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CYCLOPEDIA OF AMERICAN HORTICULTURE

^r^^

Cyclopedia of
American Horticulture

COMPRISING SUGGESTIONS FOR CULTIVATION OF HORTI-
CULTURAL PLANTS, DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SPECIES OF
FRUITS, VEGETABLES, FLOWERS AND ORNAMENTAL PLANTS
SOLD IN THE UNITED STATES AND CANADA, TOGETHER
WITH GEOGRAPHICAL AND BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES

L. H. BAILEY

Professor of Horticulture in Cornell University

ASSISTED BY

WILHELM MILLER

Associate Editor

AND MANY EXPERT CULTIVATORS AND BOTANISTS

3Ilu0tratcti toitf) ofact
f^tao 'QTSougfanti flDciginal (Enffrabmss

In Four Volumes
A-D

I3cto gotk
THE MACMILLAN COMPANY

LONDON : MACMILLAN & CO., Ltd.

1900

The rights of reproduction and of translation are strictly reserved

Copyright, 1900,

By the macmillan company

9@aunt C^Ieaeant Printer;

J. Horace I

PREFACE

T IS THE PURPOSE OF THIS WORK to make a complete
[-eeord of the status of North American horticulture as it
exists at the close of the nineteenth century. The work dis-
cusses the cultivation of fruits, flowers and garden vegetables,
describes all the species which are known to be in the hor-
ticultural trade, outlines the horticultural possibilities of the
various states, territories and provinces, presents biographies
of those persons not living who have contributed most to the
horticultural progress of North America, and indicates the leading mono-
graphic works relating to the various subjects.

It has been the dream of years to close the century with a compi'ehensive
index to American horticulture, and for a long period the Editor, therefore,
has collected notes, books, plants and information for the furtherance of
the work. Before the active preparation of the manuscript was begun, a
year was expended in making indexes and references to plants and litera-
ture. Every prominent plant and seed catalogue published in the United
States and Canada has been indexed, and the horticultural periodicals have
been explored. A dozen artists have been employed in various horticul-
tural centers to draw plants as they grow. Expert cultivators and botanists
have contributed on their various specialties. All the important articles
are signed, thus giving each author full credit for his work, and holding
him responsible for it.

The work is made first-hand, from original sources of information.
So far as possible, the botanical matter has been newly elaborated from
the plants themselves ; and in all cases it is specially prepared directly for
this Cyclopedia, and is not the work of copyists nor of space-writers. In
many of the most important subjects, two authors have contributed, one
writing the culture and the other the botany ; and in some cases the
culture is presented from two points of view. When it has been
necessary to compile in comparatively unfamiliar groups, the greatest
pains has been taken to select authentic sources of information ; and the
proofs always have been submitted to recognized specialists. In fact,

. (v)

^.d.'2°^^^ryop

^oct^

^Qe:

vi • PREFACE

proofs of every article in the work have been read by experts in that
subject.

Every effort has been made to present a truthful picture of American
horticultiu-e, by describing those plants which ai*e or lately have been in
the trade, and by giving cultural directions founded upon American
experience. Therefore the Old "World cyclopedias, which represent other
horticultural floras and other methods of cultivation, have not been fol-
lowed. Species which are commonly cultivated in the Old World, or
which are mentioned prominently in horticultural literature, but which are
not known to be in North American commerce, are briefly recorded in
smaller type in supplementary lists. The object has been to make the
work essentially American and wholly alive.

Particular attention has been given to the tropical and sub -tropical
plants which are now being introduced in southern Florida and southern
California. These plants already represent the larger part of the cultivated
tropical flora ; and a knowledge of them will be of increasing interest
and importance with the enlargement of our national sphere. The work
is intended to cover the entire field from Key West and the Rio Grande
to Quebec and Alaska.

North America is a land of outdoor horticulture, and the hardy fruits,
trees, shrubs and herbs are given the prominence which they deserve. In
most works of this character, the glasshouse and fanciers' plants receive
most emphatic attention.

Since it is hoped that the work will be of permanent value, descriptions
of varieties are not included ; for such descriptions would increase the bulk
of the work enormously, and the information would be out of date with the
lapse of a few months or years. If the work finds sufficient patronage, it
is hoped that a small supplemental volume may be issued annually, to
record the new species and varieties and the general progress of horticul-
tural business and science.

The illustrations have been made under the personal supervision of
the Editor so far as possible, and, with few exceptions, they are owned
and controlled by the publishers. No trade cuts have been purchased. In
various confused groups, copies have been made of old prints for the pur-
pose of showing the original or native form of a plant, and thereby to
illustrate the course of its evolution ; but credit is given to the source
of the illustration.

The point of view is the garden, not the herbarium. The herbarium

PREFACE vii

is the adjunct. In other words, the stress is laid upon the plants as
domesticated and cultivated subjects. Special efforts have been made to
portray the range of variation under domestication, and to suggest the
course of the evolution of the greatly modified forms. Garden plants are
worthy subjects of botanical study, notwithstanding the fact that they
have been neglected by systematists. It is desired to represent the
plants as living, growing, varying things, rather than as mere species or
bibliographical formulas.

The Editor desires to say that he considers this book but a beginning.
It is the first complete survey of our horticultural activities, and it is
published not because it is intended to be complete, but that it may
bring together the scattered data in order that further and better studies
may be made. A first work is necessarily crude. We must ever improve.
To the various articles in the work, the teacher of horticulture may assign
his advanced students. The Editor hopes that every entry in this book
will be worked over and improved within the next quarter century.

Horticultural Department, lu, XI. siJ\i.LiJi, 1 .

College of Agriculture or Cornell Universitt,
Ithaca, New York, December SO, 7899.

COLLABORATORS

/. PARTIAL LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS TO THE CYCLOPEDIA

the first volume. Many of the contributors have also ai

Adams, Geo. E., Asst. Horticulturist, R. I. Exp

Sta., Kingston, R. I. [Rhode Island.)
*Ames, Oakes, Asst. Dir. Botanic Garden, and
Instructor in Botany in Harvard Univ., Cam
bridge, Mass. [Many genera of Orchids.)
*Arnold, Jr., Geo., Florist, Rochester, N. Y,
{China Asters.)
Arthur, Prof. J. C, Purdue Univ., Lafayette,

Ind. {Physiology of Plants.)
Atkinson, Geo. F., Prof, of Botany, Cornell Univ.

Ithaca, N. Y. {Mushrooms.)
Balmer, Prof. J. A., Horticulturist, Wash. Exp
Sta., Pullman, Wash. ( Washington.)
*BARCLAy, F. W., Gardener, Haverford, Pa. {Xa-
tire Asters. Various hardy j)?rtH(s.)
Barnes, Charles R., Prof, of Plant Physiology
Univ. of Chicago, Chicago, Ills. {Fertiliza
tion. Flower.)
Batersdorfer, H., Dealer in florists' supplies
Philadelphia, Pa. {Everlasting flowers.)
*Beach, Prof. S. A., Horticulturist, N. Y. Exp

Sta., Geneva, N. Y. {Corn. Thinning.)
*Beadle, C. D., Botanist and horticulturist, Bilt-
more, N. C. {Bamboos.)
Beal, Prof. W. J., Mich. Agric. College, Agri
cultural College, Mich. {Article "Grasses.")
*Beckert, Theo. F., Florist, Allegheny City, Pa
{Bougainvillea.)
Berckmans, p. J., Pomologist and nurseryman
Augusta, Ga. {Eaki. Has read proof of vari-
ous groups of importance in the South.)
Blair, Prof. J. C, Horticulturist, 111. Exp. Sta.
Champaign, Ills. {Glass. Illinois.)
*Bruckner, Nichol N., Dreer's nursery, River^
ton, N. J. {The article "Ferns." Many groups
of tender ferns. )
BUFPUM, Prof. B. C, Horticulturist, Wyo. Exp,

Sta., Laramie, Wyo. ( Wyoming.)
Burnette, Prof. F. H., Horticulturist, La. Exp,

Sta., Baton Rouge, La. {Louisiana.)
Bush and Sons and Meissner, Bushberg, Mo.

(Grape Culture in the Prairie Slates.)
*BnTZ, Prof. Geo. C, As^t. Horticulturist, Pa,
Exp. Sta., State College, Pa. {Carnation,
Pennsylvania. )

*Cameron, Robert, Gardener, Botanic Garden of
Harvard Univ. ( Various articles and much help
on rare plants. Alpinia. Campanula, etc.)

*Canning, Edward J., Gardener, Smith College,
Botanic Gardens, Northampton, Mass. {Many
articles and much help on rare plants. Anthu-
rium, Gloxinia, etc.)

*Card, Prof. Fred. W., Horticulturist, R. I. Exp.
Sta., Kingston, R. I. {Nebraska. Botany and
culture of many hush fruits. Amelanchier. Ber-
beris. Blackberry. Buffalo Berry. Currant.)
Clinkaberrt, Henrt T., Gardener, Trenton, N.
J. {Certain orchids, as Lalia, Lycaste.)

*CoOK, O. F., Div. of Botany, Section of Seed and
Plant Introduction, Dept. of Agric, Washing-
ton, D. C. {Coffee.)
CoRBETT, Prof. L. C, Horticulturist, W. Va. Exp.
Sta., Morgantowu, W. Va. {West Virginia.)

*Coclter, John M., Professor and Head of the
Dept. of Botany, Univ. of Chicago, Chicago,
Illinois.

*Ckaig, Prof. John, Horticulturist, la. Exp. Sta.,
Ames, la. {Canada. Gooseberry.)

*Craig, Robert, Florist, Philadelphia, Pa. {Araxi-
caria. Ardisia. Codieeum.)
Craig, W. N., Taunton, Mass.

*Crandall, Prof. C. S., Horticulturist, Colo. Exp.
Sta., Fort Collins, Colo. (Colorado.)
Cushman, E. H., Gladiolus specialist, Euclid,
Ohio. {Gladiolus.)

*Davis, K. C, Science teacher, Ithaca, N. Y.
{Ranunculace(E.)

*Davt, J. BuRTT, Assistant Botanist, Univ. of
Calif. Agric. Exp. Sta., Berkeley, Calif.
{Acacia. Eucalyptus. MyrtacecB.)

*Dorner, Fred., Carnation specialist, Lafayette,
Ind. (Carnation.)
DORSETT, P. H., Associate physiologist and Patholo-
gist Dept. of Agric, Washington, D. C.( Violet.)
DuGGAR, B. M., formerly Asst. Cryptogamio Bota-
nist, Cornell Exp. Sta., Ithaca, N. Y. (Pollen.)

*Earle, Prof. F. S., Horticulturist, Ala. Poly-
technic Institute, Auburn, Ala. (Alabama.)
Earle, Parker, Horticulturist, Roswell, N. M.
(New Mexico.)

COLLABORATORS

*EiSELE, J. D., Foreman Dreer's Nursery, River-
ton, N. . I. (Cordyline.)

*Elliott, William H., Florist, Brigliton, Mass.
{Asparagus ])lujnosus.)
Emert, S. M., Director Mont. E.xp. Sta., Boze-
man, Mont. [Montana.)

*Endicott, W. E., Teacher, Canton, Mass. {Achim-
enes. Acidanthera .)

*Evans, Walter H., Office of Exp. Stations, Dept.
of Agric, Washington, D. C. [Alaslca.)

*Fawcett, Wm., Dir. Dept. Public Gardens and
Plantations, Kingston, Jamaica. (Tropical
fruits, as Cherimoya, Mangosteen, etc.)

*Fernow, Prof. B. E., Dir. College of Forestry,
Cornell Univ., Ithaca, N. Y. [Conifers. For-
estry.)

*FlNLAYSON, Kenneth, Gardener, Brookline,
Mass. [Diosnia. )

*Fletcher, S. W., Horticulturist, Ithaca, N. Y.
(Convolvulacca;, Eclianthus. Papaver. )

*Franceschi, Dr. F., Manager S. Calif. Acclima-
tizing Ass'n, Santa Barbara, Calif. [Bare
plants of S. Calif., as DasyUrion, etc.)
Garfield, C. W., Horticulturist, Grand Rapids,
Mich. [Michigan.)

*Gerard, J. N., Elizabeth, N. J. [Many articles,
especially on bulbous plants, as Crocus, Iris,
Narcissus. )
Gillett, Edward, Nurseryman, Southwiek, Mass.

[Hardy Ferns.)
GOFP, Prof. E. S., Horticulturist, Wis. Exp. Sta.,
Madison, Wis. [ITisconsin.)

*GouLD, H. p., Asst. Entomologist and Horti-
culturist, Maryland Exp. Sta., College Park,
Md. [Srussels Sprouts. Celeriac. )
Green, Prof. S. B., Horticulturist, Minnesota
Exp. Sta., St. Anthony Park, Minn. {Minne-
sota.)
Green, Wm. J., Horticulturist, Ohio Exp. Sta.,
Wooster, Ohio. [Ohio. Sub-irrigation.)

*Greiner, T., Specialist in vegetables. La Salle,
N. Y. {Garden vegetables, as Artichoke, As-
paragus, Bean, Cress. )

*Gret, Robert M., Gardener, North Easton, Mass.
[Cypripedium and other orchids.)
Groff, H. H., Simcoe, Ont. [Gladiolus.)

*GuRNEY, James, Gardener, Mo. Botanical Garden,
St. Louis, Mo. [Cacti.)

*Hale, J. H., Nurseryman and pomologist. South
Glastonbury, Conn. [Connecticut.)

*Halsted, Prof. B. D., Rutgers College, New
Brunswick, N. J. [Diseases. Fungi.)
Hansen, Geo., Landscape architect and botanist,

Berkeley, Calif. [Epidendrum.)
Hansen, Prof. N. E., Horticulturist, S. Dak.
Exp. Sta., Brookings, S. Dak. [South
Dakota.)

Hasselbring, H., Instructor in Botany, Cornell
Univ., Ithaca, N. Y. [Iris and certain orchids,
as Gongora, Odontoglossum .)
*Hastings, G. T., Asst. in Botany, Cornell Univ.,
Ithaea, N. Y. [Some tropical plants, as Berria,
Bertholletia.)
Hatfield, T. D., Gardener, Wellesley, Mass.

[Gesnera and various articles.)
Hedrick, U. p., Asst. Prof, of Horticulture,
Agricultural College, Mich. [Evaporated Fruits.)
*Henderson & Co., Peter, Seedsmen, 37 Cort-

landt St., New York, N. Y. {Bulbs.)
*Herrington, a.. Gardener, Florham Farms,
Madison, N. J. {Chry.ianthemum coccineum.)
Hexamer, Dr. F. M., Editor American Agricul-
turist, New York, N. Y. {A. S. Fuller.)
Hicks, G. H., late of Dept. of Agric, Washing-
ton, D. C. {Seed Testing.)
*HiLL, E. G., Florist, Richmond, Ind. {Begonia.)
Hoopes, Josiah, Nurseryman, West Chester, Pa.
[Hedges.)
*H0RSF0RD, Fred. H., Nurseryman, Charlotte, Vt.
[Alpine Gardens. Has read proof of many ar-
ticles onnatire i)lants.)
HuNN, Charles E., Gardener, Cornell Exp. Sta.,

Ithaca, N. Y. [Forcing of vegetables.)
HcNTLET, Prof. F. A., Idaho Exp. Sta., Moscow,

Idaho. [Idaho.)
HuTCHiNS, Rev. W. T., Sweet Pea specialist, In-
dian Orchard, Mass. [Sweet Pea. )
*Irish, H. C, Horticulturist, Mo. Botanical Gar-
den, St. Louis, Mo. [Capsicum.)
*Jackson & Perkins Co., Nurserymen, Newark,
N. Y. [Clematis.)
Jordan, A. T., Asst. Horticulturist, New Bruns-
wick, N. J. [Neio Jersey.)
*Kains, M. G.,'Div. of Botany, Dept. of Agric,
Washington, D. C. {Minor vegetables. Pot
Herbs. Importations.)
*Keller, J. B., Florist, Rochester, N. Y. {Many
groups of hardy herbaceous perennials.)
Kelsey, Harlan P., Landscape architect, Boston
Mass. [North Carolina plants, as Galax and
Leucofhoi;.)
*Kennedy, p. Beveridge, Div. of Agrostology
Dept. of Agric, Washington, 1). C. [Many
genera of grasses. Begonia.)
Kerr, J. W., Nurseryman, Denton, Md. [Mary
land.)
*KlFT, Robert, Florist, Philadelphia, Pa. [Cut
floii-crs.)
King, F. H., Prof, of Agricultural Physics, Madi
son, Wis. [Irrigation.)
*Kinney, L. F., Horticulturist, Kingston, R. I

[Celery.)
*Lager & Hurrell, Orchid cultivators, Summit,
N.J. [Catileya.)

COLLABORATORS

Lake, Prof. E. R., Horticulturist, Ore. Exp. Sta.,
Corvallis, Ore. (Oregon.)

Lauman, G. N., Instructor in Horticulture, Cor-
nell Univ., Ithaca, N. Y. {Geranium. Pelar-

*LoNSDALE, Edwin, Florist, Chestnut Hill, Phila-
delphia, Pa. [Conservatory.)
Lord & Burnham Co., Horticultural architects
and builders, Irvington-on-Hudson, N. Y.
( Greenhouse Construction.)
*LoTHROP & HiGGiNS, Dahlia specialists. East

Bridgewater, Mass.
*Manning, J. Woodward, Nurseryman, Reading,
Mass. (Pyretkrum. Has read proof of many
groups of herbaceous perennials.)
Manning, Warren H., Landscape architect,
Boston, Mass. [Article, "Herbaceous Peren-
nials.")
Masset, Prof. W. F., Horticulturist, N. C. Exp.

Sta., Raleigh, N. C. (Figs. North Carolina.)
Mathews, Prof. C. W., Horticulturist, Ky. Exp.
Sta., Lexington, Ky. [EentucK-i/.)
*Mathews, F. Schltler, Artist, 2 Morley St.,
Boston, Mass. (Color.)
Matnard, Prof. S. T., Horticulturist, Mass.
Hatch Exp. Sta., Amherst, Mass. (ilassa-
chusetts. )
McDowell, Prof. R. H., Reno, Nev. (Xevada.)
*McFarland, J. Horace, Horticultural printer
and expert in photography, Harrisburg, Pa.
{Border. )
*Mc William, Geo., Gardener, Whitinsville, Mass.

{Dijjlaclenia.)
*Mead, T. L., Horticulturist, Oviedo, Fla. (Cri-
nwn. Has helped in matters of extreme southern
horticulture.)
Morris, O. M., Asst. Horticulturist, Okla. E.xp.

Sta., Stillwater, Okla. (Oklahoma.)
Moon, Samuel C, Nurseryman, Morrisville, Pa.

(Trees for ornament.)
Munson, T. v., Nurseryman and grape hybridist,

Denison, Tex. {Grape culture in the South.)
Munson, Prof. W. M., Horticulturist, Me. Exp.
Sta., Orono, Me. (Maine.)
*Newell, A. J., Gardener, Wellesley, Mass. (Cer-
tain orchids. )
Norton, J. B. S. , Botanical Assistant, Mo. Botan-
ical Garden, St. Louis, Mo. (Euphorbia.)
*Ogston, Colin, Gardener, Kimball Conserva-
tories, Rochester, N. Y. (Dendrobium.)
*Oliver, G. W., Gardener, U. S. Botanic Gardens,
Washington, D. C. (Many articles on jialms,
aroids, succulents and rare plants, andmuchhelp
on proofs. Alstrcemeria. Amaryllis. )
*Orpet, Edward O., Gardener, So. Lancaster,
Mass. [Many articles. Border. Cyclamen. Dian-
thus, and certain orchids. )

*Peacock, Lawrence K., Dahlia specialist, Ateo,
N. J. (Dahlia.)

*PowELL, Prof. G. Harold, Horticulturist, Del.
Exp. Sta., Newark, Del. (Cherry. Delaware.)

Price, Prof. R. H., Horticulturist, Tex. Exp.
Sta., College Station, Tex. (^lexas.)

*PURDT, Carl, Specialist in California bulbs,
Ukiah, Calif. (Californian native plants, as
Brodicea, Calochortus, Fritillaria.)
Rane, Prof. F. W., Horticulturist, N. H. Exp.
Sta., Durham, N. H. (New Hampshire.)

*Rawson, W. W., Seedsman and market- gardener,
Boston, Mass. (Cucumber.)

*Reasoner, E. N., Nurseryman and horticulturist,
Oneeo, Fla. (Many articles, and much help on
extreme southern horticulture. Cwsalpinia.
Cocas.)

*Rehder, Alfred, Specialist in hardy trees and
shrubs, Jamaica Plain, Mass. (Botany and
culture of most of the hardy trees and shrubs.)

*Roberts, Prof. I. P., Dir. College of Agric,
Cornell Univ., Ithaca, N. Y. (Drainage. Fer-
tility. Potato.)
Rolfs, Prof. P. H., Horticulturist, S. C. Exp.
Sta., Clemson College, S. C. (Florida. Egg-
plant.)

*RosE, J. N., Asst. Curator, U. S. Nat. Herb.,
Smithsonian Inst., Washington, D. C.
(Agave.)
Rose, N. J., Landscape gardener to New York
City Parks, New York, N. Y.

*Rowlee, Prof. W. W., Asst. Prof, of Botany,
Cornell Univ., Ithaca, N. Y. {Nymphcea. Nar-
cissus. Salix. Definitions.)

*Sargent, Prof. C. S., Dir. Arnold Arboretum,
Jamaica Plain, Mass. (Abies.)

*Scott, Wm., Florist, Buffalo, N.Y. (Acacia. Cy-
tisus. Convallaria. Cyclamen. Smilax, etc.)

*ScoTT, Wm., Gardener, Tarrytown, N. Y. (Berto-
lonia and other dwarf tender foliage plants.)

*Semple, James, Specialist in China Asters, Belle-
vue. Pa. (Aster. )

*Shinn, Charles H., Inspector of Experiment Sta-
tions, Univ. of Calif., Berkeley, Calif. (Cali-
fornia. Fig, etc.)

*Shore, Robert, Gardener, Botanical Dept., Cor-
nell Univ., Ithaca, N. Y. (Various articles, as
Acalypha, Bedding, Marguerites, Dichorisandra,
Fittonia.)

*SlEBRECHT, Henrt A., Florist and nurseryman,
New York and Rose Hill Nurseries, New Ro-
chelle, N. Y. (Draccena and various articles.
Much help on rare greenhouse plants, particularly
orchids. )
SiMONDS, O. C, Supt. Graeeland Cemetery, Buena
Ave., Chicago, 111. (Cemeteries, in article on
Landscape Gardening.)

COLLABORATORS

Slingerland, Prof. M. V., Asst. Prof . Economic
Entomology, Cornell Univ., Ithaca, N. Y.
{Insects. Insecticides.)

*Smith, a. W., Cosmos cultivator, Americus, Ga.
{Cosmos. Moonflower.)

*Smith, Elmer D., Chrysanthemum specialist,
Adrian, Mich. (Chnjsantkemum.)

*Smith, Jared G., Div. of Botany, Dept. of Agric,
Washington, D. C. {Xearly all palms and va-
rious genera,as Centaurea,Cerastium, Cotyledon.)
Spencer, John W., Fruit-grower, Westfield, Chau-
tauqua Co., N. Y. {Grapes. Help on impor-
iantfndts.)
Starnes, Prof. Hugh N., Horticulturist, Ga. Exp.
Sta., Athens, Ga. {Georgia.)

*Stinson, Prof. John T., Dir. Mo. Fruit Exp. Sta.,
Mountain Grove, Mo. {Arkansas.)
Taft, Prof. L. E., Horticulturist, Mich. Agric.
Coll., Agricultural College, Mich. {Heating.
Hotbeds. )

*Taplin, W. H., Specialist in palms and ferns,
Holmesburg, Philadelphia, Pa. {Culture of
many palms, ferns and foliage plants.)

*Taylor, Wm. a., Asst. Pomologist, Div. of Po-
mology, Dept. of Agric, Washington, D. C.
{Nuts.)

^Thompson, C. H., Assistant Botanist, Mo. Botani-
cal Garden, St. Louis, Mo. {Many genera of
Cacti.)

♦TOUMEY, Prof. J. W., Biologist, Ariz. Exp. Sta.,
Tucson, Ariz. {Ari::ona. Date.)
Tract, S. M., Biloxi, Miss. {Mississippi.)

*Tract, Prof. W. W., Seedsman, Detroit, Mich.
{Cahhage.)

*Trelease, Dr. Wm., Dir. Mo. Botanical Garden,
St. Louis, Mo. (Aloe. Apicra. Gasteria. Ha-
worthia.)

*Tricker, Wm., Specialist in aquatics, Dreer's
Nursery, Riverton, N. J. (Aquarium. Aqua-
tics. Nytnphaia. Nelumbium. Victoria, etc.)
Troop, Prof. James, Horticulturist, Ind. Exp. Sta.,

Lafayette, lud. (Indiana.)
Turner, Wm., Gardener, Tarrytown, N. Y.
{Forcing Fruits.)

*TuTTLE, H. B., Cranberry grower. Valley Junc-
tion, Wis. {Cranberry.)

*Underwood, Prof. L. M., Columbia University,
New York, N. Y. {Botany of all ferns.)

*Van Deman, H. E., Pomologist, Parksley, Va.
(Date.)
Vaughan, J. C, Seedsman and florist, Chicago

and New York. (Christmas Greens.)
VooRHEES, Prof. Edward B., Dir. N. J. Exp. Sta.,

New Brunswick, N. J. (Fertilizers.)
Waldron, Prof. C. B., Horticulturist, N. Dak.
Exp. Sta., Fargo, N. Dak. (North Dakota.)

*Walker, Ernest, Horticulturist, Arkansas Exp.
Sta., Fayptteville, Ark. {Annuals. Basket
Plants. Watering.)
Watrous, C. L., Nurseryman, Des Moines, la.
{loKa.)

*Watson, B. M., Instructor in Horticulture, Bua-
sey Inst., Jamaica Plain, Mass. {Colchicum.
Cultage. Forcing. House Plants.)
Watts, E. L., Horticulturist, Tenn. Exp. Sta.,
Knoxville, Tenn. {Tennessee.)

*Waugh, Prof. F. A., Horticulturist, Vt. Exp.
Sta., Burlington, Vt. (Beet. Carrot. Cucumber.
Lilium. PentstemoH. Salad Plants. Vermont.)

*Webber, H. J., In charge of Plant Breeding

Laboratory, Div. of Veg. Phys. and Path.,

Dept. of Agric, Washington, D. C.

(Citrus.)

Whitney, Prof. Milton, Chief Div. of Soils,

Dept. of Agric, Washington, D. C. (Soil.)
Whitten, Prof. J. C, Horticulturist, Mo. Exp.
Sta., Columbia, Mo. (Missouri.)

*WiCKSON, Edward J., Prof, of Agricultural Prac-
tice, Univ. of Calif., and Horticulturist, Calif.
Exp. Sta., Berkeley, Calif. (Almond, Apri-
cot, Cherry, Grape, etc., in California.)

*WlEGAND, K. M., Instructor in Botany, Cornell
Univ., Ithaca, N. Y. {Coreopsis. Cordyline.
Cyperus. Draccena.)

*Wyman, a. p., Asst. to Olmsted Bros., Land-
scape Architects, Brookline, Mass. (Dirca,
Epigcga, Halesia and other hardy trees and
shrubs.)

PARTIAL LIST OF THOSE WHO HAVE ASSISTED BY READING PROOF,
AND IN OTHER WAYS

Andrews, D. M., Nurseryman, Boulder, Colo.
(Nativewestern plants, especially newhardy Cacti.)

Ball, C. D., Wholesale florist, Holmesburg, Phila-
delphia, Pa. (Palms. Ferns. Foliage
Plants.)

Barker, Michael, Editor "American Florist,"
324 Dearborn St., Chicago, 111. {Many sug-
gestions.)

Bassett, Wm. F., & Son, Hammonton, N. J.
{Hibiscus and other plants.)

Berger & Co., H. H., New York, N. Y. {Japa-
nese and Californian plants.)

Blanc, A., Seedsman andplantsman, Philadelphia,
Pa. (Cacti. Novelties.)

Breck & Sons, Joseph, Seedsmen, Boston, Mass.
{Portrait of Joseph Breck.)

COLLABORATORS

BuDLONQ Bros., Pickle makers, Providence, R. I.

(Cucumber.)

Clark, Miss Josephine A., Asst. Librarian, Dept.
of Agrie., Washington, D. C. [Information as
to species since Index Eewensis )

COATES, Leonard, Napa City, Calif. {Fruit Cul-
ture in California.)

CoviLLE, Frederick V., Botanist, Dept. of Agric,
Washington, D. C. [Suggestions as to con-
tributors.)

CoWEN, J. H., Horticulturist, Ithaca, N. Y.
[Colorado.)

Day, Miss Mart A., Librarian, Gray Herbarium
of Harvard Univ., Cambridge, Mass. [Rare
books. )

Deane, Walter, Cambridge, Mass. [Various
botanical 2>roblenis.)

Devron, Dr. G., Amateur in Bamboos, New
Orleans, La. (Bamboos.)

Dock, Miss M. L., Harrisburg, Pa. (Bartram.)

Dreer, H. a.. Seedsmen and plantsmen, Phila-
delphia, Pa. (Many and varied services, espe-
cially in aquatics, ferns, foliage plants and rare
annuals.)

Egan, W. C. Amateur, Highland Park, Ills.
(Plants of exceptional liardiness.)

Ellwanger & Barrt, Nurserymen, Rochester,
N. Y. [Hardy jjlants.)

Ganong, W. F., Prof, of Botany, Smith College,
Northampton, Mass. (Cacti.)

Hallidat Bros., Baltimore, Md., Florists.
[Azalea. Camellia.)

LuPTON, J. M., Market-gardener, Gregory, L. I.
{ Cabbage. )

Makepeace, A. D., Cranberry grower, WestBarn-
stable, Mass. [Cranberry.)

Manda, W. a.. Nurseryman, South Orange, N. J.
( Orchid pictures.)

>Ianning, Jacob W., Nurseryman, Reading, Mass.
[Dried specimens of herbaceous perennial
plants.)
Manning, Robert, Sec. Mass. Hort. Soc, Boston,
Mass. ( Biographical sketches. )

Mathews, Wm., Florist, Utica, N. Y. [Orchids.)
Mat, John N., Florist, Summit, N. J. [Florists'

flowers. )
Meehan & Sons, Thos., Nurserymen, German-
town, Pa. [Hardy jdants.)
PiERSON, F. R., Nurseryman, Tarrytown-on-

Hudson, N. Y. (Bulbs.)
Powell, Geo. T., Pomologist, Ghent, N. Y.
(Important fruits.)

Rider, Prof. A. J., Trenton, N. J. (Cran-
berry.)

Robinson, Dr. B. L., Curator Gray Herbarium of
Harvard Univ., Cambridge, Mass. (Various
articles.)

ScooN, C. K., Fruit-grower, Geneva, N. Y.
(Cherry.)

Sears, Prof. F. C, Wolfville, Nova Scotia.
[Canada.)

Shady Hill Nursery Co., Boston, Mass. [Her-
baceous 2)erennials .)

Slaymaker, a. W., Fruit-grower, Camden, Del.
[Delaware.)

Storrs & Harrison, Nurserymen, Painesville,
Ohio. (Various plants.)

Suzuki & Iida, Yokohama Nurseiy Co., 11 Broad-
way, New York, N. Y. (Japanese plants.)

Thorburn & Co., J. M., Seedsmen, New York,
N. Y. (Numerous important and rare plants,
especially antiuals.)

Todd, Frederick G., Landscape architect, Mon-
treal, P. Q. [Hardy trees and shrubs.)

Vice's Sons, James, Seedsmen, Rochester, N. Y.
[Various jilants.)

Ward, C. W., Florist, Cottage Gardens, Queens,
L. I. [Carnation.)

Webb, Prof. Wesley, Dover, Del. (Delaware.)

White, J. J., Cranberry grower, New Lisbon,
N. J. [Cranberry.)

Willard, S. D., Nurseryman, Geneva, N. Y.
[Important fruits, as Cherry.)

Wood, E. M., Florist, Natick, Mass.

Wright, Charles, Horticulturist, Seaford, Del.
[Delaware.)

EXPLANATIONS

Horticulture is the art of raising fruits, vege-
tables, flowers and ornamental plants. The lines
of demarcation between it and the art of agricul-
ture on the one hand and the science of botany
on the other, are purely arbitrary. In this work,
the word horticulture has been interpreted liber-
ally. Herein are included discussions of land-
scape gardening, and brief notes of such impor-
tant agricultural subjects as Coffee, Cotton, Flax,
and such economic subjects as Cinchona, India
Rubber. Forage and medicinal plants are men-
tioned only incidentally.

fFHAT IS MEANT BY " TME TRADE"

It is the design of the Cyclopedia to describe
fully all those species of plants which are in the
American trade, — that is, the species that are
bought and sold. In order to determine what
species are in the trade, catalogues of nurserymen,
seedsmen and florists have been indexed, and
other commercial literature has been consulted;
in addition to this, specialists have been consulted
freely for lists of plants. The work includes the
plants offered by foreign dealers who have Ameri-
can agents, and who circulate in America cata-
logues printed in the English language: therefore,
the work will be fouud to include many species
offered by the bulb growers of Holland, and by
most other large European concerns. The pur-
pose is to make a live record of the real status
of our horticulture, rather than a mere compila-
tion from the other literature. However, im-
portant plants which are not in the American
trade are mentioned, for they may be expected to
appear at anytime: but these plants are in sup-
plementary lists in smaller type. Thus, the size
of type indicates that Abobra viridiflora is in the
trade, whereas Abroma augusta is not. It will no
doubt be a surprise to the reader, as it has been
to the Editor, to discover the great wealth of
American horticulture in species of plants.

NOMENCLATURE

The Editor has desired to be conservative on the
vexed question of nomenclature. This effort is
particularly important in the discussion of culti-
vated plants, because names become established

in tlie tra^le and are worth money. A plant sells
under a familiar name, but it may be a commer-
cial failure under a new or strange one. Since
plants belong as much to the horticulturist as to
the botanist, it is only fair that the horticulturist
be consulted before wholesale changes are made
in nomenclature.

It is well to bear in mind that changes in the
names of plants proceed from two general causes, —
(1) from new conceptions respecting the limits of
genera, species, varieties, and (2) from new ideas in
the merely arbitrary fashions or systems of nomen-
clature. Changes of the former kind are usually
welcomed by horticulturists, because they eluci-
date our understanding of the plants, but changes
of the latter kind are usually deplored. At the
present moment, there is the greatest unrest in
respect to systems of nomenclature. This unrest
is, to be sure, in the interest of the fixity or per-
manency of names, but there is no guarantee — if,
indeed, there is any hope— that the system which
may be adopted to-day will be accepted by the
next generation. In fact, the very difficulty of ar-
riving at a common understanding on the question
is itself the strongest evidence that the systems do
not rest on fundamental or essential principles,
but upon expediency and personal preference.
There is no evidence that names which are mak-
ing to-day will persist any longer than have those
which they are supplanting.

So-called reforms in nomenclature are largely
national or racial movements, often differing
widely between different peoples : consequently it
is impossible to bring together under one system
of nomenclature the cultivated plants of the world
without making wholesale changes in names.
Therefore, the Editor has accepted the most ten-
able names which the plants bring, without in-
quiring into the system under which they are
given. In general, however, he believes that the
technical name of a plant is comprised of two
words, and that the first combination of these
two parts should be accepted as the name. Such
double names as Catalpa Catalpa and Gtauciiim
Glaucium are the results of carrying arbitrary
rules to the utmost limit, but their ugliness and
arbitrariness condemn them. It is to be expected
that in the names of plants, as in everything else,
the race will not long tolerate inflexibility.

(xiv)

EXPLANATIONS

XV

In generic names, the system of Bentham and
Hooker (Genera Plantarum) has been followed.
This system makes fewer changes in accepted
horticultural names than any other, and this i«
considered to be a distinct merit. The chief rea-
son for adopting the British ideas of genera, how-
ever, is that Index Kewensis affords a complete
finding-list of species under those genera. It
would be impossible, in a work like the present,
to follow the more recent system of Engler and
Prantl (Die Natiirlichen Pflanzenfamilien), be-
cause there is no index or finding-list for the
species under those genera, and to make the
proper combinations of generic and specific names
for horticultural plants would necessitate a compi-
lation practically equivalent to Index Kewensis.
However, the various contributors have been at
liberty to adopt their own ideas of generic limita-
tions, so that the work will be fouud to occupy a
somewhat middle ground between the British and
German ideas of genera.

CBIEF LITERARY AIDS.

In the compilation of this work, the Editor has
had access to most of the important world-floras,
and to the leading geographical floras. In the
systematic botany, the greatest help has been
derived from the following great general works :
Bentham and Hooker, Genera Plantarum (1862-
1883); Hooker & Jackson, Index Kewensis (1893-
1895); DeCandolle's Prodromus (1824-1873)-
DeCandolle's Monographia? Phanerogamarum
(1878-1896, and continuing); Engler and Prantl,
Die Natiirlichen Pflanzenfamilien (begun 1889) ;
Botanical Magazine (1786 to the present, and con-
tinuing); Botanical Register (1815-1847); Revue
Hortieole, Paris (1829 to the present, and continu-
ing) ; Gardeners' Chronicle, London (1841, and con-
tinuing); Garden, London (1871, and continuing);
Loddiges's Botanical Cabinet, London (1817-1833) ;
Flore des Serres, Ghent (1845-1880) ; L'lllustration
Hortieole, Ghent (1854-1896) ; Gartenflora, Berlin
(1852, and continuing); Garden and Forest, New
York (1888-1897); Nicholson's Illustrated Diction-
ary of Gardening, London (1884-1887); Mottet's
translation of Nicholson, Paris (1892-1899) ; Siebert
and Voss, Vilmorin's Blumengartneri (189G).

SOW TO USE THE KEYS

In order to facilitate the study of the plants, the
species have been arranged systematically, under
the genus, rather than alphabetically. However,
in all genera which contain 15 or more species, an
alphabetical index has been supplied for purposes
of rapid reference. The grouping of the species
is founded preferably on horticultural rather

than on botanical characters, so that the ar-
rangement does not always express botanical re-
lationships. The grouping and the keys are
arranged primarily to aid the gardener in making
determinations of species. Every effort is made
sharply to contrast the species rather than to de-
scribe them. A word of explanation will facilitate
the use of the keys. The species are arranged in
coordinate groups of various ranks, and groups of
equal rank are marked by the same letter. Thus,
group A is coordinate with aa and with AAA, and
B with BB and bbb. Moreover, whenever possible,
the coordinate keys begin with the same catch-
word : thus, if A begins "flowers," so do AA and
AAA ; and this catchword is not used for keys of
other rank. As an example, refer to Acer, page
12. Look first at A, beginning "foliage;" then at
AA (p. 15), also beginning "foliage." Under A
are the coordinate divisions B and BB, each with
"bloom" for the catchword. Under B there are
no subdivisions, but under BB there are divisions
o, cc and ccc, each with "fls." for a catchword.
Under c there are no subdivisions, but cc has
four coordinate divisions, D, DD, ddd, dddd, each
with "Ivs." for a catchword, and so on. In other
words, if the plant in hand does not fall under A,
the inquirer goes at once to aa. If it falls under
A, then he determines whether it belongs to B or
to BB, and so on.

A diagrammatic display of a scheme would
stand as follows:
A. Leaves, etc.

B. Flowers, etc.

c. Fruits, etc.
c. Fruits, etc.
BB. Flowers, etc.
AA. Leaves, etc.

B. Roots, etc.

c. Flowers, etc.

D. Margins of leaves, etc.
DD. Margins of leaves, etc.
C. Flowers, etc.
BB. Roots, etc.
BBB. Roots, etc.
AAA. Leaves, etc.

PRONUNCIATION
Accent marks are used to aid the reader in pro-
nouncing the name. The accent designates (1)
stress, or the emphatic syllable, and (2) the length
of the emphatic vowel. Following the American
custom, as established by Gray and others, a grave
accent ( ^ ) is employed to designate a long vowel,
and an acute accent (' ) a short vowel. Thus,
officinale is pronounced ofBci-no7/-li ; microcdrpws
is pronounced microearp'-us. Ordinarily in diph-
thongs the mark is placed over the second letter.
Thus, in aurea the au is meant to have its custo-
mary long sound, as if written awe. Double vow-
els take their customary English sounds, as ee and

EXPLANATIONS

00. Thus, the oo in Hodkeri is to be pronounced
as in hook. In most eases, the letters oi (from the
Greek, meaning like to) are to be pronounced sep-
arately : if the i is the penultimate syllable (next
to the last), it is long, as in yuccol-dcs ; if the i is
the antepenultimate syllable (third from the end)
it is short, as in rliomhoi-dea. In dioicus and
monuicus, however, the oi is a true diphthong, as
in moist. It should be remembered that the final
e terminates a separate syllable, as commu-ne,
vuhja-re, gran'-de. This final e takes the short
sound of i, as in whip.

These pronunciations follow, in general, the
common English method of pronouncing Latin
names. However, many of the Latinized forms
of substantive and personal names are so unlike
Latin in genera! construction that the pronuncia-
tion of them cannot follow the rule. As a matter
of fact, biological nomenclature is a language of
itself thrown into a Latin form, and it should not
be a source of regret if it does not closely follow
classical rules in its pronunciation. It has seemed
best to make an exception to the literary rules in
the case of personal commemorative names in the
genitive : we retain, so far as possible, the pro-
nunciation of the original name. Thus, a plant
named for Carey is called Ca-reiji, not Carey-i;
for Sprenger, Spreng-eri, not Sprenger-i. The
original spelling (as written by the author of the
name) of the masculine genitive ending is usually
retained, whether i or ii, but the syllable is usually
pronounced as if the i were single. Whether one

i or two is used in the making of a masculine
genitive, is largely a matter of euphony and per-
sonal preference.

It may be well to add what are understood to be
the long and short sounds of the vowels :
i, as in cane. 6 as in cone.

often used as a vowel instead of i,

The original spelling of generic and specific
names is preferred. In some instances this origi-
nal orthography does not conform to the etymology
of the name, particularly if the name is made from
that of a person. Such a case is DierviUa, named
for Dierville. Ideally, the name should be spelled
Diervillea, but Tournefort and Linnseus did not
spell it so, and a name is a name, not primarily a
monument to a man.

In accordance with the best authorities, the di-
graph (e is used in the words cferulea, ceeruleseens,
cffispitosa, esesia ; ce is used in ooelestis and coe-
lestinum.

Digraphs (e and a have been dropped from Latin -
made names which have come into the vernacular.
Thus, as a common or English name, Spirtea be-
comes spirea, Pa?onia becomes peonia or peony,
Bougainvillsea becomes bougainvillea.

