POPULATION HISTORY

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CUBA

POPULATION, HISTORY,

AND RESOURCES

1907

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CUBA

POPULATION, HISTORY

AND RESOURCES

1907

COMPILED BY VICTOR H. OLMSTED, DIRECTOR, AND HENRY GANNETT, ASSISTANT DIRECTOR : CENSUS OF CUBA, TAKEN IN THE YEAR 1907

UNITED STATES BUREAU OF THE CENSUS WASHINGTON: 1909

COMPOSITION AND PBE8SWORK I. H. EIANCHABD, NEW YORK

BINDING J. F. TAPLET CO., NEW TOBK

MA ill

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LIBRARY

UNIVERSITY OP CALIPORNIil

SANTA BARBARA

CONTENTS.

Page.

Preliminary statement 7

General description 9

Location and area 9

Topography 9

Orography 10

Hydrography 11

Geology 11

Flora 12

Fauna 12

Natural resources 14

Products of the animal kingdom .... 14

Products of the vegetable kingdom. . 16

Products of the mineral kingdom ... 26

History 28

Discovery and settlement 28

Cuba under Spanish rule 29

Attitude of the United States 37

Spanish-American war 39

First American intervention 40

Republic of Cuba 41

Appeal to United States 42

Peace commission 42

Election of President GOmez 44

Climate 45

Temperature 45

Rainfall 60

Wind direction 52

Atmospheric pressure 63

Provinces and Isle of Pines 55

Pinar del Rio 55

Habana 57

Isle of Pines 58

Matanzas 61

Santa Clara 62

Camagtley 63

Oriente 64

Sugar and allied industries 69

Postal and telegraph service 72

Page.

Money, banks, and banking 77

Foreign commerce 80

Movement of shipping 95

Immigration 105

Criminal jurisdiction and procedure 110

Prisons, asylums, and hospitals 115

Prisoners confined in penal institu- tions 115

Asylums for orphans, foimdlings,

and aged people 116

Hospitals 116

The insane 117

Transportation by railroads and steam- ship hnes 119

Railroads 119

Coastwise steamship lines 121

Steamship communication with

foreign countries 121

Public schools 122

Vital statistics 124

Vital statistics of Habana 129

Population 131

Total population 131

Urban population 136

Density of population 137

Center of population 140

Sex, color, and nativity 141

Age, sex, color, and nativity 155

Persons in the prime of life 163

Citizenship 164

Population 21 years of age and over 168

Males of voting age 169

Conjugal condition 176

Illigitimate children 200

Children of school age 203

School attendance 204

Literacy 205

Occupations 208

Families and dwellings 221

POPULATION TABLES.

Table	1
Table	2
Table	3
Table	4
Table	5
Table	6
Table	7
Table	8
Table	9
Table	10

Page.

-Population, 1774 to 1907 231

-Population of provinces,

1861 to 1907 231

-Population of municipalities 231

-Cities and towns 233

-Sex, general nativity, and

color, by provinces 235

-Age and sex, by provinces. . . 235

-Nativity, color, sex, and age 236

-Birthplace, by provinces. . . . 237

-Sex, color, and birthplace . . . 237

-Citizenship, by provinces 238

Page.

Table 11. — Male population 21 years of age, by color, nativity, citizenship, and literacy. . 238

Table 12. — Sex, color, nativity, citizen- ship, and age 239

Table 13.^ — Conjugal condition, by prov- inces 241

Table 14. — Conjugal condition, color,

nativity, and sex 241

Table 15. — Conjugal condition, color,

nativity, sex, and age. . . . 242

Table 16. — Illegitimate children, by age,

sex, color, and nativity. . . 245

(5)

CONTENTS.

Table Table

Table

Table

Table

Table Table

Page.

17. — School attendance and liter- acy, by provinces 245

18. — Population at least 10 years of age, by age, sex, color, nativity, and literacy .... 246

10. — Population attending school, by months, sex, age, color, and nativity 248

20.— General groups of occupa- tions, sex, color, and nativ- ity, by provinces 249

21. — General groups of occupa- tions, age, sex, color and nativity 252

22. — Selected occupations, sex,

color, and nativity 255

23. — Selected occupations, sex,

and age 258

Table 24. Table 25. Table 26. Table 27. Table 28. Table 29.

Table 30.

Page.

-Selected occupations, sex,

and literacy 262

-Selected occupations, sex,

and conjugal condition 265

-Selected 'occupations, sex,

and place of birth 267

-Selected occupations, by

provinces 271

-Number and size of families,

by provinces 274

-Number and average size of families, by nativity and color of head, by provinces 274

-Families and dwellings, by

provinces 275

ILLUSTRATIONS.

Facing page. Jo86 Miguel G6mez, Second President of

Cuba Frontispiece

A tobacco plant 16

Setting out young tobacco plants 17

Santiago de Cuba 32

City of Puerto Principe 33

Sugar plantation in the Agricultural

station of Santiago de las Vegas 36

Royal palms in the vicinity of Habana ... 37

Royal college of Belen, Habana 44

Matanzas Institute 46

Interior of the cave of Ballamar, near

Matanzas 46

Siurender tree near San Juan Hill 49

An avenue of royal palms, Matanzas 64-

Climbing the royal palm 6^

Coconut trees 68

A cocoa grove : 69

Tobacco pack train 76

Roping cattle 77

Facing page.

Diraas, a village of Pinar del Rio 80

City of Pinar del Rio 81

Sorting tobacco and putting it in bundles 96

BaUng tobacco 97

Transferring cane to sugar mill 100^

Hauling sugar cane from field 101

Native agricultural implements 108 -

Plowing with oxen 169

City of Trinidad 112

City of Nuevitas 113

Bridge over Yumuri river, Matanzas 128

City of Baracoa and harbor entrance .... 129

Native fruits 182

Ready to cut pines and bananas 133

Central Conchita, Matanzas 140

Central and cane field, Santa Clara 141

City of Habana 144

City of Habana 146

A tobacco plantation 160

Tobacco drying house 161 .

/

PRELIMINARY STATEMENT.

In order to meet the demand in the United States for information regard- ing Cuba, its population, resources, products, cHmate, etc., the Provisional Governor of the Republic authorized the Director of the Cuban Census of 1907, to prepare a compendium containing data compiled from the census reports of 1899 and 1907, and other reliable sources.

Under this authorization the information contained in the present volume is presented. The data have been taken, principally, from the Cuban Census reports referred to above, and from the Handbook on Cuba prepared by Senor Gonzalo de Quesada, Minister of Cuba to the United States, which was published in 1905 by the International Bureau of the American Repub- lics, at Washington, D. C.

(7)

GENERAL DESCRIPTION.

LOCATION AND AREA.

Cuba is the largest, most populous, and most western island of the Antilles. Shaped like the are of a circle, with its convex side to the north, it extends from 74° to 85° west longitude and from 19° 40' to 23° 33' north latitude. It is about 100 miles from Florida, being separated from it by the strait of the same name. About 50 miles to the east is Haiti; about 85 miles to the south is Jamaica; and about 130 miles to the west is the Yucatan peninsula. Its length is about 730 miles (1,594 kilometers); its breadth differs, ranging from 160 miles (200 kilometers), in Oriente province, to 22 miles (40 kilo- meters), in Habana province. Its total area is 44,164 square miles, of which Cuba occupies 41,634 square miles, the Isle of Pines, 1,180, and the other islands and keys, 1,350. Cuba is larger than Portugal, Belgium, or the Netherlands, and somewhat smaller than Pennsylvania or Virginia.

From a military point of view Cuba occupies a strong strategic position, controlling the entrance of the Gulf of Mexico by the Strait of Florida, the Windward Passage to the Caribbean Sea between Cuba and Haiti, and the Yucatan Channel connecting the Gulf of Mexico with the Caribbean Sea. The first and last of these are the only entrances to the Gulf of Mexico, which is thus controlled completely by the Island of Cuba.

The government of Cuba has jurisdiction not only over the island of that name, but also over the Isle of Pines, lying directly to the south of it, and more than a thousand islets and reefs scattered along its northern and southern coasts.

TOPOGRAPHY.

The north coast is for the most part steep and rocky, and, in the provinces of Matanzas, Santa Clara, and Camagiiey, it is bordered by lines of islands and reefs of coral formation, through which passage is extremely intricate and difficult. These islands are low, are in the main covered with mangrove forests, and contain few inhabitants.

The coast in the western part of the island is low, the bluffs ranging about 100 feet in height in Pinar del Rio and rising gradually eastward. In Matan- zas they reach 500 feet in altitude. In Santa Clara and Camaguey they are lower, but in Oriente the coast is abrupt and rugged, being almost moun- tainous and rising in a succession of terraces.

(9)

10 GENERAL DESCRIPTION.

The south coast from Cape Maisi to Cape Cruz is mountainous. Indeed, from Santiago westward to Cape Cruz the Sierra Maestra rises abruptly from the water to altitudes of several thousand feet. The shores of the Gulf of Buena Esparanza are low, and with the exception of a short stretch between Trinidad and Cienfuegos, the coast is low and marshy from this gulf to Cape San Antonio, the westernmost point of the island. The strip of marsh is in the main narrow, but west of Cienfuegos it broadens until it covers an area 75 miles in length and fully 30 miles in breadth at its widest point. This almost impenetrable region is called Zapata swamp. It is clothed with the densest vegetation and teems with tropical life.

The central provinces of Cuba consist mainly of broadly rolling plains with shallow stream valleys. In Habana, Matanzas, and Santa Clara these plains were, prior to the late war with Spain, in a high state of cultivation, while those in Camagtiey have been in the main used for the grazing of cattle. The valley of the Yumuri, in Matanzas, is typical of the beautiful, highly cultivated portion of this part of the island.

Most of the harbors are of peculiar shape, resembling pouches with narrow, often sinuous, entrances, opening into broad, completely sheltered expanses. This is the character of the harbors of Bahfa Honda, Cabanas, Habana, Santiago, Cienfuegos, GuantAnamo, Nipe, and many others that are not so well known.

Off the south coast are hundreds of low, marshy mangrove-covered islands and islets.

The Isle of Pines, with an area of about 1,200 square miles, is in effect two islands, connected by a marsh; the northern part is somewhat broken by hills, while the southern part is low, flat, and sandy.

OROGRAPHY.

In its relief the Island of Cuba is marked by great variety and irregularity. At the two extremes of the island, in Pinar del Rio on the west and Oriente on the east, there are well-defined ranges of hills. A little north of the middle line of the province of Pinar del Rfo, a range of hills closely parallels the northern coast. This range, known as the Cordillera de los Organos, or Organ Mountains, is fairly well defined, and rises in many places to altitudes exceed- ing 2,000 feet, culminating in Pan de Guajaibon, having an altitude of 2,500 feet. From the crest of this range the land descends to the coasts in long, undulating slopes, the southward slopes forming the celebrated tobacco lands known as Vuelta Abajo.

The Sierra de los Organos ceases as a range a little west of Habana, but traces of this uplift can be followed through the central part of Habana, Matanzas, Santa Clara, and the western part of Camagtiey in the form of lines of hills of no great altitude dotting the extensive plains. They are seen south of the city of Habana in the hills known as the Tetas de Managua, and farther east in the Areas de Canasi, the Escaleras de Jaruco, and the Pan de

HYDROGRAPHY. 11

Matanzas, just south of the city of Matanzas. In the eastern part of Matan- zas province these hills disappear, but they reappear in Santa Clara, taking the form of elongated crests and flat top summits, and as such extend into the western part of the province of Camaguey.

In the southern part of the province of Santa Clara is a group of rounded hills, occupying an area between Cienfuegos, Trinidad, and Sancti-Spiritus. The highest of these, Potrerillo, has an altitude of 2,900 feet. Among these hills are many beautiful valleys.

The surface of Oriente is broken with high, sharp mountain ranges, broad plateaus of considerable elevation, and deep valleys, some of which are broad, while others are narrow and resemble canyons. The dominating orographic feature of this province — indeed of the whole island — is the Sierra Maestra, which, commencing at Cape Cruz, south of Manzanillo, extends eastward, closely paralleling the coast, from which it rises abruptly, as far east as the neighborhood of Santiago. In this part it contains many points exceeding 5,000 feet in altitude and culminates in Pico Turquino, which is reputed to have an altitude of 8,320 feet.

From Santiago the range extends to the east end of the island, where it is broken to a greater extent, and where its form is more like that of a low plateau. This portion of the range is known as the Cobre range. It contains numerous flat summits, approximating 3,000 feet in altitude, one of which, known as La Gran Piedra, is said to have an altitude of 3,300 feet.

North of Sierra Maestra lies the broad and fertile valley of the Cauto, beyond which the country rises gradually to a high plateau, occupying the interior of the province, a summit elevation of 1,000 feet or more. The eastern part of the province consists of a maze of broken hills, with altitudes ranging from 1,000 to 2,000 feet, in which are many small fertile valleys.

HYDROGRAPHY.

The rivers of Cuba, though numerous, are short, and few of them are of any importance for navigation. The largest stream is the Rfo Cauto, which heads in the province of Oriente, on the north slopes of Sierra Maestra, flows westward through a broad valley, and empties in the Gulf of Buena Esper- anza, after a course of about 150 miles. This stream is navigable for light draft boats as far as Cauto Embarcadero, a distance of about fifty miles.

Several other streams are navigable for a few miles above their mouths, but in most cases only through what may be regarded as estuaries.

GEOLOGY.

The island has a foundation of pre-Tertiary sedimentary rocks in which Cretaceous and probably Jurassic fossils have been found. Above this there are littoral beds composed of terrigenous material and then a great thickness of white limestone, consisting of organically derived oceanic material, as distinguished from true reef rock of late Eocene and Oligocene age. The

12 GENERAL DESCRIPTION.

island was reclaimed from the sea by a great mountain-making movement in late Tertiary time, succeeding the deposition of this limestone. In the Plio- cene and Pleistocene epochs, the island underwent a series of epeirogenic subsidences and elevations which affected the coastal borders, producing cliffs and the margin of elevated reef rock which borders the coast in many places, as in the neighborhoods of the cities of Habana and Baracoa.

So far as its history is known, the island has never been connected with the American mainland, although such has frequently been asserted to be the case. These assertions have been based upon the erroneous identification of certain vertebrate animal remains. There are no traces in the animal life of Cuba which justify this conclusion. Some of the crystalline rocks may be ancient, but most of them are mid-Tertiary in age.

The caves of Bellamar, near Matanzas, are of marvelous beauty, and are visited by all tourists; in Camagiiey the ca>t(es of Cubitas, and in Oriente the one called Nueva del Negro, near Baire, are also noteworthy.

FLORA.

The flora of the island is noted for its abundance and beauty, and caused Cuba to be designated the Pearl of the Antilles. Over 3,350 native plants have been catalogued. Humboldt said: "We might believe the entire island was originally a forest of palms, wild limes, and orange trees." The flora includes nearly all of the characteristic forms of the other West Indies, the southern part of Florida, and the Central American seaboard. Nearly all the large trees of the Mexican tierra caliente, so remarkable for their size, foliage, and fragrance, reappear in western Cuba. Over 30 species of palm, including the famous royal palm (oreodoxa regia), occur, while the pine tree, elsewhere characteristic of the Temperate Zone and the high altitudes of the Tropics, is found associated with palms and mahoganies in the province of Pinar del Rfo and the Isle of Pines, both of which take their name from this tree.

Among other woods are the lignum- vitae, granadilla, cocoa wood, mahogany, and cedrella odorata.

Although three hundred years of cultivation have exterminated the forest in the sugar lands of the center and west, it is estimated that in the hills of those districts and in the mountains of the east nearly 13,000,000 acres of uncleared forest remain.

Rich and nutritious grasses are found throughout the island, affording excellent forage for stock. The pineapple, manioc, sweet potato, and Indian corn are indigenous to the island.

FAUNA.

Throughout Cuba game is abundant. Deer, though not native, have flourished and multiplied greatly. Rabbits also are plentiful. The wild boar, the wild dog, and the wild cat are simply domestic animals run wild.

A TOBACCO PLANT.

FAUNA. 13

and are quite numerous in all parts of the island. Wild fowl, especially ducks and pigeons, abound, the former crossing from the Southern states during the winter season, the latter remaining in the island the year round. Pheas- ants, quail, snipe, wild turkeys, and wild guinea fowl are also numerous, with several varieties of game birds, such as the perdiz, tojosas, rabiches, and the guanaros.

Cuba has more than two hundred species of native birds; many possess the most beautiful plumage, but those with song are rare.

The only distinctive native animal is the jutfa, or hutfa, which is rat-like in appearance, and grows to a length of from 16 to 18 inches, not including the tail. While edible, it is not especially palatable.

In swampy localities crocodiles and American alligators are found, and although these frequently grow to an enormous size, but little attention is paid to them by the natives. Chameleons, small lizards, tree toads, and similar harmless reptiles of diminutive size are very common, while occa- sionally the iguana and other large varieties of the lizard species are seen.

Few varieties of snakes exist in Cuba. One variety, the maja, from 10 to 14 feet in length, is most frequently found about the huts, farm houses, and small villages, its favorite living place being in the palm leaf thatches of the older buildings, while its favorite food is poultry. Another snake, named the jubo, is more vicious in disposition than the maja, although never reach- ing more than one-third its size. It is not poisonous. The other varieties are still smaller in size and are not venomous.

NATURAL RESOURCES.

By Francisco I. de Vild6sola, Secretary pro tern of Agriculture, Labor,

and Commerce.

The principal element of the strength of Cuba is in the productions of the soil. This has been the condition in the past and will be the condition for a long time to come. The productions are far in excess of the amount of effort put forth, and are so out of proportion to the number of inhabitants that the problem of a permanent market and the difficulty of securing it are questions of the utmost importance in their bearing upon Cuban wealth.

Although nearly all the new sources of riches are at present in embryo, they are so numerous and so varied that it seems advisable to classify them.

PRODUCTS OF THE ANIMAL KINGDOM.

The productions of the animal kingdom which are utilized in Cuba are of two origins: those which live on the land and those which are obtained from the sea, the rivers, and the lakes. The principal land products are cattle, horses, swine, poultry, and bees, while sheep and goats are raised in small numbers. During the past months an experiment has been made in an industrial way in the raising of ostriches, but as yet we have no data and the experience has not been sufficient to judge of this new industry. Fish and sponge form the leading water products.

Cattle. — The position of the Island of Cuba makes a veritable Eden of this country for the raising of live stock. Herbiverous animals multiply so rapidly that notwithstanding inadequate methods for the breeding and betterment of the cattle, and notwithstanding the fact that they are cared for in the rudest and most primitive way, not only are those necessary for agri- cultural work and for the slaughterhouses obtained, but the production is rapidly surpassing the needs of the Nation.

Under the Intervention of the United States restrictive laws were pro- mulgated in regard to the slaughter and exportation of cattle, and, in addition, a department was created which publishes and distributes gratuitously vac- cine virus for epizootic diseases.

The following table shows data concerning the number of cattle and the number killed in the slaughterhouses since the Independence: (14)

PRODUCTS OF THE ANIMAL KINGDOM.

15

TEAR.	Total number.	Number killed in slaughter- houses.
1906	2,679,492 2,176,178 1,699,512 1,303,650 999,862	228 108
1905	219,038
1904	194 513
1903	179,632
1902 :	176 962

From these figures it will be seen that the increase in the number of cattle in 1906 as compared with 1902 was 158 per cent, while the corresponding increase in the consumption of cattle in the slaughterhouses was 28.9 per cent.

Considerable quantities of salted and canned meats and even live cattle are imported into Cuba.

Only a small portion of the offal of slaughterhouses is used in Cuba; the greater part is exported as raw material. Hides are included in the exports, since the tanning industry is unimportant.

In agriculture, oxen are used almost exclusively for ploughing and hauling, for as yet the use of mules has been quite limited, and all the experiments which have been made with steam implements have resulted unfavorably.

The milk industry, notwithstanding the great quantities of cattle raised and the large number of milch cows of good breed that have been imported from the United States, is not a lucrative source of wealth, and its products are so insufficient that in most of the cities condensed milk is imported from the United States and England.

Horses. — The trade in horses, mules, and asses has not been developed in Cuba as extensively as might be expected from the natural conditions of the country.

The actual statistical distribution of this source of wealth on December 31, of each year from 1902 to 1906, is as follows:

Horses.

Mules.

Asses.

1906 1905 1904 1903 1902

402,461 342,668 266,071 208,009 167,933

51,333 45,559 43,714 33.402 30,950

2,635 2.630 2.331 1.882 1.838

The increases in 1906, as compared with 1902, have been: for horses 139.7 per cent; mules, 65.9 per cent; and asses, 43.4 per cent.

Swine. — It is apparent that Cuba is the natural home for this class of animals. A litter is produced in so short a time that it is difficult for the owner to know how many swine he has; and the ability to reproduce is almost incredible.

The spotted fever epidemic is apt to cause an enormous mortality, but

16 NATURAL RESOURCES.

generally many years elapse between the appearances of this epidemic, and a sufficient number of animals survive to reproduce the herd in a short time. Although there is a virus for spotted fever, and the Secretary of Agriculture distributes it gratuitously, it is not always efficacious. The mercantile method of breeding swine consists in leaving them free in the pasture to pro- vide for their own wants.

Poultry. — Poultry is raised with the greatest ease and profit, but poultry- raising on an industrial scale does not exist; each rural breeder can succeed without effort and can sell his products to speculators, who transport them to the merchants of the towns. Despite the lack of more efficient methods the production is sufficiently great for home consumption.

Bees. — A country like Cuba, with an exceedingly mild climate, with fields continually decked with flowers and with no natural enemies capable of producing havoc among the hives, is a country in which apiculture should flourish. Because of the scarcity of population, however, and the facilities for making money in other industries, apiculture has not received sufficient attention to make it a source of wealth. At present there are 4,200 apiaries having over 120,250 hives, producing for the market 470,000 gallons of honey and 31,000 arrobas (775,000 pounds) of wax.

Fish. — The seas which surround Cuba constitute an immense natural maritime fish hatchery, on account of the temperature of the water and the many keys and shoals. For this reason fish products have always been exceedingly abundant.

Although the coasts of Cuba have lacked until now maritime police for the protection of their fisheries, and although the most reprehensible methods have been constantly employed, the wealth in fish is very great.

In addition to the fish, cagvamas are gathered in the Cuban seas in small numbers; turtles to the number of 500 or 600 a year; and the rich tortoise shell in such quantities that the total amount for the past year was more than 1,000 kilos.

Another exceptional source of wealth of the sea is the sponge; 310,000 dozen were procured in 1907. Among the Cuban sponges is one which is believed to have no equal in the world and the exploitation of which would be of an enormous mercantile value; this is the sponge called "machito del calvario," found near Brabant.

PRODUCTS OF THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM.

Each of the three geographical divisions of the Island of Cuba has essen- tially its own agricultural productions as well as products that are common to all. Thus, in the Eastern division, the coconut produced in the district of Baracoa has no rival in Cuba for quality and abundance, nor can it be easily excelled outside of Cuba. In the extensive Central division, especially in the rich province of Matanzas, sugar cane is cultivated under favorable condi- tions. In the Western division, the Vuelta Abajo tobacco is cultivated.

PRODUCTS OF THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 17

Sugar cane. — Of all the sources of agricultural wealth of the Island of Cuba, that which should be considered first is the sugar cane, since it is that which covers the greatest extent of territory, employs the greatest number of men, and has the greatest commercial importance.

The climatic conditions and the nature of the soil are so favorable for the cultivation of sugar cane that the sugar production has been steadily increas- ing for many years, in spite of the fact that the lack of economic methods is ruinous to the engines and retards the work. At times political crises have diminished the production, but the industry has soon recuperated and pro- duced an output greater than before. This fact shows that the production of sugar cane in the Island of Cuba is so in accord with natural conditions that it seems probable that the definite issue in the world wide sugar war will finally be with Cuba.

Tobacco. — ^This solanaceous plant, whose rich leaf as produced on Cuban soil is reputed to be the best in the world, is indigenous to the island and occupies the second place among the Cuban plants. Although it is not cultivated as extensively as sugar cane, it is used in two important industries, one of which is engaged in preparing and packing the weed for export, and the other in manufacturing the millions of cigars and cigarettes consumed in the country or exported. The latter industry, representing considerable wealth and giving employment to an increasing number of skilled workmen, contributes largely to the welfare of the laboring classes of the cities.

Tobacco requires for its cultivation a loose, rich, sandy soil, the best for the purpose being found in some localities in the province of Pinar del Rio, especially in the southern portions, where the land produces the fine tobacco that brings the highest prices paid, particularly in England and the United States.

A plant of fairly good quality is produced in the central and eastern por- tions and even in the western portions of the island, especially on the northern watershed of the Siguanea river in the province of Santa Clara, on lands east of the Arimao river in the famous Manicaragua vegas.

Notwithstanding its well earned fame, the Cuban product can not reach the development it should, inasmuch as all countries consider tobacco an assessable article and endeavor, besides, to protect their home product by burdening the imported article with high import duties, which in some cases become almost prohibitory. One of the nations in which the conditions are most favorable for the consumption of Cuban tobacco without injury to its own products is the United States, and it is certain that quantities of Cuban tobacco will be consumed there when the effects of the recent reciprocity treaty between the latter nation and Cuba become thoroughly known and the advantages are fully appreciated by both sides.

Many tobacco planters are adopting the system of cultivating the leaf under cover or with mosquito nets, as the natives call it, which merely means that they place an awning of cheese cloth 2 or 2^ meters above the plants. This

18 NATURAL RESOURCES.

serves to temper the intensity of the sun's rays, to moderate the force of the wind and its action on the leaves, to keep the earth moist, and, above all, to prevent the insects from harming the leaves of the plants. Much interest has been manifested in this use of cheese cloth, and in order to encourage this new industry, the duty on cheese cloth, ranging from 15 to 50 cents per kilogram (2.2046 pounds), was repealed July 30, 1902. It is believed that Cuba may rival Sumatra in the production of fine wrappers, for which there is a large demand in the United States.

The amount that must be expended on one caballeria (an area of 33J acres) of ground from the time it is plowed until the tobacco crop is gathered, varies considerably, but it is probable that the expenditure averages about $7,940. The yield of a caballeria, consisting on an average of 211 tercios (bales) of tobacco leaves at $50 per tercio, 54 arrobas of seed at $4, and 12 cartloads of stems at $1, would be about $10,778, leaving a balance as profit of $2,838.

Since the War of Independence. remarkable progress has been made in the cultivation of tobacco, and excellent results are being obtained as regards the endurance of the plant, as well as its quantity and quality. Moreover the prospect of a market is good. Consequently a crop that formerly was uncertain and dependent on meteorological conditions is to-day, for the most part, subject to the intelligent control of man.

The past year the production of tobacco amounted to 201,512 bales, weigh- ing 109,562,400 Spanish pounds.

Coffee. — When the production of tobacco was of slight importance and that of sugar barely exceeded home consumption, coffee formed the principal Cuban product, and, together with cattle, constituted the basis of its economic wealth.

In the year 1846, 2,328 coffee plantations in the Island of Cuba produced 50,000,000 pounds of coffee, which was sold at high prices, principally in Vienna, at that time the leading coffee market of the world; but since then, the constant over production and the fall of prices have created a variable condition, which continues in the markets of the world. When it will termin- ate can hardly be predicted.

The coffee plantations in Cuba were reduced to less than two hundred small farms; consequently it was necessary to import the greater part of the coffee which was consumed in Cuba. These farms, although of slight im- portance, continued to exist, because in Cuba coffee is produced with no more effort than that required to plant the trees, which last for centuries, and to gather the fruit, which is always so abundant that it can not be harvested by the available hands.

After the Independence, a law passed by the Cuban Senate, May 30, 1903, created tariff rates for the coffee which is imported into Cuba, and in con- sequence of this protection, in the short space of time which has elapsed, the number of coffee plantations has quadrupled, and before many years Cuba

PRODUCTS OF THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 19

will produce all the coffee necessary for home consumption. In 1907 there were 1,411 coffee plantations, with 3,662,850 coffee trees, which produced 6,595,700 pounds of berries.

The Coconut. — Throughout the Island of Cuba, the coconut is produced with almost no effort; but the district of Baracoa may be considered a natural zone of monopoly for this plant. The facts relating to the coconut industry seem almost improbable; in Baracoa, under normal conditions, it is sufficient to plant the tree and leave it to develop; in four or five years it yields fruit so abundantly that in quantity and value the output is 50 per cent greater than that of any other region of Cuba.

The nuts which fall from the tree (those which "drip," in local terms) are gathered and sold for not less than a cent apiece, so that each tree — and the average production is seventy coconuts a year — ^yields no less than fifty cents profit. Fifteen years ago, with practically no effort, from twenty-five to thirty millions of coconuts were gathered annually.

An epifitia of the branches destroyed the coconut groves fifteen or twenty years ago, and later, another disease in the heart of the tree developed, com- pleting the havoc, which caused the value of the crop in 1906 to fall to only 175,000 pesos.

The learned professor. Dr. Carlos de la Torre y Huerta, has described perfectly the disease of the branches of the coconut tree, showing the nature of the pathogenic parasite; and the studies by Mr. Home, professor of the Central Agricultural Station of the Republic, have practically determined the manner of effectively combating the two diseases.

The wealth resulting from the cultivation of the coconut is not derived merely from its sale as fruit; for it is utilized for the sustenance of animals, and serves as raw material in the manufacture of oil.

Cacao. — Humboldt said that the wealth of the proprietor of a cacao planta- tion was surer than that of the possessor of a gold mine. Although the cacao produced in this island is not comparable with that of Caracas, a cacao of a quality superior to the average is obtained in the province of Oriente. In spite of the difficulties of the cultivation of the cacao and the damages caused by birds, the production increased from 800,050 bushes, yielding 3,122,600 Spanish pounds, in 1902, to 1,860,306 bushes, producing 9,380,900 Spanish pounds, in 1907.

Textile phnts. — Many varieties of textile plants grow in Cuba, and those which cover the uncultivated fields are sufficient to produce many hundred thousands of tons of useful fibers. This wealth, however, has been utilized only recently, and the country every year pays tribute in many millions of pesos to foreign countries, because of the lack of population, machinery, and industrial enterprise.

Since the Independence, there has been some activity in this direction, and results of real importance are now being obtained.

The cordage industry has developed the fact that the raw material may be

20 NATURAL RESOURCES.

obtained in Cuba, there being suflBcient plantations of heniquen to almost wholly supply the necessities of the Republic. During the period of pro- duction the number of heniquen bushes in the island reaches 3,700,000.

Seven million pounds of jarcias are manufactured in the Island of Cuba, 70 per cent of which are of henequin and the rest of manila, fiber from the Philippines being imported for the latter.

For the sugar industry Cuba receives from India and England — the first the producer and the second the manufacturer — from seven to ten million bags of jute in which the sugar is annually packed. Jute grows wild in the island, however, and at present in the province of Pinar del Rfo, where an effort is being made to cultivate it, it yields more than 30 per cent of fiber of good quality.

A short time ago it was considered impossible to make an industrial use of the ramie, which grows so abundantly in this island, but repeated and suc- cessful experiments with the "Marti machine" have proved that the strips of ramie known in the market as "China grass" can be obtained, and the day is near at hand when the exploitation of this, the richest vegetable fiber for textiles, will constitute one of the important sources of Cuban wealth.

FRUITS.

Fruits have only very recently been cultivated on an industrial scale in the Greater Antilles; it may be said that this is an industry which is just being developed and in which the greater number of products are yet unimproved, and that those which are actually utilized will undergo a radical transforma- tion.

Citrus fruits. — ^The first place will at once be given to the citrus plants, which have as ready a market in the United States as those of Spain have in England.

Sweet oranges are at present the preferred crop, there being more than 1,500,000 trees ready to fructify, the probable yield of which will be worth at least 3,000,000 pesos annually. But the grape fruit, which grows wild and which, when cultivated, will yield prodigious crops; lemons, of which millions of pounds are now exported; and the bitter oranges, of which there are wild groves, are citric plants of greater commercial importance than the sweet oranges and are grown with much less effort. The bitter orange especially holds an important place among the Cuban fruits, since it constitutes the first and indispensable ingredient for orange marmalade. Since the fruit grows here under such favorable conditions and sugar cane also is abundant, no fears are felt for the future of the marmalade industry.

Pineapple. — ^The pineapple has always been considered the queen of fruits, and the constant demand by the great neighboring Republic has stimulated its cultivation to such an extent that at present the annual production is between 25,000,000 and 30,000,000 kilograms, with an approximate value of 1,000,000 pesos. Now that the supply of the pineapples is greater than the

PRODUCTS OF THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 21

demand, the consumer profits by the competition of the producers, and the grower who markets the best grade of fruit is benefited commercially.

Plantain. — Notwithstanding the natural advantages that the lands of the Central American continent possess over those of the Island of Cuba, and notwithstanding the fact that this island may be considered the extreme limit for the production of plantain, the fertility of the soil and the favorable meteorological conditions supply the deficiencies of geographic situation, and the result is that Cuba produces the enormous quantity of plantains consumed by her people — or more than 120,000,000 kilograms — and, in addition, exports from 45,000,000 to 50,000,000 kilos each year.

Other fruits. — Some of the other fruits produced, such as the an6n (custard apple), the caimito, the mammee, the guanabana, the plum, the sapote, and the tamarind, are used only for the consumption of the inhabitants of the island; while others, as the alligator pear, the mango, and the guava, are at present exported in small quantities — 600,000 to 800,000 kilos per year, valued at from $20,000 to $22,000 — although the demand for them is growing.

Vegetable products. — ^Until the importation of Chinese, from 1860 to 1867, it was difficult, even for wealthy persons, to obtain vegetables for consumption. The Chinese, when they were freed from their slave contracts, promoted the cultivation of vegetables, increasing it sufficiently to abundantly satisfy local necessities; but Caucasians have since realized the benefit of an export trade of Cuban vegetable products to the United States.

Soon after the Independence, several thousand cases of vegetables were exported from Giiines, and the growth of the industry has been such that during the fiscal year 1906-7 the exportation reached 3,994,067 kilos, which sold for $167,435. These figures show the possibility of a trade which promises to be much more extensive in the near future.

FORAGE PLANTS.

At the Central Agricultural Station experiments have been made with nearly all of the important forage plants, and in every case the result of the trial has been to prove the possibility of satisfactory production; but the fields of Cuba are stocked with so many first-class graminaceous forage plants that, until now, the necessity of cultivating such crops has not been felt, except in the vicinity of the large cities, where the millet and maloja (corn stalks used for fodder) produced throughout the year, with very slight effort, furnish great quantities of green forage of very good quality.

GRAINS.

The grain producing countries are in the Temperate Zone, but the Island of Cuba, situated in the extreme north of the Torrid Zone, has the advantage, as a subtropical country, of being able to produce grains, or at least several kinds of grain, in quantities that satisfy home necessities.

22 NATURAL RESOURCES.

Wheat. — More than a century ago, wheat was sown in the province of Santa Clara, but the crops were not remunerative.

Rice. — All varieties of rice are easily obtained in Cuba, average crops being yielded; ordinarily only the dry rice is cultivated, being produced in small quantities, and sold at a very good price, as its especially agreeable flavor causes the demand to be always in excess of the production.

The consumption of rice in Cuba amounts to no less than 200,000 pounds daily; and if the country were capable industrially of producing this grain, it would do so, for the need is evident and great. In 1906, 101,931,690 pounds, at a value of $2,035,965, were imported.

What Cubans consider an economic error prevents North Carolina, South Carolina, Louisiana, and other rice producing states of the Union from profit- ing by a market so ready and convenient.

Indian com. — This grain is the only one that can be produced in Cuba under as favorable conditions as in its native Mexican soil. Two crops, and some- times three, are gathered in a year, and it is cultivated on a large scale through- out the island.

Chemical analyses have shown that the Indian corn of Cuba contains a greater quantity of albuminoids, fats, and phosphates than that grown in any other country; on this account it is so highly prized that, in spite of the large crops, it is never suflBcient for the nourishment of man and the domestic animals, and thus some importation is necessary. In the year 1906, 65,732,531 pounds, valued at $661,202, were imported. It is a product that never varies in price in the Cuban market, the only objection to it being that no process has been discovered by which it can be preserved indefinitely.

Millet. — This is a nutritious product which is very easily obtained, but which until now has been cultivated only in some parts of the island as food for poultry and working oxen.

TUBERS AND NOURISHING ROOTS.

The people of Cuba will always be insured against hunger by the abundance of its tuberous plants, which are easily produced throughout the island. Those most commonly cultivated and utilized are the sweet potato, the white potato, the yam, and the arum.

Sweet potatoes. — Sweet potatoes are utilized in two ways: the vines provide a healthful food for cattle, and the tubers, for the nourishment of man, cattle, and fowls. The products are obtained successively in such great profusion that a Caballeria produces from 20,000 to 25,000 arrobas (500,000 to 625,000 lbs.) of comestible tubers, or more than four pounds of food per square meter of land, in addition to an enormous quantity of vines.

White potatoes. — ^These potatoes are not raised in suflBcient quantities in Cuba to meet the demand, the greater part of those consumed being imported; and this, notwithstanding the fact that the country is so well adapted for their cultivation that in the district of Giiines, where they are grown as luxuries

PRODUCTS OF THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 23

and for exportation to the United States, the crop rarely falls below 1,000 arrobas per hectare.

Arum. — The arum constitutes a healthful and perfect food; the tuber, after being freed from the earth, can be preserved almost indefinitely; the crop never fails, and the leaves constitute a well-known food for poultry. Small farmers, consequently, gladly sow this useful plant, in spite of the fact that the crop does not exceed 500 arrobas per hectare.

Yam. — The yam may be considered as a tuber de luxe, as it requires good earth and much cultivation, and its production rarely exceeds 400 arrobas per hectare.

Roots. — In Cuba, sago, which furnishes a good farina, is scarcely cultivated at present, and, with the exception of the yucca, the cultivation of all other comestible roots is being abandoned. There are many varieties of yucca, but those which are commonly cultivated are the bitter and the comestible yuccas. The bitter yucca, which is poisonous, is used for making starch, constituting the basis of one of the Cuban industries. The comestible yuccas which are cultivated are the Carthagena yucca, which is the most highly prized, and the pink, the yellow, the white, or bruja, and the crystal yuccas. All of these are obtained in abundance and with ease, and furnish a wholesome and palatable food. The objection to this tuber is that it can be preserved only a few days after being freed from the earth; but, as a compensation, it serves for making cassava bread which is an invaluable food, as it can be preserved almost indefinitely, is very easily digested, and, at the same time, is nutritious.

LEGUMINOUS PLANTS.

Among the leguminous comestibles, black beans, kidney beans, peas, and chick-peas are cultivated in Cuba on a small scale. All of these are obtained with great ease and in profusion; but the advantages possessed by other countries, where wages are very low and where all these vegetables are grown on a large scale, prevent this branch of agriculture from being developed in Cuba, and it pays to Mexico, Spain, and other countries, without any com- mercial compensation, .$1,144,252 for these necessities.

y OLEAGINOUS PLANTS.

Aside from the coconut and the cacao, which in addition to their multiplied uses serve also as oleaginous plants, other plants that are rich in fatty materials can be cultivated to monetary advantage for the extraction of oils. Prominent among these are the ajonjoli, the peanut, and the castor bean.

Ajonjoli. — This plant is cultivated solely for use as a condiment and in making the candy called "alegria," but it is destined to have an important industrial place on account of its oil, which does not become rancid, and which is therefore most valuable in the manufacture of fine soaps.

Peanuts. — The peanut grows abundantly, and although it yields 55 per cent of its weight in oil, it is also used as food and in candy.

24

NATURAL RESOURCES.

Castor bean. — Some seventy years ago, the castor bean was cultivated in Cuba for the extraction of its cathartic oil; since that time its cultivation has been wholly abandoned, but its adaptation to this soil and climate is such that it now grows profusely as a wild plant.

MEDICINAL PLANTS.

The Island of Cuba, though free from wild beasts and venomous reptiles and having no extremes of climate to affect the constitution of man, has, nevertheless, indigenous to her soil, plants of wonderful medicinal virtue. These plants include the aguedita, known as a febrifuge; the gauguasi and the cana fistola, cathartics; the lirio sanjuanero (wild lily) and the wild ipecac, emetics; the male fern, the sour pomegranate, and the apazote, vermifuges; the chamisco, an antasthmatic; the yagruma, a tonic for the heart; and several other plants of slight medicinal properties.

GUMMIFEROUS PLANTS.

The only gummiferous plant indigenous to Cuba is the female liana, which contains latex producing caoutchouc; but it is possible to cultivate the Castil- loa Elastica and the Manihot Glaziovii with profit.

FORESTS AND FOREST PRODUCTS.

The forests of Cuba have been, and are still, treated with a shocking vandalism, and no protective law for the woodland is in force. However, the richest woods for cabinetwork and for building abound in such quantities that all of the needs of the country, as well as foreign demands, are satisfied, and a residue of short and corded wood remains, which is destroyed for want of purchasers.

The area of the public forests of the Island of Cuba is not less than 37,000 caballerias, or 496,540 hectares (1,226,454 acres). The most important provinces in respect to public forests are Oriente and Santa Clara. The timber forests of the property of the municipality of JiguanI, with an area of 46,759 hectares (115,591 acres), have also been included, as they are considered public forests. Following is a statement of the public forests in each province:

	PROVINCE.	ABEA.
	Hectares.	Acres.
Total -	496,540	1,226,454
Oriente	210,200 124,660 60,000 46,000 35,680 20,000	519,194
Santa Clara	307,910
Pinar del Rio	148,200
Matanzas	113,620
CamagOey	88,130
Habana	49,400

PRODUCTS OF THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM.

25

The names and the applicability of the trees are as follows:

FOR CONSTRUCTION,

COMMON NAME,	Technical name.	COMMON NAME,	Technical name.
Acana	Bassia albescens. Laplacea curtyana. Erytroxylum obovatum. Zanthoxylum bombacifo- lium. Cordia gerascanthoides. Byrsonima lucida. Swietenia mahogani. Cedrella odorata. Bumelia nigra. Cerasus occidentalis. Chuncoa abovate. Calicophyllura candidissi- mum. Madura tintorea. Rhus metopium. Lenchocarpus tatifolius. Casearia totiodes.	Guayacan Jaimiqui Jamaquey Jiqui de costa. . . Jocuma prieto. . . Jucaro prieto. . . . Maboa	Guajacum officinale.
Almendro Arabo	Byrsonima lucida. Belaira mucronata.
Abua amarilla. . . . Baria	Malpighia obovata. Syderoxylon mastichoden-
Came de doncella . Caoba	Busida capitata. Cameraria latifolia.
Cedro	Majagua Moruro de costa. Quiebra hacha. . . Roble real Sabicu	Hibiscus tiliaceus.
Cocuyo	Acacia littoralis.
Cuajani	Copaifera hymenofolia.
Chicharron prieto .	Tecoma longiflora.
	Tengue	Poeppigia procera.
Fustete	Yaba
Guao de costa ....	Yaiti	Excocaria lucida.
Frijolillo amarilio .	Yaya	Gualteria virgata.
Guaguasi

FOR TANNING.

Los guayabos

Maranon

Moruro de sabana . Peralejo de sabana

Psldium.

Anacardium occidentalis. Petophorum adriatum. Byrsonima crassifolia.

Mangle Colorado. Mangle bianco. . .

Encina

Pataban

Rhizophora mangle. Avicennia nitida. Quercus virens. Lagunicularia racemosa.

DYEWOODS.
Fustete	Madura tinctoria. Bixa orellana.	Brazil Colorado.. Brazilete Peralejo de monte	Ceesalpinia crista.
Bija 6 acbiote an- nate.	Coulteria tintoria Byrsonima cubensis.
OIL WOODS.
Coco	Cocos nucifera. Cocos crispa. Erythrina corrallodendrum.	Mamey Colorado. Aguacate Encina	Lucuma bonplandii.
Corojo	Persea gratissima.
Pifion	Quercus virens.
FIBER WOODS (USED FOR CORDAGE).

Daquilla

Guara comun

Majagua

Majaguilla. . .

Lagetta lintearia. Cupania tomentosa. Hibiscus tiliaceous. Pavonia racemosa.

Guama comun.

Guacacoa

Corojo

Lonchocarpus pyxidanlus. Daphnopsis cubensis. Cocos crispa.

GUM AND RESIN WOODS.

Almacigo Ciruelo	Bursera gummlfera. Spondias lutea. Cedrela odorata. Voica copal. Caseria lotiodes. Rheedia aristata. Clusia rosea.	Abey hembra . . . Maboa	Papigia excelsa. Cameraria latifolia.
Cedro	Mango	Manguiera indica.
Copal	Maraflon Mamey amarilio. Pino	Anacardium occidentale.
Guaguasi ManajCi	Mammea americana. Pinus occidentalis.
Copey	Yaba	Andira inermis.

Emit trees, etc. — Besides the enumerated species there are about fifty different species of fruit trees and a great number of other trees whose wood is used for fuel, fencing, carpentry, and cabinetwork.

26

NATURAL RESOURCES.

PRODUCTS OF THE MINERAL KINGDOM.

The contemporary historians, on the discovery of America, made especial mention of the mineral wealth of Cuba, although limiting it to gold, silver, and copper, and in regard to the first, expressing themselves in the most glowing terms.

Although the Spanish conquerors knew well the auriferous wealth in Cuba and profited by it — they withdrew their attention from these mines, and with great energy exploited those of less precious metals.

Precious stones are not abundant in Cuba, although fine opals are found in some rivers and streams; in the suburbs of Habana in the Guanabacoa hills there are amethysts; and there is reason to believe that in the eastern province there are beds of emeralds.

Although the mineral wealth of Cuba is considerable and its value is enhanced by its proximity to the United States, for more than half a century capitalists have feared to risk their money in any mining enterprise, chiefly because of the scarcity of laborers and the unstable condition of the country's laws.

The following table gives an idea of the number and area of the Cuban mines, with concessions in force on December 31, 1907:

	PINAB DEI. Bfo.	HABANA.	MATANZAS.
MINERAL.	Nimiber.	Area, hectares.*	Number.	Area, hectares.!	Number.	Area, hectares.'
Total	06	5.185	49	2.589	41	2,983
Asphalt	28 6 23 <''3I	911 578 1,206	29 8 5 1 4	956 859 413 64 189	30	1,459
Coal
Copper	3 1 3 1 3	97
Gold	125
Iron	560
Manganese	110
Petroleum	4 4	274 76	2	108	632
	SANTA CLARA.	CAMAOtJEY.	OBIENTE.
UINEBAL.	Number.	Area, hectares.!	Number.	Area, hectares.!	Number.	Area, hectares.'
Total	91	4,028	97	5,646	857	72,667
Asphalt	12 2 24 14	189 52 459 (') 500	16	218	7 9 223 20 271 218 3 106	253
Coal	521
Copper	27 si	1,274 4 ',166	7,745
Gold	537
Iron	44,999
Manganese	11,364
Petroleum					405
All other minerals	3g	2,828	3	54	6,843

'A hectare is equal to 2,471 acres.

* Included in "all other minerals."

PRODUCTS OF THE MINERAL KINGDOM. 27

In the mines in the provinces of Pinar del Rio, Habana, Matanzas, and Santa Clara the only work carried on was the work of investigation and exploitation, while it is not known that any mine in Camagiiey was exploited. In the province of Oriente a number of mines were being operated.

There are other mineral riches absolutely neglected which are no less import;ant than those mentioned, and which will prove great sources of wealth. Thus vast deposits of iron of very good quality remain unexploited, and there are extensive peat beds which at some future day will be utilized as fuel and in the production of nitrate.

HISTORY.

Many books have been written about Cuba, but there are few detailed and reliable histories. Such information as is available with regard to the history of this country is in fragmentary form, and many important events connected with the affairs of the island are unrecorded, or so briefly discussed as to be unintelligible.

DISCOVERT AND SETTLEMENT.

Cuba was discovered by Columbus on Sunday, October 28, 1492. Accord- ing to the most reliable evidence, he landed in, or a little to the west of, what is now called the bay of Nuevitas, on the north coast of the province of Cama- giiey. He took possession of the island in the name of Christ, Our Lady, and the reigning Sovereigns of Spain, and named it Juana in honor of Prince John.

Continuing his voyage, Columbus sailed west as far as the Laguna de Moron, where he arrived October 31. On November 12 he left this place. The records in his journal do not indicate clearly where he sailed between that date and November 26. He appears to have returned to the vicinity of the Guija Islands and then to have cruised about among the keys and islands off the province of Camagiiey, finally reaching the Bay of Nuevitas.

On November 26 he sailed southeast along the coast of Oriente and on the evening of November 27 he arrived at Baracoa. From there he sailed, on December 4, to Point Maisi, the eastern end of the island, and on the following day to the Island of San Domingo.

On the 3d of May, 1493, Pope Alexander VI issued a bull conferring on Ferdinand and Isabella all lands already discovered, or to be discovered, in the western ocean, thus confirming by divine right, to all Christendom, the claims of Columbus.

Colimabus visited Cuba three times after this. In 1493, during his second voyage, he followed the southern coast from Point Maisi as far as Batabano and the Isle of Pines, which he reached on June 13, ha\'ing in the meantime discovered the Island of Jamaica. During this voyage Columbus visited Guantanamo, Trinidad, and probably Cienfuegos. During his fourth and last voyage, he touched at Cayo Largo, off the south coast of the province of Oriente, in July, 1502, and again in May, 1503.

Cuba does not appear to have been visited by many other explorers. In 1508 Sebastian Ocampo, acting under the orders of Nicolas de Ovando,

(28)

CUBA UNDER SPANISH RULE. 29

Governor of San Domingo, reported that Cuba was an island, but it is probable that this fact was known several years before. Apparently Cuba did not receive much attention from the Spanish authorities prior to 1511. In that year Diego Columbus, Admiral of the Indies and Governor of San Domingo, sent Capt. Diego Velasquez, one of the companions of Columbus on his second voyage, to subdue and colonize Cuba. With a force of 300 men he sailed from San Domingo and landed near Point Maisi, going thence to Baracoa, where the first settlement was made in 1512. In 1514 Velasquez founded Trinidad and Santiago de Cuba, on the southern side of the island, to facilitate communication with the Spanish colonies of Jamaica and the mainland, and established settlements at Sancti-Spiritus, Remedios, Bayamo, Puerto Principe, and San Cristobal de la Habana, the last named colony being located on what is now the site of Batabano. In 1519 the name of Habana was transferred to a settlement on the site now known by that name. The same year, Baracoa, having been raised to the dignity of a city and bishopric, was declared the capital, and so remained until 1522, when Santiago became the capital and the seat of the bishopric. Habana became the capital in 1552.

On the death of Ferdinand, January 23, 1516, Velasquez renamed the island Fernandina in his honor. It was subsequently named Santiago, after the patron saint of Spain, but afterwards the name was changed to Ave Maria, in honor of the Virgin. Through all these oflScial changes, however, it retained its native original name.

CUBA UNDER SPANISH SULE.

Until his death in 1524 Velasquez continued to govern Cuba as adelantado, or lieutenant-governor, under the governor and audiencia of San Domingo, He had five successors in the oflBce of lieutenant-governor. The first governor, Hernando de Soto, was appointed in 1536; he was also adelantado of Florida. The first Captain-General was Don Gabriel de Lujan, appointed in 1581. After the founding of the colonies by Velasquez, the Spanish population increased very slowly; for more than one hundred years only two additional towns were founded, Guanabacoa in 1555 and El Cobre in 1558. In the seventeenth century but two towns of any importance, Matanzas and Santa Clara, were founded, and in the eighteenth but nine. At the end of this period the population of the island is said to have numbered 275,000 souls, while the development of its wealth had scarcely begun.

If the situation and many natural advantages of Cuba be considered, it is evident that either the Cubans were blind to their opportunities or causes generally beyond their control retarded the growth of the population and the development of the island's resources. The latter would seem to be the case, although it can not be said that the Cubans were not in some measure account- able.

In the general scheme of colonizing the West Indies, both Cuba and Jamaica

301 HISTORY.

were occupied to facilitate trade with the rich colonies of the Spanish main, and while still a young colony Cuba, as a depot of supply, was severely taxed by the numerous expeditions which sailed from her shores between the years 1512 and 1538.

It is by no means true, however, that in the administration of her colonies Spain was an exception to the general rule of liberal and generous government on the part of the various countries toward their colonial dependencies. In fact, much of the same ideas appear to have influenced all of them at the outset, although the results were different, as might be expected of governments having different origins, forms, and theories. The prevailing idea appears to have been that the political and economic interests of colonies were to be subordinated to those of the home country, no matter how injurious the con- ^sequences, and a course in harmony with this idea was followed unremittingly by Spain to the end of her supremacy over Cuba.

Aside from the fact that during the early history of Cuba Spain had little surplus population to dispose of, and that through the expulsion of the Jews and Moors she lost a large and valuable part of this population, her trade restrictions would account, in some measure, for the slow increase in the population and industries of Cuba. These restrictions appear to have origi- nated in the royal cedula of May 6, 1497, granting to the port of Seville the exclusive privilege of trade with the colonies. At the same time the Ca-sa de Contratacion, or Council of Trade, was established and was given exclusive charge of the regulation of trade and commence, although later the Council exercised its functions under the general control of the Council of the Indies. San Domingo, and later Vera Cruz, were the only colonial ports authorized to trade with Seville. In 1717 the trade monopoly of Seville was transferred, by royal order, to the port of Cadiz, in Spain.

While Santiago was the capital of Cuba, trade between the island and the home port was restricted to that place, and when the capital was transferred to Habana, that city became the sole port of entry. Even between the ports of Habana and Seville or Cadiz, until 1765, there was no free communication, but all trading vessels were gathered into fleets, or "flotas," from time to time, and made the voyage accompanied by Spanish warships, partly for protection against freebooters and pirates, but chiefly to prevent trade with other ports.

The maritime laws regulating trade and commerce forbade trade between the colonies, and as early as 1592 trade with foreigners was only permitted by special authority, and in 1614 and 1680 trade with foreigners was prohibited under pain of death and confiscation of the property concerned.

With the exception of the period when the English occupied the island, 1762-63, Cuban ports were practically under embargo of the strictest kind until 1778, when Habana was opened to free trade. By the royal decree of October 12, 1778, trade between Santiago, Trinidad, Batabano, and other Spanish ports was authorized. This privilege was extended to Nuevitas in 1784, to Matanzas in 1793, to Caibari^n in 1794, and to Manzanillo and Baracoa in 1803.

CUBA UNDER SPANISH RULE. 31

By the treaties of 1648 and 1714 between Spain and the Dutch provinces it was agreed that parties to the treaty should abstain from trading in the ports and along the coast of the Indies belonging to the other nation. Again, by the treaty of Madrid between England and Spain, similar agreements were made, although it was provided that in case vessels arrived at the prohibited ports under stress or shipwreck they should be received kindly and permitted to purchase provisions and repair damages. This privilege was subsequently withdrawn by royal orders of January 20 and April 15, 1784, which prescribed that no vessel belonging to a foreign nation should be permitted to enter. The severity of these restrictions was modified later on and, by a royal order of January 8, 1801, Cuban ports were thrown open to the commerce of friendly and neutral nations.

Other commercial privileges granted in 1805, 1809, 1810, and 1812, were due, in great measure, if not entirely, to the French invasion of the peninsula and its effect on Spanish possessions in the West Indies and America. These concessions to trade with Spanish colonies were but temporary, however, as by royal orders of January 10, November 17, and July 10, 1809, foreign commerce with Spanish-American ports was prohibited. Against these last restrictions of trade the various Spanish colonial governors, and especially the Captain-General of Cuba, protested on the ground of the necessities of the colonies and the inability of Spain to meet them. These objections having been favorably considered by the Council for the Indies, foreign trade with Habana was extended for a time.

Many other decrees and royal orders affecting trade with Cuba and the other Spanish colonies were promulgated during the period between 1775 and 1812, but it is plain that Spain was always averse to granting trade facilities to her colonies, and only did so for a time when forced by her necessities. After she had once opened Cuban ports and to that extent established the privilege of foreign trade, it was a difficult matter to close the ports again; consequently the next step was to restrict the trade as far as possible by duties, tonnage, and port dues, and by arbitrary tariffs imposed from time to time in such a way as to render foreign commerce unprofitable. Up to 1824 duties on foreign commerce were much greater than those on Spanish merchandise, and while from that year they were generally less restrictive, still they were always high enough to compel Cubans to purchase from Spanish merchants, who, as Spain did not herself produce what was needed, bought from French, German, American, or other sources, thereby raising prices far above what they would have been under a system less hampering. In fact, up to 1818 Cuba does not appear to have had a tariff system. In that year a tariff was promulgated making the duties 26^ per cent on agricultural implements and 43 per cent ad valorem on other foreign merchandise. This was modified in 1820 and 1822 and the duties reduced to 20 per cent on agricultural imple- ments and 37 per cent ad valorem on foreign industrial products. On all Spanish importations under this classification the duties were two-thirds less. The tariff of 1824 was less prohibitive.

32 HISTORY.

Apparently, either this arrangement for excluding foreign trade or the amount of customs revenue was not satisfactory, for an export tariff was established in 1828 on sugar and coffee, which had by that time become important products. The duty was four-fifths of a cent per pound on sugar and two-fifths of a cent per pound on coffee. If these products were exported in foreign vessels, the duty on sugar was doubled and that on coffee was increased to 1 cent per pound. With slight modifications these duties con- tinued to August 1, 1891, when, under the McKinley tariff law, a reciprocal commercial agreement was proclaimed by President Harrison between Spain and the United States, which enabled Cuba to seek its nearest and most natural market. In a short time nearly the entire trade of Cuba was trans- ferred to the United States, and Cuba enjoyed a degree of prosperity never before attained.

But with the termination of this agreement by the tariff law of 1894, the old practice was reestablished, thus forcing upon the Cubans compulsory trade with Spain. There seems to be no question among impartial and intelligent judges as to the injurious effect of this system on the growth of Cuba's population and material progress, both largely dependent on com- mercial advantages.

Another evil born of the system and given a certain amount of immunity through the reverses and disasters of the Spanish navy, is smuggling, which began with trade restrictions and monopolies and has continued almost to this day, the amount of merchandise smuggled being, for many years, nearly equal to that regularly imported and exported. Under the name of privateers, French, Dutch, English, and American smugglers and buccaneers swarmed in the Caribbean Sea and the Gulf of Mexico for more than two centuries, plundering Spanish flotas and attacking colonial settlements. Among the latter, Cuba was the chief sufferer. In 1538 the marauders attacked and burned Habana. In 1544 they attacked Baracoa and Matanzas, and again sacked and burned Habana. In 1604 Giron, a French buccaneer, landed twice in Santiago, capturing the Morro, and in 1679 French buccaneers again raided the province.

Coupled with trade restrictions and extending throughout the entire life of Cuba as a dependency of Spain, excessive taxation has always prevailed. In addition to the taxes on imports and exports, taxes were levied on real and personal property and on industries and commerce of all kinds. Every pro- fession, art, or manual occupation contributed its quota, while, as far back as 1638, seal and stamp taxes were established on all judicial business and on all kinds of petitions and claims made to official corporations, and subsequently on all bills and accounts.

There was also a municipal tax on the slaughter of cattle for the market. This privilege was sold by the municipal council to the highest bidder, with the result that assessments were made on all animals slaughtered, whether for the market or for private consumption, with a corresponding increase in the price of meat.

CUBA UNDER SPANISH RULE. 33

Another tax established in 1528, called the derecho de averia, required the payment of 20 ducats ($16) by every person, bond or free, arriving in the island. In 1665 this tax was increased to $22, and continued in force for one hundred years, thus retarding immigration, and, to that extent, the increase of population, especially of the laboring class.

An examination of the taxes shows that they operated to discourage Cubans from owning property or engaging in many industrial pursuits tending to benefit them and to promote the material improvement of the island.

Up to the year 1638 the taxes were collected by royal officers appointed by the King, and their accounts were passed on by the audiencia of San Domingo. In that year contadores (auditors) were appointed who exercised fiscal supervision over the tax collectors, until, by royal cednla of October 31, 1764, the intendancy of Habana was established and the administration of taxes was conducted as in Spain. After 1892 the taxes were collected by the Spanish Bank under a ten years' contract, the bank receiving a commission of 5 per cent. About 18 per cent of the assessed taxes remained uncollected between 1886 and 1897, and the deficits thus caused were added to the Cuban debt.*

If to high taxes, high tariffs, and utter indifference, apparently, to the needs of the island be added a lack of banking facilities of all kinds, and a system of currency dependent entirely on the Spanish government and aflFected by all its financial difficulties, we have some of the reasons why the economic develop- ment of Cuba has been slow. All her industrial profits were absorbed by Spain, leaving no surplus to provide for the accumulation of capital and the material progress of the island.^ For many years Cuba was prohibited from cultivating such raw products as were raised in Spain, this policy being the exact opposite of the theory and practice under which England subsequently developed her manufacturing industries at home. The system followed in England was the very natural process of paying for the raw products of her colonies in manufactured articles, and no nation in Europe during the sixteenth "century was in a better condition than Spain to establish such a system, as she was essentially a manufacturing country. With the expulsion of the Moors^ however, her manufactures were practically ruined, and she became little ""more than a clearing house for foreign products. -^ '«mi»i

""Long after repeated warnings should have suggested a greater measure of economic and political independence for Cuba, the entire system of Cuban government and administration was retained in the hands of Spanish officials to the exclusion of native Cubans. The feelings aroused by this policy would

^According to the data of the tribunal of accounts (tribunal de suentas) of Habana, referred to by Seflor la Sagra, Cuba received as ordinary and extraordinary "situados" from Mexico, from 1766 to 1788, the sum of 57,739,346 pesos fuertes, and from 1788 to 1806, 50,411,158 pesos fuertes.

'The proof of this is the bad condition of the roads and harbors, the absence of docking facilities, the lack of adequate water supply in cities, and the absence of sew- ers, paved streets, and schoolhouses and other public buildings essential to every conmaunity.

M HISTORY.

undoubtedly have been appeased if greater economic and political freedom

had been allowed. Political independence was not generally advocated at

first. Autonomy under the protection of Spain was as much as the industrial

•classes wished, and had this been granted ten years earlier Cuba might and

iprobably would have remained a Spanish colony.

The first serious opposition to the insular government was brought out by the attempt of Captain-General Vicente Roja to enforce the government monopoly in tobacco, decreed in 1717. Several bloody riots occurred and Hoja was obliged to withdraw temporarily from the island.

Apart from uprisings among the negroes, stimulated no doubt by the success of their race over the French in the neighboring island of San Domingo, there were no attempts at insurrection on the part of Cubans until after the conspiracy of 1823, planned by a secret society known as the "Soles de Bolivar." This conspiracy resulted from the attempt of Captain-General Vives to carry out the instructions of Ferdinand VII, after the abrogation of the Spanish liberal constitution of 1812, and was intended as a protest against a return to absolutism in Cuba. The conspiracy was of a serious character and extended over the entire island. The conspiracy failed and the leader, Jose Francisco Lemus, and a large number of conspirators were arrested and deported. A feeling of bitter resentment against the government was the result, and a period of agitation and public demonstration followed. Frequent unsuccessful uprisings were attempted in 1824.

On May 28, 1825, a royal decree was issued, conferring on the Captain- •General "all the powers of governors of cities in a state of siege * * * with full and unlimited authority to detach from the island and to send to the Peninsula all officials and persons employed in whatsoever capacity, and of whatsoever rank, class, or condition, whose presence may appear prejudicial, or whose public or private conduct may inspire you with suspicion * * * and further to suspend the execution of any order or general regulations issued in whatever branch of the administration and to whatever extent you may con- sider convenient to the royal service, etc., to see that faithful servants of His Majesty be remembered, at the same time punishing without delay or hesi- tation the misdeeds of those, etc."^

An army from Spain, intended for the subjugation of former Spanish colonies in South America, which was to have been dispatched from Cuba, was retained there, and a military commission was permanently organized to try political offenses under the above decree and the articles of war.

Political agitation having taken the form of revolutionary demonstrations, there was a gradual separation on political lines between the Cubans and Spaniards, and numberless Cuban secret societies were formed throughout the island. Allied with the Cubans were all of the more radical, as well as the more moderate liberal members of the community, while the Spanish party included beneficiaries of former monopolies and the conservative and reaction-

' Promulgated again in the royal decrees of March 21 and 26, 1834.

CUBA UNDER SPANISH RULE. 35

ary elements, which, under the policy of the Captains-General, had crystallized around the oflBcials of the government and their coadjutors in the church.

The political agitation continued, and in 1826 a small uprising took place in Camagiiey, directed by the Sociedad de la Cadena, and aimed against the abuses of the regiment Leon quartered there. The same year (June 22) the Congress of American Republics assembled at Panama. The object of this congress was to urge the establishment of liberal principles of commercial intercourse in peace and war, the advancement of religious liberty, and the abolition of slavery, and to discuss the relations of Haiti, the affairs of Cuba and Porto Rico, the continuation of the war of Spain on her Spanish colonies, and the Monroe doctrine.

