ic A aye anol Ye 4 ee oy G.L. Slate Collection Fungicides | Contact Insecticides L yp £ & g a so @ 2\up 8 2 fa g fe] 3 3 i) ¢ & @\|8 © 8 eikB € Ba of oF O& BH wn " Second and Fourth Layers £ Diagonal 2/2 pack, 4 layers, 88 apples Second and Fourth Layers 8 Showing diagonal 2/2 pack, 4 layers, 96 apples 6 7 5 + | & 3 How to Start a 3/2 Diagonal Pack Second and Fourth Layers 3/2 pack, 41% tiers, 5 layers, 188 apples If layers are reversed there will be 187 apples f VS Figure 26—150 A —163 A es Figure 29—1 A es pples i p g é I Figure 28—16. p i pp \kNor hwest Standard Box Narthwest Standard a a I fee : x orthwest Standard Box G eCege ; Gaaenees ilssssesce 71Leeeeeee 1 See seee Ces isseeeees rLeeeeees : ee es¢ (REESE leccectene Figure 18—112 Apples =—S*FFigure 24—138 Apples Northwest Standard Box Northwest Standard Box Figure 10—80 Apples —_—sCMFFigure 12— Northwest Standard Box Northwest Standard Box Figure 13—96 Apples Figure 14—96 Apples igure 16—104 Apples Northwest Standard Box Northwest Standard Box =——-Northwest Standard Box Apple Packs in the Standard Apple Box ® bate O ee S ee O) C) oe -e #. Figure 1—41 Apples Figure 7—64 Apples Figure 8—72 Apples Northwest Standard Box Northwest Standard Box Northwest Standard Box CIC} Aor zs C} C} C3 S 5 co 10”“xl1”%x18 Inches, Inside Measurements Tue Coxtorapo PoTatTo-BEETLE. Forerunner of Modern Methods of Insect Control. Original. See pages 63 and 145. INJURIOUS INSECTS HOW TO RECOGNIZE AND CONTROL THEM BY WALTER C. O’KANE ENTOMOLOGIST TO THE NEW HAMPSHIRE EXPERIMENT STATION AND PROFESSOR OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY IN NEW HAMPSHIRE COLLEGE ILLUSTRATED WITH 600 ORIGINAL PHOTOGRAPHS Neto Work THE MACMILLAN COMPANY 1912 All rights reserved al Copyriest, 1912, By THE MACMILLAN COMPANY. Set up and electrotyped. Published November, rgr2. Norwood ress J. 3. Cushing Co, — Berwick & Smith Co. Norwood, Mass., U.S.A. TO HERBERT OSBORN DEVOTED SCIENTIST - INSPIRING TEACHER GENUINE FRIEND ACKNOWLEDGMENT Tue author wishes to acknowledge his obligation to the many friends and co-workers who loaned or gave specimens needed for the preparation of the illustrations in this book. While all of the illustrations are original and are prepared from photographs by the author, it would not have been possible to carry through this part of the work without the help of others. The late Dr. J. B. Smith gave freely many excellent specimens from his collections. A great deal of valuable material was furnished by Dr. E. P. Felt. Special acknowledgment is due also to Dr. L. O. Howard and his associates, Mr. A. L. Quaintance, Dr. F. H. Chitten- den, Mr. W. D. Hunter, Mr. F. M. Webster, Mr. E. A. Schwarz, Dr. A. D. Hopkins, Dr. H. G. Dyar, Mr. 8. A. Rohwer, and Mr. Otto Heidemann. Similar generous courtesies were extended by Dr. W. E. Britton, Mr. P. J. Parrott, Professor G. W. Herrick, Dr. 8. A. Forbes, Pro- fessor H. A. Gossard, Professor H. Osborn, Professor C. P. Gillette, Dr. T. J. Headlee, Professor F. L. Washburn, Professor Wilmon Newell, Professor R. H. Pettit, Dr. E. D. Ball, Mr. E. L. Worsham, Dr. H. T. Fernald, Prof. Franklin Sherman, Jr., Dr. W. E. Hinds, Professor H. Garman, Mr. Lawson Cesar, Professor T. B. Symons, Mr. N. E. Shaw, Dr. E. G. Titus, Dr. Leonard Haseman, Dr. Edith M. Patch, Prof. R. L. Webster, Mr. J. 8. Houser, Prof. A. G. Ruggles, Mr. C. R. Crosby, Mr. F. E. Brooks, Mr. Patricio Cardin, Mr. J. J. Davis, Dr. H. J. Franklin, and Mr. W. 8. Abbott. Grateful acknowledgment is here made to the author’s assistants, Miss Cornelia F. Kephart and Mr. C. H. Hadley, Jr., for their invalu- able and skillful help throughout the work of preparing both illustra- tions and manuscript. vii ARRANGEMENT OF INJURIOUS SPECIES IN THIS BOOK THE insect pests described in this book are grouped as follows: 1. Pests of garden and field crops; including all injurious species commonly found on such plants as corn, potatoes, cucumbers, wheat, squashes, and the like. With these are included pests of greenhouses. 2. Pests of orchard and small fruits: the common injurious species of apples and other tree fruits, currants and similar bush fruits, and strawberries or other low-growing plants, usually designated as fruits. 3. Pests of the household, of stored products, and of domestic ani- mals. These comprise the common injurious species that do not feed on living plants. Within each of the first two groups the various species are arranged according to the place where they are found at work. Thus, insects that work within the soil are treated first; then the borers found within stem, trunk, or imb; then the pests found feeding on the surface of stem or trunk; then the leaf feeders; and finally the insects attacking flower or fruit. Among leaf feeders, again, the insects are grouped according to their general characteristics, whether caterpillars, sucking bugs, and so on. The page headings are arranged to serve as an index to the place where an insect is found at work, and its general characteristics. The author hopes by this means to facilitate the identification of a pest by those who are not familiar with insects, and to avoid as far as possible the duplication inevitable where one attempts to group pests according to host plants—a confusion unavoidable because so many of our common pests feed on several varieties of plants, and may properly be listed as well under one as under another. ix CHAPTER I. Il. XVII. XVIII. XIX. XX. XXI. XXII. XXII. XXIV. XXYV. CONTENTS INTRODUCTION . ‘ : 4 ; 3 ‘ : F 3 Tuer Parts or an InsEct’s Bopy . ‘ : ‘ * 7 Tue INTERNAL StRucTURE oF INSECTS . F ‘ « ‘AL Tue Senses or INSEcts . ; . 5 r ‘ - 16 Tue Beuavior or Insects ; ‘ . 3 : . 18 How Insects TRANSFORM : . ; z 2 . 19 How Insects are CLAssiFIED z : 4 : se 2d How Insects SPREAD : A é ‘ z ; - 40 Insects AS CARRIERS OF DISEASE . : 2 ‘ « 42 Tue Natura ENEMIES or INsEcTS é ‘ 4 . 45 Farm Practice In Revation to Insect ControL . 55 Direct Controut py Mecuanicat Means . : . 59 INSECTICIDES — GENERAL PRINCIPLES. : . 638 Porson InsEectTicip—Es — For Birine Insects : . 65 Contact InsecticipEs — For Sucxine Insgcts . -. 70 REPELLENTS 2 zi . é 4 , : : . 79 FUMIGANTS . i ; ¢ ‘ : : ‘ - 80 FUNGICIDES COMBINED WITH PoISONS . 2 : . 85 Spray MacuHInery — GENERAL PRINCIPLES . ‘ . 89 TYPES AND SIZES oF SPRAY Pumps. DustTING APpPa- RATUS , : : : : : i : 2 . 92 ACCESSORIES ‘ 3 ; i 3 : A : . 100 Insect Pests or GARDEN AND FIELD Crops : . 107 Insect PrEsts OF ORCHARD AND SMALL FRuits . . 224 Insect Pests of THE HovusEHOLD AND STORED Prop- ucTS 3 : 3 E Insect Pests or Domestic ANIMALS . 2 3 SEL xi PART I THE STRUCTURE, HABITS, AND CLASSI- FICATION OF INSECTS INJURIOUS INSECTS CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION The Tax paid to Insects Insects exact of the humanrace an enormous toll in property injured and destroyed. Unfortunately, in the interrelations of life, most things that man desires, uses, or needs are the natural food of one or another species of insect, usually of many. Specific examples of insect depredations give one some notion of the total. Thus, in a limited area in southern Indiana and near-by counties, a species of cutworm attacking corn caused a loss in one year, 1908, of $200,000. The tobacco flea beetle in a single season, in Kentucky and Tennessee, inflicted damage to the extent of $2,000,000. Injury by a plant louse, the pea aphis, in two years of abundance, was esti- mated at $7,000,000. In the Black Hills National Forest, a species of beetle has destroyed timber representing at least 1,000,000,000 feet of lumber. The annual price of the boll weevil to cotton growers is figured at $15,000,000 to $30,000,000. Losses due to the cattle tick reach a total of $40,000,000 each season. In a single year of excessive abun- dance the Hessian fly exacted from our farmers an estimated total of $100,000,000. In Ohio the yield of wheat in that one season dropped from 15 bushels per acre to 6. The ravages of the chinch bug in our crops of wheat and corn in the last 60 years are believed to reach the sum of $350,000,000. Yet these examples are but one phase of the matter, representing a few of the notable insect outbreaks that have been studied and esti- 3 4 INTRODUCTION mated. By far the greater part of the annual toll goes unrecorded, — often unnoticed. Each season every crop on every farm pays its tax, whether large or small, to the busy, six-footed creatures that look to it for food. It is only when we stop to consider what this total must be, reckoned as a percentage of the value of all crops combined, that its tremendous proportions become evident. The best observers agree that, in the average, insect depredations equal at least 10 per cent of the value of all farm crops. Our agricul- tural products in this country have now reached an annual worth of $10,000,000,000. The total damage wrought by insects, therefore, may fairly be placed at $1,000,000,000 cach season! This is nearly five times as great as the combined appropriations for the United States army and navy; is equal to the entire bonded debt of the United States; is more than four times the annual property loss by fire; more than fourteen times the annual income of all colleges in this country ; is sixty times greater than the funds allotted annually to the United States Department of Agriculture. Value of a Knowledge of Insects Unquestionably, the loss due to insect attack may be reduced ma- terially by the adoption of proper methods of prevention and control. In many cases, the program to adopt involves no direct fighting, such as spraying, but simply the shaping of farm, garden, or orchard practice along lines unfavorable to the insects concerned — such matters as judicious rotation of crops, or cleaning fields of weeds. To-day’s warfare against insect pests strives toward prevention as well as cure. In order to plan our campaign intelligently we need to know the more important general facts about insects as a class: the main charac- teristics of the different groups with which we have to deal; how they have fitted themselves to survive and multiply; what measures of control are adapted to particular groups; how the structure and habits of one group render it susceptible to certain kinds of control measures, such as spraying, while in other groups wholly different measures are necessary. To know these general facts is to possess a fundamental advantage in conducting successful warfare. Not to know them usu- C CHARACTERISTICS OF INSECTS : ally means the loss of time and money in attempting unsuitable remedics or neglecting good opportunities. Characteristics of Insects The place of insects in the animal world is in a group known as Arthropoda, a word meaning “ jointed foot.” They are related on the one hand to spiders, scorpions, and cen- tipedes, and on the other to crabs, crayfish, and the other crustaceans. With these animals they have various points in common; for example, a hard- ‘ ) ened body wall or “ external skeleton,’ jointed legs occurring always in pairs, and a body made up of distinct rings or scgments. Other characteristics are peculiar to A mite. . serta has only seven markings instead of eight, Either form is found to some Fic. 190, — Pu- paof Phlegethon- tius quinguemac- ulata. Slightly reduced. Orig- inal. by dusting lightly with Paris green or arsenate of lead. The moths may be killed by placing a few drops of arsenide of cobalt in the flowers of jimson, which they frequent. . Prepare by mixing arsenide of cobalt, Fre. 191.— Adult of Phlegethontius quinquemaculata. Original. Slightly reduced. 170 PESTS OF GARDEN AND FIELD CROPS 1 ounce, water 1 pint, and molasses or honey to sweeten. Fall plow- ing will kill large numbers of the larve in the soil. Fic. 192. — The Celery Caterpillar. Original. The Celery Caterpillar (Papilio polyenes Fab.) Leaves of celery, parsnips, and other plants of the same family are eaten by a large, naked worm, bright green or yellow, and strikingly Fic. 193. — Adult of the Celery Caterpillar. Slghtly reduced. Original. banded with velvet black. The adult is commonly known as the black, swallow-tail butterfly. There are two generations in the North, and three or four in the Southern states. Usually the worms are easily controlled by knocking them from the leaves and crushing them. When excessively abundant, they may be NAKED WORMS EATING THE LEAVES 171 killed by applying arsenicals, using either arsenate of lead or Paris green. The Zebra-caterpillar (\famestra picta Harr.) A conspicuous, naked caterpillar, two inches or more long when full grown, feeds on garden crops of various sorts, especially beets, Fig. 194. —The Zebra-eaterpillar. Larva and adult. Original. spinach, celery, and peas. The body is yellow, with a black stripe down the back, and another downeachside. Thehead isred. There are two generations, the first feeding in early summer and the second in the fall. The species hibernates as a pupa. Hand picking is the usual remedy, but they may be poisoned by liberal doses of arsenate of lead or Paris green. The Striped Garden Caterpillar (JJamestra legitima Grote) This species closely resembles the related zebra-caterpillar. It may be distinguished from the other by its darker color and the fact that the lateral stripes are divided into two portions, the upper lighter than the lower. The feeding habits, life round, and means of control are the same as for the zebra-caterpillar, Li? PESTS OF GARDEN AND FIELD CROPS The Army Worm (Leucania unipuncta Haw.) ted to the common cutworms, become abnormally abundant, march from field to field, and de In occasional seasons naked, dull-striped worms, rel this species are in our fields every vear, but we do not particularly note their pres- ence until they reach their times of unusual abun- dance, abandon their normal ha ing concealed during its of remain- and feeding only at night, and in their search for ‘‘armies.”” The full-grown worm is about 14 inches Fic. 195.— Larva the Army Worm. larged. Original. d w Slightly en- eral color, with of long, dark in gen- three yellowish stripes down its back and a stripe down each side. It is the younger stage of a dull, brownish moth. NAKED WORMS EATING THE LEAVES 173 The winter is passed as half-grown larvie in the ground. In the spring these larve transform, moths emerge, and in a few weeks another generation of worms is at work. It is this generation that is apt to reach such numbers as to prove a serious pest. In the North there are three broods in a season; in the South five or six. Normally the insect is held down to moderate numbers by ; 2 Fig. 197.— Adult of the Army Worm. its natural enemies. Original. When the worms reach ex- cessive abundance and begin to travel from one field to another, invasion may be stopped by plowing three or four furrows, and main- taining a thick dust in these if possible. As worms collect in the furrows they may be killed with a drag, or by sprinkling them with kerosene or kerosene emulsion. Another measure sometimes advisable is to apply a heavy dose of Paris green to a_ strip a few yards wide on the side of the field that is threat- ened. Or poison bran mash may be used. It is advis- able to plow in the fall fields in which the worms have been numerous in late sum- mer, in order to destroy as Fig. 198.—The Fall Army Worm. Slightly many of the hibernating enlarged. Original. larvee as possible. The Fall Army Worm (Laphygma frugiperda 8. and A.) This species is related to the “ army worm,” but whereas the latter reaches its periods of occasional destructive abundance in the early summer months, the fall army worm becomes a pest in the latter part of the summer, usually in August. The full-grown worm is dark in color, about 14 inches long, and has a yellowish stripe down the middle of its back. Within this stripe, on each segment, are four 174 PESTS OF GARDEN AND FIELD CROPS small dark dots. There is a rather dark stripe down each side of the body. Frequently this species is abundant without developing the instinct of marching in “armies.” It feeds on alfalfa, sugar beets, and many other field and garden crops. Winter is passed as pupa in the ground. There are two broods in the North; four in the South. Control depends on the nature and extent of the crop attacked. In ; limited areas apply arsenicals. In Big: Pees Seaot Fall Jarge fields the worms may be killed by crushing them with a heavy roller. Fall plowing and disking, combined with cultivation where feasible, will kill many of the overwintering forms. The Beet Army Worm (Laphygma erigua Hbn.) In some of the Western states this species has periods of disastrous abundance on sugar beets. Its invasions occur at the same time as those of the fall army worm. The larva resembles the latter, but lacks the distinct black dots. Oneach side there is a dark stripe, along the lower edge of which is a series of white dots. The winter is passed as an adult moth. There are two broods in the summer, and apparently the normal food plants Fic. 200. — Adult of the Beet Army Worm. Slightly enlarged. Original. are certain weeds. Clean culture is indicated, in order to keep down the weeds on which the species may live in spring or fall. The worms may be poisoned by applying Paris green or arsenate of lead. NAKED WORMS EATING THE LEAVES 175 The Cotton Worm (Alabama argillacea Hbn.) Dark greenish caterpillars, striped with black, eat the leaves and tender shoots of cotton, attack beginning in a small way early in the season, and increasing as additional generations of the pest are developed. When quite small, the caterpillars are light green, marked with dark spots, and eat only the under surface of the leaf, but they soon change to the coloring noted above, and their work is extended to include all of 4, the leaf tissue. The adult is a brownish moth expanding somewhat over an inch, and invades the Southern states, from Mexico, or points farther south. It . 201.— The Cotton Worm. Original. is abundant only at rare intervals. Eggs are laid on the leaves, and the pupal stage takes place ina folded leafon the plant. There are three to seven generations annually. The application of arsenicals to poison the worms is effective. The ordinary practice is to apply dry Paris green, dusting Fic. 202.— Adult of the Cotton Worm, 1% On the plants by means of Original. bags tacked to a pole. The Alfalfa Caterpillar (Eurymus eurytheme Boisd.) The leaves of alfalfa, and sometimes of other plants, are eaten by a dark green caterpillar, occasionally abundant enough to be destructive. The worm is naked, one inch long, has a white stripe down each side, obscurely broken by small red and black dots, and sometimes dark stripes down the middle of its back. The adult is a yellow butterfly, expanding about two inches, its wings 176 PESTS OF GARDEN AND FIELD CROPS bordered with black. In the southwest there are four generations annually. Where attack is severe, fields should be mowed. Alfalfa that is pastured is much less liable to injury. Fig. 203.— Adult of the Imported Cabbage Worm. Original. The Imported Cabbage Worm (Pontia rape Sch.) A velvety green worm, an inch to an inch and a half long, eats large, irregular holes in the leaves of cabbage or cauliflower, and disfigures the heads by deposits of excrement. When examined closely, the worm is seen to have a faint yellow stripe down the center of its back. The adult is the familiar white ‘cabbage butterfly,” often observed hovering over fields of cabbage or cauliflower all through summer. There are from one to four or five Fic. 204.—The Imported Cabbage Worm, broods, according to the section Larva on leaf. Original. where found. SMALL, NAKED WORMS EATING THE LEAVES 177 Arsenicals may be used safely on cabbages until they are half grown. An effective spray is Paris green to which has been added resin soap “sticker,” so that it will not run off the leaves. the resin soap mixture are given elsewhere in Poison this book. bran mash, as_ pre- pared for cutworms, is effective, and may be used safely until the plants are nearly Hellebore is available on plants full grown. ready for market. The Southern Cab- (Pontia bage Worm Directions for making Fic. 205. — Adult of the Southern Cabbage Worm. Original. protodice Boisd.) is a closely related species with similar habits. The Cross-striped Cabbage Worm (Evergestis rimosalis Guen.) The larva of this species is bluish in color, about three fifths of an inch long, and has numerous of black across its back: narrow — stripes It feeds on cabbage heads in the same manner as the com- \ ed + mon cabbage worm. The adult expands about one inch, and Fic. 206. — The Diamond- natural size. back Moth. Enlargedand 8 light yellowish, Original. the margins of its wings marked with black or brown. N 178 PESTS OF GARDEN AND FIELD CROPS The normal range of this species is through the Gulf states and neigh- boring territory. Remedies are the same as for the imported cabbage worm. ; The Diamond-back Moth (Plutella maculipennis Curt.) Tiny active green worms, scarcely more than a quarter of an inch long when full grown, eat small holes in the leaves of cabbage, and occasion- ally become so numerous that notable damage isdone. The adult isa delicate moth. There are two or three generations in the North, and half a dozen or more in the South. The remedies given for the imported cabbage worm will readily hold this species in check. The Cabbage Looper (Autographa brassice Riley) At the same time that the imported cabbage worm is found feeding oncabbage heads this species is likely to be observed at similar mis- Fic. 207.— The Cabbage Fic. 208.— Adult of the Cabbage Looper. Original. Looper. Original. chief. It is a light green worm, with a faint whitish stripe down each side, and moves with a looping movement, often resting with the middle of its body elevated. Remedies are the same as for the imported cabbage worm. The Celery Looper (Plusia simpler Guen.) Occasionally this species becomes abundant enough to be a pest, destroying the leaves of celery. It is a smooth-bodied caterpillar, and LOOPERS, OR MEASURING WORMS 179 moves with a looping gait. On each side of its body is a row of dark dots or rings. Hibernation takes place as a half-grown cater- pillar. There are three broods annually. The pest may be checked by the use of arsenicals, preferably Paris green and lime, which can be washed from the leaves when the stalks are ready Fre. 209.—Adult of the Celery Looper. Original. to use. The Northern Grass Worm (Drasteria erechtea Cramer) Clover and grasses sometimes are damaged by a fairly large ‘ meas- uring worm,” which eats the leaves. When full grown the worm is + inches long, striped with gray and brown, and has the habit of moving with a Fic. 210.— The Northern Grass Fig. 211.— Adult of the Northern Grass Worm. Original. Worm. Original. looping gait. It transforms in a nest made by drawing leaves to- gether with silk. There are several generations in the course of a summer. The best means of control in periods of excessive abun- dance is fall plowing. The Hop Snout-moth (Hypena humuli Harr.) The foliage of hops is attacked by green caterpillars an inch long when full grown. The body is dotted with black, there is a dark stripe 180 PESTS OF GARDEN AND FIELD CROPS down the center of the back, bordered with lighter, narrow lines and a similar light line oneachside of the body. When crawling, the caterpillar raises the body slightly in the middle. There are two broods annually, the first Fic. 212.— Larva of the Hop Fic. 213.— The Hop Snout-moth. Slightly Snout-moth. Original. enlarged. Original. in spring and the second in midsummer. The species hibernates as an adult moth. Spraying with arsenicals will readily control the pest. Sawflies on Wheat Rarely the larve of two or three species of sawflies are found feed- ing on wheat, eating the leaves, gnawing into the stems, or cutting off the heads. In the species Dolerus collaris Say and Dolerus arven- sis Say, the larve are dark gray, cylindrical, and have 22 legs. In the species Pachyne- matus extensicornis Nort., the larva is greenish, with a yellow Fic. 214.— Work of Endelomyia rose. Original. head, and has 20 legs. HAIRY CATERPILLARS EATING THE LEAVES 181 The pupal stage is passed in the soil. The only means of control avail- able is deep fall plowing. Rose Slugs Three species of * slugs,’ the larvee of sawflies, commonly infest the foliage of roses in this country. The surface of the leaves may be skeletonized, as with the native American species, Endelomyia rose Harr.; or holes may be eaten in the leaves, as with an imported species, the Bristly Rose Slug, Cladius pecti- nicornis Fourer; or the larva may attack the edge of the leaf, eating out large sections, as with another imported species, the Coiled Rose Slug, Emphytus cinctus L. Either arsenate of lead or Paris green will readily poison the slugs. Or, they may be dislodged by a pyg. 215.—The Yellow-bear Cater- strong stream of water. pillar. Original. The Yellow-bear Caterpillar (Diacrisia virginica Fab.) Rather large and hairy eaterpillars attack the leaves of a great variety of vegetables as well as many kinds of weeds. Usually they are not abundant enough todo serious injury. A full- grown caterpillar is 2 inches long. The hairs arise in tufts on the back and sides, and vary from light yellow to brown. The adult is a light-colored moth, expand- ing 13 to 14 inches, marked with a few small dark Fic. 216.— Adult of the Yellow-bear Cater- pillar. Original. dots. There are two gen- erations, the second lot of caterpillars appearing in August or September. Hand picking will suffice to control this insect when present in moder- 182 PESTS OF GARDEN AND FIELD CROPS Fic. 217. —The Salt-marsh Caterpillar. Original. ate numbers. When very abundant, spray with Paris green and lime, making the dose quite heavy as the caterpillars are resistant. Fig. 218.— Adult of the Salt- marsh Caterpillar. Original. pillar, [sia isabella S. and A., is thickly covered with close-cropped soft hairs, brownish red along the middle of its body and black at either end. Control of these two species is the same as for the yellow-bear caterpillar. Neither is apt to be abun- dant enough to be a serious pest. The Salt-marsh Cater- pillar, Estigmene acrea Dru., is another hairy caterpillar closely paralleling the above in appearance and habits. Its body is darker, and there are yellow markings on each side. The Hedgehog Cater- G. 219.— The Hedgehog Caterpillar. Original. WEBWORMS EATING THE LEAVES 183 Fig. 220.— Adult of the Hedgehog Caterpillar. Originai. The Saddle-back Caterpillar (Sibine stimulea Clem.) This is a short, broad caterpillar, distinctly spiny. There are two especially long spines at each end. The body is dark at either end, light green in the middle, and in the center of the green area is a dark, oval spot. The spines cause irritation if they come in contact with the Fic. 221.— The Saddle-back Caterpillar. Original. Caterpillar. Original. skin. Care should be taken not to handle the caterpillar or to touch it inadvertently. The Garden Webworm (Lovostege similalis Gn.) Corn and cotton, and sometimes beets or garden crops, are invaded by hordes of yellowish worms, one half to three fourths of an inch long, marked with many small, dark dots. They spin webs over the plant and skeletonize the leaves. The pest appears early in the season, having migrated from pigweed, which is the normal food plant, or from alfalfa, 184 PESTS OF GARDEN AND FIELD CROPS on which the first generation often is raised. There are from three to five generations annually. The adult is a yellowish moth, expanding three fourths of an inch. Winter is passed as larva or pupa in the soil. Pe 4 In garden or small areas, the pest may be controlled by prompt appli- cation of Paris green or arsenate of lead. Fall plowing will help for the next season. Alfalfa should be well disked. No pigweed should be allowed to grow in or near the garden or field. Fic. 223.— The Garden Web- worm. Original. The Sugar-beet Webworm (Lozostege sticticalis Linn.) The work of this species is practically identical with that of the garden webworm. Recently it has developed into a serious pest of sugar beets in some of the Westernstates. The larva is an inch long when full grown, brownish in color, with a narrow dark stripe edged with white down the Sa Fic. 224.— The Sugar-beet Web- Fic. 225.— Adult of the Sugar-beet worm. Original. Webworm. Original. middle of its back, and a light stripe down each side. There are numerous dots over the surface of its body. It webs up the foliage as it works. Winter is passed in a silk cocoon in the soil. The moths emerge in the spring and lay eggs on the leaves of pigweed and alfalfa. There isa second generation in July and a third in August. It is the last that is usually most injurious to sugar beets. WEBWORMS EATING THE LEAVES 185 Late fall plowing will break up the winter cells in the soil. Paris green or arsenate of lead may be used as a direct means of control. The poisons should be applied promptly, at the first sign of the presence of the pest. The Southern Beet Webworm (Pachyzancla bipunctalis Fab.) In the South a webworm, similar in habits to the common garden webworm, has been found feeding on beets. The full grown worm :+ three fourths of an inch long, slender, dark green in color. The adult is a yellowish moth, expanding one inch. There are at least four generations annually. To control, apply arsenate of lead or Paris green, either dry or as a spray, as soon as the worms are first observed. The poisons should be applied promptly to be effective. The Cabbage Webworm ( Hellula undalis Fab.) In the Southern states cabbages, turnips, and related crops are dam- aged by a small, striped caterpillar, which spins webs in the leaves for Fig. 226.— The Cabbage Fig. 227.— Adult of the Cabbage Webworm. Original. Webworm. Original. shelter, feeding exposed, but retiring to the webs when resting. When full grown, the worm is half an inch long, yellowish in ground color, and ornamented with five narrow stripes down its body. Injury is most apt to occur in late summer, on young plants set out for fall crops. Arsenicals may be used to poison the caterpillars, since they are not hidden in their webs when feeding. Either Paris green or arsenate of lead is effective. 186 PESTS OF GARDEN AND FIELD CROPS The Celery Leaf-tier, or Greenhouse Leaf-tier (Phlyctenia jerrugalis A variety of garden and field crops including celery, , tobacco, and others are damaged by this insect. In ac aon it is injurious on plants grown under glass, and chrysanthe- mums. ng within. with a green stripe thaves the middle of the back. The head is light brownish, and is marked with dark ¢ Since the ms must be applied ea Paris green or arsenate ] It ead may be us is advisable wherever it can be practi economi the silk cocoons of the pupe 4 ggling worms inch, emerges in LEAF ROLLERS INJURING THE FOLIAGE 187 Fig. 230. — Work and larva of the Clover-hay Worm. Original. June and July, and lays eggs on cured clover wherever it can be found. A second lot of moths are out in late summer. If the hay is used up clean each year, and any refuse is destroyed, there will be practically no injury. If there is likelihood that all will not be used by the next July, salt down the first two feet of hay when put- ting it up, using two quarts of salt to the ton. Do not place new hay on top of remnants of last year’s crop. The old hay should be removed and the mow thoroughly cleaned. Fig. 231.— Adult of the Clover- Fie. 2382.— Work of the Oblique Banded hay Worm. Original. Leaf Roller. Original. 188 PESTS OF GARDEN AND FIELD CROPS The Oblique Banded Leaf Roller (Archips rosaceana Harr.) Roses and other plants in greenhouses and occasionally fruit tree foliage sometimes are badly injured by active, green or reddish cater- pillars, three fourths of an inch long, which roll up the leaves, fasten them with silk, and feed within. The cater- pillar has an indistinct darker stripe down the middle of the back, the head is dark brown or black, the segments of the body are rather distinct. The is a brownish, smooth moth, and emerges from a pupa formed within the rolled leaves. } | | | . | Fic. 233.— Adult of the Oblique Banded Leaf = Roller. Original. Fig. 234.— The Bean Leaf-roller. Original. Hand picking is often the best means of control, though a prompt use of Paris green or arsenate of lead will check the pest, pro- vided the application is made before most of the larve have retired into rolled-up leaves. The Bean Leaf-roller (Eudamus proteus Linn.) Rather odd-appearing worms, 1} inches long when mature, with narrow neck and prominent head, eat the leaves of beans and sometimes other leg- umes. The ground color | of the larva is yellow, and Fig. 235.— Adult of the Bean Leaf-roller. its body is dotted with Original. LEAF-MINERS INJURING THE FOLIAGE 189 black. It oecurs principally in the South, and there are several generations annually. The pest may easily be checked by apply- ing arsenate of lead or Paris green, taking care not to use too heavy a dose, since beans are susceptible to burning. The Spinach Leaf-miner (Pegomya vicina Lintn.) Whitish mines are made .n the leaves of beets and spinach by a maggot which burrows within the tissues. Several of these mines are seen often in a single leaf. The maggot is the larval stage of a gray, two-winged fly, which lays its eggs on the under side of the leaf. The pupal stage is passed in or on the ground. There are several generations annually. Since this pest lives Fig. 236.— Work of the Spinach Leaf-miner. also in lamb’s-quarters ee SO . quarters, Original. thorough destruction of this weed will help in control. Where practicable, infested leaves should be removed from the plants and destroyed. No successful sprays have been devised. The Tobacco Leaf-miner (Phthorimea operculella Zell.) This pest is commonly known as the ‘ split-worm.” It is a very small larva, and injures the older leaves of growing tobacco by mining within the leaf tissues, causing small blotches. The larvee move more or less from place to place, one worm making several mines. There are several generations in a single season. The native food plant is horse nettle. Spraying or dusting with arsenate of lead or Paris green will kill many larve as they start their new mines. Horse nettles should 190 PESTS OF GARDEN AND FIELD CROPS be destroyed. The worms may be killed in their mines by pressing the upper and lower leaf surfaces together. The Squash-bug (Anasa tristis DeG.) Few pests of the garden are more widely or more unfavorably known than the common squash-bug. As soon as squashes, cucumbers, or melons have made their first leaves, the overwintering adults appear and begin sucking the plant juices, causing the leaves to curl up, turn Fic. 237.— The Squash-bug. Eggs, nymphs, and adult. Original. brown, and die. Before long one will find the first batches of eggs, and after a few days the young bugs begin to appear, to add to the damage. Usually through summer all three stages, egg, young, and adult, are to be found on the vines at the same time. The adult is rusty brown to black, five eighths of an inch long, and provided with a strong sucking beak. Its head is small in proportion to the size of its body. The young, or nymphs, are grayish to black. They tend to cluster in colo- nies, hiding in a curled-up, dead leaf when not at work. The eggs LARGE, SUCKING BUGS INJURING FOLIAGE 191 are laid in batches on the under side of a leaf, and are orange or red in color. They are easily seen. The adults hibernate in old vines or other shelter. There is one brood annually in the North, but two or even three in the South. The young may be killed by spraying with 10 per cent kerosene emulsion. Egg masses should be destroyed. The adults may be trapped under bits of board or stones, where they should be looked for frequently. Destroy the vines as soon as the crops are off, in order to kill the bugs not yet matured. No contact spray is known that will kill the adults without also seriously injuring the vines. The Harlequin Cabbage-bug (Jurgantia histrionica Hahn.) Cabbages, cauliflower, and related plants, in the South Atlantic states, are badly injured or destroyed by a small, gaudily colored bug, variously known as the “calico back,” or “terrapin bug.”” The leaves of the plants attacked shrivel and turn brown, and often the plant is killed outright. The adult bug is one Fie. 238.—The Harlequin Cab- bage-bug. Eggs, nymph, and adult. Original. fourth of an inch long, broad, shield shaped, and strikingly marked with red or yellow, and deep blue. The young, or eS nymphs, are similar in appear- Fyg. 239,— Eggs of the Harlequin Cab- ance. Close search of the leaves bage-bug. Enlarged. Original. 