lobes of the corolla, alternate with them and inserted
on the tube, all equal and perfect; style slender and simple; ovary
superior, 2-celled, many-seeded.' = —-

1. SOLANUM. Nicurswape.

Calyx 5-parted; corolla wheel-shaped, 5-parted; stamens 5,
exserted from the short corolla tube, the anthers converging around
the style forming a sort of beak; fruit a berry, usually 2-celled. A
very large genus, but mostly warm climate plants, represented with
us by a few spreading annual herbs.

1. S. triflérum, Nutt.

Low, spreading; leaves pinnatifid; peduncles 1-3-flowered; corolla white ;
fruit green, turning whitish, about the size of a cherry, but resembling the
tomato. A common weed. Man.—Alta.

’

2. S. nigrum, L. Common NIcHrsHaDE.

More glabrous, stem rough on the angles; leaves wavy-toothed; flowers
white, in umbel-like clusters; fruit black. Rich shady ground, local, Man.-
Alta.

LXXVI. HYDROPHYLLACEZ. WATERLEAF Famiy.

Hairy herbs with alternate leaves, and regular flowers in racemes, ,
spikes, or heads. Calyx and corolla each ,5-parted; stamens 5,
inserted on the base of the corolla tube alternate with the lobes;
ovary superior, 2-celled or 1-celled with 2 placentw; styles 2, some-
times partly united; stigma small.

‘

1. PHACELIA.

Calyx somewhat inflated in fruit; corolla bell-shaped, wheel-
shaped, or funnel-shaped, often with appendages opposite the lobes;
ovary 1-celled with 2 placentw. Annual or biennial hairy herbs
with alternate, entire, toothed, pinnatifid, or dissected leaves, and
blue, purple, or white showy flowers.

1. P. linearis, (Pursh.) Holz. (P. Menztesti, Torr.)

Stem 4-12 in. high, branched; leaves linear or lanceolate and entire,
or some deeply cleft; flowers violet or white, in spikes or racemes which are
curved at first but afterwards erect. S. Alta. and Rocky Mts. in Crow's
Nest Pass. : :

122 SELECTED WESTERN FLORA
4

2. P. sericéa, (Graham) Gray.

Stem 4-12 in. high from a branching rootstock, leafy to the top; leaves
pinnately parted into numerous narrow lobes, these being sometimes further
pinnatifid, the upper nearly sessile; flowers violet-blue or white on short
spikes, crowded in a close panicle. S. Alta. and Rocky Mts. north to Bow
River.

LXXVII. SCROPHULARIACEZ (Ficwort Famity).

Herbs with exstipulate leaves and perfect, complete, but irregular
flowers. Calyx inferior, persistent, 4 or 5-cleft; corolla gamopetalous,
2-lipped, or, in some eases, almost regular; stamens 2-5, didynamous
or equal; fruit usually a many-seeded capsule.

i. LINARIA. Toapruax.

Calyx 5-parted; corolla 2-lipped, spurred at
the base on the lower side; stamens 4, didyna-
mous; capsule thin-walled. Herbs with alter-
nate upper leaves and showy flowers.

1. L. vulgaris, Hill. Botrer anp Eaos.

Erect, glabrous, leafy; leaves pale, linear; flowers
Fic. 73.— Linaria _ yellow, showy, in a dense raceme. Introduced to
vulgaris. some extent.

2. PENTSTEMON. Berarp-Tonacvue.

Calyx 5-parted; corolla tubular, expanding above, 2-lipped, the
upper lip 2-lobed, the lower 3-lobed; stamens 4 fertile, and 1 sterile,
which is usually bearded down one side; fruit a many-seeded cap-
sule. Perennial herbs with opposite entire leaves and showy
flowers.

1. P. gracilis, Nutt.

Stem erect or slightly bent at the base, 6-15 in. high, minutely pubescent;
stem leaves linear to lanceolate, sessile, more or less toothed; root leaves
oblong to spatulate, obtuse, tapering into a petiole; corolla purple, open at
the throat, the sterile filament bearded for half its length; flower cluster
loose. Dry prairies, Man.—Alta. :

2. P. albidus, Nutt.

Stems rather stout, 6-10 in. high, clustered, several from a branched erect
rootstock, erect or reclining at the base, slightly pubescent; leaves oblong to
linear; calyx, viscid-pubescent; corolla purple or whitish, dilated at the

SCROPHULARIACE 123

throat, the lobes rather large and spreading widely, the sterile filament
slightly bearded; flower cluster narrow and dense. Dry prairies, Man. and
Sask. :

3. P. cristatus, Nutt. »

Rather stout, 6-15 in. high, villous and viscid towards the upper part of
the stem; leaves entire, the upper linear or lanceolate, somewhat clasping,
the lower oblong to spatulate, tapering into petioles; flowers purple or red,
almost sessile, the lower lip villous within, the:sterile filament densely long-
bearded along one side, exserted, curled upward. Prairies, Man. and west-
ward.

4. P. acuminatus, Dougl.

Stem stout, leafy, 6-20 in. high, glabrous and glaucous throughout;
leaves entire, the upper lanceolate, clasping, the lower oblong to spatulate,
petioled; flower cluster narrow, often one-sided, the sterile filament expanded
towards the summit and bearded all around. Dry gravelly slopes, Man.—
Alta.

3. MIMULUS. Monxzy Fiower.

Calyx 5-angled, 5-toothed, the upper the largest; corolla 2-lipped,
the upper reflexed, or at least erect, the lower spreading, 3-lobed.
Herbs with opposite leaves and showy flowers.

1. M. ringens, L.

Glabrous, stem erect, stout, 1-3 ft. high, square; leaves lanceolate to
oblong, clasping; flowers large, blue or purple, solitary from the axils of the
upper leaves. Wet places, Man. and westward.

4. ORTHOCARPUS.

Flower as in Castelleja except that the upper lip of the corolla is
no longer than the lower. Annuals with alternate leaves and the
flowers in leafy spikes. i

1. O. Liteus, Nutt.

Leafy, erect, pubescent; leaves usually linear but often 3-cleft; spike
dense with uncolored, usually 3-cleft bracts; flowers yellow. Prairies,
Man.—Alta. :

5. PEDICULARIS. Lovusrwort.

Calyx 2-5-toothed, cleft on the lower or the upper side; corolla
2-lipped, the upper laterally compressed, curved, sometimes pro-
longed to a beak; lower erect, 3-lobed; stamens 4, didynamous,
enclosed in the upper lip; capsule many-seeded. Herbs with
alternate pinnatifid leaves, and yellowish, reddish, or white flowers
in dense terminal spikes.

124: SELECTED WESTERN FLORA |

1. P. eepenieatiine, Retz.
Flowers red or purple, the upper lip pisdneed into a long beak titel
curves first downward and then outward. Swamps, Hudson iigy-Hocky
Mts.
2. P. canadénsis, L. Common LousEwort. f
Hairy; stems tufted, simple, ascending or erect, 6-15 in. high; leaves
oblong-lanceolate, the lower pinnately parted and on slender petioles, the
upper almost sessile; flowers yellowish or reddish, the tube much longer
than the calyx, the upper lip arched but not beaked. Moist woods and
about thickets, Man.

3. P. lanceolata, Michx.

Usually smooth; stem stout, erect, 1-3 ft. high; leaves at least partly
opposite and doubly pinnatifid; calyx 2-lobed, the lobes leafy on the mar-
gins; corolla yellowish, the upper lobe curved in and ending in a short
beak, the lower lip ascending and partly closing the throat. Rich damp
prairie, Man.—Alta.

6. RHINANTHUS. Ye .iow Rartie.

Calyx 4-toothed, flattened, thin and inflated in fruit; corolla
2-lipped, the upper lip arched, flattened, with a tooth on each side
near the point, the lower 3-lobed; stamens 4, didynamous, anthers
hairy; capsule round, flattened; seeds winged. Annual herbs with
opposite leaves and yellow flowers crowded on a one-sided spike. ©

1. R. Crista-galli, L.

Stem slender, 6-18 in. high, branched, the branches somewhat erect;:
leaves lanceolate to oblong, coarsely serrate-dentate; corolla yellow with a
purple spot on one or both lips, the tube longer than the calyx; capsule
flat. Moist places, Rocky Mts. and eastward and northward.

7. CASTILLEJA. PainvEp Cup.

Calyx tubular, compressed, split on upper and lower sides;
corolla 2-lipped, enclosed in the calyx, the upper lip arched, usually
keeled, compressed laterally; stamens 4, didynamous, enclosed in
the upper lip of the corolla; style thread-like; capsule many-seeded.
Herbs with alternate leaves, and pale yellowish, reddish, or white
flowers in dense leafy-bracted spikes, the bracts often brightly
colored.

1. C. coccinea, (L.) Spreng. Scartet Paintep Cup.

Annual or biennial, hairy; stem simple, 1-2 ft. high; root leaves mostly
entire, stem leaves deeply cut; bracts bright scarlet or more rarely yellow.
Moist prairie, Man. and S. E. Sask.

LENTIBULARIACE a 125
2. C. pallida, (L.) Spreng.; var. septentriondlis, (Lindl.) Gray.
Perennial, smooth except at the top; leaves entire or nearly so; bracts l
yellowish or'reddish-purple, but not bright. Moist soil, Man.—Alta.

8. C. sessilifléra, Pursh.

Perennial, hairy; stems leafy, often branched at the base, 6-10 in. high;
leaves sessile, the lower linear and entire, the others; deeply cut; flowers
yellowish-green, not showy. Dry sandy prairies, Man. and Sask.

4. C. minidta, Dougl.
on Stems several from a short rootstock, 8 in. to 2 ft. high, mostly simple;
leaves lanceolate to linear, rarely 3-cleft; bracts bright red; spikes short
and dense; the whole plant glabrous up to the flowers. Moist ground,
Man.—Alta.

8. VERONICA. SprEEDWELL.

Calyx 4-parted; corolla unequally 4-parted, the lower lobe the
smallest, rotate; stamens 2, on the base of the upper lobe of the
corolla, the anthers united; style slender; ovary 2-celled; capsule
flattened, sometimes heart-shaped. Mostly herbs with small blue,
purple, pink, or white flowers.

1. V. Anagillis-aquaética, L. Water SPpEEDWELL.

Smooth, the lower part of the stem prostrate and rooting at the joints,
the upper part erect; leaves entire or nearly so, those of the flowering stem_
lanceolate, sessile, clasping at the base, those produced later orbicular, or ovate,
and petioled; flowers bluish or purplish; capsule flattened, nearly orbicular.
Drying streams and ditches, Man.—Alta.

2. V. americana, Schwein.

Similar to the preceding, but all the leaves oblong to lanceolate, distinctly
petioled, and sharply serrate. Streams and ditches, Man.—Alta.

3. V. scutellata, L. Marsa SPEEDWELL.

Slender, decumbent, 6 in. to 2 ft. high, glabrous, rooting by leafy shoots
from the base; leaves linear, sessile and slightly clasping, denticulate with
few teeth; flowers blue on slender pedicels in axillaty racemes exceeding the
leaves; capsule longer across the transverse axis, deeply notched at the
summit. Wet places, Man.—Alta.

LXXVIII. LENTIBULARIACEZ (BLADDERWORT FamILy).

Aquatic herbs, free-floating or rooting in the mud, with leaves
clustered at the base, or borne on immersed floating stems, and irreg-
ular flowers carried above the water on erect scapes. Corolla

126 SELECTED WESTERN FLORA

2-lipped, the upper erect, the lower larger, spreading, spurred at the
base, with a projection almost closing the throat; stamens 2, the
anthers united; ovary 1-celled; fruit a many-seeded capsule.

1. UTRICULARIA. Buapperwort. |

Calyx 2-lobed, the lobes nearly equal; corolla bearded in the
throat; flowers in racemes. Herbs, free-floating or rooting, with
finely dissected leaves, and bearing small bladders which serve to
float the plant or to secure food.

1. U. vulgaris, L.

Free-floating, scape stout, almost naked, 3-12 in. high; leaves 2 or 3-pin-
nately divided, crowded, borne on branches 6-12 in. long, and bearing many
bladders among the leaves; flowers showy. Stagnant water, Man.—Alta.,
common.

2. U. intermédia, Hayne.

Scape slender, 2-8-in. high; branches floating, short, 3-6 in. long; leaves
somewhat scattered; bladders usually borne on leafless branches; flowers .
yellow, with a spur nearly as long as the lip. Shallow water, or creeping on
the mud, Man.—Alta., not confmon.

2. PINGUICULA. ButtERWoRT.

Calyx 2-lipped, the upper 3-cleft, the lower 2-cleft; corolla
2-lipped, the upper 2-cleft, the lower 3-cleft, the lobes all spreading,
spurred, throat open. Small stemless perennials with 1-flowered
scape and 3 or 4 fleshy, somewhat greasy leaves at the base.

1. P. vulgaris, L.

Leaves spatulate to elliptical; corolla pale violet, striped with yellow on
the throat. Bogs and wet rocks, Rocky Mts. and foothills.

LXXIX. OROBANCHACE@ (Broom-rare Famtty).

Low fleshy herbs without green foliage. Calyx 4 or 5-toothed;
corolla 2-lipped, persistent; stamens 4, didynamous, on the corolla
tube; capsule 1-celled, many-seeded.

1. OROBANCHE. Broom-rare; CANCER-ROOT.

Calyx almost equally 5-cleft; corolla 2-lipped, the upper 2-lobed,
the lower spreading, 3-lobed; stigma 2-lipped; flowers solitary or in
spikes on a naked or bracted stem. Viscid, pubescent, root-para-
sitic herbs with more or less scaly brownish stems.

PLANTAGINACEAD 127.

1. O. fasciculata, Nutt.

Stem 2-4 in. high, scaly; flowers solitary on long naked peduncles, pur-
plish-yellow, large, nearly 1 in. long. Parasitic on roots of Artemisia and
similar plants on sandy hills and plains (Aphyllon fasciculatum, Gray).
Sask. and Alta.

2. QO. ludovicidna, Nutt.

Stems stout, 4-12 in. high, scaly, somewhat viscid; flowers purplish, in
dense terminal bracted spikes. (Aphyllon ludoviciana, Gray.) Dry clay
banks, particularly along rivers, W. Sask. and Alta.

LXXX. PLANTAGINACE (Puantain Famity).

Stemless herbs with basal leaves, and regular flowers in spikes on
along scape. Calyx 4-parted, persistent; corolla 4-parted, hypog-
enous, gamopetalous, dry and membrane-like; stamens 4, inserted
on the corolla alternate with its lobes.

1. PLANTAGO. PLaNTAIN.

Calyx segments mostly equal; corolla salver-shaped; stamens 4,
usually with long weak filaments; style long; stigma hairy; cap-
sule 2-celled, opening with a lid; flowers small, whitish, on a naked
scape; leaves prominently ribbed.

1. P. major, L. Common PLantarn.

Leaves broadly elliptical, undulate, or somewhat toothed; petiole broad;
scape 4-15 in. high, often: curved; spike dense. A common weed around
dwellings.

2. P. Rugélii, Dene.

Closely resembling the preceding, but smaller, with thinner leaves on
slender petioles red at the base. Common about dwellings.

3. P. lanceolata, L. Ris Grass.

Generally hairy; leaves lanceolate; scape slender; spike dense with
brownish scarious bracts and sepals. Very commonly introduced with grass
seed.

4. P. eriépoda, Torr.

Yellowish woolly at the base; leaves oblanceolate or oblong, thickish,
on short petioles. Alkaline soil, very common, Man.—Alta.

5. P. elongata, Pursh.

Finely pubescent; leaves linear to almost thread-like; capsule 4-seeded.
Light soil, S. Man. and westward.

128 SELECTED WESTERN FLORA |
6. P. Parshii, R. and S. ‘

White silky-woolly; leaves oblong to linear; spike slender, dense.. Dry
prairies, N. Sask. and Alta.

LXXXI. RUBIACEA (Mapper Famity). {

Herbs — in our climate — with entire leaves, either opposite and
connected by stipules or in whorls without stipules, and regular
perfect flowers. Calyx gamosepalous, variously toothed; corolla
4 or 5-lobed; stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla and alternate
with them, inserted on the throat; style either short or long; ovary
1-10-celled, many-ovuled; fruit a capsule, berry, or drupe. A very
large family but mostly tropical.

1. GALIUM. Benpstraw.

Calyx teeth obsolete; corolla rotate, 4-lobed; stamens 4, or
rarely 3, with short filaments; styles 2; fruit double, of two either
dry or fleshy parts separating into indehiscent 1-seeded carpels.
Slender,.often trailing herbs with small flowers, square stems, and
whorled leaves.

