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He tae te ace ty ra i titel ttiea me rare peated ia na iti era ‘ eta tifne tty ii beorapeent mt Hi tH ae pene rt tah ih neni auuuun Gi wih sia i et ait i eat iis no it Hutu abel render enh it Hi naseee a ie nai ran pits TAH Butt rth itt 7 ae it tat i a Hint rites ite ie a ae ri oe bars i |. ayn tf i at aia re Hey ht Pi eeacteae bith Peete} Hi iit Hiyttt ue ite a — Hpimnrtt a hn at a Ht ae i i : He i Hi LE eet HSH an ett Ha it a HU Huth i iat Hea tae cia tsar itll oe wt He 7 . seat ici a rata aita Higauth Hi nH He HE th Ht Witt ea unt ie Heh HEAL Hi a rena sania ee th yeni HR Her tt ee: stealth pnt naan Barret rite tia TWh THT at atRLHHLtid ra Bt Hit sr HeaepRn ae we Hise etek ae a at Petite Tr wih ea aan TET ut te AH gt arate He iti a att rit Heisei evUnnT La i iy i nt) Witte aS hi iH ra - Hayat trftnnee Wy Sen fa niet ih ah raat Pity Win aa ra Hy ath i He weer i tet ryt) ital i iti RHA anny i i car Phreenrten tate a aan an BE Sitti iy Hera Cea cere neitibeby TEMA verre a i mi i a fit a a“ at i itt ts Hitt i WH Areva uty Hane ie HRT Hutt ett ne atta at ute EH aE HG iM ft a i Hh Hitt revit tht car cates a ra ia Hit He a ay THREE Ht nh ae mitt etatitei oe itty ae ith mit bi iit SE niet int Ir Ht Hi nit i nytt ath Hy it TLtis ait HAH mit nate i Riehl nN WH iret LL batter pier aisaii Ge a te at ae 7 ae rian a Pat oe ea i at i Hae aa Hitanints ttt Hat pin ea Re rau Hit Heit Hit oe it a i a : . ce | - a a ne _ . a HE it ny isin eA UAHA Gt ALA i Ht Higgs Hi HAR Wht rent Ht With minh! ravruceete ae PRON een Hea tarat Hi atetetetateth Hi uh Hi mudd a tt wi at a neh aL iit Winn iit ae mutt siete Hane Ht reat ey Hae rivet Rute Se eT Leite du et (beet esata ut ait at rity 0 at rH Hien Hie ti i au au mea ni Heupel na inti He bidet aa a it ane a ithe i HH a ath UH rit iti iitaitht ait titi Hutte rear at Ht Iya ie print ri Ht 1 at a HT i: cin nt ett latte ii HH ei ntti Hu HR ie rit Breet i ae i at Heath HY nit ih i ett) res ane paentinnttn init ; puthull Het at Hint tae be sity at rte rn rani ath a vty eran att nine rit itt Hi ett Hatt ite tet H Hlth raat wae mii Hitt nt i 4 iat Hitt H Hii tH ete tt ait taahicht renee ith Ha Hee nat Hier a nn alate reyratytye es ae i pinta i} it yf ath ait site THe i i WH i Hace 1 ste taty| it i a a : a it | ae a ee it | ikea i rabyneriyt if cee a iit ni Ring i pte WH} era ai rit one i Hi yettith Ha Hen rat at ut tint Wine HH ny ie Ht mt Hint ait it Hitt rani a Hn tli iit i Hit ae | Pan HH a Tea oe na i CTH Hn 7 Ta sy Helie ae ate HN rat Wn tt . i ee i 1 Hvnta et i nM i thy Leanna ayueieittat t hth ibethis it Prt Ha Ra La ee ne ae i te | Hi ct itt ae ae oo iba thse is i i i i ; § eS ney : cE a a i a He beta Hit ne it Ue Han oo Hi HE HR Te Lar nie * Webi i yO i i a Hae aaa haa sic Hee isla tiled tnt dehy maa erage rt eet a ih ant i aia ae ne ae riperti ites buat bik oti CORNELL LAB of ORNITHOLOGY LIBRARY AT SAPSUCKER WOODS Illustration of Snowy Owl by Louis Agassiz Fuertes niin DATE DUE Cornell University Library The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924090256870 SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. BULLETIN or THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. No. 50. Ca | Onl ae) : HIN GTON Se WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 1901. ADVERTISEMENT. This work (Bulletin No. 50) is one of a series of papers intended to . illustrate the collections belonging to, or placed under the charge of, the Smithsonian Institution, and deposited in the United States National Museum. : The publications of the National Museum consist of two series: the Bulletin and the Proceedings. The Bulletin, publication of which was commenced in 1875, is a series of elaborate papers, issued separately and based for the most part upon collections in the National Museum. ‘They are monographic in scope and are devoted principally to the discussion of large zoological groups, bibliographies of eminent naturalists, reports of expeditions, etc. The Bulletins, issued only as volumes with one exception, are of octavo size, although a quarto form, known as the Special Bulletin, has been adopted in a few instances in which a larger page was deemed indispensable. The Proceedings (octavo), the first volume of which was issued in 1878, are intended primarily as a medium of publication for newly acquired facts in biology, anthropology and geology, descriptions of new forms of animals and plants, discussions of nomenclature, ete. A volume of about 1,000 pages is issued annually for distribution to libraries, while a limited edition of each paper in the volume is printed and distributed in pamphlet form in advance. In addition, there are printed each year in the second volume of the Smithsonian Report (known as the ‘t Report of the National Museum”) papers, chiefly of an ethnological character, describing collections in the National Museum. Papers intended for publication by the National Museum are usually referred to an Advisory Committee, composed as follows: Frederick W. True (chairman), William H. Holmes, George P. Merrill, James E. Benedict, Otis T. Mason, Leonhard Stejneger, Lester F. Ward, and Marcus Benjamin (editor). S. P. Laneury, Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution. Wasuinoton, U.S. A., July 1, 1901. IL THE BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA: A DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF THE HIGHER GROUPS, GENERA, SPECIES, AND SUBSPECIES OF BIRDS KNOWN TO OCCUR IN NORTH AMERICA, FROM THE ARCTIC LANDS TO THE ISTHMUS OF PANAMA, THE WEST INDIES AND OTHER ISLANDS OF THE CARIBBEAN SEA, AND THE GALAPAGOS ARCHIPELAGO. BY ROBERT RIDGWAY, CURATOR, DIVISION OF BIRDS. Part I. Family FRINGILLIDA—The Finches. WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 1901, DEDICATED TO THE MEMORY OF ‘SPENCER FULLERTON BAIRD, America’s first and best systematic ornithologist; whose guiding principle, ‘‘ What is worth doing is worth doing well,” is evident through all his works; who labored for the advancement of science, not for fame. Originator of the term ‘*‘ Middle America,” and pioneer in the ornithology of that geographic field, his RevieW of American Birds, although scarcely more than begun, remains a perfect type of systematic ornithology and the model from which many later writers have drawn their inspiration. Vv PREFACE. Although preparations for the present work have been more or less actively conducted for some twenty years past, as time and opportu- nity permitted, the actual work of putting together the vast amount of material accumulated during that period was not begun until Sep- tember, 184, when the author was directed by Dr. G. Brown Goode, Assistant Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, in charge of the National Museum, to consider of paramount importance among his official duties