ALBERT R. MANN LIBRARY New York STATE COLLEGES OF AGRICULTURE AND HoME ECONOMICS AT CORNELL UNIVERSITY Cornell University Library The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924101523425 A STUDY OF SELECTIONS FOR THE VARIATION AND INHERITANCE OF THE SIZE, SHAPE AND COLOR OF HENS’ EGGS A THESIS. PRESENTED TO THE: FACULTY OF THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OP, CORNELL UNIVERSITY 3 FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY BY EARL WHITNEY BENJAMIN 1914, 1920 A STUDY OF SELECTIONS FOR THE VARIATION AND INHERITANCE OF THE SIZE, SHAPE AND COLOR OF HENS’ EGGS A THESIS PRESENTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF CORNELL UNIVERSITY FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY BY EARL WHITNEY BENJAMIN 1914, 1920 CONTENTS PAGE Review of literaturesa csvsccs esp ecewes Heng dicen sehddamuks sed dawemagmalonnan’ 195 Methods of investigation........0..... 00 0c ccc ccc cee teen eben tee e ens 198 DIZOL CHATACLEE se 44. cssescscnyeac\auevansucdo anes QSy homens Ah cea rwthdsanicatea MONG pubedyatereiad 199 LEA PO CED Fea CCS peter caper et Sa ed ets RR Wc Na ae Beta eo RG 201 Photographing the eggs for size and shape studies sty ahs ka GCS pbb ah pa 202 Color: characters cic sienna sn vacastagaaiinig viel aelecte Seley talsaly yigia gaa arplpkad gin ested 204 Methods common to studies of all the characters...................000000 0020s 206 Resultsi so. ccecesecuvuins Sy anedeeerens oes eh eateenedns casas. cadet eemeteeeaes 208 Inheritance: studies: 5 ¢deeg 4 ctw teeta cas sa mnicenuiaedsadieimmin acca Riedie wand Rees 208 Variability of production due to differences between the parent types.. .. 208 Inheritance of mean egg type....-... 00... cece eee ees 215 Relation of egg incubated to mean egg type of bird hatched................. 227 Relation of eggs incubated to types of eggs produced by the respective birds TAG GHG Gh cece cpa uvcce Sorrio a hres eeu Patented nage 2 area eat ngeeninen meme 244 Miscellaneous: studies ics ie: sculeonimann sd aandommndieaaamnonmuorss oenemuaisd Raines’ 250 Relationship of size and shape of eggs...........0...000 0000s Levee eeee 250 Incubation effects of egg type... 6... ccc tte ene 252 Relative variability of the productions of successive years..................- 253 Variations in types of eggs produced during successive months and years..... 254 POI ZEF CHA BAG CER. scesian ds. sa.dp avast seed ghyisceapsiioaelciens Weekes avast ncewieacacoun Soa maaaiauired oe 255 Shape character.......... React ech cas say ep aasbeieloke ee pact ania meses Pech EOI 259 Color Char ae teU siexs sie ayce ccc aretersots sar ericaveonsn tenanine a Seb AoE SIR Tpencacetesese ett 262 Variations in types of successive individual eggs.................002 200000 266 ° Variations in types of eggs produced in different calendar months............ 267 Relation between vigor of the chick and size of the egg from which it was Watched occ desceay 0% eases mada Sanscwae 6 dude pena peace SE PERE OAS 269 Relation between male and female weights for chicks of the same age........ 270 Relation between size of the chick and size of the egg from which it was MGC TC des. oo ieee sec a Roa decried atin tech ahh arserolignn steams ae niaatien Pe Gaetan ett 271 DISCUSSION OL PES ES: aesciecs see sasezts cess sspstinsctaserecera cd-G anna Sanshcaneonnac caste ase aioe Hop RCROMNCA TERS 305 SUN TUN BTV 23 ese tesa ce nll Sac Veale af BBS GSU WRI se neta de RE PUSH 307 FA cheno willed primer ts cisczsectiv eertaiechene svel xespgelets gen guesses ie essed cnet oasis Aegafcsehibdel neste ste 309 Bio io era pW Yee. cist ccitetecg es a i oereanderang ce tn deehet id fae helnen acnam en em sal ahaheelUtlagat sw abatetnameca tance ag 310 191 A STUDY OF SELECTIONS FOR THE SIZE, SHAPE, aD COLOR OF HENS’ EGGS A STUDY OF SELECTIONS FOR THE SIZE, SHAPE, AND COLOR OF HENS’ EGGS! : Eart W. BEensaMiIn The study here reported was conducted from the spring of 1911 until 1919, with the purpose of determining the results that may be obtained by selecting the breeding stock of the domestic fowl, and the eggs for hatching, in order to change the size, shape, and color of the eggs pro- duced by the offspring. There is a certain type of egg which especially meets the desires of the respective customers.in various markets. It is usually not practicable to grade the eggs closely, and it becomes necessary to select and develop the flocks so that the proportion of eggs unsatis- factory to the customer may be reduced to the minimum. The wholesale trade of the New York City market requires the size and shape of the eggs to be such that the eggs are not crowded, but fit snugly, in the fillers of the commercial thirty-dozen cases; this means an egg about 22 inches long and 12 inches wide, and usually weighing from 2 to 2} ounces when fresh. Shipping only the eggs of proper size and shape insures less breakage, better appearance, and a resulting higher sale value. The New York City market has a special demand for white- shell eggs and will sometimes pay from eighteen to twenty cents a dozen more for eggs having chalk-white shells than for those varying from cream- tinted to brown. REVIEW OF LITERATURE The study of the external characters of eggs seems to date from a com- paratively recent period,.and even at the present time the published data with respect to these characters are very meager. Tradition tells us (in Horace, Lib. II, st. 4) that the eggs of pullets are longer than those of hens, and that pullets’ eggs produce a larger proportion of male chicks than do hens’ eggs. This tradition has been developed until many persons believe that long eggs produce cockerels and round eggs produce pullets when incubated. 1 This study completes the work reported in part in a thesis presented by the writer to Cornell Uni- versity in 1912 for the degree of master of science in agriculture, and continued in a thesis presented to Cornell University in 1914 in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of doctcr of philosophy. 195 196 Eart W. BENJAMIN The size and shape of the egg is shown by Curtis (1911a)*and by Surface (1912) to be due partly to the structure of the oviduct, which may probably be considered an inherited character as claimed by Newton (1893-96). This is in accordance with the view of Thompson (1908). This physical influence on the size and shape of the egg described by Thompson (1908) is denied by Horwood (1909), but without convincing evidence. The shape of the egg seems to depend on its size, according to Curtis (1914.a). The same author shows good correlations between the two dimensions of eggs, and between either of these dimensions and the weight. This agrees with the conclusions of Pearl and Curtis (1916). Curtis (19144) claims that the larger eggs are due to a greater relative deposition of egg white, while Atwood (1914) finds indications contrary to this. The size of the egg seems to be dflested by the feed, according to Atwood (1914), and the same author shows a marked seasonal fluctuation in the weight of eggs laid, the weight gradually increasing from July to February and decreasing from March to July. , This agrees with Curtis (1914 a) and with Féré (1898 b), who claim “that the eggs are. smaller at both the beginning and the end of the litter. Rice, Nixon, and Rogers (1908) and Riddle (1911) show a striking effect of the amount of food consumed on the number of eggs produced. According to these workers, both the amount of food consumed and the number of eggs pro- duced seem to be variable factors agreeing in their seasonal fluctuations with the size of the egg, as just noted. Curtis (1914) also shows a grad- ual reduction in size for the successive eggs in the clutch. Hadley (1919) shows a monthly fluctuation in the egg weight of thirty-nine White Plymouth Rocks which corresponds closely with the monthly numerical production. He finds also that the percentage increase in egg weight during the two modal months of increased production (April and Sep- tember) is positively indicative of the relative annual numerical produc- tion of the respective birds. ; «» According to Curtis (1914 a), the size of the eggs increases as the bird matures. Curtis states also that the variations among the eggs produced by individuals were not so great as the variations in the flock’s production, and seemed to diminish as the birds matured. This agrees with the 2 Dates in parenthesis refer to Bibliography, page 310. Stupy or SELEcTIONS For SizE, SHAPE, AND Coxor or Hens’ Ecos 197 results obtained in a study of the number of leaves to a whorl in Ceratophyllum made by Pearl, Pepper, and Hagle,? and in a later Bbady for egg shape made by Pearl (1909). Similar variations in sparrows’ eggs have been observed also by Pearson (1902 b). Stewart and Atwood (1909) report that chicks hatched from pullets’ eggs are not so large nor so vigorous as those hatched from the eggs of hens two and three years old. Atwood (1914) mentions this fact as showing that chicks hatck ed from larger eggs are larger and more vigorous than others. It would seem that there is danger here of attributing any possible defect of the embryo due to the immaturity of the parent, to the smaller size of the 3g, which also is due to the immaturity of the parent. The writer does not see proof that a smaller egg produces a smaller and weaker chick irrespective of the maturity and condition of the parent. Pearl and Curtis (1916) found that the two characters size and shape, as measured by weight, length, and breadth, show different degrees of variability, ranging from the most variable to the least variable in the order named. Pearl and Curtis were able also to strengthen their previous conclusions that the index and the weight are negatively cor- related. They found that dwarf or abnormal eggs do not occur more frequently at the beginning or at the end of the litter than at other times. During the eight years previous to their study, 5.15 per cent of all the birds kept at the Maine experiment station produced one or more dwarf eggs, and only 3.5 per cent of this 5.15 per cent produced more than two dwarf eggs. Abnormal types of eggs have been reported also by Von Nua (1895), Féré (1897 and 1898 b), Herrick (1899, a and b), Hargitt (1899 and 1912), Parker (1906), Patterson (1911), Glaser (1913), Curtis (1914b), Chidester (1915), and Weimer (1918). Some of the abnormalities reported might, of course, prove to be inherited, especially such as the double yolks found by Glaser (1913); however, since this publication is concerned with normal eggs, further discussion of rare monstrosities may be omitted. The coloration of the shells of eggs has long been a subject of interest to odlogists. According to Newton (1893-96), older birds usually lay darker-shell eggs. Newton says that some of the color is applied to the 3 Variation and differentiation in Ceratophyllum. By Raymond Pearl, Olive M. Pepper, and Florence J. Hagle. Carnegie Inst. Pub. no. 58:1-136. 1907. 198 EarL W. BensamMin shell early in its development, while some is added later — as is indicated by the lighter shade of an egg that has been laid prematurely, due to some excitement. The intensifying of the pigment with the age of the bird is supposed to continue until she has attained hér full vigor, when the tint begins to decliné gradually. Newton believes that except for individual differences the pigment is fairly constant in supply. Sorby (1875) found seven substances which in various mixtures are sup- posed to produce all eggshell colors. These substances were oorhodeine, oocyan, banded oocyan, yellow ooxanthine, rufous ooxanthine, a substance giving narrow absorption-bands in the red, and lichnoxanthine. They are said to be closely connected with either haemoglobin or bile pigments. M’ Aldowie (1886) and many others have advanced theories as to the cause of variation in eggshell color. The general opinion seems to be that the color is very unstable and variations do occur frequently, and that general tints or colors are inherited. Horwood (1909) gives it as his opinion that coloration of the shells of birds’ eggs has absolutely no connection with mendelian principles. According to Surface (1912), the color of eggshells is probably added from glands in the vagina or adjoining parts of the oviduct, and it may reasonably be supposed that a function of this nature would be inherited. Such a supposition agrees with the results of Benjamin (1912 and 1914), which are discussed later in this report. All these studies, made by various workers, show conclusively that with respect to many characters, including size, shape, and color, there is a characteristic type of egg to be accredited to each individual, and that some degree of inheritance has been found to exist. t; METHODS OF INVESTIGATION The investigation described in this memoir was begun, in the spring of 1911, by selecting fifty eggs for hatching for each of the follow- ing nine characters — three characters being grouped in each of three selection studies: Size selections Shape selections Color selections Large Long Chalk-white Medium Normal : Cream-tinted Small Round Brown-tinted Srupy or SELECTIONS FoR S1zE, SHAPE, AND Cotor or Hens’ Eaas 199 The eggs were selected from three-year-old Single Comb White Leghorn hens, and an effort was made to get eggs from hens that consistently laid the type of egg selected. The Single Comb White Leghorn breed was used for the study because, first, it is the commonest breed in New York State, and secondly, because it was desired to study these commercial characters of eggs by the use of commercial breeds, and the Leghorn predominates on commercial.egg farms in the United States. The birds used were from the high-producing trap-nested stock of the well-established Cornell strain. SIZE CHARACTER The basis for selecting eggs for the size character was weight. A Harvard balance; equipped with a slide reading to 10 grams in tenths, was used early in the work, but this was later replaced by a special direct-reading balance (fig. 7).4 Exact weights were used at first, but later the weights were recorded in 2-gram classes and could be transferred directly for use in the correlation tables. Eggs weighing more than 50 grams and not.more than 52 grams were recorded as 51 grams in weight and were ‘grouped in the 50-52-gram class in the correlation tables. The eggs were weighed as soon as possible after they were laid, in order to avoid any serious losses due to evaporation. When it was neces- sary to hold them for some time before weighing, they were kept packed and in a cool, rather moist, place. After January, 1913, the eggs were held in an artificially cooled room at a temperature of from 32° to 40° F. The eggs selected for incubation each year were weighed, as well as all the eggs produced by any of the hens in the size-character studies. In the early part of the work the eggs selected for incubation were also measured and their length and breadth recorded. Just before hatching, the eggs were placed in pedigree trays. The trays used in 1911 were so constructed that it seemed advisable to put into one compartment all the eggs produced by the same hen. If more thari one egg in a compartment hatched, it was necessary to use the average of all the hatched eggs in that compartment, in order to calculate the average type of egg which hatched. This gave a fairly accurate result because, as a rule, all the eggs laid by the same hen are of the same general type. However, as this method allowed the possibility of some error, 4 This balance was imported by Cornelius Kahlen, New York City. Eart W. BENJAMIN Fic. 7. SPECIALLY DESIGNFD DIRECT-READING BALANCE FOR WEIGHING EGGS AND CHICKS Strupy or SELECTIONS For SizE, SHAPE, AND Cotor or Hens’ Eces 201 all incubated eggs were individually pedigreed after 1911. For the 1912 and 1913 hatches, the compartments of the pedigree trays were made small enough to hold just one egg, and thus it was possible to know from which egg each chick hatched. In the 1914 hatch and after that time, the chicks were satisfactorily hatched in cloth bags. The day-old chicks were weighed on the same direct-reading egg scales as were used for the eggs. After this first weighing the chicks were individually weighed every four weeks on a special type of milk balance, by which the weights could be accurately estimated to 1/100 pound. When these weights were transformed to grams, as was done for some of the correlation tables, the calculation was made by means of the formula, 1 pound = 453.6 grams. In the early part of the work a separate record was made of the vigor of the chicks. SHAPE CHARACTER ' The basis for selecting eggs for shape was the index figure obtained by dividing the greatest width of the egg by its greatest length and Fic. 8. SPECIALLY DESIGNED RATCHET MICROMETERS HELD BY WOODWORKING CLAMP, FOR EGG MEASUREMENTS multiplying the result by 100. The measurements were made by specially constructed ratchet micrometers with a 34-inch face (fig. 8).2 One micrometer was adjusted for the egg length and one for the egg width. 5 These were manufactured by Brown & Sharpe, Providence, Rhode Island. 202 Fic. 9. 1 EGGS, AS USED FOR THE SHADOW PHOTO- GRAPHIC PROCESS The wire circle around the light was used early in the work to hold a curtain for prevouulfip reflection LIGHT, AND FRAME FOR HOLDING of light from the sidewalk. The eggs are shown as they are placed on the film ready for exposure. At the right is shown the frame used for arranging the eggs in their proper positions Eart W. BENJAMIN The micrometers were held in a wood- * working clamp to prevent error due to expansion which might result if they were warmed by being held in the hand of the operator. . All eggs incubated for the shape- character studies, or produced by hens in the shape-selection studies, were measured and the data recorded. PHOTOGRAPHING THE EGGS FOR SIZE AND SHAPE STUDIES It was thought desirable to have some sort of graphic representations of the eggs selected for size and shape, and to compare these with represen- tations of the eggs that the pullets produced during the following year. Photography was the first method of representation considered. Since this was very expensive, however, the. practice of allowing the shadows of © the eggs to fall directly on sensitized photographic paper was adopted.® A sheet of sensitized paper, 9 by 11 inches in size, is slipped into the back of a specially constructed frame, where it is held securely by a wooden support. The sensitized paper is ‘slipped in back of a sheet of stock’ film glued in the frame; this film, if kept clean, does not hinder the re- production, reflects much of the dif- fused light, and thus prevents the blurring of the shadow.’ The eggs are placed on the film as shown in figure 9, and are held in 5 Tt was nevessary to usc high-contrast paper for this work, in order to obtain distinct black ane white tones. 