While the United States no doubt sympathized with the objects of the con- gress, the debates in the Senate and House of Representatives indicated a desire to avoid interference with Spain. As a result, the American delegates were given limited powers, and this, coupled with the conservative attitude of the United States, resulted in the failure of the congress to achieve any result.

The year before, Francisco Agiiero and Manuel Andres Sanches, a second lieutenant in the Colombian army, had been sent from Cuba to the United States and to Colombia to seek the assistance of these countries. An expedition was organized in Colombia to be led by the famous Colombian patriot, Simon Bolivar, but the failure of the Panama congress caused the abandonment of the expedition. On the return of the emissaries to Cuba they were arrested, tried, and executed.

In 1830 a revolution was planned by the society of the "Black Eagle," a Masonic fraternity having its base of operations in Mexico, with secondary bases in Habana and at various points throughout the island. The conspiracy failed, and several of the conspirators received sentence of death, which was afterwards commuted by Captain-General Vives to sentence to life imprison- ment. The object of the conspiracy was the independence of Cuba, the pretext, a report that the island was to be ceded to Great Britain.

In 1836 the constitution of 1812 wag reestablished in Spain, but this change did not benefit Cuba. On the contrary, the deputies sent from Cuba to the constitutional convention in Madrid were excluded, and, by a royal decree of 1837, the representation in the Cortes which had been given Cuba in 1834 was taken away, and it was announced that Cuba would be governed by special laws. These, the Cubans claim, were never published. From this time to 1847 several uprisings or insurrections occurred throughout Cuba, followed in that year by a revolutionary conspiracy organized by Narciso Lopez, and having in view the liberation of the island or its annexation to the United States. It had been arranged to make the first demonstration on the 4th of July, in the city of Cienfuegos, but the plot was made known to the Spanish governor, and Lopez and his companions fled to the United States, where, in 1849, they organized a filibustering expedition, which was prevented from leaving by the vigilance of the government of the United States. In 1850

36 fflSTORY.

Lopez organized a second expedition, which sailed from New Orleans, May 10, and landed with 600 men at Cardenas, attacking its small garrison. A portion of the garrison surrendered with Governor Ceniti and the remainder went over to the insurgents. As the uprising upon which Lopez depended did not take place, he reembarked the same day and made his escape to Key West.

Undeterred by these failures, in 1851 he organized a third expedition of 480 men, which sailed from New Orleans and landed, August 12, at Playitas, near Bahia Honda, 55 miles west of Habana. Colonel Crittenden, of Ken- tucky, with 150 men formed part of the force. On landing Lopez advanced on Las Pozas, leaving Colonel Crittenden in El Morrillo. Meeting a Spanish force under General Enna, Lopez was defeated after a gallant fight; his force was dispersed; and he and some 50 of his men were captured and taken to Habana, where he was garroted. In attempting to escape by sea Crittenden and his party were captured and on the 16th of September were shot at the castle of Atares.

In the same year an uprising took place in Camagiiey, but the movement came to naught and the leader, Juaquin de Aguero, and several of his com- panions were executed.

Following the attempt of Aguero came the conspiracy of Vuelta Abajo, oi^anized in 1852 by Juan Gonzalez Alvara, a wealthy planter of the province of Pinar del Rio. Associated with him were several other prominent Cubans, among them Francisco de Fras, Count of Pozos Dulces. This attempt at revolution was discovered and the leading conspirators arrested. They were tried and sentenced to death, but were finally transported under sentence of life imprisonment.

Meantime the Liberal Club of Habana and the Cuban Junta in New York were raising money and oi^anizing expeditions destined for Cuba. But these expeditions accomplished little.

The revolution of 1868 was commenced at Yara in the pro\ince of Cama- giiey, and was ended by the capitulation of Zanjon, February 10, 1878. No battles were fought, but there were many deaths from disease, executions, and massacres, and the Spanish troops suffered severely from yellow fever, which prevailed at all times in the seacoast cities. The war is said to have cost the contestants S300,000,000, which was charged to the debt of Cuba.

By the treaty of Zanjon Spain agreed to give greater civil, political, and administrative privileges to the people of Cuba. It has been claimed by Cubans that the promises were never fulfilled, and this and the failure of the Cortes to pass the bill reforming the government of Cuba, introduced in 1894 by Senor Maura, minister for the colonies, are generally given as the causes of the last rebellion. On the other hand, Spain has always insisted that every promise was observed, and that even more was granted than was promised in the articles of the capitulation. Thus, by the decree of March 1, 1878, Cuba and Porto Rico were given representation in the Spanish Cortes, upon the basis of their respective populations, and the provincial and municipal

ATTITUDE OF THE UNITED STATES. 37

laws of 1877 promulgated in Spain were made applicable to Cuba. By proclamation of March 24, 1878, full amnesty was given to all, even to Spanish deserters who had served in the insurgent army; on May 23, 1879, the penal code of Spain and the rules for its application were made effective in Cuba; on April 7, 1881, the Spanish constitution was extended to Cuba by law; in 1885 the Spanish law of civil procedure was given to Cuba; and on July 31, 1889, the Spanish civil code, promulgated in 1888, was put in operation in Cuba and Porto Rico.

After examining all the evidence, however, the student of Cuban history will probably conclude that while the Spanish government was technically correct in claiming to have enacted all laws necessary to make good her promises, there usually was a failure to execute them, and that, as a matter of fact, political conditions in Cuba remained practically as they were before the war, although very much improved on the surface. It was the interpreta- tion and execution of the laws by governors having but little sympathy with the natives, rather than the laws themselves, that caused most of the trouble in Cuba.

A serious permanent fall in the price of sugar in 1884 and the final abolition of slavery in 1887 added to the economic troubles of the people, and in eon- junction with continued political oppression, kept alive the feeling which brought on the war. From 1893 to 1898 the revenues of Cuba, under exces- sive taxation, high duties, and the Habana lottery, averaged about $25,000,000 per annum, although the amount was very much larger in previous years,* varying according to the financial exigencies of the Spanish government. Of this amount $10,500,000 went to Spain to pay the interest on the Cuban debt; $12,000,000 was allotted for the support of the Spanish-Cuban army and navy and the maintenance of the Cuban government in all its branches, including the church; and the remainder, $2,500,000, was allowed for public works, education, and the general improvement of Cuba, independent of municipal expenditures. As the amounts appropriated annually in the Cuban budget were not sufficient to cover the expenditures and there was a failure to collect the taxes, deficits were inevitable. These were charged to the Cuban debt. By 1897, as a result of this and other causes, the debt aggregated about $400,000,000, or $283.54 per capita — an amount more than three times as large as the per capita debt of Spain and much larger than the per capita debt of any other European country.

ATTITUDE OF THE UNITED STATES.

The United States had always shown a friendly interest in the affairs of Cuba, and the question of its annexation had been discussed as far back as 1825, when Mr. John Quincy Adams was President. A popular movement for the annexation of Cuba was started in the Southern states during the

•In 1860, $29,610,779; 1880, $40,000,000; 1882, $35,860,246.77. Cuba was ex- pected to contribute whatever was demanded.

38 HISTORY.

Mexican war (1846). Two years later President Polk made propositions to the Spanish government, through the American minister in Madrid, having in view the purchase of the island.

In 1854, the strained relations between Spain and the United States, growing out of the detention of the American steamer Black Warrior in the harbor of Habana, on the charge of violating the customs regulations, and the search of several American vessels by Spanish cruisers, resulted in the "Ostend Manifesto," which was drawn up by the American ministers to England, France, and Spain. In this manifesto it was declared "that the possession of Cuba by a foreign power was a menace to the peace of the United States, and that Spain be offered the alternative of taking §200,000,000 for her sovereignty over the island or having it taken from her by force." During the ten years' war. President Grant expressed to the Spanish govern- ment his belief that only independence and emancipation could settle the Cuban question and that intervention might be necessary to end the war, and repeatedly proffered the good offices of the United States in reestablishing peace. Meanwhile, in 1873, the capture of the Virginius and the execution of 53 of her passengers and crew in the city of Santiago de Cuba by order of the Spanish commander came near involving the countries in war, which, however, was avoided by diplomatic action.

As the rebellion of 1895 proceeded, much sympathy was felt for the Cubans by the people of the United States, which being reflected in Congress, resulted in a concurrent resolution of strict neutrality, coupled with a declaration that the United States should proffer its good offices to Spain, through President Cleveland, with a view of ending the war and securing the independence of the island; but nothing came of it. In 1896, both Republican and Demo- cratic national conventions passed resolutions of sympathy for the Cubans and demanded that the government take action.

Although the Committee on Foreign Relations in the Senate reported a resolution, December 21, 1896, recognizing the republic of Cuba, it was never taken from the calendar. Meanwhile reports of outrages and indignities to American citizens in Cuba and of the dreadful effects of reconcentration were frequently communicated to the government or published in the press.

In May, 1897, Congress appropriated $50,000 for the purchase of supplies for the reconcentrados,^ as it was reported that many of them were, or claimed to be, American citizens. The supplies were sent under permission of Spain, and were distributed to the reconcentrados, whether Americans or not, and soon aftenvards the revocation of the edict of reconcentration and the recall of Captain-General Weyler were requested by the United States. While these requests were favorably received by Spain, it was very evident that

• Reconcentrados, or, as they were called, "Pacificos," were the country people (small farmers) who sympathized with the insurgents and gave them such assistance as they could. The proclamation of Captain-General Weyler, issued in 1896, required them to abandon their homes and property of every kind and move into the nearest towns, where many of them died of starvation and disease. Their homes were de- stroyed.

THE SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR. 39

little was being done, and as the war continued apparently on the same lines, it was thought advisable to send a man-of-war to Habana for the protection of American citizens. The battleship Maine was selected for this duty, and sailed in January, and before long the Spanish cruiser Viscaya was ordered to visit New York, as evidence of existing friendly relations. On the night of February 15 the Maine was blown up and 2 officers and 264 sailors lost their lives. A board of naval officers was convened by the President of the United States to examine into the circumstances, and after a careful investigation, extending over a month, reported that the ship had been blown up from the outside. A contrary report was the result of a Spanish investigation. The report of the naval board was laid before the Congress of the United States by the President, who meanwhile had used every effort to avoid war by diplo- matic action.

Early in April it became known that Spain had proposed to the insurgents a suspension of hostilities, to be followed by a capitulation, and had appro- priated $600,000 for the relief of the reconcentrados, but that the proposal had been rejected by the insurgent leaders. The President sent a message to Congress on April 11, requesting authority to end the war and to secure in Cuba the establishment of a stable government capable of maintaining order and observing its international obligations. On April 19 Congress passed joint resolutions, which, after reciting the conditions existing in Cuba, demanded the withdrawal of Spain from the island, and empowered the President to use the military and naval forces of the United States to carry the resolutions into effect.

THE SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR.

This was practically a declaration of war, and, on April 23, the President issued a proclamation calling for 125,000 volunteers, which number was subsequently increased to 200,000, and the regular army to 60,000 men. By a formal declaration of April 30, Congress announced that war had existed since April 21.

On April 24 Commodore Dewey, commanding the Asiatic squadron, was notified by the Secretary of the Navy that war with Spain had begun, and he was ordered to proceed to the Philippine Islands and capture or destroy the Spanish fleet. On April 27 he sailed from Hongkong and on the afternoon of April 30 arrived at the entrance of Manila bay, where, on the following day, he captured or destroyed all of the vessels of the Spanish fleet.

On June 14 an American army, numbering 15,000 men, under command of Gen. W. R. Shafter, sailed from Port Tampa, Fla., for Santiago de Cuba, where it arrived on the morning of June 20, and on July 1 and 2 the battle of San Juan took place, resulting in the defeat of the Spanish troops and the investment of Santiago.^ On the morning of July 3, the Spanish fleet, under Admiral Cervera, attempted to escape from the harbor, but was intercepted

» This included the operations of Lawton at El Caney , July 1 .

40 HISTORY.

by the American fleet under Capt. William T. Sampson and totally destroyed. On July 16 articles of capitulation were signed at Santiago de Cuba, and the formal surrender of the Spanish forces in the eastern district of Santiago followed on July 17.

On August 12 a protocol provided for a cessation of hostilities, and on December 10 a treaty of peace between the United States and Spain was signed at Paris. It was ratified by the President on February 6, 1899, and by the Queen Regent of Spain on March 19, and proclaimed in Washington, D. C, on April 11.

Cuba was to be free at last on the single condition that "she establish a stable government capable of maintaining order and observing international obligations."

While the ten years' war was not without disastrous effects on the economic development of Cuba, these effects were trifling as compared with those of the war of 1895-1898, during which, according to a conservative estimate, the population of the island decreased 12 per cent and its wealth two-thirds.

THE FIRST AMERICAN INTERVENTION.

On the withdrawal of Spain the government of the island devolved on the army of the United States under the laws of war, and Maj. Gen. John R. Brooke was appointed Military Governor. He entered on his duties January 1, 1899, and in order to acquaint the people of the island with the intentions of the President as Commander in Chief of the army, issued the following proclamation: To ike People of Cuba:

Coming among you as the representative of the President, in furtherance and in continuation of the humane purpose with which my country interfered to put an end to the distressing condition in this island, I deem it proper to say that the object of the present government is to give protection to the people, security to person and property, to restore confidence, to encourage the people to resume the pursuits of peace, to build up waste plantations, to resume commercial traffic, and to afford full protection in the exercise of all civil and religious rights.

To this end the protection of the United States government will be directed, and every possible provision made to carry out these objects through the channels of civil administration, although imder military control, in the interest and for the benefit of all the people of Cuba, and those possessed of rights and property in the island.

The civil and criminal code which prevailed prior to the relinquishment of Spanish sovereignty will remain in force, with such modifications and changes as may from time to time be found necessary in the interest of good government.

The people of Cuba, without regard to previous affiliations, are invited and urged to cooperate in these objects by the exercise of moderation, conciliation, and good will one toward another; and a hearty accord in our humanitarian purposes will insure kind and beneficent government.

The military governor of the island will always be pleased to confer with those who may desire to consult him on matters of public interest.

On January 11 General Brooke revised the cabinet, vesting the administra- tion of the civil government in a department of state and government, a

THE REPUBLIC OF CUBA. 41

department of finance, a department of justice and public instruction, and a department of agriculture, commerce, industries, and public works.

Many changes, having in view the better administration of the government, were made by General Brooke and his successor, Gen. Leonard E. Wood, who was appointed Military Governor, December 20, 1899. The object was to confer upon the people of Cuba full civil rights, together with all the powers of local self-government — municipal, provincial, and insular — and to do this as rapidly as possible under the local conditions and the serious international obligations to protect life and property in the island, which were assumed by the United States under the treaty of Paris.

This object was accomplished successfully, and, in addition, great benefits were gained by the people of Cuba through the thorough and stringent sani- tary measures put into operation, the upbuilding of the public schools of the country, the development and improvement of highways, the extension of the postal and telegraph systems, and the general administration of public affairs so as to permit the rapid development of agricultural and commercial business. A period of prosperity resulted, which not only reflected great credit on the American administration, but gave substantial proof of the wonderful re- sources of the island, and its great possibilities for material advancement.

THE REPUBLIC OF CUBA.

On May 20, 1902, the military government of Cuba, by order of President Roosevelt, issued in compliance with the promise made by the United States Congress, in the Teller Resolution, transferred the government of Cuba to its newly elected President and Congress, and the new Republic entered on its national life under the best auspices. In its relation with the United States, Cuba was different from other Latin American Republics ; this unique position was due to the fact that the Cubans had adopted as a part of their constitution, a law enacted by the Congress of the United States and known as the Piatt amendment and later had incorporated it in a permanent treaty between their country and the United States. According to the law and treaty, the Republic of Cuba undertook to enter into no compact with any foreign power which would tend to impair the independence of the Republic, to contract no public debt to the service of which it could not properly attend, to lease coaling stations to the United States, and to execute and extend plans for the sanitation of the cities of the island, and consented that the United States might exercise the right to intervene for the preservation of Cuban independence and the maintenance of a government capable of protecting life, property, and individual liberty, and of discharging such obligations imposed by the Treaty of Paris on the United States as were now to be assumed and undertaken by the government of Cuba.

The progress of Cuba under its own government was for some time most gratifying to its friends throughout the world. But political dissensions arose in 1905 and increased, until in August, 1906, open revolt against the govern-

42 HISTORY.

ment began. In that month a small armed force took the field, and uprisings immediately followed throughout the country, led by men disaffected with the government. The ranks of the insurgents were doubtless augmented on account of the tendency to insurrection that had been cultivated by a long period of rebellion in Cuba, as well as by the inclination of many to secure relief from toil and to live on the country and the property of others. The power of this irregular force to do damage was incalculable.

The government of Cuba found itself entirely unprepared. Its artillery and rural guard were comparatively small, and so scattered as to be unable to cope with the insurrectionists. The government made desperate efforts to organize militia, but with very unsatisfactory results.

THE APPEAL TO THE UNITED STATES FOR INTERVENTION.

By the beginning of September the Cuban government realized the help- lessness of its situation, and applied to the United States government for intervention; and President Palma announced his irrevocable intention to resign his oflBce in order to save his country from complete anarchy. The American State Department did all in its power to discourage the request, and President Roosevelt dispatched the Secretary of War, Mr. Taft, and the Assistant Secretary of State, Mr. Bacon, to Habana to render all possible aid in securing peace.

THE PEACE COMMISSION.

Secretaries Taft and Bacon arrived in Habana, September 19, 1906. The task confronting them was extremely serious. Though there was no doubt that the American naval forces assembling in Habana harbor could in a short time disperse any large bodies of insurgents, it was quite evident that the employment of force would certainly give rise to guerrilla warfare, which would mean the loss of many lives, the destruction of a great deal of property, and the expenditure of large sums of money.

The Peace Commission, consisting of Secretaries Taft and Bacon, gave hearing to prominent men of the island, had many conferences with the leaders of the different political parties, received and considered suggestions for the settlement of the pending differences, and finally proposed a com- promise. The compromise contemplated the resignations of the Vice-Presi- dent, Senators, Representatives, Governors, and Provisional Councilmen elected at the fraudulent elections of December, 1905; the laying down of the arms of the insurgents; the constitution of a commission for the purpose of drafting laws most urgently needed; and the holding of elections under the provisions of the electoral law to be drafted by such commission. The earnest endeavors of the commission to have the plan accepted by all parties were without avail. The President insisted on resigning, all the cabinet officers resigned, and the President called a special session of Congress in order that he might submit his own resignation and that of the Vice-President.

THE PEACE COMMISSION. 43

Pursuant to the call, Congress met September 28, received the resignations, and adjourned on the same day without electing a successor to the President. The country was thus left without a government, and President Palma so informed the Peace Commission, and stated that it was necessary for him to turn over the national funds to some responsible person. Secretary Taft accordingly issued the following proclamation establishing the provisional government of Cuba:

To the people of Cuba:

The failure of Congress to act on the irrevocable resignation of the President of the Republic of Cuba, or to elect a successor, leaves this country without a govern- ment at a time when great disorder prevails, and requires that pursuant to a request of President Palma, the necessary steps be taken in the name and by the authority of the President of the United States, to restore order, protect life and property in the Island of Cuba and islands and keys adjacent thereto and for this purpose to establish therein a provisional government.

The provisional government hereby established by direction and in the name of the President of the United States will be maintained only long enough to restore order and peace and public confidence, and then to hold such elections as may be necessary to determine those persons upon whom the permanent government of the Republic should be devolved.

In so far as is consistent with the nature of a provisional government established under authority of the United States, this will be a Cuban government conforming, as far as may be, to the Constitution of Cuba. The Cuban flag will be hoisted as usual over the government buildings of the island. All the executive departments and the provisional and municipal governments, including that of the city of Habana, will continue to be administered as under the Cuban Republic. The courts will continue to administer justice, and all laws not in their nature inapplicable by reason of the temporary and emergent character of the government, will be enforced.

President Roosevelt has been most anxious to bring about peace under the con- stitutional government of Cuba, and has made every endeavor to avoid the present step. Longer delay, however, would be dangerous.

In view of the resignation of the Cabinet, until further notice, the heads of all departments of the central government will report to me for instructions, including Major-General Alejandro Rodriguez, in command of the Rural Guard and other regular government forces, and General Carlos Roloff, Treasurer of Cuba.

Until further notice, the Civil Governors and Alcaldes will also report to me for instructions.

I ask all citizens and residents of Cuba to assist in the work of restoring order, tranquillity, and public confidence.

The general public satisfaction with this action is apparent from the fact that, though the government and the insurgents had thousands of men under arms, this simple decree was sufficient to establish the provisional adminis- tration, the only American force landed being a small squad of marines to protect the Treasury. The important and delicate task of the disarmament of the insurgent forces and of the militia was then successfully carried into effect by commissions consisting of American officers and prominent Cubans; and a proclamation of general amnesty was issued. The general attitude of the people of Habana toward the action of the Peace Commission was made evident when Secretaries Taft and Bacon embarked for the United States on

44 HISTORY.

October 13, 1906. The people of Habana forgot their political differences, and taking thought of the fact that the horrors of civil war had been averted, all parties joined in a demonstration of gratitude and praise for the work that had been accomplished.

Upon Secretary Taft's leaving the office of Provisional Governor, President Roosevelt appointed in his place the Hon. Charles E. Magoon, who had shortly before retired from the position of Governor of the Canal Zone and American Minister to Panama, in which post he had successfully carried out the difficult task of organizing the Canal Zone government, and had estab- lished friendly relations with the Republic of Panama. To assist him, officers of the United States army were appointed advisers to the acting secretaries of the Cuban executive departments.

ELECTION OF PRESIDENT g6mEZ.

The plan approved by the Peace Commission provided for the enactment of a new electoral law. Accordingly, there was appointed an advisory law commission which, after a thorough investigation, recommended the law promulgated by the Provisional Governor in April, 1908. This law provided for an electoral college of 106 electors, apportioned among the six provinces at the ratio of one elector for twenty-five thousand inhabitants. By a decree issued a few weeks later the presidential election, at which the members of the lower house of congress were also to be chosen, was set for November 14, 1908. Absolute peace and order marked the election, which followed a vigorous political campaign. The liberal candidates. General Jos6 Miguel G6mez for President, and Senor Alfredo Zayas for Vice-President, received a total of 195,197 votes, being a majority of 68,069 over the conservative candidates. General Mario Menocal for President and Senor Rafael Montoro for Vice-President.

The electoral college met on December 19, 1908, and consummated the election of President G6mez and Vice-President Zayas, and recommended that they be inaugurated at noon on January 28, 1909. This recommenda- tion was approved by the President of the United States. The law provides that their term of office shall extend to May 20, 1913.

THE SURRENDER TREE NEAR SAN JUAN HILL.

CUMATE.

In the year 1899, the United States Weather Bureau established meteoro- logical stations at the following 7 points : Habana and Matanzas on the north coast; Cienfuegos and Santiago de Cuba on the south coast; and Pinar del Rio, Santa Clara, and Camagiiey in the interior of the island. These stations were maintained by the United States until the organization of the Cuban Weather Bureau in 1905, when they were transferred to it. The Cuban Weather Bureau has established 24 additional stations, making a total of 31. At 7 of the stations observations have been made almost continuously for more than seven years, and at the rest observations have been made since 1905, but with numerous breaks in continuity.

The climate of Cuba is tropical and insular. There are no extremes of heat, and there is no cold weather. There are but slight ranges of temper- ature between day and night, and between summer and winter. Rainfall, though everywhere abundant, is nowhere excessive in amount. The humid- ity of the atmosphere is great. The prevailing winds are the easterly trades.

As a result of the slight extent of the island from north to south, the climate would be very similar everywhere, were it not for differences in exposure to the prevailing winds, differences in distance from the coast, etc.

TEMPERATURE.

The table on the following page shows the monthly and annual mean temperature according to the records made at 20 stations of the Cuban Weather Bureau during the years since they were established.

The average of the annual mean temperatures of all of the Weather Bureau stations in Cuba was 77° Fahrenheit, which may be accepted as an approxi- mation to the average mean temperature of the island. The range among these 20 stations was from 74° in Aguacate to 80° in San Cayetano, Batabano, and Guayabal. The location of the station, whether on the coast or in the interior, apparently has little influence upon the annual mean temperature.

The mean of all the stations for July, commonly the warmest month, was 82°, and for January, commonly the coolest month, 71°. In the latter case, the range among the different stations was 9°, from 67° in Aguacate to 76° in San Cayetano and Guayabal. In the former case, the range was 7° only, from 78° in Aguacate to 85° in Batabano. The ranges in monthly means at the several stations differ considerably, varying from 7° to 15°, but there seems to be no relation between this range and the location of the station.

\(45h

46

CLIMATE.

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J o e fc- ; g c flj eS

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xxooooxoooot»ooooooxxxt^xxcooot>-

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TEMPERATURE.

47

The following tables show, first, the monthly mean maximum temperatures, and second, the monthly mean minimum temperatures:

Monthly mean maximum temperatures. [Degrees Fahrenheit.]

	>,
u	ce
eS	3
3	kH
	X5
>-»	Ph
78	80
75	77
78	81
79	82
80	84
80	84
88	83
81	82
75	80
81	85
78	82
79	82
77	79
72	74
74	70
80	84
79	81
75	77
74	75
88	89
81	80
81	83
87	88

				£1		J3
^	6	_fcj	3 3	h	ID	> o
s	->	1-9	<	OQ	O	;?
87	88	90	90	89	86	82
83	85	86	85	86	83	80
86	89	90	91	91	88	82
87	87	89	89	87	86	82
91	89	92	90	90	87	82
89	90	91	91	90	88	85
86	87	89	90	88	86	84
88	89	91	91	90	89
87 94	88 95	89 98			79 94	78 88
98	98
90	92	93	93	92	89	85
86	87	90	90	88	85	81
88	89	90	90	89	88	81
86	88	89	88	85	88	80
84	84	86	86	85	83	78
91	92	92	93	91	89	82
86	86	89	90	90	88	86
84	85	86	87	84	82	79
80	82	85	86	86	82	79
92	92	97	97	94	94	91
92	92	95	93	91	87	85
88	90	92	93	91	88	88
91	91	92	92	90	90	91

Pinar del Rio . .

Habana

Matanzas

Cienfuegos

Santa Clara ....

Camagiley

Santiago

San Cayetano. .

Guana jay

Bataban6

Aguacate

Unifin de Reyes Banagtlises .... Sierra Morena..

Cifuentes

Camajuanl

Yaguajay

Sancti-Spiritus.

Mor6n

Guayabal

Manzanillo

Gibara

Guantinamo. ..

83 79 83 83 86 85 85 84 82 88 84 81 83 76 79 86 82 80 76 90 84 84 88

85 80 83 85 86 87 86 86 83 90 85 84 85 78 80 88 83 80 77 91 87 87 88

Monthly m,ean minimum temperatures. [Degrees Fahrenheit.]

	>,
>)	(.«
a	3
3
	1	is
61	63	64
64	65	66
60	60	63
62	63	64
60	59	62
62	64	66
66	67	68
60	62	64
55	56	60
68	75	73
64	66	67
60	61	62
66	67	69
60	58	65
58	60	62
65	67	67
54	54	54
64	63	64
67	69	70
66	66	66
60	62	64

Pinar del RJo . .

Habana

Matanzas

Cienfuegos

Santa Clara

CamagOey

Santiago

Batabanfi

Aguacate

Uni6n de Reyes Banagtlises. . . . Sierra Morena. .

Cifuentes

Camajuanl

Yaguajay

Sancti-Spiritus.

Mor6n

Guayabal

Manzanillo

Gibara

Guant&namo . . .

66 68 64 65 64 67 70 67 65 74 72 62 71 61 62 70 55 67 71 69 65

70 71 68 70 65 68 72 71 67 76 73 68 75 65 64 74 59 71 66 69 67

72 73 72 73 70 70 72 73 66 78 74 69 76 66 66 74 64 72 69 71 68

73 75

72 73 70 72 72 73 63 79 75 70 77 68 70 76 66 72 66 73 65

73 74 73 73 69 71 72 72 63 77 74 71 74 68 71 73 67 71 65 71 68

71 73 70 71 68 69 72 72 62 75 76 70 75 66 70 72 64 72 70 70 68

66 69 67 68 65 67 70 69 57 73 71 67 72 61 67 70 60 69 67 68 66

The highest monthly mean maximum temperature is apparently at Bata- bano, where the maximum temperature averaged 98° for July, August, and September, and the lowest summer maximum at Habana, Cifuentes, and Mor6n, where the monthly average of maximum temperatures was only 86°.

48

CLIMATE.

July and August have the highest monthly mean maximum temperatures in most places.

The lowest mimimum is apparently at Mor6n, where, for each of the three months of January, February, and March, the minimum temperature averaged 54°. It should be recalled, however, that this is a station that has been in operation for a short term only, and a longer series of observations may change this result. The monthly mean minimum temperature was most commonly lowest in January.

The following table shows the range of monthly means of maximum and of minimum temperatures through the year, and also the range between the highest maximum and the lowest minimum:

Range of maximum.

Range of minimum.

Highest

monthly

maximum

minus lowest

monthly minimum.

Pinardel RIo...

Habana

Matanzas

Cienfuegos

Santa Clara. . . .

CamagOey

Santiago

Bataban6

Aguacate

Unifin de Reyes

BanagOlses

Sierra Morena. .

Cifuentes

CamajuanI

Yaguajay

Sancti-Spiritus.

Mor6n

Guayabal

Manzanillo

Gibara

Guant&namo . . .

29

22 31 27 33 20 24 38 38 25 26 20 20 35 32 22 32 34 32 27 32

These figures, and especially those of the third column, which give the differences between the highest temperatures of the warmest month and the lowest temperatures of the coolest month, illustrate the slightness of the temperature range in the island. There is no indication here that the range of temperature is greater in the interior than on the coast.

The two tables on the following page show the highest and the lowest temperatures recorded during the years of observation.

The highest temperature here recorded was at Guayabal in 1907, when the temperature reached 113°. This place and Bataban6, near the south coast, recorded the highest temperatures for each year since records for them have been made. The maximum at Habana, it will be noted, was 94° in the year 1901, while in 1905, 1906, and 1907, the temperature did not go above 90°, and in 1904 the maximum was only 86°. This city is one of the coolest points in Cuba, not only in regard to the maximum temperatures, but as to mean temperature.

It might be expected that the extremes of heat would be greater in the

TEMPERATURE.

49

interior than on the coast, especially the north coast, to which the trade wind comes directly from the sea. This theory is not, however, borne out by the records, since equally high temperatures are found on the coast and in the interior.

Absolute Maximum. [Degrees Fahrenheit.]

STATION.	1900	1901	1902	1903	1904	1905	1906	1907
Plnar del Rio	95 91 94 93 96	96 94 96 94 96	95 91 101 95 97 95 93	■■gi 93 96 91 93 94	93 86 91 90 91 97 92	95 90 95 94 89 100 89 103 97 93 99 100 89 97 98 108 99 97	95 90 93 91 89 102 91 105 95 ■ '97' 97 89 98 95 106	98
Habana	90
Banagtiises	93
	92
Mordn
Camagfley
Santiago	95	95	93
Bataband	106
Aguacate						97
Matanzas						95
San Antonio						97
Camajuani
Cifuentes						90
Santa Clara
Guayabal						113
Gibara
GuantS,namo						96 97	96
Manzanilio
Catalina de GQlnes							97
Sierra Morena								104
								95
Congojas								95
								95
Sancti-Spiritua								95

Absolute Minimum. [Degrees Fahrenheit.]

STATION.	1900	1901	1902	1903	1904	1905	1906	1907
Pinar del Rio	51 53 47 46 50	47 50 42 47 45	46 51 46 46 45	50 55 57 45 46 44	■■ "58' 55 64 49 58	47 52 52 46 43 46 54 47 40 46 45 44 63 44 42 59 54 54	49 53 43 40 38 45 55 32 45 41 40 52 43 47 46	55
Habana	52
BanagUises	46
Cienfuegos	50
Mor6n
CamagQey
Santiago	59	57	55	61
Bataband			60
						50
Matanzas						48
San Antonio						48
CamajuanI
Cifuentes						55
Santa Clara
Yaguajay
						50
Gibara
Guant&namo						50 64	52
Manzanilio. .
Catalina de Gftines							50
Sierra Morena								46
Cayamas								46
Congojas								46
Cruces								59
Sancti-Spiritus								50
						j "

The lowest temperature on record was the freezing point, reached at Bata- bano in 1906. The temperature has been as low as 38° at Mor6n, and as low as 40° at several other points. These low temperatures are the result of cold waves from the United States. At Habana, the lowest temperature was 50°.

50

CLIMATE.

There were 16 stations with lower, but five with higher absolute minimum temperatures.

As with the maximum temperatures, so with the minimum temperatures, there appears to be no relation between the location of the stations and the temperature. At the interior stations, the minimum temperatures were no lower than at those on the coast.

The following table gives the highest and lowest temperatures on record, and the difference between them, or the extreme range of temperature:

Range between absolute maximum and minimum temperatures. [Degrees Fahrenheit.]

Maximum.	Hflnjirmtn.
gs	46
94	60
^ 101	42
96	40
97	38
102	44
95	54
106	32
97	40
95	46
99	41
100	40
90	52
98	43
98	42
113	46
99	64
97	50
97	54
97	50
104	46
95	46
95	46
95	59
95	50

Range.

Pinar del Rio

Habana

BanagtUses

Clenf uegos

Mordn

CamagOey

Santiago

Bataban6

Aguacate

Matanzas

San Antonio

CamajuanI

Cif uentes

Santa Clara

Yaguajay

Guayabal

Gibara

Guant&namo

Manzanillo

Catalina de GQines Sierra Morena ....

Cayamas

Gongojas

Cruces

Sancti-Spiritus

62 44

6» 66 69 68 41 74 67 40 68 60 88 66 66 67 45 47 43 47 68 49 60 36 45

The differences between the maximum and minimum temperatures ranged from 36° to 74°. At Habana, the difference was 44°, a very low range. Out of the 25 stations, 20 have larger differences.

The differences are no greater in the interior of the island than on the coast.

RAINFALL.

The table at the top of the following page presents for 21 stations, the monthly and annual rainfall, obtained by taking the mean of all the avail- able observations. The figures for the 7 stations established in 1899 are the only ones that are reliable, since the period of the other stations is too short to give the figures much value. Rainfall varies in amount so greatly from year to year that the mean of three years only may be far from the truth.

The rainfall differs greatly in different parts of Cuba. During the period of observation the least, 32.5 inches, was received at Batabano, and the greatest, 69.8 inches, at Cayamas. The period of record for each of these stations, however, has been short. The rainfall at Habana was but 40.6 inches, an amount exceeded by that for 17 out of the 21 stations.

RAINFALL.

51

Rainfall. [Inches.]

STATION.	1	>>	3 •s	si I	t <	^ S	s	3	1 to <	S3 a GQ	1 o O	1 o	S3" i Q
Pinar del Rio	58.7 40.6 51.3 54.1 60.8 64.9 49.5 32.5 69.5 60.0 43.9 69.8 59.1 69.3 54.6 61.2 60.8 64.5 63.1 37.2 36.9	2.9 3.0 1.8 0.9 1.2 2.0 1.5 0.4 1.8 0.4 1.7 0.4 0.5 1.3 1.7 2.1 2.2 1.9 0.7 2.5 1.0	2.4 1.8 1.6 1.5 1.0 1.5 1.1 0.4 1.2 1.8 0.4 0.8 1.2 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.6 1.3 0.7 1.8 1.0	3.1 2.0 2.8 2.8 2.0 7.4 2.1 1.5 4.7 3.8 2.8 3.1 2.3 2.4 2.1 3.7 2.0 3.6 2.0 1.9 2.6	2.4 1.1 2.1 2.9 4.2 3.1 3.4 2.2 4.0 4.4 0.9 3.9 3.5 4.9 3.4 3.2 6.2 1.1 2.7 2.2 5.3	8.0 6.4 7.6 6.9 6.9 8.4 6.4 3.6 8.2 5.6 4.0 5.7 6.0 7.6 5.9 5.5 5.6 10.0 5.4 4.3 3.4	7.2 5.0 8.5 9.0 13.3 11.8 6.6 3.1 12.3 11.7 8.5 15.8 17.3 17.2 12.9 14.2 16.7 9.6 9.7 6.0 4.9	6.2 3.2 6.0 6.0 6.1 6.3 2.4 1.8 8.5 6.9 6.9 7.6 6.9 7.6 6.1 5.3 5.1 4.7 4.0 1.4 2.1	7.0 3.9 5.2 5.6 5.8 6.3 3.5 3.4 6.5 10.7 6.8 8.0 6.7 9.0 3.6 4.6 5.7 7.9 8.0 2.8 2.6	10.8 4.3 6.0 8.2 6.5 7.3 7.8 8.7 8.3 6.5 2.8 8.7 6.4 6.1 4.6 4.7 3.7 5.1 8.6 4.2 4.9	5.8 4.6 3.7 6.8 7.9 6.0 9.7 4.4 4.1 3.8 1.6 6.9 2.0 3.5 3.3 4.3 6.0 5.1 6.9 2.0 6.9	1.4 2.6 1.5 2.6 2.6 3.4 4.0 1.6 4.1 2.8 4.0 2.9 3.9 6.2 6.8 8.6 6.7 3.7 3.6 7.1 1.9	1.5 2.7
Matanzas	4.5
	1.9
Santa Clara	4.3
	1.4
Santiago	1.0
	1.4
	5.8
Banagtlises	3.6
Sierra Morena Cayamas	4.5 6.1
	3.4
Cifuentes	3.1
	3.8
Yaguajay	4.5
Mor6n	1.4
Guayabal	0.5
Manzanillo	0.8
Gibara	1.0
Guantfinamo	0.4

As a rule, the rainfall is least upon the seacoast, and greatest in the interior. For all the stations, the average rainfall on the north coast was 50 inches annually; on the south coast, 45 inches; and in the interior, i. e., at stations more than five miles from the shore, 60 inches.

There is little, if any, difference in rainfall between the eastern and western parts of the island.

In the distribution of rainfall through the year, there are well-defined wet and dry seasons, the former including the six months from May to October. In that half of the year, about 72 per cent of the annual rainfall is received.

The following table, made from the data for all of the stations, with due consideration as to the time of operation, shows the proportion of the annual rainfall for each month:

January. February March. . . April . . . .

May

June

Per Cent.

11 19

July

August

September October. . . November December .

Per Cent.

10

11

12

9

7

5

The following table shows the proportion of the annual rainfall which was recorded in each month at each station:

52

CLIMATE.

	Per cent of	onnuoZ rainfall.
STATION.	1	i 1	J3 1	i <	^ S	i 3 •->		<	« B 0) CO	1 2	CO S « > o "A	1
Plnar del Rio	6 7 4 1 2 3 3 1 3 1 4 1 1 2 3 3 4 4 1 7 3	4 4 3 3 2 2 2 1 2 3 1 1 . 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 5 3	5 5 6 5 3 12 4 5 7 6 6 4 4 3 4 6 3 7 4 5 7	4 3 4 5 7 5 7 7 6 7 2 6 6 7 6 6 10 2 5 6 14	14 16 15 11 10 13 13 11 12 9 9 8 8 11 11 9 9 18 10 12 9	12 12 16 17 22 18 13 9 17 20 19 23 29 25 23 23 26 18 18 16 13	11 8 12 11 10 10 5 6 12 10 14 11 12 11 11 9 8 9 8 4 6	12 10 10 10 9 10 7 10 9 18 15 11 11 13 7 8 10 14 15 8 7	18 11 12 15 11 11 16 27 12 9 7 12 11 9 8 8 6 9 16 11 13	10 11 7 13 13 9 20 13 6 6 4 10 3 5 6 7 10 9 13 5 19	2 6 3 5 4 5 8 6 6 5 9 4 7 9 13 14 11 7 7 19 5	3
	7
Matanzas	0
	4
Santa Clara	7
	2
Santiago	2
Bataban6	6
	8
BanagOises	6
Sierra Morena	10
Cavamas	g
	6
Cifuente3.	4
Camajiiant	7
Yaguajay	7
Mor<5n	2
Guayabal	1
Manzanillo	2
Gibara	2
Guant&namo	1

WIND DIRECTION.

The following table shows the prevailing winds at the 7 long-term stations:

STATION.

3 *->

i 2 1

i <

3 •->

->

<

« 1 o. <o CO

"i o 1

S s > O

1

PinardelRIo Habana

E E NE NE E NE NE

N E E NE E NE NE

NE E V NE E NE NE

E E NE NE E NE NE

E E NE NE E NE NE

E E E NE E NE V

E E E NE E NE NE

E E NE NE E NE NE

E E NE NE E NE NE

E E NE NE E NE NE

NE ENE NE NE E NE V

NE ENE NE NE NE NE N

E E

Matanzas

NE

Cienfuegos

NE

Santa Clara CamagQey

NE NE

Santiago

N

The prevailing wind over Cuba is the northeast trade wind. Its uniformity is modified by the season and by the time of day; it is broken by barometric disturbances; and it is deflected in many localities by local topography.

In summer, when the sun is high, and Cuba is on or near the equator, the direction of the trade wind is very nearly east, while in winter it is more nearly northeast. At points on or near the coast, the land and sea breezes deflect it very appreciably. Thus, in Habana, in July, the wind at night blows from the ESE, and in the day from the NE, changing at about 10 a. m. and 10 p. m. The following are the wind directions in that city for each two hours:

AN AVENUE OF ROYAL PALMS, MATANZAS.

CLIMBING THE ROVAL PALM.

ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE.

53

TIME.	Direction.	TIME.	Direction.
2 a. m	ESE ESE ESE ESE ENE NE	2 p. m	NE
4	4	ENE
6	6	ENE
8	8	E
10	10	E
12 m	12 night	ESE

ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE.

The following table gives, for 6 stations, the annual and monthly mean atmospheric pressures, corrected for temperature and reduced to sea level:

Pinar del Rio.

Habana.

Matan- zas.

Cien- fuegos.

Cama- gdey.

Santiago.

Year.

January. . February . March. . . .

April

May

June

July

August . . . September October. . November December.

30.02

30.14 30.03 30.08 30.01 29.94 29.94 30.03 30.06 29.99 29.98 30.03 30.02

29.99

30.08 30.04 30.02 29.98 29.93 29.93 30.03 30.00 29.95 29.92 29.97 30.03

30.02

30.17 30.05 30.07 30.00 29.98 29.92 30.05 30.04 29.94 29.95 30.00 30.04

29.97

30.05 30.00 30.01 29.97 29.93 29.92 29.98 29.97 29.92 29.90 29.99 30.02

29.98

30.04 30.02 30.03 29.99 29.95 29.95 30.00 29.98 29.92 29.89 29.98 30.02

29.96

30.03 30.00 30.00 29.96 29.93 29.94 29.96 29.97 29.91 29.90 29.94 29.97

The annual average pressures at different stations range closely about 30 inches, and the average of the 6 stations is 29.99. At all stations, the pressure is greater in the cool than in the warm season. The average pressures for the six months from November to April, and those for the remaining six months are as follows for 6 of the original stations:

November to April.

May to October.

Difference.

Pinar del Rio

Habana

Matanzas. . . . Cienfuegos. . . CamagUey . . . Santiago

30.05 30.02 30.06 30.01 30.01 29.98

29.99 29.96 29.98 29.94 29.95 29.93

0.06 0.06 008 0.07 0.06 0.05

The differences in pressure at the two seasons of the year range, at different stations, from 5 to 8 hundredths of an inch. It will be recalled that the months of comparatively low pressure are those which constitute the rainy season. It will also be noted that the slight increase in pressure in July and August accompanies a slight diminution in the rainfall.

54

CLIMATE.

SUNSHINE.

The following table shows the number of clear days in 1907, and in each month of that year at each of the 14 stations for which the record was com- plete:

Number of clear days.

Pinar del Rio.

Habana

Bataband . . . .

Aguacate

Matanzas

Banagtiises. . . Sierra Morena

Congo jas

Cienfuegos. . .

Cruces

Clfuentes

Guayabal. . . .

Santiago

Guant&namo .

153 101 218 252 200 246 264 193 259 207 274 68 160 268

20 6 24 21 13 30 31 22 29 23 20 28 18 21

23 31 26 29 26 30 22 28 31 30 31 0 28 29

14

8

12

21

15

21

20

13

26

16

23

1

9

25

10 4 13 16 20 11 11 20 24 14 21 12 11 21

7

3

9

19

23

16

27

12

20

7

23

4

10

19

7

5

16

18

14

9

19

7

22

10

26

0

8

20

8

9 17 24

9 25 25 18 11 19 31

0 11

6

14 6 22 19 19 25 29 22 19 22 27 6 15 26

10

7 28 24 15 21 27 12 15 18 17

1 11 28

The different stations present a wide range in the number of clear days, the variation being from 68 in Guayabal to 274 in Cifuentes. The location of the stations, whether on the north or the south coast or in the interior, does not seem to affect the amount of sunlight.

PROVINCES AND THE ISLE OF PINES.

The Republic of Cuba is divided into 6 provinces, which from west to east are as follows: Pinar del Rio, Habana, Matanzas, Santa Clara, Camaguey, and Oriente.

These provinces are subdivided into 82 municipalities, in the following proportion: Pinar del Rfo, 12; Habana, 18; Matanzas, 10; Santa Clara, 21; Camaguey, 5; Oriente, 16.

The municipalities are in turn divided into barrios or wards, which cor- respond, somewhat, in extent and organization, to our election districts, their object being to aid municipal control by means of delegates known as alcaldes de barrio, an office equivalent to the justice of the peace in the United States. The number of these in the entire island is nearly 1,100. Both municipalities and barrios differ widely in area and population. The five municipalities of Camaguey are large in area, while several in Habana and one or two in Oriente are in area little more than cities. In population, on the other hand, the municipalities range from Habana, with about 300,000 people, down to municipalities containing little more than 3,000 inhabitants. In Cuba the sections of the island are popularly known as Vuelta Ahajo, or the portion from the meridian of Habana to Cape San Antonio; the Vuelta Arriba, from the meridian of Habana to that of Cienfuegos; Las Cinca Villas, from the meridian of Cienfuegos to that of Sancti-Spiritus; and Sierra Adentro, from the latter to Cape Maisi.

The following table gives the area of each of the 6 provinces and also the population of each as shown at the different censuses:

	Area, square miles.	POPULATION.
	18611	1887	1899	1907
Total	44,164	1,396,530	1,631,687	1,572,797	2,048,980
Pinar del Rio	5,206 3,170 3,256 8,257 10,064 14,211	146,685 393,789 234,524 271,310 85,702 264,520	225,891 451,928 259,578 354,122 67,789 272,379	170,354 427,514 202,444 356,536 88,234 327,715	240,372
Habana	538,010
Matanzas	239,812
Santa Clara	457,431
CamagOey	118,269
Oriente	455,086

' Population of provinces estimated.

PROVINCE OF PINAR DEL Rfo.

The province of Pinar del Rfo is situated at the western extremity of the island, and is bounded on the north by the Gulf of Mexico, on the east by the

(66)

66 PROVINCES AND THE ISLE OF PINES.

province of Habana, on the south by the Caribbean Sea, and on the west by the Yucatan Channel.

Pinar del Rio is divided into 5 judicial districts: Pinar del Rfo, San Crist6bal, Guanajay, Guane, and Consolaci6n del Sur.

The lands of this province differ greatly in their formation; the Quater- naries are found forming two bands or zones, one to the north and the other to the south, excepting the piece of land pertaining to Cabo Corrientes. The southern band is a great deal wider than the northern. These lands are limited by the coasts and, generally speaking, are low and marshy; they are used chiefly for raising cattle and swine, for the manufacture of charcoal, and for the gathering of leaves and bark of the red mangrove.

The lands of the Tertiary formation also are found in two strips parallel to the above mentioned. They are especially suited to the culture of tobacco, because of their arenaceous, argillocalcareous, humiferous composition, especially in the southern part of the province (municipalities of Guane, San Juan y Martinez, San Luis, Consolaci6n del Sur), where the Vuelta Abajo vegas of world wide fame are located.

All of the central highlands oiihe province belong to lands of the Secondary period. On the summit of these mountains small spaces of igneous soil, mostly composed of serpentine rocks, are found. These lands are generally of bad quality. Some coffee grows on them, but their principal products are feed for cattle, timber for construction, and wood for making charcoal. This portion of land is the most mountainous of the province.

To the southwest of the Cordillera de los Organos (Organos Ridge) exists a zone pertaining to the Primitive formation, covered by woods almost in its total area.

The principal products of the province of Pinar del Rfo are tobacco (the most renowned in the world), sugar cane, coffee, timber, fruits, charcoal, and cattle.

Pinar del Rio, a city with 10,634 inhabitants, is the capital of the province. This city, situated in a fertile valley near the river Guama,is in the heart of the famous tobacco growing district of Vuelta Abajo.

The city itself is an antiquated one, although many changes and improve- ments have been introduced lately. It has several good, solid buildings, such as the civil governor's residence, the jail, the institute, and the old Spanish cuartel or armory. It has also a good hospital, cemetery, etc.

An excellent macadamized road connects the city with the port of La Coloma, on the south coast of the island.

Other important cities and towns in this province are Guanajay, San Luis, Vinales, San Juan y Martinez, San Diego, Los Palacios, Cabanas, Bahia Honda, Mariel, Consolaci6n del Sur, Remates de Guane, and San Crist6bal. The quarantine station of the Republic is located at Mariel and one of the naval stations ceded by the Cuban Republic to the United States has been

PROVINCE OF HABANA. 57

established at Bahfa Honda. San Diego de los Banos is famous for its sulphur springs, of unequaled excellence.

7?

PROVINCE OF HABANA.

The province of Habana, the smallest in area, is the most populous section of the Republic.

It is bounded on the north by the Florida straits, on the east by the province of Matanzas, on the south by the Caribbean Sea, on the west by the province of Pinar del Rio.

It is divided into the following judicial districts: Habana, Guanabacoa, Marianao, Jaruco, San Antonio de los Banos, Bejucal, Giiines, and Nueva Gerona.

Land of the Quaternary period is found in all of the south coast and in a small portion of the north coast, east of Habana.

The lands of the Tertiary formation are located in the southern and western portions of the province, adjoining the zones of the Quaternary formation, although the strips are rather narrow. In the municipalities of Alqufzar and Guira de Melena, situated in the southwest section of the province, tobacco of very good quality, called "Tabaco de Partido," is cultivated, and also coffee, bananas, sugar cane, and oranges.

The dark soil (black earth) of the municipalities of Giiines, Melena del Sur, Nueva Paz and San Nicolas, on the south coast, to the east, produces sugar cane, and, in Giiines, also potatoes and many other excellent vegetables, the quantities produced being sufficient to supply the Habana markets and to furnish a portion for export to the United States. ^ The arenose-argillo-calcareous lands of the municipality of Bauta, to the ' west of Habana, are adapted to the cultivation of white and violet pineapples, which are being shipped in large quantities to New York and other American markets.

The lands of the Secondary period form a strip beginning to the south of the city of Habana and running east to the limits of Matanzas. In this zone are located parts of the municipalities of Madruga, Tapaste, Santa Maria del Rosario, Casiguas, and others.

A small portion of igneous soil can be found in the municipality of Guana- bacoa, to the east of Habana.

Among the principal productions of the province are sugar cane, alcohol, tobacco, pineapples, "yucca," starch, coffee, bananas, corn, and fruits and vegetables of every kind.

The capital of the province, and of the Republic, is Habana, a city with a population of nearly 300,000 inhabitants. It is situated on the west side of the beautiful bay of Habana, known to Columbus and his companions as the "Puerto de Carenas," because of the fact that the great admiral found in its bosom safe shelter to carry on the difficult task of overhauling his damaged

^

58 PROVINCES AND THE ISLE OF PINES.

ships, "carena" being a Spanish word meaning "overhaul." The mouth of the harbor is rather narrow, but the harbor itself is wide and deep, and a thousand ships can safely anchor there at one time.

Habana occupies a very strategic position at the mouth of the Gulf of Mexico, a fact which has served to give it the name of the "Key of the Gulf." The harbor is strongly fortified, the entrance being guarded on one sFde by^e Morro and the frowning heights of La Cabana Fortress, and on the other by La funta and other smaller coast batteries, and these in turn being supported by the batteries of Castillo del Principe, Castillo de Atares, etc., and by the sand batteries extending upon the coast on both sides of the harbor.

The water supply of Habana is one of the most abundant and at the same time purest and healthiest in the world, the water being obtained from the springs in Vento, tanked in reservoirs at a place called "Palatino," near Ha- bana, and carried to the city by means of an aqueduct.

The city has beautiful drives, among which are the famous J^^alecdn (embankment), which runs parallel to the sea; the Paseo de Marti, running from the Malec(5rrto the Parque Central; the Avenida de las Palmas; and the Avenida de la Independencia. Its parks also are very beautiful, especially the Central park and the Parque de Colon.

The city has a number of associations for purposes of instruction and recreation, several clubs, an academy of sciences, a university, a high school, charity institutions, asylums, civil, military, and private hospitals, several theaters (the principal one, named Teatro Nacional, being widely celebrated), large markets, a system of magnificent waterworks, an extensive and beautiful cemetery, sea baths, churches, convents, and good hotels, which are being improved yearly.

It is a favorite winter resort for Americans, who find in the Cuban capital the combined pleasures of seashore and city life.

Since Habana is the capital of the Republic, it is the residence of the President of the Republic, the seat of the Congress of the Republic, the seat of the general government, supreme court, superior court of Habana (audien- cia), general direction of finance, naval station, arsenal, observatory, diocese of the bishopric, and the residence of all the administrative heads of the island (civil, military, maritime, judicial, and economical).

There are numerous cigar and cigarette factories, tanneries, and manu- factories of sweetmeats, rum, candles, gas, beer, carriages, soap, perfumery, glycerin, etc.

Habana is the most important commercial center of the island.

Its principal exports to the United States consist of tobacco, fruit, wax and honey, sugar, and molasses. '/

THE ISLE OF PINES.*

The Isle of Pines, located about fifty miles south of the narrowest part of Cuba, is a municipality of the province of Habana. It is surrounded by the

'The data have been derived, principally, from the manuscript of an article written by Miss I. A. Wright, special agent of the Cuban Department of Agriculture, and kindly loaned to the Cuban Census Bureau, in advance of its official publication.

THE ISLE OF PINES. 59

shallow waters of the Caribbean Sea. Its area is approximately 1,200 square miles.

The island is divided by a broad swamp, about fourteen miles long and from one to three miles wide, into two parts, making, in effect, two islands. About one-third of the area lies south of this swamp and is a low, flat wilder- ness, uninhabited except by a few families along the south coast, who subsist mainly by wood cutting, charcoal burning, etc. In the interior of the southern section, a large part of which is owned by Americans, mahogany, cedar, and other valuable woods are abundant, but the lack of roads renders impracti- cable any extensive business in utilizing the timber.

The northern half of the Isle of Pines consists essentially of a plain, which is level for the most part, although it is occasionally broken by low hills. The shore of the northern section is beach sand and mangrove swamps, varying from a few feet to five miles in width, and from sea level to an elevation of from twelve to fifteen feet. This fringe of the northern part is broken by two headlands, Punta de Colombo and Punta de la Bibijagua, which project into the sea.

There are a few broad shallow streams with gentle slopes, whose sharp cut channels fill during the rainy periods. During the dry seasons, some of the smaller streams go dry.

Two elevations rise to a height of nearly 1,000 feet, the Casas mountain west of the town of Nueva Gerona, and Caballos, to the east. These moun- tains are composed of marble, which is sometimes coarse and sometimes fine grained and ranges in color from pure white to dark gray. Marble is the most important mineral resource of the island.

In a few places there are indications of iron ore deposits, masses of brown hematite being found scattered over the surface, but no veins of workable size have been discovered. A few small deposits of manganese have been found.

"The flora of the island combines many of the variations of Florida with the large hard wood trees of Central America and Mexico, and, singularly, the pine, characteristic of the temperate zone, which grows over the greater part of the island. * * * The tall pines furnish, for exportation, railway ties, telegraph poles, poles for the roofs of native Cuban huts. * * * One of the principal sources of wealth is lumber. * * *"

"In the forests are found extensive groves of the Creoduz regio (royal palm) and 26 other varieties of the same numerous family; the mahogany, lignum- vitae, coco wood, from which reed instruments are made; cedrela odorata, used in the manufacture of cigar boxes and the lining of cabinet woods and producing an aromatic oil distilled from its wood; and fistic, or logwood, a dye stuff. * * *"^

There are many native fruit trees along the streams, such as mangoes, caimitos, aguacates, zapotes, and wild oranges. Wild bamboo fringes the water courses, while, in damp places, aeroid plants drape the trees. Flowering shrubs and plants grow luxuriantly.

There are no large animals indigenous to the island, the largest being the

'Senate Document 311, oQth Congress, 1st Session.

60 PROVINCES AND THE ISLE OF PINES.

hutfa, an enormous rat, nearly as large as a rabbit. This animal can be domesticated, and is regarded as edible by some of the natives.

Native bats are abundant, and there is a kind of vampire peculiar to the isle.

More than 20p yMJifiifjggiSfiiM^ ^^ found in the island; of these about 115 are resident wniletheothere migrate between North and South America, making the Isle of Pines a stopping place in passage. The more common birds are parrots, thrushes, cuckoos, owls, and humming birds.

There are very few reptiles, and none of a poisonous kind. The largest is the maja, a species of constrictor, whose most serious fault is his fondness for domestic poultry. A few lizards are found, also tree frogs. There are spiders and scorpions, but their bites are not dangerous.

Ants are numerous and very annoying, as are also the sand flies (jejenas), fleas, and mosquitoes; aside from these, the island is singularly free from noxious animals or insects.

There are two principal towns on the island, Santa Fe and Nueva Gerona. The former is the older, but the latter is the lai^er and more important, being the capital of the municipality. The villages of Columbia and Los Indios are attractive settlements.

The island has been brought into prominence recently through the efforts •of landowners to sell the subdivisions of their holdings to American pur- chasers, as well as through the actively pushed claims of American residents that the territory embraced by its boundaries is not subject to the jurisdiction of the Republic of Cuba, but belongs to the United States. These claims have received no recognition; on the contrary, Secretary Root pointed out that the island has always been an integral part of Cuba, and that any change in its status can only come as a result of some agreement, hereafter, between Cuba and the United States.

The Americans began to exploit the island immediately after the signing of the Treaty of Paris and the ending of the Spanish-American War, in 1898. Since then the isle has become practically Americanized, although the natives constitute the majority of the population. American money is the only currency used; American architecture prevails outside the towns; there are American preachers and school teachers; and American wagons and carriages are constantly used instead of the clumsy ox carts of former days. The roads, which compare favorably with the best American highways, have been greatly improved during the present provisional government, and the work of road making is still going on, nearly §200,000 having been appropriated for this purpose.

The principal industry in which American settlers have engaged is the production of citrus fruits — oranges, lemons, and grape fruit — though pine- apples have been grown successfully, on a comparatively small scale. Ex- perience has shown that, in the cultivation of citrus fruit in the Isle of Pines, all lands must be highly strengthened with fertilizers, and, in most localities, provision should be made for irrigation which is necessary during occasional years of drought.

yi

MATANZAN INSTITUTE.

PROVINCE OF MATANZAS.

61

Prior to the last war with Spain, the Isle of Pines was regarded as a health resort, and was, for many years, visited by large numbers of invalids who found relief from their ailments, not only in its salubrious climate but also in the healing waters of the medicinal springs in the vicinity of Santa F6. These springs, though located in close proximity to each other, have various con- stituents and qualities. Their pronounced efficacy has been fully demon- strated and recognized and it is highly probable that, within the near future, they will cause the island to become once more a Mecca for health seekers.

At the Census of September 30, 1907, the population was as follows:

Total population .

Native white.. . . Foreign wliite . . .

N egro

Mestizo

Yellow (Chinese) .

Total.

3,276

2.188

»761

136

198

3

Males.

1,835

1,137

613

82

100

3

Females.

1,441

1,051

238

54

98

1 Of these, 438 were Americans.

PROVINCE OF MATANZAS.

The province of Matanzas is bounded on the north by the Florida straits, on the south and east by the province of Santa Clara, and on the west by the province of Habana.

It is divided into 5 judicial districts : Matanzas, Cardenas, Col6n, San Jos6 de los Ramos, and Alacranes.

The Quaternary formations are found in the shape of narrow strips, running along the north coast from the bay of Matanzas to the limits of Santa Clara province.

The lands of the Tertiary formation are situated on the west side of Matan- zas, running to the limits of Habana province, and in the central and southern part of the province to the Zapata swamps and limits of Santa Clara.

The red soil of the municipalities of Jovellanos, Giiira de Macuriges, Cervantes (formerly Perico), Bolondr6n, and La Union are considered the very best kind for the cultivation of sugar cane, coffee, oranges, bananas, sweet potatoes, "name," "yucca," corn, etc. The soil of the municipalities of Alacranes, Jagiiey Grande, Guanajayabo, and Guamacaro is of argillo- arenose-calcareous humiferous composition, of dark or brown color, in some instances rather humid. It is good for the cultivation of sugar cane.

The lands of the Secondary formations are situated in the central highlands of this region, forming a zone beginning to the west of the village of Colon and running nearly to the municipality of Uni6n de Reyes.

The parts of this province belonging to the municipalities of Cimarrones and San Jos6 de los Ramos are extensively flooded during heavy rainy seasons on account of the swelling of the rivers that flow through or near these districts.

The principal products of the province are sugar cane, alcohol, and timber.

62 PROVINCES AND THE ISLE OF PINES.

Matanzas city, the capital of the province and a city with nearly 40,000 inhabitants, is located about 60 miles directly east of Habana. This city is noted for the beauty of its surroundings, one of the most enchanting views being the celebrated valley of the Yumuri. Another great attraction is the Caves of Bellamar. The city has a pretty plaza and good buildings, the most notable being the Esteban Theater and the City Hall.

The commercial activity of Matanzas is great. The principal industries are rum distilling, sugar refining, and the manufacture of guava jelly. There are railroad, car, and machine shops. Sugar and molasses are sent to the United States, the value of the exports of such products from 1891 to 1895 amounting to So9,988,497.

The climate is good and Matanzas is considered the healthiest city on the island.

Cdrdenas, with about 25,000 inhabitants, is also an important commercial center. Sugar is the chief article of export. About half of the imports are from the United States.

Colon has of late years made great efforts in the direction of educational advancement. It is in the heart of the sugar-producing region.

PROVINCE OF SANTA CLARA.

The province of Santa Clara is bounded on the north by the channel of Bahama, on the east by the province of Camaguey, on the south by the Carib- bean Sea, and on the west by the Gulf of Matamano and the province of Matanzas.

It is divided into 6 judicial districts: Santa Clara, Sagua la Grande, Reme- dios, Cienfuegos, Trinidad, and Sancti-Spiritus.

The lands of the Quaternary formation extend from the limits of Matanzas province to the north of Sagua la Chica river on the north coast, and to Cienfuegos on the south coast.

The lands of the Tertiary formation are found in the northern part of the province, from Sagua la Chica river to the eastern limit of the province, forming a wide zone, extending westward to the province of Matanzas. In this zone are located, in part, the municipalities of Yaguajay, San Juan de los Remedios, Taguayabon, San Antonio de los Vueltas, Camajuani, and Sagua la Grande. On the south coast Tertiary lands form a narrow strip, beginning at the port of Cienfuegos and ending in the province of Camaguey. This zone becomes wider in the central region of the province, occupying a considerable extent of land. The municipalities of Trinidad and Sancti- Spiritus are situated in this zone. Soil of the same formation, occupied by the municipalities of Cartagena and Santa Isabel de las Lajas, can be found in the western portion of the province.

The lands of the Secondary period form two irregular bands joining in the west. Lands of this formation, although occup}'ing a small area, can be found to the north of Cienfuegos port, in the municipality of San Fernando.

PROVINCE OF CAMAGUEY. 63

The lands of the Primitive formation are found on the east side of the Arimao river, extending to the north slope of the Siguanea. The renowned Manicaragua vegas are located on this formation.

The principal products of the province are sugar cane, tobacco, coffee, cocoa, corn, bananas, honey, wax, timber, alcohol, cattle, charcoal, and bark and leaves for tanning.

Cienfuegos, with a population of 30,100 in 1907, is a city of great commercial activity. It is located on a peninsula in the bay of Yagua, 6 miles from the sea, and has a fine harbor.

The city has a beautiful plaza and its streets are wide and straight; its buildings are large and substantial and it is surrounded by a great number of the finest sugar plantations on the island.

The commercial importance of the place was recognized more than forty years ago, and has increased with the development of the sugar industry. This port is now the center of the sugar trade for the south of the island.

Sugar and tobacco are exported to the United States, and soap and ice are manufactured.

Santa Clara, with 16,702 inhabitants, is the capital of the province. This city is situated in the center of the island.

Sagua la Grande, Caibari^n, San Juan de los Remedios, Trinidad, Sancti- Spiritus, Cruces, Camajuani, Placetas, and Tunas de Zaza are important cities.

PROVINCE OF CAMAGUEY.

The province of Camagiiey is bounded on the north by the channel of Bahama, on the east by the province of Oriente, on the south by the Caribbean Sea, and on the west by the province of Santa Clara. It has two judicial districts, Camagiiey and Moron.

