tens thernites ritraeee Hien juesnets ia { Be ek dcfertin cull. CYBELE BRITANNICA; BRITISH PLANTS GEOGRAPHICAL RELATIONS. BY HEWETT COTTRELL WATSON. ¥ Of” Eb: DISTRIBUTION OF SPECIES. (Continued. ) 39. LORANTHACEX.—80. ALISMACEZ. LONDON. EUBLISHED BY LONGMAN & Co. PATERNOSTER ROW. 1849. LONDON: PRINTED BY EDWARD NEWMAN, 9, DEVONSHIRE STREET, BISHOPSGATE STREET. CONTENTS OF VOLUME II. EXPLANATIONS INTRODUCTORY TO VOLUME SECOND, page 1. Contents of volumes second and third, 1.— Re- quest for corrections before the third volume is printed, 1, 2.—Brief explanation, by repetition, of the Provinces and Ascending Zones of Vegetation, 2, 3.— Error respecting the climate of Shetland, 3, 4. DISTRIBUTION OF SPECIES, continued from the former Vo- lume, page 8. Loranthaceew, 5.—Caprifoliacee, 6.— Rubiacee, 12.—Valerianacee, 24.—Dipsacee, 29.—Composite, 33.— Campanulacee, 135.— Lobeliacee, 144. — Eri- cacee, 146.—Vacciniacee, 156.— Pyrolacee, 159.— Monotropacee, 163.—Aquifoliacee, 164.—Jasminacee, 164.—Apocynacex, 166.—Gentianacee, 168.— Pole- moniacee, 179.—Convolvulacee, 179.-—Cuscutacee, 181.—Solanacee, 184.—Scrophulariacee, 187.— Oro- banchacee, 224. — Acanthacee, 232. — Verbenacee, 233.—Lamiacex, 233.—Boraginacee, 269.—Pinguicu- laceze, 287.—Primulacee, 291.—Plumbaginacee, 304. Plantaginacee, 309.—(Apetale).—Amaranthacee, 313: Chenopodiacee, 314.— Polygonacee, 332. — Eleag- nacee, 351.—Thymeleacee, 351.—Santalacee, 353.— Asaracee, 354.— Empetracee, 355.— Euphorbiacee, iv 356.—Urticacee, 368.—Amentifere, 375.— Conifere, 409. — (Monocotyledones).— Orchidacee, 412. — Iri- dacee, 439.—Amaryllidacee, 444.—Liliacee, 449.— Trilliaceee, 470.—Tamacee, 471.—Melanthiacee, 471. —Hydrocharidacee, 473.—Alismacee, 475. POSTSCRIPT. The Orders which still remain to be treated in the third volume, are the two heterogeneous assemblages of Fluvi- ales and Aracez, as these stand in the ‘London Catalogue of British Plants, together with Restiacee, Juncacez, Cyperacee, Gramina, Filices, and Pteridioides; the last mixed group including Lycopodium, Isoetes, Pilularia, and Equisetum. Taken together, these orders include up- wards of three hundred species, that is, rather less than half the number treated in the present volume. ft EXPLANATIONS INTRODUCTORY TO THE SECOND VOLUME OF CYBELE BRITANNICA. THE SeEconp volume of the Cybele Britannica seems to require no particular explanation, since it is simply a con- tinuation of the former volume, carrying forward the distri- bution of individual species through the remaining orders of Dicotyledonous plants, with a portion of the Monocoty- ledones. Those of the latter which may still remain untreated of, after completion of this second volume of the work, together with the Filices and allied orders, will form the earlier portion of the third volume. It is anticipated that the remainder of volume third will be required for supplementary and corrective additions to the two earlier volumes, likely to be supplied from the present rapidly accumulating stores of information on the subject of local botany in England. The Author feels anxious to complete these three vo- lumes, including all the phenogamous plants and ferns; because they will thus comprise a full collection of arranged data, ready for the use of any other botanical geographer, either in prosecuting similar researches, or in carrying them onward to more general views. And in order to ren- der the three volumes as complete and useful as the plan of them may admit, in the light of a condensed arrangement VOL. It. B 2 INTRODUCTORY EXPLANATIONS. of facts, it is earnestly recommended that competent bo- tanists will either make public through the periodicals, or communicate to the Author, any information which may tend to fill up deficiencies, to remedy defects, or to correct errors in either of the two earlier volumes. The third volume, in which any such corrections &c. can be made, will probably be prepared for the press in 1850 or 1851. With a view to save readers the trouble of back reference to the former volume, while using this present one, it has been deemed desirable to repeat the smaller diagram and map, which were designed to show the geographical posi- tion and comparative elevation of the “ Provinces,” or groups of counties, indicated by the numeral figures in the line which exhibits the “ Area” of each species. Provinces. Altitude of Provinces. 1. Peninsula. 7. N. Wales. 13. W. Lowlands. 2. Channel. 8. Trent 14. E. Lowlands. 3. Thames. 9. Mersey. 15. E. Highlands. 4, Ouse. 10. Humber. 16. W. Highlands. 5. Severn. 14. Tyne: 17. N. Highlands. 6. S. Wales. 12. Lakes. 18. N. Isles. INTRODUCTORY EXPLANATIONS. 3 A similar reason will suggest likewise a repetition of the cut which was introduced in illustration of the “ Zones,” or ascending stages of vegetation. ee Ay | y Il We ! AIAN < IAN WE Lh Ascending Zones of Vegetation.—See vol. i. p. 41. 1. Inferagrarian zone. 1v. Inferarctic zone. Midagrarian zone. v. Midarctic zone. m1. Superagrarian zone. vi. Superarctic zone. The present opportunity may be taken also to correct a slight error which occurs in several places in the first volume. On page 62 of that volume it was mentioned that 46° (Fahr.) was assumed as the mean annual tempe- rature of the north coast of Scotland, in estimating that under which the several species had been observed to grow wild in Britain. But, by a table given in Edmondston’s Flora of Shetland, it appeared that still the same mean annual temperature prevails in Orkney; while the mean of the monthly means at Unst, in Shetland, from August, 1841, to July, 1842 (a year of high temperature), was even at 483 degrees of Fahrenheit’s scale; the winter months being much milder, although the summer months were cooler, B2 4 INTRODUCTORY EXPLANATIONS. in Shetland than in Orkney. And under these circum- stances, it appeared that at least the same mean of 46° must still be indicated for species which occur at or near the coast level in Shetland. But it has been since suggested by Mons. C. Martin, and apparently with truth, that the thermometrical registry used by Mr. Edmondston in his tables, was taken from an instrument placed inside a room, although one without fire ; and that it is consequently too high. (See Voyages en Scandinavie, &c.) Mr. Martin prefers to substitute the thermometrical observations made in the same island of Unst, in 1824 and 1825, by Mr. William Scott, corrected for time according to the scale deduced from observations at Edinburgh, by Mr. Adie. He thus reduces the mean annual temperature of Unst, situate at the northern extre- mity of the Shetland group, to a fraction below 45° ;—say 45° for the group generally. The necessary correction will be made in the former volume of the Cybele, by indicating that degree of tempe- rature for any species which grows in Shetland, and is not known to occur at such an elevation there, or elsewhere in Britain, as would imply a mean temperature below 45° Fahr. The following species are thus circumstanced :— Cakile maritima, Cochlearia officinalis, Cochlearia danica, Sagina maritima, Arenaria marina, Cerastium semidecan- drum, Cerastium nigrescens, Hypericum perforatum, La- thyrus maritimus, Hippuris vulgaris, Eryngium maritimum, Ligusticum scoticum, Daucus Carota, Anthriscus vulgaris ; —for each of which the figure must be reduced from 46 to 45. 39. LORANTHACE. 5 DISTRIBUTION OF SPECIES. (CONTINUED.) eee Leg 503. Viscum ALBuM, Linn. Area 12345 %78 (9) 10 (11 x % » 19). South limit in Devon, Dorset, Sussex, Kent. North limit in Yorkshire, Denbighshire, Durham ? Estimate of provinces 10. Estimate of counties 30. Latitude 50—55. English type of distribution. Agrarian region. Inferagrarian—Midagrarian zones. Descends to the coast level, in the Peninsula. Ascends to 100 or 200 yards, in England. Range of mean annual temperature 51—48. Native. Sylvestral (parasitic). To many of its recorded localities the Mistletoe has doubtless been introduced as an object of curiosity with cultivators of plants. The late Mr. J. E. Bowman included it in his list of plants near Wrexham; and there are various authorities for its occur rence in Nottinghamshire, Derbyshire, and Yorkshire. The Flora of Liverpool is my only authority for the province of Mersey, and the two localities, there indicated, read rather suspiciously. Of the four localities recorded in the Flora of Northumberland and Durham, two are expressly stated to be garden-introductions; a third is given on im- perfect memory ; while the fourth, on authority of the Rev. Mr. Coates, is mentioned without comment. More north- ward we find the two recorded localities of “woods of Mickleour, Scotland” (Hook. Flo. Scot.), and “ woods of 6 40. CAPRIFOLIACE. Belmont” (Gard. Flo. Forf.), in regard to which it appears better to wait further information before receiving them as native habitats. I do not know in what county or province the locality of Mickleour is to be placed. 504. Sambucus nicRa, Linn. North limit in Caernarvon. Estimate of provinces 2. Estimate of counties 3. Latitude 52—54. Local type of distribution. Agrarian region. Inferagrarian zone. Descends to the coast level, or nearly so. Ascends to 50 or 100 yards. Range of mean annual temperature 49—48. Native. Rupestral? I make no doubt that the greater number of localities recorded for this plant are wide errors, through mistaking the maculate varieties of Hieracium murorum, and probably other species of the same genus, for the present plant. My only specimen was received from Sir William Hooker, and labelled from Suffolk. The Cambridge and Caernarvon habitats appear deserving of credit; and perhaps that of the Lizard, in Cornwall, may be equally so; although some doubt will attach to this latter, from the plant being too large and conspicuous to 44, COMPOSITS. 4] have easily eluded the eyes of the many good botanists who had visited the Lizard before the Rev. W. 8. Hore; and Mr. Gibson saw it in leaf only. 553. HypocHamRIs RADICcATA, Linn. Area general. South limit in Cornwall, Isle of Wight, Kent. North limit in Orkney, Hebrides, Sutherland. Estimate of provinces 18. Estimate of counties 81. Latitude 50—60. British type of distribution. A.A. regions. Inferagrarian—Inferarctic zones. Descends to the coast level, in the Peninsula. Ascends to 600 yards, in East Highlands. Range of mean annual temperature 52—41. Native. Pascual. Seldom seen in the arctic region, but general throughout the agrarian. Its absence from the Flora of Shetland leads to the deduction of one county in the estimate, which might otherwise have been the highest step of the comital series. 554. Lactruca virasa, Linn. Area 123456[7] 841011 5 4 1415 y » [18]. South limit in Somerset, Isle of Wight, Kent. North limit in Perth, Stirling. Estimate of provinces 12. Estimate of counties 30. Latitude 50—57. Germanic type of distribution. Agrarian region. Inferagrarian—Midagrarian zones. Descends to the coast level, in Channel province. Ascends to 100 or 200 yards, in Scotland. Range of mean annual temperature 51—47. 42 44, COMPOSIT. Native. Viatical, Septal, &c. Thinly scattered from the south coast of England northward into the low tracts in the south-east Highlands, as at Stirling, Kinnoul, Dunkeld. So rare towards the western coasts of England that it seems proper to consider the species as one of the Germanic type ; although recorded from three of the western provinces, on authority which will pass unchallenged ; and likewise enu- merated in the Faunula Grustensis as a native of North Wales. 555. Lacruca Scartora, Linn. <« 4% 7 UW. A-4F Z. Area x 234 2% » [8]. South limit in Sussex, Kent. North limit in Cambridge, Suffolk ? Estimate of provinces 3. Estimate of counties 6. Latitude 50—54. Germanic type of distribution. Agrarian region. Inferagrarian zone. Descends to the coast level, in Channel province. Ascends to 50 yards, more or less, in England. Range of mean annual temperature 51—48. Native? Viatical, &c. A very local plant, and perhaps made to appear more frequent than is real by the distribu- tion above indicated. The few English specimens which have been sent to me, under this name, have proved either L. virosa or L. saligna; and as the same locality is occa- sionally given for two different species, by two observers, respectively one for each, great doubt must attach thereto. Has been reported from the counties of Sussex (Rev. W. W. Newbould), Kent (Mr. E. Forster, in B. G.), Surrey (Mr. W. Pamplin, in N. B. G.), Middlesex (Mr. E. Forster, in B. G.), Suffolk (Winch notes, in N. B. G.), Cambridge (Henslow’s Catalogue, &c.), Derby (Mr. J. Martin, in B. G.) 44, COMPOSITA. 43 556. LactTuca sALigna, Linn. Areay 2345 4%% 8. South limit in Dorset, Sussex, Kent. North limit in Notts, Leicester, Worcester, Hereford. Kstimate of provinces 5. Estimate of counties 10. Latitude 50—59. Germanic type of distribution. Agrarian region. Inferagrarian zone. Descends to the coast level, in the Channel. Ascends to 50 or 100 yards, in England. Range of mean annual temperature 51—48. Native. Viatical. Some of the localities recorded for the present species may likely belong to L. virosa, more particularly those in the counties indicated for the northern limit; but, if so, I have not the means of correctly distin- guishing the true from the false indications. See also the remarks on the misapplication of names under L. Scariola. t. fit. li ft-G§-2 557. Lactuca muratis, DC. Areal 234567891011 124%%(15/ South limit in Cornwall, Isle of Wight, Kent. North limit in Moray ;—or Cumberland, Northumberland. Estimate of provinces 15. Estimate of counties 50. Latitude 50—56 (58). English type of distribution. Agrarian region. Inferagrarian—Midagrarian zones. Descends to the coast level, in the Peninsula. Ascends to 350 yards, in Cumberland. Range of mean annual temperature 52—45. Native. Septal, &c. Ascertained in about forty of the English counties and may be expected to oceur in 44 44. COMPOSITE. some of the others which have been hitherto less fully explored. It has been discovered in Moray since the ‘ Col- lectanea’ was published; namely, at Main, near Elgin, where the Rev. G. Gordon deems it not certainly native. An isolated locality, far beyond the limit of a species other- wise, may usually be considered suspicious ; but looking to the altitude attained by the present species in Cumberland, and to the high northern latitude (middle of Sweden and North Russia) attained on the Continent, the province of East Highlands may be considered quite within its natural range of temperature, latitude, &c. PRENANTHES PURPUREA, Linn. Area (16). Alien. Partially naturalized near the Castle [of Dunve- gan?] in Skye. (Balf. and Bab. Acc. Hebr. p. 5.) 558. Soncuus patusrris, Linn. He /V1.¢M. 1.4 $2. Area [1 2] S34[5x% 8x % e % * 14]. South limit in Kent. North limit in Norfolk, Cambridge, Hunts. Estimate of provinces 2. Estimate of counties 6. Latitude 50—53. Germanic type of distribution. Agrarian region. Inferagrarian zone. Descends to the coast level, in Thames province. Ascends to 50 yards, or less, in England. Range of mean annual temperature 50—48. Native. Paludal. Very rare; and I fear it has been re- ported from several counties erroneously, through the mis- taking of S. arvensis, when found in wet ground, for the 44. COMPOSIT. 45 present species. I have seen specimens only from Kent (Mr. R. Kippist), and Suffolk (Mr. J. Paget). It is recorded also from Devon, Dorset, Surrey, Middlesex, Essex, Staf- ford, Salop, Leicester, Nottingham, Edinburgh, with the three counties above named for the assumed northern limit in this country. 559. SONCHUS ARVENSIS, Linn. Area general. South limit in Cornwall, Isle of Wight, Kent. North limit in Shetland, Orkney, Ross. Estimate of provinces 18. Estimate of counties 82. Latitude 50—61. British type of distribution. Agrarian region. Inferagrarian—Superagrarian zones. Descends to the coast level, in the Peninsula. Ascends to 100 yards, in East Highlands. Range of mean annual temperature 52—45. Native. Agrestal, Inundatal. I did not observe this species in Sutherland or Caithness, nor is it mentioned by Balfour and Babington among the plants noticed by them in the Outer Hebrides. Still, since it is said to be frequent in Moray (Gordon), and “ everywhere” in Shetland (Ed- mondston), I have estimated its comital census at the full number of 82; deeming the species more likely to be pre- sent than absent in the counties mentioned. 560. Soncnus ASPER, Hoffm. Area general ? South limit in Cornwall, Isle of Wight, Kent. North limit in Shetland, Hebrides. 46 44, COMPOSIT#. Estimate of provinces 18. Estimate of counties 82. Latitude 50—61. British type of distribution. Agrarian region. Inferagrarian—Superagrarian zones. Descends to the coast level, in the Peninsula. Ascends to 100 or 200 yards, in England. Range of mean annual temperature 52—45. Native. Agrestal, &c. Having only quite lately been well distinguished from S. oleraceus, by English botanists, this species would appear much less frequent than S. ole- raceus, by its recorded habitats strictly kept to. But having been already reported from about half the total number of counties, and from the south coast of England to the extreme north of Scotland or adjacent Isles, the generality of its distribution, both by provinces and by counties, may be assumed so long as no probable exception is made apparent. 561. SoncHUsS OLERACEUS, Linn. Area general. South limit in Cornwall, Isle of Wight, Kent. North limit in Shetland, Orkney, Caithness. Estimate of provinces 18. Estimate of counties 82. Latitude 50—61. British type of distribution. Agrarian region. Inferagrarian—Superagrarian zones. Descends to the coast level, in the Peninsula. Ascends to 350 yards, in East Highlands. Range of mean annual temperature 52—43. Native. Agrestal, &c. This species and S. asper usually grow intermingled ; but some of the habitats recorded un- der name of the present species, especially those of old date, may perhaps produce only S. asper. Balfour and Babington appear to have noticed only the latter in the 44, COMPOSITA. 47 Outer Hebrides ; but the Shetland Flora enumerates both of the species. I have a note of “S. oleraceus” seen just above Castletown, in Aberdeenshire, in 1832; though I cannot now say certainly that it was not S. asper which was observed there in that year. 562. SoNCHUS ALPINuS, Linn. Area x x % * * & x % & % [11] x « x 15. South limit in Forfarshire. North limit in Aberdeenshire. Estimate of provinces 1. Estimate of counties 2. Latitude 56—57. Highland type of distribution. Arctic region. Midarctic zone. Descends to 700 or 750 yards, in East Highlands. Ascends to 950 yards, in same province. Range of mean annual temperature 40—37. Native. Rupestral. Very local; being restricted to a few rocky spots on the range of mountains about the line of union between Forfar and Aberdeen shires. Probably the browsing of sheep and deer, with the frequent visits of botanists, are the operative causes for this very restricted area and the scarcity of the individual plants. It is re- ported to have been found in Northumberland, although only on authority which cannot be safely relied upon. 563. CREPIS VIRENS, Linn. Area general. South limit in Cornwall, Isle of Wight, Kent. North limit in Orkney, Hebrides. Estimate of provinces 18. Estimate of counties 81. 48 44, COMPOSITA. Latitude 50—60. British type of distribution. Agrarian region. Inferagrarian—Superagrarian zones. Descends to the coast level, in the Peninsula. Ascends to 350 yards, in East Highlands. Range of mean annual temperature 52—44. Native. Agrestal, &c. One county has been deducted from the estimate, on account of the species being omitted from the Flora of Shetland. I think it is infrequent in the Highland valleys, but I have noted it as seen at Dalnacar- doch, Killin, and Callander; and the Rev. G. Gordon marks it very common in Moray. 564. CREPIS BIENNIS, Linn. “ee FH Mt . fa. GEL, Area [1 2] 34 [6] 78% 101112. South limit in Kent. [Somerset ? Dorset ?]. North limit in Westmoreland ? Northumberland. Estimate of provinces 6. Estimate of counties 10. Latitude 51—56. English type of distribution. Agrarian region. Inferagrarian—Midagrarian zones. Descends to the coast level, or nearly so, in Thames. Ascends to 50 or 100 yards, in England. Range of mean annual temperature 49—47. Native. Pascual, &c. Some of the localities which have been recorded for this species, only lately distinguished in a satisfactory manner, belong undoubtedly to Barkhausia taraxacifolia; while others may possibly belong to Crepis virens. I possess specimens from the counties of Essex (Mr. G. S. Gibson) and Leicester (Rev. Andrew Bloxam) only. What is stated to be the “true” plant has been in- dicated also from Kent (Mr. Edward Edwards) and from Cambridge (Mr. C. C. Babington). Three provinces are cut off from the area above shown, because they rest only 44. COMPOSIT. 49 on single authorities, and I fear that they will prove erro- neous; namely, Somerset (Dr. Southby), Dorset (common near Poole — Dr. Salter), Caermarthen (common — Mr. James Motley). There remain the counties of Surrey, Herts, Suffolk, Caernarvon, Notts, Derby, York, Durham, Northumberland, Westmoreland; and in these probably either Crepis biennis or Barkhausia taraxacifolia may occur, though it may be at present impossible to say which of the species will be found there. 565. CREPIS PULCHRA, Linn. Area [15]. Incognit. G. Don stated that he found this plant among the debris of the rocks of the hills of Turin and Pitscandly, in Forfarshire, but very rare. In one of these places—the hill of Turin—it was sought unsuccessfully by Mr. Gar- diner, in 1845, who says (Flo. Forf.) that a turnip-field now occupies the spot. fe bel. (Hf G5,66. CREPIS suCCISHFOLIA, Tausch. Area » * * * * * * * * 10 lly y1415 16. South limit in Yorkshire. North limit in Aberdeen, Dumbarton. Estimate of provinces 5. Estimate of counties 8. Latitude 544—57. Highland type of distribution. A.A. regions. Superagrarian—lInferarctic zones. Descends to ? Ascends to Range of mean annual temperature (say, 45—41). Native. Rupestral, Sylvestral. I have not seen this VOL. II. E 50 44, COMPOSITE. species in a wild state ; and the records of its localities are not sufficiently exact to convey any clear idea of its cli- mate, altitude, &c. Has been stated to occur in the coun- ties of York, Durham, Northumberland, Berwick, Fife (Ochills), Forfar, Aberdeen, Dumbarton, —if the last- mentioned county be intended by Mr. Borrer’s locality (Hook. Flo. Scot.) of the “ Lower Fall of the Tummel, Glen Luss.” 567. CrEPIs PALUDOSA, Moench. “< Vil MM, A YS Area » » » 5678910111213 14 15 16 17. South limit in Glamorgan, Salop, Leicester. North limit in Ross, Skye, Aberdeen. Estimate of provinces 13. Estimate of counties 40. Latitude 51—58. Scottish type of distribution. A.A. regions. Midagrarian—Inferarctic zones. Descends to 50 or 100 yards, in North of England. Ascends to 650 yards, in East Highlands. Range of mean annual temperature 47—40. Native. Paludal, Pratal, Sylvestral. In damp and shaded places chiefly, and thus not precisely falling under any single term expressive of the usual situations of growth. Occurs about Derwent-water, in Cumberland, which is be- low 100 yards of elevation, and may perhaps be known at a lower level in England; while in the Highlands it is a plant of the coast level. My notes of localities include 33 counties, and some others appear sufficiently likely to justify the estimated census of 40, rather than the next lower step of 30, counties. 44, COMPOSIT&. 51 568. HigeRacium PILosELLa, Linn. 568, b. HiERAcIuM PELETERIANUM, Mer. Area general. South limit in Cornwall, Isle of Wight, Kent. North limit in Orkney, Hebrides, Sutherland. Kstimate of provinces 18. Estimate of counties 81. Latitude 50—60. British type of distribution. A.A. regions. Inferagrarian—Inferarctic zones. Descends to the coast level, in the Peninsula. Ascends to 750 yards, in East Highlands. Range of mean annual temperature 52—39. Native. Pascual, Glareal. Almost within the midarctic zone on the hills about Braemar, in Aberdeenshire. In estimating the county census I have not included the Shet- land Isles, because Edmondston has not enumerated the species in his Flora of Shetland. It occurs in Orkney and Faroe, and over the whole of Scandinavia (Fries Summa) ; and thus, notwithstanding its omission from the probably incomplete catalogue of Shetland plants, the estimate might be more true if carried up to the highest number of coun- ties. Incomplete data may readily be expressed so long as we keep to general (that is, vague or inexact) terms ; but in attempting to give them a numerical or statistical form, where units are required, the imperfect state of our infor- mation becomes apparent. This, under existing circum- stances, is far from undesirable; since, by showing the want, it may lead to the void being filled up in some in- stances. 52 44, COMPOSIT. 569. HIERACIUM AURANTIACUM, Linn. Area (x x % * * 6 * * 9 x * 12 % 14 15 16). Alien. Recorded from about a dozen counties, but everybody seems to hold it only an introduced plant. Hieracium Auricuta, Linn. Area [12]. Incognit. This has been long on record as found some- where in Westmoreland or Cumberland, or in both coun- ties, but the locality very inexactly indicated; and the presumption seems strong that some other species may have been mistaken for the present one. A note on the locality, by Mr. W. Borrer, in Phytologist, 1. p. 434—8, may be advantageously consulted by those botanists who are desirous to hunt for the species in the Lake province. HIERACIUM DUBIUM, Linn. Area [8 KKK 12]. Incognit. Involved in equal obscurity with the pre- ceding species. On Fairfield mountain, near Rydal, in Westmoreland, according to Hudson’s Flora Anglica. In Turner and Dillwyn’s Guide we have three localities cited, two of which may possibly mean the same place as the one above given from Hudson; namely, Keswick and Patter- dale, in the Lake province,—and Coxbench wood, in Derby- shire. 44, COMPOSIT. 53 570. HieRacium aLpinum, Linn. 570, b. Hreractum HA.uert, “ Vill.” Area x» x * ex * 7% x» % 12 %%15 1617. South limit in Caernarvon, Westmoreland, Perth. North limit in Sutherland, Isle of Skye. Estimate of provinces 5. Estimate of counties 15. Latitude 53—59. Highland type of distribution. Arctic region. Midarctic zone. Descends to 550 yards, in North Highlands. Ascends to 1000 or 1050 yards, in East Highlands. Range of mean annual temperature 40—36. Native. Rupestral. Ascertained to occur in 12 coun- ties, exclusive of Stirling, Kincardine, Banff, Caithness, and the three groups constituting the province of the North Isles; and as none of these counties or isles appear unlikely habitats, except on the ground of having been al- ready partially examined, the comital estimate has been assumed at the first step in the series above 12. The spe- cies ranges to the extreme limits of the midarctic zone, both ascending and descending, and may perhaps be an inhabitant of all the three arctic zones. A. het. Wh. bing 571. HigRAcIUM NIGRESCENS, Willd. Area x % x x % x * & x % [12] * * 15 16. South limit in Perth, Forfar. [Westmoreland ? | North limit in Aberdeen, West-Inverness. Estimate of provinces 3. Estimate of counties 8. Latitude 56—58. Highland type of distribution. Arctic region. Midarctic zone. 54 44, COMPOSIT. Descends to 700 yards, in East Highlands. Ascends to 1000 yards, in same province. Range of mean annual temperature 40—37. Native. Rupestral. Long known as a Highland plant, although only quite recently distinguished as a species in a satisfactory manner. Judging by Smith’s herbarium, this is the species which he had in view in describing his H. pulmonarium ; but this latter name has been so variously applied and misapplied, that no reliance can be placed on localities recorded by the name of “pulmonarium” in books. Mr. James Backhouse reports (Phytologist, ii. 1044) H. nigrescens as having been found by himself in Westmoreland and Cumberland ; but in the existing uncer- tainty about the species, I must hesitate to receive that record as a clearly ascertained fact. My own specimens of H. nigrescens have been gathered in the counties of Forfar, Aberdeen, and Inverness ; and a garden specimen is preserved in Smith’s herbarium, with a note of its original habitat being on Ben-y-gloe, Perthshire, whence it was brought by Mr. Mackay. HIERACIUM NUDICAULE, Edmondst. Area [12 » 15]. Incognit? Difficult to decide under what category this plant should be placed. The name certainly represents something seen by the late Mr. Edmondston ; but whether it represents a variety of some recognized British species, or a distinct species,—and, if the latter, whether a novelty, or a species previously described by any foreign author,— are questions which nobody seems prepared or disposed to answer. It was described by Edmondston in the Phytolo- gist, 11. p. 184, as having been found on the banks of the 44, COMPOSIT, 55 Findhorn, near Forres, in Moray, in July, 1844; and he intimated that he had subsequently seen a specimen from Breadalbane, in Dr. Balfour’s herbarium, “placed in the same sheet with H. Lawsoni, from which species it is, how- ever, quite distinct.” Again, in the same periodical, vol. i. p- 434, Mr. Borrer writes, while alluding to one of his bo- tanical tours in Westmoreland, “ Stockgill is rich in Hiera- cia of the murorum group. Among them is one which I fancy may be H. nudicaule of Edmondston. I gathered the same by the Findhom, and by some other Highland streams, in 1810; but I have never satisfied myself about it. I hope now to study it under cultivation.” Under these circumstances, it is curious that Mr. C. C. Babington has not noticed Edmondston’s plant in the second edition of his Manual, which is so complete an epitome of British botany in most respects. The plant will probably prove to be an example of H. murorum, grown in a shaded spot. fet. 11 J. ¢§ 372. Hieractum muroroum, Linn. Me Lop td. Ant. Area general ? South limit in Devon, Dorset, Sussex. North limit in Shetland, Orkney, Hebrides. Estimate of provinces 18. Estimate of counties 70. Latitude 50—61. British type of distribution. A.A. regions. Inferagrarian—Midagrarian zones. Descends to the coast level, or nearly so, in Channel. Ascends to 850 yards, in East Highlands. Range of mean annual temperature 50—38. Native. Rupestral, Septal. My notes show no localities for this species in the provinces of South Wales or the Mersey, which appear so likely to produce it that the Area is above interrogatively given as general. In books the H. 56 44, COMPOSITZ. murorum and sylvaticum are inextricably confused, and heuce much uncertainty about their respective localities ; and, indeed, there are specimens of one or both in my own herbarium, which I am unable to name with any confidence of accuracy. Besides the forms which approximate to H. sylvaticum, there is another with very glaucous, thin and large leaves, which I have collected in Surrey and Cumber- land, and which is propagated freely by seed. Judging by arude sketch of H. nudicaule, shown to me by Edmond- ston, in 1844, this latter form may be the same with his plant, although usually it has one or two stem-leaves. 572*. H1ieRacium ScumiptTi, Tausch. Areax x xx %%*78%10%12 4% 4% 15. South limit in Leicester, Caernarvon, York. North limit in Westmoreland, Perth, Forfar. Kstimate of provinces —? Estimate of counties —? Latitude 52—57. Highland (?) type of distribution. A.A. regions. Inferagrarian—Midarctic zones. Descends to a trifling elevation, in England. Ascends to 800 yards, more or less, in E. Highlands. Range of mean annual temperature 48—39. Native. Rupestral. With this alleged species I am to- tally unacquainted. The above-mentioned counties are all in which I am aware of localities on the authority of other parties; four of them resting on manuscript memoranda obligingly supplied by Mr. C. C. Babington, and the other two on the authority of Mr. Borrer. The latter botanist is quoted for the name in the Flora of Forfarshire; and he has also, somewhat vaguely, indicated the occurrence of the plant in Westmoreland, in a paper in the Phytologist, i. p. 434. In his Manual Mr. Babington mentions no 44, COMPOSIT. o7 localities ; giving only the general habitat of “ mountainous districts.” Is there not some error about Leicestershire ? Mr. Babington gives the name of the Rev. A. Bloxam as that of the local authority for his Leicestershire specimen ; but specimens sent to the Botanical Society of London, by the latter botanist, as “ H. Schmidtii?” cannot be the spe- cies described in the Manual, and answer much better to H. sylvaticum. The formula has been filled in as well as the slender supply of information could enable this to be done; but the true distribution cannot be properly indi- cated at present. The estimate of provinces and counties cannot be yet made, unless by way of mere conjecture. The latitude is set down by the first lines southward of Leicestershire, northward of Forfarshire ; those two being the most distant counties in which localities have been stated. With the exception of Netherseal, in Leicester- shire, all the localities are on or about mountains; and therefore the Highland type is indicated. It is on account of the alleged occurrence of the plant in the latter county, that a trifling elevation, the inferagrarian zone, and the temperature of 48, are considered to be within its range of climate, &c. The midarctic zone, the altitude of 800 yards, or so, and the temperature of 39, are deduced from Mr. Gardiner’s locality (Flo. Forf.) of Canlochen rocks. a. bit (M1. fe 435 573. HIERACIUM SYLVATICUM, Sm. Area general ? South limit in Devon, Isle of Wight, Kent. North limit in Outer Hebrides, Sutherland, Aberdeen. Estimate of provinces 18. Est. of counties 75 or 80. Latitude 50—59. British type of distribution. A.A. regions. Inferagrarian—Midarctic zones. 58 44, COMPOSIT. Descends to the coast level, in the Peninsula. Ascends to 850 yards, in East Highlands. Range of mean annual temperature 50—38. Native. Sylvestral, &c. Curiously enough, with refe- rence to a species of Hieracium reported from every other province, I do not find any locality for that of the Lakes among my notes and compilations, although I feel a tole- rably certain recollection of having seen the species there. The figure of H. maculatum in English Botany, cor- responding with the specimen in Smith’s herbarium, pro- bably represents an example of H. sylvaticum with spotted leaves. More frequently, however, the maculate Hieracia belong to H. murorum. Three distinguishable forms are included under H. sylvaticum by British botanists. One of these has few leaves on the stem, unless in its Juxuriant and branched state, and corresponds closely with H. macu- latum, except in the absence of dark stains on the leaves. A second is the form with along and leafy, but scarcely branched stem; and from which the third form differs chiefly by its more rigid leaves, of a darker green colour, and its less copious pubescence. 575. Hieractum Lawsont, Sm. & 47. fp. 469. 574, Hrpracium Lapeyrousn, Bab. Man. & Va. Mfr of | Wh. 4. Accum Fag, Area « & 4 elk. Wie x00 0412 giao: 17 ee South limit in York, Westmoreland. North limit in Outer Hebrides, Sutherland. Estimate of provinces 8. Estimate of counties 15. Latitude 54—59. Highland type of distribution. A.A. regions. Superagrarian—Midarctic zones. Descends to the coast level, in North Highlands. Ascends to 900 yards, in East Highlands. 44, COMPOSITE. 59 Range of mean annual temperature 46—38. Native. Rupestral. Apparently a species truly distinct from H. murorum, with which it was long confused; and, indeed, still is so by several botanists ; nor is it easy to dis- tinguish some of the specimens in a dried state. I have not seen H. Lapeyrousii in a fresh state, and the dried spe- cimens appear to my eyes to come very close indeed to H. Lawsoni; which latter has not unfrequently two, and some- times three, leaves on the stem, below the branches. Judging from the description of H. Schmidtii in Babing- ton’s Manual, this latter would seem to belong here also. H. Lapeyrousii is recorded from the banks of the Tees river, which divides the provinces of Humber and Tyne, and apparently from the superagrarian or inferarctic zone, possibly both. eh palpi Vl Sealy gE SED OE Le A. ISP. HIERACIUM CERINTHOIDES, Linn. Area [10 x * 13 x 15]. Incognit. Another of our opprobria among the species of its genus, the really British representatives of (or, instead of ) which may perhaps be correctly referred to H. Lawsoni. Mr. Joseph Woods states that he found a single specimen of H. cerinthoides on the Yorkshire side of the Tees, near Middleton ; and this statement I will believe when some other botanist shall find a second specimen. G. Don as- serts it to be “not rare” in the Highlands of Scotland, and localizes it more specifically “on rocks among the Clova mountains.” In Dumfriesshire, according to Boué, ol tif, ** quoted in New Botanist’s Guide. A garden plant, kindly Gos given to me by Mr. Borrer, is clearly different from H. Lawsoni; but was it of British origin? 60 44, COMPOSIT&. 576. H1ERAcIUM VILLosuM, Linn. Area [10 *eRK* 15 16]. Incognit? There is a strong presumption in support of the true nativity of this species on and near the mountain of Loch-na-gar, in the south-west of Aberdeenshire. And yet it seems remarkable that so large a plant should escape the eyes of modern botanists. The name appears in the Flora of Yorkshire, where, contrary to the ill-conceived plan of that work, the authorities are likewise added for three several localities in this instance. One of these is the old authority of Mr. Caley, repeated in different works since the date of Withering’s Arrangement; a second being that of Mr. Spruce, of small value in the question before us; a third being nothing better than a Railway guide-book. Thus, we may at once reject the species from an English list, and look to the evidence in favour of its occurrence in Scotland. Two garden specimens are preserved in Smith’s herbarium, as “ H. villosum,” with a reference to “ Ben Lawers, &c., Mr. J. Mackay ;” and both these specimens appear to be very luxuriant examples of H. alpinum; a circumstance which destroys the credit-worthiness of Mr. Mackay’s locality of Ben Lawers, given in English Flora. But in the same herbarium there is a specimen of true H. villosum, labelled from rocks near Loch Callater, apparently collected either by Mr. T. Drummond or Mr. Robertson, in 1825; but it is not made quite clear by Smith’s memo- randum, that the latter had given to Smith the specimen supposed to have been collected by Drummond. Another specimen is said to be preserved in Dalton’s herbarium, labelled from Loch-na-gar. According to Dickson (Linn. Trans. 2) H. villosum occurs on wet rocks on Ben Nevis; 44, COMPOSIT. 61 but a specimen so named in Winch’s herbarium, from the “ foot of Ben Nevis,” is H. Lawsoni. The real question seems thus narrowed into the single one, whether Thomas Drummond, or any other botanist, ever collected the true H. villosum on Loch-na-gar, or on the rocks above Loch Callater ?—or, whether H. Lawsoni was collected in those places, and cultivated, or foreign specimens of H. villosum erroneously substituted for it in herbaria? For my own part, I can place little trust upon the specimens in old herbaria, the alleged localities of which now remain uncon- firmed; because botanists of the Smithian school, from a quarter to half a century ago, undoubtedly labelled garden- grown specimens as if from native localities. Indeed, within very few years past, I have known an elderly and respected botanist take a numerous series of specimens from his garden, label them from native localities, as if wild spe- cimens, and even put dates on their labels, indicating them to have been gathered nearly thirty years before. 577. HIERACIUM AMPLEXICAULE, Linn. Area (x % 3 % % % & % % * * * * % 15). Alien. Established on the walls of Magdalen College, Oxford, and on those of Cleish Castle, Kinross. According to G. Don, it occurs on the Clova Mountains. ‘¢ HIERACIUM DIVARICATUM,” Don. Area [15]. Incognit. On rocks among the Clova Mountains, ac- cording to G. Don ; but I know not what he intended under this name. 62 44. COMPOSIT. 578. Hreractum pENTICULATUM, Sm. “« 4. MW .9$9, Area » % x x * [6 x x « 10] » » * 14 15 16 17 18. South limit in Selkirk, ? North limit in Shetland, Sutherland, Estimate of provinces 6. Estimate of counties 10. Latitude 55—61. Scottish type of distribution. Agrarian region. Superagrarian zone. Descends to the coast level, in N. Highlands or Isles. Ascends to 400 yards, in East Highlands. Range of mean annual temperature 46—42. Native. Rupestral? This appears to be simply a book species, made up from misunderstood or mistaken speci- mens of several others; among which may probably be reckoned boreale, rigidum, inuloides, and umbellatum. I am myself very doubtful whether Smith’s species is really j known to me; and from the labels of specimens communi- cated to me, under this name, it is quite clear that other botanists are equally at a loss about Smith’s plant. cay nba urn, freq. bee bet MH. fh. 398. 579. HIERACIUM PRENANTHOIDES, Vill. | ? a ee oT a oF Area x x» x * * x * * 10111241416 16. South limit in York, Westmoreland. North limit in Moray, Aberdeen, Skye. Estimate of provinces 6. Estimate of counties 12. Latitude 54—58. Highland type of distribution. A.A. regions. Superagrarian—Inferarctic zones. Descends to a trifling elevation, 100 or 200 yards? Ascends to 600 or 650 yards, in East Highlands. Range of mean annual temperature 46—4]. Native. Rupestral, Sylvestral. Two apparent species 44, COMPOSIT. 63 probably pass under this name; the one, which I suppose to be correctly so named, with very flexible, glaucous, faintly toothed leaves; the other, H. inuloides of some bo- tanists, with more rigid leaves, often rather strongly toothed. Both of these grow near Castletown, in Braemar, as well as in other habitats reported for H. prenanthoides. I think that the English Botany figure (2235) has been taken from the species or variety with rigid leaves. 580. HIERACIUM INULOIDES, Tausch. Area » [2] * exe * x x ¥ 10 11 124% 15 16. South limit in York, Cumberland. North limit in Moray, Aberdeen, Skye. Kstimate of provinces 6. Estimate of counties 12. Latitude 54—58. Scottish (?) type of distribution. Agrarian region. Superagrarian zone. Descends to 100 or 200 yards, in Lake province. Ascends to 400 yards, in East Highlands. Range of mean annual temperature 47—42. Native. Rupestral, Sylvestral. The specimens which I have seen referred to this species, by their labels, are those which other botanists would label respectively with the names of rigidum, denticulatum, or prenanthoides. Of course, under such circumstances, the geographic distribu- tion of the several species, intended under the variously applied names, must be very uncertainly ascertained. The second province is introduced into the line which shows the area, on account of Professor Balfour reporting that he found “ H. inuloides” in the Isle of Wight, in 1846, which appears to have been a mistake, and one which might war- rant the addition of H. boreale to the list of species labelled as inuloides. 64 44. COMPOSIT. 581. HIERACIUM BOREALE, Fries. Areal 234567891011 1213 14 15 16. South limit in Devon, Isle of Wight, Kent. North limit in Banff, Aberdeen, Argyle. Estimate of provinces 16. Estimate of counties 70. Latitude 50—58. British type of distribution. Agrarian region. Inferagrarian—Superagrarian zones. Descends to the coast level, in the Peninsula. Ascends to 150 or 200 yards, in East Highlands. Range of mean annual temperature 51—46. Native. Sylvestral, Septal. It would appear from the habitats and localities published for this species, under name of subaudum (Smith) or boreale, that it prevails more in England than in Scotland, and finds comparatively an early northern limit. Thus, notwithstanding the name, its geographic type is rather austral or English, than boreal or Scottish, so far as Britain is concerned. And by the show- ing of Fries, too, it would seem to be more of a southern than a northern species in Scandinavia. 582. HIERACIUM TRIDENTATUM, Fries. 583. HIERACIUM RIGIDUM, Fries. Areal234%5%7%% 101112 13% 1516 17. South limit in Somerset, Sussex, Surrey. North limit in Ross, Forfar, Dumbarton. Estimate of provinces 15. Estimate of counties 50. Latitude 50—58. British (?) type of distribution. Agrarian region. Inferagrarian—Superagrarian zones. Descends to the coast level, or nearly so, in S. England. 44, COMPOSIT. 65 Ascends to 200 (or 500?) yards, in N. England. Range of mean annual temperature 49—46 (43 ?) Native. Rupestral, &c. These were given under one name (H. rigidum) in the first edition of Babington’s Ma- nual of British Botany; but in the second edition of the same work, the name of tridentatum supplanted that of rigidum, for the more frequent and (as previously held) more typical form of H. rigidum of the first edition. Of course, it becomes now impossible to make out which of the two alleged species may be intended by botanists who re- cord localities for “ H. rigidum.” Whatever may be the result of his investigations ultimately, I fear that the imme- diate effect of Mr. Babington’s added species (or rather, added names) in our lists of British Hieracia, will be that of increasing the confusion and errors respecting their lo- calities. It is highly probable, not to say certain, that some of Mr. Babington’s novelties in this genus are really other names for Smith’s species; and as the latter have been still retained, ambiguity and confusion are inevitable. Moreover, as neither the names nor the species of the second edition of the Manual correspond with those of the first edition, there is another prolific source of error and cross-naming introduced into this genus, which, like its geographically natural associate ‘ Salix,’ has been rendered botanically odious by books. fet. M fA.4 $y 584. Hieractum uMBELLATUM, Linn. Areal 234567891011" 13 14 1516 17. South limit in Cornwall, Isle of Wight, Kent. North limit in Sutherland, Forfar, Argyle. Estimate of provinces 17. Estimate of counties 60. Latitude 50—59. British type of distribution. VOL. Il. F Lucca tt vhenn hx Jet ti! f. bo 962 —____.. o Cen MinS ate Lifted , 66 44, COMPOSIT#: Agrarian region. Inferagrarian—Superagrarian zones. Descends to the coast level, in the Peninsula. Ascends to 250 or 300 yards, in East Highlands. Range of mean annual temperature 52—45, Native. Ericetal, Septal, &c. Apparently much less frequent in Scotland than in England. I am not aware of any recorded locality in the Lake province, though proba- bility seems in favour of including that also in the provin- cial estimate. The altitude is given at 250 to 300 yards, on faith of Dr. Macnab, who is reported to have collected this species in Glen Clova. 