7 This stock film is the base used for photographie films before the gelatinous coating is applied. tt is transparent. Stupy or SELECTIONS FoR S1zE, SHaPE, AND Cotor oF Hens’ Eacs 203 Fic. 10. PHOTOGRAPHIC STUDY OF SIZE AND SHAPE CHARACTERS This shows the appearance of the sensitized paper after exposure under the eggs and subsequent development. A record is made at the time of the exposure, identifying each egg so that, if desired, it may be used later in a group with all other eggs laid by the same hen 204 Eart W. BENJAMIN place by small circles of stock film made by cutting strips of film about 3 inches long and } inch wide and gluing the ends together. These film circles are transparent, thus casting no shadow, and are therefore much more suitable than if made of an opaque substance such as cardboard or metal. When the twelve eggs that are to be reproduced on each 9x11- inch sheet are placed on the film, they are arranged evenly by means of a separate frame shown in figure 9, which divides the 9x11-inch space into twelve equal parts. This frame is removed before the repro- duction is made. After the frame with the eggs on it is in place under the light, the light is turned on for an exposure varying with its power and its distance from the eggs. In this study, a 200-candle-power tungsten light, with a special parallel-ray reflector, was used, about 9 feet distant from the eggs, and an exposure of just one minute was required. A red light was used when working with the sensitized paper. After the exposed sheet has been developed, the eggs appear as white outlines on a black background (fig. 10). .A key is arranged at the time when the exposure is made, whereby the numbers of the eggs repro- duced are known, so that certain eggs can be cut out of the plate at any time, rearranged, and photographed. COLOR CHARACTER The method of making selections for the color character, and of recording the colors for reference during succeeding generations of the birds, was a difficult one to develop. Various schemes were contemplated and many of these were tried. Schemes of using color tops or wheels, various types of colorimeters, colored photography, and so forth, were considered, but were discarded as being too slow, expensive, or inaccurate. It is very difficult to match the color of an egg with that of any other surface. It was decided that if a system of matching colors was to be followed, in order to do the work rapidly the eggs must_be matched to other eggs of standard colors. \ By a careful inspection of all eggs produced on the plant for several days, a graduated set of colors containing about fifty tones from chalk- white to dark chocolate brown was obtained. The first seventeen of these tones were the only ones used in the experiment. The contents of these eggs were blown, and the shells were numbered consecutively and MeEmorr 31 PLatTE Vit Puate VII KEY TO COLOR NOTATION USED FOR COLOR STUDIES OF EGGS eo nce épertoire ‘ouleurs Color notation number Ee Ton : Plate (Tone ) ens 1 epaeieel: Peer ll Deere | mune tl panne eee 11 menigie do owed 2 eeere | 452 oy 10 See el rrr 10 pha wie pga 9 pa aha Wee 9 i A 5 re 1 O12 lea aacme 2 esa eye 67 eee | Sie OO: betmaangyll eer 68 ere | ssa 68 L gupee s2ee8 68 aot} Sues 68 stead 206 Eart W. BENJAMIN arranged in a tray. These standard eggs were then carefully matched with their respective colors in Répertoire de Couleurs® (Plate VII). The color of eggshells is not permanent and will fade considerably if exposed to the light for any great length of time. The practice was tried of coating the shells, with various preparations intended to preserve their color, but this was not successful, as all these preparations contained so much color in themselves that the color of the shells thus coated was materially changed. The method finally followed was to use, as standards, eggs with the natural surface. The tray of eggs was kept covered with a black cloth except when in use, and the standard eggs were replaced with others of identical color at intervals varying with the length of time they were used. A clear north light is necessary for accurate color selection, and one must have a trained eye in order to be sure of recording the correct color. The terms chalk-white, cream-tinted, and brown-tinted are used merely to designate the three groups of colors, in order to show the type of eggs selected for each lot. The color recording was done by one person early in the experiment and by another person later. A trial was made of color recording by several inexperienced persons on the same set of eggs for several succeeding days, and the percentage of error was found to be very slight. The same standard scale of colors was used thruout the work. The colors were numbered as shown in Plate VII, and these num- bers were used in the correlations and other calculations. METHODS COMMON TO STUDIES OF ALL THE CHARACTERS The chicks used in this study were reared by standard methods, in colony houses with the other experimental chicks on the Cornell experi- mental farm. Previous to 1913 the mature birds were kept in a nurrow house divided into nine pens, one pen for each of the nine characters. Under these conditions the one selected male bird for each pen was allowed freedom in the pen. During the 1913 breeding season and after, individual mating coops were installed, and individual mating was followed for the remainder of the experiment. New houses were used for the stock after 1913 (fig. 11). All feeding, trap-nesting, and other details of management 8 Répertoire de couleurs. Published by La Société Francaise des Chrysanthémiste: a with he collaboration of Henri Dauthenay and others. 1905. rn eee sterner Srupy or SELECTIONS For S1zE, SHAPE, AND CoLor or Hens’ Eacs 207 were conducted under the supervision of the manager of the Cornell poultry farm and in accordance with the usual practice on that farm. The general plan was to save all the chicks until maturity and then save as many typical specimens from each group as could be satis- factorily housed. Usually about’ 120 females and 30 males were kept for the study of the three characters, size, shape, and color. When the surplus stock was culled each fall, an effort was made to save the birds Fic. 11. TYPE OF HOUSE USED FOR STOCK AFTER 1913 representing the extremes of the types. If there were birds that had produced no chicks during the previous breeding season, these birds were ‘usually culled. In cases in which nearly all the members of a certain family had developed only a medium quality for the character studied, the whole family was often culled to make room for more promising birds. A large proportion of cockerels and pullets were usually saved for the first year, and these were culled fairly closely before being used as breeders during the succeeding years. 208 Eart W. BENJAMIN These methods of selection explain why so few records are actually available for the study of some of the characters. _ In following the method of individual mating, each male to be mated with any females in the pen is retained in a coop. Whenever a female is removed from the trap nest, the attendant finds her band number on a posted list and learns the band number of the male with which she is to be mated. Before placing her in the mating coop, however, the work is further checked by looking for the hen number on a tag attached to the coop, and also by comparing the color of her band with the color of the male’s band. The female is then placed in the coop and removed at the time of the next inspection of the trap nests. Usually about twelve mating coops were needed in each house. Every egg laid by the mature birds is recorded as to either its size, its shape, or its color, in the same way as the original incubated eggs were recorded. This enables the investigator to compare the character of the egg incubated with the eggs which the resulting pullet produces. Many of the eggs from hens in the size and shape selections were also photographed, as previously explained. . RESULTS The results of the investigation may properly be grouped into those concerned with the inheritance studies and those concerned with other related studies, the former being dealt with first. INHERITANCE STUDIES Variability of production due to differences between the parent types An effort was made to determine to what extent the variability of a bird’s production was dependent on the differences existing, for the particular character, in the respective dam and sire. The studies made in this regard are illustrated in tables 1 to 12, and a summary is given in table 13. In constructing these tables, the standard deviations for each of the three egg characters considered, for each respective year’s production, were calcu- lated, and these were correlated with the differences existing between the means of the respective egg character for all the eggs produced during the life of the respective dam, and as calculated for the respective sire.® 9 The life mean for the sire was obtained by averaging his respective dam and sire. The character of the egg from which the first sires used in the study were hatched, was taken as the mean for these first sires. When a class is designated by one figure, that figure represents the upper limit of the class; when a class is designated by two figures, the upper figure is included in the class. Stupy or SELEcTIONS FoR S1zE, SHAPE, AND Cotor or Hens’ Eacs 209 ¥ It is clear that no correlation exists for these characters. This state- ment, of course, has reference to the first generation only. This result does not show that when comparing the mean characters for the several offspring from a certain mating, one may not find a variability depending on the difference between the same characters for the respective dam and sire. TABLE 1. Stanparp Deviation or Ece Size (WercHt in Grams) puRING Frast YEAR OF Propuction, Supsect; DIFFERENCE BETWEEN Eqc-Size Lirz Mzan ror Dam AND FOR Sire, Rewative : Coefficient of correlation = .012 + .052 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 1.0-1.5 1 2 1 4 1.5-2.0 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 9 2.0-2.5 4 2 2 4 2 1 7 42 2 8 33 2.5-3.0 11d o56 38 2 1 7 2 8 8 3241 4 1 53 3.0-3.5 6 38 3 4 1% 5b 2 7 6111 47 3.5-4.0 3 2 1 «41 2 1 1 31 4 1 17 4.04.5 : 1 1 #1 3 4.5-5.0 0 5.0-5.5 0 5.5-6.0 1 1 6.0-6.5 1 6.5-7.0 0 7.0-7.5 1 1 2613 10 9 4 13 16 17 183 20510 911000100 1 ~= «169 TABLE 2. Stanparp Deviation or Ecc Sizz purina Seconp YEAR or Propuction, SuBsEcT; DIFFERENCE BETWEEN EaG-Size Lire Mran ror DAM AND FOR SIRE, RELATIVE Coefficient of correlation = — .28 + .08 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8g 9M10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 \ 1.5-2.0 1 #1 2 2.0-2.5 1 2 2 2 1 2 2 ‘4 18 2.5-3.0 oe 8 7 By 2 2 4 a2 a2 B 27 3.0-3.5 2 2 2 1 3 10 3.5-4.0 1 1 2 4.0-4.5 1 1 2 4 6 4 8 1 6 5 7 8 56 8 8 0 0 000041 56 210 Eart W. BENJAMIN TABLE 3. Sranparp Deviation oF Ece Size DuriING THIRD YEAR OF PRODUCTION, Supsect; DirreERENCE BETWEEN Eac-Swze Lire Megan ror Dam anp For Sims, OOP PWN RELATIVE Coefficient of correlation = .13 +.12 1 2 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 138 14 15 16 17 #18 19 5-2.0 1 0-2.5 1 1 1 5-3.0 1 1 4 2 1 3 21 0-3.5 1 1 1 2 5-4.0 1 1 2 0-4.5 5-5 .0 0-5.5 1 5-6.0 1 1 3 0 2 1 4 0 6 4 3 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 HK wwe Re OORD nN o TABLE 4. Sranparp Deviation oF Eaa Size purinG Fourtu Year or PRODUCTION Supsect; DiIrFERENCE BETWEEN Eao-Size Lire Megan ror Dam anv ror SIRE, HOO dD RELATIVE : Coefficient of correlation = — .16 + .20 1 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 0-2.5 1 1 1 5-3 .0 1 1 € 1 0-3.5 by) 1 5-4.0 0-4.5 1 1 1 0 2 0 1 0 2 0 2 2: 1 TABLE 5. Sranparp Deviation or Eco Suare purine First Year or Propuction, Supsect; DIFFERENCE BETWEEN Eca-Suare Lire Mean For Dam AND FoR SIRE, Pihwwhwee RELATIVE Coefficient of correlation = .18 + .08 01 .02 .03 .04 .05 .06 .07 .08 .09..10 .11 .12 .13 .14 .15 .16 .17 .18 0-1.5 1 5-2.0 1 1 1 1 0-2.5 1 4 3 1 a eee Comes | 1 41 1 1 5-3.0 4.2 2 3 2 24 2 2 3 1 1 0-3.5 1 2 1 2 2 1 2 5-4.0 1 2 2 1 4 0-4.5 1 1 5-5.0 1 1 ‘ 6 89 6 7 8 6 6 4 2 OS 2 & 2O1t Dd B Stupy or SELECTIONS FOR S1zE, SHAPE, AND CoLor oF Hens’ Eces 211 TABLE 6. Sranparp DeviaATIoN oF Eaa@ SHAPE DURING SECOND YEAR OF Propvuction, Supsect; DirreRENCE. BETWEEN Eea-SHare Lire Mran ror Dam AND FoR SIRE, RELATIVE , Coefficient of correlation = .14 + .10 -01 .02 .03 .04 .05 .06 .07 .08 .09 .10 .11 .12 .13 .14 .15 .16 .17 .18 0.5-1.0 | 1 1 1.0-1.5 0 1.5-2.0 ee | 2 2.0-2.5 2 & Dokod 1 ay 2.5-3.0 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 8 3.0-3.5 3 1 1 1 1 1 8 3.5-4.0 1 1 1 3 4.04.5 zl 1 2 4.5-5.0 0 5.0-5.5 1 1 i 1 1 TABLE 7. Sranparp DeviaTIon oF Ecco SHapre purine Tutrp YEAR OF PRODUCTION, Supsect; DirFrERENcE BETWEEN Ecc-Snarze Jaire Mean For Dam anv For SiRrz, RELATIVE Coefficient of correlation = .13 + .18 01 .02 .03 .04 .05 .06 .07 .08 .09 .10 .11 112 113 .14 2.0-2.5 1 1 2 2.5-3.0 2 a 1 6 3.0-3.5 1 1 2 3.5-4.0 1 1 1 3 4.0-4.5 0 4.5-5.0 0 5.0-5.5 0 5.5-6.0 0 6.0-6.5 0 6.5-7.0 1 1 3 oOo 2 2 1 3 0 1 060 0 0 0 1 1 14 TABLE 8. Sranparp Deviation or Eco Swarr purine FourrH YEAR or PRropuction, Supsect; DirreReNce BETWEEN Ecc-SHarz Lirr Man For Dam AND FOR SIRE, RELATIVE Coefficient of correlation = .45 + .20 01 .02 .03 .04 .05 .06 .07 .08 .09 .10 .11 112 .13 14 1.5-2.0 1 1 2.0-2.5 2 1 3 2.5-3.0 1 1 3.0-3.5 2 L 3 3.5-4.0 1 1 2 Earut W. BENJAMIN 212 | % al oO o eo i=} ° o o o f=} ° ° Pi AHH MMOnOONOOOR so L GS et OT TT Ss 8&8 * T T T T T T T T T I T T T T T T I T T T T T ra € T & T T € € & T 4 T € id € a & 8 z T a ¥ g g L T id T € Z bp € € T z g g T T T ¥ T rd AMOOHdHI MYM ANA i=) iD 4 nN al os °0-Sz"0 OTL SO! O'Ol SG Ob CS O'S GL OL S'S OO S'S O'S Gr OF GE OF S'S O2 ST OF GO’ + gT' = WoreparI09 jo yUaIDyZO0H HALLVIGY ‘GUIG xOd CNV WY YOd NVA BAIT YOIOO-Doy NATMLTE SONTUGIGIG ‘Lomrang ‘NOLLONGOXg JO AVX LSU ONIUAG WOIOD OHPY JO NOMVIAGq auvaNvig wn (=) ‘6 ATAVL Stupy or SeLections ror Sizx, SHarz, anp Cotor or Hens’ Ecos 213 ~ ' \ TABLE 10. Sranparp Deviation or Eco Cotor purine Szconp YEAR OF PRopUCT-ON, Sussect; DIFFERENCE BETWEEN Eac-Cotor Lire Mzan FoR Dam AND FOR SIRE, RE.aTIVE Coefficient of correlation = .43 + .07 0.5 1.01.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 0.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5 9.0 9.5 0.25-0.50 1 1 0:50-0:75 1 1 075-1 .00 4 3 7 1.00-1.25 2 3 2 2 1 10 1.25-1-50 3 1 2 2 1 2 ll 1.50-1.75 3 1 1 2 2 9 1.75-2.00 1 1 1 1 1 5 2100-2 25 1 1 2 3 7 2125-250 1 1 1 3 2.50-2.75 1 1 4 2:75-3 00 1 1 2 3.00-3 .25 1 1 2 3.25-3.50 1 1 2 3.50-3.75 0 3,754.00 1 1 4.00-4 25 1 1 4125-450 0 4.50-4.75 1 1 4.75-5.00 0 5 .00-5.25 0 5125-5 .50° 0 5.50-5.75 * 1/1 215 4 6 38 6 5 411 10 00 000001 6 TABLE 11. Sranparp Deviation or Ecc Cotor purine Tarrp YEear or Propuction, Supsect; DIFFERENCE BETWEEN Eac-Cotor Lire Mran ror Dam AND For SIRi, RELATIVE Coefficient of correlation = .52 + .13 0.5 1.01.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5 9.0 9.5 0.50-0.75 1 1 0.75-1.00 2 4 a 4 1.00-1.25 1 2 3 1.25-1.50 1 1 3 1.50-1.75 11 2 1.75-2.00 1 1 2 2.00-2.25 0 2.25-2.50 0 2.50-2.75 1 1 2.75-3 .00 1 1 3.00-3 .25 1 1 3.25-3.50 1 . 1 3.50-3.75 1 1 3.75-4.00 0 4,.00-4.25 0 4.25-4.50 0 4.50-4.75 0 4.75-5.0 0 5.00-5 .25 1 1 a» nN m N ° = wo = Oo i=) o o ° o Oo i=) So i=) 8 214 Eart W. BENJAMIN e TABLE 12. Sranparp Deviation or Ecc Cotor purine Fourra YEAR oF PRoDUCTION, Supsect: DirFERENCE BETWEEN Ecce-Cotor Lire MEAN For DAM AND FOR Sire, RELATIVE 1.25-1.50 WWWWNNNNHHEPr a w i=} o Coefficient of correlation = .55 + .15 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.05.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5 9.0 9.5 1 4 5 0 1 1 1 1 0) 1 1 it) 0 0 1 1 0 1} 1 11 00003 0 4 0 0 Oo 0 0 0 0 1 + 10 TABLE 13. Summary or CoRRELATIONS BETWEEN StanpaRD Deviation oF Eae Cuar- ACTERS DURING Eacu or THE First Four YeEars oF PropuctTion, SUBJECT, AND DIFFERENCE BETWEEN REsPecTIVE Lire Means For Dam AND FOR SIRE, RELATIVE Coefficient Number Eelection Year of production of = of indi- correlation Er viduals Size Ripst hsp tt oe 0.8.8 cacoaee iar 012+ .052 | 0.23 169 © Second gst sah a5 smears ea chiens noes -.28 +.08 3.50 56 Dhird ware iicasadences 44 edaees sagas 18 +.12 1.08 29 Pourthiccnscveoas gages WA ek eas thie sd .16 + .20 0.80 li Shape Pirstieccyaic genta 8 SS ORES ohAE Tot eaees .18 + .08 2.25 70 BO COnd ois sous bck yA ied Guainn DSwRS aw .14 +.10 1.40 32 MEDI A isi5-9 ws ace lotr eee ease etal Roar eave sce 13 + .18 0.72 14 BOURGNe. 2 ats eee en cag AaW emo 45 +.20 2.25 10 Color FERS secices- 4.33 obras THEA Wo wh Re 13 +.05 2.60 174 Secotidic.« socmanineasrtra ne ees ceaenp as .43 + .07 6.14 68 THI Csea b = Ghpaiieatate an’ poles eee eee eee 62 +.13 . 4.00 21 Mourthijcc' seomenenuae es uae exaye eee 55 +.15 3.67 10 STUDY OF SELECTIONS FOR SIzE, SHAPE, AND Cotor or Hens’ Eces 215 Inheritance of mean egg type The correlations shown in tables 14 to 22 and summarized in tables 23 and 24 indicate a distinct positive relation between the mean type of either or both parents and the production of the offspring. In table 23 Tr Er to 22; and for the average of both parents, from 8 to 39. In table 24 it it is seen that —for the sire ranges from 3 to 18; for the dam, from 4 is seen that = ranges, for size, from 4 to 10; for shape, from 3 to 8; and. Er for color, from 18 to 39. TABLE 14. Tora, Averace Size (WerautT in Grams) OF PRopUCTION OF THE UFF- SPRING, SUBJECT; Size RecorpD FoR SIRE, RELATIVE Coefficient of correlation = .36 + .04 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62. 63 64 36 1 1 38 0 40 0 42 0 44 0 46 1 1 48 3 2 2 1 ok 2 1 1 12 50 4 3 2 2 3 1 2 17 52 2 2 3 5 5 6 L £ 2 2 28 5k 2 3 2 4 7 2 3 «21 12 1 5 33 53 2 lL 2 2 5 2 4 1 8 I 2 1 6 32 53 1 1 lL 2 2 1 oad 3 1 o1 9 23 60 1 1172 3 4 11 62 1 1 1 2 5 64 1 1 3 5 66 1 Load al 4 68 0 70 0 72 0 74 1 1 13 0 0 0 513 8 013 15 & 919 4 1 8 8 & O 3 q w Eart W. Bensamin 216 ml € 0 Oo 6 0 0b oO OO es 2 he e Oe ee Oke ee UR Ue he ee mie Del a aa SOO ON eoAAN ww tad ANNAN HY MINHA Oe ORMMN aA NMOS OD rt ait MIMAAN iT ae AMMA AN NANA oO wD tol oad AMS oOo iu f4 GL IL 04 69 89 49 99 $9 79 £9 G9 19 09 6G 8S 2o OS Go Fo EG go If 09 GF SF LP OF CF GO" F %" =UoHBIaII00 Jo yuoIoWYood TALLVICY ‘WY XO quOoTY azIg ‘wograng ‘ONIudSd4Q UHL JO NOWONaGoUg 40 ZIG GOVaIAY TVLOL, ‘Cl FIAVL Stupy oF SELECTIONS FOR SIzE, SHAPE, AND Cotor or Hens’ Eaas 217 €ZT T 0 0 0 T T @ € et St 24t St OF 242 eo 1% OF F 6 9 TO €& O0 & T T 0 4 0 ¥ I T @ g e 4 g T TI I T T 8s T € &T id T z T Ir T 6 6@ 6 & 4 I ra € T o tT os T @ €& F 9 T g T € @ Tt & ee o F F 9 ZL ¢ tT © F & F 86 { +t T & T or & 9 @ tT T LT I T 9 F Ee Pek rd T cas T I 6 t £ £ & Ft T T T 0 \ 0 A) 0) T T 69 89 29 99 99 79 9 29 19 09 6 8G 4g 9G GG 8G BG TS OF Gh 8h Lh OF GH $0 Gp’ = TONepesI09 jo yualoTya0H DAILVIGY ‘Av aNv GQulg Od GHOOTY AZIG ANVAGAY iwograag ‘ONIadsd1O GHL dO NOIONGOUg 40 ‘azIg GDVUGAV IVLOT, ‘OT AI1aviL 218 Earut W. BENJAMIN aaSSoeeRR ewan IIT 0 0 2 OF 0 6 9 0 oO 60 Of 0 O TT OO 0 Ff | Ke) = o hal Oo bc a bi) mn mM OMN im: HORNA rt MONO et aoricoet MOOS ried AaAA rite N i Py @, zt. TL OL 69 89 249 99° $9 9 89 29 T9 09 6 8 Lf OF GG FF ES BE TS OF 20° IZ =Worepess09 jo queraqye0g . HALLVIGY ‘TUG HOA CUOOTY AdVHY {Lograng ‘ONIUaSdIQ FHL {O NOILONGOUG {0 HAVHG HOVATAY TVLOTL, “LT ATAVL STUDY OF SELECTIONS FOR S1zE, SHAPE, AND Cotor or Hens’ Eces 219 TABLE 18. Totai Averace SHAPE OF PRODUCTION OF THE OFFSPRING, SUBJECT; SHAPE Recorp ror Dam, RELATIVE Coefficient of correlation = .47 + .06 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 54 1 [=z] oo Nee tLobPN Gee mro0 od Re NID tnd pe Be Ne a S mom Ot mh t> NP WOOWNADOOCCORF RRR Oo | ~_ ot) » ° to N a 10200020012 610 018 7 0 0 2 TABLE 19. Totat Averacs SHAPE oF PRODUCTION OF THE OFFSPRING, SUBJECT; AVERAGE SHare RecorD For Sir—E AND Dam, RELATIVE Coefficient of correlation = .49 + .06 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 * 54 1 BS arey ee =n ies mrp Np tom nooo hoo Nee Oe 9 oo 09 08 ee pe i 3 | wewodsaanaccconm 10000 0 00 8 0°38 2 5 7 4 18 13 12 2 4 1 1 220 EarLt W. BENJAMIN TABLE 20. Toran Averacn Cotor or Propuction oF THE OFFSPRING, SUBJECT; CoLoR RecorpD FoR Sirz, RELATIVE Coefficient of correlation = .53 + .03 2.0 2.5 8.0 8.