192 PESTS OF GARDEN AND FIELD CROPS will reveal the peculiar-looking eggs, like white barrels with dark hoops. The adults spend the cold weather in rubbish or other shelter, and become active very early in the spring, feeding first on wild mustard and other weeds of the same family. There are several generations in the South. In the fall the bugs feed until driven in by cold weather. The most important control measure is a thorough cleaning up early in the fall, as soon as the crops are harvested, combined with an early planting of trap crops in the spring, on which the bugs will congregate and where they may be destroyed by spraying with 25 per cent kerosene emulsion or with pure kerosene. Kale or mustard are good traps. After the bugs are on cabbages they cannot be killed by spraying without at the same time injuring the plants. The Tarnished Plant-bug (Lygus pratensis Linn.) Truck crops of all kinds are injured by a small, brownish, sucking bug. Both in its earlier stages and as a winged adult, it sucks the juices of the leaves or tender stems. The mature bug is about one fifth of an inch long, and somewhat obscurely marked with dull yellow and brown. The young nymphs may be killed with a contact insecticide such as 7 per cent kerosene emul- sion or tobacco extract. The winged adults are too active to make this treatment effective. Thorough cleaning up of all rub- Fic. 240. — The Tarnished Plant-bug. bish and crop remnants in the fall Enlarged and natural size. Orig- res is the only other means of con- trol. The False Chinch-bug (NVystus erice Sch. (angustatus Uhl.)) has similar habits. There are various other species that occasionally are troublesome. Control measures are the same. SUCKING BUGS INJURING THE FOLIAGE 193 The Chinch-bug (Blissus leucopterus Say) One of the most destructive insects in the history of American farming is the species of sucking bug occasionally at- tacking corn and wheat in countless mil- lions, and known as the chinch-bug. When it is numerous, fields are blasted as if by fire. The bug that causes this damage is quite small, one fifth of an inch long or less, dark or black in color, and with thin, white wings folded across the body when at rest. In the East another form is found with wings much shorter. The immature stages are often seen with the adults, and differ little in shape, but are wingless, smaller, and when young are bright red. The adults overwinter in clumps of grass, fallen leaves, weeds, and rubbish accumulating along fence rows, strips of woodland, and especially in corn shocks left in the fields. They come from these places in spring, and lay eggs in grain fields or on suitable weeds. The young appear in May and June. These mature, and there is a second lot of young in August or early September. Where small grains are infested, the swarms of bugs are driven from these at harvest and travel in armies to corn, which they literally overwhelm. When large numbers of adults have hiber- nated, the most striking injury may be oO Fig. 241. — Chinch-bugs on corn plant. Original. 194 PESTS OF GARDEN AND FIELD CROPS that caused by adults and young on the grains to which the adults have migrated in the spring. This is especially evident where corn shocks have been left standing in fields seeded to small grain. Meaures of control are various, and must be thorough and timely. The most important measure is destruction of all hibernating places where the bugs are accustomed to spend the winter. Clumps of grass should be raked up and burned; fence corners cleaned out; all places that harbor bugs looked after. If plowing is depended on to destroy hiber- nating bugs, it must be done with great thoroughness, else the bugs will succeed in reaching the surface of the ground. Invasions of the bugs from newly harvested fields can be prevented by suitable barriers, among which the following is known by experience to be prac- ticable and effective: A strip Fic. 242. — The Chinch-bug. Enlarged : andaiatural size. Odsinal. of ground along the side from which the invasion threatens is smoothed and compacted by dragging over it a heavy plank. Along the center of this path a narrow line of coal tar or road oil is poured. The line of oil need be only half or three quarters of an inch wide. At intervals of three or four rods post holes are dug, the edge of the hole nearest the field to be protected just inter- cepting the line of oil. The invading bugs, when they reach this line, travel along it until they come to the angle of the oil line and the hole, when they are crowded into the hole and are unable to get out. They can then be killed easily by sprinkling with kerosene or kerosene emul- sion, or by crushing witha pole. In dusty weather the oil line will need renewal every day or so, while the invasion threatens. If a field of wheat is seen to be beyond reasonable hope, it is best to plow it under at once, harrow thoroughly, and plant to potatoes, alfalfa, soy beans, garden truck, or whatever is seasonable. LEAFHOPPERS INJURING THE FOLIAGE 195 In meadows where severe attack is noted the wisest measure is to cut and then burn over, although this probably will kill the grass roots. In moist weather chinch-bugs are killed in large numbers by a fungous disease. Attempts have been made to propagate this artificially, but the measure cannot be depended on with sufficient certainty in times of severe attack. The Tobacco Suck-fly (Dicyphus minimus Uhl.) In Florida a black, sucking bug, one eighth of an inch long, with long greenish legs, attacks the leaves of tobacco and by its punctures spots the leaf, making it wilt, turn brown, and crack. The younger stages feed in similar fashion on the under sur- face of the leaf. There are several generations annually. Spraying with tobacco extract will kill the immature forms and check the pest. The Beet Leafhopper (Eutettix tenella Baker) A very small, active insect, one of the ‘leafhoppers,”’ swarms on the foliage of sugar beets in count- less myriads. The leaves of plants attacked usually exhibit a char- acteristic appearance, commonly known as ‘curly leaf.” The edges are rolled in, the leaf surface is wrinkled, and growth is stunted. As a consequence the beet puts out many fibrous roots, does not reach normal size, and its sugar content is low. The adult is very small, whitish or pale green, winged, and is pro- — Fyg, 243.— Beet leaves curled by vided with strong hind legs, en- the Beet Leafhopper. Original. 196 PESTS OF GARDEN AND FIELD CROPS abling it to jump quickly and take wing readily. The younger stages are similar, but are smaller and wingless. Usually the hoppers appear in the beet field suddenly, having fed first on some other plant, probably species of weeds. In hot, dry fields conditions are especially favorable to the pest and unfavorable to the beets, while in fields where the reverse conditions prevail the beets are able to withstand attack. Infested fields may be sprayed Fic. 244.— The Beet Leafhopper. ; c mS d Enlarged and natural size. Original. With a contact insecticide, making the first application just as the young nymphs are found in numbers, and repeating. Kerosene emulsion may be used, diluting the stock solution with § parts of water. It is very difficult, however, to hit all the insects with the spray. A drag may be used to turn the leaves over, so as to help to make the application more thorough. Frames coated with tar dragged through the fields at the first appear- ance of the adults will catch many, and will help to check injury. The Spring Grain-aphis, or ‘‘ Green Bug’ (Toroptera graminum Rond.) Occasionally, in recent years, oats, wheat, barley, and sometimes corn have been damaged to the extent of millions of dollars by this tiny louse. It occurs in both winged and wingless forms. The latter is about one twentieth of an inch long, yellowish green, witha faint dark line down the middle of its back. Its eyes are quite black. The winged form is a little larger, has a dark thorax, but otherwise is of the same general appearance. Attack comes on suddenly in the spring. Countless billions of the lice appear on young grain, sucking the juice of the leaves, stunting the growing plants or killing them outright. Reproduction goes on rapidly. When the fields in a section attacked are destroyed, or the plants have PLANT LICE INJURING THE FOLIAGE 197 grown and thus have acquired tougher leaves, the lice develop a winged generation, leave the section where at work, and appear as suddenly in other regions farther north, where conditions are favorable to further multiplication. Late in summer, as the grain fields mature, the lice leave them and take up their residence on grasses, such as common bluegrass or on corn. In the fall, when winter grain has sprouted, many move back to the new feeding ground. With the coming of cold weather, eggs are laid among grain plants. In the more Southern states there are living Fic. 246.—The Spring Grain-aphis. Wing- Fig. 245.— The Spring Grain-aphis. less form. Enlarged Winged adult. Enlarged and natural and naturalsize. Orig- size. Original. . inal. females in existence all winter. The insect isable to breed at unusu- ally low temperatures. Oats and wheat are the favorite food plants, but the list includes rve, barley, corn, and several species of wild grasses, especially orchard grass. Normally this insect is held in check by its natural enemies, especially by a four-winged parasite which attacks the lice, laying its eggs within their bodies. Severe attacks follow warm winters combined with cold springs — a condition unfavorable to the parasite, but favorable to the aphis. Direct control is not feasible. Cleaning up volunteer oats and other food plants in the fall will greatly reduce the numbers the following spring. Attempts have been made artificially to introduce the parasite, but without entire success. 198 PESTS OF GARDEN AND FIELD CROPS The European Grain Aphis (Siphocoryne avene Fab.) In summer the leaves, stems, and heads of small grains sometimes are literally covered with this species of plant lice. They are rather pale green in color, marked with short bands of darker green on the back, and for the most part are wingless. Usually their increase is quickly followed by a similar increase in parasites, so that serious injury is averted, but occasionally they seriously damage young wheat in the fall. The lice come to the grain fields in the spring from fruit trees, where they have passed the winter in an egg stage, and have already gone through one or two generations on the fruit buds and foliage. They return to the trees in the latter part of summer or the fall. No direct measures of control on grain are known. The Corn Leaf-aphis (Aphis maidis Fitch) In midsummer, corn, or more especially sorghum and broom corn, becomes infested with bluish green lice which work on the younger leaves, and on the tassel. On broom corn their punctures often are followed by a red discoloration due to a bacterial disease. The wingless female is usually seen. It has black legs, antennew, and honey tubes, and a row of black dots down either side of the back. Winged generations are devel- oped as the corn matures, but the alternate host plants, if any, are unknown. No remedial measures have been devised. The Green Peach Aphis, or Spinach Aphis (\fyzus persice Sulz.) This plant louse often is known as the spinach aphis, or “ green fly.” It is the same species as Fic. 247.—The Green Peach Aphis. the louse found on the foliage of Enlarged. Original. peach trees early in the season, PLANT LICE INJURING THE FOLIAGE 199 and known there as the “green peach aphis.’’ The lice migrate in early summer to various truck crops, especially spinach, cab- bage, lettuce, and celery. They are light green or yellowish in color, with darker markings on the abdomen. The head, antenne, and honey tubes are black. This species is never covered with white powdery secretion, like the eabbage aphis. It is controlled by spraying with a contact insecticide, preferably tobacco extract or 5 per cent kerosene emulsion. In greenhouses this species is found throughout the vear, and is a troublesome pest. The Melon Aphis, or Cotton Aphis (Aphis gossypii Glov.) Melons, cucumbers, cotton, strawberries, and many other plants are subject to infestation by this species of plant louse. It usually is seen in the wingless form, and works for the most part on the under surface of the leaf, which is badly curled by its attack. Tender growing shoots are a favorite feeding place. The wingless louse is dark green, varying to yellow. Its legs are light yellow, and its honey tubes are black, long, and tapering. Its length is one fifteenth of aninch. The young stages are similar, but are smaller and wingless. Winged individuals are de- veloped whenever the lice are compelled, through lack of food or removal of a crop, to Fic. 248.— Work of the Melon Aphis. : : Original. seek new feeding ground. Consequently attack may come on suddenly and unexpectedly. The full life round is not known, and probably the species passes one 200 PESTS OF GARDEN AND FIELD CROPS or more generations on some alternate host plant, and survives there through the winter. When found on garden crops, the lice may be killed by spraying with tobacco extract or 5 per cent kerosene emulsion. Fumi- gation with carbon bisul- phide will destroy them, using an inverted tub as a fumigating chamber. The dose should be at the rate of one tablespoonful of car- bon bisulphide to a 20 gallon tub. Aphis punk may be substituted for the carbon bisulphide and a light frame of oiled muslin may take the place of the Fic. 249.— Wingl and winged adults of tub. the Melon Aphis on Leaf. Enlarged. Where cotton is infested, direct control is impracti- cable. In this case adopt rigorous clean culture so that weeds may be kept down in and around the field. The Pea Aphis (Macrosiphum pisi Kalt.) Tn seasons of abnormally dry spring weather a large green plant louse becomes abundant on peas. The adult lice are one eighth of an inch long, pea-green in color, with prominent dark red eyes, and long legs. They feed on the leaves and cluster on the terminal shoots. Usually they reach their greatest abundance in midsummer, and disappear in August. The lice come to the pea vines from clover fields, where they have spent the winter as tiny, black eggs. The first generations live on the clover. Winged individuals appear as the season advances, and migrate to peas. In August they return to clover. Contact sp ays may be used in direct control on peas. Tobacco extract is effective, or 5 per cent kerosene emulsion may be employed. PLANT LICE INJURING THE FOLIAGE 201 If peas are planted far enough apart in rows and the ground is dry, the lee may be brushed from the vines and killed by following with Fic. 250.— The Pea Aphis. Adults at work on vine. Original. a cultivator between the rows. If the ground is wet, the lice may be brushed into a long, shallow pan. A little water should be poured into the pan and covered with a film of coal oil. The Bean Aphis (Aphis rumicis Linn.) The tender shoots of beans sometimes are covered with thickly clustered plant. lice. The same species is found commonly on pig- weed, dock, and other weeds. The aphis is one tenth of an inch long, black, often with a few whitish dots on each side; the an- tenne are whitish in their central seg- ments. Fic. 251.— The Pea Aphis. Winter is passed in an egg stage on the — Adult enlarged and nat- twigs of wahoo or of snowball. The lice first UT! Size. Original. migrate to weeds and then to beans. In late summer, they return to the shrubs named. 202 PESTS OF GARDEN AND FIELD CROPS On beans they may be killed by spraying with tobacco extract, or with 5 per cent kerosene emulsion. The Cabbage Aphis (Aphis brassice Linn.) Cabbage, cauliflower, and related plants are subject to infestation by a soft-bodied plant louse, which collects in masses on the surface of the leaves. The lice are green, but are covered with a whitish, powdery secretion. Winter is passed as eggs on old cab- bage stumps or heads in the field. There may be a dozen or more gen- = | erations in a sum- Fig. 252.— Work of the Cabbage Aphis. Original. mer. Spray thoroughly with tobacco extract to which soap has been added, or with 5 per cent kerosene emulsion, or with soap solution, 1 pound in 3 gallons of water. Dip infested seedlings in the same solution before setting out. Dispose of crop remnants. Judicious rotation will help in delaying attack. Wild mustard and shepherds-purse should not be allowed to grow near cabbage. The Potato Plant-louse (\Wacrosiphum solanifolii Ashm.) In occasional seasons potato vines are seriously checked in the latter part of summer by myriads of green, soft-bodied plant lice, which suck the juices of leaf and stem. Spraying the fields with contact insecti- cides, either tobacco extract or 5 per cent kerosene emulsion, will kill the lice. Since the pest survives the winter on alternate host plants, es+ pecially shepherds-purse, clean culture and burning over waste places THRIPS INJURING THE FOLIAGE 203 is recommended. The potato vines themselves, also, should be burned. The Hop-aphis (Phorodon humuli Schr.) Hops are subject to infestation by a green, soft-bodied louse, one eight- eenth to one twelfth of aninchinlength. The male plants in hopyards always are infested first, and from these the lice spread two or three weeks later to the female or fruiting plants. Their attack causes the leaves to turn yellow, and seriously reduces the yield. Recent studies show that the winter may be passed in an egg stage somewhere near or on the hop-vines, although it is known that the same species winters also on plum trees. There are many generations in the course of a summer. Thorough spraying with a contact insecticide, such as tobacco ex- tract or 5 per cent kerosene emulsion, will kill the aphids. Remedial treatments should be begun while the lice are still isolated on the male plants, before spread has started. The Greenhouse Thrips ( Heliothrips hemorrhoidalis Bouché) The foliage of plants in greenhouses sometimes is injured by a very small, sucking insect properly known as a thrips. Evidence of the work is seen first in numerous whitish spots, where the juices of the leaf have been sucked out. These spots show in the beginning more plainly on the lower surface. As attack goes on, the spots spread, forming blotches, dead areas appear around the edges of the leaf, the foliage wilts, and finally drops off. The surface of the leaf is covered with small drops of reddish fluid, which frequently turns black. The adult insect is one fifteenth of an inch in length, dark bodied, and though it has wings is not much disposed to fly. The young are lighter colored, and have no wings. They suck the leaf juices just as do the adults. Three or four weeks are required for a generation. Usually this pest is controlled successfully by fumigation with tobacco. 204 PESTS OF GARDEN AND FIELD CROPS The Onion Thrips (Thrips tabaci Lind.) A great variety of truck crops and some flowering plants under glass are subject to injury by this minute form of insect life. The juices are sucked from the leaves, causing numerous tiny white spots. The insect itself is so small as almost to escape notice. It is yellowish, slender, and one twenty-fifth of an inch long. Eggs are laid within the leaf tissue. Several generations may be developed in a season. Crop remnants and neighboring weeds should be burned in the fall. Attack may be checked by spraying with tobacco extract, being careful to get the material into the axils of leaves, since such places are favored by the pest. The insects are more active on the outer parts of the plant in the early morning, and thus are more easily reached at that time. The Tobacco Thrips ( Euthrips nicotiane Hinds) The work of this minute insect may be rec- . aa ognized by a whitening of the leaves, especially Fic. 253.—White spots along the veins. The adult winters in tobacco on onion leaf caused fields, and breeds rapidly in the warmer by the Onion Thrips. Enlarged to twice nat- : Mbiee ural size. Original. after they are gathered it lives on weeds, or often on oats. months. Before tobacco plants are up and Spray with kerosene emulsion, diluting the stock emulsion with 10 parts of water. riata Osborn) The Grass Thrips (Anaphothrips s Usually the work of this insect is observed rather than the pest . ° ¥ . . > . itself. Various grasses, including oats, turn white, the appearance being known as “silver top.” More closely examined, the leaves will be found covered with white dots where the juices have been sucked out, SMALL, ACTIVE WHITE FLIES ON FOLIAGE 205 and further observation will disclose the minute, slender insects that are doing the mischief. They are one twenty-fifth of an inch long, the larger winged individuals brownish in color and the smaller wing- less forms somewhat pinkish. Winter is passed in débris at the base of the plants. There are several generations in the course of a summer. Remedies are rotation of crops, or burning over infested fields in winter, The Greenhouse White-fly (Alewrodes vaporariorum Westw.) Wherever plants are grown under glass this troublesome pest is sure to put in its appearance, and injure the plants by sucking their juices. Fig. 254.— Larvee and adult of the Greenhouse White-fly. Enlarged. Original. The adults have four wings, covered with a whitish powder, and are active creatures, flying readily. They are about three fiftieths of an inch in length. The voung are flattened, oval in shape, and have sucking mouth parts, like the adults. The insect is nearly always found on the under side of the leaves, and prefers the younger foliage at the upper part of the plant. The leaves attacked lose their vitality, and if the insect is not checked, the 206 PESTS OF GARDEN AND FIELD CROPS plants will die. Cucumbers and tomatoes usually are badly infested, but almost any vegetables or flowering plants grown in greenhouses may be attacked. The most effective remedy is fumigation with hydrocyanic acid gas. Some benefit will be derived from spraying with whale-oil soap, 13 ounces to 1 gallon of water. Mealy Bugs Slow-moving, oval, soft-bodied bugs, one tenth to one sixth of an inch long, the body covered with a whitish, powdery secretion, infest various plants grown under glass. In the South they are a nuisance Fic. 255.— Mealy Bugs on melon. Original. on citrus fruits. The Citrus Mealy Bug, Pseudococcus citri Risso, and a closely related form, Pseudococcus longispinus Targ., are common species. The young are small, red, and fairly active at first. The adult males are winged. Contact insecticides, especially such as contain soap or oil, are effec- tive remedies. They should be applied with considerable force in order to penetrate the waxy powder with which the bodies of the insects are coated. MINUTE, SUCKING MITES INJURING FOLIAGE 207 The Red Spider (Tetranychus bimaculatus Harv.) In greenhouses, throughout the year, many plants are subject to attack by an exceedingly small mite, commonly known as the ‘“‘red spider.” Very fine webs are spun on the under surfaces of leaves or over flower heads, and beneath these the mites work, sucking the juices of the leaves, giving them a sickly yellow or brown appear- ance, and finally killing the plants, unless checked. In the Southern states cotton is injured by this species, the leaves turning brown and falling off. Vegetables grown outdoors, especially beans, cucumbers, and melons, often are infested, par- ticularly in the Southern states. Rarely, shade trees in the South are injured. The mite is reddish or greenish in color, one fiftieth of an inch long, has four pairs of legs, and its body is marked with two darker spots. In greenhouses, fumigation is not effective. The mites may be controlled by frequent spraying with clear water or with soap solu- tion. Fie. 256.— Foliage injured and webbed by the Red Spider; and adult Red Spider, greatly enlarged. Original. On such plants as are not injured by sulphur an effective treatment is a spraying with water 1 gallon, flowers of sulphur 1 ounce. On cotton or truck crops the last-mentioned spray is effective. Or the plants may be dusted with a mixture of sulphur and air-slaked 208 PESTS OF GARDEN AND FIELD CROPS lime. Around cotton fields weeds should be kept down, and in the fall all dead, infested cotton plants should be burned. The Clover Mite (Bryobia pratensis Garm.) Both the leaves of clover and the foliage of various fruit trees are attacked by a small, eight-legged mite, which sucks their juices, causing much injury when abundant. It is a tiny red creature three hun- dredths of an inch in length. \) On clover no direct remedial measures seem feasible. The mite passes the winter as a rule in an egg stage Fic. 257.—The on the bark of neigh- Clover Mite. boring fruit trees. It Enlarged to r ie , Fic. 258.— Eggs of the Clover may be killed there by 8 fifteen times Dae! ‘ 9 mies Mite on bark. Enlarged to natural size, SPraying in winter with ten times natural size. Orig- Original. lime-sulphur solution. inal. The Cotton Boll Weevil (Anthonomus grandis Boh.) No pest of recent years has wrought greater damage than this in- vader from Mexico. It is now distributed throughout the greater part of the cotton-growing regions. Both the squares and the bolls are attacked, their substance eaten out, and their contents so damaged that they die or fail to produce fiber. The injury is wrought both by the adults in their feeding and egg-laying punctures, and by the grubs which hatch from the eggs laid within the bolls or squares. The adult boll weevil is a small snout beetle, one fourth of an inch long. It is brownish in color through most of its existence, but lighter when newly emerged and darker after it has been out for two or three weeks. The grub, found only within the squares or bolls, is whitish, heavy bodied, and has a dark head. It has no feet. SNOUT BEETLES ATTACKING BUD OR FRUIT 209 In the early spring the adult beetles appear in the cotton fields from their winter hiding places. Usually there are but few of them at this time. When the squares begin to form, eggs are laid within them, and as the grub develops the square usually falls to the ground. A pupal stage is passed within the square, and soon a second generation of adults is out. Eggs are now laid in the squares as before. There are ‘ oe 1 Fic. 259.— Work of the Cotton Boll Weevil. four or five generations in Original. the course of the season. When the squares are no longer available, eggs are laid in the bolls in similar fashion. Hibernation of the adult weevils does not begin until late in the season, long after the regular crop of cotton is picked. When the first frosts come, the adults seek shelter in which to spend the winter, while the immature stages die. At this time the adults fly to considerable distances, seeking places to hibernate. Fic. 260.— Larva of the Cotton Boll Fic. 261. — Adult Cotton Boll Weevil. Weevil, enlarged and natural size. Enlarged and natural size. Original. Original. P 210 PESTS OF GARDEN AND FIELD CROPS The most important means of control is a thorough cleaning up of the cotton fields as soon as the crop is gathered, together with destruc- tion of all stalks, dead bolls, and crop remnants. At this time the existing adult beetles are not yet ready to hibernate, and there are many grubs and pup@# in the field that would later become beetles, coming out at the normal time of hibernation. These immature stages are thus destroyed, and the adults, left with no cotton plants to feed on, are for the most part starved, or are unable to get to suitable places to spend the winter. In destroying the stalks it is best to plow them out, leaving a row now and then, at once raking the loose plants to the standing row and burning the entire lot. Early in the season, when it is seen that squares are being badly punctured, and are dropping off in large numbers, a chain drag may be drawn between the rows so as to draw the squares into the middles, where they will get the full force Fic. 262.— Pupaof the Cot- of the sun. Most of the grubs within will ton Boll Weevil. Enlarged be killed by the heat. and natural size. Original. - It is possible to poison a large percent- age of the adult weevils by applying powdered arsenate of lead to the squares with a blower or powder gun, making the first applica- tion as soon as squares begin to form, and repeating as necessary. Any practice that will help to get the cotton planted and matured early will greatly help to avoid serious injury, because the cotton will then be well along before the weevils have become numerous. Thus, winter plowing, early spring planting, and the use of early ma- turing varieties, together with frequent cultivation in the growing season, are advisable. By this means the plants are stimulated to quick, vigorous growth, and escape serious attack at the period when they are more susceptible to injury. LARGE WORMS BORING IN BUD OR FRUIT 211 The Cowpea Curculio (Chalcodermus @neus Boh.) The pods of cowpeas are punctured, and early in the spring young cotton plants are injured, by the feeding of this beetle. The immature stage or grub lives within the growing ‘ peas,”’ and ruins them for seed. The adult beetle is one fourth of an inch long, bronze black, its thorax and wing covers deeply pitted. When working on cotton, the beetles puncture the tender stems. The insect hibernates as an adult. Eggs are laid in cowpeas as soon as the pods are large enough. The larva enters the ground to pupate. No direct control measures are known. If cowpeas are badly in- fested, it is unwise to follow with cotton in the same field. The Corn Ear-worm (Heliothis obsoleta Fab.) Synonyms: The Cotton Boll-worm; the Tomato Fruit-worm; the Tobacco False Budworm Widespread injury to valuable garden and field crops is due to the ravages of this insect. The full-grown worm is variable in markings, but usually is dull greenish or brownish in color, with indistinct stripes or spots, and is Fig. 263.— Larva and work of the Corn Ear-worm. Reduced to one half natural size. Original. about 13 inches long. It is naked, and the skin looks somewhat greasy, like that of cutworms. On corn the worms feed in the young kernels and eat the tender 212 PESTS OF GARDEN AND FIELD CROPS silk inclosed within the husk. They are especially destructive to sweet corn. On tomatoes they bore into the fruit and eat more or less of the pulp within. Cotton is attacked at the time that the corn in southern fields is _ Inaturing, and therefore is no | longer suitable for food. The | worms eat into the bolls. | Tobacco is subject to injury | at the same season, the larve eating into the buds and stalks, though in Florida the plants are attacked also early in the season and the leaves muti- Fic. 264.— Adult of the Corn Ear-worm. lated before they have un- Teo folded. The adult is a yellowish or brownish moth, expanding a little more than 14 inches. There are two broods in the North, and from four to sixin the South. The eggs of the first generation are laid on any avail- able food plant, depending on the section of country. Succeeding broods do the greater part of the injury. Winter is passed as a pupa in the soil, in a peculiar burrow constructed by the larva, which de- scends several inches, turns, and makes a gallery nearly to the surface of the ground for the use of the moth in emerging, and then retires to the bottom of the gallery to transform. One of the best means of control is fall plowing and cultivation, so as to break up the exit galleries in the soil. Prevention of attack by the later broods often is difficult. Early planted corn is more likely to escape injury. The same is true of cotton. On cotton, arsenical poisons are used with good results, usually applied dry. Strips of late corn planted among cotton after the latter is under way will come into silk at the right time to divert attack from the cotton. Cowpeas may be used in the same way. On tobacco buds an effective remedy consists in poisoning the worms with a mixture of corn meal and dry arsenate of lead, using 1 WORMS BORING IN BUD OR FRUIT 213 teaspoonful of the arsenate of lead to a quart of meal. Apply the mixture dry, sprinkling it on or into the buds. The same remedy is available when the worms are troublesome, boring into tomatoes. The Tobacco Budworm (Chloridea virescens Fab.) Injury by this species becomes noticeable late in the season, the larve boring into the rolled-up leaves or buds, and later into seed pods. In appearance the caterpillar resembles the boll-worm, but is smaller, and its stripes are narrower and more distinct. The life round is similar to that of the boll-worm, and the means of control are the same. Cutworms attacking Cotton Bolls Certain species of cutworms frequently climb the stalks of cotton and bore into the bolls. The one most commonly observed, Prodenia ornithogalli Guen., may be recognized by two rows of triangular black spots down its back, edged with very narrow light stripes. One or more earlier generations are passed on weeds. Application of arsenicals will help to check the pest. Use the “ ’ same remedies recommended for the boll-worm or “corn ear-worm’ attacking cotton. The Cotton Square-borer (Uranotes melinus Hbn.) Cotton squares are bored into and their inner substance eaten by a flat, oval worm, clear green in color, its head drawn in beneath the front part of its body. Cowpeas, and certain weeds, are favorite food plants, as well as cotton. Eggs are laid on the leaves, and the larve feed exposed for a few days before boring into the squares. The adult is a deep red butterfly, with shining red spots at the lower edge of the hind wings. Dusting or spraying with arsenate of lead or Paris green will kill the young worms if the application is made early, before they bore into the squares. 214 PESTS OF GARDEN AND FIELD CROPS The Wheat-head Army-worm (Meliana albilinea Hbn.) Naked, dark brown or green, striped caterpillars eat into the heads of wheat, or other small grains, and in the same way are destructive Fic. 265.— The Wheat-head Army-worm. Larva and adult, natural size, and work in wheat head, enlarged. Original. WORMS BORING IN FRUIT 215 on the heads of timothy. Their work is confined largely to the ker- nels, the chaff falling to the ground. They are at work in June and July, and a second brood appears in the later summer months. The adult is a brownish yellow moth. At the end of summer the full-grown eaterpillars of the second brood enter the ground, where the winter is passed. Early fall pasturing will starve out the second brood of caterpillars. With this should be combined the destruction of wild grasses, for the worms will feed on these in lack of their favorite food. Stock may be removed from the pastures by the middle of September if desired. Early fall plowing, where feasible, will accomplish somewhat the same result. The Pickle Worm (Diaphania nitidalis Cramer) In the Southern states ripening melons, squashes, and cucumbers are rendered worthless by a whitish or greenish worm, half an inch Fie. 266.— The Pickle Worm. Original. to an inch long, which bores holes into the fruit, feeding both on the rind and inside. Blossoms, leaves, and stems, also, are injured, but the damage to the fruit is the most serious. The adult is a handsome moth, brownish in color, with large, clear 216 PESTS OF GARDEN AND FIELD CROPS areas in its wings, and expanding one to one and a quarter inches. At the end of the abdomen is a brush of brown hairs. There are four generations in a season. The winter is passed as a pupa in dried and folded leaves on the ground. Usually the moths are not abundant until July. Fic. 267. —Section through melon showing work of the Melon Caterpillar. Original. The most effective means of control is the planting of early squashes, as trap crops, among the melons. The insect will choose the squashes for its egg laying, and if the melons are of an early variety, they will practically escape injury. Destruction of rubbish and fall plowing will help. The Melon Caterpillar (Diaphania hyalinata Linn.) Damage by the melon worm is similar to that done by the pickle worm. Squashes, melons, cucumbers, and re- lated plants are subject to EAT any, Fic. 268.—The Melon Cater- Fic. 269.— Adult of the Melon Cater- pillar. Original. pillar. Original. SMALL WORMS WORKING IN THE SEED 217 attack, the worms first eating the foliage and then boring into the fruit. The full-grown worm is $ to 13 inches long, yellowish in color, and marked with two narrow light stripes down its back. The adult has white wings, broadly bordered with dark brown. The winter is passed as a pupa in folded leaves on the ground. There are three to four generations annually. The species is most injurious in the Gulf states. Since the worms devour the foliage before feeding in the fruit, the best remedy is to apply arsenate of lead or Paris green to the vines. Crop remnants should be cleaned up, and fall plowing is advisable. Early squashes may be used as traps, to divert attack from melons. The Pea-moth (Cydia (Semasia) nigricana Steph.) In northern sections growing peas are subject to infestation by a cylindrical, light yellow larva, half an inch long when full grown, which works in the young seed within the growing pod. Infested pods ripen early, crack open, and the worm then emerges and goes into the ground to transform. The eggs are laid on the pods about the close of the blossoming season. Arsenate of lead or Paris green applied at this time and again in ten days will check the pest. Early peas are not usually much infested, and the same is true of very late varieties. The Clover Seed-caterpillar (Laspeyresia (Enarmonia) interstinctana Clem.) Tiny, whitish worms, a third of an inch long when full grown, work in the growing heads of clover, eating the florets or the soft, forming seeds. In their work they hollow out a cavity in the head, which fails to bloom or often blooms on one side only. If a head is torn open, the caterpillar will be found inside. The adult moth appears at the time of the first blooming of clover. Succeeding generations are on the wing at the time of the second blooming, and again in late summer. Hibernation takes place as pup2 in silk cocoons on the ground, or sometimes as adults. 218 PESTS OF GARDEN AND FIELD CROPS In control, make the first cutting of hay early in June, while the caterpillars are still in the heads, and store this hay as soon as pos- sible. Pasture clover fields in the fall. Plant new fields remote from old ones. Plow up old fields in the fall or early spring, and in the spring harrow and roll. Fic. 270.