ABBREVIATIONS

/. OF GENERAL EXPRE.SSIOXS

cult cultivated, etc.

diciiii diameter

E east.

/( feet.

in inches.

N. nortti.

S south.

trop tropics, tropical.

W west.

//. OF BOTAXICAL TEEMS

fi flower.

fls flowers.

■fid flowered.

/;■ fruit.

h height.

(/. leaf.

Ift leaflet.

Ivs leaves.

St stem.

sts stems.

syn.

synonym.
. variety.

///. OF BOOKS AND PERIODICALS

To aid the student in the verification of the
work, and to introduce him to the literature of the
various subjects, citations are made to the por-
traits of plants in the leading periodicals to
which the American is most likely to have access.
These references to pictures have been verified as
far as possible, both in the MS. and in the proof.
A uniform method of citation is much to be de-
sired, but is extremely difiicult, because periodi-
cals rarely agree in methods. With great reluc-
tance it was decided to omit the year in most
cases, because of the pressure for space, but the
student who lacks access to the original volumes
may generally ascertain the year by consulting the
bibliographical notes below.

An arbitrary and brief method of citation has
been chosen. At the outset it seemed best to indi-
cate whether the cited picture is colored or not.
This accounts for the two ways of citing certain
publications containing both kinds of pictures,
as The Garden, Eevue Hortioole, and Gartenflora.

The figures given below explain the method of
citation, and incidentally give some hints as to
the number of volumes to date, and of the number
of pages or plates in one of the latest volumes.

A few works of the greatest importance are
mentioned elsewhere by way of acknowledgment
(p. XV.). The standard works on the bibliography
of botany are Pritzel's Thesaurus and Jackson's
Guide to the Literature of Botany; also, Jackson's
Catalogue of the Library of the Royal Botanic
Gardens, Kew.

A. F. . . . The American Florist. Chicago. A trade
paper founded August 15, 1885. The vol-
umes end with July. Many pictures re-
peated in "Gng." (14:1524=vol.andpage).

A. G. . . . AmericanGardening. New York. Represents

1-1 extinct horticultural periodicals, includ-
ing The American Garden (1888-1890).
Founded 18791 (20:896 = vol. and paee.)

B The Botanist. Edited by Maund. No years

on title pages. Founded 1839. 8 vols.,
50 colored plates in each vol. (8:400 =
vol. and col. plate.) Cumulative index.

B. B. . . . Britton & Brown. An Illustrated Flora of

the Northern U. S., etc. New York.
189(>-1898. (3:588= vol. and page. )

B. H. . . .La Belgique Horticole. Ghent. 35 vols.
(1851-1885.)

B. M. . . . Curtis' Botanical Magazine. London.
Pounded 1787. The oldest current peri-
odical devoted to garden plants. The
vol. for 1899 is vol. 125 of the whole
work. Index to first 107 volumes by E.
Tonks. London. (7690 = col. plate.)

B. R. . . . Botanical Register (1815-1847). Vols. 1-14
edited by Edwards: vols. 15-33 by Lind-
ley. In vols. 1-23 the plates are num-
bered from 1-2014. In vols. 24-33 they
are numbered independently in each vol.
There are 688 plates in rots. 24-33. "An
Appendix to the First Twenty -three Vol-
umes " (bound separately or with the
2.5th vol.), contains an index to the first
23 vols. An index to vols. 24-31 may be
found in vol. 31. (33:70 = vol. and col.
plate.)

D Dana. How to Know the Wild Flowers.

New York. 1893. (298 = page.)

Em. . . . Emerson. G. B. Trees and Shrubs of Mas-
sachusetts. Boston. 2 vols. 149 plates.

F. C. . . . Floral Cabinet. Knowles & Westcott. Lon-
don. 1837-1840. 3 vols., 4to.

F. E. . . . The Florists' Exchange. New York. A
trade paper, whose pictures sometimes
are repeated in "A.G." Pounded Dec. 8,
1888. ( 11 : 1298 = vol. and page. )

F. M. . . . Floral Magazine. London. Series I. 1861-
1871, 8vo. Series II. 1872-1881, 4to.
(1881 :450 = year and col. plate. )

F. R. . . . Florists' Review. Chicago. A trade paper.
Vol. 1, Dec. 2, 1897, to May 26, 1898. Two
vols, a year. (4:660= vol. and page.)

ABBREVIATIONS

F.S. . . . Flore des Serres. Ghent. (1845-1880.)
Inconsistent in numbering, but the plate
numbers are always found on the plate
itself or on the page opposite. Valuable
but perplexing indexes in vols. 15 and 19.
(23:2481 = vol. and col. plate.)

G. C. . . . The Gardeners' Chronicle. London. Se-
ries 1.(1841-1873) is cited by year and
page. Series II. or "New Series" (1874-
1886), is cited thus: II. 26: 824 = series,
volume and page. Series III. is cited
thus: 111.26:416. Two vols, a year, be-
ginning 1874. A select index is scattered
through 1879 and 1880. Consult II.
12:viii (1879), and similar places in sub-
sequent vols.

0. F. . . . Garden and Forest. New York. 1888-1897.

(10:518 = vol. and page.)

G. M. . . . Gardeners' Magazine. London. Ed. by
Shirley Hibberd. Founded 1860. Vols.
31-42 are cited. (42:872 = vol. and page.)

Gn The Garden. London. Founded 1871. Two

vols, a year. (56: 1254 = vol. and col.
plate. 56, p. 458= vol. and page con-
taining black figure.) An Index of the
first 20 vols, was separately published.
Complete Index of Colored Plates to end
of 1888 in vol. .54, p. 334.

Gng. . . . Gardening. Chicago. Founded Sept. 15,
1892. Vols, end Sept. 1. (7:384 = vol.
and page.)

Gt. .-. . . Gartenflora. Berlin. Founded 1852. (Gt.
48:1470 = vol. and col. plate. Gt. 48, p.
670=vol. and page containing black
figure).

G. W. F. . Goodale's Wild Flowers of America. Bos-
ton, 1880. (50 = col. plate.)

HBK. . . Humboldt, Bonpland & Eunth. Nova
Genera et Species, etc. Paris. 1815-25.
7 vols. Folio.

1. H. . . . L'lllustration Il.irti.-,,!,. (Ill, iii, .l--,! ISOr,.)

(43:72 = vnl. a, M.j.^^ T', .':,„„■«

were 6 serii's. S.i i. - I , ,., •,... Se-
ries II. = ISOJ-H'.i. Siii. ,. lll.-^I,5 7u-bO.
Series IV. = 1881-86. Suries V. = 1887-
93. Series VI. = 1894-96. The plates
were numbered continuously in the first
16 vols, from 1 to 614 : in vols. 17-33
they run from 1 to 619: in series V. from
1 to 190: in Series VI. they begin anew
with each vol. Valuable indexes in vols.
10 and 20. Series V. in 4to, the rest 8vo.

J. H. . . . Journal of Horticulture. London. Founded
in 1848 as The Cottage Gardener. Series
III. only is cited, beginning 1880. (III.
39:504 = series, vol., page.)

L In vol. 1 of this work, sometimes means

Lindenia, sometimes Lowe's Beautiful
Leaved Plants. See "Lind."and "Lowe."

L. B. C. . . The Botanical Cabinet. Loddiges. 1817-
.33. 100 plates in each vol. Complete
index in last vol. (20: 2000 = vol. and
col. plate. )

Lind. . . . Lindenia. Ghent. Founded 1885. Folio.
Devoted to orchids.

Lowe . . . Beautiful Leaved Plants. E. J. Lowe and
Howard. Loudon. 1864. (60 = col. plate.)

M A. B. Freeman-Mitford. The Bamboo Gar-
den. London. 1896. (224 = page.)

M.D.G. . Moller's Deutsche Giirtner-Zeitung. Erfurt.
Founded 1886. ( 1897:425 = year and page. )

Mn. . . . Meehan's Monthly. Germantown, Phila-
delphia. Founded 1891. (9:192 = vol.
and page opposite col. plate.)

N Nicholson. Dictionarv of Gardening. Vols.

1-4 (1884-1887), Vol. 5 in preparation.

. Lindley & Fasten. Flower Garden. Lon-
don. 1851-53. 3 vols. 4to.

. Popular Gardening. Buffalo. 1885-90.
(5:2i0= vol. and page.)

. Paxton's Magazine of Botanv. London.
1834-49. (16; 376 = vol. and" page oppo-
site col. plate.) Vol. 15 has index of first
15 vols.
Reichenbachia. Ed. by Fred. Sander. Lon-
don. Founded 1886. Folio.

. Revue de I'Horticulture Beige et Etrang^re.
Ghent. Founded 1875 ( (23: 288 = vol. and
page opposite col. plate. ) In the first vol. of
the Cyclopedia "R.B." sometimes means
Belgique Horticole, but the confusion is
con-ected in later vols., where Belgique
Horticole is abbreviated to "B.H."

, Revue Horticole. Dates from 1826, but
is now considered to have been founded in
1829. (1899:596= year and page opposite
col. plate. 1899, p. 590 = year and page
opposite black figure.)
Schneider. The Book of Choice Ferns.
London. In 3 vols. Vol. 1, 1892. Vol. 2,
1893.
Sweet British Flower Garden. London.
Series I., 1823-29, 3 vols. Series II.,
1831-38, 4 vols.

. Semaine Horticole. Ghent. Founded 1897.
(3: 548 = year and page.)
Semaine Horticole. Erroneously cited in

this fashion a few times in first vol.
Sargent. The Silva of North America.
13 vols. Vol. 1, 1891. Vol. 12, 1898.
(12:620 = vol. and plate, not colored.)
Siebold & Zuccarini. Flora Japonica. Vol.
1, 1835-44. Vol. 2 by Miquel, 1870.
(2:150 = vol. and plate.)
Vick's Magazine. Rochester, N. Y, Founded
1878. Vols, numbered continuously
through the 3 series. Vols, begin with
Nov. _(23:250 = vol. and page.) Some-
times cited as "Vick."

IV. OF AUTHORS OF PLANT NAMES
By common consent, the Latin name of a plant,
in order to be considered by botanists, must first be
ref^ularly published by a reputable author in a rep-
utable book or periodical. As an index to this
name, the name of its author is published with it
whenever an accurate account of the species is
given. Thus, Ahelia Cliineiisis, R.Br., means that
this name was made by Robert Brown. This cita-
tion at once distinguishes Robert Brown's Ahelia
Chinciisis from any other AheUa CInnoisis ; for it is
possible that some other author may have given
this name to some other plant, — in which case the
older name must stand. Thus, the Abclia seirnta of
Siebold & Zuccarini is not the A. serrala of Nich-
olson. In some cases, the fact that there are two
plants passing under one name is indicated in the
citation: Abelia riipestris, Hort., not Lindl., means
that the ritpcstris of horticulturists is not the riipes-
tris of Lindley. "Hort." means that the particular
name is one in use amongst horticulturists, — that
it is a garden name.

The citation of authorities gives a chie to the
time and place of publication of the species. It is

ABBREVIATIONS

an index to the literature of the subject. It is no
part of the idea merely to give credit or honor to
the man who made the name. It is held by some
that the authority is au integral part of the name,
and should always go with it ; but common usage
dictates otherwise, for the authority is never pro-
nounced with the Latin words in common speech.
The authority is a matter of bibliography, not of
language.

It remains to be said (as already explained un-
der the discussion of Nomenclature, page xiv.) that
the Editor holds that the name of a plant is of two
coordinate words. Therefore, it is the habit of this
work to cite the author who first made the combi-
nation of the two, not the one who first invented
the specific name. Thus, Linnseus called a certain
plant £^i(pa/or(«7H calestinuiii ; DeCandoUe, however,
prefers to put this plant in the genus Conoclinium,
and calls it Conoclinium coslestinum. For the name
in Eupatorium, Linnseus is cited: for the name in
Conoclinium, De Candolle is cited. Some writers
would cite both authors under Conoclinium, thus:
Conoclinium calestiiium, {hinn.) DC. The authority
in parentheses is the one who invented the specific
name itself: the other is the one who made the
particular combination. This double citation is
bungling, particularly for a horticultural work. Its
merit is the fact that it suggests the history of the
name; but it is not complete in this respect, for
the name may have been used in other combina-
tions, of which the citation gives no hint. The full
history of a name can appear only in the synonymy.
Adans. Michael Adanson, 1727-1806. France.
Ait. William Aiton, 1731-1793. England.
Ait. f. William Townsend Aiton, the son, 1766-18-19.

England.

All. Carlo Allioni, 1725-1804. Italy.

Andr. Henry C.Andrews, botanical artist and engraver,

conducted The Botanists' Repository from 1799-1811,

and illustrated books on heaths, geraniums and roses.

Andre. Edouard Andr^, once editor of Illustration

Horticole, now editor-in-chief of Revue Horticole.
Aen. George Arnold Walker Arnott, 1799-1868. Scot-
land.
Baill. H. Baillon, author of the great natural history

of plants in French.
Baker. John Gilbert Baker, formerly keeper of the Her-
barium of the Royal Gardens, Kew, England.
Balt. Charles Baltet, frequent contributor to Revue

Horticole.
Bean. W. J. Bean, recent writer from Kew in Gard.

Chron. on bamboos.
Beauv. Ambroise Marie Francois Joseph Palisot de

Beauvois, 1755-1820. France.
Beissn. L. Beissner, Inspector of the Botanic Gardens
at Bonn, and Instructor at Poppelsdorf, pub. Hand-
buch der Nadelholzkunde.
Benth. George Bentham, 1800-1884, one of England's
most distinguished botanists.

Benth. & Hook. George Bentham and J. D. Hooker,
authors of Genera Plantarum. England.

Berxh. Johann Jacob Bernhardi, 1774-1850. Germany.

Bert. Carlo Giuseppe Bertero, 1789-1831. Died be-
tween Tahiti and Chile.

Bieb. Friedrich August Marschall von Bieberstein,
1768-1826. German botanist; lived later in Russia.

Biqel. Jacob Bigelow, 1787-1879. Massachusetts.

Bl. See Blume.

Blcme. Karl Ludwig Blume, b. 1796 at Braun-
schweig, d. 18G2 at Leyden. Wrote much on Javan
plants.

Boiss. Edmond Boissier, 1810-1886. Switzerland.

BoJER. W. Bojer, 1800-1856, author of a Flora of Mau-
ritius. Austria.

Britton. Nathaniel Lord Britton, Director New York
Botanic Garden, New York, N. Y.

Brongn. Adolphe Theodore Brongniart, 1801-1876.
France.

Bull. William Bull, plant merchant, London.

Bull. Pierre Bulliard, 1742-1793, author of the great
fferbier de la France in 12 folio vols., with 600
plates.

BuNGE. Alexander von Bunge, 1803-1890. Russia.

BuRM. Johannes Burmann, 1706-1779, Prof, at Amster-
dam, wrote on plants of Ceylon and Malabar.

BuRM. f. Nickolaus Laurens Burraann, 1734-1793. Son
of Johannes.

Carr. Elie Abel Carriere, 1818-1896, distinguished
French botanist and horticulturist, editor of Revue
Horticole.

Cass. Alexandre Henri Gabriel Cassini, Comte de,
1781-1832. France.

Cav. Antonio Jos^ Cavanilles, 1745-1804. Spain.

Cerv. Vicente Cervantes, 1759 (?)-1829. Mexico.

Cham. Adalbert von Chamisso, poet and naturalist,
1781-1838. Germany.

Chapm. Alvan Wentworth Chapman, 1809-1899, author
of Flora of the Southern United States.

Chois. Jacques Denys Choisy, 1799-1859. Switzerland.

CuNN. Richard Cunningham, 1793-1835. Colonial bot-
anist in Australia.

CuNN., A. Allan Cunningham, b. 1791, Scotland, d.
1839, Sidney, Australia. Brother of Richard.

Curt. William Curtis, 1746-1799. England. Founder
of the Botanical Magazine, now known as Curtis'
Botanical Magazine.

Curtis. Moses Ashley Curtis, 1808-1873. North Carolina.

DC. Augustin Pyramus De Candolle, 1778-1841, projec-
tor of the Prodromus, and head of a distinguished
family. Alphonse DeCandolle, the son (1806-1893),
and Casimir DeCandolle, the grandson, are also
quoted in this work.

Decne. Joseph Decaisne, 1809-1882. Prance.

Desf. Ren^ Louiehe Desfontaines, 1750-1833. France.

Desv. Augustin Nicaise Desvaux, 1784-1856. France.

DeVr. Willem Hendrik de 'Vriese, 1807-1862, Prof.
of Botany at Leyden. Wrote on medical plants and
plants of the Dutch East Indies.

Dicks. James Dickson, 1738-1822, Scotch writer on
flowerless plants.

Dipp. Dr. L. Dippel, of Darmstadt, Germany. Den-
drologist; pub. Handbuch der Laubholzkunde.

ABBREVIATIONS

U. Don. David Don, brother of George, 1800-1841

Scotland.
Don. George Don, 1798-1856. England.
DONN. James Donn, 1758-1813, author of Hortus Can

tabrigiensis. England.
Douglas. David Douglas, 1799-18^4, collector in north

western America. Scotland.
Drude. Prof. O. Drude, of Dresden, Germany.
Duchesne. Antoine Nicolas Duchesne, 1747-1827,

France.
DuMORT. Barth^lemy Charles Dumortier, 1797-1878

Belgium.
DuNAL. Michel Felix Dunal, 1789-1850. France.
Dyer. W. T. Thistleton-Dyer, Director of Kew Gar

dens, present editor of the Flora of Tropical Africa,

etc.
Eaton, A. "Amos Eaton, 1776-1842, author of a Manua

of Botany for North America, 1st ed. 1817, 8th ed

1841.
Eaton, D. C. Daniel Cady Eaton, Prof, at Yale Col-
lege, and writer on ferns.
Ehrh. Friedrich Ehrhart, 1742-1795. Germany.
Ell. Stephen Elliott, 1771-1830. South Carolina.
Ellis. John Ellis, 1711-1776. England.
Endl. Stephan Ladislaus Endlicher, 1804-1849, Prof.

at Vienna. Numerous worlts.
Engelsi. George Engelraann, 1809-1884. Missouri.
Engler. Prof. A. Engler, of Berlin, joint author of

Engler and Prantl's Naturlichen Pflanzenfamilien.
F. C. Lehm. See Lehm., F. C.
Fee. Antoine Laurent Apollinaire F^e, 1789-1874.

France.
PisOH. Friedrich Ernst Ludwigvon Fischer, 1782-1854.

Russia.
FORB. John Forbes, catalogued heaths, willows, coni-
fers, and other plants at Woburn Abbey.
Forsk. Pehr Porskal, 1736-1768, collected in Egypt

and Arabia.
FORST. Johann Reinhold Porster, 1729-1798. Germany.

(Also Georg Forster, the son.)
Fraser. John Fraser, 1750-1811, traveled in America

1785-96. Had a son of same name.
Frcel. Joseph Aloys Froelich, 1760-1841. Germany.
F. V. M. Ferdinand von Mueller, Royal botanist of

Australia, author of many works on economic

plants. See Muell.
Gaertn. Joseph Gaertner, 1732-1791. Germany.
Gaud. Charles Gaudichaud-Beaupre, 1789-1864.

France.
Gawl. See Ker.

Gmel. Samuel Gottlieb Gmelin, 1743-1774. Russia.
GoEPP. Heinrich Robert Goeppert, 1800-1884, Prof, at

Breslau. Wrote much on fossil botany.
GORD. George Gordon, 180G-1879, author of the Pine-

tum, London, 1858.
Gray. Asa Gray, 1810-1888, Harvard University,

Massachusetts. Amei-ica's most noted botanist.
Greenm. J. M. Greenman, writes from Harvard Uni-
versity on Mexican plants.
Griseb., Gris. Heinrich Rudolph August Grisebach,

1814-1879. Germany.
Hassk. Justus Karl Hasskarl, 1811- . Germany.
Hatne. Friedrich Gottlob Hayne, 1763-1832, Prof, at

Berlin. Medicinal plants; trees and shrubs.

Haw. Adrian Hardy Haworth, 1772-1833. England.

HBK. Friedrich Alexander von Humboldt, 1796-1859.
Germany. Aim(! Bonpiand, 177.3-1858. France. Karl
Sigismund Kunth, 1788-1850. Germany. Authors of
a great work on plants of the New World.

Hemsl. W. Bolting Hemsley, Keeper at Kew, has
written many reviews of genera of horticultural
value in Gard. Chron. and elsewhere.

Herb. William Herbert, 1778-1847. England.

HocHST. Christian Friedrich Hochstetter, 1787-1860,
described many African plants.

HoFFM. Georg Franz Hoffmann, 1761-1826. Germany.

Hook. William Jackson Hooker, 1785-1865. England.

Hook. f. Joseph Dalton Hooker, the son, 1817-
England.

HoRT. Hortorura, literally of the gardens. Placed af-
ter names current among horticulturists, but not
necessarily all horticulturists. Often used with less
exactness than names of authors. Frequently in-
dicates garden or unknown origin. Many of these
plants have never been sufficiently described.

Jacq. Nicolaus Joseph Jacquin, 1727-1817. Austria.

Juss. Antoine Laurent Jussieu, 1748-1836, the flr.st to
introduce the natural families of plants. France.

Karw. Wilhelm Karwinsky von Karwin, d. 1855, col-
lector in Brazil.

Kaulf. Georg Friedrich Kaulfuss, Prof, at Halle, d.
1830. He described the ferns collected by Chamisso.

Ker. John Bellenden Ker, 1765 (?)-1871, botanist, wit
and man of fashion. First known as John Gawler.
In 1793 was compelled to leave army because of sym-
pathy with French Rev. His name was changed in
1804 to John Ker Bellenden, but he was known to his
friends as Bellenden Ker. First editor of Edwards'
Botanical Register.

Ker-Gawl. See Ker.

Klatt. Friedrich Wilhelm Klatt, a contemporaneous
botanist. Germany.

Klotzsch. Johann Friedrich Klotzsch, 1805-1860, cu-
rator of Royal herbarium at Berlin, monographer of
Begoniaceaa.

Koch. Karl Koch, 1809-1879. Germany.

KoEHNE. Emil Koehne, Prof . at Berlin. Pub. Deutsche
Dendrologie.

KoTSCHV. Theodor Kotschy, Asst. curator at Vienna,
1813-1860. Wrote on oriental plants.

Kranzl. F. Kranzlin, Berlin, writes on orchids in The
Gardeners' Chronicle.

Kunth. See HBK.

Lag. Mariano Lagasca, 1776-1839, one of Spain's most
distinguished botanists.

Lam. Jean Baptiste Antoine Pierre Monnet Lamarck,
1744-1829, author of the Lamarckian philosophy of
organic evolution. France.

Langs. Georg Heinrich von Langsdorf, 1774-1852,
Russian consul-general in Brazil.

Lauth. Thomas Lauth, 1758-1826, Prof, of Anatomy
at Strassburg, wrote a 40-page monograph on Acer
in 1781.

Lecq. Henry Lecoq, b. 1802, once Prof, at Clermont-
Ferrand, wrote an elementary botany, a dictionary
of botanical terms, a book on hybridization, etc.

LeConte. John Eaton LeConte, 17S4-18G0. Pennsyl-
vania.

ABBREVIATIONS

Ledeb. Karl Friedrich von Ledebour, 1785-1851.

Russia.
Lehm. Johann Georg Christian Lehmann, 1792-1860,

Prof, at Hamburg, wrote several monographs, and

described many new plants.
Lehji., F. C. F. C. Lehmann, living German collector

in South America.
Leicht. Max Leiohtlin, horticulturist, Baden-Baden,

Germany.
Lem. Charles Lemaire, 1800-1871. Belgium.
L'Her. C. L. L'H^ritier de Brutelle, 174&-1800.

France.
LiND. & Rod. L. Linden and E. Rodigas, once adminis-
trator and editor, respectively, of L'lUustration Hor-

ticole.
Linden. J. Linden, 1817-1898. Belgium. For many

years director of L'lUustration Horticole.
LiND., L. Lucien Linden, associated with J. Linden for

some years on L'lUustration Horticole.
LiNDL. John Lindley, 1799-1865, one of the most

Ulustrious of English horticulturists.
Link. Heinrich Friedrich Link, 1767-1851. Germany.
Lnro. Carolus Linnseus (Carl von LinniS), 1707-1778,

the "Father of Botany," and author of binomial

nomenclature. Sweden.
LiNi-;. f. Carl von Linn^, the son, 1711-1783. Sweden.
LODD. Conrad Loddiges, nurseryman near London,

conducted Loddiges' Botanical Cabinetfrom 1817-33,

20 vols., 2,000 colored plates.
LoiSEL. Jean Louis Auguste Loiseleur-Deslongchamps,

1774-1849. France.
Loud. John Claudius Loudon, 1783-1843, an extremely

prolific English writer.
LouE. Juan Loureiro, 1715-1796, missionary in China.

Portugal.
Marsh. Humphrey Marshall, 1722-1801. Pennsylvania.
Mart. Karl Friedrich PhiUpp von Martins, 1794-1868,

Prof, at Munich, monographer of palms, founder of

the great Flora Brasiliensis, and author of many

worlts.
Mast. MaxweU T. Masters, editor of The Gardeners'

Chronicle, wherein he has described great numbers

of new plants of garden value; author of Vegetable

Teratology, etc.
Max. or Maxim. Karl Johann Maximowicz, 1827-1891,

one of the most illustrious Russian systematic bota-
nists; wrote much on Asian plants.
Medic. Friedrich Casmir Medilius, 1730-1808, director

of the garden at Mannheim, wrote a book of 96 pages

in German on North American plants in 1792.
Meisn. Karl Friedrich Meisner, 1800-1874. Switzer-
land.
Mett. Georg Heinrich Metrtenius, 1823-1866, Prof, at

Leipzig, wrote on flowerless plants.
Met. Ernst Heinrich Friedrich Meyer, 1791-1851.

Prussia.
Mey., C. a. Carl Anton Meyer, 1795-1855, director

botanic garden at St. Petersburg, wrote on Russian

botany.
MiCHX. Andr^ Michaux, 1746-1802. France, but for

ten years a resident of North America.
MicHX. f. Fran(;ois Andre Michaux, the son, 1770-1855.
France.

Mill. Phillip MUler, 1691-1771, of Chelsea, England,

author of a celebrated dictionary of gardening,

which had many editions.
MiQ. Friedrich Anton WUhelm Miquel, 1811-1871.

Holland.
MiTFORD. A. B. Freeman-Mitford, English amateur,

author of The Bamboo Garden.
Moench. Konrad Moench, 1744-1805. Germany.
MoxcH. See Moench.
Moore. Thomas Moore, 1821-1887, curator of Chelsea

Botanic Garden, author of Index FUicum, and other

well known works.
MoQ. Alfred Moquin-Tandon, 1804-1863. France.
Morren. Charles Jacques Edouard Morren, of Ghent.

1833-1880.
MoTT. S. Mottet, frequent contributor to Revue Hor-
ticole, translator of Nicholson's Dictionary of

Gardening.
MUELL. Arg. Jean Mueller, of Aargau, wrote for

De Candolle's Prodromus, vol. 16.
MnELL., C. Carl Mueller. 1817-1870, who edited vols.

4-6 of Walpers' Annals.
MUELL., F. Ferdinand von Mueller, Royal botanist at

Melbourne, has written much on Australian and

economic botany.
. MuHL. Henry Ludwig Muhlenberg, 1756-1817. Penn-
sylvania.
MCRR. Johann Andreas Murray, 1740-1791. Germany.
MURR., A. Andrew Murray, 1812-1878, author of The

Pines and Firs of Japan. London, 1803.
Naud. Charles Naudin, 1815-1899, botanist, frequent

contributor to Revue Horticole.
Ndm. See Naud.
N.E. Br. N. E. Brown describes many new plants in

Gardeners' Chronicle.
Nees. Christian Gottfried Nees von Esenbeck, 1776-

1858. Prussia.
Nichols. George Nicholson, Curator at Kew, author

of The Dictionary of Gardening.
NuTT. Thomas NuttaU. 1786-1859. Massachusetts.
O'Brien. James O'Brien, cun-ent writer on orchids in

Gardeners' Chronicle.
Oliv. Daniel Oliver, once Curator at Kew, and founder

of the Flora of Tropical Africa.
Orph. Theodor Georg Orphanides, Prof, of Botany at

Athens. D. 1880.
Ortega, Ort. Casimiro Gomez Ortega, 1740-1818.

Spain.
Otto. Friedrich Otto, 1782-1856. Germany.
Pall. Peter Simon Pallas, 1741-1811, professor and

explorer in Russia. Germany.
Pax. Ferdinand Pax, German botanist. Breslau.
Paxt. Joseph Paxton, 180'2-1805. England.
Pers. Christian Hendrick Persoon, 1755-1837. Ger-

pellier. France.
Pohl. Johann Emmanuel Pohl, 1782-1834, Prof, at

Vienna, wrote a large book on travels in Brazil.
PoiR. Jean Louis Marie Poiret, 1755-1834. France.
Presl. Karel Boriweg Presl, 1794-1852. Bohemia.
Pursh. Frederick T. Pursh (or Pursch), 1774-1820.

Siberia, but for 12 years in the United States.

ABBREVIATIONS

1829. Italy.

in.sque-Schmaltz, 1784-
ransylvania Univ., Lex-
London,

Raddi. Giuseppe Rati
Kaf. Constantiii" Nai
1842. Prof, of Nat.
ington, Ky.
R. Br. Robert Brown, b. Scotland, 17

1858. Author of many important works.
Regel. Eduard rou Regel, 1815-1892, German, founder

of Gartenflora; Dir. Bot. Garden at St. Petersburg.
Reich. Heinrich Gottlieb Ludwig Reichenbach, 1793-

1879. Germany.
Reich, f. Heinrich Gustav, 1823-1889, son of the pre-
ceding. Orchids.
Rich. John Richardson, 1787-1865. Scotland. [France.
Richard. Louis Claude Marie Richard, 1754-182l!
RiDDELL. John Leonard Riddell, 1807-18C5, Prof, of

Chemistry in Cincinnati and New Orleans.
Rob. Dr. B. L. Robinson, Director Gray Herbarium of

Harvard Univ., is editing The Synoptical Flora of

North America.
Rod. Emile Rodigas, for some years connected with

L'lUustration Horticole.
ROEM. Johann Jacob Roemer, 1763-1819. Switzerland.

Also M. J. Roemer.
ROSCOE. William Koscoe, 1753-1831. England.
Rose. J. N. Rose, Asst. Curator, V. S. Nat. Herb.,

Smithsonian Institution. Mexican plants.
Roth. Albrecht Wilhelm Roth, 1757-1834, Physician at

Vegesack, near Bremen.
RoxBG. William Roxburgh, 1759-1815. India.
ROYLE. John Forbes Royle, b. 1800 at Cawnpore, d.

London, 1858. Prof, in London. Plants of India.
Ruiz & Pav. Hipolito Ruiz Lopez, 1764-1815, and Jos6

Pavon, authors of a Flora of Peru and Chile. Spain.
RupR. Franz J. Ruprecht, 1814-1870. Russia.
S. & Z. See Sieb. & Zucc.

Sabine. Joseph Sabine, 1770-1837. England. [land.
Salisb. Richard Anthony Salisbury, 1761-1829. Eng-
Salm-Dtck. Joseph, Prince and High Count Salm-

Reifferscheidt-Dyck, b. at Dyck, 1773, d. 1861. Wrote

on Aloe, Cactus, Mesembryanthemum.
Sarg. Prof. Charles Sprague Sargent, Dir. Arnold

Arboretum, author of Silva of North America.
ScHEiDw. Michael Joseph Scheidweiler, 1799-1861,

Prof, of Bot. and Hort. at Hort. Inst, of Ghent.
ScHLECHT. Diedrich Franz Leonhard von Schlechten-

dahl, 1794-1860. Prof, at Halle, wrote several memoirs

in Latin and German.
ScHLDL. See Schlecht.
ScHOTT. Heinrich Wilhelm Schott, 1794-1805, wrote

much on Aroids with Nyman and Kotschy.
SCHRAD. Heinrich Adolph Schrader, 1767-1836. Ger-
many.
ScHW., SCHWEIN. Lewis David von Schweinitz, 1780-

1834. Pennsylvania.
ScHWER. Graf Schwerin, German authority on Acer.
Scop. Johann Anton Scopoli, 1723-1788, Italy.
Seem. Berthold Seemann, Hanover, 1825-1872, wrote

on palms, and botany of the voyage of the Herald.
SiBTH. John Sibthorp, 1758-1796, author of a Flora of

Greece. England.
SiEB. & Zucc. Philipp Franz von Siebold, 179C-186C,

and Joseph Gerhard Zuccarini, 1797-1848. Ger-
many.

SiEEERT. A. Siebert, Dir. of the Palm Card, at Frank-
furt, joint author of Vilmorin's Blumengiirtnerei.

Sims. John Sims, 1792-1838. England, for many years
editor of Curtis' Botanical Magazine.

SsHTH. James Edward Smith, 1759-1828. England.

Sol., Solaxd. Daniel Solander, 1736-1782. England.

Spach. Eduard Spach, b. Strassburg, 1801, d. 1879.
Author of Histoires Naturelle des Vegetaux.

Spaeth. L. Spaeth, Berlin, nurseryman.

Spreng. Kurt Sprengel, 17G6-1833. Germany.

Steud. Ernst Gottlieb Steudel, 1783-1856. Germany.

Stev. Christian Steven, 1781-1863. Russia.

St. Hil. Auguste de Saint Hilaire, 1779-1853. France.

SwARTZ. Olof Swartz, 1760-1818. Sweden.

Sweet. Robert Sweet, 1783-1835, author of many well
known works, as Geraniacese, British Flower Garden.

Swz. See Swartz.

Thore. Jean There, 1762-1823, physician at Dax.

Thukb. Carl Peter Thunberg, 1743-1822. Sweden.

TORR. John Torrey, 1796-1873. New York. [setts.

Tuckm. Edward Tuckerman, 1817-1886. Massachu-

U.NDERW. Prof. Lucius M. Underwood, Columbia Univ.,
New York, N. Y., has written much on ferns, etc.

Vahl. Martin Vahl, 1749-1804. Denmark.

Van Houtte. Louis Van Houtte, 1810-1876, founder
and publisher of Flore des Serres.

Veitch. John Gould Veitch, 1839-1867, and successors,
horticulturists at Chelsea, England.

Vest. . Etienne Pierre Ventenat, 1757-1808. France.

Verl. B. Verlot, contributor to Revue Horticole.

Versch. Ambroise Verschaffelt, 1825-1886, founder and
publisher of L'lUustration Horticole at Ghent, Bel-
gium.

ViLL. Dominique Villars, 1745-1814. France.

ViLM. Several generations of the family of Vilmorin,
Paris, seedsmen and authors of many books and
memoirs on botany and horticulture. Pierre Philippe
Andr^ Leveque de Vilmorin, 1746-1804. Pierre Vil-
morin, 1816-1860. Henry L. de Vilmorin, d. 1899.

Voss. A. Voss, author of botanical part of Vilmorin's
Blumengartnerei.

Wahl. Georg Wahlenberg, 1781-1851. Sweden.

Wall. Nathanael Wallich, b. Copenhagen 1786, d.
London 1854, wrote on plants of India and Asia.

Walp. Wilhelm Gerhard Walpers, 1816-1853.

Walt. Thomas Walter, about 1740-1788, author of
Flora Caroliniana. South Carolina.

Wang. Friedrich Adam Julius von Wangenheim, 1747-
1800. Germany.

Wats. Sereno Watson, 1826-1892. Harvard University.

Wedd. H. a. Weddell, wrote for De Candolle's Pro-
dromus, vol. 16, etc.

Wendl., H. Hermann Wendland, Dir. Royal Bot.
Garden at Herrenhausen, one of the chief writers on
palms.

WiLLD. Karl Ludwig Willdeuow, 1765-1812. Germany.

With., Wither. William Withering, 1741-1799. Eng.

Wittm. Max Karl Ludwig Wittmack, editor of Gar-
tenflora. Prof, at Berlin.

Wood. Alphonso Wood, 1810-1881. Of his Class-Book
of Botany, 100,000 copies have been sold in Amer.

Zucc. Joseph Gerhard Zuccarini, 1797-1848, Prof, at
Munich.

Cyclopedia of American Horticulture

ABfiLIA (after Dr. Clarke Abel, d. 1826). CaprifoHA-
cece. Small shrubs : Ivs. opposite, small, petioled and
mostly dentate: fls. tubular, unequally 5-lobed, in axil-
lary, 1-3-fld. cymes, sometimes forming terminal panicles:
fr. a dry, leathery berry. E.Asia, Himalayas and Mexico.
Free-flowering low shrubs for cool greenhouse or outdoor
cultivation. The Japanese and Chinese species are the
hardiest, but in the north require some protection during
the winter. The Mexican species are hardy only south.
If potted, a sandy compost of peat and loam will suit
them; in the open they grow best in sandy soil in a sunny
position. Prop, by greenwood cuttings in summer or by
layers in spring.

ChinSusis, R. Br. {A. nipMris, Lindl.). Lvs. ovate,
rounded at the base, serrate, hairy on the midrib beneath
and sometimes with scattered hairs above, deciduous:
fls. in terminal panicles, white, J^in. long; sepals 5; sta-
mens exserted. Summer. China. B.R. 32:8. Gn. 27,
p. 424.

iloribunda, Decaisne. Shrub, 4 ft.: lvs. persistent,
oval.crenate-serrate, ciliate : peduncles axillary, 1-3-fld. :
corollarosy purple, 2 in. long; sepals 5. Summer. Mex.
B.M. 4316. F.S.2:5. R.B. 23:157.

grandifldra, Hort. (A. ChinAisisxunifldra, A. rup^s-
tris , HoTt. , not Lindl. A. riipislris, va.r. grandiflira,
Andr6. A. uniflbra, Hort., not Turez.). Lvs. ovate,
rounded or attenuate at the base, serrate, shining above,
nearly glabrous, half-evergreen : fls. in terminal panicles,
white flushed pink, over ?iin. long; sepals 2-n; stamens
not exserted. Of garden origin. Gt. 41:1366.- One of
the hardiest and most free-fio'wering Abelias; it flowers
continuously from June to Nov.

A. bifldra, Tui-cz. Lvs. ovate-lanceolate, hairy, coarsely ser-
rate, deciduous : fls. white: sep:ils4. Maneluii-ia, N. China. —
.4.«errn<o, Sieb. &Zuec. Allied to A.billora. Sep.als 3. Japan.
S.Z.l-.ai.—A.spathuldta.Sieh.&ZtKC. Alliedto A.liiflorn. Lvs.
ovate: fls. ove'- lin. long, white tingedyellowin throat : Sf^palsS.
Japan. S.Z.1:34. BM.6mi.—A.triJldra,R.V.r^ l.vs. liprsistoiit,
lanceolate, nearly entire, hairy : tts.whiii tn,...! ,,:i'i piiik;
Sep. 5, linear,long,hairy. Himal. P.F.<i. :; '■' i. li i ' >11.—
A.un^dra.R.Br. (A.serrata,Nichols.,ii"i - i i ms-

tent, ovate-lanceolate : fls. rosy white « i; .. , .r..at;

sepals2. China. B.M. 4694. Gn. 27, p. 42,). ^^,pup_,, Kehuek.

ABfiBIA(Mt.Aber). Bixin&cea. The Kei Apple of the
Cape of Good Hope; a spiny plant grown S. for hedges,
but killed in Fla. by freeze of 1893; is considered prom-
ising for S. Calif, and S. Pla. as a fruit plant. Int. 1891.
Fresh fruit used as pickles.

C4£fra, Hook, f . & Harv. Thorny, glabrous : lvs. obo-
vate, obtuse, cuneate at base, entire: fls. dioecious,
apetalous. G.C. III. 18: 737.

Abies (derivation doubtful). Conlferw. FiR. Tall,
pyramidal trees: lvs. lanceolate or oblanceolate, entire,
sessile, persistent for many years; on young plants and
lower sterile branches flattened, usually deep green and
lustrous above and silvery white below from the pres-
ence of many rows of storaata, rounded and variously
notched at the apex, appearing 2-ranked by a twist at
their base; on upper fertile branches crowded, more or
less erect, often incurved or falcate, thickened or quad-
rangular, obtuse or acute : fls. axillary, appearing in
early spring from buds formed the previous summer on
branchlets of the year, surrounded by involucres of the-
enlarged scales of the flower-buds: staminate fls. pen-
dent on branches above the middle of the tree; pistil-
late fls. globular, ovoid or oblong, erect on the topmost
branches: fr. an erect, ovoid or oblong cylindrical cone,
its scales longer or shorter than their bracts, separating
at maturity from the stout, persistent axis. Northern and
mountainous regions of the northern hemisphere, often
gregarious. Twenty-three species are distinguished ;
greatest segregation on the Cascade Mountains of Ore-

gon, in the countries adjacent to the Mediterranean, and
in Japan. All the species produce soft, perishable wood,
sometimes manufactured into lumber, and balsamic exu-
dations contained in the prominent resin vesicles in the
bark characteristic of the genus. Handsome in cultiva-
tion, but usually of short-lived beauty. Moist, well-
drained soil. Prop, by sowing and by grafts. Seeds iire
usually kept dry over winter and planted in frames or
seed-beds in spring. Young plants usually need shade.
Most species can be grafted with comparative ease;
A. Picea and A. balsamea are commonly used for

1 Spanish Fir —Abies Pinsapo

stocks. Many species which have been referred to Abies
are now included in Picea. S. S. 12. Heinrich Mayr,
Monographic der Abietineen des Japanischen Reiches.
Gn. 11, pp. 280, 281. See Conifers.

The following species, in the American trade, are here
described, the synonyms being in italics : araabilis, Nos.
4,8; Apollinis,12; balsamea, 6; bracIi!jpliylla,U; Ceph-
alonica, 12; Cilicica, 3; coneolor, 9; Fraseri,7; Gordoni-
ana, 8; grandis, 8; homolepis, 11; Hudsonia, 6; Lowi-
ano,9; magnifica, 15; ncpftroZcpts, 10; nobilis,14; Nord-
manniana, 2; Parsonsiana, 9; pectinata, 1; Picea, 1;
Pichta,o; Pinsapo, 13 ; Shastensis, 15 ; Sibirica, 5 ;
Veitchii, 10. See supplementary list, p. 3, for other
cultivated species.