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5 1.0-1.5 3 2 3 1 9 1.5-2.0 5 5 1 2 2 15 2.0-2.5 9 1 6 5 1 11 33 2.5-3.0 2 10 2 1 8 7 8 38 3.0-3.5 1 5 2 1 6 1 2 1 19 3.5-4.0 2 3 3 11 3 2 24 4.0-4.5 1 1 2 5 1 2 12 4.5-5.0 2 7 2 1 12 5.0-5.5 1 1 1 1 1 1 6 5.5-6.0 1 1 1 3 6.0-6.5 2 2 6.5-7.0 1 1 3 3 8 7 Oe? 6 3 4 6 13 26 7.5-8.0 1 1 1 2 2 1 8 8.0-8.5 0 8.5-9.0 1 1 TABLE 21. Tora, Averace Cotor or Propuction or THE OrrspRiNnGa, SuBsJECT; CoLoR Recorp ror Dam, RELATIVE Coefficient of correlation = .67 +- .03 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 1.0-1.5 6 3 9 1.5-2.0 8 2 1 2 2 15 2.0-2.5 5 10 7 3 2 1 3 1 1 33 2.5-3.0 1 3 7 9 4 2 4 1 3 4 38 3.0-3.5 2 1 2 4 2 2 2 1 2 1 19 3.5-4.0 4 7 5 2 2 2 2 24 4.04.5 1 6 1 1 1 1 1 12 4.5-5.0 1 1 3 2 1 2 1 1 12 5.0-5.5 1 1 1 1 2 6 5.5-6.0 1 1 1 3 6.0-6.5 1 1 2 6.5-7.0 1 1 2 8 7.0-7.5 1 1 8 11 5 26 7.5-8.0 1 1 1 1 2 8 8.0-8.5 0 8.5-9.0 1 1 : 3 11 42 43 #18 «12 11 11 13 1 14 14 14 9 216 Stupy or SELECTIONS For S1zz, SHAPE, AND CoLor or Hens’ Ecos 221 TABLE 22. Toran AvERAGE Cotor or PRODUCTION OF THE OrrsprRina, SuBsJEcT; AVERAGE Coror Recorp For Sire anv, Dam, RELATIVE Coefficient of correlation = .79 + .02 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 60 6.5 7.0 7.5 1.0-1.5 3 2 1 2 1 9 1.5-2.0 3 4 1 2 4 1 15 2.0-2.5 7 2 7 1 10 4 1 33 2.5-3.0 6 2 6 8 13 2 1 38 3.0-3.5 1 3 2 7 3 1 2 19 3.5-4.0 3 3 #11 7 24 4.0-4.5 1 1 4 4 2 12 4.5-5.0 4 5 1 1 1 12 5.0-5.5 2 3 1 6 5.5-6.0~ 1 1 1 3 6.06.5 1 1 2 6.5-7.0_ 1 3 1 3 8 7.0-7.5 1 1 2 5 (17 26 7.5-8.0 1 2 2 1 8 8.0-8.5 0 8.5-9.0 1 1 22 18 24 45 49 10 3 3 «12 9 21 216 TABLE 23. Summary or CorreLations BETWw#EN ToTaL AVERAGE CHARACTERS OF Propuction oF THE OFrsPRING, SuBJECT, AND AVERAGE CHARACTERS OF PARENTS, RELATIVE tm, Coefficient " Number Correlated parentage | Character studied of pe of indi- correlation _Er viduals Sire : Sizes ss cicciccisseumssiexs dcoaced ees 864 .04 9 173 Shape..............0..00. .21+4 .07 3 76 GOlOEs sscccuece A2acd de havernies 538+ .03 18 216 Dam BIZ es sscast ecee thas sede 22+ .05 4 173 Shape.............0.00005 47+ .06 8 76 ClO esis ain esick GSS 67+ .03 22 216 Average of sire and dam} Size..................... 42+ .04 10 173 Shapes: sews ene see sea waren 49+ .06 8 76 Colors cewssaevvsares aaa. .79+ .02 39 216 222 Eart W. BENJAMIN TABLE 24. Summary Given in Taste 23 ArRANGED AccoRDING TO CHARACTERS Coefficient “3 Number Character Correlated parentage of — of indi- correlation Er viduals Size Ditee abbipianeerbi ua athuincouas meio 36: 04 9 173 Dames cs aagenwass sanetay aoe vane eae .22+ 05 4 173 Sirevand dam. s00:00 veces ceeses we A2+ .04 10 173 Shape ie isias soc a eee 214.07; 3 76 METI 2 dsp hind sissaceyh earn ce Remon wa AT7+ .06 8 - 16 Sireanddam.......... AN erasececccgina de 49+ .06 :) 76 Color Bitei tea sgeoredntians hahetnain oe 53.03 18 216 DAMS cosas a std ie le cated waved ex aaiay snes a .67+ .03 |}. _ 22 ., 216 Sireand dam.........- Be dicinieitaeas acces 79+ .02 39 216 All of these correlations are significant, especially since they arise from a random population. From the results of this study, it would appear that the quality of either the male or the female parent will affect the type of egg to be produced by the offspring, with the female having slightly greater influence. A certain character is of much greater influence if possessed by both individuals than if possesséd by either one alone. This does not agree with some results obtained by Pearl (1912, and 1915 a and b) in dealing with quantity of production, and it does not show quite the conditions found by Goodale (1918), who also worked with the quantity factor; it does agree fairly closely, however, with the general opinion prevailing among poultrymen. : The results for the whole experiment relative to the mean character of the progeny in relation to the respective characters of the sire and the dam, are charted in figures 12 to 17. References to large, small, round, long, brown, or white parents or progeny relate to the quality of the -eggs produced by those birds, not to the size, shape, or color of the birds. ‘The terms large and small refer, respectively, to means of the sizes of eggs produced during the birds’ lifetime, of 56 grams or more, and of less than 56 grams; the terms round and long refer to means of the index figures of the eggs produced during the birds’ lifetime, of 72 or more, and of less than 72, respectively; and the terms brown and white refer to means of the color of eggs produced during the birds’ lifetime, of 3 or higher, ’ Srupy or Sexections ror Siz, SHaPe, anp Cotor or Hens’ Eces 223 and of lower than 3, respectively. The exact means for the various groups shown in figures 12 to 14 are given in table 25: TABLE 25. Mean Cuaracters or Brrps AVAILABLE FoR Usr In CatcuLatine Data For Fieures 12 to 14 ; Mean Mean Mean seer Mating character | character | character for sire for dam for progeny Size Large sire and,small dam................ 59.6" 51.5 54.3 Small sire and largedam......... Te glen tars 51.7 60.6 53.9 Large sire and large dam................ 60.3 59.6 57.2 Small sire and small dam................ 51.7 51.7 51.6 Shape Round sire and long dam................ 73.0 69.3 71.5 Long sire and round dam................ 67.0 75.4 | 72.5 Round sire and round dam.............. 73.0 76.0 75.0 Long sire and long dam................. 65.4 69.1 71.0 Color Brown sire and white dam............... 4.81 2.34 3.00 White sire and brown dam...............- 2.11 4.78 3.27 Brown sire and brown dam.............. 4.56 4.55 3.75 White sire and white dam............... 2.34 2.19 2.60 Weight (grams) 64 uf Co 567 §27 484 447 40> 36 32: 284 244 20+ 167 127 84 44 i Large Small Prog- Small Large Prog- Large’ Large Prog- Small Small Prog- sire dam eny sire dam eny sire eny sire dam eny (25) (49) (18) (81) (23) = *(41) ay (39) Fic. 12. MEAN SIZE CHARACTERS OF SIRES, DAMS, AND PROGENY IN ALL MATINGS The figures in parenthesis designate the numbers of birds available for the respective calculations 224 ‘Fart W. BENJAMIN Oe CI C1 io Round Long Prog- Long Round Prog- Round Round Prog- Long Long Prog- sire eny sire dam eny sire dam eny sire, dam eny (8) (9) (10) (26) (1) (2) (16) (46) Fic. 18. MEAN SHAPE CHARACTERS OF SIRES, DAMS, AND PROGENY IN ALL MATINGS The figures in parenthesis designate the numbers of birds available for the respective calculations’ Color ° 5.1 ' ‘ 4 eel 4.54 4.24 3.94 3.6- 3.34 3.04 2.74 2.44 2.17 Brown White Prog- White Brown Prog- Brown Prown Prog- White White Prog- sire dam eny sire dam eny site dam eny sire dam eny (27) (70) (12) (30) (33) (70) (27) (29) Fic. 14. MEAN COLOR CHARACTERS OF SIRES, DAMS, AND PROGENY IN ALL MATINGS The figures in parenthesis designate the numbers of birds available for the respective calculations It is seen in figures 12 to 14 that in every instance in which one extreme character has been mated with another, the progeny have dis- Stupy or SELECTIONS FoR SizE, SHAPE, AND CoLor or Hens’ Ecas 225 played a character between the two. In most instances in which the sire and the dam were both of thesame extreme character, the progeny dis- played a character nearer to normal than either of the parents. In the case of small size, however, this tendency was reversed, and the character for the progeny from two small parents was of a still smaller type. In this case it is probable that the effect of the size of body was to limit the size of the eggs’ (Benjamin, 1914), The relative effect of the sire and the dam is shown clearly in figures 15 to 17. In figure 15 it is seen that small size is predominant over large size. The sire will transmit small size to the progeny much more strongly than large size. In the instance in which both parents are large, only 58.6 per cent of the progeny possess the “large” character; but when 65.6%, Large sire £mall sire Large sire Small sie mall dam Large dam Large dam Small dam re 15. RELATION OF PROGENY SIZE CHARACTERS TO SIRE AND DAM The mS area in each case designates the proportion of progeny showing the same character as that of \ the sire both parents are small, 81.9 per cent of the progeny possess the “small” character. The two parents appear here to have about equally strong influence in transmitting the “small” character. The predominance of the small size may be due to the additional physiological factors involved by the size of the dam’s body restricting the size of egg which can possibly be produced, without regard to any inherited tendencies. A hen with a large body can produce a small egg, but a hen with a small body cannot so readily produce a large egg. The question of the inheritance of egg shape may not be entirely free from the physiological complications involved in the study of egg size. This opinion is borne out by figure 16. The dam seems to have nearly 60 per cent of the influence on the progeny. The fact that the two long parents have a somewhat higher percentage of the progeny following their type than do the two round parents, would lead to the theory that 226 Eart W. BENJAMIN the length character is somewhat predominant over the width; other- wise one would expect to find more than 50 per cent of round progeny when both sire and dam are round. Both the size and the shape of the egg seem to be about equally trans- mitted to the progeny by the dams and by the sires. These two factors pester sire Long sire Round sire Long sire Long dam Round dam Round dam Long dam Fic. 16. RELATION OF PROGENY SHAPE CHARACTERS TO SIRE AND DAM The white area in each case designates the Beoponien of progeny showing the same character as that of the sire appear, however, to be independent, as is shown by an entire lack of correlation between them (Benjamin, 1912). Such a condition as is found here is the reverse of what might be expected if the results obtained by other workers (Pearl and Curtis, 1916) on Barred Plymouth Rocks were borne out with the strain of White Leghorns used in these experi- ae Brown sire White sire Brown sire White sire White dam Brown dam Brown dam White dam Fic. 17. RELATION OF PROGENY COLOR CHARACTERS TO SIRE AND DAM The white area in each case designates the properties of progeny showing the same character as that of the sire ments. Pearl and Curtis found the index figure and the weight of eggs to be negatively correlated. The study of the color inheritance (fig. 17) shows about equal influences of sire and dam. When both parents are of the “white” character, they seem to be able to transmit their character more definitely than when Srupy or SELECTIONS For Sizz, SHAPE, AND Cotor or Hens’ Eacs 227 both are of the “brown” character, but this difference is not great. Neither color and neither parent seem to have a predominance. These results are an accumulation of data from six different years, _ with all the variations in conditions that must always occur. Hence the facts shown can apparently be accepted as giving undoubted evidence of the inheritance of the characters in question. Relation of egg incubated to mean egg type of bird hatched The correlations shown in tables 26 to 49; and summarized in tables 50 and 51, show a general relationship between the particular type of egg incubated and the type of egg produced by the chick hatched, both for the separate years of the bird’s production and for its life mean.!° r Er is much less significant for these studies than for the studies of the relation existing between the mean productions of parents and progeny. Apparently the particular type of egg incubated has some effect on the type of egg which the offspring will produce, but not so much effect as the mean production of the hen which laid that incubated egg. In this study the coefficient of correlation for the size character, as shown in table 50, is of greater significance than that for the other char- acters, as is the case in all of the work here reported. The shape character shows a fair degree of correlation. The color character exhibits a peculiar condition. The correlations with the pullets’ eggs incubated, for the first and sécond years, are insignifi- cant; the third-year correlation is based on too few individuals to be of much value; and the life-mean correlation shows a distinct negative coefficient. This condition is probably due to the great irregularity that exists in the coloration of successive eggs laid by most individuals. Sufficient proof is not at hand to warrant the conclusion that a negative correlation actually exists for this character, but it is believed that such a negative or insignificant correlation may be expected, due to the irregu- larity of the material. 10 The terms fs one and hen, as used inthis memoir, refer to female birds during their first season of production and during their later seasons of production, respectively. 228 Eart W. BENJAMIN TABLE 26. Mean Size (Weicut 1n Grams) oF First YeAr’s Propuction or Birps, Supsect; Sizm or Puttets’ Eces rrom Wuicu Respective Birps Were Harcuen, RELATIVE Coefficient of correlation = .40 + .063 45 47 49 51 53 5557S 61 63 65 46 1 1 48 1 2 2 2 2 9 50 1 1 5 2 1 1 1l 52 1 1 1 4 1 2 1 Ms 54 1 1 . 5 3 1 11 56 1 38 2 38 4 8 1 | 17 58 2 1 4 fF 1 1 2 12 60 1 2 1 4 62 1 1 1 3. 64 1 1 66 1 1 TABLE 27. Muan Sizz or Seconp Year’s Propuction or Birps, Supsect; Size oF Put- Lets’ Eces From Wuicu Respective Birps Were Hatcuep, RELATIVE Coefficient of correlation = .37 + .108 47 49 51 53 55 57 59 61 Ul 50 1 1 2 52 1 1 54 1 1 2 1 5 56 1 3 1 1 1 7 58 1 2 1 1 1 6 60 1 2 1 1 1 6 62 1 1 2 64 1 1 1 3 66 0 68 0 70 1 1 2 4 1 7 4 7 5 3 33 Srupy or Sexecrions For S1zz, SHaPE, AND Cotor or Hens’ Eacs 229 TABLE 28. Mzan Size or Tarrp Yuar’s Propuction oF Brirps, Sussect; S1zz oF Put- iets’ Eees From Waicu Respective Birps WERE HatcueD, RELATIVE Coefficient of correlation = .30 + .131 47 49 51 53 55 57 59 61 1 52 1 1 1 & » Dee i) ze _ 8 | iw) RK OCOCORF RF WRWUWH TABLE 29, Mean Size or Fourts Yrar’s Propuction or Birps, Sussect; S1zE or Put- LETs’ Eaes From Waticu Respective Birps Were Harcuep, RELATIVE Coefficient of correlation = .50 + .191 47 49 51 53 55 57 59 50 1 1 52 0 54 1 1 2 56 1 1 58 0 60 1 1 62 0 64 1 1 66 0 68 1 1 1 1 0 2 0 2 1 7 230 Eart W. BensaMin TABLE 30. Mean Size or Lire Propuction or Birps, SupsEcT; Size oF Putuets’ Kaas FRoM WuicH ResPective Birpys Were Harcuep, RELATIVE Coefficient of correlation = .37 + .065 45 47 #49 #451 538 55 57 59 «61 63 65 46 1 1 48 1 1 2 2 2 8 50 1 1 3 1 1 1 8 52 1 2 1 3 1 1 9 54 2 1 7 3 1 1 15 56 2 2 2 1 3 3 1 1 15 58 1 2 4 3 1 2 13 60 1 1 1 1 1 1 6 62 2 2 64 1 t 1 3 66 0 68 0 70 0 72 0 . 1 1 34 8 6 © 0 0 9 5 O 1 & TABLE 31. Mean Size oF First Year’s Propuction oF Birps, Supsect; Size or Hens’ _ Eaes rrom Watck ResPective Birps Were Hatcuep, RELATIVE Coefficient of correlation = .31 +. .065 45 47 49 S51 53 55 57 59 G61 638 65 67 69 36 1 agat nw eo ome Nwwhde WNND ee mm De CO — =e bo — = FPNNPN WORE Eb Or bw tt — Ne _ — Bl eR HORS TommwHooor bo bo ou _— (oS) _ = wa —_ q _ tw) bo oO ceo Co ny Srupy or SEnEcTIONS FoR SizE, SHAPE, AND Cotor or Hens’ Ecos 231 TABLE 32. Muan Size oF Seconp Yzar’s Propuction or Birps, Supsect; Size or Hens’ Eaes rrom Wutcu ResPective Birps WERE Harcuen, RELATIVE Coefficient of correlation = .46 + .099 45 47 ~-49 51 53 55 574 59 61 63 65 «67 50 1 1 2 1 5 52 1 1 2 54 1 1 2 56 1 1 1 3 58 2 1 2 1 6 60 1 -l 1 3 62 1 1 64 1 3 4 66 0 68 1 1 2 70 1 1 2 2 1 5 4 5 2 0 1 4 2 1 29 TABLE 33. Mean Size oF Tutrp Year's Propuction oF Birps, Sussect; Size or Hens’ Eaes rrom Wuica Respective Brrps Were Hartcuep, RELATIVE Coefficient of correlation = .65 + .123 45 47 49 51 53 55 57 59 61 63 65 52 1 1 2 54 1 1 56 1 1 2 58 1 1 60 ¢ 1 1 2 62 0 64 1 1 66 - 1 1 10 232 Z Eart W. BENJAMIN TABLE 34. Mean Sizz or Lire Propuction or Birps, Supsect; S1zz or Hens’ Eaes rrom Watcu Respective Birvs Were Harcuep, ReLative Coefficient of correlation = .34 +. .063 45 47 49 51 53 55 57 59 61 63 65 67 69 71 73 75 36 | 1: ona Die bo ae a ee rte OO NeeEwWN ww ee NP OP See Ppa ee ee ee me by TABLE 35. Mean Suare or First Year’s Propuction or Birps, Supsscr; SHAPE OF Putiets’ Eacs From Wuicu Respective Birps Were Harcuep, ReLAtive Coefficient of correlation = .89 + .106 68 69 7 71 72 «73 74 7% 7% #7 #«%% 79 80 64 1 1 63 1 1 2 68 1 1 1 3 70 1 1 2 4 72 2 3 2 1 2 10 74 1 2 1 1 1 6 76 1 ane 73 1 1 80 J . 1 1 3 1 2 4 3 #5 2 2 4 1 0 1 29 Srupy or SELECTIONS FoR S1zE, SHAPE, AND CoLor oF Hens’ Eaes 233 TABLE 36. Mean Suarez or Seconp YEAR'S Propuction or Birps, Sussect; SHAPE OF Puuters’ Eacs rrom Wuicu Reserétive Brrps Were Harcuup, Revative Coeicient of correlution = .23 + .192 69 70 71 2 «72 73 74 75 76 77 68 1 1 1 1 4 70 1 1 1 1 4 i 72 1 1 2 74 0 76 ‘ 1 1 2 1 1 3 0 1 1 1 1 11 S TABLE 37. Mean Suave or Lire Propuction or Birps, Sussect; SHAPE oF PULLETS’ Eacs From Wuica Resrective Birps Were HatcHep, RELATIVE Coefficient of correlation = .43 + .102 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 66 1 1 1 3 68 1 1 70 D. 1 1 2 6 72 2 Ba Gk) il 1 10 74 1 | us { 4 1 6 76 1 1 78 1 1 80 1 1 i 2 4 8 “& 8 & S28 «#2 ° fT @ i 2 234 Earit W. BENJAMIN TABLE 38. Mean Suare or First YEAR'S Propuction or Birps, Sussect; SHAPE OF Hens’ Eaes From Watch Respective Birps Were Hatcuep, RELatIve Coefficient of correlation =.34 + .083 61 62 63 64 65 65 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 77+ 54 1 38 ee _ _ i Bhai. NNFW ee nn Ne i) RFPWPRONANTOSSOCOF TABLE 39. Mean Suarz or Seconp Yuar’s Propuction or Brrps, Sussect; SHarE oF Hens’ Eces rrom Wuicn Respective Birps Were Hatcuwep, RELATIVE Coefficient of correlation = .47 + .101 67 .68 69 7 71 72 #73 74 7 76 7 66 1 1 1 1 4 68 1 1 70 1 1 1 1 1 5 72 1 1 2 2 6 74 1 2 1 1 1 6 76 1 1 1 1 4 78 1 1 2 1 2 1 3 2 4 2 3 4 3 27 Strupy oF SELECTIONS For S1zE, SHAPE, AND CoLor or Hens’ Eaes 235 TABLE 40. Mean Swaps or Turrp Year’s Propuction or Brrps, Sussect; SHAPE OF Hens’ Eaas rrom Wuicu Respective Biros Were Hatcuep, RELATIVE Coefficient of correlation = .52-+ .142 69 70 71 72 7 74 #7 6 77 ar (=) — I N — bt et for) for) —_ is | tw) CONFER COOCCO-e tary C TABLE 41. Mean Swarr or Lire Propuction oF Birps, Supsect; Suarez or Hens’ Ecas From Waicu Respective Brirps Were HarcHeD, RELATIVE is Coefficient of correlation = .31 + .084 61 or less 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 7 77 774+ 54 1 — _ PND ewe _ New Ne wo o | _ oo HKHWOOaNnNWworoooodr 1101 1 0 32 3 3 46 7 3 7 4 6 *1 236 Eart W. BENJAMIN TABLE 42. Mean Conor or First YeAr’s Propuction oF Birps, Sussect; CoLor or Putuets’ Eges rrom Wuicu Respective Birps Were HatcHep, RELATIVE Coefficient of correlation = —.12 - .07 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 | 1.0-1.5 1 2 3 1 7 1.5-2.0 1 7 3 2 1 14 2.0-2.5 7 8 3 18 2.5-3.0 4 12 2 4 1 23 3.0-3.5 6 3 1 3 1 14 3.54.0 1 1 1 3 4.04.5 1 1 2 4 4.5-5.0 3 3 1 1 8 5.0-5.5 1 2 3 5.5-6.0 2 2 4 6.0-6.5 0 6.5-7.0 . 