— The Clover Fic. 271. — Work of the Wheat Midge. Seed-caterpillar. Adult, Enlarged to three times natural size. enlarged and _ natural Original. size. Original. The Wheat Midge (Itonida (Contarinia) tritici Kby.) The “red weevil” is another common name of this insect. When it is present in large numbers in the heads of wheat, oats, or rye, it gives them a pinkish tinge. The damage is done by a tiny pink mag- got, which feeds on the forming kernel, within the protection of the glumes. As a result of its work the ripe kernel is shrunken, and the yield, especially of wheat, seriously reduced. When mature, the maggot falls to the ground, spins a delicate cocoon, and remains there until the next spring, when the tiny, gnatlike adult comes out, ready to lay eggs again on the forming heads. Fall plowing is an effective remedy. Instead of this the stubble may be burned over. If clover is growing in the stubble, burn in winter when the ground is frozen, so that the roots may not be injured. MINUTE WORMS WORKING IN THE SEED 219 The Sorghum Midge (Contarinia sorghicola Coq.) Heads of sorghum are attacked by the larva of a minute two- winged insect or ‘‘ midge,” preventing the formation of seed. If infested heads are examined, the seeds will be found shriveled, while beside them may be seen a tiny grub. Profitable crops of seed can- not be secured where the midge is abundant. The first generations of the midge are passed in other plants that mature heads earlier, notably Johnson grass. By the time the sor- ghum is sufficiently mature the midges are numerous. Eggs are laid within the developing seeds. Remedial measures include destruction of Johnson grass, and clean harvesting in the fall. The Clover Flower-midge (Dasyneura leguminicola Lint.) The presence of the clover flower-midge is recognized by the fact that the florets of clover bloom fail to develop normally, become shrunken, and the whole head lacks color. The adult insect is a minute, gnatlike creature with long legs and dusky wings. Eggs are laid in the clover head, and the larva feeds in the ovaries, preventing the normal expansion of the floret and the development of seed. A pupal stage is passed in the ground, followed by a second brood at the time of the second blooming of clover. Winter is assed in the soil. fe ae oe is Fic. 272.— Clover head showing irregu- In fields containing mostly la BIOOHIe -eatiged Be the Pithy-gall. Original. within it as pup over winter. The species is not abundant enough to be a pest, but galls should be re moved whenever found. 248 PESTS OF ORCHARD AND SMALL FRUITS The Peach Twig-moth (Anarsia lineatella Zell.) In the spring, about the time of blooming of peach trees, terminal clusters of leaves here and there wilt, and the twigs soon die. Close Fic. 328.— Work of the Peach Twig-moth. Original. examination will show that a tiny borer has been at work in the twigs, eating out the inner substance for an inch or so, or dig- ging out a hole in one side. The larva itself, if discovered, will be found to be quite small, with a dark head and dark terminal segment. Shortly the little gray moths, expand- ing about half an inch, are about, and a second brood is on the way. Later there is still another brood. The larve of these later generations often work in the young fruit, causing drops of gum to exude. The winter is passe as a larva, hidden away in a little chamber just under the outer bark, in the axil of a new shoot or bud. To control, spray with lime sulphur, at the time that the buds are first swelling, so as to kill the larva within its winter home. If this treatment is omitted, spray with arsenate of lead, 4 pounds to 50 gallons of water, just as the BORERS IN BRANCH OR TWIG 249 buds first begin to open. The later treatment is designed to poison the borer when it begins work on the twigs. Fic. 329. — Adult Peach Twig-moth. Enlarged and natural size. Original. The Shot-borer (Yyleborus dispar Fab. (pyri Peck)) A tiny black beetle, one tenth of an inch long, bores into twigs or small branches in late summer and deposits eggs. The resulting grub burrows in the twig, becoming full grown the following June’ In the spring close observation will reveal one or more round punctures, a twentieth of an inch in diameter. Infested twigs are apt to wilt and should be cut off and burned as soon as the wilting is noted. ep ' | Fig. 332.—Section through © branch, Fig. 330.— Work of Fic. 331.—Adults of the Shot- showing work of the Shot-borer. borer. Enlarged and natural the Shot-borer. Original. size. Original. Original. 250 PESTS OF ORCHARD AND SMALL FRUITS The Apple Twig-borer (Schistoceros hamatus Fab.) In early summer the twigs of apple, cherry, or pear, or the canes of grape may show characteristic little tunnels, beginning just above a shoot or bud, and extending down a short distance in the main stem or branch. They are the work of a small, dark brown beetle, about one third of an inch in length, which soon deserts its temporary burrow and is not likely to be seen. The insect breeds in diseased wood, hibernating within the same. It is troublesome in the neighborhood of Fic. 333. —Work of the Apple Piles of recent trimmings and the like, Twig-borer. Original. and these should be removed and de- stroyed. The tunnels in the twigs of fruit trees are made apparently in feeding, or for temporary shelter. Fic. 334.— The Apple Twig-borer, enlarged and natural size. Original. The Twig-girdler (Oncideres cingulata Say) Pecan trees and others are injured by a dark gray beetle half an inch long, which girdles twigs or smaller branches. A clean cut is made GIRDLING THE TWIGS by the beetle, usually deep enough for the twig to break entirely off. The beetles are at work in late summer. After girdling a twig the beetle lays eggs in it, and the larve bore in the twig, becoming full grown the following ane Ber dee summer. There is Fic. 335.—The Twig-girdler. : Original only one generation ginal. , Where young trees are seriously attacked, the beetles should be hunted out and destroyed. Fig. the Twig-pruner. Original. 337.— Work of each year. All off should be gathered up and burned. twigs cut The Twig-pruner (Elaphidion villosum Fab.) Fig. 336.— Work of the Original. Various kinds of fruit and Twig-girdler. shade trees sometimes suffer the loss of terminal twigs, girdled by this insect. The work is done by the larva or grub of an elongate, dark brown beetle, a half to three Eggs are laid in the twigs in July, and the grub feeds within, finally gnawing a cireu- fourths of an inch long, lar groove as far outer bark, so that the as the Fo) twig breaks off, taking the grub with it. The fallen twig then Fie. 338. — Adult pruner. of the Twig- serves as its Original. 252 1) ate a ore 1404 io a Fig. 339. — Punc- tures made by Tree Crickets. Original. PESTS OF ORCHARD AND SMALL FRUITS home until the following spring, when it trans- forms and comes out as an adult. The remedy is to gather and destroy the fallen twigs. Tree Crickets (Ecanthus spp.) Small, light green, and rather slender crickets make long rows of punctures in the canes of raspberries and blackberries, and in tender twigs of fruit trees, the injury often resulting in the death of the cane or twig. Ifa twig showing these char- acteristic punctures is split, it be Fic. 340.— A Tree Cricket. found that the Original. holes were made as a place to deposit eggs. The species usually responsible is Ecanthus nigricornis Walk. The punctures are made in the latter part of summer, and the eggs hatch in the spring. There is one brood in the North, but two in the South. Both young and adults feed on other insects, and should be regarded as beneficial. Fic. 341. — Section through twig, showing punctures of Tree Crickets in detail. Enlarged. Original. PUNCTURING THE TWIGS 253 Injured twigs may be removed in early spring or in the course of winter pruning. The Buffalo Tree-hopper (Ceresa bubalus Fab.) The twigs and smaller limbs of orchard trees sometimes show regular rows of oval scars, due to the egg-laying punctures of a curious little in- sect, the buffalo tree-hopper. The scars do not heal, and, if numerous, weaken the twigs. The insect that makes the pune- Fic. 342.— The Buffalo Tree- hopper. Enlarged and natu- ral size. Original. tures is triangular in shape, light green in color, three eighths of an inch long, and has a two-horned enlarge- | ment at the front of its body. fie Bie = eae ce The young that hatch from Buffalo Tree-hop- the eggs do not feed in or on per. Original. the twig, but on various weeds. In control, weeds should be kept down in the orchard, and twigs that show many of the egg-lay- ing slits may be pruned in winter. The Periodical Cicada (Tibicen septendectm Linn.) Occasional injury to twigs of fruit trees is re- ; corded due to egg-laying punctures of the periodi- Fic. 344. — Work of the Periodical . ra i : i Cicada. Original. ‘‘ dog-day cicada,” or “locust,” which is heard eal cicada. This insect is closely related to the 254 PESTS OF ORCHARD AND SMALL FRUITS sounding its long, high-pitched note in summer. Usually the only notable cases of injury are to newly set fruit trees, which are so small Fic. 345. — Emergence of Adult Cicada from pupal skin. Original. as to make the work in the twigs really serious. The injury takes the form of a row of regular punctures in the twig, each puncture with a frayed or torn margin. Definite “ broods ”’ of this insect exist in various parts of the country, and these have been studied and mapped so that the coming of the aduits can be pre dicted. The immature stages of the cicada are passed in the soil, and either 13 or 17 years are re- quired for this part of the insect’s growth, depending on the section and the brood. At the end of this time the adults suddenly appear in large numbers, lay eggs, and another life cycle begins, as before. Bordeaux mixture appears to act as a repellent when sprayed on young trees that are threatened with injury. Fic. 346.— The Periodical Cicada. Original. The San José Scale (Aspidiotus perniciosus Comst.) This serious pest of fruit trees, shade trees, and ornamentals is an insidious insect, and seldom is recognized until it has gained a foothold and has already caused marked injury. The first evidence of its pres- ence usually noted is the weakening or dying of twigs. On further SMALL SCALES ON BARK OF TRUNK OR BRANCH 255 examination such twigs are found to have a scurfy or ashy look, the bark being crusted with hundreds of minute scales, no larger than a very small pin head. [If a sliver of the outer bark is cut away, the inner, soft bark will be found to show more or less reddish discolora- Fic. 347.— The San José Seale. Above, natural size. Center, enlarged. Be- low, a single scale, enlarged. Original. tion. On peach trees the scale is apt to gain a foothold first on the larger limbs, rather than the small twigs. When the scales are quite numerous, they will be found also on the leaves and fruit, as well as the bark. On the fruit of apple, peach, or pear a reddish discoloration surrounds isolated scales. Peach trees frequently are killed by the 256 PESTS OF ORCHARD AND SMALL FRUITS insect in three years. Apple and pear trees, and various ornamental shrubs, usually manage to exist for some time longer. If a hand lens is used for closer examination, it will be found that each scale is circular in shape, rather flat, dark in color, and has in its center a small raised spot, like a nipple, surrounded by a slight de- pression. Smaller, oval scales represent the males. There are several generations each season. The species lives through the winter as half-grown females. With the coming of warm weather these complete their growth, the tiny winged males appear, and in a few days each female begins giving birth to exceedingly small, living young. The latter crawl about over the bark for a few hours, then settle Fig. 348. — Work of San José Scale on down, insert their sucking beaks, Eee ea and soon are covered with a pro- tecting wax scale. They do not move thereafter. The total prog- eny of a single female in one season is enormous. The insect is especially likely to be introduced on nursery stock, and the greatest care should be taken in the purchase of trees for an orchard. If stock has been properly fumigated with hydrocyanic acid gas, the scales will be killed. Treatment of trees or shrubs consists of spraying in the dormant season with lime-sulphur solution. The best time of application is in the spring, just before the buds swell. Where the infestation is severe, it is well to spray in the fall, after the leaves have dropped, and again in the spring. For small shrubs, and the like, if it is not desired to use the lime- sulphur spray, a solution of whale-oil soap, 2 pounds to 1 gallon of water, may be applied in winter. The potash soap should be used. SMALL SCALES ON BARK OF TRUNK OR BRANCH 257 Several other species closely resemble the San José scale, and on superficial examination can hardly be distinguished from it. They have not, however, so distinct a ring and nipple. The Putnam’s Scale (Aspi- diotus ancylus Putnam) infests many kinds of fruit and shade trees. It has one generation annually. The Cherry Scale (Aspidiotus forbest Johns.) is found on the bark of cherry and other fruit trees. It is lighter in color than the San José scale. The European Fruit-seale (Aspidiotus ostreeformis Curt.) attacks principally plums, but occasionally other fruits, except the peach. It produces several generations annually and is often a serious pest. Fig. 349.— Branch incrusted with Put- nam’s Seale. Original. For all of these the best treatment is a winter spraying with lime sulphur. Fic. 350.— Cherry Scale. 8 Enlarged to seven times natural size. Original. 258 PESTS OF ORCHARD AND SMALL FRUITS The Oyster-shell Scale (Lepidosaphes ulmi Linn.) The shape of this scale is quite like that of a narrow, miniature oyster shell. It is about one eighth of an inch long and is easily ob- served without a lens. It commonly infests a great variety of deciduous trees and shrubs, and when very abundant, is capable of causing the death of its host. The young scales ap- pear in May or June, crawl about over the bark for six or eight hours, and then insert their beaks, settle down, and secrete the wax covering under which they remain for the rest of their life. The males are winged. Eggs are laid in fall, beneath the scale covering the female, and remain there until the next spring. In the South there are two broods; in the North one. : Fic. 351.— Oyster-shell Scale. Enlarged to twice natural size. Original. Regular, annual spray- ing in winter with lime sulphur for San José scale will hold this insect sufficiently in check. For direct, remedial treatment of badly infested trees this wash is not sufficiently active or dependable. The only remedies that may be dépended on are a spraying in early spring with linseed oil emulsion; or an application of 12 per cent kerosene emulsion at the CONSPICUOUS time that the young are hatching. date for the latter must be deter by close watching. 352. — Oys.er-shell Seale. larged. Original. Fig. The Scurfy Scale (Chionaspis furfura Fitch) The scurfy scale is found principally on apple, but occasionally on peach, cherry, currant, and gooseberry. The seale of the female is small, flat, With these whitish, and broadly oval. Greatly Fic. 354. — Scurfy Scale. enlarged. Original. SCALES Greatly en- ON THE BARK 259 The mined Q Fic. 3 The larger the smaller Slightly enlarged. inal. 3 Scale. 53. — Seurfy are females; are males. Orig- pear, will be found the scales of the male, which are smaller, narrow, and longitudinally ridged. There is one generation annually. Eggs are laid in the fall, beneath the scale of the female, and from these hatch the minute young, in Only the male is the spring. winged. 260 PESTS OF ORCHARD AND SMALL FRUITS Spraying with lime sulphur in winter, as for San José scale, will control this pest. The Rose Scale (Aulacaspis rose Bouché) Roses, blackberries, and raspberries frequently become infested with white scales which cover the canes. The individual scales, when full grown, are about one tenth of an inch long, thin, flat, and snowy white. f ) Fic. 355.—Cottony Maple-scale. Orig- inal. There may be three or more generations in a year. Judicious pruning will help to hold them in check. Lime sulphur may be used as a winter spray. Or, spray in winter with whale-oil soap, 1 pound to 1 gallon of water. The Cottony Maple-scale (Pulrinaria vitis Linn.) This large and easily recognized scale attacks grape vines and various fruit and shade trees. It is conspicuous in early spring, when the fluffy, cottony secretion containing the eggs is pushed out from under the body of the female. There is one generation annually, the female over- wintering on the bark. The means of control is to spray with 10 per cent kerosene emulsion when the young are hatching in the spring. The European Fruit Lecanium (Lecanium corni Bouché) The smaller limbs and twigs of fruit trees are attacked by a species of large scale, one eighth of an inch long and nearly hemispherical. When young, it is yellowish, but when older, is dark and shiny. The upper surface of the insect is hardened, thus pro- tecting the softer parts beneath; in other words, the scaly covering CONSPICUOUS SCALES is really a part of the insect itself and is not detachable as with the San José or oyster- shell scales. The best remedial measure is a winter spraying with erude oil emulsion at 12 per cent strength or distillate oil emulsion at 5 percent strength. ON THE BARK P61 Fria. 356.—The European Fruit Leeanium. Enlarged to twice natural size. Orig- Distillate oil emulsion is prepared by dissolving 8 pounds of whale- oil soap in 3 gallons of hot water, adding 5 gallons of distillate oil and Fig. 357.— Terrapin Scale. Below, a single scale, enlarged. Original. at once pumping the mixture back on itself. To dilute for a do per cent strength add 1 gallon of emulsion to 113 gal- lons of water. The Terrapin Scale (Euleca- nium nigrofasciatum Perg.) The terrapin scale is nearly hemispherical, about one twelfth of an inch long, nearly as wide and high, and reddish in color. The surface is marked with darker, radiating spots or streaks, and usually there is a series of shallow depressions near the margin. The food plants include peach, apple, plum, cherry, quince, pear, and various shade trees. The seale is difheult to kill. The best remedy is spraving with 20 per cent kerosene emulsion in spring, just before growth starts. Do not apply so much liquid that it will run down the trunk of the tree. 262 PESTS OF ORCHARD AND SMALL FRUITS The Spotted Pelidnota (Pelidnota punctata Linn.) Heavy-bodied, slow-moving beetles sometimes are found in considerable rated. numbers on the leaves of grapes. They are an inch long, golden yellow, and each wing cover is marked with three small black dots, widely sepa- The immature stages are Fic. 358. —The Spotted Pelidnota. passed in rotting wood. The beetles Original. are usually controlled ‘by hand pick- ing, but may be poisoned with applica- tions of Paris green or arsenate of lead. The Light-loving Anomala (Anomala lucicola Fab.) Occasionally the foliage of grapes is riddled by brownish beetles, one third of an inch long, in shape and appearance like Fic. 359.—The Light-loving Fic. 360. — Anomala marginata. Enlarged. Original. grapes, raspberries or blackberries. It is half an inch long and light brownish in color. Hier eeomne Anomala. Enlarged to twice natural size. Original. mon June beetles, but smaller. The larve live in the soil and are not injurious. The beetles are readily killed by spraying with arsenate of lead or Paris green. An allied species, A4nomala marginata Fab., is found in the South, where it sometimes destroys the foliage of apples, is Anomala undulata Mels., one third of an inch long, yellowish in color, and marked with black. Still another species with similar habits | | Fic. 361.— Anomala undu- The above are pests only at compara- lata. Enlarged. Original. BEETLES INJURING tively rare intervals. of lead will poison them. THE FOLIAGE 263 Prompt application of Paris green or arsenate The Cherry Leaf-beetle (Galerucella cavicollis Lec.) An oval, red beetle, one fourth of an inch long, with black legs and antenn, feeds on the leaves of cherry, plum, and peach, and when numerous riddles the foli- age. The lagve also feed on the leaves. The pupal stage is passed in the ground, and there are two broods annually. The remedy is prompt spraying with arsenate of lead or Paris green. Fig. 362.— The Cherry Leaf-beetle. Enlarged and natural size. Original. The Strawberry Leaf-beetle (Typophorus canellus Fab.) A chunky, dark beetle, one eighth of an inch long, with four oblique, black patches on its wings, occasionally appears in large numbers in strawberry fields early in the season, and riddles the leaves. The larve or gruks which follow shortly are small and thick bodied, and feed on the roots of the plants. The beetles hibernate as adults. Prompt spraying with Paris green or arsenate of lead will check the beetles. Another species with Fic. 363.— Work of the Strawberry Leaf- beetle. Original. somewhat similar feed- ing habits, Colaspis 264 PESTS OF ORCHARD AND SMALL FRUITS brunnea Fab., is occasionally in evidence on strawberry or grape, and rarely on garden or field crops. It is yellowish, oval, rather convex, Fic. 364.— Larva ot the Straw- Fig. 365.— The Strawberry Leaf-beetle. berry Leaf-beetle. Enlarg Adult, enlarged and natural size. Orig- and natural size. Original. inal. and about one fifth of an inch long. The grubs feed on the roots. Bes There is a single brood annually. Arsenicals will poison the adults. — Pupa of the Grape Fic. 367.—The Grape Colaspis. Adult, s. Enlarged and natu- enlarged and natural size. Original. Original. The Grape Flea-beetle ( Haltica chalybea Illig.) Early in the growing season, the swelling buds of grapes are eaten into and destroyed. and as the tender leaves unfold they are riddled. The beetles which are responsible for this damage are small, steely- FLEA-BEETLES INJURING THE FOLIAGE 265 blue insects, one eighth to one fifth of an inch long, and rather broad. They are able to fly readily and jump quickly. uggs are soon laid, and the larvee feed on the surface of the leaves, leaving the veins untouched. A pupal stage is passed in the ground, and there is a see- ond generation in midsummer, but damage by this later brood is not par- ticularly noticeable because the foliage is relatively more abundant. To control, spray with 4 pounds of arsenate of lead and 1. gallon of cheap molasses to 50 gallons of water. Apply the spray early, at the first Fig. 368.— Work of the Grape Flea-beetle. © Or.iaal. appearanee of the beetles, before they have opportunity to destroy the buds. Where only a few vines are concerned, the adults may be jarred off onto sheets, if the work is done early in the morning before the beetles Fig. 369.—Larva of the Grape Flea- Fig. 370.—The Grape Flea-beetle. beetle. Enlarged and natural size. Adult, enlarged and natural size. Original. Original. 266 PEST. 17) OF ORCHARD AND SMALL FRUITS become active. Cleaning up rubbish will help to reduce the numbers of overwintering adults. The Strawberry Flea-beetle Haltica a Illig.) A shining, active beetle, one fifth of an inch g, appears in early summer on t eaves of strawberry and other plants. Its shape is rather oblong, and its color ranges irom golden to greenish, or deep blue. Shortly trawberryFlea- afterward the larve may be al found on the foliage, usually on the under leaves where they are concealed. They are almost black * and one fourth of an ingb long. - . s> - Es The body surface is cové§ed with low tubercles. Pupation takes place in the soil. In the South there are two or three oO eS nerations annually; in the North g 5 sily checked by spraying or dusting with arsenate ] The pest is ea The Tent Caterpillar (Malacosoma americana Fab.) In the spring leaves of apple, wild cherry, and other plants are stripped by this caterpillar. Its work is characterized by the forma- tion of a conspicuous web or nest in the forks of smaller branches, the caterpillars spending part of their time on or in this nest and going LARGE CATERPILLARS EATING THE LEAVES 267 out from it to feed on the leaves. They do not form any webs on the leaves, but only the tent in the forks. Fig. 373.— The Tent Caterpillar. Original. The full-grown caterpillar is about two inches long. Its body is black, ornamented with a well-defined white line down the middle of its back, and with a row of blue spots along each side. The adult moth is dull reddish in color. 268 PESTS OF ORCHARD AND SMALL FRUITS The eggs are laid in a compact mass, encircling a twig, and remain where placed until the following spring. The caterpillars hatch as be destroyed by burning with a torch, selecting a time when the caterpillars are at rest on or in their web. Original. Fic. 374.— Nest of the Tent Caterpillar. ; ; Fic. 376. — Adult of the Tent Caterpillar. Caterpillar. Original. Original. They will be found there when the weather is cloudy or stormy, or early in the morning before the sun is well up. Instead of burning, the nests may be sprayed with 25 per cent kerosene emulsion or with LARGE CATERPILLARS EATING THE LEAVES 269 pure kerosene, taking care not to get this on the surrounding foliage. Spraying the foliage with Paris green or arsenate of lead will easily poison the caterpillars. The Forest Tent Caterpillar (Malacosoma disstria Hbn.) The common name of this species is misleading, for it does not construct a tent. It is, however, closely related to the tent cater- pillar, and has ac- quired a similar name. While often ‘ a forest pest, it is apt to attack fruit tree foliage as well, and may strip the trees when abundant. The full-grown caterpillar is two inches long, dark in color, and has Fic. 377.—The Forest Tent g row of conspicu- Caterpillar. Original. y ous, diamond- shaped, white spots down the. Fie. 378.—Egg-mass of the Forest Tent i Caterpillar. Orig- its back. inal middle of Eggs are laid in a compact ring around twigs, and covered with a shin- ing varnish. The young cater- Fic. 379.— Adult of the Forest Tent ; ; ; Caterpillar. Original. pillars appear early in spring. 270 PESTS OF ORCHARD AND SMALL FRUITS They have a habit of traveling back and forth up and down the trunk and limbs of a tree, and sometimes collect in masses. On orchard trees they are readily controlled by poison sprays, preferably arsenate of lead. The Yellow-necked Caterpillar (Datana ministra Dra.) In late summer yellow and black striped caterpillars feed on orchard foliage, working in colonies and strip- ping a single limb as they go. The mature caterpil- lar is nearly two inches long. Just back of the head is an orange ridge. When dis- turbed, the caterpillars raise both head and tail into the air, holding fast by the middle. The eggs are laid on Fic. 380. — The Yellow-necked Caterpillar. Original. the leaves in midsum- mer, by a_ brownish moth. Winter is passed as a pupa in the soil. There is one generation annually. Removal of the colo- nies of caterpillars by cutting off the trig ot Fic. 381.—Adult of the Yellow-necked Cater limb is the usual pro- pillar. Original. cedure. They may easily be killed by spraying with Paris green or arsenate of lead. Where orchards are given a spraying with arsenicals the first of August this pest will not be in evidence. 9 LARGE CATERPILLARS FEEDING IN COLONIES 271 The Red-humped Apple Caterpillar (Schizura concinna 8. and A.) Fig. 382.— The Red-humped Apple Caterpillar. Original. This species has the same habits and life round as the preceding. It is abundant in late summer, and feeds in colonies. Like the other, Fic. 383. — Eggs of the Red- humped Apple Caterpil- lar. Enlarged. Original. Control is the same as for the preceding species. The two will be found on orchard foliage at about the same time of year. it jerks its head and tail into the air when alarmed. The body of the cat- erpillar is spiny, and is marked with fine, narrow stripes of black and yel- low. A short distance back of the head is a hump which is conspicu- ously red. Fig. 384.— Adult of the Red-humped Apple Caterpillar. Slightly enlarged. Original. 272 PESTS OF ORCHARD AND SMALL FRUITS Caterpillars of Hawk Moths Large and conspicuous worms two or three inches long are often found on the foliage of grapes and Virginia creeper. They vary in markings, but usually have a prominent spine or a distinct hard tubercle at the hind end. They feed singly, have enormous appe- tites, and will easily stmp parts of the vines bare of leaves. There are three Fic. 385.— Adult of the Grapevine Hog Caterpillar. or four species Original. commonly to be seen. All are the immature stages of swift-flving, heavy-bodied moths, observed usually in the evening, poised over flowers, sipping the nectar, and known locally in some sections as *“humming-bird moths.” The pupal stage is passed in the soil. There is one generation annually. The Grapevine Hog Caterpillar (Ampelopha- gus myron Cram.) is two inches long, yellowish | ae | Fig. 386.—The Achemon Sphinx. Slightly reduced. Original. green, has two white stripes down the back and seven oblique stripes on each side, and seven pink or red spots down the middle of the back. There is a horn near the hind end. The Achemon Sphinx CONSPICUOUS CATERPILLARS DESTROYING FOLIAGE 273 (Pholus achemon Dru.) is three inches or more long when full grown, yellowish green in color to reddish brown, and has six conspicuous white dashes or spots down each side. The third segment back of Fic. 387.— Larva of the Achemon Sphinx. Original. the head is enlarged. At the hind end is a horn, changing to a round ‘ eyespot ’’ as the caterpillar nears maturity. Abbott’s Sphinx (Sphecodina abbottii Swain) reaches a length of 24 inches, is lght Fic. 388.— The Abbott's Sphinx. Original. brown in color with darker streaks lengthwise of the body and black lines across each segment. At the hind end is a conspicuous, round black spot margined with yellow. T 274 PESTS OF ORCHARD AND SMALL FRUITS Since the larve are conspicuous and are not numerous, hand picking is feasible. Arsenical poisons, such as Paris green or arsenate of lead, may be used if desired. Fic. 389.— Larva of the Abbott's Sphinx. Original. The Plum-tree Sphinx (Sphinx drupiferarum 8. and A.) Large, green caterpillars are sometimes in evidence on the foliage of plum trees, devouring the leaves. They are naked worms, two inches or more in length, the body marked on each side with seven diagonal dashes of narrow white bordered with purple. On the hind end is a conspicuous spine. The adults are strong-flying moths, seen hovering over flowers in the eve- ning. The pupal stage is passed in the soil. There is one generation annually. Hand picking is the usual remedy, but arsenate of lead or Paris green may be used on the foliage if desired. Fie. 390.— Adult Plum-tree Sphinx. Slightly reduced. Original. The False Army-worm (Calocampa nubera Lint.) In recent seasons, cranberry foliage has been severely injured by a large caterpillar, two inches long when full grown, dark green in color, CONSPICUOUS CATERPILLARS DESTROYING FOLIAGE 27 somewhat spotted with white, and with a greenish yellow head. The depredations take place in early summer. The moths are out in August and September. Bogs attacked may be reflowed for 24 hours, when the worms are found at work, thus killing them or dislodging them from the vines. Arsenate of lead or Paris green may be used to advantage if applied while the worms are small. The Smeared Dagger (Acronycta (Apatela) oblinita 8. and A.) Conspicuous cater- pillars, 14 inches long when full grown, feed on the foliage of strawberries and rasp- berries, and occasion- Fie. 391. — Larva of the Smeared Dagger. Original. ally on clover. The body is velvety black. There is a band of red across the back on each segment, red tubercles and yellow pas Fic. 392.— The Smeared Dagger. Original. along the back, and a yellow band along each side. There are two broods annually. Control consists in prompt application of arsenate of lead or Paris green. The Eight-spotted Forester (Alipia octomaculata Fab.) The foliage of grapes, and often of Virginia creeper, is eaten by conspicuous naked caterpillars, 14 inches long when mature. The head is i : TT] Oo -. o mA je c Fic. 393.— Larva of the Eight-spotted bright orange. There is an Forester. Original. orange band across each seg- OF ORCHARD Fig. 594.— The Eight-spotted Forester. Slightly enlarged. Original. AND SMALL FRUITS ment, and on each side of the body is a wavy white longi- tudinal band, segments but on the head, the adult moth with eight The readiest means of control is to apply faint toward the prominent toward The black, marked large hind end. is spots. arsenate of lead or Paris green to the foliage. The Grape-leaf Skeletonizer ( Harrisina americana Guer-Men.) Orderly rows of small, yellowish, black-spotted caterpillars feed on the surface of grape leaves, devouring the surface tissue, but leaving the veins untouched. Later, when more nearly full grown, the larve separate and work singly, eating all of the leaf except the main ribs. 5.— Larva of the Grape-leaf Skeletonizer. Original. The mature caterpillar is a half oe | inch long. The parent moth emerges in June, and lays eggs on the under side of grape leaves. Larv:e hatched from these eggs complete Fig. 396.— Adult of the Grape-leaf Skele- tonizer, enlarged to three times natural size. Original. their growth in a month to six weeks, and a second generation of moths come out in July or August, followed by a second lot of caterpillars. The insect passes the win- ter in the pupal stage in dead leaves or rubbish. SMALL CATERPILLARS EATING THE LEAF SURFACE 277 When the caterpillars are feeding together, the simplest means of control is to remove the leaves on which they are at work. Later, when the larve have seattered, it is necessary to apply arsenate of lead or Paris green. If grapes are sprayed early with arsenicals, enough of the poison will adhere to check these inseets when they begin feeding. The Apple-leaf Skeletonizer (Canarsia hammond? Riley) A small, brown eaterpillar, not more than half an inch long when full grown, injures apple fohage by eating the surface of the leaves. ms” Fic. 398.— Larva of the Apple-leat Skeletonizer. Enlarged. Original. It begins work near the center of the leaf, and spins over itself ! a thin web. Frequently sev- Fic. 397, — Work of the Apple-leaf Skele- eral of the worms will be found tonizer. Original. under a single web. The cat- erpillar is marked by four black dots just back of the head, two on the first segment and two on the second. The pupal stage is passed on the leaf. The adult is a grayish moth, expanding half anineh. There are two or three broods in a season. The appheation of arse- nate of lead or Paris green Fie. 399.— Adult of the Apple-Leaf Skele- tonizer. Enlarged and natural size. Orig- the pest. It is necessary to inal. to the foliage will soon check 92 278 PESTS OF ORCHARD AND SMALL FRUITS reach the terminal leaves, for the caterpillars are apt to feed in such locations. The Palmer-worm (Dichomeris ligulellus Hbn. ( Ypsolophus pometellus At oczasional periods, separated by long intervals, a small striped caterpillar becomes numerous on apple and other trees, severely Fic. 400. — Adult of the Palmer-worm. En- larged and natural size. Original. bending over the edge of The best remedy is a prompt application of Paris green or arsenate of lead. The Apple-leaf Bucculatrix (Bucculatrix pomifoliella Clem.) Greenish yellow caterpil- lars, half an inch long when full grown, feed first in mines within the leaf tissues of apples, or related trees, and later on the surface, skele- tonizing the leaf. The seg- ments of the caterpillar’s body are prominent and rounded. injuring the foliage and often eating irregular cavi- ties in the surface of the young fruit. The full- grown worm is about a half inch long, has three narrow dark stripes down its back, and usually spins a few strands of silk over itself, sometimes thus The adult is a tiny moth. Fic. 401.— Work of the Apple-leaf Buccu- latrix. Original. bo “1 Ne} SMALL CATERPILLARS INJURING THE LEAVES Fic. 402.— Cocoon of the Apple-leaf Bucculatrix. Enlarged and natural size. Original. In the fall the larve migrate to twigs or branches and make small, whitish, ribbed cocoons, often somewhat conspicuous when occurring in large numbers. The tiny parent moth emerges from the cocoon the following spring. The use of Paris green or arse- nate of lead to poison the cater- pillars when they begin feeding on the surface of the leaf is the easiest remedy, although a win- ter spraying with lime sulphur or 15 per cent kerosene emulsion will be likely to kill the overwin- Fie. 403.— Adult of the Apple-leaf tering form. The species is Bucculatrix. Enlarged and natural seldom a genuine pest. size. Original. The Spring Canker-worm (Paleacrita vernata Peck) A small, naked measuring worm or inchworm attacks the foliage of apple trees in early spring. At first small holes are eaten in the leaves, 280 PESTS OF ORCHARD AND SMALL FRUITS but later the entire leaf is destroyed, except the main veins. The worms are three fourths to one inch long, naked, dark green, and some- Fic. 404.— The Spring Canker-worm. Original. times rather dis tinctly striped. They have a pair of prolegs or clasp- ers on the hind end, a single pair a short distance forward of these, but no other legs from that point to the three pairs of true legs near the front end of the body. Thus, in moving, they arch the body so as to bring the hind end up near the front. This species may be distin- guished from the similar fall canker- worm by the fact that the latter has an additional pair of rather small pro- legs near the hind end. Fic. 405. — Adult female of the Spring Can- ker-worm. Enlarged and natural size. Fic. 406.