585. BorKHAUSIA FmTIDA, DC. Areax 23 4444%%%% (11). South limit in Sussex, Kent, Surrey ? Berks. North limit in Suffolk, Norfolk ? Cambridge ? Estimate of provinces 3. Estimate of counties 6. Latitude 50—53. Germanic type of distribution. Agrarian region. Inferagrarian zone. Descends to the coast level, in Channel or Thames. Ascends to 50 yards, more or less, in Ouse or Thames. Range of mean annual temperature 51—48. Native. Viatical? The counties above named, with the intermediate ones of Essex and Bucks, have been recorded to produce the present species; which is likewise said to have occurred on the ballast-hills of Durham and North- umberland. But there are strong reasons for presuming that some of the alleged localities belong really to B. ta- raxacifolia; as, indeed, Mr. Edward Forster has stated to be the case with that of Purfleet, in Essex, which was published in Turner and Dillwyn’s Botanist’s Guide, on his authority, for Crepis biennis and Crepis (Borkhausia) —— 44, COMPOSIT&. 67 foetida. Under these circumstances, the provincial and comital census may possibly be given too high here. 586. BoRKHAUSIA TARAXACIFOLIA, DC. Area x x» 3 x» % » 7. bee, /¢¢° South limit in Kent, Surrey+ 4SY. 2 North limit in Caernarvon, Estimate of provinces 4. Estimate of counties 8. Latitude 51—53. Germanic (?) type of distribution. Agrarian region. Inferagrarian zone. Descends to the coast level, in Thames province. Ascends to 50 or 100 yards, in England. Range of mean annual temperature 50—48. Native. Viatical, &c. The remarks which have been made under Borkhausia feetida and Crepis biennis, in re- ference to the species now under consideration, will show that its true distribution can only be very imperfectly in- dicated; several of its localities having doubtless been recorded erroneously for one of the other two plants men- tioned. Mr. C. C. Babington informs me that specimens are preserved in his herbarium, collected in Caernarvon- shire by Mr. J. Roberts. Mr. Forster has stated that he found it in Essex. In common with many other botanists, I have gathered examples in several localities in Kent. And in the year 1839 I found one or two plants in a mea- dow by the Thames towing-path, near Moulsey Lock, in Surrey; where I have sought it unsuccessfully in after years. Other habitats for the present species have still to be ascertained. Many foreign botanists write the generic name as “ Barkhausia.” 68 44, COMPOSITA. 587. BorKHAUSIA SETOSA, DC. Area (x 23 % x x % * 9% * % * % 15). Alien. Occasionally introduced with foreign seeds of the meadow clover, but is soon lost again through the rota- tion of agricultural crops. 588. TARAXACUM OFFICINALE, Wig. Area general. South limit in Cornwall, Isle of Wight, Kent. North limit in Shetland, Orkney, Hebrides. Estimate of provinces 18. Estimate of counties 82. Latitude 50—61. British type of distribution. A.A. regions. Inferagrarian—Midarctic zones. Descends to the coast level, in the Peninsula. Ascends to 900 yards, in East Highlands. Range of mean annual temperature 52—39. Native. Pascual. Rare above the agrarian region; being usually represented by T. palustre in the arctic region. Different as these two quasi-species may be in their ex- treme forms, there are transition varieties of each which certainly approximate to, and yet I cannot absolutely say that they pass into, each other. If cultivated in rather dry garden ground, T. palustre does not fully change into the ordinary T. officinale, although the involucral scales do spread much and become slightly reflexed. 44, COMPOSITA. 69 588, d. TARAXACUM PALUSTRE, DC. Area general ? South limit in Cornwall, Isle of Wight, Sussex. North limit in Shetland, Hebrides ? Kstimate of provinces 18. Estimate of counties 70. Latitude 50—61. British type of distribution. A.A. regions. Inferagrarian—Superarctic zones. Descends to the coast level, in the Peninsula. Ascends to 1350 yards, in West Highlands. Range of mean annual temperature 52—33. Native. Uliginal, Inundatal. I have no certain locality for this plant in the province of Trent ; but as it is reported for all the rest, and I have an indistinct recollection of seeing it in Derbyshire, the provincial generality is assumed interrogatively in giving the area. According to my own observations, it is decidedly rare in the southern counties of England; and therefore I am led to distrust some of the alleged habitats where it is stated to be common over a large tract; for example, “frequent within sixteen miles of Poole,” in Dorsetshire. pet. tir LG S% 589. ARNOSERIS PUSILLA, Gaertn. Areal234544%8x%%%%y4 15. South limit in Somerset, Dorset, Kent. 27 4~“c North limit in Moray, Aberdeen, Forfar. Estimate of provinces 7. Estimate of counties 20. Latitude 50—58. Germanic type of distribution. Agrarian region. Inferagrarian—Superagrarian zones. Descends to the coast level, in Channel. 70 44, COMPOSITE. Ascends to 100 or 200 yards, in England. Range of mean annual temperature 51—47. Native. Glareal, Agrestal. Locally abundant in some counties of the Thames and Ouse provinces; but with very few localities on record, and for single counties each, in those of the Channel, Peninsula, Severn, and Trent. It reappears in a few localities near the coasts of the East Highlands; namely, in Moray and Aberdeen, under sus- picion of having been introduced to those two counties ; also, in Forfarshire, under circumstances which give greater probability of its being truly indigenous there. Mr. G. Don states, with reference to the lower parts of Forfarshire, that “when any muir ground is broken up, although there is no symptom of its having been ever ploughed, this plant never fails to make its appearance the first year; but after the field has been cultivated for some time it begins to dis- appear.” This observation holds good if applied to wastes in some of the sandy tracts in Surrey; but diligent search on neighbouring ground, still left unworked, will discover usually some few very diminutive examples of the species. The Arnoseris is scarcely a plant of the superagrarian zone, although the low district of Moray may be considered just within that zone of vegetation. 590. Lapsana coMMuNIs, Linn. Area general. South limit in Cornwall, Isle of Wight, Kent. North limit in Orkney, Hebrides, Ross. Estimate of provinces 18. Estimate of counties 81. Latitude 50—60. British type of distribution. Agrarian region. Inferagrarian—Superagrarian zone. Descends to the coast level, in the Peninsula. 44, COMPOSIT. 71 Ascends to 400 yards, in E. Highlands (Dickie). Range of mean annual temperature 52—43. Native. Viatical, Agrestal, &c. I have not ventured to give the highest county census for this usually very com- mon species, because it remains unrecorded in the Shetland Flora, and I do not find the name in my own lists of plants observed in Sutherland and Caithness. Still, after ex- cluding Shetland, the presumption appears to be con- siderably in favour of its comital generality in Britain ; particularly so as we find it attaining Lapland and Finland on the Continent; although not recorded from Faroe. I have seen it at 350 yards of altitude in Aberdeenshire, and Dr. Dickie says at 400 yards in the same county. Possi- bly we may both refer to the same locality, that of the cul- tivated fields between Castletown and the Dee; as Dr. Dickie appears often to calculate the altitudes of places somewhat greater or higher than my own reckonings and estimates would make them. 591. CicHorium INntTyBus, Linn. Area 1234567891011 1218 1415 16. South limit in Cornwall, Isle of Wight, Kent. North limit in Moray, Aberdeen, Dumbarton. Estimate of provinces 16. Estimate of counties 70. Latitude 50—58. English type of distribution. Agrarian region. Inferagrarian—Superagrarian zones. Descends to the coast level, in the Peninsula. Ascends to 100 or 200 yards, in England. Range of mean annual temperature 52—47. Native. Viatical, Agrestal. This frequent English plant becomes so infrequent in Scotland, that doubts have been expressed whether it is really indigenous in any part of 72 44, COMPOSITA. North Britain; and especially beyond the Grampians, where its localities are few and suspicious. On this ac- count its type of distribution is set down as English, not- withstanding the high northern latitude indicated. 592. ArcTiuM Lappa, Linn. Area general. South limit in Cornwall, Isle of Wight, Kent. North limit in Shetland, Orkney, Hebrides. Kstimate of provinces 18. Estimate of counties 82. Latitude 50—61. British type of distribution. Agrarian region. Inferagrarian—Superagrarian zones. Descends to the coast level, in the Peninsula. Ascends to 150 yards, in East Highlands. Range of mean annual temperature 52—45. Native. Viatical. I do not find the name of this spe- cies in any of my lists of plants seen in the Highland val- leys, with the exception of one for the neighbourhood of Killin, in Perthshire. 592,b. ARcTIuM BaRpana, Willd. Area general ? South limit in Devon, Isle of Wight, Kent. North limit in Hebrides, ? Estimate of provinces 18. Estimate of counties 70. Latitude 50—59. British type of distribution. Agrarian region. Inferagrarian—Superagrarian zones. Descends to the coast level, in the Peninsula. Ascends to 100 or 200 yards, in England. Range of mean annual temperature 52—46. a 44, COMPOSITE. 73 Native. Viatical. Many of our writers on local botany, and my own earlier lists made in different places, do not distinguish between the Lappa and Bardana. In conse- quence, where only one of these alleged species is men- tioned I am forced to assume that it is the former; and thus cannot even make certain that the Bardana does occur at all in some of the provinces, although probability in- duces me to indicate a provincial generality, not extended also to counties. Devon is named in the south limit, as with several other common plants, because J find no ex- press note or record of the present species having been observed in Cornwall, while, in all likelihood, I have myself seen it there. 593. SAUSSUREA ALPINA, DC. Area » x « * «#7 « [9] «#12 13 % 15°16 17 18. South limit in Caernarvon, Cumberland, Dumfries. North limit in Shetland, Orkney, Hebrides. Kstimate of provinces 7. Estimate of counties 15 or 20. Latitude 53—61. Highland type of distribution. Arctic region. Inferarctic—Superarctic zones. Descends to 700 yards, or lower, in East Highlands. Ascends to 1300 yards, in same province. Range of mean annual temperature 41—34. Native. Rupestral. The occurrence of this plant in the West Lowland province, without its extension also into those of ‘Tyne and Humber, although found in North Wales and the Lake province, offers an exception to the general rule or characteristic distribution of the Highland and exclusively arctic plants. Generally, when the plants of the Highland type do occur in any of the more southern provinces, the following series will represent the probability 74 44, COMPOSITA. of their occurrence ; namely, North Wales, Lakes, Humber or Tyne, West or East Lowlands, South Wales. The Saussurea has been reported to grow “in Brearcliff, near Burnley ;” which Mr. Leyland deems to be a very unlikely habitat, and where the plant has been unsuccessfully sought. 594. SERRATULA TINCTORIA, Linn. Areal 234567891011%13 % » » » [18]. South limit in Cornwall, Isle of Wight, Kent. North limit in Lanark, Northumberland. Estimate of provinces 12. Estimate of counties 50. Latitude 50—56. English type of distribution. Agrarian region. Inferagrarian—Midagrarian zones. Descends to the coast level, in the Peninsula. Ascends to 100 or 200 yards, in England. Range of mean annual temperature 52—47. Native. Sylvestral. The Lake province has not been reckoned in the estimate, because so conspicuous a plant seems not very likely to have been overlooked by botanical tourists there; although the occurrence of the Serratula in the adjacent provinces, Tyne and West Lowlands, would otherwise create a presumption in favour of the Lake pro- vince also. It may possibly rise to the superagrarian zone in the North of England. 595. CARDUUS NUTANS, Linn. Areal 234567891011 y 13 14 (15) y » [18]. South limit in Cornwall, Isle of Wight, Kent. North limit in Haddington, Edinburgh, Lanark. 44. COMPOSITA. 75 Estimate of provinces 14. Estimate of counties 50. Latitude 50—56. English type of distribution. Agrarian region. Inferagrarian—Midagrarian zones. Descends to the coast level, in the Peninsula. Ascends to 100 or 200 yards, in England. Range of mean annual temperature 52—47. Native. Viatical, Pascual. Pretty frequent in the southern provinces, especially on the chalk and limestone soils; becoming scarce in the northern provinces of Eng- land, and rare in Scotland. Iam aware of only one re- corded locality in the West Lowlands (Flo. Lan.), and two neighbouring localities in the East Highlands, both in Moray, to which the Rev. G. Gordon (Coll. Mor.) thinks the species may have been introduced. And as there ap- pears to be a wide tract intervening between those two northerly localities and the nearest others, about the Firth of Forth, it has seemed better to consider the latter as constituting the natural limit northward ; and yet a doubt might still plausibly be raised, whether the species be truly native in any part of Scotland. Dr. J. D. Hooker tells me (Lre. Oct. 1846) that our usual C. nutans is not the plant of South Europe, so called, but the C. onopordioides of Fischer, a species of the Caucasian district only; the true C. nutans, however, having been found at Exmouth, in Devon. I am unacquainted with C. onopordioides, but cannot detect any specific difference between the C. nutans of Surrey and specimens obtained from the coasts of the Mediterranean. PALA busy. 596. CARDUUS ACANTHOIDES, Linn. Area 1 2345678% 10111213 14 15 16 « [18] South limit in Cornwall, Isle of Wight, Kent. 76 44, COMPOSIT. North limit in Orkney ? Moray, Dumbarton. Kstimate of provinces 17. Estimate of counties 70. Latitude 50—60. British type-of distribution. Agrarian region. Inferagrarian—Superagrarian zones. Descends to the coast level, in the Peninsula. Ascends to 350 yards, in East Highlands. Range of mean annual temperature 52—43. Native. Viatical. Not unlikely that the present species may be found in all the provinces, though I have as yet no locality for either of the two Northern provinces, excepting one rather unsatisfactorily reported for Orkney. In his Tour in Orkney, Dr. Neill observes that the Carduus crispus of Barry’s History is only another name for C. acanthoides; but it does not clearly appear that Dr. Neill saw any example of the species so designated, while in the Orkney Isles. Proceeding southward, the next mention of the plant occurs in the ‘ Collectanea for a Flora of Moray,’ where Gordon gives four localities, with some distrust of its nativity in the county. Itis stated to be “not common” about Aberdeen, and “not uncommon” in Forfarshire. Established or indigenous at Castletown, in Braemar, where I observed it in 1832 and 1844. 597. CARDUUS TENUIFLORUS, Curt. Via. le fp. GSY Area 1 2345678910 1112131415. South limit in Cornwall, Isle of Wight, Kent. North limit in Forfar, Fife, near Glasgow. Kstimate of provinces 15. Estimate of counties 60. Latitude 50—57. English type of distribution. Agrarian region. Inferagrarian—Midagrarian zones. Descends to the coast level, in the Peninsula. Ascends to 100 or 200 yards, in England. ———_s- ' 44, COMPOSIT#. 77 Range of mean annual temperature 52—47. Native. Viatical. The Flora Glottiana includes in its area some small portions of both West and East High- lands, in the counties of Dumbarton and Stirling, along with the West Lowland counties of Renfrew and Lanark ; and I am uncertain whether to consider this species as oc- curring on the Highland side of the Clyde, or as restricted to the Lowland province. yt te h.¢sy. 598. Carpuus Marianus, Linn. 116) Areal 2345678,%101112414 15 y (17). South limit in Cornwall, Isle of Wight, Kent. North limit in Aberdeen, ° Estimate of provinces 13. Estimate of counties 40. Latitude 50—58. English (?) type of distribution. Agrarian region. Inferagrarian—Midagrarian zones. Descends to the coast level, in the Peninsula. Ascends to 100 or 200 yards, in England. Range of mean annual temperature 52—47. Denizen. Viatical. If I had followed here the in- ferences suggested by the habitats in which I have myself enjoyed the opportunity of seeing this species, it would have been ranked in the category of ‘ Aliens.” But when I find it treated as an unquestioned native in the works of Hooker, Henslow, Babington, and also by many Authors of local Floras, I feel compelled to place it in the distrusted instead of the rejected rank. The name is marked by the Rev. G. Gordon, in a list of British plants, checked off for the counties of Ross and Cromarty; but in the ‘ Collecta- nea,’ by the same botanist, the species is enumerated as one “certainly introduced” into Moray. It is unchal- lenged in the Floras of Aberdeen and Forfarshire, and in 78 44. COMPOSITA. several of the local Floras for English counties. Apparently, however, it becomes less frequent and more suspected in the western provinces; remaining quite unrecorded for three of them, as far as my collections of localities can show the published records, and probably few have escaped my search. 599. CARDUUS LANCEOLATUS, Linn. Area general. South limit in Cornwall, Isle of Wight, Kent. North limit in Shetland, Orkney, Hebrides. Estimate of provinces 18. Estimate of counties 82. Latitude 50—61. British type of distribution. A.A. regions. Inferagrarian—Inferarctic zones. Descends to the coast level, in the Peninsula. Ascends to 550 yards, in East Highlands. Range of mean annual temperature 52—41. Native. Viatical, Pascual. Infrequent above the agra- rian region. This should be the true Scottish Thistle, if any one species in particular is to be so considered. 600. Carpuus ERIOPHORUS, Linn. Areal 2345648910 11 [12 » (14 15) 16]. South limit in Cornwall, Isle of Wight, Kent. North limit in Durham, Lancaster. (Fife? Argyle ?). Estimate of provinces 10. Estimate of counties 30. Latitude 50—55. English type of distribution. Agrarian region. Inferagrarian—Midagrarian zone. Descends to the coast level, in the Peninsula. Ascends to 100 or 200 yards, in England. 44. COMPOSIT®. 79 Range of mean annual temperature 52—-47. Native. Viatical, Pascual. In most of the English counties, on chalk or limestone, and near the coast. The more northerly provinces are to be distrusted; mostly rest- ing on reports of single localities, not confirmed by any second or sufficiently competent botanist. It is probably not an unusual mistake, to apply the name of this species to examples of C. lanceolatus. ae VA CU aA ¥$s~ 601. Carpuus PaLusTRIs, Linn. Area general. South limit in Cornwall, Isle of Wight, Kent. North limit in Shetland, Hebrides, Orkney Kstimate of provinces 18. Estimate of counties 82. Latitude 50—61. British type of distribution. A.A. regions. Inferagrarian—Midarctic zones. Descends to the coast level, in the Peninsula. Ascends to 800 yards, in East Highlands. Range of mean annual temperature 52—38. Native. Pratal, Inundatal, &c. Apparently omitted from Barry’s History of Orkney (which I quote only second- hand), but is it not more likely to be the “ C. crispus” of that work, than is the latter to be intended for C. acan- thoides, to which Dr. Neill refers the species mentioned by Barry or Lowe, under name of C. crispus? Not infre- quent in the inferarctic zone, but probably rare in the midarctic. 80 44, COMPOSIT®. 602, CARDUUS ARVENSIS, Curt. 602, b. CARDUUS SETOSUS. Area general. South limit in Cornwall, Isle of Wight, Kent. North limit in Shetland, Orkney, Hebrides. Estimate of provinces 18. Estimate of counties 82. Latitude 50—61. British type of distribution. Agrarian region. Inferagrarian—Superagrarian zones. Descends to the coast level, in the Peninsula. Ascends to 450 yards, in East Highlands. Range of mean annual temperature 52—42. Native. Agrestal, Viatical, &c. Has probably been carried to the altitude indicated, by the upward progress of habitation and cultivation. Carduus (Cirsium) setosus has occurred near Culross, in Fife, apparently plentiful and during some successive years ; but whether a native variety, or one introduced to that very “infected” county, I am unprepared to say. Mr. Babington (Man. Brit. Bot.) men- tions a variety “ latifolius,’ which he queries may be a distinct species, found in Derbyshire. 603. Carpuus ForstErt, Bab. Lee bod. IM file HS Area x 23 x [5]. South limit in Sussex, Isle of Wight ? North limit in Surrey ? Stafford ? Kstimate of provinces 2. Estimate of counties 2. Latitude 51—52. Local type of distribution. Agrarian region. Inferagrarian zone. Descends to 50 or 100 yards. 44, COMPOSIT#. 81 Ascends to 50 or 100 yards. Range of mean annual temperature 49—48. Native. Pratal, &c. An obscure or puzzling species, by some botanists supposed to be a hybrid form between C. pratensis and C. palustris. Represented in some, per- haps in most, herbaria, by luxuriant forms of C. pratensis, which on this account have been recorded in the ‘ London Catalogue of British Plants,’ under name of Pseudo- Forsteri, placed as a variety of C. pratensis. In Garner’s Natural History of Staffordshire, the habitat of “ Burton, Mr. Brown” is recorded for C. Forsteri; and the name is checked by Dr. Bromfield in a list of British plants marked for the Isle of Wight, probably on the authority of Rev. G. E. Smith. (See Phytologist, iii. 501). I have not seen specimens from either habitat; but if true C. Forsteri oc- curs in them, these constitute the north, south, and west limits, so far as ascertained. Mr. J. S. Mill has recorded (Phytologist, i. p. 61) that he saw C. Forsteri “ growing by hundreds in a piece of marshy ground formerly part of Ditton Common; at least it was the plant I previously found near Weybridge and sent to Sir William Hooker.” The Ditton locality, as mentioned by Mr. Mill, is familiar to me; and I can say confidently that it is the luxuriant form of C. pratensis (var. pseudo-Forsteri) which grows there. A specimen is in my herbarium, given to me seve- ral years ago by Sir William Hooker, labelled from near Weybridge, which is also C. pratensis. But the plant which is considered to be true C. Forsteri, by the Rev. W. H. Coleman and myself, has occurred in Surrey; a single root having been found by myself in a field by Whitmoor Pond, near Guildford, where I then and subsequently sought in vain for a second. Mr. Coleman has found a very similar plant “in the Gargle Wood, and in an ad- joining pasture called the Gargle West Field, on the farm VOL, II. G 82 44. COMPOSITA. of Mays, three miles south of East Grinstead, in Sussex ;” a locality not very distant from the original one, “ Frant, near Tunbridge Wells.” Mr. Borrer has reported C. Fors- teri (Hook. Brit. Flo. 5) from Ditchling Common, in the same county of Sussex. Last year (1848) Mr. Borrer kindly sent me a living plant from his garden, as C. Fors- teri, which differs considerably in its leaves from the plants so named by Mr. Coleman and myself; but they are de- current a short way below their insertion on the stem, and thus present one of the two chief characters which distin- guish C. Forsteri from C. pratensis; the stoloniferous root giving the other character to the latter. V2 ere 604. CaRDUUS PRATENSIS, Huds. ~“< bu, “if ie A Sg Areal 23456%8, 10 [11 x x x » 16]. South limit in Devon, Isle of Wight, Kent. North limit in York, Stafford, Salop. Estimate of provinces 8. Estimate of counties 30. Latitude 50—54 or 55. English type of distribution. Agrarian region. Inferagrarian—Midagrarian zones. Descends to the coast level, in the Peninsula. IoD Aue Ascends to 100 or 200 yards, in’ Bingient Range of mean annual temperature 51—48. Native. Uliginal, Paludal. Said to have been found in Islay and Arran, Scotland, and in Durham and Northum- berland; but the alleged localities remain apparently un- confirmed by trustworthy observers of the present time, and were originally uncertain, or reported on unsafe autho- rity. Probably the southern limit is in Cornwall, though I have no note of any locality in that county; and, indeed, as the species appears to be more eastern than western 44, COMPOSIT. 83 in its distribution, there is some chance that Cornwall may be really without this species. Sd OT SOP ae CaRDUUS TUBEROSUS, Linn. Carpuus Woopwarpil, Mss. Area * 2 KX * 6. South limit in Wiltshire. North limit in Glamorgan. Estimate of provinces 2. Estimate of counties 2. Latitude 51—52. English type of distribution. Agrarian region. Inferagrarian zone. Descends to ? Ascends to ? (Altitude trifling.) Range of mean annual temperature, say 49—48. Native. Pratal or Sylvatical? This very local species, found by so few English botanists, has been long recorded for the single county of Wilts; and Mr. C. C. Babington informs me that he has a specimen from the original locality, near Boyton, gathered by the Rev. J. Downes. In the first volume of the Phytologist, p. 780, Mr. Westcombe pub- lished a second habitat, “ between St. Donat’s and Dun- raven, Glamorganshire.” These are the only two localities, of which I am aware, recorded expressly for C. tuberosus. But last year I was indebted to Mr. S. P. Woodward for a set of puzzling specimens, which that gentleman first con- ceived to belong to C. Forsteri, and afterwards thought that they might be very luxuriant examples of C. pratensis and C. acaulis. For my own part, I still hesitate between adopting the opinion of Mr. Woodward or referring the specimens to C. tuberosus; and in this uncertainty, they are temporarily distinguished by the name of their disco- verer and collector. The habitat is thus given by Mr. G2 84 44, COMPOSIT#. Woodward: “in a piece of ground, sown with ‘ seeds,’ broken up only a few years ago, on the farm of Mr. Thomas Arkell, at Penhill, in the parish of Stratton St. Margaret’s, two miles from Swindon, in the year 1848.” 606. CarpDUUS ACAULIS, Linn. 615. CENTAUREA Ca.ciTrapa, Linn. Areal 234% 4% 4%» (1011). South limit in Devon, Hants, Sussex, Kent. 227+ a~éc North limit in Norfolk, Cambridge, (York ?). Estimate of provinces 4. Estimate of counties 12. Latitude 50—53 (55). Germanic type of distribution. Agrarian region. Inferagrarian zone. 92 44, COMPOSITA. Descends to the coast level, in the Peninsula. Ascends to 50 yards, more or less, in England. Range of mean annual temperature 52—48. Native. Viatical. Chiefly about the south-eastern coast of England; but said also to occur very locally in two of the western counties, Devon and Somerset. The locality of Sandsend, near Whitby (Flo. York), will require verifi- cation by a botanist, though not an improbable habitat. The localities still more northerly, in the province of Tyne, are only those of the ballast hills, to which the species has doubtless been introduced by shipping. Said to have oc- curred in the Isle of Wight, though not found by Dr. Bromfield at the present time. 616. CENTAUREA SOLSTITIALIS, Linn. Area (x 2345%7) x % [10]. Alien. Occasionally found among clover, lucerne, or saintfoin, introduced with the foreign seeds ; and also some- times by roads and other places near the coast. A. Aiken is said to have found it in “dry pastures about Frystone,” Yorkshire. (B. G.) CALENDULA ARVENSIS, Linn. hu Vi. MM 4. G67 Area (11). Alien. “ Naturalized on Sunderland ballast hills, Dur- ham,—W. Weighell’s Herb. Scarcely entitled to a place in an English Flora, though admitted by the late Dr. Withering.” —(Winch’s Flora of Northumberland and Dur- ham). Perhaps the term “ Incognit” might have better applied to the present species, which does not appear 44, COMPOSIT. 93 to have become permanently naturalized-on the ballast hills. 617. BIpENS CERNUA, Linn. Area 123456789 10111213 1415 16. South limit in Cornwall, Isle of Wight, Kent. North limit in Moray, Kincardine, Argyle. Estimate of provinces 16. Estimate of counties 70. Latitude 50—58. British (?) type of distribution. Agrarian region. Inferagrarian—Superagrarian zones. Descends to the coast level, in the Peninsula. Ascends to 100 or 200 yards, in England. Range of mean annual temperature 52—47. Native. Paludal. Scarcely general enough to be re- ferred to the British type, yet almost too general to belong properly to the English type. My only localities in the West Highland province are in the South of Dumbarton- shire (Flo. Glott.) and in Cantire (Prof. Balfour); and ap- parently it occurs in very few places in the East Highlands. 4ee bit His 47 618. Brpens TRIPARTITA, Linn. /6 Area 1234567891011 121314416. South limit in Cornwall, Isle of Wight, Kent. North limit in Islay, about Glasgow and Edinburgh. ~474-« Estimate of provinces +4. Estimate of counties 60. Latitude 50—56. English type of distribution. Agrarian region. Inferagrarian—Midagrarian zones. Descends to the coast level, in the Peninsula. Ascends to 100 or 200 yards, in England. Range of mean annual temperature 52—-47. 94 44. COMPOSITE. Native. Paludal, Inundatal. According to the localities on record, it would appear that this species finds an earlier northern limit than B. cernua, at least on the eastern side of Scotland. The present is omitted from the Floras of Moray, Aberdeen, Forfar, Edinburgh, and Berwick, that is, all the eastern Floras. By the Flora Glottiana, however, it would seem that B. tripartita occurs more frequently about Glasgow; and while Professor Balfour mentions Cantire only for B. cernua, he names Arran, Cantire, and Islay, for B. tripartita. According to the Catalogue printed for the Botanical Society of Edinburgh, both the species do occur about the Firth of Forth; and they are marked as equally rare. Probably the names are occasionally misap- plied; the leaves varying much in form and division. 619. EUPATORIUM CANNABINUM, Linn. Areal 2345678910 11 1213 14 1516 17. South limit in Cornwall, Isle of Wight, Kent. North limit in Sutherland, Ross, Moray, Argyle. Kstimate of provinces 17. Estimate of counties 75. Latitude 50—59. British type of distribution. Agrarian region. Inferagrarian—Superagrarian zones. Descends to the coast level, in the Peninsula. Ascends to 100 or 200 yards, in England. Range of mean annual temperature 52—46. Native. Paludal, Inundatal, &c. Most frequently seen along the banks of streams, or in hedges by water; and no term has been adopted for expressing the river-bank pre- ference, because very few (if any) plants appear restricted to such situations. The river-bank plants, indeed, are in- termediate between the paludal and inundatal; being more or less flooded in the winter season, although the water may 44. COMPOSITZ. 95 retire from them by its summer level, still leaving the roots in damp if not humid ground. 620. Curysocoma Linosyris, Linn. Area 1 [2] ex x eT. South limit in Devon. [Dorset? Sussex ?] North limit in Caernarvon. Estimate of provinces 2. Estimate of counties 3. Latitude 50—54. Atlantic type of distribution. Agrarian region. Inferagrarian zone. Descends to the coast level, in the Peninsula. Ascends to a slight elevation. Range of mean annual temperature 52—49. Native. Rupestral. Berry Head, in Devon, Worle Hill, in Somerset, and Ormes Head, in Caernarvonshire, are the known and certain localities; unless it may have lately be- come extinct in the second habitat, where it was sought unsuccessfully by Dr. J. D. Hooker, about 1846. A speci- men was brought to the Rey. A. Bloxam, by a lady who had found it on Portland Isle; and a single plant of it was found by Sir W. C. Trevelyan, in 1825, between Brighton and Shoreham. 621. DioTIs MARITIMA, Cass. Area 1234 x % 7. South limit in Cornwall? Devon? Dorset? Kent? North limit in Suffolk, Anglesea. Estimate of provinces 3. Estimate of counties 4. Latitude 51—54. English type of distribution. Agrarian region. Inferagrarian zone. 96 44, COMPOSITE. Descends to the coast level, in Thames or Ouse. Ascends, at the coast level, to N. Wales? Range of mean annual temperature 50—49. Native. Littoral. This plant appears to be gradually becoming extinct in England. It is still to be found in Suffolk; and may yet exist, in diminished quantity, in An- glesea. Along the southern coast it is nearly or quite ex- tinct; while there appears no sufficient reason for denying its former existence in the counties above mentioned inter- rogatively for the southern limit. 622. TANACETUM VULGARE, Linn. Area general. South limit in Cornwall, Isle of Wight, Kent. North limit in Shetland, Orkney, Hebrides. Estimate of provinces 18. Estimate of counties 75. Latitude 50—61. British type of distribution. Agrarian region. Inferagrarian—Superagrarian zones. Descends to the coast level, in the Peninsula. Ascends to 400 yards, in E. Highlands (Dickie). Range of mean annual temperature 52—42. Native. Viatical. Introduced into many of its locali- ties, especially in the more northerly provinces, and very likely carried by some cultivator to the considerable eleva- tion indicated for it by Dr. Dickie. I am quite unable to distinguish between the natural and the artificial localities, according to published records, and am thus compelled to treat this plant as native throughout Britain. Since it is said to grow in Faroe and all over Scandinavia, the climate and area of all Britain, below the arctic zones, would ap- pear within the natural range of the Tanacetum. 44, COMPOSIT#. 97 623, ARTEMISIA CAMPESTRIS, Linn. South limit in Suffolk. North limit in Norfolk. Kstimate of provinces 1. Estimate of counties 2. Latitude 52—53. Germanic type of distribution. Agrarian region. Inferagrarian zone. Descends to the coast level, or nearly so, in Ouse. Ascends to 50 yards, more or less. Range of mean annual temperature 49—48. Native. Ericetal. Almost peculiar to a small tract of country in the North-west of Suffolk and adjacent portion of Norfolk. It has occurred also on Hebburn ballast-hills, by the Tyne, doubtless introduced. Mr. Moore reports it from “Ganton, near Scarborough,” in Yorkshire, on au- thority of Mr. H. Ibbotson; and Mr. R. Jordan (Phytolo- gist, i. 828) has stated that it grows on the banks of the Teign, in the neighbourhood of Teignmouth, in Devon. These two latter habitats will require confirmation ; though that on the Yorkshire coast does not appear improbable in itself. Too local to belong clearly to any certain type of distribution, though its narrow area lies clearly in the Ger- manic or eastern portion of England. ha Valli v4 $58, 624. ARTEMISIA MARITIMA, Linn. 624,b. ARTEMISIA GALLICA, Willd. Areal 23456789 1011121314 15. South limit in Devon, Isle of Wight, Kent. © «~~ North limit in Forfar, Haddington, Wigton. VOL. II. H 98 44, COMPOSIT. Estimate of provinces 15. Estimate of counties 30. Latitude 50—57. English type of distribution. Agrarian region. Inferagrarian—Midagrarian zones. Descends to the coast level, in the Peninsula. Ascends, at the coast level, to East Highlands. Range of mean annual temperature 52—48. Native. Littoral. Apparently rare on the coast of Scot- land, and not very frequent on that of England. 625. ARTEMISIA ABSINTHIUM, Linn. Areal 23456789101112% 1415» » [18]. South limit in Cornwall, Isle of Wight, Kent. North limit in Forfar? Fife, Isle of Man. Estimate of provinces 14. Estimate of counties 50. Latitude 50—57. English type of distribution. Agrarian region. Inferagrarian—Midagrarian zones. Descends to the coast level, in the Peninsula. Ascends to 100 or 200 yards, in England. Range of mean annual temperature 52—48. Native. Viatical. Chiefly near the coast, and probably introduced to some of its inland habitats. _Edmondston includes it in his Shetland Flora, with a single locality; and one only is mentioned in the Flora of Forfarshire. It ap- pears to be indigenous on the coasts of the Firth of Forth. 626. ARTEMISIA VULGARIS, Linn. Area general. South limit in Cornwall, Isle of Wight, Kent. North limit in Shetland, Orkney, Hebrides. Estimate of provinces 18. Estimate of counties 82. 44, COMPOSIT. 99 Latitude 50—61. British type of distribution. Agrarian region. Inferagrarian—Superagrarian zones. Descends to the coast level, in the Peninsula. Ascends to 450 yards, in East Highlands (Dickie). Range of mean annual temperature 52—42. Native. Septal, Viatical, &c. Truly entitled to its spe- cific name by the distribution in our island. I have seen it up to 400 yards; and Dr. Dickie says, up to 1386 feet in Aberdeenshire. ARTEMISIA CHRULESCENS, Linn. Area [2 » x x x * 8]. Incognit. Said to have been found in the Isle of Wight, and at Portsmouth; also near Boston, in Lincolnshire ; but probably all three were erroneous. See Dr. Bromfield’s remarks on the plant, in Phytologist, iii. 491. 627. GNAPHALIUM DioIcum, Linn. Area 1 [2] 345678910 11 1213 14 15 16 17 18. South limit in Cornwall, Oxon, Herts. [Dorset ?] North limit in Shetland, Orkney, Hebrides. Kstimate of provinces 17. Estimate of counties 60. Latitude 50—61. Scottish type of distribution. A.A. regions. Inferagrarian—Superarctic zones. Descends nearly to the coast level, in the Peninsula. Ascends to 950 yards, in East Highlands. Range of mean annual temperature 51—37. Native. Ericetal, Pascual. In looking at the line of figures which indicate the ‘ Area’ of the present species, it might appear too general to be correctly referred to the H 2 100 44, COMPOSIT. Scottish, instead of the British type. But its rarity in the first four or five provinces of England, amounting to almost total absence from the three first of them, taken in contrast against its frequency in Scotland, seems clearly indicative of the boreal type of distribution. Dr. Salter says that it occurs within thirty, though not within sixteen miles of Poole, in Dorset, which is my only habitat for the Channel province. I have seen it sparingly in one spot in Cornwall ; and single localities are recorded in the Floras of Oxford and Herts. Several are on record for the provinces of Ouse, Severn, and South Wales. Rare above the midarctic zone, but attaining 2800 feet on Ben Hope, in Sutherland. Also attains 2900 feet on the Grampians. 628. GNAPHALIUM MARGARITACEUM, Linn. << Fa tit Ws +3 Area x » [3 4] 56% x x (10 x 12 x 14 » 16). South limit in West Gloucester, Monmouth, Glamorgan. North limit in Caermarthen, Brecon, Stafford ? Estimate of provinces 2. Estimate of counties 5. Latitude 51—52. Atlantic (?) type of distribution. Agrarian region. Inferagrarian zone. Descends to ? Ascends to ? (Altitude trifling). Range of mean annual temperature, say 48. Denizen. Pascual? A very dubious native, which is said to have been found, “perhaps not wild,” near Bock- ing, in Essex, in the time of Ray; also reported from Nor- folk, though apparently through some error (B.G.) Turning to the western side of the island, we find it recorded in much more certain terms for the provinces of Severn and South Wales; where, if at all, it is more likely to be wild. Mr. C. C. Babington writes: “I am told and believe that 44. COMPOSIT. 101 the plant is certainly native in South Wales and Monmouth- shire.” On the contrary, Dr. J. D. Hooker writes to me thus: “ Mr. Brown tells me that Gnaphalium margaritaceum is alluded toby Clusius, as being introduced in his time from America.” Mr. Petermann informs me that it thrives in the garden at Carour, West Highlands, at an elevation of 1740 feet. 629. GNAPHALIUM LUTEO-ALBUM, Linn. Area (2%45%%%9). Alien. Almost better deserving the designation of ‘ In- cognit.’ Blackstone is quoted in the Botanist’s Guide, as having recorded its occurrence a mile above the first of Bognor Rocks; where, according to Cooper’s Botany of Sussex, it could not be found by Mr. Borrer. In English Flora, the Rev. R. Relhan is cited for its occurrence be- tween Hauxton and Little Shelford, “indubitably wild ;” but no such strong conviction is expressed by Relhan in Flora Cantabrigensis, and in Henslow’s Catalogue it is marked as a species which ought to be expunged from our Floras. According to the British Flora, it occurs in fields at Lar- lingford, in Norfolk. The Flora of Liverpool intimates that it occurs on the site of the Old Botanic Garden of that town. 8 ) 2 OS 4 Ke VA Za Ah, 630. GNAPHALIUM SYLVATICUM, Linn. GNAPHALIUM RECTUM, Sm. GNAPHALIUM Norvecicum, Retz. Area general. South limit in Devon, Isle of Wight? Kent. 102 44, COMPOSIT. North limit in Orkney, Sutherland. Estimate of provinces 18. Estimate of counties 75. Latitude 50—60. British type of distribution. Agrarian region. Inferagrarian—Superagrarian zones. Descends to the coast level, in Channel province. Ascends to 500 or 550 yards, in East Highlands. Range of mean annual temperature 51—41. Native. Ericetal, Pascual. Apparently very rare in the Peninsula, for which I find only one locality on record ; namely, in Devon. At the opposite extremity of Britain, or the province of the North Isles, two or three localities are known in one of the groups; namely, in Orkney. In 1848, Mr. C. C. Babington wrote me to this effect : “ I never saw specimens of Gnaphalium norvegicum, as I now find, before receiving some good ones from ‘a lofty craig at the head of Canlochen Glen, above Glen Isla, Forfarshire,— Mr. James Backhouse.” The habitat thus indicated would carry the species up to 800 or 900 yards, and into the mid- arctic zone, in the East Highland province ; unless the G. norvegicum should be geographically treated apart from G.sylvaticum. A specimen is preserved in my herbarium, collected in Glen Isla, in 1834, by Mr. Brand, which I presume to be the G. norvegicum; but which appears so linked to the G. sylvaticum or rectum of English botanists, by intermediate forms, as to render discrimination very difficult and unsatisfactory. A doubt is attached to the existence of Gnaphalium sylvaticum or rectum in the Isle of Wight; Dr. Bromfield having been unable to find it in the locality where Mr. Joseph Woods reported it as being frequent. 44, COMPOSIT. 108 631. GNAPHALIUM SUPINUM, Linn. Area * * * % * # x % * * * & & % 15:16 17 18. South limit in Fife (Ochills), Stirling, Dumbarton. North limit in Orkney, Sutherland. Estimate of provinces 4. Estimate of counties 15. Latitude 56—60. Highland type of distribution. Arctic region. Inferarctic—Superarctic zones. Descends to 500 or 450 yards, in East Highlands. Ascends to 1400 or 1450 yards, in same province. Range of mean annual temperature 42—33. Native. Ericetal. Recorded from twelve counties of the Highlands; and the name is likewise marked in a list of British plants checked off for Orkney by the Rev. C. Clouston. Kincardine and Caithness, with Shetland and the Hebrides, remain unrecorded for the present species ; and presumption or probability would seem to warrant the inclusion of two of these four in the comital estimate, rather than to fix it at 12, the next downward step in the scale. 632. GNAPHALIUM ULIGINOSUM, Linn. Area general ? South limit in Cornwall, Isle of Wight, Kent. North limit in Shetland, Orkney. Kstimate of provinces 18. Estimate of counties 80. Latitude 50—61. British type of distribution. Agrarian region. Inferagrarian—Superagrarian zones. Descends to the coast level, in the Peninsula. Ascends to 100 or 200 yards, in England. Range of mean annual temperature 52—46. 104 44, COMPOSITA. Native. Agrestal, Inundatal, &c. 1 possess no note of any locality for the present species in the province of the North Highlands ; but being recorded as frequent.in Moray, and found even in Orkney and Shetland, though locally, its occurrence in that province may be considered suffi- ciently probable. I have an indistinct recollection of seeing this species in Glen Clova, at 250 or 300 yards of elevation ; and if so, its temperature might be carried down to 45 or 44. 633. Fitaco GALLica, Linn. ~ec bil. Mis f 46g Area x *3[45%%8 % % x x % x 15]. South limit in Herts, Essex) 4-4 North limit in-Same-eounties. Estimate of provinces 1. Estimate of counties 2. i Latitude 51—52. Germanic type of distribution. Agrarian region. Inferagrarian zoue. ? Descends to Ascends to 50 yards, more or less. Range of mean annual temperature, say 49. Colonist. Agrestal. An extremely local plant, some of the localities recorded for which may probably belong to F. minima. Besides the two counties above mentioned, it , has also been said to grow in Kent (Brit. Flo.), Suffolk (Dr. ms Auch, Clarke), Worcester (Mr. E. Lees), Derby (Mr. Woodward, Ail f py? in B. G.), Fife (D. Don), Forfar (G. Don); but none of 4<4- sent these alleged habitats can be safely trusted without addi- - (he Cane ia tional testimony. Dr. Clarke terms it “ common” about Ipswich, in Suffolk ; which merely general indication, taken in connexion with the omission of Gnaphalium uliginosum from the Ipswich Flora, suggests that a mistake was made respecting the species. 44. COMPOSIT. 105 Ty Lg 634. Firaco minima, Fries. Areal 234567891011 x 131415 16 17. South limit in Devon, Isle of Wight, Kent. Zen 2~- North limit in Ross, Aberdeen, Argyle. Estimate of provinces 17. Estimate of counties 75. Latitude 50—58. British type of distribution. Agrarian region. Inferagrarian—Superagrarian zones. Descends to the coast level, in the Peninsula. Ascends to 250 yards, in East Highlands. Range of mean annual temperature 52—44, Native. Glareal, Ericetal. Not common, if considered as an example of the general or British type of distribution ; though it may seem less frequent than the reality, on ac- count of its small size rendering it liable to be overlooked. Doubtless the true south limit crosses Cornwall, although the species may not have been reported from that county. I find no authority or record for its existence in the Lake province. 