1. G. boreadle, L. NortruHern Bepstraw. *

Smooth, erect, 6-18 in. high; leaves in 4’s, linear to lanceolate; flowers
white, in close panicles; fruit often bristly. Dry prairies, common, Man.-
Alta.
*
2. G. trifl6rum, Michx.

Stem diffuse, ascending or procumbent, glabrous but a little roughened
on the angles; leaves elliptical to lanceolate, slightly roughened on the mar-
gins and often bristle-pointed; peduncles 3-flowered; flowers greenish-white ;
fruit covered with hooked bristles. Moist shady places, Man.-Alta.

3. G. trifidum, L.

Stem very weak, slender, diffusely branched, forming a mat on the ground;
leaves linear to spatulate, usually in 4’s: flowers whitish, solitary except the
terminal, which may be in 3’s. Wet shady places, Man.—Alta.

2. HOUSTONIA.

Calyx 4-lobed, persistent ; corolla 4-lobed, usually longer than the
calyx; stamens 4, inserted on the throat of the corolla; style ‘ds
stigmas 2; ovary 2-celled. Erect, low, tufted herbs with opposite
entire leaves and small bluish, purplish, or white flowers.

‘ CAPRIFOLIACE 129

1. H. longifélia, Gaertn.
Glabrous, 4-8 in. high; root leaves oblanceolate to spatulate, short-
petioled; stem leaves linear, usually acute; flowers pale purple. (H

purpurea, var. longifolia, Gray.) Dry open prairie, Man. and Sask.
\

LXXXII. CAPRIFOLIACEZ (Honrysuckie Famity).

Shrubs, often twining, with opposite exstipulate leaves and
perfect flowers. Calyx 3-5-toothed, joined to the ovary; corolla
gamopetalous, 5-lobed, sometimes 2-lipped, and often slightly
spurred at the base; stamens 5, inserted on the tube of the corolla,
alternate with the lobes; style slender; stigma simple or lobed;
ovary 1-6-celled ; fruit a berry, drupe, or capsule.

1. LONICERA. Honeysuckte.

Calyx 5-toothed; corolla 5-lobed, more or less 2-lipped, tube
funnel-form and often slightly spurred at the base; stamens 5,
on the corolla tube; style slender; stigma capitate; fruit a berry.
Usually more or less twining shrubs with opposite entire leaves and
somewhat irregular flowers. :

1. L. didica, L. (LZ. glauca, Hill.)

Glabrous throughout; upper leaves united at the base into a disk pointed
at both ends; flowers greenish-yellow, or purplish inside of the corolla; fila-
ments and style hairy; berries red. Woods, Man.—Alta.

2. L. glaucéscens, Rydb.

Leaves glabrous and somewhat glaucous above, pubescent beneath, the
uppermost united at the base into an oblong disk; corolla pale yellow;
filaments, style, and inside of corolla hairy; ovary glabrous. Man. and
westward.

3. L. Sullivantii, Gray.

Whitened above with a glaucous bloom, leaves glabrous; the upper leaves
united into a circular disk; corolla pale yellow, hairy inside; filaments
very slightly hairy; berries yellow. Rich woods, Man. and E. Sask.

4, L. hirstta, Eat.

Higher and more twining than preceding; leaves large, hairy on both
sides; ‘branches pubescent; corolla orange-yellow, clammy-pubescent.
Moist woods, Man.

5. L.,involucrata, (Richards) Banks.

Upright, pubescent or nearly glabrous, branches 4-cornered; leaves
oblong, petioled, with prominent midrib; flowers yellow, without a spur, and
K

130 SELECTED WESTERN FLORA

surrounded by 4 leaf-like bracts; berries dark purple, not united in pairs.
Rocky Mt. valleys.

6. L. tatarica, L. Tarrartan HONEYSUCKLE.

A large upright glabrous shrub with pink or white flowers and red or
yellow double berries. Much used in cultivation, but’not escaped so far.

7. L. oblongifélia, (Goldie) Hook. Swamp Fry HoNnrysvck Le.

Leaves 1-2 in. long, pubescent when young, glabrous or nearly so when
mature; corolla yellow, or purplish within, deeply 2-lipped, the tube swollen
on‘one side; flowers in pairs on slender peduncles; fruit red, generally united.
Swamps, E. Man.

2. SYMPHORICARPUS. SnowBERRY.

Calyx 4 or 5-toothed, persistent; corolla 4 or 5-lobed, bell-shaped;
stamens 4 or 5, inserted in the throat of the corolla; berry 4-celled,
2-seeded. Low shrubs with simple opposite leaves on short petioles,
and pinkish flowers in short spikes or clusters.

1. S. occidentalis, Hook. Wo.rserry

A shrub 1-4 ft. high; flowers in dense terminal or axillary spikes; corolla
bearded within; stamens and style exserted; fruit white. Dry prairie,
Man.—Alta.

2. S. racemésus, Michx. SNowsBeERRy.

Similar to preceding, but flowers in short interrupted terminal spikes;
corolla hairy within; style and stamens included. Not a common western
form, Man.—Alta. f

3. Var. pauciflérus, Robbins.

A low-spreading shrub about 10 in. high or less; flowers in small terminal
spikes or solitary in the upper axils. Local from Lake Winnipeg to Rocky
Mts.

3. LINNASA. Twin Fiower.

Calyx 5-toothed, the teeth sharp and deciduous; corolla equally
5-lobed, bell-shaped; stamens 4, two of them shorter; fruit a small,
dry, 3-celled, but 1-seeded pod. A slender creeping evergreen vine
with rounded leaves on short petioles, and delicate, nodding, pink
flowers borne in pairs on a slender forked peduncle. The only
plant bearing the name of the great Linneus.

1. L. borealis, L., var. americana, (Forbes) Rehder.
The only species, and found in cold moist woods across the continent.

E CAPRIFOLIACEA2 131

4. VIBURNUM.

Calyx 5-toothed; corolla 5-lobed,, regular; stamens 5, inserted
on the tube of the corolla; ovary 1-3-celled; style short, 3-lobed;
fruit a somewhat flattened l-seeded drupe. Erect shrubs with
simple leaves and usually white or greenish-white flowers in flat
compound cymes.

le V, Opulus, L., var. americana, (Mill.) Ait. Hiaa Busn Cranperry.

Erect, 3-12 ft. high,
smooth or nearly so;
leaves 3-lobed, the lobes
often toothed on the
sides; cymes broad, the
outside flowers neutral,
with much enlarged co-
rollas, pure white, the
inner flowers perfect,
greenish-white, with ex-
serted stamens; fruit red,
edible. Woods and thick-
ets, Man. and Sask.

2. V. Lentago, L.
Nanny Berry.

Fic. 74.— Vibernum opulus.

‘A tall shrub, or some-
times a small tree 25 ft.
high; leaves ovate, very closely and sharply serrate, on winged petioles;
flowers greenish-white in a broad sessile cyme; fruit black. Woods, par-
ticularly river banks, Man. and westward.

“

3. V. paucifldrum, Raf. SQuasHBERRY.

A straggling shrub 2-5 ft. high; leaves 3-lobed towards the apex, serrate,
glabrous above, somewhat pubescent beneath; flowers white, all alike, in a
few-flowered cyme; stamens included. Cold woods and mountain valleys,
N. Sask., Alta., and northward.

5. SAMBUCUS. Exper. .

Calyx 3-5-toothed, the teeth very small or obsolete; corolla
5-cleft, broadly spreading; stamens 5, alternate with the lobes of the
corolla and inserted on its tube; stigmas 3; fruit Py berry-like drupe.
Shrubs with pinnately compound leaves and numerous small flowers
in a compound cyme.

132 SELECTED WESTERN FLORA

1. S. racemésa, L. Rep Evper.

Stems woody, with a warty bark and very large brown pith; leaflets 5--7,
ovate-lanceolate, pubescent beneath; flowers yellowish-white, in a cone-
shaped cyme; fruit bright red ripening early in summer. Delta, Man.
Locally, Man.-Alta.

2. S. canadénsis, L. Common ELpEr.

Pith white ; leaflets 5-11, rather smooth, some of the lower often 3-parted,
cyme flat; fruit purplish-black. Open places, Man. and Sask.

LXXXIII. CUCURBITACEZ (Gourp Famity).

Succulent vines, either trailing or climbing by tendrils, with alter-
nate petioled leaves and dicecious or moncecious flowers. Calyx
5-lobed, the tube adhering to the ovary; corolla 5 or 6-cleft or parted,
inserted on the calyx; stamens usually 3, two with 2-celled anthers,
and one with a l-celled anther; ovary 1-3-celled; fruit a pepo,
usually fleshy but sometimes membranous.

1. ECHINOCYSTIS.

Calyx 5-cleft; corolla 6-parted, the petals narrow, united at the
base; ovary 2-celled with 2 ovules in each cell; fruit fleshy at first,
but becoming dry, armed with weak prickles; seeds large, flattened,
with rough covering. Climbing annuals with greenish-white flowers
in axillary clusters. :

1. E. lobata, (Michx.) T. and G. Witp CucumsBsr. "

Leaves deeply 5-lobed. Moist places, Red River Valley to Saskatchewan
River.

LXXXIV. CAMPANULACEE (BLUEBELL FaAmILy).

Herbs with alternate exstipulate leaves, bitter and often milky
juice, and perfect flowers. Calyx 5-toothed, the tube adherent to
the ovary; corolla gamopetalous, usually regular, 5-cleft: stamens 5,
alternate with the lobes of the corolla, inserted with it; style 1,
usually hairy above; stigma 2-5-lobed; fruit a 2-several-celled cap-
sule; seeds many.

1. CAMPANULA. Be.uriower.

Calyx 5-cleft; corolla 5-lobed, bell-shaped; stamens 5, separate,
the filaments broad at the base; stigma 3-lobed; capsule 3-celled.
Herbs with usually terminal, nodding, bell-shaped flowers.

LOBELIACE 133

1. C. rotundifélia, L. Buurse it, HarReBeE.w.

Slender perennial, with rounded petioled basal leaves, withering before
the plant reaches maturity, and stem leaves linear or nearly so; flowers
large, blue; capsule opening by pores at the base. Dry soil, common and
variable.

2. C. aparinoides, Pursh. Marsu BELLFLOWER.

Stem weak, more or less 3-angled, roughened on the angles; leaves
linear-lanceolate; flowers small, nearly white, terminating the branches.
Marshy ground, leaning on grass for support. Man. and westward.

LXXXV. LOBELIACEZ (Loseuia Famity).

Herbs with alternate leaves, bitter milky juice and irregular
flowers. Calyx tube adhering to the ovary; corolla 2-lipped, with
a split to the base down one side, 5-lobed; stamens 5, free from the
corolla, united by their anthers and usually by their filaments;
style 1; stigma 2-lobed, often fringed; ovary 2-celled, many-
ovuled. '
1, LOBELIA.

Calyx 5-cleft; corolla 2-lipped and split down the upper side;

pod 2-celled, many-seeded; flowers mostly in leafy or bracted
racemes.

1. L. spicata, Lam.

Stem slender, leafy, usually simple; lower leaves obovate to spatulate,
upper linear and bract-like; flowers light blue in terminal racemes. Moist
sandy soil, Man. and westward.

| Vi

Fie. 75. Fic. 76. Fic, 77. Fie. 78. Fia. 79,
Achenes surmounted by different forms of pappus.

i)
A, pappus of soft bristles, senicio; B, pappus on the long beak of the achene, Tar-
axicum; C, pappus of two awns, bidens; D, pappus of a number of scales,
helenium; Z, pappus of a few small chaffy scales, chicorium.

‘
‘

\

134 SELECTED WESTERN FLORA

2. L. Kalmii, L.
Stem low, leafy, often branched, obscurely angled; leaves linear; . flowers

light blue on slender pedicels, each with two minute bracts or glands about
the middle. Wet grassy ground, Man.~Alta.

LXXXVI. COMPOSITA.

Flowers small, in a head on a common receptacle surrounded
by an involucere of one or more rows of bracts; stamens 5, inserted
on the corolla tube, the anthers united (syngenesious); ovary
1-celled forming an achene in fruit; style cleft at the apex with 2
usually recurved stigmas, or frequently undivided in sterile flowers ;
calyx represented by a number of bristles or scales (pappus), or absent;
corolla tubular or strap-shaped (ligulaie), when the former usually
5-toothed. When both tubular and ligulate corollas are present in
the same head the former are in the centre (disk), and the latter
(ray-flowers) are around the margin. Such a head is called radiate,
while if only tubular corolla are present, the head is said to be dis-
coid. A very large family divided by the kinds of corollas present
in the heads into two series, the tubuliflore and the liguliflore.

E

Fegs J
D

Cc D

. ; Fic. 82.—

Fia. 80. — Section through a typical Fia. 81.— Ligu- Tubular

radiate head. late flower. flower.

A. ray-flower; B, disk-flower; C, achene; C, achene; D, corolla; E, stigma;
D, receptacle; H, involucre; F, stigma. F, anthers forming a tube about the

style.

COMPOSITA =” 135

SERIES A. TUBULIFLOR.

Corolla tubular in perfect flowers, the ligulate flowers, when pres-
ent, being arranged about the margin (ray-flowers) and having pistils
only, or neither stamens nor pistils (neutral).

* FLOWERS ALL ALIKE AND TUBULAR.

1. Eupatorium, flowers few in a head; marsh herbs.
2. Liatris, flowers bright reddish-purple; scales of the involucre much
overlapped.
Antennaria, heads dicecious, drying without wilting.
Cirsium, heads many-flowered, leaves armed with prickles.
Arctium, bracts of the involucre armed with hooks.
Bigelowia, heads small, 4-7-flowered; a shrub.

OB oo

** FLOWERS BOTH TUBULAR AND RADIATE; RECEPTACLE NAKED.
+ Ray-FLOWERS YELLOW.

7. Gutierrezia, heads small, numerous; low, often matted herbs, rather
woody at the base.

8. Grindella, heads large, flowers all perfect; coarse herbs with toothed
leaves. :

9. Solidago, heads small, 8-10-flowered, numerous in showy clusters.

10. Aplopappus, heads many-flowered; pappus of numerous bristles of
unequal length.

11. Chrysopsis, heads many-flowered; pappus in two rows, the outer
much shorter than the inner.

12. Arnica, heads large, showy; pappus stiff, leaves opposite.

13. Senecio, heads showy, pappus soft and copious, leaves alternate.

14. Tanacetum, marginal flowers short-rayed, pistillate; strong-smelling
herbs.

tt Ray-FLOWERS NOT YELLOW.

15. Townsendia, heads large, many-flowered, rays in a single row; tufted
stemless herbs.

16. Aster, heads usually large, rays showy, pappus long and plentiful.

17. Erigeron, heads many-flowered usually on naked peduncles; in-
volucre of two rows of bracts.

18. Petasites, heads on stems appearing before the leaves, pappus very
plentiful.

19. Artemisia, heads small, drooping, crowded; pappus wanting; scented
herbs.

20. Matricaria, heads large, rays white; strong-smelling herbs.

136 SELECTED WESTERN FLORA

*** PLOWERS USUALLY BOTH TUBULAR AND RADIATE; RECEPTACLE CHAFFY.
t INVOLUCRE HARD AND MORE OR LESS SPINY, NUT-LIKE IN FRUIT,

21. Ambrosia, heads of two kinds; involucre of the fertile head 1-seeded
with « single row of projections about the top.

22. Xanthium, heads of two kinds, involucre of the fertile head covered
with spines, becoming bur-like in fruit.

tt INvoLUCRE NOT HARDENED IN FRUIT.

23. Iva, heads small, drooping; flowers all tubular, the marginal pistillate,
the inner perfect. ‘

24. Heliopsis, heads large; ray-flowers yellow, fertile, persistent; achenes
4-sided. ;

25. Brauneria, heads large, ray-flowers pink or purplish, chaff of ‘the
receptacle spiny and projecting beyond the achenes. :

26. Rudbeckia, heads large; ray-flowers yellow, neutral, deciduous;
receptacle conical.

27. Lepachys, heads large; ray-flowers yellow or purple, neutral, decidu-
ous; receptacle cylindrical.

28. Helianthus, heads large; ray-flowers yellow, neutral, deciduous;
receptacle flat. ,

29. Coreopsis, heads large; ray flowers yellow, neutral; bracts of the
involucre in 2 rows.

30. Bidens, heads large, ray-flowers yellow, bracts of the involucre dis-
tinct.

31. Achillea, heads small, ray-flowers white or pink, bracts of the involucre
dry and thin.

32. Gaillardia, heads large; ray-flowers yellow, 3-toothed.

33. Helenium, heads large, ray-flowers yellow, bracts of the involucre
spreading, leaves entire. :

SERIES B. LIGULIFLORA.