— Work of Canker- Original. worms. Original. SPANWORMS EATING THE LEAVES 281 When full grown, the worms enter the ground, and remain there until the following spring. The adults come out several weeks before the apple is due to blossom. The female is wingless, crawls up the trunk, and lays her eggs. The male is winged. The eggs hatch after the apple leaves have unfolded. Spraying with arsenicals, using rather heavy dosage, will kill the worms. Instead of this the trees may be banded six weeks before the apples are due to bloom, so as to prevent the females or the worms from reaching the upper parts of the tree. Orchards that are regu- larly sprayed = with poisons, such as arse- nate of lead or Paris green, will not sutfer from this pest. The Fall Canker-worm (Alsophila pometaria Harr.) This species is quite similar in characteris- tics to the spring can- ker-worm. The larva may readily be recog- nized from the fact that it has two pairs of prolegs near the hind end of the body just forward of the claspers located on the extreme hind end, Fic. 407.—The Fall Canker-worm. Slightly en- whereas the spring larged. Original. eanker-worm has only one pair. The injury wrought by the two species is identical. Either will strip the foliage from apple trees in early spring, when numerous. 282 PESTS OF ORCHARD AND SMALL FRUITS The life round in this species is different from that of the spring canker-worm. The full-grown larva enters the soil to transform, but Fig. 408.— Eggs of the Fall Canker-worm. Enlarged and natural size. Original. the adults emerge in the fall, instead of the spring. The female is wingless, and at once climbs the trunk and lays her eggs. These eggs remain over win- ter. They hatch in the spring, with the opening of the apple foliage. Spraying with arsenical poisons will control this species. If it is desired to control the pest by banding, it will be necessary to apply bands in the fall, so as to prevent the females from crawling up to the higher parts of the tree, and to renew the bands in the spring to prevent the young worms from ascending. The females, if stopped in the fall by bands, will lay eggs below the ob- structions, and thus further . banding at the hatching sea- son in the spring is essential. The Currant Spanworm (Cymatophora ribearia Fitch) This worm is one of the loopers or measuring worms. Fig. 410.— Adult of the Currant Span- worm. Original. ”? Fie. 409. — The Currant Spanworm. Slightly enlarged. Original. It is a little over an inch long when mature, is light yellow- ish or cream colored, and dot- ted with black. The worms appear in early spring from eggs laid on the stems the previous summer by the par- ent moth. When they are very abundant, the foliage is destroyed by them. SPANWORMS EATING THE LEAVES 283 Spraying with arsenical poisons is a ready remedy. Usually the currants are not ripe when the worms appear, and therefore poison sprays may be used safely. The Cranberry Spanworm (Cleora pampinaria Guen.) The leaves of cranberry, asparagus, cotton, strawberry, apple, pear, clover, and others are sometimes eaten by a brownish or olive span- worm, 1} inches long when mature. Its body is streaked and mottled with lighter and darker shades. On the back, about one third of the way to the rear of the head, are two low black tubercles, and near the hind end are two more. There are two pairs of fleshy false legs near the hind end, and three pairs of true legs close Fie. 411.— Adult of the Cran- to the front end. The worms have berry Spanworm. Original. a habit of resting motionless, hold- ing fast to a stem by the hind legs, the body projecting at an angle. The adult is a gray moth marked with many spots and zigzag lines of black and brown. There are two generations annually, larve appearing in late June and again in August. Dusting or spraying with arsenate of lead or Paris green will poison the worms. The Elm Spanworm (Ennomos subsignarius Hbn.) In June the larvee of this Fic. 412.— Adult of the Elm Spanworm. Original. moth may be found on the foliage of a great variety of trees, including apple, pear, or other fruits as well as forest trees. Usually they are brown, but sometimes green, look much like a twig, and have three low tubercles on the back, one near the hind 284 PESTS OF ORCHARD AND SMALL FRUITS end, another a third of the way toward the head end, and another two thirds of the way toward the head. They have no feet along the middle part of the body, and move with a looping gait. The adult is a white moth, expanding about 1} inches. Eggs are laid in July, in masses on the twigs, and hatch the following summer. On orchard trees the best meas- ure of control is an application of arsenate of lead or Paris green. The Lime-tree Winter Moth (Erannis tiliaria Harr.) Fic. 413.— Larva of the Lime-tree The larva of this species some- Winter Moth. Original. times strips the foliage of apple trees. It is a spanworm or “ measuring worm,” 11 inches long when full grown, the body yellowish above with several fine black lines down its back, the under side lighter. The adult moths usually emerge in the fall, but occasionally not until spring. The male is winged, but the female is spiderlike and wingless. The caterpillars are at work in the early weeks ‘ of the growing season. Pupation takes place in the ground. In its appearance and habits this species resembles the canker-worms. The remedies recommended for the latter will apply to this pest. Fic. 414.— The Lime-tree Winter Moth. Original. The Chain Spotted Geometer (Cingilia catenaria Dru.) Characteristic, slender measuring worms, 13 inches long when full grown, feed on the foliage of various bush fruits. The caterpillar SAWFLY LARVAE EATING THE LEAVES 285 is eylindrical, light yellow, marked with two fine, brown lines on the back and two on the sides, and distinctly marked with two black dots on each Fic. 415. — Larva of the Chain Spotted segment. Geometer. Original. eB . . 5 Pupation takes place in a delicate, lace-like cocoon among the leaves. The adult moths are numerous in late summer. The worms are easily poisoned by applying arsenate of lead or Paris green to the fohage. \ | | Fie. 416.— Adult of the Chain Spotted Geometer. Original. The Imported Currant Worm (Pteronus ribesti Scop.) Currants and gooseberries are subject to periodical strip- ping by this worm. Through- out most of its existence the larva is greenish in color, _ ; Fig. 417.— The Imported Currant Worm. marked with numerous black Wake iad ae -Geal: dots, but just before trans- forming it is clear green without any dots. When full grown, its length is three fourths of an inch. 286 PESTS OF ORCHARD AND SMALL FRUITS The pupal stage is passed in little cells in the soil. There are two generations, one lot of worms appearing in early sum- mer and the second brood five or six weeks later. Hibernation takes place in the pupal stage. The adult is a sawfly. : Until currants are ripe the Fic. 418.—Cocoons of the Imported best remedy is an application Currant Worm. Original. of Paris green and lime. If the spraying is done early, arsenate of lead may be used. When the fruit is coloring, use hellebore. The Native Cur- rant Worm (Di- phadnus appendicu- latus Hartig) causes similar defoliation. The larva is half an inch long, and light Fie. 419. — Adult of the Imported Cur- rant Worm. Enlarged and natural size. Original. green, without black spots. There are two generations. The adult is a sawfly. The measures of con- trol are the same as for the im- Fic. 420.— Adult of the Native Cur- Benes See Ears en rant Worm. Enlarged and natural may be used safely until the fruit size. Original. is half grown. SAWFLY LARV.E EATING THE LEAVES 287 The Raspberry Sawfly (\Jonophadnoides rubi Harr.) Greenish, spiny worms eat the foliage of raspberry and blackberry, stripping the bushes and leaving only the main leaf veins. The full- grown larva is three fourths of an inch long and covered with short Fig. 421.— Larva of the Raspberry Fic. 422.—The Raspberry Sawfly. Sawfly. Original. Enlarged and natural size. Orig- inal. spines, which are dark on its back but light on its sides. When ma- ture, the worms enter the ground, and remain there until the follow- ing spring, when the transformation to the adult sawfly takes place. Paris green or ar- senate of lead may be used to poison the worms until the fruit is set. After that use hellebore. The Grape Sawfly (Selandria vitis Say) Greenish or yellowish slugs, their bodies dotted with black, feed in groups on the leaves of grapes, usually on the under side of the leaf. The adult is a sawfly. There are two broods annually. Fig. 423.— The Grape Sawfly. Enlarged and natural size. Original. 288 PESTS OF ORCHARD AND SMALL FRUITS An application of arsenate of lead or Paris green is the best control measure until the fruit is well colored. The Strawberry Sawfly (Empria ( Harpiphorus) maculata Nort.) About the time that strawberries begin blooming, the leaves are eaten by sluglike worms, half an inch long, yellowish in color, with a pale stripe down the back. When not feeding, the slugs often rest on Fic. 424.— The Strawberry Sawfly. Enlarged and natural size. Original. the under surface of the leaf, coiled in a sort of spiral. The adults are small, four-winged insects. Winter is passed in the ground. There is one brood each vear. The best means of control is an early application of arsenical poisons. If ripe strawberries are already on the vines when injury is noted, hellebore may be used. The Pear-slug (Caliroa (Eriocampoides) cerast Linn.) Small, dark green, slimy slugs eat the surface of the leaves of pear, cherry, and plum, gnawing off the epidermis and leaving the veins and lower surface. The tissues where they have been at work turn brown, SLUGS EATING THE LEAF SURFACE 289 Fic. 425.— Work and larva of the Pear-slug. Original. and if the slugs are numerous, the entire foliage of the tree may look scorched and drop off. When nearly full grown, the larve lose their slimy coating with the last molt, and are then a clear yel- low in color. There are two or three gen- erations in a season. The slugs are apt to be more nu- merous in the middle or latter part of summer. The adult is asawfly. Eggs are laid within Fic. 426.— Adult of the Pear-slug. En- the tissues of the leaf. : au larged and natural size. Original. Ordinarily the simplest means of control is to apply Paris green or arsenate of lead to the foliage. The slugs are easily killed. The Peach and Plum Slug (Cal’roa amygdalina Rohwer) The work of this insect is similar to that of the common pear-slug. The species is found in the Gulf states. There are half a dozen or more generations each season, and injury is most severe toward the end of summer. Spraying with an arsenical poison is the readiest remedy. U 290 PESTS OF ORCHARD AND SMALL FRUITS The Gypsy Moth (Porthetria dispar Linn.) This notorious European pest has now become established in the New England states, where it is doing immense damage, defoli- Fig. 427.—Larva of the Gypsy Moth. Original. end. After they are three fourths grown the caterpillars tend to feed only at night, com- ing down the trunks of the trees and hiding or resting in masses during daylight. Pupation takes place in a flimsy cocoon, on the trunk or ating forest, shade, and fruit trees. Evergreens are freely at- tacked after the caterpillars are half grown. The full-grown gypsy caterpil- lar is 23 inches long, hairy, and dark or black in general color. Beginning just behind the head there is a double row of five dark blue spots down the back, fol- lowed by a double row of six dark red spots, the last pair of the latter just above the hind Fic. 428. — Egg-mass of the Gypsy Moth on bark. Original. LARGE, HAIRY CATERPILLARS EATING THE LEAVES 291 near by, and the adult moths are out in July and August. The female is light grayish, heavy bodied, and has a wing expanse of two inches, but cannot fly. The male is much smaller, brown in general color, and flies readily. Eggs are laid in masses, and are covered with vellowish hairs from the body of the female. Ege masses occur on the trunks of trees, Fic. 429.— Newly hatched larve of the Gypsy Moth on egg-mass; and empty pupal shell. Original. the under side of branches, or on any permanent object near at hand. The egg stage lasts until the follow- ing May, when the young caterpillars hatch and at once begin feeding. Large sums have been spent by federal, state, and town author- ities to prevent the spread of this pest, reduce its ravages, and introduce its natural enemies. The egg masses may be painted with creosote at any time between September and the following April. This will penetrate and kill the eggs. Fic. 430.—The Gypsy Moth. Adult male. The larve may be poisoned Original. ‘ ‘ by spraying with arsenate of lead, using 5 to 8 pounds to 59 gallons of water, and applying early while the larve are still small. Tall trees may be banded with burlap, so as to provide a place where the caterpillars will hide by day and where they may be killed by mechanical means. 292 PESTS OF ORCHARD AND SMALL FRUITS Fig. 431.— The Gypsy Moth. Adult female. Original. Evergreens may be protected by banding the trunks with tanglefoot Fie. 432.— Winter nest of the Brown- tail Moth. Original. to prevent larve from crawling up into them after getting a start on deciduous growth near by. The same plan is useful to prevent in- jury to fruit or shade trees that have been properly cared for but are threatened by larve coming from egg masses in stone walls or on neglected growth close at hand. In woods of mixed growth it is advisable to remove all hard wood, leaving only a stand of pure ever- green, since the larve cannot live on evergreens until half grown. The Browntail Moth (Euproctis chrysorrhea Linn.) Throughout winter the small, compact nests of this insect are conspicuous on the tips of twigs of many species of orchard and shade trees and shrubs. A typical nest usually includes two or three HAIRY CATERPILLARS EATING THE LEAVES 293 leaves woven up tightly in silk, and attached to the twig by a tough strand of silk, which often follows the petiole of a leaf. Evergreens are not attacked by this species. Within the nest are several hundred very small caterpillars. Before foliage starts in the spring they come out and wander over the twigs Fig. 433.— Larva of the Browntail Fig. 484.— Adult Browntail Moths. Moth. Original. Male above, female below. Original. near the nest. When growth starts, they begin at once feeding on the foliage, often eating the leaves as fast as they unfold. The mature caterpillar is an ineh and a quarter long, brownish in general color, marked with a row of oblique white dashes down each side of its back, and with two orange spots near the hind end, one be- hind the other. Pupation takes place among the leaves. The adults emerge in July. Their wings are pure white, and the body of the female bears a tuft of brown hairs at the end of the abdomen. The moths fly at night and often are seen in large numbers around lights. Eggs are laid on the leaves and hatch early in August. The young caterpillars skeleton- 294 PESTS OF ORCHARD AND SMALL FRUITS ize leaves near by, giving the foliage a brown appearance. After a few weeks they make their winter nest and retire to it, temaining therein until the following spring. In addition to the damage done by the caterpillars there is an annoy- ing and sometimes serious poisoning of human beings by barbed hairs borne by the caterpillars. These hairs often are carried by the wind. 1 Fic. 435. — Egg-masses and adult female of the Browntail Moth. Original. The ordinary means of control is the removal and burning of the winter nests. On fruit trees it is a better plan to spray with arsenical poisons the first week in August, at the time when the caterpillars are just hatching from the egg. They are not resistant to poison when small, and a moderate dose will kill them. Spraying in the spring is not satisfactory. TUFTED CATERPILLARS EATING THE LEAVES 295 The Tussock Moths Three species of caterpillars of striking appearance, the larval stages of tussock moths, infest the foliage of orchard and forest trees. Of eae Fic. 436.— Larva of the Rusty Tussock Moth. Original. these the White Marked Tussock Moth = : (Hemerocampa leucostigma 8. and A.) is in sass ee many sections the most common, while Moth oncocoon. Original. in others the Rusty Tussock Moth (Hem- erocampa antigua Linn.) or the Definite Marked Tussock Moth (Hemerocampa definita Pack.) may be the one most in evidence. Fic. 438.—The White Marked Tussock Fie. 439. — The Rusty Tussock Moth. Adult male. Original. Moth. Adult female. Original. The caterpillar of the white marked tussock moth is hairy, 1} to 13 inches long, yellow, striped with black. Its head is bright red. There are four tufts of white hair on its back, a pencil of black hair projecting 296 PESTS OF ORCHARD AND SMALL FRUITS forward on either side of its head, and a similar single pencil projecting back from the hind end. The caterpillars of the other two species are Fic. 440.— Egg-mass of the Rusty Tussock Moth. Original. somewhat similar in appearance, though not so brightly colored. The eggs of the first species are frothy, white sub- stance, on top of the cocoon of the female, on the bark of trunk or limb. The eggs of the others are not cov- ered with froth. The adult females are wingless, looking somewhat like gray spiders. their eggs in late summer. They emerge and lay The simplest means of control is to spray with arsenical poison, either Paris green or arsenate of lead. Egg masses may be destroyed when found by painting them with creosote. Sometimes trees are banded to prevent the insect from invading them from near-by uncared-for premises. The Fall Webworm ( Hyphantria cunea Dru.) Colonies of hairy caterpillars feed in com- pany on the foliage of orchard or forest trees, building a web around the terminal leaves. As the green leaves within their nest are devoured, fresh foliage is drawn in and the nest enlarged, until it becomes decidedly conspicuous. Several different Fic. 441.—The Fall Web- worm. Original. ACTIVE WORMS FEEDING WITHIN WEBBED LEAVES 297 webs may be made in succession by the same colony. The caterpil- lars have a dark body, covered with long, whitish hairs. The work is entirely distinct from that of the tent caterpillar, which builds its nest in the forks of branches and does not include any foliage in it. When full grown, the cater- pillars disperse, hide away, and spin up cocoons, from which the adult moths emerge the fol- lowing summer. In the South there are two generations. Trees may be sprayed with arsenate of lead or Paris green, and the caterpillars thus killed when they extend their webs over new and poisoned foliage. Or the nests may be cut off when first observed, and de- stroyed, along with the cater- pillars in them. The Leaf Crumpler (Mineola indiginella Zell.) In winter dark little twisted Fie. 442.— Work of the Leaf Crumpler. : ; F j Original. cases of silk mixed with bits of leaves may be seen attached to twigs of apple trees. From these, brownish red caterpillars, one fourth of an inch long, come out in Fic. 448.— Larva of the Leaf Crum- pler. Enlarged and natural size. Fic. 444.— Larval cases of the Leaf Original. Crumpler on twig. Original. 298 PESTS OF ORCHARD AND SMALL FRUITS early spring and attack the tender foliage, drawing the leaves of a cluster more or less together with silk. Before long the dried bunches of dead leaves are conspicuous. The adult is a moth, expanding about three fourths of an inch, its wings gray, with darker and lighter markings. Eggs are laid in mid- Fic. 445.— Adult of the Leaf Crumpler. Enlarged and natural size. Original. summer, and the young larve feed for a time, later moving to the twigs where they can- struct their winter shelter. Early, prompt spray- ing in the spring with arsenate of lead or Paris green will kill the caterpillars, but the treatment must be given before the work is well advanced. If orchard trees are regu- larly sprayed, they will seldom suffer damage from this pest, be cause the poison adhering to the foliage will kill the young larve when they begin work in midsum- mer, before they retire to their winter homes. The Bud-moth (Spilonota (Tmetocera) ocellana Schiff.) The opening buds of apple, pear, and sometimes cherry, peach, or plum are attacked by small whitish caterpillars, one fourth of an inch long or less, with dark brown heads. As the young leaves expand, the caterpillars bind them to- Fic. 446.— Work of the Bud-moth. Original. ACTIVE WORMS FEEDING WITHIN WEBBED LEAVES 299 gether with silk, feeding inside, so that small, dead, brown clusters are to be seen here and there. When full grown, the larve are brownish, and three quarters of an inch long. The caterpillars change to pupe within the webbed leaves, and later the small gray and brown moths appear and lay eggs on the under- side of leaves. The tiny worms which hatch from these feed for a few weeks and then migrate to twigs and make silk cases inwhich Fic. 447.— Larva of the Bud-moth. they pass the winter. Enlarged and natural size. Original. Spraying with arsenicals is effective if done very early when the buds are just expanding, and repeated as soon as the leaves are fairly out: Regular seasonal spray- ings will control this species through poisoning the SiS’ larve when they first hatch from the eggs in midsum- mer. For this reason they Fic. 448.—The Bud-moth. Enlarged and 27€ not apt to be seen in natural size. Original. well-cared-for orchards. The Blackhead Cranberry Worm (Rhopobota (Eudemis) vacciniana Pack.) Small, velvety green caterpillars, with shining black heads, draw to- gether the tip leaves on uprights and feed within. The pest is com- monly known as the ‘‘fire worm ”’ because of the scorched appearance of a badly infested bog. There are two broods annually. The species overwinters as an egg attached to the under side of the leaf. Where sufficient water is available, it is an effective plan to reflow for two or three days when the worms are coming down out of the uprights and pupating. If this is not feasible, the only satisfactory 300 PESTS OF ORCHARD AND SMALL FRUITS remedy is to apply arsenicals early to poison the worms. The second brood, if serious, can be controlled only by applying arsenical poisons. Fic. 449.—The Blackhead Cran- Fic. 450.— Adult of the Blackhead Cran- berry Worm. Enlarged and natural berry Worm. Enlarged and natural size. Original. size. Original. The Yellowhead Cranberry Worm (Peronea (Acleris) minuta Rob.) The larva of this species is quite similar in appearance to the pre- ceding, but has a yellow head. It works in the same manner, webbing up the tips and destroying or killing the foliage within. The winter is passed as an adult moth. The most practical means of control is to hold the water in the spring so as to force these adults to Fic. 451.— Adult of the Yellowhead Cranberry Worm. Enlarged and natural size. Original. lay their eggs elsewhere. On infested bogs reflowing for 48 hours will kill the worms. There are three broods annually. Spraying or dust- ing with arsenical poisons is effective, if done early. SMALL WORMS FEEDING WITHIN WEBBED LEAVES 301 The Grape Plume Moth (Oxyptilus periscelidactylus Fitch) Small, green or yellow larvee, half an inch long when mature, web together the younger leaves of grapes and feed on the foliage within. Fic. 452.— Work and empty pupal skin of the Grape Plume Moth. Original. They are seldom numerous enough to be a pest. The adult is a delicate, buff-colored moth, with narrow, feathery wings. The usual and Fig. 453.— Larva of the Grape Fig. 454.— The Grape Plume Plume Moth. Slightly enlarged. Moth. Enlarged to twice nat- Original. ural size. Original. easiest means of control is to pick off and destroy the webbed-up clusters of leaves. 302 PESTS OF ORCHARD AND SMALL FRUITS The Oblique Banded Leaf-roller (Archips rosaceana Harr.) Active, light green or rosy caterpillars, three quarters of an inch long, with a darker stripe down the back, roll up the leaves, fasten them with silk, and feed within. They infest apple and other fruit Fic. 455.— Work of the Fruit- trees, raspberries, roses, and straw- berries, and often are destructive to flowering plants in greenhouses. Pu- pation takes place within the folded leaves. The adult brownish moth. See page 188. Control is often difficult, but a prompt, thorough use of Paris green or arsenate of lead will check the pest. Hand picking is sometimes feasible. is a smooth, The Fruit-tree Leaf-roller (Archips (Cacecia) argyrospila Walk.) The young leaves and fruit of or- tree Leaf-roller. Original. chard trees and bush fruits are at- tacked by yellowish larve, which spin threads wherever they go, drawing leaves somewhat together. The full-grown worm is about an inch long, has a black head, and has a few short hairs scattered over its body. It is active when disturbed. The pest appears very early in spring, when the buds are first unfolding. It hatches from eggs laid in flat masses on the bark. There is one generation annually. Early spraying with arsenate of lead or Paris green at the time that the buds are opening, and again when the blossoms have fallen, is the means of control. Fic. 456.— Adults of the Fruit-tree Original. Leaf-roller. ACTIVE WORMS FEEDING WITHIN FOLDED LEAVES 303 The Grape Leaf-folder (Desmia funeralis Hbn.) Leaves of grape are folded with their upper surfaces together by a small, active, greenish worm, which feeds inside. The worm is an inch long when full grown, has a brown head, and a brown spot on each side of the first two segments. Transformation takes place within the folded leaf. The adult is a small moth with black wings spotted with white. There are two broods in the North, three in the South. Winter is passed as a pupa in the folded leaf on the ground. To control, destroy or lees ten bhacta lien leaves Fig. 457. — Work and pupa of the Grape Leaf- DO ACT eed Ae CHeAMeS: folder. Slightly enlarged. Original. Or spray very early in sum- mer with Paris green or arsenate of lead so as to poison the first lot of caterpillars when they have just hatched and before they fold the leaves. The Strawberry Leaf-roller (Ancylis comptana Frohl.) A tiny worm, one third of an inch long, brown or often green in Fic. 458.— Adult of the Grape Leaf- follee Oeil: color, folds the leaves of straw- berry, or sometimes blackberry or raspberry, and feeds within. As the larva eats off the inclosed leaf surface the leaf turns brown, and when the pests are numerous, whole beds of plants will look as if scorched. Two broods occur in the North and three in the South. The later 304 PESTS OF ORCHARD AND SMALL FRUITS broods are found on blackberry or raspberry, rather than strawberry. On blackberry leaves the work is similar to that on strawberry leaves, but on raspberry the larve tend rather to web up a terminal cluster of leaves. Hiberna- tion takes place as larva or pupa within a folded leaf. The adult is a tiny brownish Fic. 459.— Work of the Strawberry Leaf-roller. Original. Fig. 460.— Larva of the Strawberry Leaf-roller. En- larged and natural size. Original. moth, expanding a little less than half an inch. » Since the larve feed for a short time exposed on the upper surface of the leaf before drawing it together, an early application of Paris green or arsenate of lead will check the pest. This application must be made early, Fic. 461.— Adult of the Strawberry Leaf-roller. Enlarged and natural size. Original. and usually must be repeated, because new leaves are being put out ACTIVE WORMS FEEDING by the plant. strawberry beds in midsummer and burn them. WITHIN FOLDED LEAVES 305 In the South it has been found feasible to cut over It is said that the plants are not permanently injured by this treatment. The Apple Leaf-sewer (Ancylis nubeculana Clem.) Fic. 462.— Work of the Apple Leaf-sewer. Original. The leaves of apple or other fruit trees are folded along the midrib, so that their upper surfaces are brought together, and a small, active, greenish caterpil- lar, not more than a half inch long, feeds within. The adult is a brown and white moth. Winter is passed Fic. 463.— Larva of the Apple Leaf- sewer. Enlarged and natural size. Original. within the folded leaves on the ground. If the pest is numerous, rake up and burn the leaves in win- ter. nate of lead or Paris green, as x Early applications of arse- Fie. 464.— Adult of the Apple Leaf- Enlarged to twice natural Original. sewer. size. 306 PESTS OF ORCHARD AND SMALL FRUITS called for in regular orchard spraying, will poison the larve before they fold the leaf. The Lesser Apple Leaf-folder (Peronea minuta Rob.) A greenish yellow, naked worm, a half inch long, with a yellow head, folds together the tender terminal leaves on apple trees, especially in nurseries. When attacking larger leaves, it often bends over and fastens only a small part of the leaf near the margin. There are three broods annually, the larve being at work first soon after the leaves are well out, again in June, and again in August. See page 300. To control, apply arsenate of lead in the spring as soon as the leaves are expanded, and repeat for the later broods. The Cigar Case-bearer (Coleophora fletcherella Fern.) Fic. 465.— Adult of the Cigar Case- Areas in the leaves of apple, bearer. Enlarged and natural size. pear, or quince are mined and Original. turned down by a very small cater- pillar that carries with him a little cylindrical case made of a tiny sec- tion of a leaf, the hind part of his body protected by this case. The caterpillar completes its growth in June, migrates to a branch, to which it attaches its case, and transforms. The adult moths fly in July and lay eggs on the leaves. The young caterpillar first mines in the leaf tis- sue, and later constructs a very small, Fic. 466.— Larval cases of the Cigar Case-bearer. Original. CASE-BEARERS FEEDING ON THE LEAVES 307 short case, which it carries to a twig and in which it spends the winter. The remedy is an application of arsenate of lead or Paris green as soon as the caterpillars are seen feeding. Fic. 467.— Larval cases of the Pistol Case-bearer. Enlarged. Original. The Pistol Case-bearer (Coleophora malivorella Riley) has a similar life history and does about the same injury. It is distinguished from the above by the shape of the larval case, which in this species is slender, somewhat tapering, and distinctly curved. The Bag-worm (Thyridopteryx ephemereformis Steph.) This curious larva makes a bag out of silk and pieces of leaves as a protection to its body. The female is wingless and never leaves the bag. The male isa small, } clear- winged w moth. Eggs \ are deposited Fig. 468. — Larval case of the Bag-w . Original. by the female Rn eer within the bag, and remain there until the Fic. 469.— Adult male of the Bag-worm. Slightly following spring. : : . enlarged. Original, Removal of the bags in winter will put a 308 PESTS OF ORCHARD AND SMALL FRUITS stop to the insect. Or the foliage may be sprayed with arsenate of lead as soon as the leaves are out. The Pear-leaf Blister-mite (Eriophyes pyri Pgst.) The leaves of apple and pear often are infested with a species of mite that burrows into the tissues of the leaf, causing a characteristic dis- coloration and swelling. Spots show in the upper leaf surface, at Fic. 470.— Work of the Pear-leaf Blister-mite. Original. first reddish, but later turning brown. At each spot the leaf is some- what thickened and its surface is slightly raised. Sometimes the fruit also is attacked and distorted. The mites themselves are very small. They hibernate under bud scales, migrating to the leaves as soon as the latter unfold, entering the tissue from the under side and feeding within. From time to time individuals come out and move to new places, starting additional colonies and causing a continual increase in the number of spots. In late summer they move back again to the twigs, hiding away for winter. BLISTER-MITES AND LEAF-MINERS 309 Fig. 471.— Apples deformed by the Pear-leaf Blister-mite. Original. Treatment consists in spraying in winter with lime-sulphur solution, so as to kill the hibernating mites. In summer they cannot be reached by any spray material because of their feeding habits. The Apple Leaf Trumpet Miner (Tischeria malifoliella Clem.) Characteristic, trumpet-shaped mines in the upper surface of apple leaves indicate the presence of this insect. Usually the mines are not more than a half inch long, beginning with a quite nar- row brown or dead area and en- larging rapidly to their maximum width. There are from two to four generations annually. The winter is passed by the full-grown larva — Fic. 472.— Work of the Apple Leaf in its mine in fallen leaves. The Trumpet Miner. Original. tiny adult moths emerge in the spring with the expanding of apple foliage. 310 PESTS OF ORCHARD AND SMALL FRUITS Late fall or early spring plowing to bury fallen leaves is the simplest means of control. Fic. 473.— Larva of the Apple Leaf Fic. 474. — Adult of the Apple Leaf Trumpet Miner. Enlarged and nat- Trumpet Miner. Enlarged and ural size. Original. natural size. Original. The Blackberry Leaf-miner (Metallus rubi Forbes) The leaves of blackberry sometimes show numerous blotch mines, caused by a small larva working within the leaf tissue. Occasionally the foliage is severely injured. There are two to four broods in a summer, the later ones doing the most damage. The adult is a small sawfly. No direct means of control are known except to remove infested leaves early in the season. The Resplendent Shield-bearer (Coptodisca splendariferella Clem.) Fic. 475.—Cocoons of the Resplen- Fic. 476.— The Resplendent Shield- dent Shield-bearer on a piece of bearer. Apple leaf showing mines bark. Original. and sections removed. Occasionally apple, plum, or quince show the characteristic work of this insect. Round, transparent mines are made in the leaves, and SMALL, SUCKING BUGS INJURING THE LEAVES 311 after a time the larva feeding within cuts out the infested area bodily and carries it to a twig or branch, where it uses it as a shelter until the following spring. There is one brood annually. A winter spraying with lime-sulphur solution or other strong con- tact insecticide will kill the overwintering form. The Four-lined Leaf-bug (Pecilocapsus lineatus Fab.) A sucking bug, about half an inch long, with four short black stripes on its back, sometimes injures the leaves of currants, gooseberries, or other plants by its feeding pune- tures. Spots where the bug has been feeding turn brown, and sink a little below the level of the leaf. In time the entire foliage, or that toward the tips of the twigs, may be killed. In early spring, when first hatched, the bugs are very small, bright red, and have no wings. They feed on only the tenderest terminal foliage. They become full grown in June, and the female lays eggs in slits cut in the stems of the food plants. In the North there is one generation, hibernation taking place in the egg stage; in the Southern states there may be a second brood. The young nymphs may be killed with a contact insecticide, such as 10 per cent kerosene emulsion. The adults are best destroved by brushing them from the plants into pans containing a film of kerosene. It is difficult or impossible to control the adults by spraying. Fic. 477.—The Four-lined Leaf-bug. Enlarged and natural size. Original. The Grape Leaf-hopper (Typhlocyba comes Say) Tiny, active insects suck the juices from grape leaves, making numerous very small white spots. If attack is severe, the leaves shrivel, turn brown, and die. The adult insect is one tenth of an inch long, light yellowish in color, with green markings on its wings. It has strong legs, jumps 312 PESTS OF ORCHARD AND SMALL FRUITS quickly, and flies readily. Attack by it is most noticeable in Sep- tember. The nymphs look like the adults, except that they are smaller Fic. 478.— Work of the Grape Leaf-hopper. Original. and have no wings. Both adults and nymphs feed on the under sur- face of the leaves. The adults leave the grape in October and migrate to neighboring vegetation. They overwinter in dead, fallen leaves, clumps of grass, or any similar protection. In spring they feed first on weeds, then migrate back to the grapes and feed on the young shoots and leaves. Eggs are laid in the tissue of the grape leaves in June and July. Nymphs emerge shortly, and are numer- ous in July and August. The nymphs do not hop or fly, merely running around over the leaves. There is one gen- Fic. 479.— The Grape Leaf-hopper. En- larged and natural size. Original. 5 eration each year. Cleaning up rubbish in the vineyard is only of nominal value, since the adults migrate in October to neighboring hiding places. The best SMALL, ACTIVE INSECTS INJURING THE FOLIAGE 3138 means of control consists in spraying thoroughly with tobacco extract as soon as nymphs appear. The spray must be directed to the under side of the leaves and must be applied before the insect has reached the winged stage, in order to be effective. The Apple Leaf-hopper (Empoasca mali Le B.) A very small whitish insect, winged and active in its ma- ture stage, swarms on the leaves of apple trees and some- times on other foliage, suck- ing the juice of the leaf. The feeding punctures cause tiny Fic. 480.— Work of the Apple Leaf- white spots, which in time be- BRppeh. “ORGS. come numerous enough to give the foliage a distinctly bleached ap- pearance. On young trees, and especially on nursery stock, the at- tack usually results in a curling of the tender leaves, somewhat resembling the work of plant lice. The insect winters partly as adults in rubbish, partly as eggs in the bark of the trees. There are several generations in the course of the summer. In orchard trees spraying with a Fic. 481.