635. FILAGO GERMANICA, Linn. FILAGO CANESCENS, Jord. Area 1234567891011 121314 15 16 17. South limit in Cornwall, Isle of Wight, Kent. North limit in Ross, Aberdeen, Argyle. Estimate of provinces 17._ Estimate of counties 75. Latitude 50—58. British type of distribution. Agrarian region. Inferagrarian—Superagrarian zones. Descends to the coast level, in the Peninsula. Ascends to 100 or 200 yards, in England. 106 44. COMPOSIT. Range of mean annual temperature 52—47. Native. Glareal, Agrestal. More common in England than in Scotland; but too frequent, and too nearly general, in the latter country, to warrant its removal from the British to the English type of distribution. 635*. Finaco apicutata, G. E. Sm. & 7%. Mt J, V3 FILAGO LUTESCENS, Jord. Areax234y%%%x x 10. South limit in Hants, North limit in York, Estimate of provinces —? Estimate of counties —? Latitude 50—54 —? English type of distribution. Agrarian region. Inferagrarian—Midagrarian zones. Descends to the coast level, or nearly so. Ascends to 100 or 200 yards, in England. Range of mean annual temperature 50—48. Native. Glareal, Agrestal. Only very recently distin- guished from F. germanica of Linnzus by English bota- nists; that acute and close observer of nature, the Rev. G. E. Smith, having been the first in this country to detect the principal characters by which it may be known from the Linnean species. It has been observed in Hants, Surrey, Herts, Essex, Norfolk, York; and in all probability will be found pretty generally in the English counties. At present, the distribution can be shown only very imperfectly. 635**, Frtaco spaTuLata, Presl. “<< ht Wi beg Area a 2.3/4. South limit in Dorset, Sussex, —— ? 44, COMPOSIT. 107 North limit in Cambridge, Kstimate of provinces —? Estimate of counties —? Latitude 50—53 —? English type of distribution. Agrarian region. Inferagrarian zone. Descends to the coast level, in the Channel. Ascends to 100 or 200 yards, in England. Range of mean annual temperature 51—48. ve, Native. Glareal, Agrestal. Distinguished from F. Ger- manica, in Britain, still more recently than F. apiculata; the first distinct notice of it, I believe, having been made public by Mr. G. S. Gibson, who has been singularly suc- cessful in detecting localities for new or obscure species in our Flora. Although only first announced as British in the summer of 1848, it has already been reported from Dorset, Sussex, Surrey, Herts, Essex, and Cambridge. Authentic specimens of all the three allied species (germanica, apicu- lata, spatulata) having been numerously distributed by the Botanical Society of London, in the current year of 1849, most English botanists will be prepared to recognize them when met with; so that we may expect to hear of the oc- currence of this one in various other counties besides those named above. i £e Ut YZ. “sg 636. PETASITES VULGARIS, Desf. Areal 234567891011 12131415 16 x[18} South limit in Devon, Dorset, Sussex, Kent. North limit in Shetland? Orkney ? Hebrides? #14 Ate. Ay sé Estimate of provinces 17. Estimate of counties 75. Latitude 50—48 (61). British type of distribution. Agrarian region. Inferagrarian—Superagrarian zones. Descends to the coast level, in the Peninsula. Ascends to 60@-yards, in East Highlands (Dickie) ? 108 44. COMPOSIT#. Range of mean annual temperature 51—46 (42). Native. Pratal, Paludal. It is remarkable that the pre- sent species should be enumerated in Balfour and Babing- ton’s list of Hebridean plants, as observed by them in various parts of North Uist, Harris and Lewis, while the Tussilago Farfara was nowhere noticed in those Isles. On the contrary, in my own lists of species seen in the High- land counties, and especially im their mountain glens, the Tussilago Farfara is almost invariably included, while the name of the Petasites does not occur in any of those lists. I am tempted to think that the one name has been inad- vertently substituted for the other, in the Hebridean Cata- logue ; and not unlikely the same mistake was made in Barry’s Orkney. Both species are enumerated in the Flora of Shetland. Was it this species or Tussilago Farfara which was seen by Dr. Dickie, at 1500 feet of elevation, in Aberdeenshire ? + PETASITES ALBUS, Gaert. “ec ket. WL 4 +89 ; Area (10). Alien. “A large patch of this early-flowering plant oc- curs in an oak wood north of the hall [Storthes Hall?]. It is growing in a damp stony hollow, and covers many yards with its strong penetrating roots, which creep above ground among the stones in every direction.” —“ Peter Inchbald” (Storthes Hall, near Huddersfield), in Phytol. iii. 445. NARDOSMIA FRAGRANS, Rehbh. Area (1 2 x x x 6 7). Alien. Frequently cultivated in shrubberies, and not 44. COMPOSIT. 109 easily eradicated from any damp and shady place in which it has once got fully established. Mr. Babington says that it-is “ plentifully naturalized” on the cliffs below the town of Tenby. Mr. Motley informed me that it is “ perfectly naturalized” in several fields near the furnace toll-bar, Llanelly, Caermarthenshire. Dr. Bromfield considers it naturalized, but not seeding, in Hampshire. I have ob- served it also established in Devon and Denbighshire. A Tussilago of most authors, except the recent ones, who ap- pear to be fast discarding the Linnean principle that the genus should give the character, not a character make a genus. 637. TussiLaco Farrara, Linn. Area general. South limit in Cornwall, Isle of Wight, Kent. North limit in Shetland, Orkney, Caithness. Estimate of provinces 18. Estimate of counties 82. Latitude 50—61. British type of distribution. A.A. regions. Inferagrarian—Midarctic zones. Descends to the coast level, in the Peninsula. Ascends to 850 yards, in East Highlands. Range of mean annual temperature 52—38. Native. Inundatal, Agrestal, &c. Very general in Bn- tain, extending northward into Faroe and throughout Scan- dinavia,—a distribution which gives additional probability to the suggestion thrown out under Petasites vulgaris, to the effect that the present species is not really absent from the Hebrides, but was there mistaken for Petasites vulgaris. In conformity with this idea, we find Barry recording only the Petasites, while Neill mentions only the Farfara, in Orkney. 110 44. COMPOSITE. TussILaGo ALPINA, Linn. Area [15]. Incognit. Included, like so many other dubious plants, among G. Don’s discoveries in Forfarshire ; but no other botanist appears to have found it in Britain. Mr. Gardiner suggests that Don intended Erigeron alpinus ; but it is dif- ficult to conceive a mistake between plants so very dissimi- lar. Homogyne alpina of some authors. Whiz en 04 Ad) Cor fir Pred by Dirg JAeed tren ge Het. Arte, ahr, 638. ERIGERON ALPINUS, Linn. Area x # xX HH ee HH KH ee 1. South limit in Perth, Forfar. North limit in same counties,—or Aberdeen ? Estimate of provinces 1. Estimate of counties 3. Latitude 56—57. Highland type of distribution. Arctic region. Midarctic zone. Descends to 800 or 850 yards, in East Highlands. Ascends to 850 or 900 yards, in same province. Range of mean annual temperature 38—37. Native. Rupestral. Very local; occurring on Ben Lawers, in Perthshire, and in Glens Dole and Canlochen, in Forfarshire. I have an indistinct recollection of seeing it in Aberdeenshire, either about the rocks above Loch Callater, or somewhere on the Ben-na-Buird range. 639. ERIGERON acris, Linn. <4 Vz Mt tsa Areal 234567891011 12414 15. South limit in Dorset, Isle of Wight, Kent. 44. COMPOSITE. 111 North limit in Forfar, Holy Island, Westmoreland. Estimate of provinces 14. Estimate of counties 40. Latitude 50—57. English type of distribution. Agrarian region. Inferagrarian—Midagrarian zones. Descends to the coast level, in the Peninsula. Ascends to 100 or 200 yards, in England. Range of mean annual temperature 51—47. Native. Glareal, Pascual. In a general view this spe- cies is clearly a plant of the “ glareal” group; and yet some of its localities are in spots liable to be very wet in the winter season, although dry and parched in summer: for example, it occurs in the hollows among sand-hills on the coasts, and in pastures where the soil is an admixture of sand and clayey loam, holding wet through the winter, and becoming hard and dry as a brick in summer. Light- foot and Hooker say (Flo. Scot.) that the present species is frequent in dry mountainous pastures in Scotland. Iam aware of only one Scottish county in which it is really as- certained to occur, namely, that of Forfar. It is enume- rated likewise in the Flora of Berwick-on-Tweed, but the habitat is not strictly in Scotland, being on Holy Island. 640, ERIGERON CANADENSIS, Linn. Alien. A species widely diffused about the earth, in climates somewhat warmer than that of Britain; having, probably, accompanied the human race in their settlements. In England it is of uncertain occurrence, and perhaps most frequently met with in the province of Thames. 112 44, COMPOSIT. 641. AsTER TrripoLium, Linn. Area general. South limit in Cornwall, Isle of Wight, Kent. North limit in Hebrides, E. Sutherland, Ross. Kstimate of provinces 18. Estimate of counties 50. Latitude 50—58. British type of distribution. Agrarian region. Inferagrarian—Superagrarian zones. Descends to the coast level, in the Peninsula. Ascends, at the coast level, to North Highlands. Range of mean annual temperature 52—47. Native. Littoral. Although the Rev. G. Gordon men- tions to me the occurrrence of this plant in Sutherland, I do not venture to indicate a higher northern latitude than that of 58, under the supposition that it was observed in the South-east of the county named. In the Catalogue of Hebridean plants, only the Isle of North Uist is mentioned for this species. 642. SoLipaco VirGauREA, Linn. & North limit in Lincoln, Norfolk ? Estimate of provinces 2. Estimate of counties 4. Latitude 52—54. Germanic type of distribution. Agrarian region. Inferagrarian zone. 120 44, COMPOSIT#. Descends to the coast level, in Ouse province. Ascends to 50 yards, more or less. Range of mean annual temperature 49—48. Native. Paludal. Belonging to the Germanic type by its habitats, like Senecio paludosus, but rather an example of local and uncertain, than properly eastern type. There are old, erroneous, or insufficient authorities on record for the occurrence of the species in Westmoreland (Robson, quoted in B. G.), Lancaster and Merioneth (Ray), Glamor- gan (B. G., but an error), and Stafford (Mr. Spark, in Garner N. H.S8.); all of which it seems safer to reject, un- less confirmed. 652. CINERARIA CAMPESTRIS, Retz. Area y 2345» 7. South limit in Dorset, Hants, Sussex. North limit in Cambridge, Northampton, Anglesea. Kstimate of provinces 5. Estimate of counties 12. Latitude 50—54. English (?) type of distribution. Agrarian region. Inferagrarian zone. Descends to the coast level, in North Wales. Ascends to 100 or 200 yards, in England. Range of mean annual temperature 50—48. Native. Glareal or Pascual. A scarce species, with some approximation to the Germanic type of distribution ; being rather eastern and inland in its habitats, excepting the one outlying locality for a maritime variety, on cliffs, near Holyhead, in Anglesea. But the Anglesea plant is said to be only a form or state of the C. campestris, by Mr. Babington, in Mag. Nat. Hist. v. p. 88. 44, COMPOSITE. 121 653. DoronicuM PARDALIANCHES, Linn. Area (12345 %%%% 1011 % 18 14 15). Alien. More or less established in many provinces ; but most of its habitats are recorded with distrust, or with ad- missions that it is an escape from gardens. 654. DoRONICUM PLANTAGINEUM, Linn. Area (q-2) 5) ai cln Ene civ 34 19): Alien. The same remark will apply to this one, as to the preceding species. Which of the two is really more frequent, it may be difficult to say ; the names having ap- parently been often crossed or misapplied. ie. Lol. “iy J, bz, 859. INULA Hetenium, Linn. Area 1234567 (9) 10 11 12 (18 » 15 16 17). South limit in Cornwall, Isle of Wight, Sussex. North limit in Durham, Westmoreland, Cumberland ? Estimate of provinces 10. Estimate of counties 25. Latitude 50—55. English type of distribution. Agrarian region. Inferagrarian—Midagrarian zones. Descends to the coast level, in the Peninsula. Ascends to 100 or 200 yards, in England. Range of mean annual temperature 52—48. Native. Paludal, Pratal, &c. Apparently a true native of England, although only an introduced plant in many of the localities on record for it. The Scottish habitats are very few, and usually about old houses or castles, to which it had probably been introduced for ornament or use. 122 44. COMPOSIT2. 656. InuLA Conyza, DC. Areal 2345678910 (11) 12% [15]. South limit in Cornwall, Isle of Wight, Kent. North limit in Westmoreland, York. Estimate of provinces 11. Estimate of counties 40. Latitude 50—55. English type of distribution. Agrarian region. Inferagrarian—Midagrarian zones. Descends to the coast level, in the Peninsula. Ascends to 100 or 200 yards, in England. Range of mean annual temperature 52—47. Native. Septal, Glareal, &c. Probably the estimate of 40 counties may be too low, but that of 50 might be as much too high for the census of this species, which has already been found in 36 counties, and is likely to occur in several others that remain to be more thoroughly ex- amined. Only in woods in North Surrey. 657. Inuza crrraMorpes, Linn. 4e FZ. fi. Gb2 Area 123 [4] 674% x x x 18. South limit in Cornwall, Isle of Wight, Kent. Asx, North limit in Wigton, Kirkcudbright, Essex. Estimate of provinces 6. Estimate of counties 15. Latitude 50—55. Atlantic type of distribution. Agrarian region. Inferagrarian—Midagrarian zones. Descends to the coast level, in the Peninsula. Ascends, at the coast level, to West Lowlands. Range of mean annual temperature 52—49. Native. Littoral. Apparently unfitted to bear the more severe climate of the eastern coasts, excepting quite in the 44, COMPOSIT. 123 South of England. It is said that a single specimen was found at Caistor, on the east coast of Norfolk, in 1784; and the coast of Suffolk was recorded for the species in Gough’s Camden (B.G.) On good or admissible authority, it is reported from Essex, Kent, Hants, Dorset, Devon, Cornwall, Somerset, Glamorgan, Caermarthen, Pembroke, Anglesea, Kirkcudbright, and Wigton. 658. PULICARIA DYSENTERICA, Gaert. Areal 234567891011121314,4 16. South limit in Cornwall, Isle of Wight, Kent. North limit in Argyle (Islay, &c.), Haddington. Estimate of provinces 15. Estimate of counties 50. Latitude 50—56. English type of distribution. Agrarian region. Inferagrarian—Midagrarian zone. Descends to the coast level, in the Peninsula. Ascends to 100 or 200 yards, in England. Range of mean annual temperature 52—48. Native. Inundatal, Pascual, &c. A good example of what is intended by the English type of distribution ; being quite a common plant in the southern provinces, becoming gradually less so in a northerly direction, and a rare spe- cies in the South of Scotland, where it finally ceases. 659. PULICARIA VULGARIS, Gaert. Areayx2345x%%% [10]. South limit in Dorset, Isle of Wight, Kent. North limit in Warwick, Cambridge, Norfolk. Estimate of provinces 4. Estimate of counties 20. Latitude 50—58. Germanic type of distribution. 124 44. COMPOSIT. Agrarian region. Inferagrarian zone. Descends to the coast level, in the Channel. Ascends to 50 or 100 yards, in England. Range of mean annual temperature 51—48. Native. Inundatal, Viatical. In addition to the six counties above mentioned, this is reported from Wilts, Sussex, Surrey, Oxford, Middlesex, Herts, Essex, Bedford, Huntingdon ; making 15 in the whole. In Yorkshire, ac- cording to the ‘ Outlines,’ but I cannot find the original authority for this county, and the species is not included in Baines’s Flora of Yorkshire. But some of the intermediate counties appear sufficiently probable to justify the next higher step in the comital census; more especially, as Dr. Bromfield well suggests, because its inconspicuous aspect may cause it to be overlooked by collectors. It seems, however, restricted to a small area. A good example of the Germanic, as the other species is of the English type; the antecedent one (Inula crithmoides) of the Atlantic ; the next succeeding (Bellis) of the British. Any botanist who will mark the habitats of these four plants on a map of Britain, if only by counties, without more minute detail, will clearly see what is intended by types of distribution. 660. BELLIS PERENNIS, Linn. Area general. South limit in Cornwall, Isle of Wight, Kent. North limit in Shetland, Orkney, Hebrides. Estimate of provinces 18. Estimate of counties 82. Latitude 50—61. British type of distribution. A.A. regions. Inferagrarian—Midarctic zones. Descends to the coast level, in the Peninsula. Ascends to 900 yards, in East Highlands. 44. COMPOSITA. 125 Range of mean annual temperature 52—38. Native. Pascual. A species so familiar and so conspi- cuous as the Daisy will never be overlooked by botanists who are endeavouring to make a full list of species for any county or section. In order, therefore, to show the coun- ties, concerning the botany of which we may be said to possess the least full information, I will here enumerate those in which I find the Daisy not recorded to grow, al- though no doubt can be entertained as to its occurrence in all of them. These are Berks, Bucks, Northampton, Bre- con, Radnor, Montgomery, Merioneth, Flint, Lincoln, Westmoreland, Dumfries, Kirkcudbright, Wigton, Peebles, Selkirk, Haddington, Linlithgow. In several of these counties I must myself have seen Daisies innumerable, and yet have not retained any distinct recollection of the fact. The Bellis is not frequent above the agrarian region. e bet. i 4 b> 661. CHRYSANTHEMUM SEGETUM, Linn. Area general. South limit in Cornwall, Isle of Wight, Kent. North limit in Shetland, Orkney, Hebrides. Kstimate of provinces 18. Estimate of counties 82. Latitude 50—61. British type of distribution. Agrarian region. Inferagrarian—Superagrarian zones. Descends to the coast level, in the Peninsula. Ascends to 250 or 300 yards, in E. Highlands (Dickie). Range of mean annual temperature 52—44. Colonist. Agrestal. It may appear to others an excess of scepticism to substitute the term “ Colonist” in place of “ Native,” for expressing the civil claims of this very abun- dant species; and yet my inclination decidedly is towards holding it an importation. Its aspect and affinities are 126 44, COMPOSITA. those of a more southern latitude ; and it is more suscepti- ble to frost than many others of our corn weeds. This may explain its comparative infrequency in the winter-sown wheat crops, as lately remarked to be the case by Dr. Bromfield, in the Phytologist, iii. 488. Has it any genuine English name? “Corn Marigold” can scarcely be so considered; but “ Yellow Bozzum” (Bosom?) may be, though not one of very ancient sound. I have not observed it above Pitmain, in the Highlands, about 750 feet; Dr. Dickie records it at 820 feet in Aberdeenshire; and Mr. Petermann saw it in flower, in a garden, at Carour, West Inverness, which he calculated to be 1740 feet. 662. CHRYSANTHEMUM LEUCANTHEMUM, Linn. Area general. South limit in Cornwall, Isle of Wight, Kent. North limit in Shetland, Orkney, North Sutherland. Kstimate of provinces 18. Estimate of counties 82. Latitude 50—61. British type of distribution. Agrarian region. Inferagrarian—Superagrarian zones. Descends to the coast level, in the Peninsula. Ascends to 700 yards, in N. Wales. Range of mean annual temperature 52—41. Native. Pascual. I saw this at 1500 feet in Braemar, and Mr. Petermann says even up to 1740 feet at Carour. Though not enumerated by Balfour and Babington, in their list of Hebridean plants, I have ventured to include that group of isles in the comital census, and so take it at the full number, instead of 81. 44, COMPOSIT#. 127 663. PyRETHRUM PAaRTHENIUM, Sm. Areal 234567891011 12138 14 15 16 17. South limit in Cornwall, Isle of Wight, Kent. North limit in Ross, Moray, Dumbarton. Estimate of provinces 17. Estimate of counties 75. Latitude 50—58. British type of distribution. Agrarian region. Inferagrarian—Superagrarian zones. Descends to the coast level, in the Peninsula. Ascends to 100 or 200 yards, in England. Range of mean annual temperature 52—47. Denizen. Viatical, Septal. Probably introduced to Britain, but so well established in numerous localities that it cannot now be treated as an alien; nor can any hard line of distinction be drawn between the character of the habitats, beyond the general rule, that the farther we go northward the more suspicious and distrusted they are found to be. ; oF ee brt./ A. ; «62, 664. PyRETHRUM INODORUM, Sm. 664, b. PyRETHRUM MARITIMUM, Sm. Area general. South limit in Cornwall, Isle of Wight, Kent. North limit in Shetland, Hebrides, Caithness. 2 Estimate of provinces 18. Estimate of counties 82. Latitude 50—61. British type of distribution. Agrarian region. Inferagrarian—Superagrarian zones. Descends to the coast level, in the Peninsula. Ascends to 400 or 450 yards, in East Highlands. Range of mean annual temperature 52—42. 128 44, COMPOSIT. Native. Agrestal, Viatical, &c. A very general plant, omitted from the manuscript Flora of Orkney, by Dr. Gil- lies; but probably by mere inadvertence, since it is said to be very common in Shetland: extending also to Faroe, and over all Scandinavia. P. maritimum probably occurs all around the coast of Britain, from the Isle of Wight (Dr. Bromfield) to Orkney (Dr. Neill); but I am not able to quote any authority for it in provinces 4, 5, 8. 665. Matricaria CHAMOMILLA, Linn. Area 1234567891011 1213 14 (15 16) » [18]. South limit in Cornwall, Dorset, Hants, Kent. North limit about Edinburgh and Glasgow. Estimate of provinces 14. Estimate of counties 50. Latitude 50—56. English type of distribution. Agrarian region. Inferagrarian—Midagrarian zones. Descends to the coast level, in the Peninsula. Ascends to 100 or 200 yards, in England. Range of mean annual temperature 52—47. Native. Viatical, Agrestal. Probably to be found in nearly all the English counties, although often overlooked, from its general resemblance to species of Anthemis, &c. In Scotland apparently quite rare. Dr. Macgillivray in- cludes it in his list of Hebridean plants, but it was not observed in the Isles by Messrs. Babington and Balfour. In Orkney, according to the Rev. C. Clouston, which is probably also a mistake. Lightfoot records a variety “ suaveolens,” as seen at the entrance of Glen Beg, near Glen Elg, West Highlands. Mr. Lawson mentions the species as one introduced to Fife. It is said to occur rarely (B. S. E. Cat.) about Edinburgh, occasionally about Glasgow. I have no other authority for Scotland, except 44. COMPOSIT. 129 the Flora of Lanarkshire, relating mainly to the same ground as that of Glasgow. ANACYCLUS RADIATUS, Lois. Hibernian, but Alien. Found at Dunboy Quay, Bear- haven, Cork, by Mr. W. Wilson, according to the Manual of British Botany. The locality was originally reported for Anthemis anglica. 666. ANTHEMIS ANGLICA, Spreng. Area [x 2 x % * 6 % x x » 11 x 18]. Incognit. Something has been reported under the name of Anthemis maritima and A. anglica, from Sussex, Gla- morgan, Pembroke, Durham, Kirkcudbright, and the North-East of Scotland. It is probable that Pyrethrum maritimum was the plant really intended in most of these habitats. Mr. Babington, however, appears to have seen some other plant, found at Sunderland by Mr. James Back- house, in 1844; and which he considers to be the A. maritima of Smith, corresponding with the A. anglica of Sprengel, and “ very different from A. maritima (L.)” To me this remains quite unknown, and I have no blind faith in the carefulness of Mr. James Backhouse’s observations or statements, although I regard him as quite sincere by intention. hu he. Mf, G62, 667. ANTHEMIS NOBILIS, Linn. Areal 283456789101lly%%144%16. .%# South limit in Cornwall, Isle of Wight, Kent. VOL, Il. K 130 44. COMPOSIT. North limit in Islay, Bute, Berwick or Durham. Estimate of provinces 13. Estimate of counties 40. Latitude 50—56. English type of distribution. Agrarian region. Inferagrarian—Midagrarian zones. Descends to the coast level, in the Peninsula. Ascends to 100 or 200 yards, in England. +, Range of mean annual temperature 52—48. Native. Pascual. Abundant on many grassy commons in the South of England; but rapidly decreasing north- ward. It does not appear quite clear from the Flora of Berwick-on-Tweed, the only authority for the East High- £5 VA land province, whether the present species is really indi- genous there. (See Flo. Berw.; and in particular, vol. ii. 292). I am indebted to Professor Balfour for a specimen from Islay. >» 668. ANTHEMIS ARVENSIS, Linn. 4e 7 “i Ay 62, Areal 234567891011, 1314 15. South limit in Devon, Isle of Wight, Kent. Gt <"& North limit in Moray ? Forfar, Lanark. Kstimate of provinces 15. Estimate of counties 40. Latitude 50—57 (58). English type of distribution. Agrarian region. Inferagrarian—Midagrarian zones. Descends to the coast level, in the Peninsula. Ascends to 100 or 200 yards, in England. Range of mean annual temperature 51—47. Native. Agrestal. Either infrequent or often overlooked in England; apparently local or rare in Scotland. The Rev. G. Gordon thinks it may have been introduced into Moray, where it is frequent. Omitted from the Flora Abre- donensis, like all the other species of its genus. Don re- corded it in his Forfarshire list; and its occurrence in one 44, COMPOSITZ. 131 locality in that county is confirmed by Mr. J. Cruickshank. Rather rare about Edinburgh; though less so than A. Cotula, it would seem, by the Botanical Society’s Cata- logue. hee fee. Mir J. ¢é9. 669. AnrueMis Coruta, Linn. Area 1234567821011 »% 13 1415 16 x (18). South limit in Cornwall, Isle of Wight, Kent. North limit in Dumbarton, Fife, Forfar? Estimate of provinces 16. Estimate of counties 60. Latitude 50—57. English type of distribution. Agrarian region. Inferagrarian—Superagrarian zones. Descends to the coast level, in the Peninsula. Ascends to 100 or 200 yards, in England. Range of mean annual temperature 52—47. Native. Agrestal, Viatical. A common weed in the South of England; much less so in the North; rare in Scotland. Enumerated among the Forfarshire plants by Don, but not confirmed by any more recent authority in Gardiner’s Flora of that county. Omitted from the lists for all the more northerly counties, with the two suspicious exceptions of those for Orkney (Lowe) and Shetland : (Edmondston) ; and in these Isles, unless there be some error about the species, we may fairly assume the plant an introduced one, especially as only a single locality is men- tioned by Edmondston. Said to be rare about Edinburgh ; absent from the neighbourhood of Berwick-on-Tweed. he Fil MWA-¢& 670. ANTHEMIS TINCTORIA, Linn. Area (3 x x x % * * * 11 x % * 19). Alien. Babington enumerates this species as a true kK 2 Sanbte na ee © PP Avi, her. Vit. J. 563. 132 44, COMPOSITS. native. It is said to have occurred in Essex, Durham, Northumberland, Fife, Forfar; but under circumstances, or on authority, vey much to be distrusted. ahi Netd pe” thet. ran. 62 $~ 671. ACHILLEA Prarmica, Linn. . Area general. South limit in Cornwall, Isle of Wight, Kent. North limit in Shetland, Orkney, Hebrides. Kstimate of provinces 18. Estimate of counties 82. Latitude 50—61. British type of disiribution. A.A. regions. Inferagrarian—Inferarctic zones. Descends to the coast level, in the Peninsula. Ascends to 700 yards, in East Highlands. Range of mean annual temperature 52—40. Native. Pratal, Ericetal, &c. Evinces so decided a tendency to damp places, as to come very near the class of Paludal or Uliginal plants. Ascends to 800 yards in Cum- berland. 671,b. ACHILLEA SERRATA, Sim. ** ACHILLEA DECOLORANS, Schrad.” Area [1 % » x % * » 8 % 10]. Incognit? This has been reported from Somerset (Mr. T. B. Flower), Derby (Mr. Rapp, in Eng. Bot.), York (Mr. Mann, Bot. Soc. Edinburgh!) The plant figured in English Botany, and a fragment of one in my herbarium, sent to me by the Botanical Society of Edinburgh, belong to some other species than A. Ptarmica; and such also would appear to be the case with a specimen sent by Mr. Flower to Mr. Babington, from Somerset. Nevertheless, I 44, COMPOSITA. 133 feel the evidence quite insufficient for admitting, as really British, anything nearer to the species above named than a yellowish-flowered variety of A. Ptarmica. The specimens referred to above were probably of garden origin, and had been mingled with English plants by some inadvertence. Mr. Flower has himself explained (Bot. Gaz.) that the Somerset locality cannot be again found or relied upon. I have seen the Achillea Ptarmica with a decidedly yellow tinge to the flowers, though the tint fades away in desicca- tion. Mr. Saunders, writing of Oxfordshire botany, says, that A. Ptarmica “ grows to a very large size, and with a yellowish tinge in the flowers, in the meadows by the side of the Cherwell.” (Mag. Nat. Hist., new series, iii. 239.) 672. ACHILLEA MILLEFOLIUM, Linn. Area general. South limit in Cornwall, Isle of Wight, Kent. North limit in Shetland, Orkney, Hebrides. Estimate of provinces 18. Estimate of counties 82. Latitude 50—61. British type of distribution. A.A. regions. Inferagrarian—Superarctic zones. Descends to the coast level, in the Peninsula. Ascends to 1300 yards, in East Highlands, Range of mean annual temperature 52—34. Native. Pascual, Glareal. Among the most common and most general of British plants ; ascending even to the summit of Ben Lawers. Le bet 1. 4.65 878. AcHILLEA TomENTOsA, Linn. Area x % % * & * * * % & * % 13 y 15 16. South limit in Renfrew and Dumbarton. 134 44. COMPOSIT. North limit in Banffshire. Estimate of provinces 3. Estimate of counties 3. Latitude 55—58. Local type of distribution. Agrarian region. Superagrarian zone. Descends to ? Ascends to ? Range of mean annual temperature, say 46. Native? Pascual? It is curious that the three locali- ties reported for this species should be situate in as many different counties, and even provinces. A fourth is given in Babington’s Manual; namely, near Newcastle, in the county of Down, Ireland. Possibly the locality near Pais- ley, Renfrewshire, may belong to the midagrarian zone; certainly so, if only of slight altitude. 674. ACHILLEA TANACETIFOLIA, All. Ka Vil: ltt he aby Area x * x x * * * 8 x 10. South limit in Derbyshire. North limit in Yorkshire. Estimate of provinces 2. Estimate of counties 2. Latitude 53—54. Local type of distribution. Agrarian region. Superagrarian (?) zone. Descends to Ascends to ? Range of mean annual temperature, say 46—45. Native? Ericetal? A recent addition to the British Flora; hitherto found only, it would seem, by Mr. John Hardy, whose discovery is thus announced by Mr. C. C. Babington, in Annals of Natural History, for February, 1847:—“ On Cromford Moor, near Matlock Bath, Derby- shire, July 21, 1843; and on a rough hilly bank near Ringing Low, five miles north of Sheffield, July, 1844; 44. COMPOSITH.— 45. CAMPANULACEE. 135 the plant accompanied by Vaccinium Vitis-Idza, &c., and growing among a profusion of Lastrea Oreopteris.” With a specimen from the Yorkshire habitat, communicated by Mr. Hardy to the Botanical Society of London, the fol- lowing slight variation occurs in the description of the lo- cality: “side of a high heathy hill, in a soil of sand and coal shale, overlying the gannister coal, of the new red sandstone, July, 1845.” It should be sought elsewhere in the same and adjacent counties. XANTHIUM STRUMARIUM, Linn. Area (x 23 % % x * * * * 11). Alien. Has been occasionally found in England. The counties of Dorset, Hants, Kent, Surrey, Middlesex, Dur- ham and Northumberland have been recorded for it. When cultivated in my garden, in Surrey, I find it very impatient of frost, and so tardy in flowering in the autumn that the fruit fails to ripen. My seeds of it had been obtained from the Azores, and might possibly belong to a more ten- der variety, for the fruit of the Azoric specimens is rather shorter and broader than was the case on the solitary spe- cimen which I found, apparently wild, near Peckham, in Surrey, in 1831. 675. CAMPANULA ROTUNDIFOLIA, Linn. Area general. South limit in Cornwall, Isle of Wight, Kent. North limit in Shetland, Caithness, Hebrides. Estimate of provinces 18. Estimate of counties 81. Latitude 50—61. British type of distribution. 136 45. CAMPANULACE. A.A. regions. Inferagrarian—Superarctic zones. Descends to the coast level, in the Peninsula. Ascends to 1150 yards, in West Highlands. Range of mean annual temperature 52—35. Native. ricetal, Glareal. Omitted from the Orkney lists alike by Lowe, Gillies, and Clouston; and on this ac- count I have not ventured to include the Orkney Isles in the comital census ; although the occurrence of the species in Shetland and Faroe, as well as throughout Scandinavia, and its prevalence in Britain, all tend to create a presump- tion in favour of its existence likewise in Orkney. 676. CAMPANULA PATULA, Linn, 4. 4 “17 A ¢ 50. Areaj1]2 345 6% 8 % 10 » 12. South limit in Dorset, Hants, Sussex, Kent. North limit in Westmoreland, York. Kstimate of provinces 9. Estimate of counties 20. Latitude 50—55. English type of distribution. Agrarian region. Inferagrarian—Midagrarian zones. Descends to the coast level, or nearly so. Ascends to 50 or 100 yards, in England. Range of mean annual temperature 51—48. Native. Septal. It is to be feared that several erroneous localities have been recorded for the present species. The province of the Peninsula rests on the unconfirmed autho- rity of Maton, as given in Turner and Dillwyn’s Guide; that of the Ouse, on the authority of the Rev. R. B. Fran- cis, as quoted in the same Guide and in the English Flora; that of the Lakes, on the authority of Mr. G. S. Gibson, who found the species “between Kendal and Arnside.” It would be desirable to have all these three localities con- firmed afresh, or others discovered in the same provinces. 45. CAMPANULACE. 137 x FEC. ¢éq@. 677. Campanuta Rapuncutvs, Linn. Area (1) 2345%( (7821011) x » x [15]. South limit in Somerset ? Hants? Sussex, Kent. North limit in Denbigh ? Stafford, Norfolk. Estimate of provinces 6. Estimate of counties 12. Latitude 51—53. English type of distribution. Agrarian region. Inferagrarian zone. Descends to the coast level, in Thames province. Ascends to 50 or 100 yards, in England. Range of mean annual temperature 50—48. Denizen. Septal. Uncertain whether this should be held a native of Britain, or as a species which became established through cultivation. In the county of Surrey, if not originally native, it is perfectly established at inter- vals over a tract of several square miles around Hersham ; but is so constantly eaten down by cattle wherever they can get at it, that it remains comparatively rare even within the tract mentioned. In many of its localities the pre- sumption of an origin from former cultivation appears very strong. Babington and Henslow both allow it to be a native British species; while Hooker places it among the introduced. 678. CAMPANULA LATIFOLIA, Linn. Area [1] » 345678910 111213 14 15 16. South limit in Surrey, Gloucester, Monmouth. North limit in Moray, Aberdeen, Argyle. Estimate of provinces 14. Estimate of counties 50. Latitude 51—58. Scottish type of distribution. 138 45, CAMPANULACES. Agrarian region. Inferagrarian—Superagrarian zones. Descends to the coast level, in Ouse or Severn? Ascends to 250 yards, in East Highlands (Dickie). Range of mean annual temperature 49—44. Native. Sylvestral, Septal. Pretty frequent in the North of England and the South of Scotland; but apparently shunning the two extreme provinces at each end of Britain. In Turner and Dillwyn’s Guide it is stated to be very fre- quent in Cornwall; but no botanist of the present time appears to find it in that county. Through the Botanical Society of London, I have received specimens from Reigate, in Surrey (Mr. Brewer), and Glen Frome, near Bristol (Mr. Thwaites); the specimens from the latter being labelled “C.rapunculoides.” As high as 820 feet in Aberdeenshire, according to Dr. Dickie. 679. CAMPANULA RAPUNCULOIDES, Linn. ke fst, li bb Si Area [x 23] 4 [5] x * 8 % 10 x % » 1415. South limit in Oxford? Bedford, Worcester ? North limit in Forfar? Perth ? Fife. Estimate of provinces 5. Estimate of counties 6. Latitude 51—57. Scottish (?) type of distribution. Agrarian region. Inferagrarian—Midagrarian zones. Descends to the coast level, or nearly so. Ascends to 100 or 200 yards. Range of mean annual temperature 48—46. Native. Sylvestral. Recorded in few localities, dis- tantly scattered in England and Scotland, and very proba- bly some of them erroneous. In a copse, near Lulworth, in Dorset, according to Dr. Bromfield in the New Botanist’s Guide, but referring to Mr. Curtis, and not writing as an eye-witness. In Oxfordshire, according to Buddle’s HerbaZ A hk es Ve. /22 fp. 49. ew pdt fue Pale of Dat bys fasde, eb Weed a Pine tories On fadithieg, wrpsry th fea Teen = aa LI al =e — 45. CAMPANULACES. 139 rium, referred to in English Flora, &c. Near Luton, in Bedfordshire, by a specimen sent to the Botanical Society of London, by Miss S. Forster. In the neighbourhood of Bristol, on the Gloucestershire side, according to a Cata- logue of Bristol plants from Dr. J. D. Hooker, checked off with the assistance of Mr. Thwaites; but this may be an error, as indicated by an explanation given under Campa- nula latifolia. In a lane near Shrawley, in Worcestershire, according to the Rev. G. H. Piercy, in the Midland Flora. A troublesome weed in several places near Nottingham, by the Flora of Notts. Two localities are mentioned in the Flora of Yorkshire. And it has been reported on various authority from Edinburgh, Fife, Perth, and Forfar; though the two latter counties are not quite satisfactorily shown to produce it in a native condition. I suppress some other localities, still unpublished, because they are most likely erroneous, and it seems not advisable to add to the number of probable errors, already in print, respecting the habitats of this species. 680. CAMPANULA TRACHELIUM, Linn. Areal 2345678 x x (11 1213 14 15). South limit in Devon, Isle of Wight, Kent. North limit in Westmoreland? Anglesea, Derby, Notts. Estimate of provinces 8. Estimate of counties 30. Latitude 50—57. English type of distribution. Agrarian region. Inferagrarian—Midagrarian zones. Descends to the coast level, in the Peninsula. Ascends to 100 or 200 yards, in England. Range of mean annual temperature 51—48. Native. Sylvestral. In nearly all the counties of the first six provinces; becoming scarce to the northward of 140 45. CAMPANULACES. those provinces. I have specimens from Edinburgh (Mr. Lloyd) and Fife (Rev. A. Robertson—Prof. Balfour); but in the Edinburgh Catalogue it is marked as a distrusted native. A specimen came to me among Lanarkshire plants, from Dr. J. D. Hooker; but it is not included in the Flora of that county; and in the Flora Glottiana the only habitat given is on the old walls of Mugdock Castle (Stirlingshire ?). Under these circumstances, we can scarcely receive the species as clearly an indigenous one in Scotland. Mr. G. S. Gibson gave me a manuscript note of its occurrence “near Kendal;” and it is enumerated in the Annals of Kendal ; but it does not clearly appear whether Mr. Gibson intended to confirm or only to mention the habitat indicated in the Annals referred to. 681. CAMPANULA GLOMERATA, Linn. Areal 234564841011 12 * 14 15. South limit in Dorset, Isle of Wight, Kent. North limit in Forfar, Fife, Cumberland. Estimate of provinces 12. Estimate of counties 40. Latitude 50—57. Germanic type of distribution. Agrarian region. Inferagrarian—Midagrarian zones. Descends to the coast level, in the Channel. Ascends to 100 or 200 yards, in England. Range of mean annual temperature 51—48. Native. Pratal, Pascual. Apparently absent from four of the western provinces; and reported only from single counties in three others, namely, Peninsula, South Wales, Lakes. It is therefore assigned to the Germanic or eastern type, although occurring in several western counties. ee ee 45, CAMPANULACES. 141 682. CAMPANULA PERSICIFOLIA, Linn. Area (15). Alien. In “ woods near Cullen, apparently indigenous.” (Flo. Scot.) Although widely distributed in Scandinavia, it is to be feared that there is very slight ground for sup- posing this to be a native of Scotland; nor does it clearly appear whether the plant is still found in the neighbour- hood, or was found there only some years ago. 683. WAHLENBERGIA HEDERACEA, Rehbh. Areal 234567%910 4 12 13. South limit in Cornwall, Isle of Wight, Sussex. North limit in Renfrew, Isle of Man, York. Estimate of provinces 10. Estimate of counties 30. Latitude 50—56. Atlantic type of distribution. Agrarian region. Inferagrarian—Superagrarian zones. Descends to the coast level, in the Peninsula. Ascends to 300 yards, in the same province. Range of mean annual temperature 52—46. Native. Uliginal. This species does not attain to the superagrarian zone by its latitudinal range ; but since it is stated to occur about Capel Curig (Mr. G. S. Gibson) and in the valleys about Snowdon (Mr. J. E. Bowman, &c.), in North Wales, it would seem to attain that zone by climate and mountain proximity. Very local in the two eastern provinces which are above indicated ; namely, Humber and Thames; becoming more frequent in the demi-eastern pro- vince of the Channel. 142 45. CAMPANULACE. eee 684. SpecuLaRra HyBRIDA, A. DO. “< 4-7 A. bby Areal 2345y%%8% 1011 % % (14 15). South limit in Cornwall, Isle of Wight, Kent. North limit in Fife, Haddington ;—or Durham, Stafford. Estimate of provinces 8 (10). Estimate of counties 30. Latitude 50—55 (57). Germanic type of distribution. Agrarian region. Inferagrarian—Midagrarian zones. Descends to the coast level, in the Peninsula. Ascends to 100 or 200 yards, in England. Range of mean annual temperature 52—48. Native. Agrestal. Though reported from all the coun- ties of the only two westerly provinces above indicated, except those of Monmouth and Worcester, this species would still appear to be of very local occurrence within these provinces. My authority for the county of Cornwall, and for the only locality which I am aware of in that county, is Miss Warren, who communicated specimens to the Bo- tanical Society, and of whose botanical skill and accuracy I have conceived a favourable opinion, from inspection of the parcels sent to that Society. 686. PHYTEUMA SPICATUM, Linn. Area y 2. South and North limits in Sussex. Estimate of provinces 1. Estimate of counties 1. Latitude 51. Local type of distribution. Agrarian regiou. Inferagrarian zone. Descends to 50 yards, more or less. Ascends to 50 or 100 yards? 45. CAMPANULACES. 143 Range of mean annual temperature 50—49. Native? Sylvestral. Extremely local, having hitherto been observed only in a very limited tract of Eastern Sus- sex, in the parishes of Mayfield, Waldron, and Warbleton. I do not know at what elevation above the sea this plant is found there, but presume it to be trifling. a Vit lt J, ris 685. PHYTEUMA ORBICULARE, Linn. Area x» 23 % % » » x x [10]. South limit in Hants, Sussex, Kent ? North limit in Wilts, Surrey, York ? Estimate of provinces 2. Estimate of counties 5. Latitude 50—52. Germanic type of distribution. Agrarian region. Inferagrarian zone. Descends to the coast level, in Sussex (Bromfield). Ascends to 5@-er 100, yards, in England. ~ 272 Range of mean annual temperature 50—49. Native. Pascual. Latitude 50—56. Atlantic type of distribution. Agrarian region. Inferagrarian—Midagrarian zones. Descends to the coast level, in the Peninsula. Ascends to 100 or 200 yards, in England. Range of mean annual temperature 52—48. Native. Septal, Rupestral. In several places in the provinces of the Peninsula, Channel, and South Wales ; very local in those of Thames and Ouse; with some few outlying localities to the northward, mostly to be distrusted. Near Inverness, Aberdeen, and Edinburgh ; but introduced to those places, if not erroneously reported. On the bal- last-hills only, and thus not to be pronounced a native, in the province of Tyne. Near Hill-top, in the neighbour- hood of Breadsall, Derbyshire, according to Mr. J. Whitta- 220 53. SCROPHULARIACES. ker, in Phytologist, ii. 903 ; which may require verification, lest any mistake in the species should have occurred. On rocks facing the sea, near Culzean, Ayreshire, according to Mr. Shankey, in Hooker’s Flora Scotica. About Coniston Water, in the Lake province, according to Mr. Borrer, in Phytologist, ii. 426; but apparently it is one of the varieties which occurs there; or, possibly, some other spe- cies which had escaped from “ gardens at Stavely and Ambleside.” With regard to the two varieties or sub- species “ Bauhinii” and “ sepium,” I doubt much whether they have been correctly referred to L. italica, and feel much more disposed to view them as either hybrid or simply aberrant forms of L. repens and L. vulgaris. If not hybrid, I think that the Cornish form, from the neigh- bourhood of Penrhyn, belongs rather to L. vulgaris than to L. repens; while the others which I have seen, from Hants and Ireland, look nearer to the latter. 785. LINARIA VULGARIS, Mill. <« FAM Areal 23456789 10111213 14 15 16. South limit in Cornwall, Isle of Wight, Kent. North limit in Moray, Aberdeen, Dumbarton. Estimate of provinces 16. Estimate of counties 70. Latitude 50—58. British type of distribution. Agrarian region. Inferagrarian—Superagrarian zones. Descends to the coast level, in the Peninsula. Ascends to 100 or 200 yards, in England. Range of mean annual temperature 52—47. Native. Septal, Glareal. As I never met with this spe- cies in my Scottish ramblings northward of the Friths of Forth and Clyde, I should suppose it to be a scarce plant in the Highland provinces. In the Floras of Forfar and 44 53. SCROPHULARIACES. 