Lands of Quaternary period extend in a narrow strip in the northern part of the province and also on the south coast from the port of Santa Cruz del Sur to Santiago de Cuba. Lands of this kind can be found also at the mouth of the Santa Clara river.

Lands of the Tertiary formation form two parallel zones, one in the north and the other in the south portion of the province. The municipalities of Moron, Nue vitas, Ciego de Avila, and Santa Cruz del Sur are located in these zones.

The principal products of the province are cattle, sugar cane, wax, honey, timber, and hemp.

Camagiiey has 29,616 inhabitants, and is the capital of the province. The city is located in the heart of one of the wildest parts of the island, 528^ miles from Habana, 47 miles from the port of Nuevitas on the north, and 50 miles from Santa Cruz del Sur on the south coast. It is the seat of a court of appeal.

The manufacture of cigars is extensive; sugar, tobacco, wax, and honey are important articles of export.

64 PROVINCES AND THE ISLE OF PINES.

Along the north coast are three large isles known as Cayo Coco, Cayo Romano, and Guanaja, which are almost barren, though possessing rich soil. They are inhabited by fishermen. The abundance of sea birds along the coast is extraordinary.

"La Gloria," the American colony developed after peace was restored, belongs to Camagiiey province.

Some of the cities are Nuevitas, Mor6n, Ciego de Avila, and Santa Cruz del Sur. The first and last are situated by the sea. Cedar, mahogany, honey, and wax are shipped to the United States annually to the value of $300,000 to $400,000.

PROVINCE OF OMENTE.

The province of Oriente is bounded on the north by the Atlantic ocean; on the east by the Atlantic ocean and Windward Passage, which separates it from the island of Haiti; on the south by the Straits of Colon, which separate it from Jamaica; on the west by the Gulf of Guaycanaybo and the province of Camagiiey.

It has six judicial districts: Santiago de Cuba, Manzanillo, Bayamo, Hol- gufn, Baracoa, and Guantdnamo.

The lands of the Quaternary formation are found in the northern part of the province, and also in the southern part, where they extend from Cape Cruz in a westerly direction to the limits of the province of Camagiiey and again from Puerto Escondido to Cape Maisi.

Lands of the Tertiary period exist all along the south coast except for the portions which have been mentioned as belonging to the Quarternary forma- tion. The towns of Piedras, Jiguanf, Barajagua, and Mayari are situated on this kind of soil, as are also San Pedro, San Marcos, and the municipality of Gibara.

Lands of the Secondary formation occupy the southern part of the province, from Cape Cruz to Guant^namo, and thence extend to the northeast as far as the mountains of Toa. This is the richest mineral region in the province.

Lands of the Primitive formation are of limited extent, located northeast of the port of Manatl.

Igneous soil forms a wide zone embracing the municipalities of Bayamo, Holgufn, and Victoria de las Tunas; all of the northern slope of the Sierra Maestra is also of the same kind of soil.

The principal products of the province are minerals, coffee, sugar cane, tobacco, cocoa, wax, honey, coconuts, bananas, and timber.

This province contains the principal mountain ranges of Cuba. Com- mencing at Cape Maisi the land rises in a series of irregular terraces of lime- stone rock until an elevation of about 1,500 feet is reached, then gradually slopes upward, and forms a series of irregular mountains which extend from the north to the south coast. These mountains rise to an elevation of about 4,000 feet, are extremely precipitous and irregular, and are covered with

PROVINCE OF ORIENTE. 65

vegetation almost to the summits. Seventy miles from Cape Maisi, on the south coast, the country flattens out and the mountains recede from the ocean, leaving a large and comparatively level plain, indented by a deep, irregular harbor, furnishing excellent anchorage for any amount of shipping. This plain is known as the Guantdnamo valley, and the harbor is the harbor of Guantanamo. The Guantanamo river is a stream of considerable size and navigable for light-draft boats for about 6 miles. The valley of Guantdnamo is extremely fertile, and contains some of the largest and best sugar plantations in Cuba. Between Guantdnamo and Cape Maisi, on the south coast, there are no settlements.

West of Guantdnamo, the coast is extremely rough and mountainous. The mountains here reach an altitude of 5,500 feet and extend down to the sea. At a point about 25 miles west of Guantdnamo the mountains commence to bend back from the seacoast, leaving near the sea one or two ranges of com- paratively low foothills. Near Santiago the mountains recede farther and farther from the coast, leaving another large, irregular valley covered with rolling hills, in which are situated the city of Santiago, and the villages of Caney, Cubitas, Dos Bocas, Boniato, and Cobre.

Santiago is a city of about 46,000 inhabitants. It is situated on a limestone hill, at the northeast extremity of the harbor. The harbor is about 4^ miles long, and varies from a few hundred yards to a mile and a half in width. It is completely landlocked and furnishes an absolutely safe harbor.

The mountains form an almost continuous rim around Santiago. On the east the Sierra Maestra range rises to an altitude of 5,500 feet; then gradually slopes down to an almost even ridge of grass covered hills or small mountains, varying in height from 1,000 to 1,800 feet, and rises again on the west to a height of nearly 6,000 feet. A great central plateau sweeps around the coast range of mountains connecting with the head of the Guantdnamo valley, gradually losing itself in the foothills of the mountains, which cover the whole breadth of the eastern portion of the island. To the northward it runs for nearly a hundred miles in an almost unbroken succession of wonderfully rich tracts of agricultural land, with here and there a high range of hills. It is well watered by numerous streams, and presents almost limitless possibilities in the way of cultivation and development. Throughout the center of this great plateau are still found large forests of mahogany and cedar, as well as other valuable woods.

To the westward this valley swings around the coast range of mountains and joins the great valley extending from Bayamo to Manzanillo, and to the north and west it connects with the level rolling country of Camagiiey.

West of Santiago, the mountains rise to the height of over 7,000 feet and extend down to the water's edge. In fact, from Maisi to Cape Cruz the mountains at most points rise from the sea, and anchorages are few and widely separated. Between Santiago and Cape Cruz, a distance of about 1 18 miles, there are numerous small harbors, none of them practicable for large ships.

^ PROVINCES AND THE ISLE OF PINES.

At Cape Cruz the coast bends sharply to the northward and the mountains fall back from the sea. This is the commencement of the great valley or plain of Manzanillo, which extends from the mountains on the east to the Cauto river on the west and north, and runs inland, becoming merged in the great •central plateau of the island. Manzanillo is situated at the head of the Bay or Gulf of Manzanillo on the border of this extremely fertile plain, in which are some of the finest sugar plantations in Cuba. On the west, and sweeping ■completely around the head of this valley, is the Cauto river, the largest of all the Cuban rivers, and navigable for light-draft vessels for 60 miles from its mouth. At the head of the valley where it joins the table-land is situated the picturesque old town of Bayamo. It was destroyed during the Ten Years' War to prevent its capture by the Spaniards. Twenty miles beyond is the old town of Jiguanf. Years ago about these towns were almost countless herds of cattle and horses, but these entirely disappeared during the Ten Years* War; since the establishment of the Republic, however, they are again becoming important. From Bayamo to the north coast a beautiful rolling country is broken by great forests of timber. To the west from Baracoa, the coast is lofty and mountainous.

Baracoa is the oldest settlement in Cuba. Its harbor is small and compara- tively shallow. The country is rough and mountainous, and extremely picturesque and beautiful. The principal industry is the cultivation of coco- nuts and bananas; tobacco is grown, although only to a limited extent. The natives of Baracoa are very skillful in manufacturing articles from tortoise shell.

The first harbor of importance west of Baracoa is the Bay of Nipe. This is probably one of the finest harbors in the world. The entrance is narrow but deep. The harbor itself, which is completely sheltered from the ocean by a high range of hills, seems almost like an inland sea. It is about 15 miles long and 8 or 9 miles wide. Flowing into it are two comparatively large streams. The larger one, known as the Mayarl river, is navigable for boats and scows for about 15 miles, up to the town of Mayari. About Mayari are some of the best tobacco lands in Cuba; also large forests of hard wood. The country is wonderfully fertile. Almost any kind of fruit can be grown here in the greatest abundance. Commencing at the Bay of Nipe the mountains recede from the ocean and gradually merge into the central plain. The country about Nipe and farther on to the border of Camagiiey is low and rolling, and in former limes was the seat of great tobacco and sugar plantations, as well as the cultivation of bananas.

The next port westward of Nipe is Banes — another excellent harbor, much like Nipe> but smaller and difficult to enter on account of strong currents. The entrance is deep, narrow, and bordered by high cliffs, and is known as the "Canyon of Banes." This entrance is about 3 miles long, and suddenly merges into the beautiful harbor. The vicinity of Banes is one of the greatest banana producing districts in Cuba. About 6 miles from the port is the little

PROVINCE OF ORIENTE. 67

town of Banes. This town, like most others in this section of Cuba, was almost entirely destroyed during the war, but it has been rebuilt.

Still farther to the westward is the old town of Gibara, with a harbor of fair size. The town is a quaint and picturesque old Spanish town, entirely inclosed by a wall, along which are scattered masonry blockhouses. This town has been for years the port of entry for all the northern portion of the province of Oriente.

Twenty miles in the interior is situated the old town of Holguln. While Gibara has always been a commercial town, Holguln has been dependent on the industries of an agricultural and grazing country for its resources. The town is situated in a rolling, barren country, similar to certain sections in New Mexico. In former times small amounts of gold were washed in the streams near Holgufn, and now and then reports are circulated relating to the redis- coveries of old placer mines.

Westward from Gibara is Puerto Padre, a small and comparatively pros- perous village at the head of a magnificent harbor. The country back of Puerto Padre is low and rolling. •

About 40 miles inland is the old town of Victoria de las Tunas. This town was practically destroyed during the recent war. The country all through this section is low and rolling and suitable for either grazing or agriculture.

The general character of the soil in the extreme eastern end of the province is rocky and barren, except in the narrower valleys between the mountains, where it is extremely rich but very limited in extent. Farther westward are the rich plains of Guantanamo, Manzanillo, Bayamo, etc., with a rich adobe soil of great depth and of almost inexhaustible richness. Through the interior of the island this same characteristic obtains, only now and then clay or loam crops out. Generally speaking, the comparatively level tracts of land are highly fertile. As to the products of the soil, almost all vegetables grow rapidly and quickly, but lose flavor unless fresh seeds are brought in every two or three years. The tropical fruits, especially bananas, coconuts, and figs, grow in the greatest abundance; no attention, however, is paid to the cultivation of figs. Among the fruits that grow wild are the lime, lemon, nispero, anoncillo, sapote, mamey, plantain, guanabana, caimito, anon, pineapple, orange, and mango. Ordinary "garden truck" grows with great rapidity and is of good quality.

Excellent tobacco is also grown all about the Bay of Nipe and along the Mayarf river. The tobacco is rated second only to the best Pinar del Rfo tobacco. Sugar, of course, had been for many years the principal product of the soil. The larger sugar estates are at Guantdnamo, at San Luis and vicinity on the plateau back of Santiago, at Manzanillo, and along the north coast of Vita and Puerto Padre. At these large plantations are found modern machinery and appliances, and the development of the sugar industry is carried on upon a strictly scientific basis. The land is largely loaned to the workingmen, who agree to turn in the cane at the "central" mill of the owner of the land. He pays them not by the gross weight of the cane, but in

68 PROVINCES AND THE ISLE OF PINES.

accordance with the percentage of sugar the cane produces. This is an incentive, of course, to produce the very best kind of cane. All through the extreme eastern part of the island, along the mountain ranges and hillsides, are the remains of almost numberless coffee plantations. The cultivation of coffee was formerly a great industry in eastern Cuba, but the coffee plantations, like almost everything else, were totally destroyed by the Ten Years' War and the recent war. These plantations were principally established by French refugees, who came from Haiti after the uprising of the negroes in that island. These coffee plantations were a great source of revenue to their owners and to the state for many years. The coffee grown was of excellent quality and, like the best grades of the present Porto Rican coffee, commanded very high prices in the markets of Europe. The cocoa was also grown extensively by these same Frenchmen, cocoa and coffee bushes being cultivated together, the former furnishing the necessary shade for the latter.

The province of Oriente includes the richest mineral region in the island of Cuba. The deposits of iron, copper, and manganese have long been known and have. been extensively and successfully worked. In addition zinc and lead are found.

Santiago de Cuba, the capital of the province, has a fine harbor, beautiful drives, and rich mines of iron, copper, and manganese in its immediate neighborhood. It has a number of tobacco factories, but the chief business is the exportation of raw materials, and the importation of manufactured goods and provisions. Sugar, iron ore, manganese, copper, coffee, cocoa, fruits, and timber are the principal products.

The city is full of historical interest; the battlefields of San Juan and Caney, the peace tree, and the remains of the Spanish squadron, destroyed outside of the harbor of Santiago, are of especial interest to Americans.

A COCOA GROVE.

THE SUGAR AND ALLIED INDUSTRIES/

Producing farms. — The number of farms contributing to the sugar crop of 1906-7, was 186, this number being 5 more than the total for the previous year, and 7 more than the total for the year 1904-5.

Cultivated area. — Estimated upon the basis of the quantity of cane ground and the average yield per acre, the last crop required a cultivated area of no less than 849,100 acres as compared with 748,733 acres in the previous year.

Cane ground. — The quantity of cane ground increased in 1907 as compared with 1906, 1,679,947 English tons, the large amount of 14,214,946 tons being reached in the former year, and 12,534,999 tons in the latter; the quantity ground in the latter year, in its turn, exceeded that for the preceding year, by 958,862 tons.

Sugar production. — In consequence of the increase in the area devoted to the cultivation of sugar cane, the production of sugar in 1906-7 exceeded that of 1905-6; the amount produced was 1,444,310 tons in the former year and 1,229,737 tons in the latter year. The increase was 214,573 tons. The corresponding increase in 1905-6 as compared with 1904-5 was only 46,389 tons.

Sirup production. — The production of both molasses and sugar sirups has a close relation to that of sugar. The quantity of sirups obtained from the crop of 1906-7 was 46,745,736 gallons, while the quantity manufactured in 1905-6 was 37,917,752 gallons, the increase was, therefore, 8,827,984 gallons, an increase very much greater than the increase in 1905-6 as com- pared with 1904-5, the latter increase being 2,760,497 gallons.

Production of brandy and alcohol. — In 1906-7, the manufactures on sugar farms included 1,853,648 gallons of brandy and 400,120 gallons of alcohol as compared with 1,032,930 gallons of brandy and 330,121 gallons of alcohol for the year 1905-6, which represents an increase of 820,718 gallons of brandy and 69,999 gallons of alcohol, quantities which, in their turn, are much greater than those reached in the comparison between 1905-6 and 1904-5, the increases for that period being 226,433 gallons of brandy and 3,836 gallons of alcohol. The production of each of these liquors in factories or distilleries, aside from the production on sugar plantations, shows also an appreciable increase — 1,302,053 gallons of brandy and 41,262 gallons of alcohol. It

'This account of the sugar industry of Cuba, and of the other industries connected with and dependent thereon, is based upon the report published in 1908 by the Sec- tion of General Statistics of the Cuban Treasury Department, of which Dr. Julian Betancourt is chief.

70 THE SUGAR AND ALLIED INDUSTRIES.

follows, therefore, that the excess of the national production in 1906-7 as compared with 1905-6 was 2,122,771 gallons of brandy and 111,261 gallons of alcohol. The total production of those liquors for 1906-7 amounted to 6,806,333 gallons of brandy and 2,954,809 gallons of alcohol, an aggregate of 9,761,142 gallons.

Total value of crops. — ^The value of the products of the sugar mills may be estimated upon the basis of the value of the exports of these products, except in the case of alcohol, with which brandy and rum must be included because details are not given for this product in the custom-house documents. As estimated these products were valued at $73,896,899 in 1906-7 and $61,514,978 in 1905-6, the increase being $12,381,921. These crops were exceeded, however, by that of 1904-5, the value of which, estimated in the same way, was $80,002,734.

Exportation of sugar. — In the year 1907, 1,292,777 tons of^-aw sugar were exported by the national custom-houses, while in 1906 only 1,180,615 tons and in 1905, 1,077,193 tons were exported. Although the quantity of these exports increased over 100,000 tons each year, the value of the raw sugar exported in 1906 ($57,909,932) was less by $13,843,405 than the corresponding value for 1905 ($71,753,337). Fortunately for the country, this threatened fall in prices did not continue, and the value of the raw sugar exported in 1907 was $69,416,689, or $11,506,748 more than the value for the previous year.

With regard to refined sugar, the data of the custom-houses show that there has been an extraordinary increase in the amount exported, the amount increasing from 1 ton in 1905 to 8 tons in 1906, and to 3,311 tons in 1907, while the values increased from $129 in 1905 to $1,198 in 1906 and $137,739 in 1907.

Exporiaiion of sirups. — ^The same unusual condition is noted with respect to sirups, of which 34,532,005 gallons were exported in 1907, 31,530,398 in 1906, and 28,130,263 in 1905; thio reijresents an increase for 1907 over 1906 of 3,001,607 gallons and a greater increase, 3,400,135 gallons, for 1906 over 1905. The variation in the total value of these exports was from $794,542 in 1905 to $774,627 in 1906 and $921,312 in 1907; while the decrease between 1905 and 1906 was $19,915, the increase between 1906 and 1907 amounted to $146,685.

Exportation of other products. — ^The normal relation between quantity and value exists in the case of the exports of sweets and preserves and liquors, other than brandy and rum, obtained from sugar cane. The exported sweets and preserves amounted to 627,900 pounds valued at $33,047 in 1907 and 380,989 pounds valued at $31,935 in 1906, thus showing an increase in quan- tity and in value. Similarly the exports of liquors other than brandy and rum increased from 5,676 gallons valued at $1,415 in 1906 to 217,435 gallons valued at $59,886 in 1907. In the case of brandy and rum, the quantity decreased from 1,342,892 gallons in 1906 to 1,270,745 gallons in 1907 while the value increased from $250,809 to $257,800.

EXPORTS. 71

Total value of the exports mentioned. — ^The total value of the exportations noted — namely, sugar, sirups, sweets and preserves, brandy and rum, and other liquors— amounts to $70,826,464 for 1907 as compared with $58,969,- 916 for 1906, showing an increase of $11,856,548, or 20.2 per cent. Of this increase the greater part was obtained in commerce with the United States, to which country saccharine products to the value of $65,156,492 were exported in 1907 as compared with similar exports to the value of $58,433,121 in 1906, the increase in 1907 over 1906 being $6,723,371.

Importation of bags and machinery. — In connection with the sugar and allied industries it is necessary to import quantities of bags and machinery. In 1907, sugar bags weighing 11,208 tons were imported; these were valued at $1,299,040. In the same year 18,481 tons of machinery to be employed in the manufacture of sugar and brandy were imported at a cost of $1,445,254. These figures compared with those for 1906 show decreases in quantity amounting to 1,021 tons for bags and 5,417 tons for machinery, a decrease of $739,401 in the value of the machinery, and an increase of $80,749 in the value of the bags. The total value of the bags and machinery imported amounted to $2,744,294 for 1907 and $3,402,946 for 1906. Thus there was an excess in 1906 over 1907 of $658,652 for importations.

Balance.^ — ^A comparison, or final balance, of the exportations and importa- tions which have been mentioned, shows an excess in the value of the exports amounting to $68,082,170 in 1907 and $55,566,970 in 1906. The excess for 1906, however, is over five million dollars less than that for 1905, the excess for 1905 being $68,313,230.

'Subject to correction for 1907.

THE POSTAL AND TELEGRAPH SERVICES.

By J. Charles Hernandez, Director General de Comunicaciones, Cuba.

PROGRESS FROM JANUARY, 1899, TO JANUARY, 1908.

The military intervention of the United States of America in Cuba started a new era of progress in all the branches of the public administration. During the four years of that government a radical transformation was effected.

From the beginning the important question of the postal and telegraph services, which had always been in a miserable condition, was given special attention by the intervening government because these services were powerful governmental resources as well as necessities to the government and to the people. Among the numerous changes authorized, the following may be mentioned: The sale of postage stamps at post offices, instead of at the offices of "stamped papers"; the discontinuance of the delivery fee (5 cents) collected from the addressee by the carrier for each letter; the considerable increase of letter boxes; the establishment of a more frequent collection of mail; the issue of a stamp for use on mail for immediate delivery; and the creation of the Dead Letter Bureau.

In the month of April, 1899, the postal tariff issued by the intervening government was put in force. The rates of postage were as follows : Letters weighing less than 1 ounce, 2^ cents; single postal cards, 1 cent; double postal cards, 2 cents; newspapers entered as second class matter by the editors, 1 cent for a package not exceeding 1 pound in weight, provided the papers were to be distributed at the office of destination or at an office without free delivery, and 1 cent for a package not exceeding 8 ounces in weight, if the papers were to be distributed by carriers at a free delivery office; printed matter of other kinds, 1 cent for a package not exceeding 2 ounces in weight; medicine, merchandise, and samples, 1 cent for each ounce or fraction thereof. The registry fee was fixed at 10 cqnts.

Later the rate of postage for letters not weighing over 1 ounce was reduced to 2 cents and the registry fee to 8 cents, including the return receipt, while the rate for newspapers entered as second class matter was fixed at 1 cent a pound.

On January 23, 1906, a law authorized by Congress was promulgated, granting domestic franking privilege to all the national newspapers. This prinlege, which it was feared would cause the second class mail to disappear, did not lessen the quantity of that class.

As there were no special stamps for Cuba at the time of the American (72)

PROGRESS FROM JANUARY, 1899, TO JANUARY, 1908. 73

intervention the sale of United States stamps was authorized. Afterwards Cuban stamps of denominations of 1, 2, 3, 5, and 10 cents were issued; of the 10 cent denomination, two different kinds were issued, one for postage, and the other for special delivery. A new stamp of 50 cents has been issued lately, which is used chiefly for parcels and packages.

The Postal Code was promulgated on June 21, 1899, by order No. 115, of the General Headquarters of the division of Cuba. This order, still in effect, granted the Postal Ser\nce the most complete autonomy, fixed its rights in a clear manner, pointed out the duties of the postal oflScers, and established penalties for violations of its provisions.

During the Spanish administration, the Postal Service was practically limited to the transportation and distribution of the mails. The intervening government, after considering the public needs and the general convenience, created two new services: the Money Order and the Parcels Post systems, which began to operate shortly after the promulgation of the Postal Code. These two systems, which formerly were not known in Cuba, were welcomed by the public.

The Money Order Service was established only in 32 military postal stations, but it was doon transferred to the post offices. At first this service, outside of Cuba, was in operation only with the United States; but it was extended later, to Canada. At the end of the first intervention there were 103 post offices with money order service in Cuba; at the expiration of the first government of the Republic there were 120, and at the present time there are 155.

At the close of the first Ameiican administration the Parcels Post System was in operation at 159 post offices. During the period from May 20, 1902, to September 29, 1906, it was established in 56 additional offices, and during the present provisional government of the United States 45 more have been added, making a total of 260 at the present time.

No important changes have been made in the Money Order or Parcels Post systems. A new money order blank, similar to that now in use in the United States, has been substituted for the old form and has been well received by the public, as it bears a picture of Commanding-General Calixto Garcia Iniguez.

No postal treaty was concluded during the epoch of the intervention, as Cuba had no definite status. Upon the restoration of the national govern- ment, five were concluded as follows: one with the United States and one with Mexico for the exchange of mail; and one with Mexico, one with Ger- many, and one with France for the exchange of parcels. By virtue of the first two treaties, the domestic rates in force in the country in which the mail originates are charged. With the exception of newspapers, articles under franking privilege in the domestic service arc also entitled to this privilege in the International service.

Of the treaties for the International Parcels Post Service those with Ger- many and France, which are the most perfect, were put in force on June 1,

6

74

THE POSTAL AND TELEGRAPH SERVICES.

1906, and January 1, 1907, respectively; but the service did not begin to operate regularly until January, 1907.

By January 1, 1908, it had developed to an extraordinary extent, as shown by the fact that in this short period of time 15,000 parcels were received.

The mail transportation service was quite deficient during the Spanish administration. No assortment or distribution of mails was made on the trains en route. The intervening government established such distribution and increased the number of routes. On May 20, 1902, there were 123 routes with a distance run of 1,541,265 miles; on September 29, 1906, there were 137 with a run of 2,476,819 miles; and at present there are 145 routes aggre- gating 5,324 miles in length, and with an annual run of 2,545,828 miles.

Under the Spanish administration this service had never been heavily subsidized. The government granted concessions for the construction of railroads with the condition that they should convey the mails without charge. Only two railroad companies were paid therefor, the Puerto Principe and Nue vitas Railroad Co., and the Habana United Railway, which were paid $816 and $1,254 per annum, respectively. The intervening government reduced the compensation of the first named company to $660 but made no change in that of the other. The government of ihe Republic, because of exactions of the railroad companies which were protected by Order 34 of 1902, and because of the increase of the Postal Service, was compelled to pay all of the railroads for this service, and appropriated a large amount for that purpose; consequently, while the service required an expenditure of only $1,914 at the end of the first American intervention, it costs at present about $180,000.

^Mien the oflScers of the intervening government took charge of the postal service a list of 310 post oflBces was exhibited to them, but at the end of February, 1899, only 193 were able to perform service. However, at the time of the restoration of the government of the Republic there were 297 in operation, and at the end of that administration, 366. At present there are 415 post offices.

The Registry Service established by the intervening government has remained without change, although largely increased in proportion to the development of business. This service is in operation in all of the post offices of the island.

The following table shows the gradual increase of the Registry Service from 1902 to September 30, 1907:

CLASS OF ICAUi.

NUMBER OF REGISTERED ARTICLES.

1906-1907

1905-1906

1904-1905 I 1903-1904

1902-1903

Ag^egate

Outgoing

Domestic. . .

Foreign. . . .

Official

Incoming

^13,620

682,747 289,251 179,261 114,235 330,873

748,260

522,252 244,028 123,328 154,896 226,008

685.476

490,044 232,813 114,372 142,859 195,432

543,966

366,366 172,394 112,534 81,438 177.600

380.135

265,639 161,750 103,789

114,596

PROGRESS FROM JANUARY, 1899, TO JANUARY, 1908. 75

On January 1, 1908, there were in the Habana post office 2,000 undelivered registered articles. Some of them had been lying in the office for three or four yeai'S.

At the time the intervening government established the Dead Letter Bureau, thousands of undelivered letters were found. Among them were some of the year 1891. From January to June, 1899, 73,688 letters were sent to that Bureau. In the following years the number gradually grew less in proportion to the mail, which shows the efficiency in the delivery service. During the one year of the present provisional government's administration, the proportion of dead letters has been 6.4 per thousand in the domestic service and 16.4 per thousand in the international service, the majority of such letters, chiefly in the latter service, being due to wrong addresses.

By virtue of the Universal Postal Convention of Rome, which was put in force October 1, 1907, the Cuban administration adopted two measures of considerable importance. One fixed the postage of letters addressed to foreign countries, with the exception of the United States and Mexico, at the rate of 5 cents for the first ounce, and 3 cents for each additional ounce or fraction thereof. The other accepted the exchange of international answer-coupons, which, when bought in any of the countries where they are admissible, are exchangeable for 25 centimes in postage stamps in the other countries included in the exchange convention. Both decrees of the provisional government of the Republic received public praise.

Great improvements were also made in the Telegraph Service. At the end of the war of Independence there was only a small number of telegraph lines on the island and they were in ruinous condition. The Cuban forces had destroyed all the lines they could find, for the purpose of interrupting the communication of the Spanish government. During the period of the Ameri- can military intervention, the telegraph service was under the control of the Signal Corps of the Army of Occupation.

This Corps, with the aid of the liberal appropriations ordered by the military government, soon restored the old lines, and erected new ones, which were used rather for the military service than for the convenience of the public. The intervening government introduced a more reasonable telegraphic tariff than the one in force under the Spanish administration. When the intervention ceased the telegraph lines of the government measured 3,499 miles, with service at 77 stations with automatic repeaters. At the establishment of the Republic the Telegraph Service and the Postal Service were placed under one Department, which was called "Comunicaciones."

During the first national government very little was done toward improve- ment in the telegraph lines. The service was generally bad, and was rapidly deteriorating in the extreme provinces of the island. In that period, how- ever, two wireless telegraph stations were installed, one at Mariel, Pinar del Rio province, and one at Nueva Gerona, Isle of Pines.

At the end of the national government of the Republic there were 5,855 kilometers of telegraph lines and, at the commencement of the provisional

76 THE POSTAL AND TELEGRAPH SERVICES.

government all were in bad condition, as a result partly of lack of repairs, and partly of damages caused by rain storms and by the Revolutionary forccsl All these lines were repaired, and a few new ones have been erected.

The Duplex-polar apparatus was installed on the central line of the island, from Habana to Santo Domingo and afterwards to Camagiiey; as a result of this improvement it was possible to transmit 600,604 messages during the first year of the provisional government.

There are now under construction 6 wireless telegraph stations: one on the glacis of Morro Castle at Habana, and one each at Pinar del Rio, Santa Clara, Camagiiey, Baracoa, and Santiago de Cuba. The one now in opera- tion on the esplanade between Morro Castle and Cabana Fortress, which was previously at Mariel,. will be removed to Bayamo as soon as the new one ou the glacis of Morro Castle is completed.

At the present time, 6,196 kilometers of telegraph lines and 115 stations are in operation.

The Spanish legislation concerning telephones has not been changed, hence, the laws governing telephone service are not consistent with modem methods.

The Department of Communications had on January 2, 1908, 1,601 em- ployees distributed as follows: In the Department proper, 149; in Pinar del Rfo, 117; in Habana, 501: in Matanzas, 200; in Santa Clara, 283; in Cama- giiey, 102; in Oriente, 249. There were in addition 160 substitutes without salary.

MONEY, BANKS, AND BANKING.

MONEY.

Cuba has no currency of its own coinage. The official money of the Repub- lic is United States currency, and all taxes and public debts are payable in the same, except fees of registers of property, which are collected in Spanish gold. In wholesale commercial circles Spanish gold is the basis of calculation, and in the retail trade and in the country Spanish silver is commonly used.

United States currency is always at a slight premium over Spanish gold, but this premium fluctuates according to the demand for Spanish gold and silver. During the year 1907, the American dollar was on an average equiva- lent to $1.03 Spanish gold or $1.16 Spanish silver.

The centen, or 25-peseta piece, is of gold, and has an average value of $4.85 American money. The silver coins are the peso, peseta, dos pesetas, real, and medio. The dos pesetas is a silver coin valued at 2 pesetas, for which there is no corresponding piece in the American coinage. The peseta is the fifth of a peso.

The following table will show more clearly the different coins in circulation in Cuba and their value in American money:

COIN. Spanish. American.

El peso $1.00 $0.85

l>os pesetas .40 .34

Una peseta .20 .17

Un real .10 .08

Medio teal .05 .04

Copper 1-centavo (cent) and 2-centavo pieces pass current at their face value in sums not exceeding the value of 1 peseta. For the government the fixed value of the centen is $4.78 in American money and $3.83 in French coins or coins equal in value to the fourth part of a Spanish onza.

BANKS AND BANKING.

The banking facilities existing in Cuba at the present time are inadequate. Under the tenure of Spain no effort was made to afford the Cubans an oppor- tunity to bank their savings, and no attention was given to such channels for the distribution of money as are usually found in other countries.

On July 21, 1S98, immediately following the occupation of Santiago by the American troops, the President of the United States appointed the North

(77)

78 MONEY, BANKS, AND BANKING.

American Trust Company, of New York, fiscal agent of the United States, and it continued to act as such until July 18, 1901, when the assets and business were transferred to the Banco Nacional de Cuba.

This bank was organized with a paid up capital of SI, 000,000 United States currency. It purchased part of the assets of the North American Trust Com- pany, and liquidated the company's business in Cuba.

The bank has branches established at Santiago de Cuba, Matanzas, Cien- fuegos, Cdrdenas, Manzanillo, Sagua la Grande, and Pinar del Rio, and correspondents at every other important point in the island.

The two principal conditions from which the financial situation in Cuba suffered were, first, scarcity of money in circulation; and, second, the lack of banking facilities outside the city of Habana, with the consequent immobil- ity of capital, and the difficulty of transferring money and credit from one point to another.

The bank sought to meet these conditions "by establishing its branches at the points mentioned, through which the government makes its deposits and disbursements for the several localities, and which encourage local deposits, which are available for local loans. In this way exchange operations have been facilitated, giving mobility to capital and affording opportunities for individuals and companies to make deposits in the bank, instead of keeping specie hoarded in safes as theretofore.

The bank has a savings department, which serves to bring money into circulation, in addition to the bank's capital.

Local loans are made and used for the development of business in each section. The surplus of one section is transmitted for loans in other sections where there is a demand for money. This prevents the mone}^ from being concentrated in Habana and gives facilities for the development of the several sections of the island instead of one particular section. The bank has cor- respondents all over the world, and does the principal part of the exchange business with China.

The bank's capital of $1,000,000 is divided into 10,000 shares of the par value of $100 each. United States currency. This stock is held principally in the United States, although a large amount is held in Cuba.

J. P. Morgan & Co. are the bank's correspondents in New York.

Royal Bank of Canada. — The agency of the Royal Bank of Canada (head office at Halifax, Nova Scotia), established in Habana in 1899, has rapidly gained the confidence of the community, and is now ranked among the most important banking concerns doing business in the island. This institution, which is well and favorably known in the United States and Canada, has more than forty branches in those countries. One of the branches is in New York city, and furnishes exceptional facilities for the handling of transactions between that city and Habana. The bank has correspondents also in the principal cities of Europe and in the East, among them being the Bank of Scotland, the Credit Lyonnais, the Deutsche Bank, and the Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation.

BANKS. 7&

This concern has recently bought out the business of the "Banco del Comercio."

It has branches in Santiago de Cuba and Camagiiey.

Bank of Nova Scotia. — Recently the Bank of Nova Scotia established a branch in Habana, which is rapidly gaining favor and business.

The Spanish Bank. — This institution, known as the "Banco Espanol de la Isla de Cuba" (Spanish Bank of the Island of Cuba), is a stock company, and was incorporated on April 9, 1856, with a capital stock of $8,000,000, now divided into 80,000 shares of the par value of $100 each. It has a reserve fund of $456,000. During the Spanish Sovereignty it enjoyed the support of the government, with which it negotiated many large transactions.

Colonial Loan and Deposit Association, of Buffalo, N. Y. — This associatior> has an authorized capital of $20,000,000; the stock is divided into shares of $100 each. Its object is to bring together those people who have money to invest and those who want to borrow; and to furnish a safe and profitable system for investing money in both large and small sums in a manner which will assist and encourage saving.

In addition to the regular banks there are several private firms, whose business is principally that of loaning money on securities.

FOREIGN COMMERCE.

The foreign trade of Cuba has always been large in proportion to its population and, since the first American intervention, it has increased greatly, especially in exports, which have more than doubled. The heaviest trade was in 1905, The decrease in 1906 as compared with 1905 was due, of course, to the revolution.

The following table shows the values in American dollars of the imports and exports of Cuba for each of the years from 1899 to 1907:

TEAS ENDING JUNE 30.	Imports.	Exports.
1899	175.303.612 70,079.214 67,743,033 62,135,464 67,077,676 82,835.651 103.220.985 99.539,661 97,334.195	$49,698,772
1900	51 342 336
1901	66 502 169
1902	64 , 948 , 804
1903	78 486 409
1904	89 978 141
1905	112 280 026
1906	108 909 667
1907	114 812,846

In 1907 imports were valued at approximately $47 and exports at $56 per capita of the population. From 1899 to 1901 the balance of trade was against the island, but each year since 1902 the value of the exports has exceeded the value of the imports, and the net result, in the 9 years of record, is a trade balance of $11,689,679 in favor of Cuba. (80)

VALUE OF IMPORTS AND EXPORTS.

81

<
ooow-<ooo>oa>oo OOrCiMiO'^iOOSt^OJ
m §	to a; C i|	$1,124,735 1,399.226 1,404,570 1,482,681 1,887,526 2,463,764 3,601,220 3.376.016 3.434,685
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s a	$1,714,473 3.253.041 2.623.025 1,298,094 1,134,372 1,396,662 1,199,222 1,549,783 1.038.983
d	$2,979,905 1,013,003 711,401 1,681,294 1,451,620 773,824 1,703,199 1,162,402 651,560
o s o	ooh»io<atD-<->oot^ rfrT — OOO'^t^OiO
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	705,118 505.347 015,954 498,587 134,902 000,145 524,835 6.39.563 914,012
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82

FOREIGN COMMERCE.

03

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VALUE OF EXPORTS, BY COUNTRIES.

83

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84

FOREIGN COMMERCE.

The following table derived from the preceding tables shows the degree in which certain countries have participated in Cuban trade during the past 9 years:

	PER CENT OF TOTAI-.
TEAS. ENDINO JUNE 30.	United States.	Spain.	Germany.	France.	United Kingdom.
	IMPOSTS.
1899	43.7 43.8 42.0 41.7 40.5 42.7 45.4 48.6 49.5	16.6 14.6 15.2 15.8 14.4 12.3 10.7 9.2 8.5	3.0 4.5 6.2 6.0 4.6 6.5 6.2 6.5 6.6	4.1 4.9 4.3 6.0 5.3 6.7 6.6 6.7 6.6	14.7
1900	15.7
1901	14.1
1902	15.0
1903	17.0
1904	16.5
1905	15.3
1906	14.4
1907	14.0
	EXPOBTS.
1899	83.0 68.0 76.0 77.0 77.8 83.7 86.5 85.0 88.8	2.6 1.7 1.1 1.7 1.6 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.6	3.5 11.3 6.7 6.2 6.9 4.5 3.5 3.5 2.7	2.7 2.5 2.1 2.0 1.5 1.1 1.1 1.5 0.9	6.0
1900	11. 1
1901	9.4
1902	9.0
1903	8.5
1904	6.6
1905	5.3
1906	6.7
1907	3.9

The principal trade has been with the United States, which has supplied from two-fifths to almost one-half of the imports, and has received from two- thirds to over seven-eighths of the exports.

The United States takes practically all the exports of sugar, fruit, and minerals, and more than nine-tenths of the raw tobacco.

Next to that of the United States the trade with the United Kingdom has been the most important. That with Spain has fallen off greatly. Trade with Germany and France was slight.

Habana is, of course, by far the most important port in Cuba, since 69.5 per cent of the imports and 40.2 per cent of the exports passed through it in the fiscal year. Santiago de Cuba has been the second port in rank in the value of imports for the last four years, while Cienfuegos has ranked second in the value of exports for the last three years.

The following tables classify imports and exports by kind, for 1899 to 1908; by countries and class, for 1907; and by ports, for 1899 to 1907.

VALUE OF IMPORTS, BY CLASS.

85

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86

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PERCENTAGES OF IMPORTS.

87

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94

FOREIGN COMMERCE.

00 •*

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MOVEMENT OF SHIPPING.

Statistics concerning the movement of shipping in the Cuban ports have been compiled by the Department of "Hacienda" for publication in this report. The data presented show for each port the number and tonnage of incoming and outgoing vessels. For the years from 1899 to 1906 the movement of shipping is shown for the vessels engaged in domestic trade and for those engaged in foreign trade, while for the year 1907 the data are for the vessels engaged in foreign trade.

The largest movement was in 1906, when the total number of incoming vessels was 17,570, with a tonnage of 13,463,932. The number and tonnage of outgoing vessels were, of course, practically the same as those of incoming vessels. In the 8 years from 1899 to 1906, domestic tonnage considerably more than doubled, and foreign tonnage increased more than 77 per cent.

The most important port so far as foreign trade is concerned, is Habana, which had, in 1906, about 41 per cent of the tonnage of all ports. Next is Santiago, with almost 14 per cent. Cienfuegos and Matanzas were nearly tied for the third place, with more than 7 per cent each, the former being slightly ahead.

In domestic trade, Habana was but little in advance of other ports in 1906. In that year this city had 11 per cent of the tonnage, while Santiago had 10 per cent, and Tunas and Guantdnamo were not far behind.

The foreign trade employed more than three times as much tonnage as the domestic trade in 1906. The size of the vessels in both domestic and foreign trade has greatly increased in recent years. In 1899 the average tonnage of vessels engaged in domestic trade was 157, and the average for the foreign trade was 1,374; in 1906 the corresponding averages were 283 and 2,179.

(96)

96

MOVEMENT OF SHIPPING.

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COASTWISE TRADE.

97

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98

MOVEMENT OF SHIPPING.

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100

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IMMIGRATION.

No statistics of immigration have been obtained for any year prior to the fiscal year 1903. The following table shows the number of immigrants arriving in that and in succeeding fiscal years:

TEAR ENDING JUNE 30.	Number of Immi- grants.
1903	12,651
1904	19 817
1905	40,560 52,632 29 572
1906
1907

There was a rapid increase up to 1906, and a great decrease in 1907, the decrea&e being caused, doubtless, by the revolution and the consequent disturbed conditions.

The following tabic classifies the immigrants by the ports at which they landed in Cuba, for each fiscal year from 1903 to 1907:

Immigrants, by ports: 1903 to 1907}

PORT.	Total.	1903	1904	1905	1906	1907
Total	155,252	12,651	19,817	40,560	52,652	29 572
Baracoa	32 7 306 2 1.233 476 399 128,897 221 130 164 1,444 513 23 22,083 22			32
Batabanfi	4 19 1 201	3 3
CaihariSn	33 1 342 40 5 36,076 78 21 87 266	120	isi
Gilrdenas
Cienfuegos	290	301 419	99
Gihara	17
Guantanamo	69 10,144 25 33	25 17,456 53 61 4 241	300
	42,574 61 9 52 395 202 17 8,480 22	21 947
Manzanillo	' 4
Matati/^as	16
	21
Nuevitas	150	392
Pnerto Padre	311
Sagua la Grande	6 1,999
Santiago de Cuba	1.691	3,579	6 334
Tunas de Zaza

»Year ending June 30.

Habana is by far the most important port, since 83 per cent of all the immigrants arriving in Cuba during the five years landed there. At Santiago de Cuba, the next most important port, were landed 14 per cent of the total number of immigrants.

(105)

106

IMMIGRATION.

The following table classifies immigrants by nationality: Immigrants, by nationality: 1903 to IdCH }

NATIONALITT.	Total.	1903	1904	1905	1906	1907
Aggregate	155,252	12,651	19,817	40.660	62,652	29,572
American	15,810	1,688	2.049	3.266	5.161	3,667
	48 132 934 2,170 896 8,271 3,359 136,200	7 83 140 79 169 1,066 144 10,636	17 27 173 223 113 1,263 233 17,363	24 15 235 413 250 1,849 479 36,521
Dominican	4 254 738 221 2,384 1,550 46,566	3
Mexican	132
Porto Rican	717
South American United States	143 1,709
West Indian, not speci- eed	953
European	25,114
Austro-Hungarian Belgian	114 53 91 3,718 1,324 586 213 9 1,311 11 136 8 70 441 45 128,003 67 2,980	17 3 12 371 147 64 15 2 228	24 13 11 343 194 104 4 4 274 2 17 2 7 69 7 16,276 12 373	16 10 27 356 333 162 4 2 255 2 27 2 26 105 16 35,161 17 688	21 14 16 604 369 176 109 339 7 59	36 13
Dutch	25
English	2,044
French	281
German. . ....... . . . . .	80
Greek. ... . ...... . . . . .	81
Irish.
Italian	215
Polish
Portuguese	7 1 3 41 2 9,716 276	26
Roumanian	3
Russian ^	26 126 10 44,672 18 862	9
Scandinavian ' Scotch	100 10
Spanish	22,178
Swiss	13
Asiatic	781
Arabian	530 9 318 8 33 7 2 26 1,368 689 10	51	39 3 71 4	51 5 172	207	182
Armenian	1
Chinese	5 1	62 3 7 1	8
Corean
East Indian		26
Japanese	1		i	4
Persian		2
Philippine	3 192 23		1 372 86 7	22 332 228
Syrian	168 88 3	294
Turkish	264
African
Egyptian	10 . 252		3 29	7 79
Other	51	73	20

> Year ending June 30. ^

2 Includes i Finlanders.

'Includes Danes, Norwegians, and Swedes.

Spaniards form an overwhelmihg majority of all immigrants, the number arriving during the five years being ncariy 83 per cent of the total number. Next in rank are immigrants from the United States, although they formed less than 6 per cent of the total number. There were more immigrants from the United States, however, than from Central and South America and the other West Indies combined. Only 8,197 immigrants other than Spaniards have come from Europe, and nearly one-half of these came from Great Britain.

IMMIGRANTS BY COUNTRIES.

107

The following table classifies immigrants by the countries in which they last resided permanently:

Immigrants, hy country of last permanent residence: 1903 to 1907}

COUNTRY OF LAST PSSMANENT RESIDENCB.	Total.	1903	1904	1905	1906	1907
Aggn^egate	155,252	12,651	19,817	40,560	62,652	29 572
America	33,213	3,277	4,378	6,976	9,665	8 917
Canada	45 27 7,614 2,982 41 795 11,647 10,008 54 121,719	2 6 732 207 40 122 1,427 741		18	7 15 2,131 919 1 202 3,368 3,022	18
Central America	5 1,082 344	1
Mexico	1,949 596	1,720
Porto Rico	916
San Domingo
South America United States	176 1,816 936 19 15,438	222 3,040 1,117 34 33,401	73 1,996
West Indies, not speci- fied	4,192
Not specified	1
Europe.	9,374	42,851	20,655
Austria	11 15 18 292 968 328 79 5 543 25 18 119,135 16 10 244 12 320		9 2 1 27 135 52 1 4 161	1 2 11 20 287 64 7		1
Belgium		11
Denmark		6
England	16 59 112 1 102	134 230 64 70	95
France	257
Germany	36
Greece
Holland
Italy	7i 2 2 32,916	128 17 14 42 , 103 3 5 67 136	81
Norway	6
Portugal	1 9,082	i 15,027 13 2
	20 007
Switzerland		3 15
Turkey		162
Not specified		3 1	4
Asia		183
China	93 227	j .		70 113	23 113
Turkey		i
	I

*Year ending June 30.

The following table classifies the immigrants arriving during the fiscal year 1907, by sex, age, conjugal condition, and literacy, as well as by nationality;

108

IMMIGRATION.

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GAIN OR LOSS.

109

Four-fifths (80. G per cent) of the immigrants of that year were males. A very large proportion (78.4 per cent) were in the prime of life, i. e., between ihe ages of 15 and 44 years, while 15.9 per cent were children, and only 5.6 per cent were over 45 years of age. Over twenty-eight per cent were married, the remainder being either single or widowed. Their educational condition was high, four-fifths of them being able to read and write.

Three-fourths of all immigrants possessed occupations. Of the total number 1.6 per cent were professional men, 9.8 per cent were of the skilled labor class, 8 per cent of the mercantile class, while more than half, or 53 per cent, were laborers.

The difl'erence between the number of passengers arriving and the number departing is the not increase to the |)opulation from outside sources. While in the five years Cuba received 155,252 immigrants, the net increase to her poj)ulation from this source is less than half that number, or 75,227. The following are the gains by single years:

YEAfl ENDING JUNE 30.	Net gain.
1903	85
1904	9.509
1905	26.437
1906	33,697
1907	5,499

One effect of the revolution of 1906 was to reduce the number of arrivals and increase the number of departures; this is reflected in the small balance of arrivals over departures.

The following table shows, by country of origin, the gain or loss to Cuba during the five years:

COUNTHY.

Gain.

Loss.

Total.

83,631

America.

6,650

British West Indies. ,

Haiti

Mexico

Porto Rico

San Dominpo

South America. . . .\ .

United Slates ,

Other

3,482 622

1,468 1,078

Europe .

76,981

England. France. . , Germany. Italy. .. . Spain. . . . Other. . .

861

1,596

320

457

73,677

70

8,404

8.404

6,814

260

1,317

13

CRIMINAL JURISDICTION AND PROCEDURE.

By Honorable Manuel Landa, Acting Chief of the Department of Justice of the Republic of Cuba.

The jurisdiction in the case of criminal matters in Cuba rests solely and exclusively in the ordinary courts constituting the judiciary of the Island.

Upon the cessation of Spanish sovereignty in Cuba on January 1, 1899, the military and naval courts, which acted in the case of persons entitled to the jurisdiction of a special forum because of their connection with these branches of the service, likewise ceased, and all citizens became subject to the jurisdiction of the ordinary courts.

The Supreme Court of the nation was organized in 1899, and in the same year the Audienciaa were organized in the following order: Pinar del Rfo, Habana, Matanzas, Santa Clara, Camagiicy, and Oriente, each corresponding to the province of the same name.

Each Audiencia holds its sessions in the capital of the province to which it belongs, and has jurisdiction and control over the inferior courts situated within its province. In cases where questions of jurisdiction arise among the judges of the different localities, such questions are submitted to the Supreme Court, which decides them.

The Audiencia of Habana has a president, three presidents of chamber, twelve associate justices, a fiscal, a deputy fiscal, and four assistant deputy fiscals. Four courts of first instance, three of examination, seven of first instance and examination, and two correctional courts are under its juris- diction. The Audiencia of Habana at present possesses two Chambers for the hearing and decision of criminal matters.

The Audiencia of Pinar del Rfo has a president, five associate justices, a fiscal, and a deputy fiscal. Under its jurisdiction are one court of first instance, one of examination, and four of first instance and examination.

The Audiencia of Matanzas has a president, five associate justices, a fiscal, a deputy fiscal, and an assistant deputy fiscal. Under its jurisdiction are a court of first instance, a court of examination, five courts of first instance and examination, and two correctional courts.

The Audiencia of Camagiiey has a president, four associate justices, a fiscal, and a deputy fiscal. Under its jurisdiction are two courts of first instance and examination and one correctional court.

The Audiencia of Oriente has a president, five associate justices, a fiscal, a deputy fiscal, and an assistant deputy fiscal. Under its jurisdiction are a (110)

DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC PROSECUTION. HI

court of first instance, one of examination, and five of first instance and examination.

In places where there are no correctional judges, the judges of first instance and examination act in cases that ordinarily would come before correctional judges. In cases where there are neither correctional judges nor judges of examination, the municipal judges act as correctional judges in cases of minor offenses.

The Department of Public Prosecution, with the Fiscal of the Supreme Court at its head, represents the State and society, and intervenes in all criminal causes, exercising supervision over the proceedings.

In criminal matters the Code has been in force in Cuba since 1879, and the Law of Criminal Procedure since 1889; while in 1900 the correctional courts were created to take cognizance in an oral trial of minor offenses and crimes of but slight importance, which were previously submitted to the various Audiencias for decision.

The procedure in correctional courts is rapid and of recognized eflSciency. No appeal lies from the sentence, and the execution thereof is immediate. The penalties which may be imposed by a correctional judge are a fine of from one to thirty dollars and confinement from one to thirty days in jail, for a misdemeanor, and a fine not exceeding five hundred dollars and imprison- ment not exceeding one hundred and eighty days, for a crime. In default of the payment of the fine an additional term of imprisonment must be served at the rate of one day for each dollar of fine.

With reference to the procedure for hearing and determining matters submitted to the jurisdiction of the Audiencias, it may be said that it also is rapid.

The investigation of a crime devolves upon the judge of the examination court of the territory or judicial district in which it occurred. This judge prepares the record of the preliminary proceedings showing the data to be considered finally in the trial. The success of the case depends largely upon the perspicacity of the judge, inasmuch as these data form the basis of the proof upon which the sentence is based.

The record of the preliminary proceedings is transmitted to the Audiencia, through the Fiscal, who either formulates provisional conclusions or asks for a dismissal, according to the merits of the case. If he asks for a dismissal, the prosecution ordered by the judge, and its consequences, become of no effect; but if he accuses and requests that a penalty be imposed, the case is submitted to the court for decision, after an oral and public trial, at which the Fiscal or the accused offers the evidence.

A case may arise in which the Fiscal does not make any accusation, but the party injured by the crime makes the accusation, in the capacity of a private accuser. In this latter case the decision also rests with the court, after the holding of an oral trial, because the Law of Procedure provides for the holding of the trial whenever there is a lawful party ready to maintain the charge.

112 CRIMINAL JURISDICTION AND PROCEDURE.

The penalties which the court may impose, in accordance with the Penal Code in force, arc as follows:

Corporal penalties — Death; cadena perpetua; reclusi6n perpetua; relegaci6n perpctua; perpetual expulsion; cadena temporal; reclubi6n temporal; relegaci6n temporal; temporary expulsion; presidio mayor; prision mayor; confinamiento; perpetual absolute dis(]ualification; perpetual special dis- qualification; and temporary special disqualification.

The disqualification in the last two cases includes suspension from public oflBce, right of active and passive suffrage, and profession or trade.

Correctional penalties — Presidio correccional; prisi6ncorreccional; banish- ment; public censure; suspension from public oflRcc, right of active and passive suffrage, and profession or trade; arresto mayor, and arresto menor.

The time that these penalties are in force varies, and the penalties them- selves are divided into three degrees; minimum, medium, and maximum, which degrees are subdivided in like manner, according to the attenuating or aggravating circumstances attendant upon the commission of the crime.

EXECUTION OF DEATH PENALTY.

The penalty of death is executed by means of the instrument known as the "garrote." The execution takes place upon a board platform within the walls of the jail, iti the day time, within twenty-four hours after notice of the sentence is given; it is held privately and in the presence of those persons who are required to be present and those who are authorized to witness it by the president of the court. The body of the felon remains exposed upon the gallows for four hours, and is then handed over to his relatives for burial, if they request it, and the burial must take place without any pomp. The death penalty will not be executed upon a woman who is pregnant, and she will not be notified of her sentence until forty days have elapsed after her delivery.

CADENA PERPETUA AND TEMPORAL.

These penalties, as well as those of perpetual reclud6n, relegacidn, and expulsion, are remitted at the end of thirty years, unless during the period of their imprisonment the prisoners, in the judgment of the government, have made themselves unworthy of this act of grace. The sentence is carried out in the Penitentiary of the Republic according to the regulations thereof, and, with the approval of the Audicncia, two months are deducted for each year in the case of convicts whose conduct is good.

Tlie provision stipulatmg that a chain attached to the foot and suspended from the belt should be carried by those sentenced to cadaia, whether per- petual or temporal, was abolished by the Decree of August 25, 1S98, of the Secretary of Grace, Justice, and Government.

The convicts are put to work, for the benefit of the State, upon work of public utility, either inside or outside the institution, if they are under the age of fifty-five, and are not prevented hy sickness or other cause.

PENALTIES. 113

relegaci6n perpetua and temporal.

These penalties, which were executed outside the islands of Cuba and Porto Rico, are now inapplicable.

reclusi6n perpetua and temporal, and presidio.

With regard to the execution of these penalties, the same legal provisions arc now applicable to the persons sentenced thereto aa those previously cited with reference to the penalties of cadena, with the exception of the differences prescribed by the penitentiary regulations. This Code stipulates that the proceeds of convict labor shall be used: 1. To pay the civil liability growing out of the crime; 2. To indemnify the institution for the expenses which the prisoners occasion; and 3. To provide the prisoners with savings and create a reserve fund to be delivered to them at the time of their discharge or to be delivered to their heirs if they should die before the time of their discharge. In practice, it is very seldom that the proceeds of convict labor are applied for the first of the purposes specified.

prisi6n mayor and correccional.

These penalties are carried out in the Penitentiary of the Republic and consist principally in the dcpiivution of liberty, since the convict-i are allowed to engage, for their own benefit, in such work of their choice as may be com- patible with the regulation discipline. They arc, neverrhcless subject to the work of the inotitution for the first two purposes stated in the preceding paragraph.

CONFINAMIENTO.

This penalty, which was formerly executed in Isle of Pines, is not now applied.

arresto mayor.

This penalty is carried out in the jails and consists, like pritidn mayor and correctional imprisonment, in the deprivation of liberty, but only for a period lasting from a month and a day to six months.

arresto menor.

The correctional judges have power to impose this penalty for a number of days, which are served in the city jails, or in those institutions which are used for that purpose.

JUDICIAL CRIMINAL STATISTICS.

The Department of Justice has furnished the following summary showing the number and the character of the offences recorded in the courts of each province during the year which terminated June 30, 1907.

114

CRIMINAL JURISDICTION AND PROCEDURE.

Total

Against the constitution

Against the public peace

Falsification

Against the public health

Gambling and raffling

Wrongful acts of public em- ployees in the exercise of their duties

Against persons

Against chastity

Against honor

Against the civil condition of persons

Against liberty and safety

Against property

Miscellaneous offences

Gases not covered by the Penal Code

Total.

12,601

33 358 249

39 1

316

1,969

1,527

45

8

237

6,682

211

926

Habana,

Matan- zas.

3,994

1.610

14

126

94

17

1

120

657

357

27

5

90

,143

106

337

2 27 13

5

20 251 121

22

936

22

100

Santa Clara.

2,057

11

84

48

6

80

435

346

8

1

63

1,723

44

118

Orlente.

Fenar del Rio.

Cama- gOey.

2,485

960

686

3 82 68

7

54

410

482

6

1

35

1,107

16

214

3 20 13

1

10

18

3

18

168

140

1

18

434

12

123

24

148

72

1

10

330

11

34

PRISONS, ASYLUMS. AND HOSPITALS.

PBISONERS CONFINED IN PENAL INSTITUTIONS.

Reports were received from 30 penal institutions, in which 3,898 prisoners were confined on September 30, 1907. The numbers of such institutions and of persons under confinement in each province on the given date were as follows:

	PROVINCE.	Number of prisons.	Number of prisoners.
Total	30	3 808
Pinar del Rio	3 9 4 6 2 6	309
Habana	2 178
Matanzas	281
Santa Clara	614
	136
Oriente	380

' This classification by provinces has, however, no significance as to the distribution of crime throughout the island, inasmuch as many criminals are confined in the presidio, in Habana, for crimes committed in other provinces.

The total number of prisoners is 1,9 in each 1,000 of the population, or 50 per cent more than the corresponding ratio for the United States, and two and one-half times that for the Philippines in 1903.

As is elsewhere the case, males are overwhelmingly in the majority among the delinquent classes. Of the prisoners, 3,722 were males and 176 were females, the proportion being 95.5 and 4.5 per cent, respectively.

The following table gives the number and percentage of prisoners of different races, or colors:

COLOR.	Number.	Per cent.
Total	3,898	100.0
White	1,934 1,156 781 27	49.6
Black	29.7
	20.0
Yellow	0.7

The proportion of white criminals is much less than the proportion of whites in the total population, and the proportion of the black and mestizo prisoners is much greater than the proportion of these races in the total population.

'The data regarding prisoners under confinement, the sick and insane in hospitals, and inmates of asylums, have been obtained through the courtesy of Col. E. St. J. Greble, Adviser to the Department of Government. The figures, in all cases, relate to the date September 30, 1907.

(115)

116 PRISONS, ASYLUMS, AND HOSPITALS.

ASYLUMS FOR ORPHANS, FOUNDLINGS, AND AGED PEOPLE.

Eleven asylums of various sorts, for orphans, foundlings, aged people, etc., were reported, four of the institutions being in the province of Habana, four in Matanzas, one in Camagiiey, and two in Oriente.

The largest institution, the Casa de Beneficencia y Maternidad in the city of Habana, contained more inmates than all of the others combined.

The total number of inmates in these asylums on September 30, 1907, was 1,595, of which 805 were males, and 790 females. The classification by color shows 1,155 whites, 232 blacks, 151 mestizos, and 57 yellow, or Chinese. The proportion of blacks in these asylums is below the proportion of blacks in the population, and that of mestizos is far below their proportion.

The classification of the inmates, by ages, is as follows: Under 1 year, 32 1 to 4 years, 131; 5 to 9 years, 289; 10 to 14 years, 364; 15 to 24 years, 202 25 to 34 years, 35; 35 to 44 years, 51 ; 45 to 54 years, 64; 55 to 64 years, 90 65 years and over, 333; and unknown, 4, making a total of 1,595 inmates.

Of those shown as 65 years of age and over, no fewer than 60 were reported as 90 years of age and over, and of these, 19 were said to be 100 or more. Indeed, such extreme ages as 108, 110, 114, and 115, were reported. It is extremely improbable, however, that the correct ages were stated in these cases.

As to birthplace, 1,296, or 81 per cent, were born in Cuba; 142, or 9 per cent, in Spain; 66 in Africa (all negroes and formerly slaves); and 64 in China, the few remaining being widely scattered or of unknown birthplace. Very few indeed were born in other islands of the West Indies, or in Central or South America.

The occupations of 1,067, or two-thirds of the total number, were unknown. Of the remaining 588, 142 were reported as at school, 95 as at home, and 71 as beggers, all of these classes being dependents. The others were scattered over a long list of occupations.

Elementary education, as indicated by ability to read, was possessed by 972 inmates, while 472 were unable to read, and the condition of 151 was unknown. Since most of these institutions maintain schools for the instruction of the young, most of those between the ages of 5 and 24 years (96 per cent) are able to read. Of those of greater age, the proportion is much smaller, being only 20 per cent.

HOSPITALS.

The reports show that there were in Cuba, on September 30, 1907, 56 hospitals with a total of 5,906 patients. One hospital was for the insane and cared for 1,782 insane patients. In the 55 hospitals in which the non-insane sick are cared for, there were 4,124 patients, or one-fifth of one per cent of the population.

The discussion which follows relates only to the non-insane sick in 55 of the 56 hospitals. The following table gives the number of these hospitals and of the patients therein, in each province:

	THE INSANE.		117
PROVINCE.	Number of hospitals.	Number of Inmates.
Total	55	4 124
Pinar del Rio	3 13 6 15 4 14	125
Habana	2 048
Matan/:as	381
Santa Clara	776
Camagfiey	202
Oriente	592

The large number in Habana province, amounting to very nearly one-half of all patients, is significant only as it illustrates the provision for the sick existing in that province and mainly in the city of Habana. Of the 2,048 patients in hospitals of Habana province, 1,961 were in those of the city of Habana.

Of the 4,124 patients, no fewer than 3,195, or 77.5 per cent, were males, and only 929, or 22.5 per cent, were females. This is due, in part, to the fact that the great proportion of the sick in hospitals are of foreign birth, a class composed mainly of the male sex. Moreover, among those of Cuban birth, the practice of sending the sick to the hospital is less prevalent in the case of women than in the case of men.

Nearly all of the patients are adults, only 162, or less than 4 per cent, being below the age of 15. This is due, in part, to the large proportion of foreign born in hospitals, and in part to the manifest disposition to treat sick children at home.

The proportion of whites is greater and that of the colored, including blacks and mestizos, is less than the corresponding proportions in the population, while the proportion of the yellow race is far greater. Practically all of the individuals in this last class are of foreign birth and are in Cuba without their families; hence, when sickness overtakes them, they go, of necessity, to the hospital. The same is true, though in smaller measure, of the whites among the foreign born.

THE INSANE.

There is only one hospital for the insane in Cuba, but that is a very large one, located at Santiago de las Vegas, in Habana province. On September 30, 1907, this contained 1,782 patients, classified as 982 males and 800 females, the excess of males being due to the excess of males among the foreign born.

The following table classifies the insane by sex and by color:

COLOR.	Total.	Males.	Females.
Total	1.782	982	800
White	1,001 491 251 39	596 218 129 39	405
Black	273
	122
Yellow

118 PRISONS, ASYLUMS, AND HOSPITALS.

The proportion of colored in the hospital for the insane is much greater than their corresponding proportions in the population; that is, while the colored form about one-third of the population, they form not less than 44 per cent of the inmates of this asylum. Since it is probable that the pro- portion of colored insane in confinement is smaller than the corresponding proportion of white insane, it follows that insanity is much more preva- lent among the colored than among the whites.

It will also be noted that in the case of the whites, males outnumber females in the proportion of 60 to 40, while in the case of the blacks, females outnumber the males in the proportion of 56 to 44. In the case of the mestizos, the numbers are about equal. In the case of the Chinese, there are no females, this condition being due, of course, to the fact that there are practically no Chinese women in the island.

Very few of the insane confined in the asylum were below the age of 15 years. For all ages imder 65 years, the number of males is greater than that of females.

Of the whole number whose country of birth is known, 82 per cent were born in Cuba and 18 per cent were born abroad, mainly in Spain. The proportion of insane bom abroad is greater than the corresponding proportion of the population. Among Cubans, the number of males is very nearly equal to the number of females, but of the foreign bom, the excess of males is great, 212 to 61, being doubtless due to the excess of males among the foreign bom population in the island.

Of those concerning whom information was obtained, 41 per cent were able to read. The proportion for the males was 46 per cent, while that for the females was only 36 per cent.

TRANSPORTATION BY RAILROADS AND STEAMSHIP LINES.

RAILROADS.

Cuba was the second country in America to operate a steam road, being in this respect eleven years in advance of the mother country, Spain.

The first Cuban railroad was opened to traffic on November 19, 1837. It was built under the auspices of the Junta de foment© de la Habana (improve- ment board of Habana) and was known as the Caminos de Hierro de la Habana (Railroads of Habana). This road was about 45 miles in length and connected the capital with the town of Giiines.

After it had been in operation for four years it was sold by the Government to a corporation, and this -fact served to encourage the building of railroads by other corporations.