—The Apple Leaf-hopper. Enlarged and natural size. Orig- . ‘ eral extract, will Kill many of the leaf- contact insecticide, such as tobacco hoppers if the material is applied early in the season, before the winged stage appears. On nursery stock a desirable preventive measure is dipping in soap solution. The Pear Psylla (Psylla pyricola Foerst.) The pear psylla is a minute, sucking insect, wingless in its immature stages, but active and winged as an adult. It sucks the juices of the 314 PESTS OF ORCHARD AND SMALL FRUITS buds and newly forming leaves. When the pests are numerous, the leaves are killed, and often are blackened through the growth of a fungus on the sticky honeydew secreted by the insect. Fic. 482.— Work of the Pear Psylla. Original. The adult is very small, dark in color, its body showing characteristic markings. It has four membranous wings. Seen through a hand lens it looks like a tiny cicada, or “lo- cust.” The adults hide away for the winter in crevices of the bark, and emerge and lay eggs at the time that the buds are swelling. The young are numerous when the blossoms are falling. There are Fre. 403. — Adit Boar Peyily. “Hine four or five broods in a season. larged and natural size. Original. The pest may be controlled by PLANT-LICE INJURING LEAVES AND SHOOTS 3815 spraying with a contact insecticide, such as tobacco extract, to kill the hibernating adults. To do this the bark should be scraped, and the spray applied very early in the spring. A second method consists in spraying with winter-strength lime sulphur to kill the eggs, ap- plying the material when the buds are swelling. Finally, a contact insecticide may be used to kill the nymphs, applying the spray when the blossoms are falling. Any one of these treatments, thoroughly applied, is effective. Plant Lice on Apple Foliage Three species of small, soft-bodied, sucking lice are commonly found infesting the foliage of apples: the Apple Aphis (Aphis pomi DeG.) ; the Rosy Apple Aphis (Aphis sorbi Wahl); and the European Grain Aphis (Stphocoryne avene Fab.). In addition to these the Clover Aphis (Aphis bakert Cowen) is some- times found on apple late in the fall and in the early spring. Infestation may first be observed on the young shoots which are found completely covered with very small, green or pink- ish lice. About this time, also, it may be noticed that many of the lice are clustering on the under sides of leaves near the ends of shoots, causing them to curl. Fig. 484.— Work of the Apple Aphis on ter- Again the first evidence minal shoot. Original. 316 PESTS OF ORCHARD AND SMALL FRUITS of injury may be observed on the expanding buds, on which clusters of the lice are found, their work resulting in deforming the young leaves or the blos- soms, or in consid- erable injury to the young fruit. The life histories of these various species are not the same, in spite of the similarity in their superficial ap- pearance and their initial work. Fic. 485.— Adults of the Apple Aphis on twig. En- The Apple Aphis larged and natural size. Original. (Aphis pomt) passes the entire season on the apple. In the winter it is in the egg stage, large numbers of the small, black shining eggs often being found on terminal twigs. The first generations in summer are wing- less, but in later generations winged individuals develop. This species is charac- teristically bright green in color, with black, rather slender honey tubes. It is one twelfth of an inch long. Usually the lice observed on tender shoots and beneath curled terminal leaves belong to this species or to the following. Fic. 486.— Eggs of the Apple Aphis on twig. Enlarged and natural size. Original. PLANT-LICE INJURING THE FOLIAGE 317 The Rosy Apple Aphis (Aphis sorb’) hatches from eggs that have remained on the apple throughout winter, but with the third generation migrates to other food plants. This is a slightly larger species. The wing- less female is one tenth of an inch long, bluish in color, and has yellow honey tubes tipped with black. The winged female has a black thorax and a red ab- domen. The European Grain Aphis (Stphocoryne arene) is found in summer on small grains, but for the most part migrates in the Fic. 487.— Adults of the Apple Aphis clus- tered along veins of leaf. Enlarged. Orig- fall to apple, pear, or re : inal. lated trees, where its win- ter eggs are laid. It develops in the spring like the preceding species, leaving the fruit trees with the coming of the third generation. On apple trees it is commonly first observed clustered on the ex- panding buds. The Clover Aphis (Aphis bakert) rears its summer gen- erations on clover or alfalfa. These lice are light yellow or pink. Usually they leave the clover in the fall, passing through a winter egg stage on apple or pear. The first Fic. 488.— Work of Aphis on young fruit. : : Original. generation from these eggs 318 PESTS OF ORCHARD AND SMALL FRUITS in the spring are dark green or red, and have honey tubes yellow throughout. Ants are apt to be found in attendance on any of these aphids. They come to secure the substance that the lice excrete, commonly called “ honeydew.” Control of these insects is best achieved by prompt application of a contact insecticide as soon as the lice are first seen. They are readily killed by spraying with tobacco decoction, or 7 per cent kero- sene emulsion, taking pains to do a thorough job. The tobacco extract will spread more readily if soap is dissolved in it. The Cherry Aphis (Myzus cerasi Fab.) Injury by this plant louse is usually no- ticed soon after the leaves have unfolded in the spring. It will be found clustered thickly on tender shoots or leaves. It is a shining black aphid, and if exam- ined under a lens will be found to have long, slender honey tubes. The summer generations are wing- less, but in the fall winged individuals are produced. So far as known, this species is never found on any other host than cherry. It passes the winter in the egg stage. Fic. 489.— The Cherry Aphis. Original. PLANT-LICE INJURING THE FOLIAGE 319 To control, spray with tobacco extract or with kerosene emulsion as soon as the le are first seen. The Currant Aphis (Myzus ribis Linn.) Like most other plant lice this species causes a curling up of the foliage infested. Both currants and gooseberries are subject to attack. The leaves curl tightly, and their upper surfaces show distinct raised areas or blisters, between the veins. The lice are one twelfth of an inch long, mottled greén, and have red eyes. The pest passes the winter as shining eges, attached to the woody parts of the plants. Contact sprays, such as tobacco ex- tract or kerosene emulsion, will kill them, but should be applied before Fis. 490.— Work of the Currant Aphis. Original. the leaves are badly curled. aie : The Grapevine Aphis (\acrosiphum viticola Thos.) Dusky, soft-bodied plant lice with greenish legs cluster on the tender leaves and young shoots of grapevines. They appear in the early part of the season, and usually are not noticed after growth is well established Fig. 491.— Work of the Grapevine Fic. 492.— The Grapevine Aphis. Aphis. Original. Greatly enlarged. Original. 320 PESTS OF ORCHARD AND SMALL FRUITS in summer. Spraying with tobacco extract or kerosene emulsion will kill them. Plant Lice on Peach Foliage Two species of plant lice are common on peach foliage. They are especially likely to do notable injury in the spring, clustering on the tender shoots, curling the leaves, and sometimes dwarfing and distorting the forming fruit. The Green Peach Aphis (\fyzus persice Sulz.) hatches in early spring from eggs laid in crevices of the bark. The first lice are pink, but the next generation are light green, often with darker green stripes across the abdomen. These in turn give birth to a third brood, many of which, unlike the preceding, have wings. The latter fly to new food plants, and for the next two or three months breed on various garden crops, such as to- matoes, spinach, cabbage, and many others. In the fall another winged gen- eration returns to the peach or other re- lated trees, and the winter eggs are laid. The measures of control are spraying with 7 per cent kerosene emulsion or with tobacco extract when the lice are first observed. The Black Peach Aphis (A phis persice- niger Er. Sm.) lives the year round on peach. It differs from the preceding in the fact that colonies are maintained on the roots both summer and winter, as Fic 493.—The Black Peach well as the colonies on the leaves and ie Aerial form. Orig- twigs in summer. The full-grown aphid is shining black. Control of this species must be directed toward the root-inhabiting forms as well as those above ground. In fact the former are often much the more abun- dant, while few or none may be seen on the foliage. See page 229. PLANT-LICE INJURING THE FOLIAGE 321 The remedy for those below ground is to draw away the carth from around the base of the tree, in a circle 4 or 5 feet in diameter, and apply 2 to 4 pounds of tobacco dust. The lice on the foliage are best treated with a spray of tobacco extract, or 7 per cent kerosene emulsion. Plant Lice on Plum Foliage Three species of plant lice are more or less common on the leaves and tender shoots of plums, especially in the spring. They tend to collect in clusters, the leaves are more or less distorted and curled by their attack, and the flowers and fruit may be badly injured. After two or three generations they leave the plum and fly to other hosts. The Brown Plum Aphis (Aphis setarie Thos.) spends the summer on various grasses. It is dark in color and has white-marked legs and antennee. The Mealy Plum Aphis (Hyalopterus arundinis Fab.) is covered with a bluish white powder. The back of the body bears three darker obscure stripes, and the shape of the body is rather elongated. The honey tubes are short and rather thick. In summer the lice are found on grasses. The Hop Aphis (Phorodon humuli Schr.) flies to hop-vines in early summer, and is a pest rather on the latter than on the plum. The treatment is a thorough spraying with tobacco extract or 7 per cent kerosene emulsion just as soon as the lice are first observed. It is important to apply the spray promptly, before the leaves are badly curled. The Clover Mite (Bryobia pratensis Garm.) This tiny, 8-legged mite swarms over the foliage of clover in some seasons. In the West it feeds also on the leaves of various fruit trees, sucking their juices. The leaves attacked lose their green color and grow yellow and sickly. The mites survive the winter for the most part in the egg stage on the bark of fruit trees. See page 208. In summer trees should be sprayed with sulphur, 10 pounds to 50 gallons of water, adding soap so that the sulphur will not float on top of the water, and keeping the mixture well stirred. Spraying with Y 322 PESTS OF ORCHARD AND SMALL FRUITS lime-sulphur solution in early spring, just as the buds are starting, is also an effectual treatment, resulting in killing theeggs. Use the mate- rial at the same strength as for San José scale. Red Spider on Fruit Tree Foliage (Tetranychus bimaculatus Harvey) Another mite attacking the foliage of fruit trees, and sucking the juices, is the common red spider so often troublesome in greenhouses. It hibernates in the soil near the trees. When feeding on fruit tree foliage, this mite usually is green in color. It has two dark spots on the abdomen. It spins a very thin web on the under leaf surface, and feeds beneath. This habit will readily distinguish it from the clover mite just described. See page 207. Spraying with sulphur, 10 pounds to 50 gallons of water, is an effective treatment. Add soap to make the sulphur mix with the water, and keep the mixture well stirred. Screen the sulphur to remove lumps before adding to the water. The Rose-chafer (Macrodactylus subspinosus Fab.) Hordes of long-legged, sprawling beetles attack the blossoms of grapes, ripening fruit, such as cherries, and the blossoms of flowers. Fic. 494. —The Rose-chafer. Adults and work on cherries. Original. The body of the beetle is a little over one third of an inch long, rather slender and cylindrical, and dull greenish or golden yellowish in color. BEETLES ATTACKING BLOSSOM AND FRUIT 323 Because of its long legs the insect looks larger than it is. In habits it is sluggish. Holes are eaten in fruit, and the sides of unopened grape blossoms are eaten out so as to get at the stamens and _ pollen within. In flowers the beetles at- tack especially the central parts. The insect breeds in sandy ground. The larva is a small, whitish grub, and feeds on grass roots. In the fall it goes down below frost line, Fic. 495.—The Rose-chafer. En- larged and natural size. Original. returning in spring and transform- ing. The adults come out in June. Eggs are laid in the ground, 3 to + inches below the surface. Egg- laying continues over a considerable period. There is one generation each year. Direct control is possible by spraying thoroughly with arsenate of lead, 5 pounds to 50 gallons of water, to which should be added 1 gallon of molasses. Without the molasses the spray is not so effective, as the beetles will avoid the parts of the plant that are coated with poison and seek out places where none of the spray has lodged. Spray first when the beetles are due, and again in one week. Hand picking is feasible in flower Fic. 496.— Larva of the Rose- ae ened gardens. If possible, break up the ad- chafer. Original. jacent breeding grounds, especially sandy fields in sod or weeds. The insect does not breed in ground kept in clean cultivation. The Indian Euphoria (Euphoria inda Linn.) Ripening peaches and pears sometimes are eaten into by brownish, heavy-bodied beetles, about half an inch long, their wing covers marked with irregular darker patterns. They are slow moving and not easily 324 PESTS OF ORCHARD AND SMALL FRUITS disturbed. The species is two brooded, and it is the adults of the second brood that are found on the fruit. The larve are thick-bodied grubs, and live on decaying vegetable matter. When the adults are nu- merous enough to be trouble- some, fruit should be picked a little before it is quite ripe, or the beetles may be at- Fic. 497. — The Indian Euphoria. Adults at work on peach. Orig- inal. tracted to a heap of decaying fruit. The Green June Beetle (Allorhina nitida Linn.) The feeding habits of this beetle are similar to those of the Indian Euphoria. Ripe Fic. 498.—The Indian Euphoria. Adult fruits, especially peaches, enlarged. Original. pears plums, or occasionally small fruits, are attacked and their Fic. 499.— The Green June Beetle. Slightly enlarged. Original. substance eaten out. The beetle is a handsome fellow, its upper sur- face a velvety green, bordered with brown. The larva looks much like a common white grub, and feeds on decaying vegetable matter. The means of control of the adults is the same as that recom- mended for the Indian Euphoria. CONSPICUOUS WORMS FEEDING ON THE FRUIT 3825 The Green Fruit Worm (Xylina antennata Walk.) Occasionally the voung fruits of apple, pear, or strawberry are eaten into by light-colored naked caterpillars, faintly striped with yellow. Usually the worms eat shallow, irregular holes in the sides of the fruit. Fig. 500.—Apples injured by Green Fruit Fie. 501.—A Green Fruit Worms. Original. Worm. Original. They are seldom found in orchards that are sprayed early in the sea- son, especially if arsenical sprays are applied to the buds before blooming time. When injuring fruit, the worms may be jarred from the trees and killed. It is difficult to poison them at this time, because they are nearly full grown and are resistant to arsenicals; there fore spraying the fruit with poisons is not likely to be Fic. 502.— Adult of a Green Fruit Worm, satisfactory. Xylina laticinerea. Original. 326 PESTS OF ORCHARD AND SMALL FRUITS Xylina laticinerea Grt. is another common species of identical habits. The Cranberry Fruit-worm (Jineola vaccinii Riley) The growing berries are eaten into and the contents devoured by a small, greenish caterpillar, half an inch long when fullgrown. The work begins when the berries are small, and con- tinues until they are coloring up, the cat- erpillar entering one berry after another by a small hole, usually thus destroying three or four by the time it is full grown. Py Fic. 504.— Larva of the Cranberry Fruit-worm. Enlarged and natural size. Original. Infested berries ripen prematurely. Win- ter is passed by the caterpillar in a silk Fic. 503.— Work of theCran- cocoon in the sand. berry Fruit-worm. Orig- ad Where water is abundant, reflow at once after picking, drawing off the water again after ten days. Paris green or arsenate of lead may be used when the worms first appear, but must be applied thoroughly and re peated. The Gooseberry Fruit-worm (Zophodia grossularie Pack.) Active, pale green, shining caterpillars, three fourths of an inch long when mature, eat into the fruit of gooseberries and often web a number of berries together. When disturbed, they promptly let themselves down by a silk thread. There is one generation annually. Hiber- nation takes place on the ground in the pupal stage. WORMS BORING INTO THE FRUIT 327 Fig. 505. — Work of the Gooseberry Fruit-worm. Slightly enlarged. Original. Hand picking is often the simplest means of control. If necessary, Paris green or arsenate of lead may be applied in order to stop a bad outbreak, but if the fruit is of good size, it will not be safe to use it. Plowing or cleaning up rubbish in the fall will help to re- duce injury the following season. The Raspberry Span-worm (Synchlora erata Fab.) Fie. 506.— Adult of the Gooseberry The fruit of raspberries some- Fruit-worm. Slightly enlarged. Orig- inal. times is eaten by grayish or yellowish span-worms, three fourths of an inch long when mature. They are peculiar in their habit of decorating themselves with bits of flowers or leaves stuck Fic. 507. — Adult of the Raspberry Span- Fic. 508.—The Raspberry Span- worm. Slightly enlarged. Original. worm. Original. 328 PESTS OF ORCHARD AND SMALL FRUITS on the short spines on the sides of their bodies. The adult is a delicate pale-green moth. Hellebore is the only poison that is safe to use on fruit of this kind. Fic. 509. — Work of Climbing Cutworms. At left, larva of Peridroma margari- tosa. Original. Climbing Cutworms (Voctuide) The expanding buds of fruit trees, especially in the case of newly set stock, sometimes are eaten out and destroyed, no worms being in Fic. 510.— Adult of Cutworm, Peridroma margaritosa. Original. evidence when the trees are looked over, although the trouble continues. This is the charac- teristic work of cer- tain cutworms, which, in the lack of other food to their liking, climb the trees and de- EATING INTO OR INJURING THE FRUIT BUDS 329 vour the tender unfolding tissues, working at night and hiding by day. The remedy is a prompt application of Paris green or arsenate of lead to the trees, so as to coat the buds. Instead of this, or in addition to it, a little poison bran mash may be placed at the base of each tree. Occasionally the buds of greenhouse plants are attacked in similar manner. ra borhood, and to adopt elean cultivation. — F16- 516.—Larva and work : aon of the Plum Curculio ip The former will destroy the hiding places diem. Glishily eulersed, of the beetles, and the latter will kill many of the larve that have entered the soil to transform. The destruction of fallen fruit at frequent intervals is of value, where feasible. On plum trees the beetles may be controlled by jarring them from the trees in the early morning, spreading a sheet beneath to catch them. The Apple Curculio (Anthonomus quadrigibbus Say) Usually the curculio attacking the fruit of the apple is the plum curculio. Sometimes the depredator is the pest here considered. The work of this species may be distinguished from that of the plum curculio by the fact that the punctures that the apple curculio makes are com- paratively inconspicuous. The beetle itself is similar to the plum curculio, but is stouter and chunkier, has a larger snout, and has four very prominent humps on its back. 334 PESTS OF ORCHARD AND SMALL FRUITS The life round is much like that of the other species. The adults hibernate in any convenient shelter, and lay their eggs in the young fruit. The larva is a footless grub. Its body is enlarged in a sort of hump back of the head. It pu- pates in the soil, and the adults emerge in the latter part of sum- mer, soon going into hibernation. On small trees jarring is an effec- tive plan. On larger trees early spraying with arsenate of lead or Paris green will poison many of the beetles. Rubbish of all sorts Fire? —TheapsleCumiie. Be should be kept cleaned up, in order larged and natural size. Original. to eliminate winter hiding places. The Plum Gouger (Anthonomus scutellaris Lec.) The plum gouger is a brownish beetle, one fourth of an inch long, and may be distinguished from the plum curculio by the absence of the characteristic humps found on the wing covers of the curculio. Early in the season holes are eaten in the base of the flower, and the beetle feeds on the part within that would later become the fruit. After Fie. 518.— Feeding punc- the plums nae ture made by the Plum of some size Gouger. Original. the adult punctures them and lays an egg within, the g ivi insi Fic. 519.—The Plum Gouger. _ grub pape: mide Ane Neluth, -aalacned’ and nmtaral forming seed. The adult does not size. Original. make a crescent-shaped cut around GRUBS DEVELOPING WITHIN THE FRUIT 335 the punctures as does the curculio. In feeding the beetle gouges out small round holes. The grub pupates inside the fruit, and then emerges as an adult. In- fested plums usually drop before the adult is due to emerge. Hiber- nation takes place in the adult stage. Jarring the trees to catch the beetles is a fairly effective treatment. Prompt destruction of fallen fruit is of value, where practicable. Early spraying with arsenate of lead or Paris green, as recommended for the plum curculio, is likely to kill most of the hibernating adults. The Grape Curculio (Craponius ineequalis Say) The fruit of grapes is sometimes found in- fested by a white, fleshy, inactive grub, footless, Fic. 520. — Work and larva of the Grape Curculio. Slightly enlarged. Original. and tapering towards each end. This is the larval stage of the grape curculio. It may readily be distinguished from the other grub commonly found in grapes, that of the grape berry moth, which has distinct legs, is more slender and cylindrical, and is greenish or light purplish in color. The adult beetle is one tenth of an inch long, quite broad, and brown in color. It appears from hibernation when the grapes are blossoming, and feeds on the foliage. Laterit begins laying eggs in the berries. The grub, when mature, drops to the ground, transforms in the soil, and a new generation of beetles is abroad in late Fig. 521.— The Grape Cur- culio. Enlarged and nat- : 2 ural size. Original. There is thus one generation each year. summer, shortly entering hibernation. 336 PESTS OF ORCHARD AND SMALL FRUITS Spraying with arsenate of lead or Paris green will readily poison the adults because of the long time during which they feed on the grape foliage. The poison should be applied just after the grapes finish blooming. Vineyards that are sprayed regularly with arsenicals for other pests, such as the grape berry moth, will not find this in- sect in evidence. If it is found that many berries are infested, these should be collected and destroyed. The Quince Curculio Fie. 522.—The Quince Cur- (Conotrachelus crategi Walsh) culio. Enlarged and natural 7 size. Original. Both the adult and the grub of this species injure the fruit of quinces. The former eats holes into the fruit, when it is still small. The latter burrows within the flesh, making wandering cavities, and finally eats its way out through the skin. Quinces that have been punctured by the adult grow misshapen. The adult curculio is a small, snout beetle, one fourth of an inch long, its body broadest at the middle and its back marked with seven longitudinal ridges. Eggs are laid under the skin of the young fruit. The grubs enter the ground when full grown, and re- main there until the following spring. The only effective remedy is to jar the beetles from the trees in the early morning, catching them on sheets and destroying them. The application of ° j ; Fic. 523.— Work of the Straw- poison sprays is of no avail. berry Weevil. Original. GRUBS DEVELOPING WITHIN THE FRUIT 337 The Strawberry Weevil (Anthonomus signatus Say) The work of the strawberry weevil is conspicuous and unmistakable. Flower buds, soon due to open, are seen to droop and bend over, and in a few days most of them will break off and fall to the ground. If one is cut open at this time, a small, white grub will be found within, feeding on the inner tissues of the bud. After laying an egg in a bud the beetle punctures the stem just below, so that the bud droops and soon falls. The etub, when Fic. 524.—Larve of the Strawberry Weevil. Enlarged and natural size. Original. full grown, transforms within the bud on the ground. The new lot of beetles feed for a time in various places and then hide away until the next year. Only staminate varieties are attacked. Early spraying with arsenate of lead or Paris green will kill many beetles. The material should be applied as soon as the first buds begin forming. All rubbish should be cleaned up around the field. When badly infested, the plants may be burned over at once after picking. Wild blackberries and strawberries should be destroyed. It should be remembered also that pistil- Fig. 525.—The Strawberry Weevil. Adult, enlarged and ae natural size. Original. injury. late varieties are immune from any The Codling Moth (Carpocapsa pomonella Linn.) A pinkish, rather fleshy worm eats cavities within the fruit of apples, especially through and around the core, and finally bores a large hole to the surface. Z 338 PESTS OF ORCHARD AND SMALL FRUITS Fic. 526.— Section through apple showing characteristic work of the Codling Moth. Original. The adult is an inconspicuous, brownish moth, and emerges in the spring from a cocoon usually located under rough scales on the bark of the tree. Eggs are laid on leaves or some- times. on the fruit itself. The larva Fic. 527.— Larva of the Codling Moth. Slightly enlarged. Fic. 528.— Cocoon of Original. the Codling Moth un- Fic. 529.—The Cod- derneath a piece of ling Moth. Adult, makes its way to the bark. At the top, the slightly enlarged. nearest apple and pupa. Original. Original. enters the young fruit through the calyx end. It feeds for the rest of its life inside, and when mature, eats its way out, travels to a WORMS DEVELOPING WITHIN THE FRUIT 339 suitable shelter, and spins its cocoon. Here it may remain until the next spring, but in the Central and Southern states there is a second brood. The larve of the latter often feed merely on the surface of the apple in- stead of boring into it. Control consists in spray- ing with arsenate of lead. The most important point is to apply the material just after the blossoms fall, while the calyx cup is still open, and to direct the spray so that the poison will lodge in the blossom end of the up- turned apples. A second Fic. 530.— The time to spray for the Cod- spraying ab P veeks : : eo spraying about three weeks ling Moth. The calyx still open. Original. later, at the time when the worms are just hatching, will augment the value of the first, because the larve feed a little on the leaf before going to the apple. For the second brood in midsummer arsenate of lead is used, as for the first brood. The Lesser Apple Worm (Laspeyresia (Enarmonia) prunivora Walsh) Injury to the fruit of ap- ples by the lesser apple worm is often confused with that of the codling moth, but is distinct on careful examina- tion. Early in the season Fic. 531.— Too late to spray for the Cod- the injury 1s apt to take the ling Moth. The calyx closed. Original. form of small cavities eaten 340 PESTS OF ORCHARD AND SMALL FRUITS into the surface of the fruit at the calyx end. When the fruit is ripening, the damage is more conspicuous and more serious. At Fic. 532.— Injury by the Lesser Apple Worm. Original. this time the second brood larve are ac- tive, and blotch mines are made just under the skin of the apple. The larva within may penetrate the pulp to a depth of half an inch, or occasionally nearly to the core. Frequently the work goes on for some time after the fruit is picked. The parent insect isa small moth. Eggs are laid soon after the fruit is set. The full-grown larva is one fourth to one third of an inch long. Pupation takes place under scales of bark on limbs, or some- times in the calyx end of the fruit. The larve of the second brood Fig. 533.—Larve of the Lesser Apple Worm. Enlarged. Original pass the winter in inconspicuous cocoons, in situations similar to Fis. 534.— Section through apple those of the first brood, orin barrels Lesser in which fruit has been placed. Original. showing characteristic work of the Apple Worm. Enlarged. SMALL WORMS DEVELOPING WITHIN THE FRUIT 341 Control measures are the same as those recommended for the codling moth: thorough spraying with arsenate of lead just after the petals fall, and again the first of August. Fic. 535.— Adult of the Lesser Apple Worm. Enlarged and natural size. Original. The Grape Berry Moth (Polychrosis viteana Clem.) Most ‘ wormy ” grapes, so often seen on vines, exhibit the charac- teristic work of the grape berry moth. While the berry is still green, a purplish spot appears on one side. If it is cut open, a small greenish or purplish caterpillar will be found within. Thisis the larva of the sec- ond brood. Earlier in the sea- son, when the grapes are in blossom or the berries are just forming, the inconspicuous first brood of caterpillars is on the vines, eating into the blossoms and tiny fruit, and webbing up the clusters. = Rar : z Fic. 536.— Section through grape, show- The insect overwinters as a ing larva and work of the Grape Berry pupa in a little cell made by = Moth. Original. 342 PESTS OF ORCHARD AND SMALL FRUITS cutting out a small piece of a leaf. These cells break loose from the leaves after the latter fall. The moths emerge in the spring and lay eggs on the stems or fruit. The second brood of moths are out in July, and in the North there is a partial third brood in August. Thorough and timely spray- ing with arsenate of lead will control this pest. The first spray must be applied just be- fore blooming, the second just after, and the third when the berries are half grown. Soap may be added to the spray material to make it spread and stick to better advantage. If the vineyard is plowed in the fall, many of the overwintering pup will be buried or killed. Fic. 537. The Grape Berry Moth. En- larged and natural size. Original. The Raspberry Byturus (Byturus unicolor Say) The fruit of red raspberries sometimes is stunted by the work of this beetle and its grub. Occasionally the leaves are riddled by the feeding of the beetles. The adult beetle is one seventh inch long, and brownish in color. It appears in spring, feeds on the foliage, and eats into the flower buds. In midsummer the grubs are at work and will be found in the thick white base on which the berry is borne. The grub is one Fic. 538.—The Raspberry Byturus. fourth inch long, and marked across Adult. enlarged and natural size. each segment with brown. Infested pied berries ripen early and are dwarfed. The larva spends the winter in the soil. Control is best secured by spraying the foliage with arsenate of lead MAGGOTS TUNNELING WITHIN THE FRUIT 343 or Paris green to poison the beetles when they appear in the spring. Since they feed freely on the leaves, the majority of them will be killed by an application of poison at this time. The Apple Maggot (Rhagoletis pomonella Walsh) In the northeastern states early or sweet apples, or sometimes late fruit, are often infested with the so-called “ railroad worm,” a small, whitish maggot which tunnels here and there through the pulp of the Fic. 539.—Section through apple, showing charac- teristic work of the Apple Maggot. Original. apple as it ripens, making a small, brown track wherever it goes. In thin-skinned varieties, these tunnels are apt to show through from the outside as wandering, brown tracks. This insect must clearly be dis- tinguished from the common “ apple worm ” or codling moth, which eats preferably in and around the core and gnaws a large and con- spicuous hole to the surface. A two-winged fly, with oblique-banded wings, is the parent of the rail- road worm. It appears in July, and lays its eggs, one at a time, under- 344 PESTS OF ORCHARD AND SMALL FRUITS Fic. 540. — Adult of the Apple Maggot. Original. neath the skin of the apple. The maggot feeds in the pulp, completing its growth after the apple has fallen from the tree and has become more or less mellow. It then bores its way out, enters the ground, and re- Fic. 541.—Egg of the Apple Maggot, inserted beneath skin of fruit. Greatly enlarged. Original. mains there until the following July. The maggot cannot be killed by spray- ing because it feeds wholly within the pulp of the fruit during its entire life. Control consists in keeping dropped fruit picked up, so that the maggots will not have a chance to enter the ground. Very early fruit should be picked up twice a week, fall fruit once a week, and winter fruit once in two or three weeks. Live stock may be turned into an orchard to eat up the apples as they MAGGOTS FEEDING WITHIN THE FRUIT b45 drop. Pigs, sheep, or cattle will often accomplish this to good advan- tage. Chickens will hunt out and destroy many of the pup in the soil. Fic. 542.— Burrows of the Apple Maggot, show- ing through skin of fruit. Original. The Cherry Fruit Maggot (Rhagoletis cingulata Loew.) Small, whitish, footless maggots about one third of an inch long are found in the pulp of ripening cherries, where they tunnel about, causing decayed cavities. The adult is a small fly with barred wings. Eggs are laid under the skin of the a Fic. 543. — Adult of the Cherry Fruit Fig. 544.—The Cherry Fruit Mag- Maggot, enlarged and natural size. got. Larve, enlarged and natural Original. size. Original. 346 PESTS OF ORCHARD AND SMALL FRUITS fruit in midsummer. When full grown, the maggot leaves the fruit and enters the ground, its skin contracting and hardening to form a puparium. It remains there until the following season. ___ Where trees are badly infested, chickens may be made use of to scratch up and eat the puparia. No measures in the way of spraying are available. The Pear Midge (Contarinia pyrivora Riley) Early in the season the young fruit of pears becomes stunted and distorted. If a Fig. 545.—Section through young pear, showing work and larva of the Pear Midge. Original. fruit is cut open, tiny maggots will be >) i ye found within, working especially in and around the core. Eggs are laid when the buds first open Fic. 546. —Larve of the by an exceedingly small midge. After Pear Midge, enlarged and completing its growth the maggot leaves SRS Ee: Ea the fruit and enters the ground, where it remains until the follow- ing spring. There is one brood annually. No satisfactory means of con- trol has been devised. The Currant Fruit-fly (Epochra canadensis Loew.) In early summer a small, white maggot may be found working in the berries of currants or goose- berries. The parent insect is a Fre.547.—Workol the Currant Fruit: Yellowish, two-winged fly with fly. Original. barred wings. Eggs are laid DWARFING OR SCARRING THE FRUIT 347 under the skin of the fruit. Infested fruit usually falls to the ground. When full grown, the maggot bores out of the berry, enters the ground, and remains there until the following spring, when the adults issue once more. tically Fig. 549.— The Currant Fruit-fly. the only Adult, enlarged and natural size. available Original. remedy, unless it is feasible to have the fruit gathered by hand. The Tarnished Plant-bug (Lygus pratensis Linn.) A brownish bug, not over one fifth of an inch long when full grown, occasionally injures the buds and the young fruit on apple trees by sucking the juices. Buds are dwarfed or killed, and sometimes the fruit shows marked dimples or similar deformities, due to egg-laying punctures of the adults. The adults hibernate in rubbish. If the The use of poultry to pick up Fig. 548. — Section through currant, showing work and larva of the Cur- rant Fruit-fly. Enlarged. Original. the fallen infested fruit is prac- Fig. 550.—W ork of a Plant- bug, Lygus invitus. Orig- inal, 348 PESTS OF ORCHARD AND SMALL FRUITS orchard and its surroundings are thoroughly cleaned of weeds and litter in the fall, there is not likely to be noticeable damage. The bugs may be jarred from small trees. A related species, Lygus invitus Say, is a pest on pears, scarring the fruit by its feeding punctures. The Apple Red Bugs ( Heterocordylus malinus Reut., and Lygidea mendar Reut.) Sucking bugs, about one fourth of an inch long, known as apple red bugs because of their brilliant color in their younger stages, puncture young fruit, causing it to grow distorted. There are two species, similar in appearance. Eggs are inserted in the bark, and hatch in early spring. The young feed at first on the newly expanding foliage, making numerous punctures and Fic. 551.— Work of Apple Red Bugs. Original. giving the leaves at times a red appear- ance. Later they attack the fruit. The remedy is to spray with tobacco extract just after the leaves expand and before the blossoms open, so as to kill the younger stages soon after they hatch from the egg. Soap may be added to Fig. 552.