22] Moray, however, it is mentioned as frequent ; and as rather local, in the intermediate Flora of Aberdeen. Perhaps another province might have been reckoned in the esti- mated census ; for a species which is frequent in Moray, seems likely not to be wholly absent from Ross-shire. 786. LinaRta PELissERIANA, Mill. Sarnian. So far as known, this is quite limited to Jer- sey, among the British Isles. Lrnaria sPARTEA, Hoffmsg. (?) Area (3). Alien. Occurred during some few successive years on sandy ground enclosed for cultivation from Walton Heath, close by the Walton Station of the South-western Railway ; the quantity depending much on the kind of crops. I never saw it under favorable circumstances for satisfac- torily making out the species; it might possibly be L. juncea or L. Loeselii. Linaria supina, Desf. Area (1 » 11). Alien. Found near Plymouth, Devon, by the Rev. C. A. Johns, Rev. W. T. Hore, &c.; and near Poole, Dorset, by Mr. Borrer ; supposed to have been introduced to both those places with ballast from Rouen. Subsequently, it has been found in two localities in Cornwall; namely, on the sides of the embankment at Hayle, by Mr. Thomas 222 53. SCROPHULARIACEE. Westcombe, and at St. Blazey’s Bay, by Mr. George Mawe. Mr. John Storey favored me with a specimen found on ballast near Newcastle, in the Tyne province. The Cornish localities will suggest the question, whether the species may not be indigenous to our southern coasts? If not indigenous, it seems not unlikely to become established there. 787. LINARIA MINOR, Desf. Areal 234567841011, 13 14 (15). South limit in Cornwall, Isle of Wight, Kent. North limit in Lanark, Berwick, (Kinross). Estimate of provinces 12. Estimate of counties 40. Latitude 50—56. English type of distribution. Agrarian region. Inferagrarian—Midagrarian zones. Descends to the coast level, in the Peninsula. Ascends to 100 or 200 yards, in England. Range of mean annual temperature 52—47. | Native. Agrestal, Glareal. In every county of the first five provinces, unless that of Worcester be an exception. Westward and northward, it becomes comparatively rare ; and in Scotland, it is very local. Said to be naturalized on gravel walks at Kinross, in the East Highland province. 788. LimosELta aquatica, Linn. 4 44. Wf y iy a Areal2345%7891011% 41415. South limit in Somerset, Wilts, Sussex, Surrey. North limit in Forfar? Haddington, Durham, Lancaster. Estimate of provinces 13. Estimate of counties 30. Latitude 50—57. English type of distribution. 53. SCROPHULARIACEZ. 223 Agrarian region. Inferagrarian—Midagrarian zones. Descends to the coast level, in Thames (and Channel ?). Ascends to 100 or 200 yards, in England. Range of mean annual temperature 50—47. Native. Inundatal. According to the localities hitherto placed on record, this little plant would seem to be very thinly scattered through England, and extremely local in Scotland. But its inconspicuous appearance, and the un- certainty of its localities, which are so much affected by differences of season in relation to humidity, no doubt cause it to be frequently overlooked by botanical collec- tors. Only two habitats in Scotland are known to me by report; namely, one by a pool near Guillon Links, Had- dingtonshire, whence I have a specimen from Dr. G. Mac- nab; also, in Gardiner’s Flora of Forfarshire, it is stated to be “common,” on the authority of Mr. Croall, who alone appears to have seen it in that county, and who specifies no locality in particular. 789. SIBTHORPIA EUROPMA, Linn. Areal 2xx%%64%([8% x x 12]. South limit in Cornwall, Devon, Sussex. North limit in Somerset, Glamorgan. Estimate of provinces 3. Estimate of counties 6. Latitude 50—52. Atlantic type of distribution. Agrarian region. Inferagrarian zone. Descends to the coast level, in the Peninsula. Ascends to 50 or 100 yards, in the same province. Range of mean annual temperature 52—49. Native. Septal, Uliginal. A local plant, not known in more than the five counties above mentioned ; and that of Glamorgan resting on old and unconfirmed authority, 224 583. SCROPHULARIACEZ.—9)4. OROBANCHACE. quoted in Turner and Dillwyn’s Botanist’s Guide. In the same publication we find authorities cited for the Sib- thorpia in Lincoln, Westmoreland, and Cumberland; but I suspect that Chrysosplenium oppositifolium had been mis- taken for it there. Mimutus tureus, Linn. XZ (70. Me iff. “fy Area (x » 3% 56% % » 10 11 1213 14 15 16). Alien. An American plant which is fast naturalizing itself in this country, and more especially in Scotland, by small streams and on wet banks. It has been recorded as Smet 4 fa, already established, more or less perfectly, in Surrey, Herts, Dern ‘> Monmouth, South Wales, York, Northumberland, West- B yen, SOLE moreland, Dumfries, Lanark, Stirling, Perth, Forfar, Aber- deen, and the Isle of Skye. In 1841, I traced it for the space of half a mile along the side of the Tay, below Perth, looking quite as well established in several spots jn this line, as was the Pedicularis palustris and other genuine Britons; and it was also flourishing by a small rill, near the Inn of Dalnacardoch, in the same county, a thousand feet above the sea. It makes less progress towards natu- ralization in the south-east of England, where the stream- lets become dry in summer. 790. OROBANCHE MAJoR, Linn. (?) hae bi “MN OTS Area 1234567891011 413 % [15 16]. South limit in Devon, Isle of Wight, Kent. Lin auch North limit in Dumfries, Northumberland. Estimate of provinces 13. Estimate of counties 40. Latitude 50—56. English type of distribution. 54, OROBANCHACEA, 225 Agrarian region. Inferagrarian—Midagrarian zones. Descends to the coast level, in the Peninsula. Ascends to 100 or 200 yards, in England. Range of mean annual temperature 51—47. Native. Sylvestral, Ericetal. Parasitical upon Ulex, Spartium, &c. Much confusion prevails among the pub- lished localities for our various species of Orobanche, which renders the indication of their geographical rela- tions highly uncertain and unsatisfactory. The East and West Highland provinces are excluded from the true area, under the presumption that the habitats published for “ O. major,” on the coasts of those provinces, really belonged to O. rubra. Babington has adopted the name of “ O. rapum (Thuill.)” for this species, and cites Fries as his au- thority for O. major (Linn.) and O. elatior (Sutt.) being synonymous. ti. bey, Ghss 791. OROBANCHE CARYOPHYLLACEA, Sm. Area [1] x 3. South limit in Kent or Devon? North limit in Kent or Surrey? Estimate of provinces ]. Estimate of counties 2. Latitude 50—52. Local (Germ.) type of distribution. Agrarian region. Inferagrarian zone. Descends to the coast level, in Thames province. Ascends to 50 yards, more or less. Range of mean annual temperature 50—49. Native. Septal, &c. Parasitical on “ Galium Mollugo, Rubus fruticosus, &c.” Reported from Berry Head, in Devon, on the authority of Mr. Borrer; but I think this was somewhere stated afterwards to have been a mistake. The county of Surrey is doubtfully mentioned above, under VOL. II. Q 226 54. OROBANCHACES. an idea that the supposed Orobanche “ lucorum,” of Surrey, may possibly be identical with Smith’s O. caryophyllacea. Otherwise, the South-east of Kent is the only habitat cer- tainly ascertained for the present species. OROBANCHE LUCORUM, Braun. Area [3]. Incognit. It is very doubtful whether this name ought to appear in lists of British plants; but it was given to a species which has been found in plenty near Epsom, in Surrey. What that species truly is, I must confess myself still unable to say with any feeling of confidence, although I think it is not O. lucorum. Mr. Williamson, of the Royal Gardens at Kew, gives the following directions for finding the plant :—‘ From the back of the Grand Stand, on Ep- som Race-course, proceed through the fields to the town of Epsom, and the plant will be found among clover (rarely among wheat) on the right hand side, on the back of the hill.” (July, 1846.) Area * 2 * 4 * 6. South limit in Cambridge, Pembroke, North limit in same counties, as far as yet known. Estimate of provinces —? Estimate of counties —? Latitude 51—53. English type of distribution. Agrarian region. Inferagrarian zone. Descends to the coast level, or nearly so. Ascends to 50 yards, more or less. Range of mean annual temperature 49—48. : + OROBANCHE Picripis, Schultz. Ae 47% Mt fo ¢ : 54. OROBANCHACE. 227 Native. Agrestal? Parasitical on Picris hieracioides. Discovered at Comberton, near Cambridge, by the Rev. W. W. Newbould (Annals, August, 1848), whence I have a specimen from Mr. G. S. Gibson, through the Botanical Society of London. Mr. C. C. Babington informs me that it has been also found (by himself?—or by Mr. New- bould?) in an old and long-deserted quarry, near Giltar Head, Pembrokeshire. Having thus been discovered al- most simultaneously in two counties so far apart, it may be expected elsewhere. The question will also arise, whether it had not been previously collected, but misnamed? If so, under what name was it recorded ? 792. OROBANCHE ELATIOR, Sutt. Areal] 234567831011. South limit in Dorset, Somerset, Wilts, Sussex. North limit in Durham, York, Lincoln. Estimate of provinces 10. Estimate of counties 25. Latitude 50—55. English type of distribution. Agrarian region. Inferagrarian—Midagrarian zones. Descends to the coast level, in Peninsula or Thames. Ascends to 100 or 200 yards, in England. Range of mean annual temperature 50—47, Native. Agrestal? Parasitical upon Centaurea Sca- biosa, Knautia arvensis, and Carduus lanceolatus? O. major, of Linneus, according to Fries, in Summa Vegeta- bilium, &c. I am quite unable to say how much of truth, or how much of error, there may be in the sketch of distri- bution given above; being compelled to receive most of the localities as I find them recorded in books, without the means of detecting those errors of nomenclature which Q2 228 D4. OROBANCHACE. I much suspect to occur in reference to many of the locali- ties for this and other native species of its genus. 792*, OROBANCHE AMETHYSTEA, Thutl. Area 1. South limit in Cornwall. North limit in same county, so far as yet known. Estimate of provinces 1. Estimate of counties 1. Latitude 50—51. Local (Atl.) type of distribution. Agrarian region. Inferagrarian zone. Descends to the coast level, in the Peninsula. Ascends to ? (Altitude trifling.) Range of mean annual temperature 52. Native. Littoral? Parasitical on Daucus maritimus. Discovered lately by the Rev. W. S. Hore, at Whitsand Bay, near the Land’s End, Cornwall. It may be expected elsewhere. 793. OROBANCHE MINOR, Sutt. 4 Vel 1h fps Areal 23456 »% » % 10. South limit in Cornwall, Devon, Isle of Wight, Kent. North limit in York, Norfolk, Hereford. Estimate of provinces 7. Estimate of counties 30. Latitude 50—55. English (?) type of distribution. Agrarian region. Inferagrarian—Midagrarian zones. Descends to the coast level, in the Peninsula. Ascends to 100 or 200 yards, in England. Range of mean annual temperature 50—47. Native. Agrestal, Pascual. Parasitical on Trifolia and Crepis virens. In attempting to trace the geographical 0. trey Jlegs ee. ee F7, “ag. Sr 54. OROBANCHACES, 229 relations of the present species, I have left out of view all the localities recorded for “ O. minor,” in which it is men- tioned as growing on Ivy; the species of the Hedera Helix being now considered quite distinct from the one here under consideration, and now described in recent works under name of O. barbata and O. Heder. This latter would seem to prevail in, if not limited to, the western counties ; while the O. minor occurs chiefly in the eastern counties, and thus inclines to the Germanic type of distri- bution. 793*. OROBANCHE HEDER&, Duby. Areal2» 567. South limit in Cornwall, Isle of Wight, —— ? ? North limit in Caernarvon, Estimate of provinces 7. Estimate of counties 15. Latitude 50—54. Atlantic type of distribution. Agrarian region. Inferagrarian zone. Descends to the coast level, in the Peninsula. Ascends to 100 or 200 yards, in England. Range of mean annual temperature 52—49. Native. Rupestral? Parasitical on Hedera Helix. The habitats for this species having usually been recorded un- der O. minor, it will at present appear more rare than is really the case. But uniting together the localities pub- lished for O. Hedere or barbata, and those for “ O. minor,” in which the latter is expressly mentioned to grow on Ivy, we shall obtain records in the following counties :— Cornwall, Devon, Somerset, Isle of Wight, Gloucester, Monmouth, Glamorgan, Pembroke, Brecon, Merioneth, and Caernarvon; to which several others will very likely need to be added eventually. 230 54, OROBANCHACE. 794. OROBANCHE RUBRA, Sim. Arealyx yx xx6xx%%10%%%%15 16 17. ° South limit in Cornwall, Glamorgan? York ? North limit in Ross, Isle of Skye, Fife. Estimate of provinces 6. Estimate of counties 7. Latitude 50—58. Local (Brit.) type of distribution. Agrarian region. Inferagrarian—Superagrarian zones. Descends to the coast level, in the Peninsula. Ascends to 50 yards, more or less, in England. Range of mean annual temperature 52—-47. Native. Pascual or Rupestral? Parasitical on Thymus Serpyllum. Recorded from the counties of Cornwall (Mr. G. S. Gibson; Mr. C. C. Babington), Glamorgan (Mr. Gutch), York (Mr. James Ward), Fife (Dr. R. Graham, &c.), Argyle (H. C. Watson, &c.), Isle of Skye (Balfour and Babington), Ross (Mr. R. B. Bowman, in N. B. G.). Assuming these records to be correct, the wide area of this species, east and west, south and north, would connect it with the British type of distribution,—or, at least, prevents the reference of it to any other type; and yet the paucity of its localities brings it into strong contrast with the ge- nerally distributed plants of the British type. 795. OROBANCHE CHRULEA, Vill. Area 234% [6]. South limit in the Isle of Wight, Hants, Berks ? North limit in Norfolk, Herts. Kstimate of provinces 3. Estimate of counties 8. Latitude 50—53. Local (Germ.) type of distribution. 54. OROBANCHACE. 231 Agrarian region. Inferagrarian zone. Descends to the coast level, or nearly so. Ascends to 50 yards, more or less, in England. Range of mean annual temperature 51—49. Native. Pascual. Parasitical on Achillea Millefolium. Dillwyn quotes the Swansea Guide, as the authority for this very scarce species being found on hilly pastures in Glamorganshire, which may be an error of name. Norfolk and Hants rest upon old authority, which it would now be desirable to verify and confirm afresh. Mr. Hurst men- tions the occurrence of this species in “ a clover-field near Cookham, through which the foot-path leads to Great Marlow, abundantly ;” but possibly the purplish variety of O. minor may have been mistaken for the present species. I have specimens from the Isle of Wight (Dr. Bromfield) and Hertfordshire (Rev. W. H. Coleman). 795*. OROBANCHE ARENARIA, Bork. Sarnian. “ Parasitical upon Achillea Millefolium ? in the Channel Islands.” (Bab. Man. edit. 2.) 796. OROBANCHE RAMOSA, Linn. Area (1 2 3 4). Alien? If parasitical on Hemp alone, this species can- not be fairly deemed indigenous in England. Moreover, with the discontinuance of Hemp cultivation it has disap- peared from most of its localities, formerly placed on record by authorities now becoming old and uncertain. It is said to have grown in Devon, Somerset, Hants, Kent, Suffolk, Norfolk, and Cambridge ; but whether still to be found in 232 54. OROBANCHACEH.—04*. ACANTHACEZ. any of these counties I am not prepared to say. Professor Henslow allows it to remain as a Cambridgeshire plant, in his Catalogue of British Plants. 797. Lararmza squamaria, Linn. <¢ FZ Mt fog LI §> Aréal 234547891011 12 13 14 15 [16]. South limit in Devon, Isle of Wight, Kent. North limit in [Argyle ?], Stirling, Edinburgh. Estimate of provinces 15. Estimate of counties 40. Latitude 50—57. English type of distribution. Agrarian region. Inferagrarian—Midagrarian zones. Descends to the coast level, in Peninsula or Channel. Ascends to 100 or 200 yards, in England. Range of mean annual temperature 50—47. Native. Sylvestral. The extreme rarity of this plant in the Highland provinces, where only one locality seems quite to be relied upon, induces the assignment of it to the English type, notwithstanding that there appears no parti- cular prevalence of it in the southern, as compared with the northern, provinces of England. According to Light- foot’s Flora Scotica, it was found by Mr. Stuart in Morvern, near the Sound of Mull, “on a dry heathy brae,” to the east of the houses of Laggan,—a situation which appears very suspicious for a plant usually restricted to the roots of trees in complete shade. I have aspecimen from Camp- sie Glen, which I suppose to be in Stirlingshire, collected by Dr. J. D. Hooker. + ACANTHUS MOLLIS, Linn. FAG hae Area [1]. Incognit or Alien. Observed by Dr. Penneck, com- pletely wild, near Penzance. (Jones’ Tour. p. 31.) 55. VERBENACE®.—995. LAMIACER. 233 € FASa J. ‘6 798. VERBENA OFFICINALIS, Linn. Areal 234567891011 % » x [1]. South limit in Cornwall, Isle of Wight, Kent. North limit in Northumberland, Anglesea. 24+ Gor Gy Estimate of provinces 11. Estimate of counties 40. Latitude 50—56. English type of distribution. Agrarian region. Inferagrarian—Midagrarian zones. Descends to the coast level, in the Peninsula. Ascends to 100 or 200 yards, in England. Range of mean annual temperature 52—47. Native. Viatical. The Catalogue of the Edinburgh Botanical Society does not recognize this plant as occur- ring in their circuit, so that I presume it has become ex- tinct in the habitat published by Lightfoot, on authority of Dr. Parsons. Rather frequent in the southern counties of England; much less so in the northern. ka “4 A. 476 799. Sauvia veRBENACA, Linn. : " 799,b. Satvia CLANDESTINA, Linn. Areal 234567891011 x x 1415 x (17). South limit in Cornwall, Isle of Wight. North limit in Ross? Forfar? Fife, Edinburgh. Estimate of provinces 14. Estimate of counties 40. Latitude 50—57 (58). English type of distribution. Agrarian region. Inferagrarian—Midagrarian zones. Descends to the coast level, in the Peninsula. Ascends to 100 or 200 yards, in England. Range of mean annual temperature 52—47. Native. Viatical, Pascual. I am unable to distinguish 234 55. LAMIACEA. these two alleged species in a satisfactory manner; and there can be no doubt that many of the localities recorded for S. pratensis must be referred hither, on account of mis- takes between S. pratensis and S.verbenaca. The Rev. G. Gordon records the occurrence of this plant “ between the Episcopal Chapel and Harbour, Fortrose, 1831” (Coll. Mor. 2.), but marks it as having been “ certainly intro- duced.” Proceeding southwards, we find a single locality at Dundee, given in the Flora of Forfarshire, qualified by a remark that it is there “ probably the outcast of a gar- den.” In the Catalogue of the Edinburgh Society, S. verbenaca is recognized as indigenous in the counties of the Forth, where it was recorded by Lightfoot and others. Babington localizes S. clandestina only on the “ Lizard Point, Cornwall.” 800. SALVIA PRATENSIS, Linn. Ate Jil li pn 476 Area [1 2] 3 [4567841011]. South limit in Kent. North limit in Oxford. Estimate of provinces 1. Estimate of counties 2. Latitude 51—52. Local (Germ.) type of distribution. Agrarian region. Inferagrarian zone. Descends nearly to the coast level. Ascends to 50 yards, more or less. Range of mean annual temperature 49—48. Denizen. Pascual? ‘This species has long been col- lected in abundance, although very locally, near Cobham, in Kent; and Mr. C. C. Babington informs me that he possesses a specimen from the neighbourhood of Middleton Stoney, in Oxfordshire ; the latter probably being the loca- lity particularly described by Mr. Saunders in the Mag. 55. LAMIACEE. 235 Nat. Hist., new series, No. iii. 239. By name, it has like- wise been recorded from numerous other counties ; in most (or all) of which there is reason to fear that S. verbenaca was mistaken for S. pratensis. 801. Lycopus EuRoPz&us, Linn. Area1 23456789 10111213 14 15 16 17. South limit in Cornwall, Isle of Wight, Kent. North limit in Ross, Aberdeen, West-Inverness. Estimate of provinces 17. Estimate of counties 70. Latitude 50—58. British (?) type of distribution. Agrarian region. Inferagrarian—Superagrarian zones. Descends to the coast level, in the Peninsula. Ascends to 100 or 200 yards, in England. Range of mean annual temperature 52—47. Native. Paludal, Inundatal. An example ofthe English type by its diminishing frequency northward, but too widely distributed to be removed from the British or general type. Only two localities known for the North Highland pro- vince; namely, in Strathpeffer, Ross-shire, and “‘ Loch Aichaltie, at Craigdarroch” (N. B. G.), in the same county. Possibly both these descriptions may indicate the same single habitat. titra J, “gy 802. MENTHA ROTUNDIFOLIA, Linn. Areal 2345678 1011 12 [14 15 16]. South limit in Cornwall, Isle of Wight, Kent. North limit in Cumberland? Northumberland ? Estimate of provinces 11. Estimate of counties 25. Latitude 50—56. English type of distribution. 236 50. LAMIACE. Agrarian region. Inferagrarian—Midagrarian zones. Descends to the coast level, in the Peninsula. Ascends to 100 or 200 yards, in England. Range of mean annual temperature 52—47. Native. Inundatal, Pratal, &c. Difficult to say where this species is truly indigenous, and where it has become established through the agency of mankind. Nor is this difficulty the only impediment in the way of making out the distribution of the plant ; for there seems much reason to suspect that the names of M. sylvestris and M. rotundi- folia have been frequently crossed and misapplied. Thus, in the first edition of Babington’s Manual, we find the Isle of Arran indicated as the habitat for a variety, “ velutina,” of M. rotundifolia ; but in the second edition, the variety and habitat are transferred to M. sylvestris. And I have myself occasionally been in doubt whether to refer certain specimens to this or to the other species. To which spe- cies does the “ M. rotundifolia” of Winch (Flora N. D. and Contrib. Cumberland) really belong? If to M. sylvestris, then the area, census, &c. of the present species must be contracted within limits to correspond with the necessary correction. 803. MENTHA syLvEstris, Linn. << 4 Mt fe 4g Areal 2345678410412 41415 16. South limit in Cornwall? Dorset, Sussex, Kent. North limit in Moray? Forfar? Perth? Argyle? Estimate of provinces 13. Estimate of counties 30. Latitude 50—56 (58). English type of distribution. Agrarian region. Inferagrarian—Superagrarian zones. Descends to the coast level, in the Peninsula. Ascends to 100 or 200 yards, in England. Range of mean annual temperature 51—46. Do. LAMIACES. 237 Native. Inundatal, Paludal. The observations made under the preceding species, M. rotundifolia, will indicate that the localities of this one also are liable to doubt in various instances; although it is probable that the more frequent error between them arises from giving the name of M. rotundifolia to specimens of the present species ; thus causing the former to appear less rare, and the present species to appear more rare, than the facts would warrant if they were clearly and fully ascertained. Suspected to have been introduced to Moray and Forfar. Is it truly wild at Killin, Perthshire, and in Arran? If so, we may say cends to 150 yards in the East Highland province, on faith of the former locality. fee bit “Ie A : GP. 804. MentTHuHa viRIDIs, Linn. Area123456%8%1011%%1415 y » (18). South limit in Devon? Somerset, Wilts, Kent? @exa-& North limit in Forfar? Perth? Stirling? Edinburgh. Estimate of provinces 11. Estimate of counties 20. Latitude 50—56 (57). English type of distribution. Agrarian region. Inferagrarian—Midagrarian zones. Descends to the coast level, in the Peninsula. Ascends 100 or 200 yards, in England. Range of mean annual temperature 51—47. Denizen. Paludal, Inundatal, &c. In all likelihood, introduced to most of its recorded localities ; but here, as in so many other instances, that mischievous habit with botanical collectors, of suppressing or misrepresenting facts, in order to make out an apparently favorable case for belief in the nativity of species, interposes a very serious bar against the progress of scientific truth in matters relating to the distribution of plants. On the whole, the evidence 238 50. LAMIACE. appears rather in favour of this being truly a native spe- cies; although, if so, it can still be deemed really indige- nous in very few of the provinces. Babington admits it as a native. Henslow marks it under suspicion. Hooker considers it introduced. In the Edinburgh Catalogue, it is recognized as indigenous, though rare, in the Forth circuit. I have seen it well established by a ruined house in Aber- deenshire, fully 400 yards above the sea level; where it would be in a mean yearly temperature of 42 degrees, or less. 805. MENTHA PIPERITA, Linn. Areal 234567891011 yy 141516. South limit in Cornwall, Devon, Isle of Wight? Sussex. North limit in Aberdeen? Forfar? Perth? Dumbarton. Estimate of provinces 14. Estimate of counties 30. Latitude 50—57. English type of distribution. Agrarian region. Inferagrarian—Midagrarian zones. Descends to the coast level, in the Peninsula. Ascends to 100 or 200 yards, in England. Range of mean annual temperature 52—47. Native. Paludal, Inundatal. This species appears to be certainly indigenous in some of the southern provinces of England, and may even be so in Scotland likewise. But its recorded localities are subject to the same distrust, in consequence of many of them being artificial, and uncer- tainty, through errors of nomenclature, as those of the three preceding species were stated to be. I feel quite unpre- pared to indicate accurately the true northern limit, census, range of latitude, &c. of any of these four species. 55. LAMIACEA. 239 806. MEnTHA aquatica, Linn. &e. &e. Area general. South limit in Cornwall, Isle of Wight, Kent. North limit in Orkney, Ross, Aberdeen, Argyle. Estimate of provinces 18. Estimate of counties 80. Latitude 50—60. British type of distribution. Agrarian region. Inferagrarian—Superagrarian zones. Descends to the coast level, in the Peninsula. _ Ascends to 300 yards, in Cumberland. Range of mean annual temperature 52—45. Native. Paludal. This is probably a scarce plant in the three most northerly provinces. Said to grow near Killin, which is about 150 yards of elevation, in the East High- lands. I did not myself observe it in the Highland valleys. Mentha citrata or odorata, said to be a variety of the pre- sent species, has been reported from about-a dozen of the English counties, though in some of these probably as an escape from gardens only. Lew Vet. t/7 J, & North limit in York, Lancaster ;—or Edinburgh. Kstimate of provinces 11. Estimate of counties 40. Latitude 50—55 (56). English type of distribution. Agrarian region. Inferagrarian—Midagrarian zones. Descends to the coast level, in the Peninsula. Ascends to 100 or 200 yards, in England. Range of mean annual temperature 52—48. Native. Sylvestral, Septal. Three localities have been recorded for this plant in Scotland; namely, near a garden wall, Haddington, by Drs. Hope and Parsons ; in Dalkeith Park, near Edinburgh, by Mr. Thomas Edmondston ; near Oban, Argyleshire, by the label which accompanied a spe- cimen sent to the Botanical Society of London by Miss Harvey. It is recognized as an indigenous plant of the Edinburgh circuit, in the Catalogue published by the Bo- tanical Society of that city; but so likewise is the L. maculatum, as also various other introduced plants. 828. LamruM ALBuM, Linn. Areal 234567891011 %131415 y » (18). South limit in Cornwall, Isle of Wight, Kent. 254 55. LAMIACE. North limit in Aberdeen, Stirling, about Glasgow. Estimate of provinces 16. Estimate of counties 70. Latitude 50—58. British (?) type of distribution. Agrarian region. Inferagrarian—Superagrarian zones. Descends to the coast level, in the Peninsula. Ascends to 100 or 200 yards, in England. Range of mean annual temperature 52—47. Native. Viatical. A very frequent plant in England ; but becoming so infrequent in the Highland provinces as almost to require its position under the English type. It is enumerated in Lowe’s list of Orkney plants. The Rev. G. Gordon deems it certainly introduced into Moray, and indicates only the single locality of “ Dunfermline’s gar- den, 1831” (Coll. Mor. 1839). In the Alvah Catalogue also marked as a doubtfully indigenous species, by Mr. W. A. Stables. Not comnion about Aberdeen. Southwards it becomes more plentiful, and is marked with the highest sign of frequency for the Edinburgh circuit. As it is stated in Flora Glottiana to be frequent about Glasgow, I take the West Highland province into the estimate, although I have no positive authority for its occurrence in that or the Lake province. 829, Lamrum macutatum, Linn. “<7 /. dy, 829,b. Lamium Lavicatum, “Linn.” Area (x %3%5%%89% x» 131415 x 17). Alien. Formerly much cultivated in gardens, while Eu- ropean species constituted the staple stock of hardy orna- mental plants ; and as it readily diffuses itself by seeds in a weed-like manner, it has become more or less fully esta- blished in many localities. In Babington’s Manual, the habitats of “ Fifeshire and Cloya” are indicated for the L. 55. LAMIACEAE. 255 levigatum. But the specimens distributed from Dr. Dewar, through the Botanical Societies of London and Edinburgh, and localized at Torrie, Fife, do not correspond with the L. levigatum of the Linnean Herbarium; nor, writing from recollection of the Clova plants, do I think that the very few stray examples there seen would correspond much bet- ter. I consider that the sinking of L. maculatum, by Mr. Bentham, as a variety of L. album, if equally acted up to in other cases, would lead to the suppression of thousands of species generally so received; and that this course would be fully as confusing and injurious to the progress of real science (inductive and generalized science) as the opposite fault of hastily splitting species on account of tri- fling differences, without previous experiment, or even, as too often done, without careful and truth-seeking examina- tion of a proper series of their individual forms. In avoid- ing Scylla, Mr. Bentham sweeps headlong into Charybdis. fee fal, bi J. bgp 830. LAMIUM AMPLEXICAULE, Linn. Area general. South limit in Cornwall, Isle of Wight, Kent. North limit in Hebrides, Caithness, Sutherland. Kstimate of provinces 18. Estimate of counties 80. Latitude 50—59. British type of distribution. Agrarian region. Inferagrarian—Superagrarian zones. Descends to the coast level, in the Peninsula. Ascends to 100 or 200 yards, in England. Range of mean annual temperature 52—46. Native. Viatical, Agrestal. In consequence of the re- cent separation of L. intermedium, as a species distinct from this present one, it becomes doubtful under which of the two some of the more northern habitats, recorded for 256 55. LAMIACE. L. amplexicaule years ago, should now be placed. Both being mentioned in the list of Hebridean species, by Messrs. Balfour and Babington, and both as having been observed in various parts of the Outer Hebrides, there seems much likelihood that both may occur also in the counties of the North Highland province. Neither of them is mentioned in the Orkney lists; and only L. intermedium, in the Flora of Shetland. 830, b. LAMIUM INTERMEDIUM, Fives. Area x x x x (5 #7] * * % » % 18 1415 16 x 18. lea South limit in Caernarvon? Wigton, Edinburgh. North limit in Shetland, Hebrides. 4 thar Estimate of provinces 6. Estimate of counties 20. Latitude 54 (53)—61. Scottish (?) type of distribution. Agrarian region. Midagrarian—Superagrarian zones. Descends to the coast level, in the Lowlands. Ascends to 100 or 200 yards, in Scotland. Range of mean annual temperature 48—45. Native. Viatical. Not satisfactorily ascertained in any English county, though stated to be “ common in Scot- land.” Has been reported from Salop, on the authority of Mr. Leighton (Hook. Br. Flo. 4), but is not included in the Flora of Shropshire. There is a specimen from Bangor, Caernarvonshire, in my own herbarium, concerning which T am at a loss whether to call it L. amplexicaule or L. in- termedium ; and in this state of uncertainty, the province of North Wales is excluded from the area, &c. ‘In Scot- land, I have seen it in, or find it recorded from, Dumfries, Wigton, Ayr, Lanark, Edinburgh, Fife, Forfar, Argyle, Outer Hebrides, and Shetland; and it will likely enough be found in many other counties, including some of the SEES OT Sa ne po ee 55. LAMIACEA. 257 English. At present, I regard L. intermedium as a form of L. amplexicaule. 831. LAMIUM PURPUREUM, Linn. Area general. South limit in Cornwall, Isle of Wight, Kent. North limit in Shetland, Orkney, Hebrides. Estimate of provinces 18. Estimate of counties 82. Latitude 50—61. British type of distribution. Agrarian region. Inferagrarian—Superagrarian zones. Descends to the coast level, in the Peninsula. Ascends to 350 yards, in East Highlands. Range of mean annual temperature 52—43. Native. Viatical, Agrestal. A very common weed, which flowers through the winter season, unless at times when there is continued frost. The only species of its genus which occurs in Faroe ; but it fails to reach Lapland. 831,b. Lamium 1ncisumM, Willd. Area general ? South limit in Cornwall, Isle of Wight, Kent. North limit in Shetland, Hebrides. Estimate of provinces 18. Estimate of counties 75. Latitude 50—61. British type of distribution. Agrarian region. Inferagrarian—Superagrarian zones. Descends to the coast level, in the Peninsula. Ascends to 100 or 200 yards, in England. Range of mean annual temperature 52—45. Native. Viatical, Agrestal. Probably a variety of L. purpureum. The latter varies greatly in the form and VOL, II. s 258 55. LAMIACE. cutting of its leaves ; thus rendering any satisfactory dis- tinction between the two so-called species exceedingly difficult ; the alleged difference in the number of teeth of the lower lip of the corolla not being obvious to me where I have looked for it. 832. GALEopsis LapANuM, Linn. rs Fin f, bbe Areal 28456%8910114% $714 15 » x [18]. South limit in Devon, Isle of Wight, Kent. 22+ 427€ North limit in Moray, Aberdeen (introduced ?). Estimate of provinces 12. Estimate of counties 40. Latitude 50—58. English (?) type of distribution. Agrarian region. Inferagrarian—Superagrarian zones. Descends to the coast level, in the Peninsula. Ascends to 100 or 200 yards, in England. Range of mean annual temperature 51—47. Native. Agrestal. Frequent in the south of England, decreasing northward and westward ; extending too much into the south-western provinces, to be fairly referred to the Germanic type; almost too far northwards, for the strictly English type. It appears to be quite local in Scot- land. Notwithstanding its comparative infrequency, how- ever, should it prove to be really indigenous in Orkney and Faroe, from both of which insular groups it has been reported, the geographic type might be held intermediate between the British and Germanic, or the general and eastern. - 833. GALEOPSIS OCHROLEUCA, Linn. Areay #3y%5%7891011. South limit in. Essex, Notts, Caernarvon. 55. LAMIACE. 259 North limit in Durham, York, Lancaster. Estimate of provinces 6. Estimate of counties 6. Latitude 51—55. Local (Scot.) type of distribution. Agrarian region. Inferagrarian—Midagrarian zones. Descends to the coast level, in North Wales. Ascends to 100 yards, more or less, in England. Range of mean annual temperature 49—48. Colonist. Agrestal. Besides the half dozen counties mentioned above, I have a manuscript note for Warwick- shire, but suspect an error on the part of my informant. Lately discovered in Essex, by Mr. E. G. Varenne, ac- cording to Mr. Thomas Bentall (Phytol. ii. 356). The authorities for the other counties may be seen in the New Botanist’s Guide; that for Lancaster (Hudson) requiring verification. Probably introduced by agriculture, and still quite local. Being chiefly, almost exclusively, found in the North of England, it may be deemed nearest to the Scottish type of distribution ; but this is rather attributable to the accident of position, than to the climatal adaptation ; for it is not properly a boreal jplant in Britain or on the Continent. 834. GALEoPsIs TETRAHIT, Linn. Area general. South limit in Cornwall, Isle of Wight, Kent. North limit in Shetland, Orkney, Hebrides. Estimate of provinces 18. Estimate of counties 82. Latitude 50—61. British type of distribution. Agrarian region. Inferagrarian—Superagrarian zones. Descends to the coast level, in the Peninsula. Ascends to 400 yards, in East Highlands. Range of mean annual temperature 52—42. 32 S = 260 55. LAMIACE. Native. Agrestal, Sylvestral. We have certainly tw« forms of this plant, easily recognized by the eye, and botl common; but which offer to my examination no clear characters for written distinction as species. A frequen weed of the Highland corn fields, as well as in those of England; and often seen in coppices and on hedge-banks, where the ground had been lately disturbed. 835. GALEOPSIS VERSICOLOR, Curt. <« 477. V0 fa dy Area» 2345%7891011 1213 14 15 16 17. South limit in Sussex, Kent, Monmouth. North limit in Ross, Aberdeen, West-Inverness. Estimate of provinces 16. Estimate of counties 50. Latitude 51—58. British (?) type of distribution. Agrarian region. Inferagrarian—Superagrarian zones. Descends to the coast level, in province of Ouse. Ascends to 150 yards, in East Highlands. Range of mean annual temperature 49—45. Native. Agrestal. Gradually disappearing towards the two latitudinal extremities of Britain, though pretty fre- quent over a large intermediate area. If not deemed sufficiently general to be correctly referred to the British type, it must be assigned to the Scottish rather than to the English ; for its chief prevalence is in provinces 8 to 16. Perhaps the estimate might have been carried up to 60 counties. The distinctness of this species has been doubted; but, according to the Rev. W. A. Leighton, its seeds pro- duce only plants of its own kind. (See Mag. Nat. Hist. vill. 635.) While this unchanged reproduction, through one or few descents, cannot clearly establish specific dis- tinctness, it affords an argument presumptively in favour thereof. 05. LAMIACEA. 261 836. Sracuys BeTonica, Benth. Areal 234567891011 1213 14 15. South limit in Cornwall, Isle of Wight, Kent. North limit in Perth, Edinburgh, about Glasgow. Estimate of provinces 16. Estimate of counties 60. Latitude 50—57. English type of distribution. Agrarian region. Inferagrarian—Midagrarian zones. Descends to the coast level, in the Peninsula. Ascends to 100 or 200 yards, in England. Range of mean annual temperature 52—47. Native. Sylvestral. As this occurs in Perthshire, and “not unfrequently” about Glasgow, probability seems to warrant the inclusion of the West Highlands in the pro- vincial estimate. The habitats of Dupplin and Dunkeld, in Perthshire, indicate a near approach to the superagra- rian zone, and possibly a mean temperature down to 46. ig 837. STACHYS PALUSTRIS, Linn. Aa fob ll gg, 837,b. SvAcHYs AMBIGUA, Sm. Area general. South limit in Cornwall, Isle of Wight, Kent. North limit in Shetland, Orkney, Hebrides. Estimate of provinces 18. Estimate of counties 82. Latitude 50—61. British type of distribution. Agrarian region. Inferagrarian—Superagrarian zones. Descends to the coast level, in the Peninsula. Ascends to 350 yards, in East Highlands. Range of mean annual temperature 52—43. Native. Paludal, Agrestal. A variable species, and 262 do. LAMIACEA. varying much in regard to its situations of growth. Sta- chys ambigua is recorded from every province; but I must refer all the specimens sent to me, labelled by that name, to ordinary S. palustris, with the exception of one from the Botanical Society of London, communicated by Dr. Dewar, from the neighbourhood of Culross, in a part of Perthshire which is physically a portion of Fifeshire, and so taken in this work ; possibly also excepting two others, from Orkney” and Dumbarton. I have collected Smith’s plant in Corn- wall and Surrey ; and while confessing myself unprepared to give any sufficient diagnosis in writing, I am still not quite certain that the true S. ambigua is identical with S. palustris, when taken apart from the slight varieties of the latter species which are frequently labelled as S. ambigua. * Wi Paley Sheard plarL- peerry hb he Hee /AaTne, 0 838. STACHYs syLvATica Linn. Area general. South limit in Cornwall, Isle of Wight, Kent. North limit in Shetland, Orkney, Hebrides. Estimate of provinces 18. Estimate of counties 82. Latitude 50—61. British type of distribution. Agrarian region. Inferagrarian—Superagrarian zones. Descends to the coast level, in the Peninsula. Ascends to 400 yards, in East Highlands (Dickie). Range of mean annual temperature 52—43. Native. Sylvestral, Paludal. I have seen this above 1000 feet in Perthshire, and Dr. Dickie says it grows at 1200 feet in Aberdeenshire. 839. SracHys GERMANICA, Linn. Aa bet Mt J, -4br Te. | ee Ared; 7 ath gt Sig 20, ’ South limit in Kent? Berks, Oxon, Bedford. 55. LAMIACE. 263 North limit in York, Lincoln, Derby ? Estimate of provinces 4. Estimate of counties 5. Latitude 54—55. Germanic type of distribution. Agrarian region. Inferagrarian—Midagrarian zones. Descends nearly to the coast level, in Thames. Ascends to 50 or 100 yards, in England. Range of mean annual temperature 49—48. Native? Sylvestral, Pascual? Usually allowed to pass muster among our really native plants. Not having seen it in any of its reported habitats, I am unable to say aught in the matter from my own experience or observation. Mr. Spruce says (Flora of Yorkshire) that it is plentiful in all the woods about Castle Howard, in the province of Humber. In that of Trent, the Rev. J. Davies stated (B. G.) that it was a common weed in the fields and hedges a little wide of Coltersworth, about eight miles from Gran- tham, in great profusion in the years 1794 and 1796, on the left hand side of the road to....? And it was said to have been found by Dr. Richardson four miles south of Grantham, near the London road opposite Easton. Ano- ther locality in the same province, that of Pinxton, Derby- shire, is quoted from Mr. Coke, in the Botanist’s Guide. Truly wild at Luton Park, in Bedfordshire, according to the Rev. Dr. Abbott (Mr. Dawson Turner, mss.), but in- troduced thence to the “ hill, two miles from Bedford,” by Dr. Abbott himself, in order to have it nearer his own re- sidence. I have one specimen from Oxfordshire, commu: nicated to the Botanical Society of London, by Dr. Lloyd, who collected this species by the road-side between Hop- croft’s Holt and Sturge’s Castle, on the road from Oxford to Banbury. Other localities in the same county may be seen in the Botanist’s Guides. Ducklington, Berkshire, is mentioned for this plant in the British Flora, &e. And it was once found at Earthiot, near Lyminge, in Kent, by oe le 264 55. LAMIACE. the Rev. Ralph Price. The comital estimate is taken at 5, because in 2 of the 7 counties the species seems not tainly to be found. STacHys annua, Linn. Area [x x (3) » 5]. Incognit. Said”to have been found by Mr. Joseph Woods in a field of wheat, on the right of the road between Gad’s Hill and Rochester, in 1830; to which it had pro- bably been introduced with the seed wheat. Mr. James Carter enumerated it among plants seen near Cheadle, in Staffordshire; probably by some inadvertence of name, instead of S. arvensis. orl aged butm erliaith or at Cigh Nita peer & fiw peay bf Cotend gs jet. Kikheg p> Bley Pre. Oct 065 840. STacHys ARVENSIS, Linn. See Fett 4, “GS Area 1234567891011121314151617.4. South limit in Cornwall, Isle of Wight, Kent. North limit in Sutherland, Ross. Estimate of provinces 17. Estimate of counties 75. Latitude 50—59. British type of distribution. Agrarian region. Inferagrarian—Superagrarian zone. Descends to the coast level, in the Peninsula. Ascends to 100 or 200 yards, in England. Range of mean annual temperature 52—46. Native. Agrestal. Scarcely more than a ‘ Colonist’ through agriculture in the North of Scotland. 841. GLECHOMA HEDERACEA, Linn. Area general. South limit in Cornwall, Isle of Wight, Kent. OO a a 55. LAMIACE. 265 North limit in Orkney, Ross, ? Estimate of provinces 18. Estimate of counties 80. Latitude 50—60. British type of distribution. Agrarian region. Inferagrarian—Superagrarian zones. Descends to the coast level, in the Peninsula. Ascends to 100 or 200 yards, in England. Range of mean annual temperature 52—46. Native. Sylvestral, Septal. Abundant in England; but apparently far from common in the Highland provinces. Absent from the lists for Shetland and the Outer Hebrides ; nor did I happen to see it in Sutherland or Caithness. Observed in Orkney by Dr. Patrick Neill. ee Vittt1 fe. 463. 842. Nepera Cararia, Linn. Area 1 2345678, 1011 4131415 , (17 18). South limit in Cornwall, Isle of Wight, Kent. North limit in Fife, Lanark, Berwick. Estimate of provinces 14. Estimate of counties 40. Latitude 50—57. English type of distribution. Agrarian region. Inferagrarian—Midagrarian zones. Descends to the coast level, in the Peninsula. Ascends to 100 or 200 yards, in England. Range of mean annual temperature 52—47. Native. Septal, Viatical. In most counties of the first six provinces; much less general in the rest of England; very local in Scotland. One locality is mentioned in the Shetland Flora, which may be distrusted, because so far northward of any alleged native one. At Skelbo Castle, Sutherland, where it used formerly to be cultivated, accord- ing to the Rev. G. Gordon. Road-side between Culross and Kincardine, Fife, according to Mr. Maughan, quoted in Hooker’s Flora Scotica. The author of the Flora of 266 55. LAMIACE. Lanarkshire reports that he has seen a few plants of it by the border of a field at Craignethan, whence Hopkirk had reported it on anonymous authority. Found near Gateheugh, in the west of Berwickshire, by Mr. W. Baird, according to the Flora of Berwick. These are all the Scottish localities of which I am aware. The most north- erly county from which I have seen a specimen, is that of Northumberland, whence it was sent to me by my very obliging correspondent Mr. Storey. Barely passes north- ward of the latitudinal line of 56, by its locality in Fife- shire. 