Herbs with milky juice and all the flowers in the head perfect,
with ligulate corollas.

* FLOWERS YELLOW.
+ LEAVES ALL BASAL.
34. Taraxicum, pappus borne on a long beak.
35. Agoseris, pappus borne on a short beak.
TT LEAVES NOT ALL BASAL.

36. Crepis, achenes not flattened, tapering towards the top; pappus white.
37. Hiracium, achenes neither flattened nor tapering; pappus dark.
38. Sonchus, achenes flattened.

COMPOSITAD 137

we FLOWERS NOT YELLOW.

_39.'\Chicorium, flowers deep blue, pappus almost wanting.

40. Lactuca, flowers blue or whitish, pappus plentiful.

41. Lygodesmia, flowers rose-pink, stem almost leafless. :

42. Prenanthes, flowers whitish or purplish; leaves large, the upper
clasping.

1. EUPATORIUM. Txorovcsworr.

Flowers perfect; pappus a single row of bristles; corolla 5-
toothed; ‘achene 5-angled; heads 3-many-flowered. Perennial
herbs of somewhat rank growth, with glandular foliage and heads of
white or purple flowers in large corymb-like clusters.

1. E. purpireum, L. Joz-Pyewszep.
Stem tall and stout, erect, simple; leaves oblong to lanceolate, 3-6 in a

whorl; flowers purple, in large round-topped clusters raised above the leaves.
Marshes, Man.—Alta. F

2. LIATRIS. Buazine Star.

Heads few to many-flowered; pappus of numerous, rather long,
often barbed bristles; corolla 5-lobed, the lobes slender; receptacle
naked. Perennial herbs with simple or but slightly branched
stems, usually from a globular corm or tuber, narrow entire leaves,
and heads of purple flowers in spikes or racemes.

1. L. scariésa, Willd.

Pappus not very long and not barbed; stem rather stout, 6-18 in. high;
heads few, somewhat globular, involucre of several rows of purplish-margined
bracts. Dry soil about thickets, Man.—Alta.

2. L. punctata, Hook. 7

Stem rather stout, usually tufted, from a thick, often branching rootstock ;
pappus long and much barbed; heads 4—-6-flowered, in a dense showy spike.
Dry prairie, Man.—Alta.

3. ANTENNARIA. Ever.astina.

Heads many-flowered, all flowers tubular; involucre dry and
chaffy; pappus a single row of bristles. Woolly, dicecious, peren-
nial herbs with alternate stem leaves, and root leaves often forming

a mat,

138 SELECTED WESTERN FLORA

.

1. A. campéstris, Rydb.

Flowering stems 2-6 in. high; stem leaves bract-like; root leaves obo-
vate, without distinct petioles, white-woolly beneath, glabrous or nearly so
above; bracts of the fertile heads small, with a brownish spot at the centre,
and white at the apex; bracts of the sterile heads, much larger and herba-
ceous throughout. Man. and westward.

2. A. pulchérrima, (Hook.) Greene.

Stout, 12-16 in. high; basal leaves oblanceolate, acute, 3-veined; stem
leaves lanceolate or linear, acute, getting smaller up the stem; loosely
tomentose throughout; bracts brown with dry tips, more acute in the fertile
than in the sterile heads. Swampy places, W. Sask.'and Alta.

3. A. média, Greene.

Low, not 2 in. high, spreading by stolons; leaves spatulate to oblanceo-
late, rather acute, gray-woolly on both sides; bracts of the involucre in
fertile heads with sharp tips, those in sterile heads rounded. Rocky Mts.

4. A. résea, (Eat.) Greene.

Slender, 8 in. to 2 ft. high, sterile branches often ascending or sometimes
prostrate; leaves narrowly oblanceolate or spatulate, acute; the whole
plant whitish viscid-pubescent; heads in either close or loose clusters;
bracts of the involucre in fertile heads rounded, rose color to whitish; stami-
nate plant not known. Alta.

5. A. parvifdlia, Nutt.

Slender, 8-12 in. high; stolons about 23 in. long; whitish-woolly through-
out, basal leaves spatulate; stem leaves linear to oblong; heads numerous
in an open corymb; bracts in fertile heads acute, those in sterile heads
obtuse. (A. microphylla, Rydb.) Dry plains, Sask. and Alta.

6. A. Aprica, Greene.

Usually densely matted, flowering stems seldom more than 6 in. high;
whitish-woolly throughout; basal leaves spatulate, narrowed into petioles
and rounded at the apex; stem leaves linear, sessile; bracts in the fertile
heads obtuse, white or pink often with a brown spot; those in the sterile
heads oval and white. (Formerly referred to A. dioica, Gaertn.) S. Man.,
Sask., and Alta.

/

4. CIRSIUM. Common Tuistuz.

Heads many-flowered, the flowers all tubular and similar, perfect;
bracts of the involucre in many rows, spiny-tipped; receptacle
hairy; pappus of numerous long bristles united at the base. Peren-

COMPOSITE 139

nial or biennial herbs with alternate prickly leaves and large heads
of reddish-purple or rarely white flowers.

1. C. undulatum, (Nutt,) Spreng. Prarrie THIstie.

Biennial, whitish-woolly throughout; stem leafy, 1-3 ft. high; leaves
partly clasping, pinnatifid, but rarely pinnately divided, sometimes quite
prickly; outer bracts of the involucre glandular and
glutinous on the back and tipped with spreading
prickles; flowers purple or reddish. Prairies, Man.—
Alta.

2. C. miticum, Michx. Swamp THISTLE.

Biennial, tall, 2-7 ft. high, smoothish, sparingly
leafy; leaves deeply pinnatifid, armed with weak
prickles; heads large, few; flowers purple. Swamps
and wet prairie, Man. and westward.

8. C. arvénsis, (L.) Scop. Canapa THISTLE.

Perennial, from a deep, extensively branching
rootstock; stem rather slender, 1-3 ft. high, leafy;
leaves sinuately pinnatifid and very prickly; heads
numerous; flowers rose-purple, or more - rarely :
whitish. A troublesome introduced weed becoming Fig. 83.— Cirsium
quite common in cultivated ground. arvensis.

5. ARCTIUM. Burpocx.

Heads fairly large, of perfect tubular flowers; corolla purple or
white, the tube 5-cleft; receptacle flat and bristly; involucre almost
globular, the bracts stiff and tipped with hooks; pappus of numer-
ous scales. Coarse biennial herbs with large alternate leaves, and
heads developing into burs clustered at the ends of the branches.

1. A. minus, Bernh. Common Burpock. —

Stem branched, 2-5 ft. high; leaves large, cordate, on hollow petioles;
spines of the outer bracts spreading, those on the inner erect, not so long as
the flower. An unsightly weed, common locally about towns.

2. A. Lappa, L. Great Burpocx.
Larger, 4-9 ft. high, with broader, often cordate leaves, and all the spines

on the bracts of the involucre spreading. Waste places about towns.
6. BIGELOWIA. Raytess Goupenrop.

Heads discoid, small, few-flowered, rayless; involucre rather lonff,
the bracts more or less keeled and arranged in several rows; corolla-

140 SELECTED WESTERN FLORA

tube 5-toothed; style exserted, the branches long and thread-like;
achenes generally more or less hairy; pappus of numerous bristles.
Low leafy shrubs with alternate linear leaves and small heads of
yellow flowers in a corymb-like cluster.

1. B. gravéolens, Gray.

Stem 1-3 ft. high, diffusely branched and very leafy; leaves narrowly
linear; heads numerous, the bracts of the involucre usually in 4 rows;
pappus of numerous soft bristles. Dry alkaline soil, S. W. Sask. and S. Alta.

‘
‘

7. GUTIERREZIA.

Heads radiate, few-flowered; rays 1-6, pistillate; disk flowers
. mostly perfect; bracts of the involuere leathery with green tips;
pappus of a few chaffy scales. Erect, branching, glabrous herbs
with linear entire leaves and small heads of yellow flowers.

1. G. Saréthre, (Pursh.) Britton and Rusby.

Low, 4-10 in. high, slender, diffuse, and very leafy, sometimes growing
in dense patches; the heads crowded at the ends of the ascending branches.
(G. Euthamie, T. and G.). Dry prairies, Man.—Alta.

8. GRINDELIA. Gum-wrep.

Heads many-flowered; rays, when present, fertile; pappus 2-8.
deciduous awns or bristles; involucre of several rows of overlapping
green bracts, usually with pointed, more or less spreading tips.
Coarse perennial herbs with sessile or clasping leaves, and large
heads of yellow flowers.

1. G. squarrésa, (Pursh.) Dunal.

Leaves oblong to spatulate; involucre sticky, the bracts hooked at the
tips. Gravelly banks, Man.—Alta., July to Oct.

9. SOLIDAGO. Go tpznrop.

Ray and disk flowers both present; rays in one row, fertile; disk
flowers usually perfect, 5-toothed; pappus of numerous rough hair-
like bristles in 1 or 2 rows; heads small, few-flowered, arranged in
terminal or axillary clusters. Erect perennial herbs with usually
simple stems, alternate simple leaves, and showy, often ‘conical
clusters of yellow flowers. ‘

. COMPOSITE. a. 141

1. S. canadénsis, L.

’

Stem stout, 1-3 ft. high; leaves lanceolate, 3-nerved, painted at each
end, serrate for half their length, or the uppermost entire, minutely pubes-
cent; heads in dense, somewhat one-sided recurving axillary racemes crowded
in a close pyramidal spike; pedicels hairy. Moist or rich soil, Man.—Alta.,
variable.

2. S. graminifélia, Salisb.

Stem rather slender, leafy, 1-3 ft. high, glabrous; leaves lance-linear,
glabrous, minutely pubescent and roughened on the edges; heads small,
8-12-flowered, gathered in short close clusters, each cluster on the end of a
flowering branch, the branches all rising to about the same height, and the
whole forming a flat-topped corymb-like cyme; bracts of the involucre
yellowish. (S. lanceolata, L.) Moist soil, Man.—Alta.

3. S. rigida, L.

Stem stout, 1-2 ft. high, rough and somewhat hoary-pubescent through-
out; leaves oblong, pinnately veined, thick and rigid, the lower petioled,
the upper sessile on a broad base; heads many-flowered, collected in a dense
round-topped cyme. Dry prairie, Man.—Alta.

4. S. serétina, Ait. Rie

Stem stout, 2-6 ft. high, glabrous; leaves lanceolate to oblong, thin,
glabrous, sharply serrate except at the base, or the uppermost nearly en-
tire; heads crowded on recurving or spreading branches which unite to form
u large, often leafy, pubescent panicle. Moist soil, Alta.

5. S. decfimbens, Greene.

Stems decumbent, 4-16 in. high, clustered, from a strong perennial root,
usually dark reddish; lower leaves spatulate to oblanceolate, serrate towards
the apex; stem leaves much reduced; heads large, in a somewhat interrupted
panicle. Rocky Mts. and eastward.

6. S. oreéphila, Rydb.
Resembling the preceding but a larger form and usually found at lower
levels. Alta. ,

7. S. jancea, Ait.

Smooth, erect, 1-3 ft. high; lower leaves elliptical to oval, serrate, taper-
ing into petioles; stem leaves narrower, 3-nerved, the upper entire; racemes
crowded in a conical, usually curved panicle. About thickets,.Man.—Alta,

142 SELECTED WESTERN FLORA .

10. APLOPAPPUS.

Heads radiate, many-flowered, rays pistillate, disk flowers perfect;
involucre hemispherical, of several layers of linear bracts; leaves
alternate, rigid, dentate or lobed; pappus of 1-3 rows of more or
less unequal bristles. Rather low branching perennial herbs with
heads in which both ray and disk flowers are yellow.

1. A. spinulésus, Pursh.

' Slightly pubescent; ‘leaves pinnately, or sometimes bi-pinnately parted,
the lobes bristle-pointed; bracts of the involucre bristle-pointed; achene.
pubescent. Dry prairie, Man.—Alta.

2. A. lanceolatus, T. and G.

Stem, 4-8 in. high, erect or ascending, usually somewhat leafy, the upper
leaves bract-like; leaves lanceolate to oblong, the basal petioled; heads
3-15 in a raceme or panicle; bracts of the involucre of 3 or 4 rows, sharp,
dry, and white at the base with green tips. (Pyrrocoma lanceolata, (Hook.)
Greene.) Moist alkaline prairie, Man.—Alta.

3. A. Nuttallii, T. and G.

Stem; simple, erect, 4-12in. high, usually in clumps from a strong perennial
root; leaves lanceolate to spatulate, the lower usually petioled, the upper
sessile, rather stiff, sharply dentate, the teeth sometimes ending in soft
spines; heads solitary on the ends of stems or branches; bracts narrow and
spreading, the outer shorter; achene soft-hairy. (Sideranthus grindelioides,
(Nutt.) Brit.) Dry soil, 8S. Sask.

4. A. acaulis, Gray.

Dwarf, tufted, from a much divided woody erect rootstock; leaves
spatulate to linear, stiff and persistent, mostly tufted at the base, but a few
along the scape-like flowering stems, which are not more than 5 in. high;
heads usually solitary, many-flowered; bracts sharp, not green on the tips.
Dry clay or gravel ridges, 8S. Sask.

11. CHRYSOPSIS. Goupen Aster.

Heads many-flowered, radiate; rays numerous; all flowers per-
fect; involucre of several rows of linear overlapping bracts; pappus
a double row of bristles, the outer somewhat chaffy, the inner
longer and hair-like; flowers yellow. Low, branching, perennial
herbs with alternate, entire, sessile flowers.

COMPOSITA 143

1. C. villésa, Nutt.

Whitish-pubescent throughout; stems much branched and somewhat
spreading; leaves narrowly oblong; heads terminating the short branches;
achene villous. Dry prairies, Man.—Alta., July—Sept.

2. C. hispida, (Hook.) Nutt.

More sparsely and coarsely hairy than the preceding, sometimes sticky;
stem erect and simple, or tufted and decumbent, seldom more than 1 ft.
high; leaves oblanceolate to spatulate, the basal tapering into petioles;
heads smaller than in the preceding, rather numerous, arranged in a spread-
ing corymb; achenes hairy. Dry gravelly soil, Sask.

12. ARNICA

Heads many-flowered, radiate; rays pistillate, spreading; in-
volucre of 1 or 2 rows of equal bracts; receptacle flat, not chaffy;
pappus a single row of rigid rough bristles. Perennial herbs with
simple stems, opposite leaves, and solitary or clustered heads of
showy yellow flowers.

1. A. cordifélia, Hook.

Stem 1-2. ft. high, somewhat hairy; root leaves orbicular or nearly so,
cordate at the base, petioled; stem leaves 1-3 pairs, oblong, sessile or nearly
so; heads 1-8 on slender peduncles; rays 12-16. Eastern slope of Rocky
Mts.

2. A. latifélia, Bongard.

Slender, 8-16 in. high, villous or nearly glabrous; lower leaves ovate,
more or less dentate, on short petioles; heads large and showy; bracts and
achenes usually pubescent. Rocky Mts.

3. A. folidsa, Nutt.

Stem slender, 1-3 ft. high, erect, leafy, somewhat glandular-pubescent,
from a creeping rootstock; leaves 6-10 pairs, ascending, lanceolate, entire
or nearly so, the lower petioled; petioles slender, uniting and sheathing the
stem at the base; heads 1-several, if the latter, arranged in a sort of raceme,
the lateral heads smaller. Thickets and damp prairies, Sask. and Alta.

4. A. falgens, Pursh.

Stem simple, erect, 8-16 in. high, slightly hairy towards the top; leaves
rather thick, the basal spatulate, the upper linear, mostly entire, 3-nerved,
the bases of the stem leaves sometimes uniting around the stem; heads
conspicuous, solitary or few, mostly on long peduncles; achenes mostly
pubescent. (A. pedunculaia, Rydb.) (A. alpina, Murr.) Prairies, Man—
Alta., and far northward.

144 SELECTED WESTERN FLORA
\

13. SENECIO. GROUNDSEL, RaGwort.

Heads many-flowered, usually radiate; ray-flowers, when pres-
ent, pistillate; involucre with the main bracts in one row, usually |
with some shorter outer ones at the base; receptacle mostly flat
and naked, often honeycombed; pappus of numerous slender soft
white bristles. Annual or perennial, sometimes woolly herbs with
alternate leaves, often much reduced, and yellow flowers.

1. S. palistris, Hook.

Annual, woolly with loose hairs, stem erect, stout, 6-24 in. high; leaves .
lanceolate, irregularly toothed or cut, the upper clasping; rays 15-20, pale
yellow; heads in a corymb; pappus long, white. Wet places, mostly about
the edges of ponds, Man.—Alta.