A. Euabies. Leaves flat, grooved on the upper surface,
only occasionally stomatiferous above on upper
fertile branches.

B. Leaf blunt.
c. Foliage essevliiill i/ gm'i, ,-lhi- h-nres iirnu ,i bore and

»hi b,

Con

1. Picea, Lindl. (.l.y)i<7/»rWii
2,c. Tree 100-200 ft. : truIllt(;-^
tichously spreading, daik ^in
very white below: coni->^ .sk-tult
to dark purple, 5-6 in. ion;;' ; 1
their scales. Mountains of ceii
often gregarious. — Wood es
yields Strasburg turpentine,
and pendulous and with much
common in gardens.

■^IR. Fig.
flat, dis-
bove, sil-

Europe,
■b used;
ith erect

N. C. State CoUm

0

ABIES

2. NordmanniAna, Spach. Fig. 2, c Tree 100-150 ft.:
trunk 4-G ft. in diaiu. : Ivs. flat, crowded, dark green and
Tery lustrous above, silvery white below: cones oblong-
cylindrical or ellipsoidal, dark orange-brown,4-(> in. long;
bracts as long as or slightly longer than their scales.
Mountains south and southeast of the Black Sea, and west-
ern spurs of the Caucasus. B.M. 6992. Gng. 6:51. -Very
hardy; one of the most desirable flrs in northern states.

3. Cilicica, Carri^re. Tree 45-60 ft. : trunk 2-3 ft. in
diam. : Ivs. narrow, flat, dark t;ietn above, silvery white
below: cones stout, cyliu'li i il. 'in -< i'i.',]i. :-ii in.
long; bracts rather short, r ,i liii;h
elevations on the Anti-TiuM I, . '<i • i , i i .n the
Lebanon. A. G. 16: 255. lin-. I:ii: I-liu- t. kiow
early in the spring and is olion injured iiy lute trusts;
hardy and desirable in the uorthern

4. amibilis, Forb. White Fir. Treel00-150ft trunk
4-6 ft. in diam.: Ivs. crowiled, dark green an 1 \ i\ his

trous above, silvery wliit. I. L.w, .lOrn, 1 t nil

tiferous on the npi" 1- Mirl . ■ ■■ , ' ' i, ) ur

pIe,3}^-6in.lonK; hnnl.,,:: Is

Cascade Mountiiins ..I \\,i l,,;, _;.<!, ,,i,l i nd

Coast Ranges from Vani-uimr i.-l.iiiil iw Ui „ i - (,)no
of the handsomest of the genus, often formiu^ gropes
at high elevations ; in cultivation grows slowly, and is not
very satisfactory.

DD. Cones usually under 4 in. long

5. Sibirioa, Ledeb. (.1. Picftte, Forbes).
Tree 60-100 ft.: trunk 2-4 ft ■ "
crowded, dark yellow-greeu: cones cylin-
drical, slender, brownish yellow, 2^-3 in.
long ; bracts much shorter than their scales
Northern and eastern Russia t- '■' — '
schatka and Mongolia, gregarious
on the Altai Mountains. - Very
hardy, the early growth often
injured by late frosts
soon becomes thin
and loose in habit.

Mill.
Balsam Fir. Fig.2,ft.
Tree 50-80 ft. : trunk
17-30 in. in d
dark green

above, pale
below, rounded or
obtusely short-
pointed and occa-
sionally eniargi-
,acute or acu-
minate on fert
branches : cones
*^5^ - ^ oblong, cylindri-

cal, purple, 2J^-4
2. Abies or Fir. j,, long; bracts

a. A. grandis ; b. A. Imlsamea : r. A. shorter or rarely
Picea; d. A.concolor; c. A. Nord- slightly longer
manmana; /. A. magniflca. f^^^ tj^gj^ scales.

Eastern North
Americtv fr"ni T,n)>r:i.lf.r fin.l tl..- villf-v ..f (hp Athalvisoa

to Iowa :m"I I' I - "<' \ II- ■1,1 1 -I . S. S. l'_';lllll.

G.C. III. !- i ^ - I ■-■ ' 'i-.lly "-e,l fni-

lumber; < " ■ ! - il -i i - - i -'" : I ir. i-* .iLlann-il

from liarl-, ; m i-uH . l-i- -■- M - l"-;H,i^ .-.irl\ .

Var. Hudsdnia, Eugulm. (.1. UtttU6nica, Hort.), is a
dwarf form.

7. Friaeri, Pnir. She Balsam. Tree 30-50 or even 70
ft.: trunk reaehin;' '_" : ft. in diam.: Ivs. flat, obtusely
sbort-iMiii.i. il, iM ii il at the base so as to appear to be
crowde.l - I I iile of the branches, dark green

andlustr- I nu'ovate or nearly oval, rounded

atthe sli^,liil\ iiiii n- - r ai>ex, 2J^ in.Iongand 1 in. thick,
the scales dark purple, twice as wide as long and at matu-
rity nearly half covered by palereflexed bracts or points.
Mountains of Va., Tenn., and N. C. S. S. 12: 609.-Too
much like the balsam fir to he prized as an ornamental

ABIES

tree. Trees sold under this name arenearly always forms
of A, baUanuit.

8. grindis, Liudl. ( i -., - , aih.-,- , ,i.a r,,r),, - if

Coi-tJonidna, Carr. I. I i , i . , _ -- , - i- , i , , in-

4 ft. in diam. : Ivs. thill ! . ly

dark green above an.i -li-. > i-y v, ur-- l- ;-. ail- : .-.-n, -, , y-
lindrical, 2-i in. lon^'. rounded or retuse at the apex, the
broad scales somewhat squarrose and irregularly serrate
and furnished with a short point. Coast of northern Cali-
fornia to Vancouver Island and to the western slopes of
the Rocky Mountains of Montana. S.S.]2:612. Gn.38,
p. 291. R.H.1894, p. 274. —Occasional specimens are seen
in parks and choice grounds, but
it rarely thrives in eastern states. .

cc. Foliage jiale hhu . -. ^

qlaucons
9 c6ncolor,
LindliGoK
{A Lou I n

tt m diam.:
I\ s elongated,
t iiiitiftrous on the upper
surt i( e on fertile branches
oftin falcate and thickened
and keeled above
II n d u k purple oi bright
II 1 ng bracts shor-
ts orth
Am 11 I il 1 n Oregon to Lower

Cahf HI i 1 I tih southern Colo-

rido Nt» Me\ \uz ind Sonora
U 613 G C III 8 748,749 -Of all hr trees best with-
st tnds heat and drought very hardj , grows rapidly,
an 1 the most desirable of the genus in the eastern states.
BB. Leaf pointed, especially on main shoots,
and usually rigid.

10. VMtchii, Lindl. (A. nephrilepis, Maxim.). Tree
80-100 ft.: trunk 3-4 ft. in diam.: branchlets slender,
pubescent: Ivs. crowded, dark green and lustrous above,
silvery white below : cones cylindrical, slender, dark
purple, 2-2^2 in. long ; bracts shorter than their scales.
Mt. Fuji-san, Japan ; gregarious and forming great for-
ests, coast of Manchuria. — Very hardy in the northern
states, and in a young state one of the most beautiful
of fir trees.

11. liom61epis,Sieb.& Zucc.(,4. hmcltyphyUn .^'(a-s.y-m.).
Tree 80-100 ft. : trunk 6 ft. in dirmi- ^^\<]-.^■r i.r^m -1m- leng

and vigorous, ultimately form i I i-, ! ..,,..,! i,,;.!,,,!

head: Ivs. elongated, sharpiiiii' ry

lustrous above, silvery while i . i al,

stout, dark purple, 3-3)^ in. Inn-; l-ran. ihm I, linih-r
tliaii tle-ir scales. Mountains of central .Tapan, singly or
ill small -roves. B.M.7114. — Very hardy, and in its young
siair mie nf the most desirable of the fir trees for the
iM.i-iliei-n states.

12. CephaWnica, Loud. Tree 60-70 ft. : trunk 2-4 ft. in
diam.: Ivs. broad, rigid, sharp-pointed, standing out
from the branches at right angles: cones cylindrical,
slender, pointed, gray-brown, 5-6 in. long; bracts longer
or rarely shorter than their scales. Mt. Enos, on the Island
of Cephalonia. Gng. 6: 49.— Hardy as far N. as south-
ern New York.

Var. Ap611iniB, Boiss. (A. Apdllinis, Link.), with nar-
row and blunter leaves, is remarkable in its power to pro-
duce vigorous shoots from adventitious buds. Mountains
of Greece and Roumelia, often gregarious: more hardy
than the type in the northern states.

ABIES

Spanish Fir. Fig.

0-80

13. Pinsftpo, Boi!
ft.: trunk 4-G ft. in diam.: Ivs. sliuil, Iiio:,M. rim,!.
sharp-pointed, bright green, spreading; iiMin .ill ^i.l,-. nf
the stiff branohlets : cones cyliudii.:il. -I. n.l. i , -iny-
brown, 5>^-6 in. long ; bracts shorter th.in ih.-ii' >.ali;s.
Mountains of central and .southern Spain, otuii gii;ga-
rious. G.C. III. 21:407.-Not very hardy north o£ the
Middle states.

AA. JVobiles. Leaves blue-green, often glaucous, stoma-
tiferous on both surfaces, flat or 4-sided on
sterile branches; 4-sided, acute, incurved and
crowded on fertile branches.

14. n6bilis, Lindl. Red Fir. Tree 150-250 ft. : trunk C-8
ft. in diara. : Ivs. on lower branches grooved above,
rounded and emarginate at the apex : cones oblong-cylin-
drical, purplish or olive-brown, 4-G in. long; bracts much
longer, thin and covering the scales, strongly reflexed,
palfi green. Cascade and Coast Mountains of Washington
and Oregon, often gregarious. S.S. 12:617.

G. C. III. 20: 275. -There is a var. glauca
in the trade.

15. magniHca, A. Murr. Red Fir. Fig.
2, /. Tree 200-250 ft. : trunk 6-10 ft. in
diam. : Ivs. quadrangular, bluntly pointed
on sterile and acute on fertile branches :
cones oblong-cylindrical, purplish brown,
6-9in. long; bracts much shorter than the
scales. Sierra Nevada of California; gre-
garious and forming great forests. S.S.
12 :618. Gn. 37, p. 591. - Wood occasionally
manufactured into lumber. Less hardy
in the eastern states than A. nobilis.

Var. Shast^nsis, Lemm., of southern
Oregon and northern California,
somewhat smaller, with bracts as long
or longer than the scales. S.T

A. Albertiina, Murr.=Tsuga hetero-
phylla. — A. Baborensis, Let. Lvs. dark,
silvery below, very numerous, K-1 in. loug;
cones 4 or 5 together, reaching 7 or 8 in.
long and 1 in. diam. N. Africa. R.H. 1866,
p. 106.- A. bifida. Sieb.
& Zucc.= A
bractedta. Hook. & Arn.
=A. venusta. — A. Can-
adensis, Michx. = Tsuga
Canadensis. —A
Sieb. & Zucc.=.
Sieb. Lvs. thick and rigid,
lin.long: cones cylindrical

for S.-A
Murr.= Tsuga Mertensi-
ana. — A.lasiocdrpa, Nutt.

Lvs. blue-green and glaucous: cones Sin. long, witlx very broad
spineless scales. Western U.S.Gng.4:373. S.S. 12:611.-A.macro-
cArpa, Vasey=Pseudotsuga macrocarpa. — A. Jl/drieau, Mast.
Small tree with crowded branches and short, dark foliage which
is pale below: cones large, dark purple. N.Japan. —A. 3/"er(en-
siana, Lindl.=Tsuga heterophylla. — A. Numldica, DeLannoy
= A. Baborensis. — A.Pindrov), Spach.,isaformof A.Webbiana,
but has longer leaves and smallercoues. Himalayas. — A. Segl-
iKE Amdliw = A. Cephalonica, var. Appolinis — .4. religibsa,
Lindl. Long, slender, drooping hraTnli.'^: l^^. silvery below:

ABUTA 3

ABRdMA (from o, not, and broma, food). Stercnlid-
r,.i. Hre.-nhouseevergreen trees. Prop, by seeds or by
(■uitiiiu^> ill s prill jr from half-riprni'd wood under glass.

A. riihiijshi. Linn. f. Lower lvs, f<)r(lato. r!-.')-lobed: upper lvs.
i.van- l:ni.-,M.lati-. Trop As. li.I^ als.- J../us(n6sci, R.Br. Lower
Ivb. c.iiilaU', a-lobed; upper lvs. ovate; Us. d;irk purple. Trop.

ABRONIA (from abros, delicate, referring to involu-
cre). Nyctagindcece. Trailing plants, with fragrant ver-
bena-like flowers suitable for baskets and rockeries;
commonly treated as hardy annuals. Mostly tender
perennials from Calif. Height 0-18 in. For early and
continuous summer bloom, seeds may be sown in pots
of sandy soil the previous autumn and wintered in a
frame. Peel off the husk before sowing seed. Cf. Sereno
Watson, Hot. Calif. 2: 3-5.

A. Flowers yellow.

latifdlia, Esch. Fig. 3. Plant very viscid-pubescent:

lvs. thick, broadly ovate or reni-

form, obtuse, on distinct petioles:

root stout, fusiform. A. are-

ndria, Menzies, is probably the

sidered distinct by

some! B.M.6546. G.C. II. 16: 365.

AA. Flou^ers

umbellata, Lam. Whole plant

viscid-puberulent : lvs. typically

narrower than the above, oval

or oblong :

11 : 1095. P. M. 16: 36. Var. gran-
diflbra, Hort., has larger fls. and
broader lvs.

vllldsa, Watson. Smaller and
slenderer than the last and covered
with a glandular-villous pubes-

_ Mex. B.M.I
til pale bark, white 1

Tall

si, iiiler, dark green
nri, Engelm.=lasio-
, dark yellow, green
g, with long, slen-

earpa. — A.ve7iusta,Koch. Lvs. acnm
above and silvery below ; cones 4 in _

der bracts. California. S. S. 13 : 613. 610. B. M. 4740,
Webbidna, liinil. Lvs. l-2Xin. long, flat, silvery below: cones
cylindrical, 6 or 7 in. long. Himalayas. See Picea for A. Aja-
nensis, alba, Alcockiana, Engelmanni, excelsa, Qregoriana,
ffiiniata, Morinda, nigra, obovata, orientaUs, pendxcla, polita,
pungens, Schrenkiana, Smithiana. See, also, Pseudotsuga and
'^'''^"- C. S. Sargent.

ABdBRA (Brazilian name). CucurbitAcew. Green-
house climber, cult, for its numerous small, showy fruits :
grows rapidly, and maybe planted out in summer. The
tuberous roots are stored like dahlias. Prop, by seeds or
rarely by soft cuttings.

viridilldra, Naudin. Height 10-15 ft.: lvs. much di-
vided: fls. small, pale green, fragrant: fr. a scarlet gourd.
Brazil. R.H. 1802: 111.

cence: lvs. rarely 1 in. long: fls. 5-15 in a cluster, rose.
Not common in cult. Int. 1891.

AAA. Flou'ers wTiite.

melllfera, Dougl. Stouter than A. «m6eHa<o.- involucre
larger, scarious: lvs. longer and narrower. B.M. 2879.
Int. 1891.

frigrana, Nutt. Lvs. larger than in A. umbellata,
broader at the base and more tapering: fls. night-bloom-
ing. B.M. 5544.

A.pulchella, Nicholson. Fls. pinkish rose.— A. rdsea, Hart-
weg.=umbellata 1 \y_ Ji.

ABRUS (from abros, soft, referring to leaves). Zegu-
minbsie. Deciduous greenhouse climber, or used S.
outdoors for screens. Roots have virtues of licorice.
Needs strong heat for indoor culture. Prop, by seeds
or by cuttings under glass iu sand.

precatdrius.Linn. Crab's-ete Vine. Weathek-plant.
Height 10-12 ft. : leaflets oblong, in numerous pairs: fls.
varying from rose to white: seeds bright scarlet, with a
black spot, used by Buddhists for rosaries, and in India
as standards of weight. Tropics. — The absurd claims
made for its weather-prophesying properties are exposed
by Oliver in Kew Bull. Jan. 1S90.

ABtTA (native naiiM I. .1,' . - i' n„,\eea:. Greenhouse

i-ergr

4 ABUTILON

ABCTILON (name of obscure origin). Afitlntr,,
Flowering Maple. Attractive coolbouse slnul'-; ;ii
window plants. Lv.s. long-stalked, often niapli- lilvt- : tl
with naked 5-cleftcalyx,5 separate obovate iKtal.^, mai
stamens united in a column about the

style. Of very easy culture in conditions which are suit-
able for geraniums or fuchsias. Usually grown in pots,
but sometimes bedded out in summer. Dwarf and com-
pact varieties suitable forbedding are becoming popular,
The tall vari. ' - - -

or pillars. A.
striatum and A.
Thompsoni are
the commonest
type forms. Prop,
by greenwood cut-
tings at ;
son, preferably in
late win

early spring ; also freely by seeds. Many
horticultural varieties, some of them no
doubt hybrids, are in common cultivation.
Following are well known : Arthur Bel-
sham, red, shaded gold. Boule de Neige,
pure white, very free. Eclipse, foliage
marbled green and yellow: fls. of fair size;
sepals scarlet; petals or.inge-buff : suited
for baskets and vases: aformof,-!.)
potamicum (another Eclipse is known).
Erecta, pink orange-veined erect fls. Gol-
den Bell, deep yellow, free-flowering. Golden Fleece,
pure yellow, free-flowering. Mary Miller, deep rose
pendulous fls. Mrs. John Laing, purplish rose. Rosas-
flora, pinkish rose. Royal Scarlet, rich, shining scarlet.
Santana, deep red. Savitzii, dwarf, with white-edged
foliage: useful forbedding. Snow Storm, semi-dwarf,
pure white. Souvenir de Bonn, Ivs. large, deep green,
not mottled, but edged with a broad white margin: dis-
tinct and striking: a useful bedding plant. Splendens,
bright red.

A. Leaves prominently lohed, mostltf maple-like or

vine-like.

B. Corolla widely open or spreading.

D&Twinl, Hook, f . Strong pubescent shrub 3-5 ft. :
Ivs. velvety pubescent beneath, thickish, 5-9-ribbed, the

ABUTILON

lower ones lobed to the middle, the upper ones shallow-
:Mobed: fls. 1-3 at a place, orange with bloodred veins.
Brazil. B.M. 5917.-Blooms in both winter and summer.
.Much hybridized with other species. A.grundifibrum
and A. compdetum are garden forms ; also A. fioribun-
dum, Hort., R. H. 1881: 350.
BB. Corolla mostly longer and contracted at the mouth.

Btri^tum, Dicks. Fig.i. Glabrous throughout: Ivs. thin,
deeply 5-lobed, the lobes long-pointed, ratherclosely .ser-
rate, sometimes small-spotted; fls. rather small and slen-
der, hanging on peduncles 4-6 in. long, red or orange,
with brown-red veins, the stamens scarcely or not at all
exserted. Brazil. B.JI.3840. P.M. 7: 53.-Oneof the har-
diest species, blooming continuously.

Thdmpsoni, Hort. Fig. 5. Graceful but strong-growing
plant : Ivs. vine-like, mostlyS-lobed, the middle lobe long-
pointed, thin and usually glabrous, mottled with green
and yellowish blotches: fls. medium size, yellow or
orange with red veins, the column of stamens conspicu-
ously exserted in the single forms. R.H. 1885:32-t. G.W.
70:133.— Blooms in summer and winter. An offshoot of
A . striatum , or a hybrid with that species. In the double-
fld. form, the fls. are open-spreading. Oions often convey
the variegation to the stock. Common and valuable.

vendsum, Lemaire. Very strong grower: Ivs. large,
deeply palmate-lobed and strongly toothed ; fls. large, 3
in. long, on peduncles 10-12 in. long. Mex. B.M. 4463.
—A showy species.

AA. Leaves not lohed, cordate, hut prominently toothed,

sometimes angled.

B. Corolla wide-spreading.

Insigne, Planchon. {A. igneum, Hort.). Lvs. medium
size, crenate-dentate, acuminate, villous pubescent un-
derneath: fls. large, flaring-mouthed, white with very
heavy and rich veining and markings of purple and red,
onslenderhangingpeduncles. New Granada. B.M. 4840.
Gn. 18: 2G3. — Very showy; common.

longiciSspe, Hochst. White-canescent shrub,with long-
acuminate, broad-cordate and blunt-toothed long-stalked
lvs., felt-like below: blue veiny wide-open fls. on mostly
many-branched axillary peduncles. Abyssinia. — Re-
cently introduced by S. Cal. Acclimatizing Assoc, from
seed collected by SchweinfurtU and distributed from
Berlin in 1893.

J.^^^.

^ "3 /i./^'/I'W+v'i-V ■ --• ""■ Corolla long

megapot&micum,
St. Hil. & Naud.
(A. veTillArium,
Alorren). Fig.ti. Droop-
ing habit : lvs. rather
small, lance - ovate,
acuminate, sharp-ser-
fls. 2-3 in. long,
on short drooping
stalks, the long calyx
bright red, the pro-
truding petals lemon-
yellow, the column of
stamens conspicuously
protruding. Trop. Am.
B.M. 5717. en. 37: 745. J. H. III. 18: 359.-A strikingly
handsome species. Common in windows and baskets.
There is a variegated-leaved variety. Generally mis-
spelled mesapotamicum.
vl.arfidrt'wm, Sweet. Lvs. cordate, tomeutose; fls. pule yellow.

Abutiloti

Thompsoni,
double (

ABUTILON

Vera. — A. Bedfordidnum, St.Uil. Lvs.lobod: fls. yellow with
red: verytall. Brazil.— A. ffiodi/Jirum. Don. Fls. large, cream-
CTlored. Mauritius.— A.i'»<ejerrimum.Hooker& Jackson, Index
Kewensis. (Sidaintegerrima, Hook. B.M.4360.) Lvs. entire, cor-
date, toraentose below: fls. large, yellow, flaring New Granada.
— A.p(eonii^Jld''um,W;i\]ievs. Fls. rather small, pink. Brazil.

— A. pulchillum, Svreet, and A. pulchrum. Don.=Plagianthus
pulchellus. — A.viUfdlium.Presl. Lvs.lobed: fls. wide-spread-
ing, light bine (a white-flowered var.) : plant one of the hardiest.
Chile. B.M, 4a27, 7328. Gn, 51: 1117. L. H. B.

ACACIA (ancient rutme). Legiinihioxfr. tribe .Vinio-
sem. Shrubs or trci- : lvs. twioe-iMiiiKitf, of luaiiy leaf-
lets, or reduced to iilnilo.lhi or leiif-like |.etio|es,' iis in
Figs. 8 and 9 (excei.t tlie e:irlier lvs. of yomii; seedlings,
and occasionally those ou robust .shouts) : U.s. yellow or
white, minute, in conspicuous globular heads or cylin-
drical spikes, axillary, solitary or fasciculate, or diffusely
paniculate at the ends of the branches ; stamens very
many, exserted. Australia (chiefly); a few in N. and S.
America, N. and S. Africa and Asia. Ours Australian
unless otherwise stated. Prop, by seeds sown under
glass as soon as ripe, or by cuttings of half-ripened
wood taken with a heel, in summer: the seeds should
first be placed in hot water and 1. ft u, -,:,], Jt 'ours.
The bark of most of the Au^irali.ni ;; ! ■ ' i . . tl,er
species (especially ^.;)2/(«(i<i//i.(. .1 , 1.1.

deciirrens) abounds in titimiiis, w In. ■ tally

make their cultiYation profitable in ilu .^ouihwe.si. For
outdoor planting in Calif, and the S., keep in puts until
large enough to place in pennanent quarters, for they do
not transplant well. Several African species yield' the
gum arable of commerce, especially A. Senegal. Mono-
graphed in part by Baron von Miiller in his Iconography
«»f Australian Acacias, cited here as F. v. M. Icon.

J. BURTT Davt.

Of several hundred known kinds, not more than 50 are
in cultivation, and a dozen species will cover those deserv-
ing of greenhouse culture, but these few are gems. All
of this most important section thrive in a winter tem-
perature ranging from 40° to 50°; in fact, little above
the freezing point is sufficient. They do not like heat,
and consequently are not adapted for forcing. If win-
tered cool and allowed to come along naturally with the
increasing heat and light of the spring, they will flower
in March and April, a season when their graceful be:iufy
is appreciated in the private conservatory or is valiKible
to the commercial florist. The prev:iiliii:; eolor of :ill the
Australian species is yellow, varying from ]':\]<' 1. mon to
deep orange. The tall-growing kinds, or r:itlier tlio-e in-
clined to make long, straight shoots, make excellent sub-
jects for planting permanently against a glass partition
of a conservatory, or against a pUlar. There is scarcely

a more beautiful plant than A. pubescens, with Its
slightly drooping, yellow racemes. It deserves a fa-
vored place in every cool conservatory. The Acacias are
of easy culture. If planted permanently in the border,
provision for drainage should be made. A good, coarse,
turfy loam, of not too heavy texture, is all they want,
with the addition of a fifth part of leaf -mold or well-
rotted spent hops. Few of our greenhouse pests trouble
them. Water in abundance they like at all times, and in
their growing season, which is the early summer months,
a daily syringing is necessary. Several of the species of
bushy habit are very largely grown as pot-plants in Eu-
rope, and are now largely imported and sold for the east-
ern trade. A. armata and A. Drumniondii are good
species for this purpose. We believe, with our hot sum-
mers, the commercial man will do better to import than
to attempt to grow them from cuttings. The Acacias
need pruning, or they will soon grow straggling and un-
shapely; more especially is this true of those grown in
pots. After flowering, cut back the leading shoots rather
severely. Shift into a larger pot if roots demand it, and
encourage growth by a genial heat and syringing, giving
at same time abundance of light and air. They should
be plunged out-of-doors as soon as danger of frost is
past, and removed to the greenhouse before any danger
of early fall frosts. Cuttings root surely but not quickly.
The best material is the side shoots from a main stem
in the condition that florists call half -ripened — that is,
not green and succulent as for a verbena, nor as firm
and hard as the wood of a hybrid perpetual rose in Nov.
The wood or shoot will be in about the right condition
in June. No bottom heat is needed, but the cuttings
should be covered with a close frame and kept moder-
ately moist and cool by shading. The following spring
these young plants can be either planted out-of-doors,
where there is a good chance to keep them well watered,
or grown on in pots, as described above. A few of the
finest species are ^. pi(6escens, suitable for training on
pillars; A. Biceana makes a bush or can be trained;
A. longifoHa, an erect species, deserves a permanent
position in the greenhouse border. Of all the species
best adapted for iiiediuni-sized, compact pot-plants, A.
armata and.l. I>riiiii,„nii,i;; are the best. The former
has small, simple. ,hirk ^riecii lvs. and globular, pure yel-
low fls. A. l>riiiinn'i)i:lii h:is drooping. Cylindrical, pale
lemon fls. As both tlie.su llower in March without any
forcing in our northern greenhouses, they are very val-
uable acquisitions to our Easter plants. The Acacia
has two distinctive charms: the foliage is either small,
simple and glaucous, as in A. armata, or much divided,
graceful and fem-Iike, as in A. "pubescens. All the Aca-
cias are among the freest-flowering of our hard-wooded
plants. . Cult, by William Scott.

The species in the American trade are here described
under the following numbers : A. acinacea, 7; aneura, 38;
angustif olia, 16 ; Arabica, 49 ; argyrophy Ua, l.'j ; armata,
5; Baileyana, 45; brachybotrj-a, 15 ; calamifolia, 3; Cate-
chu, 52; Cavenia, 48; celastrifolia, 16; cinerascens, 39;
CHltrata,12; cultriformis, 12; cuspidata, 1; cyanophylla,
20; Cyclops, 32; dealbata, 43; decurrens, 41; diffusa, 1;
dodoufpifolia, 10; Drummondii, 53; extcnsa, 4; falcata,
17; falciformis, 18; Famesiana, 47; filicina, 50; genista-
folia, 1; glabra, 15; glaucescens, 39; glaucophylla, 15;
grandis, 46; Greggii, 51; harpophylla, 29; hispidissima,
46; holosericea, 40; implexa, 30; jtmcifolia, 2 ; Latrobei,
7; leptopltylla,il; ZeMCop7ij/Ha, 40; linearis, 37; lineata,
0; linifolia, 14; longif olia, 36 ; longissima,37; lunata,ll;
Meissneri,9; melanoxylon,31; moIlissima,42; rayrtifolia,
16; nerlif olia, 22 ; normalis, 10, 41; obliqua, 8; obtusata,
21; olecefolia, 11; Oswaldi, 27; oxycedrus, 33; paradoxa,
5; pendula, 28; penninervis, 18; penta-dra, i; pinifoUa,
2; pravissima, 13; prominens, 11; i)uliesceiis, 44; pul-
chella, 46; pycnantha, 23; rel!i,<„l.s. L'J; i;ie,.ana, 35;
rostellifera, 25; rotundifol!a,8; s:di> ina. j t ; saligna, 19;
SophorEe,36; suaveolens,26; viidiilula .:,■ vertieiUata,34.
A. Iivs. simple; that is, reduced to phyllodia {except
the earlier lvs. of young seedlings, and occasionally
tJiose of robust shoots). Figs. 7, S and 9.
B. Fls. in globular heads,
c. PJitjll. terete, or only slightly flattened.

1. difftisa, Lindl. (4.grentsteftZi'a,Link. ). A taU, gla-
brous shrub: branches angular: phyll. %-l in. long.

1-1 K lines wide, quadrangular-linear, 1-nerved: fl. lids,
solitary, or 2 or 3 together; peduncles short; fls. yellow,
May. B.M.2417. B.R.634.

Var. cuspidita, Benth. (A. cuspidita, Cunn.). Phyll.
% to rarely 2 in. long, slender, often not broader than
thick.

2. juncifilia, Benth. (A. pinifilia, Benth.). Tall, gla-
brous shrub: branches slender, quite terete: phyll. 3-6 in.
long, often nearly tetragonous, linear-subulate, with a
scarcely prominent nerve on each side: fl. hds. solitary
or in pairs; peduncles short. P.v.M.Icon. 2:8.

3. calamif61ia, Sweet. Broom Wattle. Tall shrub G-10
ft. : phyll. 3-4 in. long, linear-subulate, slightly flattened,
with 1 nerve prominent or indistinct; point fine, recurved
or simply oblique: fl. hds. 3 or 4, shortly racemcd in
the axils of the terminal phyll. ; calyx shortly toothed or
lobed. Feb. B.R. 839.

4. extfinsa, Lindl. (A. penCadra, Kegel). Shnib :
branches angular or sometimes winged: phyll. 3-4 or
even 8 in. long, slender, linear-subulate, almost tetrago-
nous, with a prominent nerve on each side: peduncles
1-headed or rarely irregularly racemose in the axils of
the terminal phyll. : calyx triangular, truncate. Mar.

cc. Phyll. vertically flattened.

D. Veins of phyll. 1, or very rarely 2.

E. Fl. heads solitary or in pairs or clusters.

P. Length of phyll. 1 in. or less.

a. Stipules persisliiif as sh'iitli i- spines.

5. armita, R. Hr. : l. ,.,,.',/.,',,, \\ mm j. paradixa,
DC. Mimosa j/.i; , ; ; I , ,i:no Thokn.
Fig.7. SpreadiiiL' -,ii:i ^ ii' i .r.rlies pubes-
cent: phyll. 1 in. len-, -.mi . >. ih , uiMinhii.-. obtuse, or
with a short, obliquo point: hi-ails suhtary: peduncles
axillary, equaling the phyll., borne all along the branches:

fls. fragrant. Feb. B.M. 1653. F.E.
9:401, 431.— Good hedge shrub.
Grown also for spring bloom.

GG. Stipules small, deciduous,
orO.

6. lineita, Cunn. Bushy shrub:
branches pubescent, terete: phyll.
K-%in. long, broadly linear; point
small, hooked : peduncle solitary,
axillary, very slender, equaling or
exceeding the phyll., glabrous: fls.
rich yellow. Mar. B.M. 3346.

7. acinicea, Lindl. [A.Latrbbei,
Meissn.). Shrub: branches gla-
brous, angular: phyll. l4-%in. long,
about 3 lines wide, obliquely oblong
or somewhat falcate, obtuse, with a
small, recurved point : peduncles
slender, about equaling the phyll.
Mar. F.v.M. Icon. 4:7.

8. obliqua, Cunn. {A. rotundi-
fitlia. Hook.). Shrub : branches
ylabrescent : phyll. ^ to nearly
Ijin. long, obliquely obovate or or-
i)icular ; raid-nerve terminating in
a niinute,recurved point: peduncles
very slender, mostly exceeding the
phyll. Mar. B.M. 4041.

9. Melssneri, Lehm. Tall shrub:
young branches glabrous, acutely
angular : phyll. X-1 in. long, 2-4
lines broad, obovate-oblong or ob-
liquely cuneate, obtuse, or with a
small, hooked point : peduncles

>.. ,../. shorter than the phyll. : fls. yellow.

May.
PF. Length of phyll. 1%^ in.
10. dodonsBifdlia.Willd. Tall shrub, very resinous, shin-
ing : phyll. 2-4 lines wide, oblong-linear or lanceolate,
mostly obtuse, 1-nerved, lateral veins prominent and
anastomosing: stipules 0: peduncles solitary or in pairs,
about iiin. long. Mar,

ely reduced •

ACACI.V

EE. Fl. heads in axillary racemes

a solitary head).

F. Phyll. 2 in. or less long, broad.

G. Racemes much exceeding the phyll.

11. \Mniita,,SiKh.{A.ole(Bf&lia,C\imi.). Glabrous shrub:
phyll. less than 1 in. long, obliquely-lanceolate or ellipti-
cal-cuneate, obtuse, or with a minute, oblique or recurved
point: fls. yellow: pods linear-elliptical, 3-4 lines broad;
seeds placed close to the upper suture. Apr. B.R. 1352.
—Without the fruit this may easily be mistaken for A.
linifolia var. prom inens.

12. cultrif6rmis,Cimn. (4.(;H7/rd<a,Ait.). Tall shrub,
glaucous with wax when young : phyll. %-%m. long,
falcate-ovate or almost triangular, mucronulato, with
thickened margins and usually a marginal gland at the
angle on the convex side: fl. heads in axillary racemes
much exceeding the phyll. : pods flat, about 3 lines broad ;
seeds placed close to the upper suture. Mar. R.H. 1890,
p. 503. J.H. III. 34:131.

13. pravissima, F.v.M. Tall shrub or small tree; gla-
brous: phyll. mostly 3-5 lines long, obliquely falcate-
obovate, or almost trapezoid, recurved, imperfectly 2-
veined; marginal gland much below the angle on the
convex side: fl. heads in handsome axillary racemes much
exceeding the phyll.: pods flat, about 3 lines broad ;
seeds placed along the center of the pod.

GG. liacemes not, or only slighlly, exceeding the phyll.

14. UniJdUa, Willd. Tall shrub: phyll. 1-lKin. long,
linear to linear -lanceolate, straight, rather thin ; marginal
gland small, near the base: fl. heads in slender, axil-
lary racemes about equaling the phyll.: pods linear, very
flat, 4-6 lines broad; seeds placed along the center. B.M.
2168. See No. 11.

Var. pr6minen8,Moore (4. prdmiHcns, Cunn.). Phyll.
broader, linear-lanceolate to oblong-falcate; marginal
gland prominent, distant from the base. B.M. 3502.

15. brachybdtrya, Benth. Tall shrub: phyll. K-lKin.,
rarely, in luxuriant specimens, 2 in. Inntx. oblicpiely obo-
vate or oblong, firm, rather br... I, > '. u . ..y mucronu-
late: fl. heads few, in short, :• i • s, about
equaling the phyll., or rarely ir.; , ; , i ! ,,1: fls 20-
50 in a head: pods flat, linear i^ n in- . :i,i i iral.

Var. argyrophylla, Benth. (.1. ..; m/. //, ;,/i'.;, Hook.).
Silvery-silkv, turning sometinir^ umM. n mII.hv: phyll.
mostly %-l Kin. long: fl. heads ..It. n -..litary. H.M.4384.

Var. glaucophylla, Benth. (ilai ns ami mure or legs

pubescent: phyll. mostly K-5iin. long: fl. heads mostly
2-5, shortly racemose.

Var. glibra, Benth. Quite glabrous : phyll. small and
narrow: fl. heads small.

16. myrtifdlia, Willd. Shrub, rarely tall: phyll. l-2in.
long, very vaiial.lc, lirni, usually acute or mucronate
and narrowed at l.a^r. with thickened, nerve-like mar-
gins, and a iiiar-inal 1,'laiiil below the middle: fl. heads
several, in sIimiI, axillary racemes about equaling the
phyll.: IN. J-t ill a head, rather large: pods linear,
thick, curv..!, with very thick margins, 2-3 lines broad.
B.M.::ii_', as Mimoxa myrtifolia.

Var. celastriiolia, Benth. (.1. celastrifblia, Benth.).
Phyll. nicistlv []«-■! in. long and often 1 in. broad. B.M.
4306.

Var. normilis, Benth. Phyll. mostly 1-2 in. long and
about Jain, broad.

FF. Phyll. 2-G-12 in. long {sometimes only 1% in. in
A. obtusata).

Var. angustildlia, Benth. I'hyll. mostly 2-4 in. long,
2-4 lines broad.

G. Tlie phyll. distinctly pennivcined.

17. falcita, Willd. Tall shrub or .small tree; glabrous:
branches angular: phyll. 3 to above 6in. long, lanceolate-
falcate, acuminate, much narrowed to the base; margi
nal gland close to the base or 0: sepals free, narrow:
pods rather narrow; funicle encircling the seed.

18. penninfirvis, Sieb. Tree; glabrous: branches angu-
lar: phyll. 3 to above 6 in. long, oblong to lanceolate-
falcate, acuminate, much narrowed to the base; margins
nerve-like; gland distant from the base or 0: pods broad;
funicle encircling the seed. Mar, B,M. 2754.

ACACIA

Var. faloifdrmis, Benth. (A. falcifdrmis, DC.)- Phyll.
mostly larger and more falcate: young shoots and in-
florescence minutely hoary or golden-pubescent : pod
nearly Jiin. broad.

19. saligna, Wendl. Shrub 6-10 ft. : branchlets angu-
lar: phyll. 4-6 in. long, falcate-lanceolate or oblaneeolate,
narrowed to the base, rather obtuse, glaucous and
smooth, the lateral veins but little conspicuous: racemes
short; peduncles short: fl. heads few, large. Mar.

20. cyanophylla, Lindl. Blue-leaved Wattle. Tall
shrub 18 ft.; stoloniferous : branches drooping: lower
phyll. about 12 in. long; upper 6 in. or less and narrower,
linear-oblong to lanceolate-falcate, much narrowed to-
ward the base, glabrous and often glaucous: peduncles
J<-Kin. long: fl. heads 3-5, large, golden yellow. Mar.
Gn. 52, p. 99.

21. obtusita, Sieb. Tall, glabrous shrub: phyll. lK-3
in. long, oblong-linear,or almost spatulate, usually almost
straight, rather obtuse, point not curved, thick, rigid,
with thickened, nerve-like margins; marginal gland 1,
distant from the base, not prominent : racemes about
34in. long, with densely packed heads; fls. 30 or more.
Mar.

GO. TJte phyU. fhiclc, usually with inconspicuous lateral
veins [conspicuous in A. pycnantlia).

22. neriifdlia, Cunn. (A. re/inddes, Schlecbt. A.reti-
nbdes, v&t. jioribmda, B.ort.). Fig. 8. TaU, handsome
shrub or small tree: branchlets slender: phyll. 3-5 in.
long, 2-5 lines wide, linear-lanceolate, falcate, much nar-
rowed to the base: racemes l-2)^in. long; peduncles
about 2 lines long : fls. bright yellow. Mar. P.v.M.Icon.
5:9. B.H. 1896, p. 505. A. F. 13: 880. -Useful as a street
tree in Calif.

23. pycnintha, Benth. Golden Wattle. Small tree :
phyll. 3-6 in. long, lanceolate to oblaneeolate, or, on vig-
orous shoots, even obovate-falcate, obtuse or acutish, dis-
tinctly penniveined, with a conspicuous marginal gland
near the base: fl. heads in axillary racemes, on short pe-
duncles, large, fragrant: funicle scarcely folded. Feb.
R.H. 1896, p. 504.— Very variable in shape and size of
phyll.

24. salioina, Lindl. Small tree : branches drooping :
foliage pale: phyll. 2-5 in. long, 2>J-6 lines wide, ob-
long-linear or lanceolate, narrowed at base, thick, rigid,
with a curved point; midrib and marginal veins scarcely
prominent : racemes short, often reduced to 2 or 3 heads,
or even only 1: peduncles slender: fls. about 20 in the
head: pods straight; funicle scarlet, folded under the
seed.

25. rostelllfera, Benth. Tall shrub, perhaps only a Ya,-
riety ot A. salicina., but, according to Bentham, different
in aspect and the nerve of the phyll. much more promi-
nent: phyll. linear-lanceolate, with an oblique or re-
curved callous point.

26. suavSolens, Willd. Shrub 3-0 ft. high, glabrous :
branches acutely angled : phyll. 3-6 in. long, 2-4 lines
wide, narrowly lanceolate to linear; margins thickened:
racemes about Kin. long before opening, inclosed in
large, imbricate bracts: fls. 6-10 in a head. Apr.

DD. Veins of phiill. sererni (rarely only S),
iongitiaUnal.

27. Cswaldi.F. V. M. T.-ill shrub: phyll. 1 5^-2 in. long,
falcate-oblong to linear, rigid, mostly muoronate, finely
striate, twisted, mo.stly 3 or 4 lines broad. F. v. M. Icon.
6:10.

28. pfindula, Cunn. Weeping Myall. Handsome small
tree: branches pendulous: foliage pale or ash-colored,
with minute pubescence: phyll. lH-2^iin. long, nar-
rowly lanceolate or almost linear-falcate, ending in a
curved cusp; nerves few, indistinct: racemes very short,
sometimes reduced to a solitary head; peduncles 5-6
lines long. P. v. M. Icon. 6: 8.

29. harpophylla, F.v.M. Tree: branchlets slightly an-
gular: phyll. 6-8 in. long, lanceolate, very falcate, nar-
rowed at the end but obtuse, much narrowed at the base,
coriaceous, pale or glaucous; nerves several, fine; reticu-
late veins few and indistinct: peduncles slender, mostly
clustered in the axils : funicle short. F. v. M. Icon.