— The Negro Bug. ‘ Enlarged and natural size. the spray material. Original. The Negro Bug (Thyreocoris (Corimelena) pulicaria Germ.) Exceedingly small, hard-shelled, shiny black bugs, resembling tiny beetles, sometimes feed on the ripe fruits of raspberry or blackberry, giving the fruit an unpleasant flavor. Usually they are not common enough to demand attention. No remedial measures are known. CHAPTER XXIV Insect Pests oF THE HoUSEHOLD AND STORED Propucts House Flies THE commonest fly found in houses is the species properly known as the House Fly (fusca domestica Linn.). It is of medium size, grayish, and has mouth parts dilated at the end in a sort of lobe, fitted for tak- ing up liquid food. Its early stages are passed in moist, decaying matter, especially horse manure or other excrement. These flies never bite; but they are pernicious visitors be- cause of their filthy habits, and their known agency in the dissemination of disease. A second species, the Stable Fly (Stomorys cal- citrans Linn.), is the pest that annoys us by “ biting,” especially before storms. It has piercing Fie. 553.— The House Fly. Original. mouth parts. Other species often are-observed, but the two named above are in the great majority, and of these two the house fly is by far the more numerous. Since flies are known to carry disease, it is of prime importance to be rid of them in our homes. Proper screening is the first requisite, and nothing can be accomplished without this fundamental protection. 2410 350 PESTS OF THE HOUSEHOLD AND STORED PRODUCTS But in addition we must look to the breeding places, especially manure heaps. Usually the most feasible plan of caring for these is to inclose or otherwise screen them. If the manure can be removed once a week, flies cannot complete their life round in it. An effective means of poisoning flies that have already gained access to a Toom is as follows: Add two tablespoonfuls (1 ounce) of 40 per cent formalin to one pint (16 ounces) of sweet milk, or of equal parts milk and water. Pour this out in shallow plates, so that flies can get at it easily. A Fic. 554.—The Stable Fly. Enlarged and piece of bread placed in Behual aie meena. the middle of each plate will allow more space for flies to alight and feed. Catching flies by means of traps, or with sticky fly paper, is a uni- versal practice, and helps in reducing the numbers within a room, but the method described above will usually be found more rapid and effective. Mosquitoes (Culicide) Mosquitoes are of many species, but most have at least one point in common; their immature stages are found in stagnant water. They do not require breeding places of large area. An open rain-water barrel, an old watering trough, tin cans containing rain water; all such places provide suitable breeding ground. The larve are familiarly known as “ wrigglers,’”’ and live on minute animal or vegetable life, beneath the surface of the water. They must come to the surface occasionally to breathe. Following the larval, there is an active pupal stage, preceding the emergence of the adult. MOSQUITOES AND ANTS 301 The entire life round requires only ten days to two weeks under favor- able circumstances. Any thorough effort at control is best directed toward destroying the breeding places or preventing the insect from breeding in such as cannot be destroyed. The latter may be accomplished by pouring oil on the water, so as to prevent the larve from reaching the air when they come up to breathe. Large tanks above ground may be screened. In a word, stagnant water must be eliminated, or mosquitoes kept from it. In addition careful screening of houses is highly desirable, especially since some diseases are carried by certain species. In clearing a room of mosquitoes a fairly satisfactory substance is available in pyrethrum, or ‘ Persian insect powder.’ This may be heaped up in little piles on a pan and lighted; or, better, it may be poured out on a piece of tin or a pan set over a kerosene lamp. In the latter case not much smoke is given off, but the volatile oil that stupifies the insect permeates the air. Another and successful fumigant consists of 1 part of saltpeter mixed with 3 parts of powdered jimson weed, and burned on a tin pan. Eight ounces to 1000 cubic feet is sufficient. House Ants The commonest ants in houses are the “ little red ant,’ Wonomorium pharaonts L., and a closely related species, somewhat larger and black in color, Wonomortin minutum Mayr. In getting rid of ants it is a great help if the main colonies can be hunted out and destroyed. The black ant lives outdoors, and enters the house through some convenient crack. The little red ant always has its nest in the walls or under the floors. Either may be caught and Killed in large numbers by saturating a sponge with sweetened water, placing it where they are abundant, and now and then dropping the sponge into boiling water. Scraps of bone or meat will do as well, and should be burned when well covered. A successful method of fighting ants has recently been devised in California in the warfare against the notorious Argentine Ant (Jrv- domyrmex humilis Mayr.), which overruns dwellings, stores, and ware- 352 PESTS OF THE HOUSEHOLD AND STORED PRODUCTS houses and is an intolerable pest. In this case it is not possible to hunt out and destroy the nests because they are made in every con- ceivable location. The plan consists in setting out numerous supplies of a dilute, slow-acting poison, which the foraging ants not only eat but carry back to the nests and feed to the young. By using a diluted poison the colony itself is slowly exterminated, as well as the foragers that go out from it. The poison is prepared by dis- solving 5 pounds of sugar in 13 pints of water, placing it in a double boiler and heating gently. Then dissolve one fourth ounce of sodium arsenite in a little hot water, and add this to the syrup Fic. 555.— The Little Red Ant. En- z EB larged and natural size. Original. Solution. Place a sponge in a can or a glass jar with a tin lid, and punch three or four holes in the lid. Moisten the sponge with the poisoned syrup. If ants avoid the jar after a time, move it slightly, and they will again visit it. In large buildings it is neces- sary to provide several of the jars for each floor. In residences from one to six jars usually will be sufficient. Often one will do the work. The above material is poisonous to human beings, and proper care should be taken in its preparation and use. The best barrier to prevent ants from gaining access to places where food is placed or stored is the so-called ‘ant tape.’ To make this prepare a saturated solution of corrosive sublimate and water by heat- ing an excess of the crystals in water in a granite or porcelain vessel (not iron), cooling and filtering. Soak common cotton tape in this for several hours, then take out, hang up, and dry. Ants will not cross this tape. It will remain effective for a year, but must not be placed in contact with any iron, tin, or aluminum. It must be remembered that corrosive sublimate is a dangerous poison. ROACHES AND FLEAS 353 Roaches At least four species of roaches are common in the United States: the American Cockroach (Periplaneta americana Linn.), the Oriental Cockroach (Blatta orientalis Linn.), the Australian Roach (Periplaneta australasie Fab.), and the German Roach, or ‘“‘ Croton Bug” (Blatella germanica Linn.). All are more or less domesticated, eat any kind of food product, and leave behind them a disgusting odor. In some species both males and females are winged, while in others the female has only short remnants of wings. All are alike in having ” Fic. 556. — The German Roach, or ‘‘ Croton Bug. Original. Slightly enlarged. flat, thin bodies, and strong, biting jaws. The young look much like the adults, but are of course much smaller. From one to three years are required for their development. A number of prepared poisons are on the market for the destruction of roaches, and some of these are fairly effective. Various traps are employed. Large numbers may be killed by setting out two shallow dishes, one containing flour and plaster of Paris mixed together, and 2a 304 PESTS OF THE HOUSEHOLD AND STORED PRODUCTS the other water. Use four parts of flour to one part of plaster of Paris. Arrange the dishes so that roaches can easily climb on them and pass from one to the other. Badly infested buildings may be entirely cleared by fumigation with hydrocyanic acid gas. Great care should be taken in using this treatment, for it is violently poisonous. Fleas Fleas are too well known to need description. Where houses become infested, the trouble is nearly always traceable to a pet cat or dog, although the pest may be brought in on clothing of a visitor. The species usually observed is the common Cat and Dog Flea (Ctenocephalus canis Curt.). The adult flea lays eggs among the hairs of its animal host. These drop off, and the egg hatches to form a minute, white, slender larva, which lives in cracks in the floor or other pro- tected places, feeding on any available organic tae ; matter, such as hairs, or even dust. The ge haut ater larva transforms to a pupa, and later the adult and natural size. Orig- emerges, ready to leap on the first cat or dog inal. that comes its way, or on a human being. To rid a house of fleas all cracks must be washed with hot suds, and preferably dosed with gasoline. At the same time any animal pets must be looked after and cleared of the insect. Insect powder dusted thoroughly into the animal’s fur will stupefy the fleas and cause them to drop off. They may then be gathered up and destroyed. Another treatment is to scatter over the floor of a room 4 or 5 pounds of naphthaline, and keep the place tightly closed for 24 hours. This will effectually rid a room of the adult insects, but will not be likely to affect any eggs that might be present. The naphthaline may be swept up and used over again. The Bedbug (Cimezx lectularius Linn.) The bedbug is an ancient and cosmopolitan insect, existing through- out the world. It has become wholly domesticated, and lives entirely BEDBUG — CLOTHES MOTHS 355 in human dwellings, hiding away in crevices by day, and coming out to suck the blood of its unfortunate host by night. | Normally its life round requires about three months, but it can exist for a long time in a house tempo- rarily vacated. In cities it sometimes & migrates from vacant residences to others near by that are occupied. The young are similar in shape to the adults, and, like their parents, have a strong sucking beak. Fic. 558.— The Bedbug. Enlarged and natural size. Original. A thorough course of treatment of all hiding places is necessary for their eradica- tion, unless it is possible to vacate a house for two or three days and fumigate with hydrocyanic acid gas. Gasoline, corrosive sublimate, or tur- pentine may be used in cracks to kill them. In vacant houses sulphur may be burned, using it at the rate of 2 pounds to the 100 cubic feet, and placing the material in a metal or earthen dish, which should in turn be placed within a larger Fic. 559.— Head of Bedbug. Greatly dish, to guard against danger of enlarged. Original. fire. The Clothes Moths Several species of tiny, dusky moths lay eggs in woolens or furs, the resulting larve feeding on the garments, eating holes in them, and often doing irreparable damage. The larva of a common species, Tinea pellionella L., makes a little case within which it feeds. In the Northern states this particular species occurs in the larval state — the only stage in which it is directly destructive — in summer only. In the South it may occur all the year. The adults are on the wing at any time in the warmer months. They are active and shy, and avoid the light. 3856 PESTS OF THE HOUSEHOLD AND STORED PRODUCTS Attack is most severe on winter clothing laid away for the summer. Garments should be hung out in the sunlight and thoroughly brushed Fic. 560.— Work of Clothes Moths. Original. or beaten before being packed away. They may then be inclosed in boxes, and the cracks sealed with gummed paper. This work should be done before hot weather has arrived. Deterrants, such as naphtha- Fic. 561.— A Clothes Moth, Tinea pellionella. Enlarged and natural size. Original. line or moth balls, are of moderate value. Upholstered furniture and the like should be sprayed or sponged with gasoline two or three times in summer. CARPET BEETLE —SILVER FISH— CHEESE SKIPPER 357 The Carpet Beetle, or Buffalo Moth (Anthrenus scrophularie L.) A small, hairy, oval larva, about one fourth of an inch long, feeds on carpets, working from the under side, and usually following the line of acrackin the floor. The adult is a beetle, three sixteenths of an inchin Fic. 563.—The Carpet Beetle. Fic. 562.— Work of the Car- Enlarged and natural size. pet Beetle. Original. Original. length, dark in color, and irregularly mottled with white. The beetles appear through the fall and winter. Where rugs are used, no damage is recorded as a rule. If carpets are necessary, and infestation is in progress, it is essential to take up the floor coverings, spray them with gasoline, and wash all cracks with hot suds, following with gasoline. The Silver Fish (Lepisma saccharina L.) Substances containing sugar, starch, or sizing are sometimes injured by a tiny, active, wingless insect of a silvery appearance, having very long antenne and three long feclers at the hind end of the body. It invariably runs quickly away when objects on which it is at work are brought to the light. Pyrethrum dusted into places where it hides will kill them, or they may be poisoned by dipping pieces of cardboard into a thick paste in which has been mixed Paris green, and slipping these into cracks where they are abundant. 858 PESTS OF THE HOUSEHOLD AND STORED PRODUCTS The Cheese Skipper (Piophila casei) The softer kinds of cheese and the fatty parts of hams or bacon are the favorite breeding places of minute, slender maggots that have a way of curling the body and then suddenly straightening it, so that they throw themselves some little distance. They are the larve of very small, grayish flies. Infested materials should be removed, and shelving or bins given a thorough cleaning, for the maggots will develop in very small quantities of grease or other suitable material. It is sometimes necessary to fumigate, in order to kill the adult flies that are in hiding. The Angoumois Grain-moth (Sitotroga cerealella Oliv.) In the Southern states stored grain is severely attacked bya very small grub which starts work within the kernels in the field, and con- tinues its depredations after the grain is harvested and stored. The Fic. 564.— Work of the Angoumois Grain-moth. Original. GRAIN-MOTHS 359 outward evidence of its work is seen in tiny, round holes through the hard outer coating of the grain, showing where adults have emerged. Frequently the adult moths, small, buff-colored ‘ millers,” are notice- ably abundant, especially at threshing time. There are half a dozen or more generations in the course of the year. The earliest moths in spring at once fly to the grain fields and two or three generations are reared in the growing kernels. The grubs of the last are har- vested alongwith the grain, and Fic. 565. — Larve of : the work goes on the Angoumois Grain-moth. En- as long as warm Fy¢. 566.—The Angoumois Grain- larged totwicenat- weather lasts. moth. Enlarged and natural size. ural size. Original. Original. Corn usually be- comes infested only after being husked, the moths flying to it and laying eggs on it. In control, grain should be threshed as soon as harvested. It should be stored in tight bins, watched carefully, and if it heats, indicating the presence of the pest, should be fumigated at once with carbon bisulphide. Corn husked late and placed in open cribs out doors seldom becomes infested. The European Grain-moth (Tinea granella Linn.) A tiny moth, with brown and white spotted wings, lays its eggs Fic. 567.—The European Grain- 0D developing grains in the field, its moth. Enlarged and natural size. minute grubs feeding within the Original. kernels in similar fashion to the Angoumois grain moth. It continues to breed in stored grains, just as does the other insect named, but its work may readily be 360 PESTS OF THE HOUSEHOLD AND STORED PRODUCTS distinguished from the fact that there is always more or less webbing over the grain. Remedies consist in prompt threshing, storing in Fic. 568. —Empty pupal skin of the European Grain-moth. En- larged and natural size. Orig- inal. tight bins, and fumigation with car- bon bisulphide as soon as the presence of the pest is discovered. The Mediterranean Flour Moth (Ephestia kuehniella Zell.) This imported pest now ranks as one of the most destructive and troublesome of the insects infesting stored flour, bran, buckwheat, crack- ers, and cereal foods. It is the im- mature stage of a dull gray moth, expanding about one inch. The full grown larva is a half inch long, white, ornamented with fine Fic. 569.— Work of the Mediterranean Flour Moth. Original. black dots, and sparsely covered with hairs. It feeds within a silk tube, and spins quantities of silk wherever it goes, especially when FLOUR MOTHS 361 traveling about before pupation, with the result that the material in which it is at work is matted together and rendered valueless. In most situations, breeding goes on continuously. Remedies consist of fumigation with hydroeyanie acid gas. Treat- Fig. 570.— Larva of the Mediterra- Fig. 571.— The Mediterranean nean Flour Moth. Slightly enlarged. Flour Moth. Slightly enlarged. Original. Original. ment by heat is now gaining in favor, and promises to be a valuable method. This treatment is described under the following insect. The Indian-meal Moth (Plodia interpunctella Hbn.) Stored grains and flours of many kinds frequently become infested with the larve of this tiny moth, which travel here and there through the grain or meal, eating as they go, and always spinning quantities of web with which will be found mixed the castings of the worms. The larva is about a half inch long, whitish or pale pink or greenish. In heated warehouses breeding may go on throughout the vear. The adult is a small moth, expanding one half to three fourths of an inch, the fore wings reddish brown in their outer parts, the Fig. 572.— The Indian-meal Moth. Larva. Slightly en- i ings gray eh hind wings gray. larecd. Orfeinall In elevators or warehouses that are heated by steam the pest may be treated successfully by heat. If the temperature throughout the building can be raised to 120 degrees Fahrenheit, and maintained at that point for 6 hours, practically all 362 PESTS OF THE HOUSEHOLD AND STORED PRODUCTS Fic. 573. — Adult of the Indian-meal Moth. Enlarged and natural size. Original. of the insects will be killed. Some additional piping may be necessary in order to accomplish this, but usually the cost is justified by the results, and the improvement, once made, is permanent. Fic. 574.— Larve and pupa of the Meal Snout-moth. Slightly enlarged. Orig- inal. The pest may be killed by fumigation with carbon bi- sulphide or hydrocyanic acid gas. The Meal Snout-moth (Pyralis farinalis Linn.) The habits of this species resemble those of the Indian- meal moth. The larve work in grains or grain products, such as flour, bran, or meal, and spin long tubes of silk, ruining more than they consume. There are three or four generations annually under favorable conditions. Treatment is the same as for the preceding species. BEETLES AND WEEVILS Fic. 576.—The Granary Wee- vil. Enlarged and natural size. 75.—The Meal Snout-moth. ig Original. lightly enlarged. Original. Fic. no Fic. 577.— Work of the Rice Weevil. Original. (je Fic. 579.— The Confused Flour Beetle. Enlarged and natural size. Original. Fic. 578.— The Rice Weevil. Enlarged and natural size. Original. 3864 PESTS OF THE HOUSEHOLD AND STORED PRODUCTS Beetles and Weevils in Stored Products Stored grain and other stored products are subject to infestation by many species of small beetles. In most cases the greater part of the injury is due to the feeding of ‘‘ grubs,’’ which are the immature stages n on Fic. 580.—The Saw-Toothed Grain Beetle. Enlarged and natural size. Original. of the pest concerned, but since the grubs often work concealed, while the adults are active and visible, the latter are the stages commonly noted. Some of the species most likely to be observed are the following: ‘The Granary Weevil (Calandra gra- naria Linn.), A brown snout-beetle, one seventh of an inchlong. Infests stored grains, especially wheat, corn, and bar- ley. The wings are not functional, and the insect cannot fly. The Rice Weevil (Calandra oryza Linn.). A dark brown snout-beetle with two obscure, slightly lighter markings on each wing cover. Attacks stored grains; also such manufactured products as crackers, flour, and the like. The adult can fly foods, and grains. The Confused Flour Beetle (Tri- Ci bolium confusum Duv.). A flat, brown beetle, one sixth of an inch long. A destructive pest of flour, cereal oe Fic. 581.—The Cadelle. En- The Rust-red Flour Beetle (Tri- Jarged and natural size. Orig- bolium navale Fab.). Closely resembles inal. the preceding species. The same feeding habits. The Saw-toothed Grain Beetle (Silvanus surinamensis Linn.). A slender, dark brown beetle, its thorax edged with short teeth. Found in all kinds of foodstuffs. The Cadelle (Tenebroides mauritanicus Linn.). A black, oblong beetle, one third of an inch in length. The larva whitish, fleshy, tapering WEEVILS 365 somewhat toward each end, three fourths of an inch long. Feeds on the germ of grains. Adults and larve also predaceous. For all of these pests the surest treatment is fumigation with carbon bisulphide or carbon tetrachloride. They may be killed, also, by heat- ing the material in which they are at work to a temperature of 125 to 140 degrees for three or four hours. When foodstuffs in houses are infested, a thorough cleaning out of the storage places is necessary, together with proper treatment of the materials affected. In addition all cracks and crevices should be sprayed with gasoline, taking proper precautions to guard against fire. The Bean Weevil (Acanthoscelides (Bruchus) obtectus Say) Dried beans that have been gathered and stored for winter use are injured or destroyed by this insect. Many beans will be found showing Fic. 582. — Work of the Bean Weevil. Original. round holes where the adult weevils have emerged, others will have grubs still at work inside, and in the box or bin will be found numerous 366 PESTS OF THE HOUSEHOLD AND STORED PRODUCTS small, mottled, brownish beetles, about one eighth of an inch long, their wing covers a little shorter than their bodies. Infestation may have been carried over from old beans left in the box from last season’s crop, for the insect continues to breed through the year in stored beans. Or the eggs may have been laid in the beans while still on the vines in the field, the beetles being abroad on the wing in late summer. Fumigation with carbon bisulphide or carbon tetrachloride is the best treatment, and should be applied as soon as beans are gathered. Infested beans should not be planted for seed. Fic. 583.— The Bean Weevil. Fic. 584.— The Cowpea Adult, enlarged and natural Weevil. Enlarged and size. Original. natural size. Original. The Cowpea Weevil (Pachymerus (Bruchus) chinensis L.) Stored beans, peas, and cowpeas are attacked by this weevil. In most particulars its life round is the same as that of the bean weevil. It continues to breed in the stored seed. Treatment consists in fumigation with carbon bisulphide or carbon tetrachloride. The Four-spotted Bean Weevil (Pachymerus (Bruchus) quadrimacu- latus Fab.) Still another weevil working in dried beans and peas is the four- spotted bean weevil. While the adult differs somewhat from the pre- WEEVILS 367 Fig. 585.— Work of the Four-spotted Bean Weevil. Original. ceding in shape and markings, its habits and life history are practically the same. It lays eggs in the field, but also continues to breed in the dried, stored product. The treatment is fumigation with carbon bisulphide or carbon tetrachloride. Fic. 586.— The Four- spotted Bean Weevil. Enlarged and _ natural = size. Original. Fic. 587.— Work of the Pea Weevil. Original. 368 PESTS OF THE HOUSEHOLD AND STORED PRODUCTS The Pea Weevil (Lara (Bruchus) pisorum L.) The adult pea weevil is similar in appearance to the bean weevil, but is a little larger and has a shorter thorax. The grubs live in peas, hatching from eggs laid on the pods early in the season by the adults, while the peas are still in the field. Unlike the bean weevil this pest never goes on breeding in the dried, stored product. The grubs are in the peas when they are gathered. In the South the adults emerge before the next planting time, but in the North the insect is still in the seed when it is planted. Emergence of the adults may be accelerated by keeping the peas in a warm place. Seed may be held over for a season. The best treatment, however, is fumigation with carbon bisulphide or carbon tetrachloride. Fic. 588.—The Pea Weevil. En- larged and natural size. Original. Weevils in Nuts The white, thick grubs often found in chestnuts, pecans, and hickory nuts are familiar to all. Their exit holes also, where the mature grub has cut its way out through the shell, are commonly recognized. The adults of these grubs are beetles, one fourth to one third inch long, yellowish in general color with darker markings, and charac- terized by an extremely long snout, slender as a pin. Biting jaws are located at the end of the snout. There are three species concerned: the Larger Chestnut Weevil (Balaninus proboscideus Fab.); the Chestnut Weevil (Balaninus rectus Say); and the Pecan, or Hickory Nut Weevil (Balaninus carye Horn.). All are similar in appearance, and their habits are much the same. 5 Direct means of control of these pests in the field is not possible. NUT-WEEVILS — MEALWORM 369 The adults come out from the ground in spring, and continue emerging throughout the summer. When the nuts are large enough, they punc- ture them through the husk or burr with their long snouts, and lay their eggs within. The grubs mature usually soon after the nuts fall, eat their way out, and winter in the soil. Nuts should be gathered regularly and at frequent in- ; : Fic. 589.— Work of the Hickory Nut tervals. In the case of chest- Weevil. Original. nuts it is wise to fumigate with carbon bisulphide immediately after gathering. The gas will pene- trate the nuts and kill the weevils, some of which will be so small that they have not yet damaged the kernel appreciably. The Yellow Mealworm (Tenebrio molitor Linn.) Corn meal or similar material is often infested with yellowish or brownish worms, an inch long when full grown, their backs shining and “ hard-shelled,”’ looking somewhat like wireworms. The adult is a a Fig. 591.—Adult of the Yellow Mealworm. Fic. 590.— The Yellow Mealworm. Slightly enlarged. Orig- Slightly enlarged. Original. inal. dark, oblong beetle, which flies at night, and lays eggs wherever it can find suitable material. Treatment consists in a thorough cleaning up of waste meal, combined with fumigation or heating of infested lots. There is only one generation annually. 2B 370 PESTS OF THE HOUSEHOLD AND STORED PRODUCTS The Cigarette Beetle (Lasioderma serricorne Fab.) Stored tobacco, and various other stored products, often become infested with this pest. The larve is a white, fleshy, tiny grub. The adult is one sixteenth of an inch long, brownish, its head bent back under its thorax. The larvee feed here and there through their food sub- stance, and the beetles make small round holes in Fic. 593.— The Cigarette Fic. 592.— Work and larva of the Cigarette Beetle. Adult, enlarged and Beetle. Enlarged. Original. natural size. Original. emerging. There are several generations annually under suitable conditions. Warehouses that have become infested should be thor- oughly cleaned up, and then fumigated with carbon bisulphide or hydrocyanic acid gas. CHAPTER XXV InsEct Pests oF Domestic ANIMALS Many different species of insects live as parasites on or in domestic animals. Some of these have totally different habits and character- istics; and thus the treatment for one will not always answer for another. But between many species only minor differences exist. The commoner and more typical’ forms will be given here. The Horse Bot-fly (Gastrophilus equi Fab.) In its larval stage this insect is an internal parasite within the stomach of the horse, where it lives attached to the walls. It injures the animal by interfering with digestion and by the irritation set up by its pres- ence. The adult fly frequents horses throughout midsum- Fic. 594.— Larve of the Horse Bot-fly. Slightly enlarged. Original. Fic. 595.—Eggs of the Horse Bot-fly, attached to hairs. ural size. 371 Original. Enlarged and nat- 372 PESTS OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS mer, and fastens its eggs to the hairs of the animal’s shoulders or fore legs. The eggs are yellowish in color and plainly visible. They are hatched by the action of the ani- mal’s tongue in licking itself, and are carried by the tongue to the mouth, whence they reach the stomach. When full grown, the larve pass out and pupate in the soil. Examine the stock once every two weeks during summer, and if eggs are found, shave them off with a sharp knife or moisten them with kerosene, or with Fic. 596.—The Horse Bot-fly, 2 Solution of carbolic acid 1 part, water Slightly enlarged. Original. 30 parts. The Sheep Bot-fly (@strus ovis Linn.) The maggots of this species develop in the upper nasal passages of sheep, sometimes penetrating the brain. Living young are deposited in the nostrils by the adult flies in June and July. The mature mag- gots work their way out through the nostrils after ten months and pupate in the ground. Finely powdered lime is used to induce sneezing, so as to dislodge the maggots. The same result is secured by dipping a feather in tur- pentine and running it up the nos- trils. A mixture of tar and grease or other repellent may be smeared on the nose to keep off the adult flies, but is not entirely effectual. Fic. 597. — Larva of the Sheep Bot- fly. Slightly enlarged. Original. The Ox Warble ( Hypoderma lineata Villers) The ox warble is a species of bot-fly, which spends the latter part of its larval stage as a fleshy, footless grub beneath the skin of the back. INTERNAL PARASITES 373 A hole is made through the skin by which the grub gets air. These holes are a source of great loss in dressed hides, and the presence of the grub causes irritation and often loss of weight or of milk flow in the infested animal. The adult is about the size and shape of a honey-bee, but has only two wings instead of four. The sides of its head and thorax are marked with white, and on the upper surface of the thorax are four shining raised lines. The base of the abdomen is whitish. Eggs are laid in early summer attached to hairs near the heels of the animal. The egg opens as the animal licks its heels, and the young grub is carried by the tongue to the mouth. It at once penetrates the walls of the throat and for several months is in the connective tissue along the back of the neck and else- where. JT inally it settles under the skin of the back, and makes its breath- ing hole through the hide. When mature, it drops to the ground, where Warble. Fic. 598.—Larva of the Ox Original. it remains until the next spring. The presence of the grub results in damage to the beef, giving it a slimy appearance. In addition the hide is injured. Flies will not lay eggs on animals that are standing in water. In small herds strong-smelling oils may be smeared on the lower part of the legs, and will act as deterrents. A mixture sometimes recom- mended consists of sulphur, 4 ounces; spirits of tar, 1 gill; train oil (whale oil), 1 quart. As a rule the adult flies do not enter stables or attack animals under shelter. The grubs under the skin are best removed by pressing each side of the hole until the end of the grub protrudes, and drawing it out with tweezers. The best time to do this is in February or March. The grubs can be located by passing the hand along the back. If the grubs are thus removed, the flesh beneath will heal and the hole will close within a short time. 374 PESTS OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS The Screw-worm (Chrysomyia macellaria Fab.) Exposed wounds or even the bites of ticks form the breeding ground of the whitish maggots of this species. Eggs are laid in large numbers in such places by the adult fly, and the young burrow in the surrounding tissues, later enter- ing the ground to transform. There may be several genera- tions annually. Prompt treatment of chance wounds, and dipping to kill or prevent ticks, are the best Fic. 599. — The Screw-worm Fly. En- measures to adopt. In the larged and natural size. Original. treatment of wounds a solution of carbolic acid, 1 part, water, 30 parts, is excellent, followed by a dressing of pine tar. Sucking Lice on Domestic Animals The larger animals, including cattle, horses, swine, and others, are often infested with sucking lice, which frequently cause great irritation. Several species are common. The Short-nosed Ox Louse (Hemato- pinus eurysternus Nitzsch) is slaty in color, one eighth to one fifth of an inch long and about half as broad. Usually it is most troublesome on the neck and shoulders. The Long-nosed Ox Louse (Hematopinus vituli Linn.) is slender, one eighth of an inch long. Its head is distinctly elongated. The Hog Louse (Hematopinus urius Nitzsch) is gray, one fourth of an inch long, the body broadly elliptical, the head narrow. Badly infested pigs fail to make proper gains in weight. Fic. 600.— The Short-nosed Ox Louse. Enlarged and natural size. Original. LICE — TICKS — MITES 375 For all of these pests, treatment consists in the application of suit- able contact insecticides, which may be kerosene emulsion, tobacco extract, or various ointments. Kerosene emulsion should be prepared by diluting the stock emulsion with 8 or 10 parts of water. ‘‘ Black leaf 40,” or “nicotine sulphate,” is diluted at the rate of 1 part to 800 of water. Biting Lice on Domestic Animals Various species of flat-bodied, broad-headed, i biting lice infest the larger animals. They feed on the rough parts of the skin and on the hairs, and cause considerable irritation, though they do Fic. 601. — The Long-nosed Ox not suck the blood. Commonly they are spoken — Louse. Enlarged of as the “little red lice,’”’ as distinguished from and natural size. the bluish sucking lice. All are members of the Original. genus Trichodectes. T. scalaris Nitz. infests cattle; JT. parumpilosus Piag. is common on the horse; TJ. spherocephalus Nitz. is found on the sheep. Washes of kerosene emulsion or tobacco extract are effective, as described for sucking lice. The Cattle-tick (Jargaropus annulatus Say) Throughout many of the Southern states cattle are subject to a fever which is transmitted by a tick. Enormous losses are caused each year by the work of this pest. The tick which serves as a carrier for this disease is a dark-bodied, eight-legged creature, and goes through a peculiar life round. The adult engorged female drops from the cattle to the ground and lays its eggs. These hatch into “seed ticks,’ which then crawl up on the nearest herbage and wait for cattle to come Fic. 602.—The Cattle tick. Slightly enlarged. ores Original. go through their life round to adult. along. Once back on an animal host, they 376 PESTS OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS Control is based on keeping cattle out of tick-infested pastures long enough to starve out all the seed ticks. The latter do not go in search of a host, but wait for it to come. Luckily this scheme works in well with various desirable crop rotations. In the case of range animals, dipping or spraying to kill the ticks on the animal is resorted to. The Sheep Tick (Melophagus ovinus Linn.) Degenerate, reddish or brownish, flattened insects, one fourth of an inch long or less, suck the blood of sheep and lambs. They are especially injurious to the latter. The pest is most- numerous in the spring months. The entire life round is spent on the sheep. = While this species belongs in the order | of flies, the adults are entirely wingless. ¥ Bice Sheep should be dipped after shearing. Various substances are on the market for 4| this purpose. Or, one of the commercial as. Gide ehancanaes tobacco extracts may be used, following Enlarged and natural size, the instructions printed on the container Original. in which the material is sold. The Sheep Scab-mite (Psoroptes communis Furst, var. ovis) Small, sucking mites breed in large numbers under scales or crusts formed on the skin of sheep. There is violent itching, and the wool looks rough and ragged, often sticking together in places, or falling entirely out. Attack is usually confined to the neck, back, and rump, the under parts being more or less free of the mites. The mites are exceedingly small, and swarm around the edges of the scabs. Dipping of infested animals is the only thorough remedy. The same materials are used as in dipping for the sheep tick, the one dip serving to kill both insects. LICE AND MITES ON POULTRY 377 Biting Lice on Poultry Several different species of biting lice affect poultry, including the genera Menopon, Lipeurus, and others. They vary in particular characteristics, but all are alike in the fact that they do not suck the blood of their host, but cause injury by eating the surface of the skin and the finer parts of the feathers, and by the tiny pricks of their sharp claws as they move about over their host. On young chicks their irrita- tion may readily prove fatal. The eggs or “nits” are laid on the feathers, and in warm weather hatch in ten days. Both young and adults are apt to be especially active at night, crawling over the perches Fic. 604.