2. ‘S. aureus, L.

Perennial; stem erect, rather slender, 1-2 ft. high; slightly hairy at first,
becoming glabrous; lower leaves petioled, broadly ovate or orbicular, dent-
ate; stem leaves pinnately cut, the upper sessile and much reduced; heads
radiate, in a cyme or corymb. Moist grassy places, Man.—Alta.

3. S. balsamite, Muhl.

Resembling the preceding, but the lower leaves pblane to lanceolate,
sharply dentate or serrate. (S. aureus, var. balsamite T. and G.) Moist
prairies, Alta.

4. S. canus, Hook.

Rather low, 6-12 in. high, slender, usually tufted, white-tomentose up to
the flowers; lower leaves oblong or spatulate, sparingly, if at all, toothed,
white; stem leaves often pinnatifid, the upper much reduced and often
clasping; rays about 8. N. Sask. and Alta.

14. TANACETUM. Tansy.

Heads discoid; marginal flowers fertile, their corollas 2-5-toothed;
disk-flowers fertile, 5-toothed ; achenes 5-cornered; pappus wanting
or a very slight crown. Erect, strong-smelling perennial herbs
with 1-3 pinnately divided leaves, and numerous small heads of
yellow flowers arranged in corymbs.

1. T. vulgare, L.

_ Stout, 1-3 ft. high, branching above; leaves 2-pinnate the lobes deeply
pinnatifid; marginal flowers with very short 3-toothed rays. A coarse,
strong-smelling, introduced herb sometimes growing in bunches about
towns.

‘

kh

COMPOSIT 145

15. TOWNSENDIA.

Flowers radiate; rays long, in a single series, usually fertile; disk-
flowers perfect, the tubes 5-toothed; branches of the style hairy
towards the end; scales of the involucre rather large, dry, and some-
what fringed on the margins, often tinted; pappus of many stout
bristles; achenes flattened. Stemless tufted herbs with large heads
and’pink, purplish, or white rays.

1, T. exscapa, (Richards) Porter.

Stemless or almost so, 1-3 in. high from a strong perennial root; leaves
all clustered at the base, linear or narrowly spatulate; heads solitary,
sessile, large, exceeded by the leaves; rays white or purplish; pappus a
single row of rigid bristles, that of the ray-flowers shorter. (7. sericea,
Hook.) Dry soil, W. Sask. to Rocky Mts.

16. ASTER. Aster.

‘Heads radiate, many-flowered; ray-flowers pistillate, variously
colored; disk-flowers tubular, perfect, usually yellow, turning dark;
pappus usually of a single row of slender bristles. Mostly perennial
branching herbs with alternate leaves and showy heads of flowers
(generally white or some shade of purple); usually flowering late in
the season. A very large and difficult genus. ‘

1. A. Lindleyadnus, T. and G.
Glabrous or nearly so, 1-2 ft. high; lower Ieaves broadly ovate, more

or less cordate at the base; the upper sessile, pointed at both ends; ray-
flowers blue. Thickets, Man.—Alta.

2. A. umbellatus, Mill.

Stout, 2-5 ft. high, smooth or nearly so, leafy up to the flowers; leaves
lanceolate to oblong, tapering at both ends; ray-flowers white; pappus of
two rows of bristles, the inner long and hair-like, the outer short and rigid;
heads numerous, arranged in a flat corymb. Moist thickets or poorly
cultivated ground, Man. and Sask.

3. A. commutatus, (T. and G.) Gray.

Somewhat hoary-pubescent, low and bushy; leaves small, linear, entire,
crowded, the upper passing gradually into bracts; rays 20-30; heads small,
crowded on the branches; flowers white. Dry sandy soil, Man.—Alta.

4. A. multifiédrus, Ait.

Rays 10-20; same as the preceding except that the heads are smaller,
\ Dry soil, local, Man.—Alta,

L

146 SELECTED WESTERN FLORA

5. A. puniceus, L. Purpis Stem AstTEr.

Stems stout, 2-7 ft. high, rough, purplish below; leaves oblong to lance-
olate, clasping the stem at the base; heads large, 1-1}in. across, showy, with
20-40 pink or purple rays. Moist soil, Man.—Alta.

6. A. paniculatus, Lam.

Stem smooth, 1-2) ft. high, erect, much branched; leaves narrowly
lanceolate, tapering to a point, usually entire; rays white or purplish; heads
rather scattered on the ends of the branches, the whole forming a sort of
large loose panicle. An extremely variable species represented with us
mostly by var. bellidiflorus, Willd. Moist soil, Man.—Alta.

7. A. laévis, L.

Fairly stout, 1-3 ft. high, smooth; leaves lanceolate to ovate, entire,
the upper clasping, the root leaves petioled, those on the branches reduced
to rigid bracts; heads showy; rays 15-20, violet blue. A common and
beautiful species. Dry soil, Man.—Alta.

17. ERIGERON. FLEaBane.

Heads many-flowered, radiate; rays linear, white, purplish or
pink, pistillate; disk-flowers perfect, tubular, yellow; bracts of the
involucre narrow, over-lapping, in 1 or 2 rows; pappus a single
row of mixed long and short bristles, or with a distinct outer row of
short bristles or scales; achenes usually pubescent.

* Rays SHORT AND OBSCURE.

1. E. canadénsis, L. Frrewsep.

Stem erect, stout, 2-6 ft. high, densely hairy through-
out; stem leaves linear, entire, sessile; root leaves spatulate,
more or less toothed or cut and tapering to a petiole; heads
numerous, cylindrical. Waste or poorly cultivated places,
a common annual weed.

** Rays CONSPICUOUS.
} Paprus DOUBLE.

2. E. glabéllus, Nutt.

Stem rather stout, 4-15 in. high, hairy above, rather
naked, branched towards the top; stem leaves small, lanceo
late, closely sessile; root leaves petioled, spatulate; heady’
Fig. 84, — 1-8, terminating the branches of the scape-like stem; rays

Erigeron numerous, white or purplish; involucre hairy; outer row

canadensis, ,of bristles of the pappus minute. Open prairie, Man.—Alta,

COMPOSITAL 147

3. E. cespitésus, Nutt.

Perennial; stems tufted, somewhat reclining at the base, 4-12 in. high,
usually simple and rather whitish, hairy; stem leaves linear or oblong,
sessile; root leaves spatulate, petioled, entire; heads large, solitary, or
several on peduncles springing from the axils of the upper leaves;- rays
numerous, white, purplish, or pink; outer row of bristles of the pappus
short; involucre hairy. Dry prairie, Man.—Alta.

4. E, ramésus, (Walt.) B.S. P.

Annual; stem erect, pubescent, branching from about the centre, and
all the branches rising to about the same height; leaves entire, the upper
lanceolate and sessile, the lower spatulate and petioled; rays numerous,
white; pappus an outer row of short persistent scales and an inner row of
slender deciduous bristles; involucre minutely hairy. (E. strigosus, Muhl.)
Moist grassy places, Man. and Sask.

Tt Pappus SINGLE.
5, E. philadélphicus, L.

Perennial; stem erect, leafy, rather stout, 1-2 ft. high, branched, softly
pubescent throughout; upper leaves oblong, sessile, or clasping, entire
lower leaves spatulate, toothed, and short-petioled; heads numerous, several
at the end of each branch; rays very numerous, narrow, pink. Low grassy
places, Man.—Alta.

18. PETASITES. Sweet Co.rtsroor.

Heads many-flowered, usually dioecious, of tubular or both tubu-
lar and radiate flowers; involucre of a single row of equal bracts;
receptacle flat, naked; pappus of numerous bristles. Woolly
perennial herbs from a thick rootstock, producing a scape with
sealy bracts and whitish fragrant flowers early in the season, and
large leaves later. :

1. P. palmatus, (Ait.) Gray.
Leaves round and deeply 5-7-palmately lobed. Bogs, Man.—Alta.

2. P. sagittatus, Gray.

Leaves reniform to hastate, very white-woolly beneath, irregularly den-
tate. Wet places, Man.—Alta.

19. ARTEMISIA. Wormwoop.

Heads small, mostly few-flowered, discoid; flowers all tubular,
perfect, or the outer pistillate; involucre dry; receptacle naked.
Mostly somewhat shrubby herbs, with bitter juice, often strong
aromatic odor, and small nodding heads of yellowish flowers.

148 SELECTED WESTERN FLORA
1. A. ludovicilana, Nutt. Wrstsrn WormMwoop. ;

Perennial, white-woolly throughout; leaves entire or the lower variously
cut, lanceolate; heads sessile in slender panicles. Dry soil, Man.—Alta.

2. A. biénnis, Willd.

Herbaceous, biennial, tall, 1-4 ft. high, erect, strict; leaves dark green,
once or twice pinaatifid into linear, sometimes toothed lobes; heads small,
crowded on axillary spikes collected in a long compound spike-like cluster ;
only slightly odorous when bruised. A common weed in cultivated ground.

3. A. frigida, Willd.

Low, tufted, perennial, woody at the base, densely silky-canescent through-
out; leaves much cut into narrow lobes; heads small, racemed. Arid soil,
often covering the ground, Man.—Alta.

/

4. A. glaica, Pall.

Erect, 1-2 ft. high, woody at the base, silky-pubescent or glaucous;
leaves mostly entire, linear; heads numerous in w narrow panicle. Dry
prairie, Man.—Alta. \

5. A. absinthium, L. Common Wormwoop.
Stem 1-2 ft. high; leaves 2-3-pinnately divided; canescent throughout.
A strong-smelling herb common about towns, introduced.

20. MATRICARIA. Witp CHAMOMILE.

Heads many-flowered; radiate; ray-flowers pistillate or wanting;
bracts of the involucre in a few rows, the outer row shorter; recep-
tacle conical, naked. Annual or biennial herbs with smooth, finely
divided leaves, and rather large heads with white rays or none, and
yellow disks.

1. M. matricariéides, Porter. PINEAPPLE-WEED.

Leaves 2 or 3-pinnately divided; rays wanting; bracts of the involucre
oblong, green, with white dry margins; disk conical, extending beyond the
involucre. (M. suaveolens, Buchanan.) A Pacific slope species introduced
east as far as Calgary. The bruised leaves have a pineapple odor.

21. AMBROSIA. Raawszzp.

Usually moncecious, the fertile heads solitary or in small clusters
in the axils of the upper leaves, the sterile heads in spikes or racemes
terminating the stems; involucre of the sterile heads open, saucer-
shaped, containing 5-20 flowers; involucre of the fertile heads
closed, seed-like, one-flowered; pappus wanting. Coarse branching |
herbs with lobed or cut leaves and small heads of greenish flowers.

COMPOSITA : 149

t

1. A. trifida, L. Great Rac-
\ WEED. :
Annual, stout, 2-10 ft. high,

hairy; leaves opposite, all ex-

cept the upper deeply 3-lobed;
petioles margined. Rich soil,

— a not uncommon weed, espe-

cially about dwellings, Man.

and westward.

2. A. pulostachya, DC. Prr-
ENNIAL RAGWEED.

Much branched, reclining,
and spreading from wu creeping
rootstock; leaves opposite, once
pinnatifid, the lobes of the
upper entire, those of the lower
often incised. Dry soil, some-
times a troublesome weed,
Man.~Alta. Fie. 85. — Ambrosia trifida.

‘ 22. XANTHIUM. Cock.esur.

,

Moneecious, the sterile and fertile flowers in different heads, the
fertile below the sterile in short spikes; involucre of the sterile
flowers open and saucer-shaped; involucre of the fertile flowers
closed, 2-flowered, leathery, and covered with hooked ‘prickles, often
2-beaked. Coarse, weedy annuals with large
alternate toothed leaves, and producing large
bur-like fruit.

1. X. echinatum, Murr.

Stem rough, 1-2 ft. high, tinged or spotted with
purple; ‘leaves rough, rather hard, obscurely 3 or
5-lobed, bluntly dentate and covered with scattered
hairs, often glandular beneath; burs two-beaked,
usually clustered in the axils, densely covered with
prickles; prickles hooked, hairy about half their
length; beaks stout, hairy, incurved. Sandy
beaches, Man. and Sask.

2. X. glanduliferum, Greene.

Closely resembling the preceding but the leaves covered with minute
projections; bur yellow, not so densely covered with prickles, the prickles
hairy almost to the hook. Dry soil, Man. and Sask.

Fig. 86.— Xanthium
echinatum.

150 SELECTED WESTERN FLORA

3. X. Macoinii, Britton.

Like the preceding but with burs almost 1 in. long and about ¢ in. thick.
Lake Winnipeg.

4. X. commine, Britton.

Differs from the preceding by being more slender and the burs solitary
in the axils. Moist ground, Man.—Alta.

23. IVA. Marso Exper.

Heads small, few-several-flowered, flowers all tubular, staminate
and pistillate in the same heads; receptacle chaffy. Coarse, some-
times woody, herbs with thick leaves, mostly alternate above and
opposite below, and small nodding heads of greenish flowers.

1. I. xanthifdlia, Nutt.

Annual; stem branched, pubescent, 2-8 ft. high; leaves almost all oppo-
site, ovate, irregularly dentate, long-petioled, large, often 6 in. across;
heads numerous, in a dense terminal spike supported by spikes rising from
the axils of the upper leaves; bracts of the involucre 10, in 2 rows. A large,
coarse, and unsightly weed becoming very common about towns and all
waste places, Man. and westward.

2. I. axillaris, Pursh. 7
Perennial; woody at the base, herbaceous above, simple or branched,
1-2 ft. high; leaves sessile, entire, fleshy, and often glabrous; heads solitary

in the axils of the leaves; bracts of the involucre usually 5. Alkaline flats,
Man.—Alta.

24. HELIOPSIS. Fauszr SuNFLOWER.

Heads many-flowered, radiate; ray-flowers fertile; disk-flowers
perfect; bracts of the involucre overlapping in 2 or 3 rows; recep-
tacle slightly convex, chaffy, the chaff extending up around the -disk-
flowers; pappus none, or a few small teeth. Perennial herbs with
opposite, petioled, 3-ribbed, serrate leaves and large heads of
yellow flowers.

1. H. scabra, Dunal.

Rough, 2-3 ft. high, usually growing in clumps; leaves ovate to lance-
olate, short-petioled ; Pappus a sort of crown, or 2 or 3 small teeth. About
thickets, Man. and westward.

25. BRAUNERIA. Purrite Conz-Fiower.

Heads many-flowered, radiate; rays numerous, sterile, drooping;
bracts of the involucre spreading; receptacle slightly conical,

COMPOSITE 151

covered with stiff prickly chaff which projects above the achenes
and makes the head rigid and spiny to the touch. Perennial herbs
with rather naked stems and large solitary! heads with purplish
spiny disks and somewhat persistent rays.

1. B. angustifélia, Heller.

Low and rough-hairy throughout; leaves lanceolate and strongly 3-
nerved; rays purplish, pink, or whitish. Dry prairie, S.W. Man. and 8.E.
Sask.

26. RUDBECKIA. Consz-FLownr.

Heads many-flowered, radiate; ray-flowers neutral; disk-flowers
perfect; bracts of the involucre in 2-4 rows; receptacle conical,
covered with concave chaffy scales which mix with
the tube-flowers; pappus a crown, or a few teeth, or
none. Rough perennial herbs with alternate leaves
and large showy heads with yellow rays and dark,
mostly purple, disks.

1. R. hirta, L. Buack-fyrep Susan.

Biennial, 1-2 ft. high, usually branching from near the
base, very rough throughout; leaves entire or nearly so,
the upper oblong, sessile, the lower spatulate, petioled;
heads with yellow rays and conical purplish-brown disks.
Dry soil, Man. and Sask.

2. R. lacinata, L.
Stem smooth, 2-6 ft. high; lower leaves large, long-

petioled, pinnately 5-7-parted, the lobes variously toothed; nr Fie kia
upper leaves 3-5-parted or the uppermost not divided; hirta e

heads on long peduncles, the disk rather hemispherical
at first, but becoming conical or columnar in fruit. Low thickets, Man.

27. LEPACHYS.

Heads many-flowered, radiate; rays rather few, reflexed, neutral;
bracts of the involucre few, spreading; receptacle long, columnar;
pappus none, or a couple of teeth. Perennial herbs with alternate
pinnately divided leaves, and showy heads, easily recognized by the
long columnar disk.