the task of ‘tmaking available, through publication, the results of the ornithological work of the Government, as represented in the collections of the Smithsonian Institution.” The lahor of coillat- ing references pertaining to more than 3,000 species of birds, verifying citations of original descriptions, measuring many thousands of speci- mens, and other time-consuming details connected with the preparation of such a work has necessarily delayed the beginning of its publication; but most of this drudgery having been disposed of, it is hoped that future progress may be more rapid. In the following pages the attempt is made to describe every species and subspecies, or definable form, of bird found on the continent of North America, from the arctic districts to the eastern end of the. Isthmus of Panama, together with those of the West Indies and other islands of the Caribbean Sea (except Trinidad and Tobago), and the Galapagos Archipelago; introduced and naturalized species being included, as well as accidental or casual visitors. The classification presented is essentially that of the most recent and advanced authorities,t with such minor modifications as in the judg- ment of the present author seem desirable. The imperfection of our knowledge concerning the internal structure of many groups of birds, however, makes an entirely satisfactory classification impossible at the present time, and that here adopted must therefore be considered as provisional only. An entirely sound classification of birds is a matter of the future, requiring vastly extended investigations in the field of avian anatomy and the expenditure of an enormous amount of time and labor in elaborating the results. Some effort has been made to establish the proper terminology of the higher groups, no fixed rule having been followed in this respect, 1 These are specially mentioned on pages 6, 7. VII VIIt PREFACE. and the law of priority, so rigidly applied to genera and species, quite generally ignored. The synonymy of these higher groups, as given, is by no means complete, however, but little time being available for its compilation. The matter of determining the limits of families and genera among birds is one of great difficulty, especially among the Passeres, partly because such groups are often not clearly defined, but also because the material necessary for determining such questions is not always avail- able. The question of what constitutes a “family” or a “genus” being involved, and, moreover, one concerning which there is much dif- ference of opinion among systematists, the author’s views may be stated, in order to make clear the principles which have been his guide in the present work. Accepting evolution as an established fact—and it is difficult to understand how anyone who has studied the subject seriously can by any possibility believe otherwise—there are no “hard and fast lines,” no gaps, or ‘‘missing links” in the chain of existing animal forms except as they are caused hy the extinction of certain intermediate types; therefore, there can be no such group as a family or genus (nor any other for that matter) unless it is cut off from other groups by the existence of such a gap; because unless thus isolated it can not be defined, and therefore has no existence in fact. These gaps being very unequally distributed, it necessarily follows that the groups thus formed are very unequal in value; sometimes alternate links in the chain may be missing; again, several in continuous sequence are gone, while occa- sionally a series of several or even numerouslinks may be intact. Itthus happens that some family or generic groupsseem very natural or homo- geneous, because the range of generic or specific variation is not great and there is no near approach to the characters of another codrdinate group, while others seem very artificial or heterogeneous because among the many generic or specific forms none seem to have dropped out, and therefore, however great the range of variation in structural details, no division into trenchant groups is practicable—not because extreme division would result, but simply because -there can be no proper definition of groups which do not exist.” In short, no group, whether of generic, family, or higher rank, can be valid unless it can be defined by characters which serve to distinguish it from every other. In groups of wide geographic range it is of course necessary to have all its components in hand in order to determine its limits and the number and boundaries of its subdivisions, for what seem distinct 1In some cases such apparent gaps are no doubt filled by existing forms which are as yet unknown to science. ? Certain so-called genera of the family Fringillide afford a suriking illustration. PREFAOE. Ix families or genera within the limits of a fauna may, when all the forms of an entire continent or zoédgeographic ‘‘ region,” or the world at large, are examined, be found to be connected by intermediate ‘‘ extralim- ital” forms. Sometimes, however, this test proves exactly the reverse to be true. Therefore, in the present work the families and genera recognized have not been based on the species belonging to North and Middle America alone, but on all others that were available, so far as time permitted. It is often difficult to weigh accurately the value of structural dif- ferences; there are many cases in which the author has long remained undecided what course to adopt, but decision, one way or another, has been necessary, and it only remains to be said that in such cases the benefit of any doubt has been given to established usage, in order not to disturb current nomenclature by unnecessary innovations. The question of whether a given form should be considered as a species or a subspecies is very much a matter of material, both from a geographic and a numerical point of view. The greater the number of closely related forms, hitherto regarded as specifically distinct, that are examined—especially when representing intermediate localities— the fewer becomes the number of those which are really specifically distinct. As in the case of genera, very different extremes are often connected by a series of intergrading forms, approaching one or the other of the extreme types exactly in proportion to their geo- graphic position between them; and other forms much less different appear to be really distinct through absence of ‘‘intergrades.” In determining questions of this class the author has exercised the fullest independence, without reference, so far as North American forms are concerned, to the rulings of the committee of the American Ornithol- ogists’ Union;* not from lack of. confidence in the committee’s judg- ment, but froma full kuowledge of the unsatisfactory conditions as to time and material under which their conclusions were usually