0 7.0-7.5 1 1 2 8 3 s 5 e 8 TABLE 43. Mean Cotor or Seconp Year’s Propuction or Birps, Sussect; Couor oF Puuets’ Eaes From Wuicu Respective Birps Were Hatcuep, RELATIVE Coefficient of correlation = .002 + .105 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1.0- 1.5 1 1.5- 2.0 1) 3 2.0- 2.5 1 4 5 2.5- 3.0 2 2 42 4 1 id 3.0- 3.5 s <2 df 4 7 3540/2 1 3 4.0- 4.5 3 1 1 5 4.5~ 5.0 1 ‘@ 5.0- 5.5 2 4 3 5.5- 6.0 0 6.0- 6.5 i 2 3 6.5- 7.0 1 1 7.0- 7.5 1 1 7.5- 8.0 0 8.0- 8.5 0 8.5- 9.0 0 9.0- 9.5 0 9 5-10.0 0 10.0-10.5 1 1 13 146 #8 38 0 0 1 4 Stupy or SELECTIONS FOR S1zE, SHAPE, AND CoLor or HeEns’-Eacs 237 TABLE 44. Mean Cotor or Tarrp Yrar’s Propuction or Birps, Sussect; CoLor oF Puuiets’ Eaas rrom Waicn Respective Birps were HatcHep, RELATIVE Coefficient of correlation = .57 + .15 1 2 3 4 1.5-2.0 1 1 2.0-2.5 0 2.5-3.0 2 2 3.0-3.5 1 1 2 3.5-4.0 1 1 2 4.04.5 1 1 4.5-5.0 0 5.0-5.5 0 5.5-6.0 1 1 2 5 0 2 9 TABLE 45. Mean Coror or Lire Propuction or Birps, Sussect; Cotor or PuLLets Eeas rrom Wuicu Respective Birps Were Harcuep, RELATIVE Coefficient of correlation = — .26 + :06 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 ESTO? SoS IOS Co. NO ROE PEASLISLLEL ECE SCNOMOMOMOUMNDASA NN WENO _ WOH PR Don Deb wed cob dDd iN} _ | Recetas eess, 28 «8638 ~—20 8 4 1 1 100 238 Earu W. BENJAMIN TABLE 46. Mean Cotor or First YEAR’s Propuction oF Brrps, SuBsecT; CoLor oF Hens’ Eaos rrom Wuicu Respective Brros Were Harcuep, RELATIVE Coefficient of correlation = .20 + .08 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1011 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Sing pum meen Pe we oe bl EPNNWwWWwh RWW Re No RwNe bob iad: 00 G0 ENTS) Suu Ouse Or Go BO ROE ron) L OMNOMNO HO MNO TS oo ag on _ NH Ww — 8 | RrPOrROCF OF RERNNTANGOOe 5614179 4400000000T000021 TABLE 47. Mean Cotor or Seconp Year’s Propuction or Birps, Sussect; CoLor or Hens’ Eaas rrom Wuicu Respective Birps Were Harcuep, RELATIVE Coefficient of correlation = .31 + .10 123 45 67 8 910111213 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 wWwNNe an SNOMNOMNOMNOMNONOUMNON a we woe -_ 20 00 NTN? OP GT UR HB 09 G9 BD DD et et Piveererrrrerece ee Bl HhccoHonpannweonre 6484230000000 01 00060 01 Stupy or SELECTIONS FoR SizE, SHAPE, AND Cotor or Hens’ Eces 239 TABLE 48. Mean Cotor or Turrp Yrar’s Propucrion or Birps, Susyect; Cotor oF Hens’ Eaas rrom Watcu Respective Birps Were Harcuen, Re ative Coefficient of correlation = .17 +-.20 123 4 5 67 8 9 10 11:12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 1.0-1.5 |) 1 : 1 1.5-2.0 1 1 2.0-2.5 1 1 2.5-3.0 1 1 3.0-3.5 0 3.5-4.0 1 1 4.0-4.5 1 1 1 3 4.5-5.0 1 1 5.0-5.5 1 1 5.5-6.0 0 6.0-6.5 0 6.5-7.0 0 7.0-7.5 1 1 1141110000000 01000 01 11 TABLE 49. Mean Cotor oF Lire Propuction or Birps, Susyect; Cotor or Hens’ Ecas From Wuicnh Respective Brros Were Harcuep, RELATIVE Coefficient of correlation = .28 + .08 123 45 67 8 910 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 90 GO AUNTS? > GU OTH 09 G9 BO DD bet et ELELESTOLTLELS oe SDNASOMNONOMNOMNOMONON SR we ane RENN ORE We rn OR Oe NeENNR Ee Nek ne) ay Cte O> 1 — = | FONCONOCOWANNN 151518 944000000001 0 0 001 @& 240 Eart W. BENJAMIN TABLE 50. Summary or CoRRELATIONS BETWEEN CHARacTeR- MEANS FoR PRODUCTION For SEPARATE YEARS AND FoR Lirg, SuBJEcT, AND CHARACTERS FOR PaRENT Eaes IncuBaTeD FROM PULLETS OR FROM HeENs, RELATIVE Pullets’ eggs incubated Hens’ eggs incubated Year of Character production (means for) Coefficient Number | Coefficient r_ | Number of — | of indi- of E of indi- correlation | EF | viduals | correlation T | viduals Size Birstiiacs.aceacds .40 + .063] 6.3 81 381+ .065 | 4.8 88 Second......... .387 +.103] 3.6 33 46+ .099 | 4.6 29 Third.......... .30 +.131] 2.3 22 654.123 | 5.3 10 Fourth......... -50 +.191] 2.6 7. || sacna saccteik er pee Life... .87 +.065} 5.7 81 34+ .063 | 5.4 90 Shape Pirsty 2Meee. des 389 4.103) 3.7 | 29 344.083 | 4.1 52 Second......... .23 +.192| 1.2 11 474.101 | 4.7 27 PERN: oi asec aii casei aden ow suoggnee fk sei eth 524.142 | 3.7 12 Life. 43 +.102) 4.2 29 314.084 | 3.7 53 Color First........... -.12 4.07 | 1.7 100 | .20+.08 2.5 66 Second......... 002+ .105} 0.02 41 .381+ .10 3.1 28 Third siicsavess x42 57 +.15 | 3.8 9] .174°20 0.8 11 Piles conisieis o's -.25 +.05 | 4.3 100 | .28-.08 3.5 67 = TABLE 51. Summary oF > FROM TABLE 50 J ~ = Year of : Er production Character ae Pullets’ eggs | Hens’ eggs incubated incubated First SEG ia ecard gout ee a ene totais gcle peat 6.3 4.8 Sha peiicics:wites guess du ae ebea ses wesswaln ee 3.7 4.1 Color jcsiciawascepennoes seein ras epee ease 1.7 2.5 Second DIZOs can4 cgcee ee eee SEE eS 4 O43 4mm Eee 3.6 4.6 Shapes.¢ 4 ioc a2s9s4 bese GoGo 454 oy eocmmncenbann ar 1.2 4.7 1670) (0) x re Ree Been ae eee ene enn 0.02 3.1 Third DIZE S59 5s Seed Sind Wa Aa eniite hat abate Garmaenmennee es 8 2.3 5.3 DAG, 5 Acinstsd came Bas wdtyi ai ase aati | ced taeda aa awn ae ieee 3.7 COlGPis + enn an raaie Ac ehimidunawan Cop hdeiyatins 3.8 0.8 Life Beer ent sca Societe a oom 5.7 5.4 BBC a since ote oe eee aoe Og Cure eee aa 4.2 3.7 Colona ing sack ew eainpeead aac cece nd 4.3 3.5 Stupy or SELECTIONS For S1zzE, SHAPE, AND CoLor or Hens’ Ecas 241 The summary in table 51 groups the figures for the factor of significance, according to years and life means. There is a more significant cor- relation between the life mean of the offspring production and the type of parent egg incubated, than between the production of any of the separate years and the incubated egg. This means that the egg incubated affects the mean type of egg produced during the whole life of the bird hatched, to a greater extent than it affects the pullet-year production or the pro- duction of any other single year. There is a strong correlation, as shown in tables 52 to 54, when a study is made of the relationship between the individual eggs incubated and all TABLE 52. Sizp (WeicHt in Grams) or Eacs Laip sy Brrps, Sussect; Size or Eecs From WuicH Respective Birps Were HatcHep, RELATIVE Coefficient of correlation = .458 + .007 46 48 50 52 54 56 58 60 62 64 66 68 70 72 74 28-30 1 5 1 30-32 1 1 32-34 1 1 34-36 3 1 4 36-38 4 6 2 12 38-40 3 6 1 10 40-42 2 8 1 5 1 5 22 42-44 10 8 3 27 1 53 44-46 41 32 11 63 3 3 9 5 167 46-48 68 45 23 82 28 12 30 38 11 302 48-50 77 108 32 89 32 30 76 4 5 44 1 498 50-52 45 155 39 41 45 70 124 8 11 7 614 52-54 26 129 65 29 79 98 110 29 25 137 8 735 15 69 79 25 143 120 91 51 27 «153 12 1 786 56-58 3 42 5 24 129 87 65 104 85 «157)— ss 1 694 58-60 1 28 #17 #7 650 59 74 59 94 4 a 486 60-62 6 33 13 28 36 38 1 38 46 79 2 320 62-64 1 6 10 2 15 28 35 30 116 31 274 64-66 6 1 5 17 22 17° 85 )=—«16 169 66-68 1 4 1 49 1 1 57 68-70 1 1 1 19 22 70-72 1 13 14 72-14 1 1 3 5 74-76 2 1 3 300 646 376 418 585 557 667 2 356 500 811 28 0 1 3 _ 5,250 the individual eggs produced by the respective birds hatched. The factor - equals, for size, shape, and color, respectively, 65, 20, and, 16. This is significant and suggests the same relative degrees of inheritance as are found in other studies in this investigation. 242 Eart W. BenjaMiIN The comparable coefficients of variability, calculated on the basis of unit classes, for the eggs used in compiling tables 52 to 54 are: for size (table 52), 20 per cent; for shape (table 53), 10 per cent; for color (table 54), 74 per cent. The greater irregularity in the color of eggs as compared TABLE 53. Suare or Eacs Lar sy Brrps, Supsect; SHarz or Eaas rrom WHIcH Respective Brros Were HatcHep, RELATIVE Coefficient of correlation = .204 + .01 64 66 68 70 72 74 76 78 80 B4- 56 1 56- 58 58- 60 1 1 60- 62 6 1 2 2 2 62- 64 2 21 (1 7 3 8 64- 66 65. 6 ”~ 16 16 66- 68 146 «(17 71 58 34 68- 70 132 38 222 152 80 70- 72 1 143 44 310 193 146 72 Th 97 80 307 175 2i1 74- 76 39 43 355 122 148 76- 78 21 13 175 59 29 78- 80 5 4 48 4 10 80- 82 1 9 38 4 82- 84 1 9 1 84- 86 3 86- 88 1 88- 90 90- 92 1 1 92- 94 1 94- 96 2 96- 98 98-100 i 4 2 0 1 680 247 1,637 796 701 1 with the other characters undoubtedly accounts for the results in this one correlation with the pullets’ eggs incubated. The coefficients of correlation for the study of the mean production with the hens’ eggs are positive for all characters and years. significant as the shape correlation. The color correlation is about as Stupy or SELECTIONS FoR Si1zzE, SHAPE, AND Cotor or Hens’ Eaes 243 TABLE 54. Cotor or Eeas Lar sy Brrps, Sussect; Cotor or Eaas rrom WHIcH Respective Birps Were Hatcuep, RELATIVE Coefficient of correlation = .145 + .009 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 143 238 40 182 175 117 10 33 938 2 396 298 168 188 206 107 26 16 =) «1,405 3 215 174 173 183 227 56 42 31 1,101 4 68 119 137 110 173 32 33 14 686 5 27°) «71 62 85 86 24 12 22 389 6 15 44 47 47 41 8 12 21 235 7 7 18 28 31 21 7 1 6 119 8 12 14 26 44 17 2 1 14 -130 9 1 5 18 15 26 2 16 83 10 4 5 26 20 19 3 2 7 86 11 1 2 21 19 30 7 3 8 91 12 1 19 5 10 2 37 13 1 6 8 9 11 2 2 39 14 1 16 6 23 15 2 1 3 16 1 1 17 1 1 892 995 791 938 1,050 367 144 190 5,367 Gram rere ial Terrien 68-08 4 ; 7 a 62-64 | ; fu | 58-604 : s 5458 | * aH weight of eggs incubated, 95.8 grams \- LA ATO 5 42-447 ; 4 me Ha a ae 66-68 62-64 fs. | 58-60 B | Soba Las weight of eggs imcuboted, 47.9 y, ape APS UPR ( z 38-40 JErqs Arie A/a 34-36 4 30-82 wre brerereste TOATET meres ty 66-68 1 4n weight of eggs ti 4, 63.3 groms Ass 7 7 5 | 58-604 = | 052] £992 (eid 3/84 |... eee 20 24 28 1 5 9 18 17 21 25 29 2 6 10 14 18 22 26 1 5 9 18 17 21 2 29 2 December January February March April Fic. 18. VARIATION OF SIZE (WEIGHT IN GRAMS) OF SUCCESSIVE EGGS LAID DURING EARLY PULLET PRODUCTION The squares blocked in black indicate the days on which eggs were laid by the respective pullets 244 Eart W. BENJAMIN Relation of eggs incubated to types of eggs produced by the respective birds hatched Some further features of the relationship existing between the types of eggs incubated and the egg types produced by the respective birds hatched, are shown in figures 18 to 25. These figures represent only a small part of the available material resulting from the study, and are used here merely to show ‘typical conditions. Grams i] 69 sof oe > : : Ae 49 Line 3916F i: + + Tort 39 Line 5713F Line 7566F s 49 Poet pit th 39 Weeks 6 11 16 21 26 31 36 41 46 51 56 61 66 7L 76 81 86 91 96 101 Fic. 19. VARIATION OF SIZE (WEIGHT IN GRAMS), BY WEEKLY AVERAGES, OF EGGS PRO- DUCED BY DAM FOR TWO YEARS AND BY PROGENY DURING EARLY PULLET PRODUCTION The heavy horizontal line in each division represents the character of the parent egg incubated; the heavy curve represents the production of the chick hatched; the light curve represents the production of the progeny of the chick. The dotted lines indicate that no eggs were produced during the periods which they cover Pullets 8882F and 8939F, illustrated in figure 18, are from small eggs, but pullet 8872F is from a large egg. It is evident that the tendency is for a pullet to produce eggs of the same size as the egg from which she was hatched. Sometimes small eggs are obtained from hens that Stupy or SELEcTIONS For S1zE, SHAPE, AND CoLor or Hens’ Eaes 245 SIZE LINE 8224F_ 1911 INCUBATED EGG 8224F, OFFSPRING 8224F. 8872F, TWO YEARS SIZE LINE 3916F 1911 OFFSPRING 3916F, 8882F. TWO YEARS Fic. 20.” SHADOW PHOTOGRAPHIC RECORD OF RELATION BETWEEN SIZE OF EGG INCUBATED AND SIZE OF EGGS PRODUCED BY THE RESULTANT CHICK Each row of progeny production shows twelve eggs, which were selected at regular intervals during the respective year’s production. All eggs were photographed each year, but only twelve eggs for each year could be represented in this group 246 Eart W. BensaMIN ordinarily lay large eggs, and vice versa; this probably accounts for the low correlation in studies of mixed flocks, while the study of separate matings shows more definite results. The heavy curve for line 3916F in figure 19 represents the record for the bird whose early pullet daily record is shown as 8882F in figure 18. The photographic record, figure 20, shows the -relative sizes of eggs produced by line 8224F, one of the largest lines, and by line 3916F, one of the smallest lines. The difficulty of observing the fine differences in size, except by careful measurements, is seen from this figure. Under line mi shown another record of the production of 8882F. Shape index =a8s : = iJ N " x slyd 73. hod ose LTE, ¢ ‘ai TAN Na HE Tr 69-10 | Zags Yara ie Pullet 8805F ry = Pullet 883¢F e/ | 115-.16-4 "11-.73} shape pr aeee sohsd Na Pillet 8896F aon Bae \ N \ 4 i= 20 24 28 1 5 9 18 17 21 25 29 2 6 10 14 18 22 26 1 5 9 18 17 21 2% 2 2 ~ December January February March ~ April Fic. 21. VARIATION OF SHAPE OF SUCCESSIVE EGGS LAID DURING EARLY PULLET PRODUCTION The squares blocked in black indicate the days on which eggs were laid by the respective pullets In figures 21 and 22 are shown the daily and weekly fluctuations of shape. A photographic record of two of the first-year inheritance results for the shape character is shown in figure 23. Both of the lines shown in figure 23 are shown also in figure 22. Neither the shape nor the size of Srupy or SeLEctions ror Sizz, SHaPe, AND Cotor or Hens’ Eces 247 eggs has a large coefficient of variability, and this fact is reflected in the curves and in the photographic record. Shape index 95 oo a io hee 75 saan. Line 7880F mama ae emee Line 5051F rr ann een aan ane ease suas +44 po Line 1705F R a s7Lenes : 7 5 eons S rai : is T ir Weeks 6 11°16 ° 21 26° 31 36 41 46 51 56 61 66 71 76 81 86 91 96 101 r f ime no ‘m1 Fic. 22. VARIATION OF SHAPE, BY WEEKLY AVERAGES, OF EGGS PRODUCED BY DAM FOR TWO YEARS AND BY PROGENY DURING EARLY PULLET PRODUCTION The heavy horizontal line in each division represents the character of the parent egg incubated; the heavy curve represents the production of the chick hatched; the light curve represents the production of the progeny of the chick. The dotted lines indicate that no eggs were produced during the periods which they cover : The color character has a much higher coefficient of variability, as may be observed from figures 24 and 25. The pullets included in figure 24 were all of the brown-egg type, but in figure 25 both brown-egg and white- egg types are shown. In these figures there seems to be a tendency for the type of egg produced by the original pullet hatched, and her later offspring, to resemble the original egg incubated. The writer can explain the negative or practically zero correlation for the color character in the 248 Eart W. BENJAMIN SHAPE LINE 7880F 1911 INCUBATED EGG ~7880F, OFFSPRING 7880F, 8837F, TWO YEARS SHAPE LINE 170SF 1911. INCUBATED EGG 1/45F, OFFSPRING WOSF 8425F. fwO YEARS \ Fic. 28. SHADOW PHOTOGRAPHIC RECORD OF RELATION BETWEEN SHAPE OF EGG INCU- BATED AND SHAPE OF EGGS PRODUCED BY THE RESULTANT CHICK Each row of progeny production shows twelve eggs, which were selected at regular intervals during the respective year's production. All eggs were photographed each year, bit only twelve eggs for each year could be represented in this group Stupy or SELECTIONS FoR Siz, SHAPE, AND CoLor or Hens’ Eeas 249 data previously reviewed, only by the high coefficient of variability and the probability that many abnormal eggs are incubated instead of the normal type for the respective dam. Pullet 8859F ibe reese 4 yy bRuds dy. | I WONG HLA i) Pullet 8902F mre 7 ]oVe, CA Py NN a i ]u 4 fe \ 3 ' g ts Savi ‘ s rae rm NAP 2 pemomt 3 cae of. sncubeted, 5 TN a ~ | mI Ugg os ¥ v T t t Tost T T ~ 20 24 28 2 5 9 18 17 21 25 29 2 6 10 14 18 22 26 1 5 9 18 17 21 2 29 2 —) December January February March April ' Fic. 24. VARIATION OF COLOR OF SUCCESSIVE EGGS LAID DURING EARLY PULLET PRODUCTION The squares blocked in black indicate the days on which eggs were laid by the respective pullets 250 Eart W. BENJAMIN Line 2348F i t Line 6078F Ter ou Line 5708F Line 3921F im tt a aes see SBSEteeee 1 A : s S Weeks 6 11 16 21 26 31 36 41 46 51 56 61 66 71 76 81 86 9L 96 101 Fic. 25. VARIATION OF COLOR, BY WEEKLY AVERAGES, OF EGGS PRODUCED BY DAM FOR TWO YEARS AND BY PROGENY DURING EARLY PULLET PRODUCTION The heavy horizontal line in each division represents the character of the parent egg incubated; the heavy curve represents the production of the chick hatched; the lizht curve represents the production of ee progeny of the chick. The dotted lines indicate that no eggs were produced during the periods which they cover : MISCELLANEOUS STUDIES A few studies were made in addition to those relating solely to the degree of inheritance existing for the size, shape, and color characteristics. These are discussed in the following pages. : Relationship of size and shape of eggs A study was made of a mixed assortment of pullets’ eggs (table 55), which showed practically a zero correlation. This does not agree with results reported by Pearl and Curtis (1916). Some individuals, and some different strains and breeds, may possess characteristics the reverse of those of the strain of Single Comb White Leghorns used in these experiments. Stupy or SELEcTIONS For Sizz, SHAPE, AND Cotor or Hens’ Eacs 251 S98 T 0 0 0 0 2 2 % SI ce Ih IF BF 68 ch GE oz es 8 9 tT TiO 8k T &L saoqy N an mAs 02.00 et nN tl q Q wo ret At WO HANA Net 190010 Oh A N MAOMEHA A wt ANNO AAN FANNON i} & J AD AOD ID Ht HOO aw N Rat NPOOD WANT Ads mtHOoOoW A We Ft MA MIOM OOM AN HAAO T 8-08 98° 98° 8° €8° 28° 18° 08" 64° 82° 22° 94° GL° FL° EL" ZL" TL” OL 69° 89° 29° 99° G9" ¥9° E9° ZO GEO" =F Sg0'— = BOreIeII00 jo yUatoTYe0D GALLVIGY ‘SODY AAMLOGdSAY JO GdVHG ‘Lloarang ‘sHD_ SLATINg 40 (SWVU) NI GHOITM) AZIG “GG HAV, 252 Eart W. BENJAMIN Incubation effects of egg type In the 1911 hatch the incubation records of the eggs were studied in rela- tion to the egg type. These studies, as shown in tables 56 and 57, do not indicate any definite relationship between egg type and incubation record. TABLE 56. A Strupy or Ecc Types anp INcUBATION RECORDS Per cent | Percent | Per cent | Per cent Per cent Per cent Type of eggs of infertile of of of hatched of incubated eggs total dead germs] total f h total foreach | infertile | for each dead Fe a chicks character eggs character.| germs character | hatched 6 11 54 10.5 40 : 12 4 71 68 13 28 8 8 14 40 8 52 15 6 11 54 10.5 40 12 8 14 54 10.5 3 11 16 29° 58), il 23 8 Brown-tinted....... 4 7 54 10.5 42 13 Cream-tinted....... 4 7 70 14 23 8 Chalk-white........ 0 0 58 11 42 13 TABLE 57. Revation oF Size oF Ecas Incusatep To THEIR INCUBATION RECORDS Weight of eggs Infertile eggs Dead germs Chicks hatched Total saa a muni ‘ams Per er Per of eggs er Number es Number eae Number wank 42-44... eee 2 22 4 44 3 33 9 44-46........0.06. 0} | esisnes 6 60 4 40 |« 10 46-AB 2... eee 1 4 8 30 18 67 27 48-50... 2.000.005 1 7 7 44 8 50 16 BOD hoi Siete Faxes 1 4 14 56 10 40 25 Cyn re eereee es 3 4 46 66 21 30 70 5AHDGisoee isis sisciasier ses 2 3 37 60 23 37 62 56-58 epics hail cpap ait 2 3 40 61 24 36 66 58-60 iss sce ema cdves 4 7 30 57 19 36 53 60=62 mock enaa oteen 3 7 22 50 19 43 44 62-64.......0.0005 5 14 23 62 9 24 37 64-66.......00006- 3 13 14 58 7 29 24 66-68..........--. 1 20 3 60 1 20 5 68-70... 2.0 e eee OF) eseses 1 100 Oe ee 1 MOTD vcore recrev cre eis tee Ol yess Oo) eta Ohl: dace 0 VOT: wiiaseleenRieeces 0 1 100 Ol cccay 1 Total......... Pn ee 256 | ...... 166 | ...... 450 Stupy or SELECTIONS FoR Sizz, SHAPE, AND Cotor or Hews’ Ecos 253 In table 57 the eggs incubated were grouped according to size and incubation results, in order to see whether any effect on the incubation record exists. No definite effect is shown by the data available here. Relative variability of the productions of successive years The standard deviation for all the eggs produced each year by each of the available hens was studied, in order to learn whether there is an approach to a definite egg type for the eggs produced by a hen as she becomes older. The’ data from this study are collected in figures 26 and - Stan ceienio? b1rds — ShaperSelehor? L1PDS mem Color = SCNCCH OL? LITT mm smn ¢ 3.20 Eo xX aA 3.00 Bs rN XxX a = ==—s ao iia ier 2.80 2.60 \ N 2.40 — 2.20 +s, N 2.00: \ (72) om ty ni ome eo -_ 1.60 a — 1.20 \ XY 1.00 = 0.80 Year Ist 2d 3d 4th 5th 6th Fic. 26. STANDARD DEVIATIONS FOR SUCCESSIVE YEARS, GROUPED AS TO CHARACTER The figures in parenthesis designate the number of birds available for the respective calculations 27. In figure 26 the studies are segregated into the three character groups. The reduction of the number of birds available for study in the fifth and sixth years makes the data for these years of doubtful value, altho the number of eggs used for each bird is in each case sufficient to make the standard deviation of real value. 