The spirit of enterprise being thus stimulated, the first sections of the principal lines now in operation were soon constructed, and these furnished outlets for agricultural products to the most important ports of the island. On September 1, 1908, the total distance covered by the railroad lines of Cuba was 2,329.8 miles. The following statement, furnished by Hon. J. Charles Hernandez, Director General of Communications, of Cuba, shows the various railroads with the length and termini of each branch:

Termini and length of each railroad: 1908.

LINE AND TEHMINI. MileS.

Aggregate .

United Railways of Habana: Total

Habana to Col6n

Habana to Santa Clara. Habana to Guanajay. . Habana to Alacranes. . Habana to Matanzas.

2,329.8

1,056.0

125.0

183.9

35.5

80.8

54.1

Regla to Santa Clara 1 175. 4

San Felipe to Bataban<5 | 9.2

Madruga to Giiines 17.2

Madruga to Empalme 21.0

Concha to Marianao ' 6.2

Matanzas to Uni6n de Reyes 21.5

C Ardenas to Murga 56 . 0

CSrdenas to Jovellanos | 16.8

Cardenas to Yaguaramas I 80.7

Los Arabos to Altamisal I 20 . 0

Maximo G6mez to Itabo 13.5

Regla to Guanabacoa I 3.1

Giiines to Cardenas | 114.5

Esles to Guareiras I 21.6

(119)

120 TRANSPORTATION BY RAILROADS AND STEAMSHIPS.

Termini and length of each railroad: 1908 — Continued.

LINB AND TERMINI.

Tunas and Sanoti-Spiritus Railroad: '

Sancti-Spiritus to Tunas de Zaza

Rodas and Cartagena Railroad:

Rodas to Cartagena

Juragu& Railroad:

Jaragua to Horquita, via Estrecha

Cuban Central Railroad Company:

Total

Cienf uegos to Sagua

Santa Clara to Cfenfiiegos

Santa Clara to A. Pasajeros

Placetas to I. de Sagua

Cnil)ari6n to Camajiianf

Cail)arl6n to Placetas, via Estrecha

Sagua la Grande to Caguagnas, via Estrecha

Isia de Sagua to Santo Domingo

Ranchuelo to San Juan Yeras

Gibara and Holgufn Railroad:

Total

Chaparra to Holgufn

Gibara to Iberia

The Cuba Railroad Company:

Total

Santiago de Cuba to Santa Clara

San Luis to La Maya

Antilla to Alto Cecfro

Holgufn to Cacocurn

Saucti-Spiritus to Zaza del Medio

The Western Railway of Habana, limited:

Total

Habana to San Juan y Martfnez

San Juan y Martinez to Guane

Nue\itas and Camagtley Railroad:

CaraagUey to N uevitas

The Cuba Eastern Railroad Company:

Total

San Luis to Guantflnamo

Guantinamo to BoquercSn

Guantanamo Railroad:

Total

Guantilnamo to Caimanera

Guantilnamo to Jamaica

Jflcaro and Morrtn Railroad:

Mor<5n to Jflcaro por Ciego de Avila

Habana Central Railroad Company:

Total

Habana Arsenal to Guanajay Electrlco

Habana Arsenal to Guines Electrico

STEAMSHIP LINES.

121

COASTWISE STEAMSHIP LINES.

Several lines of coastwise steamships ply regularly between various Cuban ports, carrying mail, passengers, and freight; the following list shows the termini of these lines:

Termini.

Sobrinos de Herrera Line

Julian Alonso Line

Bullond Company

La Gloria Company

N.Tnijillo

Norili American Sugar Co,

Vuelta AbajoS. S. Co

Jose Mufiiz

Jose Mufiiz

Isle of Pines S.S. Co

C. J. Trujillo

C. J.Trujillo

C. I. Trujillo

N. de Castiiflo

N. de Castaflo

Miguel I'airet

Francisco Sotos

Habana and Santiago de Cuba. Habana and La F6, Pinar del Rio, Cienfuegos and Rodas. N uevitas and La Gloria. Cienfuegos and Castillo de Jagua. Caibarign and Yaguajay. Bataban6 and Isia de Pinos. Manzanillo and Cauto. Manzanilloand Niquero. Bataban6and Islade ['inos. Habana and Santiago de Cuba. Habana and Manzanillo. Cienfuegop and Jucaro. Habana and Manzanillo. Cienfuegos and Tunas de Zaza. Orozco and Cabaflas. Antillas and Mayarf.

STEAMSHIP COMMUNICATION WITH FOREIGN COUNTRIES.

Habana is one of the termini in the case of the following steamship lines connecting the ports of Cuba with those of foreign countries:

LINE.	Foreign terminus.
Herrera Steamship Line	Bilboa, Spain. Vera Cruz, Mexico. Porto Rico.
	Mobile, Ala.
New York and Ciil)a Mail Steamship Company	New York. N. Y.
North German Lloyd Company	Bremen, Germany.
Peninsular and Occidental Steamship Company	Knights Key.Fla.
Southern Pacific Steamship Company	Tampa, Fla. New Orleans, La.
	Copenhagen, Denmark,
	Progreso, Mexico.

The following lines have steamers stopping at Habana on the way from one port to another:

LINE.	Termini.
	Spain, France, and Mexico.
	Hamb\irg, German V, and Mexico.
New York and Cul)a Mail Steamship Company	New York, N. Y., and Mexico.
	Canary Islands and Mexico.

In addition to the steamships of the regular lines enumerated, the ports of Cuba are frequently visited by tramp steamers or sailing vessels, which come from and depart for the principal ports of Europe and America.

PUBUC SCHOOLS.

The history of education in Cuba under the Spanish government will be found in the report on the census of Cuba of 1899, and in a report on the subject made by Mr. R. L. Packard to the United States Commissioner of Education and published in the Report of the Bureau of Education for 1897-8.

The present public school system was instituted by the American Military Governor during the first intervention by the United States in 1900.

In 1900, the number of teachers and of school rooms was 3,567. The number of enrolled pupils in the last month of that year was 172,273 and the average attendance for the year was 123,362.

The figures presented in the following pages are taken from a report by Dr. y* Lincoln Zayas, Director of Public Instruction, and relate to December, 1906.

* The total number of schoolhouses was 2,149; of these, 1,809 were rented buildings, and 246 were owned by the government or by indiNiduals who allowed them to be used free of rent, while the status of the remainder is unknown. The total number of school rooms was 3,566. The average rent paid per house was $16.79, and per room, $10.42.

The total number of teachers was 3,649^ of whom 3,437 were white and only 212 were colored. The number of women largely exceeded the~number of men, there being onlv 1,286 of the latter to 2,363 of the former, or nearly twice as many. They were grouped by ages as lollows:

K^

AGE QHOTJP.

Total

Under 20 years.. .

20 to 29 years

30 to 39 years

40 to 49 years .... 50 years and over.

Number of teachers.

3,649

690 1.751 718 332 158

Neariy one-half of the teachers were between the agesof-SQ and 29 and two-

^, «'J» . .,..,1 ..11 ^..^.^^^^..t^ <i»«M^^&«<<^>raKi!9l|^«p

thirds were under 30.

The total number of pupils registered was 122,214. This is 4 per cent of the total population and is_36 per cent of the jaumber of children of school age, as determined by the school census of 1906, which showed 336,524 persons between the ages of 6 and 18 years. Of the total number of pupils, 66,322 were males and 55,892 were females, the excess of males being 10,430. As to color, 82,164 were white and 40,050 colored, the proportions of the two

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AGE AND GRADE OF PUPILS.

123

races in the schools being very nearly the same as the corresponding pro- portions in the population.

The average daily attendance was 96,301, or 78.8 per cent of the number registered. This proportion is very high, comparing favorably with that for the United States (70 per cent).

There is very little difference in the daily attendance of the males and the females or of the whites and the colored.

The following is a classification of the registered pupils by age:

AQE

Total

Less than 6 years

6 years

7 years. ;

8 years

9 years.

10 years

11 years

12 years

13 years

14 years

15 years and over

Number of pupils.

122,214

1,710 14,438 12,060 10,392 10,820 16,102 15,630 17,299 13,566 7,456 3.741

The following table gives the number in each school grade:

Number of pupils.

Total.

Kindergarten First grade . . Second grade . Third grade. . Fourth grade. Fifth grade. .

122,214

1,702 74,174 30,096 12,821

2,83& 587

VITAL STATISTICS.

For many years records of births, deaths, and marriages have been made in nearly every part of the island, and since the first American intervention these registrations have been extended throughout the republic. Information relative to deaths is sent to the local judges, who in turn send it to the Central Board of Health; in addition the head physician makes a statement in each case. Inasmuch as the law prohibits the granting of a burial license unless the death is properly reported, the health authorities believe that a complete registration of deaths is obtained.

The following table shows the approximate population, the number of deaths, and the death rate per 1,000, by years, from 1900 to 1906. The estimate of population has been made by adding to the number of inhabitants in 1899 one-eighth of the increase shown by the census of 1907, for each year that has elapsed since 1899.

TXAB.	Population.	Number of deaths.	Number of deaths per 1,000 of population.
1900	1,630,000 1,690,000 1,750,000 1,810,000 1,870,000 1,930,000 1,990,000	28,779 27,754 25,512 23,982 25,198 27,345 30,021	17.7
1901	16.4
1902	14.6
1903	13.3
1904	13.5
1905	14.2
1906	15.1

It is evident that the rates are too small, and even the fact that the sanitary condition of the whole, . idand is satisfactory xind yellow, fever and smallpox haveJbVen'Vqpe.d out, does not afford an adequate explanation. In Porto Rico, for instance, where sanitary conditions are equally satisfactory, and in Spain, the death rates are higher. The United States, which has a more vigorous and long-lived population, has a higher death rate than that reported for Cuba.

The death rate for the island decreased from 1900 to 1903, in which year it reached the minimum of 13.3 per 1,000; it then increased until 1906.

The following table shows the number of deaths and the death rates in each province, by years, from 1900 to 1906:

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DEATH RATES.

125

Habana.

Matanzas.

Pinar del Rio.

Cama- gUey.

Santa Clara.

Oriente.

NtTMBER OF DEATHS.

1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906

1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906

9,970 9,710 9,036 8,620 9,029 5,513 10,030

4,409 3,890 3,757 3,449 3,637 4,057 4.221

2.895 2,850 2,557 2,280 2,557 2.701 2,800

1,072 1,198 1,148 1,061 1,046 1.238 1,332

6.487 6.188 5.271 5,092 5,429 5,705 6.670

NUUBER OP DEATHS PEK 1.000 OF POPULATION.

22.7	21.3
21.4	18.3
19.3	17.3
17.9	15.6
18.2	16.3
18.7	17.6
19.2	18.0

16.0	11.7	17.5
15.0	12.5	16.2
12.9	11.5	13.3
11.0	10.2	12.5
11.9	9.8	12.9
12.1	11.3	13.2
12.1	11.9	15.0

3,946 3,918 3,743 3,490 3,501 4,131 4,968

11.5

10.9

10.0

8.9

8.6

9.8

11.3

From these figures it appears that in certain provinces there has been a failure to report properly a considerable number of deaths. It is probable that such omissions were more frequent among the lower than among the upper classes and in the case of young children than in the case of adults, and more numerous in rural districts than in cities.

The rates difi'er greatly in the different provinces, as shown by the following statement, which gives for each province the average death rate for the 7 years from 1900 to 1906:

PHOVINCB.	Num- ber Of deaths per 1,000 of popula- tion.	PBOVINCB.	Num- ber of deaths per 1,000 of popula- tion.
Habana	19.6 17.6 14.4	Pinar del Rio	13 0
Matanzas	CamagQey	11 3
Santa Clara	Oriente	10.1

According to the reports of the municipalities for 1906, Santiago de las Vegas, province of Habana, had the highest death rate, 39 per 1,000 of population, and Santa Cruz del Sur, province of Camagiiey, the lowest, 3 per 1,000. For the city of Habana, the death rate was 20; for Cienfuegos, 18; for Matanzas, 17; and for Santiago de Cuba, 21. In 8 of the municipalities the proportion of deaths exceeded 20 per 1,000 of population; in 21 the rate fluctuated between 15 and 19; in 37 the rate fluctuated between 10 and 14; and in 16 the rate did not reach 10 per 1,000.

126

VITAL STATISTICS.

The following table of death rates, by ages, has been prepared on the basis of the population enumerated in the census of 1907, and of the number of deaths registered in 1906:

AGE OBOUP.

Less than 1 year.

1 to 4 years . . .

6 to 19 years. . . .

20 to 39 years

40 to 59 years

60 years and over

Number of deaths.

8.661 4,018 2,073 5,158 4.781 6.340

Number of deaths per

1,000 of population.

133.9

14.5

3.2

7.7

16,0

56.6

The following table gives the number of deaths among the white and the colored, and also the proportion of the total number of deaths for each class:

TEAR.	NUMBEB OF DEATHS.	PER CENT OF TOTAL.
White.	Colored.	White.	Colored.
1900	18,923 18,243 16,823 15,618 16,304 17,761 19.488	9,856 9,511 8,689 8,364 8,894 9,584 10,533	65.8 65.7 65.9 65.1 64.7 65.0 64.9	34.2
1901	34.3
1902	34.1
1903	34.9
1904	35.3
1905	35 0
1906	36.1

The following table shows the deaths of the white and colored in each province in 1906, together with the proportion of the total number of deaths for each element:

PBOVINCE.	NTtMBER OF DEATHS.	FEB CENT OF TOTAL.
White.	Colored.	White.	Colored.
Total	19,488	10,633	64.9	35.1
Plnar del Rio	1,897 7,213 2,400 4,401 1,049 2,528	903 2,817 1,821 2,269 283 2,440	67.7 71.9 56.9 66.0 78.8 50.9	32.2
Habana	28.1
Matanzas	43.1
Santa Clara	34.0
CamagOey	21 2
Oriente	49.1

The number and percentage of deaths from the principal diseases were as follows in 1906:

CAUSES OF DEATH.

127

CAUSE OF DEATH.

Jlpiarrhea and enteritis

^^Tuberculosis of the lungs

vOrganic diseases of the heart

Congenital debility

Bright's disease

Tetanus

Diseases of arteries

-«> Malaria

Acute bronchitis

Other accidental traumatisms

Simple meningitis

Cancer

Congestion and hemorrhage of the brain

Bronchopneumonia

Senile debility

Pneumonia

Cirrhosis of liver

Diseases of stomach

Suicide

Typhoid fever

Congenital malformation

Convulsions

Hernia

Diphtheria and croup

Puerperal septicemia

Influenza

. Chronic bronchitis

Abdominal tuberculosis

Whooping cough

Angina pectoris

Congestion and apoplexy of lungs

Tuberculous meningitis

Anemia

Diseases of bones

DEATHS IN CUBA.

Number.

4,944

3,560

1,797

1,427

1,425

1,207

1,182

1,147

1,078

1,052

931

819

763

737

584

397

311

299

273

264

224

223

212

201

191

176

161

160

159

146

137

120

115

110

Per cent of total number.

3.6 3.2 2.7 2.5 2.5 1.9 1.3 1.0 1.0 0.9 0.9 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0,6 0.4 0.4 0.4

Per cent of

total number

of deaths

in the

United States.

7.6 9.9 8.1 2.1 5.6 0.2 0.8

i:?

1.1 1.1 4.4 4.7 2.4 2.1 6.0 0.9 1.4 0.9 2.0 0.8 1.1 0.3 1.6 0.4 0,7 0.8 0.4 1.0 0.4 0.4 0.6 0.3 0.2

The following table shows for Cuba the number of deaths during 1906 and the proportion of the total number of deaths in each age group, as compared with the proportion of the total number of deaths in the same age groups in the United States:

AOE GROUP.

Less than 1 year. .

1 to 4 years. . . .

5 to 19 years. . . . 20 to 39 years. . . . 40 to 59 years ... 60 years and over

DKATHS IN CUBA.

Number.

8,661 4,018 2,073 6,158 4,781 5,340

Per cent of total number.

28.8 13.4 6.9 17.2 15.9 17.8

Per cent of total number

of deaths

in the

United States.

20.2 8.2 6.6 17.4 18.7 28.6

128

VITAL STATISTICS.

In the following table are presented the number of births and the birth rates, for the years from 1900 to 1906:

TXAB.	Number of births.	Number of births per 1.000 of population.
1900	43,003 43,586 47.091 57.864 58.363 65.906 55,963	26.4
1901	25.8
1902	26.9
1903	32.0
1904	31.2
1905....	34.1
1906	28.1

The birth rate for Cuba is low, being less than that for the United States and less than the rates for many European countries. This is remarkable in view of the fact that the years represented followed a disastrous war. Ordi- narily, in such cases, the rate would be very high. The sudden falling ofiF in the number of births in 1906 is also unaccountable unless it is assumed that registration has been incomplete.

The number of births reported in 1906 is 10,000 less than the number of children under one year of age according to the census of 1907. If the probable number of deaths occurring in this age group during the year is added to the number of children in this age group, an approximate estimate of the number of births will be secured. The figure obtained in this way is 75,000, which shows that the omissions probably made were not much less than 19,000, and that the birth rate would therefore be 37 instead of 28.

The following table shows the births among the white and colored and the proportion of the total for each class of the population:

	NUKBKR OF BJS.TBB.	PES CENT OF TOTAL.
	White.	Colored.	White.	Colored.
1900	31,474 32,879 35.688 43,334 44,248 50,142 43,467	11,529 10,707 11,403 14,530 14,115 15,764 12,496	73.2 76.4 7S.8 74.9 76.8 76.1 77.7	26.8
1901	24.6
1902	24.2
1903	25.1
1904	24.2
1905	23.9
1906	22.3

The following table shows, for each province, the number of births in 190G, and the birth rate, on the basis of the population enumerated in the census of 1907.

CITY OF HABANA.

129

Number of births.

Number of

births per

1.000 of

population.

Total..

Pinar del Rfo

Habana

Matanzas. . . . Santa Clara . . CaraagUey. . . Oriente

55,963

4,772 13,728

7,392 14,465

3,279 12,327

27.3

19.9 25.5 30.8 31.6 27.7 27.1

The excess of births over deaths in each province was as follows: Pinar del Rio, 1,972; Habana, 3,698; Matanzas, 3,171 ; Santa Clara, 7,795; Cama- giiey, 1,947; and Oriente, 7,359.

VITAL STATISTICS OF HABANA.

According to the census of 1899 the population of the city of Habana was 242,055. In 1907 the city had 302,526 inhabitants, 50.2 per cent of whom were native white, 24.5 per cent foreign white, and 25.3 per cent negroes.

The registers of deaths occurring in the city of Habana have been published since 1820 and appear to be reasonably complete, at least so far as the whites are concerned. Following is a statement of the annual average death rate per 1,000 inhabitants, by decades, based on these records:

1820 to 1829 43

1830 to 1839 60

1840 to 1849 28

1850 to 1859 31

1860 to 1869 43

1870 to 1879 47

1880 to 1889 34

1890 to 1899 45

1900 to 1906 22

The violent fluctuations in the death rates are characteristic of a city which has been subject to epidemics. The average death rate of the city while under Spanish rule was 40 per 1,000 inhabitants, whereas after the American inter- vention it declined to 22 per 1,000. Exclusive of the destruction caused by yellow fever and smallpox, the average death rate from 1870 to 1899 was 36 per 1,000. It is evident, therefore, that the sanitary improvements introduced by the Americans not only wiped out yellow fever and smallpox, but also caused the death rates from other causes to decline.

The total number of deaths registered in 1906 was 6,144, which shows a death rate of 20.3 per 1,000. The principal diseases were the following:

130

VITAL STATISTICS.

-Pulmonary phthisis, which caused 19 per cent of all deaths; dysentery, which -caused 9 per cent; cardiac diseases, 8 per cent; diseases of the arteries, 9 per •cent; meningitis, 4 per cent; and pneumonia, 4 per cent.

Between the years 1870 and 1899, 21,448 deaths from yellow fever occurred. "The annual average death rate from this disease in the 30 years was 4 per 1,000. From October, 1901 , until October, 1905, there was not a single case of yellow fever in Habana nor in the rest of the island. In the autumn of 1905, however, this disease reappeared. Following are the statistics of yellow fever since 1905:

1005. . 1006.. 1907 ».

CITY OF HABANA.

Number of cases.

70 71

Number of deaths.

22 12

CUBA, NOT INCLUDING THE CITY OF HABANA.

Number of cases.

7 41 64

Number of deaths.

21 It

t From January 1 to August 28.

OFrom 1870 to 1899 smallpox caused 12,722 deaths in Habana. The average •death rate from this cause during the 30 years was 2 per 1,000 inhabitants, ^ince 1900, as a result of the sanitary measures taken by the American Authorities, only one death has been caused by this disease.

The death rate of the whites from all diseases was 19.3 per 1,000 inhabitants, and that of the negroes, 23.3 per 1,000. It is probable that the registration of the deaths of negroes in Habana is incomplete.

The following table shows the proportion of deaths in each age group, by color:

PEB CENT OF NUUBEB OF DEATHS.

AQE OROUP.

Less than 1 year. 1 to 4 years . . . .5 to 14 years. . .

15 to 44 years

46 years and over

The number of births registered in 1906 ia Habana was 5,744, the number of deaths being greater by 400. The birth rate was 19, which is very small, even for a populous city, and leads one to doubt the accuracy of the register. Of the total number of births, 4,222 were whites, the birth rate being 18.7 per 1,000 inhabitants, and 1,522 were colored, the birth rate being 19.9 per 1,000.

POPULATION.

THE TOTAL POPULATION.

The total population of Cuba, including the Isle of Pines and other smaller islands, was on September 30, 1907, 2,048,980.

The following table presents the results of the most authentic prior censuses, with the numerical increase from one to another and the percentage of increase per decade. Since the intervals between censuses has been irregular, the rates of increase have been reduced to those of ten-year periods in order to make direct comparison one with another.

Population.

Increase.

Per cent of

increase per decade.

1774. 1702. 1817. 1827. 1841. 1861. 1877. 1887. 1899. 1907.

171,620

272.300

572.363

704.487

1,007.624

1.396,530

1.509.291

1.631,687

1.672.797

2,048,980

100,680 300,063 132,124 303 , 137 388,906 112,761 122,396 '58,890 476 , 183

31 34 23 29 18 6 8 »3 39

• Decrease.

The rates of increase between 1774 and 1841 compare quite favorably with the rates of increase in the United States, which prior to 1870 ranged from 32 to 35 per cent per decade. Such rates of increase are very large and are commonly found only for sparsely populated regions, where the population is under little or no pressure to obtain the means of livelihood. The great diminution in the rate of increase after 1861 is, however, by no means accounted for by the increase in density of population, and the reasons therefor must be sought among the extraordinary causes, such as pestilence, war, etc. The small rate of increase for the period from 1861 to 1887 was doubtless due in great part to the ten years' war which occurred within that period, while the absolute loss in population between 1887 and 1899 is attribu- table to the civil war and the reconcentration policy accompanying it, although the figures express only a part of the loss from this cause. Judging from the earlier history of the island and the excess of births over deaths, as shown by the registration records, however imperfect they may be, the popu- lation probably increased from 1887 up to the beginning of the war, reaching at that time a total of little less than 1,800,000. It is probable, therefore, that

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132

POPULATION.

the direct and indirect losses by the war and the reconcentration policy, including a decrease of births and immigration and an increase of deaths and emigration, reached a total not far from 200,000.

Between 1899 and 1907, the population increased 30.3 per cent. This was at the rate of 39 per cent per decade, which is a very high rate, higher than any of the rates shown for the previous periods in Cuban history and higher even than any rate in United States history. It should not, however, be regarded as improbable, nor should its magnitude throw doubt upon the correctness of either the census of 1899 or that of 1907. When the census of 1899 was taken the country had just concluded a most disastrous war of five years' duration; between 1899 and 1907 the island enjoyed eight years of great, almost unexampled, prosperity. Under such conditions, all history shows us that a country increases in population with great rapidity.

The following table gives the population for each province in 1899 and in 1907, with the actual and relative increase between the two years, and the proportion of the total population at the latter census:

POPCLATION.

INCREASE.

1899

1907

Number.

Per cent.

Per cent

of total

population,

1907.

Total.

CamagQey . . .

Habana

Matanzas ....

Oriente

Pinar del RJo Santa Clara. .

1,572.797

88,234 427,614 202,444 327.715 170.364 366.536

2.048.980

476.183

30.035 110.496

37.368 127,371

70,018 100,895

30.3

34.0 25.8 18.5 38.9 41.1 28.3

100.0

5.8 26.3 11.7 22.2 11.7 22.3

The most populous province was Habana with more than one-fourth of the population of Cuba. Santa Clara and Oriente follow^ed with very nearly equal populations. Matanzas and Pinar del Rfo also contained very nearly the same number of inhabitants, although that number was little more than one-half the number in Oriente. Camagiiey was the least populous province, with less than one-half the number of inhabitants in Matanzas. In the past eight years Oriente has nearly overtaken Santa Clara, and Pinar del Rio has passed Matanzas in population.

In the rate of increase Pinar del Rfo exceeded all other provinces, its increase amounting to 41,1 per cent. Next to it was Oriente, with 38.9 per cent. Thus the extreme east and west provinces gained most rapidly. Matanzas, near the middle of the island, made the smallest gains.

The following table gives the population by municipal districts in 1899 and in 1907, with the rate of increase during those eight years. Opposite the name of each district is given, for 1899, the population which was found at that time in the district as it existed in 1907, and in the last column of the table is a summary of the changes which have been made in each district in the inter- vening years. The names used in this column are those of districts, unless otherwise stated. In the province of Camaguey, formerly Puerto Principe, there were no changes, except in the name of the province and of the district

1. Pineapple.

2. (nianabana.

3. Alligator Pear.

4. Cocoanut.

5. Custard Apple.

S^ATIVE FRUITS.
6 8 9 10	Mamey Colorado. Caimito. Mamoncillo. Banana. Sapadillo.

11. Maranon.

12. Figs.

13. Pawpaw.

14. Pumpkin.

15. Watermelon.

POPULATION OF MUNICIPALITIES.

133

bearing the name of the province. In the province of Oriente, formerly Santiago, and in Santa Clara, the changes were few in number, but in the other three provinces they were numerous. The changes consisted almost entirely in the abolition of small districts and the addition of their territory to other neighboring districts. Thus the 132 municipal districts which were in existence in 1899 had been reduced to 82 by 1907.

Population of municipalities in 1907 and 1899 with rates of increase, dates of fornrn- tion, and changes between 1899 and 1907.

	Date of forma- tion.	POPULATION.	1
MUNICIPAUTY.	1899	1907	Per cent of increase.	Change since 1899.
	CAMAOthCT.
CamagrQey Ciegode Avila Mor6n	1514 1877 1870 1860 1871	53 , 140 9.801 9.630 10.355 5.308	66,460 17,741 13,898 10,620 9,550	25.1 81.0 44.3 2.6 79.9	Name changed from Puerto Principe.
Nuevitas Santa Cruz del Sur
	HABANA.
Aguacate	1879 1879 1879 1879 1711 1555 1815 1879 1519 1880 1783 1866 1879 1866 1795 1879 1732 1745	4.025 8.746 10.293 7.852 11.472 20.988 23.722 11.548 253.418 3.199 8.000 4.845 12.803 7.761 17.244 8,592 2,730 10,276	7,305 10,561 15.434 13.430 15.655 24.968 32.216 13.701 302,526 3,276 12,067 7,111 18,156 12,198 20,447 11,988 3,915 13,058	81.5 20.8 49.9 71.0 36.5 19.0 35.8 18.6 19.4 2.4 50.8 46.8 41.8 57.1 18.6 39.5 43.4 27.1	Part of Bainoa added.
BatabancS Bauta	San Felipe and San Antonio de las Vegas added. Guavabal, from Pinar del Rio
Be j ucal	province, added. Quivican and Salud added.
Guanabacoa GQines	Barrio Guanabo. from Jaruco. added. Catalina. Guara. Melena del Sur,
GQira de Melena . .	and San Nicolfis added. Regla added.
Isla de Pinos .... Jaruco	Barrio Guanabo excluded; Santa
Madruga Marianao Nueva Paz San Antonio de los Baflos	Cruz del Norte. Casiguas. and part of Bainoa added. Pipian added. El Cano added. Ceiba del Agua and Vereda Nueva
San Jos6 de las	added. Tapaste and Managua added.
Santa Maria del Rosario Santiago de las Vegas
	MATANZAS.
Alacranes Bolondr6n Cardenas CoI6n	1862 1879 1860 1858 1898 1866 1879 1694 1879 1879	13.294 9.580 28.606 43.816 9.026 9,116 12,951 55,620 10,405 10,030	15.838 12.377 28.576 52.006 10,256 17,024 15.104 64,385 13,044 11,202	19.1 29.2 10.1 18.7 13.6 86.7 16.6 15.8 25.4 11.7	Cabezas added. Mendez Capote and part of Carlos Rojas added. Macasua, San Joe€ de los Ramos,
JagOev Grande. . . Jovellanos Mart!	Palmillas. Perico, part of Agra- monte, barrio Coliseo, from Guamacaro. and Roque added. Part of Agrainonte added. Part of Carlos Roja.s added. Maximo Gomez added.
Matanzas Pedro Betancotirt Um6n de Reyes . .	Santa Ana, Canasf. and part of Guamaro added. Name changed from Macuriges. Sabanilla, except barrio Auras, add- ed.

> Decrease.

134

POPULATION.

Population of municipalittea in 1907 and 1899 vxiih rates of increase, dates of formO' tion, and changes betvoeen 1899 and 1907 — Continued.

	Date of forma-	POPULATION.
>n7MICIPA.LITT.	1899	1907	Per cent of	Change since 1899.
	tion.			increase.
	OBIENTB.
AltoSongo	1879	12.770	20,663	60.9
Baracoa	1512 1514 1629	21,944 21,193 9,115	27,852 26,611 16,215	26.9 25.1 77.9
Bayamo
Canev	Cristo added; barrio Lagima ex-
	cluded.
Cobre	1568 1823 1860	10,707 31,594 28,063	14,715 39,343 43,300	37.4 24.6 54.3
Gibara
Guant&namo
Holgufn	1761 1740 1833	34,506 10,495 42,375	50,224 13,325 54,900	45.6 27.0 29.6
Jiguanl
Manzanillo	Cami>echuelo and Niquero added.
Mayarf	1878 1899	8,504 12,305	17,628 20,235	107.3 64.5
Palma Soriano . . .
Puerto Padre	1898	19,984	34,061	70.4
Sagua de T&namo	1879	5,796	8,398	44.9
San Luis	1898	11,681	14,212	21.7
Santiago de Cuba	1614	46,683	53,614	14.8	Barrio Lagima, from Caney. added.
	PINAB DEL Bfo.
Artemisa	1879	9,317	14,719	68.0
Cabafias	1879	6,893	11,562	67.6	San Diego de Nuflez and Bahia
	Honda, except barrios Mulata.
					Pozas. and Coralillo, added.
Consolaci6n del
Norte	1878	7,613	11.471	50.7	Barrios Mulata, Pozas, and Coralillo,
	from BahIa Hondo, added.
Consolacitfn del
Sur	1866 1879	20,965 12,427	28.819 16.336	37.5 23.4	San Diego de los Baflos and Julian
Guanajay	Diaz added.
Ouane	1879 1866 1860	14,760 4,625 42,084	29.236 11.041 50.071	98.1 138.7 19.0
Mantua	Barrio Baja excluded.
PinardeiRIo	Barrio Baja, from Mantua, added.
SanCristfibal	1858	11,585 1 20,388	76.0	Candelaria and Palacios added.
San Juan y Marti-
nez	1879 1879 1879	14,787 19,807 7,608 11,092 17,700 16,840	34.0 45.8 14.9
San Luis
Viflales
	SANTA CI.ARA.
Caibari^n	1879	8,650	10.063	16.2
Calabazar	1879	13.698	16.979	24.0	Barrio Barro. from Cifuentes, added.
CamajuanI	1878	13,177	14.583	10.7	Barrio Zulueta excluded.
Cienfuegos	1829	69,128	70.416	19.1
Cruces	1879 1879	7,953 12,615	10.239 18.183	28.7 45.3
Esperanza	San Diego del Valle. except barrio
					Jicotea, added.
Palmira	1879 1879	12,972 11,961	15.760 16.682	21.4 39.6	San Fernando added.
Placetas
Quemado de
GOines	1879	8,890	11.309	27.2
Rancho Veloz	1879	14,486	14.616	0.9	Ceja de Pablo added.
Rancbuelo	1878	10.166	12.537	23.4	San Juan de las Yeras, except barrio Quemado Hilario, added.
Rodas	1879 1842	17,784 24,640	22.083 26.937	24.2 9.3	Abreus and Cartagena, except barrio
Sagua la Grande..	Cascajal, added. Cifuentes, except barrios Amaro
					and Barro, added.
San Antonio de las
Vueltas	1878	12,832	16,861	31.4
Sancti-Spiritus. . .	1514	25,709	36,672	42.3
San Juan de los
Remedios	1514	16,161	21,673	33.6	Barrio Zulueta, from CamajuanI, added.
Santa Clara	1690	28.940	46.620	61.1	Barrio Quemado Hilaris, from San Juan de las Yeras, added.
Santa Isabel de
las Lajas	1879	9.603	11,407	18.8
Santo Domingo. .	1879	13,302	20.776	56.2	Barrio Jicotea, from San Diego del Valle; barrio Amaro, from Cifuentes; and barrio Cascajal, from Cartagena, added.
Trinidad	1614	24,271	29,548	21.7
Yaguajay	1879	9.718	13,707	41.0

» Decrease.

POPULATION GROUPS.

135

Of the 82 districts, the only ones showing a loss are Cardenas in Matanzas- province, and Vinales in the province of Pinar del Rio; in 1907 as compared with 1899 the population of the former province had decreased by 30, while that of the latter had decreased by 860. Four others showed a rate of gain of less than 10 per cent: Nuevitas in Camagiiey, Isla de Pinos in Habana, and Rancho Veloz and Sagua la Grande in Santa Clara. Thirty gained at rates between 25 and 50 per cent; 12, between 50 and 75 per cent; and 7, between 75 and 100 per cent; while 2 more than doubled their populationv These two were Mayarf in Oriente, where the developments about Nipe Bay have attracted many people, and Mantua in Pinar del Rfo.

The following table shows the per cent distribution, by number of inhabi- tants, of the 82 municipal districts of Cuba and the population contained in. them:

NUMBER OF INHABITANTS.

Per cent of

total population.

Total

Under 6, 000

5,000 to 10,000 10,000 to 15,000 15,000 to 20,000 20,000 to 25,000 26,000 to 50,000 60,000 to 100,000 100,000 and over

Only 2 districts had a population of less than 5,000 each, and only 1 — Habana — had over 100,000 inhabitants. There were 46 districts, or over one-half of the total number, with more than 10,000 and less than 20,000 inhabitants each, and these cities had a population equal to nearly one-third of the total population of Cuba.

The following table shows, for the 1,069 barrios of Cuba, data similar to the data shown for municipal districts in the preceding table:

Twelve per cent of the barrios contained less than 500 inhabitants each, and these barrios contained collectively only 2 per cent of the total population. The group of barrios with from 1,000 to 2,000 inhabitants each is the most numerous, including nearly one-third of all the barrios. This group contained also the largest population, or nearly one-fourth of the total population.

136

POPULATION.

URBAN POPULATION.

In connection with the population of cities, it must be understood that.the cities of Cuba have no corporate limits separating sharply the urban element from the surrounding rural population. The cities, like the rural districts, are di\ided into barrios, and many of these barrios extend beyond the borders of the cities out into the country districts, much as do New England towns, and thus include both urban and rural population. On this account it is impossible to state the population of cities with exactness, although it is believed that the best separation possible has been made.

The total number of cities having 1,000 or more inhabitants in 1907 is 134 as compared with 96 in 1899. In 1907, 19 cities contained over 8,000 inhab- itants each as compared with 16 in 1899. The population of the 5 cities with over 25,000 inhabitants each at both censuses was as follows in 1907: Habana, 297.159; Santiago de Cuba, 45,470; Matanzas, 36,009; Cienfuegos, 30,100; and Camaguey, 29,616.

The urban population of Cuba — all cities having at least 1,000 inhab- itants each — numbered 899,667, or 43.9 per cent of the total population in 1907. In 1899 the corresponding population was 740,283, which formed 47.1 per cent of the total at that time. This indicates that the urban popula- tion did not increase as rapidly as the total population, and consequently the increase of population was more rapid in the rural districts. In very few parts of the world is this condition found, since it is usual for the cities to increase more rapidly than the rural districts. This condition existing in Cuba is made still more impressive, perhaps, by the statement that while in the 8 years the total population increased 30.3 per cent and the rural population not less than 38.1 per cent, the urban population increased only 21.5 per cent, or little more than half as rapidly as the rural element.

The population of cities of 8,000 or more each was 619,835, or 30.3 per cent of the whole population in 1907, while in 1899 the corresponding popula- tion was 507,831, and the percentage 32.3. The 5 cities having 25,000 or more inhabitants each, contained in 1907 a population of 438,354, or 21.4 per cent of the total population. The following table shows for each pro- vince the number of inhabitants in places having a population of at least 1,000, with the percentage of the total population in 1907 and 1899:

paoviNCB.	POPULATION OF CITIES ITAVIXG AT LEAST 1,000 INHABITANTS.	PER CENT OF TOTAL POPULATION.
	1907	1899	1907	1899
Total	899,667	740,283 ;	43.9	47.1
CamagrQey	43,798 401,629 109,641 133,143 43,628 167,828	35,543 ! 328,947 1 103,578 1 108,747 22,337 141.131 ■	37.0 74.7 45.7 29.3 18.2 36.7	40.1
Habana	77.4
Matanzas	51.2
Oriente	33.2
Pinar del Rio	12.9
Santa Clara	39.5

DENSITY OF POPULATION.

137

In every province, except Pinar del Rfo, the proportion of urban inhabitants has diminished.

The following table shows the distribution, by number of inhabitants, of the number and population of all cities with 1,000 or more inhabitants:

	CITIES HAVINO AT LEAST 1,000 INHABITANTS.
NUUBER OP INHABITANTS.	Number.	Population.	Per cent distribution.
	Number.	Population.
Total	134	899,667	100.0	100 0
1,000 to 2,000	67 19 10 7 12 14 4 1	93,930 46,223 35,203 30,681 73,795 181,481 141,195 297,159	60.0 14.2 7.4 6.3 9.0 10.4 3.0 0.7	10.4
2,000 to 3,000	6.1
3,000 to 4,000	3.9
4,000 to 5,000	3.4
6,000 to 6,000	8.2
8,000 to 25,000	20.0
25,000 to 100,000	15.7
100 , 000 and over	33.3

Exactly one-half of the towns had between 1,000 and 2,000 inhabitants each, but the total population of this group formed only 10.4 per cent of the total urban element. On the other hand, the single city of Habana, with nearly 300,000 inhabitants, contained one-third of all the urban population of Cuba. Indeed, it contained over one-seventh of the total population of the island. This fact emphasizes and explains the dominance of this city over the industrial and social life of Cuba.

DENSITY OF POPULATION.

The area of Cuba can be known only approximately, since the coast line constituting its limits has not yet been mapped with accuracy. Measure- ments made upon different maps show wide variations, the areas indicated ranging from 35,000 square miles up to 48,000 or 49,000 square miles. In the report on the census of 1899, 44,000 square miles was adopted as the area, this having been obtained by measurement of the map prepared by the information division of the United States War Department, on a scale of 1 to 500,000.

In 1907 and 1908, Col. E. St. J. Greble, advisor to the department of government of Cuba, prepared a series of invaluable maps showing for the first time with any approach to accuracy, the limits of the municipalities and of the rural barrios. These were on a scale of 2 miles to 1 inch. From these the areas of the municipalities and of most of the barrios were measured. Summing them up, the area of Cuba was found to be 44,164 square miles, an area so close to that adopted for the census of 1899, that it has been accepted without further measurements.

The following table shows the areas of the six provinces in square miles with the number of inhabitants per square mile:

10

138

POPULATION.

PBOVINCE.

Area, square miles.

PopulatloD

per square mile.

Total.,

Camagaey . . .

Habana

Matatizas . . . .

Oriente

Pinar del Rio Santa Clara . .

44,164

10,064 3,170 3,256

14,211 6.206 8,257

46.4

11.8 168.7 73.6 32.0 46.2 55.4

The province of Oriente contains xery nearly a third of the area of Cuba and with Camaguey, considerably more than one-half. Habana, the most populous province, is the smallest, with only 7.2 per cent of the area of Cuba.

The density of population of Cuba in 1907 was about half as great as that of Spain, and about the same as the densities of the states of Virginia, New Hampshire, and Missouri in 1900.

Among the provinces, Habana had by far the greatest average density of population, due, in the main, to the city of Habana. The density of popula- tion of the province was about equal to that of Denmark. The sparsest population was found in Camaguey, which had a density of population about equal to that of Chile or that of the state of Texas.

The great difference in density of population in the different provinces is in part due to the presence of large cities, although when all of the cities with 8,000 or more inhabitants are excluded the differences are still noteworthy.

PROVINCE.	Rural population per square mile.
CamagQejr	•
Habana . '.	63
Matanzas	52
Oriente	27
Pinar del Rfo	44
Santa Clara	44

In the case of rural districts, also, Habana was the most densely populated province and Camagiiey the most sparsely populated.

The following table gives the area and density of the rural population of the 82 municipalities of Cuba:

Area and density of rural populatton.
PBOVINCB OR BCtmiCIPAUTT.	Rural Area, population square miles. per square mile.
	CAMAGUET.
Total	10,064	0
CamagQev	4,306 1.705 1,637 1,137 1.279	9
■Ciego de Avila	9
Morfin	10
Nuevitas	8
Santa Cruz del Sur	7

RURAL POPULATION.

139

Area and density of rural population — Continued.

Guanajay

Guane

Mantua

Pinar del Rio

San Crist6bal

San Juan y Martinez

San Luis

Vlfiales

PBOVINCB OH MUNICIPALITY.	Area, square miles.	Rural population per square mile.
	HABANA.
Total	3.170	63
A?uacate	69 79 141 106 101 112 332 84 45 1,180 200 89 62 273 94	106
Alqulzar	134
Bataband	109
Bauta	127
Bejucal	155
Guanabacoa	95
GQines	73
GQira de Melena	163
Habana	119
Isla de Pinos	3
Jaruco	60
Madruga	80
Marianao	142
Nueva Paz	45
San Antonio de los Baflos	120
San Jo86 de las Lajas	142 84
Santa Maria del Rosario	29 135
Santiago de las Vegas	32 408
	MATANZAS.
	3,256	62
	270 241 124 893 226 157 467 528 283 67	59
^olondrfin	51
	35
Col6n	58
	45
JoveUanos	50
	32
Matanzas	54
	46
Uni6n de Reyes	167
	ORIENTE.
Total	14,211	27
^to Songo	368 1,312 1,519 293 662 673 1,474 1,407 644 1,638 592 722 2.042 633 192 40	56
	21
Bayamo	17
Caney	66
Cobre	22
	68
Guant&namo	20
Holguin	36
Jlguanl	21
Manzanillo	24
Mayarl	30
Palma Soriano	28
Puerto Padre	17
Sagua de Tinamo	13
San Luis	74
Santiago de Cuba	204
	PlNAR DEL r!o.
Total	5,206	44
Artemlsa	210 347 436 466	70
Cabaflas	33
Consolacifin del Norte	26
Consoiaci6n del Sur	62

1,145 550 597 715 180 157 286

140

POPULATION.

Area and density of rural poptdation — Continued.

PBOVINCE OB MUNICIPALITY.

Rural population

per square mile.

Total

Caibari^n

Calabazar

Camajuanl

Cienfuegos

Cruces

Esperanza

Palmira

Placetas

Quemado de GQines

Rancho Veioz

Ranchuelo

Rodas

Sagua la Grande

San Antonio de las Vueltas

Sancti-Spiritus

San Juan de los Remedios.

Santa Clara

Santa Isabel de las Lajas. .

Santo Domingo

Trinidad

Yaguajay

The largest municipality is Camaguey, in Caraagiiey province, with an area of 4,306 square miles. Next are Cienfuegos in Santa Clara, with 2,159 square miles, and Puerto Padre in Oriente, with 2,042 square miles. The smallest are in Habana province, Santa Marfa del Rosario and Santiago de las Vegas, with only 29 and 32 square miles, respectively. A classification of the muni- cipalities by area is as follows:

AREA, SqUAKE MILES.

Less than 100.

100 to 200

200 to 500

500 to 1.000.. 1,000 to 2.000. 2,000 and over

Number of municipali- ties.

19 16 25 12 12 3

The extremes of density of rural population are found in Habana province. Santiago de las Vegas, with 408 inhabitants to a square mile, is the most densely populated municipality, while Isla de Pinos, with only 3 inhabitants to a square mile, is the most sparsely populated. Of the 82 municipalities, 5 had less than 10 inhabitants per square mile; 28 had from 10 to 50 inhabitants; 29 had from 50 to 100 inhabitants; and 16 had from 100 to 200 inhabitants; while only 4 had more than 200 inhabitants per square mile.

CENTER OF POPULATION.

The center of population is a summary statement of the distribution of the people, and its movement from census to census summarizes their net move-

SEX, COLOR, AND NATIVITY.

141

ment. In 1887, the center was in the western part of Santa Clara province, about 46 miles west of the city of Santa Clara and 23 miles northwest of Cienfuegos. In 1899, 12 years later, it had moved about 24 miles to the southeast, being very near the town of Palmira, about 30 miles southwest of Santa Clara city and 8 miles northeast of Cienfuegos. In 1907, it had moved about 14 miles in a direction about east by southeast, and was situated 16 miles nearly east of the city of Cienfuegos, 29 miles north-northwest of Trinidad, and 23 miles southwest of Santa Clara city. It was still in Santa Clara province, in the northeastern part of the municipal district of Cienfue- gos. The direction of its movement indicates a more rapid increase of popu- lation in the eastern part of Cuba than in the western part. The tendency of growth is toward a more uniform distribution of the people and the center of population is moving toward the center of area. In 1907, it was 19' north and 54' west of it.

The following table gives the position of the center of population as derived from the censuses of 1887, 1899, and 1907, together with the center of area:

	Latitude.	Longitude.
Center of population: 1907	o 22 22 22 21	10 15 24 51	o / 80 12
1899	80 23
1887	80 41
Center of area	79 18

SEX, COLOR, AND NATIVITY.

Of the 2,048,980 inhabitants of Cuba in 1907, 1,074,882 were males and 974,098 were females. Males formed 52.5 per cent of the total population and females 47.5 per cent. The corresponding proportions in 1899 were 51.8 and 48.2; thus in the eight intervening years the proportion of males increased and that of females decreased. The cause of this proportional increase in males will be pointed out later, in discussing sex in relation to race and nativity.

The following table shows the proportions of males and females in the total population at various censuses from 1792 to 1907:

	CENSUS.	PER CENT OF TOTAL	POPCLATION.
	Male.	Female.
1792	57.0 67.3 58.0 67.3 66.0 63.9 51.8 52.5			43.0
1827	4?. 7
1841	42 0
1861	42.7
1877	44.0
1887	46.1
1899	48.2
1907	47.5

142

POPULATION.

At every census, males have formed a majority of the population. The proportion of males reached its maximum in 1841, from which time it dimin- ished until it reached its minimum in 1899, at the close of the war for inde- pendence. The great disproportion of males which prevailed down to 1887 was. as will be shown later, connected with slavery and the slave trade.

The following table shows the proportion of males and females for each province and for the city of Habana in 1907 and in 1899:

	1907	1899
FROVINCK OR CITT.	Per cent male.	Per cent female.	Per cent male.	Per cent female.
Cuba	62.6	47.5	61.8	48.2
Orlente	61.4 61.6 62.6 62.9 62.9 62.9 63.6	48.6 48.6 47.6 47.1 47.1 47.1 46.6	60.0 61.3 60.9 62.3 62.3 63.0 63.0	60.0
Matanzas	48.7
CamagUey	49.1
Habana	47.7
City of Habana	47.7
Santa Clara	47.0
Pinar del Rio	47.0

The smallest proportion of males in 1907 was in Oriente and the largest in Pinar del Rfo, provinces at the two extremities of the island.

In 1907 in each province, with the exception of Santa Clara, the proportion of males was greater than the proportion of females. In Camagiiey and Oriente, the proportion of males has made great gains.

In the city of Habana males were largely in excess of females. This, how- ever, was by no means the usual case in the larger cities, since in 15 out of the 19 cities having a population of at least 8,000 inhabitants in 1907, females were in excess, as is shown in the following table:

CITT EU.TINO AT LBA»T 8,000 mHABITAMTS.	PER CENT OF TOTAL POPtlLATIOM,
Male.	Female.
Total	60.0	60.0
Habana	62.0 61.7 61.6 60.6 49.2 49.0 48.4 48.4 48.2 48.1 47.9 47.6 47.4 47.1 46.1 46.8 45.6 46.3 41.7	47.1
Marianao	48.3
Jovellanos	48 4
Calbari6n	49 5
Guant&namo	60 8
Pinar del RTo	61 0
San Antonio de los Bafios	61.6
GQines	61 6
Sagua la Grande .	61 8
Cienfuegos	61 9
Cftrdenas	62 1
Santa Clara	62.6
Santiago de Cuba	62 6
Guanabacoa	62 9
Matanzas	63 0
CamagQey ',[[	64 2
Manzanillo	64 4
Sancti-Spiritus ".'...	54 7
Trinidad	58.8

WHITE AND COLORED POPULATION.

I43r.

Taking these cities collectively, the numbers of the two sexes were almost exactly equal, males being only very slightly in excess of females. Among the inhabitants living outside of the cities with a population of 8,000 or more, males were largely in excess of females, the proportions being 53.5 per" cent for males and 46.5 per cent for females.

The following table shows the proportion of the sexes, in urban and rurali parts of each province:

PROTINCK.	CITIES HAVING AT LEAST 8,000 INHABITANTS.	BVBAl. DISTRICTS.
Per cent male.	Per cent female.	Per cent male.	Per cent female.
Cuba	60.0	50.0	53.5	46.5
CamagOey	45.6 52.4 47.4 47.4 49.0 47.0	64.2 47.6 52.6 62.6 61.0 53.0	54.8 63.9 63.2 52.2 63.7 54.5	45.2.
Habana	46.1
If atanzas	46.8
Oriente	47.8
Pinar del Rio	46.3
Banta Clara	46.5

In the urban parts of the provinces, males were in excess only in Habana,. and the excess of females reached its maximum in Camagiiey. In the rural' parts of the provinces males were in excess in every case.

In the tables showing data for the earlier censuses, the Chinese are classed' as whites, since this classification was used in all of the Spanish censuses. The following table shows the numbers and proportions of the white and. colored at each census since 1775:

WHITB.*	COLORED.*
Number.	Per cent.	Number.	Per cent.
96.440	56.2	75,180	43.8
163,659	66.4	118,741	43.6
257,380	46.0	314,983	66.0
311,051	44.2	393.436	65.8
418,291	41.6	589.333	58.5
793,484	56.8	603.046	43.2
1,023,394	67.8	485.897	32.2
1,102,889	67.6	628.798	32.4
1,067.364	67.9	505.443	32.1
1,440,013	70.3	608,967	29.7

1775. 1792. 1817. 1827. 1841. 1861. 1877. 1887. 1899. 1907.

* Includes white and Chinese.

> Includes black and mixed.

The number of whites steadily increased up to the census of 1899 when there was a diminution of 35,535 as compared with the number in 1887» The colored increased up to 1861; in 1877 there was a decided decrease, amounting to 117,149; by 1887 the number had increased by 42,901, but this increase was followed by a decrease of 23,355 by 1899.

As to the proportion of white and colored in the total population it will suffice to trace the history of one element only. The colored formed 43.8 per

144

POPULATION.

cent of the population in 1775, and the proportion diminished sh'ghtly in the succeeding 18 years. But between 1792 and 1817 it increased greatly, the colored becoming largely in the majority, and forming 55 per cent of the total. A small increase followed in 1827, succeeded by a larger increase in 1841, when the proportion of colored reached its maximum, 58.5 per cent. After that date it diminished rapidly and in 1861 was but 43.2 per cent, leaving the whites largely in the majority again. In 1877 it again diminished, this time to 32.2 per cent, or less than one-third of the population ; after this it did not change materially until 1907, when it was only 29.7 per cent.

The reason for the great increase in number and proportion of the colored up to 1841 is doubtless the continued importation of blacks from Africa, which persisted, in the form of smuggling, long after its official prohibition. The diminution of the proportion of colored inhabitants during the last half century is doubtless but another illustration of the inability of the colored race to hold its own in competition with the whites, a truth which is being demonstrated on a much larger scale in the United States.

The following table shows the proportion which each sex formed of the white and colored population at each census showing data by sex from 1792 to 1907:

1792. 1827. 1841. 1861. 1877. 1887. 1899. 1907.

Per cent male.

53.6 54.2 54.3 59.0 68.6 55.1 54.1 54.0

Per cent female.

46.4 45.8 45.7 41.0 41.6 44.9 45.9 46.0

COI/OBED.*

Per cent male.

61.4 59.8 60.6 55.1 50.9 52.1 47.0 48.9

Per cent female.

38.4 40.2 39.4 44.9 49.1 47.9 53.0 51.1

> Includes whlt« and Chinese.

* Includes black and mixed.

The proportion of males among the whites, with whom the Chinese are included, increased up to 1861, probably because of extensive immigration, and since then it has decreased. Among the colored, the proportion was highest at the first census here quoted. A proportion almost as high was maintained until 1841, since which time the proportion has greatly declined. The percentage of males among the colored began to decrease with the ces.sation of the slave trade. While that was thriving the excess of males was much greater among the colored than among the whites. This suggests that the supply of colored labor was maintained mainly by importation, rather than by rearing slave children.

WHITE AND COLORED POPULATION.

145

The following table shows the relative rates of increase of the white and colored elements of the population, the Chinese being included with the whites :

	Interval, years.	PEU CENT OP INCREASE.
	White.'	Colored.*
1776 to 1792	17 25 10 14 20 16 10 12 8	59.3 67.6 20.9 34.5 89.7 29.0 7.8 » 3.2 34.9	57 9
1792 to 1817	165 3
1817 to 1827	24 9
1827 to 1841	49 8
1841 to 1861	2 3
1861 to 1877	*19 4
1877 to 1887	8.8
1887 to 1899	* 4.4
1899 to 1907	20 5

> Includes white and Chinese.

* Includes black and mixed.

» Decrease.

The above figures for each race can not be compared with one another, because in most cases the intervals between the censuses differ, but they are presented for comparison of one race with the other. From 1792 to 1841, the colored increased much faster than the whites. During twenty-five years of that period, namely, from 1792 to 1817, the African slave trade flourished to the greatest degree. Although slave trading was officially abolished in 1820, the smuggling of slaves continued on a large scale down to 1841, as is suggested by the above figures.

While the ten-year war, from 1868 to 1878, apparently had little effect upon the whites, its effect upon the colored race was profound. The effect of the revolution of 1895 to 1898 shows very plainly on both races.

Since the actual abolition of the slave trade, the colored have not increased as rapidly as the whites, although there was one period, that from 1877 to 1887, in which their rate of growth was more rapid.

The white inhabitants, including those of native and those of foreign birth, numbered 1,428,176, and formed 69.7 per cent, or more than two-thirds, of the total population, in 1907. They increased 33.8 per cent between 1899 and 1907. The native born whites numbered 1,224,539, and formed 59.8 per cent of the total population in 1907. In 1899, this element formed 57.8 per cent of the total population, or 2 per cent less than the proportion for 1907. The native whites increased at the phenomenal rate of 34.5 per cent between 1899 and 1907. Among the native white inhabitants the numbers of the two sexes were nearly equal in 1907, females being slightly in excess; the proportions were 49.7 per cent for males, and 50.3 per cent for females.

The following table shows .the proportion which the native whites bore to the total population in each province and in Habana city, in 1907 and in 1899:

146

POPUI.ATION.

	FBOTIKCB 0& CITY.	or TOTAL POPULATION.
	1907	1899
Cuba -	69.8		67.8
rity of Hfth^nn , .	60.0 50.9 54.6 58.7 63.9 68.7 75.0		49.0
Oriente	51.2
M&tanzas	50.7
Habana	57.4
Santa Clara	60.3
Pinar del Rio	66.4
CamagOey	75.2

In every province native whites formed a majority of the population in 1907; in Pinar del Rfo more than two-thirds were native white and in Camagiiey the proportion rose to three-fourths. The changes in the proportions since the preceding census were not marked except in the case of Matanzas. WTiile four of the provinces showed increases in the proportion of native whites, the other two provinces, Camagiiey and Oriente, showed decreases.

The following table shows for the native white population in 1907, the percentage of each sex, in each province, and in Habana city:

	FBOYINCB OB CTTT.	FEB CENT OF NATITE POPULATION.	wHrra
	Male.	Female.
Cuba	49.7			50.3
City of Habana. .	46.6 48.5 49.6 49.6 60.1 50.3 51.3			53.4
Habana	51.5
Matanzas	50.6
Oriente	50.4
Santa Clara	49.9
CamagQey	49.7
Pinar del Rio	48.7

The colored inhabitants, including negroes, mixed, and Chinese, numbered 620,804, and formed 30.3 per cent, or a little less than one-third of the total population. In 1899, they formed 33.1 per cent. Thus the proportion of colored has diminished. The rate of increase of the colored between 1899 and 1907 was but 19.3 per cent, contrasting strongly with that of the native whites (34.5 per cent).

The following are the numbers and percentages of the elements of the colored population in 1907:

	COt.ORED POPULATION.
RACB.	Number.	Per cent distribution.
	1907	1899	1907	1899
Total	620,804	520,400	100.0	100.0
Negro	274,272 334,095 11,837	234,738 270.805 14,857	44.2 53.9 1.9	45.1
Mixed	62.0
Chinese	2.9

COLORED POPULATION.

147

The following table shows the proportion of each sex in the negro and mixed population in each province and in Habana city:

	FBOTINCB OB CITT.	PKR CENT OF NXQRO AND MIXSD POPULATION.
	Male.	Female.
Cuba		47.9		62 1
City of Habana. . . .	42.1 44.7 47.3 48.5 48.9 49.7 50.1		67.9
Habana	65.3
Matanzas	62.7
8anta Clara	61.6
Oriente	61.1
CamagUey	60.3
Finar del Rio	49.9

From the earliest times for which we have statistical record there have been large numbers of free negroes on the island, and they existed there in varying numbers and proportions up to the time of emancipation. The fol- lowing table shows the numbers and proportions of the free colored and slave population at each census from 1775 to 1877:

1775 1792 1817 1827 1841 1861 1877

FRBS COLORSD.

Number.

30,847 64,161 115,691 106,494 152,838 225,843 272.478

Per cent.

41.0 46.6 36.7 27.1 25.9 37.4 55.7

Number.

44,333 64,590 199,292 286,942 436,495 377,203 199,094

Per cent.

60.0 64.4 63.3 72.0 74.1 62.0 44.3

With the exception of the census of 1827, the free colored increased numer- ically at each census as compared with the preceding census, and in 1877 they were nine times as numerous as in 1774. The slaves showed a rapid numerical increase up to 1841, and after that time there was a rapid re- duction in numbers, a movement doubtless resulting from the abolition of the importation of slaves.

Classifying the population of the 19 largest cities and the rural population of Cuba by color, it appears that there is but slight disposition on the part of the colored toward the cities. The proportion of this element in the cities was 31.9 per cent; in the country, 29.6 per cent.

The following table shows the proportions of white and colored in the cities and rural parts of each province:

148

POPULATION.

PCB CSNT or POPOLATIOK.

Cities having at least 8,000 inhabitants.

Rural districts.

White.

Colored.

White.

Colored.

Cuba. ,

CamagQey . . .

Habana

Ilatanzas. . . .

Oriente

Pinar del Rio Santa Clara. .

68.1

31.9

73.8 74.0 63.3 46.3 67.0 66.0

26.2 26.0 36.7 63.7 33.0 34.0

70.4

84.3 80.8 61.4 59.0 76.5 74.2

29.6

15.7 19.2 38.6 41.0 24.5 25.8

In every province except Matanzas the proportion of colored in the cities was greater than the proportion in the country districts. In Oriente and Camaguey it was much greater.

The following table presents the proportion of white and colored to the total population in each of the larger cities:

CITT HAVINO AT UCABT 8,000 INRABrrANTS.	FEB CENT OF TOTAL POPULATION.
White.	Colored.
Total	68.1	31 r9
Caibarifin	80.7 79.4 74.5 73.8 72.0 70.1 70.0 67.5 67.0 66.9 65.2 64.5 64.0 62.8 61.2 50.6 43.3 42.0 39.4	19.3
San Antonio de los Bafios	20.6
Habana	25.5
CamagQey	26.2
Sancti-Spiritus	28.0
Marianao	29.9
Guanabacoa	30 0
Matanzas	32.5
Pinar del Rio	33.0
Santa Clara	33. 1
C&rdenas	34.8
Cienf uegos	35.5
Sagua la Grande	36.0
GQines	37.2
Manzanillo	38.8
Trinidad	49.5
Santiago de Cuba	56.7
Jovellanos	58.0
Guantdnamo	60.6

The number of persons bom in Cuba was 1,820,239, or 88.8 per cent of the total population. In the 8 years between 1899 and 1907, the native popu- lation increased 30 per cent, a rate about equal to the corresponding rate for the total population. The following table gives for each province and for the city of Habana the rate of increase of the native population in 1907 as compared with 1899:

NATIVE AND FOREIGN BORN POPULATION.

149

PROVINCE OR CITY.	Per cent of increase of native popu- lation. 1899 to 1907.
Cuba	30.0
Matanzas	21.2
Citv of Habana	23.7
Habana	25.2
Santa Clara	29.7
CamagOey	32 0
Orients	35.4
Pinar del Rio	39.4

The wide variations in the above rates are probably due in great part to interprovincial migration.

The following table gives the proportions which the native and the foreign born population bore to the total population in each province and in the city of Habana in 1907:

	PROVINCE OR CITY.	PER CENT OF TOTAL POPULATION.
	Native.	Foreign born.
Cuba	88.8	11.2
	74.4 81.2 89.9 90.2 92.6 92.8 93.0	25.6
	18.8
Santa Clara	10 1
Matanzas	9.8
	7.4
	7.2
Pinar del Rio	7.0

The city and province of Habana had the smallest proportions of native inhabitants, and the two provinces at the ends of the island the largest proportions.

The total number of foreign born was 228,741, which was 11.2 per cent of the total population. The number in 1899 was 172,535 and the proportion 11.0 per cent. The numerical increase was 55,942 and the percentage of increase 32.4 — a little greater than that of the native population. The excess of arrivals over departures from Cuban ports, or the net immigration, as shown in the chapter on immigration, was during these 8 years approximately 75,000. This difference of about 19,000 mea.sures the losses of this element from death. It indicates a death rate of about 10 per thousand per year — a very probable rate for persons of the average age of the foreign born.

Of the whole number of foreign born, 11,217 were Chinese and 13,887 were negroes and mixed bloods, leaving 203,637 whites. Of the 13,887

150

POPULATION.

colored, 7,948 were born in Africa, and are doubtless the remnant of the product of the slave trade. In 1899, these numbered 12,953, the decrease in the 8 years being 5,005, caused mainly, if not entirely, by death.

The Chinese also have decreased, the number in 1907 being over 3,000 less than the number in 1899.

Far the most numerous among the foreign born were the natives of Spain, who numbered 185,393 in 1907, as compared with 129,240 in 1899. They formed 81.1 per cent of the foreign born, a much larger proportion than in 1899, when the percentage was 74.9. Those born in the United States num- bered 6,713, or about 3 per cent only. The number was slightly more than in 1899, when the total was 6,444. No other country contributed as much as 2 per cent of the foreign element. The other West Indies, includ- ing Porto Rico, Cuba's nearest neighbors, both in distance and blood, contributed only 3.2 per cent and all Spanish America together only 3.8 per cent.

The following table gives the number and percentage of foreign born from each of the leading countries:

COUNTBT OF BIBTH.

Spain

China

Africa

United States

West Indies, excluding Porto Rico

Porto Rico

France

Central and South America

United Kingdom

Mexico

FOREION BOBN POPULATION.

Number.	Per cent.
185,393	81.1
11.217	4.0
7,948	3.6
6,713	2.0
4,280	1.0
2,918	1.8
1,476	0.6
1,442	o.«
1,252	O.f
1,187	0.9

Classified by sex, the foreign whites were composed of 80 per cent males and 20 per cent females. This great disproportion of males among the foreign bom explains the fact that in the whole population males were considerably in excess of females.

The following table shows the proportion of each sex among the foreign bom inhabitants of each province and of Habana city:

	PROVINCE OR CITY.	PER CENT OF FOREIGN WHITE POPULATIOK.
	Male.	Female.
Cuba	80.0		20.0
City of Habana. . . .	75.2 76.6 78.8 82.6 83.4 83.6 87.8		24.8
Habana	23.4
Matanzas	21.2
Oriente	17.4
Santa Clara	16.6
CamagQey	16.4
Pinar del Rio	12.2

FOREIGN BORN POPULATION.