reached. Satisfactory decisions affecting the status of described but still dubious forms is a question both of material and investigation, and the author holds that no conclusion in such a matter should be accepted unless based upon an amount of material and careful investi gation equal to that bestowed by the original describer. Recognizing the fact that in the present stage of zodlogical nomen- clature trinomials are a ‘‘ necessary 2vil,” the author has not hesitated to use them when such relationship was clearly indicated by the evi- dence. He has not, however, often done so on theoretical grounds, because, in the first place, the facts when known may or may not justify the step, and in the second because a binomial is preferable to a trinomial when there is any good excuse for its adoption. The 1 Ag set forth in the Check List of North American Birds (editions of 1886, 1889, and 1895) and various supplements to the same. x PREFACE. greatest difficulty in deciding questions of this kind is in the case of insular forms, among which occur every possible degree of difference between related forms inhabiting different islands, so that it not only becomes largely a matter of individual judgment as to which should be given specific and which subspecific rank, but furthermore the dis- tinction made must, in the case of any author, necessarily be more or less arbitrary, since no ‘“‘hard and fast rule” for determining such questions seems possible. As observed before, the more familiar one becomes with the subject through the medium of specimens representing continuous geographic sequence of localities the fewer in number really distinct species become, and what have long been considered such resolve themselves, one by one, intoa connected series of subspecific forms, each representing a definite geographic area of more or less marked peculiarities of topog- raphy, climate, or other physical features. Such forms are fixed, or “*true,” over territory of uniform physical character, the intergrades coming from the meeting ground of two such areas. Such a group of conspecific forms may aptly be compared to the colors of the solar spectrum, which form a graded scale from red, through orange, yellow, green, and blue, to violet, with intermediate hues of greater or less number, according to the nature of the case requiring their indication by name. These colors of the spectrum, though imperceptibly run- ning into one another, are obviously distinct, and the necessity of recog- nizing them by name has never been questioned. ‘To carry the comparison still further, a certain species may include six subspecies or conspecific forms, which for convenience may be designated by the subspecific names rubra, vurantiaca, flava, viridis, cyaner, and wiolacea. Intermediates between these might be designated as rubro-aurautiaca (or aurantiaco-rubra, according to which form the intermediate most resembles), @uwrwntiaco-fluva (or flavo-aurantiac), flavo-viridis, wiridi-cyanea, and cyanco-violucea, i. e., red-orange (or orange-red), orange-yellow (or yellow-orange), yellow-green, green- blue, and blue-violet of the color scale. The necessity for such a nomenclature is just as great in zoology (and botany) as in chromato- graphy; and to ignore this necessity is neither scientific nor sensible, but on the other hand is nothing less than suppression or perversion of an obvious truth. The only question that can possibly exist in the mind of those who have this matter to deal with is the degree of dif- ference which should be recognized in nomenclature, and in this respect there is excuse for more or less difference of opinion, according to one’s ability to discern differences and estimate the degree of their con- stancy, the extent and character of material studied, and the amount of time which has been devoted to its investigation. No doubt many of the forms which the author has recognized as subspecies in the present work may appear trivial to others, especially those who have not had PREFACE. XI advantage of the material upon which they are based; but in all cases it has been the author’s desire to express exactly the facts as they appear to him in the light of the evidence examined, without any regard whatever to preconceived ideas, either of his own or of others, and without consideration of the inconvenience which may result to those who are inclined to resent innovations, forgetful of the fact that knowl- edge can not be complete until all is known. This question of species and subspecies and their nice discrimination is not the trivial matter that some who claim a broader view of biological science affect to believe. It is the very foundation of more advanced scientific work; and without secure foundation no architect, however skillful, can rear a structure that will endure. The nomenclatural rules followed are those of the American Orni- thologists’ Union, as presented in their *‘Code of Nomenclature.” These have been strictly adhered to in all respects. _ The synonymies of this work have proven by far the most laborious part of its preparation, great pains having been taken to verify refer- ences whenever practicable, to include all which may be of use to those desiring an index to the literature of each species and to exclude those which would not serve some particular purpose. Special features are the mention of the type locality and location of the type specimen whenever it has been practicable to determine the same; the mention of all nomenclatural combinations and variations, and reproduction of the exact form in which the name accompanying each citation was originally given. When the locality to which a citation refers can be ascertained it has been given, the purpose being twofold: | Future workers in a more limited geographic field may thereby more easily consult the literature concerning it, and when it may hereafter become necessary to further subdivide a given species or subspecics the refer- ences may be assorted without the time-consuming labor of consulting the numerous books and papers cited. Regarding the matter of orthography, etc., in citations, the extreme exactness which has been attempted may seem both useless and pedantic. It is believed, how- ever, that while the utmost accuracy of this kind can do no harm it may—in respect to some aspects of the case certainly will—do much good as a reaction from the gross carelessness which has hitherto prevailed. Anyone who has had occasion to verify citations must know that the amount of inaccuracy and misrepresentation in current synonymies, even the most authoritative and elaborate, is simply astounding. They abound with names which do not even exist in the works cited, with-those which do not correspond with the originals in orthography, and others which have no meaning or use whatever, being evidently culled from indices