254 Eart W. BENJAMIN In figure 27 the data for the three characters are combined both by a weighted and by an ordinary average. This figure does not show the definite tendency toward a reduction in the variability which is claimed by some other investigators (Pearl, 1909), altho if the data for the fifth and sixth years could be given as much value in this discussion as is given to the data for the first four years, a straight line fitted to the curve would show a distinct reduction in the standard deviation. The unweighted averages are shown in figure 27 because if it can be considered that the standard deviations calculated for the respective character Average of three characters, weighted Yor number of birds each year Unrueghted average — — —— 2.80. 2.60. - ae Pp — ee = 20 Se SS a ee (a a me ne as 1.60. : NON 4.40 1.20 Year Ist 2d 3d 4th 5th 6th Fic. 27. STANDARD DEVIATIONS OF ALL CHARACTERS FOR SUCCESSIVE YEARS The figures in parenthesis designate the number of birds available for the respective calculations groups are based on a sufficient number of individuals to be trustworthy, none of these characters should be handicapped in the average if it hap- pened that a less number of individuals were available for that particular character than for the others. This is especially true since this is a comparison of standard deviations based on a grouping according to classes of widely different values. Variations in types of eggs produced during successive months and years The study of the variations of eggs produced during successive months and years was carried on with birds that began to lay in different months, as noted in table 58. The time of beginning to lay is varied enough in the data used here to nearly eliminate seasonal effects. Stupy or SELECTIONS FoR S1zE, SHaPE, anD CoLor or Huns’ Eaas 255 TABLE 58. Prrcenracs oF Eacu YEAR’s Fiock Becinnine To Lay in THE RESPECTIVE ‘ Monrus rrom Novemser to June, INcLUSIVE Percentage of year’s flock that began laying in respective months aioeth oes First | Second { Third | Fourth,| Fifth | Sixth ying beg year of year of year of year of year of year of pro- pro- pro- pro- pro- _ pro- duction duction duction duction duction duction November......... 0.3 Ud ccishntes I aoa 576: Pe actueaine December.......... “21.7 8.6] ........ 2G) eiwas eas -| eases sees January........... 29.6 28.0 6.2 2.6 BuO: | aeeesaesve February.......... 28.2 28.4 28.4 43.6 33.3 20.0 March............. 11.2 22.6 46.9 48.6 49.9 80.0 April 5 e355 pease 9.0 9.7 18.5 2.6 DO bxeeaaaes Mae 2 as cuswvaaginel| ikon AU UNS oeste a8 Ste | aba ete |l-cabeadeveeaneeed | laneMeccaaasaron VUNG ssi6 53s serail) Geers § iD: | ceiewacca |W) eacecnceee, | wmsaraseneie: I) alericames Size character The variations in the mean size of the eggs produced during the successive months by the size-selection birds are shown in figures 28 to 31. These curves are made up by calculating the mean for the first month’s pro- duction of the first year, the second month’s production of the first year, and so on for the succeeding months and years for each hen used, and then finding the mean for all available hens at each period. Data for eleven months of each year were available for a sufficient number of birds to make the figures reasonably reliable. The size of the eggs produced by pullets increases fairly regularly during the year, but no real increase in the size of the eggs produced during the later years of production can be observed. It may seem that this statement is disproved by figure 30, but a glance at figure 28 shows that the size of the first year’s production increases so rapidly that it causes the mean size to increase slightly. All seasonal effects are eliminated in these studies, the birds being arranged in accordance with the month when “they began laying each year, irrespective of the particular month which that happened to be. It would seem that the wide fluctuations after the ninth month in figure 28, and after the seventh month in figure 29, may-be due to the fact that too few birds were available for study; but an apparent tendency for the size of the egg to increase rapidly near the end of the laying season is observed. ia = 256 Eart W. BENJAMIN /lear, for rirst ear Fer second yo Grams COPS LIOTUCl mm me me sith yeors product 62 | NR” eae \ 58 ‘ 4) {47) 7. (7) Tare 4 57 +e tor hoa) a > aed £3.3}— 55 04. 2? ba 10) C- 53 52 443) l= 51 us Month Ist ya 4th 5th — 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th llth Fic. 28. MONTHLY VARIATION IN SIZE OF EGGS PRODUCED DURING A’ PERIOD OF SIX YEARS * The figures in parenthesis designate the number of birds available for the respective calculations sit (tee — Secand years Third years Fourth yeors Filth years ~~ Sixth years Grama Petar Prodi Ch — — —produch — + om, CL eeseece DIOTUCl repernen 72 72) 70 es 7 ; 68 ! / L F 66 7 eee 7 (4) 4 VAD Z 62 5 J? 60 7I\ 2 AD Sg 68-32 63). L vl BA 53) so) Bo 7 66) —— 7 a i sy —~ | — = See, her [ sal / AW 545 — f aa a {Wo AG / ae ae (es of (3) 52 Bormres lore” (He, NC BM 4) * 80 “i js penal ipo e* 2 obi) 48 t 2 ont Month 1st 2d 8d 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th th Fic. 29. MONTHLY VARIATION IN SIZE OF EGGS PRODUCED DURING A PERIOD OF SIX YEARS The figures in parenthesis designate the number of birds available for the respective calculations Srupy or SELECTIONS FoR S1zE, SHAPE, AND CoLor or Hens’ Ecos 257 It should be noted that the individuals whose data are used for the later months of the year, shown in figures 28, 29, and 30, are those that laid during the longest period and were very likely to be the highest pro- ducers (Rice, 1914). This would indicate an agreement with Curtis ° Lurds wilh tile mean of FS orless-——— 56-60. F6-5O —~ —~ — — G/—6F seerepeeeeeeees Grams SIA~SD um uw 7G coccccccccce 8 | orn aa Ped ch 3 U. Pa eQeocoece 70 ee ee (pues bo os ae on ) 66 (pre & ¢ PUL : Ea aie) {Q} Pe NT OE ORNS Po ca f | | t | , (3) ¢ ( « y a 48) ole be —° 2 Aare a ge eer matey y e GPL —— 0) —o— ce (ee = a 54 | | Pd (ae ~P 80 ) JA i ope ~ Pia — 3) —_—- T 50 : eu Ve ae ED — =e — = YT aP ) ( ae AN 46 {5) \ Pe \ 38 \ 34 Yr Month Ist 2d 3d 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th Fic. 30. MONTHLY VARIATION IN SIZE OF EGGS PRODUCED DURING A PERIOD OF SIX YEARS The figures in parenthesis designate the number of birds available for the respective calculations The curve representing the birds having a life mean of 45 or less does not lie entirely within that range because the whole six-years data on which the life mean is based is not available in monthly means for this chart (1914 a) and. Hadley (1919) to the effect that the conditions causing the production of a great many eggs will also cause the production of large eggs. In order to see whether the results shown in figures 28, 29, and 30 were due to the selection of high-producing birds from the low producers, as suggested above, figure 31 was constructed for five individuals which 258 Eart W. BensamMiIn began laying in December and continued laying for about the same period as the others (until August). No material difference can be observed between the types of curves shown in figure 31, and those shown in figures 28, 29, and 30. There seems, then, to be no marked error due to the possible selection of birds in the study of the random flocks, and itis probable that the curves for heavy producers are not materially different from those for lower producers. First yeors Secor years Turd years fourth years Fifth years LSOMMCH. WON CL % (<7TOC 1 CT 0 wn 0 yl WON Caw me ae mg OT L170 0 0 00 Grams 65 an oom 63 AF eee y/ tt ° “yy Se. e | ff | *s, @ 4. ry “4 59 oe 2 AL ° Pua 57 ol E V4 N x A ma: - ne) reeks een. LZ. - 55 1D baal sy —e Sees, eet “igh ON 53 + °fowang mime apo Pee 0 bY Aa o Peo @eodoecescd ty ee a = a 51 Sl 49 a ie Dec. Jan, Feb. March April May June July Aug. - Fic. 31. MEAN MONTHLY SIZE RECORDS FOR FIVE NORMAL INDIVIDUALS FOR A PERIOD OF FIVE YEARS After the great increase in the size of the eggs from the first to the second year, there seems to be a gradual decrease in the size of the eggs produced during successive years. This last statement does not agree with the results of Curtis (1914 a). . No decreased size of the eggs produced at the beginning and at the end of the litter is observed, as claimed by Féré (1898 b) and Curtis (1914 a), and there is no appreciable difference in the variations for the birds laying. large, medium, and small eggs (fig. 30). Srupy or SELECTIONS For S1zE, SHAPE, AND Cotor or Hens’ Eaas 259 Shape character In order to study the relative monthly and yearly shapes of eggs pro- duced, the data for shape selection were prepared for figures 32 to 35 in the same way that the data for size selection were prepared for figures 28 to 31. There is shown a tendency for the eggs produced each year, even in the pullet year, to have a gradually increasing index until the fifth or sixth month of production, after which this index gradually decreases until the season’s production ceases (fig. 32). : ? ° 2 sndex 227, 727 years’ First years Second 10 sixth years lex D7 OCuCt FUOOLILAP mm mmm {WOT CT ee 6 ee 73 58) 52) 72 eee 1) PS a LAN oe 2 Io fore : 49) 2) ‘ f a AD 55) 7 Cana uu “4 i ee aes. 72 70 Lf Me oo tL f. ef 68 4) 67 Month Ist 2d 3d 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th oth -'10th_—Ssth Fic. 32. MONTHLY VARIATION IN SHAPE OF EGGS PRODUCED DURING A PERIOD OF SIX YEARS The figures in parenthesis designate the number of birds available for the respective calculations According to figure 32, the eggs produced during the pullet year are of practically the same shape as those produced in later years. The difference may be considered insignificant. The reader should be warned against erroneous interpretation of the fifth and sixth years’ production shown in figure 33, because of the very few individuals available for study for those years. As indicated in figure 34,. there seems to be no radical difference between the variation of the groupings according to the life means of the birds. Where slight differences are shown, these may usually be considered as being due to an insufficient number of individuals available for study. The five birds recorded in figure 35 showed no distinct character different from those shown in figures 32 to 34. 239 Eart W. BENJAMIN Sécond years Third years fourth years /ifth years Sith years Index produc? LVOVM CT a om gS ON Clem « mms gl OTEL » 0 00 0 00 LOS UCT apeny 7 76 f S 75 Fi a ae s 1) 74 e a f. (aye° 3 a iy ° e Ze (3) a 33) ry bee, I eee | ae ale a Zz) 2, ofp, nt al Slee fs ie ae) 7 em = 2) “) . LP a oe ‘i Pf fie) \ (2) Ly : . 68h NZ 3) 67 (ord) Month Jat 2d 3d 4th ‘Sth 6th 7th 8th gth = 10th ~—Ss‘Ith Fic. 33. MONTHLY VARIATION IN SHAPE OF EGGS PRODUCED DURING A PERIOD OF SIX YEARS The figures in parenthesis designate the number of birds available for the respective calculations Stupy ‘or SELECTIONS For Si1zE, SHAPE, AND Cotor or Hens’ Ecos 261 Birds with bite. mean of 60-65 7O- ue GS-70 mm mm wee 7D -BO etpphetetesteed %5 z a iS - 1 é ~ 2 73 60) BG « Blo |’ =o xe Hae) XN 72 2 7 *aala7) \ 4 ee ‘whew ay a Se e . Pd 71 {05 : y, Sa, 70 7 = le 42) (39) pf. wa 69 ae Ae mm, | 2} 2 2 fr JOIN ee am 68 Ane” / 4 \ ~i2o VA ; “\_f AN >for \ gi7 | J \ \ iy Vi (2). (2) s 66 ia M3) AN \ 65 I) Month Ist 2d 3d 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 9” 10th = 11th’ Fic. 34. MONTHLY VARIATION IN SHAPE OF EGGS PRODUCED DURING A PERIOD OF SIX YEARS The figures in parenthesis designate the number of birds available for the respective calculations The curve representing the birds having a life mean of 60-65 does not lie entirely within that range beeause ‘the whole six-years data on which the life mean is based is not available in monthly means for this chart 262 Earut W. BENJAMIN 4 > . > > o < 2 Fir : s Tura out years Fifth years Indes: ead yeors ‘Second yeors rd years 2) ry, a es 7 © es LVOTCT com cee wee oe OT Cle «ee ome OTC! eertcraraty (WOM ET e000, r Pia ee ae of. o— — re 74 A La aa — SS : a”. aa wes ~~. o 7 - Rak PE as ‘XN Le y, —. avege Foe bet ~— me e os] © AS Pl Pen oo on Ns n i oll 5 fs oe’ + < a” “a 70 L271 q° “Peeces 69 va 68 4 Dec. Jan. Feb. March April May June July Aug. Fic. 35. MEAN MONTHLY SHAPE RECORDS FOR FIVE NORMAL INDIVIDUALS FOR A PERIOD OF FIVE YEARS These results do not agree with deductions to be gained from Curtis (1914 a) or from Thompson (1908). It would appear from these results that the tension of the oviduct wall may gradually relax during the first five or sixmonths of the bird’s production each year, and then increase again as the season closes, causing at first a rounding of the egg and later a lengthening. Color character The study of the monthly production as to the variations of color is summarized in figures 36 to 39. There is a definitely increased amount of pigment in the eggs produced by the hens after their pullet year as compared with their first year’s production (fig. 36). There is a distinct tendency for the eggs to become whiter as the production continues for the first five or six months, and then to become more tinted again toward the end of the season’s production. It would seem that the amount of pigment is decreased during the period of most abundant egg production. As shown in figure 37, there is no distinct and gradual increase in the pigmentation of the eggs from the second to the sixth year’s production, but during each year when enough birds are available for the data to be considered of value, there is a tendency for the same monthly fluctuations as are exhibited in figure 36. The grouping of the birds according to their life means in figure 38 shows the same monthly fluctuations as were previously observed. Stupy oF SELECTIONS For SizzE, SHAPE, AND CoLor oF Hens’ Eaes 263 /lear., tor tirst (lear for secord 76 Color Years Lrodich — — — Slit yeors producr, : (141) 5.6 341 \ \ sa 29\ 5.0 k \ 4.844 YD = ty 4.4 ay : eon ee J \\ 4.0 \ \ VA \ Yd Ei 3.8 \ (133) (75) \ ie Vea) y 3.4 ~ FSE9 NRE ian leo reo) 7\ 3.2 : (2) 7 \ 80 NM lize One | % 9) . = - 2.8 a. 2.6 \ 2.4 Ne) ; NN 2.2 S 1 1.9 Month Ist 2d 3d 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th Fic. 36. MONTHLY VARIATION IN COLOR OF EGGS PRODUCED DURING A PERIOD OF SIX YEARS The figures in parenthesis designate the number of birds available for the respective calculations 264 Eart W. BENJAMIN Second years Third years fourth years Fitth years & iat. yoo es SIO ach. i ada — LON Clam ome meet 00 cee LLOCUCl we Color @) z 6.8 "e : = 6.4 v = - ® és 6.0 tek = e ve e 5.6 . ‘| X iG) LJ eo lo rs cae % + = # <> 2 5.2 ~ 4 tea iY ere we 4 A pha LENE, 9 im ot. : ZN 4.4 \ Nek Lar Pad £ VA \ = x \ ~ e WA . + N * (58) # 4.0 ‘ w Aa iy 30 @ VE AEN Ae TN ‘aay Nee 4) ) aie ee Nw \ “N ~ 03) = oa) a4) 8) 3.2 4 zy ~< 4 “S=> e 7 % @) \ 2.8 tee: L= eo OH \ xX he AY \ 24 *y \ 4X \ : ‘e a S ‘ 3 1.6 | Month Ist 2d 3d 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th Fic. 37. MONTHLY VARIATION IN COLOR OF EGGS PRODUCED DURING A PERIOD OF SIX YEARS The figures in parenthesis designate the number of birds available for the respective calculations a. Stupy or SELECTIONS For §1zE, SHAPE, AND CoLor or Hens’ Eaes 265 Birds with lie mear: of /-_— F-5—-— CBee oe 5 — 6 eer Color B-Feee 0 ae O— 7 m0 —7—Geece 11.4 ne 133 oth % a e \e 10.6 le e te 10.2-*5 ~ = iJ os *e e e 9.4 - a) € @) 2 8.0 afore e e ‘S hd © e e . q a2) (ey ° «Sy ~—{8) KG) (3) —— areal Ke 3d 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th ~~“ 9th ~~ 10th” 11th Month Ist 2d Fic. 38. MONTHLY VARIATION IN COLOR OF EGGS PRODUCED DURING A PERIOD OF SIX YEARS The figures in parenthesis designate the number of birds available for the respective calculations 266 Eart W. BENJAMIN The results of this study agree in general with the findings of other werkers, already discussed. The record of five individuals in figure 39 agrees in general with the records in figures 36 to 38. core ected 1 ears Third years fourth yeors Fitts yeors es ee, Te oe me {7 OD CT aes ee me VOT CT eperamnnte (OF OT t/ Clo oeecee Color bY 5.0-B. a fle _ 4.5 may a. Abt AV *e5 = ie Fd y 4.0 Wheres t : = e os 3° “f NS 3.5 \ X fe, my J? h. Pe Pele iN ei 3.01% eee I atedies Bn Pa ° +s eae 3 SS = 3-4 L. —_ je eq ioe aia. = a A SNe i a Z 2.0 NAY P fe EN eS 1.5 a4 S Dec. Jan. Feb. March April May June July Aug. Fic. 39. MEAN MONTHLY COLOR RECORDS FOR FIVE NORMAL INDIVIDUALS FOR A PERIOD OF FIVE YEARS Variations in types of successive individual eggs An opportunity is furnished by figures 18, 21, and 24 (pages 243, 246, and 249) to observe how the types of successive eggs may be affected by the general type of the bird and the rate of laying. In figure 18 it may be noted that in nearly every instance when two or more eggs are laid on successive days, the size gradually diminishes until the bird rests for one or more days, when the size of the next egg is again larger. This agrees with many more charts constructed for this same character, and is in entire ‘accordance with Curtis (1914 a). A study of figure 21, which agrees in general with other charts constructed for the shape character but not reproduced here, reveals the fact. that in a large proportion of the instances when two or more eggs are laid in succession, the egg laid later is rounder than the one laid earlier. About 60 per cent of the cases showed an increase in the index, 25 per cent showed no change, and 15 per cent showed a decrease. This condition may Stupy or SELECTIONS FoR S1zE, SHAPE, AND Cotor or Hens’ Eces 267 result from the less tension exerted by the oviduct wall on the second egg when it closely follows an earlier one. After the bird has rested for a day er two, the oviduct wall regains its tension and the next egg is longer. ~ The egg color, for the birds that were studied in this regard, seemed to be gradually intensified in eggs leid on successive days (fig. 24). About 50 per cent of the cases showed an intensification of color, 25 per cent showed no change, and 25 per cent showed a decrease of color. Variations in types of eggs produced in different calendar months Since it is known that the commercial eggs received in the markets vary somewhat from month to month as to their average size and color, and possibly as to their shape, it was thought well to ascertain what information could be obtained on this point from the data at hand. These variations for size, shape, and color, respectively, are illustrated in figures 40, 41, and 42. The results shown in figure 40 do not agree with those of Hadley (1919), but tend instead to agree in general form with figures 28, 29, and 30. Grams 62 WA ot \ : L XX VA 58 56 mi g- et ee VA ™~)S 52 : Feb. March April May June July Aug. Sept. Oct, Nov. Fic. 40. MEAN MONTHLY VARIATION IN SIZE OF EGGS PRODUCED IN CERTAIN CALENDAR {| MONTHS FOR A PERIOD OF SIX YEARS, RECORD OF TEN INDIVIDUALS BEGINNING TO LAY IN FEBRUARY i No increase of egg size during the period of heavier production can be observed here, as found by Hadley (1919) with White Plymouth Rocks. The results shown in figures 41 and 42 agree closely with the results previously obtained for mixed flocks, and need no further comment here. 268 Eart W. BENJAMIN Index 72.5 72.0 Ne va ™N 71.0 70.5 Pd 70.0 69.5 VA 69.0 68.5 68.0 A. ‘ 67.5 LZ 67.0 VA 66.5 66.0 Jan . Feb, ‘\f. March “ys April 777 May “77 June 7 i July Aug, Sept. Oct, Fic. 41. MEAN MONTHLY VARIATION IN SHAPE OF EGGS PRODUCED IN CERTAIN CALENDAR MONTHS FOR A PERIOD OF SIX YEARS. RECORD OF TEN INDIVIDUALS BEGINNING TO LAY IN JANUARY 3.8 \ / 3.7 , / 3.6 [ 3.5 \ [ 34 AL [ 3.3 \ / 3.2 ta \ : : FINI 2.9 . , Feb, = March April May June July Aug. Sept. Oct, Fic. 42, MEAN MONTHLY VARIATION IN COLOR OF EGGS PRODUCED IN CERTAIN CALENDAR MONTHS FOR A PERIOD OF SIX YEARS. RECORD OF TEN INDIVIDUALS BEGINNING TO LAY IN FEBRUARY Stupy oF SELECTIONS FOR SIZE, SHAPE, AND CoLor or Hens’ Eaes 269 Relation between vigor of the chick and size of the egg from which it was hatched In 1911-12 a separate record of the vigor of the chicks, as well as of their weight, was made for the first forty weeks of their lives. The vigor was recorded in four classes: Very Poor (V.P.), Poor (P), Good (G), Very Good (V.G.). Correlation tables such as table 59 were constructed TABLE 59. Vicor or Curcxs at Tae Acz or Four Weeks, Sussect; WeicuT (In Grams) or Eacs From Wuicu THE Respective Cuicxs Were Hatcuep, RELATIVE Coefficient of correlation = .381 + .064 44-46 46-48 48-50 50-52 52-54 54-55 56-58 58-60 60-62 62-64 64-66 — | V. P.. 1 1 Pp: 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 9 G. 5 1 6 5 4 3 1 2 27 V. G. 5 4 8 8 2 8 4 4 43 1 8 0 At li 14 13 5 10 7 64 80 for each four weeks of the chicks’ lives. A summary of the results of the correlation tables (space for which cannot be taken here) is given in table 60. In this table the respective weight correlations also are shown. TABLE 60. Summary or CorFrFictents oF CorreLATion Founp IN STUDYING THE RELATION OF THE WEIGHT AND VicoR OF THE CHICKS, SUBJECT, AND THE WEIGHT OF tam Eces rrom Wuicu THE Respective Curcks Were Hatcuep, RsLATIVE Coefficient of correlation Number Age of chick 2 of indi- Chick vigor | Chick weight | viduals Tay Sig ieee ore poe EEicna dae etaay Ree Ren es ‘i .844+ .021 82 AW Cel Bie sesso aclesen arenes, Sak wth, why oak dee tious .881+ .064 .461+ .060 80 Si weel’segior'e sina idaraanrsesirnaaceeede bob tuns .831+ .066 .311+ .067 82 [Diweeks acu 'e ie eee ohiskisld paea aman ga MEE TaaKs .834+ .069 .862+ .068 75 IG weeks... ss 2504 asadaied een gee es edn ta 338+ .070 880+ .068 72 QO WEEKS sicccsc cc cdie eee eM e ges aeG ewes yee .159-+ .077 .263+ .073 73 D4 WEEKES asi oh ddd eee stgueoned nes REE PEGE Ss eR -176+ .077 . 