843. Marrusium vuLeare, Linn. (iit Y 4a; Areal 23456789 10 11 (12) y 1415. South limit in Devon, Isle of Wight, Kent. 24224. North limit in Fife, Haddington, Anglesea. Estimate of provinces 13. Estimate of counties 40. Latitude 50—57. English type of distribution. Agrarian region. Inferagrarian—Midagrarian zones. Descends to the coast level, in the Peninsula. Ascends to 100 or 200 yards, in England. Range of mean annual temperature 51—47. Native? Viatical. Not at all a common plant, and of very doubtful nativity in several of the localities which have fallen under my own observation. Though it occurs so far northward as Moray, the Rev. G. Gordon deems it certainly introduced to that habitat. It may be really wild on the coasts of the Firth of Forth. 844, PRUNELLA VULGARIS, Linn. Area general. South limit in Cornwall, Isle of Wight, Kent. ——— 05. LAMIACE. 267 North limit in Shetland, Orkney, Hebrides. Estimate of provinces 18. Estimate of counties 82. Latitude 50—61. British type of distribution. A.A. regions. Inferagrarian—Inferarctic zones. Descends to the coast level, in the Peninsula. Ascends to 700 or 750 yards, in East Highlands. Range of mean annual temperature 52—39. Native. Pascual, Ericetal. This may rank among the commonest indigenous species, being abundant throughout Britain, with the exception of the higher mountains. be. Vil. lit bh ¢%, 845. ScUTELLARIA GALERICULATA, Linn. Area general. South limit in Devon, Isle of Wight, Kent. @««=4 North limit in Hebrides, Ross, Isle of Skye. Estimate of provinces 17. Estimate of counties 75. Latitude 50—58. British type of distribution. Agrarian region. Inferagrarian—Superagrarian zones. Descends to the coast level, in the Peninsula. Ascends to 100 or 200 yards, in England. Range of mean annual temperature 51—47. Native. Paludal. Frequent in England, although not in the class of the commonest plants there ; apparently rather infrequent in Scotland. Professor Balfour enume- rates it among the plants seen by himself “ on Ben Lo- mond ;” but as the base of Ben Lomond is very little above the tide level in the Clyde, the altitude of the loca- lity noted by Dr. Balfour, may have been trifling ; although the direct inference from the words themselves, if used by an individual known to express his ideas precisely, would have been otherwise. 268 55. LAMIACE. ScUTELLARIA HAST&FOLIA, Linn. Area [3]. Incognit. Two specimens of this species came to the Botanical Society of London, from Hertfordshire. They were labelled from Ickleford Common, and under the name of S. galericulata. No additional information could be elicited by inquiries from the contributor, who of course would not be likely to recollect finding any other species than S. galericulata, real or supposed. S. hastefolia is not very unlikely to occur in Britain, and the locality may be worth examining by some botanist who has the oppor- tunity for doing so. : 846. SCUTELLARIA MINOR, Linn. Areal 2345678910111213y% x 16. South limit in Cornwall, Isle of Wight, Kent. North limit in Dumbarton, Lanark, Durham. Estimate of provinces 14. Estimate of counties 40 or 50. Latitude 50—56. Atlantic (?) type of distribution. Agrarian region. Inferagrarian—Superagrarian zone. Descends to the coast level, in the Peninsula. Ascends to 200 or 300 yards, in Devonshire. Range of mean annual temperature 52—47. Native. Uliginal. Looking at the provincial area, as given above, this species might seem too general in Eng- land for even an interrogative reference to the Atlantic type, notwithstanding that it is exclusively western in the Scottish provinces. But if we go a little further into par- ticulars, it will appear more correctly referred to the 56. BORAGINACEX. 269 Atlantic than to the English type. With the exception of a few counties for which our floral lists are incomplete, this plant is found in all the westerly counties of England and the Lowlands, and plentifully in some of them. On the other hand, it is quite unknown in several of the eastern counties, which have been well explored botanically, and is a rare plant in most of those in which it has been de- tected. It is very rare, and perhaps confined to the single county of Suffolk (Dr. Bromfield !), in the province of Ouse; two localities are reported, and one of them on bad autho- rity, for the province of Trent; three or four for that of Humber; and one only for the Tyne. Perhaps the tem- perature might be indicated as ranging down to 46. And I think the species was observed in Devon at 1000 feet or upwards. 847. MyosoTIs PALUSTRIS, Linn. Area 1234567891011 12131415 x [17 18]. South limit in Cornwall, Isle of Wight, Kent. North limit in Forfar, Perth, ? Estimate of provinces 16. Estimate of counties 75. Latitude 50—57 (58). British type of distribution. Agrarian region. Inferagrarian—Midagrarian zones. Descends to the coast level, in the Peninsula. Ascends to 100 or 200 yards, in England. Range of mean annual temperature 52—47, Native. Paludal. Three species, as they are now held to be, were formerly included under this name by British botanists. In consequence, doubts will arise in many cases to which of those three species the name has been applied by individual authors. According to my own opportunities for observation, the true M. palustris, or that described as 270 06. BORAGINACEA. such in Hooker’s British Flora and Babington’s Manual, has the most restricted geographical range in Britain; and though probably the commonest of the three in the south- ern provinces and lower agrarian zone, yet it appears to become the most rare in the northern provinces and upper agrarian zone, if found at all in this latter zone, which it is not satisfactorily ascertained to be. In the Flora of Shet- land, M. palustris and M. czspitosa are enumerated ; but there seems good reason to infer that the former name really intends the species M. repens. In the Catalogue of Hebridean plants, we find M. repens and M. czspitosa, without M. palustris. In the Orkney Catalogue and Moray Flora, M. palustris is the only species, or only name, men- tioned ; and likely enough it there stands for the two species enumerated among the plants of the Hebrides. In Murray’s Northern Flora, M. palustris and M. secunda are the two names used; but the descriptions here come in to assist us, and they show sufficiently well that the former name means the species M. cespitosa, while the latter name is a synonym for M. repens. In the Flora Abredonensis, M. palustris and M. cespitosa are enumerated; the former name probably intending the species M. repens, and the latter being applied correctly. In the Flora of Forfarshire, all the three species and names are included. I have col- lected the three species myself in Perthshire; but only M. repens and M. cespitosa to the north of the Grampians. Still, it cannot be deemed unlikely that the true M. palus- tris will be found up to the North Highland province, in the low grounds. Dr. Dickie gives 1200 feet as the alti- tudinal limit of M. palustris in Aberdeenshire, probably intending M. repens. I have myself met with M. palustris in low situations only. 56. BORAGINACE®. 271 Kee biti vA -U8EQ 848. Myosoris REPENS, Don. Area £23 %56%8£10 11 1213 1415 16 17 18. South limit in ? Isle of Wight, Kent. North limit in Hebrides, Sutherland, Shetland ? Estimate of provinces 18. Estimate of counties 75. Latitude 50—59 (61). British type of distribution. A.A. regions. Inferagrarian—Inferarctic zones. Descends to the coast level, or nearly so, in Channel. Ascends to 700 yards, in East Highlands. Range of mean annual temperature 50—40. Native. Uliginal. The explanations above given under M. palustris, will show the uncertainty which attends our knowledge respecting the distribution of this species, which has been less usually distinguished from the former spe- cies, than has the more frequent M. cespitosa. I have no authority for the occurrence of M. repens in the Trent province, except the Flora of Nottinghamshire, and I fear that the species really intended may be the M. cespitosa. For the provinces of the Peninsula, Ouse, North Wales, and Mersey, it will be seen, I have no authority or record to be cited; but those provinces are all likely enough to justify their inclusion in the estimated census of a species, the full distribution of which has been hitherto so imper- fectly ascertained or recorded. I am at present aware of localities in 25 counties only. WA Tale farwckg Wi. herd” wn Shed, Fit. 4-%és~ 849. Myosortis cxsprtosa, Schultz. Area general. y South limit in ? Isle of Wight, Kent. 272 56. BORAGINACE. North limit in Shetland, Hebrides, ? Estimate of provinces 18. Estimate of counties 82. Latitude 50—61. British type of distribution. Agrarian region. Inferagrarian—Superagrarian zones. Descends to the coast level, in Channel. Ascends to 350 yards, in East Highlands. Range of mean annual temperature 50—43. Native. Paludal, Uliginal. I have no authority to cite for this species in Cornwall or Devon, beyond an indistinct recollection of having seen it in both those counties myself. | At the other extremity of Britain, I am equally without authority for it in Orkney, Sutherland, or Caithness. Pretty frequent in the superagrarian zone in the Highland pro- vinces, where I have never seen M. palustris, as before intimated under the latter species. 850. MyosoTIs ALPESTRIS, Sy. Areax xx ee ** * * HR & * & % 15. South limit in Perthshire. North limit in same county. Estimate of provinces 1. Estimate of counties 1. Latitude 56—57. Highland type of distribution. Arctic region. Midarctic—Superarctic zones. Descends to 1000 or 1050 yards, in East Highlands. Ascends to 1300 yards, in same province. Range of mean annual temperature 37—34. Native. Rupestral. A very local plant, apparently li- mited to the mountains between Lochs Tay and Rannoch, in the north of Perthshire. By some botanists it is sup- posed to be an alpine state or variety of M. sylvatica; but I cannot say that the cultivation of it for a few years in my garden has much tended to convince me of the cor- 56. BORAGINACE. 273 rectness of this view. As with many other alpine plants, cultivated for a while in my garden, the necessarily frequent sprinklings with water in dry weather, together with the shaded situations in which the plants require to be kept, cause them to be so much attacked by slugs, that they gradually become exhausted, and die away; although, while preserved from these pests, M. alpestris flourishes well under such cultivation, and will attain a larger size than is attained in its own Highland home. Le bil. ld J. 4653 51. Myosotis sytvatica, Ehrh. Areal 2345%7891011 121381415. South limit in Devon, Sussex, Kent. North limit in Aberdeen? Forfar. Estimate of provinces 15. Estimate of counties 40. Latitude 50—57 (58). Scottish (?) type of distribution. Agrarian region. Inferagrarian—Midagrarian zones. Descends to the coast level, or nearly so, in Peninsula. Ascends to 100 or 200 yards, in England. Range of mean annual temperature 49—47. Native. Sylvestral. Infrequent or often overlooked. Dr. Murray includes it in the Northern Flora, without spe- cifying any localities. It is omitted from those of Aberdeen and Moray. Two habitats are mentioned in the Flora of Forfarshire, on the respective authorities of Mr. A. Croall and Mr. J. Cruickshank, being the only evidence which I am prepared to cite for the existence of M. sylvatica in the East Highland province. Frequent within sixteen miles from Edinburgh, according to the Edinburgh Botanical Society’s Catalogue; and therefore, probably, occurring on the Highland side of the Forth, in the county of Fife. Apparently too uncommon to be referred to the British type; and yet scarce sufficiently boreal for the Scottish. VOL. II. T 274 56. BORAGINACES. 852. MyosoTIs ARVENSIS, Szbth. Area general. South limit in Cornwall, Isle of Wight, Kent. North limit in Shetland, Orkney, Hebrides. Estimate of provinces 18. Estimate of counties 82. Latitude 50—61. British type of distribution. Agrarian region. Inferagrarian—Superagrarian zones. Descends to the coast level, in the Peninsula. Ascends to 400 yards, in East Highlands. Range of mean annual temperature 52—43. Native. Agrestal, Sylvestral. The commonest species of its genus in Britain. Occasionally approximating very much to M. sylvatica when growing on hedgebanks or in other shaded situations. 853. Myosotis contina, Ehrh. Katie. Mf, ae Areal 234567891011 12131415% y 18. South limit in Devon, Isle of Wight, Kent. Greennk North limit in Shetland, ? Kstimate of provinces 18. Estimate of counties 80. Latitude 50—61. British type of distribution. Agrarian region. Inferagrarian—Superagrarian zones. Descends to the coast level, in the Peninsula. Ascends to 350 yards, in East Highlands. Range of mean annual temperature 52—43. Native. Glareal, Pascual. Formerly confused or united with M. versicolor; and therefore many of its habitats re- main unrecorded, or are recorded erroneously, in the local Floras. I am aware of its occurrence in upwards of forty 56. BORAGINACE. 275 counties ; and as it is reported “ abundant” even so far north as Shetland, I have reckoned upon its provincial ge- nerality, although unprepared to cite authorities for the West or North Highlands. Local in Moray; plentiful about Aberdeen ; frequent in the Edinburgh circle. Nei- ther this species nor M. versicolor are mentioned in the Catalogue for the Outer Hebrides. 854. MyosoTis VERSICOLOR, Lehm. Area general. South limit in Cornwall, Isle of Wight, Kent. North limit in Shetland, Orkney, ? Estimate of provinces 18. Estimate of counties 80. Latitude 50—61. British type of distribution. Agrarian region. Inferagrarian—Superagrarian zones. Descends to the coast level, in the Peninsula. Ascends to 400 yards, in East Highlands. Range of mean annual temperature 52—42. Native. Glareal, Agrestal. Some distinctions require to be made between the habitats of this and M. collina, as already intimated under the latter species. According to the Flora of Shetland, M. versicolor is the less frequent of the two in those northerly isles. Lit, ie A Spm 855. LITHOSPERMUM OFFICINALE, Linn. Areal 2345678910 111213 1415 1617. South limit in Devon, Isle of Wight, Kent. Go, «+ North limit in Ross, Moray, Forfar, Argyle. Estimate of provinces 17. Estimate of counties 70. Latitude 50—58. British (?) type of distribution. T2 276 56. BORAGINACE. Agrarian region. Inferagrarian—Superagrarian zones. Descends to the coast level, in the Peninsula. Ascends to 100 or 200 yards, in England. Range of mean annual temperature 51—47. Native. Sylvestral, Viatical, &c. An infrequent exam- ple of the British type; but not so exclusively or predo- minantly austral, as to warrant its assignment to the English type. I think it was seen in Cornwall by myself, although I do not find any memorandum to that effect among my notes. 856. LITHOSPERMUM ARVENSE, Linn. Area general. South limit in Cornwall, Isle of Wight, Kent. North limit in Hebrides, Ross, Aberdeen. Estimate of provinces 18. Estimate of counties 75. Latitude 50—59. British type of distribution. Agrarian region. Inferagrarian—Superagrarian zones. Descends to the coast level, in the Peninsula. Ascends to 100 or 200 yards, in England. Range of mean annual temperature 52—46. Native. Agrestal. The Rev. G. Gordon regards this as an agricultural colonist in Moray; and it is marked as being doubtfully indigenous in the parish of Alvah, Banff- shire. It is, however, rather a frequent weed of the corn fields in Eastern Scotland. Absent from the lists of plants for Shetland, Orkney, Sutherland, Caithness, West-Inver- ness, Islay and Cantire; so that it would seem to be infrequent in the North and West of Scotland. 56. BORAGINACE. 277 keg Vit:n 4 “8, 857. LITHOSPERMUM PURPUROCERULEUM, Linn. Area 1 x 3 x [5] 647 » x » x{12]. South limit in Devon, Somerset, Kent. North limit in Glamorgan. Estimate of provinces 8. Estimate of counties 4. Latitude 50—52. English type of distribution. Agrarian region. Inferagrarian zone. Descends to the coast level, in the Peninsula. Ascends to 100 yards, more or less, in England. Range of mean annual temperature 51—49. Native. Sylvestral. A very local plant, which might have been referred to the Atlantic type but for the outlying habitat of Kent. The counties of Cumberland, Denbigh, Hereford, and probably Gloucester, have been erroneously recorded for this species; Anchusa sempervirens was mis- taken for this in Denbighshire, and not unlikely in some of the other counties also. 858. STENHAMMARA MARITIMA, Reich. Area [12 % x % 6] 7 x x 12131415 161718. South limit in Anglesea, Caernarvon, Berwick. North limit in Shetland, Orkney, Hebrides. Kstimate of provinces 8. Estimate of counties 25. Latitude 53—61. Scottish type of distribution. Agrarian region. Midagrarian—Superagrarian zones. Descends to the coast level, in North Wales. Ascends, at the coast level, to the North Isles. Range of mean annual temperature 49—45. Native. Littoral. Quite a boreal or Scottish plant ; 278 56. BORAGINACES. rare on the West coast, and unknown on the East coast of England. Has been reported from Devon, Hants, and Cardigan, but upon unsafe authority. 859. SYMPHYTUM OFFICINALE, Linn. Area 1234567891011 121314 15. South limit in Cornwall, Isle of Wight, Kent. North limit in Aberdeen, Forfar, Clyde counties. Estimate of provinces 16. Estimate of counties 60. Latitude 50—58. English (?) type of distribution. Agrarian region. Inferagrarian—Midagrarian zones. Descends to the coast level, in the Peninsula. Ascends to 100 or 200 yards, in England. Range of mean annual temperature 52—47. Native. Paludal, Pratal. Notwithstanding the latitu- dinal range of this species so far northward as the vicinity of Aberdeen, rather above the line of 57, it is here referred to the English type of distribution on account of its de- cided prevalence in the South of England as compared with Scotland, together with its apparent absence from all parts of Scotland to the northward of Aberdeen and Glas-- gow, or their vicinities. 'The West Highland province has been reckoned in the estimate, because Hopkirk indicates the habitat in general terms, on the “banks of the Clyde, but not very common,” which may possibly include the county of Dumbarton. 860. SYMPHYTUM TUBEROSUM, Linn. Area (x 2)345%%8% 101112131415 16. South limit in Essex, Bedford, Stafford, Gloucester ? 56. BORAGINACE. 279 North limit in Moray? Banff, Aberdeen, Argyle. Estimate of provinces 12. Estimate of counties 25. Latitude 51—58. Scottish type of distribution. Agrarian region. Inferagrarian—Superagrarian zones. Descends to the coast level, in Ouse (and Thames ?). Ascends to 100 or 200 yards, in England. Range of mean annual temperature 49—47. Native. Sylvestral, Paludal. Supposed to have been introduced into Sussex, Surrey, and Herts. The Rev. W. H. Coleman describes a locality, near Dedham, in the north of Essex, which may be a native one; and several habitats are reported in the province of Ouse. Mrs. Rus- sell indicates it at French Hay, near Bristol; but Dr. J. D. Hooker and Mr. Thwaites do not mark the name in their checked list of British plants found within ten miles of Bristol. Garner’s Natural History of Staffordshire is the only other authority for the province of Severn, which I find in my compiled collection of notes, &c. The Rev. G. Gordon suspects that it may have been introduced into Moray. Le hit. tic J. ¢4¢6 SYMPHYTUM ASPERRIMUM, Bieb. Area (1 » 3). Alien. In the neighbourhood of Bath; also, at Duck Street, between Audley End and Littlebury, in Essex, ac- cording to Mr. G.S. Gibson. “SS. asperrimum and S. orientale have both been noticed in an apparently wild state in England, but possess no claims to be considered as native.” (Bab. Man.) 280 56. BORAGINACEX. 861. Borago orFicinaLis, Linn. A. Vo0 MU J. ugg b Area (12345678710 11 1213 14 15). Alien. Occasionally found on waste ground, and in places where rubbish heaps are formed; having formerly been much cultivated in gardens, and being still allowed to sow itself in many of them, as a sort of permitted weed. 862. LycopsiIs ARVENSIS, Linn. Area general. South limit in Cornwall, Isle of Wight, Kent. North limit in Shetland, Orkney, Hebrides. Estimate of provinces 18. Estimate of counties 82. Latitude 50—61. British type of distribution. Agrarian region, Inferagrarian—Superagrarian zones. Descends to the coast level, in the Peninsula. Ascends to 450 yards, in East Highlands (Dickie). Range of mean annual temperature 52—42. Native. Agrestal. With the exception of Myosotis ar- vensis, probably the commonest and most general weed of its natural order in Britain. I observed it near Castletown, in Aberdeenshire, at about 1000 or 1100 feet; and Dr. Dickie reports it even up to 1386 feet in that county. 863. ANCHUSA OFFICINALIS, Linn. Area [lexxx 5x 8] * & (11) x [13 y 15]. Alien. Has been many years established on the coast of Northumberland, to which it is believed to have been 56. BORAGINACE. 281 introduced. Other habitats have also been reported, but all of them may be said to require verification. These dubious localities are mentioned in the New Botanist’s Guide and Flora of Shropshire. That of Northumberland is thus described by my esteemed correspondent Mr. Storey. ‘ Sand banks near Seaton Sluice, no doubt intro- duced. The patch of ground occupied by the plant, is about twenty-five paces in length, by fifteen in breadth.” Mr. Winch says, “ on the old ballast-hills, Hartley.” 864. ANCHUSA SEMPERVIRENS, Linz. Area] 234567891011 1213 1415 16 17. South limit in Cornwall, Isle of Wight, Kent. North limit in Ross, Aberdeen, Argyle. Estimate of provinces 17, Estimate of counties 50. Latitude 50—58. British type of distribution. Agrarian region. Inferagrarian—Superagrarian zones. Descends to the coast level, in the Peninsula. Ascends to 250 or 300 yards, in East Highlands. Range of mean annual temperature 52—45. Denizen or Alien. Viatical, Septal. Opinions are in conflict respecting the nativity of this species in Britain ; and the weight of authority or of probability is in the ad- verse scale. Hooker marks it an alien. Henslow and Babington place it in their intermediate category of sus- pected, not certainly introduced, species. Among the several places in which it has been seen by myself, only one had the appearance of being a natural habitat; and the limited extent of space occupied by the plants in the place in question (that is, in hedges by the road from Barnstaple to Bishop Tawton, Devon) gave rise to a doubt even there. Dr. Bromfield says, “ truly wild in a retired 282 56. BORAGINACE. lane, on a bank amongst weeds, a few miles from Ply- mouth.” Mr. S. P. Woodward thought it “ really wild at Lakenham,” in Norfolk. And Mr. Tatham writes, “ No doubt indigenous in the neighbourhood of Settle, York- shire, and very common.” I have filled up the formula according to the reported distribution of the species, as was done in the case of Chelidonium majus, of Ribes Gros- sularia, and of other species much distrusted by myself, though widely established, and received as British by some botanists. There can hardly be a doubt, however, that all the Scottish habitats are of artificial origin, even although some few of the English may be considered otherwise. 865. ASPERUGO PROCUMBENS, Linn. Lubes Mth gg b Area [1234])5%7%%y4%11%%1415. -/7 South limit in Kent? Salop, Caernarvon, Northumberland. North limit in Moray, Forfar, Fife, Haddington. Tie. Lad Estimate of provinces 5. Estimate of counties 7. Latitude 51—58. Scottish (?) type of distribution. Agrarian region. Inferagrarian—Superagrarian zones. Descends to the coast level, in the Thames province. Ascends to 50 yards, more or less, in Scotland. Range of mean annual temperature 48—47. Denizen. Viatical. A dubious native, which has been said to grow in about fifteen counties, but erroneously re- ported in some of them. Reference may be made to the Botanist’s Guides for the counties in detail, and for the au- thorities upon which they rest as habitats for this scarce plant. Mr. Edward Edwards adds the county of Kent, in Phytologist, 1. 651. And a specimen passed through my hands, among some posthumous duplicates of Professor Graham, localized from Fife, on authority of Mr. Macnab. ewe ea ie Ns ae. Tt ae 56. BORAGINACE. 283 I have seen and possess specimens likewise from Northum- berland (Mr. Embleton), Haddington (Prof. Balfour), and Forfar (Mr. W. Gardiner). Occurs throughout Scandi- navia, according to Fries; thus giving an a priori presump- tion in favour of its nativity in Britain. EcHINOSPERMUM Lapputa, Lehm. Area (3 4). Alien. “In one spot, upon shingle, near Southwold, Suffolk, in very small quantity ; possibly introduced, but by what means I cannot conjecture, certainly neither with seed nor among ballast.” (Bab. Man. ed. 2.)—“ We found several plants of this on a newly-made part of the towing- path near Ware Mill in 1841. The seeds had probably been introduced among flax.” (Flora Hertfordiensis.) 2A Ore to. Ke tn. Lee briteg, lit. fr -I6S~ 866. CYNOGLOSSUM OFFICINALE, Linn. bee bil 1 fe-49y. Area 1 23456789101112%14 15 x (17 18). South limit in Devon, Isle of Wight, Kent. 4171 a4 North limit in Kincardine. (Orkney, Ross, Moray). Estimate of provinces 15. Estimate of counties 60. Latitude 50—57 (60). English (?) type of distribution. Agrarian region. Inferagrarian—Midagrarian zones. Descends to the coast level, in the Peninsula. Ascends to 100 or 200 yards, in England. Range of mean annual temperature 51—47. Native. Viatical. An infrequent plant in Scotland, and doubtful whether indigenous to the northward of the Gram- pians. Enumerated in the lists for Orkney, Ross, Moray, and Alyah; but in the two latter it is said to be certainly 284 56. BORAGINACES. introduced. Marked as frequent in the Edinburgh circuit. If native in Orkney or Ross, it should be referred to the British, rather than to the English type. 867. CYNOGLOSSUM SYLVATICUM, Sm. Areax x3 45x % xe % x & x & [15]. South limit in Sussex, Kent, Surrey, Gloucester. North limit in Salop? Warwick, Hunts, Norfolk ? Estimate of provinces 3. Estimate of counties 10. Latitude 51—53. English type of distribution. Agrarian region. Inferagrarian zone. Descends to the coast level, or nearly so, in Thames. Ascends to 100 yards, more or less, in England. Range of mean annual temperature 49—48. Native. Sylvestral, &c. A scarce plant, but reported from so many as fifteen counties. Perhaps the habitat near Tunbridge Wells may be partly in Sussex, and conse- quently in the second or Channel province. In addition to the eight counties above mentioned there are on record those of Oxford, Middlesex, Essex, Northampton, Worces- ter, Perth, and Forfar. Through the Botanical Society of London, I have obtained specimens from Surrey and Ox- ford. Some of the other counties mentioned are probably erroneous. + CynoGLossuM OMPHALODES, Linn. Area (1 *EKX 6). Alieu. Said to have been formerly (is it still?) found among rocks at Teignmouth, Devon. In Dillwyn’s Mate- rials for a Fauna and Flora of Swansea, we are told that it 56. BORAGINACE. 285 “ has become perfectly naturalized on the rocks below the old castle at Penrice, and has every appearance of being wild, but is known to have been planted there upwards of half a century ago.” fee Ui. Hr 868. PULMONARIA OFFICINALIS, Linn. 1 A 66 868, b. PULMONARIA ANGUSTIFOLIA, Linn. Area (1) 2 (345678 10 11 12 13 14 15). South limit in Isle of Wight. North limit in Hants, York? Estimate of provinces 1. Estimate of counties 1. Latitude 50—51. Local (English) type of distribution. Agrarian region. Inferagrarian zone. Descends to the coast level, or nearly so. Ascends to 50 yards, less or more, in England. Range of mean annual temperature 51—50. Native? Sylvestral. It would seem from the remarks of Dr. Bromfield (New Bot. Guide) that no clear distinc- tion is to be found between these two plants, and that both grow really wild in the county of Hants. P. officinalis is reported from many other counties, but I fear that all of them are to be distrusted. P. angustifolia has been re- ported from Suffolk and Flintshire, but it is now known that Anchusa sempervirens was mistaken for the P. angustifolia in the latter county, as intimated in the Botanist’s Guide, i. 292. What the Suffolk plant may be, I am not able to say. The “ Pulmonaria virginica” of the Botanist’s Guide, found near Newport, in the Isle of Wight, and also near Netley Abbey, in mainland Hants, was probably P. angus- tifolia. Is P. officinalis truly native in Yorkshire ? Pl vitjr nen, Lin Le LDU fp. IE 286 56. BORAGINACEA. 869. Ecuium vuteaRE, Linn. 4 bA1y f. GI. Areal 2345678410 lag 12 14 15 16 17 18. South limit in Cornwall, Isle of Wight, Kent. North limit in Hebrides, Ross, Moray, Aberdeen. Kstimate of provinces 18. Estimate of counties 70. Latitude 50—58. British type of distribution. Agrarian region. Inferagrarian—Superagrarian zones. Descends to the coast level, in the Peninsula. Ascends to 100 or 200 yards, in England. Range of mean annual temperature 52—46. Native. Glareal, Agrestal. The Rev. G. Gordon thinks this may have been introduced into Moray. Said to occur in elevated fields at Auchallader, upon the Invercauld pro- perty (Northern Flora), to which it may likely have been introduced. Inclines rather to the English type, by its decreasing frequency northward, and comparatively early limit. Though unprepared to cite authority for the pro- vinces of Mersey and Lakes, I venture to reckon these in the provincial estimate. 870. ECHIUM VIOLACEUM, Linn. Sarnian. Found only in Jersey; but it has, I think, been once or twice reported from English localities, though doubtless erroneously. + Ecuium ITaticum, Linn. Incognit? ‘ On Sunderland ballast-hills, at one time 57. PINGUICULACE. 287 far from rare, but imported from the Continent.” (Winch, in Flo. N. D.) Is it still found at Sunderland, or has it become extinct there? In the Materials for a Fauna and Flora of Swansea, Dillwyn remarks that, in the Swansea Guide, this is said to grow on limestone rocks and pastures at Port Eynon, where a white variety of E. vulgare may have been mistaken for it; as, indeed, has been the case in some other counties also. 871. PINGUICULA GRANDIFLORA, Lam. Hibernian. Found in the bogs of Kerry and Cork, but unknown in Britain proper. he Vd. 1H Zo 4h“ PINGUICULA LONGICORNIS, Gay 2? Area [12]. Incognit? Introduced into the Catalogue of British Plants, published by the Botanical Society of Edinburgh, in 1841. In the Phytologist for 1843, vol. i. 310, we are informed by Mr. C. C. Babington, that it is “ an apparently distinct species, found by Mr. Jos. Woods in a valley near Helvellyn, and called by this name, of which there is no trace in any of the works to which I [C.C. B.] have access.” But inthe Manual of British Botany, published in the same year, the same writer informs us that “ P. longicornis (Ed. Cat.) must be erased, having been intro- duced through a mistake.” Are we to understand from these statements, that Mr. Woods did not find Gay’s spe- cies —or, that he did not find any “ apparently distinct species?” If the former reading be correct, what did Mr. Woods find ? 288 57. PINGUICULACEA. 872. PINGUICULA VULGARIS, Linn. Area general. South limit in North Devon, Dorset, Hants. North limit in Shetland, Orkney, Hebrides. Estimate of provinces 18. Estimate of counties 70. Latitude 50—61. British type of distribution. A.A. regions. Inferagrarian—Midarctic zones. Descends to the coast level, in Ouse or ? Ascends to 950 yards, in East Highlands. Range of mean annual temperature 49—37. Native. Uliginal. Regarded as a plant referred to the British type of distribution, this species is very local in the southern counties of England. In this respect, notwith- standing its provincial generality, it inclines towards the Scottish type. But it has probably been rendered artifi- cially much scarcer in England through the progress of enclosures and drainage of the wastes and bogs, where it may have formerly grown. Perhaps it rises to the super- arctic zone in the West Highlands; attaining almost 900. yards on the Nevis range, where the Calluna fails consi- derably lower than that altitude. 873. PINGUICULA ALPINA, Linn. Area x % x % % xe & & & & ex x 16.17 [18]. South limit in the Isle of Skye, East of Ross. North limit in the same places, or in Orkney ? Estimate of provinces 2. Estimate of counties 2. Latitude 57—58 (60). Scottish type of distribution. Agrarian region. Superagrarian zone. 57. PINGUICULACE. 289 Descends to the coast level, or nearly so. Ascends to 50 yards, less or more, in Scotland. Range of mean annual temperature 47—46. Native. Uliginal. Discovered by the Rev. G. Gordon and Mr. Smith, in the Black Isle, Ross, in 1831. This cir- cumstance brought to light the fact that a specimen from the Isle of Skye had been preserved in Sir J. E. Smith’s herbarium, gathered so long ago as the year 1794, by Mr. Mackay. Barry also mentions P. alpina, as growing on the hills of Waes and Hoy, in Orkney, which Neill (Tour) supposed to be a mistake, but which may be deserving of investigation now that the species has been ascertained elsewhere in Scotland. 874. PINGUICULA LUSITANICA, Linn. Area 1 2 ¢ (4) ee x # 8S eIVISY ¢ 16N78: South limit in Cornwall, Devon, Dorset, Isle of Wight. North limit in Orkney ? Hebrides, Sutherland. Estimate of provinces 7. Estimate of counties 20. Latitude 50—-60. Atlantic type of distribution. Agrarian region. Inferagrarian—Superagrarian zones. Descends to the coast level, in the Peninsula. Ascends to 200 or 300 yards, in England. Range of mean annual temperature 52—46. Native. Uliginal. Distributed in a peculiar manner; being found chiefly at the two extremities of Britain, the south-western and north-western counties, with some inter- mediate habitats. It is thus rather too boreal for the strictly Atlantic (south-western) type, although much nearer to that than to any other. Besides the seven counties above men- tioned, it has been reported from those of Somerset, Wilts, mainland Hants, Norfolk (erroneously), Isle of Man, “ Gal- VOL. I. . U Thexe ~ a phd Ga: Hate. fern of ft Sainz, Purk Wat. hay Bue tn Met. hawt, 290 57. PINGUICULACEA. loway,” Ayr, Argyle, West-Inverness, and Ross. Some un- certainty attaches to the species of Orkney, which may be P. alpina or P. villosa. Occurs in the interior and on the east coast of Ross; otherwise known only near the south- ern, western, and northern coasts of Britain. 875. UTRICULARIA VULGARIS, Linn. Area 1234567891011 4131415 1718. South limit in Cornwall, Isle of Wight, Kent. North limit in Shetland, Hebrides, ? Estimate of provinces 18. Estimate of counties 70. Latitude 50—61. British type of distribution. Agrarian region. Inferagrarian—Superagrarian zones. Descends to the coast level, in the Peninsula. Ascends to 500 yards, in East Highlands (Dickie). Range of mean annual temperature 51—42. Native. lLacustral. Not acommon plant, although so widely distributed. In estimating the census, a provincial generality has been presumed, while I am still unprepared to cite any authority for the Lake province, and am uncer- tain about that of the West Highlands. 876. UTRICULARIA INTERMEDIA, Hayne. Areal 2, [4%4%5%%9] 11 124+%1516 17. South limit in Devon, Dorset, ? North limit in Sutherland, ? Estimate of provinces 6. Estimate of counties 10. Latitude 50—59.. Uncertain type of distribution. Agrarian region. Inferagrarian—Superagrarian zones. Descends to the coast level, in Peninsula or Chanuel. 57. PINGUICULACE&.—98. PRIMULACE. 291 Ascends to 100 or 200 yards, in Scotland. Range of mean annual temperature 51—46. Native. Lacustral. The localities and distribution of this species are as yet very imperfectly known. Apparently, much confusion has occurred between this and P. minor. Both are very liable to be overlooked by botanical tourists, and they may even often escape the eyes of resident in- vestigators. fee F261 A: bp 877. UTRICULARIA MINOR, Linn. Area general. South limit in Somerset, Dorset, Isle of Wight, Sussex. @271:2~-4 North limit in Hebrides, Sutherland, ? Estimate of provinces 18. Estimate of counties 50. Latitude 50—59. British type of distribution. Agrarian region. Inferagrarian—Superagrarian zones. Descends to the coast level, in the Peninsula. Ascends to 200 yards, more or less, in Scotland. Range of mean annual temperature 50—46. Native. Lacustral. Recorded from about forty counties only ; but as it is a plant so likely to be overlooked, we may venture to raise the comital estimate to the next higher step in the series used; even that of fifty may even- tually be found too low. 878. PRIMULA VULGARIS, Linn. Area general. South limit in Cornwall, Isle of Wight, Kent. North limit in Shetland, Orkney, Hebrides. Estimate of provinces 18. Estimate of counties 82. U2 992 58. PRIMULACEZ. Latitude 50—61. British type of distribution. Agrarian region. Inferagrarian—Superagrarian zones. Descends to the coast level, in the Peninsula. Ascends to 500 yards, in East Highlands. Range of mean annual temperature 52—42. Native. Sylvestral, Septal, &c. The generality and abundance of this favorite and familiar flower of spring, through the British Islands, is rather a characteristic fea- ture in our native vegetation; for it seems to be by no means so general through the corresponding latitudes of the Continent. Probably ascends into the arctic region, but on this point I can speak only from a recollection which is not sufficiently exact to warrant the indication of a higher altitude than is given above. 879. PrimuLa ELATIOR, Jacg. 4 4 Mf G&EP Area x ¥ 3 4. South limit in Essex. North limit in Suffolk. Kstimate of provinces 2. Estimate of counties 3. Latitude 51—53. Local type of distribution. Agrarian region. Inferagrarian zone. Descends to the coast level, or nearly so. Ascends to a trifling elevation above the coast level. Range of mean annual temperature 49—48. Native. Pratal. The varieties of P. vulgaris, or the hybrids between that species and P. veris, have been so very frequently mistaken for this apparently distinct spe- cies, that it becomes necessary to reject every locality reported for “ Primula elatior,’ unless in those instances where specimens have been laid before some botanist fully prepared to discriminate between the true and the false P. 58. PRIMULACE. 293 elatior. The true species has been observed in different localities in Essex ; and Mr. Bentall gives me also that of Finborough, in Suffolk. Possibly, too, the “ peculiar va- riety” of Oxlip, which is said to grow “ in great plenty,” at Westhoe, a few miles from Cambridge, may prove to be true P. elatior (Jacq.) Little reliance can now be placed on such of the experiments which appeared to establish the specific identity of P. veris, P. elatior, and P. vulgaris, as were made previous to 1842; because the real charac- ters by which these plants are to be distinguished one from another, were then very imperfectly understood by British botanists. fee Vit htt Y $99 880. PRIMULA VERIS, Linn. Areal 234567891011 1213 1415, 1718. South limit in Devon, Isle of Wight, Kent. 22+ North limit in Orkney, Caithness, Sutherland. Kstimate of provinces 18. Estimate of counties 75. Latitude 50—60. British type of distribution. Agrarian region. Inferagrarian—Superagrarian zones. Descends to the coast level, in the Peninsula. Ascends to 450 yards, in East Highlands. Range of mean annual temperature 51—42. Native. Pratal. Possibly the comital estimate might have been better placed at 80 than at 75. But P. veris would seem to be an uncommon plant in the west of Scot- land. 881. PRIMULA FARINOSA, Linn. res 3s 2 77 6 9.10/11 12’y 14 YS [17 181. South limit in Lancashire, Yorkshire. 294 58. PRIMULACES. North limit in Cumberland, Peebles, Edinburgh ? Estimate of provinces 5. Estimate of counties 8. Latitude 54—56. Scottish type of distribution. Agrarian region. Midagrarian—Superagrarian zones. Descends probably below 50 yards, in the North of Engl. Ascends to 200 or 300 yards, in Humber and Tyne. Range of mean annual temperature 47—45. Native. Pascual, Uliginal. A somewhat anomalous ex- ample of the Scottish type, which occurs principally in the northern counties of England, and only very locally in the Lowlands of Scotland. The range of the species has been unduly extended northward and southward; the former, through confusing with it the more boreal Primula scotica ; while southward, it has been stated to grow in the counties of Kent and Flint (B.G.); the one being doubtless errone- ous, and the latter resting on authority which is insufficient to establish the fact. In addition to the five counties men- tioned, it is said to occur in Durham, Northumberland, and Westmoreland. 882. Primuta scorica, Hook. 4« 44 W fudge. Area x % x %# % # & % * x * & & * [15] » 17 18. South limit in Sutherland, Caithness. North limit in Orkney. Estimate of provinces 2. Estimate of counties 4. Latitude 58—60. Scottish type of distribution. Agrarian region. Superagrarian zone. Descends to the coast level, in North Highlands. Ascends to 50 or 100 yards, in same province. Range of mean annual temperature say 46—44. Native. Ericetal, Uliginal. A very local and boreal example of the Scottish type, ascertained only in the coun- 58. PRIMULACEZ. 295 ties of Sutherland and Caithness, and in the Orkney Isles. The probability that it may yet be found in some other of the northern counties or isles has induced to the estimate of counties being set above at 4 instead of 3. Indeed, it may possibly have been already found in a fourth county, although no sufficient authority has been as yet given for the more extended area which would be implied in the fol- lowing intimation :—“ It has been said that this plant has been gathered near Culbin; most likely some other was mistaken for it.” (Notes to Coll. Mor. 8.) bebo. th A ‘ 90 883. CYCLAMEN HEDER&FOLIUM, Willd. Area + » 34 » (6 » 8). South limit in Kent. North limit in Suffolk ? Estimate of provinces 2. Estimate of counties 2. Latitude 51—53. Local (Germ.) type of distribution. Agrarian region. Inferagrarian zone. Descends nearly to the coast level, in Thames. Ascends to 50 yards, more or less, in England. Range of mean annual temperature (about) 49. Denizen. Sylvestral. Found in woods about Sand- hurst, in Kent. Has also been reported from Suffolk, Pembroke (a single plant), and Notts (plentifully) ; but it is doubtful whether these all belong to C. hederefolium, or partly to C. europeum. Hooker discards this plant from the indigenous list; Henslow and Babington admit its nativity undisputed. 296 58. PRIMULACE. 884. TRIENTALIS EUROPHA, Linn. & 44. UA.490. Area y x» x» x *¥ *¥ * x * 1011 12, 1415 16 17 18. South limit in York, North Lancashire. North limit in Shetland, Ross, Aberdeen. Estimate of provinces 8. Estimate of counties 20. Latitude 53—61. Scottish type of distribution. A.A. regions. Superagrarian—Midarctic zones. Descends below 50 yards, in East Highlands. Ascends to 900 or 950 yards, in same province. Range of mean annual temperature 46—37. Native. Ericetal. The locality in Edinburghshire, and perhaps some of the others, may bring this plant within the limit of the midagrarian zone. Is it wholly absent from the West Lowland counties? 885. Horronia pALustRis, Linn. Areal 2345%7891011 12» » [15]. South limit in Dorset, Hants, Sussex, Kent. North limit in Westmoreland, Durham. Estimate of provinces 12. Estimate of counties 40. Latitude 50—55. English type of distribution. Agrarian region. Inferagrarian—Midagrarian zones. Descends to the coast level, in the Peninsula. Ascends to 50 or 100 yards, in England. Native. Lacustral. Apparently very local in the West- ern counties, being still unrecorded from Cornwall, Devon, South Wales, and the adjacent counties of North Wales and the Severn province. The only habitat recorded in Scotland, that of Carreston, Forfarshire, cannot be trusted ; 58. PRIMULACES. 297 especially as the record appears in no botanical work, ex- cept in form of a distrusted reference in Gardiner’s Flora of Forfarshire. An CH by Zp “gg, 886. LysIMAcHIA VULGARIS, Linn. Areal 23456789 10111213 14 15 16. South limit in Devon, Isle of Wight, Kent. @20. ar-& North limit in Aberdeen, Argyle (Isle of Mull). Estimate of provinces 16. Estimate of counties 60. Latitude 50—58. British (?) type of distribution. Agrarian region. Superagrarian—Midagrarian zones. ’ Descends to the coast level, in the Peninsula. Ascends to 100 or 200 yards, in England. Range of mean annual temperature 51—46. Native. Paludal. Intermediate between the British and English, or the general and austral, types of distribution ; and rising only just within the superagrarian zone. Le Let. (1 haagy 887. LysIMACHIA THYRSIFLORA, Linn. Area (2) [3 « x x 7] 8 [9] 10 » [12] 13 1415 16. South limit in Notts. [Cheshire? Anglesea ?]