without reference to what their status may be on the pages indicated. The correction of an author’s orthographical errors is a pernicious practice, though much in vogue; XII PREFACE. “science is not literature,” neither has it any concern with what an author should have done or meant to do, but only with what he actually did. Without the special arrangements for the preparation of this work made by the late Dr. G. Brown Goode (as mentioned at the beginning of this preface) and continued by his successors, Dr. Charles D. Wal- cott and Mr. Richard Rathbun, the accomplishment of the task would have been quite impracticable. These arrangements, it should be stated, are all that are possible under existing circumstances, though by no means all that could be desired for its early completion. Notwithstanding the great extent of the collection of birds in the United States National Museum, which is much the largest and most nearly complete of any in America, and of North American birds unquestionably the finest in existence, so many groups are inadequately represented that it has been necessary to borrow specimens from other collections for study in connection with this work. It is a great pleas- ure to the author that he is able to say that such aid has, almost with- out exception, been most willingly and promptly rendered by those having it in their power todoso. The unrivaled collection of Mexican birds,’ as well as very numerous specimens from the United States (including Alaska) and the British Provinces, belonging to the United States Biological Survey (Department of Agriculture) has been kindly placed in the author’s hands for study by the Director of the Survey, Dr. C. Hart Merriam. The entire collection of each family belonging to the American Museum of Natural History, New York City, has been Jent for the same purpose, whenever requested,’ by the authori- ties of that institution, through Dr. J. A. Allen, Curator of the Depart- ment of Vertebrate Zoology, these including many types of Mr. George N. Lawrence, so essential to any investigation of the birds of tropical America, The Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, through 1For this magnificent collection of Mexican birds ornithologists are indebted to the intelligent and energetic labors of Mr. E. W. Nelson, whose careful, thorough, and protracted field work has covered nearly every portion of that most interesting section of the continent. It illustrates, to a degree which no other collection from that country approaches, the remarkable variations, often within small areas, mani- fest in many of the birds, resulting from unusually varied topographic features and climatic conditions. Without a careful study of Mr. Nelson’s collection, which includes the types of numerous new species and subspecies described by him, a fairly accurate knowledge of the geographic distribution and variations of Mexican birds would not be possible. The inestimable value of this collection in the preparation of the present work has been greatly enhanced by Mr. Nelson’s kind assistance, both verbally and by means of a map, colored by him to show the different faunal areas, thereby explaining most clearly why marked variations often occur in birds of locali- ties not far separated as to distance but in reality very different in physical character. > These include, to date, their entire representation of the families of Fringillide, Icteridee, and Corvide. PREFACE. XITIL Mr. Witmer Stone, Conservator of the Ornithological Section,’ and the Field Columbian Museum, Chicago, through Mr. C. B. Cory, Cura- tor of the Department of Ornithology,’ have likewise responded most generously to requests for the loan of specimens, as has also the Boston Society of Natural History, the last-mentioned establishment furnishing a number of Lafresnaye’s types. The Costa Rica National Muscum, through its former Director, Sefior Anastasio Alfaro, has materially aided in the preparation of this work by the loan and gift of a large number of most interesting spec- imens. The author is likewise greatly indebted for similar assistance to Sefior José C. Zeledon, of San José, and Mr. George K. Cherrie, formerly connected with the Costa Rica National Museum, especially the former, who has not only donated many hundreds of specimens to the United States National Museum, but has in addition given much valuable information through correspondence. Besides the public institutions and their officers mentioned above the author is under obligations to many individuals for similar aid. These are far too numerous to permit all being mentioned by name. Those who have rendered the greatest assistance are Mr. William Brewster, of Cambridge, and Mr. Outram Bangs, of Boston, Massachu- setts; Mr. A. W. Anthony, of San Diego, Mr. R. C. McGregor, of Palo Alto, and Mr. Joseph Grinnell, of Pasadena, California. Although the drudgery of measuring thousands of specimens and compiling practically all the references for the synonymy has fallen on the author, considerable assistance in these matters has been rendered by others. Most of the Fringillide, Corvide, and Mniotiltide were measured by Mr. J. H. Riley, Aid in the Division of Birds; the Icteride, the’ Coerebidee, and part of the Mniotiltide were measured by Mr. Sidney 8. Wilson. Dr. C. W. Richmond, Assistant Curator of the Division of Birds, has supplied many references, especially of uncited combinations, while Mr. W. P. Hay has gone carefully over the manuscript of the first volume and supplied, from the origi- nals, such data as to pagination, type locality, etc., as had been omitted or marked as doubtful. In conclusion, the author desires to say that while unavoidable limi- tations have prevented the realization of his ideal in the present work, no pains nor labor have been spared to make it the best that was prac- ticable under the circumstances. Ropert Ripeway. Unirep States Natrionat Museum, Washington, D. C., July 1, 1901. 1The Academy’s entire collection of Icteridze and Corvide, with the exception of certain specimens which can not be lent owing to conditions accompanying their gift to the Academy. 