808+ .072 73 D8 WEEKS since d btic Hay h beens bee eae ES ESS BOR 174+ .081 . 296+ .077 65 B2 week's ei 3.0 Seaaeaatkelalenm eam ote Se .296+ .080 509+ .064 61 BG WeekBisick ui 5 anpu oat sa tnsadad oe ane .075+ .087 .892-+ .074 60 40 Week Sse vB 324e 4 vidas Gace eR 110+ .093 .3897 .079 51 * The vigor was not recorded at the one-day-old period, because it was impossible to designate the dif- ferent classes at this early age. In recording the data for these vigor studies, a special effort: was made to be sure that the record for vigor was made independently of the record 270 Eart W. BENJAMIN for weight. Of course these two factors are likely to be very closely associated. The weight correlations are much more distinct than those for vigor during most of the year. The vigor correlations decreased after the early weeks, until some very severe winter weather just previous to the thirty-sixth week’s recording. After the thirty-sixth week, how- ever, abnormally early spring weather prevailed, the vigor of all birds improved wonderfully, and the correlation entirely disappeared. From the observations just noted, it seems that the test of the vigor of a chick, that is to say, when the size of the parent egg is of real benefit, comes during the season of greatest hardship to the birds. The weights are not affected by the seasonal conditions quite so definitely as is the vigor. Relation between male and female weights for chicks of the same age During the first forty weeks of the 1911 hatch, and the first seventy-six weeks of the 1912 hatch, the male and female weights were averaged TABLE 61. Constants Representing X IN THE Formuta: Femate Weicnt: Mae Weicut :: X:1 : 1911 offspring - 1912 offspring Age Constant Age Constant 97 A WOCKS: ciicn inden Sais .89 72 8 weeks..............: 91 84 IDiweeksiuce ss oy gagaes aaagua eee 81 86 16 weeksi< ees sceeuccaevesucee 78 .88 20 weeksicsecceecececueyeyauey 75 - 87 DA weekBe.sscssoagecneagecsees 75 ae 28 weeks........... 000 ccc eens 88 95 Oo) WEEKS S intdine id oew RRR eee 89 91 36 weeks. ..... 0.00. e eee eee 92 95 40 weeks................22005. 90 94 85 .83 DQPWEEKS a ujemis vt cesta a bm Bis .89 SS WEEKS. casa eemsmidgs annoy y 84 COiweeks ccd ee derieeay a cwes 81 E GA weeksisces ceceamag aay sees 82 OS8weeksze es san eusemee Ss y 324 85 WD WORKS is 225 6 6 a wera Sette ys be wis 82 7G WECKS 054 Seicpanten ee oa 83 * No male weights were obtained at this age in 1912. . Srupy or SELECTIONS For S1zE, SHAPE, AND CoLor or Hens’ Eces 271 separately, and for each four-weeks period a figure was obtained to rep- resent + in the following ratio: Female weight : male weight :: x: 1 A list of all such constants obtained is shown in table 61. In studying correlations for the: weeks shown in table 61 for the 1911 offspring, and for the one-day-old period of the 1912 offspring, the male weights were multiplied by their respective constants and used with the female weights. After the above periods, and for all other offspring, no male weights were used. These constants correspond rather closely to the con- stant 0.93 representing the same ratio for human Buauare in mature per- sons, found by Galton." Relation between size of the chick and size of the egg from which it was hatched A preliminary study was made of the 1911 and 1912 offspring, before the records for the later years were available, to determine the relation between the size of the chick and the size of the egg from which it was ¥ Es LU ye EEL lll OE AU crathabla 017% menos 52 48 44 [oop S > = PGs aa ee NLA SF POR eet Yn ‘ eT | 1 r 477 SCA ne 7 Week 8 16 24 32 40 48 56 64 72 80 88 96 104 112 120 128 136 144 152 160 168 176 184 192 200 208 216 224 eek 4 12 20 28 86 44 52 60 68 76 84 92100 108 116 124 132 140 148 156 164 172 180 188 196 204 212 220 Fic. 48. GRAPHIC RECORD OF = FOR I9II OFFSPRING, 1912 OFFSPRING, AND ALL BIRDS AVAILABLE DURING THE PERIOD OF THE EXPERIMENT Sizes of birds at four-weeks periods during their life, subject; sizes of eggs from which the respective chicks were hatched, relative oe Galton, Francis, Natural inheritance, p. 78. 1889, 272 Eart W. BENJAMIN hatched (Benjamin, 1912 and 1914). these preliminary studies are summarized in table 62 and in figure 43. TABLE 62. Summary or Pretiminary STUDIES TO DETERMINE THE RELATION BETWEEN Size oF THE Cuick AND S1zz oF THE Ea From Waica It Was Hatcuep The coefficients of correlation for 1911 offspring 1912 offspring Age of chicks Coefficient r Number{ Coefficient r Number > of — of indi- of ad of indi- © correlation Er viduals correlation Er | viduals - TV ay. 33 sentase 8444 .021 | 40.19 82 745+ .017 | 43.82 308 4 weeks 461+ .060 7.68 80 .024+ .050 0.48 179 8 weeks .811+ .067 4.64 82 074+ .058 1.28 134 12 weeks 362+ .068 5.32 75 .099+ .059 1.68 125 16 weeks.........-| .380+.068 5.59 72 .088+ .063 1.40 110 20 weeks .263+ .073 3.60 73 .046+ .069 0.67 96 24 weeks.. 808 .072 4.28 73 301+ .082 3.67 56 28 weeks. . .296+ .077 3.84 65 363+ .076 4.78 59 32 weeks.. .509-+ .064 7.95 61 401+ .055 7.29 108 36 weeks. . 392+ .074 5.30 60 -350+ .058 6.03 104 40 weeks .897+ .079 5.03 51 .420+ .057 7.37 96 44 weeks .458+ .081 5.65 44 .506+ .052 9.73 92 48 weeks .855+ .090 3.94 43 378+ .062 6.10 88 52 weeks.......... .853+ .089 3.97 44 328+: .066 4.97 83 56 weeks.......... .855+ .089 3.99 44 310+ .067 4.63 82 60 weeks.......... .806+ .092 3.33 44 367+ .067 5.48 80 64 weeks 3840+ .090 3.78 44 405+ .064 6.33 77 68 weeks.......... . 870+ .089 4.16 43 246+ .071 3.46 79 72 weeks.......... .3863-+ .089 4.08 43 .831+ .025 | 13.24 78 76 weeks.......... -224+ .098 2.29 43 409+: .075 5.45 56 80 weeks.......... .315+ .093 3.39 43 84 weeks.......... 276+ .095 2.91 43 88 weeks.......... 066+ . 103 0.64 - 43 92 weeks.......... 549+ .073 7.52 42 96 weeks 441+ .083 5.31 42 100 weeks..........] .492+.079 6.23 42 104 weeks..........] .441+ .084 5.25 42 108 weeks..........] .356+.093 3.83 40 112 weeks.......... 270+ .099 2.73 40 116 weeks.......... 222+ .102 2.18 40 120 weeks..........] .1644.104 1.58 40 124 weeks..........| .38387+.095 3.55 40 128 weeks.......... . 368+ .098 3.96 40 In both years the value r seems to have been higher during cold weather, which occurred, for the 1911 offspring, from the thirtieth to the forty- fourth week and from the ninety-second to the one-hundredth week, and for the 1912 offspring from the thirtieth to the forty-fourth week. This seems to be due to the fact that the larger, stronger birds were Srupy oF SELECTIONS FoR S1zE, SHAPE, AND CoLor or Hens’ Eacs 273 able to withstand the severe winter weather relatively better than the smaller birds from the smaller eggs. A similar tendency may be noted for the ae to increase during: the first winter, in the curve representing all birds in figure 43, but no definite increase in this factor can be observed for any of the later winters. No definite tendency can be seen toward an increase or a r decrease in the factor Er 28 the birds become older after the fourth week. r The factor Ey 2 the one-day age is very large, as might be expected. From the fourth week to the twentieth week of the 1912 offspring, it will be noticed that the coefficient of correlation is very-low. The only explanation of this is that it may be due to an error in taking the weights. The balance used was rather heavy, and the hundredths of pounds had to be estimated. It is possible that the flapping and jumping of the larger, more vigorous chicks caused their weight to be underestimated, thus tend- ing to reverse the correlation. In spite of these few discrepancies, it will be noted that the correlation is always positive and in most cases significant. The studies that were made on all available birds during the entire experiment are shown in tables 63 to 119, and are summarized in figure 43 (page 271) and in table 120. TABLE 63. Size (Wz1cut in Grams) oF Birps at Acer or 1 Day, Sussecrt; Sizz or Eces From Wuicu ResPectivE Cuicks Were Harcuep, RELATIVE Coefficient of correlation = .73 + .013 44 46 48 50 52 54 55 58 60 62 64 63 68 70 23-25 1 1 25-27 / ne 14 27-29 8 17 6 8 1 1 1 42 29-31 5 15 17 20 16 6 2 1 82 31-33 1 3 11 26 39 21 6 2 109 33-35 2 1 11 12 19 26 22 5 4 102 35-37 1 2 5 4 14 24 23 10 1 84 37-39 1 3 13 610 8 100 7 2 60 39-41 4 3 7 9 8 7 4 42 41-43 2 3 3 6 3 4 4 I 26 43-45 1 1 2 1 5 45-47 1 1 47-49 1 1 2 49-51 1 1 2 51 or more 1 1 1 23 45 48 74 98 80 76 56 35 20 12 3 2 573 274 Eart W. BENJAMIN TABLE 64. Size or Brrps at Acs or 4 Weeks, Sussect; Size or Eecas FRoM WuIcH Respective Cutcxs Were Harcuep, Revative Coefficient of correlation = .20 + .037 44 46 48 50 52 54 56 58 6O 62 64 66 68 70 20- 30 1 1 2 1 5 30- 40 1 1 1 3 40- 50 1 38 4 4 1 2 1 16 50- 60 eh hk a Qe Vl 6 60- 70 11 2 2 5 1 1 «6 19 70— 80 he 2d 2 2 1 2 11 80- 90 4 2 1 2 1 2 8 15 90-100 1 5 7 710 6 5 4 1 1 «21 48 100-110 2 12 4 8 56 56 8 5 2 1 38 110-120 1 1 1 2 4 10 9 7 4 2 3 2 «21 47 120-130 1 2 3 5 5 4 4 1 1 26 130-140 1 5 4 5 6 1 1 2 1 2 28 140-150 2 1 1 3 1 2 «21 «21 12 150-160 de. vl ih) ah 11 6 160-170 1 2 A 5 170-180 1 1 2 4 180-190 1 1 190-200 1 1 1 3 200-210 ss bd 2 210-220 : 0 220-230 a 1 1 230-240 1 1 240-250 1 1 2 1 7 19 20 36 53 44 44 33 19 10 7 2 4 299 + Stupy oF SELECTIONS FoR Size, SHAPE, AND CoLor or Hens’ Eaas 276 TABLE 65. Size or Brrps at Acer or 8 Werks, Sussect; Size or Eacs From WHICH Respective Cuicxs Were Hatcuep, RELATIVE Coefficient of correlation = .14 + .038 44 46 48 50 52 54 56 58 60 62 64 66 68 70 80-100 1 1 100-120 2 2 120-140 1 1 1 3 140-160 2 1 2 3 8 160-180 2 t 4 )] 2 8 ££ 2 1 16 180-200 114 3 2 1 2 2 2 1 19 200-220 25 16 4 1 83 2 24 220-240 1 De Ae A IE A a 3 Bo he) od 32 240-260 3° 9°83. 8 & 2 7 4 1 34 260-280 12 3 6 8 7 4 1 1 33 280-300 1 94 2 5 4 8 6 2 LT 1 1 31 300-320 - 12 8 LL 6 F*2 1 8 2 2 32 320-340 1 1 6 4 3 1 11 1 2 21 340-360 1 1) 99 0b... 8: 1 ct 16 360-380 1 5 8 8 4 8 8 29 380-400 1 db i br 2 5 400-420 1 1 420-440 1 1 440-460 1 1 53 44 44 31 19 11 7 3 4 = 302 a ~vI e oO N nN w Q 276 Eart W. BENJAMIN a TABLE 66. Size or Birps ar Acz or 12 Wesxs, Sussect; Size or Eacs From WuHicn Respective Cuicxs Were Hatcuep, RELATIVE Coefficient of correlation = .20 + .040 44 46 48 50 52 54 56 58 60 62 64 66 68 70 300-320 i i i 2 1 6 320-340 1 1 340-360 1 2 2 8 121 12 360-380 404 3 2 8 280-400 i as 2 6 400-420 bia Seo 44 i | 43 420-440 2 1 a oa: 12 440-460 23 1 671 2 io Gk 17 460-480 1 ia ft 8 23 1 12 480-500 32 23 8 38 1 1 20 500-520 1 1 2 520-540 123 2-4 231 a ee 540-560 2 6 8 4 ot 2 4 i | 25 560-580 ia 3 3 5 2 2 1 18 580-600 2 B28 3 1 2 15 600-620 i Si & 2°83 4 1 16 620-640 444 4 2B se 4 14 640-660 1 3 2 1 ® 7 660-680 1 2 1 112 8 680-700 ii @ 2 4 ¢ 3 1 1B 700-720 121 2 6 720-740 1 ta 3 1 7 740-760 1 1 760-780 1 1 2 780-800 1 1 2. 1 7 16 17 32 45 38 36 29°18 11 7 2 3 262 Stupy oF SELECTIONS For S1zz, SHAPE, AND CoLtor or Hens’ Eqes 277 * TABLE 67. Size or Birps at Ace or 16 Waexs, Sunsect; Size or Ecos From WHIcH Respective Cuicks Wern Hatcuep, RELATIVE Coefficient of correlation = .19 + .040 J 44 46 48 50 52 54 56 58 60 62 64 66 68 70 / 360- 400 1 1 400- 440 1 1 3 41 1 7 440-— 480 2 1 4 3 7 480- 520 2 2 1 1 6 520— 560 1 2 3 3 3 41 13 560- 600 1 1 2 1 2 1 1 9 600- 640 1 12 2 1 4 4 1 16 640— 680 1 2 1 12 1 3 «21 12 680— 720 222 2 2 2 2 1 15 720- 760 12 12 4 2 3 2 17 760— 800 2 1 3 4 2 2 1 1 1 17 800— 840 14 5 3 38 38 2 1 22 840- 880 22 3 5 4 2 1 1 20 880— 920 1 2 4 4 3 6 9 1 30 920- 960 1 3 7 8 3 2 #21 20 960-1000 112 2 1 2 9 1000-1040 1 21 i1é%1éii1ii1 8 1040-1080 111i 38.4 #1 12 1080-1120 3 2 ee a | 8 1120-1160 2 1 1 4 1160-1200 2 11 4 1200-1240 be 1 1 1240-1280 1 1 Fas = 1 7 16 20 30 42 41 38 25 18 116 2 2 59 278 Eart W. BENJAMIN TABLE 68. Size or Brrps at Acr‘or 20 Werks, Sussect; Sizn or Eaes From Warch Respective Catcxs Were Hatcuep, RELative Coefficient of correlation = .18 + .040 44 46 48 50 52 54 55 58 60 G2 64 63 68 70 400- 500 1 8 1 2 500- 600 1 1 3 5 600- 700 2 8 ® 1 i 10 700- 800 | 1 3 ei 4 1 3 i 4 17 800- 900 TR § 48 } Bes 1 | 44 900-1000 L 2 6 9 2 10 1 3 oe 1 | 60 1000-1100 2-5 8.2 8b Ob 443 1 54 1100-1200 125 6 28 8 £2 3 2 43 1200-1300 2 oe ee oe oe a 23 1300-1400 i A 2 1400-1500 1 wt 1 8 13 24 27 40 36 389 35 11 12 9 4 2 261 TABLE 69. Size or Brrps at Acr or 24 Wuerxs, Sussect; Size or Eacs rrom Wuicu Respective Cuicks Were Hatcuep, RELATIve Coefficient of correlation = .15 + .066 46 48 50 52 54 56 58 60 62 64 66 68 70 600- 700 1 1 2 700- 800 1 1 2 800- 900 1 1 900-1000 ; fo Seed: Beta 4 10 100-1100 | 3 2 2 1 2 3 1 2 1 1 | 43 1100-1200 | 1:1 3 4 7 1 4 i 2 1 25 1200-1300 18 4 4-8 4 3 1 20 1300-1400 o£ 148 & @ Be 1 @ 27 1400-1500 1 ae oe ee ee 15 1500-1600 2 1 3 5 1600-1700 3 3 1700-1800 1 1 1800-1900 1 1 4 8 9 15 20 20 20 22 5 8 6 2 1 140 Strupy or SeLections ror Size, SHapE, AND Cotor or Hens’ Eccs 279 ft TABLE 79. Size or Birps ar Acs or 28 Weexs, Supsect; Size or Eacs From WHICH ResPEcTIVE Cuicks Were Hatcuep, RELATIVE Coefficient of correlation = .12 - .039 ‘44 46 48 50 52 54 56 58 60 62 64 66 68 70 600- 700 1 1 2 700— 800 1 1 2 800- 900 1 1 2 4 900-1000 lt 8 6 2 1 2 1 1 17 1000-1100 3 2 6 28 3 5 2 1 25 1100-1200 12 2 4 9 10 6 10 6 1 2 53 1200-1300 3 5 4 6 6 8 6 1 4 1 2 1 AT 1300-1400 “ 6 6 511 7 8 6 18 «21 21~«41 51 1400-1500 1 1 4 7 6 6 5 2 838 2 1 38 1500-1600 Yt d42 6 5 2 1 3 20 1000-1700 mol CaS Ae aS Be ED 1 13 1760-1800 1 2 2 1 2 8 1800-1900 ‘1 1 2 4 1900-2000 11 2 2000-2100 0 2100-2200 0 2200-2300 1 1 1 8 4 2 33 47 38 41 40 11 11 9 5 4 = 287 TABLE 71. Size or Brrps at Acr or 32 Wrrxs, Supsect; Sizz or Eacs rrom WuIcH Respective Cuicks Were Hatcuep, RELATIVE Coofficient of correlation = .31 + .036 44 46 48 50 52 54 56 58 60 62 64 66 68 70 700- 800 1 1 800- 900 900-1000 1 1 1000-1100 1100-1200 1200-1300 1300-1400 1400-1500 1500-1600 J600--1700 1 1700-1800 1800-1900 1900-2000 2000-2100 2100-2200 1 2 2200-2300 1 wWeebd _ ROAD Hoon ee NHR woOwN DN = Rowe POR AMAN wromsoper — No WONORNR RH RPNONMAOONOG mm Nowe mete De be bh = Pee bo 1 8 14 26 32 48 38 41 38 11 11 9 5 4 286 280 Eart W. BENJAMIN TABLE 72. Size or Brrps at Ace or 36 Wexexs, Supsect; Size or Eaas rrom Watca Respective Cuicks Were Harcuep, RELATIVE | Coefficient of correlation =.33 + .037 J; ] 44 46 48 50 52 54 55 58 60 62 64 66 68 70 700- 800 1 1 2 800- 900 0 900-1000 2 1 3 1000-1100 fr, i, EAs oat 1 5 1100-1200 2 a ee ae 3 1 14 1200-1300 3 6 2 8 4 Fh 4 I 1 30 1300-1400 Bide. Be OF ee A 42 1400-1500 25 5 8 9 6 6 6 1 48 1500-1600 i145 8 3 2 4 6 2 3 @ 2 @ ) 4 1600-1700 i 1 1416 @ 7 8 1 2 1 11] 34 1700-1800 1 a oe ee ee 2 16 1800-1900 23 4 4 2 3 18 1900-2000 1 2 1 11 6 2000-2100 11 2 2100-2200 i 2 2200-2300 1 i e| _— 1 8 13 25 28 44 38 41 33 10 11 9 5 3 269 TABLE 73. Size or Birps at Aas or 40 Wenxs, Suspsect; Size or Eaas rrom Wace Respective Cuaicks Were Hatcuep, RELATIVE , Coefficient of correlation = .28 + .038 46 48 50 52 54 56 58 60 62 64 66 68 70 900-1000 1 1000-1100 1100-1200 1200-1300 1300-1400 1400-1500 1500-1600 1600-1700 1700-1800 1800-1900 1900-2000 2000-2100 2100-2200 2200-2300 1 1 2300-2400 1 Owes ee WORONOOW i WOPRONNE NNWREOOPDND No OWRe CVS DO — NOON ORO NAT OO OO et me bh iw) 7 138 26 32 47 33 40 36 11 9 8 38 4 ~~ 269 Stupy or SELEcTIONS For S1z2, SHaPz, AND Cotor or Hens’ Ecos 281 TABLE 74. Size or Birps at Ace or 44 Weeks, Sussect; Size or Eaas rrom Wuicu Respective Cuicks Were Harcuep, RELative Coefficient of correlation = .34 + .035 ; 46 48 50 52 54 56 58 60 62 64 66 68 70 1000-1100 1 1 2 1100-1200 1 2 1 1 5 1200-1300 3 1 4 4 3 2 2 4 «1 24 1300-1400 1 3 511 9 38 4 6 1 43 1400-1500 38 3 8 41 8 8 4 3 1 1 1 59 . 