1. L. columnaris, T. and G.

Low, branching; disk often more than an inch long; rays yellow. (Var.
pulcherrima, T. and G., rays brownish-purple.) Both the type and the
variety occur. Dry prairies, Man.—Alta,

152 SELECTED WESTERN FLORA

28. HELIANTHUS. Sunriower. /

Heads many-flowered, radiate; rays spreading, neutral; disk
flowers perfect; receptacle flat, covered with persistent chaff which
encloses the achenes; pappus 2 or more thin deciduous scales.
Erect, mostly branched, annual or perennial herbs with simple
leaves and large showy heads with yellow rays, and yellow, brown, or
purplish disks.

* ANNUALS.
1. H. petioladris, Nutt.

Somewhat slender; leaves oblong to lanceolate. Light soil, S. W. Man.
and westward.

** PERENNIALS.

{ Disk BROWNISH-PURPLE.
2. H. scabérrimus, Ell.

Stout, erect, 1-6 ft. high, sparingly branched; leaves ovate to oblong,
short-petioled, serrate, 3-nerved, thick, rigid, and rough on both sides, all
opposite except the uppermost, which are bract-like; heads large, usually
solitary. (H. rigidus, Desf.) Moist prairies, Man.—Alta.

3. H. subrhomboideus, Rydb.

Very closely resembling the preceding. The leaves are less sharply ser-
rate and the stem usually tinged with red. Often included in H. scaber-
rimus, and the more common northern form. Prairies, Man.—Alta.

Tt Disk YELLOWISH.
4. H. gigantéus, L.
Stem erect from a creeping, often tuberous rootstock; 2-10 ft. high,
branched above, rough hairy towards the top; leaves mostly alternate
above, nearly all sessile, lanceolate, very rough above and pubescent beneath ;

heads large, on long peduncles; disk yellowish. Edges of marshes and
thickets, Man.—Alta.

5. H. Maximilianus, Schrad.

Resembling the preceding but smaller, seldom more than 5 ft. high;
heads large; rays 15-30,'sometimes more than an inch long; bracts of the
involucre long, rigid, spreading; peduncles stout and rough. Dry prairies,
Sask. and Alta. : ,

6. H. Nuttallii, T. and G.

Stem 1-3 ft. high, usually solitary from fascicled fleshy roots, simple
below and branched above; leaves opposite below, alternate above, lance-
olate to oblong, hispid but not scabrous; bracts linear, hairy on the margins
and the tips often turned outward; peduncles all rising to nearly the same
‘level. Prairies, Man.—Alta.

COMPOSITH 153
i
7. H. pimilus, Nutt. '
Stem simple, 1-2 ft. high; leaves lanceolate to ovate, in 5-7 pairs on
short, margined petioles; the whole plant rough and hairy; heads few, on

peduncles; bracts of the involucre in about 3 rows, sharp, whitish. Rocky
Mts. and adjacent plains and river valleys.

29. COREOPSIS.

Heads many-flowered, radiate; rays 5-8, neutral, 3-toothed;
involucre double, the bracts of the outer row mostly shorter than
those of the inner; receptacle flat and chaffy. Annual or perennial
herbs with mostly opposite leaves and large showy heads on long .
peduncles.

1. C. tinctéria, Nutt.

Annual, glabrous, 1-23 ft. high; leaves once or twice pinnately divided;
rays yellow, brown at the base, or more rarely all brown. Damp places,
W. Sask. and Alta.

1

30. BIDENS. Bur-Maricoxp.

Heads many-flowered,
usually radiate; rays few or
absent, neutral; involucre
double, the outer row of
bracts large and often leaf-
like; receptacle chaffy, the
chaff falling with the
achenes; pappus of 2-6 per-
sistent barbed awns. An-
nual or perennial herbs with
.opposite leaves and yellow
flowers.

1. B. frondésa, L.

Annual; stem erect, 1-3 ft.
high, almost glabrous, fre-
quently tinged with purple;
leaves thin, at least the lower
pinnately 3-5-parted; leaflets
lanceolate to oblong, sharply ©
serrate, usually pubescent be-
neath; heads numerous, with |

very inconspicuous rays or 5 ;
none; corollas of the disk- Fig. 88. — Bidens Srpadinan:

154 SELECTED WESTERN FLORA

flowers orange-yellow; outer bracts of the involucre leaf-like and much
larger than the narrow inner bracts; awns of the achene slender and barbed
downwardly. Moist places, Man.—Alta.

2. B. vulgadta, Greene.
Resembling the preceding but usually much taller; rays generally pres-
ent, yellow; outer bracts of the involucre linear or spatulate, ciliate, the

inner shorter and’rather broad. Moist places, Man.—Alta.
’

3. B. cérnua, L.

Annual, glabrous, mostly erect; leaves oblong to lanceolate, sessile,
coarsely serrate; heads numerous, globular, nodding; rays 6-10 or none,
short; outer bracts ciliate, often large and leaf-like; pappus usually 4
barbed awns. Marshy places, N. Man.—Alta.

31. ACHILLEA. Yarrow.

Heads small, many-flowered, radiate; ray-flowers few, pistillate;
involucre of 2 or 3 series of narrow appressed bracts with thin dry
margins, the outer row shorter; receptacle chaffy; pappus none.
Perennial herbs with finely divided leaves and numerous heads of
white or pink flowers in flat-topped clusters ending the stems.

1. A. Millefélium, L. Common Yarrow.

Stem usually simple, very leafy; leaves finely dissected; flower clusters
large; flowers white or rarely pink. Dry prairies, common.

32. GAILLARDIA.

Heads many-flowered, radiate; rays toothed, neutral, or rarely
pistillate; receptacle convex, usually bristly; involuere in 2 or 3
rows, the tips of the bracts spreading : achenes top-shaped, hairy at
the base; pappus 5-10 scales tipped with awns. Coarse perennial
herbs with showy heads of yellow flowers on long peduncles.

t
1. G. aristata, Pursh.

Perennial, hairy, sometimes woolly near the flowers; leaves firm, pubes-
cent, varying in shape, and either entire or pinnatifid; rays yellow, often
with a darker tinge at the base; disk purple or brown. A variable species,
dry prairies, Man.—Alta.

33. HELENIUM. Sneeze WEED.

Heads radiate ; the ray-flowers fertile or neutral, 3-5-lobed; disk-
flowers perfect, their tubes 4 or 5-toothed; achenes top-shaped,
ribbed; pappus of 5-8 scales. Erect branching herbs with alter-

COMPOSITAi 155

nate leaves, often decurrent, and large heads on long peduncles, the
rays sometimes wanting.

1. H. autumnale, L. Swamp SunrLoweEr.

Perennial; stem stout, 1-4 ft. high, glabrous or nearly so; usually winged
by the bases of the leaves running down the stem; branched; leaves oblong
to lanceolate, sessile, sharp at the apex and narrowed to the base; heads
numerous on long peduncles in a sort of loose corymb. River valleys,

~ Man.-Alta. ;

34. TARAXACUM. Dawnpsxion.

Heads large, many-flowered, solitary on a naked hollow scape;
involucre an inner row of nearly equal, slightly united bracts and
several outer rows
of shorter separate
bracts reflexed at
maturity; recepta-
cle naked; pappus
of numerous per-
sistent bristles
borne on the elon-
gated beak of the
achene. Perennial
stemless herbs with
a rosette of pinnatifid leaves, springing from a strong tap-root.

1. T. officindle, Weber. Common DANDELION.

Leaves coarsely pinnatifid; pappus white; flowers yellow. A common
introduced weed, troublesome in lawns.

35. AGOSERIS. Fatsz DANDELION.

Heads large, many-flowered; bracts of the involucte in 2 or 3 rows;
pappus white, of unequal bristles. Stemless perennials with
tufted linear root leaves and large heads of yellow flowers solitary
on a naked scape.

1. A. cuspidata, (Pursh.) Steud.

Leaves elongated, linear to lanceolate, entire; scape 6-12 in. high; achene
without a beak. (Troximon cuspidatum, Pursh.) Prairies, Sask. and Alta.

2. A. glauca, (Pursh.) Steud.

Leaves entire to lancinate, wider than in the preceding; scape 6-18 in.
high; achene beaked. (Trozimon glaucum, Pursh.) Prairies, Man—Alta.

156 SELECTED WESTERN FLORA

36. CREPIS. _Hawrx’s BEARD.

Heads few to many-flowered; involucre of a single row of prin-
cipal bracts and afew short outer ones; pappus of many soft bristles.
Annuals or perennials with toothed or pinnatifid leaves and heads of
yellow flowers terminating the branches of the somewhat naked
stem.

1. C. runcinata, T. and G.

Stem glabrous or nearly so, 1-2 ft. high, naked or with 1 or 2 small leaves;
root leaves oblong to spatulate, entire or variously toothed; heads in a loose,
corymb. Moist prairies, Man.—Alta.

2. C. élegans, Hook.

Stems several or many from a single tap-root, diffusely branched; leaves
entire or nearly so, those from the root spatulate, those on the stems linear;
heads rather small; achenes prolonged into a slender beak. Gravel beds
along rivers, Alta. :

3.,C. occidentalis, Nutt.
Stem stout, 4-8 in. high, usually several from a stout perennial root,

branching above; leaves thickish, pinnately divided, tomentose when
young; head 10-30- flowered. Rocky Mts.

4. C. glauca, T. and G.

Perennial; stems scapelike, or seldom with 1 or 2 leaves, 8 in.-2 ft. high;
glabrous throughout; base leaves spatulate, entire or toothed; heads few,
on long peduncles. Alkaline soil, W. Man. and Sask.

37. HIERACIUM. Hawxwesp.

Heads usually large; corolla rays truncated, 5-toothed; recep-
tacle flat, almost naked; bracts in 1-3 rows, the outer smaller;
achenes variously shaped, and ribbed but never beaked; pappus
1 or 2 rows of firm, persistent, brownish bristles. Coarse perennial
herbs, usually branched, bearing rather showy heads of yellow or
orange flowers.

1. H. canadénse, Michx. CanapIAN HAWKWEED.

Stem stiff, erect, 1-4 ft. high, leafy, particularly towards the bottom,
slightly pubescent; leaves ovate to lanceolate, the upper reduced and clasp-
ing, the lowest sometimes petioled, serrate or toothed; heads numerous in
a sort of loose corymb; bracts in about 3 rows, the outer spreading; flowers
yellow; pappus plentiful, brown. Moist prairies and about thickets, Man.
~Alta. ;

COMPOSITZ 157

2. H. scabrifisculum, Schwein.

Resembling the preceding, but slender, 1-2 ft. high, rather strict, often
hairy; leaves linear or lanceolate; heads usually few. (Sometimes included
in H. umbellatum, L., which is the European form.) About thickets,
Man.—Alta.

38. SONCHUS. Sow THISTLE.

Heads resembling ‘the preceding, but the bracts of the ‘agolinta
getting gradually smaller outward; pappus not borne on an elon-
gated beak. Coarse, leafy, more or less prickly herbs with rather
large heads of yellow flowers.

1. S. arvénsis, L. Prrennta, Sow THISTLE.

Perennial, from a deep-branching rootstock; stem 2-4 ft. high, rather
naked above; leaves runcinate to pinnatifid, spiny-toothed, clasping;
heads large, showy, several, on bristly peduncles; flowers bright yellow.
An exceedingly troublesome weed in cultivated ground.

2. S. oleraceus, L. Common Sow THIstLy.

Annual; stem tall, 2-8 ft. high, sparingly branched and rather naked
above; leaves pinnatifid, with soft prickles, the lower petioled, the upper
clasping; heads several or many, not showy; flowers pale yellow. An un-
sightly introduced weed, rather common about dwellings.

3. S. asper, L. Spiny Sow TuistT ie.
Resembling the preceding, but the leaves not so much divided and sharply
spiny. Waste places, introduced.

39. CHICORIUM. Cauicory.

Heads 10-20-flowered; involucre consisting of an inner row of
8-10, and an outer row of 5 herbaceous bracts, the outer shorter and
spreading; pappus 2 or 3 rows of small scales. Erect, branching,
perennial herbs with sessile, more or less clustered axillary heads of
bright blue flowers.

1. C. {ntybus, L. Common Cuicory.

Flowering branches stiff; leaves partly clasping, getting smaller and bract-_
like above. An introduced plant sometimes growing in clumps about towns.

40. LACTUCA. Lerrucz.

Heads several to many-flowered; involucre of one or two rows of
principal bracts and several rows of shorter outer ones; pappus of
numerous hairs which fall separately, and borne on a prolonged
beak of the-achene. Leafy herbs with heads of different colored
flowers.

\

158 SELECTED WESTERN FLORA

1. L. pulchélla, (Pursh.) DC. Buve Lerruces.

Stem simple, glaucous, 1-2 ft. high; leaves sessile, entire, or the lower
slightly pinnatifid; flowers blue. Common.

2. L. spicata, (Lam.) Hitche.

Biennial, smooth, tall, 3-7 ft. high, stout, leafy; leaves irregularly pinnati-
fid or coarsely toothed; heads numerous in a dense compound panicle;
flowers purplish; pappus brown. Damp thickets, Man.—Alta.

41. LYGODESMIA.

Heads 3-12-flowered, solitary at the ends of the branches.
Smooth rush-like herbs with leaves linear or often reduced to scales,
and pinkish-purple flowers.

1. L. jancea, Don.

Perennial from a stout root; stem rigid, much branched; leaves linear,
rigid, gradually reduced upwards to scales; heads mostly 5-flowered. Dry
sandy prairies, Man.—Alta.

42. PRENANTHES. Rarrussnake Root.

Heads small, 5-30-flowered, flowers all ligulate; involucre of 1
row of 5-14 main bracts and a few smaller outer ones; pappus of
numerous white to brown coarse bristles. Upright, leafy, perennial
herbs from a tuberous rootstock with more or less nodding heads of
rather dull-colored flowers.

1. P. racemosa, Michx.

Stem 2-6 ft. high; leaves oval to lanceolate, sometimes pinnatifid, the
lower petioled, the upper clasping; glaucous throughout; heads 12-15-
flowered, almost erect; flowers purplish; pappus straw-colored. Moist
prairies and thickets, Man.—Alta.

2. P. alba, L.

Smooth, stout, 2-5 ft. high, purplish; leaves hastate, ovate, or cordate,
and variously toothed or lobed, or the upper lanceolate and entire, the lower
petioled, the upper sessile; heads nodding, 8-12-flowered; involucre, of
6-8 principal bracts, whitish green or purple; flowers whitish; pappus
reddish-brown. Borders of woods and thickets, Man.—Alta.

3. P. altissima, L. :

Slender, smooth, 3-6 ft. high; heads in small clusters forming a long coni-
cal panicle; leaves petioled, ovate to heart-shaped, toothed or lobed, or
3-5-parted, the divisions sometimes still further divided; flowers greenish
white. Man. and westward.

ABBREVIATIONS OF AUTHORS’ NAMES

A. DC. .
Ait...
Anders. .
Asch. .
B.S. P..
Benth.
Bernh.
Bigel.

C. A. Mey..
Cham. . .
Coult.
Cyrill.
DC. .
Dene.
Desf. .
Desv.

‘ Dietr.
Dougl.
Dumort.
Eat. .

Ell. . .

Engelm. .
Fisch.
Fourn.
Froel.
Gilib.
Griseb. .
Haussk. .
Haw... .
Hitche. .
Holz. .
Hook.
Hornem.
Huds.
Ktze. .
L. 4
Lam. .

De Candolle, Alphonse.
Aiton, William.
Anderson, Nils Johan.
Ascherson, Paul.
Britton, Sterns & Poggenberg.
Bentham, George.
Bernhardi, Johann.
Bigelow, Jacob.

Meyer, Carl Anton.
Chamisso, Adalbert von.
Coulter, John Merle.
Cirillo, Domenico.

De Candolle, Augustin.
Decaissne, Joseph.
Desfontaines, Réné.
Desvaux, Augustin.

' Dietrich, D.N. F.

Douglas, David.
Dumortier, Berthélemy.
Eaton, Amos.
Elliott, Stephen.-
Engelmann, George.
Fischer, Ludwig von.
Fournier, Kugéne.
Froelich, Joseph Aloys.
Gilibert, Jean.
Grisebach, Heinrich.
Haussknecht, Carl.
Haworth, Adrian H.
Hitchcock, Albert Spear.
Holzinger, John.
Hooker, William Jackson.
Hornemann, Jens.
Hudson, William.
Kuntze, Otto.
Linneus, Carolus.
Lamarck, Jean Baptiste.
159

160

ABBREVIATIONS OF AUTHORS’ NAMES

Lamb.
Lehm.
L’Heér.
Lindl.

Mac M. ;

Marsh.
Medic.
Mey.
Meisn.
Michx.
Mill. .
Muench.
Mubhl.
Murr.
Nutt.
Pall. .
Pers. .
Poir. .
R. Br.

R. & 8. .

Raf.
Retz. .

Richards.