2 Large series of the West Indian genera Huelheia and Pyrrhulagra. N OT E: The necessity for beginning this work with the highest instead of the lowest forms is to be regretted, and may be explained by briefly stating that owing to inadequate facilities for properly arranging the larger birds in the National Museum collection these are not available for study, and consequently it became necessary either to begin with the smaller birds, already systematically arranged, or else postpone the work indefinitely. The descriptions are limited to essential characters, but extreme brevity has been avoided in order to render identitication more certain. In the case of subspecies, however, only those characters which are peculiar to each are mentioned, the fuller description of the first in a group of conspecific forms applying to all of those which follow, except us modified by the diagnosis pertaining to each of the latter. Measurements are in millimeters, and are made in the following manner: (1) Length, from tip of bill to tip of tail of the dried skin. This measurement is really of little value, and is given merely as a sort of clue to the general size of the bird. It varies greatly in the same species according to the ‘‘ make” of the skin,' and is usually materially different from the same measurement before skinning. (2) Weng, measured with dividers, one point resting against the anterior side of the bend the other touching the extremity of the longest primary. (8) Zaz, measured with dividers, one point of which is inserted between the shafts of the middle pair of rectrices at the base and pressed forward as far as they will go without splitting the integu- ment, the other point touching the extremity of the longest rectrix. (4) Culmen, measured with dividers, either from the extreme base or exposed base—that is, the base as seen without parting the frontal feathers—the character of the measurement always being indicated as “culmen from base” and ‘‘exposed culmen.” (5) Depth of bill at base, measured with dividers from lower edge of mandibular rami to highest portion of the culmen. 1§pecimens of conspicuously extended or abbreviated make have, however, been excluded from measurement. XV XVI NOTE. (6) Width of bill.at base, measured across the chin between the out- side of the gnathidea at their base. (7) Tarsus, measured from the tibio-tarsal or heel joint on the outer side to the lower end. This last point is often more or less indefinite and sometimes very difficult to locate, but in such cases may usually be ascertained by flexing the toes. a (8) Middle toe, measured from the lower end of the tarsus to the base of the claw, the length of the latter not being included, unless so stated. (9) Graduation of tail, measured from the extremity of the outer- most rectrix to that of the middle or longest, the tail being closed. Owing to the considerable individual variation in measurements in almost all birds, measurements of a single specimen are of little value as part of a description of a species or subspecies. In such a case the meas- urements are quite as likely to represent the maximum or minimum dimensions of the form as the average. Therefore, in connection with the present work, a series of specimens of each form has, whenever practicable, been carefully measured, and the minimum, maximum, and average of each separate measurement given with the descriptions. The average measurements, as given, do not always express actual difference or agreement, as the case may be, between allied forms because, in the first place, the series measured are too often unequal and inadequate, and in the second, determination of sex by collectors is not ulways to be relied on, measurements of one sex sometimes almost certainly figuring among those of the other. Besides, a certain allow- ance must be made for errors of measurement, it being a well known fact that the same person can rarely measure the same specimen twice and obtain exactly the same results. It may be stated, however, that great care has been taken to have the measurements given represent the facts as nearly as possible, by selecting as nearly equal a series of each allied form as the available material would allow, and by eliminating immature specimens and those with abraded primaries and rectrices, as well as those whose sex had not been determined by the collector or is otherwise not obvious. In describing the wing-formula or relative lengths of the primary remiges, these are counted from the innermost one outward, not con- versely, as has been the general practice. Hence, in ‘‘ten-primaried” birds the outermost primary is designated as the tenth, and in ‘‘ wine- primaried” birds as the »/nth. The advantage of this innovation, which no doubt will at first cause inconvenience, is that in the case of “‘nine-primaried” birds the outermost obvious primary (the ninth) receives its correct numerical designation, whereas according to the old method of numeration it was designated as the first while being in reality the second.* 1See Forbes, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 256, note 2; Gadow, in Newton’s Dictionary of Birds, pp. 118, 741, 780. NOTE. XVIL The analytical keys of the present work are on the same plan as those in the author’s Manual of North American Birds;’ that is, the diagnostic characters of all subdivisions are contrasted in dichoto- mous series of antithetical phrases. Many modifications of this plan and others essentially different have been experimented with or tested, but none have been found to possess equal simplicity of construction or facility of practical use. The keys of the present work differ from those of the Manual in this respect, however; the latter are a com- bination of ‘‘key” and diagnosis, while the former consist entirely of a key based only on the exclusively diagnostic characters. Although the plan of these keys is so simple that directions for their use seem hardly necessary, it may be as well to explain the method of their use. The dichotomous characters are arranged alphabetically, thus, ‘‘a” is the antithesis of ‘‘aa”, ‘‘d” that of ‘‘ db”, etc.; therefore if the characters mentioned following: ‘‘a” do not apply to the specimen in hand then they must be sought for under after ‘‘aa”. It will, of course, be found that either the characters following ‘‘a” or those following ‘‘aa” do apply, unless the specimen happens to be a new species or the key to the wrong genus (or other group) is being used. When its posi- tion as to ‘‘a” or ‘‘aa” has been fixed, the next step is to find whether it belongs to “5” or ‘‘65” under ‘‘a” or ‘“‘aa,” as its position may have been determined; then whether in ‘‘c” or ‘‘cc,” and so on, or until the species or subspecies is ‘‘run down.” The names of colors used are those of the author’s Nomenclature of Colors.’ 1A | Manual |. of | North American Birds. | By | Robert Ridgway. | — | Illustra- ted by 464 outline drawings of the | generic characters. | — | Philadelphia: | J. B. Lippincott Company. | 1887. | Royal 8 vo, pp. [iJ-xi, 1-631, pls. i-exxiii. (Second edition, revised, with new preface and appendix, published 1896.) 21 A | Nomenclature of Colors | for Naturalists, | and | Compendium of Useful Knowledge | for Ornithologists. | By | Robert Ridgway, | Curator Department of Birds, United States National Museum. | With ten colored plates and seven plates | of outline illustrations. | Boston: | Little, Brown and Company. | 1886. | 17024—01 TABL ORNITHOLOGY ....--2---2---- Ciass AVES ........-..