151

The distribution of the foreign born between city and country is much the same in Cuba as in the United States. Foreigners congregate in the cities rather than in the country, and among the cities, they choose the larger rather than the smaller. Of the population of Habana city more than one- fourth were of foreign birth, while the average for the other cities of over 8,000 inhabitants was but about one-tenth. Of the total foreign bom of Cuba, 228,741, no fewer than 76,167, or a little less than one-third, were found in Habana.

The following are the percentages which the foreign born in each city of over 8,000 inhabitants bore to the total population of the city:

CITT HATINO AT LEA8T 8,000 INHABITANTS.

	Per cent
Population.	foreign bom form of total
	population.
619,835	17.7
297,159	25.6
9,332	19.6
14,559	17.3
46,470	13.6
10.634	13.0
30,100	12.2
12.393	12.2
8,333	12.0
24,280	11.7
9,246	10.1
36,009	9.8
14,368	9.1
29,616	8.4
8,053	7.9
16,702	7.»
9,125	7.0
15,819	6.9
17,440	4.2
11,197	2.0

Total

Habana

Marianao

GuantSnamo

Santiago de Cuba

Pinar del Rio

Cienf uegos

Sagua la Grande

CaibariSn

CS,rdenas

Jovellanos

Matanzas

Guanabacoa

Camagtley

GQines

Santa Clara

San Antonio de los Baftos

Manzanillo

Sancti-Spiritus

Trinidad

Of the population of these 19 cities, taken collectively, the foreign born constituted 17.7 per cent, while in the rural parts of Cuba the foreign element formed only 8.3 per cent of the total, being relatively less than one-half as numerous. In the cities other than Habana, the foreign element was but little stronger than in the rural districts, the proportions being 10.5 per cent and 8.3 per cent, respectively.

The natives of Spain, who formed, as noted above, by far the most numer- ous element of the foreign born, were distributed in proportions similar to those of the total foreign born population — a little less than one-half of them were found in the cities, where they formed 14.8 per cent of the population, and a little more than one-half in the country, where they formed 6.6 per cent of the population. Of the total number in Cuba, 36 per cent were found in the city of Habana.

The following table shows, for the principal countries of birth, the propor- tions of each sex in the total population and in the white and colored popula- tions:

152

POPULATION.

COONXnY OF BIRTH.

America:

Ciil)a

Po r to Rico

Other West Indies

Mexico

Central and South

America

United States

Europe:

S[>ain

France

Uniied Kingdom

Otlier Europe

Asia:

China

Africa

PER CENT or TOTAL.

All classes.

Male.

49.0 64.3 61.4 42.5

64.6 60.6

81.9 64.4 63.6 78.7

99.6 60.6

Female. Male.

White.

61.0 36.7 38.6 67.6

46.5 40.6

18.1 35.6 36.5 21.3

0.5 39.6

49.7 64.3 62.8 42.1

63.4 67.7

81.9 64.7 64.4 79.1

93.6

74.1

Female.

60.3 35.7 47.2 57.9

46.6 42.3

18.1 36.3 35.6 20.0

6.6 25.0

Colored.*

Male.

47.6 64.2 64.3 46.2

65.7 75.5

73.6 60.4 61.5 64.0

00.6 60.4

Female.

52.4 35.8 35.7 53.8

34.3 24.6

26.5 40.6 38.6 36.0

0.4 30.6

1 Includes black, mixed, and yellow.

While among the natives of Cuba females were in excess, for every other country of birth, except Mexico, males outnumbered females in the proportion of nearly 2 to 1. The natives of Spain, however, who far outnumbered all other foreign bom, were composed of more than 4 males to 1 female. Prac- tically all of the natives of China were males. It is curious and significant that the sex distribution of those born in Africa was practically the same as that of the colored element of the population prior to 1841, when the slave trade was active.

Among the whites born in Cuba, the two sexes were almost equally repre- sented, females being only slightly in excess. Among the whites born in other countries, the same conditions respecting sex obtained as with the total population.

Among the colored bom in Cuba, females were greatly in excess of males. For the colored Cuban inhabitants who were born in the United States or in Spain, the proportion was about 3 males to 1 female.

The following table shows for each province and municipality in 1907, the percentages of the population, classified by sex, color, and general nativity. The figures for cities, which are shown in italics, are included in the totals for the provinces or municipalities in which the cities are located.

SEX AND NATIVITY.

153

PKOVINCE, MUNICIPALITT, OK CITY.	Total popu- lation.	PER CENT OP TOTAL.
Male.	Female.	Native white.	Foreign white.	Colored.i
	CUBA.
Total	2,048.980	52.6	47.5	69.8	9.9	30.3
Camagtiey	118.269 538,010 239.812 455.086 240.372 457,431	52.5 52.9 51.5 51.4 53.5 52.9	47.6 47.1 48.6 48.6 46.6 47.1	75.0 58.7 54.6 50.9 68.7 63.9	6.7 17.9 7.4 6.0 6.4 8.6	18 3
Habana	23 4
Matanzas	38 0
Oriente	43 1
Pinar del Rio	24 9
Santa Clara	27 6
	CAMAOtJET.
The province	118,269	52.5	47.6	75.0	6.7	18.3
Camagtley	66,460 29,616 17,741 13,898 10,620 9,550	50.5 46.8 57.2 52.3 55.2 65.0	49.6 64-2 42.8 47.7 44.8 46.0	75.1 88.2 72.6 80.6 73.2 63.1	5.9 7.8 11.5 3.4 9.7 6.0	19.0
City of Camagiley Ciego de AvUa	26.2 15.9
Morfin	10.0
N ue vitas	17.1
Santa Cruz del Sur	31.9
•			HAB^	<lSK.
The province	538,010	62.9	47.1	68.7	17.9	23.4
Aguacate	7,305 10,561 15,434 13,430 15,655 24,968 14,388 32,216 8,063 13,701 302,526 297,169 3.276 12,067 7,111 18,156 9,332 12,196 20,447 9,125 11,988 3,915 13,058	52.8 54.5 66.5 54.0 51.5 49.6 47.1 53.0 48.4 53.7 53.0 62.9 56.0 54.2 51.0 53.3 61.7 53.4 52.1 6l!9 52.0	47.2 45.5 43.5 46.0 48.5 50.4 62.9 47.0 61 .8 46.3 47.0 47.1 44.0 46.8 49.0 46.7 48.3 46.6 47.9 61.8 47.4 48.1 48.0	60.7 67.2 66.8 72.6 80.6 69.6 61.6 66.1 66.9 67.7 60.2 60.0 66.8 72.9 73.5 63.1 62.6 68.0 79.0 72.9 76.7 74.2 68.0	7.7 10.2 12.7 9.6 7.0 8.2 8.6 7.6 6.9 10.9 24.6 24.6 22.9 6.0 5.8 16.4 17.e 7.8 8.6 6.6 6.4 7.3 11.1	31.6
	22.6
Bataban6	20.6
Bauta	17.8
Bejucal	12.6
Guanabacoa	22.3
City of Guanabacoa Gaines	SO.O 26.4
City of GUines	37.2
GOira de Melena	21.4
Habana	26.3
City of Habana	26.6
Isla de Pinos	10.3
Jaruco	21.1
Madruga	20.7
Marianao	21.5
City of Marianao Nueva Vs.?,	29.9 34.2
San Antonio de los Bafios . . . City of San Antonio de lot	12.6 20.6
San Jose de las Lajas Santa Marta del Rosario Santiago de las Vegas	16.9 18.5 20.9
	MATANZAS.
The province	239,812	51.5	48.6	64.6	7.4	38.0
	15,838 12.377 28.576 24,280 52.006 10.256 17.024 9,248 15.104 64,385 38.009 13.044 11.202	62.9 63.5 49.1 47.9 53.2 63.2 52.4 61 .8 63.0 49.5 48.1 52.9 51.4	47.1 46.5 50.9 62.1 46.8 46.8 47.6 48.4 47.0 60.5 63.9 47.1 48.6	62.7 49.4 68.2 66.6 48.1 67.7 41.6 34-9 48.0 62.6 68.8 46.6 49.1	6.2 8.9 9.3 9.7 6.4 7.9 7.1 7.1 4.3 8.1 8.9 6.4 8.1	31.1
Bolondr6n	41.7
C&rdenas	32.5
	34.8
Col6n	45.5
Jas;Oev Grande	24.4
Jovellanos	51.3
City of Jovellanos Marti	68.0 47.7
Matanzas	29.3
	32.6
Pedro Betancourt	47.0
Uni6n de Reyes	42.8

» Includes black, mixed, and yellow.

154

POPULATION.

	Total popu- lation.	PER CENT OF TOTAL.
OB CITT.	Male.	Female. 1	Native white.	Foreign white.	Colored.'
	ORIEMTE.
The province	455,086	61.4	48.6	60.9	6.0	43.1
Alto Songo	20,563 27,852 26,511 16,216 14,716 39,343 43,300 14,669 50,224 13,325 64,900 16,819 17,628 20,236 1 34,061 8,398 1 14,212 53,614 46.470	51.9 50.3 49.0 56.9 51.8 50.9 54.0 49.2 60.9 48.8 49.9 46.6 60.8 62.8 61.4 63.4 51.6 47.7 47.4	48.1 49.7 51.0 43.1 48.2 49.1 46.0 60.8 49.1 51.2 60.1 ^ii 39.2 47.2 48.6 46.6 48.4 62.3 62.6	24.9 43.6 56.4 29.3 19.8 75.6 23.0 26.7 83.6 83.4 56.9 64.9 51.6 41.1 71.4 66.2 24.1 33.2 32.1	3.3 2.1 1.3 17.6 6.0 6.4 9.6 12.7 3.8 0.7 3.7 6.3 13.5 4.3 4.0 2.7 7.0 11.2 11.2	71.8
Baracoa	54.8
Bayamo	42.3
Ganey	63.1
Cobre	74.2
Glbara	19.0
Guant&namo	67.6
City of OiMntdnamo Holguf Q	eo.e 12.6
JiguanI	16.0
Manzanillo	39.4
City of Manzanillo Mayarf	38. 8 34.0
Palma Soriano	64.6
Puerto Padre	24.6
Sagua de T&namo	41.1
San Luis	68.9
Santiago de Cuba	66.6
City of Santiago de Cuba .	66.7
	PINAR DEL rIo.
The province	240,372	53.5	46.5	68.7	6.4	24.0
Artemisa	14.719 11,552 11,471 28,819 15,336 29,236 11,041 50,071 10,634 20,388 19.807 11,092 16.840	54.3 52.0 52.3 52.7 61.0 66.4 53.2 53.3 49.0 53.5 54.1 53.9 52.7	45.7 48.0 47.7 47.3 49.0 43.6 46.8 46.7 61.0 46.6 45.9 46.1 47.3	66.9 50.5 73.5 66.2 64.9 73.2 81.6 67.9 66.4 65.4 70.5 69.6 74.0	6.8 4.2 4.0 3.8 6.1 9.8 4.1 7.7 11.6 6.5 7.8 6.5 6.7	26.3
Cabaflas	45.3
Consolacidn del Norte Consolaci6n del Sur Guanajay	22.5 30.0 29.0
Guane	17.0
	14.3
Pinar del Rio	24.4
City of Pinar dd Rio SanCristfibal	SS.O 29.1
San Juan y Martinez San Luis	21.7 23.9
Viflales	20.3
			SANTA	CLARA.
The province	457,431	52.9	47.1	63.9	8.6	27.5
Caibarien	10,053 8,333 16,979 14,683 70,416 30,100 10,239 18,183 15,760 16,682 11,309 14,616 12,637 22,083 26,937 12,393 16,861 36,572 17,440 21,573 46,620 16,702 11,407 20,776 29,548 11 ,197 13,707	61.4 60.6 65.5 64.9 63.3 63^8 52.9 64.9 64.5 52.9 62.0 62.0 55.0 51.0 48.2 55.4 60.8 46.3 52.3 52.6 47.5 54.6 53.2 48.5	48.6 40.6 44.5 45.1 46.7 61.9 46.2 47.1 46.1 45.5 47.1 48.0 48.0 45.0 49.0 61 .8 44.6 49.2 64-7 47.7 47.4 62.6 45.4 46.8 51.5 68.3 42.6	69.1 69.6 61.4 61.2 57.9 63.6 52.2 76.1 60.5 63.6 71.2 57.8 ! 66.5 1 61.5 1 57.5 64-7 i 78.8 73.4 68.6 63.4 68.7 69.8 56.2 67.4 59.7 4S.1 59.5	11.0 11.2 7.3 18.9 10.9 10.9 10.2 2.9 9.9 12.4 6.6 4.4 6.2 8.7 8.9 9.3 10.2 7.8 3.6 10.8 7.6 7.1 5.9 5.1 2.7 1 .1:^	19.9
	19.S
Calabazar	31.3
CamaJuanI	19.9
Cienfuegos	31.2
City of Cienfuegot Cruces	36.6 37.6
Esperanza	21.0
Palmira	29.6
Placetas	24.1
Quemado de GQines Rancho Veloz	23.2 37.8
Ranch uelo	28.3
Rodas	29.8
Sagua la Grande	33.6
City of Sagua la Grande. . San Antonio de las Vueltas . . Sancti-Spiritus	36.0 11.0 18.8
City of Sancti-Spiritus. . . . San Juan de los Remedios. . . Santa Clara	28.0 25.8 23.7
City of Santa Clara Santa Isabel de las Lajas. . . . Santo Domingo	33.1 37.9 27.5
Trinidad	37.6
City of Trinidad	49.6 24.8
Yaguajay

"Includes black, mixed, and yellow.

AVERAGE AGE. 155

Of the 82 municipalities, 8 only had an excess of females, while of the 74 in which males predominated, there were 12 in which that sex had 55 per cent or more. Classifying the municipalities in accordance with their per- centage of foreign whites, it appears that 18 contained less than 5 per cent; 45, or more than half, had between 5 and 10 per cent; 17 had at least 10 but less than 20 per cent; while 2 municipalities only, both of them in Habana province, had over 20 per cent.

As to proportion of colored, there was but 1 municipality which contained only 10 per cent; 49 contained more than 10 and less than 30 per cent and 23 had between 30 and 50 per cent; while in 9 more than half the population were colored.

AGE, SEX, COLOR, AND NATIVITY.

Probably the best summary of the age of a people or of an element of the population is the mean age — ^which is the figure that would be obtained if the ages of all the people were added together and the sum total divided by the number of people. Since it was impracticable to obtain the mean in this way, a shorter method has been followed. The number of inhabitants is given in the case of those under one year of age and of those in each year from 1 to 5. At greater ages the number is given in age groups of 5 years each, from 5 to 9, 10 to 14, etc. The number of persons of each year of age up to and including 4 years was multiplied by the actual number of years of age. The average age for those from 5 to 9 years of age is 7 years; conse- quently the number of children reported for those years was multiplied by 7. Similarly, the number in the next age group, from 10 to 14 years, was multi- plied by 12, and so on. These products were added together and the sum was divided by the total population of Cuba.

According to this method, the average age of the people of Cuba was 23.4 years. This is exactly one year less than the average in 1899; the diflFerence is due, as will be shown further on, to the enormous increase in the number of young children. The average age in 1907 was slightly less than that of the people of the Philippine Islands in 1903 (23.9 years), and decidedly less than that of the people of the United States in 1900 (26.3 years).

The following table shows for 1907 and 1899 the average ages of the inhabitants of Cuba, classified by sex and by color and nativity:

	AVEBAOK	AOB.
	1907	1899
Total	23.4			24.4
Males	23.9		24.8
Females	22.9 21.0 33.5 24.7		23.8
	21.7
Foreign born whites	35.1
Colored	26.1

156

POPULATION.

The change in the average age of foreign born whites is probably significant only of a change in the average age of the immigrants. The average age of the colored people of the United States in 1900 was 23.2 years.

The average ages of the people of each province and of Habana city were as follows in 1907:

	PROVINCE OB CITY.	Average age.
Cuba	23.4
City of Habana	25.3
Ha nana	25.0
Matanzas	24.0
CamagOey	24.3
Santa Clara	23.3
Oriente	22.0
Pinar del Rio	21.1

The reasons for these differences will be clearly developed in the discus- sion which follows.

The following table presents the percentages which the number of persons of different age groups bore to the total population in 1907, with similar figures for Cuba for 1899, Porto Rico for the same year, and the United States and Spain for 1900:

	PER CENT DISTRIBUTION.
AOE.	Cuba.	Porto Rico. 1899.	United States. 1900.	Spain.
	1907	1899	1900.
Under 1 year	3.2 16.8 11.0 8.8 11.5 11.4 9.0 6.6 6.8 6.3 3.9 3.4 1.9 2.0 0.9 0.8 0.4 0.3 0.1 0.1	1.5 8.3 14.4 14.0 11.3 9.7 8.7 7.6 6.3 6.4 3.8 3.7 2.2 2.2 0.9 0.7 0.3 0.3 0.1 0.1	2.8 16.8 15.1 13.0 9.8 9.3 8.8 6.8 6.0 4.6 2.8 3.5 1.6 1.9 0.7 0.6 0.2 0.3 0.1 0.1	2.6 12.1 11.7 10.7 9.9 9.7 8.6 7.3 6.5 6.6 4.5 3.9 2.9 2.4 1.7 1.2 0.7 0.4 0.2 (')	2.1
Under 5 years	H.6
5 to 9 years	11.4
10 to 14 years	10.5
15 to 19 vears	8.4
20 to 24 years	8.1
25 to 29 years	7.6
30 to 34 vears	6.9
35 to 39 years	6.1
40 to 44 years	6.2
45 to 49 years	5.1
60 to 54 vears	5.2
55 to 59 years	3.8
60 to 64 years	3.7
65 to 69 years . ,	2.1
70 to 74 years	1.7
75 to 79 years	0.8
80 to 84 years	0.5
85 to 89 years	0.2
90 to 94 vears	0.1

> Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent.

The following table presents percentages showing the proportion of inhab- itants in each age group in the case of the native whites, foreign whites, and colored in Cuba in 1907 and the colored in the United States in 1900:

AGE.

157

Under 1 year

Under 5 years

5 to 9 years

10 to 14 years

15 to 19 years

20 to 24 years

25 to 29 years

30 to 34 years

35 to 39 years

40 to 44 years

45 to 49 years

50 to 54 years

55 to 59 years

60 to 64 years

65 to 69 years

70 to 74 years

75 to 79 years

80 to 84 years

85 to 89 years

90 to 94 years

95 to 99 years

100 years and over.

PEB CENT D18THIBUTION.

Cuba, 1907.

Native white.

3.9

19.9

12.2

9.8

11.9

11.3

8.4

5.8

5.1

4.6

3.5

2.8

1.6

1.4

0.7

0.5

0.2

0.2

0.1

(«)

Foreign wiiite.

0.1

1.3

1.9

2.3

8.6

14.4

16.5

14.0

10.9

9.5

6.8

5.6

3.3

2.7

1.3

0.9

0.5

0.3

0.1

(»)

Colored. I

2.8

15.4

11.4

9.1

11.7

10.7

8.1

5.7

5.4

5.2

3.8

3.9

2.2

3.0

1.2

1.4

0.5

0.6

0.2

0.2

0.1

(»)

Colored in

United States.

1900.

2.8

13.7

13.6

12.3

11.1

11.0

8.4

6.1

5.5

4.3

3.8

3.3

2.1

1.9

1.1

0.8

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

(*)

(»)

1 Includes black, mixed, and yellow. * Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent.

The following table presents percentages showing the proportion of males and females in the total population and among the native whites, the foreign whites, and the colored:

	PEK CENT DISTRIBUTION.
AOK.	All classes.	Native white.	Foreigrn white.	Colored.!
	Male.	Female.	Male.	Female.	Male.	Female.	Male.	Female.
Under 1 year Under 5 years 5 to 9 years 10 to 14 years 15 to 19 years 20 to 24 years 25 to 29 years 30 to 34 years 35 to 39 years 40 to 44 years 45 to 49 years 50 to 54 years 55 to 59 years 60 to 64 years 65 to 69 years 70 to 74 years 75 to 79 years 80 to 84 years 85 to 89 years 90 to 94 years	3.0 16.1 10.6 8.6 10.9 11.6 9.3 7.0 6.0 5.6 4.2 3.5 2.1 2.0 0.9 0.8 0.3 0.3 0.1 0.1	3.3 17.4 11.4 9.0 12.2 11.2 8.7 6.2 5.5 4.9 3.6 3.4 1.8 2.1 0.9 0.8 0.4 0.3 0.1 0.1	3.9 20.4 12.5 10.1 11.3 11.2 8.3 5.8 6.1 4.8 3.6 2.8 1.6 1.2 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.1	3.8 19.4 11.9 9.6 12.6 11.3 8.6 5.9 6.1 4.6 3.3 2.9 1.6 1.6 0.7 0.6 0.3 0.2 0.1	(*) 0.9 1.3 1.8 9.0 15.0 15.7 14.3 11.2 9.8 7.0 5.5 3.2 2.5 1.2 0.8 0.4 0.2 0.1	0.3 3.5 4.6 4.3 6.8 12.0 14.4 12.8 10.0 8.3 5.8 5.9 3.5 3.5 1.8 1.3 0.9 0.6	2.9 15.9 11.7 9.4 10.9 10.7 7.9 5.4 5.0 5.0 3.7 3.8 2.5 3.2 1.4 1.5 0.6 0.7 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1	2.7 16.0 11.2. 8.8 12.3 10.7 8.2 5.9 5.7 6.6 3.9 4.0 2.0 2.7 1.0 1.3 0.5 0.6 0.2 0.2
				0.1
100 vears and over.							0.1
					0.1		0.1

> Includes black, mixed, and yellow.

' Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent.

158

POPULATION.

The children less than 1 year of age in Cuba in 1907 formed 3.2 per cent of the total population. In 1899, the proportion was less than half as large, being only 1.5 per cent. This small proportion was, as is well understood, the result of the war and the accompanying reconcentration. In the United States in 1900, the proportion at this age was 2.6 per cent; in Porto Rico in 1899, 2.8 per cent; and in the Philippine Islands in 1903, 2.4 per cent. Thus it will be seen that the proportion at this age in Cuba was very large, though not surprisingly large, when one reflects that the country had only recently emerged from an exhausting and deadly war and entered into a period of great prosperity. The proportion of males under 1 year of age to all males was 3.0 per cent, and the corresponding proportion for females was 3.3 per cent. Among the native whites the proportions were greater, being no less than 3.9 per cent for the total of that element and 3.9 and 3.8, respectively, for the males and females. Among the foreign born whites, the proportions were very small.

Among the colored, the proportion under 1 year of age was 2.8 per cent, those of males and females being, respectively, 2.9 and 2.7 per cent. These, it will be noted, are decidedly smaller than those of the native whites. This fact accords with the smaller rate of increase of the colored. The proportion of colored children under 1 year of age in the United States in 1900 was the same as the proportion in Cuba in 1907.

There are great differences among the different provinces and the city of Habana in the proportion of children as shown in the following table, which gives the percentages for children under 1 year of age, under 5 years, and under 10 years:

C ' iT---s=a:-i.: 1	FEB CZNT or TOTAL POPULATION.
PKOVINCE OH CITT.	Under 1 year of age.	Under 5 years of age.	Under 10 yean of age.
Cuba	3.2	16.8	27.8
CamagQey	3.1 2.6 2.1 2.9 3.7 3.6 3.2	15.8 13.9 10.7 16.0 18.6 19.6 17.5	27.2
	23.2
City of Habana	18.9
Matanzas	2S.9
	31 .0
Pinar del Rio	33.0
Santa Clara	28.2

The two provinces having the largest rates of increase in population had the greatest proportions of children under 1 year of age. Habana had the lowest proportion among the provinces, a position into which she was forced by Habana city, where there is a large proportion of adult foreign born. In the province, excluding the city, the proportion was 3.2 per cent. If the foreign born be excluded from the city of Habana, the proportion would rise to 2.7 per cent. This proportion is still small, but not less than that ordinarily found in large cities.

PROPORTION OF CHILDREN. 159

The highest proportion was in Pinar del Rfo, which had the highest rate of increase. The lowest, as before, was in Habana and for the same reason.

The children under 5 years of age in Cuba in 1907 formed 16.8 per cent of the total population. In 1899 they formed only 8.3 per cent, or less than one-half as much. The proportion in 1907 was very large, when compared with that of any other people for whom we have statistics. All in this age group were born since the revolution. In the United States in 1900 the corresponding group formed but 12.1 per cent of the total; in Porto Rico in

1899, 15.8 per cent; and in the Phihppine Islands in 1903, 15.1 per cent. The proportion of children under 5 years of age among the native whites

in Cuba in 1907 was 19.9 per cent, that of the males being 20.4 per cent and that of females, 19.4 per cent. The proportion among the foreign whites was 1.3 per cent and among the colored, 15.4 per cent.

In Cuba, in 1907, the children under 10 years of age formed 27.8 per cent of the total population. Here again the proportion is large. In 1899, it was but 22.7 per cent. In Porto Rico in the same year, however, this rate was exceeded, the proportion there being 30.9 per cent. In the United States, in

1900, it was 23.8 per cent and in the Philippine Islands in 1903, 28.8 per cent, or a little more than in Cuba in 1907. The proportion of the native whites at this age was 32.1 per cent, which is larger than any other figures here quoted ; that of the foreign born was 3.2 per cent and that of the colored, 26.8 per cent, the latter proportion being nearly as large as the figure for the total population.

Among the provinces there were differences in the proportion of children under 10 years of age, but they were not so great as those for the two younger periods.

Here the two provinces which increased most rapidly in population had the highest proportions of children under 10 years of age and, as before, Habana had the smallest proportion of any province, and Habana city the least of all.

During the revolution the children suffered the most severely, especially because of reconcentration. Not only were a large proportion of the living destroyed, but the birth rate was greatly reduced, owing to the absence of hus- bands and a reduction in the number of marriages. The children who sur- vived were in 1907 at least 8 years of age, and we should expect to find small proportions for the children above that age. An idea of the losses can be ob- tained by comparing the proportions in Cuba in 1907 with the corresponding figures for Porto Rico in 1899, which represent a people in a normal con- dition :

FEB CENT OF TOTAL.

Cuba, 1907.

Porto Rico, 1899.

DiCFerence.

5 to 9 years. 10 to 14 years.

11.0 8.8

15.1 13.0

4.1 4.2

160 POPULATION.

Aside from the above noted differences the figures for Cuba and Porto Rico show only minor and not significant differences. Comparison with the United States column shows that in Cuba the proportions were larger in childhood and early manhood, and smaller in more advanced ages. For age groups over 30 years the percentages were smaller in every case, and the totals were 31.5 for Cuba and 37.3 for the United States. With the exception of the group 50 to 54 years, at all ages above 35, percentages for Cuba were equal to or larger than those of Porto Rico, and the totals were 24.9 for Cuba and 21.4 for Porto Rico.

In the distribution of the population by age, the three elements, native white, foreign white, and colored differed widely from one another, and especially did the foreign whites differ from the others. The chief difference between the native whites and the colored is in the fact that in the latter the proportions of the young were smaller and those of the more advanced ages were larger. Up to 35 years, the proportions of native whites were in all cases the greater, and the total percentage below that age was 79.3 per cent as compared with 72.1 per cent for the colored.

The greater ages reported for the colored are, in part, doubtless fictitious; a much greater proportion of colored than of whites do not know their ages and persons ignorant of their ages are disposed to exaggerate them, especially if they are old. All indications go to show that the colored are not as long lived as the whites, and yet this table shows that 1.1 per cent of the colored were 80 years of age, as compared with only 0.3 per cent of the native white.

On the schedules 63 native whites and 15 foreign whites were reported as being more than 100 years of age, while of the colored no fewer than 444 were so reported. It is doubtful if one of these cases was correctly reported. This exaggeration of age among the old and ignorant is not peculiar to Cuba. It is almost as prevalent in the United States. In the Census of 1900 of that country, 470 native whites and 2,674 colored were reported as being over 100 years of age.

The contrast between the age distribution of the native whites and the foreign whites is great. Among the latter there were very few young children. Indeed, only 14.1 per cent of the total number were below the age of 20, while of the native whites 53.8 per cent, or more than half of the total, were below that age. Between the ages of 20 and 39 years were found 54.8 per cent of the foreign whites, and only 30.6 per cent of the native whites. The foreign whites, too, were relatively more numerous in the more advanced ages than the native whites.

The composition of the total population and its elements as to sex is shown above. Of the total population, females formed the larger percentage up to the age of 20 years. From that age to 65, males were in greater proportion and for the more advanced ages the proportions of the sexes were about equal.

Among the native whites, males formed the larger proportions up to the age of 15 years. From that age to 35, females formed the larger proportions..

AGE GROUPS BY PROVINCES.

161

For the ages from 40 to 50, males were proportionally more numerous, while beyond 50 the percentages of females were equal to or greater than those of males.

In the case of the foreign whites, the percentages of females were greater than those of males up to 15 years. Indeed, while only 4.0 per cent of males were under 15 years of age, 12.4 per cent of the females were under that age. From 15 to 50 years the percentages of males were the greater, while above 50, as a rule, those of females were the larger.

Of the colored, the percentages of males were larger up to 15 years; then the percentages of females were equal to or larger than those of males up to 55 years, above which age the proportions of males equaled or exceeded those of females.

The following table presents, for each of the provinces and for the city of Habana, the proportions which the people of each age group formed of the total population :

	PER CENT DISTRIBUTION.
AOE.
	Camagtley.	Habana.	Matanzas.	Oriente.	Pinar del Rio.	Santa Clara.	City of Habana.
Under 1 year ....	3.1	2.6	2.9	3.7	3.6	3.2	2.1
Under 5 years	15.8	13.9	16.0	18.6	19.6	17.6	10.7
6 to 9 years....	11.4	9.3	9.9	12.4	13.4	10.7	8.2
10 to 14 years.. . .	10.8	7.8	8.9	9.8	8.8	8.6	7.9
15 to 19 years. . . .	12.5	11.2	11.4	12.0	11.1	11.5	11.4
20 to 24 years.. . .	11.8	12.2	10.7	11.2	10.6	11.5	12.8
25 to 29 years	7.7	10.4	8.4	8.2	9.4	8.6	11.2
30 to 34 years... .	5.1	8.3	6.6	4.9	6.8	6.5	9.0
35 to 39 years	4.6	7.1	6.1	4.7	6.4	5.6	7.6
40 to 44 years	5.2	6.7	5.4	6.0	4.6	5.5	6.1
45 to 49 years.. . .	4.2	4.2	3.9	3.9	3.0	4.0	4.5
50 to 54 years. . . .	3.7	3.5	3.8	3.4	2.7	3.5	3.6
55 to 59 years	2.2	2.0	2.3	1.8	1.4	1.9	2.2
60 to 64 years	2.1	2.0	2.8	1.8	1.6	2.0	2.1
65 to 69 years.. . .	1.0	0.9	1.3	0.8	0.6	0.9	1.0
70 to 74 years.. . .	0.9	0.7	1.2	0.7	0.6	0.8	0.8
75 to 79 years	0.4	0.3	0.6	0.3	0.2	0.4	0.4
80 to 84 years	0.4	0.3	0.6	0.3	0.2	0.3	0.3
85 to 89 years	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1
90 to 94 years.. . .	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1
95 to 99 years	(')	(1)	0.1	m	(1)	(')	(')

> Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent.

The small proportion of children of 8 years and over, which was noted in the discussion concerning the total population, is plainly shown here in the case of each province, but in different degrees. Apparently, Habana suffered most severely from the war and reconcentration, as .was to have been expected, Matanzas also suffered greatly, and Santa Clara nearly as much, while Cama- giiey felt the effects of the war the least, as was also to have been expected. It is impossible to measure its effects in Habana city, as the presence of a large foreign element in the population greatly complicates the situation.

The distribution of children under the age of 10, by provinces, has been dis- cussed. The proportion of the population between the ages of 10 and 19 ranged from 19.0 per cent in Habana up to 23.3 per cent in Camagiiey. This class has

11

162

POPULATION.

'been affected in marked degree by the war, as shown above, and their propor- 'tion was little lai^er than that of the next group, 20 to 29 years. Indeed, in Santa Clara the two were equal and in Pinar del Rio and Habana the class 20 fto 29 years was the larger. In Pinar del Rfo this is the result of the war and in iHabana the war and the large foreign element were jointly the cause.

The group 20 to 29 years formed proportions ranging from 19.1 per cent in Matanzas to 20.1 per cent in Santa Clara and 22.6 per cent in Habana, where its magnitude was due to the foreign born. In Habana city the proportion, 24.0 per cent, was even greater. The next group, 30 to 39 years, shows a greater range and several curious anomalies. The lai^est proportions were found in the city and the province of Habana, the percentages being 16.6 and 15.4, re- spectively. The next largest proportion was that of Matanzas, 12.7 per cent, while the smallest proportion, 9.6 per cent, was found in Oriente. In Camagiiey and Oriente the proportions were less than half as great as those for the pre- ceding age group. In Camagiiey it dropped from 19.5 per cent to 9.7 per cent; and in Oriente, from 19.4 per cent to 9.6 per cent. In Pinar del Rio and Santa Clara the drop was nearly as great, in the first, from 20.0 to 12.2 and in the second, from 20.1 to 12.1.

The next group, 40 to 49 years, also shows anomalies. Among the provinces, except Pinar del Rfo, the range was small, being only from 8.9 per cent in Oriente up to 9.9 per cent in Habana. Pinar del Rfo, however, showed only 7.5 per cent. In Camagiiey the reduction in the proportion from the group next preceding was only 0.3 per cent, from 9.7 per cent to 9.4 per cent. Again, in Oriente, the reduction was only from 9.6 per cent to 8.9 per cent. In the next group, 50 to 59 years, the proportions ranged from 4.1 per cent in Pinar del Rfo up to 6.1 per cent in Matanzas. Those at least 60 years of age were in greatest proportion in Matanzas, 6.6 per cent; least in Pinar del Rfo, 3.3 per cent; and small in Oriente, 4.1 per cent.

The province of Matanzas is characterized by a large proportion of elderly people, 12.7 per cent being at least 50 years of age, while in Pinar del Rfo only 7.4 per cent were above that age, and in Oriente only 9.3 per cent. Mea- sured in this way the provinces rank in the following order:

PROVINCE OB CITT.	Per cent 50 years of age and over.	PROVINCE OB CITT.	Per cent 60 years of age and over.
Cuba	10.0
	, 1 <3nTitn PltiT-n	10.0 9.9
	12.7 10.9 10.6
	Oriente	9.3
City of Habana	Pinar del Rio	7.4

The following table shows the proportions of native whites, foreign whites, and colored in each age group:

PERSONS IN PRIME OF LIFE.

163

PER CENT OF TOTAL POPULATION,

Native white.

Foreign white.

Colored.

All ages. . .

Under 1 year.. . . Under 5 years. . . , 5 to 9 years. . . 10 to 14 years. . . 15 to 19 years. . . 20 to 24 years. . . , 25 to 29 years. . . ,

30 to 34 years

35 to 39 years ... 40 to 44 years. . . , 46 to 49 years. . . , 50 to 54 years ... 66 to 59 years ... 60 to 64 years. . . . 66 to 69 years . . . . 70 to 74 years . . . , 75 to 79 years ... 80 years and over

59.8

9.9

30.3

72.8 71.1 66.7 66.2 61.9 59.1 55.9 52.8 62.8 62.1 53.1 49.3 48.4 42.0 43.5 36.4 39.6 27.3

0.3

0.8

1.7

2.6

7.4

12.6

17.1

21.1

18.9

17.9

17.3

16.2

16.7

13.5

14.9

11.0

13.2

7.4

26.9 28.1 31.6 31.2 30.7 28.4 27.0 26.1 28.3 30.0 29.6 34.6 34.0 44.5 41.6 52.6 47.2 66.3

The proportion of the native whites diminished quite constantly from the youngest to the oldest; on the other hand the proportion of the colored varied slightly up to 50 years, and then increased rapidly. This results from two causes: the larger proportion of children among the native whites, and the tendency among the colored to exaggerate their ages. Of course, the latter cause, in so far as it was effective, has falsified the returns.

The proportion of foreign whites increased from the youngest age group to that of 30 to 34 years, when it reached a maximum.

PERSONS IN THE PRIME OF LIFE.

The number of persons between the ages of 18 and 44 years was, in 1907, 880,052. This was 43 per cent of the population. In 1899, the correspond- ing proportion was 42.3 per cent; there was, therefore, a slight but not signif- icant increase at the later census. In 1907, this class was composed of 54 per cent males and 46 per cent females — the large excess of males being accounted for by the presence in this age group of the majority of the foreign bom, among which element of the population 4 out of 5 were of the male sex.

The following table shows the proportion which this age group formed of the total population of each province and the city of Habana:

PROVINCE OR CITY.	Per cent popula- tion from 18 to 44 years of age form of total population.	PROVINCE OR CITY.	Per cent popula- tion from 18 to 44 years of age form of total population.
Cuba	43.0
	42.1
	38.9 39.6 41.3	Santa Clara	42.7
CamagOey ...	Habana	48.4
Pinar del Rio	City of Habana	81.7

Habana city and province had the largest proportions, because of their large number of foreign bom.

164

POPULATION.

The following table shows the distribution by sex of the population from 18 to 45 years of age for each province and for the city of Habana:

	PROVINCE OR CITY.	PER CENT	OP TOTAL.
	Male.	Female.
Cuba	54.0	46.0
Matanzas	61.5 52.5 54.6 54.1 65.1 56.4 66.9	48.5
	47.5
CamagOey	45.5
Santa Clara	45.9
Pinar del Rio	44.9
Habana	44.6
City of Habana	44.1

Habana city contained the largest proportion of males, because of its large foreign bom population.

CITIZENSHIP.

The subject of citizenship is naturally divisible into two parts: the citizen- ship of the entire population, and that of the potential voters, males at least 21 years of age.

Total population. — The citizenship of the entire population is shown in the following table:

CITIZENSHIP.	Number.	Per cent.
Total	2,048,980	100 0
	1,780,628 228,138 40,214	86.9
	11 1
Other and unknown	2.0

The following table summarizes the total population by citizenship and by sex, color, and nativity:

	Total population.	CITIZENSHIP.
COLOR AND NATIVITY AND SEX.	Cuban.	Other and unknown.
Total	2,048,980	1,780.628	268,352
	1,074,882 974,098	893,408 887,220	181 474
Females	86 878
Native white	1,224,539	1,136,017	88 522
Males	608.597 615,942 203,637	571,592 564,425 43,289	37 005
Females	51 517
Foreign white	160 348
Males	163,014 40,623 620,804	33,859 9,430 601,322	129 155
	31 193
Colored	19 482
Males	303,271 317.533	287,957 313,365	15 314
Females	4 168

CITIZENSHIP.

165

The following table shows the proportion of Cuban citizens and of all others in the total population, distributed by color and nativity and by sex:

COLOB AND NATIVITT AND SEX.

Total

Males

Females

Native white.

Males

Females

Foreign white

Males

Females

Colored

Males

Females

PER CENT OF TOTAL POPULATION.

Cuban citizenship.

86.9

83.1 91.1

92.8

93.9 91.6

21.3

20.8 23.2

96.9

95.0 98.7

Other and

unknown

citizenship.

13.1

16.9 8.9

7.2

6.1 8.4

78.7

79.2 76.8

3.1

6.0 1.3

Of the total population, nearly seven-eights were Cuban citizens. The pro- portion of males was smaller, since about four-fifths of the immigrant aliens were males. More than nine-tenths of the females were Cuban citizens. Of the native white, about eleven-twelfths were Cubans. Here the proportion of Cuban citizenship was greater among males than among females. Of the foreign whites, only about one-fifth were of Cuban citizenship.

Of all the elements of the population, the colored showed the largest pro- portion of Cuban citizenship, only 3.1 per cent being aliens. In the case of the males, because of the inclusion of the alien Chinese, the proportion of aliens was greater, 5 out of every hundred being aliens, but of the females, only 13 in a thousand were of other than Cuban citizenship.

The following table shows the per cent distribution by age of those of Cuban and those of other citizenship, for the total population, for the males, and for the females, by nativity:

166

POPULATION.

Total....

Under 5 years . . . 6 to 9 years....

10 to 14 years

15 to 24 years

26 to 34 years. . . .

36 to 44 years

45 to 64 years. . . ,

55 to 64 years

65 years and over

Total

Under 5 years . . .

5 to 9 years

10 to 14 years....

15 to 24 years

26 to 34 years....

35 to 44 years

46 to 64 years

66 to 64 years

65 years and over

Total

Under 5 years . . . 6 to 9 years.... 10 to 14 years. . . . 16 to 24 years.... 26 to 34 years.... 36 to 44 years. . . . 46 to 54 years.... 55 to 64 years. . . . 66 years and over

Total

Under 6 years . . .

5 to 9 years

10 to 14years. ... 16 to 24 years....

25 to 34 years

35 to 44 years. . . .

46 to 54 years

65 to 64 years.... 65 years and over

PER CENT DISTRIBUTION.

Both sexes.

Cuban citizen- ship.

Other and un- known citizen- ship.

Males.

Cuban citizen- ship.

100.0

17.6

11.5

9.2

22.8

14.6

10.6

7.2

3.9

2.6

100.0

10.2

11.8

9.5

23.4

14.7

10.1

6.6

3.1

1.7

100.0

0.6 1.2 1.6 9.1

27.9 24.8 17.9 10.4 6.6

100.0

16.8

11.5

9.3

22.7

13.6

10.6

7.7

4.8

4.0

Other and un- known citizen- ship.

Females.

Cuban citizen- ship.

TOTAL POPULATION.

100.0

11.1

7.6

6.2

23.9

22.0

14.0

8.1

4.6

2.6

100.0

17.7

11.6

9.4

22.0

14.8

10.9

7.4

3.8

2.4

100.0

8.4

5.7

4.9

25.2

23.7

15.1

8.8

5.3

2.9

100.0

17.4

11.4

9.1

23.6

14.6

10.3

7.0

3.9

2.8

NATIVE WHITE rOPXH^ATION.

100.0

29.3

17.9

13.6

21.0

8.7

6.1

2.9

1.1

0.4

100.0

19.4

11.9

9.7

22.7

14.8

10.4

6.8

2.9

1.4

100.0

36.7

21.9

16.3

20.6

2.8

1.1

0.9

0.4

0.3

100.0

18.9

11.7

9.3

24.1

14.6

9.7

6.3

3.3

2.1

FOREIGN WHITE POPULATION.

100.0

100.0

1.6

2.1

2.5

26.7

29.9

19.3

10.9

4.8

2.2

0.3

0.9

1.0

7.9

29.0

26.0

18.5

10.3

6.1

100.0

1.1

1.4

2.0

28.2

30.4

19.6

11.0

4.5

1.8

100.0

1.2

2.6

3.5

13.6

24.0

20.5

16.6

10.8

8.4

COLORED POPULATION .>

100.0

6.3

4.5 3.8 13.8 17.4 10.5 8.5 19.2 16.0

100.0

16.5

12.2

9.8

22.2

13.1

10.0

7.4

4.7

4.1

100.0

4.1

2.9

2.4

11.0

17.6

10.4

9.1

23.6

19.0

100.0

15.1

11.2

8.8

23.0

14.1

11.2

7.9

4.8

3.9

1 Includes black, mixed, and yellow.

Among the provinces there were considerable differences in the distribution by citizenship of the total population, as shown on the following page:

CITIZENSHIP.

167

	PER CENl	OF TOTAL POPULATION.
PBOVINCE OR CITY.	Cuban citizenship.	Spanish citizenship.	Other and unknown citizenship.
Cuba	86.9	11.1	2.0
CamagQey	91.3 90.9 90.2 89.2 87.0 80.0 72.6	7.1 6.7 8.9 8.7 11.7 17.4 23.9	1.6
Oriente	2 4
Pinar del Rio	0.9
Matanzas	2 1
Santa Clara	1.$
Habana	2 6
City of Habana	3.5

The proportion of Cuban citizens was highest in Camagiiey and lowest in Habana city, the low proportion in the city being the result of the presence there of large numbers of immigrants. The largest proportion of aliens was found, naturally, in Habana city.

The following table gives the relative composition as regards citizenship, of the race and nativity groups of the population of the provinces and the city of Habana:

	PER CENT OP TOTAL POPULATION.
PROTINCB OH CITT.	Cuban citizenship.	Other and unknown citizenship.
	NATIVE WHITE POPULATION.
Cuba	92.8	7.2
CamagOey	95.6 94.9 93.2 92.6 91.6 91.3 87.3	4.4
Oriente	5.1
Pinar del RIo	6.8-
Matanzas	7.*
Santa Clara	8.4i
Habana	8.7
City of Habana	12.7
	FOREIGN WHITE POPULATION.
Cuba	21.3	78. r
	29.2 24.5 24.1 21.3 20.9 18.9 14.7	70.8
Pinar del RIo	75.5
	75.9
Santa Clara	78.7
	79.1
City of Habana	81.1
	85.3:
	COLORED POPULATION.!
Cuba	96.9	3.1
Pinar del RIo	99.1 98.0 97.0 96.8 96.2 96.0 96.4	0.9
	2.0
	3.0
	3.2
	3.8
Matanzas	4.0
	4.6

1 Includes black, mixed, and yellow.

168

POPULATION.

The largest proportion of Cuban citizens among the native white population was in Camagiiey and the smallest in Habana province and city. In the latter about one-eighth of the whites born in Cuba were aliens.

The province whose foreign bom inhabitants had, to the largest extent, adopted Cuban citizenship was Matanzas, and the one in which the greatest proportion had remained aliens was Oriente.

The proportion of Cuban citizens among the colored was everywhere very high, ranging from 95.4 per cent in Habana city to 99.1 per cent, or practically the entire number, in Pinar del Rio.

POPULATION 21 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER.

The inhabitants of Cuba who were at least 21 years of age in 1907 num- bered 1,011,737, and formed about one-half (49.4 per cent) of the total popu- lation of the island. In 1899, this age group formed the same proportion of the population. In 1907, this group was composed of 551,639 males and 460,098 females, the percentages for the two sexes being 54.6 and 45.4, respec- tively. The number of males of this age who were Cuban citizens was 430,514, of which number 420,576 were, according to Cuban laws, competent to vote. The number excluded from citizenship by the electoral law was 131,063, being composed of persons of foreign citizenship and the rural guards and others of Cuban birth.

The following table shows the proportion which the members of this age group formed of the total population for each province and for the city of Habana :

PBOVDJCB OK cirr.	Per cent.	PROVINCE OB CITT.	Per cent.
Cuba	49.4
	'MafOTi'rao	51 4
Cama^ey	47.0 55.3 58.9	Oriente	44.6
Habana	Pinar del Rio	44.6
City of Habana . . .	Santa Clara	49.2

The following table presents the relative distribution by sex, of the population 21 years of age and over, for each province and for the city of Habana:

	PROVINCE OK cmr.	PER CENT TION AT TEABS	OP POPtTLA- LEA8T 21 or AQE.
	Male.	Female.
	54.5	45.5
	54.4 54.6 64.1 53.4 52.7 56.9 55.6	45.6
	45.4
Cltv of Habana	45.0
	46.6
Oriente	47.3
Pinar del Rio	43.1
	44.4

MALES OF VOTING AGE.

169

MALES OF VOTING AGE.

The total number of males of voting age was 551,639, this number being a little more than one-fourth (26.9 per cent) of the total population. In the United States in 1900 males of voting age formed a somewhat larger proportion (27.8 per cent) of the total population of that country.

The following table presents the data concerning the citizenship and literacy of males of voting age:

	MALES AT LEAST 21 YEARS OP AGE.
CITIZENSHIP AND EDUCATION.	AU classes.	White.
	Born in Cuba.	Born in Spain.	Born in other countries.	Colored.!
Total	561,639	264,042	127,882	8,765	150 960
Cuban citizenship	430,514	260,331	31.363	992	137 828
Literate	212,930 217,584 6,322 2,296 4,026 121.125	138.466 121.865 5.559 1.951 3.608 3.711	22.472 8.891 520 241 279 96.519	804 188 90 32 58 7,763	51 188
Illiterate	86 , 640
Degrees received	153
Academic	72
Professional	81
Other and unknown citizenship	13.132
Literate	89.217 31.908 1.396 621 775	3.094 617 215 93 122	75.343 21.176 622 323 299	6,600 1,263 540 194 346	4.280
Illiterate	8,852
Degrees received	19
Academic	11
Professional	8
		PROVINCE OP CAMJ	IlOUET.
Total	30,257	18.940	b.113	636	5 568
Cuban citizenship	25,540	18.722	1,452	69	6,297
Literate	14,419 11.121 293 18 275 4.717	10,752 7,970 266 14 242 218	984 468 23 3.661	58 11 6	2,625 2.672 8 2
Illiterate
Degrees received
Academic
Professional	6 567	6 271
Other and unknown citizenship
Literate	3.626 1,092 70 13 67	195 23 10	2.765 896 18 6 12	541 26 42 7 35	124
Illiterate	147
Degrees received
Professional	10
		PROVINCB OF HAl	3ANA.
Total	162.456	71,084	55,837	3.579	31.956
Cuban citizenship	113,070	70.039	14,053	346	28 632
	75.617 37.453 3,088 1,014 2,074 49,386	48,532 21 ,607 2.745 852 1.893 1.046	11,453 2.600 248 126 122 41,784	315 31 45 16 30 3,233	15,317
Illiterate	13,316
Degrees received	50
Academic	21
Professional	29
Other and unknown citizenship	3,324
Literate	41,943 7.443 668 320 348	972 73 118 64 64	36,780 6,004 320 169 161	2,918 315 225 94 131	1 273
Illiterate	2,051
Degrees received	5
Academic	3
Professional	2

^Includes black, mixed, and yellow.

12

170

POPULATION.

	MALES AT t£AST 21 TEAB8 OF AOE
CmZENSRIP AND EDUCATION.	AU classes.	White.
Bom in Cuba.	Bom in Spain.	Bom in other countries.	Colored.'
	CTTT OP HABANA.
Total	94.771	32.324	41,497	2.637	18,413
Cuban citizenship	67.370	31.543	9,515	270	16,042
Literate	48,684 8.686 2,489 812 1.677 37,401	28.893 ! 8.616 2,660 899 2,193 1 213	267 13 37	10,918
Illiterate	6,124
Degrees received	46
	673 ' 108 12	19
Professional	1,620 105	25 2,267	27
Other and unknown citizenship	781	31,982	2.371
Literate	33,290 4.111 576 295 . 280	757 24 105 49 66	29.501 2.481 280 163 117	2,072 195 186 81 106	900
Illiterate	1,411
Degrees received ; . . .	4
Academic	a
Professional	s
	PROVINCE OF IfATANZAB.
Total	66.787	29.046 j 11.467	491	24,783
Cuban citizenship	64,086	28.612 3,585	69	21.820
Literate	23,526 30.661 759 406 353 11.701	15.526 2,164	47	5,798
Illiterate	13,086 1,431 1 22 668 61 8 370 27 4 298 34 4 434 7.882 422	16,022
	22
Academic	5
Professional	17
Other and unknown citizenship	2.963
Literate	7.073 4,628 144 85 59	354 1 5,851 296 80 i 2,031 126 24 1 70 49 15 1 43 26 9 27 23 1 1	572
Illiterate	2.391
	1
Academic	1
Professional
	PKOVINCE OF OKIENTE.
Total	106.905	46,332	16,620	2,506	41,447
Cuban citizenship	87.305	45,710	2,795	319	38 481
Literate	38,702 48,603 690 275 415 19,600	21,525 24.186 582 219 363 622	2,006 789 52 25 27 13,825	252 67 21 8 13 2,187	14,919
Illiterate	23 662
Degrees received	■ 35
Academic	28
	19
Other and unknown citizenship	2.966
Literate	14,106 5.494 241 92 149	671 51 25 11 14	10,155 3,670 67 37 30	1,709 478 138 37 101	1,671
Illiterate	1 295
Degrees received	11
Academic	7
Professional	4

'Includes black, mixed, and yellow.

MALES OF VOTING AGE.

171

		MALES AT LEAST 21 TISAlin OF AOE.
CmZENSHIP AND EDUCATION.	All classes.	White.
Born in Cuba.	Born in Spain.	Born in other countries.	Colored.*
		PROVINCE	OP PINAR	DEL rIo.
Total	60,975	35,383	11,225	678	13,688
Cuban citizenship	51,200	34,793	3.108	59	13,240
Literate	16,879 34,321 329 112 217 9,775	12,072 22,721 289 91 198 590	2,088 1,020 35 19 16 8,117	43 16 5 2 3 619	2,676 10,564
Illiterate
Degrees received
Academic
Professional
Other and unknown citizenship. .'.	449
Literate	6,751 3.024 54 21 33	352 238 5 4 1	6,805 2,312 36 14 22	443 176 13 3 10	151
Illiterate	298
Degrees received
Academic
Professional
		PROVING	E OF SANTA	CLARA.
Total	125,259	63,257	27,620	865	33 517
Cuban citizenship	99,313	62,455	6,370	130	30 358
Literate	43,788 65,625 1,163 471 692 25,946	30,059 32,396 1,019 405 614 802	3,787 2,583 101 42 59 21,250	89 41 5 3 2 735	9 853
Illiterate	20 ' 505
	' 38
Academic	21
Professional	17
Other and unknown citizenship	3,159
Literate	15,719 10,227 219 90 129	650 152 33 9 24	13,987 7,263 111 54 67	593 142 73 27 46	489
Illiterate	2 670
	2
Academic
	2

•Includes black, mixed, and yellow.

The following table shows for each province and for the city of Habana, first, the proportion which males of voting age bear to the total population and second, the proportion which Cuban citizens bear to the total population:

PROVINCE OR CITY.

PER CENT OF TOTAL POPULATION.

Males at

least 21 years

of age.

Male Cuban

citizens at

least 21 years

Of age.

Total

CamagQey

Habana

City of Habana

Matanzas

Oriente

Pinar del RIo . . Santa Clara. . . .

26.9

21.0

25.6 30.2 31.9 27.4 23.5 25.4 27.4

21.6 21.0 19.3 22.6 19.2 21.3 21.7

172

POPULATION.

The smallest proportions of males of voting age were found in those provinces where the increase of population was the most rapid and where presumably the proportion of children was greatest, and the largest proportions were in the metropolis and its province, as a result of the presence in the more populous center of large numbers of foreign born adults.

The smallest proportions of Cuban citizens to the total population were found in Oriente and in Habana city. In Oriente the reason for the small proportion is the large number of children, while in Habana city the very cause which produced a large proportion of males 21 years and over, caused a small proportion of Cuban citizens, namely, the presence of large numbers of foreign bom. The largest proportion was in Matanzas province, where families were small and the rate of increase of population low.

Color and nativity. — The males of voting age in Cuba in 1907 were dis- tributed as follows by color and nativity:

	itKHES AT LEAST 21 TEABB OF AQE.
	Number.	Per cent distribution.
Total	551.639	100.0
White: Born in Cuba	264,042 127,882 8,755 150.960	47.8
Born in Spain	23.2
Born in other countries	1.6
Colored	27.4

Nearly three-fourths of the males of voting age were white, and nearly one- half were native white. The colored formed a little more than one-fourth and the whites of Spanish birth, a little less than one-fourth.

Of the total number of males of voting age, 430,514, or 78.0 per cent, were Cuban citizens. These were distributed as follows by color and nativity:

	MALE COBAN CITIZENS AT LEAST 21 TEABS OF AGE.
	Number.	Per cent distribution.
Total	430.514	100.0
White: Bom in Cuba	260.331 31.363 992 137,828	60.6
Born in Spain	7.3
Bom in other countries	0.2
Colored	32.0

Three-fifths of all Cuban citizens were native whites, and nearly one-third were colored, while practically all of the remainder were of Spanish birth. The natives of other countries had become naturalized in Cuba to only a trifling extent.

Males of voting age who were of other than Cuban citizenship numbered

MALES OF VOTING AGE.

173

121,125 and formed 22 per cent of all males of voting age. They were dis- tributed as follows by color and nativity:

	MALE ALIENS AT LEAST 21 TEARS OF AOB.
	Number.	Per cent distribution.
Total	121,125	100 0
White: Born in Cuba	3,711 96,519 7.763 13.132	3 1
Born in Spain	79 7
Bom in other countries	6.4
Colored	10 8

Naturally the greater part of the aliens were of Spanish birth. Almost all of the alien colored were Chinese.

The following table shows the proportions which the aliens of each of the above elements of the population bore to the total population of voting age of that element:

COLOR AND NATIVITT.

Per cent male aliens form of

total male

population at

least 21 years

of age.

Total

White:

Born in Cuba

Born in Spain

Born in other countries Colored

22.0

1.4 75.5 88.7

8.7

Almost all, 98.6 per cent, of the native whites had remained Cuban citizens and more than nine-tenths of the colored owed allegiance to this island. Of the Spanish born, less than one-fourth had become naturalized in Cuba; and of white persons of other birth the proportion was still smaller.

The following table shows for each province and for the city of Habana the composition of the males of voting age, as regards nativity and race:

	PER CENT OP	MAI.E POPUIATION AT LEAST 21 TEARS OP AGE.
PKOVINCE OR CITY.	White.
	Born in Cuba.	Bom in Spain.	Born in other countries.	Colored.*
Total	47.8	23.2	1.6	27.4
Camagtiey	62.6 43.7 34.1 44.2 43.3 58.0 50.5	16.9 34.4 43.8 17.4 15.5 18.4 22.0	2.1 2.2 2.7 0.7 2.4 1.1 0.7	18.4
	19.7
City of Habana	19.4
	37.7
	38.8
Pinar del Rio	22.5
	26.8

» Includes black, mixed, and yellow.

174

POPULATION.

It is notable that in Habana city natives of Spain were the largest class and outnumbered even the white Cubans. The proportion of white Cubans was greatest in Camagiiey and least in Habana city; that of Spaniards was greatest in the city and least in Oriente; that of other foreign born was greatest in the city and least in Matanzas and Santa Clara; and the colored were most numerous in Oriente and Matanzas and least numerous in Camagiiey.

The following table shows, for each province and for Habana city, the com- position of the body of Cuban citizens, as regards nativity and race:

	PER CENT OF MAI^ CUBAN CITTJIKNS AT LEAST 21 TBAB8 OF AQB.
FROVINCE OR CITY.	White.
	Born in Cuba.	Born in Spain.	Born In other countries.	Colored.'
Total	60.5	7.3	0.2	32.0
GamagQey	73.3 62.0 56.0 52.9 62.4 67.9 62.9	5.7 12.4 16.6 6.6 3.2 6.1 6.4	0.3 0.3 0.5 0.1 0.4 0.1 0.1	20.7
Habana	26.3
City of Habana	27.0
Matanzas	40.4
Oriente	44.0
Plnar del Rio	26.9
Santa Clara	. 30.6

' Includes black, mixed, and yellow.

The largest proportion of white Cubans was in Camagiiey, and the smallest proportions in Oriente and Matanzas provinces, in which the colored were the most numerous. The largest proportion of natives of Spain was naturally in Habana city, where it was more than double that of any province except Ha- bana, and more than double the proportion in that province exclusive of the city.

The following table shows for each province and for Habana city the com- position of the aliens, as regards nativity and race:

	PEB CENT OF MALE ALIENS AT LEAST 21 YEARS OF AOB.
FBOVINCE OK CITY.	White.
	Born in Cuba.	Born in Spain.	Born in other countries.	Colored.*
Cuba	3.1	79.7	6.4	10.8
CamagOey	4.6 2.1 2.1 3.7 3.2 6.0 3.1	77.6 84.6 86.5 67.4 70.5 83.1 81.9	12.0 6.6 6.1 3.6 11.2 6.3 2.8	6.8
Habana	8.7
City of Habana	6.3
Matanzas	26.3
Oriente	15.1
Pinar del Rfo	4.6
Santa Clara	12.2

> Includes black, mixed, and yellow.

Naturally white Cuban-born aliens formed small proportions of the total number of aliens, while the natives of Spain formed by far the greater part. In Matanzas province, where the Spaniards were found in smallest proportion, they formed over two- thirds of all the aliens; the largest proportion, that for

LITERACY OF MALES OF VOTING AGE.

175

Habana city, was about six-sevenths of the total. The colored aliens were most numerous, proportionally, in Matanzas, where they formed one-fourth of the total number of aliens, and least numerous in Pinar del Rfo, where they formed less than one-twentieth of the total.

Literacy. — The following table shows the proportion of literate among the Cuban and alien males of voting age, classified by color and Nativity:

COLOR AND NATIVITY.

Cuba

White:

Born in Cuba

Born in Spain

Born in other countries Colored

PER CENT LITEBATE AMONQ MALES AT LEAST 21 YEARS OF AGE.

Total.

54.8

53.6 76.5 83.4 36.7

Cuban citizenship.

49.5

53.2 71.6 81.2 37.3

Other and

unknown

citizenship.

73.7

83.4 78.1 83.7 32.7

While a little more than one-half of all of the males of voting age were liter- ate, the proportion of literate among the whites bom in Spain and other foreign countries was much higher. There was, moreover, a surprisingly high percent- age of literacy among the native Cubans who had adopted foreign citizenship. Probably most of these were Cubans who had been educated in foreign lands. The percentage of literates is higher in the case of aliens than in the case of Cuban citizens, for every class except the colored, where it is notably less.

In the 19 cities having a population of at least 8,000 inhabitants each there were 118,586 male Cuban citizens of voting age. Of these, 93,268 were able to read, this number forming 78.7 per cent of the total, which indicates a very high degree of literacy. In the rest of the island, which may be regarded as the rural part, the number of such citizens was 311,928, and the number of literates among them, 119,662. The percentage of literacy in the rural districts was only 38.4 per cent, being in striking contrast with the corresponding figure for the cities.

The following table presents for the urban and rural districts of each province the percentages of literacy among male Cuban citizens of voting age:

	PROVINCE.	PER CENT LITERATE AMONG M.ULS CT7BAN CITIZENS AT LEAST 21 TEAKS OP AOE.
	Cities having 8,000 or more inhabitants.		Rural districts.
Total .	78.7			38.4
	82.8 81.6 79.3 72.8 67.3 66.9			55.3
	49.6
	61.7
	62.4
	68.4
	64.8

176

POPULATION.

The highest urban literacy was in Habana, which was followed closely by Camagiiey, The lowest proportions of literates in the cities were in Matanzas and Pinar del Rio. The rural literacy was greatest in Pinar del Rio and least in Camagiiey, where less than one-half the voters could read. In every province except Pinar del Rfo literacy was greater in the cities than in the country.

The following table shows for each city of more than 8,000 inhabitants the proportion of literates among male Cuban citizens of voting age:

INHABrrA.NT8.	Per cent literate.	CITT HATINO AT LSAST 8,000 nfBABITANTS.	Per cent Uterate.
	84.8 82.9 81.6 78.3 77.3 75.4 75.1 73.5 73.1 71.6	Trinidad	71.6
	Calbarito	71.3
■CamagQey	C&rdenas	69.1
	Marianao	68.2
	Pinar del Rio	67.3
Guant&narno	Sancti-Spiritus	65.0
Sagua la Grande	San Antonio de los Bafios GOines	63.0
	59.7
	jovellanos	41.7
Manzanillo

Education. — Of male Cuban citizens of voting age, 6,322 held degrees in- dicating college or technical education. Of these, 2,296 were academic degrees and 4,026 were professional degrees. The following table shows the proportion of persons holding degrees among the Cuban and alien males of voting age, classified by color and nativity:

	FEB CENT OF MALES AT LEAST 21 YEARS OF AQE WITH DEOREES.
COLOR AND NATTVITT.	Total.	Cuban citizenship.	Other and unknown citizenship.
Total	1.4	1.5	1.2
White: Bom in Cuba	2.2 0.9 7.2 0.1	2.1 1.7 9.2 0.1	5.8
Bom in Spain	0.8
Bom in other coiintries	7.0
Colored	0.1

The proportion of those who had received higher education was greater among the native white Cubans than for any other class except the whites of other countries.

CONJUGAL CONDITION.

A natural family, as distinguished from groups of persons called families by the census, usually originates when a man and a woman begin to live to- gether and apart from their kindred. If the man or woman goes to live with the kindred of the other party, the census does not regard this as a new family. Under American law such a commencement of cohabitation is usually pre- ceded by an expression of social approval of the union in the form of a mar-

CONJUGAL CONDITION.

177

riage ceremony, ci\il or religious. American legislation tends to encourage such public announcement of the intent of the parties by making the ceremony easy and inexpensive. American courts also incline to hold parties married, if they were legally able to marry and intended to do so, even though they did not meet all the requirements of the law. For example, emancipated slaves in the United States have usually been held to be married to the persons with whom they were cohabiting and the court has not insisted that a marriage ceremony should be proved. The Spanish law, on the contrary, like the law of most Catholic countries, holds a ceremony of marriage to be necessary to institute a lawful relation of husband and wife, and under its provisions the intent of the parties is by no means so decisive a factor as it is under Ameri- can jurisprudence.