Rupr.
Rydb.
Salisb. ,
Sarg. .

Schrad. .

Schwein.
Scop.

Spreng. .

Steud.
Sw.

T.&G..

Torr. .
Trin. .
Turez.
Vent.

Wahlenb.

Walt.
Wats.
Willd.

Lambert, Aylmer B.
Lehmann, Johann.
L’Héritier de Brutelle, Charles L.
Lindley, John.
MacMillan, Conway.
Marshall, Humphrey
Medicus, Friedrich C.
Meyer, Ernst H. F.
Meisner, Carl Friedrich,
Michaux, André.

Miller, Philip. '
Muenchhausen, Otto von.
Miihlenberg, Heinrich L.

_ Murray, J. A. é \

Nuttall, Thomas.

Pallas, Peter S.

Persoon, Christian H.
Poiret, Jean L. M.

Brown, Robert.

Roemer, J. J., and Schultes, J. A.
Rafinesque-Schmaltz, C. 8.
Retzius, Anders‘J.
Richardson, John.
Ruprecht, Franz J.
Rydberg, Per Axel.

- Salisbury, Richard A.

Sargent, Charles S.
Schrader, H. A.

Schweinitz, Lewis David von.
Scopoli, Johann A.

Sprengel, Kurt.

Steudel, Ernst G.

Swartz, Olaf.,

Torrey, John, and Gray, ee
Torrey, John.

Trinius, Karl B.
Turezaninow, Nicolaus.
Ventenat, B. P.
Wahlenberg, Georg.

Walter, Thomas.

Watson, Sereno.

Willdenow, Carl L.

GLOSSARY

Achene. A dry, one-seeded indehiscent fruit.

Acicular. Needle-shaped.

Acuminate. Tapering gradually to the apex.

Acute. Sharp-pointed.

Adnate. Joined to another organ.

Alternate. One leaf at a node.

Anther. The part of the stamen containing the pollen.

Apetalous. Without petals.

Aril. A fleshy organ covering the seed.

Ascending. Rising obliquely.

Asexual. Without stamens or pistil.

Auricle. An ear-like appendage.

Awn. A slender spine.

Axil. The point on the stem just above the point of attachment of
a leaf.

Berry. A fruit with the seeds embedded in a fleshy pulp.

Bilabiate. Two-lipped.

Bipinnate. Twice pinnate.

Blade. The broad, flat part of the leaf.

Bract. A leaf just beneath the flower, usually smaller than a foliage
leaf.

Bulb. An organ, usually subterranean, made of the thickened bases
of leaves arranged as in a bud.

Bulblet. A small bulb sometimes borne in the axil of a leaf.

Bulbous. Bulb-bearing or resembling a bulb.

Cespitose. Growing in clumps.

Calyx. Outer set of floral envelopes.

Campanulate. Bell-shaped.

Canescent. Whitish owing to fine hairs.

Capitate. Knob-like.

Capsule. A dry, dehiscent fruit of two carpels.

Carpel. The simple ovary or one part of a compound ovary.

Caryopsis. A hard thin-coated fruit like a grain of wheat.

Caudate. ‘With a tail.

M 161

162 GLOSSARY

Cauline. Belonging to the stem.

Chlorophyll. The green coloring matter in leaves.

Ciliate. Hairy on the margin.

Clavate. Club-shaped.

Cleft. Cut part way to the midrib.

Coma. A tuft of hairs on a seed.

Connate. United.

Cordate. Heart-shaped.

Coriaceous. Leathery.

Corm. The swollen, underground base of the stem.

Corymb. A flat-topped flower cluster of the indeterminate type.

Cotyledon. A leaf in the embryo.

Crenate. Toothed with.rounded teeth.

Crenulate. The same as crenate but the teeth very small.

Culm. The stem of a grass or sedge.

Cuneate. Wedge-shaped.

Cuspidate. Sharp-pointed.

Cyme. A flat or rounded flower cluster of the determinate type.

Deciduous. Falling at the end of the season.

Decompound. More than once compound.

Decumbent. Reclining, with the ends pointing upwards.

Decurrent. A part of one organ running down another.

Deflexed. Turned downwards.

Dehiscent. Opening to discharge the contents.

Deltoid. Triangular.

Dentate. Toothed.

Depressed. Flattened vertically.

Diadelphous. Stamens in two groups.

Diandrous. With two stamens.

Dicotyledonous. With two cotyledons.

Diffuse. Spreading.

Dicecious. Having staminate flowers on one plant and pistillate
flowers on another.

Discoid. Heads of tubular flowers only.

Dissected. Much divided.

Distinct. Separate.

Divided. Cut to the base or midrib.

Dorsal. On the back.

Drupe. A stone fruit.

Embryo. The rudimentary plant in the seed.

Entire. Undivided. :

Epigynous. On the ovary.

GLOSSARY 163

Evergreen. Green all the year.

Exserted. Prolonged beyond other organs.

Fascicle. A thick cluster.

Fertilé. Seed or spore-bearing.

Filament. The stalk supporting the anther.

Flaccid. Weak.

Foliaceous. Like leaves.

Follicle. A one-celled fruit splitting down one side.

Free. Not joined to other organs.

Frond. The leaf-like part of a fern.

Fusiform. Spindle-shaped.

Gamopetalous. Petals united.

Gibbous. Swollen on one side.

Glabrate.- Almost hairless.

Glabrous. Without hairs.

Gland. An organ for secreting oil or nectar.

Glaucous. Covered with a white bloom.

Globose. Globular.

Glume. Bracts on the spikelets of grasses or sedges.

Habitat. Place of growth of a plant.

Hastate. Spear-shaped.

Head. A cluster of flowers sessile on a common receptacle.

Herbaceous. Herb-like; living only through the growing season.

Hirsute. With coarse hairs.

Hispid. Bristly.

Hypogenous. Inserted below the ovary.

Imbricated. Overlapping.

Imperfect. With stamens or pistil lacking.

Incised. Cut deeply into sharp lobes.

Included. Not projecting beyond surrounding organs.

Indehiscent. Not opening to discharge contents.

Inferior. Inserted below another organ.

Inflexed. Bent inwards.

Inflorescence. The flowering part of a plant, or the method of
arrangement of the flowers.

Integument. The outer coat.

Internode. The part of the stem between the points of insertion of
the leaves.

Involucel. A secondary involucre.

Involucre. A whorl or whorls of bracts around a flower or flower
cluster. .

Involute. Rolled inwardly.

164 GLOSSARY

Irregular. Having the parts unlike.
Labiate. Provided with lips.
Laciniate. Cut into narrow segments.
Lanceolate. Long and narrow with the broader part towards the
stem. 1
Leaflet. A division of a compound leaf.
_ Legume. A dry, one-celled fruit splitting down both sides,
Ligulate. Strap-shaped.
Limb. The expanding part of a petal, sepal, or corolla.
Linear. Long and narrow.
Lobed. Somewhat deeply cut into lobes.
Lyrate. Pinnatifid, the terminal lobe larger than the others.
Midrib. The central rib or vein of a leaf..
Monadelphous. Stamens united by their filaments into one group.
Monecious. Having staminate and pistillate flowers on the same
plant. :
Mucronate. Sharp pointed.
Naturalized. Well established in a region but not native to it.
Nectary. An organ for secreting sugar.
Node. The point on a stem from which a leaf or leaves are given off.
Nut. An indehiscent one-seeded fruit with a hard shell or pericarp.
Obcordate. Heart-shaped with the apex towards the stem.
Oblanceolate. Lance-shaped with the broad part towards the apex.
‘Oblong. Longer than broad, with nearly parallel edges.
Obovate. Ovate with the broader part towards the apex.
Obsolete. Rudimentary or entirely wanting.
Operculum. A lid.
Orbicular. Circular or nearly so.
Ovary. The organ bearing the ovule.
Ovate. Egg-shaped.
Ovule. The part of the plant which matures into a seed.
Palate. A projection from the lower lip of some corollas.
Palet. A bract inclosing the flower of a grass.
Palmate. ‘ With parts radiating like the fingers.
Panicle. A compound flower cluster of the indeterminate type.
Papilionaceous. Butterfly-shaped. A term applied to the corolla
of flowers of the pea family.
Pappus. Bristles, awns or bracts on the achenes of members of the
- composite.
Parasite. Growing on another plant.
Parietal. Along one wall of the ovary. *
Parted. Deeply cut.

GLOSSARY 165

Pedicel. The stalk of a flower in a cluster.

Peduncle. The stalk of a single flower or of a flower cluster.

Peltate. Shield-shaped.

Perfect. Having both stamens and pistils.

Perfoliate. Leaves with the base so clasping around the stem that
the stem appears to go through the leaf. |

Perianth. The floral envelopes when so modified that there is no

distinction between sepals and petals.

Pericarp. That which encloses the seed.

Persistent. Remaining after the growing season.

Petal. A division of the corolla.

Petaloid. Petal-like.

Petiolate. Having a petiole.

Petiole. The leaf-stalk.

Pinnate. Leaves divided along a main central axis.

Pinnatifid. Pinnately cut.

Pistil. The central, ovule-bearing organ of a flower.

Pistillate. Having pistils.

Placenta. The point of attachment of ovules.

Plumose. Feathery.

Plumule. The terminal growing point in the embryo.

Pollen. Contents of the anthers.

Pome. A fleshy fruit like the apple.

Procumbent. Lying flat.

Pubescent. Hairy.

Raceme. A flower cluster in which the flowers are borne on pedicels
and arranged along a common axis.

Racemose. Resembling a raceme.

Rachis. The axis of a compound leaf or flower cluster.

Radiate. Having ray-flowers.

Radicle. The stem in the embryo.

Ray. One of the radiating pedicels in an umbel, or a strap-shaped,
marginal flower in the head of a composite.

Receptacle. The end of the flower-stalk bearing the flower or head.

Reflexed. Bent backwards. sg

Regular. Having all parts of similar shape and size.

Reniform. Kidney-shaped.

Repand. With a wavy margin.

Reticulate. In a network.

Rhizome. An underground stem.

Ringent. ‘Gaping.

Rootstock. The same as rhizome.

166 GLOSSARY

Rostrate. Beaked.

Rotate. A term applied to a flat spreading corolla.

Runcinate. Cut into sharp, backward-pointing divisions.

Sac.. A pouch or sack.

Sagittate. Shaped like an arrowhead.

Samara. A simple, indehiscent, winged fruit.

Saprophyte. A plant that lives on decayed organic material.

Scabrous. Rough.

Scale. A small or rudimentary leaf.

Scape. A naked flower-stalk rising from the ground.

Scarious. Thin and dry.

Segment. A division of a leaf or other organ.

Sepal. A leaf of the calyx.

Serrate. Toothed, the teeth pointing towards the apex.

Serrulate. Serrate, but the teeth very small.

Sessile. Having no stalk. .

Silicle. A long, narrow silique.

Silique. A two-valved fruit with two parietal placents.

Sinuate. With deeply wavy margin. :

Sinus. The depression between the lobes of a leaf.

Sorus, pl. sori. A group of sporanges.

Spadix. <A spike with a fleshy axis.

Spathe. A bract more or less surrounding a spadix.

Spike. A long flower cluster, the flowers sessile on a common axis.

Sporange. A spore-sac. :

Spore. The asexual reproductive cell of a cryptogam.

Spur. A hollow projection of some part of.a flower.

Squarrose. With the parts spreading.

Standard. The upper: petal of a papilionaceous corolla.

Sterile. Without seeds or spores.

Stigma. The part of the pistil to which the pollen grains adhere.

Stipe. The stalk of a part of a flower. ;

Stipule. A small, usually leaf-like appendage at the base of the
petiole.

Stolon. A creeping branch rooting at the nodes.

Strict. Erect and not spreading.

Style. The stalk-like part of the pistil, supporting the stigma.

Succulent. Juicy.

Superior. Free from the calyx, when applied to the ovary; at-
tached to and rising from the ovary, when applied to the
calyx.

Suture. The line through which a pod splits.

GLOSSARY 167

Tendril. A slender, usually coiling organ by which a plant attaches
itself to a support.

Terete. Circular.

Ternate. In threes.

Tetradynamous. With four long and two short stamens.

Thyrse. A rounded, compact panicle.

Tomentose. Woolly with densely matted hairs. '

Triandrous. With three stamens.

Trifoliate. With three leaflets.

Truncate. Ending as if the point were cut off straight across the
midrib.

Tuber. A swollen underground stem.

Turgid. Swollen.

Umbel. A flower cluster in which the pedicels all spring from the
same point. -

Unisexual. Staminate or pistillate.

Utricle. A small inflated fruit with one seed.

Valvate. Opening by valves.

Valve. One of the parts of a capsule.

Ventral. The lower or inner face of an organ.

Vermiform. Worm-shaped.

Verticillate. Whorled.

Villous. Having long soft hairs.

Viscid. Sticky.

Whorl. Leaves in a circle around the stem.

Wing. A thin expansion of an organ.

Woolly. Covered with rather long crooked or matted hairs.

INDEX OF LATIN NAMES

[The figures refer to pages.]

Abies balsamea, 6.
AcERACBA, 83.
Acer glabrum, 84.
var. tripartitum, 84,
Negundo, 84.
saccharinum, 83.
spicatum, 83.
Achillea Millefolium, 154,
Actea alba, 46.
rubra, 46.
Agastache Feeniculum, 118.
Agoseris cuspidata, 155.
glauca, 155.
Agrimonia striata, 66.
Agropyron repens, 12.
Smithii, 12.
Agropyrum glaucum, var. repens, 12.
Agrostemma Githago, 42.
ALISMACES, 9.
Alisma Plantago-aquatica, 9.
Allium cernuum, 18.
reticulatum, 19.
Scheenoprasum, 18.
stellatum, 18.
Alnus incana, 31.
AMARANTHACEA, 39,
Amaranthus retroflexus, 40.
AMARYLLIDACEA, 21.
Ambrosia pulostachya, 149.
trifida, 149.
Amelanchier alnifolia, 68.
Amorpha canescens, 70.
fruticosa, 70.
microphylla, 70.
Ampelopsis quinquefolia, 87.
Amphicarpa monoica, 73.
ANACARDIACE®, 82.
Andropogon furcatus, 11.
Androsace occidentalis, 106.
puberulenta, 106.
septentrionalis, 106.
subumbellata, 106.
Anemone canadensis, 48.
cylindrica, 47.
multifida, 47. }

parviflora, 48.
patens, 47.
quinquefolia, 48.
riparia, 48.

Antennaria aprica, 138.
campestris, 138.
media, 138.
parvifolia, 138.
pulcherrima, 138.
rosea, 138.

Aphyllon fasciculatum, 127.
ludoviciana, 127.

Aplopappus acaulis, 142.
lanceolatus, 142.
Nuttallii, 142.
spinulosus, 142.

Apocrnacea&, 110.

Apocynum androsemifolium, 110.
cannabinum, 111.

Aquilegia canadensis, 49.
brevistyla, 49.
flavescens, 49.

Arabis brachycarpa, 54.
Drummondii, 54.
glabra, 53.
hirsuta, 53.

Holbeellii, 54.
Lyallii, 54.
lyrata, 53.

ARALIACES, 97.

Aralia nudicaulis, 97.

Arctium Lappa, 139.
minus, 139.

Arctostaphylos alpina, 103. °
Uva-ursi, 102.

Arenaria lateriflora, 43.
verna, 43.

Arnica cordifolia, 143.
foliosa, 143.
fulgens, 143.
latifolia, 143.

Artemisia absinthium, 148,
biennis, 148.
frigida, 148.
glauca, 148.

169

170 INDEX OF LATIN NAMES

Artemisia ludoviciana, 148.

ASCLEPIADACEA, 111.

Asclepias cornuti, 111.
incarnata, 111.
ovalifolia, 111.
speciosa, 112.
syriaca, 111.
verticillata, 111.

Aspidium cristatum, 1.

Aster commutatus, 145.
levis, 146.
Lindleyanus, 145,
multiflorus, 145.
paniculatus, 146.
puniceus, 146.
umbellatus, 145.

Astragalus aboriginorum, 74.
adsurgens, 74.
canadensis, 73.
caryocarpus, 73.
Drummondii, 74.
flexuosus, 75.
hypoglottis, 74.
lotiflorus, 74.
missouriensis, 75,
-pauciflorus, 75.
pectinatus, 74.
racemosus, 74.
tenellus, 75.
triphylus, 75.

Atriplex argentea, 38.
Nuttallii, 38.
patula, var. hastata, 39.

Avena fatua, 13.

Axyris amarantoides, 38.