- i Sass Key to the Subclasses of Aves E OF: CONTENTS. Key to the Orders of the Subclass Ornithure _...........--.-----e--eee eee ee ORDER PASSERIFORMES __....- Key to the Suborders of Passeriformes .....-......------------2--eeeeeeeeee Key to the Superfamilies of the Suborder Eleutherodactyli.............-..-- SUPERFAMILY OSCINES......-- Key to the Families of Oscines .........- letaiae eb 5 = errs eee eee nn ee Sa ac FaMity FRINGILLIDE __..-..- Key to the Genera of Fringillidee....-...-.....-------------------- 2-02 - eee Genus 1. Hesperiphona Bonaparte ......-.-..---..----------2---e-e eee eeee Key to the Species and Subspecies of Hesperiphona.............-..--------- 1. Hesperiphona vespertina vespertina (Cooper) .........---.----+----- 2. Hesperiphona vespertina montana Ridgway .....-----.---/--------- 3. Hesperiphona vespertina mexicana Chapman....---------.--------- 4. Hesperiphona abeillii Genus 2. Loxia Linneus..... (ISOS 80 1) sss ee ape ask a eee ese Key to the Species and Subspecies of Loxia..-.......-------.-------+---+-- 5. Loxia curvirostra minor (Brehm)...--..--------------------------- 6. Loxia curvirostra bendirei Ridgway.-......--.--.------------------ 7. Loxia curvirostra stricklandi Ridgway .-...-..-...----.------------ 8. Loxia: leicoptera Giielitic cxcccucecceces yee ee ciseniodctons Seteeues 23 cee Genus 3. Pyrrhula Brisson-. - 9; Pyrrhula cassini Baird «ccccceccsesesosiecs se cecusessdiceceeseces ss x Genus 4. Pinicola Vieillot...-. Key to the Species and Subspecies of Pinicola..........-.----------+-------- 10. Pinicola enucleator canadensis (Cabanis)........------------------- 11. Pinicola enucleator alascensis Ridgway -..---.----------------------- 12. Pinicola enucleator flammula (Homeyer) ....-..-.------- quesercniete 13. Pinicola enucleator californica Brice Bah cette cle ster Srcte eae ea GAs vets petra cto 14. Pinicola enucleator montana Ridgway.........-..--+--------------- Genus 5. Leucosticte Swainson .........--.-------------------------------- Key to the Species and Subspecies of Leucosticte ...-.....-.-----.---------- 15. Leucosticte tephrocotis tephrocotis Swainson. ......-.-.------------- 16. Leueosticte tephrocotis littoralis (Baird) .----.....----------.------ 17. Leucosticte tephrocotis griseonucha (Brandt)......-...---.--------- 18. Leucosticte atrata Ridgway-.....---.----------------------- +2 ee eee 19. Leucosticte australis Allen .........-..-.------------------------- s Genus 6. Acanthis Bechstein xx OONTENTS. Fage. Key to the Species and Subspecies of Acanthis ......----------------------- 80 20. Acanthis hornemannii hornemannii (Holb@ll).....-.--------------- 80 21. Acanthis hornemannii exilipes (Coues) ....--.--------------------- 82 22. Acanthis linaria linaria (Linneeus) -......---.---------------------- 85 23. Acanthis linaria holbcellii (Brehm) .___...-...--------------------- 89 24. Acanthis linaria rostrata (Coues) .-..-.-..--------------------+--+--: 91 25. Acanthis brewsterii Ridgway ....-..----.--------------------+------ 92 Genus 7. Carduelis Brisson ..-----...--------------- 2-2-2252 222 ee renee eres 93 26. Carduelis carduelis (Linneeus)-......-.--.--.---------------+------- 94 Genus 8) Spinus Koch ...22sc2sccnccccceee ee eens ccsedessaee eatiewese ese 95 Key to the Species and Subspecies of Spinus -....--.-.--------------------- 96 27. Spinus pinus pinus (Wilson) ...-..--.----------+-+----+--+--+---+-- 97 28. Spinus pinus macropterus (DuBus)-....-...----.------------------ *00 29.. Spinuesatriceps:(Salvin).....-..2ases2se eee 502 281. Geospiza fratercula Ridgway -......------------------------+----- 504 282. Geospiza fuliginosa Gould........------------+------+---+---------- 504 283. Geospiza minor (Rothschild and Hartert) ../...-.----------------- 506 284. Geospiza acutirostris Ridgway...-..--.-----------------------+---- 506 285. Geospiza dentirostris Gould ......-..---------------22-22222 22222 507 286. Geospiza harterti Ridgway ....-.---.-------------+-------+-+------- 507 287. Geospiza difficilis Sharpe....-..--.-.-----------------+--+--+--+-- 507 288. Geospiza debilirostris Ridgway ....--.--------------+---------+---- 508 289. Geospiza scandens (Gould) .......-----------2+-+--- 2-22-2202 eee 509 290. Geospiza septentrionalis (Rothschild and Hartert)...-....-.-.----- 510 291. Geospiza intermedia Ridgway ........---.--------------+----+-+---- 511 292. Geospiza fatigata Ridgway -....--.-------------------------- 2-26 511 293. Geospiza abingdoni (Sclater and Salvin) ......-.-.-.-------------- 513 294. Geospiza brevirostris Ridway..-...--..---.------------++-------+-- 514 Genus 46. Cocornis Townsend _...-..---------------- 2-2-2 eee eee eee eee 515 295. Cocornis agassizi Townsend ......---.--------+----+--2+-22222-2-- 516 Genus 47. Acanthidops Ridgway .......--.-..--------------+-------------- co BEF 296. Acanthidops bairdi Ridgway ....-..--...------------------------- 519 Genus 48, Haplospiza Cabanis 22222cc0002.2+50 ee sennesseeseeeede ves se couse 520 297. Haplospiza uniformis Sclater and Salvin........--..---..---------- 521 Genus 49:. (SiCalis Boies. so ascid a eis csicinieintaidinie a Seis 2it roca apeiarejnnadnnetsin Steisigte ere ee Bee 521 Reéy. to the Speciesiof Sicalise osc eccicic.c..idse-2 9. Sas aieccra beevene ayeseeudutisin’s ¢ eee esas 522 298. Sicalis jamaicee Sharpe ....-..------------ 2-22-2222 eee eee ee eee 523 299. Sicalis chrysops Sclater_........------------------- eee eee eee eee 523 Genus 50. Volatinia Reichenbach ..........-.-.-2.--2-2---. 2-2-2222 2222 eee 525 Key to the Subspecies of Volatinia.........-......------------------------- 526 300. Volatinia jacarini splendens ( Vieillot) ..........-----.------------ 526 Genus 51. Euetheia Reichenbach.......-.....-.--- 222202222 eee e eee ee eens 529 Key to the Species and Subspecies of Euetheia............------.----------- 530 301. Euetheia olivacea olivacea (Linnieus)-...--..---..----------------- 530 302. Euetheia olivacea coryi Ridgway...........---------------+------- 532 303. Euetheia olivacea bryanti Ridgway.............----..--.-------+-- 533 304. Euetheia olivacea intermedia Ridgway.--...-..--.-..-....--.----- 533 305. Euetheia olivacea pusilla (Swainson)......------....----.2-------- 534 306. Euetheia canora (Gmelin) .....-.--..-.------------ 2-02 ee eee eee 536 307. Euetheia bicolor bicolor (Linneeus)..--..-..-.--.-----.----------- 537 308. Euetheia bicolor omissa (Jardine) .......--.-.-------------------- 538 309. Euetheia bicolor marchii (Baird) .............2222222--.22---22e-- B41 310. Euetheia bicolor sharpei (Hartert).....-.-.....-..--..2.2-22------ 543 311. Euetheia grandior Cory ........-..------------ 202 e ee eee eee eee 543 Genus 52. Melanospiza Ridgway ...........----------.----------2- 22 ee eee 544 312. Melanospiza richardsoni (Cory)....-.-------..-----0+0-----2220eee 545 Genus 53. Loxipasser Bryant .......-.