—A Chicken Louse, Li- peurus variabilis. Enlarged and natural size. Original. and moving from one fowl to another. Treatment must include both the poultry house and the fowls in order to be entirely effective. The latter may be dusted with a mix- ture of 10 pounds of sulphur to 4 bushel of air-slaked lime. The same material may be used in the house, taking care to get it into all cracks, and mixing it with the dust bath. A more effective measure for the house is spraying with lime-sulphur solution or 10 per cent kerosene emulsion. Treatment of the fowls should be repeated at the end of a week or ten days. The Chicken Mite (Dermanyssus galline Redi.) Several species of mites attack poultry, but the commonest is the one here described. It is a minute, eight-legged creature, one twentieth of an inch long, normally grayish in color but appearing red when filled with blood. It has sucking mouth parts. Eggs are laid in droppings or in places where dirt has accumulated, and the young feed at first on such substances. Later they crawl on 378 PESTS OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS hens or young chicks, but they do not remain on them all the time, usually feeding only at night or when a hen is on a nest, and hiding in cracks in the henhouse during daytime. Often they will be found during the day clustered in little colonies on the under side of perches, especially in crevices in the wood. In control the first measure is a thorough cleaning up of the poultry house. Then spray the interior with lime-sulphur solution or with 20 per cent kerosene emulsion. The spraying treatment should be repeated after a few days. % The Itch Mite of Poultry (Cnemidocoptes mutans % Robin.) This pest is related to the common chicken mite, but attacks rather the legs, the comb, or the neck, where it burrows under the skin, causing a scaly Fic. 605. — The Chicken Mite. Enlarged and Crust to form. natural size. Dry, sunny quarters should be provided for Original. fowls attacked. The legs or other affected parts should be washed in warm soap and water, followed by the appli- cation of a suitable ointment, which should be one containing sulphur. Another species, Cnemidocoptes galline Railliet, causes such irrita- tion that the fowls pull out their feathers; or the feathers break off. A whitish, powdery substance will be found in the base of the quills, and in this the lice live. Give the same treatment as for the other itch mite, just described. The Cuban Hen Flea (Argopsylla gallinacea West.) In the Southern states this species of flea seriously infests fowls and sometimes is a nuisance to man. On fowls, the fleas collect in large numbers on spots bare of feathers, such as the comb or wattles, bury their sucking mouth parts in the flesh, and stick so tight that they can hardly be dislodged. The young develop in waste matter in the nest or on the ground. The remedies are suitable ointments or washes. fod BITING FLIES 379 Horseflies, or ‘‘ Gadflies’ (Tabanide) Horses and cattle, and often other animals as well, are persecuted by various species of large, two-winged flies, which alight on the head, neck, back, or flanks, and torment the animals by piercing the skin and sucking the blood. The pests are capable of causing noticeable loss of flesh, not to mention the unpleasant effects on the animal’s disposition. These flies have no connection with the bots or grubs found in the stomach of the horse or under the skin of the back of cattle. Their sole injury is that caused by their bites. Their young live in pools or running streams, and their eggs are laid on leaves or twigs over- hanging the water. Various oils may be applied to the animals, to drive away the flies. One method is to spray them with kerosene emulsion, diluting the stock with 10 parts of water. The Horn-fly (Lyperosia irritans Linn., formerly Hematobia serrata) The horn-fly is a biting insect about the size of a common house fly but more slender, and injures cattle by swarming on them in large numbers, biting and annoying them severely. The fly gets its name from its habit of resting in clusters around the base of the horns, where it cannot be dislodged by its host. It does not feed at this point particu- larly, but rather on the flanks, belly, and wherever opportunity offers. Fic. 606.— The Horn-fly. Enlarged and There are several generations natural size. Original. annually. The larva is a small maggot, and lives in moist, fresh dung. If all dung is collected frequently and spread out to dry, the maggots will be killed. Cattle may be protected by repellents, among which fish oil or train oil is the best. Kerosene emulsion, applied with a spray pump, will kill such flies as it hits, and will give protection for two or three days. REFERENCES For general accounts of the writings in Economic Entomology, and for lists of publications, see Bulletins 40 and 81 of the Bureau of Ento- mology, United States Department of Agriculture. Detailed accounts of the insects considered in this book will be found in the following bulletins and reports. ABBREVIATIONS Bur. Ent.=Bureau of Entomology, United States Department of Agriculture. Exp. Sta.=The various State Experiment Stations. Rpt. State Ent.= Annual Reports of the various State Entomologists. Farmers’ Bull.= Farmers’ Bulletin, United States Department of Agriculture. Acanthoscelides obtectus, Yearbook, U.S.D.A., 1898, page 239. Acridide, 23 Rpt. Ill. State Ent., page 136. Acronycta oblinita, 4th Rpt. Minn. State Ent., pages 155-157. geria rutilans, Bur. Ent. Bull. 23. geria tipuliformis, 4th Rpt. Minn. State Ent., pages 60-64. Agrilus ruficollis, N. J. Exp. Sta. Special Bull. N. Agriotes mancus, Bur. Ent. Bull. 27. Agromyza simplex, Bur. Ent. Bull. 66-I. Alabama argillacea, Bur. Ent. Cire. 153. Aleurodes citri, Bur. Ent. Bull. 92. Aleurodes vaporariorum, Bur. Ent. Bull. 92. Allorhina nitida, 23d Rpt. Ill. State Ent., page 101. Alsophila pometaria, Rpt. Conn. State Ent., 1908, page 777. Alypia octomaculata, 4th Rpt. Minn. State Ent., pages 66-67. Ampeloglypter ater, W. Va. Exp. Sta. Bull. 119. Ampeloglypter sesostris, W. Va. Exp. Sta. Bull. 119. Ampelophaga myron, 4th Rpt. Minn. State Ent., pages 42-45. Anaphothrips striata, Maine Exp. Sta. Bull. 83. Anarsia lineatella, Colo. Exp. Sta. Bull. 169. 381 382 REFERENCES Anasa tristis, Bur. Ent. Cire. 39. Ancylis comptana, N. J. Exp. Sta. Bull. 225. Ancylis nubeculana, N. Y. State Museum Bull. 124. Anomala spp., 10th Rpt. N. Y. State Ent., page 411. Anthonomus grandis, Farmers’ Bull. 344. Anthonomus quadrigibbus, Il. Exp. Sta. Bull. 98. Anthonomus scutellaris, Colo. Exp. Sta. Bull. 47. Anthonomus signatus, N. J. Exp. Sta. Bull. 225. Anthrenus scrophularie, N. Y. State Museum Bull. 136. Aphis bakeri, Colo. Exp. Sta. Bull. 133. Aphis brassice, N. Y. Cornell Exp. Sta. Bull. 300. Aphis forbesi, N. J. Exp. Sta. Bull. 225. Aphis gossypii, Bur. Ent. Cire. 80. Aphis maidis, Bur. Ent. Tech. Ser. Bull. 12-VITI. Aphis maidi-radicis, Bur. Ent. Bull. 85-VI. Aphis persicae-niger, Colo. Exp. Sta. Bull. 133. Aphis pomi, Colo. Exp. Sta. Bull. 133. Aphis rumicis, Iowa Exp. Sta. Bull. 23. Aphis setarie, Okla. Exp. Sta. Bull. 88. Aphis sorbi, Rpt. Conn. State Ent., 1909, page 343. Archips argyrospila, N. Y. Cornell Exp. Sta. Bull. 311. Archips rosaceana, N. Y. Cornell Exp. Sta. Bull. 311. Aspidiotus ancylus, Mo. Fruit Sta. Bull. 18. Aspidiotus forbesi, Mo. Fruit Sta. Bull. 18. Aspidiotus ostreeformis, Bur. Ent., Bull. 20. Aspidiotus perniciosus, Bur. Ent. Bull. 62. Aulacaspis rose, N. J. Exp. Sta. Bull. 159. Autographa brassice, Bur. Ent. Bull. 33. Balaninus spp., W. Va. Exp. Sta. Bull. 128. Bembecia marginata, Wash. Exp. Sta. Bull. 63. Blattide, Bur. Ent. Cire. 51. Blissus leucopterus, I. Exp. Sta. Bull. 95, Bur. Ent. Bull. 69. Brucophagus funebris, I. Exp. Sta. Bull. 134. Bryobia pratensis, Colo. Exp. Sta. Bull. 152. Bucculatriz pomifoliella, N. Y. Cornell Exp. Sta. Bull. 214. Byturus unicolor, Ohio Exp. Sta. Bull. 202. Calandra granaria, Farmers’ Bull. 45. Calandra oryza, N. C. Exp. Sta. Bull. 203. Caliroa amygdalina, Bur. Ent. Bull. 97-V. Caliroa cerasi, Iowa Exp. Sta. Bull. 130. Canarsia hammondi, 4th Rpt. Minn. State Ent., page 217. Carpocapsa pomonella, Bur. Ent. Bull. 41. REFERENCES 383 Cassida spp., N. J. Exp. Sta. Bull. 229. Cephus occidentalis, Bur. Ent. Cire. 117. Ceratoma trifurcata, U.S.D.A. Yearbook, 1898, pages 253-255. Ceresa bubalus, N. Y. Geneva Exp. Sta. Tech. Bull. 17. Ceutorhynchus rape, Bur. Ent. Bull. 23. Chetocnema confinis, N. J. Exp. Sta. Bull. 229. Chalcodermus eneus, Bur. Ent. Bull. 85-VIII. Chionaspis furfura, Bur. Ent. Cire. 121. Chloridea virescens, Farmers’ Bull. 120. Chrysobothris femorata, Bur. Ent. Cire. 32. Chrysomyia macellaria, Bur. Ent. Bull. 5. Cimex lectularius, Bur. Ent. Cire. 47. Cingilia catenaria, 4th Rpt. Minn. State Ent., pages 186-187. Cladius pectinicornis, Bur. Ent. Cire. 105. Cleora pampinaria, Bur. Ent. Bull. 66-III. Chivina impressifrons, Bur. Ent. Bull. 85-II. Cnemidocoptes spp., Bur. Ent. Cire. 92. Colaspis brunnea, 23d Rpt. Ill. State Ent., page 104. Coleophora fletcherella, Bur. Ent. Bull. 8O-II. Coleophora malivorella, N. Y. Cornell Exp. Sta. Bull. 124. Conotrachelus crategi, N. Y. Cornell Exp. Sta. Bull. 148. Conotrachelus nenuphar, Bur. Ent. Bull. 103. Contarinia johnsoni, N. Y. Geneva Exp. Sta. Bull. 331. Contarinia pyrivora, N. J. Exp. Sta. Bull. 99. Contarinia sorghicola, Bur. Ent. Bull. 85-IV. Coptocycla spp., N. J. Exp. Sta. Bull. 229. Coptodisca splendoriferella, 4th Rpt. Minn. State Ent., pages 263-265. Crambus hortuellus, Mass. Exp. Sta. Bull. 115. Crambus spp., Ill. Exp. Sta. Bull. 95. Craponius inequalis, W. Va. Exp. Sta. Bull. 100. Crioceris asparagi, Bur. Ent. Cire. 102. Crioceris duodecimpunctata, Bur. Ent. Cire. 102. Ctenocephalus canis, Bur. Ent. Cire. 108. Culicide, Bur. Ent. Bull 88. Cydia nigricana, Bur. Ent. Bull. 33. Cylas formicarius, Tex. Exp. Sta. Bull. 93. Cymatophora ribearia, 4th Rpt. Minn. State Ent., pages 184-186. Dasyneura leguminicola, Ill. Exp. Sta. Bull. 134. Datana ministra, N. H. Exp. Sta. Bull. 139. Dermanyssus galline, Bur. Ent. Cire. 92. Desmia funeralis, Farmers’ Bull. 70. Diabrotica duodecimpunctata, Il. Exp. Sta. Bull. 44. 384 REFERENCES Diabrotica longicornis, Il. Exp. Sta. Bull. 44. Diabrotica vittata, 20th Rpt. N. H. Exp. Sta. Diacrisia virginica, Bur. Ent. Bull. 82-V. Diaphania hyalinata, N. C. Exp. Sta. Bull. 214. Diaphania nitidalis, N. C. Exp. Sta. Bull. 214. Diastrophus turgidus, Ohio Exp. Sta. Bull. 45. Diatrea saccharalis, Bur. Ent. Cire. 116. Diatrea zeacolella, Bur. Ent. Cire. 139. Dichomeris ligulellus, N. Y. Cornell, Exp. Sta. Bull. 187. Dicyphus minimus, Fla. Exp. Sta. Bull. 48. Disonycha spp., 21st Rpt. Ill. State Ent., page 115-117. Dolerus spp., Insect Life, Vol. IV, page 169. Drasteria erechtea, Mich. Exp. Sta. Bull. 116. Dysdercus suturellus, Bur. Ent. Cire. 149. Eccoptogaster rugulosus, N. Y. Geneva Exp. Sta. Bull. 180. Elaphidion villosum, IU. Exp. Sta. Bull. 151. Elasmopalpus lignosellus, Bur. Ent. Bull. 23. Elaterida, Ill. Exp. Sta. Bull. 44. Emphytus cinctus, Bur. Ent. Cire. 105. Empoasca mali, lowa Exp. Sta. Bull. 111. Empria maculata, Mo. Exp. Sta. Bull. 54. Endelomyia rose, Bur. Ent. Cire. 105. Ennomos subsignarius, N. Y. Cornell Exp. Sta. Bull. 286. Ephestia kuehniella, Bur. Ent. Cire. 112. Epicerus imbricatus, Bur. Ent. Bull. 43. Epilachna borealis, Bur. Ent. Bull. 19. Epilachna corrupta, Yearbook, U.S. D. A., 1898, p. 251. Epitriz cucumeris, Bur. Ent. Bull. 19. Epitrix parvula, Bur. Ent. Cire. 123. Epochra canadensis, Maine Exp. Sta. Bull. 35. Erannis tilaria, 4th Rpt. Minn. State Ent., pages 193-195. Eriophyes pyri, N. Y. Geneva Exp. Sta. Bull. 306. Estigmene acrea, Bur. Ent. Bull. 43. Eudamus proteus, Fla. Exp. Sta. Bull. 45. Eulecanium nigrofasciatum, Md. Exp. Sta. Bull. 149. Euphoria inda, Bur. Ent. Bull. 19. Euproctis chrysorrhea, N. H. Exp. Sta. Bull. 136. Eurymus eurytheme, Bur. Ent. Cire. 133. Futettiz tenella, Bur. Ent. Bull. 66-IV. Euthrips nicotiane, Bur. Ent. Bull. 65. Euthrips pyri, N. Y. Geneva Exp. Sta. Bull. 343. Euthrips tritici, Fla. Exp. Sta. Bull. 46. REFERENCES 385 Evergestis rimosalis, Bur. Ent. Bull. 33. Fidia viticida, N. Y. Geneva Exp. Sta. Bull. 331. Formicina, Bur. Ent. Cire. 34. Fungous Diseases, Bur. Ent. Bull. 107. Galerucella cavicollis, Bur. Ent. Bull. 19. Gastrophilus equi, Bur. Ent. Bull. 5. Hemotopinus eurysternus, Bur. Ent. Bull. 5. Hematopinus urius, Bur. Ent. Bull. 5. Hemotopinus vituli, Bur. Ent. Bull. 5. Hallica chalybea, N. Y. Geneva Exp. Sta. Bull. 331. Haltica ignita, Bur. Ent. Bull. 28. Harrisina americana, Bur. Ent. Bull. 68-VIILI. Heliothis obsoleta, Farmers’ Bull. 290. Heliothrips hemorrhoidalis, Bur. Ent. Bull. 64-V1I. Hellula undalis, Bur. Ent. Bull. 109-ITT. Hemerocampa leucostigma, N. Y. Geneva Exp. Sta. Bull. 312. Hemerocampa spp., Ill. Exp. Sta. Bull. 151. Heterocordylus malinus, N. Y. Cornell Exp. Sta. Bull. 291. Household Insects, Bur. Ent. Bull. 4. Hyalopterus arundinis, Colo. Exp. Sta. Bull. 133. Hydrecia immanis, Bur. Ent. Bull. 7. Hylastinus obscurus, Il. Exp. Sta. Bull. 134. Hypena humuli, Bur. Ent. Bull. 7. Hyphantria cunea, Del. Exp. Sta. Bull. 56. Hypoderma lineata, Bur. Ent. Cire. 25. Hypsopygia costalis, I. Exp. Sta. Bull. 134. Insects and Disease, Bur. Ent. Bull. 78. Iridomyrmex humilis, Cal. Exp. Sta. Bull. 207. Tsia isabella, 23d Rept. Ill. State Ent., pages 72-75. Tsosoma grande, Bur. Ent. Cire. 106. Isosoma hordei, Bur. Ent. Bull. 42. Zsosoma tritici, Ohio Exp. Sta. Bull. 226. Ithycerus noveboracensis, 5th Rpt. Minn. State Ent., page 187. Ttonida tritici, Farmers’ Bull. 132. Janus integer, N. Y. Cornell, Exp. Sta. Bull. 126. Jasside, 21st. Rpt. Ill. State Ent., pages 62-79, Bur. Ent. Bull. 57. Lachnosterna spp., Ill. Exp. Sta. Bull. 116. Languria mozardi, Ill. Exp. Sta. Bull. 134. Laphygma exigua, Bur. Ent. Bull. 33. Laphygma frugiperda, Bur. Ent. Bull. 29. Laria pisorum, Yearbook, U.S8.D.A., 1898, pages 234-239. Lasioderma serricorne, Fla. Exp. Sta. Bull. 48. 2c 386 REFERENCES Laspeyresia interstinctana, Ill. Exp. Sta. Bull. 134. Laspeyresia prunivora, Bur. Ent. Bull. 68-V. Lecanium corni, Bur. Ent. Bull. 80-VIII. Lema trilineata, 1st Rpt. Mo. State Ent., page 99. Lepidosaphes ulmi, Bur. Ent. Cire. 121. Lepisma saccharina, Bur. Ent. Cire. 49. Leptinotarsa decemlineata, Bur. Ent. Cire. 87. Leucania unipuncta, Ill. Exp. Sta. Bull. 95. Ligyrus gibbosus, Bur. Ent. Bull. 33. Ligyrus rugiceps, Bur. Ent. Bull. 54. Lipeurus spp., Bur. Ent. Bull. 5. Lizrus concavus, Bur. Ent. Bull. 23. Lozostege similalis, 23d Rpt. Ill. State Ent., page 89. Lozostege sticticalis, Colo. Exp. Sta. Bull. 98. Lygidea mendaz, N. Y. Cornell Exp. Sta. Bull. 291. Lygus pratensis, Mo. Exp. Sta. Bull. 47. Lyperosia irritans, Bur. Ent. Cire. 115. Macrodactylus subspinosus, N. Y. Geneva Exp. Sta. Bull. 331. Macrosiphum pisi, Ill. Exp. Sta. Bull. 134. Macrosiphum solanifolii, Maine Exp. Sta. Bull. 147. Malacosoma americana, N. Y. Geneva Exp. Sta. Bull. 152. Malacosoma disstria, N. Y. Geneva Exp. Sta. Bull. 159. Mamestra legitima, Bur. Ent. Bull. 66-III. Mamestra picta, 14th Rpt. N. Y. State Ent., pages 201-207. Margaropus annulatus, Tenn. Exp. Sta. Bull. 81. Mayetiola destructor, Bur. Ent. Bull. 16. Melanotus communis, 18th Rpt. Ill. State Ent., pages 27-51. Meliana albilinea, Iowa Exp. Sta. Bull. 122. Melittia satyriniformis, Ga. Exp. Sta. Bull. 45. Meloide, Bur. Ent. Bull. 43. Melophagus ovinus, Bur. Ent. Bull. 5. Memythrus polistiformis, W. Va. Exp. Sta. Bull. 110. Menopon spp., Bur. Ent. Bull. 5. Meromyza americana, Bur. Ent. Bull. 42. Metallus rubi, Del. Exp. Sta. Bull. 87. Mineola indiginella, 4th Rpt. Minn. State Ent., pages 211-218. Mineola vaccinii, Mass. Exp. Sta. Bull. 115. Monomorium spp., Bur. Ent. Cire. 34. Monophadnoides rubi, N. Y. Geneva Exp. Sta. Bull. 150. Monoptilota nubilella, Bur. Ent. Bull. 23. Monoxia puncticollis, 24th Rpt. Colo. Exp. Sta., pages 108-111. Murgantia histrionica, Bur. Ent. Cire. 103. REFERENCES 387 Musca domestica, Farmers’ Bull. 459. Myzus cerasi, Colo. Exp. Sta. Bull. 133. Myzus persice, Colo. Exp. Sta. Bull. 133. Myzus ribis, N. Y. Geneva, Exp. Sta. Bull. 139. Noctuidae, Ill. Exp. Sta. Bull. 95. Nystus angustatus, 23d Rpt. Ill. State Ent., page 117. Oberea bimaculata, Ohio Exp. Sta. Bull. 96. €canthus spp., 23d Rpt. Ill. State Ent., page 215. Cstrus ovis, Bur. Ent. Bull. 5. Oncideres cingulatus, Okla. Exp. Sta. Bull. 91. Otiorhynchus ovatus, Maine Exp. Sta. Bull. 123. Oxyptilus periscelidactylus, 4th Rpt. Minn. State Ent., page 221. Pachymerus chinensis, Yearbook, U.S.D.A., 1898, page 242. Pachymerus quadrimaculatus, Yearbook, U.S.D.A., 1898, page 245. Pachynematus extensicornis, Insect Life, Vol. IV, pages 174-177. Pachyzancla bipunctalis, Bur. Ent. Bull. 109-IT. Paleacrita vernata, Bur. Ent. Bull. 6S-II. Papaipema nitela, I. Exp. Sta. Bull. 95. Papilio polyxenes, Bur. Ent. Bull. 82-II. Parasites, Introduction of, Bur. Ent. Bull. 91. Pegomya brassicae, N. J. Exp. Sta. Bull. 200. Pegomya fusciceps, Bur. Ent. Cire. 63. Pegomya vicina, N. Y. Geneva Exp. Sta. Bull. 99. Pelidnota punctata, Okla. Exp. Sta. Bull. 26. Pemphigus bete, Wash. Exp. Sta. Bull. 42. Pentatoma ligata, Bur. Ent. Bull. 86. Peridroma margaritosa, Bur. Ent. Bull. 29. Periplaneta americana, Bur. Ent. Cire. 51. Peronea minuta, Iowa Exp. Sta. Bull. 102. Phlegethontius spp., Bur. Ent. Cire. 123. Phleophthorus liminaris, Bur. Ent. Bull. 68S-IX. Phlyctenia ferrugalis, N. Y. Cornell Exp. Sta. Bull. 190. Phorbia cepetorum, Bur. Ent. Cire. 63. Phorbia rubivora, N. Y. Cornell Exp. Sta. Bull. 126. Phorodon humuli, Cal. Exp. Sta. Bull. 160. Phthorimea operculella, Cal. Exp. Sta. Bull. 135, Farmers’ Bull. 120. Phyllotreta pusilla, Bur. Ent. Bull. 43. Phyllotretra vittata, Rpt. Ent. U.S.D.A., 1884, pages 301-304. Phylloxera vastratrix, Farmers’ Bull. 70. Phytonomus nigrirostis, Bur. Ent. Bull. 83—I. Phytonomus posticus, Utah Exp. Sta. Bull. 110. Phytonomus punctatus, Ill. Exp. Sta. Bull. 134. 388 REFERENCES Piophila casei, Bur. Ent. Bull. 4. Plodia interpunctella, N. C. Exp. Sta. Bull. 203. Plusia simpler, Bur. Ent. Bull. 33. Plutella maculipennis, Ky. Exp. Sta. Bull. 114. Pecilocapsus lineatus, N. Y. Cornell Exp. Sta. Bull. 48. Polychrosis viteana, N. Y. Cornell Exp. Sta. Bull. 223. Pontia protodice, Ist Rpt. Minn. State Ent., pages 71-77. Pontia rape, Bur. Ent. Bull. 60. Porthetria dispar, N. H. Exp. Sta. Bull. 136. Prionus imbricornis, 5th Rpt. Minn. State Ent., page 110. Prodenia ornithogalli, Bur. Ent. Bull. 43. Pseudococcus calceolaria, La. Exp. Sta. Bull. 121. Pseudococcus citri, Cal. Exp. Sta. Bull. 214. Psila rose, Bur. Ent. Bull. 33. Psoroptes communis, Ind. Exp. Sta. Bull. 80. Psylla pyricola, Rpt. Conn. State Ent., 1903, pages 262-266. Psylliodes punctulata, Bur. Ent. Bull. 66-VT. Pteronus ribesii, Rpt. Conn. State Ent., 1902, pages 170-172. Pulvinaria vitis, Il. Exp. Sta. Bull. 112. Pyralis farinalis, N. C. Exp. Sta. Bull. 203. Rhagoletis cingulata, N. Y. Cornell Exp. Sta. Bull. 172. Rhagoletis pomonella, N. H. Exp. Sta. Cire. 14. Rhopobota vacciniana, Mass. Exp. Sta. Bull. 115. Sanninoidea exitiosa, Ga. Exp. Sta. Bull. 73. Saperda candida, Bur. Ent. Cire. 32. Schistocerus hamatus, Farmers’ Bull. 70. Schizoneura lanigera, Colo. Exp. Sta. Bull. 133. Schizura concinna, N. H. Exp. Sta. Bull. 139. Selandria vitis, Rpt. N. J. State Ent., 1889, page 304. Sibine stimulea, 4th Rpt. Minn. State Ent., pages 98-99. Silvanus surinamensts, N. C. Exp. Sta. Bull. 203. Siphocoryne avene, Colo. Exp. Sta. Bull. 133. Silones flavescens, Ill. Exp. Sta. Bull. 134. Sitotroga cerealla, N. C. Exp. Sta. Bull. 203. Sphenophorus maidis, Bur. Ent. Bull. 95-II. Sphenophorus spp., Ill. Exp. Sta. Bull. 95. Sphinx spp., 4th Rpt. Minn. State Ent., page 29. Spilonota ocellana, Rpt. Conn. State Ent., 1909, page 353. Stomorys calcitrans, Bur. Ent. Cire. 71. Synanthedon pictipes, Bur. Ent. Bull. 6S-IV. Synchlora erata, 8th Rpt. N. Y. State Ent., pages 129-133. Systena blanda, Bur. Ent. Bull. 23. REFERENCES Systena spp., 23d Rpt. Ill. State Ent., page 107. Tabanide, Ky. Exp. Sta. Bull. 151. Tarsonemus waite’, Bur. Ent. Bull. 97-VI. Tenebrio molitor, Farmers’ Bull. 45. Tenebroides mauritanicus, N. C. Exp. Sta. Bull. 203. Tetranychus bimaculatus, Bur. Ent. Cire. 150. Thrips tabaci, Fla. Exp. Sta. Bull. 46. Thyreocoris pulicaria, Mieh. Exp. Sta. Bull. 102. Thyridopteryx ephemeraformis, N. J. Exp. Sta. Bull. 181. Tibicen septendecim, Bull. 71. Ticks: classification, Bur. Ent. Bull. 72. Tinea granella, Bur. Ent. Bull. 8. Tinea pellionella, Bur. Ent. Cire. 36. Tipulide, Bur. Ent. Bull. 85-VII. Tischeria malifoliella, Bur. Ent. Bull. 68-III. Toxoptera graminum, Bur, Ent. Cire. 93. Tribolium confusum, Farmers’ Bull. 45. Tribolium navale, Farmers’ Bull. 45. Trichobarts trinotata, Bur. Ent. Bull. 33. Trichodectes spp., Minn. Exp. Sta. Bull. 48. Tyloderma fragarie, Ky. Exp. Sta. Bull. SO. Typhlocyba comes, N. Y. Geneva Exp. Sta. Bull. 344. Typophorus canellus, Maine Exp. Sta. Rpt., 1895, pages 106-110. Uranotes melinus, Bur. Ent. Bull. 57. NXyleborus dispar, Bur. Ent. Bull. 7. Xylina spp., N. Y. Cornell Exp. Sta. Bull. 123. Zophodia grossulariev, 4th Rpt. Minn. State Ent., page 214. 389 A Abbott’s Sphinx, 273. Abdomen, 10. Acanthtide, 28. Acanthoscelides obtectus, 365 Accessories : cut-off, 102. extension rod, 101. hose, 102. mixing tanks, nozzles, 100. spray tanks, 103. strainers, 103. Achemon Sphinx, 27 Acid, carbolic, emulsion, 77. hydrocyaniec, 82. Acleris minuta, 300. Acridide; 23, 142. Acronycta oblinita, 275. Zgeria rutilans, 234. tipuliformis, 243. Agitator, 90. Agonoderus pallipes, 125. Agrilus ruficollis, 244. Agriotes mancus, 107. Agromyza simplex, 138. Agrotis ypsilon, 141. Air chamber, 90. tubes, 11. Alabama argillacea, 175. Aleurodes vaporariorum, 205. Alfalfa Caterpillar, 175. Leaf-weevil, 162. Alfalfa insects (additional) : Army Worm, 172. Clover Leaf-weevil, 164. 104. y Clover Seed Chaleid Fly, 220. Cutworms, 140. Fall Army Worm, 173. Garden Webworm, 183. Grasshoppers, 142. INDEX Alimentary canal, 13. Allorhina nitida, 324. Alsophila pometaria, 281. Alypia octomaculata, 275. American Cockroach, 353. Ampeloglypter ater, 247. sesostris, 246. Ampelophagus myron, Anaphothrips striata, 204. Anarsia lineatella, 248. Anasa tristis, 190. Anatomy of insects: external, 7. internal, 11. Ancylis comptana, 303. nubeculana, 305. Angoumois Grain-moth, 358. Animal pests, 371. Anomala, Light-lovi ing, 262. Anomala lucicola, * marginata, 262. undulata, 262. Anopheles maculipennis, 43. Ant: Argentine, 351. Black, 351. characteristics, 110. Cornfield, 114. House, 351. Little Red, 351. Strawberry root, 229 Winged, 38. Ant Tape, 352. Poison, 352. Ants with plant lice, 318. Antenne, types of, 6. Anthomytide, 33. Anthonomus grandis, 208. quadrigibbus, 333. scutellaris, 334. signatus, 337. O79 891 Almond, injury by Thrips, 329 392 Anthrenus scrophularia, 357. Apatela oblinita, 275. A phidide, characteristics, 25. Aphis: Apple, 316. Bean, 201. Beet root, 115. Black Peach, 229, 320. Brown Plum, 321. Cabbage, 202. Cherry, 318. Clover, 317. Corn Leaf, 198. Corn Root, 113. Cotton, 199. Currant, 319. European Grain, 198, 317. Grapevine, 319. Green Peach, 198, 320. Hop, 203, 321. Mealy Plum, 321. Melon, 199. Pea, 200. Potato, 202. Rosy Apple, 317. Spinach, 198. Spring Grain, 196. Strawberry Root, 229. Woolly Apple, 226. Aphis bakeri, 317. brassice, 202. forbesi, 229. gossypii, 199. maidi-radicis, 113. 7 229, 320. setarie, 321. sorbi, 317. Apina, 39. Apparatus, dus sting, 99. spraying, Apple Aphi 316, Rosy, 317. Woolly, 226. Caterpillar, Red-humped, 271 Curculio, 333. Leaf Bucculatrix, 278. Leaf-folder, Lesser, 306 Leaf-hopper, 313. INDEX Leaf-sewer, 305. Leaf Skeletonizer, 277. Leaf Trumpet Miner, 309. Maggot, 343. Red Bugs, 348. Tree Borer, Flat-headed, 237. Round-headed, 235. Twig-borer, 250. Worm, Lesser, 339. Apple insects (additional) : Anomalas, 262. Bag-worm, 307. Browntail Moth, 292 Bud-moth, 298. Buffalo Tree-hopper, 253. Cigar Case-bearer, 306. Climbing Cutworms, 3258. Clover Aphis, 317. Codling Moth, 337. Cranberry Spanworm, 283. Elm Spanworm, 283. European Grain Aphis, 317. Fall Canker-worm, 281. Fall Webworm, 296. Flower Thrips, 331. Fruit-tree Leaf-roller, 302. Green Fruit Worm, 325. Green June Beetle, 324. Gypsy Moth, 290. Imbricated Snout Beetle, 329. Indian Euphoria, 323. Leaf Crumpler, 297. Lime-tree Winter Moth, 284. New York Weevil, 329. Oblique Banded Leaf Roller, 302. Oyster-shell Scale, 258. Palmer-worm, 278. Pear-leaf Blister-mite, 308. Periodical Cicada, 253. Pistol Case-bearer, 307. Plum Curculio, 332. Putnam's Scale, : Railroad Worm, 343. Resplendent Shield-bearer, 310. San José rong 254. Shot-borer, 349. Shot Hole Borer, 241. Spring Canker-worm, 279. Tarnished Plant-bug, 347. Tent Caterpillar, 266. Apple insects (continued): Terrapin Seale, 261. Tussock Moths, 295. Twig-pruner, 251. Yellow-necked Caterpillar, 270. Apricot, injury by Thrips, 329. Archips argyrospila, 302. rosaceana, 188, 302. Argentine Ant, 110, 351. oe gallinacea, 378. Army Wo orm, 172 Beet, a Re Bells . 214. poe eae of Tad 66. with Bordeaux, 86. Arsenic, compounds of, Arsenide of cobalt, 169. Arthropods, 5 Ash . Blister-beetle, 144. Asparagus Beetle, 152. Twelve-spotted, 154. Asparagus Miner, 13s. Aspidiotus ancylus, 257. for) oO Atomizer, 92. altrytone, : Aulacaspis rose, 260. Australian Roach, 353. Autographa brassice, 178. Automatie sprayers, 93. Automeris, 35. B Bacterial diseases of insects, 50. Bag-worm, 307. Balaninus carye, 368. proboscideus, 368. rectus, 368. Bamboo extension rods, 102. Banded Flea-beetle, 15s. Banding trees, 60. Bark-beetle, Peach, 242. Barley insects (see Wheat). Barley Straw Worm, 130. Barred-winged Onion Maggot, 121. INDEX 393 | Barrel pumps, 94. Barrier : ant tape, 352. oil, 194. tanglefoot, 60. Bean Aphis, 201. Lady Beetle, 148. Leatf-beetle, 147. Leaft-roller, 188. Weevil, 365. Weevil, Four-spotted, 36€. Bean insects (additional) : Blister-beetles, 145. Cutworms, 140. Lima Bean Stem-borer, 136. Pale-striped Flea-beetle, 157. Pea-aphis, 2 Pea-moth Red Spider Root Maggots, 121. Smaller Corn Stalk-borer, 127. | Striped Garden Caterpillar, 171. Zebra-caterpillar, 171. Bedbug, 354. Bee, illustrated, 39 ‘Beet Army Worm, 174. Leaf-beetle, Larger, 147. Leafhopper, 195. | Webworm, Southern, 185. | Beet insects (additional) : | Army Worm, 172 | Blister-beetles, 144. Carrot Beetle, 124. Celery Leaf-tier, 186. Cutworms, 140. Fall Army Worm, 173 | Garden Webworm, 183. Grasshoppers, 142. Hop Flea-beetle, 162. Pale-striped Flea-beetle, 157. Root lice, 115. Spinach Flea-beetle, 159. Leaf-miner, 189. | Striped Garden Caterpillar, 171. Sugar-beet Webworm, 184. Triangular Flea-beetle, 160. Twelve-spotted Cucumber Beetle, 152: Zebra-eaterpillar, 171. | Beetle: Ash-gray Blister, 144. Asparagus, 152. 394 INDEX Beetle (continued): Banded Flea, 158. Bean Lady, 148. Bean Leaf, 147. Black Blister, 145. Blister, 144. Buttercup Oil, 145. Carpet, 357. Carrot, 124. characteristics of, 28. Cherry Leaf, 263. Cigarette, 370. Colorado Potato, Frontispiece, 63, 145. Confused Flour, 364. Cucumber Flea, 156. Grape Flea, 264. Gray Blister, 145. Green June, 324. Hop Flea, 162. Imbricated Snout, 167, 329. Larger Beet Leaf, 147. May, 109. Nuttall’s Blister, 145. Pale-striped Flea, 157. Peach Bark, 242. Rust-red Flour, 364. Saw-toothed Grain, 364. Slender Seed-corn Ground, 124. Spinach Flea, 159. Squash Lady, 148. Strawberry Flea, 266. Leaf, 263. Striped Blister, 144. Cucumber, 150. Flea, 158. Sugar-cane, 123. Sweet Potato Flea, 161. Three-lined Potato, 146. Tobacco Flea, 159. Tortoise, 154. Triangular Flea, 160. Twelve-spotted Asparagus, 154. Cucumber, 152. Two-striped Sweet Potato, 155. Western Cabbage Flea, 159. Behavior of insects, 18. Bembecia marginata, 234. Berry Moth, Grape, 341. Bill-bugs, 128. Birds, 45. Biting insects, insecticides for, 65. | Biting lice: characteristics of, 24. on animals, 375. on poultry, 377. Biting mouth parts, 8. Blackberry Leaf-miner, 310. Pithy-gall, 247. Blackberry insects (additional) : Anomalas, 262. Negro Bug, 348. Raspberry Byturus, 342. Cane-borer, 245. Cane-maggot, 245. Root-borer, 234. Sawfly, 287. Spanworm, 327. Red-necked Cane-borer, 244. Rose Scale, 260. Smeared Dagger, 275. Strawberry Crown Moth, 234. Leaf-roller, 303. Tree Crickets, 252. Black Blister-beetle, 145. Black Flies, 32. Blackhead Cranberry Worm, 299. Black leaf extract, 76. forty, 75. Black-legged Tortoise Beetle, 155. Black Peach Aphis, 229, 320. Blatella germanica, 353. Blatta orientalis, 353. Blattide, 23. Blissus leucopterus, 193. Blister-beetles, 144. Blister-mite, Pear-leaf, 308. Blood of insects, 12. Blossom Midge, Grape, 331. Blue vitriol, 85. Body walls, 15. Boll Weevil, Cotton, 208. Boll-worm, Cotton, 211. Bombus, 39. Bordeaux mixture, 85. nozzle, 100. Borer : Apple Twig, 250. Clover Root, 116. Clover Stem, 127. Corn Stalk, 115. Cotton Square, 213. Currant, 243. Oblique Banded Leaf Roller, 302. Borer (continued): destruction of, 61. Flat-headed Apple-tree, 237. Grape Root, 231. Hop-plant, 136. Lesser Peach, 240. Lima Bean Stem, 136. Peach, 237. Potato Stalk, 135. Prionid, 232. protection against, 236. Raspberry Cane, 245. Raspberry Root, 234. Red-necked Cane, 244. Round-headed Apple-tree, 235. Shot, 249. Shot Hole, 241. Smaller Corn Stalk, 127. Squash, 134. Stalk, 132. Strawberry Crown, 233. Sugar-cane, 126. Sweet Potato Root, 117. Bot-fly : Horse, 371. Ox, 3 Sheep, 372. Braconid parasite, 46. Bran mash, 68. Bristly Rose Slug, 181. Brown Ant, 114. Brown Plum Aphis, 321. Browntail Moth, 292. Bruchus chinensis, 366. obtectus, 365. pisorum, 368. quadrimaculatus, 366. Brucophagus funebris, 220. Bryobia pratensis, 208, 321. Bubonic plague, 44. Bucculatrix, Apple-leaf, 2 Bucculatrix pomifoliella, 2 Bucket pump, 92. Bud Mite, Peach, 331. Bud-moth, 298. Budworm : Tobacco, 213. Tobacco False, 211. Buffalo Moth, 357. Tree-hopper, 253. Bug: Apple Red, 348. 9 8. INDEX Bed, 354. Bill, 128. Chinch, 193. False Chinch, 192. Four-lined Leaf, 311. Green, 196. Harlequin Cabbage, 191, June, 109. Maize Bill, 128. Mealy, 206. Negro, 348. Plant, 221. Squash, 190. Sugar-cane Mealy, 115. Tarnished Plant, 192, 347. Timothy Bill, 129. Buhach, 76. Buprestide, 30. Burning caterpillars, 59. Buttercup Oil Beetle, 145. Byturus, Raspberry, 342. Byturus unicolor, 342. Cc Cabbage Aphis, 202. Bug, Harlequin, 191. Curculio, 137. Flea-beetle, Western, 159. Looper, 178. Maggot, 118. Webworm, 185. Worm: Cross-striped, 177. Imported, 176. Southern, 177. Cabbage insects (additional) : Cutworms, 140. Diamond-back Moth, 178. Pale-striped Flea-beetle, 157. Striped Flea-beetle, 158. Zebra-caterpillar, 171. Cacecia argyrospila, 302. Cadelle, 364. Calandra granaria, 364. oryza, 364. Calico Back, 191. Caliroa amygdalina, 289. cerasi, 288. Calocampa nubera, 274. Calosoma, 47. Camnula pellucida, 143. Butterflies, characteristics of, 34. 395 396 Canarsia hammondi, 277. Cane-borer: Raspberry, 245. Red-necked, 244. Cane insects (see Sugar Cane). Cane-maggot, Raspberry, 245. Canker-worm : Fall, 281. Spring, 279. Cantharis nuttalli, 145. Capitate antenna, 6. Capside, 28. Carabidae, 30. Carbolated whitewash, 242. Carbolic acid, emulsion, 77. for wounds, 374. Carbon bisulphide, 80. tetrachloride, $1. Carpenter Moths, 35. Carpet Beetle, 357. Carpocapsa pomonella, 337. Carrion beetles, 30. Carrot Beetle, 124. Carrot Rust-fly, 122. Carrot insects (see Celery). Case-bearer : Cigar, 306. Pistol, 307. Cassida bivittata, 155. nigripes, 155. Cat and Dog Flea, 354. Caterpillar : Alfalfa, 175. Celery, 170. Clover Seed, 217. Forest Tent, 269. Grapevine Hog, 272. Hedgehog, 182. Melon, 216. Red-humped Apple, 271. Saddle-back, 183. Salt-marsh, 182. Striped Garden, 171. Tent, 266. Yellow-bear, 181. Yellow-necked, 270. Zebra, 171. Caterpillar (see also Worm). Cattle-tick, 375. Cauliflower insects (see Cabbage). Cecidomyiide, 32. Celery Caterpillar, 170. INDEX | | Leaf-tier, 186. Looper, 178. Celery insects (additional) : Carrot Beetle, 124. Rust-fly, 122. Striped Garden Caterpillar, 171. Zebra-caterpillar, 171. Cephus occidentalis, 129. Cerambycidae, 30. Ceratoma trifurcata, 147. Cereals, insects (see Stored Products). Ceresa bubalus, 253. Ceutorhyncus rape, 137. Chetocnema confinis, 161. Chetopsis enea, 121. Chafer, Rose, 322. Chaleid Fly, Clover Seed, 220. Chalcidide, 37. Chalcodermus ene.s, 211. Characteristics of insects, 5. Cheese Skipper, 358. Cherry Aphis, 318. Fruit Maggot, 345. Leaf-beetle, 263. Scale, 257. Cherry insects (additional) : Apple Twig-borer, 250. Browntail Moth, 292. Bud-moth, 298. Gypsy Moth, 290. Lesser Peach-borer, 240. Peach Bark-beetle, 242. Peach-borer, 237. Pear-slug, 288. Plum Curculio, 332. Rose-chafer, 322. San José Scale, 2 Shot-borer, 249. Shot Hole Borer, 241. Terrapin Scale, 261. Tussock Moths, 295. | Chestnut Weevil, 368. Larger, 368. | Chickens, value of, 57. | Chicken Mite, 377. Chinch-bug, 193. False, 192. Chionaspis furfura, 259. Chironomide, 32. Chitin, 15. Chloridea virescens, 213. Chrysalis, 20. Chrysomelide, 30. Chrysomyta macellaria, 374. Chrysopa, 48. Cicada, Periodical, 253. Cicadide, 27. Cigar Case-bearer, 306. Cigarette Beetle, 370. Cimex lectularius, 354. Circulatory system, 12. Citrus Mealy Bug, 206. Cladius pectinicornis, 181. Classification, basis of, 22 Clavate antenna, 6. Clear-wing moths, 35 Cleora pampinaria, 2 Click beetles, 30, 107. Climbing Cutworms, 328. Clivina impressifrons, 124. Clothes Moths, 355. Clover Flower-midge, 219. Hay Worm, 186. Leaf-weevil, 164. Lesser, 166. Mite, 208. Root-borer, 116. Seed-caterpillar, 217. Seed Chalecid Fly, 2: Stem-borer, 127. Weevil, Flavescent, 167. Clover insects (additional) Army Worm, 172. Cutworms, 140. Fall Army Worm, 173. Grasshoppers, 142. Northern Grass Worm, Cnemidocoptes galline, 378. mutans, 378. Cobalt, arsenide of, 169. Coccide, i Coccinellide, 30. Cockroach : American, ‘ Australian, 353. German, 35¢ Oriental, 353. Cocoons of parasite, 47. Codling Moth, 337. Coiled Rose Slug, 181. Colaspis brunnea, 263. Coleophora fletcheralla, 306. malivorella, 307. Coleoptera, 28. 179. INDEX Colorado Potato-bectle, 63, 145. Commercial lime sulphur, 70. Complete metamorphosis, 19. Compressed air outfits, 98. Confused Flour Beetle, 364 Conotrachelus Graleal, 336. nenuphar, Contact insee ticides, 70; Contarinia johnsont, 331. pyrivora, 346. sorghicola, 219. tritici, 21 ‘ontrol of ir banding, 60. burning, 59. contact insecticides, 70. covering, 60. crop rotation, destroying borers, 61. weeds, 57. egg masses, 60. fall plowing, 56. farm practice, 5 fumigants, 80. 5. fungicides with poisons, 85. hand picking, 59. insecticides, 63. mechanical means, 5 poison insecticides, 65. protective washes, 79. removing crop remnants, 57. removing dead limbs, 61. repellents, 79. stimulating plant growth, 58 time of planting, 57. traps, 62. use of poultry, 57. Copper sulphate, 85. Coptocycla bicolor, 155. Coptodisca splendoriferella, 310. Coreide, 28. Corimelena pulicaria, 348. Corn Bill-bugs, 128 Ear-worm, 211. Leaf-aphis, 198. Root Aphis, 113. Root Webworms, 112. Root-worm, Western, 111. Stalk Borer, 125. Smaller, 127. Southern, 111. Frontispiece, 398 Corn insects (additional) : Agonoderus, 124. Army Worm, 172. Blister-beetles, 144. Carrot Beetle, 124. Chinch-bug, 193. Cutworms, 140. Fall Army Worm, 173. Garden Webworm, 183. Grasshoppers, 142. Ground Beetles, 124. Leather Jackets, 110. Root Maggots, 121. Rose-chafer, 322. Seed-corn Maggot, 121. Slender Seed-corn Ground-heetle, 124. Spring Grain-aphis Stalk Borer, 132. Sugar-cane beetle, 123. Twelve-spotted Cucumber Beetle, TTT. Vagabond Crambus, 115. Wheat Wireworm, 107. White Grubs, 109. Wireworms, 107. Cornfield Ant, 114. Corrosive sublimate, 352. Cosside, 35. Cotton Aphis, 199. Boll Weevil, 208. Boll-worm, 211. Cutworms, 213. Square-borer, 213. Stainer, 222 Worm, 175. Cotton insects (additional) : Cowpea Curculio, 211. Garden Webworm, 183. Pale-striped Flea-beetle, 157. Plant-bugs, 221. Red Spider, 207. Sharpshooters, 222. Cottony Maple-scale, 260. Covering for plants, 60. Cowpea Curculio, 211. Weevil, 366. Cowpea inscts (see Peas). Crambus horti lutealellus, mutabilis, , 196. trisectus, INDEX Crambus vulvivagellus, 113. Cranberry Fruit-worm, 326. Girdler, 231. Spanworm, 283. Worm: Blackhead, 299. Yellowhead, 300. Cranberry insects (additional) : Chain Spotted Geometer, 2&4. False Army-worm, 274. Fire Worm, 299. Craponius inequalis, 335. Crickets, 23. Tree, 252. Criddle mixture, 143. Crioceris asparagi, 152. duodecimpunctata, 154. Crop of insects, 13. Crop rotation, 55. Cross-striped Cabbage Worm, 177. Croton Bug, 353. Crown-girdler, Strawberry, 250. Crown-borer, Strawberry, 233. | Crown Moth, Strawberry, 234. Crude oil emulsion, 74. Crumpler, Leaf, 297. Ctenocephalus canis, 354. Cuban Hen Flea, 378. Cucumber Beetle. Striped, 150. Twelve-spotted, 152. Cucumber Flea-beetle, 156. Cucumber insects (additional) : Melon Aphis, 199. Melon Caterpillar, 216. PicHle Worm, 215. Red Spider, 207. Squash Borer, 134. Squash-bug, 190. Squash Lady Beetle, 148. Culicide, 32, 350. Curculio: Apple, 333. Cabbage, 137. Cowpea, 211. Grape, 335. Plum, 332. Quince, 336. Rhubarb, 138. Curculionide, 30. Currant Aphis, 319. Borer, 243. INDEX Currant Fruit-fly, 346. Spanworm, 282. Stem-girdler, 246. Worm : Imported, 285. Native, 286. Currant insects (additional) : Four-lined Leaf-bug, 311. San José Scale, 254. Terrapin Scale, 261. Cut-off, 102. Cutworms, 140, 213, 328. Cydia nigricana, 217. Cylas formicarius, 117. Cymatophora ribearia, 282. D Dagger, Smeared, 275. Damage by insects, 3. Dasyneura leguminicola, 219. Datana ministra, 270. Definite Marked Tussock Moth, 295. Dermanyssus galline, 377. Desmia funeralis, 303. Destroying egg masses, 60. weeds, 57. Diabrotica duodecimpunctata, 111, 152. longicornis, 111. vittata, 150. Diacrisia virginica, 181. Diamond-back Moth, 177-178. Diaphania hyalinata, 216. nitidalis, 215. Diastrophus turgidus, 247. Diatrea saccharalis, 126. zeacolella, 125. Dichomeris ligulellus, 278. Dicyphus minimus, 195. Digestive system, 13. Diphadnus appendiculatus, 286. Diptera, 31. Diseases carried by insects, 42. Disk nozzle, 100. Disonycha triangularis, 160. xanthomelena, 159. Dispersal of insects, +0. Distillate oil emulsion, 261, 330. Dog Flea, 354. Dolerus arvensis, 180. collaris, 180. Domestic animal pests, 371. Dragon Flies, 24. Drasteria erechtea, 179. Dry-slaked lime, 79. Dusting apparatus, 99. Dysdercus suturellus, 221. E Ear-worm, Corn, 211. Eccoptogaster rugulosus, 241. Egg parasites, 46. Egg-plant insects (see Potato). Eggs of parasite, 47. Eight-spotted Forester, 275. Elaphidion villosum, 251. Elasmopalpus lignosellus, 127. Elateride, 30, 107. Electro process, 67. Elm Spanworm, 283. Emphytus cinctus, 181. Empoasca mali, 313. Empria maculata, 288. Emulsion : earbolic acid, 77. crude oil, 74. distillate oil, 261, 330. kerosene, 73. linseed oil, 74. Enarmonia interstinctana, 217. prunivora, 339. Endelomyia rose, 181. Enemies of insects, 45. Ennomos subsignarius, 283. Ephestia kuehniella, 360. Epicerus tmbricatus, 167, 329. Epicauta cinerea, 145. pennsylvanica, 145. vittata, 144. Epilachna borealis, 148. corrupta, 148. Epitrix cucumeris, 156. parvula, 159. Epochra canadensis, 346. Erannis tiliaria, 284. Eriocampoides cerast, 288. | Eriophyes pyri, 308. | Esophagus of insects, 13. | Estigmene acrea, 182. | Eudamus proteus, 188. Eudemis vacciniana, 299. | Bulecanium nigrofasciatum, 261. | Euphoria inda, 323. 