ACACIA 7

30. implfixa, Benth. Glabrous tree : branchlets nearly
terete: phyll. 3-6 in. long, 2K-5 lines wide, lanceolate
and very falcate-acuminate, with a short, hooked point,
rather thin ; reticulate veins numerous and distinct : pe-
duncles few. In a very short raceme, long and slender:
fls. pale yellow or dirty white : pods rather narrow, bi-
convex, curved or twisted, slightly constricted between
the seeds; funicle yellow, folded at the end of the seed
but not encircling it. F. v. M. Icon. 8:2,

31. melan6xylon,R. Br. Au.stralian Blackwood. Tall
tree, usually pyramidal, glabrous: branchlets slightly
angular: phyll. mostly 3 or 4 in. long, K-1 in. wide, nar-
rowly lanceolate to falcate-oblong, or even falcate-ob-
lanceolate, much narrowed to the base, very obtuse,
thick and stiff; reticulate veins numerous: racemes oc-
casionally reduced to 1 or 2 heads ; peduncles short,
stout : fls. pale yellow or dirty white ; petals connate
above the middle : pods flat, 3-4 lines broad, often curved
in a circle ; funicle bright red, doubly ctaclrcling the
seed. Mar. B.M. 1059.

32. Cyclops, Cunn. Shrub 6-10 ft. : branchlets angular :
phyll. lK-3 in. long, nearly straight, narrow-oblong, ob-
tuse, rigid: racemes short, occasionally reduced to 1 or 2
heads : fls. yellow ; petals smooth, free : pods flat, 4-6
lines wide, curved or twisted ; funicle richly colored,
doubly encircling the seed. Apr. F. v. M. Icon. 8:3.

BB. Fls. in cylindrical, or rarely oblong, spikes.
c. Pliyll. narrow, pungent-pointed, %-! in. long.

33. oxyofedruB, Sieb. Tall, spreading shrub : phyll.
K-54, or rarely 1 in. long, narrowly lanceolate, acumi-
nate, scattered, very rigid, striate, with 3 or 4 prominent
nerves on each side; stipules small, often spinescent:
spikes often above 1 in. long. B.M. 2928.

34. verticilllita, Willd. (Mimosa veriieilUta,-L'-B.eT.).
Bushy, spreading shi-ub : phyll. yi-%iri. long, linear-
subulate to lanceolate or oblong, mostly whorled, rigid,
with 1 prominent central nerve; stipules minute: S'pikes
i4-l in. long, dense ; fls. deep yellow. Apr. B. M. 110.

35. Eiceina, Hensl. Tall shrub or small tree, hand-
some,dark green: phyll. K-%in. long, linear or subulate,
sometimes very narrow and 1-1 Kin. long, scattered or
whorled, 1-nerved; stipules minute: spikes interrupted,
slender, often above 1 in. long ; fls. pale yellow. Apr.

ACACIA

igid, not pnuffenf-pointi'tt,
. long.

36. longifdlia, Willd. Sydney Golden Wattle. Fig.
9. Tall, handsome shrub: phyll. 4-6 in. long, oblong-
lanceolate, acuminate; longitudinal veins several, promi-
nent: spikes 1 in. long, loo.se, axillary, mostly in diver-
gent pairs; fls. golden yellow. Mar. B.R. 362. B.M.
2166. B.H. 1896, p. 504. -Useful as a street tree in Calif.

Var. SophdrsB, F. v. M. {A. Snphdra-, R. Br.). Phyll.
2-3 in. long, 5-8 lines wide, broadly oblong, obtuse.

37. linearis, Sims. {A. !ovgUsima,WKndh). Shrub:
phyll. 4-6 in. long, linear, with 1 prominent longitudinal
nerve : spikes 1-2 in. long, loose and interrupted, slender:
fls. pale yellow or dirty white. B.M. 2156. B.R. 680.—
Valued as a street tree in Calif.

38. aneftra, P. V. M. Mulga. Shrubby; often hoarj-,
with minute pu1)escence : phyll. lK-3" in. long, 1-1^
lines wide, narrowly linear, without prominent nerves but
minutely striate, rigid: spikes short and dense on short
peduncles: pods broad, flat, short. P. v. M. Icon. 10: 8.

39. glaucSsoens, Willd. ( .1 . c/h, rascens, Sieb.). Glau-
cous tree 50 ft. or uwrr lii^li: i.liyll. 4-6 in. long. ,5-12
lines broad at the iiiiilillc. lim ;ti- hmceolate, narrowed at
both ends, falcate, slii:ilc, ami with 3-5 more prominent
nerves, all free from the lowi-r margin: spikes in pairs,
1-2 in. long : pods narrow-linear, biconvex, irregularly
twisted. Mar. B.M. 3174.

40. holoserlcea, Cunn. (A. UucophijUa, Lindl. ) . Shrub
or small tree 10-20 ft., white, silky : phyll. 4-6 in. long,
1-3 in. broad, oblong-lanceolate, with 3 'or 4 prominent
nerves confluent with the lower margin at the base:
spikes mostly in pairs, sessile, about 2 in. long. Mar.

AA. hvK. nU hiplnnate.

B. Fls. in g!olnihir heads.

c. Head.** in terminal-axiUnrt/ panicles or racemes:

stipules small or 0.
D. Trees: pinncE in 8-25 pairs, Jl. -heads pan icled.

41. decurrens, Willd. Green Wattle. Branchlets with
very prominent angles decurrent from the petioles ;

ACACIA

glabrous, or the young shoots slightly tomentose-pubes-
ceut : leaflets 1-2 lines long, narrow, rather distant :
fls. whitish yellow: pods mostly less than 4 lines wide,
flat, more or less contracted between the seeds. Mar.-

Var. normilis, Benth. Leaflets 3-4 lines long.

4-_'. moUissima, Willd. {A. decurrens var. millia,
Linill.). Hla.k Wattle. Branchlets with decurrent an-
glis only sliglitly prominent: foliase and branchlets pu-

leaflets 2-3 lines hui-. iini. ,, n , ,i,,: u. fragrant:
pods mostly less than ; .r less con-

tracted between the- -. ii M i i;. :i71.— The

names of this and of ili. im ,t .|,, , i, , ,ii^ .iftcn inter-
changed in gardens and even in heilj:iri:\.

43. dealbita, Link. Silver Wattle. Branchlets with
decurrent "angles only slightly prominent : foliage and
branchlets very glaucous or hoary, with a flne pubes-
cence, the young shoots whitish; leaflets 2-3 lines long,
narrow, crowded : pods mostly more than 4 lines wide,
flat, hardly constricted between the seeds. Mar. A.F.
13:880. R.H. 1890, p. 502.

DD. Shrubs or small trees: pinnce mostli/ in SS pairs:
fl. heads racemed.

44. pubfiscens, R. Br. Hairy Wattle. Shrub 6-10 ft. :
tiranches and petioles hirsute: pinntp mostly 3-8 pairs;
leaflets 0-20 pairs, 1-2 lines long, crowded, linear, gla-
brous: racemes slender, longer than the Ivs. Mar. B.M.
1263. F.R. 1:733.

45. Balley4na, F.v.M. Small,handsome tree: branches
and foliage glabrous and glaucous: pinnte 2-3 pairs;
leaflets about 13 pairs, l%-2ii lines long, crowded,
linear: racemes 3-4 in. long. Jan. F. v. M. Icon. 12: 5.
O.C. III. 15:37.

I'C. Reads "n f'l '■. 'I'lrji, or clustered peduncles:

46. pulchc'llii, ), 1 I ; ::iut shrub: branches slender,
glabrous or Im nii , n~ niiij, armed with subulate axillary
spines : pinimi 1 pair ; leaflets 4-7 pairs, 1-2 lines long,
obtuse: fl. heads solitary; fls. yellow. Apr.

Var. grdndis, Hort. {A.grdndis,Bentr.). Shrub 6ft.,
Khil)rous: leaflets 8-10 pairs, longer: fls. yellow. Feb.-
May. .1.11. 111. :!.■>: 369 (1897).

\ar. hispidissima, Hort. {A. hispidissima, DC).
Braiirhes vrrv liirsute, with long, spreading hairs:
leaflets iiarrew: lis. white. B.M. 4588.

47. 'Fa.raesii.na^yUld.{A.leptophijUa,DC.). Popinao.
Opuiaxax. (assik. Huisache. Much branching shrub,
6-111 ft.: stijiules straight, slender, sometimes minute
spiiiis; iiiiiiia- :>-s pairs; leaflets mostly 10-25 pairs, 1-2
lines Iutil;. narrow, linear, glabrous: peduncles 2 or 3 in
the <.l.lrr a\iN: il. heads large, globular, deep yellow,
verv frarraiii : |"..ls almost terete, indehiscent, at length
turiri.l :ni.l pulpy. Feb.-Mar. Tex., Mex., Asia, Afr.
and Austral. Grown in S. Prance for perfumery.

48. Cavinia, Bertero. Espino. Cavan. Height 20 ft.:
spines .stout : leaflets scabrous, scabious-pubescent. Oth-
erwise near to ^1. Farnesiana, of which it is sometimes
considered a mere variety. Chile. — A good hedge plant.

40. Ar4bica, Willd. Gl-m Arabic Tree. Fig. 10. Small
tree, with spiny stipules: pinnae 3-6 pairs, each with 40
or less very narrow leaflets : fls. white, in globular, pe-
duuculatu lieads, which are usually in 3's. Arab, and Ku.

50. filiolna, Willd. Unarmed shrub : pinnie 2-15 pairs;
leaflets 20-50 or more pairs (rarely 10-15), very small:
fl. heads globular: pods linear, straight, flat, not pulpy.
Tex. and Mex.

BB. Fls. in cylindrh ,n yji-I,-, x.

51. Grfiggii, Gray. Small In e lo-jn it,, ,„il„.s,.,.nt,

often with scattered, short. stcMit. 1 ke.l prickles :

pinnsB 2-4 pairs, %-! in. long ; leaflets :i-;5 i)airs. 2 or 3
lines long, oblong or oblong-obovate, thick, and with 2 or
3 straight nerves : peduncles K-1 in. long. Apr.
Tex., S. Calif, and Mex.

52. CAtechn, Willd. Tree: pinn.T 8-inpairs. each bear-
ing 100 or less linear, pubescent leallets : Us. yellow;
spikes solitary or in 2'sor 3's. E. lii.l. -Yields Catechu,
a valuable tannin,

ACACIA

53. Drtimmondii, Bcnth. Bush or small tree: plnnfp
2-4 pairs, each with 4-10 linear, very obtuse glabrous
leaflets : fls. pale lemon-yellow, in dense, solitary, droop-
ing spikes 1-lK in. long. Austr.il. B.M. 5191. -Hand-
some, and popular for spring bloom, as at Easter.

In the following supplement.iry list, the heights given are
those attained by the plants under glass in N. Europe ; in the
open air in the southwest U. S. they often grow much taller,
and sometimes flower 2 months earlier. Except when other-
wise stated, the flowers are yellow. Those marlied (*) are con-
sidered most desirable. Those marked " stove" need hothouse
treatment: the others can be grown in a coolhouse, or in the
open in California. A. abietina. Willd.=linifolia.— A. acau-
thucdrpa. WLlld.=Mimosa acanthocarpa. — 4 . Acapulcensis,
Kunth.=LysilomaAc.'ipulcensis.— A. aciewidriS," Needle-leaved
Acacia,"4tt.-A.a#i)us, Sweet.=dealbata.— A. afdto, R.Br., 6
ft. May. B.R.396.— A.omana, Wendl.. 3 ft. May. Near to het-
erophylla.— A, anguldta, Desv.=discolor.— A. angustifdlia,
Lodd.=longifoUa, var. floribunda.— A. argyrophiUa, Hook.=
brachybotrya, var. argyrophylla.— A. dspera, Lindl. (A. Aus-
feldii, Kegel. A.densifolia.Benth.). 4 ft. Ma.y.-A. Aus/ildli,
Eegel.=aspera.— A. BancroHiana, Bert.=Ca3salpiiiia bijuga.—
A. Bartheridna, Hort.=Berteriana?— A. Berlandliri, Benth.
Fls.? Mexico.— A..Bcr(cnana, Balb.=Pithecolobium fragrans.—
A. SW^ro, R. Br. 3 ft. May.— A. Zimcrwtto, DC. 8 ft. May.-A.
hrachyacdntha, Humb. & Bonpl.=Mimosa aeanthocarpa.— A.
brevifblia, Lodd.=hmata.— A. bri-vipes, Cunn.=melanoxylon.—
A. Burmanniana, DC. Fls.? 6 ft. Ceylon. Stove.— A.6Mxi/8-
Jia.Cnnn. 4ft. Apr. Hook. Icon. 1G4.—A. i;<»«ia,'Wight& Am.
(A. Intsia, Willd.). 20 ft. E. Indies. Stove.— A. celastrifblia,
Benth.=myrtifolla, var. colastrifoUa.— A. centrophylla, DC. 20
ft.: white. Jamaica. Stove.— A.Ocra(^nia,Willd.=MimosaCe^a-
tonia.— A. chrysdstachys, Hort.=Piptadeniachrysostachys.— A.
eiliata, E. Br.=strigosa.— A. cinerdscms. Sieb.=glaucescens.—
A.cochledris, Wendl. 4 ft. Apr. toM.ay.— A. conrinna, DC. 20
ft.; fls. white. E.Indies. Stove.— A. C'oncordianrt, Loud.=Pithe-
colobium umbellatum.— A. confcrta. Cunn. Apr.— .1. rorrfff^fl, a
trade name, probably belongs to some other specii's,- .1. co?-/-
dcea, DC. .5ft. May.-A. corjifacra, Willd. =spiuliiigi'va.-.l.
coTOnilUvfiUa.Dt^ii. 10 ft. N. Africa. Stow.- A. crassimrpa.
Cunn. Oft. May.— .1. cultrdta. IIort.=cultriformis.— .1. nine-
dta, Benth. Apr.— A. cuspiddta, Cunn.^dilfusa, v;ir. cuspidata.
—A.cyciwrum, Hook.=obscura.— A. daviesia'fulia. Cunn. 6 ft.
June.— A. decipiens, vsiT.prwmdrsa, Hort.* 3 ft. M.ay. B.M. 32i4.
—A. dectirrens. var. milUs, Benth.=mollissima.— A. dnisifitlia,
Benth.=aspera.— A. dentifera, Benth. Apr. B.M. 4032.— A. dc-
pendens, Cimn.=longifolia,var.mucronata.— A.d^iiirtcns, Burch.
3 ft. May. S. Afr.-A. dlptera, Willd.=Prosopis juUflora.-A.
diptera. Lindl. Shrub : fls. I—A. dlptera, var. erioptera. Gra-
ham. Sept. B.M. 3939.— A. discolor, Willd. (A. angulata, Desv.).
10 ft. May.-A. dh-aricdfa, Willd.=Lysiloma Schiedeana.— A.
DonkeldarU is a trade name.=Mimosa?— A. dora(lixJ/(o^!,*" Cur-
rawang,"abeautifulsmalltTee: fls. goldenyellow.— A. dtim^sa.
Wight &Arn.=latronum.—A.eWniea, WiUd. 5ft. E.Ind. Stove.
—A.echimda, DC.=juniperina.— A. eduZis, Humb. & Bonpl.=
Farnesiana.— A. eldla, — *. "Pepper-tree Wattle."— A. elongdta,
Sieb.*6ft. May. B.M. 3337. Especially suitable for damp, sandy
land.— A. emargindta, Wendl.=stricta.— A. eriocldda. Benth.
June.— A. Esterhizia, Mackay. 4 ft. May.-A. falcifirmis.
DC.=penninervis, var. falciformis. — A. fermglnea, DC. E.
Indies. Fls.? Stove. —A. flexicailUs, Benth.=Pithecolobium
flexicaule. Coulter.— A. florliunda. Willd.=longifolia, var. flori-
bunda.—A. rtoWi)Mnda,Hort.=neriifolia.— A. formbsa, Kunth.
=Calliandraformosa.— A./rojiddsa, Willd.=LeuC£Bnaglauca.—
A. fruticbsa, Mart.=Piptadenia latifolia.— A. genistwfdlia,
Link.=diffusa.— A. girdffce, Willd. "Camel-thom." 40 ft. S.
Afr. Fls. '? Stove.— A.ffZawctt, McBnch.=Leucfeua glauca.— A.
glatica, Hort.=A. glaucescens.— A. ffrdredis, Henfr.=p>ilchella,
var. grandis.— A. grata, ^illd.=Piptadenia m.acrocarpa.—
A. grav&olens, Cunn.=vemiciflua.— A. Quayanxdlensis, Desf.
=Mimosa Guayaqvulensis.— A. Guianensis, Willd. =Stryph-
nodendron Guianense. — A. gummifera, Willd. 30 ft.
Guinea. Fls. 1 — A. HamaUxylon, Willi. 20 ft. Fls. yellow or
white. S. Afr. Stove.— A. hastuldta, Sm. 4 ft. M.ay. B.M.
3341.— A . heteracdntha. Burch. 15 f t. : fls. ? S. Afr.— A . hetero-
phylla. Willd. 5 ft. May. Mascarene Isls.— A. Mspida. Hort.
=Robinia hispida.— A. hispidtssima, DC.=A. pulchella, var.
hispidissiraa.— A. homalophylla,* "Yarran."- A. homomdlla,
Wendl.=gl.aucescens.— A. Huegelii, Benth.* Pale yellow. Feb.—
A. humlftisa, Cunn. Austral.- A. hybrida, Lodd.=arraata.—
A. inrf™u>d;(l.Cunn.=longifolia,var. floribunda.— A. in(crtex(a,
Sieb.=longifolia.— A. Intsia, Willd.=c.TJsia.— A. Julibnssin,
Willd.=Albizzia Julibrissin.-A. JM;i;;.«;,m. WiUd.* (A. echi-
nula.DC). 6ft.: near to vrTticill.itM— .1 . A'rtiAdra, G. Don.=
Albizzia Julibrissin.— A. Kon. <;iay. I'ls. ? Hawaiian Isls.
Stove.— A. Lambertidna, 1>. l)on.~Calli:ui.lra Lambertiana.—
A. lanlgera, Cunn. 6ft. Apr. B.M. 2922. -A. latislliqua, Wmd.=
L.vsiloma latislliqua.- A. Latrbbei, Meissn.=acinacea.— A. la-
«rdimm, Willd. (A. dumosa, Wight & Am.). 20 ft.; fls.? E.In-
dies. Stom.—A.laimfblia, Willd. 4 ft. May. Pacific Islands.
Stove.— A. Lebbeck, Willd.=Albizzia Lebbek.— A. Iriophilla,
Benth.=saligna.— A. lentiscif&lia, Desf. 20 ft. Pis. ? Mexico.
Stove.— A. leprdsa, Sieb.* May. B.R. 1441. "Graceful, linear
leaves, and habit of a willow."— A . leprbsa.-vtir. tenuifhlla, Benth.
Stove.- A. icptocdrpu, Cunn. 6 ft. Apr.— A. ((^(ojipiira. Benth.
6 ft. Apr. B.M. 4350.— A. leptophylla, DC.=Farnesiana.— A.

ACACIA 9

leu(!ophlma,Yfi\iA. 12 ft. : pale yellow. Tropical Asia. Stove.—
A.leucophylla, Colvlll.=holoserioca.— A. ligulata, Cunn.=sali-
cina.— A. longifblia. var fl^nhii»da. F. v. M. (A. floribunda,
WiUd. A. intermedia. I'liiin ' iMi A],r. B.M. 3203.-A. ioiiji-

mucronata, F.v. M.l. M : P : - . -. 1 . (ojijrissima, Wendl.
=linearis.— A. lopliunn:.^ WumI Aihi/.zia lophantha.— A.
lophantha, v.-ir. gigaiHi.i. iLil. .Vlbi„iu lophantha, var. gigan-
tea. — A. lucida, Baill.^.\ll>i/.zi;i lueida.— A. Mdngium,
Willd. 10 ft. Molucca Isls. Stove.— A. microphylla, Willd. ^
Piptadeniaperegrina.— A. iiwlUs, Wall.=Albizzia Julibrissin.—
A.N^mu, Willd. = Albizzia Julibrissin.— A. ncurocdrpa, Cunn.
=holosericea.— A. nigricans, R. Br. 6 ft. Apr. B.M. 2188.- A.
jiudyjdra, Willd. (A.Eohriana, DC). 30 ft.: white. W.Indies.
Stove.-A.oiisciira, A.DC. (A.cycuorum, Hook.). 2Kft. B.M.
4653.— A. odoratissima, Willd. =Albizzia odoratissima.— A . oletK-
/oita, Cunn.=lun,ita.-A. olifiophylla, Tioffmsg. i ft. Habitat?
Htnvt^.-.i.ornttta is a name in the trade, probably of some well-
known spi'iir. -.1 J ri''.' III. DC.=.'irmata.— A. pentad^nia,
Lin. II, l"i!. I I 1, i: I ■-. I. pim/oiiffl, Benth.=juncifolia.
— .1 tnm.ir ! I.' ■,Aiiolia..—A. platyphyUa, Sweet.

];) It. .lui.. 1. , ,,, l,.,we. 20 ft. Brazil. B.M. 3366. A

stovi. .■lin.lirr," .1 ;.-;,. ;:',.,.,/„/,«, Cunn.* Tall shmb. G.C. III.
l'i.l>.'id.—A.piilyhutriia. Bentli.* A beautiful pinnate-leaved spe-
cies.—A. Portoricensis, WLUd.=Calliandra Portoricensis.-
A.jjri'smdficd, Hoffmgg. 6 ft. Habit.at? Stove.— A.;)r(imt?iCTis.
Cunn.=linifolia. var. prominens.— A. Pseudacdcia, Hort.=Ro-
bini:i Pseudaeiu'ia.— .1. pi//{7((Vri»ia, Willd. =Stryphnodendron

florilminluiii -.1 '"'/( /v/,n/.s, Link.=Calli,andratetragona.

-.1. ,-,(,„,/ - . iiilolia.-A. ripdria, HBK. (A.

sanncntM^.i i, W. Indies. A stove climber.— A.

Kohriiiii,!.]" Ill I /".s-ra, Hort.=Robinia hispida.—

A. r»sciY"/i .' ' ';.(i:i. var. latifolia.— A. sannerUdsa,

Griseb.=iiip jf ' >, Willd. =Entada scandens.— A.

srmicordat'i. i: ' 'E.Indies. Sto\e.—A. Senegal,

Willd.SOlt,. ' ;l:i1 W. Afr. Stove.— A.seHcdia,

Cnnn. .\\ir - ! ^ . ' :in. Apr.— A. Sophhrce, R. Br.=

hinaifoliri, v- . - I x;OTda'(,<7<-™, Ch. & Schl. (A. eor-

iM- r:,. W, : i:, If.: palo yellow. J.amaica. B.M. 7,395.
,^!. I , ', \Villd.=Albizzia Lebbek. -A. s;wrtdWiS,

(' I \ ■ 1 \'. l-l:::46. Remark.ably beautiful.— A. Splni ,

\;y lit I :■! yellow. Ouadeloiipe Isl. Stove.— A. 5'vim-
I , llMnk.Icon.Plant.3G7.— A.sfoiojf/ii/ZZa.Cunn.

M hr =Albizzia stipulata.- A. s(rtc(o, Willd.

(\ . W.n.ll.). 2 ft. Mar. B.M. 1121.— A. sfriadsa,

I. II I;, Br.). 4 ft.-A. s(rom(<tt;;/(?ra, WUld.=»

I'j ■ I. lilt, la.— A. si/6«M(a, Bonpl. 4 ft. May.-A.

.M,/.,.',r i; i;, J tt. July. B.R. 928.-A.,VHm(r,, Gurz. 10ft.;
fls.? E. Indies. .Stdve.— A. (amarindf/8!ta, Willd. (A. pinnata).
4 ft.: white. S. Amer. Stove.— A. iaa;iy6Zia, Lodd.=Riceana.—
A. tommtbsa, Willd. 20 ft.: fls.? E. Indies. Stove.— A. tri-
chbdes, Willd.=LeucaBna trichodes.— A. trinervdta. Sieb. 6 ft.
Apr.— A. tristis, Graham=armata.— A. umbelldta. Cunn. Apr.
-A.tmcindta. Lodd.— undulffifolia.— A. undulie/blia (A. unci-
nata, Lodd). 4 ft. May. B.M. 3394.-A. «ropA!/«a, Benth. Pale

Acacia Arabica.

yellow. Apr. B.M,4.573.-A. TidflO, Willd. 40 ft.; white. Brazil.
ytove —A pfnilsrrt.Willd.—Calliandra Portoricensis.— A. D^ro,
iin. Cunn. (A. givaveolens, Cunn.

Willd.=Arabica.
A.virgata.Lodd.)
angusta, Hort. 10

1279.

.verticilldta,^

■ar. latifblia, Benth.

ft. Apr. B.M 3195.

(A. ruscifolia. Conn, \ i

B.R. 1846: 67.-A.!TC(r r, ft. June. B.R.698.-A.

viniindlis. Ait. Apr.-,l .,,,,,„,., i .. -il ft. S. Amer. Stove.-
A. virgdta, Lodd.^ve.iuuilUia. .L. itridtrdmis, Burch. =Xero-
cladia Zeyheri. — A. viscldifln. Cunn. 6 ft. Feb. Gt. 1109.
A. viscbsa, Schrad. = dodona3ifolia. — A. vomerifdrmis, Cunn.
Apr. -A. Wallichidna. DC.=Catechu. j. BUBTT Davt.

10

ACACIA, FALSE

ACACIA, FALSE. See Bobinia Pseudacacia.
ACACIA, ROSE. S, r I?.,hiiUa Mspicla.

ACa;NA II. UN ,i,;.M,M,. thorn). Eosltcem. Dwarf,
hunly [HI. iiiiiil 111. Iirul.s with inconspicuous green
fluwir^, .111! ;\ iiti .1 ill ri..kfries for their showy crimson
s|iii]i>. whirh :u-,- hnrneon the calyx; 1-12 in. As ground-
work f"rihv:irf. -spring-flowering bulbs, as trilliums. they
arr uiisurpa-^i ,1, Usefulin protecting native orchids and
lioL,' ]i!anis. I'rup. by cuttings, creeping rootlets, divi-
sions and scids. Monogr. liv T. Citerne, in Revue des
Sciences Natur.dlcs de I'Ouest, 1S71, Nos. 1, 2, a.

microphjlla, Hook. f. Lvs. evergreen, pale, pinnate,
serrate : spim-s attractive all summer and autumn. N.
Zeal. — (_Jro\vs well in either wet or dry soils.

ovalifblia, liuiz & Pav. Lvs. a little larger than the
latter; lealiets oblong, subcuneate. Chile. On. 52, p. 4G.

A. ariit'tit''". liniz S: Pav. I^vs. silvery. Chiloan Andes.— .4.
adeci'ndi'iis.y..] \ N.iiri: 1 . .;;. .W.^ IT.m.I, .^ Arn., is agood

miUefdlu

Hab.

^. GhUe.— .<i. piitcltellu, .Nicholson. Lvs.
;6<E, Vahl. li.ZeRl.—A. mrmentlisa, Car-
I>a>.— A. serlcea, Jacq. f. Mes.— .J.. apUn-

J. B. Keller.
ACAL'^PHA ( a name given by Hippocrates to a net-
tle). A'iipJwrbid.cea!. Tender foliage plants much used
for greenhouse ornament, and especially for bedding-
out. For the latterpurpose it is desirable to have strong,
well hardened plants in 5-in. pots, which should be set
out the last week in May, and gro-svn in a rich soil with-
out check. Prop, by cuttings, chiefly in three ways:
(1) in fall from outdoor bedded plants ; (2) from plants
lifted in fall, cut back, and kept for spring stock ;
(3) from stock plants in pots reserved from the
previous season. The well ripened wood of these
last is a great advantage, and gives cuttings that may

^•■

®

\

11. Acalypha Wilkesiana, var. Macafeana {.\ ,';ii.

be taken with a heel. A mature stem will furnish sev-
eral l).siili- tlie top one. This is the best method for gen-
eral ]iurp..sfs. ('uttings are taken below joints, and re-
quire mild iKittom heat. For greenhouse ornament in fall
and winter, excellent specimens may be secured from
cuttings made in summer from such stock plants.

Cult, by Robert Shore.

ACANTHOMINTHA

WilkeBi4na, Miill. Arg. (A. tricolor, Hort. ex Seem.).
Lvs. ovate-acuminate, bronzy green, variously mottled
with red: fls. inconspicuou.s. S. Sea Islands. Var. Mac-
afeina, Hort. Fig. 11. Lvs. red, marked with crimson
and bronze. Perhaps the commonest variety. R.H.
1«82:288. Var. marginita, Hort. Lvs. with a crimson
margin. F.M. Is?." : l.-,6. Gn. 7, p. 521. Var. musiica.
Hort, I,\^ ^Ti.T). with orange and red markings. Var.
obovAta, lli']-r. \,v-. obovate, green, edged white when
youn^'. . liaiiLcinL; I., l.runzy green with rosy pink margins.
Var. triiimphans, Hort. (A. trhimphans, Lind. & Rod.).
Lvs. large, spotted with crimson, green, and brown.
I.H. 35:55 (1888).

GodseSii&na, Mast. Lvs. ovate or ovate-lanceolate,
green, with creamy ni:.r;'ii. : 1I 1,1,1-71. wr, i;.r. HI.
28:242. Gng. 6:278. F I 1 1 \ I ' , ■ r,.

hispida, Burm. f. f.l i 1 ni. Fig.

12. Cult, chiefly for its |.. ML' 1 . .1, ;,ni.,i.,iii ,. ni,,- spikes
of flowers : lvs. green, t. Imi. liunn. i 1. hid., p. 30.3,
t. 61, f.l. A.P. 13:128.5. A.U. 19: -l.-,:!, 827. F.E. 10:554.
G.C. III. 23:248. Gt. 47:276. Gn. ,54:1180. Gng.6:279.
— The leading novelty of 1899. Called by various names,
as Chenille Plant, Philippine Medusa, and others.

A. colorata, Spreng.=A. integrifolia.— Jl. CominersoniAna,
Baill.— A. integrlfolia.— J. macrophylla. Hort., not HBK.=A.
Wilkesiana, var. macrophylla.— il. margindta. Hort., not
Spreng.=A. Wilkesiana, var. marginata.— 4.o6ot;d(<i, Hort., not
Benth.=A. WUkesiana, var. obovata.— .1. iniegrifUia, Willd.
4-7 ft. : lvs. thick, glabrous, oblong, green above, colored below.
Madagascar. Other trade names are A. HamiltoniAna (Int.
1893), A. Miltoniana, and A. tirta. Tf^ ji_

ACAMFE (named from the brittle nature of the flow-
ers). Orchiddcefe. Greenhouse epiphyte.

ngifolii
lidtol

ACANTHEPHlPPIUM (meaning unknown). Often
spelled Ar,nith.>i,hiiiiiium. Orchiddcew. Terrestrial
stove orchids. FN. rather large, racemose, few; sepaN
combined to fonn i. Lr.-ad pil.-li,-r, Tlifv .!o Ix-st in a

compost of loam .11..! l.:.rni,,I.i I ;. i. .- i, , i i -. . s , .f tl,,.

hottest, moist. . I. I -. ! l. ..;. I;..; . 1. , : !■.• ii,,i.-li

heat and moisi 'M .• .i:;i u. ■ 1 ,.• ■ • :., , ,,!. 1 loo.i

drainage is essi-m ial. I'r. .p. l.y .Ir, i.iin ... il.. j,,. ii.i,.i,iiil.s
as soon as growth begins. ( 'nit. liy F,. O. Okpet.

Javtlnicum, Blume. Fls. yellow and red, with dis-
tinct longitudinal stripes. Java. B. M. 4492.

.4 . McoZor, Lindl. Fls. purple and yellow.— .4. Cur^mi.Reichb.
f. Fls. many colored. Distinguished by the five keels between
ttie side lacinia-. Malay Arch. G.Q.U.25 -.im.—A. Svlhetinar.
Lindl. Fls. white, much spotted. Himalayas.

ACANTHODIUM. .'iee BlrphariK.

ACANTHOLlMON {.ika
hivcndi-r). i<\u..Arm,rii<striim. Phimhni,in(\

rigidleaves; less coniiii..ii 1 li.in si.ii i.-.- an.l \,in.ria
oriental genus of slow-L' I. . . i : ..iii

rockeries. Prop.byscc .] I !

carefully on a warm lint .. 1 I. .! I..!.!.,-

transplanted when plant .1 i-li to hanrll.

cuttings made in late s 1 1 1
by very carefuUv mado .i
species in the Flora (hi. 1
tung Acantliolimon, .St. i'l

glumiceum, P.oiss. Height 6 in.: lvs. green: fls.
small, rosr, on oni -sided, spicate racemes, 6-9 in each
short. donsospiki-Ict. .Tuly-Sept. Armenia. F.S. 7:677.
On. :il:.-,'.l2. R.H. 1S91, p. 489.

veniistum, Boiss. (Armerii'mtrnm dinnthUldilim, O.

red in a frame;
irr describes 74
liunge. Die Gat-

Abo

-20 i

■ach

fls.
spike-

Keller and W. M.

ACANTHOMINTHA. Labidlcp. Thorny Mint. Ten-
der aunual, with the habit of Lainium. Its chief inter-
est is botanical, the nearest relative of the genus being
the Brazilian genus Glechon. Only two species known.
Prop, by seeds in spring under glass.

ACANTHOMINTHA

ilicifdlia, Gray. Height 6 in.: Its. petioled, c
bluntly toothed: fls. 3-8 in a whorl, chiefly purple,
yellow and white marks. Calif. B.M. 67.50. lut.
— Less desirable than Lamium, which see.

ACANTHOPANAX (a thorny Pan.ax-like plant).
lid.cecE. Hardy ornamental trees and shrubs : Ivs.
nate, long-petioled, lobed or digitate, deciduous: fl

ACANTHUS

11

conspicuous, in umbels , petals and stamens 5 : fr. a
black 2-5 seeded beirj Cent Asiaand Himalayas. Prop,
by seeds or by root-cuttings; A.pentaphijllum also by
hardwood cuttings.

A. Li'S. simple, palmately lohed.

Tmjg.lbXia.m.'&fifimJ Arilia MaximbwicziiMoTt. Kalo-
n^Dx ricinifdliu>n,Miq.). Tree, 80 ft.: branches with
^-simerous stout prickles: Its. deeply 5-7-lobed, 9-14 in.
in diam., downy beneath when young ; lobes oblong-
lanceolate, serrate : inflorescense terminal, large, com-
pound. Japan. F.S. 20: 2067.-A very ornamental tree
of striking subtropical effect. A new form from Japan
has the Its. less downy beneath and with short, broad
'o**^^- AA. Lvs. digitate.

sessiliildrum, Seem. {Panax sessilifldriim, Rupr. &
Max.). Shrub, 12 ft.: branches with only few prickles:
leaflets mostly 3, oboTate-laneeolate or "oblong-lanceo-
late, cuneate, acuminate. 4-7 in. long, irregularly cre-
nate-serrate, nearly smooth: fls. dull purplish, sessile, in
globular heads on stout, downy peduncles. Manchuria,
N.China. G.C. 111.22: 339. Gt. 11: 3U9.- The freely pro-
duced heads of black berries are decorative.

pentaphjllum. Marsh. (.4. spinosum, Hort., not Miq.
Ardlia pentaphijtla , Thunb. ) . Shrub, 5-10 ft. : branches
long and slender, with few compressed, straight prickles :
leaflets 5-7, oblong-ubovato or oblong-lanceolate, cuneate,
acute, %-iyim. long, crenate-serrate, smooth: fls. green,
in long and slender-peduncled umbels; styles 5, connate.
Japan. — A graceful shrub, with arching branches and
bright green, shining foliage, excellent on rocky hanks
and slopes. Var. variegitum, Hort. Lvs. edged white.
P.S. 20:2079.

A.aculedtum, Seem. Spiny shrub: leaflets 3-5, shortly peti-
oled, glabrous. Himalayas.— .1. diooricdeum, Seem. AUied to

A. sessiliflonim. Lvs. hairy bene.-ith: fls. pediceUed. Japan.—
A. Innovans, Franch. et Sav. Unarmed small tree: Its. fascicu-
late : leaflets 3-5, nearly sessile, glabrous. Japan.— A. sciado-
phyltaXdes, Franch. et Sav. Unarmed tree. 40 ft. : leaflets 5,
long petiohUate, glabrous. Japan.— .4, senticdsum, Harms. =
Eleutheroeoccus senticosus.— .4. spinbsityn, Miq. Allied to A.
pentaphyllum. Lvs. often sparingly .ippressed-setose .above :
peduncles shorter than petioles ; styles 2. separate. China.
Alfked Rehdeb.
ACANTHOPHIPPIUM. See Ara»tl,c,,hippium.

ACANTHOPHfENIX |.(A«,

Dlurni.

qually pin-
spines, the
1', scaly be-

natisect, m- '

narrow SCU-hm U - Iim :ir I:iim'. .-l.-il.-. .■i.-lln

low, midrib and nerves ])roniiuciit. tlie tiiii
recurved at the base, rachis somewhat 3-sided, sheath
long, smooth or spiny: spadix twice branched, pendent,
with a short, thick peduncle, glabrous or tomentose,
smooth or spiny, the branches slender or thick and
twisted : spathes 2, compressed, deciduous : fls. red or
orange : f r. black, scarcely longer than a grain of wheat.
Species 3 or 4. Madagascar.

They need a temperature of 70°-90° F. ; neTer less than
60°. The rooting medium should be somewhat light, with
a quantity of crushed charcoal. Drainage should be very
carefully arranged, as they demand an abundance of
moisture. Prop, only by seeds, which may remain two or
three years in the seed-pan before genninating. For gen-
eral cult., see Palms and Areca.

Crinita, H.Wendl. {Areca erinlta, Bory). Trunk 50-60
ft.: Its. 7-13 ft. long ; petiole densely tomentose, 4-8 in.
long ; leaf-sheath 2}4-l%tt. long, thickly covered with
short brown bristles and spines; segments silvery white
beneath. Mauritius. F.S. 16:1706. F.E. 2:201.— Young
plants have pale, yellowish green lvs.

rtibra, H.Wendl. {Areca rubra, Bory). Trunk 60 ft.:
lvs. 6-12 ft. long ; petiole glabrous, 2-4 in. long ; leaf-
sheath 2'i4-i%tt. long, thickly covered with long brown-
black spines; pinn® slightly glaucous beneath: fr. glo-
bose, K-%in. in diam., with a prominent ridge extending
from the stigma to the base. Mauritius and Isl. Bour-
bon.—Young plants have dark green Ivs. with red veins.
Jared G. Smith and G. W. Oliver.

ACANTHORHlZA {„k,u,tl,„. tli,.™, ami rliiza, root).
Palmdcew, tvihe Coifu'ln n . Spin. I.ss pahrj. with a rather
robust caudex, densely cl.itlic. I w it) i tlic h.is.-s of the dead
sheaths; roots spinesci'Tit :it tli.' Iiasc: Ivs. terminal, the
orbicular blade deeply cut iiiti> :>- to many-parted cunei-
form segments, glaucous below, without any rachis ;
petiole flattened or convex above, smooth on the margins ;
sheath short, fibrous : spadix compressed : the short

(white: bracts
the branches,
liduous. Spe-
■ih of the soil
ip. by seeds in

peduncle and spreading thicke
and spathes elongated towai
coriaceous, deciduous; bract
cies 2 or 3. Cent. Amer. A
given them should be vegeta
bottom heat.

acule&ta, H.Wendl. ( Chamctrops siauracdntha, Kort. ) .
St. spiny at base : lvs. orbicular, with a narrow sinus
at the base, whitish beneath. Mex. I.H. 26:367. B.M.
7302.— Succeeds in an intermediate house.

Chiico, Dnide {Tlirinax CVikco, Mart.). St. smooth,
about 30 ft. liigh, 9-10 in. in diam., slender, flexuous : lvs.
orbicular, with a narrow sinus at the base ; petioles slen-
der, 3-6 ft. long, smooth; blade 6 ft. in diam., diTided to
or beyond the middle; segments 1.5-20, lanceolate, acute,
1-2 in. wide, dark green above, paler and glandular be-
low. Braz.

The following species .are rarely seen outside of botanic gar-
dens, and need stove temperature : A. Wdllisi, H. Wendl.
Hab. «-A. Warscewiczii, H. Wendl. Pan.ama.

Jared 6. Smith and G. W. Oliver.

ACANTHUS ((!*a««(OS, thorn). Acanthdcece. Bear's
Breech. Mostly hardy herbaceous perennials of vigorous
growth and broad foliage, suitable for backgrounds of
borders and subtropical effects. The acanthus leaf is one
of the commonest of art forms. The ornamentation of
the Corinthian column is said to have been suggested
by A. spinosua. Height 3-4 ft.: spikes l-l>^ft. long ;

ACANTHUS

dull white to rose or purplish. Mostly southern
. mollis may have suggested the more conven-
tionalized acanthus leaf of Roman architecture. Must be
deeply mulched N. in winter. They need a rich, light,
well-drained soil and much sunshine. Excessive moisture
is fatal, especially in winter and spring. Fall-planted
stock should always be protected for the winter by long

^^

( 1889). The maples are among our most ornamental and
^aluable trees for park and street planting. Nearly
all assume a splendid color in autumn, especially the
species of N. Amer. and E. Asia, which surpass by far
the European maples. Many of them ai^ valuable tim-
ber trees, and some American species, especially A.
sii,;-j,„fnti. j.nMiiK'e sugar. For purposes of shade,
111' - 11 .1 II r maple is best and most popular.
Ill' I iiiakes a very dense and round head,

aril I I . ill ' I I r lawns, but it is too low-headed for
till II. 1 I!, silver maple, 4. socc7iarmMm and its
vars., is !il<o popular where quick-growing trees are de-
sin d The Japanese maples are among the most strik
iiig and show} cxotit small trees, and are adajiti d f( r
hoc grounds and for ;,i «iiig in | t-- Pr i 1 \ ids
sown in autumn, or 1 1

( irh ripening spi
h/ion must bt s( \m -.

ITld

t'

13. Acanthus spinosissimus. 14.

litter or evergreen boughs, even where established plants

are hardy. Prop, by division in spring or early autumn,

and by seeds. Cult, by J. B. Keller.

A. Lvs. spiny.

spinosissimus, Desf. Fig. 13. Lvs. dark green, pin-
nately parted ; spines glistening: fls. infrequent; autumn;
spikes loose, pilose or glabrescent: spines of the bracts
recurved.

spindsus, Linn. Lvs. lanceolate, pinnatifid, pubescent;
spines short, whitish: fls. smaller than in the last; sum-
mer ; spikes dense, slightly villous. B. M. 1808. Gn.
8: 147.