-....22.2-2---020--- 2-2 e eee eee eee 545 313. Loxipasser anoxanthus (Gosse) ....-........------2-2-000-2- 2222 ee 546 Genus 54. Pyrrhulagra Bonaparte .....-..-.---. 2-22-22 -eee eee eee eee eee ee 547 Key to the Species and Subspecies of Pyrrhulagra..........-.---...-2---.-- 548 314. Pyrrhulagra portoricensis (Daudin).........------.---.2----0--2-25 550 CONTENTS. XXVII Page 315. Pyrrhulagra grandis (Lawrence) -...-.---.--0--------------------- 550 316. Pyrrhulagra violacea violacea (Linneeus).........----------------- 551 317. Pyrrhulagra violacea ruficollis (Gmelin) .-......--.--------------- 552 318. Pyrrhulagra violacea affinis (Baird)...........---------------++- .. 553 319. Pyrrhulagra noctis noctis (Linneus)....---..-.------------------- 554 320. Pyrrhulagra noctis sclateri (Allen)..........---.-----.------------ 555 321. Pyrrhulagra noctis dominicana Ridgway ....-...---.-------------- 556 322. Pyrrhulagra noctis crissalis Ridgway .........--.---------+-----+---- 557 323. Pyrrhulagra noctis ridgwayi Cory ....-.-.-.-.------------+e2----- 558 324. Pyrrhulagra noctis coryi Ridgway ........--...--.-----+----------- 559 325. Pyrrhulagra noctis grenadensis Cory ......---.-------------++------ 560 326. Pyrrhulagra barbadensis Cory....-....--.---------+--------------- 561 Genus 55. Melopyrrha Bonaparte ..............--------------------------- 501 Key to the Species of Melopyrrha...__...--...----------------------+---+- 562 327. Melopyrrha nigra (Linneeus)-..-....--.-..-----.------------------ 562 328. Melopyrrha taylori Hartert........--...-------------------------- 563 Genus 56. Sporophila Cabanis...........---------------------------------- 563 Key to the Species and Subspecies of Sporophila.......-.....--------------- 564 329. Sporophila grisea schistacea (Lawrence) --....--..----------------- 566 330. Sporophila minuta minuta (Linneeus)...-.-..---.----------------- 567 331. Sporophila minuta parva (Lawrence) ...--..---.------------------ 568 332. Sporophila gutturalis (Lichtenstein) ..........--..---.------------ 569 333. Sporophila corvina (Sclater)....-.-..-----------2-0--2e- eee eee eee - 571 334. Sporophila aurita (Bonaparte) ...-..-..-..-----.------------------ 573 335. Sporophila morelleti (Bonaparte) -........-----.----------+-------- 575 336. Sporophila torqueola (Bonaparte) ..........----------------------- 577 387. Sporophila albitorquis (Sharpe) .-......-------------------------- 578 Genus 57. Amaurospiza Cabanis.........--.----.-------------------------- 579 338. Amaurospiza concolor Cabanis............------------------------ 579 Genus 58. Cyanospiza Baird ..........--.--.------------------------------ 580 Key to the Species of Cyanospiza.....--.-.---------------------+-+--- ae 581 339. Cyanospiza cyanea (Linneus) .............---...----------------- 582 340. Cyanospiza amcena (Say) ....------------------------- 2-2 eee eee 584 341. Cyanospiza ciris (Linnzeus)........--.-----.---------------------- 586 342. Cyanospiza leclancheri (Lafresnaye) ..-.-.-.-..-.-.--------------- 589 343. Cyanospiza rosite Lawrence. ...-..------------------------------- 590 344. Cyanospiza versicolor (Bonaparte)..........-..---.--------------- 591 Genus 59. Cyanocompsa Cabanis......-..-.--.--------------------+--+---- 594 Key to the Species and Subspecies of Cyanocompsa .....-. ee ee 595 345. Cyanocompsa concreta concreta (DuBus)......-.-.-.-.------------ 596 346. Cyanocompsa concreta cyanesceus Ridgway ....-.-.-.------------- 597 347. Cyanocompsa cyanoides (Lafresnaye) ....-...-.------.------------ 599 348. Cyanocompsa parellina parellina (Bonaparte) .....-..--.-.----.---- 601 349. Cyanocompsa parellina indigotica Ridgway..--.-.-.--------------- 602 350. Cyanocompsa parellina sumichrasti Ridgway .....-.--------------- 602 Genus 60. Oryzoborus Cabanis ......-..-.-------------- +2222 2c eee eee eee 603 Key to the Species of Oryzoborus ....--.-.-----------------------------+-- 604 351. Oryzoborus nuttingi Ridgway .-......---.------------------------- 604 352. Oryzoborus funereus Sclater.....-.-..---------------------------- 605 Genus 61. Guiraca Swainson .-.-.--------------- 2-22 ee eee ee eee eee ee eee 606 Key to the Species and Subspecies of Guiraca.....-..--------------------+--- 607 358. Guiraca ceerulea caerulea (Linneeus) .......--.--------------------- 607 354. Guiraca cerulea lazula (Lesson) -....-.--------------------------- 610 355. Guiraca ceerulea chiapensis (Nelson) ..-.-..-.-.------------------- 612 XXVIII CONTENTS. Page. Genus 62. Zamelodia Coues...-..--.--.--------- 2-22 - eee eee eee eee eee 613 Key to the Species of Zamelodia...........-...------0---0----222 eee eee ee 614 356. Zamelodia ludoviciana (Linneeus).....---..----------------------- 614 357. Zamelodia melanocephala (Swainson)..._.-.--------------+-------- 617 Genus 63. Pheucticus Reichenbach .......-.-.-.---.------------------------ 621 Key to the Species of Pheucticus ......---.----------------------+--- eee: 621 358. Pheucticus chrysopeplus ( Vigors)....-.--..-.--------------------- 621 359. Pheucticus aurantiacus Salvin and Godman.._........-.--.--.----- 623 360. Pheueticus tibialis Baird .ccccceceecee oes saxweccisqeinsesudececcecx 623 Genus 64. Pyrrhuloxia Bonaparte .........-..----------------------------- 624 Key to the Subspecies of Pyrrhuloxia................---------------------- 625 361. Pyrrhuloxia sinuata sinuata Bonaparte ..............-------------- 625 362. Pyrrhuloxia sinuata peninsule Ridgway .-...-....--.------------- 627 363. Pyrrhuloxia sinuata texana Ridgway-.-.......---.----------------- 628 Genus 65. Cardinalis Bonaparte ........-..-------------------- 22-2 eee eee ee 629 Key to the Species and Subspecies of Cardinalis ......-.-.---..------------- 633 364. Cardinalis cardinalis cardinalis (Linnzeus) --...-..----------------- 635 365. Cardinalis cardinalis canicaudus Chapman..-_-..-.-----.----------- 639 366. Cardinalis cardinalis floridanus Ridgway ----..-..----------------- 641 367. Cardinalis cardinalis coccineus Ridgway.......--..---------------- 642 368. Cardinalis cardinalis littoralis Nelson.............----------------- 643 369. Cardinalis cardinalis yucatanicus Ridgway.....-..-..-------------- 644 370. Cardinalis cardinalis saturatus Ridgway -.......---.-.------------- 645 371. Cardinalis cardinalis superbus Ridgway -.-..-....--...------------- 645 372. Cardinalis cardinalis igneus (Baird)........-.-..------------------ 647 373. Cardinalis cardinalis affinis Nelson.........----.------------------ 648 374. Cardinalis cardinalis sinaloensis Nelson................------------ 648 375. Cardinalis cardinalis mariz Nelson ...........---.--.-------+----- 649 376. Cardinalis carneus Lesson .......-.-..--------- 2-2-2 - eee ee eee e eee 650 Genus 66; ‘Pitylis: Cuvier ..ci.cc-caiasacieisectseedc: ote a4snnueenmocerenercicen 651 377. Pitylus grossus (Linneeus)........