A class of persons has been recognized by the Cuban census who would not be legally husband and wife, or legally parent and child, under Spanish law, but who would in most cases be so considered under American law. These are persons who were living together as man and wife without legal sanction of their union, and also the children of such persons. The classes which appear are (1) the single, within which is included every one who has never been lawfully married and who was not living without legal sanction as the hus- band or wife of another; (2) the legally married, or those living together in lawful wedlock; (3) consensually married, or those living together by mutual consent but without sanction of law as husband and wife; and (4) the widowed, or those who had been lawfully married, but whose marriage had been ended by the death of the other.

The following is a summary of the conjugal condition of the people of Cuba:

CONJUGAL CONDITION.

Total

Single

Married

Oonsensually married Widowed

Number.

2,048,980

1,369,476

423,537

176,509

79,468

Per cent distribution.

100.0

66.8

20.7

8.6

3.9

The married. — The number of married persons in Cuba in 1907 was 423,537, or 20.7 per cent of the population. In 1899 the proportion was 15.7 per cent; in 1861, 16.5 per cent; and in 1841, only 8 per cent. Thus there was in 1907 a much larger proportion of the population reported as married than ever before. It was also larger than the proportions so reported in Porto Rico and Jamaica in 1899 (16.6 per cent and 18.6 per cent, respectively), but less than the proportions reported so in the United States in 1900 (36.5 per cent) and in Spain in the same year (37.7 per cent). Indeed, nearly every country of Europe has a higher proportion of its population married than Cuba has. It must be remembered, however, that in Cuba there is another element to be added, the consensually married, to make these comparisons

178

POPULATION.

entirely just. Moreover, as has been shown, the population contains a very large proportion of young children, which, of course, tends to reduce the propor- tion of married in the total population.

The proportion of married to population differed in the different provinces as follows:

PBOVINCS.	Number married.	Per cent.
Cuba	423,537	20.7
Ho-hAnn. ,,..,.,,	124,166 26,316 101,726 65,336 47,943 46,013 77,374	23.1
CamagOey	22.3
Santa Clara	22.2
City of Habana	22.0
Pinar del Rio	10.9
MatanzAA ,.,,.....,..	19.2
Oriente	17.0

Oriente, where the proportion of young children was very large, and, as will be seen later, the proportion of consensual marriages was also large, had the smallest proportion of married in its population, while Habana had the largest proportion. The reason for the differences among the above proportions will be developed farther on.

Whether the married persons in Cuba were more numerous in cities or in country districts is shown by the following table:

	Total popula- tion.	MARRIED.
	Number.	Per cent.
Total	2,048,980	423,537	20.7
Nineteen cities	619,835 1,429.145	129,029 294,508	20 8
Rest of Cuba	20 6

The difference in the proportions is too slight to be significant. An analysis by provinces, however, brings out differences not shown in considering Cuba as a whole. The following table shows these proportions by provinces and brings out differences which were hidden in the summary:

	FBOTINCE.	PER CENT MARRIED.
	In urban districts.	In rural districts.
Cuba	20.8		20 6
CamagOey	22.2 21.9 20.0 19.8 18.7 18.6		22 3
Habana	26.1
Santa Clara	22.8
Pinar del Rio	20 0
Matanzas	19.4
Oriente	16.7

CONJUGAL CONDITION.

179

In every province except Oriente the proportions of the population married were greater in the rural districts, the differences between them ranging from trifling proportions up to 2.8 per cent in Santa Clara and 3.2 per cent in Ha- bana. In Oriente the proportion in cities was decidedly greater.

The 19 larger cities of Cuba stood as follows as to the proportion which the married formed of the total population:

CITY HAVING AT LEAST 8,000 INHABITANTS.	Per cent.	CITT HAVINO AT LEAST 8,000 INHABITANTS.	Per cent.
Total	20.8	Guanabacoa	19.7
		19.6 19 6
San Antonio de los Baflos	24.8 24.2 22.2 22.0 21.3 21.0 20.4 19.8 19.7	Manzanillo
Caibari^n	Santiago de Cuba	19 6
Cainagtley		19.5
Habana	Trinidad	19 5
Marianao		18.9
Sancti-Spiritus	Guant&namo.	18 4
C&rdenas		17.6
Pinar del Rio	Jovellanos	13 5
Cienfuegos

The above shows 6 cities with greater percentages of married than the average for Cuba and 13 with smaller percentages. The first group contains Habana, with its suburb, Marianao, and the considerable city of Camagiiey. The second group contains most of the second class cities of the island, including Santiago de Cuba, Matanzas, Cienfuegos, Manzanillo, and others. There is no apparent relation between the size of the city and the proportion that the married form of the total population.

Of the married, 217,511 were males and 206,026 were females. This excess of married men over married momen, 11,485, or 5.3 per cent of the married men, is to be accounted for by the presence of married immigrants, who have left their wives behind them. Following are the numbers of married men and married women in each province with the excess of one over the other:

	MARRIED.
PBOVINCE.	Men.	Women.	Excess of men.
Cuba	217,511	206,026	11,485
r?. Camagtley
13,467 64,733 23,267 39,539 24,656 51,849	12,849 59,433 22,746 37,835 23,287 49,876	618
Habana	5.300
	521
Oriente	1,704
Pinar del Rio	1,369
Santa Clara	1,973

Nearly half of the excess of married men was in Habana province. In 1899, the excess of married men over married women was only 4,783, or 3.8 per cent of the married men, while in 1861 it was 7,203, or 6.1 per cent of the married men.

180

POPULATION.

It is commonly assumed that marriage does not begin with either sex below the age of 15. By this census 86 persons only, 4 males and 82 females, below that age were reported as married. If children under that age be excluded, the proportion between those of marriageable age and those married becomes much more significant. This is shown below with similar figures for Cuba and Porto Rico in 1899 and for the United States in 1900 for comparison:

COUNTKT AND CENSUS.

Per cent married form of popula- tion at least 15 years of age.

Cuba, 1907

Cuba, 1899

Porto Rico, 1899. . . United States, 1900

32.6 24.7 29. «

55.5

The elimination of the large numbers of young children in Cuba in 1907 greatly increases the proportion.

The following table shows the per cent of the population 15 years of age and over which is married in each age group in comparison with similar per cents for Cuba in 1899 and for the United States in 1900:

FEB CENT MABBIED.

Cuba.

1907

1899

United States, 1900

Total

15 to 19 years. . . .

20 to 24 years

25 to 29 years

30 to 34 years

35 to 44 years

46 to 54 years

55 to 64 years

65 years and over Unknown

32.6

5.8 24.8 41.7 49.9 49.1 42.1 30.0 16.7

8.3

24.7

3.2 15.4 28.8 37.1 39.3 33.0 24.0 14.9

9.4

55.5

6.0 34.2 60.6 73.6 79.2 78.3 70.4 60.8 32.8

From the above it appears that in no age group were as many as half the people married, the highest proportion being in the age group 30 to 34 years, in which 49.9 per cent of the people were married. The proportions for 1907 were, however, much larger than the corresponding proportions in Cuba in 1899, when the highest proportion was 39.3 per cent for the age group 35 to 44 years. The proportion was smaller than the corresponding proportion in the United States in 1900, in every age group, and in several age groups, particu- larly the older ones, the proportions were much smaller. In the youngest age group, 15 to 19 years, they approached the United States figures most closely, being but slightly less. The proportion of the total married in this age group in Cuba in 1907 was much greater than it was in 1899, the proportions

CONJUGAL CONDITION.

181

being 3.2 per cent and 2.4 per cent, respectively. In the United States in 1900 the corresponding proportion was still less, namely, 1.7 per cent.

The following table shows what proportion of the total number of married was in each age group in Cuba in 1907 and in 1899 :

PER CENT DISTRIBUTION OP TOTAL MARRIED.

1907	1899
3.2	2.4
13.7	9.5
18.2	16.0
15.9	17.9
26.2	29.5
14.9	15.7
5.8	6.7
2.1	2.3

15 to 19 years. . . 20 to 24 years. . . 25 to 29 years. . .

.30 to 34 years

35 to 44 years. . . 45 to 54 years. . . 55 to 64 years ... 65 years and over

The largest proportion in any 5-year age group was in that of 25 to 29 years. From that age on, there was a steady decline in the proportion of married. Comparison with the figures of 1899 show that in 1907 the married were rela- tively more numerous at ages up to 29 years and less numerous at more ad- vanced ages.

The following table shows by provinces the per cent of adults (15 years and over) who were married, both in 1907 and in 1899:

	PROVINCE OR CITT.	PER CENT MARRIED FORMED OF TOTAL POPULATION AT LEAST 15 TEARS OF AQE.
	1907	1899
Cuba -	32.5		24.7
Camagtley	35.9 35.1 34.2 33.4 30.1 29.4 28.6		34.1
Santa Clara	25.0
Pinar del Rio	25.8
Habana	26.3
City of Habana	24.8
Matanzas .	20.5
Oriente	21.8

A wide range is noticeable from Camagiiey down to Oriente. In every pro- vince the proportion is greater than it was in 1899 and in some cases startlingly so. One-third of all persons of 15 years of age and over were married, as compared with one-fourth eight years earlier.

It is a well known fact that in the great majority of marriages the man is older than the woman. To obtain a measure of this difference in age, it is necessary to analyze the figures of conjugal condition by sex and compute the average ages of married men and married women. The average Cuban husband was 40 years of age, the average wife 33 years. There is thus a difference of seven years between them.

182

POPULATION.

The following table gives the proportion which the married of each sex in each age group bore to the total population of that group. Corresponding figures from the census of 1899 are introduced for comparison.

16 to 10 years

20 to 24 years

26 to 29 years

30 to 34 years

36 to 44 years

45 to 54 years....

65 to 64 years

66 years and over Unknown

PIBB CKNT MABRIED.

1807

Males.

0.4 11.6 35.1 48.3 52.6 50.6 39.7 25.4

9.0

Females.

11.0 40.2 49.4 51.8 44.8 31.7 18.8 7.7 7.4

1899

Males.

0.2 6.5 20.0 34.3 42.1 39.4 31.6 23.1 10.6

Females.

6.0 25.0 38.8 40.4 36.8 25.3 16.0 6.7 7.2

The per cent of males married in the age group 20 to 24 years was but slightly different from the per cent of females married in the age group 15 to 19 years. The agreement is not so close in the next periods, but the per cent of males married in the age group 30 to 34 years accords closely with the per cent of females married in the next younger age group. The maximum per cent of males who were married was in the age group 35 to 44 years, while for females it was in the age group 30 to 34 years.

The following table shows by provinces and age groups the per cent of males and females who were married:

			PER	CENT MARRIED.
AGE.
	CamagQey.	Habana.	Habana city.	Matanzas.	Oriente.	Pinar del Rio.	Santa Clara.
	MALES.
15 to 19 years. . . .	0.4	0.3	0.3	0.4	0.5	0.3	0.4
20 to 24 years ....	11.8	9.7	8.1	11.4	13.9	11.0	12.0
25 to 29 years	39.2	32.5	27.2	34.6	35.6	36.0	37.3
30 to 34 years	52.1	47.3	42.1	47.6	45.0	49.0	51.0
35 to 44 years ....	59.3	53.8	50.0	48.6	46.3	53.8	55.9
46 to 64 years ....	60.0	53.9	52.5	42.9	44.0	52.6	53.3
65 to 64 years ....	51.6	44.2	45.2	28.0	38.5	43.3	38.6
65 years and over	39.3	30.3	31.7	16.4	29.6	28.2	21.2
				FEMALES.
15 to 19 years. . . .	0.7	9.6	7.0	9.9	10.6	12.9	13.0
20 to 24 years	41.1	38.0	31.5	36.6	37.8	43.7	44.9
25 to 29 years ....	54.5	60.0	43.7	46.6	42.6	60.2	66.0
30 to 34 years	60.9	62.6	47.0	47.0	44.4	50.8	57.4
35 to 44 years. . . .	54.8	45.7	41.4	40.2	37.4	47.7	49.6
45 to 64 years ....	42.3	31.9	29.7	26.3	27.3	35.9	34.6
65 to 64 years ....	29.4	18.4	16.5	16.0	16.2	23.0	18.8
65 years and over	12.2	7.8	6.8	6.8	7.3	9.7	7.4

CONJUGAL CONDITION.

183

Of males, the highest proportions of married at ages 15 to 19 and 20 to 24 were in Oriente; at all other ages the highest proportions were in Camaguey. The highest proportion in any age group was in Camaguey, at ages 45 to 54. The highest in Habana and Habana city were in the same age group, while in the other four provinces the maximum proportion was in the next younger age group, 35 to 44 years. The smallest proportions in the youngest age groups were in Habana and Habana city, and in the older age group in Matanzas. Of females, the highest proportions of married up to 30 years of age were in Santa Clara. At more advanced ages the highest proportions were in Camaguey. The lowest proportion in the age group 15 to 19 years was in Habana city and in the age group above 65 years it was in Matanzas.

The highest proportion of married males was at about the age of 45, except in Matanzas and Oriente where it was apparently 10 years earlier. Among women, the maximum proportion was at about the age of 30, except in Habana city, where it was apparently a little older, say about 32 years.

Not nearly so large a proportion of the colored were married as of the whites, as is shown below:

	Total population.	MARBIED.
	Number.	Per cent.
Total	2,048,980	423,537	20.7
White	1,428,176 620,804	363,820 59,717	25.4
Colored	9.6

The proportion of colored who were married was but little more than one- third that of the whites. The different provinces, however, differed greatly in this regard, as is seen below:

	PROVINCE OK CITT,	PER CBNT	HARRIED.
	White.	Colored.'
Cuba	25.4	0.6
Matanzas	27.8 27.6 26.7 26.5 24.1 23.5 21.3	5.2
Habana	8.3
City of Habana	8.2
Santa Clara	11.0
Camag^Oey	14.0
Pinar del Rio	9.3
Oriente	11.3

> Includes black, mixed, and yellow.

In Matanzas, the proportion of married among the whites was between 5 and 6 times that among the colored; in Habana and Habana city it was between three and four times as great, and in Camaguey it was less than twice as great.

184

POPULATION.

In two former censuses, those of 1841 and 1861, comparable returns as to the number of whites and colored who were married were obtained, and from them the following table has been compiled:

	CENSUS.	PKB CENT MARRnCD.
	White.	Colored.
1841	10.4 22.8 20 4 25.4	6 2
1861	8.1 6.1 9.6
1899
1907

From the above it appears that the per cent of married among whites has increased greatly in 66 years, though there was a slight falling off in 1899, due to the war and to the fact that the per cent of married among the colored has also increased, though not by any means as rapidly.

The proportions married of the several classes of population were as follows :

COLOR AND SEX.	Total population.	MARRIED.
Number.	Per cent.
White: Males	771,611 656,565 303,271 317,533	188,370 175,450 29,141 30,576	24 4
Females	26.7
Colored:! Males	9 6
Females	9.6

1 Includes black, mixed and yellow.

It has already been shown that there was nearly three times as large a pro- portion of married among all whites as among all colored. This is equally true when only those of marriageable age are considered, as is seen below.

In the following table similar per cents are given for each province and the city of Habana:

	PROVINCE OR dTT.	PER CENT MARRIED FORM OF POPULATION AT LEAST 15 YEARS OF AGE.
	White.	Colored.
Cuba	40.3		15.0
Matanzas	43.7 42.6 40.4 40.1 39.1 36.3 35.6		7.6
Santa Clara	16.7
Pinar del Rio	15.8
Habana	11.8
Camagtley	21.7
City of Habana	11.4
Oriente	19.3

Among whites a larger proportion of the adult population was married in Matanzas province than elsewhere in Cuba and a smaller proportion in Oriente. Among colored, the proportion of married was smallest in Matanzas and

CONJUGAL CONDITION.

185

largest in Camagiiey. In Matanzas the proportion of married among the whites was nearly six times as great as among the colored; while, on the other hand, in Camaguey and Oriente the proportion of the married among the colored was more than half that of the whites.

In the provinces the proportion of married was far more uniform among the whites than among the colored. The range of proportions of the whites was from 36.5 per cent in Oriente to 43.7 per cent in Matanzas, while among the colored the range was from 7.6 per cent in Matanzas to 21.7 per cent in Camaguey. The proportion of married among the colored in Camaguey was nearly three times that in Matanzas. To what extent thase wide differences in the proportion of the married in the provinces are reduced by consensual marriages, will appear later.

j?%The following table presents the adult population and the married, by color and sex, with percentages:

	Population at least 15 years of age.	UABBIED.
COLOR AND SEX.	Number.	Per cent of total.
White: Males	503,434 400,070 191,185 206,098	188,367 175,380 29,140 30,564	37 4
P'emales	43 8
Colored:' Males	15 2
Females	14 8

» Includes black, mixed, and yellow.

The married among white males were relatively nearly two and one-half times as numerous as among colored males and the married among the white females nearly three times as numerous as among the colored females. The proportion of married among white females was decidedly greater than the proportion among white males ; while of colored males, the proportion married was somewhat greater than that of colored females.

v> In any community, that sex which is weakest numerically contains the largest proportion of married persons, and vice versa. Of the whites of Cuba, the males formed no less than 54 per cent, while among the colored, the same sex was slightly in the minority, with 48 per cent. Below are given similar pro- portions for each province and Habana city:

	PER CENT MARRIED FORM OF TOTAL.
PROVINCE OR CITY.	Males.	Females.
	White.	Colored .»	White.	Colored.!
Camagiiey	37.4 36.9 33.5 41.0 34.3 36.9 39.1	21.5 12.6 12.8 7.5 19.6 15.7 16.3	41.4 44.3 40.3 47.0 37.2 45.0 46.9	21.0
Habana	11.1
City of Habana	10.3
Matanzas	7.8
Oriente	18.0
Pinar del Rio	16.8
Santa Clara	17.0

' Includes black, mixed, and yellow.

186

POPULATION.

The proportion of white females returned as married was larger in each pro- vince than the proportion of white males so returned. In each province also white males were in excess of white females. Among the colored larger pro- portions of the males than of the females were married in four of the prov- inces, but in Habana province and city and in Oriente the reverse was true. In Camagiiey, Pinar del Rio, and Santa Clara, colored males were in excess of colored females, and the proportion of females returned as married was larger in each. In Habana and Oriente the proportion of females was the larger and the proportion of males returned as married was larger in each. So far the provinces followed the proposition laid down above, that the sex which is in the minority contains the greater proportion of married. But in Matanzas more than half of the colored population were females, while the proportion of married of that sex was the greater. The difference in the pro- portion of the sexes returned as married was, however, slight.

In the following table is shown the per cent which the married formed of the total number of persons in each age group, classified by sex and color:

FEB CENT MARBIKD FOBlf OF TOTAL.

Males.

White.

Colored.*

Females.

White.

Colored.*

All ages.

24.4

9.6

26.7

9.6

16 to 19 years

20 to 24 years

25 to 29 years

30 to 34 years

36 to 44 years

45 to 54 years. . . .

55 to 64 years

66 years and over.

0.4 12.5 39.0 54.3 61.3 61.6 56.5 46.8

0.3 9.0 20.3 26.8 25.7 21.6 13.4 7.6

13.2 48.4 61.1 65.6 59.3 43.7 27.1 11.9

6.» 22.0 23.0 21.8 17.4 11.5 6.4 3.0

> Includes black, mixed, and yellow.

The proportion of married was much greater among whites than among colored for each sex in all age groups, and as the age increased the differences between them also increased. The married were proportionally about 2.5 as numerous among white men as among colored men, and among women of the two races, the proportion was 2.8. Taking these ratios as standards, it appears that the colored men were above the standard up to about 35 or 40 years of age, and colored women up to perhaps 27 years. Above those years the propor- tions for the colored were below the average. The proportion of white males married reached and passed that of white females at about the age of 35 years; and, similarly, the proportion of colored males married passed that of colored females at about the age of 30 years.

The tables relating to conjugal condition classify the white population also with respect to nativity, as native whites and foreign whites. The native whites numbered 1,224,539. Of these, 286,389, or 23.4 per cent, were married. The

CONJUGAL CONDITION.

187

foreign whites numbered 203,637 and of these, 77,431, or 38 per cent, were married. Thus it appears that a much larger proportion of the foreign white were married than of the native white. But as among the native white there were large numbers of young children, while there were scarcely any among the foreign white, the comparison is hardly a just one. It will be fairer to take out from both elements of the population the children under 15 years of age. The number of native whites of 15 years of age and over was 711,262; of these, 286,322, or 40.2 per cent, were married. The foreign white of 15 years and over numbered 192,242, of whom 77,425, or 40.2 per cent, were married. The proportions are identical. The following table classifies the married white by sex and nativity:

NATIVITY AND BEX.	White popu- lation at least 15 years of age.	ILABRIED.
Number.	Per cent of total.
Native white: Males	346,856 364,406 156,578 35,664	130,609 155,713 57,758 19,667	37.6 42.7 36.9 55 I
Females
Foreign white: Males
Females

The above shows that native white males and females were married in nearly equal proportions, but that of the foreign whites the proportion of women married was much greater than that of men. This is due to the fact that few single women have migrated to the island.

The following table shows what per cent of the adult white population is married, by nativity, sex, and age group:

	PER CENT MARRIED FORM OP POPULATION AT LEAST 15 TEAKS OF AOB.
AOK.	Males.	Females.
	Native white.	Foreign white.	Native white.	Foreign white.
15 to 19 years	0.5 14.7 45.6 60.0 64.1 62.6 56.2 46.6	0.2 6.1 26.0 45.9 66.3 59.8 57.1 47.0	13.1 48.2 60.3 64.4 58.1 42.6 26.3 11.2	16.0
20 to 24 years	61.7
25 to 29 years	68.4
30 to 34 years	73.3
35 to 44 years	69.4
45 to 54 years	52.9
66 to 64 years	33.0
66 years and over	16.9

In every age group except the two highest, the proportion of native white males married exceeded the proportion of foreign white males married, while on the other hand, the proportion of foreign white females married exceeded that of native white females married in every age group. In other words, a larger proportion of native white men were married than of foreign white men,

188

POPULATION.

and a much larger proportion of foreign white women were married than of native white women. This doubtless means that a large proportion of im- migrant white women have come to Cuba with their husbands.

Consensually married. — On the schedules in the present census there are many cases in which a man and woman of about the same age were reported as occupying the same house but as bearing different names and standing in no admitted relations to each other. In most cases the family included one or more children bearing the woman's name. All such families were entered on the schedules by the initials C. M,, meaning consensually married, or per- sons cohabiting as husband and wife without formal legal sanction upon the union, and the children were entered as technically illegitimate. Any one fa- miliar with Cuban life knows that in certain classes and regions such unions are frequent and often as permanent, and secure as good care and nurture f6r the children, as if the law had sanctioned the relation.

The number of persons thus living together in 1907 was 176,509, or 8.6 per cent of the total population. In 1899 the proportion was 8.4 per cent. There has been a slight increase in the proportion during the eight years. In Porto Rico in 1899 the proportion was 8.8 per cent, or a little more than the pro- portion in Cuba in 1907.

A fairer comparison than with population may be with the number of mar- ried. In 1907, for every consensual marriage, there were 2.4 legal marriages.

The provinces of Cuba showed the following per cents of persons consen- sually married to population in 1907 and 1899.

	PROVINCE.	PER CENT CONSENSUALLY MARRIED FORMED OF TOTAL.
	1907.	1899.
Cuba - -	8.6	8.4
CamagQey	6.6 6.5 7.3 7.5 11.1 12.6	3.9
Pinar del Rio	7.2
Habana	6.8
Santa Clara	7.6
Oriente	12.1
Matanzas	10.4

The smallest proportion in 1907 was in Camaguey, as in 1899. The largest was in Matanzas, which since 1899 had replaced Oriente in this position. Camaguey, Habana, and Matanzas increased their proportions, Pinar del Rfo and Oriente decreased theirs, and Santa Clara had the same proportion in 1907 as in 1899.

To a considerable extent, consensual marriages supplement legal marriages, being in general more numerous where the proportion of legal marriages is below the average and vice versa. This is shown as follows by per cents of population:

CONJUGAL CONDITION.

189

	PER CENT	MARRIED FORM POPUIM.TION.	OF TOTAL
	Both classes.	Legally married.	Consensually married.
Cuba	29.5	20.7	8 8
Matanzas	31.8 30.4 29.7 28.1 27.9 26.4	19.2 23.1 22.2 17.0 22.3 19.9	12 6
Habana	7 3
Santa Clara	7 5
Oriente	11 1
Camaglley	5 6
Pinar del Rio	6 5

The proportion which those legally and consensually married bore to the total population, 29.3 per cent, does not compare unfavorably with the pro- portion of married in other countries, as in the United States, 36.5 per cent, and in Spain, 37.7 per cent. The provinces which had the smallest proportion of married, as Oriente and Matanzas, had the largest proportion of consensual- ly married, while on the other hand, Camagiiey, which had the smallest pro- portion of consensually married, had very nearly the largest proportion of married.

The following are the proportions of those consensually married in the 19 largest cities:

CITY HA VINO AT LEAST 8,000 INHABITANTS.	Per cent consensually married form of total population.	CITY HA VINO AT LEA8T 8,000 INHABITANTS.	Per cent consensually married form of total population.
Cuba	8.0	Marianao	8.3
		8 4
	4.5 4.5 4.7 5.1 5.8 6.1 6.9 7.8 8.0	GuantS,namo	9.5
	Matanzas	9.7
	Guanabacoa	9.7
	Cienfuegos	10.2
		10.5
	GOines	10.8
	Manzanillo	12.5
	Jovellanos	19.4
Pinar del Rf o

Of the above, the proportion in 11 is less than the proportion for Cuba and in 8 it is greater.

The distribution of the consensually married in city and country is of in- terest. This is shown below.

	Total Population.	CONSENBUALLT HABRDtD.
AREA.	Number.	Per cent.
	619,835 1,429,145	49,598 126.911	8.0
	8.8

190

POPULATION.

It is plain that consensual marriage is more prevalent in the rural parts of Cuba than in the cities.

The following table extends this study into the provinces, showing per cents only. Corresponding figures for 1899 are added for comparison :

PBOT1NC>.

FEB CKNT CONaENSUALLT MAKBI2D.

1907

In urban districts.

In rural districts.

1899

In urban districts.

In rural, districts.

CamagQey . . .

Eabana

Matanzas . . . .

Oriente

Pinar del Rto Santa Clara . .

6.0 6.3 13.2 11.8 6.4 7.4

3.1 7.7 7.6 8.2 7.7 7.2

4.3 6.S 11. f 12. • 7.1 7.f

In 1907, the proportion in the rural districts was greater in the provinces of Camagiiey, Matanzas, and Oriente, and less in those of Habana, Pinar del Rio, and Santa Clara. The rural parts of Matanzas and Oriente contained the largest proportions of all, while in the cities of Matanzas province this mode of family life was very prevalent.

Of the 82 municipalities of Cuba, there was 8 in which the number of con- sensually married exceeded the number of lawfully married. These were Jo- vellanos and Pedro Betancourt in Matanzas province and Alto Songo, Bayamo, Cobre, Guantdnamo, Manzanillo, and Palma Soriano in Oriente province. In 1899, out of the 135 municipalities which then existed, there were no fewer than 25 in which the number of consensually married exceeded the number of lawfully married.

Of the 176,509 consensually married in Cuba, 85,131, or 48.2 percent, were males and 91,378, or 51.8 per cent, were females. Considering adults only, the number and proportion of the consensually married, together with similar figures for Cuba and Porto Rico in 1899 added for comparison, are given in the following tabular statement:

,	POPULATION	AT LEAST 15 TEABS OF AOB.
	Total.	Consensually married.
	Number.	Per cent.
Cuba, 1907	1,300,787 995,761 534,941	176,495 131,732 84.241	13.6
Cuba, 1899	13.2
Porto Rico, 1899	15.7

As a result of the increase of young children in Cuba in the 8 years preced- ing 1907, the increased proportion shown for Cuba in that year as com-

CONJUGAL CONDITION.

191

pared with 1899 is relatively greater than the increase based upon total population would be.

In the following table proportions based upon adult population by provinces, are given for 1907 and 1899 :

PROVINCE.	PER CENT CON8EN8UAI.lt MARRIED.
	1907	1899
Matanzas	19.4 18.7 11.8 11.1 11.0 10.6 9.1	15.9 21.3 11.7 11.8 10.7 9.6 7.0
Oriente
Santa Clara
Pinar del Rio
City of Habana
Habana
CamagOey

Owing to the differing proportions of young children in the different pro- vinces, the above figures for 1907 bear little relation to corresponding percent- ages based upon total populations. In 4 of the above provinces and Habana city the proportions were greater in 1907 than in 1899. In 2 only, Pinar del Rfo and Oriente, were they less. These provinces, it will be remembered, had the greatest rate of increase and the largest proportion of young children.

In the following table the proportion which the total, the consensually mar- ried, and the legally married formed of the total population in 1907 is given by age periods:

15 to 19 years

20 to 24 years

25 to 29 years

30 to 34 years.. . . 35 to 44 years. . . .

45 to 54 years

65 to 64 years

65 years and over

PER CENT MARRIED FORM OP TOTAL POPULATION.

Both	Consensually	Legally married.
classes.	married.
7.6	1.7	6.8
33.1	8.3	24.8
57.0	15.3	41.7
67.8	17.9	49.9
69.9	20.8	49.1
62.6	20.5	42.1
47.8	17.8	30.0
32.3	15.6	16.7

It will be noted that the proportion of the consensually married is relatively largest in the more advanced age groups. In the age period 15 to 19 years they formed less than one-third the proportion of the legally married, while in the age group 65 years and over, the proportions were nearly the same. When those of advanced ages were younger, doubtless the practice of consensual marriage was more common than now; moreover, the colored, among whom consensual marriage is much more common than among whites, are relatively more numerous at advanced ages than at the younger ages.

192

POPULATION.

In the following table proportions of the legally married and the consensu- ally married are classified by sex and by age groups. The corresponding per- centages of married and consensually married in Cuba, in 1899, are also shown:

	PER CENT HARRIED FORM OF TOTAL POPULATION.
	Males.	Females.
AOK.	1907.	1899. both closses.	1907.	1899. both classes.
	Both classes.	Legally married.	Consen- sually married.	Both classes.	Legally married.	Consen- sually married.
15 to 19 years 20 to 24 years 25 to 29 years 30 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 66 years and over. .	0.6 16.1 46.5 63.5 71.9 72.0 60.6 45.7	0.4 11.6 35.1 48.3 52.6 50.6 39.6 25.4	0.2 4.5 11.4 15.2 19.3 21.4 21.0 20.3	0.6 11.0 32.2 50.6 61.0 59.1 50.1 40.1	14.1 52.9 69.2 73.2 67.4 51.0 32.9 18.5	11.0 40.2 49.4 51.8 44.8 31.7 18.8 7.7	3.1 12.7 19.8 21.4 22.6 19.3 14.1 10.8	10.6 39.7 56.2 60.2 55.2 40.5 26.2 14.4

The separation of the sexes in the age analysis is very important, since the ages of the married of the different sexes differ widely. Comparing the legally married with the consensually married of the same age periods, it is seen that among the males of 15 to 19 years, the proportion of the legally mar- ried was double that of the consensually married, and that the ratio between the two increased, reaching a maximum at about 30 years of age, when it was more than 3 to 1. From that age on it decreased so that among those of 65 years and over, the consensually married were four-fifths as numerous as the legally married.

The proportion of the legally married to the consensually married among females was largest in the youngest age group and diminished steadily to the highest age group, at which age the number of consensually married was greater than the number of the legally married in the proportion of 10 to 7.

The increase in the proportion of legally married to consensually married among males in the four lower age groups is not significant, as it was small and the numbers involved are not large. The decrease in that proportion with advancing years, or the increasing proportions of consensually married to legally married with males above 30 years and with females at all ages, is due in part to a general diminution of the custom, and in part to a relative reduction in more recent years in the proportion of colored in the total population, among whom the custom is most common.

The maximum proportion of all married is found among males at about 45 years, and among females in the age group 30 to 34 years. These maxima occurred in 1907 at the same ages as in 1899.

The number of the consensually married among whites was 68,298, or 4.8^ per cent of the white population. The number among the colored was 108,211,,

CONJUGAL CONDITION.

193

or 17.4 per cent of the colored population. Thus the proportion of consensually married among the colored was between three and four times as great as among the whites. Comparing the consensually married with the legally married, it appears that among the whites there were only 19 consensually married to 100 legally married, while among the colored there were 181 consensually married to 100 legally married. These proportions appear as follows in the provinces and Habana city :

PROVINCE OR CITY.

CONSENSUALLT MARRIED

TO EACH 100 LEGALLY

MARRIED.

CamagQey

Habana

City of Habana

Matanzas

Oriente

Pinar del RIc. Santa Clara ...

This table shows very wide diflFerences among the provinces, from 12 in Matanzas to 40 in Oriente, among the whites, and among the colored from 78 in Camaguey to 537 in Matanzas. This province, it will be noted, has the smallest proportion of whites consensually married and by far the largest pro- portion of colored consensually married.

The following table shows the number and the proportion of the population consensually married in the six largest cities of Cuba:

CITY HAVINa AT LBABT 25,000 INHABITANTS.*

Total.

CainagUey

Cardenas ,

Cienfuegos

Habana

Matanzas

Santiago de Cuba.

Population.

462,634

29,616 24.280 30,100 297,159 36,009 45,470

CONSENSUALLY MARRIED.

Niunber.

35,910

1,400 2,563 3,081 23,287 3,506 2,073

Per cent of total.

7.8

4.7 10.5 10.2 7.& 9.7 4. a

1 C&rdenas also included.

In the cities of Habana and Cienfuegos the proportion of the population consensually married was larger than the similar proportions for the provinces in which they are situated. In the other 4 cities, the proportions were less.

The proportion of the consensually married to the population in these 6 large cities was less than the similar proportion for all Cuba; this proves that consensual marriage is more common in the rural districts of Cuba than in its cities.

The following table shows for each of the 6 largest cities the proportion of the consensually married of each element of the population, classified by color:

13

194

POPULATION.

CITT HATDra AT LEAST 26,000 INHABITANTS.'

PBB CBNT CONSBNSUAIXT

MASRIF.D FORM OP TOTAI.

POPULATION.

CamagOegr

C&rdenas

Cienf uegos

Habana

Matanzaa

Santiago de Cuba .

iC&rdenas, with 24,280 inhabitants, also included.

In every city, the per cent of colored consensually married was more than double that of the whites. Indeed, in Matanzas it was five times as great, and in Cardenas, six and one-half times as great.

The total number of native whites 15 years of age and over was 711,262, of whom 59,340, or 8.3 per cent, were consensually married. The foreign whites 15 years of age and over numbered 192,242, of whom 8,952, or 4.6 per cent, wei-e consensually married; this percentage is only a little more than half as great as that shown for native whites.

Classified by sex, as well as nativity, the proportions consensually married appear as follows:

NATIVITY AND SEX.	Per cent con- sensually mar- ried form of population at least 15 years of age.	NATIVITY AND 8KX.	Per cent con- sensually mar- ried form of population at least 15 years of age.
Native wfaite: Males	8.2 8.4	Foreign white:	4.8
Females	Females	3.8

The proportions for native white males and females are very nearly equal, •the females being slightly the more numerous. But among the foreign white, the proportion of males consensually married was decidedly the greater.

The following table classifies the native white males and foreign white males conseasually married by age groups:

AGE QKOUP.

PKn CENT WHITE MALES CON- SENSUALLY MARRIED FORM OF TOTAL WHITE MALE POPULA- TION.

Native.	Foreign.
0.1
3.0	6.7
8.9	2.7
12.4	5.5
14.6	7.8
15.1	8.9
13.2	7.8
9.2	4.6

16 to 19 years ... 20 to 24 years ... 25 to 29 years. . . 30 to 34 years ... 35 to 44 years. . . 45 to 54 years. . . 65 to 64 years . . . , 65 years and over

CONJUGAL CONDITION.

195

In every age group the proportion of native white is decidedly the greater. The maximum proportion is reached by both classes in the age group 45 to 54 years.

The following table classifies the consensually married whites of each pro- vince and the city of Habana, by nativity, expressing it as a percentage of the population of each class:

	; ■■■ — 1 := PROVINCE.	PER CENT CONSENSDALLT MABRIBO FORM OP POPULATION AT LEAST 15 YEARS OF AOB.
	Native white.	Foreign white.
Cuba	8.3	4.6
CamagQey	7.6 6.1 6.9 5.2 15.7 9.2 6.5	5.0 4.0 4.2 5.5 5.9 4.3 6 1
Habana
City of Habana
Matanzas
Oriente
Pinar del Rio
Santa Clara

The proportions for the native white show great diversity in the different provinces, ranging from 5.2 per cent in Matanzas to the surprising propor- tion of 15.7 per cent in Oriente, showing that the mean for Cuba is a com- posite of widely differing communities. The proportions of the foreign white, on the other hand, differ little in the several provinces, the range being from 4 per cent in Habana province to 5.9 per cent in Oriente. The proportion of native white is greater than the proportion of foreign white in every province except Matanzas, where the proportion for foreign white is slightly the larger.

The widowed. — The number of widowed in Cuba in 1907 was 79,458, which was 3.9 per cent of the whole population, or 6.1 per cent of the population 15 years of age and over. In 1899 the number of widowed was 85,167, or 5,709 more than the number in 1907. Thus, in spite of an increase of 30 per cent in the total population, the number of widowed actually decreased. The propor- tion which the widowed bore to the whole population in 1899 was 5.4 per cent, and to that part of the population 15 years of age and over, 8.6 per cent.

The proportion of widowed in 1907 was very small, much less than the proportion in Porto Rico in 1899, 8.6 per cent, or the proportion in the United States in 1900, 7.9 per cent. But in comparison with the proportion in the United States, the reader must remember that in Cuba the consensually married were nearly one-third as numerous as the married, and that when such a union is broken by death the survivor is relegated not to the widowed class, but to the single class. Hence, for fair comparison, the proportion of widowed should be increased by about two-fifths, making it approximately 8.5 per cent, or somewhat larger than the proportion in the United States.

For the above reason proportions between the widowed and the married will

196

POPULATION.

be used in the following discussion instead of proportions between the widowed and the total population or the population 15 years of age and over.

In 1907 the proportion of widowed to married was 18.8 per cent. This stands in strong contrast with the similar proportion 8 years eariier, 34.6 per cent, and with that of Porto Rico in 1899, 29 per cent. The proportion in the United States in 1900 was, however, decidedly less, being 14 per cent.

Below are shown the number of widowers to 100 husbands and the number of widows to 100 wives in Cuba, Porto Rico, and the United States:

COUNTKT AND CENSUS.

Widowers

to 100 husbands.

Widows to 100 wives.

Cuba, 1907

Cuba, 1899

Porto Rico, 1899. . . United States. 1900

9.3

18.4

15.3

8.4

28.7 61. S 42.0 19.7

The proportion of widowers in Cuba has been reduced in 8 years to about one-half, while that of widows is but little more than one-half. The proportion of widows in 1907 was about three times that of widowers, while in the United States it was a little more than twice that of widowers.

Of the native whites, there were 19.1 widowed to 100 married. Of the foreign whites, the corresponding number of widowed was 14.5 and of the colored 22.8. Thus the colored had the the largest and the foreign whites the smallest pro- portion.

Carrying the analysis farther, and introducing the distinction of sex, it appears that of the native whites, there were 9 widowers to 100 husbands and 27 widows to 100 wives; of the foreign whites, the corresponding figures were 9 widowers and 29 widows; and of the colored, 11 widowers and 34 widows. Thus the colored showed the largest proportion of widowed in each sex.

In the city of Habana there were 43 widowed to 100 married of the native whites; 43 widowed to 100 married of the foreign whites; and 76 widowed to ■ 100 married of the colored.

The following table presents the proportions of widowed to married, by sex and age groups:

Widowers to	Widows to
100 husbands.	100 wives.
7	1
1	»
2	4
3	9
6	28
13	76
28	100
66	682

15 to 19 years... . 20 to 24 years....

25 to 29 years

30 to 34 years....

35 to 44 years

45 to 54 years

55 to 64 years

65 years and over

The above figures show a steady and rapid increase with advancing age in each sex, but with the females the increase is much more rapid. This results, as has been heretofore noted, in a great preponderance of widows over widowers.

CONJUGAL CONDITION.

197

This excess of widows is found in all countries. It may be accounted for in one or both of two ways; first, since husbands are, as a rule, older than their wives, their death rate is necessarily greater, that is, more of them die each year; second, widowers remarry in greater proportion than widows, and in re- marrying, often choose maidens rather than widows.

The following table gives, for each province and for the city of Habana, the proportion of widowed to married, by sex, for 1907 and 1899:

	1907	1899
PBOymCE OB CITT.	Widowers to 100 husbands.	Widows to 100 wives.	Widowers to 100 husbands.	Widows to 100 wives.
	9 11 11 11 7 9 9	29 36 44 33 25 19 25	14 24 15 20 14 20 20	46
Habana	65
City of Habana	57
	54
Oriente	47
Pinar del Rio	46
Santa Clara	60

The proportion of widowers was smallest in Oriente and largest in Habana and Matanzas. Of widows, the proportion was smallest in Pinar del Rfo and largest in the city of Habana. The proportion of widows to widowers ranged from a trifle over 2 in Pinar del Rfo to 4 in Habana city. In every province the figures for 1907 were much smaller than in 1899.

The single. — The small proportion of married in the total population, 20.7 per cent, has been considered. Adding to this the per cent of the consen- sually married, 8.6, the total, 29.3 per cent, is by no means large. We should expect, therefore, to find that the proportion of single is large. There were, indeed, in 1907, 1,369,476 single persons in Cuba, including persons whose conjugal condition was unknown, and 1,098 divorced persons. This is 66.8 per cent, or about two-thirds of the total population. In 1899, the single formed 70.5 per cent of the population, a notably greater proportion.

The proportion in 1907 was larger than the proportion in any other country of importance of which we have a census. This is a result of the large per- centage of young children. By eliminating those under 15 years of age, a different result is obtained. The population 15 years of age and over was 1,300,787, while the single of those ages numbered 621,386, or 47.8 per cent. The corresponding proportion in 1899 was 53.4 per cent and in Porto Rico in the same year, 45.9 per cent.

Of the males 15 years of age and over in 1907, 53.5 per cent were single and of the females, 41.2 per cent; in 1899 the corresponding proportions were 59 per cent and 47.4 per cent. The proportion of single among adults of each sex materially diminished in the 8 years.

Single males were largely in excess of single females, a phenomenon due in part to the excess of males over females in the island, and in part, to the excess of widows over widowers.

198

POPULATION.

The proportion of single in each age group and by sex is shown below:

PBB CENT BINOLE FORM OF TOTAL POPULATION.

1907

Males.

Females.

1899

Males.

Females.

Under 15 years. . 16 to 19 years. . . 20 to 24 years . . . 26 to 29 years . . . 30 to 34 years. . . 36 to 44 years . . . 46 to 54 years . . . 56 to 64 years . . . 65 years and over

100.0 99.4 83.8 52.8 35.2 25.0 21.3 28.2 37.6

100.0 85.8 46.6 28.6 21.9 21.2 25.1 29.8 36.4

99.9 99.3 88.6 67.2 45.9 33.1 32.1 38.0 42.9

99.8 89.1 67.8 36.7 29. S 28.8 31.8 34.6 41.8

The proportion of single diminished with advancing age, with the males down to the age group 45 to 54 years and with the females to the age group 35 to 44 years; in the higher age groups they increased. The same phenom- enon of an increase in the proportion of the single in the later age groups was noted in Cuba and Porto Rico, by the census of 1899, and in the Philippine Islands, in 1903; but in the United States and European countries, this phe- nomenon is not present, and the proportions go on decreasing to the end of life. Its explanation in the case of Cuba is found in the simple fact that when one of the partners in a consensual marriage dies, the remaining one, in- stead of becoming widowed, returns to the class of single. Since the con- sensual marriages were much more numerous among the colored than among the whites we should expect a greater increase in later years among that race. The following table shows this to be true:

PER CENT SINGLE FORM OF TOTAL POPULATION.

Males.

Females.

White.

Colored.1

White.

Colored.!

15 to 19 years. . . . 20 to 24 years . . . .

25 to 29 years

30 to 34 years. . . . 35 to 44 years. . . . 45 to 54 years. . . . 55 to 64 years. . . . 66 years and over .

99.5 86.0 53.6 34.7 23.1 17.4 16.4 15.7

99.1 80.3 60.5 37.2 30.8 31.6 46.4 55.9

85.1 43.6 24.5 16.6 14.3 15.2 16.3 17.7

87.4 63.0 38.1 33.4 34.1 41.8 49.0 57.6

> Includes black, mixed, and yellow.

For the single the per cent of white males diminished throughout; the female white reached a minimum at 44 years and then increased, but not greatly. The per cent of colored males reached a minimum at 44 years and then increased greatly; while the colored females reached a minimum at 34 and then also increased greatly. This seems to confirm the above ex- planation.

CONJUGAL CONDITION.

199'

All classes of conjugal condition. — In the following table, the four classes' of conjugal condition are brought together, classified by age groups and expressed by per cents of the total population of each age group, for Cuba;, the provinces, and the city of Habana. A second table for Cuba, classifies the population also by sex.

Population, classified by conjugal condition — per cent of total.

Legally married.

ConsensuaJly married.

Widowed.

15 to 19 years

20 to 24 years

25 to 29 years

30 to 34 years....

35 to 44 years

45 to 54 years

65 to 64 years

65 years and over

15 to 19 years

20 to 24 years

25 to 29 years

30 to 34 years....

35 to 44 years

45 to 54 years

55 to 64 years

65 years and over

15 to 19 years

20 to 24 years

25 to 29 years

30 to 34 years

35 to 44 years..,.

45 to 54 years

55 to 64 years

65 years and over

15 to 19 years

20 to 24 years

25 to 29 years

30 to 34 years

35 to 44 years

45 to 54 years

55 to 64 years. . . . 65 years and over

15 to 19 years

20 to 24 years....

25 to 29 years

30 to 34 years

35 to 44 years

45 to 54 years

55 to 64 years

65 years and over

1 Includes divorced.

200

POPULATION.

Population, classified by conjugal condition — Continued.

Legally married,

Consensually married.

15 to 19 years. .. .

20 to 24 years

25 to29 vears

30 to 34 years

35 to 44 years.... 45 to 54 years.... 55 to 64 years.... 65 years and over

15 to 19 years

20 to 24 years

25 to 29 years

30 to 34 years

35 to 44 years.... 45 to 54 years

65 to 64 years...,

66 years and over

15 to 19 years....

20 to 24 years

25 to 29 years

30 to 34 years

35 to 44 years.. ..

45 to 54 years

55 to 64 years

65 years and over

Widowed.

1 Includes divorced. Population, classified by conjugal condition and sex.

PEB CENT OP TOTAL.

Males.

Single or un- known.*

Legally married.

Consen- sually married.

Widowed.

Females.

Single or un- I known.*

Legally married.

Consen- sually married

Widowed.

All ages .

15 to 19 years. . 20 to 24 years. . 25 to 29 years. . 30 to 34 years . . 35 to 44 years . . 45 to 54 years . . 65 to 64 years . . . 65 years and over

70.0

20.2

7.9

1.9

99.4 83.8 52.9 35.2 25.0 21.3 28.2 37.6

0.4 11.6 35.1 48.3 52.6 60.6 39.6 25.4

0.2 4.5 11.4 15.2 19.3 21.4 21.0 20.3

0.1 0.6 1.3 3.1 6.7 11.2 16.7

63.4

21.1

9.4

6.1

85.8 46.5 28.7 21.9 21.2 25.1 29.8 36.6

11.0 40.2 49.4 51.8 44.8 31.7 18.8 7.7

3.1 12.7 19.8 21.4 22.6 19.3 14.1 10.8

0.1 0.6 2.1 4.9

11.4 23.0 37.3 46.9

•Includes divorced.

ILLEGITIMATE CHILDREN.

All children bom of the consensually married are under Cuban laws tech- nically illegitimate; but under the heading of illegitimate children have been included only those children found in the families of the consensually married.

ILLEGITIMATE CHILDREN.

201

The number of them is, therefore, confessedly incomplete, especially the number of those above the ages of childhood, since many of mature years have left their homes and consequently could not be identified as of this class. The extent of these omissions will appear later in the discussion of the illegitimate by age periods.

The total number of children returned as illegitimate was 257,888, or 12.6 per cent of the total population. The corresponding proportion in 1899 was 11.8 per cent. Thus in the 8 years there was a slight increase in the proportion of illegitimate children. A part of this increase is explainable by the fact of a general increase in the proportion of children.

The following table shows the distribution of illegitimate children among the provinces and the city of Habana:

PKOVINCE OR CITT.

Total population.

ILLEOITIMATB CHIIiDREN.

Number.

Per cent.

Cuba..

CamagOey

Habana

City of Habana

Matanzas

Orieiile.

Pinar del Rio. . Santa Clara

2.048,980

267.888

12.6

118,269 538,010 297,159 239,812 455,086 240,372 457,431

11,197 39,623 21.607 27,753 98.763 35.564 44,983

9.6

7.4

7.3

11.6

21.7

14.8

9.8

The proportions of illegitimate children were greatest in Oriente and Pinar del Rio, at the two ends of the island, where the proportions of children were greatest, and least in Habana city and province, where the proportions of children were smallest.

The two following tables show the proportion the illegitimate children formed of the total population in the 6 largest cities and in the provinces outside of those cities:

	Total population.	TT-T.KQITIMATB CHILDREN.
	Number.	Per cent.
Aggregate	2,048.980	257.888	12.6
Cities having at least 25,000 inhabitants	462.634	39,140	8.5
Camagtley	29,616 24,280 30,100 297,159 36,009 46,470 1,586.346	2,399 1,927 3,303 21,607 4.079 6,825 218.748	8.1
CS^rdenas	7.9
	11.0
Habana	7.3
	11.3
	12.8
Provinces exclusive of cities having 25,000 in- habitants	13.8
	88,653 240,851 179,523 409,616 240,372 427,331	8.798 18,016 21,747 92,943 35,564 41.680	9.9
	7.6
	12.1
	22.7
Pinar del Rio	14.8
	9.8

>C&rdenas also Included.

14

202

POPULATION.

In the six largest cities, the illegitimate children formed 8.5 per cent of the population, while in the rest of Cuba they formed 13.8 per cent of the popula- tion, which fact .shows that this class was decidedly more numerous in the country districts. Of the cities, Santiago de Cuba showed the largest per- centage, while Matanzas and Cienfuegos had large proportions.

The number of illegitimate children among the native whites was 94,772, or 7.7 per cent of that element of the population ; the number among the foreign whites was only 341; the number among the colored was 162,775, or 26.2 per cent of all the colored. It thus appears that the number of illegitimate children among the colored was nearly twice as great as the number among the native white and that the proportion was between three and four times as great.

The following table shows the percentages which illegitimate children formed of the total, the native white, and the colored population, by age groups:

-Under 5 years

5 to 9 years

10 to 14 years

15 to 19 years. . . .

20 to 24 years

25 years and over.

FEB CENT ILLEQITIMATE CHILDRBN FOBU or TOTAL POPULATION.

All classes.

25.7 27.0 20.8 16.3 8.2 1.7

Native white.

15.2

15.5

10.6

8.3

4.4

0.9

Colored.*

53.0 52.5 44.0 36.2 19.7 4.1

> Includes black, mixed, and yellow.

The proportion of illegitimate children in the population 5 to 9 years of age is dightly, but not significantly, larger than the proportion under 5 years. In the succeeding age periods, however, the proportions diminish rapidly. Indeed, it is only in the two age periods below 10 years that the figures can be considered as representing actual conditions. The proportions of illegitimate children among the native whites and the colored show a similarly rapid decrease above 10 years of age. Below that age the illegitimate colored are proportionately about three and one-half times as numerous as the illegiti- mate native whites; and above that age the ratio between the proportions in- creases, the increase probably being due to the fact that whites leave the iiome earlier in life than the colored.

In all probability the number of illegitimate children under 10 years of age is tairly complete, and the ratio which they form of the whole number of children of that age group may be assumed as applying to the entire population. In other words about 26 per cent, or a little more than one-fourth, of all Cubans were bom of consensual unions. This is more than double the number directly enumerated. Similarly, about one-seventh of the native whites and more than one-half of the colored were born of such unions.

The consensually married fonned about one-fourth of all living in the married state, while the children born of such unions formed a little more than •.one-fourth of all children.

CHILDREN OF SCHOOL AGE.

203

In the following table are shown the proportions which illegitimate children under 10 years of age bore to all children of that age, in each province and in the city of Habana. Comparison is limited to the above age group in order to obtain a more accurate measure of the extent of illegitimacy in the provinces.

PROVINCE OK CITY.	Per cent illegitimate form of pop- ulation under 10 years of age.
Camagfley	18 4
Habana	18 5
City of Habana	20 7
Matanzas ; , .	25 5
Oriente	38 8
Pinar del Rio	29 8
Santa Clara	20 0

The above figures may. be regarded as applying to all ages. In other words, in Camagtiey and Habana provinces between 18 and 19 per cent of all the people were born of consensual marriages, and in Oriente not less than 38 or 39 per cent.

CHILDREN OF SCHOOL AGE.

The children of school age, 5 to 17 years, numbered 541,445 in 1907, and formed 26.4 per cent of the total population. This proportion compares with 35.1 per cent in Cuba in 1899, 33.8 per cent in Porto Rico in 1899, and 28.3 per cent in the United States in 1900. This great reduction in the proportion of children of school age in Cuba in 8 years calls for explanation. During the revolution and reconcentrations, however much the children of school age may have suffered, those below school age suffered far more. Not only did a large proportion of them perish, but their numbers were lessened by the decrease, in marriages and births. The children who were in 1899 less than 5 years of age were in 1907 in the class of school age, and that class was consequently reduced. Indeed, the number of children of school age in 1907 was actually less than the number in 1899 (552,928).

Of the children of school age in 1907, 272,585, or 50.3 per cent, were males, and 268,860, or 49.7 per cent, were females.

The following table shows for each province and for the city of Habana the proportion of school children to total population:

PROVINCE OR CITY.

Per cent children 5 to 17 years of age form of

total population.

City of Habana

Habana

Habana, excluding the city

Matanzas

Santa Clara

Pinar del Rio

Oriente

CamagOey

22.6 23.4 24.3

25.4 25.8 28.7 29.2 29.5

204

POPULATION.

The above figures show that in the provinces most remote from the middle of the island where most of the fighting and where the reconcentration took place, the proportion of school children is largest; but even in these prov- inces the proportion is far less than it was for Cuba in 1899.

SCHOOL ATTENDANCE.

The total number of children of school age, 5 to 17 years, was 541,445. Of these, 171,017, or 31.6 per cent, attended school during the year preceding September 30, 1907. This proportion is nearly twice as great as that shown by the census of 1899, which was 15.7 per cent.

It has been shown that literacy is much more common in large cities than in the rest of Cuba, and the conclusion naturally is that school attendance is more common in the large cities. That this is so appears from the following. The 6 cities of Cuba with more than 25,000 inhabitants each had together 110,810 children of school age. Of this number, 55,336, or 49.9 per cent, at- tended school. The corresponding proportion in 1899 was 33 per cent. In the rest of Cuba, the proportion of the children of school age attending school in 1907 was 26.9 per cent. The corresponding proportion in 1899 was 11,5 per cent. These figures indicate a great gain in school attendance at the later census year. In 1907 the proportion of children of school age attending school in the 6 largest cities was nearly twice as great as the proportion in the rest of Cuba. The following table gives the proportion attending school in each city:

Per cent children

attending school

form of

population

5 to 17 years

of age.

CamagQey

. Cfirdenas

Cienfuegos'

Habana

Matanzas

Santiago de Cuba

63.8 46.1 54.8 48.7 66.0 48.8

The following table gives the proportion of children of school age attending school in each province, and the proportion attending school in each province outside of cities of 25,000 inhabitants or more:

	PER CENT CHILDREN ATTENDING SCHOOL FORM OP POPCLATION 5 TO 17 YEARS OF AGE.
PROVINCE.	In entire province.	In province exclusive of cities having at least 25,000 inhabitants.
CamagOey	27.7 42.3 35.1 25.4 24.1 30.7	20 •
Habana	35 0
Matanzas	29 0
Oriente	23 2
Pinar del Rio	24 1
Santa Clara	29 0

LITERACY. 205

These tables illustrate in greater detail what was stated above for Cuba as a whole.

Of the male children of school age, 32.5 per cent, and of the female children, 30.7 per cent, attended school. This result is surprising, inasmuch as it is shown farther on that a larger proportion of the female children than of the male children were literate.

Of white children of school age, 31.3 per cent, and of the colored children, 32.3 per cent, attended school. This again is surprising, as the proportion of literates among whites was greater than the proportion among colored.

The following table shows the proportion of the population in certain age groups who attended school:

Per cent

attending

school.

5 to 9 years. 10 to 14 years. 15 to 17 years.

28.5

62.0

0.6

More than nine-tenths of all children attending school were under 15 years of age.

LTTERACy.

A census can take cognizance of the degree of education of a people only as it is indicated by certain simple tests. These tests refer usually to formal or book education, not because that is necessarily the most important, but because it is the most easily tested. The tests used by the present census were attendance at school, ability to read, and possession of college or technical education, as indicated by the possession of a degree. It is obvious that attendance at school certifies nothing regarding a person's educational attainments; yet, if the entire population is to be classed according to degree of education, some as- sumption must be made regarding children attending school. It can not intro- duce serious error to assume that all children attending school were able to read, and all under 10 years of age and not attending school were not able to read.

In 1907, of the 1,481,573 inhabitants 10 years of age and over, 837,958, or 56.6 per cent, were able to read. Of the total population, 40.9 per cent were able to read. In 1899 the proportion was 36 per cent; in 1887, 27.7 per cent, and in 1861, 19.2 per cent, thus showing a steady and rapid increase in literacy.

The following table shows the proportions of literate in the population 10 years of age and over in the case of the native whites, foreign whites, and colored, for each province and for the city of Habana:

206

POPULATION.

	PEE CENT LITERATE FORM OF POFDLATIOM AT VEA3T 10 YEAR3 OF AGE.
	Native white.	Foreign white.	Colored.'
CamagQey	61. G 74.8 91.8 60.9 51.6 38.9 54.3	76.1 82.6 86.8 66.2 71.8 61.8 61.8	56.4
Habana	58.5
Cltv of Habana	66.4
Idatanzas	39.3
Oriente	43.0
Pinar del Rio	43.2
pf^ntn. riarfl., ,	43.2

> Includes black, mixed, and yellow.

Among the native whites, Hteracy was highest in the city of Habana, where more than nine out of ten persons could read. It was least in Pinar del Rfo, where less than two-fifths were able to read. This was the only province with less than one-half literate among the native whites. Indeed, the proportion of literates in this province was less among native whites than among colored. Among foreign whites the proportion of literates was high, ranging from a little more than three-fifths in Pinar del Rio and Santa Clara up to almost seven-eighths in the city of Habana. Among the colored, the proportion of literates was smallest in Matanzas, where it was about two-fifths, and highest in the city of Habana, where almost two-thirds of the people were literate.

It is usually the case that literacy is higher in cities than in the country, since in the former, schools are better, more numerous, and more generally attended. In the 6 cities of over 25,000 inhabitants each, the literates formed 82.6 per cent of the population 10 years of age and over, while in the rest of Cuba, the proportion of literates was only 47.9 per cent.

The following table gives the proportion of literates in the population at least ten years of age in each of the cities having 25,000 or more inhabitants and in the city of Cardenas, which has 24,280 inhabitants:

CITY HAVING AT LEAST 25,000 IKHABITANTS.	Per cent literate form of population at least 10 years of age.	CITY HAVING AT LEAST 25,000 INHABITANTS.	Per cent literate form of population. at least 10 years of age.
Camagfley	84 7		79 7
H abana	83.9 82.6		77.9
Santiago de Cuba		73.8

The following table shows the proportion of the several elements of the population, ten years of age and over, who were able to read :

COLOB AND NATXTTTT.	PER CENT LITERATE FORM OF POPULATION AT LEAST 10 YEABS OF AGE.
	Both sexes.	Males.	Females.
All classes	56.6	68.3	54.6
Native white	58.6 74.4 45.0	58.0 77.7 44.7	59 2
Foreign white	60 1
Colored	45 4

LITERACY.

207

Of the total population, the proportion of males who could read was larger than that of females. Among the native white and the colored, the proportion of females who could read was slightly larger than that of males, while among the foreign white, the proportion of literate males greatly exceeded that of- literate females.

The foreign whites had the largest proportion of literates, while the colored' had the smallest.

The following table shows, for the total population, the proportion of literatea in each age group:

Per centi literate.

10 to 14 years. . . .

15 to 19 years

20 to 24 years

25 to 29 years

30 to 34 years . . . . 36 to 44 years. . . . 45 to 54 years. . . . 65 to 64 years . . . . 65 years and over.

70.7 67.2 59.9 56.7 55. 6' 50.9 46.2 39.2 31.5

There was a steady and rapid reduction in literacy with advancing age. This is in part due to the increasing facilities for education, especially during the last eight years, and in part to the decreasing proportion of colored, the least literate class.

The following table shows the proportion of literates in each age period;, of each sex, color, and nativity.

10 to 14 years. . . . 15 to 19 years. . . . 20 to 24 years. . . . 25 to 29 years. . . . 30 to 34 years .... 35 to 44 years. . . . 45 to 54 years .... 55 to 64 years. . . . 65 years and over.

PBB CENT LITERATB.

Males.

69.7 65.4 61.0 59.6 60.0 55.6 60.0 42.0 31.0

Females.

71.6 69.0 68.7 53.5 49.8 46.2 39.3 36.1 32.0

Native whites.

70.6 66.8 58.9 64.5 63.7 62.4 50.1 49.9 60.8

Foreign wlxites.

82.6 82.4 76.6 75.2 74.6 72.8 72.1 69.0 60.7

Colored.

69.9 64.5 54.9 49.6 43.6 34.2 23.0 15.9 10.5

•Includes black, mixed, and yellow.

The proportions of the two sexes, for the age group 10 to 14 years, were not dissimilar, females having a slight advantage, which they increased in the next age group. Then males took the lead and maintained it until the last age period. According to the proportions of literates for the first two age periods, girls have availed themselves to a greater extent than boys of the present modern school system. During the Spanish regime, when those now over 20 years of age were children, few facilities were afforded for elementary educa- tion, and less to girls than to boys.

In all the above elements of population there is a more or less rapid decrease

208

POPULATION.

in literacy with increasing age, but with certain elements the decrease is more rapid than with others. The colored, starting in the first age period with practically the same degree of literacy as the native whites, fall off with great rapidity, so that the oldest age group contains little more than one-fifth of the proportion of literates as the same group of native whites, and little more than one-seventh of the colored proportion at the ages from 10 to 14 years. It is rather surprising to find that the colored literates 10 to 14 years of age are practically as numerous, proportionately, as the native whites. The foreign whites, of course, show a high degree of literacy at all ages; even at the most advanced age, three-fifths of them could read. Literates among the native whites dropped from seven-tenths to one-half between the youngest and most advanced ages.

The following table shows for each pro^^nce and for the city of Habana the proportion of Uterates in the total population 10 years of age and over, and in each sex:

PBOTiNci; OS crrr.	PER CENT LITERATES FORM OF POPULATION AT LEAST 10 TEARS OF AGE.
	Both sexes.	Males.	Females.
CainagrQey	62.1 72.7 83.9 52.9 49.6 39.0 62.0	60.0 75.8 88.7 52.7 51.3 43.9 52.4	64.6
Habana	69.0
City of Habana	78.4
Matanzas	53.1
Oriente	47.8
Pinar del Rio	33.2
Santa Clara	51.5

In the case of the total population, males, and females, the highest pro- portions were in Habana city and the lowest in Pinar del Rfo. In Habana, Oriente, Pinar del Rio, and Santa Clara, the proportions of literates were greater among males than among females, and in the other two provinces the reverse was the case.

OCCUPATIONS.

By occupation, in connection with a census, is meant gainful occupation, or an occupation by means of which a person gets a livelihood for himself or for himself and others. It is not the head of the family alone, however, who may be thus occupied, as it is quite possible that other or even all members of the family may be wage-earners. Children at home or at school, house^aves, etc., are not considered as being "gainfully employed" so far as census statistics are concerned.

The number of persons engaged in gainful occupations in Cuba in 1907 was 772,502. This was 37.7 per cent of the population. In 1899, the proportion was larger, being 39.6 per cent. The reduction in the proportion in 1907 is doubtless due to the increased number of young children. The proportion in 1907 was larger than that for Porto Rico in 1899, 33.2 per cent, but less than that for the United States in 1900, 39.0 per cent.

OCCUPATIONS.

209

The absolute and relative numbers of persons engaged in gainful occupations were as follows in the provinces and the city of Habana:

	Population.	WAOK-EARNEBS.
	Number.	Per cent.
Cuba	2,048,980	772.502	37.7
City of Habana	297,159 538,010 239,812 457,431 118,269 240,372 466,086	138,906 229.605 92,399 171,408 42,882 84,655 151,563	46.7
Habana	42.7
Matanzas	38.5
Santa Clara	37.5
CamagOey	36.3
Pinar del Rio	35.2
Oriente	33.3

The proportion of breadwinners was almost as low in Oriente as in Porto Rico. In Santa Clara it was about the same as the average for Cuba. The city of Habana had by far the largest proportion, and this fact raises the question whether breadwinners were relatively more numerous in city or country.