AA. Zrvs. not spiny.

mbllis.Linn. Fig. 14. Lvs. 2 x 1 ft '■-
pinnatifid, mostly radical: fls. siiiiini' i
beseent. Gn. 52.p.2.39.-Also reciii,-
plant. Var. latif dlius, JIoTt.(A. hihi'
tdnicus, Hort.) is larger and hardi'.i . i ■

longifdliuB, Poir. Lvs. radical, louge
than in A. mollis , bright green: fls. June.— Though said
to be a stove species in En., it is the hardiest of all at
Cambridire. Muss.

ntely

ad narrower

ilicifoli.-
under gLii

or sinuate-spinose. W. Afr. B.M. 6516. Stove species.
ACER (classical Latin name), .f./,

w, radical, in
'.—.i.cardui-
118 (Dilivaria
ith leaves re-
. . by cuttings
Lvs. pinnatifid

w 01 ked on imported sto( I s 11/ '

1 I f tilt gaidtn forms and \ i i i i t
M Ot li.9i, see, also, G t 11 H \l ut

« ing spe( les of maple are cult in this conn

I strc, No 8 < arpinifolium, 28, (ininatum,

lium, 10, dasjcarpum 1, riondanum "j,

L -4 , glabrum, 14 , grandidmtatum, b , IIil

drcichi, 20; insigne, 22; Italum, 7; Japonicum, 17; laj-

tum, 12; macrophyllum, 18; Monspessulanum, 9; Ne-

gundo, 31; nigrum, 4; Nikoense, 29; palmatum (poly-

morphum), 16; Pennsylvanicum, 27; pictum, 11; pla-

tanoides, 13; Pseudo-plantanus, 19; rubrum, 2; rufinerve,

20; saccharinum, 1; sacchanim, 3; spicatum, 25; Ta-

taricum, 23; Trautvetteri, 21; truiicatum, 10.

A. Foliage of simple, mostly palmate lvs. [oecasionally
3-foHolate in No. 14); fls. polygamous or monce-cious.

B. Bloom appearing long before the lvs. in dense lateral
' T in May or June.

rn'rpum, Erhr. A.
in. Fig. l.'j. Large

1 cleft, 4-0 in. long,
1 1 ; lobes deeply and
,. a|)etalous: fr. pn-

S.S. 2:93. '

cdrr

Michx

tree, 120 ft.: lvs. .In ! i .

green above, silverj I

doubly serrate: fls. ^tv i ni- li \
beseent when young. E. N. An
1:137. Em. 550. — Ornamental tree, with wido-sji
ing, slender branches, growing best in rich and moist
soil, but succeeds almost anywhere. Lvs. turn clear
yellow in fall. Many garden forms: Var. Wi4ri, Schwer.
{var. Wie-n laciniatnm, Hort.). Branches pendulous:
lvs. deeply cleft, with dissected lobes. A graceful va-
riety, remarkable for its drooping branches and finely
divided foliage. Var. heterophyllum, Hort,. (var. htttro-
phylhtm hiriuialum. Ilcrt.). ITpriglit: lvs. deeply cut
or lobed. Var. tripartitum, Hort. I'priglit : lvs. :i-
parted. Var. lut^scens, Hort. Lvs. yellow, lironze-col-
oreii wli.n iinrol.ling. Var. albo-variegatum, Hort.
(viii. ./'(/- ,, , Ihit,.). Lvs. spotted with white or rosy
I'iii \ I 111 [lum, Hort. Lvs. deeply cut and crimped.
-I, : iiily supposed this species to be the

siiL'ir iii:i|,|i . mill named it accordingly. He did not
know the true sugar maple.

2. rtbrum, Linn. Red or Scarlet Maple. Fig. Ifi.
Large tree, 120 ft.: lvs. 3-Q-lobed, 3-4 in. long, green

beneath; lobes unequally
fls. red or scarlet, rarely yellowish;
•us. E. N. Amer. S.S. 2:94. Em. r,^,l.
ii-y valuable tree for street and park
r'.at every season from its excellent
till =i.nrlet fls., bright red fruits in
' II I'lil fuliage, which turns bright

winged ijulklsial!..! .,ai.u,r.i... A^-i... . .i... i.UI;, l...\,-:.i,
N. Amer., Europe. Monograph by Pa.x iu Engler's But.
Jahrb., 6: 287, and 8: 177 (188.5 and 1886), suppl. in the
same, 10:393 (1893), and Hook. Ic. Plant. 19, t. 1897

let. Var. Drummondi, Sarg. (yl. /?rMm?HO«di, Hook. &*
Am.). Lvs. large, mostly 3-lobed, tomentose beneath
fr. bright scarlet. S. states. S.S. 2:95. Var. tomento

ACER

13

Bum, Arb. Musp. (A. tomentdsum, Desf. A. i-«6r»»i,var.
fiUgcns, Hort.). Of moderate growth: Ivs. 5-lobed,
pubescent beneath: fls. bright red.

o. Fls. on long, pendulous, mostly hairy pedicels, in
almost sessile corymbs, appearing with the Ivs.,
apetalous; sepals connate.

3. s&ccharum, Marsh. {A. saccharhmm,Wangh., not
Linn. A. barbatum, Michx.). Sugar or Rock Maple.
Fig. 17. Large tree, 120 ft., v.-ith gray bark : Ivs. 3-5-
lobed, cordate, 3-G in. long, with narrow and deep si-
nuses; lobes acuminate, sparingly dentate, usually glau-
cous and glabrous beneath : fr. with little spreading
wings. E. N. Amer. S. 8.2:90. Em. 558. — An excellent
street and shade tree of upright, dense growth, turning
bright yellow and scarlet in autumn. It does well in
almost every soil. V.-ir. Rug61i (.1. Bug^li, Pax., A.
sdccharum, var. harliitfioii, Tre\.). Lvs. 3-lobed, gener-
ally broader than long, 2-5 in. across, pale green or glau-
cous beneath, and at length mostly glabrous, coriaceous;
lobes nearly entire. Centr. states. S.S. 2:91, as var.
nigrum.

4. nigrum, Michx. (A. sacchar)nnm, var. nigrum,
Torr. & Gray. A. sdccharum, var. nigrum, Britt.).
Black Maple. Fig. 18. Large tree, 120 ft., with black
bark: Ivs. cordate, with the sinus mostly closed, gener-
ally 3-lobed, with broad sinuses, the sides of the blade
mostly drooping, green and pubescent beneath ; lobes
acute, entire or obtusely toothed : fr. with diverging
wings. Centr. states. — Similar to A. saechariim, but of
duller appearance and less dense habit. Var. monumen-
tile [A. saccharlnum var. monumentdle. Temple). Of
upright, columnar habit.

5. Floridinum, ni,i|im. i J. J„, rl^Vniu . var. Florida-
num, Sa,ig.). Trrr, .. ' -<> ■■■ I : .tly truncate at
the base, 3-lobiil. I i n, beneath and

mostly tomentos. . ■ . ■ "r slightly 3-

lobed. Gulf stati:,,. .s..s. 2:;a. i...l'. l: lis.

6. giandidentElttim, Nutt. Tree, 40 ft. ; petioles com-
paratively short ; Ivs. slightly cordate, 3-5-lobed, with
broad sinuses, 2-3 in. across, pubescent beneath, coria-
ceous; lobes acute or obtuse, entire or slightly 3-lobed:
corymbs few-flowered, short-stalked. Rocky Mts. S.S.
2:92.

(or A dasycarpum)

00. Fls. in distinctly peduncled corymbs or short um-
bellate racemes, mostly erect, with petals and
distinct sepals.

D. Zivs^ 3-5-lobed, with obtuse, entire or obtusely toothed
lobes: corymbs short-stalked : ovary pubescent :
winter-buds with several outer scales.
7. Italum, Laulh. Small tree, 30 ft. : Ivs. 5-lobed, 3-5

in. long, glaucous beneath and at length glabrous; lobes

obtusely dentate, the middle ones often 3-lobed: corymbs

somewhat drooping : fr. with slightly spreading wings.
S. Eu., Orient.— A variable species, similar to a small-
leaved sycamore maple. Var. HyTcanum, Pax. (A.
Eyrcclnum,¥.&M.. A. Taiiricum, Sort. A.trilobitum,
Hort., not Lam.). Petioles very slender, red, 2-4 in.
long ; segments of the Ivs. 3-lobed, with straight margins.

16. Red Maple.— Acer rubrum.

b. stamluate rtowers; a, c. pistillate flowets.

8. camp^stre, Linn. Shrub or tree, occasionally 50 tt ,
with corky branches : Ivs. 3-5-lobed, lJ^-3Hin. long,
green and pubescent beneath or nearly glabrous; lobes
entire or the middle ones slightly 3-lobed : corymbs
erect, hairy : fr. with horizontally spreading wings.
Eu., W. Asia. — Shrub or tree of moderate, dense growth,
with dull green foliage, valuable for planting as under-
growth and on dry ground. Many varieties and garden
forms : Var. argfinteo-variegatum, Hurt. Lvs. with
large white )>lcitilii-s. V:ir. pulverulentum, Hort. Lvs.
sprinkled witli white. Var. Austriacum, 1)( '. Usually^a

Taiiricum, Booth. Shrub: lvs. 5-lobed; small, lobes 3-
lobed. Var. hebecdrpum, DC. Fr. and generally the lvs.
beneath pubescent.

9. Monspessulanum, Linn. (A. trilobcitum, Lam.).
Slirul) "1- small tn-e, 25 ft.: lvs. 3-lobed, coriaceous, 1-3
in. arruss, ^liiiiing above, glaucous and glabrous be-
neath : ImIi, s , iitirc or with few obtuse teeth: corymbs
erect: fr. with slightly spreading wings. S. Eu., N.
Afr., W. Asia. — Shrub or small tree of slow growth, with
a dense, rounded head and in temperate regions nearly
evergreen foliage, thriving well in dry situations. Var.
IbSricum, Koch. (..1. Ib'ericum, Bieb.). Lvs. larger, the
inner lobes usually slightly 3-lobed, obtuse.

DD. Lvs. 5- or 7-lobed, green on both sides; lobes pointed,
entire or with few pointed teeth: ovary glabrous:
winter-buds with several outer scales.

10. trunc^tum, Bunge. Tree: lvs. deeply 5-lobed and
mostly truncate at the base, 2J^-4 in. across, glabrous;
lobes acuminate, setosely pointed, sometimes the middle
ones 3-lobed : fr. with short, diverging yellow wings.
N. China.-Hardy tree, with handsome, dense foliage.

11. pictum, Thunb. Tree, 60 ft.: lvs. 5- or 7-lohed, 3-7
in. across, usually pubescent beneath when young ;
lobes entire, acuminate, sometimes very broad and short:
fls. yellow: wings of the fr. upright, brown or brownish
yellow, hardly twice as long as the nutlets. Manchuria,
Japan. Handsome tree, with bright green foliage. Var.
Mono, Maxim. Lvs. more cordate : wings of the fr.
reflexed.

12. latum, C. A. Mey. Tree, 50 ft. : lvs. 5-7-lobed,
mostly cordate, 3-6 in. across, glabrous; lobes entire,
acuminate : fls. greenish yellow : wings 2-3 times as
long as the nutlets. Orient, Himalayas.— Much resem-
bling A. pictum., but lvs. lighter green and of more
membraneous texture. Var. rubrum, Hort. (A. Cdlchi-
cum, var. riibrum, Hort.). Lvs. dark blood-red when

14 ACER

unfolding. Var. tricolor, Hort. Lvs. dark blood-red,
sprinkled with rosy pink when young. These two beau-
tiful forms usually remain shrubby.

13. platanoides, Linn. Norway Maple. Fig. 19.
Large tree, 100 ft. : lvs. 5-lobed, cordate, 4-7 in. across,
glabrous; lobes pointed, remotely serrate : fls. yellowish
green : . fr. with horizontally spreading wings. Eu.,
Caucasus. — Large, handsome tree, with round, spread-
ing head, resembling somewhat A. i^ftcrharum. The
lvs. turn pale yellow in autuuin. ^Miniy -iircU-n forms,
some of which are here anjiiL'i 'I in fwi (.-roups: the
first being chiefly remarkal.l' li] t!i. niiniier in which
the lvs. are cut; the secuii4 Ih m,- .|,i,iiy remarkable
for their coloring.

(1) Var. cucullAtum, Nichols. Lvs. irregularly and
shortly lobed, crimpled, light green. Var. disa^ctum,
Jacq. Similar to var. Lorbergi, but with darker foliage
and of slower growth. Var. globdsum, Hort. Forming
a globose head. Var. laoini4tum, Ait. Lvs. irregularly
divided, the divisions bending downwards : growth
upright. Var. Ldrbergi, Van Houtte. Lvs. divided
nearly to the base, divisions deeply lobed.

(2) Var. 41bo-varieg4tum, Nichols. Lvs. with large
white blotches. Var. ailreo-marginitum. Pax. Lvs.
with yellow margin, somewhat irregularly lobed. Var.

the

vigor-

OCl-.-' .,:•!!'. !;.pi.-;,l f.il-n;-., ;.!■.■ Iiar.h, . ^.'ll in NeW

En-'.i' • , >. ■. iiio-t \ .irii'-:il.'a l'"i-m-. :ir^- more ten-

dci-. I .■ . :■' I iiiiMri!> -liail^a >itu;i;i.ais and in

WL-U i,;\..:i'-_'l. i.'L-r-U. TliLTL- aiL- ni;iiiy Miriitii-s, mostly
introduced from .Japanese gardens, of which the follow-
ing are some of the best. They may bo divided into 5
groups, representing various degrees of dissection of
the leaves :

(1) A. palmatum, var. Thiinbergi, Pax. J^l. palmA-

long-lancclalr, c,ia|--i ly ali.l elm

Var. atropurpureum,\ai] Ih.uiii
purple, coarsely doubly s. 1 1 : ■
sanguineum, Hort., is brigli 1
darker red than var. a//-
Koch. (var. atropurpuretim
dark purple, with large earn.
half purple and half carmine,
Lvs. yellow. Var. versicolor, Vs
green, with large

lor cleft; lob
serrate or incised.
.-.2n,,-. Lvs. dark
• -' '■' r.?:::. Var.

;;;i,Hort.,

bicolor.

17. Common Sugar Maple.— Acer saccharum

Reitenbachi, Nichols. Lvs. greenish red when unfold-
ing, turning dark blood-red in late summer. Var.
Schw^dleri, Koch. Lvs. bright red when young,
changing to dark green.
DDD. Lvs. S-5-lobe.d or S-foliolate, doubly serrate: %vin-
ter-budti small, with 2 valvate scales.

14. glibrum, Ton-. [A . D„;,,ih,si, Hook.). Shrub or
small tree, 25 ft., qiiiif ^'latimns : petioles bright red ;
lvs. deeply 3-5-l<il'r.l or :i ]iarliii, 1-5 in. across, dark
green and shinin:,- alioxa, jiali- nr glaucous beneath;
lobes doubly scrrat. . W. X. .\in. r. S.S. 2: 89. -Hand-
Some shnit.hy ]na]p|f. with f^M-aia^fiil. ^lliuing foliage,
contrast! II l; v.tII miiIi ili,' i-.d |..ti(.lrs aial liranches: fr.

tripartitum, I'ax. (A.tripart\-
usually 3-loIiukitu.
DDDD. Ta's. f)-ll-loht'd. lobes serrate: corymbs long, pe-
(linicled: iriiilei-biids with 2 valvate scales.

15. circinatum, Pursh. Pmall tn-e. rarely 40 ft.:
oles a.ii] |...lni,ri,., MalM-u, ; I'.,-, 7 ■< i;,I,ed, 2-

Lvs.

peti-

droopi

\\". N. Amer.
Mj -■■iiii . I ...J I ,1.11 M ■■' ..r^lirub, beau-
tiful with ii.^ .1. li.aiv lii;lii ^n-in L.h.ii;. , red fls., rose-
colored fr., and its orange and scarlet fall coloring.

16. palmatum, Thunb. (A. polymSrphttm , S. & Z.).
Japan Maple. Shrub or small tree, 20 ft. : petioles and
peduncles glahron-- : 1v". r.-!i-l"licd or divided, 2^ in.
across, glabrous, l-i 1,1. , a ■nmiiiari-, doubly ser-
rate or incised : ■ --! . I . I, I n ,t, with"small
purple fls. Japan i •: m;. A. 1\ 12: 11. -This
species and A. ./^v '""""' '•''' known as Japanese

■--' . lUe lobes
ar, aiireum, Nichols.
Houtte. Lvs. bright
P.S. 14:1498. Var.
rdseo-marginitum. Van Houtte.
Lvs. small, deeply cut, with nar-
row pink margin. Var. crlspom,
Andr^. Fig. 20, e. Lvs. small, with
involute margins; of distinctly up-
right growth. I.H. 13: 43.

(2) Var. sept^mlobum, Koch
{A. sephhnlnhiuii, Tlnuib.). Lvs.
mostly 7-lobcd; lohcs lirnad, equal-
ly doubly serrat. , \- : . ralinim,
Schwer. Lvs. lar^n , , , , ' 'u
young, becominf; all . r,
Var. retioul4tum, .\n ,i. . In. ju,
a. Lvs. greenish yLllu,i,„i;li t;" l"
margin and dark green veins. I.H.
13:18. Var. tricolor, Hort. Lvs.
with red, pink and white spots.

(3) Var. linearllobum, S. & Z.
(var. scolopendrifdliiim, Hort.).
Lvs. divided nearly to the base ;
lobes linear, remotely sewate or
nearly entire. Var. atroUne&re,
Schwer. (var. linearllobum atro-
purpiireum, Nichols., var. pinnati-

fdlium atropurpt'treum, Hort.). Lvs. dark red.

(t) Var. dissdctum, Koch (A. poli/mdrphum, var.
''■'"' "...S.^V: Z.). Fig.20, A Lvs. divided to the

h.i ■' I atitid lobes. S.Z.1;14«. Var. omatum,

la: /i(»io(ropMryMreM)H,Hort.). Fig.20.(i.

1.1 in|.| .,;. deep red. Var. Frederici-GuilWmi,
I'arr, (var, pitnintUidum rbseo -plctum , Lem.). Lvs.
finely cut, green, with white and pink spots, LH.
14:523. R.H. 1867:391.

(5) Var. sessilifilium, Maxim. Lvs. deeply cut, with
very short petioles. G.C. II. 16. Of little decorative

17. Japdnicum, Thunb. Fig. 20, 6. Small tree or shrub:
petioles and pcdunclci downy when young ; lvs. 7-11-
lobed, cord:itr, :• i; in, :uv •-•, li^rlit ^rcrtuwitli silky hairs
when unf<ihi;n ■ I. i • - • :n , .h.ul.lv s.-rrat.-: fls. large,
purple. Jay I !. Var, macrophyllum, Van
Houtte. Lv , . - in Var, aureum, Hort. Lvs.
yellow. Var. Tarsoiisi, \ ..in.li, (var, lilirif,)li,im, Hort.).
Lvs. large, diviilcd nearly to the base in 9-11 pinnaiisect
segments.

ccc. Fls. in elongated, distinctly peduncled racemes or

panicles.

D. Lvs. distinctly S-lobed, large.

18. macroph^Uuni.Pursh. Large-leaved Maple. Tree,
100 feet hiirh : lvs, cordate, deeply .3-5-lobed or cleft, pu-
),p..,.,.„t win.,. <■..,, ,i.j-. falo -re,.„ heneath, 8-12 in. across',

niiaiii- i.iii- 1"- '■■ ;i.,L,,i r nn.^ ]M-ndulous: fr. with

y.lj. ■ n n n W. N. Amer. S.S.

2:sii : li : III .;. I'l. 1 ti-ii-, remarkable for

ACER

19 PseMo-plitanus, Lmn Sipamore Maple Tree,
70 ft lugb hs '"ilciliui 1 o list h crenate serrate 3H-7
in across d- 1 i _t t il sinuous and mostly gla-

brous In ii itli 1 us fr glabrous Eu ,

■Caucasus —I It us growth, witli large,

spreading li li i n lu exposed situations

Man} \ uiLtiLs ml _ 11 nil 1 mis
Var villosum, 1 1 al L\i thaita
ceous pubescent beneath Var
purpurdscens, P-ix (rirs putpu
renin and atiopnipuieum, Hort )
Lvs puiphsh Kd b, n, ith of lo
bustgiowth \ 11 Handieryi.'spith

ACER

15

glabrous, drooping. E. N. Amer. S.S. 2 :84, 85. Mlchx.
Hist. Arb. 2:17. Em. 566.— Handsome medium-sized
tree of upright, dense habit, willi bright i;reen, large
foliage, turning clear yellow in nuTunni. juid attractive
even in winter from its smooth, Lrrniish l,iirk, striped
with white.

ILtiuli,

purplish luni all lui.lit nd whin
unfolding \ ar Worleei, H< it \\ a
luteieens,B-OTt ) L\ s m How \ u
Albo-yarieg«um, H. it I\s ,iitli
white blotches and spots \ n tri-
color, Hort L^ s spotted ^^lth led
•changing to white

20 Hfildreichi, Orph Tree lvs
5-lobcd, the middle incisions reach
ing ne-irly to, the outer half wa\ to
the base, 3-5 m across, glabrous,
•dark green and shining abo^ e,
glaucous beneath , lobes coarsely
•and doublv seriite p-inicle erect,
long stalked o\ iti s r Eu Gt.
.34 lib") (f ( II K. Ill

21 Traatvetten M. d« {A veliiti
Boiss ) Las sli^litl\ loidate, deeply 5 lobed 5-7 m
across, glaucous bene ith and pubescent when -(oung,
lobes coarsely crenate serrate panicle erect ovite Can
casus Gt 40, pp 264-2G6 B M 6697 - bimilar to A
insigne, but hirdier -ind with smaller leaves

22 msigne r i ' r ' f i +1 1 " i Ud
rteiph <oi,lit, ' _lui

Hort

DDD ii

•lot lohtd,

led, (Jonhhj seiiate,

28 carpimidlium, S & Z 1
30 ft lvs oblong ovate, acnin
serrate, nearly glabrous, 3-(i i
S Z 2 142 G C II 15 564 -
cies, the lvs are almost exact

not h

Lvs
Lvs .

DD -i/ts moiytly S lobed or Without lobes, g7ten hituath

23 Tat&ncum, Lmn Shrub or small tree, 20 ft lvs

roundish o^ al or oblong, cordate, sometimes slightly

lobed, 2-4 in. long, doubly serrate, nearly glabrous fls

white. S. E. Eu , Orient

, growing best in somewhat

e, 20 ft. : lvs 3 lobed
inal lobe elongated

ipan

in long peduncled panicle
—Round-headed small tret
moist soil.

24. Ginn&la, Max. {A. Tn
Hort.). Fig. 21. Shrub or smal
l/^-3Kin. long glabrous, the '
doubly serrate : fls. in louir
lowish, fragrant. Manoliuri,,
1877: .308.- Graceful shruli, v
ing bright red in autumn ; i -; : ; :i substitute
for the Japanese maples \>.. .• •!.• - ,ii.> not hard}
Var. Semendvi, Pax. {A. ,s, ,/,. „/,i .. i^cijcL) Shrub
lvs. smaller, deeply 3- or nearly 5-lobed. Turkestan

25. spioitum. Lam. Mountain Maple. Shrub or
small tree, rarely .30 ft.: lvs. 3- or slightlj 5 lobed,
coarsely serrate, pubescent beneath, 2)-2-4H in long
racemes rather dense, long, upright: fr. with dnerging
wings, bright red in summer. E.N.Am. S.S 2 82,83
— Valuable as undergrowth: lvs. turn yellow and scarlet
in fall.

20. ruJin^rve, S. & Z. Tree with striped bark
branches glaucous when young : lvs. rounded at the
base, 3-lobed, 3-5 in. long, doubly serrate, ferrugine-
ously pubescent beneath when young : racemes ferru-
gineously pubescent. .Tapan. S.Z. 2:148. Var. dlbo-lim-
batum, Hook. Lvs. cd-cd with white. B.M. 5703.

27. Pennsylv4nicum,Linn.(.l..s7j-i(5/»»(,Dur). Striped
Maple. Moosewood. Tree, rarely 40 ft.: bark greenish,
striped with white lines : lvs. slightly cordate, roundish-
obovate, 3-lobed at the apex, 6-8 in. "long, finely serrate,
ferrugineously pubescent beneath when young: racemes

B Pituiles and yoximi In

2<l Nikoense Mi in

villous pubes( ent bene itb
Japan G F 6 185 -Very
liant scarlet in autumn

nclies with a rufous, villous
ntnal few flowered lacemes:
11/ scales

40 ft leaflets ovate or ob-
irsely serrate 2-5 in long,

fi hairy, with large wings.

distinct, lvs turning bril-

19, Acer platanoides.

BE. Petioles and branches smooth or velvety pubescent:

fl^. in long lateral racemes: ivinter-buds with Z

or 4 outer scales.

30. cissifdUum, Koch. (]S'eg<mdo cissifUium, S. & Z.).

Small tree: leaflets 3, long-stalked, ovate or elliptic,

cuneate, coarsely serrate, ciliate, 2M-4 in. long: fls. in

16

ACER

long, upright racemes, with petals. Japan.— Handsome,
round-headed tree, with slender, spreading branches and
graceful bright green foliage, turning orange-yellow and
scarlet in autumn ; hardy.

0, Linn. (IVeg^ndo fraxinifblinm , Nutt. iV.
ocerolrfcs, Mbnch. ). Ash-leaved Maple. Box Elder.
Large tree, 70 ft. : Ivs.
pinnate ; leaflets 3-5,
ovate or oblong-lanceo-
late, coarsely
3-lobed, mostly gla-
brous, 2-5 in. long: fls.
before the Ivs. ; stami-
nate fls. in pendulous
corymbs, pistillate fls.
in pendulous racemes.
E. N. Amer. S. S. 2:
96. Michx. Hist. Arb.

Japan.— 4. Siscii. Spach.

tutaricum.— A. €00-

iliforuicum.— A. CalifdV'

caplllipei. Max.

glabrous. JaiMin.-

ci„rr,ism,s. Boiss

th

W.,whi'i
for shell
picturi'. 1

Calitdrnienm, Diftr. Xajiiiido Lkilifiniiciim, Torr. &
Gray). Branches pubescent when young: leaflets .'),
densely pubescent beneath. W. N. Amer. S.S. 2:97.
Nutt. N. Am. Sylr. 2:72. Var. viol4ceunI, Arb. Muse.
( .1 . r-ilifr'tniir,,',, . TT n-t.). A vigorously growing form;
liiiinrlir |.M!|.|' It "I'll L-lnucous bloom or finely pubcs-
iriii\v!i ; iiH^nteo-variegtltum, Hort. Lvs.

Willi i.i.i! 111. Probably the most effective

of nil v., M.-,; Ill -1 liiini:, trees. F.S. 17:1781. Var. aOreo-
maculatum, lliirf. Lvs. spotted with yellow. Var. adreo-
margin&tum, Hort. Lvs. with yellow margin. Var.
auratum, Spiith. Lvs. yellow. Var. crispum, G. Don.
Leaflets eurlpil. These horticultural varieties may bo
grafted on common Box Elder .seedlings. Box Elder
also grows from hardwood cuttings, like the grape.

A. acumin&tum. Wall. (A. caudiitum, Wall.
Hort.. not Wall.). Tree: lvs. .i-lel.e.l, Jeeiib
Himaliiyas. G.C. II. 15: SCt.-.l ,rr,,)',fni . V
lvs. small, 5-7-lobed, doubl.v ^.nii- mniv
G.C. II. 15: 725. Hardy and -1
Tratt.=.4. campestre, var. .\ u - 1
A. saccharum.— .4.. torWnirue, -M.r, .\iiie.l in.

Trautvetteri.— -i. iUlosum. Wall, Tiill tree: lvs, r.-Iolje.I. eor-
date, 6-8in. across, tomentose below, coarsely serrate. Hima-
layas.—4. Vimmianum. Mill.=A. dasycarpum.— .-l. Zoeschinae,
Pax.=A. neglectum, Lange. Alfred Rehdek.

ACERANTHUS

ACEBANTHUS (a flower without horns). Berberi-
dctcece. Slender, hardy, herbaceous perennial.

A. dlphyllus. Jlorr. & Decne. ( Epimedium diphyllum, Lodd.).
Plant rhizomatous : leaflets obliquely cordate, green above,
glaueousbeneath: fls. small, bhiish white. Japan. B.M.3448.
L.B.C. 19: 1858.

ACHANIA. See Malvaviscus.

ACHILLEA (its virtues said to have been discovered
by Achilles). Compdsita. Includes Ptarmica. Hardy
herbaceous border and alpine plants of easy culture.
Dwarf kinds make carpets in dry, sunny places. Large
kinds suitable for wild gardens. Lvs. simple, compound
ortemate: fl.-heads small, corymbose.— Prop, in spring
by division, cuttings and seeds ; chiefly by the first
method.

A. Hays about 5, except in double forms, half as long as
the ovate-oblong involucre; fls. white, red, or

^*^ ""'■ B. Fls. white or red.

Millefdlitun, Linn. Milfoil. Yarrow. Height 1-3 ft. :
lvs. bi-pinnately parted, segments linear, 3-,t clefts fls. in
flat corymbs. June-Oot. Eu., Asia, Amer. Common in
pastures. D. 95.— Less commonly cult, than vars. m-
brum and roseum, with red or purple fls.
BB. Fls. yellow.

Toumefartu, DC. (A. ^gypttacn, Linn.). Height 12-
18 in. : lvs. pinnatisect ; segments roundish, coarsely
toothed : fls. pale yellow. June-Get. Greece.

HUpenduIina, Lam. (A. Eiipatdriiim, Bieb.). Height
4-5 ft. : stem erect, furrowed, almost hairy; fls. in dense,
convex compound corymbs, often 5 in. across. June-
Sept. Orient. — Needs staking.

tomentosa, Linn. A woolly, carpet-like plant for rock-
eries. Height 8-10 in. Eu., Orient, N. Am. B.M. 498.
Gn. 52, p. 421.

AA. Hays 6-20, as long as or longer than the rotund

or campanulate involucre ; fls. white.

B. IfVS. not divided.

Ft&rmica, Linn. Sheezewort. Height 1-2 ft. : lvs.
serrate ; fls. in loose corymbs ; all summer. N. Temp.

ACHIMENES

17

Reg. -Its full-double var., the Pearl, Fig. 22, is much
used for cut-flowers and in cemeteries, and is one of
the most popular of all hardy herbaceous plants. There
are other varieties,
2

Sibirica, Ledeb. [A. Mongdlica, Fisch. A. ptarmi-
coldes, Maxim.). Denser than the last, more erect and
rigid : height 13>^-2 ft. : fls. larger and in more com-
pact corymbs. July-Sept.

BB. Lvs. deeply divided.

macrophylla, Linn. Height 3 ft.: lvs. long, broad.
July. Alps. Gn. .52, p. 421.— Better suited to shrubbery
than herbaceous border.

25. Achillea Ptarm

var. The Pearl.

Clavtoae, Linn. (Commonly spelled A. Clavenna;. A.
argintea, Hort., not Lam.). Dwarf, tufted, hoary alpine
plant : height 10 in. : lvs. dentate at apex ; segments
obtuse: fls. spring and summer. Eu. B.M. 1287. Gn.
52, p. 421. -Thrives in sand.

A. Ager&tum,\Jm.-a. Fls. yellow. En.— A. offemftffiKo, Benth.
& Hook. (Anthemis Aizoon). Tufted, wooUy, silvery gray: "

nate, smooth: fls. ^
—A. atrata, Liini.
late; caidine lvs. ]*
Schrad. Lvs. un-li\
rdta.Ail. ~

AJps.-

asplemfolii

fls. whit

M:iy-

£u.,0

nately parted, lol>es niiii;i ' nm, Linn.

I)w;irf, liairj-, woolly, :n.. iN. white.

.Spring. Eu. Used in niakn;^ i ii.r ri f. u -. I •'/'/. Linn.

Lvs. pinnatisect ; lobes cut : ris. winte. — .1. ;• ' ^V'".1.

Fls. pale yellow.— A. n/pestri*. Muter. Lv.s. '.. i r-

S.It.-lly. B.M. 6905.— J., sn.r I :,

lvs. pinnatisect, h.iiry-wooUy: fls. wliil. ' ~-

A. serrata.Retz. Lvs. pinnatifid, woolly: fls,\\lii!i Nit'iit'
—A.umbenata, Sibth. Very woolly rock plant, 4-.i in.: lvs, pin-
natifid ; lobes oblong, bluntish, entire or serrate : fls. white.
June. Greece. — A. Yaleslaca, Stein. Lvs. pinnately parted: fls.
white. June-Aug. Eu. t^ -jyj

ACHIM£N£S (Greek, cheimaino, to suffer from cold).
Gesnerdcem. Greenhouse herbs, allied to gloxinias, na-
tive to tropical Amer. Fls. axillary; the 5 calyx lobes
narrow and short ; the corolla tube cylindrical and limb
spreading; anthers 4, connivent in the corolla tube, and
a rudiment of a fifth stamen ; style long, usually ex-
serted, the stigma dilated or obscurely 2-lobed.

The rhizomes of Achimenes should be potted about
the first of April, in soil which has been made loose and
open by the addition of about one-third leaf-mold. Six
or seven of these in a 5-ineh pot, or nine or ten in a
6-inch one, make specimens of the most convenient
size. The young growth appears in about eighteen days,
and from that time onward great pains should be taken
to keep the soil moist, for a single severe drying will
ruin the plants. Liquid manure should be given twice

18

ACHIMENES

a week after flowering begins, i.e., toward the end of
May. The plants are generally tied up to slender s\ip-
ports as growth advances, and, so treated, make surpri--
ingly efifeetive specimens. They may also be allow, li
to grow naturally, when they will droop over the si.li ,
of the pots and flower profusely. Still another way i-;
to pinch off the tops of the growing plants when they
are i or 5 inches high. As this produces a branching
growth, a smaller number of rhizomes should be allowed
to each pot. The flowers of Achimenes are produced for
several months without cessation, i.e., until Oct., and
sometimes still later if the small-flowered kinds are
used. As soon as blossoming comes to an end, the plants
should be cut off level with the tops of the pots, which
should then be stor.-.l awiiy, pnftinir a rpverscd pot on
the top of eai-li ..n.' ihid ^t:iiHl- ni, it, i.n^,.. f"r .iili.-rwise
mice may destnr;, :i;i !'.,.■ i-..i.i-, ArliniMiii- -.iv jiropa-
gated usually !■> im .m- ■■( tUr ii;iiin:il in.'n!i-.r (if the
rhizomes, but ;i!l kimU tn:i\- hi- Lri-nwn fi-mii i-uttings.
Another way, wliidi ]iroduces many though weak plants,
is to rub off the scales and sow them as if they were
seeds. The roots should be separated from the soil dur-
ing the winter, and care should be taken that they do
not decay from getting too wet in the moist air of green-
house or cellar. Some of the best species are A. longi-
flora, purplish blue; A. longi flora var. alba maxima,
the best white kind ; A . priten.^ var. major, a large flower
of purplish rose; A. ju,h,,i,-'fi,,t„ , ..rnnse ; A. hefero-
p*3/i;a, tubular, a fiery ..I. M,;, :,i ,11, ( ml niul blazing yel-
low at the other. S'lim . : 1- 1 ..ri.ties are Am-
broiseVerscheffelt.wliii- • !k ..f violet lines;
Chirita, deep, intense \ ; ■]. 1 iIm. \. iili white throat;
Dazzle, small, vivid searlit, and lati-blooming ; Lady
Littleton, rich crimson; Masterpiece, rosy violet with
white throat; Mauve Queen, a very large and substantial
variety of A. lonr/i flora, pale purple; Rose Queen, rich,
rosy lake; Nisida, lavender, shading to white; Trevi-
rana rosea, like Dazzle, ex-
cept in color.For other points
in the culture of Achimenes,
see G.F. 7: 456, 477, 506,
518; 8: 16. In the grandiflora
group the tubers or bulbs
are clustered ; in the longi-

, growing
on the ends of root-like rhi-
zomes. The coccinea and
hirsuta groups (Pig. 23) are
late bloomers.

Cult, by W. E. Endicott.
The garden Achimenes are
much confused by hybridi-
zation, and it is doubtful if
any of the pure species are
in general cultivation in this
country. Years ago,the small
red-flowered types (of the
coccinea section) were fre-
quent, but modem evolution
has proceeded from the
broad-flowered purple spe-
cies. The following first
six species seem to have
contributed most largely to
the present garden forms.
isually not more than twice
the length of the limb.
B. Blossoms small, red or scarlet.
ooellita, Hook. Roots small and tuberous : St. 1-2
ft.: Ivs. rich green above and purple beneath, ovate,
strongly serrate, with conspicuous purplish petioles :
fls. small, 1 in. long, broad-tubed, spotted with black and
yellow, the lobes short and obtuse and well separated,
drooping on reddish peduncles. Panama. B.M. 4359.—
Fine for foliage.

ooccinea, Pers. Height, 1-2 ft. : st. reddish : Its. 3-
whorled or opposite, green, ovate-acuminate, serrate:
Hs. small, scarlet the corolla twice longer than the erect
lanceolate parted.calyx on short peduncles. Minute Ivs.

Fls. colored, the tube

ACHIMENES

heteroph:^Ila, DC. (A. i/jnf'scens, Lem. A. Ghiis-
hrrrhlii, Hort.). Root fibrous: st. 1 ft. or less, dark pur-
j'lf. --"iHewhat hairy: Ivs. ovate-acuminate, stalked, ser-
rair, the two of each pair usually unequal in size: fls.
s..|iiaiy. on peduncles somewhat longer than the leaf-
M.ilk-, InTii; tubular and slightly curved, with a narrow,
rn ' ' ' . Ill I'.iiri- liiiili. rich scarlet, yellow within.
^\■ !'■ 1 - riii- ~pi--cies has tubers like those of

pfMluiirul.ita, I'., nth. St. 1 5-^-2 ft., hairy, reddish: Ivs.
oppiisiti', Miiall, ovate, sharply serrate, green, hairy, on
short reddish stalks: fls. medium size, drooping and di-
lated upwards, yellow-red with dark markings and a
yellow throat, the limb comparatively short ; on long
(4-5 in.) bracted stems. Guatemala. B.M. 4077. — Stem
produces tubers.

BB. Blossom large, with wide limb, blue, violet
or purple.

longifldra, DC. Fig. 24. The root-like rhizomes pro-
ducing pear-shaped tubers at their ends : st. 1-2 ft..

24. Achimenes lonsiflora (X /--j).

hairy: Ivs. opposite or 3-4-whorled, ovate-oblong, ser-
rate, hairy, sometimes colored beneath: fls. solitary, the
corolla salver-shaped, with a long and graceful tube; the
linili M r\ lai-f,'!- and widely spreading, violet-blue and
wliitisli 1m ni'.ith. the lowest segment sometimes divided.
(^ti.iti mala H.M. 3980. P.M. 9: 151.— A popular type.

grandifldra, DC. Lvs. mostly larger than in last,
rusty below, often oblique at base: fls. very large, dis-
tmctly red-tmged. Mex. B.M. 4012.— Popular type.

pitens, Benth. Height. 1-1>^ ft.: Ivs. unequal, ovate-
acuminate, hispid and serrate : fls. violet-blue, with
downy calyx, tube shorter than spreading crenate limb.
Mex.

AA. Fls. pure white, the tube S-4 times the length
of the limb.

tubilldra, XMi..i-"ii, Snj.pl. p. i83 {Gloxinia tubifldra,
Hook. /'" ' ' '7.o-(T, Hanst.). St. short, with

oppositi

P»\t. 1
flora?—

often borne in the axils. Blooms late. Jama
of the older types. See Fig. 23,

•One

Guatemal.H. — .1 . .nAv/j
and hybrids are I^scli
fdrdii. ncegelioides, ni

e, short-petioled lvs. :
at the base, the tube
2 in. long. Argentina.
liki' a potato.
iilnra. — A. atrosangttinea,
Dicyrta c.indida. — A.

i, flvribunda, inter inidla. Jayli, Mount-
, veniiata (P.M. 15:121), Yerschaffiltii.
L. H. B.

ACHLYS

ACHLTS (the goddess of obscurity). Berberid&eea.
Hardy herbaceous perennial. Fls. minute, numerous,
spieate, on a slender scape.

triphylla, DC. Root-stock terminated by a strong-,
scaly winter-bud : Its. 1 or 2 ; leaflets 3, fan-shaped,
sinuate-dentate, 2%-s.o in.: scape 1 ft. long; spike 1 In.
long. Spring. W. N. Anier.— An interesting and deli-
cate plant. Int. 1881.

ACHKAS. See Sapo.nUo.

ACHYKANTHES. .^.e Inslnr.

ACIDANTHfiEA (in.iiitr.l antli,-rs). Iridctcea. Ten-
der liiii.acr.ius |»r(iii[iaN, iiit.iiiii-diate between Gladio-
lus anil Ixia. Lvs. many, linear ensiform, 1-lMft. long:
spikes 3-6-flowered. simple, lax ; Us. long-tubed, some-
what pendulous : conns roundish, flattened, covered with
a matted fiber. — Prop, by seed or by the numerous conns.

bicolor, Hochst. St. 15-18 in.: fls. creamy white,
blotched chocolate brown within, fragrant : corms 3^-1
in. in diam. Abyssinia. U.F. 1: 48G, 487. Gn. 47: lOU.
G.C. III. 20:393. Mu. 8: 11.- Requires a somewhat
stiffer soil than the tender species of Gladiolus. May be
grown in a tub outdoors during summer, and flowered
within during Oct. Several corms in a large pot give
good results. Corms should be dried as soon as lifted,
to prevent rot.

A. wquinoctiaUs. Baker. St. 3-4 ft., stout, stiffly erect: lvs.
strongly ribbed: fls. white, blotched crimson or piirple within:
corms large. Sierra Leone. B.51. 7393. May be a stronger
growing and more tropical iiorm of the above.

W. E. Endicott and W. M.

ACINfiTA ( immovable, the lip being jointless). Orch i-
d&cece. Stout epiphytes with interesting pendent scapes.
Pseudobulbs conspicuously furrowed, slightly com-
pressed : leaf-blades smooth, conspicuously veined,
plaited and pliable : fls. globose. As a genus it is too
near to Peristeria and Stanhopea. The species are
rarely seen, as they are less conspicuous in their color-
ing than many orchids. They require a warm house and
plenty of moisture during the growing season, with a
decided rest, to make them flower. Use baskets, not pots,
as the flower-spikes are produced from the base of the
bulbs, as in Stanhopea, and should have free egress or
they will be lost. Cult, by E. O. Orpet.

B&rkeri, Lindl. {Peristeria Bdrkeri, Batem.). Pseu-
dobulbs sub-conic, about 5 in. : leaf -blades longer than
in A. Huviboldtii: fls. 12 or more, in pendent racemes,
golden yellow spotted with brown. Mex. B.M. 4203. I.H.
2:44. Gn. 54, p. 332. P.M. 14:145.