-.-.-----2.- 22-22-22 - eee eee eee 652 Genus 67. Caryothraustes Reichenbach................22222222--2---------- 654 Key to the Subspecies of Caryothraustes ..............22222222-02-0-222-0ee 655 378. Caryothraustes poliogaster poliogaster (Du Bus).... ...........---- 655 379. Caryothraustes poliogaster scapularis Ridgway...........-....----- 656 Genus 68. Rhodothraupis Ridgway_............-.-----2-2--2-2ee eee eee ee 657 380. Rhodothraupis celeeno (Lichtenstein).....................222.---- 657 Genius 69.. Saltator Vieillotscossesciewes ciiccie sae gene qnaeanvecweauaeede 659 Key to the Species and Subspecies of Saltator ..........2...2.2.222--------- 660 381. Saltator atriceps atriceps Lesson ..._........-.222..2-2-222e eee eee 661 382. Saltator atriceps lacertosus Bangs .............-.---.-..--2-..----. 668 383. Saltator magnoides magnoides Lafresnaye ................-2.-2----- 663 384. Saltator magnoides medianus Ridgway ...............2.2.2-.------ 664 385. Saltator magnoides intermedius (Lawrence) .............-.-.------ 665 386. Saltator grandis (Lichtenstein) ......-...........22222-2.222--2--e 666 387. Saltator plumbiceps Lawrence ........-...2..2.2-2-------eceeeeeee 668 388. Saltator albicollis isthmicus (Sclater) .............2.2-2--..2------ 669 389. Saltator guadelupensis (Lafresnaye) .............-.--------------- 671 AGMCHS 22 «ois se Been seeeuia cn okud xia wieidisice d dp aoc abn hemmeamanuemae: 673 IM eX) wa toraesiqamemisson cars esiniecte Guindy 2s ee Se tade nd dence oa bauneek aes 673 List of figures illustrating generic details ..............02..22-.2222--2200------ XXIX RYO) os csaisissaidiiniesGammadie See See tataceeeonacamoadeeeaAwe eles eves es XXXI LIST OF FIGURES ILLUSTRATING GENERIC DETAILS. Page Genus. Plate. | Figure. oF text. 1. Hesperiphona Bonaparte ...........0.0..000ceecnc ces eeccneccccaccecceserce I. 1 37 2s oxi ay TMB Ss cracaic ister icnsey arcsascystarchavers victasiowsarctate oemacishewesarem Ses eee eRe I, 2 46 Be Byrnb ula: BRISsOM! 225 css/s28.cacvoie.aies Seapets tindaae ew res vemeseadn nendibeaanmeli Il. a 56 4, -Pinitola VieilOt acovenamvannsigeanyexwtnetoneiedewaseedest eoaseressesussdes I 3 58 5. II. 1 67 6. Acanthis Bechstein, Il. 6 78 7; Carduelis Briss 0: sicsc. ccoe. seid aeee ge aceneans ixeesd eukouermeeestexebaetes II. 2 93 8, Spinus Koch)... 2..2scce.sseeeeecnenetseecasee sited onedeead eseeacemeeeesecte II. 4 95 9, Loximitris Bryant... 2% 2c2seeeeescssegecenses Il. 5 106 10. Astragalinus Cabanis Il. 3 107 11. Carpodacus Kaup.. IV. 3,5 123 12. Passer Brisson ccns03 tasesesscevaciedeeecassaereeercesebeee eens yeneeen seGeet Il. 7 143 18. Pagserina Vieillot. « .cccceiccaiss cesaceicoseeacececsees og seciece seseesees see es III. 2 146 14. Calearius BECH Stet aie in.ececccicts ic Greig since Seigh acicesaeusis cjape oslemeadmeeacedgeneddl III. 3 154 15, Rhynchophanes Baird asc s0s0 ees casengeeee sewer snes gedadiaseneeaeeiser se bade 4 164 16. Calamospiza Bonaparte............20..0 ccc cece eee cee e nese s ee seerereeneeee IV. 4 167 17. Spiza Bona parte sre cen. ocae ater oteiezenentnenaeeeeacedaneyeuy dees ecaesale EME 6! 170 18. ‘Chondestes Swainson o.ccicivcinsisisieiciscviarewrieeide se sive veasuawineceraeecaciedaesmse Iv. 1 175 19: POGECELES BAILG 5. o.c.5:2:ccieidcacsscgss sigsisisicle Sareiece + siclesd cisistetersrecie islet emiemieeleseleed Iv. 2 181 20; -PASSCLCUIUS BODAPAltO xy ses navi nimcie viene rarer edaaee erie eeeRee Cakes Seok Vs 1 187 21. Centronyx Baird............ 2 sctmah dite Tork oe RU RCRRE TREES EET SHER RRESE RES Vv. 2 202 22. Coturniculus Bonaparte .... Vv. 3 205 23. Ammodramus Swainson.......-.- Ve 4 211 24. Plagiospiza Ridgway ......-....-...-- VIL 1 229 25, Aimophila Swainsonl o..cssveeeeweedeeseewneeeecuaseaeenseeeiacseehtaws sees Vv. 5,6 230 26. Amphispiza Cones n2ncamcxecienaiicacamnanecicesemamaclscdasean ced aacsedesaane! VI. 2,4 261 Di. JUNI CO WARIO? «.fscc cic roaieeis eink eee tenet cade mnacie e aaa ccerew sacle cisco VI. 3 271 28. Spizella Bonaparte: cp .o-sceucacacs amecrempccawjes weacmae poten smuisvevenmssincs VI. 5 305 29. Zonotrichia Swainson ....-....-.----- piat bhsGeedenasde s ieaeesumcnseneeees VII. 1 329 80. Brachyspiza Ridgway ...-.....--..-2-------- 22-02 ee eee eee ee eee ome eeeees VII. 2 346 Bl. Melospiza:- Baird saz cise vocsinctecizcinmietrele ne cteicinjeia tines dicinmbcteinciciede caieeewiocindinne Vv. 7 349 $2. .Passerella ‘SWailnsOM «0.012 seeseieessccinsedee sac smes Hood cnceieeee eee beeen ee VII 3,4,6 384 33. Oreospiza Ridgway ce ccosneswves soectehworereeeenesy eoeeeeetecerseeeereees VIL 5 399 34, Pipilo: Vieilot cota st ag Jomcctids comes soemiee cada amici sasnacmawesaaesene VIIL 1,2 402 35. Melozone Reichenbach VIII. 3 437 36. Arremonops Ridgway .......-.--------- XI. 5 445 37. Arremon Vieillot IX. 1) 454 38. Lysurus Ridgway IX. 2 457 39. Atlapetes Wagler xX. 3 459 40. Buarremon Bonaparte....-...-2----. 2-20-22 eee eee eee ee eee cece eee eee eee ee es xX. 1 464 41, Pselliophorus Ridgway ............22.----+ esse cece eee cent eee eee eee IX. 3 469 42. Pezopetes Cabanis ........-... 20-22-22 2 cence cece cece cee rere nee een n eee xX. 2 471 43. Platyspiza Ridgway « ot fre “A i { ” 4 AY Ly Oy es Key (SEE « 2. CAMARHYNCHUS townsendi. 3. Camarhynchus (CACTOSPIZA) pallidus. U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN NO. 50, PL. XIV !. GEOSPIZA strenua. 3. COCORNIS agassizi. U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN NO, 50, PL. XV \ a ahi \ au Se ed a ae As | 3. GUIRACA caerulea. 4. CYANOSPIZA cyanea. U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN NO. 50, PL. XVI |, PHEUCTICUS chrysopeplus. U. & NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN NO. 50, PL. XVII 3. EUETHEIA bicolor. U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN No, 50, PL. xvint ————— z NG : ¢ ef tees eae ae \ a 6370 —. !. PYRRHULOXIA Sinuata, KS 2. CARDINALIS cardinalis, Ss. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN NO. 50, PL. XIX 1. PITYLUS grossus. ee 135181 ——~—=—<—~S~S 2. RHODOTHRAUPIS celzno. U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN NO. 50, PL. XX Y Mary !. SALTATOR magnoides. nw . SALTATOR isthmicus. The Bancroft Memorial Library} Keep this book clean and use it carefully. Never mark a book or turn down the corner of a leaf. If you find mistakes in the printing or binding, or dis- cover that this book is damaged in any way, please report to the Librarian. Acme Library Card Pocket Under Pat. “‘Ref. Index File.” Made by Library Bureau, Boston Keep your card in this pocket be With i ee : Hesyeregey yajsieee creisieid : : Erase i i Bets erties Hath tit Hi at i ries ierd tne eile : re thy 7 ti t eee ain sayy Moreen i Ht i a i rt Een : Piste alae : eles ; Feet Ff aa rseregye ei y i sie z : Gt : if eae a hh : 3 : i : (hy : : Sa tt yh ih i it i sie a itt iY I 18) th ah