BALSAMINACES, 84.
BerBERIDACE*, 50.
Berberis repens, 50. *
Betula alba, 30.
grandulosa, 31.
pumila, 30.
Betuiace#, 28,
Bidens frondosa, 153.
cernua, 154.
vulgata, 154,
Bigelowia graveolens, 140.
BoraGinacex, 114.
Botrychium virginianum, 3.
Lunaria, 3.
Bouteloua oligostachya, 11.
Brassica arvensis, 52.
nigra, 53."
Brauneria angustifolia, 151.
, Braya humilis, 55.

CacTAcE&, 92.
Calochortus Nuttallii, 18.
Caltha palustris, 49.

Calypso borealis, 24.
bulbosa, 24.

Camelina sativa, 55.

Campanula aparinoides, 133.
rotundifolia, 133.

CaMPANULACE®, 132,

CAPPARIDACES, 56.

CaPRIFOLIACE, 129.

Capsella Bursa-pastoris, 52.

Carex rostrata, 14.
trichocarpa, 14.

CarRYOPHYLLACE®, 40.

Castilleja coccinea, 124.
miniata, 125.
pallida, 125.
sessiliflora, 125.

Ceanothus ovatus, 86.
velutinus, 85.

CELASTRACES, 82.

Celastrus scandens, 83.

Celtis occidentalis, 33.

Centaurium umbellatum, 109.

Cerastium arvense, 41.
vulgatum, 41.

Chamerhodus erecta, 65.

CHENOPODIACES, 37.

Chenopodium album, 38.
capitatum, 37. &
glaucum, 38.
humile, 37.
hybridum, 37.
rubrum, 37.

Chicorium Intybus, 157.

Chrysopsis hispida, 143.
villosa, 143.

Cicuta bulbifera, 98.
maculata, 98.

Circea alpina, 96.

Circeum arvensis, 139.
muticum, 139.
undulatum, 139.

CISTACE®, 89.

Clematis ligusticifolia, 48.
verticillaris, 48.
virginiana, 48.

Cleome serrulata, 56.

Commandra livida, 35.
pallida, 34. ©
Richardsiana, 34.

Composit, 134.

Conringia orientalis, 55.

ConvoLvuLacEes, 112,

Convolvulus sepium, 112.

Corallorrhiza maculata, 25
trifida, 25.-

Coreopsis tinctoria, 153.

Cornacex, 100.

Cornus canadensis, 100.
stolonifera, 100.

Corydalis aurea, 50,

INDEX OF LATIN NAMES 171

Corydalis var. occidentalis, 50.
sempervirens, 51,
Corylus americana, 29.

rostrata, 29.
CRASSULACES, 58.
Crategus coccinea, 67.
Crepis elegans, 156.

glauca, 156.

occidentalis, 156.

Tuncinata, 156.
CruciFera, 51.
Cucursitaces, 132.
Cuscuta arvensis, 113.

Gronovii, 112.
CypEracns, 13.
Cypripedium hirsutum, 23.

parviflorum, 23.

passerinum, 23.

pubescens, 23.

spectabile, 23.
Cystopteris fragilis, 2.

Delphinium azureum, 50.
scopulorum, 49.
Disporum trachycarpum, 19.
Dodecatheon Meadia, 106.
Draba nemerosa, 51.
Dracocephalum parviflorum, 118.
Drosera anglica, 57.
linearis, 57.
rotundifolia, 57.
DrosERAce&, 57.
Dryas Drummondii, 63.
octopetala, 63.

Echinocystis lobata, 132.
ELEAGNACE, 93.
Eleagnus argentea, 93.
Elodea canadensis, 10.
Elymus canadensis, 11.
Epilobium adenocaulon, 94.

angustifolium, 94.

densum, 94.

latifolium, 94.

molle, 94.

palustre, 94.

var, lineare, 94.

Epipactus repens, 24.
EQuisETace”, 4.
Equisetum arvense, 4.

fluviatile, 4.
Eriogonum flavum, 37.
Ericace#, 100.
_ Erigeron canadensis, 146.
cespitosus, 147.

glabellus, 146. ~

philadelphicus, 147.
ramosus, 147.
strigosus, 147.
Eritrichium glomeratum, 116.
Erodium cicutarium, 80.

moschatum, 80.

Erysimum asperum, 51.
cheiranthoides, 51.
parviflorum, 51.

Erythronium grandiflorum) 21.
parviflorum, 20,

Eupatorium purpureum, 137.

Euphorbia glyptosperma, 81.
serpyllifolia, 81.

EvurHorsiaces, 81.

Faa@ace#, 31.
Fragaria virginiana, 65.
Fraxinus nigra, 107.
pennsylvanica, var. lanceolata, 107.
Fritillaria pudica, 16.
FuMmaRiace&, 50.

Gaillardia aristata, 154.
Gallium boreale, 128.
trifidium, 128.
triflorum, 128.
Gaura coccinea, 95.
GENTIANACES, 108.
Gentiana affinis, 110.
amarella, var. acuta, 110.
Andrewsii, 110.
crinata, 109.
plebeja, 110.
procera, 109.
propinqua, 110.
serrata, 109.
GERANIACEA, 79. ,
Geranium carolinianum, 79.
incisum, 79.
maculatum, 79.
pusillum, 80.
Richardsonii, 80.
Geum macrophyllum, 62.
strictum, 62.
triflorum, 63.

| Gilia linearis, 114.

Glaux maritima, 106.
Glycyrrhiza lepidota, 76.
GRAMINES, 10.

| Grindella squarrosa, 140.

Gutierrezia Sarothre, 140.

Habenaria bracteata, 23.
hyperborea, 23.
HaLoRAGIDACE&, 96.
Hedysarum boreale, 76.
Mackenzii, 76.
Helenia defiexa, 109.
Helenium autumnale, 155.
Helianthemum canadense, 90.
Helianthus giganteus, 152.
Maximilianus, 152.
Nuttallii, 152.
petiolaris, 152.

‘

172 INDEX OF LATIN NAMES

Helianthus pumilus, 153.
rigidus, 152.
.\seaberrimus, 152.
subrhomboideus, 152.
Heliopsis scabra, 150.
Heracleum lanatum, 99.
Heuchera hispida, 59.
Hieracium canadensis, 156.
scabriusculum, 157.
umbellatum, 157.
Hippuris vulgaris, 97.
Hordeum jubatum, 10.
Houstonia longifolia, 129.
purpurea, 129.
Humulus Lupulus, 34,
HyYDROCHARITACES, 9,
‘ HypDROPHYLLACEA, 121.
Hypoxis hirsuta, 21.

Impatiens biflora, 85.
fulva, 85.
pallida, 85. 5
TRIDACEa, 21.
Iris versicolor, 21.
Iva axillaris, 150.
xanthifolia, 150.

JUNCACE, 14.
JUNCAGINACES, 8.
Juncus balticus, 15.
nodosus, 15.
Juniperus communis, 7.
horizontalis, 7.

Krynitzkia glomerata, 116.

LaBIATE®, 117.

Lactuca pulchella, 158.
spicata, 158.

Lappula deflexa, var. americana, 114.
echinata, 115.
floribunda, 115.
Redowskii, 115.

Larix laricina, 6.
americana, 6.

Lathyrus maritimus, 77.
ochroleucus, 77.
palustris, 77.
venosus, 77.

Ledum greenlandicum, 104.
latifolium, 104,
palustre, 104.

LEGUMINOSE®, 68.

Lemna minor, 14,
trisulca, 14.

Lemnacea, 14,

LENTIBULARIACE®, 125,

Lepachys columnaris, 151.

Lepidium apetalum, 52.

Lesquerella alpina, 56.
ludoviciana, var. arenosa, 56.
Macounii, 56,

Liatris punctata, 137.
scariosa, 137.
Liviace, 15.
Lilium philadelphicum, 15.
Linace#, 78.
Linaria vulgaris, 122.
Linnea borealis, var. americana, 130.
Linum Lewisii, 78.
perenne, 78.
rigidum, 78.
sulcatum, 78.
Listera convallarioides, 24.
Lithospermum angustifolium, 116.
canescens, 116. :
pilosum, 116.
Loasacem, 92.
Lobelia Kalmii, 134.
spicata, 133.
LoBsuiacez, 133,
Lolium temulentum, 12. ‘
Lomatium fceniculaceum, 100.
macrocarpum, 100.
orientale, 99.
Lonicera dioica, 129.
glauca, 129,
glaucescens, 129.
hirsuta, 129.
involucrata, 129.
oblongifolia, 130. ‘
Sullivantii, 129.
tatarica, 130.
Lupinus argenteus, 70. j
Kingii, 70.
pusillus, 71. '
Lycopus americanus, 120.
lucidus, var. americanus, 120."
Lychnis alba, 42.
Lygodesmia juncea, 158.
Lysimachia thyrsiflora, 105.

Matvacem, 89.

Malvastrum coccineum, 89.

Mamillaria vivipara, 92.

Maianthemum canadense, 17.

Matricaria matricarioides, 148.
suaveolens, 148.

Medicago lupulina, 72. '
sativa, 72.

Melilotus alba, 72.
officinale, 72.

Mentha arvensis, 120.
canadensis, 120.

Mentzelia decepetala, 92.

Menyanthes trifoliata, 109.

Mertensia lanceolata, 116.
paniculata, 115.

Mimulus ringens, 123.

Mitella nuda, 58.

Monarda mollis, 120.

Moneses uniflora, 103.

INDEX OF LATIN NAMES

Monolepis Nuttalliana, 39.

Monotropa uniflora, 104.

Musenium, 99.

Musineon divaricatum, 99.

Myosotis alpestris, 117.
sylvatica, 117.

Myosurus minimus, 47.

Myriophyllum spicatum, 96.

verticillatum, var. pectinatum, 96.

Nasapacra, 8.
Nasturtium palustre, 55.
Nepeta hederacea, 118.
Neslia paniculata, 52.
NycraGinacea, 40.
NyYmpu@acea, 44,
Nymphea advena, 44,

*
Cnothera biennis, 95.
cxespitosa, 95.
pallida, 95.
serrulata, 95.
triloba, 95.
Oxgacra, 107,
OnaGRACEA, 93.

Onosmodium carolinianum, 115.

occidentale, 115.
OPHIOGLOSSACE, 2,
Opuntia polyacantha, 93.
OrcHIDACE, 22.

Orchis rotundifolia, 24.
Oreocarya glomerata, 116.
OROBANCHACEA, 126.
Orobanche fasciculata, 127.

ludoviciana, 127.
Orthocarpus luteus, 123.
Osmorrhiza Claytonii, 98.

longistylis, 98.

obtusa, 98.

Ostrya virginiana, 30.
OXALIDACEs, 78.
Oxalis corniculata, 79.

stricta, 79.

Oxybaphus hirsutus, 40.

nyctagineus, 40.
Oxytropis deflexa, 76.

. Lamberti, 75.

splendens, 76.

Parnassia palustris, 59.
parviflora, 59. |
Pedicularis canadensis, 124.
greenlandica, 124.
lanceolata, 124..
Pentstemon acuminatus, 123.
albidus, 122.
cristatus, 123.
gracilis, 122.
Petalostemon candidus, 70.
purpureus, 70.

Petasites palmatus, 147.
sagittatus, 147.

Phacelia linearis, 121.
Menziesti, 121,
sericea, 122.

Phlox alyssifolia, 113.
canescens, 113.
Hoodii, 113.
pilosa, 113.

Phragmites communis, 12.

Physaria didymocarpa, 56.

Physostegia parviftora, 119.
virginiana, 119.

Picea alba, 6. '
canadensis, 6. \
Engelmanii, 6,
mariana, 6.
nigra, 6.

Pinacea, 4.

Pinguicula vulgaris, 126.

Pinus albicaulis, 5.
Banksiana, 5.

Murrayana, 5.

resinosa, 5.

strobus, 5,

sylvestris, 5.
PLANTAGINACES, 127.
Plantago elongata, 127.

eriopoda, 127.

lanceolata, 127, ’

major, 127. \

Purshii, 128.

Rugelii, 127.
PoLEMONIACE, 113.
Polemonium humile, 114.

pulcherrimum, 114.
Polygala paucifolia, 81.

senega, 81,

PoLyGALAcEs&, 80.

PoLYGONACES, 35.

Polygonatum commutatum, 20.

Polygonum amphibium, 36,
aviculare, 36.

Convolvulus, 36.

viviparum, 36.
PouyPopiacEs, 1.

Populus alba, 28.
balsamifera, 28.
deltoides, 28.
tremuloides, 27.

PorTULACES, 43.

Portulaca oleracea, 44,

Potamogeton pectinatus, 8.
perfoliatus, 8.
zosterifolius, 8.

Potentilla anserina, 64.
arguta, 63.
effusa, 64. ,
fruticosa, 64.

Hippiana, 64.

173

174 INDEX OF LATIN NAMES

Potentilla monspeliensis, 63.
Norvegica, 63.
Nuttallii, 64.
palustris, 64.
pennsylvanica, 64.
rivalis, 63.
tridentata, 64.

Prenanthes alba, 158.
altissima, 158.
racemosa, 158.

Primula farinosa, 104.
mistassinica, 105.

PRIMULACE#, 104.

Prunella vulgaris, 119.

Prunus nigra, 61.
pennsylvanica, 62.
pumila, 62.
virginiana, 61.

Psedera vitacea, 87.

Pseudotsuga mucronata, 7.

Psoralea argophylla, 71.
esculenta, 71.
lanceolata, 71.

Pteris aquilina, 2.

Pyrola americana, 101.
aserifolia, 101.
chlorantha, 101.
elliptica, 101.
minor, 101.
secunda, 101.

Pyrrocoma lanceolata, 142.

Pyrus americana, 67.

Quercus macrocarpa, 32.

Radicula palustris, 55.
RaANUNCULACES, 44,
Ranunculus abortivus, 46.
acris, 46.
affinis, 46.
aquatilis, 45,
circinatus, 45.
cymbalaria, 45.
delphinifolius, 45.

Flammula, var. reptans, 45,

Macounii, 46.
multifidus, 45.
repens, 45,
rhomboideus, 46.
sceleratus, 45.
RHAMNACE, 85.
Rhamnus alnifolia, 85.
Rhinanthus Crista-galli, 124,
Rhus canadensis, 82.
toxicodendron, 82.
Ribes Cynosbati, 59.
floridum, 60.
hudsonianum, 60.
oxyacanthoides, 59.
prostratum, 60,

Rosa acicularis, 67.
blanda, 66.
pratincola, 67.

Rosace#, 60.

RusBiace#, 128.

| Rubus arcticus, 66.

chamezmorus, 65.
idsus, var. aculeatissimus, 65.
triflorus, 66.

Rudbeckia hirta, 151.
lacinata, 151.

Rumex acetosella, 35.
mexicanus, 35. |
occidentalis, 35.
persicarioides, 35.
venosus, 35,

Sagina decumbens, 43.
Sagittaria latifolia, 9. A
SaLicacEes, 25.
Salix amygdaloides, 26.
candida, 26.
cordata, 27.
desertorum, 27.
longifolia, 26.
Salsola Kali, 39.
var. tenuifolia, 39.
Sambucus canadensis, 132.
racemosa, 132.
Sanicula marilandica, 97.
SANTALACEA, 34.
Saponaria Vaccaria, 43.
Sarracenia purpurea, 57.
SaRRACENACES, 57.
SAXIFRAGACE®, 58,
Scirpus occidentalis, 13.
rubrotinctus, 13.
validus, 13.
ScroPpHULARIACE®, 122.
Scutellaria galericulata, 118.
Sedum stenopetalum, 58.
Senecio aureus, 144,
balsamite, 144,
canus, 144.
palustris, 144.
Shepherdia argentea, 93.
canadensis, 93. :
Sideranthus grindelioides, 142.
Silene latifolia, 42.
Menziesii, 42.
noctiflora, 42.
Sisymbrium altissimum, 54.
canescens, 54.
ineisum, 54.
var filipes, 55.
var. Hartwegianum, 55.
Sisyrinchium angustifolium, 22.
campestre, 22.
mucronatum, 22,
septentrionale, 22.

INDEX OF LATIN NAMES

Sium cicutefolium, 98.
Smilacina racemosa, 17.
stellata, 16.
Smilax herbacea, 20.
SoLanaces, 120. |
Solanum nigrum, 121,
triflorum, 121.
Solidago canadensis, 141.
decumbens, 141.
graminifolia, 141.
juncea, 141.
lanceolata, 141.
oreophila, 141.
rigida, 141.
serotina, 141.
Sonchus arvensis, 157.
asper, 157.
oleraceus, 157.
Spiranthes gracilis, 25.
Romanzoffiana, 25.
Spirea salicifolia, 62.
Stachys palustris, 119.
Steironema ciliatum, 105.
lanceolatum, 105.
quadrifiorum, 105.
Stellaria borealis, 41.
longifolia, 41.
longipes, 41.
media, 41.
Stipa comata, 11.
viridula, 11.
Streptopus amplexifolius, 19.
roseus, 19.
Symphoricarpus occidentalis, 130.
pauciflorus, 130.
racemosus, 130.