Hiimboldtii, Lindl. Pseudobulbs ovate, about 3 in.:
leaf -blades about 1 ft. long, lanceolate, acute: scapes
pendent, 2 ft. long ; fls. 6 or more, chocolate colored,
about 2 in. in diam. Ecuador, high elevations. Gn.
3:11.

A.chrysAntha.lAnSi. Racemes pendent; fls. golden yellow,
with whitish labellnm and crimson or purplish column: label-
lum furnished with a long, blunt, papillose horn. Mex. — A.
densa, Lindl. (A. Warscewiczii, Klotzsch), Fls. subglobose, fra-
"" sh brown : label-
lEiea.— J^.Hnt-
bydna, Reichb. f . Fls. ivory white, in loose racemes ; lip spotted
purple.wlth erect side lobes. New Grenada. — A .^uicdfa, Reichb. f.
Similar to A. Humboldtii. Fls. yellow. Oakes Ames

AC0KANTH£BA (mucronate anthers). ApocynAcea.
Tender shrubs, cult, in greenhouses North, and outdoors
in Fla. and Calif. Fls. with the odor of jasmine, lasting.

specUbilis, G. Don. {Toxicophlaa spectdbilis, Bond.
T. Th^nbergii, Hort., not Harv.). Lvs. 3-5 in. long,
short petiolate, leathery, elliptic, acute, shining above:
fls. numerous, in dense axillary, branched, short cymes,
pure white, very sweet scented. Natal. B.M. 0359. R.H.
1879:270. G.P.6:185. G.C. 1872: 363.- Poisonous. The
plants cult, under this name are said by trade catalogues
to have pink or violet flowers.

venenata, G. Don. {ToxicopMoia cestroides, DC. T.
Thimbergii.S&Tv., not Sort.). Fls. white or rose. Dif-
fers from the above in the well marked venation of the
leaves, its flowers a third smaller, its calyx not pubescent,
and its corolla-limb less widely spreading.

ACONITE, WINTER. See Eranthls.

ACONITUM

19

ACONtTUM. Jfanuncul&ceo'. Aconite. Monkshood.
Wolfsbane. A ijenus of hardy ornamental, perennial
herlis tuu Ii u-i <\ ill borders, etc. Many species are
plant. I I 1 1 1 gardens, but only nine have been

mu^ li ' Ilea. The number of species varies

frcDii I- ifferent botanists. Native in moun-

tain I _ I I •]■•• tuiiijierate Asia, and five in N.

Am. I ', I Ml I M. shaped, or thick fibrous:

St. I i' ^ hug or trailing : lvs. pal-

mati iii-lubed: fls. large, irregu-

lar, -i I . -. _ I- ' II,, I n ^e upper sepal in shape of a
hood ur helmet; pet.ils :J-.">, small; stamens numerous;
carpels 3-.t, sessile. many-i)vuled, forming follicles when
ripened. The following species do well in any garden
soU, but rich preferred; they thrive in open sun, but
flowers last longer in shaded places. Aconites should
never be planted in or too near the kitchen garden or
the children's garden, as the roots and some of the
flowers have a deadly poison. Prop, easily by division.
Reichenbach Monographia Generis Aconiti, Leipsic,
1820, 2 vols., folio. Reichenbach lUustratio Specierum
Aconiti, Leipsic, 1822-7, folio.

A. Hoots glnbutnr-tuberons.
B. Lvs. deeptt/ ctit, tmt not to the base.

Fischeri, Reichb. {A. CoIkihI, i,hiinn, Nntt. A. Cali-
f6rnii-Hm, Sort. ). Stems 4-(ifr.: lvs. large, smooth, 3-
parted, attractive; segments miieli cut and divided: fls.
numerous, pale blue, jianieled. peilicels pubescent; hel-
mets hemispherico-i-onii-al. Autumn. N. Amer. and
Asia. Int. 1889. B.M. Tl.iO.

Cammanim, Linn. (.1. (Ir.'orum, Reichb.). St. 3-4 ft.:
lvs. with short, liluntisli lolies: tls, purple nrbhie; pani-
cles or loose sjiik.-s fe\v-rt..\vere.l : helmet li.-mispheri-
cal. closed. July-S,.p(. Hini-;,ry. Int. Is.s'i. A . StorkiA-
tiiDii, Reichb.. is a ilwiirf f.iriii of tliis. wiili fewer flowers
and somewhat fibrous roots.

uncinitum, Linn. Wild Monkshood. St. slender,
3-5 ft., inclined to climb: lvs. thick, deeply cut into 3-5
cut-toothed lobes : fls. loosely panicled, but crowded at
the apex ; blue, pubescent, 1 inch broad ; helmet erect,
nearly as broad as long, obtusely conical : follicles 3.
June-Sept. Low grounds of Pe'nn. S. and W., Japan.
Mn. 4 : 81. —Much planted now.

BB. Irvs. divided to the base.

varieg^tiuu, Linn. Erect, 1-G ft.: lvs. variously di-
vided into usually broad lobes and cut divisions ; lower
petioles long, others short or none: fls. in a loose pani-
cle or raceme, blue, varying to whitish, rather smooth;
helmet higher than wide, top curved forward ; visor
pointed, horizontal or ascending. July. Europe. A.
dlbum, Ait., is a pure white-flowered form of this, with
rather fibrous roots. *

AA. Hoots long-tuberous.
B. Carpels usually 5.

Japdnicum, Decne. St. erect, 3-4 ft., smooth : lvs.
dark green, shining, petioled; lobes 2-3 times cut, the
parts blunt and deeply toothed: fls. large, deep blue or
violet, tinged with red, on loose panicles with ascending
branches ; helmet conical ; beak abruptly pointed : fol-
licles 5. July-Sept. Japan. Int. 1889. R.H. 1851, p. 475.
Var. coerdleuB, Hort. Fls. very abundant ; panicles
shortened.

BB. Carpels S or 4.

Nap§Ilu3, Llnn.(^. TaHricum, Jacq. A. pyramidAle,
Mill.). True Monkshood. Officinal Aconite. Fig. 25.
The best known and most poisonous species, and used
in medicine. Sts. erect, 3-4 ft. : lvs. divided to the
base, and cleft 2-3 times into linear lobes: fls. blue, in a
raceme; peduncles erect, pubescent; helmet broad and
low, gaping, smoothish : fr. .'i-l-eelled. June-July. Gn.
12, p. 362. — Very many varieties, differing in shade of
flowers, often mottled or lined witli white. Var. ilbum
is nearly white. Var. bicolor and
used ui gardens for the large bl
Reichenbach has divided this species into 20-30 species.
AAA. Boots in the form of a scaly, elongated bulb, »»
somewhat fibrous.
B. Sepals deciduous.

autvunnile, Reiehb. Autumn Aconite. Fig. 26. St,
3-5 ft.: lvs. pedately 5-lobed: fls. in a simple spike, be-

20 ACONITUM

coming a panicle; blue, lilac or whitish; helmet closed.
Sept.-Nov. N. China.

lyc6ctonum, Linn. {A. harh&tum, Patr. A. squarrd-
sum,A. ochroletieum, WiUd.). Pal^ Yellow Wolfs-
B&iTE. St. slender, simple, 3-6 ft. : Its. deeply cut into
5-9 lobes ; long petioles and un-
der ribs pubescent : fls. yellow or
whitish, in racemes ; helmet a
pinched elongated cone ; middle
sepals usually bearded ; fr. usu-
ally 3-celled. June-Sept. Eu.,
Siberia. B.M. 2570. G.M. 34: 124.
BB. Sepals persistent.
Anthdra, Linn. ( .1 . Pi/ren A icum ,
Pall.). St. 1-2 ft.: Ivs. parted al-
most to the base, parts deeply
cut and lobed, more or less his-
pid beneath, smoothish above;
petioles long : fls. in lateral and
terminal racemes, pale yellow,
often large; racemes or panicles
generally pubescent ; spur bent
back or hooked ; helmet
arched, but cylindrical at
base: follicles 5. June-July.
S. Eu. B. M. 2654. -Several
varieties.

A. Ckin^nse, Sieb. Deep blue

spike of fls. from the axil of

every leaf : foliage bold and

■ ■ 3. B.M. 3852. P.M.

delphinifdlium, DC.

and violet. Used as a tonic medicine in India.

i.M. 6092.-4.

K. V. Da\

ACOKUS (ancient name of unknown meaning).
AroUlnr. Hardy, herbaceous water-loving plants. Lvs.
sword-sli:i|ir.l, riT.t ; s]iadix appearing lateral, with no
true s].;iili. : lis. iii.nns])icuous. They thrive best in
moist soil, ,111.1 rii,i\ lir i.-rown in shallow water or on dry
land. Pi"!., .■.isjiy ju spring or autumn by division.

CAIamuB, Linn. Sweet Flag. Height 2 ft. : root-
stock horizontal, pungent, aromatic. Fls. early summer.
N. Amer., Eu. Var. variegitUB, Hort. Lvs. striped deep
yellow when young, fading to a paler color later in sum-
mer. Eu.— Commoner in cult, than the type.

gramineus, Soland. Height 8-12 in. Much smaller
than -4. Calamus, forming compact, grassy tufts. Japan.
Var. variegitus, Hort. Lvs. striped white. Used in hang-
ing baskets,vases, rockeries and for cutting. Often grown
indoors. J. B. Kellek.

ACBOCLlNIDM. See Heliplemm.

ACEOCdMIA (name means a tuft of leaves at the top).
PalmUceai, tribe Cocoinem. Spiny tropical American
palms: caudex erect, solitary, ringed and swollen at the
middle, densely spiny : lvs. terminal, pinnately cut; seg-
ments narrowly linear-lanceolate, long, obliquely acumi-
nate, the naked margins recurved at the base ; midnerves,
raohis and petiole with long spines : fr. globose or ob-
long, glabrous or ^iekly; black or brown. Species 8,
mostly difficult to distinguish; allied to Cocos. They
need a rich, sandy loam. The chief danger with young
plants is overpotting, as few leaves are on a plant at a
time, and the roots are not abundant.

sclerooirpa, Mart. (A.aeule&ta, Lodd.). Height 30-
45 ft.: trunk cylindrical, about 1 ft. thick, with black
spines 2-4 in. long: lvs. 12-15 ft. long; segments in ir-
regular groups of 2 or 3, 2-3 ft. long, %-l in. wide,
smooth and shining above, whitish, appressed-pilose be-
low, entirely free of spines, except along the midrib.
Braz. to W. Ind. l.H. 15:547.-Not hardy at On^co, Fla.
Cult, in Calif. "Gru-gru"and"corojo"are nativenames.

ACROSTICHUM.

Havanfensis, Hort. A slow-growing, thomv plant, of
which little is kin.wn. Trade name.

.Iaueii (1, Smith and G. W. Oliver.

ACROPfcKA. S,M- Gniujora.

ACEOPHtLLUM iGritk, top and leaf). SazifragA-
cem. One Australian evergreen shrub. A, venbsum,
Benth. (A. veHicilliitum, Hook.), excellent for spring
flowering in the coolhouse. Prop, by cuttings in early
summer. Let the plant rest during summer. Do not
expose to frost. It produces many pinkish fls. in dense
spicate whorls near the top of the branches. Lvs. in
3's. sessile, dentate: fls. with 5 petals and 10 stamens.
4-6 ft. B.M. 4050.

ACBOSTICHITM (derivation obscure). Polypodi&cew.
Greenhouse ferns. Includes plants of great diversity of
foliage, wliich are often referred to many genera. Sori
spread in a layer over the entire under surface of tho
leaf or of certain of the upper pinnae, rarely over both
surfaces. Foliage rather co.arse, the leaves simple or
pinnate, rarely forked. All the 140 species are plants of
tropical regions, two species growing in S. Fla. Some
kinds are adapted to covering walls, columns, trunks of
tree ferns, etc. The kinds with long fronds are excellent
for hanging baskets. As all kinds require an abundance
of water at the roots, the compost should be very porous.

26. Aconitum

(XK).

A mixture of two parts fibrous peat, one of chopped
sphagnum, and one of coarse silver sand is recom-
mended. For general culture, see Ferns.

The following species are cult, in Amer.: alienum.
No. 15; aureuni, 17; cervinum, 14; conforme, 7; crini-

ACROSTICHUM

turn, 9; flaccidum, 8; gorgoneum, 11; lomarioides, 18;
muscosum, 3; nicotianaefolium, lU; osraundaceum, 19;
peltatum, 20; pilosum, 5; reticulatum, 10; scandens, 12;
simplex, 6 ; sorblf olium, 13 ; squamosum, 2 ; villosum, 1 ;

ACROSTICHUM

Lvs

ugliout.

imple, less than 2 in. wide;
{Uluphoglossum.)
B. Surface of lvs. densely scaly tin
c. Texture thin, flaccid.

1. -7111680™, Swz. Fig. 27. Sterile lvs. 6-9 in. long ;
fertile lvs. scarcely more than half as large, both with
abundant slender, dark-brown scales. Mex. and W. Ind.
—Dwarf, variable.

cc. Texture thick, leathery.

2. squamdBum, Swz. Lvs. 6-12 in. long, the fertile
narrower, on longer stems ; both surfaces matted with
bright reddish brown linear or lanceolate scales. Tropics
of both hemispheres.

3. musodsum, Swz. Sterile lvs. 6-12 in. long, fertile
much shorter ; upper surface slightly scaly, the lower
densely matted with ovate, rusty scales. Tropics of
both hemispheres. S. 1 ; 211. — Very distinct in habit.

BB. Surface of lvs. slitihtly scaly.

4. viscdsum, Swz. Sterile lvs. 6-12 in. long, narrowed
gradually at the base ; the fertile shorter, on longer
stems ; texture leathery, the amrfaces somewhat viscid.
Tropics of both hemispheres.

5. pildsum, HBK. Lvs. flexuous. 6-8 in. long, %m.
wide, with tufts of star-like scales beneath; texture her-
baceous. Mex. to Columbia.— Chiefly of botanical in-
terest.

BBB. Surface of lvs. not scaly; texture leathery.
D. Margins of lvs. thick, cartilaginous.

6. simplex, Swz. Sterile lvs. 4-12 in. long, with a very
acute point, the lower portion gradually narrowed into a
short, somewhat margined stem. W. Ind. to Brazil.

7. conldrme, Swz. Sterile lvs. 2-9 in. long, with a
bluntish point and wedge-shaped or spatulate base; fer-
tile lvs. narrower. Tropics of both hemispheres.

DD. Margins of leaves not thickened.

8. fUccidum, F^e. Sterile lvs. 6-12 in. long, with very
acute point, the lower portion gradually narrowed to the
short stem; fertile lvs. on a stem 3^ in. long. S. Amer.
— Of botanical interest only.

AA. Ijvs. simple; veins uniting to form a network.

B. Surface of lvs. densely clothed with narrow scales.

[Hymenodium.)

9. orinltum, Linn. Elephant-ear Fern. Lvs.l0-18in.
long, 4-8 in. wide, on densely scaly stems ; fertile lvs.
smaller, on shorter stems. "W.Indies. F.S. 9:936, as
H. crinitum. — Omit sand in potting, and avoid over-
watering.

BB. Surface of lvs. mostly smooth, 6-15 in. long.

10. reticulitum, Kaulf. Lvs. on distinct stems, witn
wedgetshaped bases, VA in. wide; veins forming copious
meshes. [Chrysodium.) Hawaiian Islands.-Of botani-
cal interest only.

11. grorgrdneum, Kaulf. Lvs. tapering gradually down-
ward to the short stem, 2-3 in. wide ; veins forming
meshes only near the margin. {AconiopteHs,) Hawaiian
Isl. — Of little decorative value.

AAA. Lvs. pinnate.
B. Ferns climbing with narrow, fertile pinnce.

12. Bo4ndens, J. Smith. Rootstoek widely climbing :
lvs. 1-3 ft. long, with pinnie 4-8 in. long ; fertile pinnro
slender, 6-12 in. long; texture leathery. (Stenochla:na.)
India. S. 1: 224. — A vigorous grower and coarse feeder,
much used in cooler houses of large ferneries.

13. sorbifdiium, Linn. Rootstoek climbing, often prick-
ly: lvs. 12-18 in. long, 6-12 in. wide, with close veins; fer-
tile pinnae 2-4 in. long, narrow. (Zomariopsis .) E. and
W. Ind. to Braz.

BB. Ferns irith creeping rootstocks and scattered lvs.

C. Veins united only near the margin; fertile lvs. bi-

pinnate.

14. cervlnum, Swz. Fig. 28. Lvs. 2-4 ft. long, with
pinnffi 4-9 in. long, 1-2 in. wide; fertile pinna slender.

narrow, 4-8 in. long. {Olfers
Braz. S. 1:192.
cc. Veins forming meshes evei
1.5. ali^num, Swz. Sterile Iv-
with the upper pinnae decurrer
sinuati- or even incised ; ferti
row pinnfe, the iipper decurr

Mex. and Cuba to

rjnri'.', ( G i/in nnpferis.)
I-L' ff. L.:;. triangular,
and tluA|.nvi-r at least

nicotianaefdlium, Swz. Sterile lvs. with 3-7 pinnae
h are 6-12 in. long and 2-3 in. wide, with nearly
e edges; fertile lvs. smaller, with 3-7 pinnffi 3-4 in.
, 1 in. wide. W, Ind. to Braz.

roivns from

17. aureum, Linn. Lvs. fertile only in the upper pinnae,
3-C ft. long, with pinnae 6-10 in. long, short stalked,
coriaceous. Fla. to Braz. and in the tropics of the old
world. S. 1: 187. -Strong-growing. One of the best.
Should be treated as an aquatic.

18. lomarioides, Jenman. Sterile and fertile lvs. dis-
tinct, the sterile shorter and spreading, the fertile taller
and more erect in the center of the cluster; pinnae 9-14
in. long, almost sessile. Fla. to Braz.

AAAA. Ivs.hlpiin,

■ bipinnate ; ■
'ra.)

19. osmundaceum, Hook. Rootstoek wide, climbing,
with long, lim-ur scales : sterile lvs. 2-3 ft. long, the
lower pinnffi h-lU in. long, with numerous slightly
stalked segments; fertile lvs. tripinnate, with the lower
pinnffi 1-2 ft. long, 4-8 in. wide, with narrow, cylindrie
segments %-^/i in. long. W. Ind. to Braz. — Probably
the handsomest of the climbing kinds.

AAAAA. I/vs. palmate from creeping rootstocks:
plants small.

20. peltatum, Swz. Lvs. 1-2 in. each way on slender
stems, repeatedly forked into very narrow divisions;
fertile lvs. H-K in. wide, circular, or somewhat 2-lobed,
(Ehipidopteris.) Mex. and W. Ind. to Braz. — A delicate
and distinct plant, needing moisture all the year round.

ACROSTICHUM

especially in the air Avoid u
of roots Use some parth deea

AJlag I
S. 1 -'»
Epuail<

pie, 9-1
ddtum
Retz '
Finn It.

Hook -UliLd to I peltitum

nry Lvs simple Allied to A sim-

heteromdrphum, Klotzsch Lvs.

ACTM&. (ancient name of the elder, transferred by
Linnfeiis). Jtanunciildce(B. Native hardy herbaceous
perennials, with showy' spikes of small fls. and hand-
some clusters of berries in autumn. Leaflets of the
twice- or thrice-ternate lvs. ovate, sharply cleft, and cut-
toothed. They like rich woods and shade. Useful for
rockery and wild garden. Prop, by seeds and by root-
division in spring.

41ba, Mill. {A. rubra, Bigel.). White Baneberry.
Height, 1-lJ^ ft.; much likei A. spieata, but the leaflets
more cut, teeth and points sharper; plant smoother: fls.
white, in an oblong raceme, and a week or two later:
pedicels in fr. very thick, turning red : berries white,
ovate-oblong, often purplish at the end. N. states. D. 53.

spioita, Linn. Cohosh. Herb-Christopher. Plant
1-2 ft. : lvs. bi- or tritemate, serrated : fls. white or
bluish, in ovate racemes: berries purplish black, oblong.
Apr.-June. Eu., Jap. — Less cult.than the red-fruited var.

Var. rilbra, Ait. (A. rK6ro,'Willd.). Red B.4neberrt.
Rather taller than A. alba: lvs. bi- or triternate, ser-
rated : fl. cluster white, larger than in A. spieata: ber-
ries bright red, very handsome. Apr.-June. Northern
^t'^tes. K, C Davis.

ACTITXiLLA (Greek, small-rayed). Compdsito!. Har-
dy perennials from W. N. Amer., for cult, in alpine gar-
dens. Height 6-12 in. : fls. yellow, summer. Of easy
cult, in light soil. Prop, by division or by seeds.

grandiildra, Torr. & Gray. Plant densely woolly : lower
lvs. pinnately or bipinnately parted, with margined peti-
oles from broad, scarious bases; upper cauline lvs. sim-
ple or sparingly divided: fls. 2-3 in. wide, summer.— A
pretty alpine plant.

scapdsa. Villi. T'limi villous: lvs. radical, linear-spat-
ulate, L'-:: PI : , i ' intr, entire: fls. lin. wide; scapes
single. Ii iii: i ' i : :i in. long.

A.lanafn, 1 in-n l.i 'I'liyllum cjespitosum.

J. B, Keller and W. JI.

ACTIXO.MERIS

ACTINlDIA {aUin, ray; referring to the radiate

'•t\I. si / I iishii miAcea, Hardy climbing deciduous
•'III lit.-- ^tr< ii_ blowing and excellent for covering ar-
biiis SI II I IIS tiiUises w.ills and low buildings Re-
markalih tn i tr in iiisiits ml fuii_'i L\ s iltiiiiiti.
long-petioli il s, II ,t il I ill, I siii_l ,11,, iMiil s,
polygamous winti in; h i[ 1 ^ - ,iii in ili iin si]iiU
and petals ', st mi. iis ml n.n. is imni. i. us I, ii\
many seedi d, about 1 in l.in_', uhlik L Asia, Hiiiia-
layas Prop b\ setds, bj greenwood cuttings in sum-
mer, or by hardwood cuttings; also by layers. Mono-
graph by Maximowicz in Diagn, Plant. As. Nov. G: 422.

A. Lvs. dark green, shining, cltartaceout,
argilta, Miq. {A. polygama, Hort., not Miq. A lolii-
fcifii, Hort.,not Miq.). Fig. 29. Petioles mostly setose:
lvs. 4-3 in. long, broad-elliptic, cuneate to subcordate at
the base, abruptly acuminate, smooth etcept the setose
midrib beneath, setulosely appressed serrate: fls. 3 or
more, greenish white; anthers dark purple, fr. green-
ish yellow, with flg-like flavor. June. Japan, Saghahn,
Manchuria. A.G. 1891:142.

AA. Lvs. bright green, dull, membranaceous, sometimes
becoming in the summer handsomely variegated
above the middle, fls. fragtant: not climbing high.
polygama, Miq. Lvs. 3-4 in. long, broad -ovate or ovate-
oblong, cuneate to subcordate at the base, appressed-
serrati ni..sfl\ s. tose at the ni ri ( s on both sides. -fls.
1-! '41H in li I I ♦ _ii 11 I sli.irt, thick style, fr.

■(clLiw 111' ' s I |,„ Mm.huria. B.M. 7497.

-'Ill, pliM ,1 ,1,11

Kolomikta Mi m I n 1 n 1 s, tose ; lvs. downy
beneath « hen A <iiiii. t 1 m I ii_ ..\ ite oblong, rounded
orcordate at the 1.. . iin. |ii ill\ setulosely serrate,
sparsely setose beni .tli 11 1- ' in m diam ; stigmas
sessile July. Japan "s i_l, an, M m, huria. R H.1898:.S6.

ACTIN6LEPIS (Greek, a «cn7p-Wp tay). Compiiitm.
Hardy annuals from Calif.; freely branching, and
mostly yellow-flowered.

cOTon&ria, Gray (ShMia Califdmica, Hort. Bceria
corondria. Gray). Figs. 30, 31. Lvs. opposite, except

eeply pinuatifld ; lobes 5-7,
distant, linear, entire. B.M. 3828,
as Hymendxys Califdmica. — One
of the prettiest of annual flow-
ers, and deserving of greater pop-
ularity. Excellent for edging. An
everlasting.

31. Actinolepis coronana.

Known to the trade as

Shortia Californica.

ACTIN6MEEIS (from Greek aktis, ray, and meris,
part, alluiliiii; to the irregularity of the rays). Com-
positii . Xativf liardy herbaceous perennials suitable fop
w'ild gardens and shrubberj'. Tall, branching. Cult,
like Helianthus. Prop, by division.

squarrdsa, Nutt. Height 4-8 ft. : lvs. lance-oblong,
acuminate, subpetiolate, tapering to both ends: fls. nu-
merous, corymbed, yellow ; rays 4—10, irregular. Autumn,

A.helianlMnidei.'SuU. Lvs. silky -villous undeme.ith : rays
about 8, usually more than in A. sqiiarrosa. Mn. 4; 129. — A.
pricera, Steud., is only a taller form of .

ACTINOPTERIS

ACTIN6PTEEIS (aktin, ray, and pieris: the fronds
radiately cut ). Syn., Actiniopteris. PolypodiAcece.
Greenhouse ferns from India, resembling miniature fan-
palms. The sori are linear-elongate and submarginal,
and covered with indusia. A. radi&ta. Link, is the only
recognized species. L. M. Undekwood.

Ada (a complimentary name). OrchidAcere ; tribe
Vdndete. A genus of epiphytes containing two species.
Petals and sepals slightly spreading from half their
length ; labellum parallel with the column and united to
its base. Pound at high elevations on the Colombian
Andes. Useful for the coolhouse, where they may be
grown together with Odontoglossums, blooming in no
definite season.

aurantiica, Lindl. Fig. 32. Pseudobulbs 2-3 in.,
ovate to ovate-oblong, subcylindrical or slightly com-
pressed, tapering toward the summits, bearing 1-3 nar-
row leaf -Wades 6-12 in. long: petals and sepals narrow,
pointed, channeled; labellum half as long as the petals:
scape drooping, bearing racemes of cinnabar-red fls.

L6hmanni, Rolfe. Leaves marbled with gray : label-
lum white.— Not much in cultivation. A recent species.
Oakes AilES.

The Adas grow at the altitude of 8,500 ft. To grow
them successfully, a house that can be kept very cool in
summer is necessary, one having a northern exposure,
such as is constructed for Odontoglossums being best, as
the two plants are found growing together. Shading
will be found necessary in summer during the hottest
weather, preferably by roller shades, that can be rolled
up in dull weather, as by this means a current of cool
air is constantly passing over the glass. The tempera-
ture inside the structure can be kept below that outside
in hot weather by careful airing and spraying. A. au-
ranfiaca is the best known, and is much valued for its
bright orange-colored spikes of bloom, which last a long
time. A. Lehmanni is very rare in cultivation, and is
distinguished, among other characteristics, by its white
lip and by being a summer-blooming plant, while its
companion species flowers early in spring. The usual
fern fiber and sphagnum moss compost will be found
best suited for their cultivation, taking care that the
plants are never dry at the roots, either in summer or
winter. E. O. Orpet.

ADAM-AND-EVE. See Sempervivum tectorum, and
Aplectnim hyemale.

ADAMIA. See Dichroa.

ADENOCAEPUS

23

ADAM'S NEEDLE. See Yucca.

ADANSONIA (named after M. Adanson, French bota-
nist ) . Malvaceae. The Baobab is said to have the thick-
est trunk of any tree in the world. Adansonia has no
congeners familiar to the horticulturist : fls. large, pen-
dulous ; petals 5, white, obovate • stamens numerous ;
ovary 5-10-celled : fr. oblong, woody, indehiscent, filled
with a mealy pulp in which are numerous seeds.

digit4ta, Linn. Baobab Tree. Height not more than
60 ft. ; diam. said to be sometimes 30 ft. or more : Ivs.
palmate, with 3 leaflets in young plants, and 5-7 in older
ones: fls. 6 in. across, with purplish anthers on long ax-
illary, solitary peduncles. Africa. B.M. 2791. — Rarely
cultivated in extreme S. Fla., where fr. is 9-12 In. long,
and called "Monkey's Bread."

ADDER'S-TONGTTE. See Erythroninm.

ADDER'S-TONGUE FEEN. See Ophioglossim.

ADENANDEA (from the glandular anthers). BufAcete.
Small summer-flowering, tender shrubs from the Cape
of Good Hope. Lvs. alternate, small, leathery, subses-
sile, entire, glandular-dotted : fls. white or rosy ; petals
obovate. Prop, by cuttings from the ripened wood.

Jrigrans, Roem. & Schult. (Di6sma frAyrans, Sims).
Breath op Heaven. Height 2-3 ft.: lvs. oblong, ob-
tuse, dark green above, whitish beneath, with a glandu-
lar, denticulate margin: fls. rosy. B.M. 1519.— A fa-
vorite in Calif.

ADENANTHEEA (from the deciduous pedicillate
gland on each anther). Ziegumindsce. Tender, unarmed
evergreen tree, cult, in greenhouses only for its eco-
nomic interest, and also in Calif, in the open air. Prop,
by seeds, which should be softened in hot water previous
to sowing.

Pavonlna, Linn. Red Sandal-wood Tree. Leaflets
about 13: fls. in an axillary spike. Trop. Asia, where it
grows to a tree of great size. — The red lens-shaped
"Circassian Seeds" are curiosities with travelers, and
are used for necklaces, etc.

and column.

ADENOCAL'^MNA (glandular covering; referring to
leaves, etc.). BUjnoniAcece. Tender climbing shrub,
closely allied to Bignonia. Grown in hothouses, requir-
ing considerable moisture. Prop, by cuttings in frames.

comdsum, DC. St. rough, punctate: lvs. opposite, tri-
foliolate; petioles thickened at junction with the blades:
racemes so densely clothed at first with large bracts as
to suggest the aments of the hop-vine ; fls. 2 in. across,
brilliant yellow, trumpet-shaped ; upper lip of 2, and
lower lip of 3 rounded, waved lobes. Braz. B.M. 4210.

ADENOCABFUS (from the glandular pod, which
easily distinguishes it from allied genera). Legumindsce.
Shrubs, rarely small trees, more or less pubescent: lvs.
alternate, trifoliolate, small: fls. papilionaceous, yellow,
in terminal racemes ; calyx 2-lipped: fr. a glandular pod,
oblong or linear, compressed. About 14 species in S. Eu.,
Asia Minor, N. andW. Afr., Canary Isl. Low shrubs,
rarely more than 3 ft., of spreading liabit, with handsome
fls. produced profusely in spring ; very attractive when
in full bloom. They require a sunny position and well
drained soil. They are especially adapted for temperate
regions, but do not bear transplanting well, and should
be grown in pots until planted. They are also hand-
some greenhouse shrubs, and grow best in a sandy com-
post of peat and loam. Prop, by seeds and greenwood
cuttings in spring; sometimes also by layers and grafting.

Jrankenioides, Choisy. (A. anagi)rus, Spreng.).
Branches pubescent : lvs. persistent, crowded ; leaflets
linear-oblong, complicate : fls. crowded, in short racemes ;
calyx glandular, the lateral segments of the lower lip
longer than the middle one, exceeding the upper lip.
Tenerifle.

intermSdius, DC. Branches villous : lvs. deciduous,
grouped ; leaflets obovate or oblong-lanceolate : fls. in
elongated racemes ; calyx glandular, middle segment of

ADENOCARPUS

itcral ones, much exceed-
,.S„-ily.

.-(. Webb). Shrub or
■ uLiL'iitose : Ivs. crowded,
i"-i-i/nt: racemes short,
•iits nearly equal. Spain.

24

the lower lip In
ing the upper i

decdrticans,
small tree-, 1.">-l'
persistent ; li-ii
compact : ealy?

R.H. 1883: 156. G.C. II. 25: 725. Gn. 30 : 5"72. - Resem-
bles English Gorse, but is thomless. Bark peels natu-
rally. Thrives in po<,r, s:ii..ly M.il,

A.ana;n'i"'<.^r'-. u : \ i,,,il..n I. .1 HoissUri. 'Wehh

— A. cUtmii I , I, I .rvifolius. DC).

Braneli'-^ i . i ' : i;ilyx glandu-

Telonhi'xts, I n ' \' '.n,.' . I ,' •' . - •■. , \i-!M,N,iii

A.graudifloms. Ai.FKED Rehdek.

ADEN6FH0BA (gland-hearing; referring to the cy-

lindrical
Campania
nials si-in
ters, ii~ I
FIs. bin. .
midsuniii,

Lirrounds the base of the style).
of hardy herbaceous peren-
]ianula only by minor charac-
nry and cylindrical nectary.
■t pedicels, produced freely in
t stiff, erect panicles or loose
racemes. Fur imiIihi. . si . i'lim/iamila . Prop, by seeds
or cuttings in s]irini,'. 'I'ln- |.l:iTits .].. n..t take kindly to
division or other .lisimliaiir,- ..f th.- n.nts. Many other
species than those in ilic trade are wcirtliy.

commilnis, Fiach. ( .1 . liUfliira , Sehur. A . Fischer! , G.
Don. A.liliifdlia,Lviloh.'l. Radical Its. petiolate, ovate-
rotund, cordate, crenate-dentate ; cauline Ivs. sessile,
ovate-lanceolate, coarsely serrate : fls. numerous, in a
pyramidal panicle ; lobes of the calyx triangular ; style
exserted.

Lamirolrii, Fisch. Lvs. ovate-lanceolate, sharply ser-
rate, ciliate: fls. racemose; lobes of the calyx lanceolate ;
style not exserted.

Fotanlni, Hort. Shrubby: spikes 2-3 ft. high: fls. IJi
in. across, light blue. July-Aug. Int. 1899.

J. B. Keller and W. M.

ADEN6ST0MA {aden, gland, stoma, mouth ; calyx
"With 5 glands at the mouth). Jios(lff'(e. Shrubs, rarely
small trees : lvs. linear, small : fls. white, about 1-5 in.
broad, in terminal panicles; petals 5, stamens 10-15: fr.
a small akene. Two species in Calif. Heath-like ever-
green shrubs ; very handsome when in full bloom.
They may be cult, in temperate regions in a sunny posi-
tion and well drained soil. A. fasvicuJatittn stands
many degrees of frost. Prop, by seeds and greenwood
cuttings in spring.

fasciculitum, Hook. & Arn. Shrub, 2-20 ft. : lvs. fas-
ciculate, linear: panicles rather dense, 2-4 in. long: fls.
nearly sessile. May^une. Ranges northward to Sierra
Co. The characteristic shrub of the chaparral or
chamisal regions of the coast ranges of Calif. Int. 1891.

sparsifdlium, Torr. Shrub or small tree, G-12 ft.,
rarely 30 ft., resinous : lvs. alternate : panicles loose ;
fls. pedicelled, larger, fragrant. S. and Lower Calif.
Int. 1891. Alfred Rehder.

ADflSMIA (not bottnd; referring to the free stamens).
Legxunvnisce. Tender shrulis Irem Cliili.

j1. ftaisdmica, Bertero. Lvs 1 1' m I.hil,- ; leaflets 10-16 in
pairs: racemes 3-8 fld.; fls. - in ,i. r.,ss, ^.,,i,|,.,i yellow. B.M.
6921.— Has the odor of balsam. .\..l m .\ai. rlrade.

ADHATdDA (native name). AcanthUcem. Tender
shrubs, distinguished from Justicia by the less spurred
anthers, and often by the habit and calyx. For culture,
see Justicia.

cydonisefdlia, Nee-, i .v ,. ,i|,|,.. .iie .m sii..ri |,iii,.les,

ovate; lower lip i'l-' 11 i ''; ■ I'' l:.M.

4962. F.S. 12:1:^:'.'. I.' M '■.■.: i-, ' ,! ■ < ■ :i.

ADIANTUM

ADlANTUM(Greek,H«t<-f//.-7) p„h,pr„i:;„.,-rr. Maiden-
hair Fern. A large genus <.t • -ii ! i!:-! riimted ferns
of tropical countries largely, \^ i i. k or pur-

plish stems, mostly smooth "feMs . iirwillnot

adhere, andmartrinal sori att.ielM i uiMi. iim lili aiiinroUed
portion of tie ■ jhn m . . I:i< h tlius fcrnis a ]>rotecting in-
dusium. '11 ■ ■

space, gond lie

sand. Of tie- i-i,. im,i
tives, of Whieli .1 un

L. M. Underwood.
The genus Adiantum furnishes us some of the most
useful and popular species of commercial ferns. They
are easy of cultivation. They need a slightly shaded
position, moderately moist atmosphere, and a temp, of
60-05° F. The soil should be composed of rich loam and
leaf-mold in e.|nal parts, and shonl.l be kept moderately

ni'dst. Si.r r fie It, I. -1 1. i fi.l i.M f- r Li-Ileral pur-
lin-. - ( L'ix . e .,!.-■ I , . ■ . ,■, , , ! . i,mulum,
L-nei s .-il,.,:.: I ' ' , i - . i . leefal dark
t;rii n rr.-iid . .1. .. -w., '! ■: -.let species

long, heavily-crested, droupi II ■ I . .;..../,,)»

var. varicgalum makes a m m I .e-

num, gracefully drooping d i ' ■ ii i I m.

long, with overlapping pinna' ; I. - . '<:-

turn, of upright growth, is 21 in. iie! I ^e

is very useful, 12-15 in., and has y i i • a

pleasing metallic tint; A.exciaum \ , ; .. " ;

A. formosum ; A. Fcrgifsoiiii ; A. /' ' i ,/ /.. ,-

A. pubescens ; A. ti in ,''„' mnl \ :ii-. ;",..i,,i..- ,1. li <. -
gandi ; A. LeGrnn'}: . i .' ' : I. e- ee./e/n/e, a
very neat, dwarf sjm ■ ■ i " w . a .l^iart s|ie-

cies with mature fr - mji.; ^iiin. muui;; ii-nnds <.t'

a deep ruby tint. The uIj.a. maj >asily be Kn.wn Irum
spores, if sown on a compost consisting of half each of
finely screened, clean soil and leaf-mold or peat, and
placed in a moderately moist and shady place in the
greenhouse in a temp, of 60° F. To be grown most
economically, they should be transplanted in clumps
of 3 or 4 plants as soon as the first pinnie have appeared,
and, as soon as strong enough, potted oif, either in
clumps or singly.

Some very desirable species to gri'\\ infn Isili. fall
specimens are: A. ^Efhiopirutn, A. i:>'" I ' "".

for fern-dishes, J. /".■: ,, . , i , ,„ .

The following kind- ; i i i

sion,temp. 65°F. : ,1 . /'e ,-'- -e >- -. . I In ilill.rinl \:iriili.-s

of Capillus-Veneris, A. rlioilnphijUHm. A .nssimilK etc.
Some kinds, as A. dolabriforme, A. caudatum and A.
Kdgeworthii, form small plants on the ends of fronds,
which may be detached and potted separately, and if

33. Fruiting pinnules of

kept in a close atmosphere will in a short time grow
into choice little plants. Temp. 0.5-70° P. The last three
kinds are adapted for hanging baskets.

NicHOL N. Bruckner.

The following species are in the American trade, the
names in italics being synonyms : (A. rbseum is an unde-
termined horticultural name, possibly referable to A.

nonnn uhumt

ADIANTUM

ADIANTUM

25

rubellum): anni
9 ; amabile, 29 ;
Capillus-Veneris,
einnum, 23 ; cun^
30; decorum, 30;

^' ^

'i-"^

V

'^r

A;

34. Adiantum Farleyense.

forme, 1; £dgeworthii,2; elegans,ZO\ emur-
ginatum, 20 ; excisum, 25 ; Farleyeuse, 18 ;
J^ergusoni,2Q ; formosujn, 11; fragranii.^si-
mum, 28 ; gracilUmum, 31 ; hispidulum, 17 ;
intermedium, 10 ; Jordani, 20 ; Kaulfussii, 5 ;
Zathomi.ld; LeGriiiidi, 3i ; lunulatum, 1 ;
inacrophyllum,4; Mai risii , 2ii: iiuinuchlauiys,
32; Moorei, 29; wk/m/,,?,,,,/. js ; Novaj-Cale- '^

donise, U ; Oweui, i:" ; juili,i,iliii,i . :!,") ; peda-
tum, 15 ; Pfi-uviaiiuni. :i; pMlvi.hyllum, 7; princepx, 19 ;
^,„/-. ,.,„,. 17; ].ulveruleunim, 12 ; W,.../../.7,//Hhw . 10 ;
,;, , ;:; ; rubellum, ai ; ^unri.r Ciiha ,iii'i . i\ ;

,s, ■ •■ ; ■^/.rciosum, 35; tt-ii.Tuiii, I'.i ; trai.czi-

tn,-,,i,., .1 ; ,-,,,,,/„(«»!, 28 ; Tenustuiii, :;:■. ; I'.rsail-
l,!,.-,,, -.-, ; \ tuUti'M, 19; villosum, 13; Wagueri, 30;
Wiegatidl, 30 ; Williamsii, 21.

A. Fronds with a single row of small leaflets on eitlier
side, rooting at the apex.

1. la.mjilktam,Buna.(A. dolabrif6rme,Kook.). Fronds
1 ft. long on blackish wiry polished stipes; lower leaflets
nearly semicircular, all on hair-like stalks. India, Trop.
Amer., Australia.

2. oauditum, Linn. {A. Edgewortliii.'B.ooW.). Fronds
6 in. to 1 ft. long on short brownish densely hairy stipes ;
leaflets deeply cut into several spreading narrow lobes.
Old World.

AA. Fronds with usually a single roiv of large leaflets
OH either side, not rooting at the apex.

3. Peruvi4num, Klotzsch. Fronds 1ft. or more long, on
polished stipes, with obliquely ovate pointed leaflets, 2 in.
long by 1!^ in. wide, on slender stalks ; sori 8-10 on either
side of the leaflet, twice as long as wide. Peru.

4. macTOphyllum, Swartz. Fronds 1 ft. long, on rather
stout polished stipes, with 4-6 pairs of wedge-shaped ses-

sile leaflets lK-2 in. long by %-l in. wide ; indusium
nearly continuous on either side of the leaflet. Trop.
Amer.

5. Kaiilfussii, Kunze. Fronds 6-8 in. high, on slender
black stalks; leaflets 5-11, 2 in. long, %-l In. wide, with
unequal base ; indusia very long and narrow, forming an
almost continuous marginal band on either side of the
leaflets. Mex., W. Ind.

AAA. Fronds at least Kpinnate, the segments dimidiate,
i. e. with the reinlets all springing from the lower
side of the tt-afht, irhirh is twice as long as broad.
E. Leaflets l^i-3 in. long.
C. trapeziSbrme, Linn. FrondslSin. or more high, with
the terminal leaflet longer than the lateral ; leaflets trape-
zoidal, with parallel sides, ^A-%in. wide, lobed, and with
numerous sori. A. Sdnctte-Catharlnw is a form with
deeper lobes. Trop. Amer.