. North limit in Forfar, Stirling or Dumbarton. Estimate of provinces 6. Estimate of counties 9. Latitude 51—57. Scottish type of distribution. Agrarian region. Midagrarian—Superagrarian zones. Descends to the coast level, in Scotland. Ascends to 100 or 200 yards, in England. Range of mean annual temperature 49—47. Native. Paludal. A very local plant, found chiefly in the north of England and middle of Scotland. Reported 298 58. PRIMULACEA. to occur in Wilts (probably introduced, as I learn from Mr. T. B. Flower), Herts (an error,—see Flo. Hertf.), Anglesea, Notts (sent to the Rev. M. J. Berkeley), Ches- ter, York, Cumberland (Hutton), Lanark, Edinburgh, Stir- ling, Forfar, Aberdeen (error), and Dumbarton; for all of which, except as above given, the authorities may be found in the New Botanist’s Guide. It has appeared better to omit some of these counties from the estimated census, until verified by competent botanists of the present day. LysIMacuia CILIATA, Linn. ka Vik te pA LY. Area (9 » x 12). Alien. This species may serve as an example of the gradual manner in which we may be deceived into the adoption of an alien as a truly British plant, by relying upon careless reports or untrustworthy statements. To illustrate what is here meant, I will simply quote certain passages from different works which have been printed within these few years, directing attention to some sen- tences and contrasts more strongly by the use of italic letters, which do not occur in the originals. “Mr. James Backhouse informs me that his relative, Mr. W. Backhouse, of Darlington, found L. ciliata, which has crenate petals and ten free filaments, although only five fertile stamens, in plenty, near the road side at about half- way between Wigton and Penrith, Cumberland.” (Bab. Man. edit. 1. 18438.) “ Lysimachia ciliata I found, by a direction kindly sent to me by the late Mr. W. Backhouse, immediately before his death, in the place where he discovered it, between Penrith and Wigton. It is by the road-side, near Seberg- ham. The plant forms one large patch.” (Mr. Borrer, in Phytologist, Feb. 1846.) 58. PRIMULACE. 299 “ Lysimachia ciliata, which was first noticed by W. Backhouse, between Penrith and Wigton, has been dis- covered in a fresh locality at the foot of Warnell Fell, Cumberland, a wild situation, thus leaving no reasonable doubt of its being a native plant.” (Mr. G. 8. Gibson, in Phytologist, Jan. 1846.) “Mr. Wright had ‘ found it [Lysimachia ciliata] in 1832, in a slate quarry in Warnell Fells, about a mile from Mr. Backhouse’s place. The ‘ one specimen which he gathered, and preserved a long while in his pocket- book, was unfortunately lost. ‘ Zhe Andromeda was growing near it. I visited the quarry with Mr. Wright, but it had been extended on the side ‘ where he had seen the plant, which was consequently no longer there. There never could have been a bog for the Andromeda.” (Mr. Borrer, in Phytologist, Feb. 1846.) SEA Ciligtas 9h) 3. “ Possibly introduced, but now having the appearance of being a true native.” (Bab. Man. edit. 2. 1847.) fe packs . Lee Yt Z, “49, “ LysIMAcHIA PuNCTATA, Linn.” Area [11]. Incognit. Introduced into the British Flora by an error; a form of L. vulgaris, with axillary and unbranched pedicels, having apparently been mistaken for L. punctata. 888. LystIMACHIA NUMMULARIA, Linn. Area 1234567891011 [12] 13 14 [15]. South limit in Devon, Dorset, Sussex, Kent. North limit in Lanark, Berwick, Edinburgh ? Forfar ? Estimate of provinces 13. Estimate of counties 50. Latitude 50—56 (57). English type of distribution. 300 58. PRIMULACES. Agrarian region. Inferagrarian—Midagrarian zones. Descends to the coast level, in the Peninsula. Ascends to 100 or 200 yards, in England. Range of mean annual temperature 51—47. Native. Pratal, Paludal. Uncertain as a native of Scot- land ; but there scarcely appear grounds for distrust suffi- cient to justify a rejection of the Scottish provinces and counties altogether from the estimated census, &c. It is said to occur in Dumfries (Lightf. Flo. Scot.), Lanark (Flo. Lan. and Flo. Glott.), Roxburgh (Rev. James Dun- can), Berwick (Dr. G. Johnston, in Flo. N. D.), Edinburgh (Mr. Thomson, in Graham’s Excurs.), and on shady banks of the Esk, Forfarshire, abundantly (D. Don, in Hook. Flo. Scot.) ; but it is altogether omitted from Gardiner’s Flora of Forfarshire. 889, LysIMACHIA NEMoRUM, Linn. Tat Uf. p39 Area1 234567891011 12 13 1415 16 17. South limit in Cornwall, Isle of Wight, Kent. North limit in Ross, Aberdeen, West-Inverness. Estimate of provinces 17. Estimate of counties 75. Latitude 50—58.° British type of distribution. A.A. regions. Inferagrarian—Midarctic zones. Descends to the coast level, in the Peninsula. Ascends to 800 yards, in East Highlands. Range of mean annual temperature 51—38. Native. Sylvestral. According to the Summa Vegeta- bilium of Fries, it would seem that Lysimachia nemorum is more exclusively a plant of the austral type in Scandina- via, than is the L. nummularia. In Britain, as will be seen from the formula, their differences are just the reverse ; L. nemorum being far the more widely and generally distri- buted of the two species. 58. PRIMULACE, 301 890. ANAGALLIS ARVENSIS, Linn. Areal 234567891011 12131415 16. South limit in Cornwall, Isle of Wight, Kent. North limit in Moray, Kincardine, Argyle. Estimate of provinces 16. Estimate of counties 70. Latitude 50—58. British (?) type of distribution. Agrarian region. Inferagrarian—Superagrarian zones. Descends to the coast level, in the Peninsula. Ascends to 100 or 200 yards, in England. Range of mean annual temperature 52—47. Native. Agrestal. Although this pretty weed is ex- tended over a wide range of latitude, it decreases so much in abundance in Scotland, comparatively with the southern provinces of England, as to approximate very closely to- wards plants of the English type of distribution. And since our northern botanists appear to hold it scarcely native be- yond the Grampians, if even truly so beyond the estuary of the Tay, it can barely be deemed an inhabitant of the super- agrarian zone. Possibly 60 might prove a more correct county estimate than 70, which is taken above. 4oe Fat- /(f he 4g, 890,b. ANAGALLIS CHRULEA, Sm. Areal 234563891011 %13 15. South limit in Devon, Isle of Wight, Kent. Arnucte North limit in Aberdeen? Perth, Glasgow. Estimate of provinces 12. Estimate of counties 30. Latitude 50—58. English (?) type of distribution. Agrarian region. Inferagrarian—Midagrarian zones. Descends to the coast level, in the Peninsula. Ascends to 100 or 200 yards, in England. 302 58. PRIMULACEZ. Range of mean annual temperature 51—47. Colonist. Agrestal. Scarce, and apparently fugitive ; soon disappearing again from many of the places in which it has been seen once or occasionally. Much difference of opinion has prevailed respecting the distinctness of this plant from the A. pheenicea, or red-flowered A. arvensis. An idea has been suggested by Mr. Borrer, that there are really two species, each of which may vary with red or blue flowers. Analogy favours this view; and it meets some difficulties about the supposed two species, which cannot conveniently be entered upon here. For some ex- periments of sowing seeds of A. cerulea, references may be made to the Magazine of Natural History, v. 493, and viii. 634 ; also to Phytologist, i. 164. 891. ANAGALLIS TENELLA, Linn. Areal 2345678910 111213 141516 y 18. South limit in Cornwall, Isle of Wight, Kent. North limit in Shetland, Orkney, Hebrides. Estimate of provinces 18. Estimate of counties 75. Latitude 50—61. British type of distribution. Agrarian region. Inferagrarian—Superagrarian zones. Descends to the coast level, in the Peninsula. Ascends to 200 or 300 yards, in same province. Range of mean annual temperature 52—45. Native. Uliginal. Although so widely spread through Britain, that there can be no hesitation in referring this plant to the British type of distribution, it yet has so much of the insular or occidental and austral prevalence, as to suggest an affinity with the plants of the Atlantic type. This affinity becomes much more evident when we em- brace a wider area; for, while the species passes north- 58. PRIMULACE. 303 ward into the insular group of Faroe, it is unknown in Den- mark and Norway, with other of the Baltic countries. fe Fk. h “ZL. 9 1) 892. CENTUNCULUS MINIMUS, Linn. Areal 234567+%910% 12131415. South limit in Devon, Isle of Wight, Kent. Cra. ¢ North limit in Moray, Forfar, Ayr, Glasgow. Estimate of provinces 14. Estimate of counties 50. Latitude 50—58. British type of distribution. Agrarian region. Inferagrarian—Superagrarian zones. Descends to the coast level, in the Channel. Ascends to 100 or 200 yards, in England. Range of mean annual temperature 51—47. Native. Inundatal, Ericetal. Either frequently over- looked from its diminutive size, or a thinly scattered exam- ple of the British type. The estimate of 50 counties is much higher than the number for which good authorities can be cited at present. 893. SaMoLus VALERANDI, Linn. Area 12345678910 111213141516. South limit in Cornwall, Isle of Wight, Kent. North limit in Moray, Fife, Argyle. Estimate of provinces 16. Estimate of counties 60. Latitude 50—58. British type of distribution. Agrarian region. Inferagrarian—Superagrarian zones. Descends to the coast level, in the Lowlands. Ascends to 100 or 200 yards, in England. Range of mean annual temperature 52—47. Native. Paludal, Inundatal. More frequent near the 304 58. PRIMULACEX.—99. PLUMBAGINACEZ. coast than inland. As a maritime plant, it appears to be very widely scattered about the earth. 894. GLaux MaRITIMA, Linn. x Kee. “Ht $9 Area general South limit in Cornwall, Isle of Wight, Kent. North limit in Shetland, Orkney, Hebrides. Estimate of provinces 18. Estimate of counties 60. Latitude 50—61. British type of distribution. Agrarian region. Inferagrarian—Superagrarian zones. Descends to the coast level, in the Peninsula. Ascends, at the coast level, to the North Isles. Range of mean annual temperature 52—45. Native. Littoral. Occurs in upwards of 50 counties, though probably not quite in so many as 60. In the pro- vince of Severn, it has been found far inland where the earth or the water is of a saline character, as in Worcestershire and Staffordshire. See Phytologist, i. 331, and ii. 512; also Garner’s Nat. Hist. Staff. 357. 895, ARMERIA MARITIMA, Willd. Zp Wf Z 199 Area general South limit in Cornwall, Isle of Wight, Kent. North limit in Shetland, Orkney, Hebrides. Estimate of provinces 18. Estimate of counties 60. Latitude 50—61. British type of distribution. A.A. regions. Inferagrarian—Superagrarian zones. Descends to the coast level, in the Peninsula. Ascends to 1200 yards, in East Highlands. Range of mean annual temperature 52—35. 09. PLUMBAGINACES. 305 Native. Littoral, Rupestral. All around the coasts of Britain ; also, on the summits of various mountains ; more rarely, upon rocks in the mountain-valleys. A question is attached to the indication of a general area above, because I am not prepared to adduce a published record or autho- rity for the occurrence of the species on the coast of the Trent province ; the void doubtless being attributable to the absence of any list of Lincolnshire plants, excepting a few of the rarer species. One or two of our subordinate forms of this species are now supposed to be distinct. 896. ARMERIA PLANTAGINEA, Willd. Sarnian. A plant of Jersey, hitherto not discovered on the coasts of Britain properly so called. STATICE TATARICA, Linn. Area [2]. Incognit. This name has got among those of English plants by a strange error on the part of Dr. Lindley, who is said to have thus designated the Statice rariflora, on the first discovery of that species in England; although it is very difficult to conceive any botanist, everrthe most hum- ble tyro, mistaking the one for the other, after having seen both species. Among botanists Dr. Lindley holds a high place, and most deservedly so ; somewhat vulgarized though his name and fame unfortunately may be by the clumsily applied puffery of incompetent scribes in the Gardener’s Chronicle. -And yet, as if expressly to show how much of excellence, and how much of inferiority, may be found in the writings of the self-same individual, we have seen VOL, ll. x 306 59. PLUMBAGINACES. * The Vegetable Kingdom’ and ‘ A Synopsis of the British Flora, from the pen of the same author! Both are com- pilations in some sense, and yet how dissimilar! The for- mer is the digest of a master thoroughly conversant with his subject: the latter might have been the faulty compi- lation of a pupil, who had his subject yet to learn. This low estimate of the Synopsis is mentioned here, where the opportunity is given, in order to account for the small re- spect towards Dr. Lindley’s authority 2 connexion with British botany, which is exhibited in the pages of the present work, and in other publications by the same writer. The disregard of Dr. Lindley as a British botanist, or sim- ply as a botanist of species, will not be misconstrued into a non-appreciation of his high merits on other grounds, where he may be more at home. 897. SraTicE Limonium, Lznn. -Aveal 234567891011 1213 % % x x [18]. South limit in Cornwall? Isle of Wight, Kent. North limit in Dumfries, Berwick or North Durham. Estimate of provinces 13. Estimate of counties 30. Latitude 50—56. English type of distribution. Agrarian region. Inferagrarian—Midagrarian zones. Descends, at the coast level, to the Peninsula. Ascends, at the coast level, to the W. Lowlands. Range of mean annual temperature 52—48. Native. Littoral. Frequent on the coasts of England ; very local on those of Scotland, and not yet recorded from the East Lowlands, unless that province be considered to extend rather beyond the strict political limits of its coun- ties. Between Northumberland and Berwickshire is a small tract of country which belongs to Durham politically, 59. PLUMBAGINACE. 307 although divided from this latter county by the whole length of Northumberland, and usually distinguished as North Durham or Islandshire. By geographical proximity this tract belongs to Berwickshire, rather than to Durham; and being so associated in the ‘ Flora of Berwick-on- Tweed, the range of which is extended southwards to Holy Island, it may be more natural and more convenient to regard ‘Islandshire’ as a portion of the East Lowland province. Statice Limonium is recorded to grow in Holy Island; and thus may be received as a plant of the East Lowlands. | Jones (Tour) records the present species as a plant observed in Cornwall; but Mr. Pascoe finds only S. spathulata in the locality given. # Ketkepcnsy, FOS hes Fit 4 49y, 898. STaTIcE (RARIFLORA, Drej.) Areal 284% £e02 4% «13. South limit in Devon, Hants, Sussex, Kent. North limit in Wigton, Suffolk, ? Estimate of provinces 6. Estimate of counties 10. Latitude 50—55. English type of distribution. Agrarian region. Inferagrarian—Midagrarian zones. Descends, at the coast level, to the Peninsula. Ascends, at the coast level, to West Lowlands. Range of mean annual temperature 51—48. Native. Littoral. This was long regarded as a variety of 8. Limonium, and occasionally confused with S. spathu- lata. The localities are consequently still very little known. The plants of the southern coast of England, and those of the West Lowland province, differ somewhat from each other; but if identical species we may expect the disco- very of other intermediate localities. The counties above x 2 308 59, PLUMBAGINACES. mentioned are all that have hitherto been announced for S. rariflora, as far as I am aware of them. | See SP Sic 4 . =P 899. STATICE(SPATHULATA, Desf ke fs IM fz. 4 Areal 234467494 x 1218. South limit in Cornwall, Dorset, Sussex, Kent. North limit in Wigton, Cumberland, Norfolk. Estimate of provinces 10. Estimate of counties 20. Latitude 50—55. English type of distribution. Agrarian region. Inferagrarian—Midagrarian zones. Descends, at the coast level, to the Peninsula. Ascends, at the coast level, to the West Lowlands. Range of mean annual temperature 52—48. Native. Littoral. Like the S. rariflora, the present species also appears to attain its northern limit at a much lower latitude on the east than on the west coast. Whe- ther this peculiarity is real, or whether it arises from im- perfect knowledge only, cannot be satisfactorily determined until we obtain more complete information respecting the botany of the coast-line in the provinces of Trent and Humber. Cas fat or 900. Srarice (RETICULATA,) Linn. Le be 1H Jf “¥OS- Area (jer? 4s [78 x * #[J2]. South limit in Norfolk, Cambridge. AY North limit in same counties. As: Qeseitey. Estimate of provinces 1. Estimate of counties 2. Latitude 52—53. Local (Germ.) type of distribution. Agrarian region. Inferagrarian zone. Descends, at the coast level, to province of Ouse. 60. PLANTAGINACE. 309 Ascends, at the coast level, to same province. Range of mean annual temperature about 49. Native. Littoral. In addition to the two counties above mentioned, this species has been reported to occur also in those of Somerset, Kent, Caernarvon, Lincoln and Cumberland ; but in most, if not all, of those counties, the S. spathulata had been mistaken for S. reticulata. It is likely enough that both species may be found on the coast of Lincoln.* =, ~ eat, ae fen ch A Peay Gn Feet, Sef “a_| 901. PLantaco Major, Linn. Area general. South limit in Cornwall, Isle of Wight, Kent. North limit in Shetland, Orkney, Hebrides. Estimate of provinces 18. Estimate of counties 82. Latitude 50—61. British type of distribution. Agrarian region. Inferagrarian—Superagrarian zones. Descends to the coast level, in the Peninsula. Ascends to 500 or 550 yards, in East Highlands. - Range of mean annual temperature 52—4]. Native. Pascual, &c. One of the most universal plants throughout the agrarian region. 902. PLANTAGO MEDIA, Linn. Areal 234567 84% 1011 % 131415 » x (18). South limit in Dorset, Isle of Wight, Kent. North limit in Forfar, Fife, Glasgow. (Shetland ?) _ Estimate of provinces 14. Estimate of counties 50. Latitude 50—57 (61). English (?) type of distribution. Agrarian region. Inferagrarian—Midagrarian zones. 310 60. PLANTAGINACE. Descends to the coast level, in Channel province. Ascends to 150 or 200 yards, in England. Range of mean annual temperature 51—47. Native. Pascual, &c. Abundant in many parts of England, where the soil is calcareous, as in the chalk tracts. Edmondston gives one habitat, “near Scalloway,” in Shetland ; and the name occurs in Lowe’s list of Orkney plants. But when we find no mention of the species in the list of plants observed in the outer Hebrides, Suther- land, Caithness, Ross, Moray, Banff, West Inverness, Ar- gyle, Perth, &c., some distrust of the alleged habitats in the more northerly groups of isles may reasonably be en- tertained. The author of the Flora Abredonensis does not appear to have met with the species in the neighbour- hood of Aberdeen, and refers to the Northern Flora for an authority in evidence of its occurrence in his district. Two localities are mentioned in the Flora of Forfarshire. 903. PLanraco tancgEoLata, Linn, 968. EvpHorsia Cyparissias, Linn. Area (¢ #14 S:Gim % 104112 » 4). Alien. Reported from the counties of Bedford, Stafford, Salop, Glamorgan, York, Northumberland, Cumberland, and Edinburgh ; probably introduced to those counties in which it really has been found becoming wild, and mista- ken in some others of those mentioned. 969. EupHorpiA Paratias, Linn. Areal 234567 x9 x (11) 12 x (14). South limit in Cornwall, Dorset, Sussex, Kent. North limit in Isle of Man, Cumberland, Suffolk. Kstimate of provinces 8. Estimate of counties 20. Latitude 50—55. Atlantic type of distribution. Agrarian region. Inferagrarian—Midagrarian zones. Descends to the coast level, in the Peninsula. 362 69. EUPHORBIACE. Ascends, at the coast level, to the Lake province. Range of mean annual temperature 52—49. Native. Littoral. Notwithstanding the occurrence of this species on the coast of Suffolk (whence I have seen specimens, collected by the Rev. W. Notcutt and Mr. D. Stock) it is referred to the Atlantic type, on account of its distribution being otherwise so decidedly western and southern, ranging along those coasts from Cumberland to Kent. It occurs on the ballast-hills of Tyne province ; and it is enumerated in the Catalogue of the Botanical Society of Edinburgh, though as a species certainly intro- duced to that neighbourhood. The Catalogue, however, is not adapted to show on which side of the Forth, Low- land or Highland, 14 or 15, the species had been seen. Query, as a temporary straggler only ? 970. EUPHORBIA PoRTLANDICA, Linn. Aubdlit fy Sos Area 1 2 [3] x 67%9» » 12138. South limit in Cornwall, Isle of Wight, Stssex. North limit in Wigton, Isle of Man, Lancashire. Estimate of provinces 6. Estimate of counties 15. Latitude 50—55. Atlantic type of distribution. Agrarian region. Inferagrarian—Midagrarian zones. Descends to the coast level, in the Peninsula. Ascends, at the coast level, to West Lowlands. Range of mean annual temperature 52—49. Native. Littoral. In addition to the counties above mentioned, this has been recorded in Devon, Dorset, main- land Hants, Glamorgan, Caermarthen, Pembroke, Caernar- von, Anglesea, and Kent; the last (Martyn, in B. G.) doubtless an error. The range. of the present species, it may thus be seen, is more exclusively southern and west- ern than that of E. Paralias. 69. EUPHORBIACE. 363 971. EupHorsia Extcua, Linn. Areal 234567891011 12» 14 15. South limit in Cornwall, Isle of Wight, Kent. North limit in Forfar, Perth, Fife, Isle of Man. Estimate of provinces 15. Estimate of counties 60. Latitude 50—57. English type of distribution. Agrarian region. Inferagrarian—Midagrarian zones. Descends to the coast level, in the Peninsula. Ascends to 100 or 200 yards, in England. Range of mean annual temperature 52—47. Native. Agrestal. The estimate of 60 counties may be rather too high ; that of 50 would likely be too low. The provincial estimate includes the West Lowland province, for which I am not aware of any positive authority. Nei- ther have I any authority for this species in the Lake pro- vince, except through the union of the Isle of Man to that province. Said by Gardiner, in his Flora of Forfarshire, to be frequent in that county; and the Edinburgh bota- nists attach the sign of frequency to the name in their Catalogue. Rare about Berwick. Omitted from the Floras of Glasgow, Aberdeen, Moray, and others more northerly than these three; as also from all my own local lists of species observed in the Highland provinces. 972. EupPHoRBIA PEp.us, Linn. Areal 23456789 101112131415 1617. South limit in Cornwall, Isle of Wight, Kent. North limit in Caithness, Estimate of provinces 17. Estimate of counties 75. 364 69. EUPHORBIACES. Latitude 50—59. British type of distribution. Agrarian region. Inferagrarian—Superagrarian zones. Descends to the coast level, in the Peninsula. Ascends to 350 yards, in East Highlands. Range of mean annual temperature 52—43. Native. Agrestal. The name of this species appears in a list of plants which I observed near Reay, on the north coast of Caithness ; which is the only record in my posses- sion to show that the species occurs to the northward or westward of the Caledonian Canal. Said to be frequent, though perhaps introduced, in Moray; common about Al- vah and Aberdeen, and in Forfarshire. In 1832 I observed it at Castletown, in Braemar, Aberdeenshire, over 1000 feet of elevation; but the name does not appear in any other of my lists of plants noticed in the Highland counties, except those which relate to tracts at or near the coast level. Perhaps the county estimate might have been raised to 80; but more full or more exact information is still required re- specting the existence of this species in the North High- lands and North Isles. | | } 973. EupHorsia Laruyris, Linn. A Vil. Me fas Arear(2:8t4 ireik ge I] yaks elo): | Alien. Some botanists regard this as a “really wild” or “truly wild” plant in thickets in the south of England ; for example, it is so regarded by Mr. Borrer and by the au- thors of the Flora Hertfordiensis. It very readily and per- tinaciously propagates itself, in a weed-like manner, in gardens; but it is naturally and usually a biennial, and as such, it is adapted to a warmer climate than that of the in- land counties of England. 69. EUPHORBIACE. 365 974. EUPHORBIA AMYGDALOIDES, Linn. Areal 234567831011. South limit in Cornwall, Isle of Wight, Kent. North limit in Northumberland, York. Estimate of provinces 10. Estimate of counties 40. Latitude 50—56. English type of distribution. Agrarian region. Inferagrarian—Midagrarian zones. Descends to the coast level, in the Peninsula. Ascends to 100 or 200 yards, in England. Range of mean annual temperature 52—48. Native. Sylvestral. In almost all the counties of the first five or six provinces; local or wanting in the rest of the English provinces. I am indebted to Mr. Storey for a Northumbrian specimen, collected by the Rev. J. C. Bigg, ina plantation at Linden, near Alnwick; and Mr. Moore reports it as lately discovered in Yorkshire, in a copse be- tween Bilton and Wighill Park. For its occurrence in the counties more southward, as Derby, Montgomery, &c., authorities may be seen in the New Botanist’s Guide. EvupHorsia Caaracias, Linn. Area [5]. Incognit. Euphorbia amygdaloides appears to have been occasionally mistaken for this species, which has never been found wild in England; and which, it is said, would not bear the climate of this country without protec- tion in winter. It has been reported to occur in the coun- ties of Worcester and Stafford, and by several different observers. 366 69. EUPHORBIACE. + EvupPHORBIA DULCIS, Linn. + EUPHORBIA SALICIFOLIA, Host. Area 15. Aliens. The first of these (variety ‘ purpurata’) is said by the Rev. George Gordon to have escaped about Gordon - Castle and Grant Lodge gardens, in Moray. Mr. George Lawson has reported the second as naturalized in Mains Flowery Den, about two miles north from Dundee. See Phytologist i. 345, for particulars. 975. BuXUS SEMPERVIRENS, Linn. Area (1 2) 345% na (8 x 10). South limit in Somerset ? Surrey, Kent. North limit in Bedford ? Bucks, Gloucester. Estimate of provinces 3. Estimate of counties 4. Latitude 51—-52. Local (Germ.) type of distribution. Agrarian region. Inferagrarian zone. Descends to 100 yards, or lower, in Thames province. Ascends to 200 yards, more or less, in same province. Range of mean annual temperature, say 49—47. Denizen. Sylvestral. It is difficult to exhibit the dis- tribution of this shrub by the formula. In the first place, there is a doubt whether the box is truly a native shrub of England. Secondly, if originally a native, it would seem to have become extinct, or nearly so, in most of its natural habitats. Unfortunately for the indirect evidence of its nativity afforded by the names of places, as Box and Box End, this English word has so many different meanings, that its application to some places may have originated in 69. EUPHORBIACE. 367 other circumstances than the growth of box (Buaus) there. Even where the origin of the name seems perfectly clear, as at Box Hill, Surrey, the shrub may have been intro- duced. te Fed Mi. $6 976. MERCURIALIS PERENNIS, Linn. t+ Mercuriatis ovata, S. & H. Areal 234567891011 1213141516 17. South limit in Cornwall, Isle of Wight, Kent. North limit in Ross, Aberdeen, Argyle. Estimate of provinces 17. Estimate of counties 75. Latitude 50—58. British type of distribution. A. A. regions. Inferagrarian—Inferarctic zones. Descends to the coast level, in the Peninsula. Ascends to 550 or 600 yards, in East Highlands. Range of mean annual temperature 52—41. Native. Sylvestral, Septal. A scarce plant above the agrarian region; but assigned to the lowest zone of the arctic region because it was observed in the woods of Loch- na-gar, Aberdeenshire, at 1720 feet, and in Twll du, Caer- narvonshire, at 1750 feet. M. ovata is unknown to me. From the accounts and remarks of other botanists, I sup- pose it to be a slight variety of M. perennis. Mr. Mitten says that it has been found in hedges, near Hurstpierpoint in Sussex. > 977. MERCURIALIs ANNUA, Linn. 977,b. MeRcuRIALIS amBicua, L. fil. Areal 2345678%% 11% 15. South limit in Devon, Isle of Wight, Kent. 368 70. URTICACEA., North limit in Perth, Fife. Estimate of provinces 10. Estimate of counties 25. Latitude 50—57. English type of distribution. Agrarian region. Inferagrarian—Mlidagrarian zones. Descends to the coast level, in the Peninsula. Ascends to 100 yards, less or more, in England. Range of mean annual temperature 51—47. Native. Viatical, &c. Nota frequent plant in England; very local, and doubtfully indigenous, in Scotland. I have a specimen from Burntisland, Fifeshire, by favour of Pro- fessor Balfour; and in Hooker’s Flora Scotica it is said to have been found in the parish of Aberfoyle, in Perthshire, by the Rev. Dr. Graham. The Edinburgh Society’s Cata- logue allows it to be native in their circuit, that is, m some of the counties bordering the Firth of Forth. 978. UrricA URENS, Linn. Area general. South limit in Cornwall, Isle of Wight, Kent. North limit in Shetland, Orkney, Hebrides. Estimate of provinces 18. Estimate of counties 82. Latitude 50—61. British type of distribution. Agrarian region. Inferagrarian—Superagrarian zones. Descends to the coast level, in the Peninsula. Ascends to 400 yards, in the East Highlands. Range of mean annual temperature 52—42. Native. Agrestal, Viatical. A very common weed in England; and “frequent” even in the northern isles of Shetland. 70. URTICACER. 369 979. Urtica pioica, Linn. Area general. South limit in Cornwall, Isle of Wight, Kent. North limit in Shetland, Orkney, Hebrides. Estimate of provinces 18. Estimate of counties 82. Latitude 50—61. British type of distribution. A. A. regions. Iuferagrarian—Midarctic zone. Descends to the coast level, in the Peninsula. Ascends to 800 yards, in the East Highlands. Range of mean annual temperature 52—39. Native. Viatical, Septal, &c. Abundantly common throughout Britain, the two upper zones excepted, and, perhaps, the Hebrides also, where it appears to have been observed only in one spot, by Balfour and Babington. I have only once met with it above 2000 feet of elevation ; namely, under a great overhanging rock on the Breadal- bane mountains, calculated at 2500 feet of elevation, and evidently much resorted to by sheep for the sake of its shelter. Here grew the Urtica dioica and Stellaria media, with some other low country weeds, probably conveyed to this spot by the sheep. The Urtica dioica is frequent about houses, sheep-pens, and under stone walls, at 500 or 600 yards of elevation in Scotland. 980. URTICA PILULIFERA, Linn. Area (1234567%9 11). Alien. Though long an inhabitant of England, whether by human introduction or otherwise, this species would seem to have very little tendency to diffuse itself over ex- VOL, U. 2B 370 70. URTICACE. tended tracts of country. It remains local or again disap- pears, although reported from several different and distant counties; namely, Cornwall, Hants, Kent, Surrey, Essex, Suffolk, Stafford, Salop, Glamorgan, Anglesea, Lancaster, Durham, and Northumberland. Some of these counties may produce the U. Dodartii, and not U. pilulifera; but, if so, I am unable to distinguish them from the rest by the published records. My specimens of U. pilulifera are from Suffolk, collected by Mr. Fitt; and I see that “ coarsely toothed” and “ nearly entire” leaves occur occasionally on the same single plant. Nor do I find that the seeds of the coarsely toothed specimens from Suffolk, not quite ripe, are easily distinguishable from those of the nearly entire leaved plants from Kent and Essex. I suspect that U. pi- lulifera and U. Dodartii will prove to be only forms of a single species. 981. Urtica Doparti, Linn. Area (2 3 4). Alien. Only of late distinguished from U. pilulifera by English botanists ; and a reference may be made to the latter, swpra, for the grounds on which they are conjectured not to be really distinct species. My specimens of U. Do- dartii are from Kent (Sir W. C. Trevelyan) and Essex (Mr. E. G. Varenne, through the Botanical Society of London). It is also reported from the Isle of Wight, Nor- folk, and Cambridge ;— sown in the former by Dr. Brom- field, as we are informed by himself, in the Phytologist i. 806; the locality having been previously recorded for “U. pilulifera” in that periodical. 70. URTICACE. 371 982. PARIETARIA OFFICINALIS, Linn. Areal 23456789101112131415, 17. South limit in Cornwall, Isle of Wight, Kent. North limit in Ross? Moray? Banff, Aberdeen. Estimate of provinces 16. Estimate of counties 70. Latitude 50—58. British (?) type of distribution. Agrarian region. Inferagrarian—Superagrarian zones. Descends to the coast level, in the Peninsula. Ascends to 100 or 200 yards, in England. Range of mean annual temperature 52—47. Native. Rupestral, Viatical. Intermediate between the English and British type. By the Rev. George Gordon it is considered “ certainly introduced” into Moray. _ If this view is correct, the county of Ross, on authority of Mr. Smith, in Mr. Gordon’s Catalogue, may likewise be dis- trusted. In rejecting Ross and Moray, we should reduce the plant to the two lower zones, thus excluding the super- agrarian zone; also discarding the province of North Highlands from its native area, and keeping the species more clearly within the English type of distribution. Some modern botanists subdivide P. officinalis into two separate species ; namely, P. diffusa, the common English form, and P. erecta, which may possibly be different, while I do not at present venture so to treat it. Indeed, I am not in possession of the data which would be requisite for distin- guishing the habitats one from the other of them. Mr. Babington says that P. erecta occurs in Essex, Pembroke, Linlithgow, and Stirling; and hence it will probably be found in many intermediate counties. tw & i) 372 70. URTICACE. 9 CANNABIS SATIVA, Linn. Area (1 &c.) Alien. Occasionally seen on waste ground in the south of England, perhaps introduced casually by the seeds in use for feeding caged birds, like the Phalaris canariensis and Linum usitatissimum, which occasionally are distri- buted by the same agency. Scarcely requiring to be men- tioned among British plants ; but it was taken into the list of “ Excluded Species” in the London Catalogue of Bri- 4,442 tish plants, from -seme—betanical—work,;the-reference te 7 yd which has-been-since mislaid. 452, Susch 22,7 Marne a | . 983. Humutus Lupuus, Linn. Areal 234567891011 12 (13 14 15). South limit in Cornwall, Isle of Wight, Kent. North limit in Cumberland, Westmoreland, Durham. Estimate of provinces 12. Estimate of counties 50. Latitude 50—55. English type of distribution. Agrarian region. Inferagrarian—Midagrarian zones. Descends to the coast level, in the Peninsula. Ascends to 100 or 200 yards, in England. Range of mean annual temperature 52—47. Denizen. Septal. Has the hop been introduced into : Britain by human agency, or is it an aboriginal native? If native, how much of its present area, how many of its loca- lities, should be deemed natural ? — and how much of that area, how many of those localities, may be considered arti- ficial? Who can undertake to answer these questions with certainty ? Henslow and Babington let the Humulus 70. URTICACE. 373 stand an unquestioned native; while Hooker marks it as an introduced plant. The localities in the southern pro- vinces of England appear to countenance the views of the two former botanists ; those in Scotland and the northern provinces of England better supporting the opinion of Sir William Hooker. I saw the hop in 1832, by the bridge at Castletown, in Braemar, near 1100 feet above the sea, and it was still there in 1844; but I presume this not to be an indigenous habitat. Omitted from the Floras of Moray, Aberdeen, Forfar, and the more northerly catalogues. Mr. Lawson mentions its occurrence in Fife, but only as an in- troduced plant. In the Edinburgh Society’s Catalogue, and in the Flora of Berwick-on-Tweed, its true nativity is also questioned. It is enumerated in the Glasgow Flora, without the expression of distrust. Winch speaks of it as naturalized in hedges in Northumberland, and quotes two localities in the county of Durham, without repeating his doubt of its nativity in that county likewise. hac Fi. th f.. $26 984. Utmus montana, Linn. Area general. South limit in Devon, Isle of Wight, Sussex. Arnu-& North limit in Hebrides, Sutherland. Estimate of provinces 18. Estimate of counties 60. Latitude 50—59. British type of distribution. Agrarian region. Inferagrarian—Superagrarian zones. Descends to the coast level, in the Peninsula. Ascends to 350 yards, in East Highlands. (Planted ?) Range of mean annual temperature 51—44. Native. Sylvestral, &c. Rather thinly scattered through Britain, in the present time, if we reject the localities in which it appears to have been planted. There is much 374 70. URTICACES. reason for doubt, indeed, whether it can now be found in every province as a really native tree, although published localities and authorities might be adduced for every pro- vince. 985. Utmus superosa, Ehrh. A< eb. f.. 506 986. ULMus CAMPESTRIS, Linn. 987. Utmus eLaBra, Mill. Areal 234567891011 x (13 14 158). South limit in Devon, Isle of Wight, Kent. Len tant. North limit in Northumberland. Estimate of provinces 11. Estimate of counties 40. Latitude 50—56. English type of distribution. Agrarian region. Inferagrarian—Midagrarian zones. Descends to the coast level, in the Peninsula. Ascends to 100 or 200 yards, in England. Range of mean annual temperature 51—47. Native. Sylvestral, &c. The doubts mentioned under the preceding species, Ulmus montana, might be repeated here, and would be still more difficult to remove. Ina paper published in the Phytologist, 11. 36, Dr. Planchon has placed all the reputedly British elms under two species, montana and campestris, distinguished one from the other by the position of the seed in the winged fruit. Besides the three above named, 985—6—/7, Dr. Planchon holds the major, stricta, and carpinifolia, also as forms of U. cam- pestris ; so that we may say, in adopting his views, every British elm is U. campestris, —if it is not U. montana. But supposing the views of Dr. Planchon to be quite cor- rect with respect to the character afforded by the fruit, it may still remain a question to be answered, whether the two names, montana and campestris, represent single es 71. AMENTIFERE. 379 species respectively, or whether they represent groups of species. Some of the named forms would appear to be varieties raised in cultivation, and to have no really indi- genous representatives ; while one, U. glabra, would seem to be represented by smooth-leaved examples of either species. Hooker thinks only one species is indigenous in Scotland, U. montana; and great diversity of opinion on the question of nativity is shown by the authors of local floras and lists. The Botanical Society of Edinburgh questions the nativity of any species of Ulmus within the circle embraced by their Catalogue. Winch deems U. moutana and suberosa indigenous in the province of Tyne, and denies U. campestris being so. Henslow reverses this with reference to Britain in general; marking the U. sube- rosa as not indigenous, and allowing campestris, with all the others, except U. major, to be native. Babington dis- cards only U. major from the native list. I suspect that these authors knew but little about the indigenous elms, and I cannot myself pretend to a much higher degree of knowledge in the matter. 988. Quercus Ropur, Linn. Areal 23456789 1011 1213 14 15 16 17. South limit in Cornwall, Isle of Wight, Kent. North limit in Ross, Aberdeen, Western Inverness. Estimate of provinces 17. Estimate of counties 75. Latitude 50—58. British type of distribution. Agrarian region. Inferagrarian—Superagrarian zones. Descends to the coast level, in the Peninsula. Ascends to 500 yards, in East Highlands (Dickie). Range of meau annual temperature 52—42. Native. Sylvestral, &c. The distribution, as above set 376 71. AMENTIFER2. forth, must be understood to be drawn out from the pub- lished records and my own notes about Quercus Robur, sometimes distinguished from Q. sessiliflora, sometimes not so distinguished. In other words, it is the distribution of Quercus Robur (Q. pedunculata) more or less confused with Q. sessiliflora. Dr. Dickie mentions the oak as high as 1500 feet in Aberdeenshire, “on steep rocks above Pan- nanick Wells, on the south side of the Dee, about one mile and a half below Ballater ;” but he was not quite certain about the species. I have myself not seen either of the oaks above 1000 or 1100 feet in Scotland. 988,c. QUERCUS SESSILIFLORA, Salisb. 988, b. QUERCUS INTERMEDIA, Don. Areal 234567891011 1213 1415 1617. South limit in Devon, Isle of Wight, Kent. North limit in Sutherland (Dr. G. Johnston). Estimate of provinces 17. Estimate of counties 70. Latitude 50—59. British type of distribution. Agrarian region. Inferagrarian—Superagrarian zones. Descends to the coast level, in the Peninsula. ? (300 yards ?). Range of mean annual temperature 51—46. Native. Sylvestral, &c. It is remarkable to find so much uncertainty in the opinions of botanists on important Ascends to points relating to our British oaks. First, are there one or two (or even three) species? Secondly, what is the true distribution of each species, real or supposed, apart from the other or others? Thirdly, which of them yields the best timber? These queries have not yet been replied to with certainty or unanimity. It would seem, however, that Q. sessiliflora was once the most generally distributed in 71. AMENTIFER. 377 Britain by natural agencies, while Q. Robur appears to be the most usually planted, and therefore now the common- est of the two or three. I am unprepared to state the ele- vation which is attained by Q. sessiliflora, certainly such, but suppose it to reach 300 or 400 yards in England. CASTANEA VULGARIS, Lam. Area (1 &c.) Alien. There seems very slender reason for including this tree among those of Britain. Though frequently planted, it can be said to be naturalized only in the sense in which the laurels and laburnums of our shrubberies are so. It grows well in England and the southern counties of Scotland ; ripens its fruit usually in the south of England, and occasionally also in Scotland; and the seeds will ve- getate where they fall. But it does not spontaneously spread and multiply, so as to obtain a hold over the wastes and neglected places, after the manner in which we see the Quercus or the Pinus establish itself without human agency, or even in defiance of human processes which oppose and impede the natural tendency to spontaneous increase. fray ponte the tabi: tea bedyn. >. £4 ‘Mt 6 hee. F24: 111 A $06 989. Facus SYLVATICA, Linn. Area 1234567891011 (12 13 1415 16 17). South limit in Devon? Dorset, Hants, Kent. 2-4-4 North limit in Northumberiand ? Estimate of provinces 11. Estimate of counties 30. Latitude 50—54 (56). English type of distribution. Agrarian region. Inferagrarian—Midagrarian zones. Descends to the coast level, in the Channel. 378 71. AMENTIFER4. Ascends to 100 or 200 yards, in England. Range of mean annual temperature 51—47. Native. Sylvestral. Though quite believing this tree to be truly native in the south of England, as in the counties of Hants and Sussex; and not improbably indigenous also also in counties much more northerly, as in those of Staf- | ford and Chester, I find it quite impossible to distinguish the counties in which the beech does occur as a native, from those in which it now appears only as a planted tree. Its nativity in Scotland, where it grows well, is generally denied or distrusted. Winch treats it as native of the Tyne province. In the Floras of Yorkshire and Notting- hamshire, and in Howitt’s list of Derbyshire plants, it is given without the expression of doubt on the point; as also in several of the local lists and floras for more southern counties or tracts, particularly those including portions of the chalk basins of England. It may be said that the beech is certainly native in the provinces of the Channel and Thames; probably so, in those of the Ouse, Trent, Mersey, and Severn; also in the Peninsula, at least in its most easterly county of Somerset; more dubiously, in Wales, Humber, and Tyne; introduced only, in Scotland and the Lake province. 990. Carpinus Berutus, Linn. Lub Lf, 0b Areal 2345 %(78y% 1011 % 1314 15). South limit in Devon, Kent, ? North limit in Norfolk, Cambridge, Estimate of provinces 5. Estimate of counties 20. Latitude 50—53 (55). English type of distribution. Agrarian region. Inferagrarian zone. ° Descends to the coast level, or nearly so. 71. AMENTIFER. 379 Ascends to 100 or 200 yards, in England. Range of mean annual temperature 50—48. Native. Sylvestral. Equally difficult as in the case of the beech, to say where this tree is a genuine native and where it exists only as an introduced species. Generally allowed, I think, not to be indigenous in Scotland. Winch says that it is not native in the north of England. In the Floras of Yorkshire, Nottinghamshire, Anglesea, Stafford- shire, Charnwood, &c., it is included without negation, but also without any satisfactory evidence in support of its real nativity in those counties and tracts. It would seem to be truly indigenous in the provinces of Thames and Ouse ; quite possibly so in several others likewise. are fale “A fay 991. CoryLtus AveLLANA, Linn. Area general. South limit in Cornwall, Isle of Wight, Kent. North limit in Orkney, Hebrides, Sutherland. Estimate of provinces 18. Estimate of counties 81. Latitude 50—60. British type of distribution. Agrarian region. Inferagrarian—Superagrarian zones. Descends to the coast level, in the Peninsula. Ascends to 600 yards, in East Highlands. Range of mean annual temperature 52—42. Native. Sylvestral, Septal. Pleasant is it to pass on- ward from the imperfectly distinguished species of Ulmus and Quercus, and the imperfectly ascertained distribution of Fagus and Carpinus, to a species which is so familiarly known as the shrub now under notice. The Shetland Isles would seem to offer the only exception to the generality of its horizontal distribution in Britain. In vertical range it rises occasionally above the actual limit of cultivation, on 380 71. AMENTIFERZ. the sunny side of rocks, where it may be considered par- tially in a condition approximating to that of the fruit trees which are trained on walls in our garden. Its usual upper limit otherwise would seem to be at about 400 yards of ele- vation, in the Highlands, nearly on a line with the Pteris and corn cultivation. Is it a native in the Hebrides ? 