1500-1600 3 4 49 8 9 56 1 3 1 «21 «2 50 1600-1700 22 6 5 3 8 7 1 38 2 «#1 40 1700-1800 1 12 8 1 6 38 1 1 1 25 1800-1900 2 2 1 1 2 2 10 1900-2000 1 1 1 3 2000-2100 0 2100-2200 1 1 2 7 #12 25 32 46 34 36 36 11 9 7 4 4 = 268 TABLE 75. Size or Brrps ar Ace or 48 Weeks, Sussecr; Size or Eeas From WHICH Respective Cuicxks Were Hatcuep, RELATIVE Coefficient of correlation = .27 + .039 46 48 50 52 54 56 58 60 62 64 66 68 70 900-1000 1 1 1000-1100 1 1 1 1 4 1100-1200 1 1 5 2 2 1 8 1 16 1200-1300 4 6 211 6 4 5 2 40 1300-1400 2512 75 9 38 4 2 1 2 52 1400-1500 26 5 612 6 7 7 2 2 1 56 1500-1600 38 2210 7 59 1 #1 2 1 43 1600-1700 4 1 5 6 3 1 38 1 24 1700-1800 1 3 2 1 6 2 15 1800-1900 1 1 1 3 1900-2000 2 2 2000-2100 1 1 2 7 12 24 31 45 33 36 35 11 9 7 4 .4 = -258 282 Eart W. BENJAMIN TABLE 76. Stzz or Birps ar Ace or 52 Weeks, Supsect; Size or Eeas rrom Wuicu ResPectiveE Carcks Were Harcuep, RELATIVE Coefficient of correlation = .25 + .039 46 48 50 52 54 56 58 60 62 64 66 68 70 900-1000 1 1 1000-1100 3 2 5 10-0 | to 4 Bod Le a ‘| 20 1200-1300 | 4 a a oe a do ae Tas 1200-1400 | 1 4 8 8 @ & 4 6 1 4 1 4 1 | tte 1400-1500 5 oh 10 Th OS oS Sd. a ) eh 1500-1600 a ae ee ae Gee ee el 33 1600-1700 i or oe ae ae ee | 18 1700-1800 a a a ae 2 2 1-| 18 1800-1900 0 1900-2000 0 2000-2100 a) Es 2 2100-2200 1 1 6 13 22 32 48 34 36 34 11 9 6 3 4 258 TABLE 77. Size or Brrps at Ace or 56 Werks, Sussect; Sizz or Eacs rrom Waica Respective Cutcxs Were Hatrcuep, Revative Coefficient of correlation = .28 + .039 46 48 50 52 54 56 58 60 62 64 66 68 70 700- 800 1 1 800- 900 0 900-1000 0 1000-1100 5 t 1 2 9 1100-1200 21 13 6 5 2 3 41 2 1200-1300 42 6017 5 46411 1 | 48 1300-1400 6 3 415 710 5 22 1 2 | 57 1400-1500 2 5 10 10 3 4 9 1 tp. (4 46 1500-1600 11318 79 4 1221421 36 1600-1700 1 2 7 2 121 2 «41 17 1700-1800 1 2 3 2 2 2 1 13 1800-1900 1 3 4 1900-2000 0 2000-2100 ' 0 2100-2200 111 3 6 13 22 32 48 34 8 384 11 9 6 8 4 258 Srupy or SELEcTIons ror S1zE, SHAPE, AND Cotor or Hens’ Eacs 283 TABLE 78. Sizz or Birps ar Ace or 60 Wuexs, Supsect; Sizz or Eaas rrom Wuicu Respective Caicks Were Harcesp, Revative Coefficient of correlation = .37 + .037 46 48 50 52 54 56 53 60 62 64 66 68 70 700- 800 1 1 800-— 900 1 1 900-1000 2 1 3 1000-1100 6 1 1 8 1100-1200 3 2 3 5 38 12 4 2 25 1200-1300 213 7 8 2 5 8 1 32 1300-1400 1 2 4 513 9 4 5 1 2 2 48 1400-1500 5 38 5 6 8 9 8 8 1 48 1500-1600 12 5 9 2 6 5 3 2 35 1300-1700 2 1 5 7 6 8 1 1 26 1700-1800 2 3 8 ‘b -2- 1 2 1 15 1800-1900 1 1 1 2 3 1 9 1900-2000 1 1 2000-2100 1 1 2100-2200 0 2200-2300" 1 1 6 13 22 32 47 34 36 32 11 9 6 2 4 = 254 -- TABLE 79. Size or Birps at Ace or 64 Wenxs, Sussect; Size or Eaes FRom WuHIcH Resrective Cutcks Were Hatcuep, RELATIVE Coefficient of correlation = .40 + .036 ‘ 45 48 50 52 54 56 58 60 .62 64 66 68 70 809- 900 1 900-1000 1000-1100 1100-1200 1200-1300 1300-1400 1400-1500 1500-1600 1600-1700 1700-1800 1800-1900 1900-2000 2000-2100 1 2100-2200 1 [ell aol a — NUNOOWRe LE _ loellend \ RPWOWWwWR NN Pow aA oo NONwe NR POW OO NWOOONT RE SS WWD Ob bh ed Rep bo no Oo — NNR a _ _ a Nwha - 6 13 20 31 47 34 36 382 11 9 6 2 4 = 251 284. Earu W. BENJAMIN TABLE 80. Size or Brrps at Acs or 68 Werks, Supsect; Size or Eaas rrom Wuicu Respective Curcxks Were Hatcuep, RELaTive Coefficient of correlation = .30 + .039 46 48 50 52 54 56 58 60 62 64 66 68 70 800- 900 1 1 900-1000 2 2 1000-1100 4 1 1 1 2 9 1100-1200 22 3 2 2 2 4 #21 1 19 1200-1300 3 1 5 56 12 3 4 4 1 38 1300-1400 1 1 3 8 9 6 3 8 38 2 1 40 1400-1500 24 7 4 7 6 38 1 3 2 «1 «2 41 1500-1600 4 1 5 9 4 5 6 38 1 1 39 1600-1700 2 2 6 8 8 4 1 1 1 33 1700-1800 12 4 4 1 1 2 15 1800-1900 1 1 2 1900-2000. Bohs ah) wa, ada 1 7 2000-2100 0 2100-2200 0 2200-2300 1 1 2300-2400 1 mai 1 6 13 21 31 47 33 36 30 11 8 6 2 4 248 TABLE 81. Sizz or Birps at Ace or 72 Weeks, Supsrct; Sizz or Eaas From WuHIcH Respective Cuicks Were Hatcuep, RELative vq Cooticient of correlation = .29 + .040 46 7 50 52,54 56 58 60 62 64 66 68 70 800- 900 1 1 900-1000 1 1 2 1000-1100 2 1 3 1100-1200 3 6 4 1 2 16 1200-1300 113 162 4 «22éi21 21 1300-1400 22 65 7 7 7 4 2 1 «21 «21 «2 47 1400-1500 38 4 8 9 7 6 4 2 1 44 1500-1600 3 6 8 38 7 10 4 8 1 45 1600-1700 2 4 66 4 2 1 2 1 2 30 1700-1800 1 4 2 4 3 6 1 21 1800-1900 1 2 2 2 1 8 1900-2000 1 1 2 2000-2100 1 1 2100-2200 1 1 2200-2300 0 2300-2400 0 2400-2500 1 2 2 6 13 20 30 46 23 34 20 11 9 6 2 4 244 Srupy or SELECTIONS FOR SIZE, SHAPE, AND CoLor oF Hens’ Ecas 285 TABLE 82. Size or Birps ar Ace or 76 Wrexs, Supsuct; Size or Eags rrom WaIcH Respective Cuicks Were Hatcuep, RELATIVE Coefficient of correlation = .26 + .043 46 48 50 52 54 56 58 60 62 64 66 68 70 900-1000 1 1 2 1000-1100 2 1 1 4 1100-1200 1 1 & 3 1200-1300 1 4 5 2 2 1 : 1 1 17 1300-1400 3 2 5 3 10 6 5 38 1 1 1 40 1400-1500 24 3 8 4 410 7 1 2 45 1500-1600 2 4 4 7 6 4 1 2 1 31 1600-1700 12 3 6 38 8 4 38 2 1 28 1700-1800 1 5 3 5 2 2 1 2 1 1 23 1800-1900 2 3 1 2 4 1 13 1900-2000 1 3 2 1 7 2000-2100 1 1 2100-2200 2 2 4 2200-2300 1 1 2300-2400 1 1 2 2400-2500 0 2500-2600 0 2600-2700 1 1 6 1 17 23 40 32 33 2 10 9 6 2 3 223 : TABLE 83, Size or Bravs at Ace or 80 Weexs, Supsect; Size or Eaas FROM Waic Respective Curcxs Wert Hatcuep, RELATIVE Coefficient of correlation = .24 + .048 46 48 50 52 54 56 58 60 62 64 66 68] 70 900-1000 1 1 1000-1100 + 3 1100-1200 i 2 a 4 1200-1300 | 1 A. & GD 21 1 1 1 | 15 1300-1400 | 2 5. 8 8. Fe dh 1 1 | 35 1400-1500 | 1 2 1 4 4 5 5 5 1 28 1500-1600 | 1 1 29 8 4S 1 4 19 1600-1700 29 6 £ 4 2 8 1 20 1700-1800 1 5 4 5 2 oA 4 | 21 1800-1900 i212 4 3 1 14 1900-2000 1 3 1 1 6 2000-2100 2 2 1 5 2100-2200 2 2 4 2200-2300 : 1 1 2300-2400 1 1 2400-2500 0 2500-2600 1 1 5 6 12 20 32 2% 27 4 10 8 5 2 8 178 286 Ear W.-BEnJAMIN TABLE 84. Size or Birps at Ace or 84 Weeks, Sussect; Size or Eaas rrom Wuicu Resrective Cuicks Were Hatcuep, RELATIVE Coefficient of correlation = .83 + .054 46 48 50 52 54 56 58 60 62 64 66 68 70 900-1000 1 1 1000-1100 0 1100-1200 2 2 1200-1300 3 1 ; 4 1300-1400 1 1 3 1 2 1 «#1 1 11 1400-1500 2 3 3 3 4 3 #1 19 1500-1600 211 2 4 5 1 4 «21 1 22 1600-1700 1 2 1 3 1 3 «21 1 13 1700-1800 2 3 2 2 3 «1 «8 16 1800-1900 1 2 3 1 2 2 1 1 13 1900-2000 3 5 1 2 1 2 14 2000-2100 1 1 1 1 1 5 2100-2200 1 1 2 2200-2300 1 1 2300-2400 0 2400-2500 1 1 2 3.5 7 138 24 22 15 17 7 6 38 2 1 125 TABLE 85. Sizz or Birps at Ace or 88 Weeks, Supsect; Size or Ecas rrom WHIcH Resrective Cutcks Were Hatcuep, RELATIVE Coefficient of correlation = .30 + .057 46 48 50 52 54 56 58 60 62 64 66 68 70 900-1000 1 1 1000-1100 0 1100-1200 1 1 1200-1300 1 1 2 1300-1400 2 1 2 1 5 1400-1500 1 2 2 3 41 11 11 1500-1600 1 3 2 4 3 6 1 2 421 1 24 1600-1700 3 1 3 3 3 2 1 21 17 1700-1800 1 3 2 2 2 3 1 2 16 1800-1900 4 5 2 11 1900-2000 1 1 1 3 2 1 9 2000-2100 1 1 3 1 12 1 1 i 2100-2200 1 1 2200-2300 ko fk 4 2300-2400 0 2400-2500 ; 1 Pe 1 2500-2600 : 0 2600-2700 1 1 2 5 8 12 20 19 14 16 8 5 4 21 1 15 ~Srupy or SELECTIONS For Sizz, SHAPE, AND Cotor or Hens’ Eaes 287 TABLE 86. Size or Birps at Acr or 92 Werks, SuBsEcT; Size or Eaas rrom Wuicu Rezsrective Cuicks Were Hatcuep, RELATIVE Coefficient of correlation = .30 -t .055 46 48 50 52 54 56 58 60 62 64 66 68 70 1200-1300 1300-1400 1400-1500 1500-1600 1600-1700 1700-1800 1 1800-1900 1900-2000 2000-2100 2100-2200 2200-2300 1 2300-2400 2400-2500 1 2500-2600 1 ied ito na Noe — DD mem OODIOO RE ee PDNwh Tour RFONNEN PD Reb wob Nee OH oe Dp —_ ee —_ london _ mb —— a 2 6 15 26 14 2 1 23 10 9 8 4 3 0 2 1 3 5 7 12 23 20 15 17 8 6 4 2 1 128 TABLE 87. Size or Birps at Ace or 96 Weeks, Sussect; Size or Eaes From WaicH Respective Cuicxs Were Harcuep, RELATIVE Coefficient of correlation = .40 + .051 46 48 50 52 54 56 58 60 62 64 66 68 70 = 1100-1200 1200-1300 1 1300-1400 1 1400-1500 1500-1600 1600-1700 1700-1800 1800-1900 1900-2000 2000-2100 2100-2200 1 2200-2300 2300-2400 ve ne me De oh» oo wo wom cw no PP RwD i ie mb Ow wer bd iy ae Ee Pee eS F ND _ ne | weoawIo eR SSmee 3 5 6 12 23 20 15 17 8 6 4 2 1= 122 288 EarRL W. BENJAMIN ‘ TABLE 88. Size or Brrps at Acs or 100 Werxs, Sussect; Size or Eaas rrom Wuicu Respective Carcxs Were Harcuep, RELATIVE Coefficient of correlation = .35 + .055 46 48 50 52 54 56 58 60 62 64 66 68 70 1100-1200 1 1 2 1200-1300 1 21141 2 8 1300-1400 1 23 141 8 1 12 1400-1500 13 13 7 5 21 2 1 26 1500-1600 112 3 2 5 8 12 1 21 1600-1700 1 3 12 3 2 12 1700-1800 2° 3 3 2 3 13 1800-1900 22 1 2 1 8 1900-2000 11141 1 5 2000-2100 1 1 2 4 2100-2200 1 1 2 2200-2300 1 1 2300-2400 0 2400-2500 1 1 3 5 6 11 22 17 15 15 8 6 4 2 1 115 x TABLE 89. Size or Birps at Ace or 104 Weex;, Sussecr; Size or Eaa3 rrom WHIcH ResPective Cuicxs Were Harcuep, RELATIVE Coefficient of correlation = .32 -- .057 46 48 50 52 54 56 58 60 62 64 66 68 70 1000-1100 1100-1200 1 1200-1300 1300-1400 1 1400-1500 L 2 1500-1600 1 1600-1700 1 1700-1800 1800-1900 1900-2000 2000-2100 1 2100-2200 2 2200-2300 | 1 1 Sete RPNN Re _ — PNHNWWoOwW no Re et et Ott bh RFPONNNNE _ mh OO OTe Oe tt ee — —_ Strupy oF SELEcTIONS ror S1zz, SHAPE, AND CoLor oF Hens’ Ecas 289 be TABLE 90. Size or Birps at Acs or 108 Werks, Supsect; Size or Eaos From WHICH Respective Carcxs Were Hatcuep, Revative Coefficient of correlation = .34 + .056 46 48 50 52 54 56 58 60 62 64 66 68 70 1000-1100 1 * 1100-1200 1 2 1200-1300 1300-1400 1 1400-1500 2 2 1500-1600 1 2 1 1600-1700 1700-1800 1800-1900 1900-2000 1 2000-2100 2100-2200 2200-2300 2300-2400 1 NLNNE eho Reman =e WRN wwbh Be PNWONe NEN WHO Re BE Ree ND ee no Nee —_ _ 3 5 6 11 21 17 14 15 8 6 4 2 1~—= 118 TABLE 91. Size or Braps av Acz or 112 Weeks, Sussect; Size or Eaas From WHICH RespPective Cuicks Were Hatcuep, RELATIVE Coefficient of correlation = .25 + .060 46 48 50 52 54 55 58 60 62 64.66 68 70 900-1000 1000-1100 1100-1200 1200-1300 1 1300-1400 1400-1500 1500-1600 1600-1700 1700-1800 1800-1900 1900-2000 1 2000-2100 2100-2200 1 1 2200-2300 2300-2400 1 ate Lalt \ Moeel mb = — Nee oo HOD oO OTe mb Oe Cr or WRaowne met eR OR 6 fae pet eet pe _ 290 Earit W. BENJAMIN TABLE 92. Sizz or Braps at Acz or 116 Weeks, Sussect; Sizz or Eaas rrom WuHIcu Respective Curcxs Were HarcuHep, Rewative Coefficient of correlation = .28 + .059 46 48 50 52 54 56 58 60 62 64 66 68 70 1000-1100 1 1 2 1100-1200 ees Gams 1 4 1200-1300 |_ 1 1 2 4 1300-1400 1 23 383 2 2 1 1 1 16 1400-1500 1 3 1 3 41 3 2 14 1500-1600 211 3 9 3 8 2 2 28 1600-1700 1 2 2 1 4 2 2 1 15 1700-1800 1 3 1 1 1 1 8 1800-1900 12 2 1 1 1 1 9 1900-2500 1 12 3 2 1 10 2000-2100 0 2100-2200 1 1 2 2200-2300 0 2300-2400 1 1 2400-2500 : 1 1 3 5 6 11 21 16 14 15 8 6 4 2 1 12 TABLE 93. Suz or Brrps at Acs or 120 Weeks, Sussect; Size oF Eaas From WHicH Respective Curcxs Were Harcuep, RELATIVE Coefficient of correlation = .29 + .059 46 48 50 52 54 53 58 60 62 64 63 68 70 1000-1100 1 1 1100-1200 Log 3 1200-1300 1 3 1 1 1 7 1300-1400 1 1 2 3 1 8 1400-1500 11 3.2 2 1 2 41 1 14 1500-1600 122 4 9 56 2 4 1 30 1600-1700 38 4 1 2 5 1 2 «1 «21 20 1700-1800 ‘1 #1 2 1 1 6 1800-1900 1 2 2 1 6 1900-2000 1 1 38 1 6 2000-2100 1 1 1 3 2100-2200 1 1 2200-2300 1 1 2 2300-2400 1 1 (JN) or oO i o bs i i oO 13 14 8 6 4 2 1 108, Srupy or SeLections ror §1zE, SHAPE, AND CoLor or Hens’ Eacs 291 TABLE 94. Size or Birps at Ace or 124 Weeks, Supsect; Size or Eaas rrom WHIca Respective Carcxs Wert Harcuep, RELATIVE Coefficient of correlation = .41 + .054 46 48 50 52 54 53 58 60 62 G4 66 68 70 1100-1200 1200-1300 1300-1400 2 1400-1500 1500-1600 1 1300-1700 1700-1800 1800-1900 1 1900-2000 2000-2100 1 2100-2200 2200-2300 2 1 KOO ee peppy aN eee Ke WHOM hy 09 OD GO RHE mpc Re et RENE Do ee ee NNe _ _ i | BN Ree “NDR POW OTOP OO 3 5 6 10 21 15 138 15 8 G6 4 2 1 ~~ 109 TABLE 95. Size or Birps at Ace or 128 Werxs, Sunsect; Sizz or Ecas From WHICH Respective Curcxs Were Hatcuep, RELATIVE Coefficient of correlation = .33 + .069 45 47 49 51 53 55 57 59 61 63 65 67 1200-1300 1 1 2 2 1 7 1300-1400 2 3 2 1 1 9 1400-1500 3 12 2 1 4 2 1 16 1500-1600 1 11 3 2 1 1 1 11 1600-1700 1 3.3 1 2 1 il 1700-1800 1 3 2 6 1800-1900 1 1 1900-2000 1 1 2 1 #1 1 7 2000-2100 1 1 1 1 4 2100-2200 1 1 2 2200-2300 1 1 292 Bart W. Bensamin TABLE 96. S1zm or Brrvs ar Ace oF 132 Weeks, Supsect; Size or Eaes rrom WHich Resrective Carcxs Were HatcHep, RELATIVE Coefficient of correlation = .42 + .074 45 47 49 51 53 55 57 59 61 63 65 1100-1200 1 1200-1300 1 1300-1400 1400-1500 1500-1600 1 1600-1700 1700-1800 1 1800-1900 1 1900-2000 2000-2100 1 2100-2200 . 2200-2300 2300-2400 1 mb ee = NNDH Wd eR OR = = Pep a _ _ or S| ponaweovtaawse TABLE 97. Sizz or Brirps at Ace or 136 Weerxs, Sussect; SizzE or Ecas rrom WHICH ResPective Cuicks Were HarcHep, RELATIVE Coefficient of correlation = .44 + .077 45 47 49 51 53 55 57 59 61 63 65 1000-1100 1 1 1100-1200 0 1200-1300 0 1300-1400 } a. a 1 1 1 6 1400-1500 1. i. 3 1500-1600 1 1 1 1 1 5 1600-1700 1 aie ae | 7 1700-1800 1 oe ae | 2 2 1 9 1800-1900 1 ie or | 1 6 1900-2000 1 2 4 2 1 7 2000-2100 1 1 2100-2200 1 1 1 3 2200-2300 1 1 2300-2400 ae oe 2 2442 8 677 8 4 4 «51 Stupy or SELECTIONS FOR SIZE, SHAPE, AND Cotor oF Hens’ Eaes 293 TABLE 98. Size or Birps at Ace or 140 Weeks, Supsect; Size or Eacs rrom Wuicu ResPective Cuicks Were Hatcuep, REvative Coefficient of correlation = .41 + .071 45 47 49 51 53 55 57 59 61 63 65 1100-1200 1 1 1200-1300 0 1300-1400 1 1 2 1400-1500 2 2 ; 1 1 6 1500-1600 2 2 1 2 7 1600-1700 ° 1 2 2 1 6 1700-1800 1 1 6 1 #38 1 13 1800-1900 1 1 8 1 1 1 8 1900-2000 1 1 3 1 6 2000-2100 2 1 2 5 2100-2200 1 1 2 2200-2300 1 1 1 1 4 2300-2400 0 2400-2500 1 1 2500-2600 1 1 7 44 311 61 8 5 4 4 62 TABLE 99. Size or Breps at Ace or 144 Werks, Suzsect; Sizz or Eaas rrom WHICH Respective Cuicks Were Harcuep, RELATIVE Coefficient of correlation = .44 + .074 45 47 49 51 53 55 57 59 61 63 65 1100-1200 1 3 go oS Oo _ bo bt OO DD Cleat ele Noe DN Ne See Ree pD me. ee x | HOeNAORRONIN NH OF 294 EarL W. BENJAMIN TABLE 100. Size or Birps at Acs oF 148 Werns, Supsect; Size or Eaas From WHICH Respective Carcks Were Hatcuep, Re.ative Coefficient of correlation = .49 + .070 45 47 49 51 53 55 57 59 61 638 65 1200-1300 2 1300-1400 1400-1500 2 1 1500-1600 1 1600-1700 2 1 1700-1800 1800-1900 1900-2000 pct sa 2100-2200 2200-2300 2300-2400 2400-2500 2500-2600 2600-2700 2700-2800 1 wo obo PRN _ BND wh word Fh pet bet ND ee ee ee E | Mocoovrre mona bows . TABLE 101. Size or Brrps at Acs or 152 Weexs, Supsect; Size or Eaas rrom WHICa Respective Cuicks Were HatcHep, RELATIVE Coefficient of correlation = .52 + .068 45 47 49 51 53 55 57 59 61 63 65 1200-1300 1 1300-1400 2 1 1400-1500 1 1500-1600 2 1600-1700 1700-1800 1800-1900 2 1900-2000 2000-2100 2100-2200 1 1. 2200-2300 1 ee ee wn _ ol ds ot ed Ne FRE nN | —_ ho bo RNR WON WH ORE Re bo oO ow wo © cs a co w iS) me an Srupy or SELEcTIONS For S1zE, SHAPE, AND CoLor or Hens’ Eaes 295 TABLE 102. Size or Brrps at Acs or 156 Weeks, Sussect; Size or Ecas rrom WHICH Respective Cutcks Were Hatcuep, RELATIVE Coefficient of correlation = .50 + .078 45 47 49 51 53 55 57 59 61 63 65 1100-1200 1 1 1200-1300 1 1 2 1300-1400 2 1 1 1 1 6 1400-1500 1 3 1 1 1 7 1500-1600 2 1 1 2 2 2 10 1600-1700 de! ell 3 1 6 1700-1800 2 1 1 4 1800-1900 1 1 1 3 1900-2000 1 1 2000-2100 1 1 2100-2200 1 1 23 3 3 7 8 8 5 3 2 8 42 TABLE 103. Size or Brros at Acs or 160 Weeks, Supsect; Sizz or Eacs From WHIcH Respective Cutcxks Were Hatcuep, RELATIVE Coefficient of correlation = .48 + .072 45 47 49 51 53 55 57 59 61 63 65 1300-1400 : 1 1400-1500 1500-1600 1600-1700 1700-1800 1800-1900 1900-2000 1 2000-2100 - 1 1 1 2100-2200 i 2200-2300 1 1 1 1 1 1 —_ pt 1 1 meebo Oe eee Nore Se _ on | _ i) WOwWrRWwWoNoowon 296 Earu W. BENJAMIN TABLE 104. Size or Brrps at Acz or 164 Weexs, Sunsect; Sizz or Ecos rrom WaIcH Respective Caicks Were Hatcuep, RELATIVE Coefficient of correlation = .43 + .078 45 47 49 51 53 55 57 59 61 63 65. 1200-1300 1 1300-1400 1400-1500 1500-1600 2 1600-1700 2 1700-1800 1800-1900 1900-2000 2000-2100 2100-2200 1 1 2200-2300 1 2300-2400 2400-2500 2500-2600 1 alae! t— me RNR Nee _ New we _ bebo ee mb _ _ a S | KH OCOPNEF ORTH WORE TABLE 105. Size or Birps at Aas or 168 Weeks, Supssect; Size or Eaes From WHIcH Respective Cuicks Were Hatcuep, RELATIVE Coefficient of correlation = .50 + .072 45 47 49 51 53 55 57 59 61 63 65 1100-1200 1 1200-1300 1300-1400 1400-1500 1500-1600 1600-1700 1700-1800 1 1800-1900 1900-2000 Y 1 2000-2100 2100-2200 1 2200-2300 1 1 ee Ne bo = Nwh w = WCOWN ee no NeD i | id © NRK WAWODOSOrKO- Stupy or SELECTIONS FoR S1zE, SHAPE, AND CoLor or Hens’ Eaes 297 TABLE 105. Size or Brrps at Ace or 172 Weeks, Supsect; Size or Eacs rrom Wuicu Resrsctive Carcks Were Hatcuep, RELATIVE Coefficient of correlation = .52 + .070 45 47 49 51 53 55 57 59 61 63 65 1200-1300 1 1300-1400 2 1 1400-1500 2 1500-1600 1 1 1 1600-1700 1700-1800 1 2 1800-1900 1 2 1900-2000 2000-2100 : 1 2100-2200 2200-2300 1 2300-2400 1 Nwee Pt eb et ond _ COnNOoNON Pe WwW Nee NN he 3 | = OS Oro TABLE 107. S1zz or Birps at Acs or 176 Weexs, Supsect; 81zm or Eacs From WHIcH Respective Carcxs Were HatcuHep, RELATIVE Coefficient of correlation = .44 + .082 45 47 49 51 53 55 57 59 61 63 65 1000-1100 1 1 1100-1200 1200-1200 1300-1400 1400-1500 1500-1600 2 1 1600-1700 1 1700-1800 1800-1900 1 1900-2000 2000-2100 lle’ No Nee n m bo eb _ etunel aed ee me bob bo = | WM WOWONRDHOON 298 Earu W. BEensaMIn TABLE 108. Siu or Brnps ar Acs or 180 Weexs, Susssct; Siz or Eaas rrom Wutcu Respective Caicxs Were Harcuep, REvAtive Coefficient of correlation = .37 + .108 45 47 49 51 53 55 57 59 61 63 65 1000-1100 1 1100-1200 1200-1300 1 1300-1400 1400-1500 2 2 1500-1600 1 1600-1700 1700-1800 1800-1900 1900-2000 1 —— _ — i Sd ae ee Sl oapaswarHor TABLE 109. Sizz or Brrps at Acs or 184 Werxs, Sussect; Size or Eaas From WuIcu ResPective Curcks Were Hatcuep, RELATIVE Coefficient of correlation = .52 + .085 45 47 49 51 53 55 57 59 61 63 65 1100-1200 1 1200-1300 1300-1400 1400-1500 1500-1600 1600-1700 1 1 1700-1800 1 3 1 1800-1200 1 1900-2000 1 2000-2100 2100-2200 2200-2300 =e _ mb —_ moo _ ee rn g | SNe WoKONWWNoO- 22 2 2 5 2 8 7 0 2 2 Stupy oF SELEcTIONS FoR S1zE, SHAPE, AND Cotor or Hens’ Eccs 299 TABLE 110. S1zz or Birps at Ace or 188 Weeks, Sussect; Size or Ecas rrom WuHIcH Resrective Catcxs Were Hatouep, RELATIVE Coefficient of correlation = .60 + .099 45 47 49 51 53 55 57 59 1300-1400 1 1 2 1400-1500 0 1500-1600 1 1 1600-1700 1 1 2 1700-1800 1 1 2 1800-1900 od 2 4 1900-2000 1 1 2000-2100 1 1 2 2100-2200 1 1 2: 2200-2300 1 1 2 2300-2400 1 1 1 11 1 2 2 6 6 19 TABLE 111. Size or Birps at Ace or 192 Werks, Sussecr; Sizz or Eaas rrom WHICH ResPective Cuicxs Were Hatcuep, RELATIVE Coefficient of correlation = .59 + .079 45 47 49 51 53 55 57 59 61 63 1200-1300 1 1300-1400 1400-1500 2 1500-1600 1 1600-1700 1 1700-1800 2 1800-1900 1 1900-2000 2000-2100 1 2100-2200 1 2200-2300 2300-2400 2400-2500 mo —_ et et et b\w) moO -_ 2 | pee pwwanwHwor 300 EarRu W. BENJAMIN TABLE 112. Size or Brrps ar Acer or 196 Werks, Sussect; Size or Eaas From Wuicu RESPECTIVE Cuicxs Were Hatcuep, RELATIVE Coefficient of correlation = .48 + .093 ' 45 47 49 51 53 55 57 59 61 63 1200-1800 1 1300-1400 1400-1500 1 1500-1600 2 1 1600-1700 1 1700-1800 1 1800-1900 1 1900-2000 1 2 2000-2100 2100-2200 2200-2300 2300-2400 2400-2500 2500-2600 2600-2700 1 Heep me bo i\) Nee ee ee i) P i | RPOCOCONWOWOWONO-e 222 2 5 2 8 7 0 #1 TABLE 113. Size or Birps at Acs or 200 Werks, Sussect; Sizz or Eacs FRomM WHICH ResPective Cuicks Were Harcuep, RELATIVE Coefficient of correlation = .56 + .084 1 45 47 49 51 53 55 57 59 61 63 1000-1100 1 1 1100-1200 0 1200-1300 0 1300-1400 1 1 1400-1500 1 1 2 1500-1600 1 1 2 4 1600-1700 1 1 1 1 3 7 1700-1800 1 1 1800-1900 1 2 2, om) 1900-2000 1 2 1 1 5 2000-2100 1 1 2100-2200 1 1 2200-2300 1 1 2300-2400 1 1 222 2 5 27 7 0 «1 30 saan oe Stupy or SELEcTIoNS For S1zu, SHapE, AND CoLor oF Hens’ Eces 301 TABLE 114. Size or Birps at Ace or 204 Wnexs, Sussect; Sizm or Ecos From WHIcH ResPective Cuicks Were Hatcien, ReLATIVE Coefficient of correlation = .66 -- .068 45 47 49 51 53 55 57 59 61 63 1100-1200 1 1200-1300 ~ 1300-1400 1 1400-1500 1 1500-1600 1 1 2 1600--1700 2 2 41 1700-1800 . 1800-1900 1900-2000 1 2000-2100 1 2100-2200 2200-2300 oOo mpe ee NNN | PEN PN WOKEN OF TABLE 115. Size or Breps at Ace or 208 Werks, Supsect; Sizz or Eaas rrom WHIcH Resrective Cuicks Were Hatcuep, RELATIVE Coefficient of correlation = .49 + .092 45 47 49 51 53 55 57 59 61 63 1100-1200 1 1200-1300 1 1300-1400 1400-1500 1500-1600 1 2 1600-1700 2 1700-1800 1 1800-1900 1900-2000 2000-2100 2100-2200 2200-2300 2300-2400 2400-2500 1 ae De _ Neb So HWE = = | la BKBOOCOCONNAONCOorre 302 Eart W. BENJAMIN TABLE 116. Srze or Braps at Ace or 212 Weeks, Sussect; Size or Eaas From WHICH Respective Cutcks Were Harcuep, RELATIVE Coefficient of correlation = .68 + .065 45- 47 49 51 53 55 57 59 61 63 1100-1200 « i 1200-1300 1300-1400 1400-1500 1500-1600 1600-1700 1 2 1700-1800 1800-1900 1 1900-2000 2000-2100 2100-2200 2200-2300 2300-2400 2400-2500 | 1 ee bo ewe aed row a CWOWrROrR eb bo ep — | RFPOOCOWhWN no bo be bo or So [oe} I Oo _ ser . TABLE 117. Sizn or Brrvs at Acg or 216 Weexs, Sussect; Size or Eaas rrom WHIcH Respective Cuicxs Were Hatcuep, RELATIVE Coefficient of correlation = .66 + .070 45 47 49 51 53 55 57 59 61 63 1200-1300 1 1300-1400 1 1400-1500 1 1 1500-1600 1 1600-1700' 1 1700-1800 1 1800-1900 1 1900-2000 2000-2100 1 2100-2200 1 2200-2300 1 Re NRE Peep 8 | mh WOOP CHOP Or Stupy or SELECTIONS FOR $1zE, SHAPE, AND Cotor or Hens’ Eces 303 TABLE 118. Size or Brrps at Acs or 220 Weeks, Sussect; Size or Eacs rrom WHICH Respective Curcxks Were Harcuep, RELATIVE Coefficient of correlation = .69 + .064 45 47 49 51 53 55 57 59 61 63 1200-1300 1 1 1800-1400 2 1 3 1400-1500 1 1h 4 4 1500-1600 1s 1 oi 3 1600-1700 2 2 1 5 1700-1800 1 1 3 5 1800-1900 1 1 1 3 1900-2000 1 3 1 5 2000-2100 0 2100-2200 1 1 222 2 4 2 8 7 0 1 30 TABLE 119. Size or Brrps at Ace or 224 Weeks, Sussect; Size or Eces From WHICH Respective Cutcxs Were HatcHep, RELATIVE Coefficient of correlation = .40 + .103 . 