BE. Li'tifhtx xmnllrr, an inch or less long.
('. Sliilh-s iioli shed, smooth.

7. polyphyllum, Willd. Fronds often tripinnate, with
stout black stalks; i.iniur C-S, l,,ng, with closely set leaf-
lets which are Ji-l in. Inn-, tin- iiiipir margin curved,
with 4-6 circular or oblon;,' ni.luMa. S. Amer.

8. diAphanum, Blumi". I'l-.m. Is simply pinnate or usu-
ally with 1 or 2 pinna, at Ihr l.asr ; h-aflets Hin. long,
Jiin. wide, with numerous .sori placi-il in the sinuses of
the inner and outer edges. Asia to N. Zeal.

9. afilne, Willd. Fronds bipinnate, with a central pinna
and several lateral ones ; leaflets not exceeding Kin. long,
Jiin. wide, the upper edge parallel with the lower, and
crenate, bearing numerous rounded sori on the upper
and outer margin. N. Zeal.

cc. Stalks polished but somewhat tomentose.

10. intermedium, Swartz. Fronds 1 ft. or more long,
\\itli a t.niiinal pinna and 1-3 lateral ones on each side;
liaH.'ts 1 in. or more long, with interrupted sori on the
upper and two-thirds of the outer margins. Trop. Amer.

CCC. stalks raa.jh or hairy.

11. forrndsum, R. Br. Fn>n,ls l-'J ft. long, two-thirds
as broad, mostly tripiniiatr. w itli roiiu'li scabrous stalks
and rather small deeply lol.r.l l.atl.ts ',, --Sin. long, with
rounded and toothed out.i- in;ir;;iiis. Austral.

12. ptllverulfintum, Linn. FmiHls ..Itm a f"..t long.with
a large terminal pinna ami scNiral lai. ral om-s, bipin-
nate; stalks purplish, liairv. as at-.' a|s,,tliiTa.-hisps ; leaf-
lets %-l in. long, Jiiii. wi.lr, ,l..s< ly i)laced, the outer
edge rounded or truncatr. W. In.l.

13. vllldsuin, Linn. {.I . rh. ^inh,.;, I, am. iiwurtz). Fronds
large, with a terminal ami sev.ral latiral pinnee 6-12 in.
long, on stout villous-hairy stalks ; leaflets numerous,
nearly 1 in. long J'ain. wide, trapezoidal, with the inner
side parallel to the racliis ; indusia forming an almost
continuous line along the upper and outer margins. W.
Ind. and S. Amer.

14. Ndvae-CaleddniaB, Keys. Fronds G-8 in. long and
wide, somewhat pentagonal, once pinnate with one or two
secondary basal pinniB on the lower side at base; leaflets
attached to the rachises byal.roa.l base, nearly 1 in. long,
pointed, irregularly imisi.l, lirarini,- 1^ rounded sori
next to the base. New Calnl.Miia.

AAAA. Fronds forked, the twa hnnirhes bearing pintice
from the apjier side.
B. Stalks polished, smooth.
^ 15. pedAtum, Linn. Fig. 33. Common Maidenhair of
our northern states, with circular fronds on purplish
stalks 1 ft. or more high. — Sometimes transplanted into
gardens, requiring a shady, moist and protected place.

16. curvatum, Kaulf . Fronds forked and with the main
divisions once or twice forked; leaflets X-Wi in. long,
nearly Kin. wide, the upper margin rounded and lobed.

BE. Stalks scabrous {or rough).

17. hispidulum, Swartz (.4. pnbescens. Schk.). The
two divisions branching like a fan, with the largest pinnae
6-9 in. long, made up of numerous leaflets Kin. or more
long, two-thirds as broad, with numerous circular indusia
on the upper and rounded outer margin. Old World.

26 ADIANTUM

AAAAA. Fronds at leant tjipinnaie, often tripinnaie or
quadripinnate, with numerous rather smalt
fan-shaped or wedge-shaped leaflets with veins
radiating from the base.
B. Leaflets an inch or less across.
c. Hdges deeply cut into a series of narrow lobes.
18. FarleySnse, Moore. Pig. 34. Ffonds often reach-
ing 15-24 in. in length, forming a rich profusion of
closely overlapping pin-
nffi, light green; leaflets
more or less wedge-
shaped at base, with cur-
ved sides and the outer
margin rounded and
deeply cut into 10-15
narrow lobes, which rare-
ly bear sori. Barbadoes.
I.H. 19: 92. -Said to be a
garden variety of A. te-
nerum, but apparently a
good species,
cc. Edges not lacin-

lately cut.
19. Mnerum, Swartz.
Fronds deltoid, 12-15 in.
long, two-thirds as wide,
the terminal leaflets
equally, the lateral un-
equally wedge-shaped at
base, all of them rhombic
an.ldrri.lu.ms wlirn.lrv,

Victuruv, A. i-huilupliyl-
lum, A.princeps, and A.
Baiisei are horticultural
fonns. Fla. and Trop.
Amer.

20. J6rdani, C. Muell.
{A. emargindtum, D. C.
Eaton, not Hook.).
Fronds 1 ft. or more long,
6 in. wide, mostly twice
pinnate , with nearly
semicircular leaflets ;

sori elongate, the indusium almost continuous around the

margin of the leaflet. Calif, iml 'i,,^.

21. Williamsli, Moore. Iii ^ i i: 'n-. nearly 1 ft.
high; leaflets nearly .semi.i I. : i i . I mti the outer
margin, bearing 5-8 sori c^.m i-o \iiii liili.ng indusia.
Peru. — Similar in habit to tlic la^i. Lint ^-lualler and with
more numerous sori.

BB. Leaflets mostly less than a half inch across.
c. Fronds iit h'ust quadripinnate, broader than long.

22. C611isii, M . I'r.mds 1 ft. or more long, very

broad, til. :i|.iiarently repeatedly forking;

leaflets I'll nneate, those towards the outer

portions I^uli r :uir| [:ii;:,rthan those nearer the base.—
Of garden urigui, possibly a hybrid.

CC. Fronds mostly triangular or oblong, longer

than broad.

D. Shape of leaflets rhombic, the indusia kidney-shaped

or nearly circular.

23. ooncinnum, HBK. Fig. 35. Fronds 2-3-pinnate,
12-18 in. long, G-9 in. wide, on rather stout black stalks;
leaflets rhombic-oblong, sli^'litly lobed; sori 4-8 on each
leaflet, usually set (lose tn^-, tlur, Mex. to Braz.

DD. Shape of h-iifhii ,:.„„<t/^If nith obtuse base, small

24. .ffithidpicum, I.iiin. ( .1 . ./.sMiH/7f, Swartz). Fronds
1 ft. or more long on slender stalks, 2-3-pinnate, rather
narrow; leaflets roundish or ob.scurely 3-lobed, the mar-
gin finely serrulate ; sori 2-3 to a leaflet, with oblong or
kidney-shaped indusia. Afr. and Austral.

25. exclsum, Kunze. Fronds 2-3-pinnate, 6-12 in. long,
3-4 in. wide; leaflets about Kin. wide, roundish, with the
margin cut into small rounded lobes; sori large, 2-4 to
each leaflet, kidney-shaped or circular, Chile.

ADIANTUM

DDD. Shape of leaflets distinctly citneate at the base.
E. Indusia oblong or indistinctly lunate.

26. Capfllus -Veneris, Linn. (A. Firgusoni, A. Mai-
Hsii, Moore). Fig. 36. Fronds 2-3-pinnate, 6-20 in. long,
3-8 in. wide; leaflets nearly Kin. wide, more or less ir-
regularly lobed at the outer iii:ir_':i; : -'■■■] 1 :; t.. . :,. h
leaflet, with oblong or mon- a
indusia. Native southward. ■ I i -i i : it
throughout the Old World.- i: I i- ;;i ,1.11, >:.i, ;.,-,
some of them deeply lobed, liki- A. i'u/i'<;/i-.oc ; a com-
pact imbricated form is very efl'ectivc.

27. bfillum, Moore. Small, .3-8 in. high, bipinnate; leaf-
lets with the outer margin erose and often divided into
2-3 shallow lobes ; sori 2-3 to each leaflet, rather long
and broad or somewhat lunate. Bermuda.

EE. Indusia nearly circular, with a narrow sinus.

28. cuneittun, Langs. & Fisch. {A. cemulum, A. mUn-
dulum, Moore. A. VersailUnse, A. fragrantlssimum,
Hort. ) . Fronds 3-4-pinnate, deltoid, 6-15 in. long, 5-9 in.
wide ; leaflets numerous, obtuse or broadly wedge-shaped
at base, the margin rounded and more or less crenately
lobed ; sori 3-5 to each segment, with rather small rounded
indusia. Braz.— Runs into many forms, of which A.va-

29. Modrei, Baker (A. amdbile, Moore, not Liebm.).
Fronds 2-3-pinnate on long slender stalks, 6-15 in. long;
leaflets M-Kin. long, rhomboidal, with wedge-like base,
deeply lobed ; sori of medium size, 4-6 to each leaflet.
Peru.

.'10. 'Wfigneri, Mc-tt. (.1. decorum, A.Wiegandi, A. ile-
.laiix. .1. <h,; lu. A . ,';irh,sn,-i,m, Moore). Fronds 2-3-pin-
iiiii. .i;-:i ill. I'.iiL', ( (i ill. Willi-; lateral leaflets rhomboid,
ilii 1,111 Ml! ill I'liii. ill.'. -liL'litly lobed or incised ; sori 4-6
111 . a.h li-:iil.t, Willi V. TV liirijc membranous circular in-
dusia. Peru. — ^1. Siihriihtii, Hort., "supposed to be a
cross between A. deeoriim and A. Williamsii," has
strong, graceful fronds thickly set with round pinnules
of firm texture.

31. ruhfeUum, Moore. Fronds 4-6 in. long, deltoid, bl-
pinnate ; texture membranous, bright green, reddish
when young ; leaflets %\n. wide, deltoid or the lower
rhomboid, the outer margin deeply lobed and the lobes
finely toothed ; sori round at the apices of the lobes.
Bolivia.

f Adiantum CapillusVeneris. Natural size.

ADIANTUM

32. monochldmys, D. C. Eaton. Fronds ovate-deltoid,
6-12 in. long, tripinnate ; leaflets Hin. wide, cuueate at
the base, the upper edge rounded, slightly toothed, with
a, single sorus or rarely two in a decided hollow at the
upper edge. Jap.

33. veniistuin, Don. Fronds ovate-deltoid, tri-quadri-
pinnate, 6-12 in. long ; leaflets cuneate at the base, )^in.
wide, with the upper edge irregularly rounded or with
3 indistinct lobes, finely toothed, bearing 1-3 sori in dis-
tinct hollows. Ind.

EBB. JjeafJcts niimite, innumerable,' fronds 4S-pinnate .

34. gracillimum, Hort. Fronds 1 ft. or more long,
nearly as wide, 4-6-pinnate, with innumerable very small
leaflets, wjjich are Ye-Hm. wide and usually bear a single
sorus or rarely two.— Dense, compact forms are in cult.
under the name of A. LeGrdndi.

AAAAAA. St. climhing, several ft. long, S~4-pinnate.

35. digitatum, Presl. (A. specidsum. Hook. A. pal-
m&tum, Moore). Fronds 2-3 ft. long on a stalk 18 in. or
more long, with palmately lobed leaflets 1 in. or more
wide. S. Amer. L. Jl. U.ndeewood.

ADLTJM, JOHN. Plate II. Grape experimenter, and
author of "Memoir on the Cultivation of the Vine," 1823
and 1828, the first separately published American grape
book. Bom in York, Pa., Apr. 29, 1759. Died at George-
town, D. ('.. Mar. 1. 1«:!C,. He was a soldier in the Revo-
lution, in.i r III 1 :,c ii.N i^iunal army in the administra-
tion of i) , :i ml laTrr a brigadier-general in

tlie niiliti . I I 1111,1. Ill- was also a surveyor

and civil . ii^iiM - r. I h aN.i held an associate judgeship
in Lyconiiiitr Cduiity, Pennsylvania, having been ap-
pointed by Gov. MitUin. He was a friend of Priestly, and
endeavored to apply the scientific knowledge of his time
to agriculture. He early became interested in the ame-
lioration of the native grapes, and established an experi-
mental vineyard in the District of Columbia. He en-
deavored, but without success, to secure the use of cer-
tain public land in Washington for the purpose of "cul-
tivating an experimental farm." He brought the Ca-
tawba grape to public notice. He was a pioneer in the
awakening industrial activity of our new country. The
botanist, Raflnesque, commemorated his name in the
pretty genus Adlumia ; but otherwise he has remained
practically unknown until very recently. For further
information, see Bailey, "Evolution of our Native
F™its." L. H. B.

ADLtMIA( from John Adlum). Fnmarir,rr,r. A hardy
biennial vine, which climbs overhigh l.ii^lirs in ..ur moist

■woods. Sow seed in springinadamp. 1 plai-r. 'I'rans-

plant in fall, if possible, if transplant. .1 ai ail. It ll..wers
the first season.

cirrli68a,Raf . Climbing Fctmitory. Mountain Fkinge.
Allegheny Vine. Figs. 37, 38. Climbs by the slender
young leaf-stalks. Lvs. thrice pinnate ; leaflets cut-
lobed, delicate : fls. white or purplish, in ample panicles.
G.W.P. 13.

ADdNIS (a favorite of Venus, after his death changed
into a flower). SanunculAce(e. Hardy annual and per-
ennial herbs with showy flowers. Six well known
species, natives of temperate regions of Eu. and Asia.
Fls. solitary, terminal ; petals 5-16, yellow or red ; car-
pels many: st. about 1 foot high, very leafy: lvs. alter-
nate, cut into very narrow divisions: fr. an akene. Cul-
ture easy in any good soil, light, moist earth preferred.
They thrive in full sun or partial shade ; the perennial
species well suited for rockwork, borders, etc. Annuals
prop, by the seeds, which are slow-germinating, sown
in autumn or earliest spring ; perennials by seeds or
root divisions.

A. Annuals : fls. crhnson or scarlet.
B. St. simple except at top : center of fl. yellow.

sestivHIiB, Linn. Pheasant's Eve. Stems erect, often
branched at top : fls. crimson ; petals flat, obtuse, half
longer than calyx. June. Var. citrina, Hofflm., is a
garden variety with citron-yellow fls.

BB. St. branched: center of fl. dark.

autumnilis, Linn. Flos Adonis. Fig. 39. St. branched :
fls. small, crimson, with dark center, globose ; petals

^CHMEA

27

6-8, concave, slightly larger than calyx. May-July. Gu.
12, p. 131. — Sparingly naturalised.

AA. Perennials: fls. yellow.

B. St. not branched.

vemilis, Linn. (A. Apennlna, Jacq. A. Daviirica,

Reichb.). Spring Adonis. St. simple; lower lvs. scale-

like, others with lobes
entire: fls.
large; petals 10-15, lan-
ceolate, slightly
toothed; sepals smooth.
Early spring. Gn. 5, p.
519; 39:797. ^.disMrto,
Tenore, from Italy ; a
form with later fls.

Apennlna, Linn. [A.
verHi}lis,Ya.T. Siblrica,
DC. A. Siblrica, Pat-
rin.). This species ia
much like A.vemalis .•
fls. larger : lower lvs.
sheath-like. Apr. Si-

BB. St. branclied.

PyrenMca, DC. St.
branched: petals 8-10,
obtuse, smaller than in
.-1. Vi'i-ndli^: lower lvs.
with limg branched pe-
tioles; upper ones ses-
sile,the numerous lobes
always entire. July.Gn.
39, p. 2<B.A.Jrcuti(ina,
DC., a form with some
radical leaves ; lobes
dentate.

Volgfinsia, Stev. (4.
iro?fK'».si.s. Hort.).

Mufli like .1. rrniiilis. Imt .st. liraii.-linl : lvs. scale-like

liut si|,als |,iil..~>, lit .in nil. In- siilr. Apr. \"i.l,L,'a region.

.1. .1 nnirrnsis. R..«.-.I .».- Ka.lil... ;i li..aiitifi.l s,„=,.i,,s, with broad
yellow tis. : not much cult, in Amer. : lias many Japanese varie-
ties. B.M.7490. (i.M.40: 169. Qn.Si-.lKo.— A.microcarpa, DC. .is
a pale-flowered variation of A. aastivalis. — A.parviftdra. Fisch.
AUiedtoA.=estivaUs. K.C.Davis.

ffiCHMfiA (from aichme, point; referring to the rigid
points on the calyx). JBromelidcece. The .^llchmeas are
closely allied to the Billbergias, from which they are dis-
tinguished by smaller flowers, which are little exserted
from the calyx and not widely expanding, short filaments
and small anthers, sharp-pointed sepals and conspicuous
sharp-pointed flower-bracts. They are epiphytic herbs,
of about 60 species, natives of Trop. S. Amer. Flower-
cluster arising from a cluster or rosette of long, hard
leaves, which are usually serrate ; petals 3, tongue-
shaped, obtuse or pointed, 2-3 times the length of the
spine-pointed calyx-lobes ; stamens 6, shorter than the

37. Adlumi;

Za ^CHMEA

petals: cvurv ;]ir. i l-.r. ri-celled. The flowers are sub-
tended )' I I': I I llower-bracts; the entire head
or flow- r . , : . ti reinforced or subtended by

conspiiu .1, i, . , ill the compound-inflorescence

types, till. ;]i.i;i iil.i.i. i.iauches are usually subtended by
branch-bracts. In some species, as A.LaHndei and A.
Maria-Megince , the large colored leaf-bracts are the
most conspicuous part of the plant. In others, as 4.
Veitchii, the entire head is the showy part. Monograph

"¥

7/

thus, Ou^„u,,u,ui, Tdlund:.ia, Cluruluiu, lU. I'ur cul-
ture, see HUlbcryia.

A. Fls. S-ranked on the branchlets.

distlchintha, Lemaire. Lvs. 2-3 ft. long, with a di-
lated base 4-5 in. long and half as wide, the blade rigid
and channelled, edges prickly: scape 1-lK ft.: fls. in a
bipinnate panicle 4-7 in. long and half as wide, the
petals tongue-shaped and red-purple, longer than the
obtuse-cuspidate sepals: fl.-bract pocket-like, Kin. long.
Braz. B.M. 5447.

AA. Fls. multlfarloim , — in several or many rows on the

spike or branchlets.

B. Inflorpsff)}t'f slmph'.

C. Ovary compriKs, :l ft- Hall. m-tl.

Lalindei, Lind. & Rod. L:ii -. i ::- 1 ft . i . with long and
broad spine-edged Ivs.: s|.ikr \ ny .liuse, greenish
white, from the color of tlie iignrt-Kiileil culices, the fls.
subtended by many deflcxed, showy red, long-pointed,
entire bract-lvs. ; corolla not exserted. New Granada.
I.H. 30: 481. -Striking.

MarlSB-EeginsB, Wendl. S.i.nllfr tlinn tlio last in all
its parts: petals blue-ti]>i" '' ^■ h. rr v.iinL'. fading to
crimson like the bracts, li.iM i . n :is the mealy

cuspidate .sepals ; fl.-brnn il, not showy:

bract-lvs. toothed. Costa Kii. I ■., M , ' 1 1 1 .-One of the
best species.

Veitchii, Baker. Lvs. spotted, serrate : petals pale, a
^little longer than the sepals : fl. -bracts conspicuous,
toothed, scarlet: bract-lvs. greenish, erect, serrate, not
encompassing the inflorescence. S. Amer. B.M. 6329.—
Referred to Ananas by Bentham & Hooker,
cc. Ovary terete (cylindrical).
D. Head oblong.

Lindeni, Koch (Boplophpum Llndeni, Morr.). Lvs.
dilated and entire at base, the blade minutely toothed
and 2-3 ft. long, the tip broad-rounded and short-cuspi-
date : petals lemon-yellow, twice as long as sepals. Braz.
B.M. 6565.

.ECHMEA

DD. Head globose.

calyculita, Baker {Hoplophptnm cahjculdtum, Morr.).
Lvs. about 1 ft. long.with an oblong, dilated base, the blade
minutely toothed and rounded at the tip, but terminated
with a minute cusp: scape shorter than the lvs., with
several deciduous lanceolate bract-lvs. : petals tongue-
shaped, not half an inch long, bright yellow: fl. -bracts
small, entire, reddish. S. Amer.

fasci&ta, Baker {Billbirgia fasciAta, Lindl. B. rho-
docyilnen, Lemaire). Lvs. 1-2 ft. long, with an oblong
entire clasping base, the blade strongly toothed and the
back marbled with whitish cross-lines, the tip rounded
and mucronate : scape 1 ft. high, floccose, the several
bract-lvs. pale red and erect ; petals Jfiin. long, pink.
Braz. B.M. 488.'). B.R. 1130. P.S. 3: 207.-Inflorescence
sometimes forked.

nil, riiflitn'xr, ■},,;• hrn >til,,,l ( nr rompound).
'■•' ' ■■' •■•■' ' ■ '/"Ml the n.-bract.

:■,!' Ill, i,.. .; . 1. ■... I toothed, lJ^-2 ft.

i I ' . t ' .:.:.. , I ^|. used in a narrow

I'-ii.i' ;l 1 It. l-ii,.; , I'lUil- I'luu ur MuU.-t, longer than the
c'mIjx : ll.-lirtirts luiifj, pointed, scarlet (in one variety
whitish). Braz. B.M. 5668.

cc. Cdhjjr prominently longer than the fl.-bract.
v>. Piittirle large, S-pinnate; petals bright red.

spectibilis, Brongn. Lvs. 2-2}4 ft. long, minutely
serniti- : ll.-l)r;Lrts very small ; petals twice as long as
seimls. (iuutv nulla. R.H. 1875: 310.

uu. Panicle 1- or 2-pinnate ; petals blue or violet.
E. Fls. pedicellate.

caBrulSscens, Hort. Lvs. lK-2 ft. long, with small
prickles: panicle 4-5 in. long, 2-pinnate, with lax few-
fld. crowded branches; petals bluish red, }^in. long: fl.-
liracls none or minute. S. Amer. Gt. 1871:694. — Pro-
duces white berries.

EE. Fls. sessile.

CffiWatis, Baker. Lvs. much as in the last : panicle
deltoid, 3-5 in. long, 2-pinnate, floccose, the lower
branches subtended by red branch-bracts 1 in. long ;
petals nearly half an inch long, blue. S. Amer.

fulgens, Brongn. (- A'. ./;,,.;..,. TTri. . T.^ , i. road, with
small distant teeth, w II': . ' : ■ d : panicle

large, simple abovo. li : i-. bearing

numerous fls.; peiaN o,,,. npi-o. ,. ,,„- the rich

red calyx; fl. -bracts luiuuu- ui uoinr. iuainli-ltracts yel-
lowish. S. Amer. B.Jl. 42U3.

Wellbachii, F. Didr. Lvs. rather short, overtopped by
the red-stemmed and red-bracted scape: panicle narrow,
1-pinnate, the fls. rather crowded, blue and red. S.Amer.
R.H. 1871:170.

^CHMEA

panicle 1-2 ft. long, with few-flowered branches i scape tall,
reddish, downy : fls. purple. Trop. Amer. — ^. Sc/u>c(e(i<ia,
Schleeht. (^.macracantha, Brongn.). Lvs. large, rigid, strongly
armed : panicle 3-pinnate. pubescent ; fls. pale yellow. Mex.
Gt. 1894:175.— ^.zeiirtna is Billbergia.zebrina. L H B

.S6LE (from ^gle, one of the Hesperides). Eiitiicew,
tribe Aurantiew. Small, strongly spinose trees, with al-
ternate, trif oliolate leaves. Distinguished from the nearly
related genus Citrus (particularly C. trifoliata) by
the hard, gourd-like rind of its fruit and its viscous,
woolly seeds.

Mirmelos, Correa. Elephant Apple. Maredoo. Ben-
gal Quince. Bhel Fruit. Small tree: fr. large, 2-4 in.
in diam., round or pear-shaped. Trop. Asia. — Cult.
in S. Fla. and Calif., and in hothouses. The wood is
valued for its strength, and the sweet, aromatic pulp is
used medicinally in India for diarrhoea and dysentery,
and also as a lemonade and conserve. ^ j Webber.

SGOPODIUM (ail, goat, and pncJion, a little foot;
probably from the shape of the leariets). CmheUUent'.
Goutweed. Coarse, hardy herbaceous perennial, with
creeping rootstoeks, biternate lvs., sharply toothed,
ovate leaflets, and white tls. in umbels.

Podogriria, Linn., var. variegittun, is a variegated
form of this European weed, which makes
mats of white-margined foliage. Common in yards

AERIDES

29

i-^nlt

AEKANTHUS.

AEEiDES(Greek, «(■;-/>;« ;//) ■""''"'''"" -tribe FrfrKfeff.
Epiphytes: stems erect, r(iiiiicli>li : h^. ,li^ti(-lious, strap-
shaped and spreading, coriaceous, di-.ply cli;aiti<-leil at
the base, obtuse: peduncles from the axils .,f tin- lvs.;
fls. in loose or dense racemes; petals iiano-A <i- tiiati the
sepals. A genus of remarkably beautiful plants, which
develop well under cultivation. Species contined to the
tropics of the Old World. The genus Aerides, though
not in general cultivation, has many sterling qualities
to recommend it. Some of the species produce dense
racemes of great beauty, which emit a pleasing fra-
grance, aud for decorative purposes have few if any
rivals in the Orchid family. The genus offers no excep-

tional difiiculties to the horticulturist.

; Ames.

All the species of Aerides are of easy culture in the
warmest greenhouse — one that has a minimum tempera-
ture of 65° F. in winter being best. They should be kept
constantly moist, well shaded, and warm, with fresh live
sphagnum round the roots at the base of the stems. A.
odoratum is perhaps the best known. Other favorites
are A. Lawrcncice and A. Fieldingii ; the latter often
has racemes 18 inches or more long, of a beautiful rose
''"'o'"- Cult, by E.G. Orpet.

FoUowingare in theAmerican trade: A.ttffine,'i\o. 11;
Amesianum, 9 ; Augustianum, 8 ; Ballantineanum, 4 ;
Bermanicum, 1 ; crassifolium, 15 ; crispum, 14 ; ciflin-
driciim, 18 ; Dayanum, 2 ; Ellisii, 2; ej-paiisum, 10; fal-
catum, 10; Fieldingii, 13; Godefroyanum, 11; HoiiUeti-
auum, 10; Japonicum, 16; LarpentiK, 10; Lawrenciie, 9;
Leeanum, G; Leonsei, 10; Lindleyanum, 14 ; Lobbii, 11 ;
maculosum, 12; majus, 1 ; maximum^ ?; mitratum, 19;
multiflorum, 11; odoratum, 1; pallidura = ?; purpu-
rascens, l;quinquevulnerum,5; radicosum, 17; BeicJioi-
bachii, 4; Koebelenii, 5; Rohanianum, 4; roxi-tim, 11 ;
Sanderianum, 9 ; Savageanum, 3 ; suavissimum, 4 ;
TWbautianum, 7; vandarum, 18; virens, 2; Warneri, 14.
A. Odoratum section: middle lobe of labellum
narrow-oblong .

1. odOTJktum, Lour. Lvs. 6-8 in. long, l-lj^in. wide,
unequal at apices, deep green : peduncles not branched,
pendulous ; fls. numerous, crowded ; racemes cylin-
drical, as long as or longer than the lvs. ; lateral sepals
ovate; petals obovate-laneeolate, white, with a carmine
apical spot ; labellum trilobed, midlobe magenta, side
lobes white, dotted with magenta; spur recurved, green-
ish or white. Cochin China. B.M. 4139. Gn. 49, p. 158.
Gt. 8:273. B.E. 18:1485. Var. Bermdnicum, Reichb. f.
Fls. smaller than in the type, the apices of the petals
with mauve lines and dashes instead of blotches. Var.
purpuriscens, Hort. Produces large racemes, sepals and

petals tipped with pale amethyst. Var. mAjus, Hort. Fls.
larger ; racemes longer.

2. Tlrens, Lindl. Peduncles 13-15 in. long, 15-20 fld. ;
spur dotted with magenta; petals and sepals tipped with
magenta. Java. P.M. 14:197. B.R.3U: 41. -This species
is very similar to A. odoratum, of which it is considered
by some to be a i.'e(iL,'ia|.liiral form. Var. ElUsii, Hort.
{A. miisil, ^{'■rt. I. S.],;tls and petals white, suffused
with rose, tip|Mi| \vitli aiii.iliyst-purple. Var. Day4num,
Hort. Racemis vtiy Ihh^; ; ils. bright, large.

3. Savageanum, Hort. Sepals white at base, dotted
with purple, otherwise crimson-purple; petals similar,
narrcver ; labellum crimson-purple, w-ith a greenish,
straight spur ; midlobe denticulate on the margin.

4. suaviBsimum, Lindl. (A. Beiehenbachii, Linden.
A. Rohuuidniim, Reichb. f.). Plant robust, more lax in
habit than type: fls. 20-30, 1)-^ in. across; petals and se-
pals white, suffused with carmine at apices ; labellum
trilobed. yellowish dotted and suffused with carmine ;
apex of spur white. Straits of Malacca. Var. Ballan-
tineanum. Kact'iufs shorter; blooms earlier; sepals and
petals tipped with aimthyst-purple.

5. quinqueviilnerum, Limll. Racemes 1 ft. long ; fls.
crowded; dorsal sepal and petals equal, lateral sepals
orbicular, all tipped with magenta; midlobe of labellum
magenta. P.M. 8:241. Ymr. 'R<Bbe\em.i (A. Babehnii,
Reichb. f. ). Sepals and petals shading to green at
bases, petals denticulate ; lobes of the labellum lacer-
ated, midlobe rose-colored. Manila.

6. Leeinum, Reichb. f. Peduncles much longer than
the lvs.: pedicels rose-color ; sepals rose-purple, white
at base ; petals similarly colored; labellum small ; mid-
lobe deep purple ; spur green tipped. India.

7. TMbautiinum, Reichb. f. Racemes pendulous,
longer than the lvs.; sepals and petals rose-color; la-
bellum amethyst-purple ; midlobe narrow, acute. Ma-
laya.

8. Augusti4num, Rolfe. Petals and sepals shaded
with rose ; spur long, straight. Philippine Isls. G.C.
111.7:233.

9. L&WTenciae, Reichb. (,A. Lawrenci&num, Hort.).
Largest species of the section. Fls. 20-30, lJi-2 in. in
diam.; sepals and petals flushed with amethyst-purple
at the apices ; labellum yellowish ; midlobe amethyst-
purple. Philippine Isls. Gn. 35:702. Var. Amesiauiim,

Kranzl. More robust: fls. more intense in color. Var.
Sanderianum, Hort. Lvs. narrow : fls. yellowish, with
amethyst on face of spur, otherwise like the species.

aa. Fnlcatnm. section : lateral lobes of

labellum falcate.

10. falcatum, Lindl. & Pax. (.A. Larpentre, Hort. A.

expiinsum, Reichb. f.). Lvs. loosely arranged, 6-8 in.

long, l!'2in. broad : fls. loosely arranged on racemes 1ft.

30 AERIDES

long, IH in. in diam. ; sepals and petals white, tipped
with amethyst; side Ii.Ipps of iMhi-lhim falcate, pale ame-
thyst; front lolie rnii\i\. d--Mtic:*ulate, keeled above,
amethyst in ceuti r, ni.ii-'iii. d with white and barred
with rose; spur sli.iii. liii i luirmah. Var. Honlletift-
Jl-am{A.ffoulliti.iin,,„,Uiir],],. {.). Fls. large, IJ^in. in
diam,; petals and sepals pale buff, magenta apical
blotch; labellum creamy white; side lobes penciled with
magenta, front lobe keeled. Cochin China. R.B.21:205.
R.H. 1891:324. Var. Lednaei (A. Zedniei, Reichb. f.).
Side lobes blunt and retuse.

AAA. Multiflortim section : apical lobe of

labellum hastate.

B. Peduncles not ascending.

11. multilldrum, Roxb. {A.afflne, Wall. A. rdseiim,
Lodd.). Plant compact, dwarf: Ivs. stout, leathery,
6-10 in. long, dotted with brown (!)= scapes 15-20 in.
long, often branching : fls. small and crowded ; petals
and dorsal sepals ovate, equal in length, rose-colored
shading to white at the base, dotted and spotted with
crimson, inferior sepals pale, less spotted ; labellum
cordate-rhomboid at right angles, with other segments
scarcely trilobed, deep rose ; spur compressed, very
short. India. B.M. 4049. Gt. 8:267. Var. L6bbi (4.
Jjdbbii, Hort.). Lvs. crowded: peduncles more branch-
ing : fls. more intensely colored ; very distinct. I. H.
15:559. Var. Godefroy4num, Hort. (^4. Godefroyinum,
Reichb. f. ). Fls. larger than in type and more brilliant
in color. R.B. 17: 169. This is the most widely distributed
of the East Indian species, if we except ^. odoratum.

12. maculdsum, Lindl. Plant compact : lvs. dark
spotted : racemes pendent, sometimes branching ; se-
pals and petals pale rose, dotted with purple; anterior
lobe rose-purple, white at base. India.

13. FUIdingii, Lodd. Fox-brush Orchid. Tall: Ivs.
glossy, 7-10 in. long : peduncles pendulous, branched
near the base, 18-24 in. long : fls. crowded, petals and
sepals white, suffused and dotted with rose ; labellum
scarcely trilobed, white suffused with rose. Sikkim,
Assam.

14. crispum, Lindl. St. brownish : lvs. rigid, 5-8 in.
long ; peduncle often branched, pendulous ; fls. not
dense, large ; petals and sepals white, flushed with rose-
crimson, deeper colored on dorsal surfaces ; lip trilobed,
side lobes small, midlobe rose-amethyst. S. Ind. B.M.
4427. F.S. 5:438. Gn. 4, p. 85. B.R. 28:55. Var. Lind-
leyinum, Hort. Larger: fls. paler, racemes branching.
Var. W4meri, Hort. Dwarf: fls. smaller and paler than
in type.

15. crassifdlium, Par. & Reichb. f . Compact in growth :
lvs. 6-10 in. long : fls. IJ^in. in diam.; petals and sepals
bright rose-magenta, shading off towards bases; label-
lum trilobed, side lobes subfalcate, rose-magenta, front
lobe ovate, deeper colored. Burma.

16. Japdnicum, Reichb. f. Smallest species of the ge-
nus in cult. : lvs. 3-4 in. long, linear oblong ; fls. few :
peduncles loosely racemose; sepals and smaller petals
greenish white, lateral sepals barred with amethyst-
purple ; labellum crenate, ridged, dark violet, with 2
erect lobules. Japan. B.M. 5798. -This interesting spe-
cies marks the N. limit of the genus Aerides. Requires
cooler treatment than the other species.

BB. Peduncles ascending.

17. radicdsum, Reichb. Lvs. 8 in. long, 1 in. wide :
peduncles ascending, 8-10 in. long, sometimes branching
near the base : fls. Jiin. across, purplish ; sepals and
petals pale rose, verging on crimson; column winged.
India.

AAAA. Vandarum section : lip various : lvs. terete.

18. vand4rum, Reichb. f.(^.t')/r£n(?r»c«m, Hook.). St.
slender: lvs. 4-6 in. long, channeled above, clasping at
bases, alternate: peduncles 2-3 fld.: fls. lJi-2 In. in
diam. ; segments undulate ; sepals white, lanceolate ;
petals white, irregularly obovate ; lip trilobed, nearly di-
vided in front, dentate, sides erect. Sikkim Himalava,
4,000-5,000 ft. B.M. 4982. J.H. III. 34: 417.— Much like

Vanda teres in foliage. Subtropical species.

19. mitritum, Reichb. f. Lvs. semi-terete : racemes
many-fld. ; sepals and petals white ; labellum rose-pur-
pie. Burma. B.M. 5728. Oakes Ames.

^SCHYNANTHUS

.fflKVA (name of no signification). Amarantdcem.
Tender herbs or shrubs, allied to Achyranthes. Lauate
plants of Trop. Asia and Afr., with perfect or imperfect
fls., the perianth segments short and hyaline: stamens
5 or 4, sterile filaments intervening : fls. very small,
usually in clusters, white or rusty.

sangTiinol6nta, Blume {A. sangulnea, Hort.). Lvs.
IJo-J'.iii. li'ii-, ..|.|.cisite or alternate, ovate, acuminate,
soft, ].ul«-^,-, nt, ]i:ilu beneath. Java.— Cult, for its dark

red leaves,

aSCHYNANTHUS (aisrhuno, ashamed, ugly, and
aiith'is. il(.«-er; proliably referring to the wide-mouthed
gaping' of the lis.). C,', ,■.». ivlrcir. About 40 species of
tropical Asian twinin- or rambling p.nnisitie small

shrubs, bearing very sliowy. iiior ■ l.ss riesliy tnbular

fis., and cult, in warm liou-rs ( -tu\ .v , : hs. opposite or
vertieillate, thick, r.r <\,n tl.sliy: p, rfeet staiiniis 4,
ascending under the upper part of tlie iinperfeetly 2-
lobed corolla ; stigma entire : capsule 2-valved.

Nearly all the species of this exceedingly interesting
genus are from the hot, tropical forests of Java and
Borneo, where they grow in company with orchids and
other plants on the trunks of trees. The fls., which are
produced in the axils of the lvs. and at the ends of the
shoots, last a long time in perfection. Being epiphytal
under natural conditions, they should be put in a root-
ing medium which will require renewal not oftenor than
once in two years. They must have perfect drainage, as
they suffer from stagnant moisture, but during the
period of growth they must have copious supplies of
water. Prop, by seeds, cuttings, and division. Cut-
tiiit;s are tie- most satisfactory in building up a flower-
iiitc plant iioin the beginning. Seeds are slow, and di-
viile.l pi, r, s, unless their roots are in a good condition
previous to liif (.peration, do not make as good plants as
cuttings. Cuttings should be taken early in the spring,
and kept close until they are rooted and established in
small pots. Dtiring the first year they should not be
allowed to bloom, but encouraged tn make growth by
pinching out the ends of the shoMts ;tTt(1 siiiftjng into
larger pots as they require it. ^1' - • •'"■■ liinds look
their best when grown as btisK' i landed from

the roof of the stove. Wire i m i ■ ' i- i ■ -i. In pre-
paring them, first put in a lininL^ , r m . -, n. \t a goodly
quantity of rough cinders, and the rooting material may
consist of chopped fibrous peat, sphagnum, charcoal, and
small pieces of pots or bricks, with a little coarse-
grained sand. For a basket 12 in. across, several small
plants out of 3-inch pots may be used, and in a hot, hu-
mid atmosphere the growth
is encouraged until the
sides of the receptacle are
covered. During winter
they should be rested by
withholding water to a cer-
tain extent, and decreasing
the temperature consider-
ably. A good method of
growing the scandent
kinds, where facilities are
at hand, is to start the
small plants on blocks of
wood, attach these to damp
but warm walls, to which
they will cling by means
of the roots thrown out
(XK). from every leaf joint.

Cult, by G. W. Oliver.
A. Calyx deeply 5-parted, the lobes acute.
grandUldra, Spreng. St. creeping, mostly herbaceous,
4-5 ft. : lvs. lanceolate, acuminate, 4-5 in. long, repand-
serrate, fleshy: fls. aggregated; calyx fleshy and short;
corolla arched-tubular, 2-3 in. long, downy, orange-scar-
let. E.lnd. B.M. 3843. P.M. 5: 241. -Will succeed in an
intermediate house,

AA. Calyx tubular, entire or shortly 5-toothed.
piilchra, Don {^. pHlcher, DC). Figs. 41, 42. TraU-
ing : lvs. broadly ovate, distantly small-toothed : corolla
glabrous, brilliant scarlet, 3 times longer than the gla-
brous greenish calyx. Java. B.M. 4264. R.B. 18:13.
R.H, 1883:204, P,M. 16:161,

^SCHYNANTHUS

IiObbi&na, Hook. The commonest species in cult, in
this country : differs from ^'. pulchra in narrower and
nearly entire Ivs., corolla downy and projecting only
twice or less the length of the purple downy calyx.
Java. B.M. 4260, 4261.

^. Boschi&na, De Vr.— ^^. Ijamponga. — ^. tulgens. Wall.
Lvs. lanceolate: calyx tubular, short-toothed, glabrous: corolla
about 2 in. long, orange-red, pubescent. E. Ind. B.M. 4891.—
-®. Javdnica, Hook. Allied to ^. pulchra: differs in pubescent

^SCULUS

31

42. -Xschynanthus pulchra.

calyx and corolla. B.M. 4503. F.S. 6:558.— ^. iompdngo. Miq.
Lvs. ovate or elliptic, obtusish, entire ; calyx cylindrical, gla-
brous: corolla twice as long (2 in.), pubescent, scarlet. Sumatra.
P.M. 13:175.— ^.Ion9trt6ra,Blume. Vigorous: lvs. 3-5 in. long:
calyx deeply cut, the divisions linear-subulate: corolla tubular.

oval or elliptic entire lvs.: corolla pubescent. Java, Borneo.
P.M. 16; 65.—^. specidsa, Hook. Branches knotty: lvs. large,
oval-lanceolate, nearly sessile, the upper ones vertieiUate or in
3's : fls. fascicled, numerous ; calyx with linear-subulate divi-
sions: corolla large, orange-red, curved. Java. B.M 4320 PM
14:199. Gn.51;1109.— ^.sj)icndens,Lindl.&Pa.xt.=^ speciosa
—^. splendida, garden hybrid, with scarlet-spotted black fls ,
in terminal fascicles.—-^, tricolor. Hook. Lvs. small oval or
lanceolate, hairy at the base: calyx obconic, pubescent coroUi
small, pubescent, blood-red, throat orange, upper lobes stnpe 1
black or purple; fls. mostly twin. Borneo. B.M. 5031 R B 10 7
I.H. 5:169. F.S. 13:1384. J.H. IH. 35:571. L H B

.SSCULTTS (ancient name of some oak, or mast bear
ing tree). Sapindctcece . Hobse-chestndt. Buckeye
Deciduous trees and shrubs : lvs. opposite, long petioled
digitate ; leaflets 5-7, large, serrate : fls. symmetrical m
terminal, showy panicles; petal.s 4-5, stamens 5-9 fi
a large trilocular capsule with 1-6 seeds. N Amer , E
Asia, Himal., N. Greece. Ornamental trees and shrubs
with handsome fls.; hardy except the Califomian and
Himalayan species, growing best in moist and loamy
soil. The larger-growing species are excellent shade
trees, and the fls. are showy and interesting. The fr. is
not edible. Prop, by seeds, to be sown in the fall or
stratifled, or by grafting and budding on common species,
and the shrubby forms also by layers. ^. parviflora
prop, also by root-cuttings.