992. ALNUS GLUTINOSA, Linn. th sgh Area general. South limit in Cornwall, Isle of Wight, Kent. North limit in Hebrides, Sutherland. Estimate of provinces 18. Estimate of counties 80. Latitude 50—59. British type of distribution. Agrarian region. Inferagrarian—Mrdagrarian zones. Descends to the coast level, in the Peninsula. Ascends to 550 yards, in East Highlands. Range of mean annual temperature 52—4]1. Native. Sylvestral, Paludal. Absent from the Floras of Shetland and Orkney ; nor am I prepared to cite any authority for its occurrence in the Isle of Man. At the height of 1500 feet, in Aberdeen and Moray, I have seen trees of the alder full three feet in girth, and smaller ex- amples at rather a higher elevation. Both this tree and the Corylus might be considered to attain the inferarctic zone. But if so, they are so local within the arctic region, as barely to belong to it. 993. BETULA ALBA, Linn. Area general ? South limit in Cornwall, Isle of Wight, Kent. Ks ee 71. AMENTIFER. 381 North limit in Orkney, Sutherland. Estimate of provinces 18. Estimate of counties 80. Latitude 50—60. British type of distribution. A. A. regions. Inferagrarian—Midarctic zones. Descends to the coast level, in the Peninsula. Ascends to 700 yards, or upwards, in East Highlands. Range of mean annual temperature 52—40. Native. Sylvestral, Ericetal. Omitted from the lists for Shetland, Hebrides, Isle of Man, and some tracts of small extent in England; so that possibly the estimate of 75 might come nearer to the true number of counties than is that of 80. This tree is frequent on the Highland moun- tains up to 600 or 700 yards; but rare at any greater ele- vation; although, as was remarked in my earliest volume on plant-geography, Outlines, &c., I think to have seen it much higher than 2000 feet,—certainly so, in form of a seed- ling plant of it on the acclivity of Ben Nevis. The Betula alba of authors has been subdivided into several species, under the names of glutinosa, pubescens, pendula, &c. There certainly are great variations in the forms of the leaves and fruit, but I have been unable to satisfy myself about the distinctness of the alleged species on examining a large series of specimens, and likewise very numerous liv- ing trees in England and the Highlands. The extreme forms of B. pendula and B. glutinosa are very different ; but the intermediate forms are numerous, and look like links of connexion. fee Kit. i es a i 994. BETULA NANA, Linn. Areax xx xxxx xxx 11%13 141516 17. South limit in Northumberland, Berwick, Lanark. North limit in Ross, Aberdeen, West Inverness. 382 71. AMENTIFERZ. Estimate of provinces 6. Estimate of counties 12. Latitude 55—58. Highland type of distribution. Arctic region. Inferarctic—Midarctic zones. Descends to 550 yards, in East Highlands. Ascends to 900 yards, in the same province. Range of mean annual temperature 41—38. Native. Ericetal. A scarce shrub, probably rendered more scarce by the periodical burning of the heaths and moors, in order to produce better pasturage for sheep. The locality in Northumberland, and perhaps those in Ber- wick and Lanark, may be within the agrarian region. Mr. Babington thinks that we have two species under this name in Scotland; and it is reported that B. intermedia has been found in Forfarshire. 995. Poputus ALBA, Linn. Ac SA be te $07. Aveal2345%789 11» (13) 14 (15 16) » [18]. South limit in Cornwall, Dorset, Sussex, Kent. North limit in Northumberland, Edinburgh? Lanark ? Estimate of provinces 12. Estimate of counties 40. Latitude 50—56. English type of distribution. Agrarian region. Inferagrarian—Superagrarian zones. Descends to the coast level, in the Peninsula. Ascends to 200 yards, more or less, in Tyne. Range of mean annual temperature 52—46. Native. Sylvestral, Septal. Uncertain whether this tree ought to be deemed indigenous in Scotland. Maccul- loch said that a few stunted plants of this species compose all the trees in the island of Lewis, Outer Hebrides ; which was certainly an error, since Balfour and Babington men- tion the P. tremula as the only species of the genus seen by them in the Hebrides. Dr. Balfour gives the name of a eS 71. AMENTIFER. 383 P. alba in a list of plants seen by him in Cantire, Argyle- shire. The Rev. G. Gordon holds it certainly introduced in Moray. It is omitted from the Flora of Aberdeen, and vaguely indicated, as a planted tree, in that of Forfarshire. In the Catalogue printed for the Botanical Society of Edin- burgh, it is entered as a native, although very rare in their circuit. In the Flora of Berwick, it is mentioned as an in- troduced tree. But Winch holds it to be truly indigenous in the province of Tyne. The genus ‘Populus’ appears to be altogether omitted from the Flora of Yorkshire, likely enough by oversight in the author. P. alba is clearly indi- genous in the southern provinces of England. As Winch states that it grows at a “considerable elevation” on the sides of the moors in the province of Tyne, the range of elevation is carried up to 200 yards, less or more, and into the superagrarian zone, with a mean temperature to cor- respond. fel. (a A tog 996. POPULUS CANESCENS, Sm. Areal 2345478 5% % 11% (14). South limit in Devon, Kent, ? North limit in Northumberland, Estimate of provinces 10. Estimate of counties 30. Latitude 50—56. English type of distribution. Agrarian region. Inferagrarian—Midagrarian zones. Descends to the coast level, in the Peninsula. Ascends to 100 or 200 yards, in England. Range of mean annual temperature 51—48. Native. Sylvestral, Septal. The distribution of this species can be shown even less satisfactorily than that of P. alba, with which latter species it is perhaps often con- fused. I fear that very little reliance can be placed upon c 384 71. AMENTIFER. the published data towards showing the true localities and distribution of P. canescens, as regards either their suffi- ciency or their correctness. 997. PopuLUs TREMULA, Linn. Area general. South limit in Devon, Isle of Wight, Kent. North limit in Orkney, Hebrides, Sutherland. Kstimate of provinces 18. Estimate of counties 75. Latitude 50—60 (61). British type of distribution. Agrarian region. Inferagrarian—Superagrarian zones. Descends to the coast level, in the Peninsula. Ascends to 550 yards, in East Highlands. Range of mean annual temperature 51—41. Native. Sylvestral,&c. More frequent in Scotland and the northern provinces of England, but found occasionally in the south of England. In the Highlands it ascends to 400 yards, and upwards, in several places, but seldom exceeds 500 yards. Like the Alnus and Corylus, this tree also might be considered to ascend slightly above the agrarian region in Scotland. Not reaching to the Shetland Isles, according to Edmondston’s Flora, unless that author has mistaken the present species for P. nigra, which latter he does enumerate in his list, although it would seem far less likely than is P. tremula to be found in Shetland. 998. PopuLus nicRA, Linn. Areal 2345%7891011 » (13) 14 (15 16) y [18]. South limit in Devon, Isle of Wight, ? North limit in Northumberland, Edinburgh ? Lanark ? 71. AMENTIFER®. 385 Estimate of provinces 14. Estimate of counties 40. Latitude 50—56. English type of distribution. Agrarian region. Inferagrarian—Midagrarian zones. Descends to the coast level, in the Peninsula ? Ascends to 100 or 200 yards, in England. Range of mean annual temperature 51—47. Native. Sylvestral, Septal. Given as an indigenous tree in the Flora of Shetland by Edmondston; but there seems a strong presumption that P. tremula has been thus misnamed. Introduced into Moray, according to Gordon; and apparently so in Forfarshire, by the vague notice of it in Gardiner’s Flora. Given as a native of the Edinburgh _ circuit, in the Catalogue mentioned under P. alba; and also enumerated by Winch, among the plants of the Tyne, without challenge. It is, however, now almost impossible to determine over what area, and in what localities, this tree is really indigenous in Britain. Sanix. H r 71. AMENTIFERE. 401 1019. SALIx ROsMARINIFOLIA, Linn. South limit in Sussex, Suffolk, Monmouth. North limit in Islay, Aberdeen, Durham, York. Estimate of provinces 7. Estimate of counties 7. Latitude 50—58. Local (Scot.) type of distribution. Agrarian region. Inferagrarian—Superagrarian zones. Descends to the coast level, in Ouse province. Ascends to 400 yards, in East Highlands. Range of mean annual temperature 49—A42. Native. Ericetal. A doubtful species, and with locali- ties equally doubtful. Besides the seven counties above mentioned, it is said to grow within thirty miles from Poole, in Dorset, according to Dr. Salter’s Catalogue. Not seen for several years past in the recorded habitats for Sussex and Suffolk. 1020. Satrx Dontana, Sm. Area x % # *¥ HH Ke eee * *® dO. South limit in Forfar. North limit in the same county. Estimate of provinces 1. Estimate of counties 1. Latitude 56—57. Local (Scot.) type of distribution. Agrarian region. Superagrarian zone ? Descends to ? Ascends to Range of mean annual temperature, say 47 or 46. Native. Sylvestral. Of this I know nothing, except by the meagre accounts of it in books. It is said to grow in Baldovan [Baldowen?] Woods, Forfarshire. VOL. II. 2D ? 402 71. AMENTIFER. 1021. SaLix aARBUSCULA, Linn. Area x x % % &% ee & * % 13 % 1516 % 18. South limit in Dumfries, Perth, Forfar. North limit in Orkney, Aberdeen, Argyle. Estimate of provinces 4. Estimate of counties 6. Latitude 55—60. Highland type of distribution. Arctic region. Inferarctic—Midarctic zones. Descends to 500 yards, less or more, in E. Highlands. Ascends to 800 yards, more or less, in same province. Range of mean annual temperature, say 45—41. Native. Rupestral. Possibly descends within the su- peragrarian zone; and if really to be found in Orkney, it will there be below 500 yards. 1022. Satix Lapponum, Linn. 1022*, Saurx GLauca, Sm. Area x » x» x » [6 x 8] x » Ll » x 14 15 16 17 18. South limit in Durham, Edinburgh, Stirling. North limit in Orkney, Sutherland, Ross. Estimate of provinces 6. Estimate of counties 12. Latitude 54—60. Highland type of distribution. A. A. regions. Superagrarian—Midarctic zones. Descends to 200 yards, or lower, in East Lowlands. Ascends to 850 yards, in East Highlands. Range of mean annual temperature 46—39. Native. Rupestral. Has been reported to grow in South Wales and Nottinghamshire ; both of which may likely be erroneous records. There appears less doubt about the county of Durham, in the province of Tyne; be- cause a specimen from Teesdale was shown to Mr. Winch a ee Fe EEE eee a 71. AMENTIFER. 403 by Mr. Harriman, although the exact locality could not be recollected. Rather frequent on the Grampians in the East Highland province. 1023. SALIX MYRSINITES, Linn. Area * x % # x * x * [10] % * x x 15 [16]. South limit in Perth, Forfar. North limit in Moray, Aberdeen. Estimate of provinces 1. Estimate of counties 4. Latitude 56—58. Highland type of distribution. Arctic region. Midarctic zone. Descends to 800 yards, less or more. Ascends to 900 yards, more or less. Range of mean annual temperature, say 39—38. Native. Rupestral. I am not acquainted with this species, which has been recorded from York and Argyle, in addition to the four counties mentioned above. As it is stated to occur on the rocks of Clova and Canlochen, on Craigalleach and in Glen Callater, I think the altitude must run somewhere between 750 and 950 yards; but in this, as in other instances of plants which I have not col- lected with my own hand, I am compelled to substitute a rough guess, in place of proper calculations. 1024. SALIx PROCUMBENS, Forbes. Area % % * % * % ee Ke ee ee 15:16. South limit in Perth, Forfar. North limit in Moray, Argyle. Estimate of provinces 2. Estimate of counties 4. Latitude 56—58. Highland type of distribution. 2Dd2 404 71. AMENTIFER. Arctic region. Descends to 800 yards, less or more. Ascends to 900 yards, more or less. Range of mean annual temperature, say 39—38. Native. Rupestral. With this also I still remain un- acquainted, and mention above the only four counties in which I find it recorded to occur; one or two of which can scarcely be relied upon until verified again. “ This seems to be the S. retusa, With. Bot. Arr. ed. 8, v. il. p. 49, with a fig.” (Hook. Br. Flo. ed. 5). SALIX RETUSA, Linn. SALIX SERPYLLIFOLIA, Scop. Area [15]: Incognit. “Fries (Mant. i. 76) states that ‘ beautiful specimens of the variety serpyllifolia collected by Mr. Winch in Breadalbane are in Hornemann’s _herbari- um.’ It is not to be found in Mr. Winch’s herbarium.” (Bab. Man. edit. 2). See Hooker’s note on S. retusa, un- der S. procumbens above. 8S. retusa was recorded in the Linnean Transactions, as found on Ben Lawers, on the authority of Dickson. 1025. Saurx LANATA, Linn. Areax xx eux ee * &* *& & % 15. South limit in Forfar. North limit in Aberdeen. Estimate of provinces 1. Estimate of counties 2. Latitude 56—57. Highland type of distribution. Arctic region. Midarctic zone. ee ee 71. AMENTIFER. 405 Descends to 800 yards, less or more. Ascends to 900 yards, less or more. Range of mean annual temperature 39—38. Native. Rupestral, Uliginal. Very local, being re- stricted to a few rocky glens in the eastern Grampians, at the upper ends of Glens Clova, Isla, and Callater. I never ascertained the altitudes of any of its stations ex- actly, but have no doubt about the above indications being very near the truth. It certainly occurs between 800 and 900 yards, and perhaps not lower than the former, nor higher than the latter elevation. 1026. SALIx RETICULATA, Linn. Areay x ex x «(7% x 10% 12) %%15% 17. South limit in Perth, Forfar, Aberdeen. North limit in Sutherland. Estimate of provinces 2. Estimate of counties 4. Latitude 56—59. Highland type of distribution. Arctic region. Midarctic—Superarctic zones. Descends to 850 yards, or lower, in East Highlands. Ascends to 1100 yards, in same province. Range of mean annual temperature 39—36. Native. Rupestral. If once really known to a botanist, the present very distinct species cannot be confounded with any other British species; and it might hence appear that it ought to form an exception to the difficulties and uncertainties which have arisen in the attempt to show the distribution of so many other species of this troublesome genus. Nevertheless, as will be observed, I have felt war- ranted in rejecting three out of the five provinces which have been recorded for Salix reticulata, under the impres- sion that Salix herbacea had there been mistaken for the Jhfland. 406 71. AMENTIFER. present much rarer species. Those three provinces rest on old authority, not verified or confirmed by any good bota- nist of the present day, so far as I am aware; indeed, I know not that any living botanist has pretended to have found S. reticulata southward of the Highland provinces, with the sole exception of Mr. Joseph Sidebotham (Phyto- logist, ii. 816), on whose accuracy of statement in botanical matters I feel quite unable to place confidence, after read- ing his contributions to the Phytologist. I have seen S. reticulata in the counties of Perth, Forfar and Aberdeen. Professor Graham found it sparingly on Ben Hope, in Su- therland. Old authorities may be found quoted in the Botanist’s Guides, for Cumberland, Westmoreland, York, and Caernarvon. In connexion with the last county, it would be curious to ascertain whether two localities pub- lished for Salix reticulata, on authority of Mr. Griffith, in the Botanist’s Guide, do not both belong to Cotoneaster vulgaris ; namely, those of Llandudno and Penmaen-mawr. 1027. SALIx HERBACEA, Linn. Area x x» » x ¥67%% 1041213 % 151617 18. South limit in Brecon, Caernarvon, York. North limit in Orkney, Hebrides, Sutherland. Estimate of provinces 9. Estimate of counties 20. Latitude 52—60. Highland type of distribution. Arctic region. Midarctic—Superarctic zones. Descends to 500 yards, in North Isles (Orkney). Ascends to 1400 or 1450 yards, in East Highlands. Range of mean annual temperature 41—32. Native. Ericetal, Rupestral. Although the English botanist naturally regards this as quite a “rare plant,” it is one of the most abundant plants towards the summits of 71. AMENTIFERZ. 407 nearly all the Highland mountains which exceed 700 or 800 yards in altitude, and is also plentiful at similar eleva- tions on the rocky acclivities and by the streams of those which attain 1000 yards or upwards. In the province of East Highlands, the lower line of Salix herbacea may be considered to run between 700 and 800 yards, descending even below 700 yards in some few places ; but the plant is seldom found plentifully before we have attained to 800 yards. In the West Highlands, as about the Ben Nevis group, we may take the lower line or limit at full 50 yards lower than in the East Highlands. And in Orkney, the dwarf willow must grow as low as 500 yards, or thereabouts; since it is reported to occur on Hoy Hill, which is consi- dered not quite 1600 feet of elevation. As it is stated to grow on Ingleborough, in Yorkshire, it must descend below 800 yards in England. Our British mountains are not sufficiently lofty to show the natural limit of Salix herbacea in an upward direction. It attains the summit of the high- est mountains of Scotland, the bare and rocky top of Ben Nevis excepted ; where the want of soil, and not the alti- tude merely, may be assigned as the cause of its absence. The only authority for this little shrub in South Wales is that of Mr. Jones, in Turner and Dillwyn’s Guide ; which it would be desirable to have confirmed, although the altitude of the Beacon of Brecon (950 yards) seems sufficient to give much probability to the record. The ap- parent absence of Salix herbacea from Shetland, where one hill is high enough to support the Azalea procumbens, is worthy of note in connexion with its abundance in Scot- land, and its occurrence in Orkney, Faroe, &c. ‘I Pak feewed i ak Veengrel lirvh (Fro Se)” 408 71. AMENTIFER#. SALIX PETIOLARIS, Sm. Area [8 * XK * 13 * 15]. Incognit. I know not which of the British species of Salix is intended by authors under this name. Dr. Lindley says that the name does not belong to any British, or even to any European species. (See Hooker’s British Flora, p. 308, edit. 5). 1028. Myrica GALE, Linn. Area 1234567891011 1213 1415 16 17. South limit in Cornwall, Isle of Wight, Sussex. North limit in Caithness, Sutherland. Estimate of provinces 17. Estimate of counties 50. Latitude 50—59. British type of distribution. A. A. regions. Inferagrarian—Inferarctic zones. Descends to the coast level, in the Peninsula. Ascends to 600 yards, in East Highlands. Range of mean annual temperature 52—40. Native. [Ericetal, Uliginal. Rather too widely distri- buted over England to allow of its being placed under the boreal or Scottish type; to which, nevertheless, its infre- quency in the southern counties of England, compared with its frequency on the mountains and moors of Scotland and North England, brings it into near approximation. The entire absence of the Myrica from the three groups consti- tuting the province of the North Isles is remarkable; be- cause it seems adapted to humid situations, and will bear a colder climate than that of the North Isles. More usually the upper limit in Scotland is found at 450 to 500 yards, though occasionally so high as 550 or even 600 yards. 72. CONIFER. 409 1029. Pinus syLVEsTRIS, Linn. Area (12345%78910 11 12 13 14) 15 16 17 [18]. South limit in Perth. (Hants, Surrey, &c.) North limit in Sutherland. [Orkney.] Estimate of provinces 3. Estimate of counties 8. Latitude 56—59. Scottish type of distribution. A. A. regions. Superagrarian—lInferarctic zones. Descends to the coast level, in the Highlands. Ascends to 700 yards, or upwards, in East Highlands. Range of mean annual temperature 47—40. Native. Sylvestral, Ericetal. As a truly wild tree, the Pinus sylvestris seems limited to the Highland provinces in the present age. But the remains still to be seen in peat mosses, &c. clearly show that in former ages there were fo- rests of this species in almost every province of Scotland and England, although it has since become extinct as a strictly natural production, while it is still frequent in plan- tations made for ornament or profit. On the sandy and gravelly heaths of Surrey, the Pine is even now quasi- spontaneous, propagating itself freely and plentifully by seed. But most of the young trees are evidently the pro- geny of the neighbouring planted trees; and all of them may possibly be the descendants of trees which were origi- nally introduced to their present localities by the hand of man. Under this latter view, they cannot be pronounced genuinely native trees, although the species has become perfectly naturalized or re-naturalized in this part of England. There is likewise much uncertainty now in de- termining the true vertical as well as horizontal range of the species. Native trees occur at 600 yards and upwards on the moors of Aberdeenshire; and I have also seen 410 72. CONIFERS. small scattered examples at 800 and even 850 yards of ele- vation, which might have been, and probably had been planted there, either for experiment or for effect in the landscape. But that the Pine has grown naturally on the Grampians at an equal elevation, in former ages, is ren- dered certain by the roots still remaining in the peat mos- ses of the elevated table lands of Forfar and Aberdeen, at 800 yards and upwards. Mr. Winch says that the roots and trunks of very large pines are still seen protruding from the black peat at an elevation of nearly 1000 yards in the north of England. I have seen a tree, apparently a native one, with a stem of eight feet in girth, at 550 vards of ele- vation in Aberdeenshire. The upper limit of the fir-woods on the ascent of Loch-na-gar, in the same county, is at about 650 yards, where the trees are two or three feet in girth. It will be understood that the census, latitude, &c. in the formula above, bear reference to the present distri- bution or existence of Pinus sylvestris, in a truly indige- nous condition, which is a greatly restricted one. Mr. Woods states that the Pinus Pinaster propagates itself in the Poole basin, in the Channel province. (See Phytolo- gist, 111. 261.) 1030. JUNIPERUS COMMUNIS, Linn. ri 1030, b. Junrperus NANA, Willd. 73. ORCHIDACES. 433 of that sub-westerly province. A dubious habitat in the province of Humber is mentioned in the New Botanist’s Guide. In Jopling’s Sketch of Furness and Cartmell, which includes a list of plants and their localities, on the authority of Mr. Aiton, this species is mentioned as being found about Newby Bridge and Humphrey Head, in the Lake province. hee fol. (0 uf. $73 1060. OpHRys APIFERA, Huds. Areal 2345678341011. South limit in Devon, Isle of Wight, Kent. North limit in Durham, York, Denbigh. Estimate of provinces 10. Estimate of counties 35. Latitude 50—55. Germanic type of distribution. Agrarian region. Inferagrarian—Midagrarian zones. Descends to the coast level, in the Peninsula. Ascends to 200 yards, more or less, in England. Range of mean annual temperature 52—47. Native. Pascual, &c. This is an example of an eastern species running so far westward as almost to pass from the Germanic into the English type. Still, the eastern ten- dency is very apparent, by the absence of the species from the provinces of the Lakes and Mersey, and by its restric- tion to single counties each, Glamorgan and Denbigh, in the provinces of North and South Wales, so far as our re- cords go. It appears to be also absent from the western half of the Peninsula; occurring only in South Devon and Somerset. Reported from all the seven counties of the Severn province.. The very obvious tendency of this spe- cies to calcareous ground, like the others of its genus, may go farther to account for its eastern distribution, than the quality of the climate or the geographical position. VOL. II. 2F 434 73. ORCHIDACE. 1060,b. OPHRYs ARACHNITES, Rich. Area [x 2] 3 [4]. South limit in Kent, Surrey. North limit in the same counties. Estimate of provinces 1. Estimate of counties 2. Latitude 51—52. Local (Germ.) type of distribution. Agrarian region. Inferagrarian zone. Descends to the coast level, or nearly so. Ascends to 100 yards, more or less. Range of mean annual temperature 51—49. Native. Pascual. Either overlooked as a form of O. apifera, or very local in England. It grows in Kent and Surrey, on the report of the Rev. G. E. Smith, by whom it was first distinguished from O. apifera in England. In Salter’s Botany of Poole, it is marked as occurring within 30, but not within 16 miles of that town. This habitat might be within either Dorset or Hants, and will require some more direct and individual authority, or more exact specification, before it can be received as a certain one. In the New Botanist’s Guide, a reference is given to English Flora, as an authority for the occurrence of this plant near Bury, in Suffolk; but there seems to be some error either in printing the wrong specific name, or in giving the wrong authority. Very doubtful whether O. arachnites is truly a distinct species. 1061. Opurys aRantrera, Huds. “* kat Me Vas 1061, b. OpHRys FUCIFERA, Sm. Areafi} 2 34[5 x» 8] x 10. South limit in Sussex, Kent. Dnrak* Dh Mendel pent = visecinn, £ he hitch 73. ORCHIDACES. 435 North limit in York, Northampton, Cambridge. Estimate of provinces 5. Estimate of counties 10. Latitude 50—54. Germanic type of distribution. Agrarian region. Inferagrarian—Midagrarian zones. Descends to the coast level, in Thames or Channel. Ascends to 100 yards, less or more, in same provinces. Range of mean annual temperature 51—48. Native. Pascual, &c. ‘A scarce species; which has not been quite satisfactorily shown to grow in any province beyond those of the Channel, Thames, and Ouse. It has long been recorded as found in the neighbourhood of York ; but the old records continue to be repeated, without the support of any additional authority which can be safely relied upon. In Turner and Dillwyn’s Botanist’s Guide, it is included in both the Lincolnshire and Northampton- shire lists, on faith of the same habitat, “a mile from Bar- neck.” In the Flora of Shropshire it is admitted on the authority of Mr. H. Spare, who does not appear to have shown any specimen of it to the author of the Flora, and whose name is appended as the authority for some other much-to-be-suspected species in that county. In the Sup- plement to the Flora Bathoniensis, the name of a late Mr. J. Jelly is cited as the authority for O. aranifera, on “ dry hills above Winsley.” In this, as in various other instances, it is to be regretted that the author of the Bath Flora, re- lating only to a small space of country, should not himself have done more towards verifying or correcting the locali- ties which he published on indifferent authority and for unlikely plants. Not a few errors are probably in print re- specting the plants of Bath and Bristol. O. fucifera occurs in Kent; but it would seem to be merely a variety of O. aranifera. 436 73. ORCHIDACES. 1062. OpHRys MuUsSCIFERA, Huds. Areal 2345%78% 1011 12. South limit in Somerset, Dorset, Isle of Wight, Kent. North limit in North Lancaster, Westmoreland, Durham. Estimate of provinces 10. Estimate of counties 30. Latitude 50—55. Germanic type of distribution. Agrarian region. Inferagrarian—Midagrarian zones. Descends to the coast level, or nearly so, in Thames. Ascends to 100 or 200 yards, in England. Range of mean annual temperature 51—48. Native. Sylvestral, Pascual. In referring this species to the Germanic type of distribution, we are met with the exceptional case of a few decidedly western localities, as well as several sub-western. For instance, two localities are mentioned in the Flora of Anglesea (Welsh Botano- logy), and these appear to be the only habitats in Wales. It is found in some counties of the Severn province, al- though more sparingly than the O. apifera. In the Penin- sula, it would seem to be limited to Somerset. Some veri- fication of the Lake province would be satisfactory ; while the species is not so unlikely to be found there as to war- rant the rejection of the authorities on which it has been recorded for that province. 1063. MALaxis PALuDOSA, Sve. Areal 2345%7%91011 1213415 1617. South limit in Devon, Hants, Sussex, Kent. North limit in Sutherland, Ross. Estimate of provinces 15. Estimate of counties 40. Latitude 50—59. British type of distribution. 73. ORCHIDACE. 437 Agrarian region. Inferagrarian—Superagrarian zones. Descends to the coast level, in Thames or Channel. Ascends to 400 yards, or upwards, in East Highlands. Range of mean annual temperature 50—43. Native. Paludal, Uliginal. A scarce species with refe- rence to its wide area; although doubtless rendered appa- rently more scarce than the reality, through its diminutive size causing it to be overlooked. I have not seen it at a greater elevation than 300 yards; but the locality men- tioned in the Flora of Forfarshire “on the side of the hill above the Kirkton of Clova,” seems to imply a greater al- titude. A specimen is in my herbarium, from the Botani- cal Society of Edinburgh, collected by Mr. J. H. Pollex- fen, at “Loch Brandy, Aberdeenshire.” If this intend Loch Brandy, above Kirkton, in Glen Clova, Forfarshire, the altitude of 400 yards is probably exceeded. The Ma- laxis has been recorded for thirty counties, or upwards ; and though drainage may have destroyed it in some of its published localities, the estimate of 40 counties is not likely to be too high. 1064. Liparts Lorse.Lu, Rich. Area x » 3 4. South limit in Kent? Suffolk? Cambridge. North limit in Norfolk, Cambridge, Huntingdon. Estimate of provinces 2. Estimate of counties 5. Latitude 51—53. Germanic type of distribution. Agrarian region. Inferagrarian zone. Descends to the coast level, in Thames or Ouse. Ascends very little above the coast level. Range of mean annual temperature 50—48. Native. Uliginal. Doubtful whether this plant can 438 73. ORCHIDACE. now be correctly said to grow in more than one single pro- vince and three counties; although there would seem no grounds for distrusting the records of its former occurrence in Kent and Suffolk. The Rev. M. J. Berkeley finds it at Whittlesea Mere, which is in the county of Huntingdon ; and authorities for the other counties may be seen in the Botanist’s Guides. 1065. Cypripepium CaLceotus, Linn. lily f, cw, Area [xxx x Ddu xe & x] 10 11 12. South limit in York. North limit in Durham? North Lancashire ? Estimate of provinces 3. Estimate of counties 3. Latitude 54—55. Local (Scot.) type of distribution. Agrarian region. Superagrarian zone? Descends to ? (100 yards ?) ? (formerly to 200 or 300 yards ?) Range of mean annual temperature, say 47—46. Native. Sylvestral. Gradually becoming extinct, or extirpated, in Britain. Mr. G. 8. Gibson (Phytologist, i. 373) says that a wild specimen was obtained in a woody glen, three miles from Helmsley, in Yorkshire, in 1844; and Mr. Tatham kindly furnished my herbarium with a garden-grown specimen, the root of which had originally been brought from Hesletine Gill, about nine miles above Settle, in the same county. Forty years ago (1797) it was to be found in the county of Durham, according to Winch. In Jopling’s Sketch of Furness and Cartmell, the Cypripe- dium is stated to have been found in the north-west of High Furness; but whether still in existence there, is not clear. Northumberland and Gloucestershire have also been recorded to produce it; but it has been long extinct, Ascends to if ever existent, in those counties. ee ee 74. TRIDACE#. 439 1066. Iris Fa TIpIssiMA, Linn. Areal 2345678% 1011 » » (14 15). South limit in Cornwall, Isle of Wight, Kent. North limit in Durham, Anglesea, Denbigh. Estimate of provinces 10. Estimate of counties 30. Latitude 50—55. English type of distribution. Agrarian region. Inferagrarian—Midagrarian zones. Descends to the coast level, in the Peninsula. Ascends to 100 yards, or upwards, in England. Range of mean annual temperature 52—48. Native. Sylvestral, &c. Abundant in many places in the southern provinces; scarce or local in the northern provinces of England; and though Dr. Robert Graham recorded the species as having been found in the counties of Edinburgh and Fife, by other botanists, this was done under a scarcely veiled distrust. The Catalogue of the Edinburgh Botanical Society gives the species as very rare and doubtfully native in their circuit. 1067. Irnts Pszupacorus, Linn. Area general. South limit in Cornwall, Isle of Wight, Kent. North limit in Shetland, Orkney, Hebrides. Estimate of provinces 18. Estimate of counties 82. Latitude 50—61. British type of distribution. Agrarian region. Inferagrarian—Superagrarian zones. Descends to the coast level, in the Peninsula. Ascends to 150 yards, in the East Highlands. Range of mean annual temperature 52—45. 440 74. IRIDACEZ. Native. Paludal. This species is far too familiar and frequent to have had its special localities placed on record; and it is so conspicuous as scarcely to admit of being over- looked by the makers of local lists and floras. On adding to my own private notes of places in which it has been seen, all the data afforded by the lists and floras, I find that there still remain fifteen counties in which it has not been ascertained to grow; although I cannot doubt that it would be found in all of those counties if it were looked for; and doubtless it is known to resident botanists in se- veral of them. Ten of the counties in question are situate in Wales and the Lowlands. IRIs TUBEROSA, Linn. Area (1). Alien. Established through cultivation in several spots about Penzance, in Cornwall; chiefly or solely in and about old gardens and orchards. See Mag. Nat. Hist. ix. 205. Phytologist, 11. 679, 680; and also iii. 104. Eng. Bot. Supp. 2818. The same species is likewise said to occur near Cork. Ir1s XiPHIOIDES, Ehrh. Area (6 and 15). Alien. In Dillwyn’s Materials for a Fauna and Flora of Swansea, this species is stated to have grown in Glamor- ganshire, “at Gelly Evan, near Penllergare, along with Iris foetidissima, for upwards of forty years.” And G. Don said that he discovered it in the year 1810, in a marsh near Colonel Kinloch’s of Logie, growing among carices and junci, in a situation where it had never been cultivated. ees oi, — 74. IRIDACEA. 44] Irts X1pHiuM has been reported to grow in Worcester- shire. (Nash, quoted in B. G.). Ints PUMILA is found “ap- parently indigenous in Chartley meadows,” Leicestershire. (Miss Kirby, in Phytologist, iii. 179). And Iris GERMA- NICA grows in Staffordshire, “about a ditch in Stoke mea- dows, introduced.” (Garner's Natural History of Stafford- shire.) It seems not worth while to mention each of these species under a distinct head. 1067*. SIsyRINCHIUM ANCEPS, Lam. Hibernian. This was quite an unexpected discovery in Ireland; although not the first American species which had been found there, and not elsewhere in Europe, unless by introduction. Whether truly an aboriginal native, or sim- ply naturalized in Ireland, has not been yet quite clearly shown or stated by its discoverer, Mr. Lynam. The loca- lity has been variously described, aud is “near Woodford, Loughrea, county of Galway.” (Phytologist, 11. 765). 1068. TricHoNEMA CoLUuMNA, Reichb. Area 1. South limit in Devon. North limit in the same county. Estimate of provinces 1. Estimate of counties 1. Latitude 50—51. Local (Atl.) type of distribution. Agrarian region. Inferagrarian zone. Descends to the coast level ? Ascends scarcely above the coast level ? Range of mean annual temperature 52—51. Native. Glareal. Known in one locality only, which 442 74. IRIDACEA. is described by Mr. John Milford, in the Magazine of Na- tural History, vii. p. 272: “Grows wild, in great abun- dance, among turf, in a dry sandy soil, on the Warren, a sandy tract between Dawlish and Exmouth, Devonshire. The exact spot is on the left of the old road from Exeter to Dawlish, before ascending the hill to Mount Pleasant, and almost in front of the small cottages there: it extends at intervals to the Ferry.” My herbarium has been sup- plied with a specimen from the Warren, by Sir W. C. Trevelyan. The same species has been lately sent to me by Mr. Hunt, from the island of St. Michael, Azores. Possibly, the Devonian locality may have originated from that Western Isle. 1069. Crocus vERNus, Willd. Area (x 2345%78910 , 12). Alien. Recorded from various counties, as may be seen by the number of provinces above indicated; but it ap- pears to have been only a temporary straggler from culti- vation, in most of them. There are some habitats, however, of many years’ standing; as at Hornsea, in Middlesex ; at Harlestone, in Norfolk; in the meadows by the county town, in Nottinghamshire. Notwithstanding the different seasons of flowering, it would seem that some confusion has occurred in reporting the localities of C. vernus and C. nudiflorus respectively. 1070. Crocus nupIFLORUS, Sm. Area (5 ¥ » 8 9 10). Alien? This species, the C. speciosus of some English 74. IRIDACEA. 443 authors, has most the appearance of nativity in England, although there seems not sufficient ground for raising it into the class of natives or eyen of denizens. It is re- corded as now or recently growing wild in the counties of Warwick, Stafford, Salop, Nottingham, Derby, Chester (near Warrington), Lancaster, and York. Crocus sativus, Linn. Area [3 4 x » 7 8]. Incognit. This is said to have been formerly cultivated about Saffron Walden, in Essex ; and it has likewise been observed, or supposed to have been observed, in the coun- ties of Cambridge, Anglesea, and Derby. Probably C. nudiflorus was thus misnamed in Derbyshire, if not im Anglesea also. It does not appear that C. sativus has been seen in any of these counties for upwards of half a century past. Crocus aureus, Sibth. Crocus MINIMUs, Red. Area, (4). Aliens. These two species are recorded as found in Sir H. Bunbury’s park, at Barton, Suffolk, “ equally the out- casts of gardens.” C. aureus has likewise been reported from some other provinces, as an occasional straggler. _ It is really remarkable that this latter species, so very much planted in gardens, so perfectly hardy, and so rapidly in- creasing, should not have become well established as a na- turalized plant in England. 444 75. AMARYLLIDACEA. 1071. Narcissus poreticus, Linn. Alien. It is to be regretted that the authors of our de- scriptive Floras should persist in still including this species among the native and really naturalized plants of Britain, instead of simply noticing it as an occasional straggler or planted species, not otherwise entitled to a place in the lists of British plants. In some of the reported habitats, probably, N. biflorus has been misnamed N. poeticus ; and in one of them there is too much reason to believe that interested falsehood was the sole ground on which N. poeticus was recorded. Most weight would seem to have been attached to the habitat of Thorne Warren, in Kent, which is rendered more suspected by the occurrence also of double varieties of N. poeticus and biflorus, with Orni- thogalum umbellatum, in the same locality. 1072. NaRcIssus BIFLORUS, Curt. Area (1234567891011 » x 14). Alien. Occurs in many places; though allowed to be only an introduced species, by almost all our botanical au- thorities, whose opinion would carry weight in the ques- tion. But to this there are some exceptions. Professor Henslow, Mr. T. H. Cooper, Mr. Lees, and “ Mrs. Jones” (Welsh Botanology), appear the principal witnesses or ad- vocates on the side of its nativity in this country. 75. AMARYLLIDACE#. 445 va Fl li 1073. Narcissus PsEupo-NaRcissus, Linn. S19. reg Fel, ———eao rrr mer rhr er aaa i i i i ee Area] 2345678910 11 12 (13 14 15 16). South limit in Devon, Isle of Wight, Kent. Ln Hae North limit in N. Lancaster, Durham, Northumberland? Estimate of provinces 12. Estimate of counties 30. Latitude 50—55. English type of distribution. Agrarian region. Inferagrarian—Midagrarian zones. Descends to the coast level, in the Peninsula. Ascends to 100 or 200 yards, in England. Range of mean annual temperature 51—47. Native. Pratal. This appears to be truly native in nu- merous localities in England, although into many others it may have been originally introduced by garden-culture. In Scotland it must be deemed a very much distrusted species, in so far as aboriginal nativity is concerned. Whether 40 or 30 would be the better estimate for the number of coun- ties in which it is truly wild, I do not feel well prepared to say. It is recorded from about 32 English counties, three Welsh, and eight Scottish ; and it is probably native in 30 or upwards. Narcissi Species. Aliens. Some other species of Narcissus have been re- ported by botanists, as more or less established locally. At a future day it may be found useful to have some refe- rence to the records and authorities, as known at the pre- sent time. Their specific names are taken on trust, and in the absence of specimens in exemplification :— 446 75. AMARYLLIDACE®. “Narcissus conspicua.” — Mr. W. M. Chatterley com- municated this to the Botanical Society of London, local- ized from “ Muggeridge’s farm-yard, beyond Banstead,” in Surrey. “‘ NARCISSUS MOSCHATUS.”—“ Has been found wild in the adjoining parish of Meriden; and has been communicated to me by its discoverer, Miss Gresley, of that place.” (Rev. W. T. Bree, of Allesley, Warwickshire, in Mag. Nat. Hist. viii. 118). But by a second notice in the same Ma- gazine, it would seem that some mistake had occurred, the plant being possibly a whitish variety of N. Pseudo-Nar- cissus. (See Mag. Nat. Hist. ix. 494). “NARCISSUS INCOMPARABILIS.” — “Grows in the Little Park at Margam, and Mrs. D. Llewelyn has shown me good ground to believe that it has continued to do so for at least two centuries.” (Dillwyn’s Materials for a Fauna and Flora of Swansea, p. 36). “ NARCISSUS MINOR.” —“ Thrives on the rocks below the old castle at Penrice, and no trace can be obtained of the time when it was planted.” (Dillwyn’s Materials, &c., p. 36). “ NARCISSUS (AJAX) LOBULARIS.” —“ I have now for some years cultivated in the garden a very handsome daffodil, which was found wild by a friend of mine, near Tenby, in Pembrokeshire, and is quite distinct from any other Bri- tish Narcissus that I am acquainted with. The late Mr. Haworth, to whom I sent it in 1830, considered it quite new to Britain, and recorded it in the ‘ Philosophical Magazine’ under the name of Ajax lobularis.” (Rev. W. T. Bree, in Phytologist, i. 6$). 75. AMARYLLIDACE2. 447 1074. GALANTHUS NIVALIs, Linn. Area (1534567891011 12 13 14 15). Alien? Some difference of opinion exists respecting the propriety of considering this plant native or introduced. Babington describes it in his Manual as an undisputed native. Henslow marks it as “ possibly introduced by the agency of man.” Hooker marks it as having been “ natu- ralized through the agency of man.” I have myself never seen it in any locality which was not decidedly suspicious, and to be distrusted in the case of a plant which has been so long and so generally in cultivation, and is so persistent in places where it is once planted. Most writers who mention localities for it, do so with expressions of distrust. But there are some exceptions to this latter view, of which it may not be deemed too tedious to cite examples. Mr. Edwin Lees (a man of naturally superior ability, although undertaking too many subjects of study for strict accuracy in any of them) says of the snowdrop, that “it certainly occupies the virgin turf in a glen at the base of the Here- fordshire Beacon, near Little Malvern: it is, however, possible it might have been planted by the monks of Lit- tle Malvern Priory.” And in his recent publication on ‘The Botany of the Malvern Hills, he advocates the na- tivity of the plant more unconditionally. The late Mr. J. E. Bowman wrote, with reference to the snowdrop in the county of Denbigh, “ we have it in abundance in meadows and near streams, near Wrexham, where it is much more likely to be indigenous than to have been introduced.” Mr. Roberts Leyland finds the Galanthus in “Cromwell Bottom Wood, two miles from Halifax, in the greatest pro- fusion, where it has grown time immemorial.” _ Fries does 448 75. AMARYLLIDACES. not allow the snowdrop to be native in any part of Scandi- navia, including Denmark. 1075. Levucosum «stivum, Linn. Area x 234 [5% » x x x 11 12). South limit in Dorset, Kent, Berks. North limit in Oxon, Bucks, Middlesex? Suffolk. Kstimate of provinces 3. Estimate of counties 6. Latitude 50—53. Germanic type of distribution. Agrarian region. Inferagrarian zone. Descends to the coast level, in Thames or Channel. Ascends to 50 yards, less or more, in same provinces. Range of mean annual temperature 51—49. Denizen. Pratal. There appears to be rather more probable ground for holding this plant a native in the south-east of England, than in the case of the Galanthus. Hooker rejects the claims of both, regarding them equally as introduced plants. Babington marks the Leucojum with the sign of “ possibly introduced ;” and Henslow al- lows it to pass for a true native. Thus, the two latter botanists may be said to hold converse views of the Galan- thus and Leucojum; that species which the one of them holds to be native, the other holding as possibly intro- duced, in each case. Other botanists mention some of the localities of the Leucojum in terms which appear to show that it is either native or long and fully established. In the English Flora, on authority of Curtis, it is said to be “undoubtedly wild” close by the Thames between Green- wich and Woolwich. In the Magazine of Zoology and Botany, vol. i. p. 499, the late Mr. D. Cooper wrote that “a meadow of this beautiful plant is to be seen at the bend of the river Thames, directly opposite to the Plough 76. LILIACEX. 