45 47 49 51 53 55 57 59 61 63 1100-1200 1 1200-1300 1300-1400 1 1 1400-1500 2 1500-1600 1 1 1600-1700 1700-1800 1800-1900 1 1 1900-2000 2000-2100 Ree ee ed nl Se ol Ree e 8 | BPN PWRNTON eS to bo te tS iN bn co x f=) 304 Earut W. BENJAMIN TABLE 120. Summary or Tasizs 63 To 119. Size or Brrps at Four-WeEExs PERtiops DURING THEIR Lire, SuBsEcT; Size or Eces rrom Watch Respective Curcxs WERE Hatcuep, RELATIVE Coefficient Number Age of chicks of of indi- correlation viduals 73+ .013 56.15 573 20+ .037 5.41 299 .14+ .038 3.68 302 .20+ .040 5.00 262 .194+ .040 4.75 259 . 18+ .040 4.50 261 15+ .066 2.27 140 12+ .039 3.08 287 31+ .036 8.61 286 33+ .037 8.92 269 28+ .038 7.37 269 34+ .035 9.71 263 27+ .039 6.92 258 25+ .039 6.41 258 28+ .039 7.18 258 37+ .037 10.00 254 40+ .036 11.11 251 30+ .039 7.69 248 29- .040 7.25 244 25+ .043 6.05 223 24+ .048 5.00 178 33+ .054 6.11 125 30+ .057 5.26 115 30+ .055 5.45 123 40+ .051 7.84 122 35+ .055 6.36 115 32+ .057 5.61 113 34+ .056 6.07 113 25+ .060 4.17 112 28+ .059 4.75 112 29+ .059 4.92 108 41+ .054 7.59 109 33+ .069 4.78 75 - 132. weeks: i -.202¢ha0544 Hoos noganodemnas svete 42+ .074 5.68 56 136 wéekss. :.25cc2505244 5 soueeeeeamnatad sats 44+ .077 5.71 51 140 seeks: oc25ecceansa seed kararpaanccugegoue eed 41+ .071 5.77 62 VAR Wee Sy) 6.52, 5da tated hs jerk orkos ted ahve Sndeatsnaadoictuad! la weet 444 .074 5.95 54 TAS week go. 25.9 eos Aves ussite bik Avo asec) pceepo guineas 49+ .070 7.00 54 152 WEEKS) 5.0 e.3.a.acaiere Ha 4.4 5 mth Aceh dust cnas 52+ .068 7.65 52 156 WeekS icc i ade k iyadeyauennaocmonameaee ee 50+ .078 6.41 42 1GO WeekeR <5 eos. nes end gas ad x en ainaeceideo mae ewe 48+ .072 6.67 52 V64) Weekes icc cco nicnsnl wienns s Raw eananawes yaks 4 43+ .078 5.51 50 IGS. weekdias iecace-cuqhwe aes osisisekiaiune cue sredes 50+ .072 6.94 49 N72 WEOKB 3s iowa Seta seine denne nee 52+ .070 7.43 50 116 WeekS.oc.sccanekec gin sk enussoeecoauenee. y eA 44+ .082 5.37 44 STUDY OF SELEcTIoNS FoR 81zE, SHAPE, AND Cotor or Hens’ Ecas 305 TABLE 120 (concluded) Coefficient _ Number Age of chicks of — of indi- correlation Er viduals 180! Weeks... cu pages ina sean ea hea ewe eee .87+.108 3.43 29 184: weeks isy.244. Ma sawetyaet ea o4 tccee eer ehede .52+ .085 6.12 34 ISS WEEKS 2 0 55:52 cceataly 05.3. paid daamemaseerwns Heese .60+ .099 6.06 19 192: WEEMS! 05 cicincviins Sad oop due LEMS OGRA Gea e .59+ .079 7.47 31 196 weeks.......... 48+ .093 5.16 31 200 weeks........ 56+ .084 6.67 30 204 weeks........ 66+ .068 9.71 31 208 weeks............. 494+- .092 5.33 31 D2 weeks. 2+ «wucerdsws tase cak bua moe ayes 68+ .065 10.46 31 216 Weekes) ocd dasicsasseut dd havoses whmdieahe RS 6 oases 66+ .070 9.43 30 DIO WEIS: 2.28 fc Ge udasin sb ns Suk aeahauadasawnd BEHAS 69+ .064 10.78 30 DOA WEEKS). oc siatiis tactuieernasna yeas cotter ees 40+ .103 3.88 30 DISCUSSION OF RESULTS The results of these studies are neither in entire accord nor in entire discord with any of the important studies of the same factors made by other workers. Up to the present time no extensive work has been reported on Single Comb White Leghorn material. So far as is known by the writer, no other study of these particular factors has been made with similar lines of inheritance over as long a period as is here reported. The studies have been made with vitally important commercial factors in a commercial breed. It is especially incumbent on the eastern pro- ducer to excel in the production of these desired factors in order to compete with more distant production. Therefore the fact indicated by these studies, namely, that the characters in question are distinctly inherited, should be gratifying and encouraging to commercial poultrymen who have been working for years along these lines. The inheritance of the characters studied seemed to be thru the medium of both the male and the female parent. The writer found no evidence of distinctly sex-linked factors, such as were observed by Pearl (1912) and by Hadley (1913). According to the writer’s results, benefit to the flock can be gained for any of these inherited characters by adding either better males or better females to the flock. The relation of an individual egg to the mean type produced by the parent bird, and the relation of the type of egg incubated to the mean 306 Eart W. BenJAMIN type produced by the progeny, point directly to an easy way of improving. a commercial flock by careful selection of the eggs for hatching. The results of this investigation show that a study of all the eggs produced by the parent hen, such as would be possible only by trap-nesting, would be more dependable than a selection of the incubated eggs alone; but the latter method is found to be a possible way, as well as an easier and quicker way, of obtaining good results. The fact that the size, the shape, or the color of eggs does not affect their . incubation record, leaves the poultryman free to select his eggs for hatch- ing according to his own preference without its affecting the percentage of hatch. The old opinion that hens’ eggs approach a definite standard, to which they adhere more uniformly as the bird becomes older, is not borne out by the results of these studies. From this work it seems that the variability of a hen’s production does not decrease as the hen becomes older. If the indication shown here is a fact, it does away with one of the several arguments which the poultryman has for using hens’ eggs-instead of pullets’ eggs for hatching. The work of Pearl (1909) with Plymouth Rocks does not show agreement with this theory. There sz2m to b2 no gradual and consistant changes thruout the life of the bird for any of the three egg characters studied. Nearly all of the changes noted occur besween the productions of the first and the second year. Since the eggs produced during the second year are nearer to the mean for the entire life production of a bird kept for from three to four years, it would b2 expected, and was found generally, that the eggs selected for incubation produced by hens two years old.or older, gave more consistent correlations than those produced by pullets. The positive relation of the size of the egg incubated to the size of the resultant chick and mature bird, is of value to poultrymen who are inter- ested in the production of either poultry or eggs. The inheritance of the characters studied is undoubtedly of the type of a Galton regression. Much further study is needed in order to properly analyze the unit factors, or physiological units, involved in the formation of the broad practical characters here observed. Until further results are available, however, the fact that certain general lines of inheritance ar: known gives breeders some evidence on which to base more work for the improvement of their flocks. Stupy or SELEcTions ror Size, Suarn, AnD Cotor or Hens’ Eacs 307 SUMMARY The most important results obtained from the studies reported in this paper may be grouped into the following conclusions: 1. The variability of a bird’s production for a certain character does not depend on the difference existing between that bird’s parents for the same character. 2. Both the male and the female have a distinct and approximately equal effect on the type of egg produced by the progeny, but the combined effect of the two is much greater and is directly inherited by the progeny, as is shown by the type of egg produced. 3. A mating of two opposite extremes of character always caused the production of a medium character in the progeny. 4, A mating of two similar extremes of character usually caused the production of a character approaching normal, in the progeny. 5. It appears that small size and length of egg are dominant, while there seems to be no dominancy whatever for color. 6. The correlations between the type of egg incubated and the mean type produced during the life of the respective progeny, are positive in every instance and are significant except for the color character. These correlations are not so significant as those between the mean types of eggs produced by the parents and the respective progeny. 7. The color character is much more irregular than the size or the shape, and less reliance can be placed on the stability of any color type when selecting eggs for hatching. 8. It does not appear that any more reliance can be placed on the stability of the progeny type hatched from hens’ eggs than on that hatched from pullets’ eggs. 9. The type of egg incubated affects the mean type of egg produced during the life of the bird hatched, to a greater extent than it affects the pullet-year production or the production of any other single year. 10. A strong correlation exists between the types of eggs produced by individuals and the types of eggs from which these individuals were hatched. 11. There is no correlation between the size and the shape of eggs produced by the birds used in this experiment. 12. The size, the shape, and the color of the egg seem to have no effect on its incubation record. 308 > Eart W. BENJAMIN 13. No definite tendency is shown toward a reduction of the variability of type of eggs produced by individual birds during successive years. 14. During the pullet year the size of the eggs produced increases | rapidly, but after the first year’s production no appreciable change in the size of the eggs produced can be found. 15. There seems to be no perceptible and consistent difference between the shapes of eggs laid by pullets and those laid by hens. 16. There is a tendency for the eggs produced each year, even in the pullet year, to have a gradually increasing index until the fifth or the sixth month of production, after which this index gradually decreases until the season’s production ceases. 17. The eggs produced by hens two years old or older, are more likely to be tinted, or are tinted darker, than the eggs produced by the same birds during their pullet year. 18. There is no gradual darkening of the shell pigment after the second year’s production. 19. Each year there is a tendency for the eggs produced to gradually become whiter during the first five or six months of production, and then to become more tinted again toward the end of the production season. 20. The data presented show that when eggs are laid by an individual bird for two or more successive days, the eggs become successively smaller, have a larger index, and are more deeply tinted. 21. A distinct positive correlation is found between the size of the eggs incubated and the vigor of the respective chicks hatched, .at various ages of the chicks. The correlation is especially significant during the period of severe weather conditions. 22. A constant figure to represent x in the ratio, female weight : male weight ::x:1, was calculated for a part of the available material at various ages, and this figure was found to agree closely with Galton’s constant for human stature of 0.93. 23. There is a significant positive correlation between the size of the eggs incubated and the size of the respective chicks hatched. This correlation persists during the life of the birds as far as it was studied; that is, during a period of 228 weeks. 24. All of the eggs produced by any one hen tend to be of a characteristic type as to size, shape, and color, Srupy or SELEcTIONS FoR S1zE, SHAPE, AND Cotor or Hens’ Eces 309 25. Certain individuals have the power to transmit their characters much better than do others. 26. The results of these studies indicate a condition of inheritance resembling a Galton regression, for all characters studied. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The materials and equipment used for this study were supplied by the Department of Poultry Husbandry of the New York State College of Agriculture at Cornell University. The writer wishes to express his appreciation for these facilities and for the valuable advice furnished by Professor James E. Rice, of the Department. The helpful suggestions given by Dr. H. H. Love, of the Department of Plant Breeding at Cornell University, are also appreciated. 310 Eart W. BEenJAMIN BIBLIOGRAPHY Arwoop, Horace. Some factors affecting the weight, composition, and hatchability of hen eggs. West Virginia Univ. Agr. Exp. Sta. - Bul. 145:71-102. 1914. ; BensaMin, Eart W. A study of the inheritance and incubation effects of certain outside characters of eggs. Thesis for degree of M.S.A., Cornell University. (Unpublished.) 1912. A study of the variation and inheritance of the size, shape, and color of eggs. Thesis for degree of Ph. D., Cornell University. (Unpublished.) 1914. Bumrus, Hermon C. The elimination of the unfit as illustrated by the introduced sparrow, Passer domesticus. Marine Biol.’ Lab. Wood’s Holl, Massachusetts. Biol. lectures 1898:209-226. 1899. CastLgE, W. E. The laws of heredity of Galton and Mendel, and some laws governing race improvement by selection. Amer. Acad. Arts and Sciences. Proc. 39:221-242. 1903. ; Cuiprster, F. E. An abnormal hen’s egg. Amer. nat. 49:49-51. 1915. Curtis, Maynie R. The ligaments of the oviduct of the domestic fowl. Maine Agr. Exp. Sta. Ann. rept. 26(1910):1-20. 191la. _ An accurate method for determining the weight of the parts of the eggs of birds. Maine Agr. Exp. Sta. Bul. 191:93-112. 1911b. : A biometrical study of egg production in the domestic fowl. IV. Factors influencing the size, shape, and physical constitution of eggs. Arch. Entwicklungsmech. Organ. 39:217-327. (Abstracted in Factors influencing the size, shape, and physical constitution of the egg of the domestic fowl. Maine Agr. Exp. Sta. Bul. 228:105-136. 1914.) 1914a. Studies on the physiology of reproduction in the domestic fowl. VI. Double- and triple-yolked eggs. Biol. bul. 26 :55-83. 1914b. Ecxtes, C. H., anp Resp, O. E. A study of the cause of wide variation in milk production by dairy cows. Univ. Missouri Agr. Exp. Sta. Research bul. 2:107-147. 1910. Féré, Cu. Note sur la puissance toxique et la puissance tératogéne de la morphine sur le poulet. Soc. Méd. Hép. Paris. Bul. et. mém. 14:ser. 3:608-617. 1897. Deuxiéme note sur le développement et sur la position de l’embryon de poulet dans les oeufs A deux jaunes. Soc. Biol. [Paris]. Compt. rend., ser. 10:5:922. 1898 a. Note sur le poids de l’oeuf de poule et sur ses var- iations dans les pontes successives. Journ. anat. et physiol. [Paris] 34:123-127. 1898 b. 2 Saath, he Stupy or SELEcTIONS For SizE, SHaPE, anp Cotor or Hens’ Eccs 311 GuasER, Orto. On the origin of double-yolked eggs. Biol. bul. 24: 175-186. 1913. GoopatE, H. D. Inheritance of winter egg production. Science n. s. 47 :542-543. 1918. GoweLL, G. M. Poultry experiments in 1900 and 1901. Maine Agr. Exp. Sta. Bul. 79:9-40. 1902. Hapiey, Puitie B. Studies on inheritance in poultry: I. The consti- tution of the White Leghorn breed. Rhode Island State Coll. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bul 155:149-216. 1913. Egg-weight as a criterion of numerical production. Amer. Assn. Instr. and Invest. Poul. Husb. Journ. 5: 26-27. 1919. Hareirt, Cuartes W. Some interesting egg monstrosities. Zool. bul. 2:225-229. 1899. Double eggs. Amer. nat. 46:556-560. 1912. Herricsx, F.H. A case of egg within egg. Science n. s. 9: 364. 1899a. Ovum in ovo. Amer. nat. 33: 409-414. 1899 b. Horwoop, A. R. The coloration of birds’ eggs. Nature 82:247. 1909. Latrer, Oswatp H. Theegg of Cuculus canorus. Biometrika 1:164-176. 1901. M’Atpowiz, ALEXANDER M. Observations on the development and the decay of the pigment layer on birds’ eggs. Journ. anat. and physiol. 20:225-237. 1886. Marrs, Tuomas I. Some poultry experiments. Pennsylvania State Coll. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bul. 87:1-48. 1908. Naruustus, W. von. Einschluss eines Hithner—Eies, Knorpel-, Knochen-, und Bindegewebe enthaltend. Arch. mikros. Anat. 45:654-692. 1895. Newron, A. A dictionary of birds, vols. 1-4. 1893-96. Parker, G. H. Double hens’ eggs. Amer. nat. 40:13-25. 1906. Parrerson, J. THomas. A double hen’s egg. Amer. nat. 45:54-59. 1911. Peart, Raymonp. Studies on the physiology of reproduction in the domestic fowl. I. Regulation in the morphogenetic activity of the oviduct. Journ. exp. zool. 6:339-359. 1909. The mode of inheritance of fecundity in the domestic fowl. Journ. exp. zool. 13:153-268. Also, Maine Agr. Exp. Sta., Bul. 205 :283-394. 1912. Mendelian inheritance of fecundity in the domestic fowl, and average flock production. Amer. nat. 49:306-317. 1915 a. —_—_—___— Seventeen years selection of a character showing sex- linked mendelian inheritance. Amer. nat. 49:595-608. 1915b. Peart, RAYMOND, AND Curtis, Mayniz R. Studies on the physiology of reproduction in the domestic fowl. V. Data regarding the physiology of the oviduct. Journ. exp. zool. 12:99-1382. 1912. 312 Ear. W. BENJAMIN. Studies on the physiology of reproduction in the domestic fowl. XV. Dwarf eggs. Journ. agr. res. 6:977-1042. (Abstracted in Dwarf eggs of the domestic fowl. Maine Agr. Exp. Sta. Bul. 255:289-328. 1916.) 1916. Pearson, Karu. Variation of the egg of the sparrow (Passer domesticus). Biometrika 1:256. 1902 a. Mathematical contributions to the theory of evo- lution. XI.—On the influence of natural selection on the variability and correlation of organs. Roy. Soc. London. Proc. 6:330-333. 1902 b. Note on the separate ‘inheritance of quantity and quality in cows’ milk. Biometrika 7 :548-550. 1910. Ricz, James E. Methods of increasing production and improving the quality of eggs. New YorkState Dept. Agr. Cir. 54:1295-13815. 1912. Breeding poultry for egg production. In The poultry industry in New York State. New York State Dept. Agr. Bul. 65:260-301. 1914. : Ricz, James E., Nrxon, Ciara, anp Rocprs, CLaRENcE A. The molting of fowls. Cornell Univ. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bul. 258:17-68. 1908. Rippie, Oscar. On the formation, significance, and chemistry of the white and yellow yolk of ova. Journ. morph. 22:455-491. 1911. Sorsy, H. C. On the colouring-matters of the shells of birds’ eggs. Zool. Soc. London. Proc. 1875 :351-365. 1875. Stewart, J. H., anp Arwoop, Horace. Some factors influencing the vigor of incubator chickens. West Virginia Univ. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bul. 124:21-45. (Reference on p. 23-30.) 1909. Surrace, Frank M. The histology of the oviduct of the domestic hen. Maine Agr. Exp. Sta. Bul. 206:395-430. 1912. THompson, D’Arcy WentwortH. On the shapes of eggs, and the causes which determine them. Nature 78:111-113. 1908. TSCHERMAK, A. VON. Uber Verfarbung von Hihnereiern durch Bas- tardierung und iiber Nachdauer dieser Farbaénderung. Biol. Centbl. 35 :46-63. 1915. Warner, Ap. R. Uber den Einfluss der Rassenkreuzung auf Gewicht, Form, Glanz, und Farbe der Hithnereier. Landw. Jahrb. 46: 89-104. 1914. Wemer, Bernat R. A peculiar egg abnormality. Amer. Assn. Instr. and Invest. Poul. Husb. Journ. 4:78-79. 1918. Memoir 29, The Lecithin Content of Butter and its Possible Relationship to the Fishy Flavor, the second preceding number in this series of publications, was mailed on December 23, 1919.