In the 19 cities with 8,000 or more inhabitants each there was a total popula- tion of 619,835, of which 260,774, or 42.1 per cent, were bread\vinners. Rural Cuba had a population of 1,429,145, of which 511,728, or 35.8 per cent, were wage-earners. The foUowdng table gives the proportion of wage-earners to the total population in each of the 19 cities:

CITT HAVING AT LEAST 8,000 INHABITANTS.	Per cent of wage-earners in total population.	CITY HAVING AT LEAST 8,000 INHABITANTS.	Per cent of wage-earners in total population.
Habana	46.7 43.3 42.1 40.9 39.9 39.5 39.6 39.1 38.5 38.4	San Antonio de los Baflos Guantanamo	37.8
	37.0
Marianao	Sancti-Spiritus	36.6
	Santa Clara	36.5
Cienfuegos	CamagOey	36.1
	Guanabacoa	35.7
Santiago de Cuba	Caibari^n	35.3
Pinar del Rio	Manzanillo	30.6
Matanzas	Trinidad	28.8
GQines

Habana, the largest city, had the greatest proportion, while Trinidad had less than any other city. Of the above 19 cities, 11 had proportions greater than that for Cuba as a whole and 8 had smaller proportions.

The following table shows the proportion of wage-earners in the rural portions of the several provinces:

PHOVINCK.	Per cent of wage-earners in rural population.	PBOVINCB.	Per cent of wage-earners in rural population.
	38.3 37.6 37.4	CamagOey	36.3
Habana .	Pinar del Rio	35.0
	Oriente	32.5

210

POPULATION.

Perhaps the most striking feature of the above figures is their uniformity. The smallest proportion, 32.5 per cent, in Oriente, differed but 5.8 per cent from the largest, that of Matanzas, 38.3 per cent.

Comparison of the proportions in the cities of each province with the pro- portion in the rural parts of the province, shows that in 12 cases the proportion of wage-earners was greater in the cities than in the rest of the province and in 7 cases it was less.

The number of male wage-earners was 698,982, or 65.0 per cent of all males; that of female wage-earners was 73,520, or 7.5 per cent of all females. In 1899, the corresponding proportions were 68.2 per cent for males and 8.8 per cent for females. There was, therefore, a reduction in the recent census in each sex. In Porto Rico, in 1899, the proportions were 56.9 per cent for males and 9.9 per cent for females. It appears, therefore, that in Cuba in 1907 the proportion of gainfully employed was greater for males and less for females than the corresponding proportions for Porto Rico in 1899.

In the following table the proportions of breadwinners are given by sex, for each province, and for the city of Habana, for 1907 and 1899 :

	PER CENT OP	WAQE-EARNEBS IN l-OTAL POPULATION.
FBOTINCB OB CITT.	1907	1899
	Males.	Females.	Males.	Females.
CamagQey	63.8 69.7 73.5 66.7 59.9 61.7 66.6	5.8 12.2 16.8 8.6 5.1 4.8 8.5	60.9 71.9 72.9 69.2 61.4 69.8 70.2	10.3
Habana	12.0
City of Habana	16.0
Matanzas	13.7
Oriente	5.0
Pinar del Rio ^ .	4.S
Santa Clara	7.1

In 1907 the maximum proportion among males was in Habana and the minimum in Oriente; among females also the maximum was in Habana, but the minimum was in Pinar del Rio. Comparing the figures of the two cen- suses, the proportion of gainfully employed males increased in Camagiiey alone. In every other province the proportion decreased. Of female bread- winners, the proportion increased decidedly in Santa Clara and slightly in Habana and Oriente. In Pinar del Rio the proportions were equal, while in Camagiiey and Matanzas they decreased greatly.

The fact that Habana city contained the largest proportion of wage-earners of each sex, suggests that conditions in the other cities may be similar, and that the rural districts may contain lower proportions of wage-earners of each sex. To test this, the proportions between the population and the wage-earners of the 6 cities with 25,000 or more inhabitants have been obtained separately by

OCCUPATIONS.

211

sex. The male population of these 6 cities numbered 234,986, and the male wage-earners 166,699, showing that 70.9 per cent of the males were wage- earners. The gainfully employed females numbered 227,648, of which total, 36,326 were wage-earners, the proportion being 16 per cent.

In the sections of Cuba outside of the 6 cities having at least 25,000 in- habitants each, the male population was 839,896, of which 532,283, or 63.4 per cent, were wage-earners; while the female population numbered 746,450, of which 37,194, or 5 per cent, were wage-earners.

Thus, for each sex, the proportion of wage-earners was much greater in the large cities than in the smaller cities and country districts.

The following table gives, by sex, the proportion of wage-earners to popula- tion, in each of the 6 cities with a population of at least 25,000 inhabitants and in each province exclusive of these large cities.

	MALES.	FEMALES.
CITY OB PHOVINCE.	Total.	Wage-earners.	Total.	Wage-earners.
	Number.	Per cent.	Number.	Per cent.
Cuba	1,074,882	698,982	65.0	974,098	73,520	7.5
cities having at least 25,000 inhabitants i	234,986	166,699	70.9	227,648	36,326	16.0
Camagtley.CamagQey. . Cardenas, Matanzas. . . . Cienfuegos, Santa Clara Habana, Habana Matanzas, Matanzas Santiago de Cuba, Ori- ente	13,668 11,634 14,489 157,155 16,593 21,547 839,896	8,660 7,882 9,695 115,437 10,723 14,302 532,283	63.8 67.7 66.9 73.5 64.6 66.4 63.4	16,048 12,646 15,611 140,004 19,416 23,923 746.450	2,019 1,713 2,321 23,469 3,129 3.676 37,194	12.6 13.5 14.9 16.8 16.1 15.3
Provinces exclusive of cities having at least 25,000 in- habitants	5.0
CamagUey	48,550 127,596 95,333 212,189 128,542 227,686	30,983 83,153 63,778 125,935 79,311 149,123	63.8 65.2 66.9 59.4 61.7 65.5	40,103 113,255 84,190 197,427 111,830 199,645	1,220 7,546 5,174 7,641 5,344 10,269	3.0
Habana	6.7
	6.1
Oriente	3.9
Pinar del Rio	4.8
	5.1

»Cfirdenas with 24,280 inhabitants also included.

There does not appear to be any relation between the proportions of wage- earners and the population of the cities, beyond the fact that in the case of each sex the proportion was greatest in Habana, the largest city.

Considering the males in the districts outside of the large cities, Matanzas had the highest proportion and Oriente the lowest. For females, Habana was highest and Camagiiey lowest.

The following table brings together, for comparison, the proportion which female wage-earners bore to the total female population in the large cities of the several provinces and in the remainder of the provinces:

212

POPULATION.

	PROVINCB.	PER CENT OF WAOE-EARNERa IN TOTAL, FEMALE POPULATION.
	Cities having at least 25.000 inhabitants.	Smaller cities and country districts.
Cama^ey Habana		12.6 16.8 16.1 16.3	3.0
'	6.7
Matanzas	6.1
	3.9
Pinar del Rio	4.8
Santa Clara	14.9	6.1

The proportion of wage-earners in the cities ranged from two and one-half to over four times that of the rest of the provinces.

The following table gives, for each sex, the number and the proportion of wage-earners to the total of that sex for each province and for the city of Habana:

	UALBS.	FEMALES.
PBOVINCE OR CITY.	Total.	Wage-earners.	Total.	Wage-earners.
	Number.	Per cent.	Number.	Per cent.
Cuba	1.074.882	698.982	65.0	974,098	73,520	7.5
CamagQey	62,118 284.751 157,155 123,560 233,736 128.542 242.176	39,643 198,590 115,437 82,383 140,237 79,311 158,818	63.8 69.7 73.5 66.7 69.9 61.7 65.6	56.151 253,259 140,004 116.252 221.350 111,830 215.256	3,239 31,015 23,469 10,016 11,316 5,344 12.590	6.8
Habana	12.2
City of Habana	16.8
Matanzas	8.6
Oriente	5.1
Pinar del Rio	4.8
Santa Clara	8.i

Among males the highest proportions were, of course, in the city and province of Habana. The lowest proportion was in Oriente, with Pinar del Rfo very near it. Among females, as with males, the city and province of Habana had the highest proportions, while Pinar del Rio was the lowest, with Oriente very near it. Thus the provinces at the two extremes of the island had the lowest proportions of wage-earners, a fact connected with their large proportions of young children.

Under the instructions given enumerators, inquiries concerning occupations applied only to persons 10 or more years of age. Hence in noting the propor- tions of persons gainfully employed, it is better to disregard the population under 10 years of age. Persons at least 10 years of age numbered 1,481,573 in 1907; of these 772,502, or 52.1 per cent, were breadwinners. The correspond- ing proportion in Cuba in 1899 was 51.2 per cent, or slightly less, and in Porto Rico in the same year the proportion was 48 per cent, which was much less. It appears, therefore, that the reduction in the proportion of breadwinners to total population in 1907 as compared with 1899 was due to the greatly in- creased proportion of young children in the later year.

OCCUPATIONS.

213

The following table shows the proportion of breadwinners to population 10 or more years of age, for each province and for the city of Habana in 1907 and in 1899:

PKOVINCE OB CITY.

Oriente

CamagOey

Ilatanzas

Santa Clara

Pinar del Rio..

Habana

City of Habana

PER CENT OF WAQE-EARNERS IN POPXJLATION AT LEAST 10 YEABS OF AGE.

45.7 49.9 63.6 61.8 62.1 63.1 66.7

The range in the proportions of wage-earners to the population at least 10 years of age is much less than the corresponding range for the entire popula- tion. It will be remembered that the proportions of young children were greatest in Oriente and least in Habana city. The elimination of the children has brought the proportions of wage-earners in the different provinces nearer together.

The proportion of wage-earners was greater in the western than in the eastern parts of the island and reached a maximum in the city of Habana.

In the following table the proportions of wage-earners in different age groups are given for 1907 and 1899:

PEB CENT OF WAQE-EABNEBS.

1907

1899

10 to 14 years

15 to 19 years

20 to 24 years

25 to 29 years

30 to 34 years

35 to 44 years....

45 to 54 years

55 to 64 years

65 years and over

15.5 48.8 58.2 58.6 60.1 60.4 60.6 58.9 52.7

24.6 48.8 66.2 67.7 69.3 60.4 60.3 69.6 62.0

In 1907 only about one-seventh of those between 10 and 14 years of age were wage-earners. In the next age period, 15 to 19 years, the proportion rose to nearly one-half, and thereafter, up to 65 years, nearly or quite three-fifths were engaged in gainful occupations. The proportion did not materially diminish until the latest age period, 65 years and over, although the maximum was reached at the period from 45 to 54 years. The differences between the proportions for the 2 years is noteworthy in only one point. The proportion in the first age period, 10 to 14 years, was much less at the later census. This was probably due to two causes: first, the smaller number of children of this age in 1907, and, second, the great prosperity of the country at this time, as con- trasted with the poverty of the people 8 years earlier.

214

POPULATION.

The following table shows the proportions of wage-earners of each sex in the different age groups for the censuses of 1907 and 1899:

	• PER CENT OF WAOE-F.ARKEBS.
AOB.	Males.	Females.
	1907	1899	1907	1899
	27.8 87.1 98.8 99.3 99.3 99.3 99.2 98.7 94.7	44.0 91.6	2.6 11.1	4.6
15 to 19 vears	10.3
20 to 24 years	98.1	11.5	11.4
25 to 29 years	98.5 10.5 98.6 11.5 98.3 12.7 97.5 13.6 96.2 12.9 90.2 10.0	12.0
30 to 34 years	13.4
35 to 44 years	14.6
	15.6
65 to 64 years	15.8
65 years and over	13.3

In the youngest age group, both males and females were in much smaller proportions in 1907 than in 1899. In the second age group, males were rela- tively fewer and females more numerous in the later year. The maximum proportion of males, which was reached at the age of 25 and extended thence to 44 years, in 1907, was higher in that year than in 1899, and the decrease in advancing years was not large.

The proportion of females was greater in 1899 than in 1907 for almost all of the age groups. In 1899, the maximum, 15.8 per cent, was reached in the age group 55 to 64 years, while in 1907, the maximum was reached 10 years earlier and was only 13.6 per cent.

The following table shows the number and proportion of wage-earners in the population, classified by color and nativity and by sex:

COIXtR, NATIVITY, AND SEX.

Total.

WUtes.

Male

Female

Native

Male. . .

Female. Foreign

Male. . .

Female.

Colored*.

Hale. . . Female.

Total population.

i Number.

2,048,980

1,428,176

771.611 656,565 1,224,539 608,597 615,942 203,637 163,014 40,623

620,804

303,271 317,533

WAGE-EARNERS.

772,502

531,699

505,901

25,798

369.378

349.545

19.833

162,321

156.356

5.965

240.803

193.081 47,722

Per cent.

37.7

37. J

65.6 3.9 30.2 57.4 3.2 79.7 95.9 14.7

38.8

63.7 15.0

i Includes black, mixed, and yellow.

The fact that the proportion of white wage-earners was less than that of colored was due in part to the larger proportion of young children among them, and in part to the larger proportion of white women workers. The

OCCUPATIONS.

215

proportion of male breadwinners was greater among the whites than among the colored. In the case of the females, however, the proportion of colored breadwinners was about four times as great as that of the whites.

The large proportion of breadwinners among the foreign white males is, of course, due to the age composition of this class. The proportion of female wage-earners was more than four times as great among the foreign whites as among the native whites.

The following table gives the proportion of breadwinners in each age group, classified by sex, race, and nativity:

PER CENT Oy WAOE-EABNEBS IN TOTAL POPULATION-

Males.

Native white.

Foreign white.

Colored.*

Females.

Native white.

Foreign white.

Colored.

10 to 14 years. . . . 15 to 19 years. . . .

20 to 24 years

25 to 29 years. . . . 30 to 34 years. . . . 35 to 44 years. . . . 45 to 54 years. . . .

65 to 64 years. . . .

66 years and over

27.0 84.6 98.4 99.1 99.2 99.2 99.2 98.7 95.1

50.7 97.3 99.6 99.4 99.5 99.4 99.1 98.3 91.5

27.3 87.9 99.1 99.2 99.3 99.3 99.2 98.8 95.3

1.6 6.3 5.7 4.6 4.7 5.0 5.1 4.0 2.8

11.0 27.7 27.6 18.8 14.7 13.2 12.2 8.7 6.1

4.9 19.6 21.1 20.7 23.6 25.3 26.7 26.1 17.6

' Includes black, mixed, and yellow.

The proportions of native white and colored males were very similar to one another throughout all ages and contrast strongly with those of the foreign white males. The latter were much the highest in the early age groups and remained the highest to the age of 45 years, from which point they were slightly exceeded by the other classes.

In the case of females, the proportion of the native white was much the smallest at each age period. The proportions of the foreign white were larger than those of the colored up to 25 years, but beyond that age they were ex- ceeded by the latter; in the latest age periods, the excess was great. The large proportions between 15 and 24 years among the foreign whites were caused by the class of domestic servants, mainly immigrants from Spain. This class has trebled in proportion since 1899.

The occupations in which persons are engaged are grouped by the census into five main classes, as follows:

Agriculture, fisheries, and mining.

Domestic and personal service.

Manufacturing and mechanical industries.

Trade and transportation.

Professional service. The first class includes all persons engaged in the so-called extractive in- dustries or those concerned with getting the wealth out of the earth or water; the third class includes those who transform the raw material furnished bj

216

POPULATION.

the extractive industries into new forms or combinations; the fourth class includes all engaged in giving place or time values to wealth by moving it from a place where it is less needed to a place where it is more needed, or by saving it from a time when it is less needed until a time when it is more needed; while the second and fifth classes include all whose contribution to society is in the form of personal services rather than of goods or of services upon goods. The line of division between these groups or classes is often obscure, and in many individual cases serious difficulties have arisen in selecting the best group to which a person or an occupation should be assigned under the imperfect description found on the schedule.

The population of Cuba engaged in gainful occupations was divided as follows among the 5 groups:

	WAOE-EABNEBS.
OCCUPATION OBOXTP.	Number,	Per cent distribution.
	1907	1907	1899
Total	772,502	100.0	100.0
Agrriculture, fisheries, and mining	374,969 122,288 126,021 136,419 12,805	48.5 16.0 16.3 17.6 1.6	48.1
Domestic and personal service	22.8
Manufacturing and mechanical pursuits	14.9
Trade and transportation	12.8
Professional service	1.4

Neariy one-half of all workers were engaged in agriculture and about one- sixth, each, in domestic and personal service, in manufacturing and mechanical industries, and in trade and transportation.

A comparison of the percentages for 1907 and 1899 shows that the pro- portion in agricultural pursuits has scarcely changed, but those in domestic and personal service have decreased greatly, while those in manufacturing and mechanical pursuits and in trade and transportation have greatly in- creased. The decided increase in the case of trade and transportation is due in a measure, at least, to the recent extension of railways, and to the general business prosperity.

The following table shows the distribution of males and females among the great groups of occupations:

PEB CENT DISTRIBUTION OP WAGE-EARNERS.

OCCUPATION OBOnP.

Total

Agriculture, fisheries, and mining

Domestic and personal service

Manufacturing and mechanical pursuits

Trade and transportation

Professional service

OCCUPATIONS.

217

Of the males more than one-half were agriculturists; almost one-fifth were in trade and transportation; over one-seventh were in manufacturing and me- chanical pursuits; and about one- tenth only were in domestic and personal service. The proportions for the females differed widely. Two-thirds were in domestic and personal service; one-fifth followed manufacturing and mechan- ical pursuits; and only about one twenty-fifth were agriculturists; while in trade and transportation the proportion was very small.

The following table shows by sex the distribution of breadwinners among the 5 great groups of occupations, by percentage of males and females over 10 years of age:

PEB CENT OF'WAOB-EABNEBS.

OCCUPATION OBOUP.

Agriculture, fisheries, and mining

Domestic and personal service

Manufacturing and mechanical pursuits

Trade and transportation

Professional service

The following table shows by sex the distribution of breadwinners among the 5 great groups of occupations, by percentage of the total population oc- cupied:

OCCUPATION GHOUP.

Agriculture, fisheries, and mining

Domestic and personal service

Manufacturing and mechanical pursuits

Trade and transportation

Professional service

The following table shows the proportion of males and females in the total number of breadwinners in each of the 5 great groups of occupations:

PEB CENT OF TOTAL

OCCUPATION OBOUP.

Agriculture, fisheries, and mining

Domestic and personal service

Manufacturing and mechanical pursuits

Trade and transportation

Professional service

From this table it appears that practically all agriculturists and practically all of those engaged in trade and transportation were males; moreover, seven- eighths of those engaged in manufacturing and mechanical pursuits and two-

218

POPULATION.

thirds of those in professional service were males. Of the persons engaged in domestic and personal service three-fifths were males and two-fifths females. The following table shows for each age period the proportion of wage-earners engaged in each of the 5 great groups of occupations:

	PBR CSNT OF WAOE-EABNEBS ENQAQED IN —
AOK.	Agriculture, fisheries, and mining.	Professional service.	Domestic and personal service.	Trade and transpor- tation.	Manufacturing and mechan- ical pursuits.
Total	48.6	1.7	15.8	17.7	16.3
10 to 14 years 15 to 19 years 20 to 24 years •. . 25 to 29 years 30 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 years and over ....	65.7 47.8 48.2 47.0 44.6 45.9 49.2 61.7 68.4	0.1 1.0 1.6 1.9 2.0 2.0 2.0 1.8 1.3	10.9 13.4 16.9 16.4 16.3 16.4 16.5 18.3 17.9	10.8 17.6 17.6 18.5 20.4 18.8 17.6 15.8 12.2	12.5 20.2 16.8 16.2 16.8 16.9 14.7 12.4 10.2

Much the largest occupation group at all ages was the group for agriculture, fisheries, and mining. This group was largest in the youngest age period; then it diminished up to 35 years, from which age it increased to the most ad- vanced age. Professional service, at all ages, was very small, increasing up to middle life and then decreasing. Domestic and personal service increased up to 65 years and then diminished. Trade and transportation, starting with a small percentage, increased up to 35 years, then diminished. The maximum for manufacturing and mechanical pursuits was reached at the age group 15 to 19 years.

The following table shows the numbers of those engaged in the 44 im- portant occupation classes and the proportions which the numbers so en- gaged formed of the total number of wage-earners:

OCCUPATIONS.

219

OCCUPATION.

WAOE-EARNEHS.

Number.

Per cent.

Fanners, planters, and farm laborers

Merchants

Day laborers

Servants

Salesmen

Cigarmakers

Clerks and copyists

Launderers

Carpenters

Masons

Draymen and coachmen

Seamstresses

Policemen and soldiers

Mechanics

Shoemakers

Sailors and boatmen

Bakers

Teachers

Barbers and hairdressers

Tailors

Blacksmiths

Bankers, brokers, capitalists, and financiers

Miners

Peddlers and hucksters

Painters

Dressmakers

Harness makers

Printers, lithographers, etc ;

Cattle dealers

Fishermen

Miners and quarrymen

Machinists

Lawyers

Physicians and surgeons

Apprentices

Butchers

Steam railway employees

Firemen (not locomotive)

Officials of manufacturing companies

Boilermakers

Tinsmiths

Civil engineers and land survej'ors

Agents (real estate), collectors, and commercial travelers Musicians

367,931

60,856

42,358

39,312

32,324

27,503

26,483

25,533

21,422

12,163

10,199

9,470

8,238

7,917

6,848

6,446

6,162

5,964

5,039

5,112

3,668

2,792

2,516

2,444

2,434

2,337

1,946

1,817

1,699

1,693

1,662

1,498

1,349

1,243

1,140

1,008

951

937

906

888

830

804

773

762

47.6 6.6 5.5 5.1 4.2 3.6 3.4 3.3 2.8 1.6 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.0 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

o;2

0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 O.I 0.1 0.1 0.1

The above 44 occupations comprised 97.8 per cent of all wage-earners. Nearly four-fifths of the total number engaged in the first 8 occupations.

Agriculturists were far the largest class, and formed nearly one-half of all wage-earners. Merchants, second in rank, were far below them in number, with a proportion of one-sixteenth of all.

220

POPULATION.

The following table shows the number and the proportion of wage-earners in each of eleven selected occupations, for the native whites, foreign whites, and colored:

OCCUPATION.

WAOE-EABNXBS.

Native white.

Number.

Per cent.

Foreign white.

Number.

Per

cent.

Colored.'

Number.

Per cent.

Farmers, planters, and farm

laborers

Merchants

Day laborers

Servants

Salesmen

Cigarmakers

Clerks and copyists

Launderers. . . . ;

Carpenters

Masons

Draymen and coachmen. . .

211 ,026

20,216

16,724

6,118

9,034

14,922

18,986

3,978

7.589

2,595

4,100

67.1 6.6 4.5

1.7 2.4 4.0 5.1 1.1 2.1 0.7 1.1

48,848 26,307 9,851 9,290 21 ,273 2,096 5,633 1,065 4,570 2,645 3,170

30. 16

6.

5 13.

1.

3

0.7 2.8 1.6 2.0

108,058 4,333

15,783

23,904 2.017

10,485 1.864

20.500 9,263 6,923 2.929

44.9 1.8 6.6 9.9 0.8 4.4 0.8 8.5 3.8 2.9 1.2

'Includes black, mixed, and yellow.

Among the native whites the farmers and farm laborers constituted nearly three-fifths of the breadwinners. Merchants, who were next in rank, were less than one-tenth as numerous. Then followed clerks and copyists, day laborers, and cigarmakers.

Among the foreign whites, agriculturists, although the most numerous class, formed less than one-third of the whole number of breadwinners. Then came merchants with about one-sixth, salesmen with one-eighth, and day laborers and servants with about one-sixteenth. There were more merchants and salesmen in this element of the population than in any other.

Among the colored, agriculturists were again in far the greatest proportion, with about nine-twentieths of all breadwinners. Next came servants, with about one-tenth, then laundrymen and day laborers.

The following table gives the number and proportion of males and of females in each of eleven selected occupations:

OCCTJPATION.

Draymen and coachmen

Carpenters

Masons

Salesmen

Farmers, planters, and farm laborers

Merchants

Day laborers

Clerks and copyists

Cigarmakers

Servants

Launderers

WAGE-EARKXBS.

Males.

Number.

10.199 21,420 12.161 32,208 364,821 50.302 41,767 25,599 24,161 15,934 1,527

Per cent.

100.0 99.9 99.9 99.6 99.2 98.9 98.6 96.7 87.8 40.5 6.0

Females.

Number.

2

2

116

3,110

654

691

884

3.342

23.378

24.016

Per cent.

0.1

0.1

0.4

0.8

1.1

1.4

3.3

12.2

59.6

94.0

FAMILIES AND DWELLINGS.

221

All of the draymen and coachmen and nearly all of the carpenters, masons, salesmen, agriculturists, merchants, and laborers were males. Most of the clerks and copyists, and cigarmakers were males. On the other hand, neariy all launderers were females. Of the servants two-fifths were males and three- fifths females.

The following table gives the proportion of all male and female wage-earners who were engaged in certain selected occupations:

OCCUPATION.

Farmers, planters, and farm laborers

Merchants

Day laborers

Salesmen

Clerks and copyists

Cigarmakers

Carpenters

Servants

Masons

Draymen and coachmen

Launderers

PF.K CENT OF WAOE-EAKNEKS.

Male.	Female.
52.2		4.2
7.2		0.8
6.0	. .	0.8
4.6		0.2
3.7		1.2
3.5		4.5
3.1
2.3		31.8
1.7
1.5
0.2		32.7

Over one-half of all male wage-earners were agriculturists; other important classes were merchants and day laborers. Of the female wage-earners, about one-third were laundresses and almost as many were servants.

FAMILIES AND DWELLINGS.

A family, in the ordinary or popular sense of the word, means a group of persons bound together by ties of kindred. Usually they live together, but this is not necessarily involved in the word, for a married son or daughter occupying a separate house is still regarded as a member of the family. On the other hand, not all persons who live with the family are deemed members, for servants, laborers, or boarders are excluded.

The census finds such a definition of the family inapplicable to its field of work. The test of kindred can not be applied by the enumerator. In many cases families of relatives are dispersed through the community, returns about them come through different enumerators, and their names and the facts about them can not be assembled on the schedules or tabulated together. Accordingly in this field, as in several others, the census is forced to abandon the effort to bring together data that belong together and to confine itself to the simpler and more practicable task of tabulating together data that are found by the enumerators conjoined. The census test of a family is not kinship by blood, but association in home life. Persons living in the same home are for census purposes members of the same family.

In census usage, therefore, the word "family" means the group of people, whether related by blood or not, who share a common dwelling and table. If a person sleeps and eats alone, he constitutes for census purposes a family.

222 POPULATION.

On the other hand, if a large group of people sleep and eat in a common dwelling, like a hotel or convent, they make up a single census family. Census families, therefore, may be divided into two classes: Natural families or families in the popular sense of that word, and "other families." Members of a natural family are bound together primarily by ties of kindred. Members of other families are bound together primarily by other motives, usually those of an economic character. The latter may perhaps without great violence to the facts be called economic families. These two classes of motives may and often do coexist, but the family should be classed with natural families or with economic families according to the class of motives which is primary. For example, a family having only one boarder should doubtless be grouped with natural families, but a family in which the boarders largely outnumber the blood relatives should be grouped with economic families.

Size of family. — The limits of size are much wider in ,the economic family than in the natural family. The economic family may consist of one person liv- ing alone, of two partners li\'ing together at their place of business, of three or more boarders living with a housekeeper, or of hundreds of guests, nuns, or prisoners living together in a hotel, convent, or prison. On the basis of number of members alone no sharp lines can be drawn between natural families and economic families. Still, the only classification of census families presented in the tables of this voliune is that by size, and on this basis, therefore, an attempt may perhaps be made to divide census families into two classes, one of which shall consist mainly of natural families and the other mainly of economic families.

As a natural family can not be composed of a single member, the lower limit of size for a natural family may be drawn with confidence between two members and one. The higher limit is more vague and uncertain. Yet it seems that if all families of more than ten persons are grouped as economic families, a large proportion, if not a majority, of the persons in them might be assumed to be lining apart from their kindred — that is, as farm laborers in their employers' families or as boarders, lodgers, or residents of hotels, schools, prisons, or other institutions treated by the census as a family, but not so regarded in ordinary speech. On this basis, therefore, the families in Cuba may be divided into the following three groups:

1. Families of one member.

2. Families of two to ten members.

3. Families of more than ten members.

Of these groups the second consists mainly of natural families, the first entirely and the third largely, if not mainly, of economic families.

The total number of families in Cuba in 1907 was 427,630, an increase over the number in 1899 of 30.4 per cent, which percentage is a little greater than that of the increase in population. The average number of persons in a family was 4.8 at both censuses. Considering the great increase in the number of young children by 1907, it is surprising that the averages should be the same for the two years. The increase in population is of course accounted for

SIZE OF FAMILIES.

223

by the above noted increase in the number of famiUes. In 1900, the average family in the United States contained 4.7 persons, and the average for Porto Rico in 1899 was 5.3 persons.

The following table presents the number of families and their average size, for each province and for the city of Habana:

PBOVINCE OB CITY.

Cuba

City of Habana

Matanzas

Habana

Santa Clara. . . .

Oriente

Pinar del Rio . . CaraagOey

Number of families.

427,630

70,762 66,768 120,413 93,000 90,373 45,663 21,423

Average number

of persons to a

family.

4.8

4.2 4.2 4.6 4.9 6.0 6.3 6.6

The city of Habana and the province of Matanzas had the smallest average family and the sparsely populated province of Camagiiey the largest. In Pinar del Rio, the number was the same as in Porto Rico; and in Camagiiey, alone, was it larger.

While the average size of the Cuban family was 4.8 persons, that of families having native white heads was much larger, being 5.2. That of families having foreign white heads was the same as that of the total population, 4.8, while that of the colored was much smaller, being only 4.2.

The following table gives, for each province and the city of Habana, the average size of family in each element of the population, as determined by the race or nationality of its head :

PROVINCE OR CITT.

Cuba.

CamagQey

Habana

City of Habana.

Matanzas

Oriente

Pinar del EIo. . Santa Clara ....

AVERAGE NUMBER OF PERSONS TO A FAMILY.

All

classes.

4.8

5.5 4.5 4.2 4.2 6.0 6.3 4.9

Native white.

5.2

6.8 4.9 4.7 4.8 6.3 6.4 6.2

Foreign white.

4.8

6.0 4.4 4.2 4.6 4.9 6.7 5.1

Colored.!

4.2

6.0 3.7 3.6 3.6 4.2 4.7 4.3

'Includes black, mixed, and yellow.

In all provinces the native white families were larger than those of the total population; the foreign white families were smaller in one- half of the provinces and larger in the other half; while in all cases the colored families were much smaller.

The following table presents, for each province and for Habana city, the per cent distribution, by size, of the whole number of families:

224

POPULATION.

PERSONS		PER CENT DISTRIBUTION	3F NUMBER OF FAMILIES.
TO A FAMILY.	Cuba.	Caraa- gOey.	Habana.	City of Uabana.	Matan- zas.	Oriente.	PInar del Rio.	Sant» Clara.
1	8.7 14.9 15.3 14.3 12.8 10.5 7.9 5.7 3.7 2.4 3.3 0.3 0.2	6.3 12.4 13.2 12.8 12.1 10.6 8.8 6.9 5.4 4.0 6.8 0.5 0.2	11.3 17.6 16.4 14.3 12.1 9.3 6.5 4.5 2.9 1.8 2.7 0.4 0.2	14.3 20.3 17.3 13.5 10.6 7.6 5.4 3.7 2.5 1.6 2.5 0.5 0.2	12.6 17.8 16.7 14.2 12.0 0.1 6.6 4.4 2.8 1.7 2.0 0.1 0.1	6.7 13.0 14.9 14.6 13.3 11.1 8.7 6.5 4.2 2.9 3.7 0.2 0.2	6.1 10.7 13.3 14.1 14.0 12.4 10.0 7.1 4.7 3.1 3.9 0.4 0.2	6.9
2	14.0
3	15 1
4	14.7
5	13.4
6	11.1
7	8.4
8	6 1
9	4.0
10	2.6
11 to 15 16 to 20 21 and over	3.3 0.3 0.2

The number of families of 1 person each was 37,300. This was 8.7 per cent of the total number of families and represented 1.8 per cent of the total popula- tion. In other words, out of every hundred people, 1.8 persons were living alone. In 1899, the corresponding proportion was 1.95 per cent, while in Porto Rico in 1899, the percentage was only 0.82. In the United States in 1900, families of one person each formed 5.1 per cent of all families, and represented 1.1 per cent of the population. The proportion of 1-person fami- lies in the provinces was greatest in Matanzas, Habana being second, and was least in Pinar del Rio.

This disposition to live alone was far more decided in the cities than in the country. Of the total number living alone, no fewer than 18,092, or a little less than one-half, were living in the 19 largest cities. In these 19 cities, 2.9 persons out of every hundred were living alone, while in rural Cuba the pro- portion was but 1.3 person in every hundred.

The following table shows the percentage of persons living alone in each of the 19 largest cities:

CITY HAVING AT LEAST 8,000 INHABITANTS.	Per cent of persons living alone.	CITY HAVING AT LEAST 8.000 INHABITANTS.	Per cent of persons living alone.
Total	2.9
	o 4
Jovellanos	4.5 3.6 3.4 3.0 3.0 2.8 2.7 2.6 2.5	Gtlines	2.1
CSrdenas	GuantS.nanio	2.1
	CainagOey	2.0
Matanzas	Caibari6n	1.6
		1.6
Pinar del Rio	Trinidad	1.6
Marianao	San Antonio de los Bafios Manzanillo	1.5
	1.4
Cienfuegos	Sancti-Spiritus	1.4

The proportion of families of more than 10 members was 3.7 per cent, representing a population of 222,643, or 10.9 per cent of the total. As there were 15,866 families in this group, the average number per family was 14.0 persons. In 1899, the proportion of the population in this group of families was 12.9 per cent.

In the United States in 1900, this group of families formed 2.2 per cent of all families and contained 7 per cent of the population and on the average, each

SIZE OF FAMILIES.

225

such family contained 15.2 persons; thus the proportion of such famiUes was less than in Cuba, and the average family was large.

The following table shows for each province and for Habana city the pro- p)ortion which the number of families of more than 10 members each formed of the total number of families; the proportion which the population in these families formed of the total population; and the average number of persons in such families:

	FAMILIES WITH MOKE THAN 10	MEMBERS.
PKOVINCE OK C'lTY.	Per cent number forms of total number of families.	Per cent popula- tion forms of total population.	Average number of persons to a family.
Cuba	3.7	10.9	14.0
	7.5 3.2 3.1 2.1 4.1 4.5 3.7	18.4 11.6 13.0 6.8 10.8 12.9 10.2	13.4
Habaiia	Ifi.O
City of Habana	17.4
llatanzas	13.5
Oriente	13.4
Pinar del Rio	15.2
6anla Clara	13.6

The proportional number of families was largest in Camagiiey and smallest in Matanzas. It is also rather small in the city and the province of Habana. As one expects to find the proportion of the population in hotels, boarding houses, and institutions larger in cities than in the country, the small proportion of families in Habana is surprising until one sees that the average size of such families is considerably larger in Habana than elsewhere and that, except in Camagiiey, the percentage of population is greater.

The families containing from 2 to 10 members constituted 87.6 percent, or seven-eighths, of all families, and represented 87.3 per cent of the total popula- tion. In Cuba, in 1899, 85 per cent of the population were in this group of families; in the United States, in 1900, the proportion was much larger, namely, 91.7 per cent, while the proportion of families in this group was 93.3 per cent.

The following table presents the percentage which families of each specified size from 2 to 10 persons bore to all families, and the percentage of the population contained in such families:

	PERSONS TO A FAMILY.	FAMILIES WITH 2	TO 10 MEMBERS.
	Per cent number forms of total number of families.	Per cent popula- tion forms of total population.
	Total	87.6	87 3
2..	14.9 15.4 14.4 12.8 10.5 7.9 6.7 3.7 2.4	6 2
3	9 6
4	12 0
5	13.4
6	13 1
7	11 5
8	9 5
9	7 0
10	5 0
	15

226

POPULATION.

Families of 3 members were the most numerous, but the families of 5 mem- bers contained the largest proportion of the population. Dividing the above into two groups, first, small families, those with from 2 to 5 members, and second, large families, those with from 6 to 10 members, it appears that the small families comprised 57.4 percent of all families, but represented only 41.2 per cent of the population; while the large families comprised only 30.2 per cent of all families, but represented 46.1 per cent of the population.

The following table shows, by provinces, the proportion which families of 2 to 10 members bore to all families, and the proportion which the population in them bore to the total population:

	PROVINCE.	rAHILIES WITH 2	TO 10 MEMBEBS.
	Per cent number forms of total number of families.	Per cent popula- tion forms of total population.
Cuba	87.6	87.3
Plnar del Rio ....	89.4 89.4 89.3 86.2 85.4 85.3	86.0
	88.4
Oriente	87 9
CamagQey	80.6
fiabana	85 0
Matanzas	90.2

In four of the provinces the percentage of families was greater than that of population.

Dtvellings. — ^^Fhe total number of occupied dwellings in Cuba in 1907 was 350,830. The average number of persons to a dwelling was 5.8 and the average number of families, 1.2. In 1899, the number of occupied dwellings was 262,724; thus there was an increase in 8 years of 33.6 in the number. In 1899, the average number of persons to a dwelling was 6.0 and the aver- age number of families, 1.2.

The following table shows the average number of families and the average number of persons to a dwelling in each province and in the city of Habana:

PHOVmCE OR CITY.	Average num- ber of families to a dwelling.	Average num- ber of persons to a dwelling.
Total	1.2	5.8
	1.1 1.7 2.5 1.2 1.1 1.1 1.1	6.1
	7.4
City of Habana	10 3
	5 0
Oriente	5 5
Pinar del Rio	5.7
Santa Clara	5.3

The lai^e number of families and persons to a dwelling in Habana city are notable, although large numbers are usual in all large cities. The aver- age number of persons to a dwelling has increased in Habana city since 1899,

DWELLINGS.

227

when it was 9.4 persons. In the other cities of Cuba, especially the larger cities, there was a slight tendency in the same direction. In the 19 cities, col- lectively, the persons per dwelling numbered 7.2. Excluding Habana, which is, in a way, in a class by itself, the number is reduced to 5.6. In rural Cuba, the number of persons per dwelling was 5.4, or only a little less than the number in the 18 large cities other than Habana.

The average number of families and the average number of persons to a dwelling in each of the 19 cities follows :

	CITY.	Average num- ber of families to dwelling.	Average num- ber of persoiu to dwelling.
Habana	2.5 1.4 1.4 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.7 1.2 1.5 1.1 1.3		10.3
Santiago de Cuba	6.0
Matanzas	5.9
Cienf uegos	5.4
Camagtley	6.2
C&rdenas	5.2
Sancti-Splritus	5.7
Santa Clara	5.1
Manzanillo	5.1
Guantlnamo	5.4
Guanabacoa	6.0
Sagua la Grande	5.2
Trinidad	5.1
Pinar del Rio	5.1
	7.8
Jovellanos	4.6
San Antonio de los Baflos	6.6
Caibari6n	5.0
GOines	5.3

Of the 19 cities, no less than 9 had fewer persons to a dwelling than the number in rural Cuba, while 8 had a greater number, and in 2 the numbers were the same.

GENERAL TABLES

POPULATION TABLES.

Table 1. — Total population at different censuses: 1774 to 1907.

YEAK.	Population.	YEAR.	Population.
1774	171,620 272,300 572,363 704,487 1,007,624	1861	1 396 530^
1792	1877	1,509 1 291
1817	1887	1 631 687
1827	1899	1^572,797
1841	1907	2,048,980

Table 2. — Population of the provinces at different censuses: 1861 to 1907.

PROVINCE.	1861>	1887	1899	1907
Cuba	1,396,530	1,631,687	1,572,797	2,048,980
Camagtlev	85,702 393,789 234,524 264,520 146,685 271,310	67,789 451,928 259,578 272,379 225,891 354,122	88,234 427,514 202,444 327,715 170,354 356.536	118,269
Habana	538,010
	239,812
	465,086
Pinar del Rio	240 , 372
	457,431

>The population of the provinces is estimated.

Table 3. — Population of municipalities: 1907. PROVINCE OF CAMAGUEY.

MUNICIPALITY.	Population.	MUNICIPALITY.	Population.
	118.269 66.460 17,741	Morfin	13,898
	Nuevitas	10,620
Camagtley Ciego de Avila	Santa Cruz del Sur	9.550

PROVINCE OF HABANA.

MUNICIPALITY.

Province .

Aguacate

Alqufzar

Batabanfi

Bauta

Bejucal

Guanabacoa . . . .

GOines

Gtlira de Melena

Population.

638,010

7,305 10,561 16,434 13,430 15,655 24,968 32,216 13,701

MUNICIPALITY.

Habana

Isla de Pinos

Jariico

Madriix'a

Mariaiiao

Nueva Paz

San Antonio de los Bafios Sau Jos6 de las Lajas. . . . Santa Maria del Rosario.. Santiago de las Vegas. . . .

Population.

302,52ft

3,276.

12,067

7,111

18.15&

12.196

20.447

11.988

3,916

13,068

(231)

232

POPULATION.

Table 3. — Population of municipalities: 1907 — Continued. PROVINCE OF MATANZAS.

MUNICIPALITT.	Population.	MUNICIPALITT.	Population.
Province	239.812	JagOey Grande	10.256
		17.024 15.104
Alacranes	16.838 12.377 28.576 52.006	Mart!
Bolondr6n	Matanzas	64.385
C&rdenas	Pedro Betancourt	13,044
Colon	Unidn de Reyes	11.202

PROVINCE OF ORIENTE.

MUNICIPALITT.	Population.	MUNICIPALITT.	Population.
Province	455.086	Holguin	50 , 224
		13 325
Alto Songo	20.553 27.852 26.511 16.215 14.715 39,343 43,300	MariiianiUo	54 . 900
Baracoa	Mavarl	17,628
Bavamo	Palnia Soriano	20,235
Cahev	Puerto Padre	34,061
Cobre	Sagua de TS.nanio	8,398
Gibara	San Luis	14,212
Guant&namo	Santiago de Cuba	53,614

PROVINCE OP PINAR DEL Rfo.

MUNICIPALITT.	Population.	MUNICIPALITY.	Population.
Province	240,372		29,236
		11 041
Artemisa	14,719 11.652 11.471 28,819 15,336	Plnar del Rio	60,071
Cabanas	San Cristobal	20.388
Consolacidn del Norte	San Juan y Martinez	19,807
		1 1 , 092
Guanajay	Viflales	16,840

PROVINCE OF SANTA CLARA.

MUNICIPALITT.	Population.	MUNICIPALITT.	Population.
Province	457,431	Ranchuelo	12,537
		22 083
Gaibarlfin	10,053 16,979 14,583 70,416 10,239 18,183 15,750 16,682 11,309 14.616		26,937
Calabazar	San Antonio de las Vueltas Sancti-Spiritus	16,861
CamaJuanI	36,572
Cienfuegos	San Juan de los Remedlos Santa Clara	21,573
Cruces	46,640
Esperanza	Santa Isabel de los Lajas Santo Domingo	11,407
Palmira	20,776
Placetas	Trinidad	29,548
Quemado de GQines	Yaguajay	13,707
Rancho Veloz

GENERAL TABLES.

233

Table 4.

-Population of cities and towns having at least 1,000 inhabitants or more:

1907.

CITY OB TOWN.	Municipal district.	Province.	Popu- lation.
Abreus	Rodas	Santa Clara Matanzas Habana Santa Clara Matanzas Habana	2 no.i
Agramonte	Coldn	I 1 1 2 4 1 1 1 3 1 1 3 5 1 4 5 2 1 8 1 1 1 1 29 5 1 3 1 1 1 24 1 1 1 1 2 4 30 1 1 7 3 1 1 5 1 2 6 14 6 1 14 1 8 1 5 297 7 1 1 1 2 1 9 1 1 2 1 1 15 9 1 36 1 2 1 1	852
Aguacate	Aguacate	109
Aguada rie Pasajeros	Cienfuegos	452
Alacranes		870
Alcjiifzar	Alqulzar	?15
Alto Kongo	Alto Songo	"^10
Amarillas	Col6n	Matanzas Pinar del Rio. , . Pinar del Rio. . . Pinar del Rio. . . Matanzas Griente	986
Arrovos		0S«
Artemisa	Artemisa	831
Babia Honda		'>fi3
BanagUises	Colfin	130
Banes	Gibara	788
Baracoa	Baracoa		(r^'^
		Habana Oriente Habana Matanzas Pinar del Rio... Santa Clara Habana Santa Clara Haliana Matanzas CamagQey Santa Clara Santa Clara Oriente	907
Bavarno	Ba vamo	10?.
Bejucal	Bejucal	?65
Bolonfirrtn	Bolondrfin	581
Cabafias	Cabanas	015
Caibari^n	Caibaridn	333
Caiiiiito	Bauta	000
Calabazar		496
Calabazar	Santiago de las Vegas	400
Calirnete	{^olrtn	180
Camaguev	Camagtley	616
Camajiiant	Camajuanl	316
Camarones	Palmira	1?!7
Cam|)e<'liuela	Man^tanillo	933
Candado	Trinidad	Santa Clara Pinar del Rio. . . Oriente	179
Candelaria	San Crist6bal	746
Canev	Canev	067
Cardenas	Cfirdenas	Matanzas Matanzas Santa Clara Santa Clara Habana Habana CamagQey Santa Clara Santa Clara Oriente	'>H0
Carlos Rojas		635
Cascajal	Santo Domingo	140
	Trinidad	?4«
Catalina	GQines	490
Ceiba	Marianao	661
Ciego de Avila	Ciego de .\vHa	?4^
Cienfiiegos	Cienfuegos	100
Cif uentes	Sagua la Grande	49^
Cohre	Cobre	781
Col6n	Colrtn Consolacifin del Sur	Matanzas Pinar del Rio. . . Habana Oriente	1?I4
Consolaci6n del Sur	414
Cotorro	Santa Maria del Rosario Caney	178
Cristo	316
Criices	Cruces	Santa Clara Santa Clara Santa Clara Oriente	111
p]ncruci jada	Calabazar	801
Esperanza	Esperanza	754
Gihara. ...	Gibara	170
Guanabacoa	Guanubacoa	Habana Pinar del Rio. .. Pinar del Rio... Oriente	368
G uanajay	Guanajay	400
Guane	Guane	369
Guantanamo . . . .	Gnantclnamo	559
Guara	GOines	Habana Habana Matanzas Habana Habana Oriente	0?!0
GOines	GQines	053
GOira	Bolondrfin	?.'i3
	GOira de Melena	5.50
		1.59
Holgiifn	Holguln	59?!
Isabela	Sagua la Grande	Santa Clara Matanzas	968
	.Jagflev Grande	S?i6
		400
	Jaruco	Hul)ana Oriente Matanzas Habana Matanzas Habana	056
Jiguanf	JigiianI	36?
	Jovellanos	?46
La Salud	Bejucal	465
	Matanzas	6.59
		175
	Colrtn	Matanzas Santa Clara Pinar del Rio. . . Oriente	181
Manicaragua	Santa Clara	434
Mantua	Mantua	167
		819
Marianao Mariel	Marianao Gua!iajay	Habana Pinar del Rio. . . Matanzas Matanzas Oriente	332 592
Matanzas	Matanzas	009
Maximo G6niez	Marti	708
Mavarl. . .	Mavarl	746
	GQines	Habana CamagQey	615
Minas	CaraagUey	387

16

234

POPULATION.

Table 4. — Population of cities and towns having at least 1,000 inhabitants or more:

/P07— Continued.

CITY OB TOWN.

Hordn

Niquero

Nueva Paz

Nuevltas

Palacios

Palma Soriano

Palmira

Palos

Pedro Betancourt

Perico

Pinar del Rio

Placetas

Pueblo de Bataband

Puerto Padre

Punta Brava

Quemada de GtUnes

QuivicS.n

Rancho Vcloz

Ranchuelo

Remedios

Rodaa

Sagua la Grande

Sagua de Tfinamo

San Antonio de los Baflos

San Cayetano

San Cristobal

Sancti-Spiritus

San Felipe

San Jos^ de las Lajas

San Jos^ de los Ramos . . .

San Juan de las Yeras

San Juan y Martinez

San Luis

San Luis

San Nlcol&s

Santa Ana

Santa Clara

Santa Cruz del Sur

Santa Isabel de las Lajas.

Santa Lucia

Santiago de Cuba

Santiago de las Vegas. . . .

Santo Domingo

Surgidero de BatabanO. . .

Tapaste

Tnnidad

Tunas

Uni6n de Reyes

Veguita

Vereda Nueva

Vieja Bfermeja

Viflales

Vueltas

Yaguajay

Zulueta

Municipal district.

Mordn

Manzanillo

N ueva Paz

Nuevltas

San Crist6bal

Palma Soriano

Palmira

Nueva Paz

Pedro Betancourt

Col<5n

Pinar del Rio

Placetas

Batabanfi

Puerto Padre

Bauta

Quemado de Gflines

Bejucal

Rancho Veloz

Ranchuelo

San Juan de los Remedios.

Rodas

Sagua la Grande

Sagua de Tftnamo

San Antonio de los Baflos.

Viflales

San Cristobal

Sancti-Spiritus

Bataban(5

San Jos^ de las Lajas

Col(5n

Ranchuelo

San Juan y Martinez

San Luis

San Luis

GOines

Matanzas

Santa Clara

Santa Cruz del Sur

Santa Isabel de las Lajas. .

Gibara

Santiago de Cuba

Santiago de las Vegas

Santo Domingo

Bataban6

San Jos^ de las Lajas

Trinidad

Puerto Padre

Uni6n de Reyes

Bayamo

San Antonio de los Baflos .

Alacranes

Viflales

San Antonio de las Vueltas

Yaguajay

San Juan de los Remedios.

r*rovince.

CamagQey

Oriente

Habana

CamagQey

Pinar del Rio . . .

Oriente

Santa Clara

Habana

Matanzas

Matanzas

Pinar del Rio . . .

Santa Clara

Habana

Oriente

Habana

Santa Clara

Habana

Santa Clara

Santa Clara

Santa Clara

Santa Clara

Santa Clara

Oriente

Habana

Pinar del Rio. . . Pinar del Rio . . .

Santa Clara

Habana

Habana

Matanzas

Santa Clara

Pinar del Rio . . .

Oriente

Pinar del Rio . . .

Habana

Matanzas

Santa Clara.. .

CamagUey

Santa Clara

Oriente

Oriente

Habana

Santa Clara

Habana

Habana

Santa Clara

Oriente

Matanzas

Oriente

Habana

Matanzas

Pinar del Rio . . .

Santa Clara

Santa Clara

Santa Clara

Popu- lation.

2	627
1	584
2	379
4	386
2	082
2	333
4	137
2	100
3	349
\	322
10	634
6	184
1	533
2	173
1	916
1	867
1	270
1	317
2	859
6	988
3	306
12	393
1	222
9	125
1	159
1	456
17	440
1	200
2	873
1	389
1	601
2	486
3	441
1	533
2	326
1	033
16	702
1	640
4	509
1	183
45	470
6	462
3	090
4	990
1	300
11	197
2	147
3	941
1	012
1	037
1	087
1	425
1	129
3	110
1	955

GENERAL TABLES.

235

Table 5. — Population, classified by sex, general nativity, and color, by provinces: 1907. [Figures in italics are included in those for the province.]

	TOTAL.	NATIVE WHITE.	rOBEIGN WHITE.
	Total.	Male.	Female.	Total.	Male.	Female.	Total.	Male.	Female.
Cuba.	2,048,980	1,074,882	974,098	1,224,539	608,597	616,942	203,637	163,014	40.623
CamagQey . . . Habana City of Ha- bana Matanzas.. . . Oriente Pinar del Rio Santa Clara..	118,269 538,010 S97,169 239,812 455,086 240,372 457,431	62,118 284,751 167,156 123,560 233,736 128,642 242,175	56,151 253,259 140,004 116,252 221,360 111,830 215,256	88,661 316,040 148 ,6S8 130,879 231,585 165,019 292,366	44,555 153,211 69 , IBS 64,765 114,870 84,679 146,517	44 , 106 162,829 79,345 66,114 116,715 80,340 145,838	7,932 95,832 73,816 17,656 27,409 16,483 39,325	6,634 73,414 54,766 13,917 22,645 13,591 32,813	1,298 22.418 18,061 3,739 4,764 1.892 6,512
	BLACK.	MIXED.	YELLOW.
	Total.	Male.	Female.	Total.	Male.	Female.	Total.	Male.	Female.
Cuba.	274,272	133,655	140,617	334,695	167,975	176,720	11,837	11,641	196
Camagtiey. . . Habana City of Hw- bana Matanzas Oriente Pinar del Rio Santa Clara..	8,846 59,186 so,eis 60,633 67,623 35,753 52,331	4,573 26,617 IS, 476 24,272 33,885 18,148 26,160	4.273 32,569 18,136 26,361 33,638 17,605 26,171	12,636 63,674 42,753 37,354 127,837 23,512 69,783	6,063 28,347 18,380 17,337 61,615 11,541 33,072	6,472 36,327 Z4,S7S 20,017 66,222 11,971 36,711	295 3,278 3,460 3,290 732 605 3,637	293 3,162 3,361 3.269 721 583 3,613	3 116 99 21 11 22 24

Table 6. — Population, classified by age and sex, by provinces: 1907. [Figures in italics are included in those for the province.]

		Total population.	UNDER 6 YEARS.	5 TO 17 YEARS.
	Male.	Female.	Male.	Female.
Cuba	2,048,980	173.657	168.996	272,685	268,860
Camagtley	118,269 538,010 397,169 239,812 465,086 240.372 457,431	9.613 37,416 16,033 19,394 43,059 23,810 40,366	9.091 36,963 16,956 19,027 41,279 23,237 39,398	17,661 63,348 33,760 30,057 67 , 103 35,308 59,118	17,203
Habana	62,675
City of Habana	33,548
Matanzas	30,743
Oriente	65,899
Pinar del Rio	33.637
Santa Clara	58.803
	18 TO 20 TEABS.	21 TO 44 YEARS.	45 YEARS AND OVER.
	Male.	Female.	Male.	Female.	Male.	Female.
Cuba	77.001	76.145	398,647	328,269	162.992	131,839
CamagQey Habana	4.597 21,531 13,603 8,322 16,669 8,449 . 17.433	4,643 18.479 10,097 9.093 18,173 8,679 17,178	20,737 122,972 73, lis 43,610 76,263 46,211 88,864	16,951 97,822 57,664 39,887 66,039 36,823 71,737	9.520 39.484 31 ,668 22, m 30,652 14,764 36,395	8.363 37,420
City of Habana. . Matanzas	33,760 17,602
Oriente	29,960
Pinar del Rio Santa Clara	10,454 28,140

236

POPULATION.

Table 7. — Population, classified by nativity, color, sex, and age: 1907.

All ages

Under 1 year

1 year

2 years

3 years

4 years

6 to 9 years

10 to 14 years. . . . 16 to 17 years. . . . 18 to 19 years. . . .

20 years

21 to 24 years .... 25 to 29 years .... 30 to 34 years .... 36 to 39 years. . . . 40 to 44 years. . . . 45 to 49 years. . . . 50 to 54 years .... 65 to 69 years .... 60 to 64 years. . . . 65 to 69 years .... 70 to 74 years .... 75 to 79 years .... 80 to 84 years .... 85 to 89 years .... 90 to 94 years .... 95 to 99 years .... 100 years and over Unknown

Total.

2.048,980

64,599

59,338

73.860

72.860

72.005

224.765

180.786

135.904

100.075

63.071

180,882

184,567

136,347

117.942

108.168

79.800

70.263

39.694

41.251

18,284

16,485

7,020

6,312

2.136

1,708

678

522

688

Male.

1,074,882

32,668

30,387

37,548

36,796

36.258

113,813

92,793

66.979

50.840

26,161

99.134

100.051

74,971

64,472

60.019

44,886

37,509

22,166

21,275

9,670

8,291

3,600

2,908

999

763

309

239

377

Female.

974.098

31.931

28.951

36.302

36.064

35,747

110,942

87,993

69.925

49,235

26,910

81.748

84,516

60.376

63.470

48,149

34,914

32.744

17.528

19.976

8.614

8.194

3.420

3.404

1,137

945

369

283

311

NATIVE WHITE.

Total.

1.224.539

47.043

42.127

52.443

61 .623

60,506

149,819

119,716

86,437

59,720

31.079

107.162

103,133

71.506

62.339

66,396

42.363

34,609

19.213

17.339

7.966

6,002

2.778

1.884

685

319

147

63

133

Male.

608.597

23,921

21,641

26,716

26,227

25,568

76,296

61 ,383

40,496

28,409

13.910

54.632

60.418

35.176

30,981

28,893

22,126

17,008

9,608

7,479

3.379

2,348

1,128

617

225

97

44

17

67

FOREIGN WHITE.

COLORED. >

Total.

Male.

Female.

Total.

Male.

All ages

Under 1 yea

1 year

2 years

3 years

4 years

6 to 9 years

10 to 14 years. . . . 16 to 17 years. . . . 18 to 19 years. . . .

20 years

21 to 24 years. . . . 25 to 29 years. . . . 30 to 34 years. . . .

35 to 39 years

40 to 44 years .... 45 to 49 years. . . . 60 to 54 years .... 66 to 59 years. . . . 60 to 64 years .... 65 to 69 years. . . . 70 to 74 years .... 75 to 79 years. . . . 80 to 84 years .... 85 to 89 years .... 90 to 94 years .... 95 to 99 years. . . . 100 years and over Unknown

203,637

163.014

40,623

620,804

303.271

180

295

654

863

836

3,928

4,639

7,708

9,782

6,196

23,063

31,500

28.545

22.259

19.307

13,821

11,406

6,617

5,558

2.728

1,811

928

522

199

72

36

15

170

81

146

369

439

420

2,075

2,916

6.366

8.376

5.200

19.178

25,659

23,369

18,191

15.954

11.477

9.006

5.212

4.136

1,981

1,277

586

303

115

36

21

8

128

99

149

295

424

416

1,863

1,723

1,342

1,407

995

3,885

6.841

6,176

4.068

3.363

2.344

2.400

1,405

1,422

747

634

342

219

84

36

16

7

42

17.376

16.916

20.753

20,374

20.663

71 .008

56.431

41.759

30.673

15,797

50.657

49.934

35,296

33.344

32.465

23.616

24.238

13.864

18,354

7,601

8,672

3.314

3,906

1,252

1,317

495

444

385

8,666

8.600

10.473

10.130

10.280

35.443

28,494

19,118

14,056

7,051

25,424

23,974

16,426

15.300

15.172

11.284

11.495

7.446

9.660

4.310

4.666

1,886

1,988

659

630

244

214

182

'Includes black, mixed, and yellovr

GENERAL TABLES.

237

Table 8. — Population classified by birthplace, by provinces: 1907. [Figures in italics are included in those for the province.]

	Total popu- lation.	COUNTRY OF BIKTH.
PKOVINCE.	Cuba.	Spain.	United States.	China.	Africa,	Other countries.	Un- known.
Cuba	2,048,980	1,820,239	186,393	6,713	11,217	7,948	17,206	264
CamagQey .... Habana City of Ha- bana Matanzas Oriente PinardelRIo.. Santa Clara. . .	118,269 638,010 297,169 239,812 455,086 240,372 457,431	109,517 437,096 SS0,992 216,340 422,303 223,566 411,427	6,562 87,451 88,788 16,576 22,738 14,251 37,816	715 3,706 2,42Z 387 1,009 465 431	282 2,940 2,207 3,221 676 540 3,658	368 1,010 389 2,486 434 730 2,920	824 6,661 4,S81 802 7,917 825 1,277	1 246 9 5 3

Table 9. — Population, classified by sex and color, and by birthplace: 1907.

COUNTRY	TOTAL.	WHITE.	COLORED.*
OF BIRTH.	Total.	Male.	Female.	Total.	Male.	Female.	Total.	Male.	Female.
Total...	2,048,980	1,074,882974,098	1,428,176	771,611	656.566	620,804	303,271	317.533
Cuba Porto Rico . . The remain- ing West Indies. . . . Mexico Central and Soutii Am- erica United States Spain France United King- dom Other Euro- pean coun- tries Africa China Other coun- tries and unknown. .	1,820,239 2,918 4,280 1,187 1.442 6,713 185,393 1,476 1,252 1,811 7,948 11,217 3,104	891,949 1,875 2,630 604 786 3,997 151.828 960 796 1,425 4,808 11,166 2,169	928,290 1,043 1,650 683 666 2,716 33,565 526 457 386 3,140 51 935	1,224,539 2,176 1,066 1,070 1,308 6,026 185 , 189 1,380 878 1,761 81 77 2,625	608,597 1,399 663 450 698 3,478 161,678 893 666 1,393 60 72 1.765	616.942 777 603 620 610 2.548 33,611 487 313 368 21 5 860	595.700 742 3,214 117 134 687 204 96 374 50 7.867 11.140 479	283,362 476 2,067 54 88 619 150 57 230 32 4,748 11.094 404	312. 34S 266 1.147 63 46 168 54 39 144 18 3.119 46 76

'Includes black, mixed, and yellow.

238

POPULATION.

Table 10. — Pojndation, classified by dtizenahip, by provinces: 1907. [Figures in italics are included in those for the province.]

Total population.

CrnZENBHIP.

Cuban.

Spanish.

Other and unknown.

Cuba

Camagfiey

Habana

City of Habana

Matanzas

Oriente

Pinar del RJo. . . Santa Clara

2,048,980

1.780,628

228.138

40,214

118,269 538.010

£97,169 239,812 465,086 240.372 467.431

107,929 429,999

216,789 213,996 413,689 216,891 398,124

8,460 93,709

70,968 20.887 30,289 21,334 53,469

1,890 14.302

10,41S 4.929

11.108 2,147 5,838

Table 11. — Male population 21 years and over, classified by color and nativity and by citizenship and literacy: 1907.

	Total.	WHTFE.
CITIZENSHIP AND LITERACY.	Bom in Cuba.	Bom in Spain.	Bom in other countries.	Colored.'
Total males of voting age ....	561,639	264,042	127,882	8,765	160,960
Cuban citizenship	430,514	260,331	31,363	992	137.828
Literate Illiterate Degrees received: Academic Professional... Other and unknown citizenship	212,930 217,584 2,296 4,026 121,126	138,466 121,866 1,951 3,608 3,711	22,472 8,891 241 279 96,519	804 188 32 58 7,763	61,188 86,640 72 81 13,132
Literate lUiterate Degrees received: Academic Professional. . .	89,217 31,908 621 775	3,094 76,343 617 21,176 93 823 122 209 \ 1	6,600 1,263 194 346	4,280 8,852 11 8

'Includes black, mixed, and yellow.

GENERAL TABLES.

239

Table 12. — Population, classified by sex, color, nativity, and citizenship, and by age: 1907.

All ages . .

Under 5 years.. . 5 to 9 years . . . 10 to 14 years. . . 15 to 17 years. . . 18 to 19 years. . .

20 years

21 to 24 years. . . 25 to 29 years. . . 30 to 34 years . . . 36 to 44 years. . . 45 to 54 years. . . 55 to 64 years. . . 65 years and over Unknown

TOTAL POPULATION.

Total.

2,048,980

342,652

224,755

180,786

135,904

100,075

53,071

180,882

184,667

136,347

226,110

150,053

80,945

53 , 145

688

Cuban citizen- ship.

1,780.628

312,886

204,639

164,091

121,042

86,113

45,016

163,664

152,069

108,751

188,726

128,378

68,635

46,240

389

Other and unknown citizen- ship.

268,352

TOTAL MALES.

Total.

1,074,882

173,657

113,813 92,793 66,979 60,840 26,161 99,134

100,051 74,971

124,491

82,396

43,441

26,779

377

Cuban citizen- ship.

893,408

158,499 103,486 83,817 56,218 40,610 20,264 79,257 76,651 56,448 97,159 66,479 33,836 21,527 157

Other and unknowiii citizen- ship.

181,474

15,16» 10,327

8,976.

9,761 10,230>

5,89r 19,87r 23,400 19,523^ 27,332 15,916

9,605'

5,252 22*

TOTAL FEMALES.

TOTAL NATIVE WHITE.

Total.

All ages. .

Under 6 years. . . 5 to 9 years . . . 10 to 14 years. . . 15 to 17 years. . . 18 to 19 years. . .

20 years

21 to 24 years. . . 25 to 29 years. . . 30 to 34 years. . . 36 to 44 years. . . 46 to 54 years ... 55 to 64 years ... 65 years and over Unknown

974,098

168,995

110,942

87,993

69,926

49,235

26,910

81,748

84,616

60,376

101,619

67,658

37,504

26,366 '

311

Cuban citizen- ship.