449 Tavern, Blackwall.” Under “ Buckinghamshire” in Tur- ner and Dillwyn’s Guide, Mr. Gotobed reports this plant “in a moist meadow at Upton, remembered for fifty years by the present tenant of the farm; also in a peat field near Dorney.” And in the same publication Mrs. Cobbold states that it is a troublesome weed in pastures at Little Stonham. Two or three botanists have reported it in Dor- set; whether really native, I am not prepared to say. It was formerly found by the Avon, near Stratford, and pos- sibly exists there still. L. estivum is considered native, though local, in Denmark. LEUCOJUM VERNUM is stated to have been discovered near Bicester; with a reference, for particulars, to the Gardener’s Magazine of July, 1836, p. 371. 1076. Litium MartaGon, Linn. Area (23 %%%%8% 10% x» » 15). Alien. Reported as having been established for many years in some few spots of the Channel and Thames pro- vinces, chiefly in the county of Surrey. It has occurred very locally and sparingly in other more northerly pro- vinces of England, doubtless there originating from gar- dens; and probably so in the more southerly provinces. (See New Botanist’s Guide, Eng. Bot. Sup. 2799, Mag. Nat. Hist. iii. 153, Phytologist, i. 62, and iii. 817). A. Ay nerd Corn , fren . Ke. UX. li. A. IO, a 1077. TuLipa syLVEsTRIs, Linn. Area (12345%%841011 y 13 14 15). Alien? While Hooker places this among the alien species, Henslow and Babington mark it only as “possibly 26 450 76. LILIACEA. introduced ” to Britain. It may be indigenous in England, though the presumption seems more against than in favour of this view. In Scotland, the localities are yet more to be suspected of an artificial or human origin. For example, it has long grown in a wood near Brechin Castle, in For- farshire; but the spot is stated (Phytol. iii. 477, and Flo. Forf.) to be near the stables which were erected on the site of the old garden, nearly half a century ago. In a letter from Mr. George Lawson, that gentleman writes,—“ I saw the Brechin station in July, 1848. Brechin Castle woods form a perfect garden of foreign plants, and I could not suppose that the Tulip was other than the remains of cul- tivation. It grew with Meconopsis cambrica, Rumex alpinus, Papaver somniferum (on loose soil), Hesperis ma- tronalis, Mimulus luteus, Viola odorata, Doronicum Parda- lianches, &c.” Fries admits it among the natives of Scandinavia, where it occurs quite locally. 1078. FRritittartA MELgAGRIS, Linn. Areal 234548 [10 % 12]. South limit in Somerset, Dorset, Hants, Sussex. ‘North limit in Norfolk, Leicester, Stafford. Estimate of provinces 6. Estimate of counties 15. Latitude 50—53. English type of distribution. Agrarian region. Inferagrarian zone. Descends to the coast level, in Channel or Thames. Ascends to 100 yards, less or more, in England. Range of mean annual temperature 50—49. Native? Pratal. While some of the recorded localities for this plant read very suspiciously, in others it appears to be truly an indigenous species. In addition to the counties above mentioned, my compilation of notes and “ 76. LILIACEA. 451 records includes also those of Surrey, Berks, Oxford, Bucks, Middlesex, Herts, Suffolk, Cambridge, Bedford, Gloucester, Warwick, Salop, York and Cumberland; some of these being false or erroneous, as Cumberland and Cambridge ; and to others the species has apparently been introduced by cultivation in gardens, as Salop and York. 1079. ALLIUM AMPELOPRASUM, Linn. 1080. ALLIuM BaBineToni, Borr. Area (1) [12 * & 15]. Alien in England. Sarnian. Hibernian. The former of these two plants has been long on record as an inhabi- tant of the island called Steep Holmes, at the mouth of the Severn; where it is stated by Mr. Borrer to be “ the re- mains of ancient cultivation.” The latter is figured in English Botany, Supplement, 2906, from the neighbour- hood of Grade and Ruan Minor, where it occurs “ in great luxuriance, but only in or near old orchards, though we could not learn that the inhabitants make any use of it. In Ireland it is probably a true native.” Mr. Hunt has sent me the A. Ampeloprasum from St. Michael’s, Azores, where also occur many of the plants of Ireland and the South-west of England. The same species is indigenous in Guernsey, according to Babington. Mr. Andrews con- siders the Irish A. Babingtonii not distinct, as a species, from A. Ampeloprasum. The latter has been reported from Cumberland (Hutchinson) and Forfarshire (G. Don), where some other species may likely have been mistaken for it. 262 452 76. LILIACEA. 1081. ALLIUM ARENARIUM, Linn. Ae FAG, S14 ALLIuM Scoropoprasum, Linn. Area [x 2x5] x%x%91011 12 18 14 15. South limit in York, Lancaster. [Worcester ?] North limit in Forfar? Perth, Fife, Kirkcudbright. Estimate of provinces 7. Estimate of counties 12. Latitude 53—57. Scottish type of distribution. Agrarian region. Midagrarian zone. Descends to the coast level, in Tyne province. Ascends to 150 or 200 yards, in Humber. Range of mean annual temperature 48—46. Native. Pratal, Sylvestral. Besides the counties above mentioned, this species is recorded for those of Berwick, Northumberland, Durham, Westmoreland, and Cumber- land. Introduced to Moray, according to Gordon. Mr. Lees reported it in Worcestershire (N. B. G.); and Dr. Salter enumerates it as growing within 30, though not within 16, miles from Poole, in Dorset. These two habi- tats will require verification, before they can be taken into account for the area, &c. Mr. Babington has adopted the name of A. Scorodoprasum ; but the species is more fami- liar to British botanists under that of A. arenarium, which seems equally correct, if the Linnean specimens can be relied upon. Fries, however, in the Summa Vegetabilium, keeps the two distinct, and gives exactly the same distri- bution for each of them in Scandinavia. Hartman also describes them as two species; so that there would seem to be still some ambiguity between the British and Swedish plants. 76. LILIACEX. 453 1082. ALLIUM OLERACEUM, Linn. 1082, b. ALLIUM CARINATUM, Sim. Areal 234544841011 12 % [14] 15. South limit in Somerset, Hants, Sussex, Kent. North limit in Forfar, Fife, Cumberland. Kstimate of provinces 9. Estimate of counties 20. Latitude 50—57. English (?) type of distribution. Agrarian region. Inferagrarian—Midagrarian zones. Descends to the coast level, in Channel. Ascends to 200 yards, in Humber. Range of mean annual temperature 50—46. Native. Rupestral, Pratal, &c. Considerable uncer- tainty is felt respecting the distribution of this plant. It is doubtful whether one or two species are comprehended under the above two names; and it is doubtful, also, whether some of the recorded localities do not really belong to A. vineale or other species; while to other places this may have been introduced. Though enumerated in the Flora of Berwick, the localities are strictly within the pro- vince of Tyne, not in that of the East Lowlands; and though a specimen is said to have been found in the county of Edinburgh, it is not recognized as a plant of their circle by the Botanical Society of Edinburgh. Hence that province [14] is cut off from the area indicated. Too local to be referred to the British type; and yet neither so boreal nor so austral as to well justify its reference to the Scottish or English type. The true A. carinatum, of Lin- neus, is said to be different from the A. carinatum of Smith and English botanists. Possibly attains the super- agrarian zone. 454 Area 1 76. LILIACE®. 1083. ALLIUM VINEALE, Linn. he Fa. Mt J. SY, 234567821011, 13 1415. South limit in Devon, Isle of Wight, Kent. t7eaxdz. North limit in Aberdeen, Forfar, Fife, Lanark. Estimate of provinces 14. Estimate of counties 50. Latitude 50—58. English type of distribution. Agrarian region. Inferagrarian—Midagrarian zones. Descends to the coast level, in the Peninsula. Ascends to 100 or 200 yards, in England. Range of mean annual temperature 52—47. Native. doubiless Pratal, Rupestral. After A. ursinum this is the most frequent species of its genus in Eng- land; and there seems cause to suspect that some of its localities have been assigned erroneously to A. arenarium ; others, perhaps, to A. oleraceum. 1084. ALLIUM SPH# ROCEPHALUM, Linn. be het. 4 § Area™“ex 5. South limit in Semexset-or Gloucester. North limit in the same county. Estimate of provinces 1. Estimate of counties 1. Latitude 51—52. Local (Atl.) type of distribution. Agrarian region. Inferagrarian zone. Descends to the coast level, or nearly so. Ascends to 50 yards, less or more. Range of mean annual temperature, say 50—49. Native. Vincent’s Rupestral? Found by Mr. Stephens, on St. Rocks, near Bristol, on the steep declivities of the cliffs; but whether on the Somerset or the Gloucester 76. LILIACE. 455 side of the river, and at what elevation, has not been clearly explained. It grows also on the sands of the coast in Jersey. 1085. ALLIUM ScHoa:NnoprasuM, Linn. 1085, b. ALLIuM Srprricum, EF. B. S. Area 1 x % x * « x [8 » 10 11] 12 (13) [14 x 16.] South limit in Cornwall. North limit in Northumberland. Kstimate of provinces 2. Estimate of counties 2. Latitude 50—56. Local type of distribution. Agrarian region. Inferagrarian—Midagrarian zones. Descends to the coast level, in the Peninsula. Ascends to 100 yards, more or less. Range of mean annual temperature 52—47. Native. Rupestral, &c. To be found certainly in Corn- wall and Northumberland only ; and possibly the A. Sibi- om, of the former county, may be distinct from the A. aN Ree cna the plant of Northumberland. The latter has also been reported from the counties of Derby (Dr. Howitt), York (Mr. Flintoff, in B. G.), North-beffcashire (B. G., &c.), Westmoreland (Heds-)-bererk (near gardens ; Flo. Lan.), Berwick (Dr. Parsons), and Argyle (Light. Scot.). ALLIUM AMBIGUUM, Si. Area (3). Alien. Has been found near Rochester, and on Eye Castle Hill, Suffolk, but has no just claims to be considered as a native. (Bab. Man.) The locality near Rochester, in 456 76. LILIACE®. Kent, is more particularly described in Eng. Bot. Supp. 2803. ALLIUM TRIQUETRUM, Linn. Sarnian. Very abundant in the hedges all over the island of Guernsey (Rev. T. Salwey! C. C. Babington, in Phytologist, iii. 6). 1086. ALLIUM URSINUM, Linn. Area] 23456789 1011 1213 14 15 16 17. South limit in Cornwall, Isle of Wight, Kent. North limit in Eastern Ross, Isle of Skye, Aberdeen. Kstimate of provinces 17. Estimate of counties 70. Latitude 50—58. British type of distribution. Agrarian region. Inferagrarian—Superagrarian zones. Descends to the coast level, in the Peninsula. Ascends to 100 or 200 yards, in England. Range of mean annual temperature 52—46. Native. Sylvestral. Not a common plant when consi- dered as belonging to the British type, to which its ex- tended area seems properly to refer it. 1087. GaGEA LUTEA, Ker. Area 1 [2] 345%%89 1011 12 13 1415. South limit in Somerset, Oxford, Suffolk. North limit in Moray, Forfar, Perth. Estimate of provinces 12. Estimate of counties 20. Latitude 51—58. Scottish type of distribution. 76. LILIACES. 457 Agrarian region. Inferagrarian—Superagrarian zones. Descends to the coast level, in Ouse province. Ascends to 100 or 200 yards, in North England. Range of mean annual temperature 49—47. Native. Sylvestral. An uncommon plant, particularly in the southern provinces. Its occurrence in North So- merset and Gloucester causes the provinces of the Penin- sula and Severn, 1 and 5, to be given in the area. Salter enumerates the species among plants found within thirty miles from Poole, in the Channel province, which should be verified afresh, and the locality be more explicitly stated. Reported from a meadow near Godalming, in Surrey (Blackstone, in B. G.), where Mr. Salmon has not succeded in finding it. Also recorded in Oxford (Flo. Oxon, &c.), Suffolk (Mr. W. L. Notcutt), and various coun- ties more northerly than those named. 1088. ORNITHOGALUM PYRENAICUM, Linn. Area 12345. South limit in Somerset, Wilts, Sussex. North limit in Salop ? Cambridge. Estimate of provinces 5. Estimate of counties 7. Latitude 50—53. English type of distribution. Agrarian region. Inferagrarian zone. Descends to the coast level, in Peninsula or Channel. Ascends to 50 yards, less or more, in England. Range of mean annual temperature 50—49. Native. Sylvestral. A local plant, which has been fur- ther reported from Surrey, Middlesex, Bedford and Glou- cester; though the two former of these four counties will require verification, equally with that of Salop. 458 76. LILIACES. 1089. ORNITHOGALUM NUTANS, Linn. Area (345 % 78 1011). Alien. Said to have become more or less fully esta- blished in the counties of Surrey, Suffolk, Norfolk, Bed- ford, Worcester, Hereford, Denbigh, Nottingham, Derby, York, and Durham. 1090. ORNITHOGALUM UMBELLATUM, Linn. Area (123456789104 121314 15 16). Alien. Reported from numerous counties, but generally allowed to be an introduced species. As an example of the tendency of this species to establish itself, | may men- tion that, not having it in my garden, I planted a bulb from a dried specimen, which appeared still to have some life in it, and which revived. From this single bulb a large cluster of plants was formed in a few years; others springing up as weeds, here and there in the garden, appa- rently from the dispersion of their seeds; so that, if it were allowed, the species would soon become thoroughly esta- blished and reproductive in the locality. 1091. Scriia veRNA, Linn. Area 1 [2] x » » 67 x » » 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18. South limit in Cornwall, Devon? Isle of Wight? North limit in Shetland, Orkney, Caithness. Estimate of provinces 12. Estimate of counties 25. Latitude 50—61. Atlantic type of distribution. 76. LILIACE. 459 A. A. regions. Inferagrarian—Inferarctic zones. Descends to the coast level, in the Peninsula. Ascends to 300 yards, in Orkney (Gillies). Range of mean annual temperature 52—43. Native. Sub-littoral, Glareal. This is a maritime (or coast) plant, although not strictly a littoral (or shore) spe- cies. Its distribution is somewhat peculiar, in reference to our geographic types; clearly coming nearest to the Atlantic; but, unlike most of the species of that type, having a western and northern, more than a western and southern tendency. It occurs at intervals, and in abun- dance, along the western coast, from Cornwall to Argyle ; also on the northern coasts of Sutherland and Caithness, in Orkney and Shetland, and northward to Faroe. On the eastern side of Scotland, we find it in Moray, Aberdeen and Berwick; as well as very locally on the coast of Northumberland. But thence round to Cornwall again, it remains unrecorded on the eastern coast, and only very dubiously recorded on the southern coast, in the Isle of Wight and Devon. Thus, while the distribution is oceanic, it passes into the boreal rather than the austral type. The species is absent from Scandinavia, unless Norway be an exception to this, which appears to be yet uncertain. 1092. ScILLA AUTUMNALIs, Linn. Areal 2345 [7 x x x » 12]. South limit in Cornwall, Devon, Isle of Wight, Kent. North limit in Gloucester, Somerset, Surrey. Estimate of provinces 4. Estimate of counties 8. Latitude 50—52. English type of distribution. Agrarian region. Inferagrarian zone. Descends to the coast level, in the Peninsula. 460 76. LILIACES. Ascends to 50 yards, less or more. Range of mean annual temperature 52—49. Native. Glareal. There seems no doubt respecting the existence of this species in the seven counties above men- tioned, from five of which there are specimens in my her- barium. In addition, the species has been recorded from Middlesex, where it is supposed to have become extinct; from Stafford, which is probably erroneous; from Caer- natvon, which may be correct, but will require modern verification; from the Isle of Man, incorrectly, thxeuee an accidental inadvertence in checking a list. ScILLA BIFOLIA, Linn. Area [?]. Incognit. Said to have been received by Mr. Sims of Norwich, “ from the west of England.” Hudson probably gives the clue to explain the probable error, in writing thus of Scilla verna:—“ Hec planta ex Scotia sub nomine Scille bifoliz accepi que nec Scotia nec Angliz indigena est.” 1093. HyacINTHUS NoNnscRIPTUS, Linn. Area general. South limit in Cornwall, Isle of Wight, Kent. North limit in Hebrides, Ross, 4 Estimate of provinces 18. Estimate of counties 80. Latitude 50—58. British type of distribution. Agrarian region. Inferagrarian—Superagrarian zones. Descends to the coast level, in the Peninsula. Ascends to 500 or 600 yards, in Lake province. 76. LILIACE. 461 Range of mean annual temperature 52—43. Native. Sylvestral. Very generally distributed in Bri- tain, though possibly absent from some of the most northern counties and isles. Occurs in Shetland, but supposed by Edmondston to have been introduced thither. Not men- tioned in the lists for Orkney. Nor did I observe it in Sutherland or Caithness, or anywhere among the Highland mountains; perhaps because it is an early flowerer. Gor- don marks it as “ very common” in Moray, and it is enu- merated in all the county floras and complete lists of species, drawn up for considerable tracts, to the southwards of Moray. Balfour and Babington (late in the summer) observed it in the Hebrides, but only in Harris. fee fil lt tg 1094. Muscari RacEMosuM, Miil. Area (2 3 4). Alien. Said to occur in Dorset, Surrey, Berks, Herts, Suffolk, Norfolk, and Cambridge. Hooker and Henslow deem it introduced; Babington marks it as “ possibly in- troduced, but now having the appearance of being a true native.” It is said to cover some acres of ground near Pakenham, in Suffolk; and this seems to be the principal, if not the only passable, claim towards holding it indige- nous. Fl ta J. fq 1095. ANTHERICUM SEROTINUM, Linn. Area % * * * % * 7. South limit in Caernarvon. North limit in the same county. Estimate of provinces 1. Estimate of counties 1. 462 76. LILIACEA. Latitude 53—-54. Local type of distribution. Arctic region. Inferarctic zone. Descends to 700 yards, less or more ? Ascends to 800 yards, less or more? Range of mean annual temperature, say 41—40. Native. Rupestral. Very local; being limited to the Snowdonian range of mountains, in Caernarvonshire ; nor is: it clear that it now exists in more than one spot, the chasm of Twll ddu, which I roughly estimate at some 700 yards of elevation, without knowing the precise locality of the plant. 1095* SIMETHIs BICOLOR, Kunth. Area » 2. South limit in Dorset. North limit in the same county. Estimate of provinces 1. Estimate of counties 1. Latitude 50—51. Local (Atl.) type of distribution. Agrarian region. Inferagrarian zone. Descends to Ascends to ? (Near the coast level.) Range of mean annual temperature, say 51. Native? Ericetal. Extremely local; having been dis- covered by Miss Charlotte Wilkins, in 1847, growing in small quantity, about two miles distant from Bourne, on what was once part of Poole Heath, but is now a planta- tion of firs, chiefly of Pinus maritima (E. B. 8. 2952; Phytologist, iii. 260). There would seem to be no grounds for supposing it an introduced plant, and none to be ad- duced against its probable nativity,except the very restricted space occupied by it, at least so far as hitherto ascertained. The presumption in favour of its English nativity is 76. LILIACE. 463 strengthened by its known habitat near the opposite coast of France, and particularly by its subsequent discovery in Ireland. t+ Yucca GLortiosa, Linn. Area [6]. Incognit. Although there is no reason for enumerating this American plant among those of Britain, except the accidental growth of a single example on the coast of South Wales, the circumstance of its appearance there seems deserving of record, as a remarkable fact bearing on the introduction of foreign species into other countries than their own. Mr. Dillwyn thus records the circumstance in his ‘ Materials for a Fauna and Flora of Swansea: ’—“ On the sandy sea shore, opposite the Race-course on Crumllyn Burrows, and more than a mile from any sort of house or garden, Mr. L. L. Dillwyn, in 1839, found a thriving young plant of Yucca gloriosa, and it had all the appear- ance of having arisen from a seed which the tide had cast there. Notwithstanding its exposed situation, and the looseness of the soil, this native of Carolina was not mate- rially injured by the unusually severe winter of 1840-1; and Mr. Moggridge informs me that for two or three years it continued to thrive, till it was destroyed by a heap of shingle, which a violent storm and high tide threw over a 1096. ASPARAGUS OFFICINALIS, Linn. Area 1 2(3 4)5678(9 x x x % 14). South limit in Cornwall, Isle of Wight, Kent ? North limit in Anglesea, Lincoln ? 464 76. LILIACEX. Estimate of provinces 6. Estimate of counties 10. Latitude 50—54. English (?) type of distribution. Agrarian region. Inferagrarian zone. Descends to the coast level, in the Peninsula. Ascends, at the coast level, to Trent province. Range of mean annual temperature 52—49. Native. Littoral. Chiefly found on the coasts of the western counties, at the present time ; the eastern counties, as recorded iu books upon old authority, remaining unveri- fied by existing botanists. Thus, going by recent autho- rity only, the type should be set down as Atlantic; but trusting to the older authors and reporters, it must be pro- nounced as English, habitats having been recorded in several of the eastern counties; namely, Kent (Huds.), Essex (Ray), Suffolk or Norfolk (Woodward), Lincoln (Banks), and Haddington (Maughan). I have met with it in several spots in North Surrey, but no doubt originating from cultivation; as I believe to be the case on the sands of the Lancashire coast, about Bootle. It has been said that the Asparagus of the gardens differs specifically from the really native plant of the coast; but I know not by what characters to distinguish them in a satisfactory manner. 1097. Ruscus acuLEatus, Linn. Areal 2344%6%8%1011% (13% 15 16). South limit in Cornwall, Isle of Wight, Kent. North limit in Durham, Ayr? Lanark ? Islay ? Estimate of provinces 8. Estimate of counties 20. Latitude 50—55 (56). English type of distribution. Agrarian region. Inferagrarian—Midagrarian zones. Descends to the coast level, in the Peninsula. 76. LILIACES. 465 Ascends to 100 or 200 yards, in England. Range of mean annual temperature 52—47. Native. Ericetal, Sylvestral. Indigenous in most of the counties of the four first provinces of England, Penin- sula to Ouse. Unknown in that of the Severn. Ascer- tained in the single county of Glamorgan only in the Welch provinces. More northward, it has been reported to grow in Leicester (Bot. Charn.), Nottingham (Deering), York (Winch, in N. B. G.), Durham (Flo. N. D.), Ayr (Hook. Brit. Flo.), Lanark (Flo. Glott.), Fife (Mr. G. Law- son), Moray (Coll. Mor.}, Islay (Professor Balfour). Diffi- cult to decide where it is native, and where it has been introduced. Doubtful as a native of Scotland. The authors of the Floras of York and Nottingham appear not to have verified its existence in their counties. Winch gives it as an indigenous plant of Durham; indicating two localities on borrowed authority, not of high value in a question of botanical nativity. Perhaps the comital census may eventu- ally reach to 25, though I do not venture to carry the esti- mate above 20 on existing records and knowledge. a et. MUL SG, 1098. ConvALLARIA BIFOLIA, Linn. Area [3 4%4%%%9y 11]. Incognit or Alien. This was lately announced to British botanists as having been discovered wild or naturalized in the woods at Howick, Northumberland. Subsequently, the alleged habitat was visited by Mr. Borrer, who reported in the Phytologist, ii. 432, that “the plant has been com- pletely extirpated at Howick. The spot was close by Earl Grey’s garden.” It is very much to be wished that real botanists would not only discountenance, but also treat with public reprobation, every attempt to pass off the VOL. II. 2H 466 76. LILIACEA. accidental finding of stray garden plants as a discovery and addition to British botany. And it is equally to be wished that Mr. Borrer would more frequently afford us the bene- fit of his own experience and judgment, openly and boldly expressed, after visiting the spot of any announced disco- very; which, it is understood, he so regularly makes a point of doing. To the store of practical experience that must have been thus acquired, Mr. Borrer adds also other important qualifications, which altogether ought to give to his opinion more value and weight than could be accorded to the opinions of any other British botanist, in reference to questions bearing on the nativity of newly-discovered plants, and the genuine character of localities for local or novel species. The announcement of Convallaria bifolia being found in Northumberland, for which there seemed no geographic improbability, resuscitated the overlooked fact of its occurrence in Lancashire, “in Dingley Wood, six miles from Preston, in Aulderness, and in Harwood, near Blackburn, likewise,” having been recorded long since by Gerarde. And Mr. Edward Edwards afterwards stated in the Phytologist, i. 579, that the same species had been re- ported indigenous in the woods at Hampstead, in Middle- sex, in Park’s ‘ History of Hampstead ;’ and that he had himself, “in 1835, detected several patches of the plant, apparently well established and really wild, under the shade of fir trees, growing near the highest parts of Caen Wood, between Hampstead and Highgate ;” likewise, that he had found it, a year or two previously, under “ fir trees in Aspley Wood, Bedfordshire.” The only doubt which arises in respect to these two last-mentioned counties, is, that Mr. Edwards may possibly have mistaken some other plant for the Convallaria bifolia, and more particularly as he writes on the recollection of several years back. 76. LILIACEX. 467 ee fl Mie). i CONVALLARIA MAJALIS, Linn. Areal 2345 4%78910 11 12 413{14) 15. South limit in Somerset, Wilts, Surrey, Kent. North limit in Moray, Forfar, Perth, Lanark ? Estimate of provinces 12. Estimate of counties 30. Latitude 50—58. Germanic (?) type of distribution, Agrarian region. Inferagrarian—Superagrarian zones. Descends to the coast level, in Peninsula or Thames. Ascends to 100 or 200 yards, in England. Range of mean annual temperature 49—46. Native. Sylvestral. Localities have been recorded for this species in forty counties ; but in several of these coun- ties it is either expressly stated, or impliedly admitted, to be of suspected origin; while the presumption seems deci- dedly in favour of its aboriginal nativity in about thirty of them. The Rev. G. Gordon and Mr. W. A. Stables deem it clearly indigenous in Moray; and the woods of Kent appear quite admissable as native localities. In various other countries, between these extremities of its area, it is evidently wild and plentiful. In the Peninsula and Chan- nel provinces it would seem to be quite local, and indige- nous only in the counties of Somerset and Wilts. Mr. Bowman reported it in Denbighshire, which is the only county of Wales hitherto placed on record for this species. It occurs sparingly, but apparently indigenous, in one lo- cality in the West of Cheshire ; and is reported from seve- ral spots within the Lake province. The localities in Renfrew and Lanark are to be cautiously received as indigenous habitats, being places “ where many a garden flower grows wild” by the original aid of human beautifiers. The distribution does not accord very precisely with any 2H2 468 76. LILIACE. single type, being intermediate between the British and Germanic ; that is to say, too restricted and eastern for the former, rather too boreal and western for the latter. 1100. CoNVALLARIA VERTICILLATA, Linn. Ka bid. ty he SY Area x * [3] x x x x # x % Ll» % % 15. South limit in Northumberland. North limit in Perth, Forfar? Estimate of provinces 2. Estimate of counties 3. Latitude 55—57. Local (Scot.) type of distribution. Agrarian region. Superagrarian (?) zone. Descends to t Ascends to 200 yards, less or more. Range of mean annual temperature, say 47—46. Native. Sylvestral. A very local plant in Britain. Mr. Storey has favored me with a specimen, collected by Mr. Makepeace, near Bellingham, in Northumberland. It had been long known to occur locally, a few miles from Dun- keld, in Perthshire; but whether in one spot only, or in two or three distinct localities in that county, I cannot clearly understand from the variously worded reports of its collectors. In the Flora of Forfarshire, a habitat is men- tioned with the suspicious connexion of a “ purple beech” and adjacent garden. Included in D. Cooper's list of Metropolitan Plants; erroneously so, of course. 1101. CoNVALLARIA MULTIFLORA, Linn. Areal 2345%%89 1011 12 13 y (15 16). South limit in Somerset, Dorset, Hants, Kent. North limit in Northumberland, Cumberland ? Lanark ? 76. LILIACE. : 469 Estimate of provinces 13. Estimate of counties 20. Latitude 50—56. English (?) type of distribution. Agrarian region. Inferagrarian—Midagrarian zones. Descends to the coast level, in Channel or Peninsula. Ascends to 100 or 200 yards, in England. Range of mean annual temperature 50—-47. Native. Sylvestral. Recorded from about thirty coun- ties; though in suspected places only in several of them. I feel insufficiently prepared to distinguish between the really native and the humanly made localities, in a satis- factory manner. The type of distribution is rendered doubtful, also, by this uncertainty ; and it may be as near the Eastern or Germanic as the strictly English. a. birt. le 1102. ConvaLLaria Potyconatum, Linn. STIR Area 1{3]3 [4] 5 [6] « x » 1011 12. South limit in Somerset, Dorset ? Hants, Kent ? North limit in York, Northumberland. Westmoreland ? Estimate of provinces 7. Estimate of counties 10. Latitude 51—56. English type of distribution. Agrarian region. Inferagrarian—Midagrarian zones. Descends nearly to the coast level, in Peninsula. Ascends to 200 yards, more or less, in Humber. Range of mean annual temperature 49—46. Native. Sylvestral, Rupestral. A scarce plant, which has become extinct in one or more of its localities, and has been erroneously reported from others. Records of it exist for the counties of Somerset (Mr. W. Christy !), Dor- set (16—80 miles from Poole; Salter’s Cat.), Wilts (Flo. Bath. Sup.), Hants (Mr. J. Woods, in B. G.), Kent (I. F.), Suffolk and Norfolk (erroneously), Gloucester (Mr. Edwin Lees, &c.), Monmouth (Miss Harvey), Pembroke (B. G.), 470 76.* TRILLIACES. York (Mr. John Tatham!), Northumberland (Mr. Emble- ton!), Westmoreland (Annals of Kendal), Cumberland (Hut- ton, in B. G.—worthless authority). From these records, we may consider that the provinces of the Peninsula, Chan- nel, Severn, Humber, and Tyne are truly reported for the present species. Those of the Thames and Lakes are now not free from suspicion. The province of Ouse would seem to be wholly erroneous; C. multiflora being the species really found there, and misnamed C. Polygonatum. The present species has very recently been rediscovered in the province of Tyne, by the members of the Berwickshire Naturalists’ Club. 1103. PaRIs QUADRIFOLIA, Linn. Areal 23456789 10 11 12 13 14 15. South limit in Somerset, Dorset, Hants, Kent. North limit in Moray, Aberdeen, Renfrew. Estimate of provinces 15. Estimate of counties 50. Latitude 50—58. British type of distribution. Agrarian region. Inferagrarian—Superagrarian zones. Descends to the coast level, in the Peninsula. Ascends to 100 or 200 yards, in England. Range of mean annual temperature 50—47. Native. Sylvestral. Rather partial and uncommon, when considered as a plant referred to the British type of distribution ; but still, perhaps, better associated with the plants of that general type, than with those of the English or Germanic. It appears to be more of an eastern than a western plant; but it differs from the true Germanic type by not having any decided prevalence in the southern provinces, as compared with the middle and northern, the most northern being excepted. 77. TAMACEX.—78. MELANTHIACE. 471 1104. Tamus communis, Linn. Areal 234567891011 12. South limit in Cornwall, Isle of Wight, Kent. North limit in Northumberland, Westmoreland. Estimate of provinces 12. Estimate of counties 50. Latitude 50—55. English type of distribution. Agrarian region. Inferagrarian—Midagrarian zones. Descends to the coast level, in the Peninsula. Ascends to 100 or 200 yards, in England. Range of mean annual temperature 52—47. Native. Septal, Sylvestral. Rather peculiarly distri- buted, in its total absence from Scotland, while it probably occurs in nearly every English county. I am not prepared to cite authorities for the Tamus in any of the following counties ; namely, Berks, Bucks, Northampton, Cardigan, Radnor, Montgomery, Merioneth, Flint, Lincoln, Cumber- land, Isle of Man. Deducting these eleven from the fifty- two English counties (the Isle of Man being reckoned as a county of itself, and Rutland not so) we have forty-one only for the number of those which have been ascertained to produce the Tamus. But as there are strong presump- tions that it may be found in several among the eleven counties above enumerated, I prefer to fix the comital es- timate at 50, which may be slightly too high, instead of at 40, which would certainly be too low. (Ka ¥ : fae bet ./ Lp 1105. CoLcHICUM AUTUMNALE, Linn. « Neral SiGed 5:2.7-8.9 10/11 12 «9i(Loy. South limit in Somerset, Dorset, Hants, Surrey. 472 78. MELANTHIACEX. North limit in Westmoreland, Northumberland. (Fife?) Estimate of provinces 11. Estimate of counties 25. Latitude 50—55. English type of distribution. Agrarian region. Inferagrarian—Midagrarian zones. Descends nearly to the coast level, in the Peninsula. Ascends to 100 or 200 yards, in England. Range of mean annual temperature 50—47. Native. Pratal. An infrequent plant, if considered with reference to Britain generally, or even to England ; yet very abundant in certain localities. I hesitate to take the only Scottish locality into the area, &c., until verified; which, so far as J am aware, has not been done since the time of Lightfoot. Being known already in 25 counties, the Colchicum may be found to occur in some others, and thus eventually warrant the next higher step in the esti- mated census, that of 30. 1106. TortELpIA paLusTRis, Huds. Areay xy % x *% x» « 10 ll » » » 15 16 17. South limit in York, Durham. North limit in Sutherland, Ross. Estimate of provinces 5. Estimate of counties 12. Latitude 54—59. Highland type of distribution. A. A. regions. Superagrarian—Midarctic zones. Descends to 350 yards, in the East Highlands. Ascends to 800 or 850 yards, in same province. Range of mean annual temperature 43—38. Native. Uliginal. This plant constitutes one of the transition links between our Highland and Scottish, or al- pine and boreal, types of distribution. While it affects the mountainous tracts almost exclusively, its chief preva- lence is found about and below the middle altitudes, from 79. HYDROCHARIDACES. 473 500 to 700 yards, in the Highland provinces; descending thence occasionally within the limits of cereal cultivation. Ss bet fa J. Siq2107. Hyprocuaris Morsus-Ran&, Linn. Areal 234564891011 % » [14]. South limit in Devon, Dorset, Sussex, Kent. North limit in Northumberland, York, Chester. Estimate of provinces 11. Estimate of counties 30. Latitude 50—55. English type of distribution. Agrarian region. Inferagrarian—Midagrarian zones. Descends to the coast level, in the Peninsula. Ascends to 100 yards, more or less, in England. Range of mean annual temperature 51—47. Native. Lacustral. As this species occurs in the counties of Caermarthen, Salop, and Chester, there ap- pears a probability of its existence also in one or more of the counties of North Wales, sufficient to warrant the ad- dition of that province to the estimated census. 1108. STRATIOTES ALOIDES, Linn. Area » » (3) 4% x % 89 10 (11 % % 14 15). South limit in Suffolk, Northampton. North limit in York, Lancaster. Estimate of provinces 4. Estimate of counties 10. Latitude 52—54. Germanic (?) type of distribution. Agrarian region. Inferagrarian—Midagrarian zones. Descends to the coast level, in the province of Ouse. Ascends to 100 yards, less or more, in England. Range of mean annual temperature 49—47. Native. Lacustral. Although now found in twice the 474 79. HYDROCHARIDACE. number of provinces mentioned in the estimate, it is sup- posed to have been introduced to four of them, and cer- tainly known to have been originally planted by botanists in some of the localities, as in Surrey and Forfar. All the counties in which it is recorded to occur, and believed to be indigenous, are eastern, with the exceptions of Lancas- ter and Chester. 1108* AnacHaris ALsINAsTRUM, Bab. Kee Fil le 4. gyp ean” Gain South limit in Hants, Northampton, Stafford. North limit in Edinburgh, Berwick. Estimate of provinces —? Estimate of counties —? Latitude 52 (50)—56. Uncertain type of distribution. Agrarian region. Inferagrarian—Midagrarian zones. Descends to the coast level, or nearly so. Ascends to 100 yards, less or more, in East Lowlands. Range of mean annual temperature 49—47. Denizen. Lacustral. First announced as a British plant about the close of 1847, under name of Udora verti- cillata. Doubts were soon suggested respecting its nativity in Britain, from the circumstance of its being shortly after- wards observed in ponds, to which it might possibly, and even not improbably, have been introduced from America. Mr. Borrer found it in a pond in Leigh Park, near Havant, in the south-east of Hants, which is the most distrusted locality for itin England. Mr. Kirk (Phytol. iii. 389) ob- served it abundantly in the reservoirs at Watford Locks, “ on the same line of canal as Foxton Locks,” in Leices- tershire. The reservoirs at Foxton Locks, near Market Harborough, were the original habitat, in which it was discovered by Miss Kirby, and subsequently gathered 80. ALISMACE. 475 plentifully by the Rev. A. Bloxam. Dr. James Mitchell has found it in the river Leen, and in the ditches of adja- cent meadows, near Nottingham, “certainly not intro- duced.” (Bot. Gaz. i. 27). Dr. G. Johnston appears to have been the first botanist who gathered the plant in this country, in the neighbourhood of Berwick-on-Tweed. (Proceedings Berw. Nat. Club; and Phytol. iii. 540). Mr. C. C. Babington informs me that it has been also found in Duddingston Lock, near Edinburgh, by Professor Balfour. In Staffordshire, according to Mr. Edwin Brown, in Phyto- logist, iil. 647. fa bale. tg A pe 1109. Atisma Piantaco, Linn. Areal 234567891011 12131415 16 17. South limit in Cornwall, Isle of Wight, Kent. North limit in Ross, Aberdeen, Argyle. 7 Kstimate of provinces 17. Estimate of counties 75. Latitude 50—58. British type of distribution. Agrarian region. Inferagrarian—Superagrarian zones. Descends to the coast level, in the Channel. Ascends to 100 or 200 yards, in England. Range of mean annual temperature 52—47. Native. Paludal. Abundant in England; and marked with the highest sign of frequency even so far north as the Moray Flora. Beyond the Caledonian Canal I have only one authority for its occurrence, that of the Rev. G. Gor- don’s checked list of Ross plants. 1110. ALISMA RANUNCULOIDES, Linn. Area 1234567891011 121314 15 1617, South limit in Cornwall, Isle of Wight, Kent. 476 80. ALISMACEE. North limit in Ross, Aberdeen, Argyle. Estimate of provinces 17. Estimate of counties 70. Latitude 50—58. British type of distribution. Agrarian region. Inferagrarian—Superagrarian zones. Descends to the coast level, in the Peninsula. -Ascends to 100 or 200 yards, in England. Range of mean annual temperature 52—47. Native. Paludal. Much less common than A. Plan- tago; but with a very similar provincial area, comital es- timate, range of latitude, &c. Although their distribution in Britain is thus so nearly alike, yet in Scandinavia the difference between them is wide in this respect; A. Plan- tago being generally spread through Scandinavia, includ- ing Finland and Lapland, while A. ranunculoides is re- stricted to Denmark and the most southern portion of Sweden, according to the ‘Summa Vegetabilium’ of Fries. 1111. ALisMA NATANS, Linn. Area * * [3] * 567 * x [10 * 12] 13. South limit in Glamorgan, Salop, Merioneth. North limit in Wigton, Anglesea, Caernarvon. Estimate of provinces 4. Estimate of counties 8. Latitude 51—55. Atlantic (?) type of distribution. Agrarian region. Inferagrarian—Midagrarian zones. Descends to the coast level, or nearly so. Ascends to 200 yards, less or more, in England. Range of mean annual temperature 49—47. Native. Lacustral. Peculiar and rather uncertain in its distribution. Disregarding its enumeration among the metropolitan plants, by Daniel Cooper, the counties in which it has been reported are those of Worcester (Mr. A. Aiken; Mr. E. Lees), Salop (Rev. A. Bloxam, &c.), He- — 80. ALISMACES. 477 reford (Duncumbe, quoted in B. G.), Glamorgan (Mr. T. B. Flower; Mr. J. W. Gutch), Merioneth (E. F. and B. G.), Caernarvon (Mr. C. C. Babington, &c.), Anglesea (Davies, W. B.), York (Teesdale, in B. G.), Cumberland (B. G.), Wigton (Hook. Brit. Flo.). From these ten I have selected the six above mentioned, as being most probable or best supported ; the other four will require verification by trustworthy observers. While the species is thus clearly one of western distribution, it cannot be quite ac- curately classed with the Atlantic or south-western group. 1112. AcrinocarPus DamasoniumM, Br. Area [1] 2345. South limit in Hants, Sussex, Kent ? North limit in Salop, Saffolk, Herts, Berks. Estimate of provinces 4. Estimate of counties 10. Latitude 50—53. Germanic type of distribution. Agrarian region. Inferagrarian zone. Descends to the coast level, in Channel? Ascends to 100 yards, less or more, in England. Range of mean annual temperature 51—49. Native. Paludal. Peculiar to the three south-eastern provinces of Channel, Thames, and Ouse, with two alleged and very local exceptions; namely, at Ellesmere, in Shrop- shire, whence I possess a specimen gathered by the late estimable botanist, Mr. J. E. Bowman; also in Gulval Marsh, by Penzance, where it was reported by the Rev. W. T. Bree, but does not appear to have been found by any other botanist among the many who have visited that marsh. 478 80. ALISMACEZ. 1113. SAGITTARIA SAGITTIFOLIA, Linn. Area] 234567891011 1213. South limit in Devon, Hants, Sussex, Kent. North limit in Renfrew, Westmoreland, Durham. | Estimate of provinces 13. Estimate of counties 40. Latitude 50—56. English type of distribution. | Agrarian region. Inferagrarian—Midagrarian zones. Descends to the coast level, in the Peninsula. Ascends to 100 yards, more or less, in England. Range of mean annual temperature 51—47. Peculiar to England, with the exception of the one Scottish habi- tat, near Paisley, in Renfrewshire, whence a specimen has been sent to me by Dr. J. D. Hooker. Probably more rare in the western provinces of England than in the eastern. 1114. Buromus umBetiatus, Linn. Ae bet. ti f. vb. Areal 234567891011 » » (14 15). South limit in Devon, Isle of Wight, Kent. North limit in Durham, Lancaster, Anglesea. Estimate of provinces 11. Estimate of counties 40. Latitude 50—55. English type of distribution. Agrarian region. Inferagrarian—Midagrarian zones. Descends to the coast level, in the Peninsula. Ascends to 100 yards, more or less, in England. Range of mean annual temperature 51—47. Native. Paludal. Beyond the northern limit above in- dicated for this plant, it is said to occur at Howick, in Northumberland, in Duddingston Lock, by Edinburgh, and in Clunie Loch, which I suppose to be the one so named in Perthshire; but into these three counties the 80. ALISMACE. 479 Butomus is thought to have been introduced by botanists or others. wee Fe li y 1115. TRIGLOCHIN MaARITIMUM, Linn. Ce. Area general¢™ South limit in Cornwall, Isle of Wight, Kent. North limit in Shetland, Orkney, Hebrides. Kstimate of provinces 18. Estimate of counties 50. Latitude 50—61. British type of distribution. Agrarian region. Inferagrarian—Superagrarian zones. Descends to the coast level, in the Peninsula. Ascends, at the coast level, to the North Isles. Range of mean annual temperature 52—45. Native. Littoral. All around the coast of Britain ; and not unlikely it might be found in somewhere about fifty-five counties, or midway between the steps of 50 and 60 in the census scale. Still, 1 am compelled to put even its provincial generality as interrogative or questionable, from not being prepared to quote any authority for it on the Lincolnshire coast, that is, for the province of Trent. This is one of the maritime plants which occurs far inland in the province of the Severn. 1116. TRIGLOCHIN PALUSTRE, Linn. Area general. South limit in Cornwall, Isle of Wight, Kent. North limit in Shetland, Orkney, Hebrides. Estimate of provinces 18. Estimate of counties 80. Latitude 50—61. British type of distribution. A. A. regions. Inferagrarian—Midarctic zones. Descends to the coast level, in the Peninsula. 480 80. ALISMACE. Ascends to 950 yards, in East Highlands. Range of mean annual temperature 52—37. Native. Paludal, Uliginal. I have seen this species up to 600 and 700 yards, in several places in Scotland, but only in two spots above 800 yards. It rather affects the shore, along with T. maritimum; and thus makes a sort of approach to the character of a littoral plant. 1117. SCHEUCHZERIA PALUSTRIS, Linn. Areax xxx Ox x 8910444415. South limit in Salop, Notts, Chester, York. North limit in Perth. Estimate of provinces 5. Estimate of counties 6. Latitude 52—57. Scottish type of distribution. Agrarian region. Inferagrarian—Midagrarian zones. Descends nearly to the coast level, in Severn. Ascends to 100 or 200 yards, in England. Range of mean annual temperature 49—48. Native. Paludal. This very local plant was long sup- posed to be restricted to a single English county ; but its area and census have been gradually extended to the five provinces and counties above indicated, although still known only in very few separate localities. The Rev. George Pinder kindly sent me a specimen in illustration of his lately discovered locality in Cheshire ; and I learn from the Rev. M. J. Berkeley, that it has also been found in the north of Nottinghamshire. E. NEWMAN, PRINTER, DEVONSHIRE STREET, BISHOPSGATE, LONDON. Sieathies Hats te sie eetvbeas lipseies i * atriney yess