Tanacetum vulgare, 144.

Taraxacum officinale, 155.

Teucrium canadense, 117.

Thalictrum dasycarpum, 47.
dioicum, 47.

Thermopsis rhombifolia, 69.

Thlaspi arvense, 52.

Thuja occidentalis, 6.

Tilia americana, 89.

TILIACEa, 89.

Tofieldia glutinosa, 18.

Townsendia exscapa, 145.
sericea, 145.

Trientalis americana, 107.

Trifolium pratense, 71.
repens, 71.

Triglochin maritima, 9.

palustris, 9.
Trillium cernuum, 20.
Troximon cuspidatum, 155.
glaucum, 155.
Typha latifolia, 8.
TYPHACEA, 7.

Ulmus americana, 32.
UMBELLIFERAE, 97.
Urtica dioica, 34.
gracilis, 34.
Urricaces&, 32.
Utricularia intermedia, 126.
vulgaris, 126.

Vaccinium canadense, 102.
cespitosum, 102.
macrocarpon, 103.
oxycoccas, 103.
pennsylvanicum, 102.
uliginosum, 102.
Vitis-Idea, 102,

Verbena hastata, 117.

VERBENACES, 117.

Veronica americana, 125,
anagallis-aquatica, 125.
scutellata, 125.

Vibernum Lentago, 131.
opulus, var. americana, 131.
pauciflorum, 131.

Vicia americana, 77.

Viola adunca, 91.
arenaria, 91.
blanda, 91. '
canadensis, 91,
cucullata, 90.

Nuttallii, 91.
palustris, 91.
pedatifida, 91.
pubescens, 91.

VIOLACE2, 90.

VITACE#, 86.

Vitis vulpina, 88.

Xanthium commune, 150.
echinatum, 149.
glanduliferum, 149.
Macounii, 150.

Zizia, aurea, 99.
cordata, 99.

Zygadenus chloranthus, 16.
elegans, 16.
venenosus, 16.

175

INDEX OF POPULAR NAMES

[The figures refer to pages]

Agrimony, 66.
Alder, 31.
Alfalfa, 72.
Alum Root, 59.
Amaranth Family, 39.
Amaranth, 39.
Amaryllis Family, 21.
Anemone, 47.
Wood, 48.
Arbor Vite, 6.
Arrow Grass Family, 8.
Arrow Grass, 9.
Arrow-head, 9.
Ash, 107.
American Mountain, 67.
Black, 107.
Green, 107.
Aspen, American, 27.
Asphodel, False, 17.
Aster, 145.
Golden, 142.
Purple Stem, 146.
Avens, Yellow, 62.

Drummond's Mountain, 63.

Large-leaved, 62.
Mountain, 63.
Three-flowered, 63.
White Mountain, 63.

Balsam Family, 84.
Balsam, 6.
Baneberry, 46.

Red, 46.

White, 46.
Barberry, 50.
Barley, 10.
Bartonia, 92.
Basswood, 89.
Bastard Toadflax, 34.
Bearberry, 103.

Alpine, 103.
Beard Tongue, 122.
Bedstraw, 128.

Northern, 128.
Beeth Family, 31.
Bellflower, 132.

Marsh, 133.

Bergamot, wild, 120.

Bilberry, Bog, 102.
Dwarf, 102.

Bindweed, 112.

Black, 36.

Birch Family, 28.

Birch, Canoe, 30.
Dwarf, 31.

Swamp, 30.
White, 30.

Bitter Sweet, 82.
Climbing, 83.

Black-eyed Susan, 151.

Bladderpod, 56.

Bladderwort Family, 125.

Bladderwort, 126.

Blazing Star, 137.

Blite, Coast, 37.
Strawberry, 37.

Bluebell Family, 132.
Bluebell, 133.

Blueberry, 102.
Common, 102.

Low, 102.

Blue Bur, 114.

Borage Family, 114.

Box’ Elder, 84.

Bracken, 2.

Brake, 2.

Bramble, 65.

Broom-rape Family, 126.

Broom-rape, 126.

Buckbean, 109.

Buckthorn Family, 85.

Buckthorn, 85.

Buckwheat Family, 35.

Buckwheat, Wild, 36.

Buffalo Berry, 93.

Bulrush, 13.

Bunchberry, 100.

-| Burdock, 139.
Common, 139.
Great, 139.

Bur-Marigold, 153.

; Butter and Eggs, 122.

Buttercup, 44.

Common, 46.

177

178 INDEX OF POPULAR NAMES

Buttercup, Creeping, 45.
Dwarf, 46.
Butterwort, 126.

Cactus Family, 92.
Campion, 42.

Bladder, 42.
Cancer Root, 126.
Caper Family, 56.
Carrion Flower, 20.
Catchfly, 42.

Night-flowering, 42.
Cat Mint, 118.
Cat-tail Family, 7.
Cat-tail, Common, 8.

Flag, 8.

Cedar, Ground, 7.

White, 6.
Centaury, 109.
Chamomile, Wild, 148.
Charlock, 52.
Cherry, 61.

Choke, 61.

Pin, 62.

Sand, 62.
Chickweed, 41.

Common, 41.

Field, 41.

Mouse-ear, 41.
Chicory, 157.

Common, 157.
Cinquefoil, 63.

Shrubby, 64.

Three-toothed, 64.
Cleome, Pink, 56.
Cloud Berry, 65.
Clover, 71.

Prairie, 70.

Red, 71.

Sweet, 72.

White, 71.

White sweet, 72.

Yellow sweet, 72.
Cockle, 42.

Corn, 42.

Cow, 43.

Purple, 42.

White, 42.
Cocklebur, 149.
Coltsfoot, Sweet, 147.
Columbine, 49.

Small-flowered, 49,

Wild, 49.

Yellow, 49.
Cone-flower, 151.

Purple, 150.

Coral Root, 25.
Corydalis, Golden, 5C.
Cottonwood, 28.
Cowbane, Spotted, 98.

Cowberry, 102.
Cowslip, American, 106.
Cranberry, 102.
High bush, 131.
Large, 103.
Small, 103.
Cranesbill, 79.
Cress, Marsh, 55.
Water, 55.
Crowfoot Family, 44.
Crowfoot, Cursed, 45.
Seaside, 45.
Small-flowered, 46.
White Water, 45.
Yellow Water, 45.
Cucumber, Wild, 132.
Currant, 59.
Wild Black, 60.

Dandelion, 155.
Common, 155.
False, 155.

Dock, 35.

Golden, 35.
Dodder, 112.
Dogbane Family, 110.
Dogbane, 110.

Spreading, 110.
Dog-tooth Violet, 20.
Dogwood Family, 100.
Dogwood, 100.

Red Osier, 100.
Dragon Head, 118.

False, 119.

‘Duckweed Family, 14.

Duckweed, 14.

Elder, 131.
Common, 132.
Marsh, 150.
Red, 132.
Elm, American White, 32.
Evening Primrose Family, 93.
Evening Primrose, 94.
Common, 95.
White-Stemmed, 95.
Everlasting, 137.

Fern Family, 1.
Fern, Bladder, 2.
Rattlesnake, 3.
Wood, 1.
Figwort Family, 122.
Fir, 6.
Fir, Douglas, 7.
Fireweed, 146.
Flag, Large, blue, 21.
Flax Family, 78.
Flax, 78.
False, 55.
Yellow, 78.

INDEX OF POPULAR NAMES 179

Fleabane, 146.
Fleur-de-lis, 21.
Forget-me-not, 116.
Four O'Clock Family, 40.
Frenchweed, 52.
Frog’s-bit Family, 9.
Frostweed, 90.

Fumatory Family, 50.

Gentian Family, 108.
Gentian, 109.
Closed, 110.
Spurred, 109.
Geranium Family, 79.
Ginseng Family, 97.
Golden Alexander, 99.
Goldenrod, 140.
Rayless, 139.
Gooseberry, 59.
Prickly, 59.
Smooth, 59.
Goosefoot Family, 37.
Goosefoot, 37.
Maple-leaved, 37.
Oak-leaved, 38.
Gourd Family, 132.
Grape Family, 86.
Grape, 88.
Grass Family, 10.
Grass, Arrow, 9.
Beard, 11.
Blue-eyed, 21.
Couch or Quack, 12.
Feather, 11.
of Parnassus, 58.
Reed, 12.
Rib, 127.
Rye, 12.
Skunk-tail, 10.
Squirrel-tail, 10.
Star, 21.
Ground Ivy, 118.
Groundsel, 144.
Gumweed, 140.

Hackberry, 33.
Hackmatack, 6.
Harebell, 133.
Hawk’s Beard, 156.
Hawkweed, 156.
Canadian, 156.
Hawthorn, 67.
Hazelnut, 29.
Beaked, 29.
Heath Family, 100.
Hog Peanut, 73.
Honeysuckle Family, 129.
Honeysuckle, 129.
Swamp Fly, 130.
Tartarian, 130.

Hop, Common, 34.
Horehound, Water, 120.
Horsetail Family, 4.
Horsetail, Common, 4.

Indian Hemp, 111.
Indian Pipe, 104,
Indigo, False, 70.
Iris Family, 21.
Ironwood, 29.

Joe-Pyeweed, 137.

Juneberry, 67.

Juniper, 7.
Common, 7.

Knotgrass, 36.

Labrador Tea, 103.
Ladies’ Tresses, 24.
Lady's Slipper, 22.

Large Yellow, 23.

Showy, 23.

Small Yellow, 23.
Lady’s Sorrel, 79.
Lamb's Quarters, 38.
Larch, 5.

Larkspur, 49.

Prairie, 50.

Rocky Mountain, 49.
Lead Plant, 70.

; Lettuce, 157.

Blue, 158.
Lily Family, 15.

‘| Lily, Pond, 44.

Wild Orange, 15.
Linden Family, 89.
Liquorice, Wild, 76.
Loasa Family, 92.
Lobelia Family, 133.
Loosestrife, 105.

Tufted, 105.
Lousewort, 123.

Common, 124.
Lucerne, 72.
Lungwort, 115,
Lupine, 70.

Silvery, 70.

Madder Family, 128.
Mallow Family, 89.
Mallow, False, 89.
Maple Family, 83.
Maple, 83.
Manitoba, 84.
Mountain, 83.
Silver, 83.
Soft, 83.
Mare’s Tail, 96.
Marsh Marigold, 48.
Meadow Rue, 46,

180 INDEX OF POPULAR NAMES

Meadow Rue, Early, 47.
Meadow Sweet, 62.

Common, 62.
Medick, 72.

Black, 72.
Milkweed Family, 111.
Milkweed, 111.

Common, 111.

Swamp, 111.
Milkwort Family, 80.
Mint Family, 117.
Mint, 120.

Horse, 120.

Cat, 118.
Miterwort, 58.
Monkey Flower, 123.
Moonwort, 3.
Morning Glory Family, 112.
Mouse-tail, 47.
Mustard Family, 51.
Mustard, 52.

Ball, 52.

Black, 53.

Gray Tansy, 54.

Green Tansy, 54.

Hare’s Ear, 55.

Hedge, 54.

Tower, 53.

Treacle, 51.

Tumbling, 54.

Wild, 52.

Wormseed, 51.

Nanny Berry, 131.
Nettle Family, 32.
Nettle, 34.

Hedge, 119.

Stinging, 34.
Nightshade Family, 120.
Nightshade, 121.

Common, 121.

Enchanter's, 96.
Nonesuch, 72.

Oak, Bur, 32.
Oat, Wild, 13.
Oleaster Family, 93.
Olive Family, 107.
Onion, 18.

Nodding wild, 18.
Orchid Family, 22.

Painted Cup, 124.
Scarlet, 124.
Parsnip, Cow, 99.
Water, 98.
Parsley Family, 97.
Pasque Flower, 47.
Pea Family, 68. -
Pea, Beach, 77.
Everlasting, 77.

Pearlwort, 43.
Penny Cress, 52.
Pepper Grass, 52.
Phlox Family, 113.
Pigweed, 38.
Lamb’s Quarters, 38.
Redroot, 40.
Russian, 38.

Pine Family, 4.

Pine, Black, 5. ,
Jack, 5.
Lodge-pole, 5.
Norway, 5.

Red, 5.

Scotch, 5.

White, 5.

White-bark, 5.
Pineapple-weed, 148.
Pink Family, 40.
Pitcher Plant Family, 57.
Pitcher Plant, 57.
Plantain Family, 127.
Plantain, Common, 127.

Rattlesnake, 24.

Water, 9.

Plum, 61.

Ground, 73.

Wild, 61.

Poison Ivy, 82.

Poison Oak, 82.

Pond Lily, 44.

Large Yellow, 44.
Pondweed Family, 8.
Pondweed, 8.

Poplar, 27.

Balsam, 28.

White, 28.

Prairie Rocket, 51.

Prickly Pear, 92.

Primrose Family, 104.

Primrose, 104.

Bird’s Eye, 104.
Puccoon, 116.

Hoary, 116.
Purslane Family, 43.
Purslane, 43,

Common, 44.

Ragweed, 148.

Great, 149.

Perennial, 149.
Ragwort, 144.
Raspberry, Arctic, 66.

Dwarf, 66.

Red, 65.
Rattlesnake Root, 158.
Red Root, 85.

Rock Cress, 53.
Rock Rose Family, 89.
Rose Family, 60.

INDEX OF POPULAR NAMES

Rose, 66.
Rush Family, 14.
Rush, 15.

Saltwort, Common, 39,
Sandalwood Family, 34.
Sandwort, 43.
Sarsaparilla, Wild, 97.
Saskatoon, 68.
Saxifrage Family, 58.
Sea Milkwort, 105.
Sedge Family, 13.
Sedge, 13.

Self Heal, 119.

Sheep Sorrel, 35.

Shepherd’s Purse, 52.

Shin Leaf, 101.

Shooting Star, 106.

Silver Berry, 93.

Silver Weed, 64.

Skulleap, 118.

Skunk Berry, 60.

Snakeroot, Black, 97.
Seneca, 81.

Sneeze Weed, 154.

Snowberry, 130.

Soapwort, 43.

Solomon’s Seal, 20.
False, 16.

Great, 20.

Sow Thistle, 157.
Common, 157.
Perennial, 157.
Spiny, 157.

Spearwort, Creeping, 45.

Speedwell, 125.
Marsh, 125.
Water, 125.

Spruce, Black, 6.
White, 6.

Spurge Family, 81.

Spurge, 81.

Squashberry, 131.

Star Flower, 107.

Stinkweed, 52.

Stitchwort, Long-leaved, 41.

Stonecrop, 58.

Storksbill, 80,

Strawberry, 65.

Sumach, 82.

Sundew Family, 57.

Sundew, 57.
Round-leaved, 57.

Sunflower, 152,
False, 150.
Swamp, 155.

Sweet Cicely, 98.

Tamarack, 6.
Tansy, 144.

‘

Tare, 77.

Thistle, 138.
Canada, 139.
Common, 138.
Prairie, 139.
Swamp, 139. :

Thoroughwort, 137.

Toadflax, 122.

Touch-me-not, 84.
Pale, 85.
Spotted, 85.

Turnip, 52.

Twin Flower, 130.

Twisted Stalk, 19.

Vervain Family, 117. .
Vervain, 117.
Vetch, 77.
Milk, 73.
Violet Family, 90.
Violet, 90.
Bird-foot, 91.
Canada, 91.
Common Blue, 90.
Dogtooth, 20.
Downy Yellow, 91.
Sweet White, 91.
Virginia Creeper, 87.
Virgin’s Bower, 48.

Wake Robin, 19.
Wall Flower, Western, 51.
Water Hemlock, 98.
Waterleaf Family, 121.
Water Lily Family, 44.
Water Milfoil Family, 96.
Water Milfoil, 96.
Water-plantain Family, 9.
Water-weed, Canadian, 10.
Wild Rye, 10.
Willow Family, 25.
Willow, Desert, 27.

Peach-leaved, 26.

Sage, 26.

Sand-bar, 26.
Willow-herb, 94.

Great, 94,

Wolfberry, 130.

Wolf Willow, 93.

Woodbine, 87.

Wood Sorrel Family, 78.

Wood Sorrel, 79.

Wormwood, 147.
Common, 148.
Western, 148.

Yarrow, 154.
Common, 154.
Yellow Rattle, 124,

7, H BEST PRINTING CO. LIMITED, TORONTO

Wintergreen, Flowering, 81.

181