Other and unknown citizen- ship.

Total.

887,220 86,878

14,608 9,789 7,719 5,101 3,732 2,168 7,341 9,108 7,073

10,063

5,759

2,705

1,653

79

1,224,539

154,387 101,153 80,274 64,824 46,503 24,752 74,407 75,408 63,303 91,666 61,899 34,799 24,713 232

243,742

149,819

119,716

86,437

59 , 720

31,079

107,162

103 , 133

71,506

118,735

76,972

36,662

19,833

133

Cuban citizen- ship.

1,136,017

217,779

133,975

107,724

79,347

55,464

29,201

101,773

98,443

68,459

114,226

74,428

35,624

19,445

129

Other and unknown citizen- ship.

88,622

25,963

15,844

11,992

7,090

4,256-

1,87a

5,389

4,690

3,047

4,509-

2,544

928

38a

4

NATIVE WHITE MALES.

NATIVE WHITE FEMALES.

Total.

All ages..

Under 5 years.. . 5 to 9 years . . . 10 to 14 years. . . 15 to 17 years. . . 18 to 19 years. . .

20 years

21 to 24 years. . . 26 to 29 years . . . 30 to 34 years . . . 36 to 44 years . . . 45 to 54 years . . . 55 to 64 years ... 65 years and over Unknown

608,597

124,063 76,295 61,383 40,496 28,409 13,910 54,632 50,418 35,176 59.874 39,133 16,987 7,866 67

Cuban citizen- ship.

571,592

110,859 68,191 55,343 37,138 26,516 13,214 52,836 49,667 34,900 69,476 38,811 16,828 7,749 64

Other and unknown citizen- ship.

37,006

13,204

8,104

6,040

3,357

1,893

696

1,696

751

276

398

322

159

106

3

Total.

615,942

119,679 73,624 68,333 46,942 31,311 17,169 62,630 62,715 36,330 58,861 37,839 19,665 11,978 66

Cuban citizen- ship.

664,425

106,920 65,784 52,381 42,209 28,948 15,987 48,937 48,776 33,569 54,760 35,617 18,796 11,696 65

Other and unknown citizen- ship.

51.517

12,759

7,740

5,952

3,733

2,363

1,182

3,693

3,939

2,771

4,111

2,222

769

282

1

240

POPULATION.

Tablk 12. — Population, classified by sex, color, nativity, and citizenship, and by age: 1907 — Continued.

TOTAL FOREIGN WHITE.

Total.

Cuban citizen- ship.

Other and unknown citizen- ship.

FOREIGN WBITK MALES.

Total.

Cuban citizen- ship.

Other

and

unknown

ciiizen-

sliip.

All ages..

Under 6 years. . . 5 to 9 years... 10 to 14 years. . . 15 to 17 years. . . 18 to 19 years.. .

20 years

21 to 24 years. . . 26 to 29 years. . . 30 to 34 years. . . 35 to 44 years. . . 45 to 54 years ... 55 to 64 years ... 65 years and over Unknown

203.637

43,289

160,348

103.014

33,859

129,155

2,828

3,928

4,639

7.708

9,782

6.195

23.063

31,500

28,645

41.666

25.227

12.175

6,311

170

221

624

675

481

655

363

2,552

5,632

6,434

10,727

7,730

4,617

2,874

4

2,607

3,404

3.964

7,227

9.227

6.832

20.511

25,868

22.111

30.839

17.497

7.668

3,437

166

1.445

2,075

2.916

6.366

8.375

6.200

19.178

25.659

23.3«9

34,146

20,483

9,348

4,327

128

104

285

341

245

312

217

1,897

4,515

5.289

8.799

6,272

3,601

2,078

4

1.341

1.790

2,575

6,121

8,063

4,983

17,281

21,144

18.080

25,346

14,211

6,847

2,240

124

FOREIGN WHITE FEMALES.

Total.

Cuban citizen- ship.

Other and unknown citizen- ship.

TOTAL COLORED.'

Total.

Cuban citizen- ship.

Other and unknown citizen- ship.

All ages. . .

Under 5 years

6 to 9 years . . . , 10 to 14 years. . . . 15 to 17 years. . . , 18 to 19 years

20 years

21 to 24 years. . .

25 to 29 years

30 to 34 years

35 to 44 years. . . 45 to 54 years . . . , 66 to 64 years. . . 65 years and over Unknown

40,623

9,430

31,193

620.804

601.322

19,482

1.383 1,853 1,723 1,342 1,407 996 3,885 6,841 6,176 7,421 4,744 2,827 1,984 42

117

239

334

236

243

146

C65

1,117

1,145

1,928

1,458

1,016

796

1,266 1,614 1.389 1.106 1,164 849 3,230 4,724 4,031 5.493 3,286 1,811 1,188 42

96,082 71,008 56,431 41,759 30,673 15,797 50.657 49,934 35,296 65,809 47,864 32.218 27.001 385

94,886 70,140 56,692 41.214 30,094 15,452 49,339 47,984 33.858 63.772 46.220 28.494 23,921 256

1,196

868

739

645

479

345

1,318

1,950

1,438

2.037

1,634

3,724

3,080

129

All ages. .

Under 5 years. . . .

6 to 9 years

10 to 14 years

15 lo 17 years

18 to 19 years

20 years ,

21 to 24 years

26 to 29 years . . . .

30 to 34 years

35 to 44 years. . . , 45 to 54 years . . . , 55 to 64 years. . . , 65 years and over Unknown

COLORED MALES.l

COLORED FEMALES.'

Total.

303,271

48,149 35.443 28.494 19.118 14.056 7.051 25,424 23,974 16,426 30,472 22,779 17,106 14,697 182

Cuban citizen- ship.

287,967

47,636 35,010 28,133 18,835 13,782 6,833 24.624 22,469 15,259 28.884 21,396 13.507 11,700 89

Other and unknown citizen- ship.

Total.

15,314

317,533

613

433

361

283

274

218

900

1 ,605

1,167

1.588

1,38.-?

3.599

2,897

93

47,933 36 , Sf.o 27,937 22.641 16.517 8.746 25,2.-^3 25.960 18,870 35.337 25.075 15,112 12,404 203

Cuban citizen- Ship.

313,365

47,350 35,130 27,559 22.379 16.312 8,619 24,815 25.515 18.599 34,888 24.824 14.987 12,221 167

Other and unknown citizen- ship.

4,168

583 435 378 262 205 127 418 445 271 449 251 126 183 36

■Includes black, mixed, and yellow.

GENERAL TABLES.

241

Table 13. — Population, classified by conjtigal condition, by provinces: 1907. [Figures in italics are included in those for the province.]

PROVINCE.	Total population.	Single and unknown.	Married.	Consensually married.	Widowed.
Cuba	2.048.980	'1,369.476	423,537	176,509	79 4o8
CamagQey	118.269 538,010 £97,169 239,812 455,086 240,372 457,431	80.322 345,801 191 ,e82 153,450 315,195 170,075 304.633	26,316 124,166 66,sse 46.013 77.374 47,943 101,725	6,676 39,486 2S,S87 30.278 50.393 15.587 34,089	4 955
Habana	28.557
City of Habana	17,264 10,071
Oriente	12 124
Pinar del Rio	6,767
Santa Clara	16,984

» Includes 122 divorced.

Table 14. — Population, classified by conjugal condition, and by color, nativtiy, and sex: 1907.

BKX, COLOR, AND NATIVITY.	Total population.	Single and unknown.	Married.	Consensually married.	Widowed.
Total	2,048,980	•1,369.476	423,637	176,509	79,458
Males	1,074,882 974,098	751.869 617.607	217,511 206,026	85,131 91,378	20,371
Females	59.087
Native white	1,224,539	824 , 143	286,389	69.346	64,661
Males	608,597 615.942 203.637	437,552 386,591 106.069	130,611 155,778 77,431	28.573 30,773 8,952	11,861
Females	42 800
Foreign white	11,186
Males	163.014 40,623 620,804	92.239 13,830 439,264	57,759 19,672 59,717	7,582 1,370 108,211	5,434
Females	5,751
Colored'	13,612
Males	303,271 317,533	222,078 217,186	29,141 30,576	48.976 69,235	3,076
Females	10,636

•Includes 1,098 divorced.

'Includes black, mixed, and yellow.

242

POPULATION.

TabIiE 15. — Population, classified by conjugal condition, color, and nativity, and by sex and age: 1907.

TOTAL POPULATON.

AOE.	Total.	Single and unknown.	Married.	Consen- sually married.	Widowed.
All ages	2.048,980	11,369,476	423.537	176,509	79 468
Under 15 vears	748,193 135.904 100,075 63.071 180.882 184.567 135.347 226,110 150,053 80,945 53,145 688	748,090 131,607 86,833 40,661 114.889 77,065 39,625 52,670 34,521 23 ,439 19,682 494	86 3.488 10,106 9,129 48,994 76,922 67,607 111,023 63,127 24,248 8,850 57	14 879 3.056 3.167 16,234 28,228 24,319 47.051 30.743 14.421 8.289 109	3
16 to 17 years	30
18 to 19 years	81
20 j'ears	114
21 to 24 years	765
25 to 29 years	2,362
30 to 34 years	3,896
36 to 44 years	16 366
45 to 54 years	21 662
65 to 64 years	18,837
65 years and over	16,324
Unknown	28

TOTAL MALES.

Allages I 1,074,882

Under 16 years. . . 15 to 17 years. . . . 18 to 19 years . . . .

20 years

21 to 24 years. . . . 25 to 29 years . . . . 30 to 34 years . . . . 35 to 44 years. . . . 45 to 54 years. . . . 55 to 64 years . . . . 65 years and over . Unknown

380,263 65,979 60,840 26.161 99,134

100.061 74.971

124.491

82,396

43,441

26,779

377

761.869

380,254 65,901 50,182 24.837 80.124 62.855 26.410 31,136 17,648 12,252 10,071 299

217,511

4

41

415

822

13,668

36,144

36.218

65,481

41,663

17,209

6.812

34

85,131

3

25

222

478

5,171

11,465

11,411

24,083

17,659

9.144

5,440

40

TOTAL FEMALES.

All ages . . .

Under 15 years. . 15 to 17 years. . . 18 to 19 years. . .

20 years

21 to 24 years. . . 26 to 29 years . . . 30 to 34 years . . . 35 to 44 years. . . 45 to 64 years. . . 55 to 64 years. . . 66 years and over Unknown

974.098

367,930 69.925 49.236 26,910 81.748 84,516 60,376

101,619

67,658

37,504

26,366

311

617,607

367,836 65,606 36.651 15.824 34.765 24,210 13.215 21.634 16.973 11,187 9.611 195

206,026

82

3,447

9.691

8.307

35,326

41,778

31.289

45.542

21.464

7.039

2,038

23

91.378

11

854

2,833

2,689

11,063

16,773

12,908

22.968

13,084

5,277

2.849

69

TOTAL NATIVE WHITE.

All ages . . .

Under 16 years. . 15 to 17 years. . . 18 to 19 years. . .

20 years

21 to 24 years. . . 25 to 29 years. . . 30 to 34 years . . . 36 to 44 years. . . 45 to 54 years. . . 65 to 64 years . . . 65 years and over Unknown

1,224.639

513.277 86,437 59,720 31,079

107,162

103.133 71.506 i

118.735

76,972

36.652

19,833

133

824,143

513.202

83.343

50,921

22,799

63.774

35.437

15.209

18.974

11.346

5.710

3.348

80

286.389

67

2,738

7,669

7,010

36,705

54.780

44.477

72.626

40.592

14.693

6,007

25

59,346

6 339

1,077 1.202 6,130

11,281 9.138

16.279

9.614

3.252

1.012

16

> Includes 1,098 divorced.

GENERAL TABLES.

243-

Table 15. — Population, classified by conjugal condition, color, and nativity, and by sex and age: 1907 — Continued.

NATIVE WHITE MALES.

All ages . . .

Under 15 years. . 15 to 17 years. . . 18 to 19 years. . .

20 years

21 to 24 years. . . 25 to 29 years. . . 30 to 34 years. . . 35 to 44 years. . . 45 to 54 years. . . 55 to 64 years. . . 65 years and over Unknown

Total.

608.597

261,741 40,495 28,409 13,910 54,532 50,418 35,176 59,874 39,133 16,987 7,865 67

Single

and

unknown.

437,552

261,736

40,445

28,047

13,179

43,002

22,577

9,190

10,459

5,419

2,375

1,083

40

Married.

Consensually married.

130,611

2

30

282

561

9,534

22,979

21,096

38,402

24,511

9,549

3,661

14

28,573

1

12

68

165

1,880

4,485

4,361

8,735

5,897

2,234

724

11

Widowed.

11.861

2

8

12

15

116

377

529

2,278

3,306

2,829

2,387

2

NATIVE WHITE FEMAI^ES.

All ages	615,942	386,591	155,778	30,773	42,80a
	251,536 45,942 31,311 17,169 52,630 62,715 36,330 58,861 37,839 19,565 11,978 66	261,466 42,898 22,874 9,620 20,772 12,860 6,019 8,515 5,927 3,335 2,265 40	66 2,708 7,387 6,459 27,171 31,801 23,381 34,224 16,081 5,144 1,346 11	5 327 1,009 1,037 4,250 6,796 4,777 7,544 3,717 1,018 288 5
15 to 17 years	»
18 to 19 years	41
20 years	53
21 to 24 vears	437
25 to 29 years	1,26*
30 to 34 vears	2,153
35 to 44 years	8,678
45 to 54 vears	12,114
55 to 64 years	10,068
65 vears and over	8,079-
Unknown	10-

TOT.\L FOREIGN WHITB.

All ages	203,637	106,069	77,431	8,952	11,185
	11,395 7,708 9,782 6,196 23,063 31,500 28,545 41,566 25,227 12.175 6.311 170	11,389 7,607 9.367 5,699 19,188 19,649 11,968 12,254 5,608 2,254 1,037 149	6 88 383 455 3,567 10,662 14,610 24,389 14,749 6,272 2,350 10
15 to 17 vears	10 27 34 279 933 1,571 3,092 2,013 779 210 4	a
18 to 19 years	5
20 years	r
21 to 24 vears	39-
25 to 29 years	256
30 to 34 years	496
35 to 44 years	1,831
	2,967
55 to 64 years	2,870
	2,714
Unknown	7

FOHEION WHITE MALES.

All ages	163,014	92,239	57,759	7,582	5,434
	6,436 6,366 8,375 5,200 19,178 25,669 23,369 34,145 20,483 9,348 4,327 128	6,435 6,362 8,341 5,102 17,691 18,183 11,103 11,281 4,950 1,948 828 115	1 3 27 83 1,406 6,664 10,718 19,236 12,239 5,340 2,035 7
		1
18 to 19 years	5 11 163 687 1,284 2,680 1,824 727 197 4	2
20 years .	4
	18
25 to 29 vears	125
30 to 34 years	264
35 to 44 vears	948
	1,470
55 to 64 vears	1,333
	1,267
UnKnown	2-

^44

POPULATION.

Tablk 16. — Population, classified by conjugal condition, color, and nativity, and by sex and age: 1907 — Continued.

FOREIGN WHITE FEMALES.

▲OB.	Total.	Single and unknown. 13,830	Married.	Consensually married.	Widowed.
All ages	40,623	19,672	1,370	5,761
Under 15 vears	4,959 1,342 1.407 995 3,885 6,841 6.176 7.421 4.744 2,827 1,984 42	4,954 1,245 1,026 597 1,597 1,466 865 973 558 306 209 34	5 85 356 372 2,151 3,998 3,792 5,153 2.510 932 315 3
1 5 to 1 7 years	10 22 23 116 246 287 412 189 52 13	2
18 to 19 years	3
20 years	3
21 to 24 years	21
25 to 29 years	131
30 to 34 years	232
35 to 44 years	883
45 to 54 years	1,487
55 to 64 years	1,537
65 years and over	1,447
Unknown	5

TOTAL COLORED.

All ages	620,804	439,264	69.717	108,211	13.612
Under 15 years	223,521 41,759 30,573 15.797 50,657 49,934 35,296 65,809 47,854 32,218 27,001 385	223,499 40,557 26,646 12,163 31,927 21,979 12,448 21,442 17.667 15.475 15.297 265	13 662 2.054 1,664 8.732 11.480 8.520 14.008 7.786 3,283 1,493 22	8 630 1,951 1,931 9,825 16.014 13.610 27,680 19,116 10.390 7.067 89	1
15 to 17 years	10
18 to 19 years	23
20 vears	39
21 to 24 years	173
25 to 29 vears	461
30 to 34 Vears	718
35 to 44 years	2,679
45 to 54 years	3,285
56 to 64 years	3,070
65 vears and over	3.144
Unknown	9

COLORED MALES .>

All ages .	303.271	222,078	29,141	48,976	3 076
Under 15 years	112,086 19,118 14,056 7,051 25,424 23,974 16,426 30,472 22,779 17,106 14,597 182	112,083 19.094 13,794 6,556 19,531 12.095 6.117 9.396 7,179 7,929 8,160 144	1 8 106 188 2,728 5,501 4,404 7,843 4.913 2,320 1,116 13	2 13 149 302 3,128 6,283 6,766 12,668 9,938 6,183 4.519 25
15 to 17 years	3
18 to 19 years	7
20 years	5
21 to 24 vears	37
25 to 29 vears	95
30 to 34 years	139
35 to 44 vears	565
45 to 54 j'ears	749
55 to 64 years	674
65 years and over	802
Unknown

COLORED FEMALES.

All ages	317,533	217,186	30.576	59,236	10,536
Under 1 5 years	111,435 22,641 16,517 8.746 25,233 25,960 18,870 35,337 25,075 15,112 12,404 203	111,416 21.463 12.751 5.607 12,396 9,884 6,331 12,046 10,488 7,546 7,137 121	12 654 1,948 1,476 6,004 5,979 4,116 6,165 2,873 963 377 9	6 617 1,802 1,629 6,697 9,731 7,844 15,012 9,178 4,207 2,548 64	1
15 to 17 years	7
18 to 19 years	16
20 J'ears	34
21 to 24 vears	136
25 to 29 vears	366
30 to 34 vears	579
35 to 44 vears	2,114
	2,536
55 to 64 years	2,396
65 years and over	2,342
Unknown	9

> Includes black, mixed, and yellow.

GENERAL TABLES.

245

Table 16. — Illegitimate children, classified by age, and by sex, color, and nativity: 1907.

SEX, COLOR, AND NATIVITY.	Total.	Under 5 years.	5 to 9 years.	10 to 14 years.	15 to 19 years.	20 to 24 years.	25 years and over.
Total	257,888	87,960	60,586	37,579	38,385	19 , 188	14 190
Males Females ....	130,971 126,917	44,323 43,637	30,750 29,836	19,412 18,167	18,727 19,658	11,048 8,140	6.711 7.479
Native white. . . .	94,772	36,989	23,288	12,695	12,173	6,030	3,597
Males Females Foreign white	49,543 45,229 341	18,792 18,197 50	11,937 11.351 52	6,728 5,967 59	6,241 5,932 59	3,821 2,209 35	2,024 1,573 86
Males Females Colored*	207 134 162,775	30 20 50,921	30 22 37,246	37 22 24,825	29 30 26,153	24 11 13,123	57 29 10.607
Males Females ....	81,221 81,554	25,601 25,420	18,783 18,463	12,647 12,178	12,457 13,696	7,203 6,920	4.630 5,877

1 Includes black, mixed, and yellow.

Table 17. — Population, classify by school attendance and literacy, by provinces : 1907. [Figures in italics are included in those for the province.]

	Total popu- lation.	UNDER 10 TEARS.	10 TEARS AND OVER.
PBOVmCB.	Attending school.	Not at- tending school.	Attending school.	Not attending school.	Not stated.
	Literate.	Illiterate.
Cuba	2.048,980	64.111	603,296	107.258	725,894	643,615	4,806
CamagQey Habana City of Habana Matanzas Oriente	118,269 538,010 297,169 239,812 455,086 240,372 457,431	3,760 21,739 13,360 7,778 12,239 6,397 12,198	28,397 102,462 43,088 54,338 128,545 72,873 116,681	5,910 31,718 19,525 13,606 21,629 10,276 24,119	47,474 266,613 182,143 80,055 133,458 51,972 146,322	32,608 113,081 38,693 83,756 158,308 98,196 157,666	120 2.397 360 279 907
PinarrielRIo Santa Clara	658 445

246

POPULATION.

Table 18. — Population at least 10 years of age, classified by age, sex, color, and nativity, and by literacy: 1907.

AGE, 8SX, COLOR, AND NATIVITY.

Total

10 to 14 years. . . , 16 to 19 years. . . 20 to 24 years . . . . 25 to 29 years . . . , 30 to 34 years ...

35 to 44 years ...

45 to 54 years ... 65 to 64 years. . .

65 years and over

Total males

10 to 14 years. . .

15 to 19 years. . . 20 to 24 years . . . 25 to 29 years . . . 30 to 34 years . . .

36 to 44 years . . .

46 to 54 years . . .

66 to 64 years . . . 66 years and over

Total females ,

10 to 14 years. . . ,

16 to 19 years. . . 20 to 24 years ... 25 to 29 years ... 30 to 34 years . . . 35 to 44 years . . . 46 to 54 years . . .

65 to 64 years . . .

66 years and over

Native white

10 to 14 years. . .

15 to 19 years. . . 20 to 24 years . . . 25 to 29 years. . . 30 to 34 years . . . 35 to 44 years . . . 46 to 54 years . . . 55 to 64 years . . . 66 years and over

^Native white males . .

10 to 14 years. . .

16 to 19 years. . . 20 to 24 years. . .

25 to 29 years . . . 30 to 34 years. . . 35 to 44 years . . . 45 to 54 years . . . 65 to 64 years . . .

65 years and over

Native white females.

10 to 14 years. . . 15 to 19 years. . . 20 to 24 years. . .

26 to 29 years . . . 30 to 34 years. . . 35 to 44 years. . . 45 to 54 years . . .

66 to 64 years . . . 65 years and over

Total.	Literate.	imterate.
1.481.573	837.958	643,615
180,786	127,730	53,066
236,979	158,644	77,336
233,953	140,243	93,710
184,567	104,725	79,842
135,347	75,090	60,267
226,110	115,029	111,081
150,053	67,786	82,267
80,945	31,763	49,182
53.833	16.948	36,885
787.412	450,023	328,389
92.793	64,703	28.090
116,819	76,437	40.382
125,296	76,424	48.871
100.051	59,519	40.532
74.971	45,002	29.969
124.491	69,122	55,369
82.396	41.177	41,218
43.441	18,227	25,214
27.166	8,412	18.744
694.161	378,935	316,226
87.993	63,027	24,966
119.160	82,207	36,953
108.668	63,819	44,839
84.516	45,206	39,310
60,376	30,088	30,288
101.619	45,907	55,712
67.668	26,609	41,049
37,504	13,536	23,968
26,677	8,536	18,141
830,978	487,217	343,761
119,716	. 84,436	35,280
146,167	97.693	48,564
138,241	81.362	56.879
103,133	56.258	46,876
71,506	1 38.386	33 , 120
118,735	! 62,230	56,506
76,972	1 38.576	38.396
36,552	1 18,225	18.327
19,966	1 10.161	9,815
408,239	; 236.920	171.319
61,383	! 43.032	18.351
68,904	1 44.322	24.582
68,442	39.769	28.683
50,418	27.561	22,867
35,176	19,134	16,042
59,874	31,447	28,427
39.133	19,662	19,681
16.987	8,244	8,743
7.922	3.869	4,053
422,739	250.297	172,442
58,333	41.404	16,92»
77,253	53,271	23,982
69,799	41.603	28.196
52,715	28.697	24.018
36,330	19,252	17,07»
58,861	30,783	28,078
37,839	1 19,024	18,815
19,565	j 9.981	9,584
12,044	1 6,282	5,762

GENERAL TABLES.

247

Table 18.

-Population at least 10 years of age, classified by age, sex, color, and nativity, and by literacy: 1907 — Continued.

AGE, SEX, COLOR, AND NATIVITY.

Total foreign white. . .

10 to 14 years. . . 15 to 19 j'ears. . . 20 to 24 years . . . 25 to 29 years . . . 30 to 34 years . . . 35 to 44 years . . . 45 to 54 years. . . 55 to 64 years . . . 65 years and over

Foreign white males. .

10 to 14 years. . . 15 to 19 years. . . 20 to 24 years . . . 25 to 29 years . . . 30 to 34 years . . . 35 to 44 years . . . 45 to 54 years . . . 55 to 64 years . . . 65 years and over

Foreign white females

10 to 14 years. . . 15 to 19 years. . . 20 to 24 years . . . 25 to 29 years . . . 30 to 34 years. . . 35 to 44 years . . . 45 to 54 years . . . 65 to 64 years . . . 65 years and over

Total colored '

10 to 14 years. . . 15 to 19 years. . . 20 to 24 years . . . 25 to 29 years . . . 30 to 34 years. . . 35 to 44 years. . . 45 to 54 years . . . 55 to 64 years . . . 65 years and over

Colored males*

10 to 14 years. . . 15 to 19 years. . . 20 to 24 years . . . 25 to 29 years . . . 30 to 34 years . . . 35 to 44 years . . . 45 to 54 years . . . 55 to 64 years . . . 65 years and over

Colored females *

10 to 14 years . . . 15 to 19 years. . . 20 to 24 years . . . 25 to 29 years . . . 30 to 34 years . . . 35 to 44 years . . . 45 to 54 years . . . 55 to 64 years . . . 65 years and over

Total.

196,881

159

2 14 24 25 23 34 20 9 4

37

1 2 4 5 5 7 4 2 2

453

219

28 33 32 23 16 30 22 17 14

234

639 490 258 500 545 566 227 175 481

494

916 741 378 659 369 145 483 348 455

387

723 749 880 841 176 421 744 827 026

714

431 332 454 934 296 809 854 218 386

679

494 174 475 974 426 472 779 106 779

035

937 158 979 960 870 337 076 112 607

Literate.

146,443

3,834 14,407 22,412 23,702 21,310 30,263 18,183 8,400 3,932

123,977

2,443 12,393 19,231 19,992 18,140 25,974 15,664 7,084 3,056

22,466

1.391 2,014 3,181 3,710 3,170 4,289 2,519 1,316 876

204,298

39,460

46,644 36,469 24,765 15,394 22,536 11,027 5,138 2,865

Illiterate.

98,126

19,228

19,722

17,434

11,966

7,728

11,701

5,961

2,899

1,487

106,172

20,232

26,922

19,035

12,799

7,666

10,835

5,066

2,239

1,378

50,438

805 3,083 6,846 7,798 7,235 11,303 7,044 3,775 2,549

36,517

473 2,348 5,147 5,667 5,229 8,171 4,819 2,264 1,399

14,921

332 735 1.699 2,131 2,006 3,132 2,225 1,511 1,150

249,416

16,971 25,688 29,985 25 , 169 19.902 43,273 36,827 27,080 24.521

121.553

9,266 13.452 15.041 12,008

8,698 18,771 16.818 14.207 13.292

127,863

7,705 12,236 14,944 13,161 11,204 24,502 20.009 12,873 11,229

» Includes black, mixed, and yellow.

248

POPULATION.

Tjlbve 19. — Population attending school, classified by months, sex, age, color, and

nativity: 1907.

AGE, SEX, COIX)B, AND NATIVITT.

Total.

Under 5 years

5 to 9 years. ...

10 to 14 years

15 to 17 years

18 years and over.

Total males.

Under 5 years

6 to g years

10 to 14 years

15 to 17 years

18 years and over.

Total females.

Under 5 years

5 to 9 years....

10 to 14 years

16 to 17 years

18 years and over .

Total native white.

Under 5 years. ...

5 to 9 years

10 to 14 years

15 to 17 years

18 years and over.

Native white males . . .

Under 5 years

6 to 9 years

10 to 14 years

15 to 17 years

18 years and over.

Native white females. .

Under 5 years.... 5 to 9 years....

10 to 14 years

15 to 17 years

18 years and over.

Total foreign white.

Under 5 years

6 to 9 years

10 to 14 years

15 to 17 years

18 years and over .

Foreign white males.

Under 5 years

5 to 9 years ,

10 to 14 years ,

15 to 17 years

18 years and over.

Foreign white females. .

Under 5 years

5 to 9 years

10 to 14 years

15 to 17 years

18 years and over.

Total.

171 ,369

56

64,055

93,920

13,042

296

88.708

25

32.732

48.867

6.862

222

82,661

31

31 .323

45,053

6,180

74

113.004

37

41,084

62,420

9.230

233

59.632

18

21.282

33.096

5,049

187

53.372

19

19.802

29.324

4.181

46

3.670

3

1.558

1,833

265

11

2,002

872

984

136

10

1,668

3 686 849 129

1

1 month or less.

12,230

6

6,166

5,423

615

20

6,380

2

3,120

2,914

331

13

5.850

4

3,046

2,509

284

7

7,857

2

3.931

3,479

431

14

4.170

1

2.013

1.913

233

10

3.687

1

1.918

1,566

198

4

355

1

195

135

23

1

208

108

84

15

1

147

2 to 3 months.

17.882

21 9,356 7,451 1,042

12

9,462

4 to 5 months.

23,077

13

9,922

11,575

1,540

27

12,009

11

4.847

4.049

648

7

8.420

10

4.609

3,402

494

5

11,014

14

5,783

4,528

680

9

5,998

4

5,041

6,087

858

19

11.068

9

4.881

6,488

682

8

14,614

9

6,210

7,343

1.034

18

7.759

7

3.059

2.553

373

6

6.016

7

2.724

1.976

307

3

418

1

209

184

23

1

244

127

102

14

1

174

3

3.215

3,920

606

16

6,865

6

2.995

3.423

428

3

470

1

238

204

26

1

253

1.35

107

11

217

1

103

97

15

1

6 to 7 months.

31.163

6

11,608

17,060

2,451

38

16.257

3

5.900

9.001

1,325

28

14,906

3

5,708

8.059

1,126

10

20.083

4

7.339

11.020

1,690

30

10,676

2

3.782

6.915

953

23

9.408

2

3.657

5,106

737

7

640

262

331

47

357

149

183

25

283

113

148

22

GENERAL TABLES.

249

Table 19. — Population attending school, classified by months, sex, age, color, and nativity: 1907 — Continued.

AGE, SEX, COLOR, AND NATIVITY.

Total colored >

Under 5 years. . . 6 to 9 years. . . 10 to 14 years. . . 15 to 17 years. . . 18 years and over

Colored males >

Under 5 years . . . 5 to 9 years . . . 10 to 14 years. . . 15 to 17 years. . . 18 years and over

Colored females '

Under 5 years. . . 5 to 9 years. . . 10 to 14 years. . . 15 to 17 years. . . 18 years and over

Total.

54,695

16

21,413

29,667

3,547

52

27,074

7

10,578

14,787

1,677

25

27,621

9

10,835

14,880

1,870

27

1 month or less.

4,018

3

2.040

1.809

161

5

2,002

1

999

917

83

2

2,016

2

1,041

892

78

3

2 to 3 months.

6,450

6

3,364

2,739

339

2

3,220

4

1,661

1,394

161

3,230

2

1,703

1,345

178

2

4 to 5

months.

7,993

3

3,474

4,028

480

8

3,997

1

1,691

2,060

241

4

3.996

2

1,783

1,968

239

4

6 to 7 months.

10,440

2

4,007

5,709

714

8

5,225

1

1,969

2,903

347

5

5.215

1

2.038

2,806

367

3

8 months or more.

25,794

12.630

4,258

7,513

845

14

13,164

2

4.270

7.869

1.008

15

'Includes black, mixed, and yellow.

Table 20. — Population, classified by general groups of occupations, sex, color, and nativity, by provinces: 1907.

[Figures in italics are included in those for the province.]

TOTAL POPULATION.

PROVINCB.	Total.	Agricul- ture, fisheries, and mining.	Pro- fessional service.	Domestic and personal service.	Trade and trans- portation.	Manu- facturing and mechan- ical industries.	Without gainful occu- pation.
Total	2,048,980	374.969	12,805	122.288	136,419	126.021	1,276,478
CamagOey Habana	118,269 538,010	24.198 46,089 674 49,095 87,980 63 , 199 104,408	660 5,779 4,408 1,345 1,903 777 2,341	6,260 55,128 S8,86g 16,707 19.026 6,526 18,641	5,651 66,192 6g,110 13,474 19,379 8.187 23,636	6.113 66.417 4S,862 11,778 23,265 6,966 22.482	75,387 308,405
City of Habana. Matanzas Oriente Pinar del Rio Santa Clara	297,169 239.812 455,086 240,372 467,431	168,263 147.413 303.533 155,717 286,023

TOTAL MALES.

Total	1,074,882	371.860	8,764	73.396	134,387	110,585	375,900
CamagOey Habana	62,118 284.751 167,166 123,560 233,736 128,542 242 , 175	24,135 45,894 674 48,143 87,245 62,539 103,894	426 4,509 3,620 785 1,157 540 1,347	4.033 34,738 23,431 9,699 12,134 2,689 10,103	6,572 65,095 61,164 13,264 19,107 8.083 23,266	5,477 48.354 36,648 10,492 20,594 6,460 20,208	22,475 86,161
City of Habana. Matanzas Oriente	41,718 41,177 93,499
Pinar del Rio Santa Clara	49,231 83,357

250

POPULATION.

Tablk 20. — Population, classified by general groups of occupations, sex, color, and na- • tivity, by provinces: 1907 — Continued.

[Figures in italics are included in those for the province.]

TOTAL FEMALES.

PBOVIKCE.	Total.	Agricul- ture, fisheries, and mining.	Pro- fessional service.	Domestic and personal service.	Trade and trans- portation.	Manu- facturing and mechan- ical industries.	Without gainful occu- pation.
Total	974,098	3,119	4,041	48.892	2,032	15,436	800.67S
CamagOey Uabana City of Habana. Matanzas Oriente	56,151 253,259 140,004 116,262 221 ,350 111.830 215,266	63 195	234 1,270 788 660 746 237 994	2,227 20,390 16,431 7,008 6,892 3,837 8.538	79 1,097 946 210 272 104 270	636 8,063 e.SOA 1,286 2,671 606 2.274	52,918 222,244 116,636
952 736 660 614	106,238 210,034
Plnar del Rio.... Santa Clara	106, 48« 202, 66«

TOTAL NATIVE WHITE.

Total	1,224,539	214,118	9,036	35,143	59,621	51.460	856,161
CamagOey	88,661	17,464	466	3,207	3,486	2.929	61,109
Habana	316,040	29,897	3,932	14,504	24,188	24,718	218,801
City of Habana	. 148,638	170	3,866	8,009	17,173	17,040	103,373
Matanzas	130,879	22,902	1,044	4,170	6,721	5,272	90.770
Oriente	231,686	43,864	1,223	5,222	9,514	6,006	165,757
Pinar del Rio	166,019	40,565	684	2,601	3,743	2,484	115,042
Banta Clara	292,365	59,426	1,787	5,439	11,969	10,052	203.682

NATIVK WHITE MALES.

Total	608,697	213,229	5,756	26,741	58,297	46,522	269,062
CamagUey Habana	44,655 153,211 69,183 64,765 114,870 84,679 146,617	17,427 29,784 170 22,838 43,686 40,259 59,235	263 2,935 2,303 567 690 381 920	2,430 11,764 6,378 3,322 4,146 1,230 3,849	3,432 23,398 16,463 6,575 9,407 3,690 11,795	2,604 21,439 14,868 4,929 5,418 2,164 8,968	18,399 63,891
City of Habana. Matanzas	39,013 26.534 51.52$
Pinar del Rio Santa Clara	36,955 61.75»

NATIVE WHITE FEMALES.

Total	615.942	889	3,280	8,402	1,.324	5,938	596,10*
CamagOey Habana	44.106 162,829 79,346 66,114 116,715 80,340 145,838	37 113	203 997 563 477 533 203 867	777 2,740 1,631 848 1,076 1,371 1,590	64 790 710 146 107 53 174	325 42,710 3 279 154 910
City of Habana. Matanzas Oriente	3,183 74,369 343 64,236 587 114 2.^4
64 178 306 191
Pinar del Rio Santa Clara	320 1,084	78,087 141,932

TOTAL FOREIQN WHITE.

Total	203,637	51,630	2,738	22,623	63,444	21.986	41,31S
CamagOey Habana City of Habana. Matanzas	7,932 95,832 72,816 17,656 27,409 15,483 39,325	2,920 7,852 400 5,841 9,658 7,634 17,725	149 1,472 1,346 207 411 163 346	689 15,474 13,973 1,306 2,853 460 1,841	1.790 37.474 31,609 4.814 6,782 3.673 9.011	898 12.237 10,396 1,456 2,414 1,623 3,358	1,486 21,32a 16,396 4,032 5 391
Pinar del Rio Santa Clara	2,040 7,044

GENERAL TABLES.

251

Table 20. — Population, classified by general groups of occupations, sex, color, and na- tivity, by provinces: 1907 — Continued.

[Figures in italics are included in those for the province.]

FOREIGN WHITE MALES.

PROVINCE.	Total.	Agricul- ture, fisheries, and mining.	Pro- fessional service.	Domestic and personal service.	Trade and trans- portation.	Manu- facturing and mechan- ical, industries.	Without gainful occu- pation.
Total	163.014	51 ,449	2,321	18,210	63,029	21.347	6.658
CamagQey Habana	6,634 73,414 54,766 13,917 22,645 13.591 32,813	2,917 7.842 400 5,825 9,550 7,622 17.693	129 1,271 1.068 163 321 131 306	612 11,905 9,661 1,149 2.528 407 1.609	1,776 37,255 31 ,341 4,776 6,735 3.531 8.956	886 11,745 9,946 1,434 2,354 1,604 3,324	314 3 39fr
City of Habana. Matanzas Oriente	2,360 570 1,157
Pinar del Rio Santa Clara	296 92fr

FOREIGN WHITE FEMALES.

Total	40,623	81	417	4.413	415	639	34,658
CamagUey Habana	1,298 ! 22,418 i 18,061 j 3,739 4,764 1,892 6,512	3 10	20 201 177 44 90 22 40	77 3,569 3,311 157 325 53 232	14 219 168 38 47 42 66	12 492 460 22 60 19 34	1,172 17,927
City of Habana,	13,946
Matanzas Oriente	16 8 12 32	3,462 4,234
Pinar del Rfo.... Santa Clara	1,744 6,11&

TOTAL COLORED. 1

Total	620,804	109.321	1,031	64,522	13.354	62,575	380.001
Cainagiley Habana	21,676 126,138 75,815 91,277 196,092 59,870 125,751	3.814 8,340 104 20,352 34,558 15,000 27,257	45 375 £98 94 269 40 208	2,364 25,150 17,881 11,231 10,951 3,466 11,361	375 4.530 3,4X9 1,939 3,083 871 2,556	2,286 12.792 19,462 68.281
City of Habana. Matanzas Oriente	16,417 6,050 14,846 1.859 9.072	38,686 52,611 132,385
Pinar del Rfo Santa Clara	38,635 76.297

COLORED MALES. >

Total	303.271	107,172	687	28.446	13.061	43.716	110.190
Caraagtiey Habana	10,929 58,126 33,207 44,878 96.221 30,272 62,845	3,791 8.268 104 19.480 34,009 14,658 26.966	34 303 Z49 55 146 28 121	991 11,069	364 4.442	1.987 15.170 11,746 4,129 12,822 1.692 7.916	3.762 18,874
City of Habana. Matanzas Oriente Pinar del Rfo Santa Clara	7 ,39Z 5,228 5,460 1,052 4.646	3,361 1.913 2,965 862 2,616	10,366 14,073 40,81» 11.980 20.682

COLORED FEMALES.'

Total	317,633	2,149 j 344	36,077	293	8,859	269,811
CamagQey Habana	10,747 23 68,912 ! 72	11 72 49 39 123 12 87	1.373 14,081 10,489 6,003 5,491 2,413 6,716	11 88 68 26 118 9 41	299 4,292 3,672 921 2,024 167 1,156	9,030 49,407
City of Habana. Matanzas Oriente	42,608 46,399 99,871 29,598 62.906		28,330
872 549 342 291	38,538 91,566
Pinar del Rfo Santa Clara	26,655 54,615.

' Includes black, mixed, and yellow.

252

POPULATION.

Table 21. — Population, clasHfied by general groups of occupations, age, sex, color,

and nativUy 1907.

AOB, SEX, COLOB, AND NATIVITT.	Total.	Agri- culture, fisheries, and mlninf?.	Profes- sional service.	Domestic and personal service.	Trade and trans- porta- tion.	Manu- facturing and mechan- ical industries.	With- out gainful occu- pation.
Total	2.048,980	374,969	12,805	122,288	136,419	126,021	1.276,478
Under 5 years	667,407 180,786 235,979 233,953 184,567 135,347 226.110 150,053 80,945 53.833						567,407
10 to 14 years 15 to 19 years 20 to 24 years 25 to 29 years 30 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 65 to 64 years 65 years and over...	18,467 55.048 65,718 60.892 36.223 62,692 44.694 24,667 16,668	26 1,164 2.174 2,004 1.609 2,769 1.801 881 377	3,077 16,358 21,705 17,697 13,268 22,407 15,015 8.677 5,084	3,035 20,216 23,793 20,057 16,619 25,635 16,060 7,543 3,461	3,505 23,284 22.858 17.564 13.655 23,013 13,3.38 5,926 2,878	152.676 120,909 97,705 76,353 53.973 89,594 59.145 33,251 25,465
Total males	1.074,882	371.860	8,764	73,396	134,387	110.586	375,900
Under 5 years	287,470 92,793 116,819 125,295 100,051 74.971 124.491 82,395 43,441 27,156 974,098						287,470
10 to 14 years 15 to 19 years 20 to 24 years 25 to 29 years 30 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 65 to 64 years 65 years and over. . . Total females	18,276 64.514 65,399 50.633 36.025 62.220 44.221 24.314 16.248 3,119	2i 261 963 1,332 1.204 2,253 1,583 804 343 4,041	1,607 8.822 14.554 11,943 8.342 12.704 7,732 4.702 2.990 48.892	2,986 19,768 23,363 19,797 16,454 25,335 15,856 7,442 3.386 2.032	2.919 18,419 19,473 15,598 12,429 21,088 12,320 6,602 2,737 15,436	66,984 15,036 1.643 748 517 891 683 577 1.462 900 578
Under 5 years 10 to 14 vears 15 to 19 years 20 to 24 years 25 to 29 years 30 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 65 to 64 years 65 years and over. . . Total native white	279,937 87,993 119.160 108,658 84,516 60,376 101,619 67.658 37,504 26,677 1,224,539						279,937
191 634 319 259 198 472 473 353 320 214,118	5 903 1,211 672 405 516 218 77 34 9,036	1,470 6,536 7,151 5,754 4,926 9,703 7,283 3,975 2,094 35.143	49 448 430 260 165 300 204 101 75 69.621	586 4,865 3,385 1,966 1,226 1,925 1,018 324 141 61,460	85,692 105,874 96,162 75,605 53.456 88,703 58,462 32,674 24.013 855.161
Under 5 years 10 to 14 years 15 to 19 years 20 to 24 years 25 to 29 years 30 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 years and over. . .	393,561 119.716 146,157 138,241 103,133 71,506 118,735 76,972 36,552 19,966						393,561
12,853 35,871 40,337 29,785 20,425 35,238 24,063 10,654 4,892	13 896 1,697 1.428 1,076 1,898 1,241 670 217	1.228 6,889 8,134 5,776 3,561 6,423 3,166 1,361 606	1.701 10.007 11.346 8.603 6,289 10,902 6,862 2,792 1,219	1,623 10,447 9,794 6,928 6,264 8,917 6,390 2,167 930	102,298 83,047 66,933 50,714 34,891 56,357 36,250 19,008 12.102
Native white males	608,597	213,229	6,766	26,741	58.297	45,522	259.052
Under 5 years	200,358 61 ,383 68,904 68,442 50,418 35,176 69,874 39,133 16,987 7,922						200,358
10 to 14 years 15 to 19. vears 20 to 24 years 25 to 29 years 30 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 64 years 65 to 64 years 65 years and over. . .	12,739 36,630 40,201 29,701 20,382 35.126 23,991 10,693 4,866	10 138 684 882 747 1,494 1,085 519 197	787 4,213 6,867 4,816 2,773 3,917 2,073 880 415	1,672 9,681 11,015 8,326 6,195 10,734 6,747 2,739 1,188	1,354 8.607 8,556 6,263 4.797 8,135 4,911 2,033 866	44,821 10,635 1,119 430 282 468 326 223 390

GENERAL TABLES.

253

Table 21 . — Population, classified by general groups of occupations, age, sex, color, and nativity: 1907 — Continued.

AGE, SEX, COLOR, AND NATIVITY.	Total.	Agri- culture, fisheries, and mining.	Profes- sional service.	Domestic and personal service.	Trade and trans- porta- tion.	Manu- facturing and mechan- ical industries.	With- out gainful occu- pation.
Native white females	615,942	889	3.280	8,402	1,324	6,938	596.109
Under 5 years 10 to 14 years 15 to 19 years 20 to 24 years 25 to 29 years 30 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 65 to 64 years 66 years and over. . . Total foreign white	193,203 68,333 77,253 69,799 62,715 36,330 68,861 37,839 19,666 12,044 203,637						193 203
114 241 136 84 43 112 72 61 26 51,630	3 758 1,013 646 329 404 166 61 20 2,738	441 1,676 1,267 969 788 1,606 1,093 481 191 22,623	29 326 331 177 94 168 115 53 31 63,444	269 1,840 1,238 665 467 782 479 134 64 21,986	67,477 72,412 65,814 50,284 34,609 65,889 35,924 18.785 11,712 41,316
Under 6 years 10 to 14 years 15 to 19 years 20 to 24 years 25 to 29 years 30 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 65 to 64 years 66 years and over. . .	6,766 4,639 17,490 29,258 31,600 28,546 41,566 26,227 12,176 6,481						6 756
334 3,276 8,020 8,670 7,787 11,587 7,018 3,223 1,615	4 68 221 430 420 723 470 268 134	189 1,937 3.961 4,076 3,397 4,728 2,668 1,202 465	956 8,662 10,386 9,727 8,737 12,287 7,735 3,526 1.438	86 1,174 3,017 3,718 3,667 5,583 2,995 1,215 531	3,070 2,383 3,653 4,879 4,537 6,658 4,341 2,741 2.298
Foreign white males ....	163,014	61,449	2,321	18,210	63.029	21,347	6,658
Under 5 years 10 to 14 years 16 to 19 years 20 to 24 years 25 to 29 years 30 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 46 to 54 years 66 to 64 years 65 years and over... Foreign white females. .	3,520 2,916 14,741 24.378 25,669 23,369 34.145 20,483 9.348 4,456 40,623						3,520
331 3,270 8,009 8,662 7,777 11,672 6,999 3,218 1,611 81	2 32 154 347 372 635 413 246 120 417	117 1,380 2,880 3,246 2,832 4,051 2,291 1,018 396 4,413	949 8.597 10.313 9,665 8.683 12,203 7,680 3.611 1,428 415	80 1,068 2,904 3,605 3,584 5,465 2,923 1,194 524 639	1,437 394 118 135 121 219 177 161 376 34,658
Under 5 years 10 to 14 years 15 to 19 years 20 to 24 years 25 to 29 years 30 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 46 to 64 years 55 to 64 years 65 years and over. . . Total colored •	3,236 1,723 2,749 4,880 5,841 5,176 7,421 4,744 2,827 2,026 620,804						3,238
3 6 11 8 10 15 19 6 4 109,321	2 36 67 83 48 88 67 22 14 1,031	72 557 1,081 831 565 677 377 184 69 64,522	7 55 73 62 54 84 65 16 10 13,354	6 106 113 113 83 118 72 21 7 52,576	1,633 1,989 3,535 4,744 4,416 6,439 4,164 2,580 1,922 380,001
Under 6 years 10 to 14 years 16 to 19 years 20 to 24 years 26 to 29 years 30 to 34 years 36 to 44 years 46 to 54 years 65 to 64 years 66 years and over. . .	167,090 66.431 72,3.32 66,454 49,934 36.296 66,809 47,864 32,218 27.386						167,090
5,280 15,901 17,361 12.437 8.011 15.867 13.613 10.790 10.061	9 200 256 146 113 148 90 43 26	1,660 7,532 9,610 7,846 6,310 12,256 9.181 6.114 4.013	378 1,557 2,061 1,827 1,593 2,446 1.463 1,225 804	1,796 11 ,663 10,047 6.918 4,724 8,513 4,953 2,544 1.417	47,308 35,479 27,119 20,760 14.645 26.579 18.554 11,502 11.065

> Includes black, mixed, and yellow.

254

POPULATION.

Table 21. — Population, classified by general groups of occupations, age, sex, color, and nativity: 1907 — Continued.

AOE, SEX, COLOR, AND NATIVITT.	Total.	i Agri- culture. ifislxeries, and mining.	Profes- sional service.	Domestic and personal service.	Trade and trans- porta- tion.	Manu- facturing and mechan- ical industries.	With- out gainful occu- pation.
Colored males	303.271	107.172	687	28,445	13.061	43.716	110,190
Under 6 years 10 to 14 years 16 to 19 years 20 to 24 years 25 to 29 years 30 to 34 years . . 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 56 to H4 years 66 years and over... Colored females ^	83.692 28.494 33.174 32.476 23.974 16.426 30.472 22.779 17.106 14,779 317.633						83,692
6,206 16,614 17,189 12,270 7.886 16,522 13.231 10,503 9,771 2.149	9 91 126 103 86 124 85 39 26 344	703 3.229 4,807 3,882 2.737 4.736 3,368 2.804 2.179 36.077	365 1,490 2,035 1,806 1,576 2,398 1,429 1.192 770 293	1,485 8.744 8.013 5.730 4.048 7,488 4.486 2,376 1,347 8,869	20,726 4,006 306 183 114 204 180 193 686 269,811
Under 5 years 10 to 14 years 15 to 19 years 20 to 24 years 25 to 29 years 30 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 66 years and oyer. . .	83.498 27.937 39.158 33.979 25.960 18,870 36.337 26,076 15.112 12.607						83,498
74 287 172 167 146 345 382 287 290	131 43 28 24	957 4,303 4.803 3.964 3,573 7,520 5.813 3.310 1,834	is 67 26 21 17 48 34 33 34	3ii 2,919 2,034 1,188 676 1,026 467 169 70	26,582 31,473 26,813 20.577 14.431 26,375 18.374 11,309 10.379

>Includee black, mixed, and yellow.

GENERAL TABLES.

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260

POPULATION.

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GENERAL TABLES.

261

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262

POPULATION.

Table 24. — Persons engaged in selected occupations, by sex and literacy: 1907.

	Total.	Literate.	Illiterate.	DXOREES	RECEIVBO.
SJBX AND OCCUPATION.	Aca- demic.	Pro- fessional.
KAUCS. Actors	66 772 1,130 278 325 6.161 2,649 6,011 3,668 29 197 888 231 87 438 228 88 546 1,008 340 21,420 27 2.511 24,161 372 25.599 176 690 391 386 10.199 6 390 803 47 364.821 937 1.689 654 574 1.946 431 175 2.304 470 171 324 41.767 1,627 1.347 120 386 1,498 12,161 7,917 50,302 635 1,662 711 246 205 72 895 60 2,428 324 1,240 112 555 1,784 40 64 6,446 32.208	66 752 998 277 323 4,599 2,541 4,682 3,177 27 160 798 204 87 438 164 69 449 722 322 18,546 26 1,022 21,063 372 25,599 142 476 175 385 6,826 6 380 799 47 129.794 628 705 366 654 1.688 206 170 1,421 442 148 324 20.780 1.136 1.347 120 143 1,359 8.789 7,354 46,144 253 905 693 238 206 61 762 49 2,217 323 1,240 104 342 1,782 34 53 4,030 30,462		3 16	3
Agents (real estate), collectors, and	20 132 1 2 1,562 108 329 491 2 37 99 27	4
Apprentices
Architects and draftsmen	27 7 1 76 3 2	62
Artists	4
Bakers . .
Bankers, brokers, capitalists, and	26
Barbers and hairdressers	4
Blacksmiths	3
Bleachers, dvers, and scourers
Boarding house, hotel, restaurant, and		1
Boilermakers
Boxmakers (wooden)
Bookbinders '.
Bookkeepers		71	70
BrickmaKers	64 19 97 286 18 2,874 1 1.489 3.098
Broom and brush makers
Builders and contractors	2	1
Butchers
Cabinetmakers
Carpenters	2
Charcoal burners
Cigar factory operatives	6 61 442	1
Clergymen ....	82
Clerks and copyists		116
Confectioners	34 215 216
Coopers
Dairymen
Dentists	22	331
Draymen and hackmen	4,373
Electricians	10 4	7 160 1 77	5
	623
Farmers, planters, and farm laborers . . . Firemen (not locomotive)	235,027 309 984 288 20 267 226 6 883 28 23	28
Fishermen
Gardeners and florists
Gold and silver workers	i 1
Barnessmakers ■.
Hostlers
Housekeepers and stewards	4
Hucksters and peddlers
Iron and steel workers		1
Janitors and sextons
Journalists	23 4 1 110 13	10
Laborers (not specified)	20,987 392	1
Launderers
Lawyers	1 086
Literary and scientific persons		' 32
Lumbermen ."	243 139 3.372 563 4.158 282 767 18 8
Machinists	.8 43 461	60
Masons	2
Mechanics	174
Merchants	674
Messengers and office boys
Miners and quarrymen
Musicians	44 3 18	s
Nurses
Officials (government)	11
Officials of banks and companies	ii 133 11 211 1
Officials of manufacturing companies. . .	5	1
Painters	16 40 108
Photographers	14
Physicians and surgeons	1 091
Plumbers	8 213 2 6 1 2,416 1,746
Potters
Printers, lithographers, etc	6
Ropemakers
Sail, awning, and tent makers
Sailors and boatmen	30 31	36
Salesmen	7

GENERAL TABLES.

263

Tablb 24. — Persons engaged in selected occupations, by sex and literacy:

Continued.

1907—

	Total.	Literate.	Illiterate.	DEGREES	RECEIVED.
SEX AND OCCUPATION.	Aca- demic.	Pro- fessional.
MALES — continued .	6 15,934 111 120 6,829 8,238 948 129 1,699 715 587 572 5,095 401 2,132 592 830 50 63 306 19 408 26 1 10 1 104 1 143 4 2 1 2 2 5 3,342 8 884 10 5 2,332 1 3,110 4 3 28 1 34 140 262 5 591 24,016 2 2 2 554 51 576 1 11 6 4 3 33 2 116 9,464 23,378	6 9,692 95 118 5,479 7,901 641 129 775 567 572 545 4,961 310 2,132 589 747 42 63 298 12 118 25 1 10 1 102
	6,242 16 2 1,350 337 307	2
Shoemakers	1 16
Soldiers and policemen	9
Steam railway employees	2
Stenographers and typewriters	7 2	3
924 148 16 27 134 91
Street railway employees
Siiparmakers	2 1	6
Tailors. .
	864 38 1	434
Telegraph and telephone operators. . . . Tinners	3 83 8	18
	8 2	32
Watch and clock makers	8 7 290 1	1
Wood choppers . . .
FEMAIJiB.
Architects and draftsmen
	2 1 11	8
Bakers
Bankers, brokers, capitalists, and finan-	132 4 2	3
Boarding house, hotel, restaurant, and
	1
Cabinetmakers	2 2
	::::::::::;;;:::;;:;
Charcoal burners	5 742
	2,6003 8 884 5 6 2,181 1 643 1
		18	4
	5
		5>
Dressmakers .	isi >
	2,467 3 3 3
	25 1 18 34 196 5 314 7,869 2 2 2 335 51 487 1 7 6 4 3 33 2 88 8,099 10,596
	16 106 66
	2	I
	277 16,147
	1	1
Literary and scientific persons
Merchants	219	3 13 28	16
	6
	89	100
Officials of banks and companies Officials of manufacturing companies . . .
4
		1
		1
	:::::::::;
	28 1,365 12,782		1
	1

264

POPULATION.

TabIiB 24. — Persons engaged in selected occupations, by sex and literacy: 1907 —

Continued.

	Total.	Literate.	Illiterate.	DEGREES RECEirSD.
aUX AND OCCUPATION.	Aca- demic.	Pro- fessional.
FEMALES — continued. Shirtmakers	3 19 3 134 17 3,832 66 22 2 06 2	2 18	1 1 3
Steam railway employees
Stenographers and typewriters Tailoresses	134 17 3,832 65 20 2 70	10	2
Teachers		1,558 1	805
Telegraph and telephone operators Trunk and leather-case makers
2
Watch and clock makers
Weavers and lace makers	26 2
Wood choppers

GENERAL TABLES.

265

Table 25. — Persons engaged in selected occupations, by sex and conjtigal condition:

1907.

SEX AND OCCUPATION.

MALES. Actors

Agents (real estate), collectors, and commercial travelers

Apprentices

Architects and draftsmen

Artists

Bakers

Banl^ers, brokers, capitalists, and finan- ciers

Barbers and hairdressers

Blacksmiths

Bleachers, dyers, and scourers

Boarding house, hotel, restaurant, and saloon keepers ,

Boilermakers ,

Boxmakers (wooden)

Bookbinders ,

Bookkeepers

Brlckmakers ,

Broom and brush makers

Builders and contractors

Butchers ,

Cabinetmakers

Carpenters

Carriage and wagon makers

Charcoal burners

Cigar factory operatives ,

Clergymen ,

Clerks and copyists ,

Confectioners ,

Coopers ,

Dairymen ,

Dentists ,

Draymen and hackmen ,

Dressmakers ,

Electricians

Engineers (civil, etc.) and surveyors . .

Engravers ,

Farmers, planters, and farm laborers.

Firemen (not locomotive) ,

Fishermen ,

Gardeners and florists ,

Gold and silver workers ,

Harnessmakers ,

Hostlers ,

Housekeepers and stewards ,

Hucksters and peddlers ,

Iron and steel workers ,

Janitors and sextons

Journalists

Laborers (not specified)

Launderers

Lawyers

Literary and scientific persons

Lumbermen

Machinists

Masons

Mechanics

Merchants

Messengers and office boys

Miners and quarrymen

Musicians

N urses

Officials (government)

Officials of banks and companies

Officials of manufacturing companies .

Packers and shippers

Painters

Photographers

Physicians and surgeons

Plumbers

Potters

Printers, Hthographers, etc

Ropemakers

Sail, awning, and tent makers

Sailors and boatmen

Salesmen

Seamstresses

Servants

Ship and boat builders

Shirtmakers

Total.

772

1,130

278

325

6,161

2,649

6,011

3,668

29

197

888

231

87

438

228

88

546

1,008

340

21,420

27

2,511

24,161

372

25,599

176

690

391

385

10,199

5

390

803

47

364,821

937

1,689

654

574

1,945

431

175

2,304

470

171

324

41,767

1,527

1,347

120

386

1,498

12,161

7,917

50,302

535

1,662

711

246

205 i

72

895

60

2,428

324

1,240

112

555 I

1,784 I

40

54

6,446

32,208

6

15,934

111

120

Single

and

unknown.!

25

274

1,129

81

153 3,592

489

2,868

2,126

19

111

436

147

55

191

157

70

193

388

197

10,847

11

1,561

12,921

298

12,568

92

253

258

110

4,743

3

183

342

31

192,280

490

835

401

287

1,098

329

88

1,324

273

82

124

22,819

965

270

63

183

549

6,058

4,129

21,544

495

1,232

300

166

44

36

395

30

1,272

162

274

64

292

,182

31

23

3,202

29,875

5

11,247

63

69

1,

Married.

29 410

161

142

1,650

1,714 1,478 1,077

7

63

351

58

26

224

54

13

270

353

97

7,160

8

626

6,894

70

10,609

59

229

113

239

3,268

1

177

421

13

112,613

261

520

184

212

575

69

73

602

159

64

165

10,239

337

962

51

120

713

3,270

2,839

23,221

23

403

276

60

144

31

367

16

724

141

877

31

174

477

7

21

2,621

1,964

2,464 39 35

Con- sensually married.

61

11

21

811

121

561

379

2

15

75

18

4

11

10

4

66

245

35

2,611

5

279

3,530

1

1,473

19

179

15

21

1,991

1

22

9

2

50,100

168

264

51

51

219

25

10

316

31

11

20

7,658

183

24

4

73

174

2,513

729

3,604

10

7

106

7

7

2

95

11

357

12

11

16

73

80

2

4

453

165

1,789

3

13

Widowed.

27

1

26

9

108

325

104

86

1

8 26

8

2 12

7

1

17

22

11

802

3

45

816

3 949

6 29

5

15

197

8 31

1 9,828 18 70 18 24 53

8

4 62

7 14 15 1,051 42 91

2

10

62

320

220

1,933

7 20 29 13 10

3 38

3 75

9 78

1 16 45

6 170 204

1 434

6

3

'Includes divorced.

266

POPULATION.

TABiiX 25. — Persona engaged in selected occupations, by sex and conjugal condition:

1907— Continued.

SEX AND OCCXJPATIOK.	Total.	Single and unknown.'	Married.	Con- sensually married.	Widowed.
MALES — continued. Shoemakers	6,829 8,238 948 129 1.699 715 587 672 6,095 401 2,132 692 830 60 63 306 19 408 26 1 10 1 104 1 143 4 2 1 2 2 5 3,342 8 884 10 5 2,332 1 3,110 4 3 28 1 34 140 262 5 691 24,016 2 2 2 654 51 576 1 11 6 4 3 33 2 116 9.464 23,378 3 19 3 134 17 3,832 65 22 2 1 95 2 1	3.667 6.204 632 96 799 396 268 212 3,137 266 879 372 433 36 15 126 11 285 15 1 10 1 62 1 34 2 1 1 2 2 4 2,601 6 672 7 1 1,683	2,034 2,486 312 25 637 259 219 281 1,382 112 1,082 194 279 3 36 140 4 81 8	971 426 81 6 198 46 82 45 466 23 37 14 98 11 3 17 3 37 2	257
Soldiers and policemen	123
Steam railway employees	23
Stenographers and typewriters Stock raisers	2 65
Stonecutters •,	14
Street railway employees	18
Sugarmakers	34
Tailors	110
Tanners	10
Teachers '	134
Telegraph and telephone operators Tinners	12 20
Trunk and leather-case makers
Veterinary surgeons	9
Watch and clock makers	23
Weavers and lace makers	1
Wood choppers	6
FEMALES.	1
Agents (real estate), collectors, and commercial travelers
Apprentices
Architects and draftsmen
Artists	38	10	4
Bakers
Bankers, brokers, capitalists, and finan- ciers	19 1		90
Boarding house, hotel, restaurant, and saloon keepers		1
Bookbinders		1
Broom and brush makers
Carpenters
Charcoal burners		1 265
	230 3 79 2 3 305 1 240	366
Clergymen
	8	125
Confectioners	1
		1
Dressmakers	150	194
Engineers (civil) and surveyors Farmers, planters, and farm laborers. . .
1,815 4 1 10 1 20 71 98 2 406 14,061 1 1 2 268 39 379	853	202
Gardeners and florists		2 2
Hairdressers	11	5
Harnessmakers
Housekeepers	1 40 33 2 40 1,671 1 1	4 14 7	9
Hucksters and peddlers	15
Janitresses	124
Journalists	1
Laborers (not specified)	81 6,206	64
Laundresses	2,079
Literary and scientific persons
Masons
Merchants	181 6 117	23	92
Musicians	6
N urses	13	67
	1
Officials of manufacturing companies. . . Painters	6 5 2 3 31 1 92 7,209 18,150 3 11	1 1 1	1	4
		1
	1	1
	1
Saleswomen	16 852 1,293	2 630 1,847	6
Seamstresses	773
Servants	2,088
Shoemakers	4 2 4 1 647	1	3
	1
Stenographers and typewriters Tailoresses	128 13 2,909 63 16 1 79		2
1 2	2
Teachers	274
Telegraph and telephone operators	2
3 1 4 1		3
	6 1	6-
Wood choppers

> Includes divorced.

GENERAL TABLES.

267

03

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268

POPULATION.

t.

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GENERAL TABLES.

269

05

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270

POPULATION.

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GENERAL TABLES.

271

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275

Table 30. — Number of dwellings and families, and number of families and persons to a dwelling, and number of persons to a family, by provinces: 1907.

[Figures in italics included in total for the province of Habana.]

PROVINCE.	Total, population.	Number of dwellings.	Number of families.	Number of Number of families to persons to a dwelling, a dwelling.	Number of persons to a family.
Cuba	2.048.980	350.830	427,630	1.2 8.8	4.8
Camagfley	118,269 538,010 297,169 239,812 455,086 240,372 457.431	19.474 72,521 28,858 48,145 82 . 103 42,317 86,270	21,423 120,413 70,762 56,758 90,373 45.663 93,000	1.1 1.7 2.6 1.2 1.1	6.1 7.4 10. S 5.0 5 5	5.5 4.5
City of Habana Matanzas Oriente	4.2 4.2 5 0
PinardelRIo Santa Clara	1.1 1.1	5.7 5.3	5.3 4.9

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