399 400 INDEX Euphoria, Indian, 323. Potato, 156. Euproctis chrysorrhea, 292. Spinach, 159. European Fruit Lecanium, 260. Strawberry, 266. Fruit-scale, 257. Striped, 158. Grain Aphis, 198, 317. Sweet Potato, 161. Grain-moth, 359. Tobacco, 159. Eurymus eurytheme, 175. Tomato, 156. Eutettiz tenella, 195. Triangular, 160. Euthrips nicotiane, 204. Western Cabbage, 159. pyri, 329. Flour Beetle: tritict, 26, 331. Confused, 364. Evergestis rimosalis, 177. Rust-red, 364. Extension rods, 101. Flour Moth, Mediterranean, 360. External anatomy, 7. Flower-midge, Clover, 219. Eyes, structure, 7. Flower Thrips, 26, 331. | Fly: F | Carrot Rust, 122. | characteristics of, 31. Fall Army Worm, 173. Clover Seed Chalcid, 220. Canker-worm, 281. | Currant Fruit, 346. plowing, 56. Gad, 379. Webworm, 296. Grape Saw, 287. False Army-worm, 274. Greenhouse White, 205. Budworm, Tobacco, 211. Hessian, 139. Chinch-bug, 192. Horn, 379. Farm practice, 55. Horse, 379. Fat bodies, 14. Horse Bot, 371. Femur, 9. House, 42, 349. Fever, malarial, 43. Ox Bot, 372. spotted, 44. Raspberry Saw, 287. typhoid, 42. Serew-worm, 374. yellow, 44. Sheep Bot, 372. Fidia viticida, 224. Stable, 349. Field crop insects, 107. Strawberry Saw, 288. Filiform antenna, 6. Tobacco Suck, 195. Fire Worm, 299. Western Grass-stem Saw, 129. Fish, Silver, 357. Wheat Saw, 180. Flat-headed Apple-tree Borer, 237. Fly poison, 350. Flavescent Clover-weevil, 167. _ Forest Tent Caterpillar, 269. Flea: | Forester, Eight-spotted, 275. carrier of disease, 44. Formalin and milk, 350. Cat and Dog, 354. Formicina, 39, 110. characteristics of, 30. Foot of insect, 10. Cuban Hen, 378. Four-lined Leaf-bug, 311. House, 354. Four-spotted Bean Weevil, 366. illustrated, 30. | Fruit-fly, Currant, 346. Flea-beetle : Fruit insects, 224. Banded, 158. | Fruit Maggot, Cherry, 345. Cucumber, 156. Fruit-tree Leaf-roller, 302. Grape, 264. Fruit-worm : Hop, 162. Cranberry, 326. Pale-striped, 157 Gooseberry, 326. INDEX Fruit-worm (continued): Green, 325. Tomato, 211. Fumigants, 80. Fumigating tub, 200. Fumigation : greenhouse, 83. house, 83. nursery stock, S82. tobacco, $3. Fungicides with posions, 85. Fungous diseases of insects, 50. Functions of stages in growth, 20. G Gadflies, 379. Galerucella cavicollis, 263. Gallinippers, 110. Gall-maker, Grape-eane, 246. Ganglia, 14. Garden insects, 107. Webworm, 183. Gas, fumigating, S80. Gasoline sprayers, 97. Gastrophilus equi, 371. Geared sprayers, 96. General feeders, fruits : Anomalas, 262. Bag-worm, 307. Browntail Moth, 292. Buffalo Tree-hopper, 253. Chain Spotted Geometer, 2S4. Climbing Cutworms, 328. Clover Mite, 321. Cottony Maple Seale, 260. Cranberry Spanworm, 283. Elm Spanworm, 2383. European Fruit Lecanium, 260. Fall Webworm, 296. Flower Thrips, 331. Forest Tent Caterpillar, 269. Fruit-tree Leaf-roller, 302. Green June Beetle, 324. Gypsy Moth, 290. Imbricated Snout Beetle, 329. Indian Euphoria, 323. New York Weevil, 329. Oblique Banded Leaf Roller, 302. Oyster-shell Scale, 2 Periodical Cicada Putnam's Seale, 257. Red-humped Apple Caterpillar, 271. 2D Red Spider, 322. San José Seale, 254. Tarnished Plant-bug, 347. Tent Caterpillar, 266. Terrapin Seale, 261. Tree Crickets, Tussock Moths, 295. Twig-pruner, 251. Yellow-necked Caterpillar, 270. General feeders, garden: Army Worm, 172. Banded Flea-beetle, 158. Blister-beetles, 144. Celery Leaf-tier, 186. Chain Spotted Geometer, 284. Cutworms, 140. Fall Army Worm, 173. Garden Webworm, 183. Grasshoppers, 142. Hedgehog Caterpillar, 182. Imbricated Snout Beetle, 167. Onion Thrips, 204. Pale-striped Flea-beetle, 157. Red Spider, 207. Salt-marsh Caterpillar, 182. Spinach Aphis, 198. Stalk Borer, 132. Striped Garden Caterpillar, 171. Tarnished Plant-bug, 192. White Grubs, 109. Wireworms, 107. Yellow-bear Caterpillar, 181. Zebra-caterpillar, 171. Geniculate antenna, 6. Geometride, 36. German Roach, 353. Giant Water Bug, 27. Girdler : Cranberry, 231. Currant Stem, 246. Grapevine, 247. Strawberry Crown, 230. Twig, 250. Gizzard of insects, 13. of cricket, 14. Golden Tortoise Beetle, 155. Gooseberry Fruit-worm, 326. Gooseberry insects (see Currant). Gouger, Plum, 334. Grain Aphis: European, 198, 317. Spring, 196. 401 402 INDEX Grain Beetle, Saw-toothed, 364 | Greenhouse insects (additional) : Grain insects (see Stored Prod- ucts). Grain Moth: Angoumois, 358. European, 359. Grain weevils, 364. Granary Weevil, 364. Grape Berry Moth, 341. Blossom Midge, 331. Cane Gall-maker, 246. Colaspis, 263. Curculio, 335. Flea-beetle, 264. Leaf-folder, 303. Leaf-hopper, 311. Leaf Skeletonizer, 276. Phylloxera, 227 Plume Moth, 301. Root-borer, 231. Root-worm, 224. Sawfly, 287. Grape insects (additional): Abbott’s Sphinx, 273. Achemon Sphinx, 272. Anomalas, 262. Apple Twig-borer, 250. Cotteny Maple Scale, 260. Eight-spotted Forester, 275. Prionid Borers, 232. Rose-chafer, 322. San José Scale, 254. Spotted Pelidnota, 262. Tree Crickets, 252. Grapevine Aphis, 319. Girdler, 247. Hog Caterpillar, 272. Grapholithide, 35. Grasshoppers, 142. Grass-stem Sawfly, Western, 129. Grass Thrips, 204. Worm, Northern, 179. Grass insects (additional), (see Tim-! othy). Gray Blister-beetle, 145. Green Bug, 196. Fly, 198. Fruit Worm, 325. Greenhouse fumigation, 83. Greenhouse Leaf-tier, 186. Thrips, 203. White-fly, 205. Climbing Cutworms, 328. Mealy Bug, 206. Onion Thrips, 204. Red Spider, 207. Spinach Aphis, 198. Green June Beetle, 324. Peach Aphis, 198, 320. Ground beetle, 30. Seed-corn, 124. Grubs, White, 109, 225. Gryllide, 23. Gypsy Moth, 290. H Hematobia serrata, 379. Hematopinus eurysternus, 374. urtus, 374. vituli, 374. Haltica chalybea, 264. ignita, 266. Hand picking, 59. Hand pumps, 92. Harlequin Cabbage-bug, 191. Harpiphorus maculata, 288. Harrisina americana, 276. Hawk Moths, 272. Hay Worm, Clover, 186. Head, appendages, 7. Hearing. organs of, 16. Heart of insects, 12. 361. Hedgehog Caterpillar, 182. Heliothis obsoleta, 211. Heliothrips hemorrhoidalis, 203. Hellebore, 68. Hellula undalis, 185. | Hemerocampa antigua, 19, 295. definita, 295. leucostigma, 295. | Hemiptera, 26. Hen Flea, Cuban, 378. Hessian-fly, 139. Heterocordylus malinus, 348. Heteroptera, 27, 28. Hexagonal disks, Tool, 119. Hickory Nut Weevil, 368. | High-pressure nozzle, 101. | Hog Louse, 374. Oblique Banded Leaf Roller, 188. Heat treatment, for grain insects, INDEX Home-made lime sulphur. concentrated, 71. regular, 73. Homoptera, 26, 27. Honeydew, 318. Hop Aphis, 203, 321. Flea-beetle, 162. Plant Borer, 136. Snout-moth, 179. Hopper-dozer, 143. Horizontal pumps, 95. Horn-fly, 379. Horn Worms, 168. Horse Bot-fly, 371. Horseflies, 379. Hose, 102. House Ant, 351. Flea, 354. Fly, 42, 349. Mosquito, 350. Roach, 353. Household Pests, 349. Hyalopterus arundinits, 321. HAydrecia immanis, 136. Hydrocyanic acid gas, Hylastinus obscurus, 116. Hymenoptera, 36. Hypena humuli, 179. Hyphantria cunea, 296 Hypoderma lineata, 372. Hypopharynx of insects, 8. Hypsopygita costalis, 186. I Ichneumonide, 37. Imbricated Snout Beetle, 167, 329. Incomplete metamorphosis, 20. Indian Euphoria, 323. Indian-meal Moth, 361. Importation of insect pests, 40. Imported Cabbage Worm, 176. Currant Worm, 285. Insecticides, contact, 70. general principles, 63. poison, 65. Insects, characteristics of, 5. Insects and disease, +2. Insects: domestic animals, 371. garden and field crops, 107. household and stored products, 349. orchard and small fruits, 224. Insect outbreaks, 3. Insect powder, 76. Instinct of insects, 18. Internal anatomy of insects, 11. Interrelations of insects, 46. Intestines of insects, 14. Tridomyrmex humilis, 110, 351. Iron extension rods, 101. Tsia isabella, 182. Isosoma grande, 131. hordet, 130. tritict, 129. Itch Mite, of Poultry, 378. Ithycerus noveboracensis, 239. Itonida tritici. 218. J Janus integer, 246. Jarring insects, 333. Jasside, 27, 222. Jimson weed, 351. Joint-worm, 129. June Beetle, Green, 324. June Bugs, 109, ° K Katydids, 23. Kerosene emulsion, 73, 74. Kidneys of insects, 14. Knapsack pump, 93. a ) Labium of insects, | Labrum of insects, | Lace bugs, 28. Lachnosterna fusca, 109. spp., 29, 109, 225. Lady Beetle, 30. Bean, 148. Squash, 148. | Lamellate antenna, 6. Languria mozardi, 127. Laphygma exigua, 174. frugiperda, 173. Larger Beet Leaf-beetle, 147 Chestnut Weevil, 368. Laria pisorum, 368. Larva, defined, 19. Lastocam pide, 36. Lasioderma serricorne, 370. Lasius niger americanus, 114. Laspeyresta interstinctana, 217. ny 403 404 Laspeyresia prunivora, 339. Lead arsenate, 66. Leaf-aphis, Corn, 198. Leaf-aphis (see Aphis). Leaf-beetle : Bean, 147. Cherry, 263. Larger Beet, 147. Strawberry, 263. Leaf-beetle (see Beetle). Leaf-bug, Four-lined, 311. Leaf Crumpler, 297. Leaf-folder : Grape, 303. Lesser Apple, 306. Leafhopper : Apple, 313. Beet, 195. Grape, 311. Leaf-miner : Apple Trumpet, 309. Blackberry, 310. Spinach, 189. Tobacco, 189. Leaf-roller : Bean, 188. Fruit-tree, 302. Oblique Banded, 188, 302. Strawberry, 303. Leaf-sewer, Apple, 305. Leaf-tier : Celery, 186. Greenhouse, 186. Leaf-weevil : Alfalfa, 162. Clover, 164. Lesser Clover, 166. Leaf-weevil (see Weevil). Leather Jackets, 110. Lecanium corni, 260. Lecanium, European Fruit, 260. Leg, structure of, 9. Lema trilineata, 146. Lepidoptera, 33. INDEX Lethocerus americanus, 27. Leucania unipuncta, 172. Lice : Biting, on animals, 375. on poultry, 377. Hog, 374. Long-nosed Ox, 374. Plant (see Plant Lice). Poultry, 377. Short-nosed Ox, 374. Sucking, on animals, 374. Light-loving Anomala, 262. Ligyrus gibbosus, 124. rugiceps, 123. Lima Bean Stem-borer, 136. Lime, dry-slaked, 79. putty, 86. Lime sulphur: dilution table, 72. self-boiled, 8S. solution, 70. summer strength, 87. Lime-tree Winter Moth, 284. Linseed oil emulsion, 74. | Lipeurus rariahbilis, 377. | Little Red Ant, 351. | Lirus concarus, 138. Locustide, 23. | Locusts, 142. | Long-nosed Ox Louse, 374. | Looper : Cabbage, 178. Celery, 178. Looper (see Spanworm, Canker-worm). | Louse : Hog, 374. Long-nosed Ox, 374. Short-nosed Ox, 374. Louse on plants (see Aphis). Lozostege similalis, 183. sticticalis, 184. Lygeide, 28. Lygidea mendar, 348. Lygus inritus, 348. 192, 347. Leptinotarsa decemlineata, Frontispiece, | Lyperosia irritans, 379. 63, 145. Lesser Apple Leaf-folder, 306. Apple Worm, 339. Clover Leaf-weevil, 166. Peach-borer, 240 M Macrobasis unicolor, 144. Macrodactylus subspinosus, 322. Macrosiphum cerealis, 222. granaria, 222. pist, 200. solanitfolit, 202. viticola, 319. Maggot : Apple, 343. Barred-winged Onion, 121. Cabbage, 118. Carrot, 122. Cherry Fruit, 345. Onion, 120. Raspberry Cane, 245. Seed-corn, 121. Wheat-stem, 131. Maize Bill-bug, 12s. Malacosoma americana, 266. disstria, 269. Malarial fever mosquito, 43. Mallophaga, 24. Malphigian tubes, 14. Meamestra legitima, 171. picta, 171. Mandibles of insects, 8. Mantide, 23. Margaropus annulatus, 375. Mash, poison bran, 68. Maxille of insects, 8. May beetles, 109, 225 Mayetiola destructor, 139. Meadow Maggot, on Meal Snout-moth, Mealworm, Yellow, Mealy Bug. Citrus, 206. Sugar-cane, 115. Mealy Plum Aphis, 321. Measuring Worms (see Spanworm). Mechanical means of control, 59. Medical Entomology, 42. Mediterranean Flour Moth, 360. Melanoplus femur-rubrum, 142. Melanotus communis, 108. Meliana albilinea, 214. Melittia satyriniformis, 134. Mele angusticollis, 145. Me loide, 144. Melon Aphis, 199. Caterpillar, 216. Melon insects (additional) ¢ Cucumber Flea-beetle, 156. Pickle Worm, 215. INDEX Red Spider, 207. Squash Borer, 134. Squash-bug, 190. Squash Lady Beetle, 148. Striped Cucumber Beetle, 150. 405 Twelve-spotted Cucumber Beetle, 152. Melophagus ovinus, 376. Memythrus polistiformis, 231, Menopon spp., 377. Meromyza americana, 131. Metallus rubi, 310. Metamorphosis, complete, 19. incomplete, 20. Midge: Clover Flower, 219. Grape-blossom, 331. Pear, 346. Sorghum, 219. Wheat, 218. Migratory Locust, 143. Mineola indiginella, 297. raceintt, 326. Miner : Apple Leaf Trumpet, 309. Asparagus, 138. Blackberry Leaf, 310. Spinach Leaf, 189. Tobacco Leaf, 189. Mite: characteristics, 5. Chicken, 37 Clover, 208, 321 Depluming, 378. Itch, of Poultry, 3 Peach Bud, 331. Pear-leaf Blister, 308. Sheep Seab, 376. Mixing tanks, 104. Moniliform antenna, 6. Monomortum minutum, 351. pharaonis, 351. Monophadnoides rub?i, 287. Monoptilota nubilella, 136. Monoria puncticollis, 147. Mosquito : disease-carrying, 43. fumigants, 351. house, 350. illustrated, 32. malarial, 43. added to poison spray, 265, 323. 406 INDEX Moth: Noctuide, 36, 140, 328. Angoumois Grain, 358. Northern Grass Worm, 179. Browntail, 292. Notodontide, 36. Bud, 298. Nozzles, 100. Buffalo, 357. Nursery stock fumigation, 82. characteristics, 34. Nuttall’s Blister-beetle, 145. Clothes, 355. Nut Weevils, 368. Codling, 337. Nymph, defined, 20. Definite-marked Tussock, 295. Nysius erice, 192. Diamond-back, 178. European Grain, 359. O Grape Berry, 341. Grape Plume, 301. Oat Insects (see Wheat). Gypsy, 290. Oberea bimaculata, 245. Hop Snout, 179. Oblique Banded Leaf Roller, 188, 302. Indian-meal, 361. Odonata, 24. Lime-tree Winter, 284. Ccanthus spp., 252. Meal Snout, 362. Estrida, 33. Mediterranean Flour, 360. Estrus ovis, 372. Pea, 217. ; Oil barrier, 194. Peach Twig, 248. | Oil Emulsion : Rusty Tussock, 295. distillate, 261, 330. Strawberry Crown, 234. kerosene, 73. Tussock, 295. linseed, 74. White-marked Tussock, 295. Oil, repellent, for cattle, 373. Moth balls, 79, 356. Oncideres cingulata, 250. Mounding up for borers, 239. Onion Maggot, 120. Mouthparts, biting, 8. Barred-winged, 121. beetle, 8. Onion Thrips, 204. honeybee, 9. Orchard insects, 224. horsefly, 9. Orders, defined, 22. sucking, 9. Oriental Cockroach, 353. Murgantia histrionica, 191. Orthoptera, 23. Musca domestica, 42, 349. Otiorhynchus ovatus, 230. Muscide, 33. Ox Louse: Myzus cerasi, 318. Long-nosed, 374. persice, 198, 320. Short-nosed, 374. ribis, 319. Ox Warble, 372. Oryptilus periscelidactylus, 301. N Oyster-shell Seale, 258. Naphthaline, 79, 354, 356. Pp Native Currant Worm, 286. Natural enemies of insects, 45. Pachymerus chinensis, 366. Negro Bug, 348. quadrimaculatus, 366. Nervous system of insects, 14. Pachynematus extensicornis, 180. New York Weevil, 329. Pachyzancla bipunctalis, 185. Nezara hilaris, 221. Paleacrita vernata, 279. Nico-fume, 76. Pale-striped Flea-beetle, 157. Nicotine sulphate, 76. Palmer-worm, 278. Noctua clandestina, 140. Papaipema nitela, 132. c-nigrum, 142. Papilio polyxenes, 170. INDEX Parasites, illustrated, 47. introduction of, 49. Parasitic insects, 46. Paris green, 65. Parsley insects (see Celery). Parsnip insects (see Celery). Pea Aphis, 200. Moth, 217. Pea Insects (see Bean). Peach and Plum Slug, 289. Peach Aphis: Black, 229, 320. Green, 320. Peach Bark-beetle, 242. Borer, 237. Lesser, 240. Bud Mite, 331. Twig-moth, 248. Peach insects (additional) : Bud-moth, 298. Cherry Leaf-beetle, 263. Flat-headed Apple-tree Borer, 237. Green June Beetle, 324. Indian Euphoria, 323. Pear-slug, 288. Periodical Cicada, Plum Curculio, 3: Putnam's Scale, * San José Scale Scurfy Seale, 259. Shot-borer, 249. Shot Hole Borer, 241. Terrapin Scale, 261. Peanuts, injury by borer, 127. Pear-leaf Blister-mite, 308. Pear Midge, 346. Psylla, 313. Slug, 288. Thrips, 329. Pear insects (additional) : Apple Twig-borer, 250. Browntail Moth, 292. Bud-moth, 298. Cigar Case-bearer, 306. European Grain Aphis, 317. Flat-headed Apple- tree Borer, 237. Green Fruit Worm Green June Beetle, Gypsy Moth, 290. Indian Euphoria, 323. Oblique Banded Leaf Roller, 302. Oyster-shell Scale, 258. 407 Pistol Case-bearer, 307. Plant-bugs, 347. San José Seale, 254. Scurfy Scale, 259. Shot Borer, 249. Shot Hole Borer, 241. Terrapin Seale, 261. Tussock Moths, 295. Pear insects (see also Apple) Pea Weevil, 368. Pecan, Twig- inde, 250. Weevil, 36 Pectinate sete Pediculida, 28. Pegomya brassice, 118. fusciceps, 121. vicina, 189. Pelidnota, Spotted, 262. Pelidnota punctata, 262. Pemphigus bete, 115. Pentatoma ligata, 221. Pentatomide, 28. Peridroma margaritosa, 328. Periodical Cicada, 253. Periplaneta americana, 353. australasie, 353. Peronea minuta, 300, 306. Persian insect powder, 76. Pests: domestic animals, 371. field crops, 107. fruit, 224. garden, 107. household, 349. orchard, 224. stored products, 349. Pharynx of insects, 1: Phasmide, 23. Phlegethontius quinquemaculata, 168. sexta, 168. Phleophthorus liminaris, 242. nna, 6. Phlyctenia ferrugalis, 186. Pholus achemon, 272. Phorbia cepetorum, 120. rubivora, 245. Phorodon humuli, 203, 321. Phthorimea operculella, 117, 189. Phyllotreta pusilla, 159. vittata, 158. Phylloxera, Grape, 22 Phylloxera vastatrix, 227. Phytonomus nigrirostis, 166. 408 Phytonomus posticus, 162. punctatus, 164. Pickle Worm, 215. Pieride, 36. Pimpla, 37. Piophila casei, 358. Pistol Case-bearer, 307. Pithy-gall, Blackberry, 247. Plant-bug : Cotton Boll, 221. Tarnished, 192, 347. Plant-bug (see Bug). Planting, time of, 57. Plant-lice (see Aphis). Plague, bubonic, 44. Plant-louse, Potato, 202. Plaster of Paris, 353. Plodia inter punctella, 361. Plowing, fall, 56. Plum Aphis: Brown, 321. Mealy, 321. Plum Curculio, 332. Gouger, 334. Plum insects (additional) : Browntail Moth, 292. Bud-moth, 298. Cherry Leaf-beetle, 263. Cherry Scale, 257. European Fruit-scale, 257. Green June Beetle, 324. Gypsy Moth, 290. Hop Aphis, 321. Lesser Peach-borer, 240. Peach and Plum Slug, 289. Peach-borer, 237. Peach Bark-beetle, Pear-slug, 288. 242. Resplendent Shield-bearer, 310. San José Seale, 254. Shot-borer, 249. Shot Hole Borer, 241. Terrapin Scale, 261. Plum-tree Sphinx, 274. Plume-moth, Grape, 301. Plusia simpler, 178. Plutella maculipennis, 177-178. Pecilocapsus lineatus, 311. Poison : ant, 352. bran mash, 68. fly, 350. INDEX fungicide, combined, 85. hairs, 294. insect, 65. Polychrosis viteana, 341. Pontia protodice, 177. rape, 176. scales, illustrated, 33. Porthetria dispar, 290. Potato-beetle : Colorado, Frontispiece, 63, 145. Three-lined, 146. Potato Flea-beetle, 156. Plant-louse, 202. Stalk-borer, 135. Tuber Worm, 117. Potato insects (additional) : Blister-beetles, 144. Carrot Beetle, 124. Leather Jackets, 110. Stalk Borer, 132. White Grubs, 109. Wireworms, 107. Potato, Sweet (see Sweet Potato). Poultry, value of, 57. Poultry: Itch Mite, 378. Lice, 377. Powder gun, 99. Power sprayers, 97. Predaceous insects, 46. Prionid Borers, 232. Prionus spp., 232. | Prodenia ornithogalli, 213. | Protective resemblance, 45. | Washes, 79. | Prune insects (see Plum). Pruner, Twig, 251. | Pseudococcus calceolarie, 115. F citri, 206. | |p longispinus, 206. Psila rose, 122. Psoroptes communis, Psylla, Pear, 313. | Psylla pyricola, 313. | Psyllide, 28. Psylliodes punctulata, 162. Pteronus ribes : Pulvillus of insects, 10. Pumpkin insects (see Squash). Pumps: automatic, barrel, 94. 376. 93. Pumps (continued): bucket, 92. compressed air, 98. dusting apparatus, 99 hand, 92. horizontal, 95. knapsack, 93. power outfits, 97. traction outfits, 96. Pupa, defined, 20. Putnam's Seale, 257. Pyralis farinalis, 362. Pyraustida, ¢ Pyrethrum, as fumigant, 76, 351. Q Quince Curculio, 336. Quince insects (additional) : Cigar Case-bearer, 306. Resplendent Shield-bearer, 310. Terrapin Seale, 261. Quince insects (see also Apple). R Radish insects (see Cabbage). Railroad Worm, 343. Raspberry Byturus, 342. Cane-borer, 245. Cane-maggot, 245. Root-borer, 234. Sawfly, 287. Spanworm, 327. Raspberry Insects (additional), Blackberry). Reason, in insects, 1S. Redurtide, 28. Red Bugs, Apple, 348. Red-humped Apple Caterpillar, 271. Red-necked Cane-borer, 244. Red Spider, 207, 322. Removing crop remnants, 57. Repellents, 79. Ant Tape, 352. Oil, 373. Resemblance, protective, 45. Resin-lime mixture, 66. Resin soap, 66. Respiratory system, of insects, 11. Resplendent Shield-bearer, 310. Rhagoletis cingulata, 345. pomonella, 343. INDEX 409 Rhopobota vaceiniana, 299. Rhubarb Curculio, 138. Rhynchites, 29. Rice Weevil, 364. Roach: American, 353. Australian, 353. German, 353. Oriental 3. Robber flies, ¢ Root-aphis : Apple, 226. Beet, 115. Corn, 113. Peach, 229, 320. Strawberry, 229. Root-borer : Clover, 116. Grape, 231. Raspberry, 234. Sweet Potato, 117. Root-louse, Strawberry, 229. Root-worm : Grape, 224. Southern Corn, 111. Western Corn, 111. Rose-chafer, 322. Rose insects (see Greenhouse Insects). Rose Scale, 260. Slugs, 181. Rosy Apple Aphis, 317. Rotation of crops, 55. Round-headed Apple-tree Borer, 235. Rust-fly, Carrot, 122. Rust-red Flour Beetle, 364. Rusty Tussock Moth, 19, 295. Rye insects (see Wheat). nh Saddle-back Caterpillar, 183. Salt-marsh Caterpillar, 182. | Saltpeter, 351. San José Seale, 254. Sanninoidea eritiosa, 237. Saperda candida, 235. Saturniide, 36. Sawfly : characteristics, 37. Grape, 287. illustrated, 36. Raspberry, 287. 410 Sawfly (continued): saws, illustrated, 37. Strawberry, 288. Western Grass-stem, 129. Wheat, 180. Saw-toothed Grain Beetle, 364. Scab-mite, Sheep, 376. Scale: Cottony Maple, 260. Cherry, 257. European Fruit, 257. European Fruit Lecanium, 260. Oyster-shell, 258. Putnam's, 257. Rose, 260. San José, 254. Scurfy, 259. Terrapin, 261. Scales of Lepidoptera, 33. Scarabeide, 30. Schistoceros hamatus, 250. Schizoneura lanigera, 226. Schizura concinna, 271. Scolytus rugulosus, 241. Screens for plants, 60. Screw-worm, 374. Scurfy Scale, 259. Seed-caterpillar, Clover, 217. Seed-corn Agonoderus, 125. Maggot, 121. Seed ticks, 375. Selandria vitis, 287. Self-boiled lime sulphur, 88. Semasia nigricana, 217. Senses of insects, 16. Serrate antenna, 6. Sesiide, 35. Seventeen-year Locust, 253. Sharpshooters, Cotton, 222. Sheep Bot-fly, 372. Scab-mite, 376. Tick, 376. Shield-bearer, Resplendent, 310. Short-nosed Ox Louse, 374. Shot-borer, 249. Shot Hole Borer, 241. Sibine stimulea, 183. Sight, powers of, 16. Silkworm moths, 36. Silphide, 30. Silvanus surinamensis, 364. Silver Fish, 357. INDEX Simulide, 32. Sinea diadema, 46. Siphonaptera, 30. Siphocoryne avene, 198, 317. Sitones flavescens, 167. Sitotroga cerealella, 358. | Skeletonizer : Apple-leaf, 277. Grape-leaf, 276. Skipper, Cheese, 358. | Skippers, characteristics of, 34. | Sleeping sickness, 44. Slender Seed-corn Ground-beetle, 124. Slug: Peach and Plum, 289. Pear, 288. Rose, 181. Smaller Corn Stalk-borer, 127. Smeared Dagger, 275. Smell, sense of, 16. Snout beetle: characteristics of, 29. Imbricated, 167, 329. Snout beetle (see Curculio, and Weevil). Snout-moth : Hop, 179. Meal, 362. Soap solution, 77. whale-oil, 77. Sodium arsenite, 352. Sorghum Midge, 219. Southern Beet Webworm, 185. Cabbage Worm, 177. Corn Root-worm, 111. Spanworm: Cranberry, 283. Currant, 282. Elm, 283. Raspberry, 327. Sphecina, 38, 39. Sphecodina abbottti, 273. Sphenophorus costipennis, 128. maidis, 128. spp., 128. zee, 128. | Sphingida, 36. Sphinx : Abbott's, 273. Achemon, 272. Plum-tree, 274. Sphinx drupiferarum, 274. Spider, Red, 207, 322. INDEX 411 Sptlonota ocellana, 298. Grape Colaspis, 263. Spinach Aphis, 19s. | Green Fruit Worm, 325. Flea-beetle, 159. | Melon Aphis, 199. Leaf-miner, 189. Oblique Banded Leaf Roller, 302. Spinachinsects (additional), (see Beets). Smeared Dagger, 275. Spiracles of insects, 12. White Grubs Split-worm, 189. Straw-worm. Spotted fever, 44. Barley, 130. Spotted Pelidnota, 262. Wheat, 131. Spray machinery : Striped Blister-beetle, 144. accessories, 100. Cucumber Beetle, 150. general principles, $9. Flea-beetle, 158. pumps, 92. Garden Caterpillar, 171. tanks, 103. Structure of insects: tower, 95. External, 7. Spread of insects, 40. Internal, 11. Spring Canker-worm, 279. Suck-fly, Tobacco, 195. Grain-aphis, 196. | Sucking insects, insecticides for, 70. Square-borer, Cotton, 213. | Sucking Lice, on animals, 374. Squash Borer, 134. Sucking mouthparts, 9. Bug, 190. Sugar-beet insects (see Beet). Lady Beetle, 148. Sugar-beet Webworm, 154. Squash insects (additional) : Sugar-cane Beetle, 123. Cucumber Flea-beetle, 156. | Borer, 126. Melon Caterpillar, 216. Mealy-bug, 115. Pickle Worm, 215. Sulphate of nicotine, 76. Striped Cucumber Beetle, 150. Sulphur and lime, for poultry lice, 377. Twelve-spotted Cucumber Beetle, Sulphur, burning, 82. 152. Stable Fly, 349. spray, 207, 321. Stalk Borer, 132. Summer strength lime sulphur, 87. Potato, 135. Swallow-tail Butterfly, 170. Stem-borer, Lima Bean, 136. Sweet Potato Beetle, Two-striped, 155. Stem-girdler, Currant, 246. Flea-beetle, 161. Stickers, for spray materials, 66. Root-borer, 117. Stinkbugs, 28. Tortoise Beetles, 154. Stigmata, 12. Synanthedon pict? pes, 240. Stomach of insects, 13. Synchiora «rata, 327. Stomorys calcitrans, 349. Syrphide, 33. Stored Product pests, 349. Syrphus flies, 33. Strainers, 103. Systena teeniata, 158. Strawberry Crown-borer, 233. | teniata var. blanda, 157. Crown-girdler, 230. | | Crown Moth, 234. | T Flea-beetle, 266. Leaf-beetle, 263. | Tabanide, 32, 379. Leaf-roller, 303. | Tabanus, 31. Root-louse, 229. | Tachina flies, 33, 48. Sawfly, 288. Tachinide, 33. Weevil, 337. Tanks, 103. Strawberry insects (additional) : Tape, Ant, 352. Cranberry Spanworm, 283. Tar frames, 196. . 412 Tarnished Plant-bug, 192, 347. Tarsonemus wetei, 331. Tarsus of insects, 9. Taste, Powers of, 16. Tenebrio molitor, 369. Tenebroides mauritanicus, 364. Tent Caterpillar, 266. killed by bacteria, 51. killed by fungus, 50. Forest, 269. Tenthredinide, 37. Terrapin Bug, 191. Scale, 261. Tetranychus bimaculatus, 207, 322. Thorax of insects, 9. Three-lined Potato Beetle, 146. Thrips: characteristics of, 25. Flower, 26, 331. Grass, 204. Greenhouse, 203. Onion, 204. Pear, 329. Tobacco, 204. Thrips tabaci, 204. Thyreocoride, 28. Thyreocoris pulicaria, 348. Thyridopteryr ephemereformis, 307. Thysanoptera, 25. Tibia of insects, 9. Tihicen septendecim, 253. Ticks and disease, 44. Dicks Cattle, 375. Sheep, 376. Time of planting, 57. Timothy insects: Army Worm, 172. Bill-bugs, 128. Chinch-bug, 193. Fall Army Worm, 173. Grasshoppers, 142. Grass Thrips, 204. Leather Jackets, 110. Northern Grass Worm, 179. Root-worms, 111. Wheat-head Army-worm, 214. Wheat-stem Maggot, 131. White Grubs, 109. Tinea granella, 359. pellionella, 355. Tineina, 35. INDEX | Tingitide, 28. Tipulide, 110. Tischeria malifoliella, 309. Tmetocera ocellana, 298. Toads, value of, 46. Tobacco Budworm, 213. dust, 79. | extract, commercial, 75. | extract, home-made, 76. False Budworm, 211. Flea-beetle, 159. fumigation, 83. Leaf-miner, 189. Split-worm, 189. Suck-fly, 195. Thrips, 204. Worms, 168. Tobacco insects (additional) : Celery Leaf-tier, 186. Cutworms, 140. Tomato Flea-beetle, 156. Fruit-worm, 211. Worms, 168. Tomato insects (additional) : Colorado Potato-beetle, 145. Cucumber Flea-beetle, 156. Stalk Borer, 132. Tongue of cricket, 16. Tortoise Beetle, 154. Black-legged, 155. Golden, 155. Tortricidae, 35. Touch, sense of, 17. Tower, for spraying, 95. Toroptera graminum, 196. Tracheal system of insects, 11. Traction outfits. 96. Transformations of insects, 19. Trap crops, 62. Traps, insect, 62. Tree Crickets, 252. Tree-hopper, Buffalo, 253. Triangular Flea-beetle, 160. Tribolium confusum, 364. narale, 364. | Trichobaris trinotata, 135. Trichodectes parumpilosus, 375. | scalaris, 375. spheroce phalus, 375. Trochanter of insects, 9. | True bugs, 26. Trumpet Miner, Apple Leaf, 309. INDEX Tuberculosis, 42. Tub, fumigating, 200. Turnip insects (see Cabbage). Turpentine, for Sheep-bots, 372. Tussock Moth: Definite Marked, 295. Rusty, 19, 295. White Marked ‘ Twelve-spotted Asparagus Beetle, 154. Cucumber Beetle, 152. Twig-borer, Apple, 250. Twig-girdler, 250. Twig-moth, Peach, 248. Twig-pruner, 251. Two-striped Sweet Potato Beetle, 155. Tuchea brevicornis, 115. Tyloderma fragari«, 233. Types of antenne, 6. Typhlocyba comes, 311. Typhoid fever, 42. Tupophorus canellus, 263. U Uranotes melinus, 213. v Valves, 90. Veratrum album, 68. Vermorel nozzle, 100. Vespina, 39. Virginia Creeper, caterpillars on, : Walking Sticks, 23. Warble, Ox, 372. Washes, protective, 79. Wasps, 38-39. Webworm : Cabbage, 185. Corn-root, 112. Fall, 296. Garden, 183. Southern Beet, 185. Sugar-beet, 184. Weeds, 57. Weevil: Alfalfa Leaf, 162. Bean, 365. Chestnut, 368. Clover Leaf, 164. Cotton Boll, 20s. Cowpea, 366. Flavescent Clover, 167. Four-spotted Bean, 366. Granary, 364. Hickory Nut, 368. Larger Chestnut, 368. Lesser Clover Leaf, 166. New York, 329. Nut, 368. Pea, 368. Pecan, 368. Rice, 364. Stored products, 364. Strawberry, 337. Western Cabbage Flea-beetle, 159 Corn Root-worm, 111. Grass-stem Sawfly, 129. Whale-oil soap, 77. Wheat-head Army-worm, 214. Wheat Midge, 218. Sawflies, 180. Wheat-stem Maggot, 131. Wheat Straw-worm, 131. Wireworm, 107. Wheat insects (additional) : Aphis, 222. Army Worm, 172. Blister-beetles, 144. Chinch-bug, 193. European Grain Aphis, 198. Fall Army Worm, 173. stem Sawfly, 129. s, 204. , 1389. Joint-worm, 129. Leather Jackets, 110. Plant Lice, 222. Spring Grain-aphis, 19 Stalk Borer, 132. White grubs, 109. Wireworms, 107. 6. White-fly, Greenhouse, 205. White Grubs, 109, 225. White Lead, for borers, 236. White Marked Tussock Whitewash, carbolated, Wire cloth, 103. probe, 236. Moth, 295 242, | Wireworms. 107. Wheat, 107. Wood veneer, 236. 414 Woolly Apple Aphis, 226. Worm: Apple, 337. Army, 172. Bag, 307. Barley Straw, 130. Beet Army, 174. Blackhead Cranberry, 299. Cabbage Web, 185. Clover-hay, 186. Corn Ear, 211. Corn Root Web, 112. Cotton, 175. Cotton Boll, 211. Cranberry Fruit, 326. Cranberry Span, 283. Cross-striped Cabbage, 177. Currant Span, 282. Cut, 140, 213, 328. Elm Span, 283. Fall Army, 173. Fall Canker, 281. Fall Web, 296. False Army, 274. Garden Web, 183. Gooseberry Fruit, 326. Grape Root, 224. Green Fruit, 325. Imported Cabbage, 176. Imported Currant, 285. Joint, 129. Lesser Apple, 339. Native Currant, 286. Northern Grass, 179. Palmer, 278. Pickle, 215. Potato-tuber, 117. Railroad, 343. Raspberry Span, 327. INDEX Screw, 374. Southern Beet Web, 185. Southern Corn Root, 111. Spring Canker, 279. Sugar Beet Web, 184. Tobacco, 168. Tobacco Bud, 213. Tobacco False Bud, 211. Tomato, 168. Tomato Fruit, 211. Western Corn Root, 111. Wheat-head Army, 214. Wheat Straw, 131. | Wire, 107. | Yellowhead Cranberry, 300. | Yellow Meal, 369. Worms (see also Caterpillar, Moth, Beetle). Wrigglers, 350. x Xyleborus dispar, 249. pyri, 249. Xylina antennata, 325. laticinerea, 326. | ¥ | Yellow-bear Caterpillar, 181. Yellow fever, 44. Grub, | Yellowhead Cranberry Worm, 300. | Yellow Mealworm, 369. | Yellow-necked Caterpillar, 270. | Ypsolophus pometellus, 278. | Z | Zebra-caterpillar, 171. | Zophodia grossularie, 326. The following pages contain advertisements of books on kindred subjects Cyclopedia of American Agriculture Edited by L. H. BAILEY Director of the College of Agriculture and Professor of Rurai Economy, rnoell University. With 100 full-page plates and more than 2,000 illustrations in the text; four volumes; the set, $20.00 net; half morocco, $32.00 net; carriage extra VOLUME I—Farms VOLUME II—Animals VOLUME Il—Crops VOLUME IV—The Farm and the Community “Indispensable to public and reference libraries . . . readily comprehensible to any person of average education.’’—The Nation. “The completest existing thesaurus of up-to-date facts and opinions on modern agricultural methods. 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Manual of Gardening A Practical Guide to the Making of Home Grounds and the Growing of Flowers, Fruits and Vegetables for Home Use. By L. H. BAILEY Illustrated, cloth, 12mo, 544 pages, $2.00 net; by mail, $2.17 This new work is a combination and revision of the main parts of two other books by the same author, ‘“‘Garden Making"’ and ‘Practical Garden Book,” together with much new material and the result of the experience of ten added years. Among the persons who collaborated in the preparation of the other two books, and whose contributions have been freely used in this one, are C. E. Hunn, a gardener of long experience; Professor Ernest Walker, reared as a commercial florist; Professor L. R. Taft, and Professor F. A. Waugh, well known for their studies and writings on horticultural subjects. A STANDARD WORK REVISED AND ENLARGED The Farm and Garden Rule Book By LIBERTY H. BAILEY Illustrated, cloth, 12mo0, $2.00 net When Professor Bailey's ‘‘Horticulturist’s Rule Book"’ was published nearly twenty-five years ago, the volume became a standard agricultural work running through sixteen editions. Taking this book as a basis the author has now made a wholly new book, extending it to cover the field of general farming, stock-raising, dairying, poultry-rearing, horticulture, gardening, forestry, and the like. It is essentially a small cyclopedia of ready rules and references packed full from cover to cover of condensed, meaty information and precepts on almost every leading subject connected with country life. IN PREPARATION Manual of Home-Making. Manual of Cultivated Plants THE MACMILLAN COMPANY PUBLISHERS 64-66 Fifth Avenue NEW YORK How to Keep Hens for Profit By C. S. VALENTINE Cloth, illustrated, 12mo, $1.50 net; postpaid, $1.63 “The Plymouth Rock, Java, Dominique, Wyandotte, Rhode Island Red, and Buckeye breeds are discussed in the first few chapters. Con- siderable attention is given to other breeds later on. Eighteen beautiful half-tone engravings adorn the book. From the standpoint of the prac- tical farmer and poultry-grower, we consider this book as one of the very best of its kind. The author is evidently an experienced poultry- man. It is a book that should be of special help to beginners in poultry, while at the same time it contains much information for the expert.” —Farmers’ Tribune. The Beginner in Poultry By C. S. VALENTINE Decorated Cloth, profusely illustrated, 12mo, $1.50 net; postpaid, $1.63 It has been estimated that of the five million people who are raising poultry in this country today half have gone at it blindly. And it is just as impossible to make a success of the poultry business without preparation as it is impossible to succeed in any other business without an acquaintance with the fundamentals. The difficulty which the novice has experienced in going at the raising of chickens systematically in the past has been that he could find no book in which the essentials— only the essentials and all of them—of poultry-raising are given. To write such a book has been Mr. Valentine’s purpose In ‘'The Beginner in Poultry’’ he discusses the different breeds of fowls, the types of houses, feeding and the kinds of food, raising chickens for the market and for their eggs, diseases and their cures and everything else which will be of value fer the one who is starting out—and much for the seasoned poul- try-raiser as well. THE MACMILLAN COMPANY PUBLISHERS 64-66 Fifth Avenue NEW YORK THE RURAL OUTLOOK SET By Professor L. H. BAILEY Director of the New York State College of Agriculture at Cornell University Four Volumes. Each, cloth, 12mo. Uniform binding, attractively bored. $5.00 net per set; carriage ertra. Each volume also sold separately. In this set are included three of Professor Bailey's most popular books as well as a hitherto unpublished one,—''The Country-Life Mov ement.’’ The long and pers ent demand for a uniform edition of these little classics is answered with the GabHGa: tion of this attractive series The Country-Life Movement Cloth, 12mo, 220 pages, $1.25 net; by mail, $1.34 This hitherto unpublished volume deals with the present movement for the re- direction of rural civilization, discussing the real country-life problem as distin- guished from the city problem, known as the back-to- -the-land movement. The Outlook to Nature (New and Revised Edition) Cloth, 12mo, 195 pages, $1.25 net; by mail, $1.34 In this alive and bracing book, full of suggestion and encouragement, Professor Bailey argues the importance of contact with nature, a sympathetic attitude toward which ‘‘means greater efficiency, hopefulness, and repose. The State and the Farmer (new Edition) Cloth, 12mo, $1.25 net; by mail, $1.34 It is the relation of the farmer to the government that Professor Bailey here discusses in its varying as He deals specifically with the change in agricultural methods, in the s ting of the geographical centers of farming in the United States, and in the growth of agricultural institutions. The Nature Study Idea (new Edition) Cloth, 12mo, $1.25 net; by mail, $1.34 “It would be well,” the critic of The Tribune Farmer once wrote, “if ‘The Nature Study Idea’ were in the hands of every person who favors nature study in the public schools, of every one who is opposed to it, and, most importart, of every one who teaches it or thinks he does.” It has been Professor Bailey’s purpose to interpret the new school movement to put the young into relation and sumpathy with nature,—a purpose which he has admirably accomplished. THE MACMILLAN COMPANY PUBLISHERS 64-66 Fifth Avenue NEW YORK