A. Winter-buds resinous: claws of the petals not longer

than the calyx; stamens exserted.

B. Petals 4-5; calyx campanulate, 5-lobed; stamens

5-8: fr. globular. (Bippoeastanum.)
Hippoo48tanum, Linn. Common Horse-chestnut.
Fig. 43. Large tree, 60-80 ft. ; leaflets 5-7, sessile, cune-
ate-obovate, acuminate, obtusely serrate, nearly gla-
brous : panicles 8-12 in. long, very showy ; fls. white,
tinged with red : fr. echinate. May. Prom Himalayas to
N. Greece.— Many garden forms, as var. fldre plSno, with
double fls.; bears no fr. I.H. 2: 50. Var. pilmila, Dipp.
Dwarf form. Var. umbraculifera, Hort., with compact,
roundish top. Var. lacini&ta, Dipp. (var dissecta, Hort.,
var. heterophylla, Hort.), leaflets laciniate. Var. M6m-

mingeri, Hort. , leaflets dotted with white. Some other
variegated forms. The horse-chestnut is one of the most
piipular of shade trees on the continent of Europe, and
is also much planted along roads and in parks and private
grounds in this country. It is particularly adaptable for
bowers and places where seats are desired, as the top
stands heading-in and makes a very dense shade. Hardy
in the N. states.

turbinata, Blume {^. Sinensis, Hort., not Bunge.).
Tree, 30 ft. : petioles pubescent; leaflets 5-7, nearly ses-
sile, cuneate-obovate, crenate-serrate, pubescent be-
neath when young : panicles 6-10 in. long, dense and
rather narrow ; fls. yellowish white, smaller than those
of A. Hippocastanum : fr. rugose. June. N. Chiaa,
Japan. G.C.IH. 5:717.

cimea, Hayne (.£'. JTippocdstanumxPAria. A. rnbi-
cihiila , Loisei. ) . Tree, 20-40 ft. : leaflets mostly 5, nearly
sessile, cuncate-obuvjitc, crenate-serrate, nearly gla-
brous : panicles 5-8 in. long; fls. varying from flesh-
color to scarlet : fr. with small prickles. B.R. 1056.
L.B.C. 13:1242. F.S. 2229-30.-Many garden forms, ao-
cordiiifj; to the different shades in coloring, and one with
double fls. Commonly planted in parks and on road-
sides. Handsome and desirable.
BB. P.-talx 4. u-hile or pale rose-colored ; calyx B-lipped;

slauun.^ :-'j: fr. jiear-shapedy smooth. {Calothyrsus.)

Califdmica, Nutt. Tree with broad top, 30-40 ft.:
leaflets 5-7, petioled, oblong-lanceolate, cuneate or ob-
tuse at the base, sharply serrate, smooth: panicles 3-8
in. long, rather dense. Calif. B.M. .5077. R.H. 1855, p.
150. Gn. 49, pp. 490, 492. S.S. 2:71,72. F.S. 13:1312.
AA. Winter-buds not resinous : claws mostly longer
than the 5-toothed calyx.
B. Petals 4, yellow to scarlet; stamens included or
somewhat exserted : leaflets petioled. (Pavia.)

glabra, Willd. {^. Ohioensis, Michx. PAvia glilbra,
Spach. P. pdllida,Spach.). Small tree 15-30 ft. : leaf-
lets 5, oval or cuneate-obovate, finely serrate, smooth :
panicles 5-6 in. long ; fls. greenish yellow ; claws as
long as the calyx ; stamens exserted : fr. echinate. May.
N.Amer. B.B.24:51. S. 8.2:67,68. Var. argtita, Robins.
(A. argiita, Buckl.) Shrub: leaflets 6-7, obovate-lancep-
late, unequally serrate.

Marsh. (^E'. fliva, Ait. ^. Iktea, Wangh.
Pd,via liitea, Poir.). Large tree, 40-90 ft.: leaflets 5,
-obovate or elliptical, cuneate, equally serrate,

beneath : pani(

smooth or pubs

petals yellow, ver

the petals : fi-. si

13:1280. S. S. ■_'

Sarg. A. flam, i

Pursh. A. Miclin

fls. red or purple

A.negl4cta,Lini\. B.R. 1009.

32

^SCULUS

■versicolor,Di\>p. ^^E.octdmlraxPili'ia. Pi^via hybrida,
Spach. ^J. or P. Lf/oyii, Hort.). Intermediate between
A.ortandra and A.Pavia. Lvs. pubescent beneath: fis.
yellow, tinged with red or nearly red.

Pavia, Linn. (PAvia rubra, Poir. P. Michaiixi,
Spach.). Shrub or small tree, 4-20 ft.: leaflets oblong
or elliptical, acute at both ends, finely serrate, smooth
or pubescent beneath : panicles 4-7 in. long, loose ; fls.
purplish to dark red ; petals very dissimilar ; stamens
mostly 8, nearly as long as the petals : fr. smooth.
May-June. N. Amer. B.R. 993. L.B.C. 13:1257. Var.
hilmilis {A. humilis, Lodd.). Low shrub, 2-4 ft.:
leaflets coarsely and unequally serrate, tomentose be-
neath : fls. red, tinsred with vellow ; calyx dark red.
B.R. 1018.- Many trar.l.-n f<iriM><. as var. c4mea, Hort.
Fls. flesh-colored. Nar. atrosanguinea, Hort. Fls. very
dark red. Var. Whitleyi, ll..it. Fls. brilliant rc-d. Var.
ptodula, Hort. (P. /.innihi. var. prndiila, Hort.). Dwarf
form, with pendulous branches : lvs. smooth. Some
forms with variegated lvs.

BB. Fls. pure white, small; petals 4-5 ; stamens more
than twice as long as the petals. (Macrothyrsus.)

parrUldra, Walt. (^. macrostichya, Michx. Piivia
dlba, Poir.). Shrub, 3-10 ft.: leaflets 5-7, elliptical or
oblong-ovate, nearly sessile, finely serrate, pubescent
beneath : panli'lps 8-lG in. long, narrow ; fr. smooth.
July-.\iiL-. S, .t:,t, -■. B.M.2118. Gng. 7:81.-One of
the'haiii! ' 'I ' ■ 'i:' fur a lawn clump.

^. ('h>> I Mlicd to A. turbinata. Leaflets dis-
tinctly \'' ' .1 at the btise. China. — -E. Indica,

Colebr. y~ iTMi' , ( (.. .i; Hippocastanum: lvs. obovate-lauceo-
late, distinctly in-tiul,-d. smooth. Himal. B.M.5H7.— ^.Pdrrj/t,
Gray. Similar to A. Califomica. Leaflets small, obovate, ea-
nescent-tomentose beneath: calyx 5-lobed. CalU. G.P.3:358.
Alfred Eehdeb.

MT'B.VyStMk. (iiilho, scorch, and nema, filament;
probably referring to a]ppcaranoe of stamens). Cruclf-
enr. Dwarf shnilis for tbt- hanly herbaceous border or
rockery. Lrss fuiiimiiTi Tli.ni Ilioris. The genus differs
from Ihc 1" ii. I : ■^- - • " .. ■ , irils equal, and from Le-

pidiuin II' I IIS longer, winged an cl

tootli.-.L 1 I link and purple. W. B.

Hemsl. ■-, III

but

in light, samly liiaiii, on dry ainl m v -l-;>. -. ihry are

compact and branchy, and when "i. i i' < i hslied
will last for many successive yea T-~ , i. | .liiiiror

renewal, while under the opposite inliii.ii- lin j.lants

grow feeble and lanky, and may die after a year or two.
They keep fully as well as the Candytufts in water, and
can be cut with longer and straighter stems. Prop, by
seeds in spring or by cuttings in summer ; annual and
biennial kinds by seeds. j. b. Keller.

coridildlium, DC. {Tberis jucilnda, Schott & Kotschy).
Branches numerous, thick, 4-6 in. high : lvs. crowded,
short, nerveless, linear or linear-oblong, acute or obtuse :
fls. smaller and later than in the next, in dense, short,
rounded racemes. Chalky summits of Lebanon and
Taurus. B.M. 59!)2. — Good for edging. A. pulchUUim
was sold under this name for many years.

granditldrum, Boi^-^. & Hohen. Branches 1-lK ft.:
lvs. usually' l.Mi:;. r ttian in A. coridifolitini, more linear
and more a.iiH': lis. as large as those of Arabia alpina,
in slender, I'lniinatiil racemes; petals 4 times as long as
the sepals. I'crsia. Uu. 9:5.

P^rsicum, Hort. Stout, erect, shrubby, dwarf. Fls.
deep rose. Best of dwarfs. Int. 1892, by J.W. Manning.

puIch^Uum, Boiss. & Huet. Similarto J^. coridiMium,
but more diffuse and trailing. Fls. smaller and brighter-
colored; petals 2% times as long as the sepals. Persia.
Gn. 25:436. ^. jl.

AGALM'^LA (agalma, ornament, and hide, wood; an
ornament to the woods in which they grow wild). Ges-
ner&cea. Tender climbers from Java, which may be
grown in a basket like jEschynanthus.

.4 . !m,,jist!ila, Vn.rr., is considered a synonym of the next. R.H.

1-.; j:ii I ^^'(,(w(,'/, lilume. St. rooting from the lower sur-

: ' I -ill , with .-in abortive one opposite the base of

'i |. . I - Ml. I.. HK : blade as long, ovate, serrate : fls. in

:.- I ill la^riricsof 12-14; stamensexserted. B.M.

AGAPAXTHUS

AGANlSIA (Greek aganos, desirable). A small genus
of tropical American epiphytal orchids, little cult, in N.
Amer. Botanically allied to Warrea and Zygopetalum.
Need a humid atmosphere. Grown on blocks in high
temp. Prop, by dividing pseudobulbs.

tricolor, N. E. Brown. Fls. in a raceme; sepals whit-
ish; petals light blue; lip in the form of a saddle, marked
with orange-brown. S. Amer.

pulch^Ua, Lindl. Fls. white, blotched yellow on the
lip. ill :i I III- iii'i-L' spike from the base of the bulb,

'1 iir.-theonlyones known to have been offered

ini;,. \ J.. I ti,..; riuTeare5or6others. A.C(srtlif«,Reichb.f.
FN. III. I liiii,^ i"'luncles, blue-blotched, the lip bristled. Braz.
—.1. ci/itiita, Benth. & Hook, (not Reichb., which = Acacaulis
cyanea). Much like A. tricolor, the lip blue and undidate at the
tip. B.R. 1M5:28. as Warrea cinerea, Lindl.; also, W. cyanea,
Lindl. (see Rolfe., G.G. III. 6, p. 492).

AGAPANTHUS ir-.;»/.. .Ii.Tcali.li;,,//-.- , lluv,, i i. /.II-

lar: pod many-seeded; seeds dat, winged above : foliage
evergreen.

In this country, Agapanthuses are usually grown in
tubs (the roots are apt to burst pots), and are flowered
in Into spring or early summer in the conseri-atory, win-
dow L'arili'ii. or livinir r-nini. The plant is kept dormant
diiriiiL' H iiit.r, as in a frame or li-ht cellar, onlv enough
life l.eiii-iii,iiniaiiie,l to prevent the lvs. from falling (the
\-.\r. itlliiihtx usually loses its liavesi. When in bloom,
give abundance of water. Plants will lil.ic.ni many years
ifgivenalargeenoughtub.net allewe.! ;.. tieeome over-
crowded in the tub, and supplied with manure water,
sending up many clusters ea-li vi .ii-. il 1 results can

V'-'i- "■■ -;■'■ ■ n-.s break up

ill stautl a few degrees — usually 10° or

mant.theplal
less — of frost,

umbeliatus, L'Her. African: Lily. Lilt of the Nile.
Fig. 44. Lvs. 2 ft. long and numerous, thick, narrow:

44. Aeapanthus umbetlatus.

scape rising 2-3 ft. from the leaf -rosette, bearing an um-
bel of 20-50 handsome blue fls. ; perianth funnel-shaped,
with a short tube. Cape of Good Hope. B.M. 500.— One
of the best known of half-hardy liliaceous plants. There
are white-flowered varieties (the best known is var. 41-
biduB); dwarfs, as var. minor and var. Mooreinus, both
with blue fls. ; giant forms, as var, m&simus ( both blue

AGAPAXTHl'S

and wMte-fld.), with scape 4 ft. high; double-fid. variety;
variegated-lvd. varieties, as var. attreus and var. varie-
gAtus ; var. Lelchtlinii, a compact-trussed blue form ;
and others. L. H. B.

AGABICUS, a genus of fleshy fungi, considered under
Mushroom.

AGATH.ffiA. See Felicia.

AGATHIS(0!7a^?iis, glome; the fls. in clusters). Tender
Australian conifers, allied to Araucaria, yielding Dam-
mar resin. Cones axillary, globular or short.

robiista, Hook. {Ddmmara roTiHsta, C. Moore).
Branches somewhat verticillate, horizontal : Ivs. broad,
oval-lanceolate, obtuse : tree reaching 130 feet in Austral.
-Cult, in Calif.

AGAVE

33

45. Aeave Americana.

ly Erown in green

AGAVE (Greek, ai7((M«s, admirable). AinaryUidAcem.
Important decorative and economic plants from hot
American deserts, the most familiar of which is A.
Americana, the American Century Plant. St. short
or wanting : Ivs. mostly in a close rosette, mostly stiff
and more or less fleshy, persisting from year to year, the
margins mostly armed with teeth and the apex tipped
with a more or less pungent spine : fls. in spikes or
panicles ; perianth 6-parted, more or less funnel-shaped ;
stamens 6, mostly long-exserted ; style 1 ; ovary infe-
rior, 3-celled ; seeds numerous, flat, thin, triangular,
black. Some species flower but once and die, others oc-
casionally, while others flower from year to year. The
number of species is about 150, although more than 325
have been described. One of the largest collections is
at Kew, where there are 85 named species. The largest
collections in the United States are at the Botanical
Garden of Washington and the Missouri Botanical Gar-
den, where there are about 75 species each. Amateurs
often cultivate a greater number of species than are de-
scribed in this account. Agaves are essentially fanciers'
or amateurs' plants. This noble group of plants has
never received the attention it deserves, and yet no ge-
nus of plants in America furnishes so many suitable
decorative plants. Sir Joseph Hooker places it next to
the palm and aloe, but the former is a great family of
1,100 species. While in the United States we think of
the Agaves only as decorative plants, yet in Mexico,
their native home, they are the most useful of plants.
Many species furnish fiber, others soap, while still
others produce the two great Mexican drinks, Pultjue
and Jfe.iciil. Pulque, which is a fermented drink, is ob-
tained from several species, especially A. atrovirens.
Mescal, which is a distilled drink, is usually not ob-
tained from the same species as Pulque, although there
is a general belief to the contrary. The species from
which is made most of the Mescal used in Mexico is
unknown. The species vary so much in size and form
that they can be used in a great many ways. Some of
the smaller species are suitable for the house, and even
some of the larger species are so used. The larger spe-
cies are well adapted for vases in large gardens and
grounds, along walks, terraces, etc. These plants, com-
ing, as they do, from arid or even desert regions, where

they have a hard struggle to exist, can be grown with
little or no care, but they respond viiy ciuickly to good
treatment. The species areprci].a-:iti ■! in \^n imus ways;
some produce suckers at the bn^i ..r . \ . ti uml- rerround
shoots ; others give off buds fn.m tlj.' ^irm. which fall
off and take root, or may be .1. i.i. li. ,1 nn.l planted;
while not a few produce bulbht.^ in Tlic iImw n- clusters,
anil sometimes in great abun.lan.,. \\]n\'- ■.\[\ may be
produced from seed. But as nu'si ot' ihc .sj... -us flower
only after a long interval, and many have nut yet been
known to flower in cultivation, this latter means of
propagation can not be relied upon. In cultivation,
fruit is set very sparingly or not at all without artificial
pollination, although this can be accomplished with
very little trouble. Monograph by J. G. Baker, Ama-
ryllideffi, 1888. j. n. Kose.

None of the Agaves are at all difiicult to grow. The
soil should be principally loam and sand, and if any vege-
table soil be given it should be in small quantities. Good
drainage and firm potting are necessary. To grow small
plants of the large-leaved kinds into good-sized specimens
quickly, they should be plunged out in a sunny spot In
spring", taking care that the pots are large enough so that
they will not require repotting in the fall. Nearly all of
the large-growmg kinds are easily increased from suck-
ers, which, when the plants are grown in a pot-bound con-
dition, are produced very readily. They should only be
taken off from the parent plant when furnished with suf-
ficient roots to give them a start. Some kinds are raised
only from seeds,which, when freshly gathered, germinate
in a few weeks. Cult. by G. W. Oliver.

The classification of the Agaves is a very difiicult one.
This is partially owing to the great number of species,
to the difficulty of preserving study material, and to the

ifro,

In fact.

th.- n ■ .

coU.i 1 !.i;. l'r..]ii a botanical point
of view, however, the inflorescence
shows the true relationship of the
species. In this way the genus is
usually divided into three groups or
subgenera. These are : First, the
i'uagave, having a paniculate in-
florescence, with candelabra - like
branches. Second, the Zittiea, hav-
ing a dense spike of flowers. (The
section Littma has been considered
by some a good genus, but it seems
to connect with the fi»st section
through certain species.) The third
section, Manfreda, is very different
from the above, and is considered by
the writer as a distinct generic type,
although treated here in accordance
with general usage. Manfredas are
all herbaceous, appearing each yiar
from a bulbous base, the Ivs.
are soft aud weak, dying down
annually, while the inflores-
cence is a slender open spike,
with solitary fls. from the axils
of bracts.

The following Agaves are
hered.-si-ril.c.l : allucins. No.
30 ; AnH-riranii. 1 : AmKrrn-
sis. 27; ^n„j„,fifni;„. :u ap-

tenuata, I'J ; Heriura riiti, 28 ;
Botteri, 29 ; brachystachys,
40 ; Candelabrum, 3 ; Celsii,
31; coarctata, 5; coohlearis, 6; dasylirioides, 36 ; densi-
fiora, 32; Deserti, 10; echinoides, 34 ; Elemeetiana, 20 ;
ensiformis, 3i; fllifera, 13; geminiflora, 16; GUbeyi,
26; f/laucescens, 10; heteracantha, 22 ; horrida, 26;
ixtlimdes, 3 ; Kerchovei, 28 ; Kochii, 27 ; lalissima, 5 ;
Lecheguilla, 23; Lehmanni, 5 ; macracantha, 8; macu-

34

lata, 39 :

11;

Potosiii^., i; !■■ . • ■ 1 I'

rigida.:;; , ; „,:,,•.-,

Scolymu.-,, 11; >-l,-'iii. 1~; M,:i •■, n . ■• , -,-,^

ata, 34 ; strif-ta, .-H ; Tayluri, 17 ; Thmu-ininisix, fi ; uni-

vittata,21; Utahensis, 12; vestita, 15; Victorias-Reginffi,

24; Virginiea, 37; xylonacantha, 27; yucc»folia, 35.

A. Foliage persisting from year to year : inflorescence

dense, many-fid.: plants flowering after a more
or less long interval, often but once, in others
occasionally.

B. Infloresence a compact panicle; fls. borne in clusters
near the ends of horizonlnl bnnichts. fJiuagare.)

1. Americina, Linn. ('.>mmi.n Cnsri i!V Fi.ast. Figs.
45,46. Plants becorainf; vny l;u-.- : Ivs. 4U-50, either
straight or the tips recurved; the luargin .scalloped be-
tween the sharp teeth: fl. 3 in. long, yellow. The most
common species in cult. A.F. 7:503. Gn. 12, p. 397.
G.C. III. 19:17. Gn.47,p.59. F.E. 10:595. Trop. Amer.
Several varieties, of which vac. picta, var, varieg^ta (B.
M. 3654) and var. recurval;i :ii< iIm i. i known. — Some
forms have Ivs. striped, an-: i --^1 withyellow.

This species is the one will' . rrownasatub

plant by florists, being 11 MO -h -i r. .n the summer

for lawn and porch (1cc(n;ii h'i;.

2. Mexioana, I.aiii. I'lant^ li.r..ming very large : Ivs.
20-30; similar t<. .1 , .1 </;■ //I'.o/K. t'ommon in Eu. Int.
about 1817, from M.x. (..('. II. 111:149.

3. rigida, Miller. St. wanting or sometimes 4 ft. long:
Ivs. thin, narrow, elongated; the margin either smooth
or toothed. S. Mex. Perhaps more than one species in-
cluded under this name. A. angustifblia. Haw., seems
to belong here. P.M. 5893, as .4.ii«ioides. Gng. 5:89.

Var. elong&ta, Baker (A. Candel&brum, Todaro). St.
much elongated.

Var. Sisalina, Engelm. Sisal Hemp. Margin of the
Ivs. eiitir... Yucatan. Naturalized on Fla. keys. — Rec-
.1111111. n.Iril I'.ir cult, on a large scale in certain cheap
laiiiN..! l-'la. Largely grown in Yucatan as a fiber plant,
th.- ril..-i- ii. iiig exported to U. S. and used in making

4. Pringlei, Engelm. Lvs. sword-like, very stiff, 18
in. or less long, narrowed from near the base to the
sharp tip, the margin with small, hooked, brown prick-
les: fl. IV^in. long, yellow. Lower Calif.

5. atrdvirens, Karw.(4. r;m(icon^ns(«,Karw. A.Sal-
miclna. Otto). Often attaining a great size: lvs. few,
10-30, becoming 9 in. broad and 7-9 ft. long, very thick
at base and glaucous throughout, tipped with a stout
spine; the upper part of the margin homy: fl. 4 in.
long Mex. G.C. II. 8:177. — Several species have passed
under this name.

Var. latissima {A. latlssima, coarctAta. Lehmanni,
and mitrcefdrmis , Jacobi). Lvs. broader, oblong-spatu-
late (8-9 in. broad above the middle).

6. cocMeiris, Jacobi. PnLQUE Plant of W. Mex.
Very similar to the above, but lvs. longer and a foot
wide, not glaucous. Int. about 1867, but rare in col-
lections.

7. applan4ta, Lem. Stemless : lvs. sometimes 150,
3-3}^in. broad, stiff and glaucous, with long, pungent
end spine: fl. 3 in. long, greenish yellow. -A beautiful
species from Mex. Int. about 1802.

8. macrac&ntha, Zucc. Small, stemless, compact: lvs.
about 50, a foot long, very stiif and pungent, glaucous:
fls. in a lax raceme. Int. about 1830, from central Mex.
G.C. II. 8:137.

9. Sh&wii, Engelm. Stemless : lvs. 50-60 or even
more, oblong-spatulate, 8-10 in. long, dull green and
slightly glaucous, with a brown tip-spine an inch long,
the edge with upturned brown teeth Hin. or less long:
fls. 3-3Kin. long, greenish yellow. S. Cal. Int. about
1875.

10 Desfirti, Engelm. Stemless : lvs. few, in a rosette,
oblaneeolate, a foot or less long, deep concave above,
very glaucous, tip-spined, the lower half of the blade
with hooked prickles : fl. yellow, 2 in. or less long. S.
Cal. Int. about 1875.

fls.

AGAVE

11. Sc61ymuB, Karw. Lvs. 20-40.9-
wide, glaucous; the margin indented
fl. 2-3 in. long, yellowish. Mex. (m
about 1880. — Said to be common. Willi

BU. Infloresciuce a dtiise, ci/liiidrical spil

ally borne in ticos. (Littaa.)

C. Margins of lvs. not toothed.

D. Lvs. linear, stiff, smooth, with the margins splitting

off into fine threads.

13. filifera, Salm-Dyck. Plant small, compact, about

1 ft. in diam.: lvs. about 100, linear, stiff, 9 or 10 in. in
diara., light green in color, with a verv pungent tip: fl.

2 in. long, brownish: stalk 5-8 ft. long. Mex. G.C. III.
. . 21: 1G7. I.H. 7: 243.-

Several species are often
found in collections un-
dc-r this name.

Lem.

■■^^%';

igera,

the

ali.ivp, Imt with some-
what broader lvs. and
the margin splitting off
into white ribbons.
B. M. 5641. -Frequently
• cult.

15. vestita, Watson, also of the type otA. filifera. is a
very recently described and introduced species. Lvs.
more bronzy than that species. Mex. table lands. A.G.
1892: 609. -It deserves a place in any large Agave col-
lection.

16. geminilldra, Ker-Gawl. (Bonapdrtea jihicea.
Haw. I. Lvs. often 200-300, narrowly linear, somewhat
recurved, lK-2 ft. long, somewhat convex on both
sides: flower stalk sometimes 25 ft. long. Mexico, where
it grows commonly along streams. B.R. 1145. F.S. 7,
p. 6. — Very common.

17. Tiylori, Hort. A garden hybrid of ,4. ffeminirtora
and A. densiflora is often seen in cult. Mn. 7:111.
G.C. 11.8:621.

18. Scll6ttii, Engelm. {A, yemnifldra var. Sondrce,
Torr.). Stemless : lvs. linear, 1 ft. or less long and only
Kin. broad, flat or concave, very rigid, sharp-tipped,
the margin usually with white threads ; fls. IXin. long
S.Ariz. B.M. 7567.

AGAVE

35

DD. Li'S. broad iind fleshy.

19. attenua.ta, Salm-Dyck (A. glauc^scens. Hook.).
Figs. 47—49. St. 4-5 ft., crowned by a great mass of Its.,
sometimes G ft. in diam. : Ivs. about 20, 2-3 ft. long, 6-8
in. broad at the widest point, very glaucous on both
.■sides: fl.-spike5 ft. long; fl. 2 in. long, greenish yellow.
Ct.F. 10:95. G.C. II, 2:218, 223. G.C. III. 17: 455, 457.
B.M. 5333. Gn. 51,p. 407.-This is one of the most ma-
jestic of the Agaves. It has flowered only twice in the
United States, — in the Washington Botanical Garden, in
1897 and 1898.

20. Elemeeti^na, Koch. Very near the above, but
stemles.s: Ivs. about 25, 1^-2 ft. long, 4J^-6 in. wide ;
pale. B.M. 7027. G.C. II. 8:749.-A var. subdentita is
sometimes sold.

cc. Margins of Ivs. more or less toothed.
D. Border of Ivs. horny throughout.

21. univittata. Haw. Stemless: Ivs. about 50, rigid,

2-2% ft. long, dark green
except a pale band down
the center: fls. vellowish.
Mex. B. M. 6(i55. - Int.
about 1830.

22. heteracdntha, Zucc.
Very common. Forms seen
in collections show a very
polymorphous species.
Stemless : Ivs. about 20,
with a pale band down the
center; teeth widely sepa-
rated, never banded, 12 in.
long, 2 in. broad. Mex.—
Numerous varieties. Int.
18G2.

48. Flowers of Agave

not 1

long. W. Tl-x. and N. Wi-x.
'""*'"• 24. VictdrisB - Eeginae,

Moore. Stemless : Ivs.
200, very compact, rigid, 6-8 in. long, 1% in.
broad, the margin and bands on the back white, obtuse
at apex, tipped with a small spine. Mex. Gn. 8, p. 351.
G.C. II. 4:485; 11.18:841. l.H.28:413.-A very remarkable
species. Int. in 1872, but now seen in all collections. Prob-
ably more cult, than any other kind except A.Americana.
25. Nissoni, Baker. A small species usually growing
in clumps; especially desirable for large vases. L vs. 5-0
in. long, with a pale band down the center. Mex. — Not
known to have flowered.

20. h6rrida, Lem. Stemless : Ivs. about 40, compact,
rigiil, with a very stout end spine, not striped: fls. nearly
2 iu. long, yellowish. Mex. B.M. 6511.— Many forms.

Var. Gilbeyi, Baker. Lvs. with a pale stripe down the
center. G.C. I. 33:1305. Gt. 1874, p. 84.

27. xylonacAntha, Salm-Dyck. Stout-stemmed: lvs. 20
or less, swortl-like, 3 ft. or less long, with a sharp brown
point, slightly glaucous green, with a few darker green
lines on the back, the margin with a few large teeth: fls.
IJ^ln. or less long, greenish yellow. Mex. B.M. 5660.
G.C. II. 7:523.-4. Amnrinsis and A. Kdchii, Jacobi,
are forms of this species.

28. Kerchivei, Lem. (A. Beattcdrnei, hem. A.rigid-
issima, Jacobi). Stemless: lvs. 20-30, sword-like, a foot
or less long, rigid, dull green with a pale central band
above, not dark-lined below, with lanceolate curved
teeth: fls. IHiu. long. Mex. G. C. II. 7: 523.- Many
forms, as diplacdntha, macroddnta, pectin&ta,

DD. Border of h's. }wt horny.
E. Lvs. oblong, ivith small teeth.

29. Bdtteri, Baker. Stemless : lvs. 50, 2 ft. long, broad,
pale green; triangular teeth on margin, crowded and
black. Mex. B.M. 6248.— A very beautiful species.

30. 41bicans, Jacobi. Stemless: lvs. about 30, in a dense
cluster, 15 in. or so long, 3-3}^in. wide, tapering to a
weak spine, glaucous on both sides, the margin lined
with small black teeth: spike of fls. about 15 in. long;
fls. yellowish. Mex. B.M. 7207. G.C. II. 8:717.-This is
one of the smaller Agaves. It does not die down after
flowering. A form with variegated lvs.

31. C«sii, Hook. {4. Cf?.si()H.n, Jacobi). Stemless: lvs.
20-30, oblong-spatulate, 2 ft. or less long, not strongly
spine-tipped, the marginal lanceolate spines unequal,
glaucous: fls. 2 in. or less long, purplish green, the tube
very short. Mex. B.M. 4934.

32. densiHdra, Hook. Stemless : lvs. 30-40, oblanceo-
late-spatulate, 3 ft. or less long, glaucous when young
but becoming green, the end-spine Kin. long, the mar-
ginal deltoid prickles 1 line or less long : fls. 2 in. or
less long, greenish brown. Mex. B.M. 5006.

33. mitis, Salm-Dyck. Short-stemmed: lvs. 30, oblan-
ceolate, 15 in. or less long, 3 iu. at broadest part, tip-
spine weak, the teeth very small and green or only ob-
scurely brown-tipped, green : fls. 2 in. long. Mex.— 4.
micracdntha, Salm-Dyi'k, is very similar.

Lvs

very ',

stly rihbeo

xrgi.

.34. striata, Zucc. Stiml.ss ,.r n.-arly so: lvs. 150-200,
linear from a wide base, 2.'..>ft. or less long, scabrous on
the edge, sharp-tipped, glaucous-green, and ribbed on
both surfaces: fl. IJ^in. long, brown-green. Mex. B.M.
4950. Cult, under several forms, as var. reciirva, Baker.
Lvs. larger and more falcate, not sharp-tipped. Var.
stricta. Baker (A. strirta, Salm-Dyck). Dwarf: lvs.
very stiff, 1 ft. long. Var. echinoid'es, Baker (A. echi-
H!))df.<, Jacobi. A. ensifdrmis and A.Jiichardsii, Hort.).
Dwarf and stiff: lvs. only Jaft. long.

.35. yuccaeldlia, DC. St. short: lvs. 20-40, much nerved,
linear and recurved, with a pale center, entire or nearly
so. Mex. B.M. 5213. -Int. about 1800.

36. dasylirioldes, Jacobi. Stemless : lvs. about 100,
liii.ar, .stife, very glaucous, serrulate, finely striate ver-
ii.'.illv on both faces: fl. nearly 2 in. long, yellow. Mex.
l;.M.3716.
AA. Folia./e ,n'„l; <nnl s,.fl . ,hi!,„/ d.nri, aiiiiiialh/.- in-

37. Virginica, Liim. Lvs. f.w. iincii. C-Jii in. long,
spreading, lanceolate; pale green or brown mottled, with
a narrow white and nearly entire margin: stalk 3-6 ft.
high: fls. greenish. S. states. B.M. 1157.

Var. tigrrina, Engelm., a form from South Carolina and
Missouri, has spotted lvs.

38. maculdsa, Hook. Fig. 50. Basal lvs. 6-10, blotched
with brown or green, soft and fleshy, somewhat recurved,
the margin serrulate: st. 15-25 in. high, bearing a few
scattered Ivs. or leaf -like bracts : fls. 10-25, nearly ses-
sile, 2 in. long, purplish ; stamens a little longer than the
segments of the fl. S. Tex. B.M. 5122.— Generally la-
belled A. maculata.

of leaf of Agave

39. maoul&ta, Eegel. A name commonly used for the
above, but a very uncertain species. It is probably A.
protuberans, Engelm. ^

40. braoh^Btachys, Cav. Lvs. lanceolate, green with a
pale nearly entire edge : fls. reddish. B.R. 25:55.— Rare
in collections, but a very important plant in Mexico, fur-
nishing much of the "amole " of the natives.

horrida.— ui. Oustii
ing to A. Maxiinil
prickles.—*^. 11< n
late-oblong, rigid .
Jacobi. Has never
A.Jacqulnidna. Si>;
Lvs. oblanceolato, \
— *A. Margarihf.
CBm."-*A.m-ani,.
repand-prickly.— *.
the leaf : similar t
growth."— *J.7/iiVi

spined form of
nicies: lvs. ob-
'/. "Similar in
it is of much
le white mark-
• F.E. 7:618.—
hiicri. Engelm.

to A.Victori:r I:
more robust growth, the h s i
ings on same being broail-r :i
A.Ou88elghemidna.5atto\i\. \

A beautiful species from Ariz .r; ; i ■ , iv^^ nhinnfeo-

late, glaucous, repand-prick I \ ; ; i ■mi \n\vr<,n-

sidered as a variety of A. .t|.i l , ll.nv.

Fls. in spikes : lvs. oblaii'- ^.l : itMwn-

toothed. Int.aboutl820.— .l, ;..".,,.. I . M ;, i,,,-litii.

— *^. p«icAerrirtm,Hort.— .1. 7i.,-/. /..'/. ( ■it

*A.mUni,'aort.—*A.ruptml„.\ivii'\ I - ii

lanceolate, bright green, jagged.—*.!. .^ i. :

A. Americana, but, ashy gray in color, :i( ! i' i.i.r , i
thornsonpointsof lvs, niurliloiiL,'cr,*' ' i i > ;i '

Same as above?— *.t v;. .■.■'.,'., v,.- '(\. ,!;.,, , i
ceoiate, veryglanf.,11.. i:iM\\ I, i.H.i ii, ,1 \ ,•. .. ![.•

«!/!ocs(i-i«, Hort.- ■ I / I!..- i l

Jacobi. Lvs. 0I.I..1,, ,. , : , . .i 1 ■■■■', :., ,.■.,,..■,•. .i ,. 1 .|

toothed.— 4. VcAvr/,.//!. -'M i,.ii 1 -1 - ii,i;;i ,■,.,!. i,-,i ;i I,., I,,

of A.Scolymus. 1. 11. 1.",, ..1,1. ■ .1 . ir,;i/,„,,/,i, 'r.ni.u... I.,.,. If.,
oblong, bright green, with small l.n.wu teeth, j. x. Rose.

AGDfiSTIS (a mythical hermaphrodite monster, the
genus being an anomalous one in its order). PlnjtoUic-
cdcete. Araonotvpic genus. Tenderclimbing shrub from
Mex. Cult, in Calif.

clematldea, Mo?. & Sesse. Lvs. alternate, petiolate,
cordate: fls. axillary or in terminal, branched, racemose
cymes, white, star-shaped; sepals 4; petals 0.

AGERATUM (Greek for not groicing old, probably
applied first to some other plant). Compdsitie. About
40 species of trop. Amer. herb.s, with opposite stalked
lvs. and blue or white fls. in small terminal cymes or
panicles.

conyzoldes, Linn. (A. MexicAnum, Sims, and Hort.).
Fig. .')1. Annual and pubescent: lvs. ' ovate-deltoid,
crenate-serrate : fls. blue or white, or varying to rose.
Ordinarily a rather loose-growing plant a foot or two
high, but there are dwarf and compact forms ; also va-
riegated forms. Trop. Amer. B.M. 2524.— This is the
common ageratum of gardeners and florists. It is easily
grown from seeds, sown in the border where the plants
are to stand, or started in the house or hotbed. If the
plants are to be used for bedding, they should be placed
a foot or less apart. They thrive in any garden soil and
exposure. They bloom all summer ; and if sown in
late summer or fall, they give winter bloom under glass.

The plant sold as .1. conspiriium is an Eupatorium ;
and that sold as A.LassecLuxii is a Couoclinium.

L. H. B.

AGRIMONIA

AGLAIA (Greek, splendor; from the order and g'
r;il appearance). Melidcece. Tender tree from Chi
.ill] minute, yellow, fragrant fls., said to be used in p
iiiiiinL' eertain teis. Prop, by cuttings.

odorata. Lour. Lvs. alternate, r>-7 pinnate : fls. in a:
!iry, l)raucliing panicles. Cult, sparingly in Calif.

AGLAONfiMA(f;i

cek, liriijhl thread). Aroldecr. About
Asia and Africa, allied to Arum,
nbachia, and requiring essentially
as those genera. Evergreen, often
Aglao-

ueiaa may Ltu divided, or cut-
tings may be taken from
plants that become too tall
and weak. In either case the
cuttings and divisions should
be put into the sand-bed pre-
vious to potting, to develop
new roots. All of the kinds
will succeed in fibrous loam
enriched with rotted ma-
nure, with the addition of
a moderate quantity of
leaf -mold, sand, and some
crushed charcoal.

Cult, by Q. W. Oliver.

pictum, Kunth. Dwarf :
lvs. somewhat unequilateral,o
long or elliptic, ovate (4-7 in.
long and 2-3 in. wide), very dark
green, blotched with white, the
central markings usually ex-
tending the whole length of the
midrib : spathe white or whit-
ish, 1-lJ^in. long. Sumatra.
I.H. 29: 445.

nebuldBum, N. E. Brown.

Sonicwliiit larger:
(.'J-H in. long, 1

.' ' ' I IMS ami .1. inriiiiii are
II I . i| in the trade. Both
mi:. , .IrsHrve more attention
il.iiii ill y have received in this

costitum, Veitoh. Very dwarf
and compact: lvs. heart-shaped,
thick, 3 in.
wide, one-
third longer
than wid
seldom e
ceedingSin.
long, dark,

shining green, with midrib
ivory-white and scattering
blotches of white. Holds its
tufted lvs. through the win-
ter. Moluccas.

A. commutAtum, Schott.— Scindapsus Cnscuaria.— A. Rd-
btinii, Hort., is"a fine decorative plant, with thick, leathery fo-
liage" (Matula). — A, versicolor, Hort., is probably a form of
um or A. nebulosum, _ „ „

SO. A^ave maculosa.

either J

AGRIMONIA (old name of obscure meaning). Jiosd-
cew. Agrimony. Hardy native herbs, with interruptedly
pinnate lvs. and small, numerous, yellow fls., produced
through summer. Lvs. aromatic, astringent. Sometimes
cult, in shrubbery and wild gardens.

Eupatdria, Linn. (A. officindlis. Lam.). Common Aa-
RiMONy. Pig. 52. Petals twice as long as calyx, latter
making a small, lightly adhering bur. Cult, in herb
gardens to make a tonic tea, also in wild borders. Com-
mon in woods; also native to Eu. Grows 2-3 ft. high, in
little clumps, from a short rootstock.

AGRIMONIA

odorata, Mill. Ltts. narrower than in A . Etipatoria ;
leatlets pubescent ; lobes more deeply crenate-ilentate :
petals more than twice as long as the calyx. Italy. Oc-
casionally cult, in Am. j. b. Keller and W. M.

AILANTHUS

37

51. Ageratum conyzoidea.

AGEOPtRtJM (Greek for fieU &nAwheat). Gramlnew.
Perennials or annuals, with leaf-blades flat or convo
lute : spike terminal, usually stiff ; spikelets large, 3-8
fid., compressed, sessile at each joint of the simple
spike, the side of the spikelet placed next the axis.
Species about 30. Temperate regions of Amer. and En

r^pen8, Beauv. Quack Grass. Couch Grass.
Quick Grass. Quitch Grass. A smooth, pale green
or glaucous perennial, very variable, with the in-
ternodes of the rootstock long. In many places it
has become one of the worst weeds, spreading in-
veterately by its underground stems. Fig. 53. It
may be destroyed by constant and thorough tillage.
Often valuable to hold loose lands. Considered by
some stock raisers as a valuable hay grass.

AGROSTfiMMA. See Lyehnls.

AGE6STIS {agros, field ; the place of growth).
Graminew. Bent Grass. A genus containing many
useful grasses for lawns, pastures and bouquets. Pani-
cles variable, usually spreading :
spikelets very small, awnless or oc-
casionally a short awn present.
Species about 100, distributed over
the entire globe ; about 9 useful in
cult Some species are much con-
fused with Aira. In Agrostis the
spikelets are 1-fld.; in Aira 2- to
several-fld.

A. Spikelets about 1 line long: panicle-branches short.

Perennial lawn and pasture grasses.

B. Awnless spikelets.

41ba, Linn. Creeping Bent Grass. A well known per-
ennial, creeping or stoloniferous, 1-3 ft. : sheaths
smooth: leaf-blade linear or narrowly lanceolate, 4-8 in.
long, scabrous: panicle open, 4-10 in. long, the branches
sometimes widely spreading : spikelets about 1 line
long: ligula 1-4 lines long. — Suitable for meadows, pas-
ture mixtures, or exclusively for lawn-making.

Var. vulgaris, Thurb. (A.imlgfiris, With.). Red-top.
Fine Bent Grass. Distinguished from the type by
the smaller ligule, which is truncate, and less than 1
line long. — Commoner in cult, than the type.

Var. stolonlfera, Linn. (A . stolonlfera, Linn.). Panicle
contracted linear; culms extensively creeping or stolo-
niferous : ligule 1-4 lines long.

BB. Awned spikelets.

canina, Linn. Brovpn or Dog's Bent Grass. Rhode
Island Bent Grass. Slender, creeping, 1-2 ft. : panicle
pyramidal, 4-6 in. long : spikelets near the ends of the
branches, very small, 1-9 of an in. long: small bent i
on back of flowering glume. Int. fn
close sod.

AA. Spikelets about K line long; panicle-branches long
and hair-like. Annual ornamental grasses.
B. Culms, Ivs. and panicle-branches smooth.

nebuldsa, Bois.s & Reut. (A.capillAris, Hort. ). Cloud
Grass. Fig. 54. A low grass, with extremely delicate,
feathery-like panicle and small spikelets: Ivs. few and
very small. Spain. - Very useful for vases and bouquets.

minutifldra, Hort. Very similar to .4. nebulosa, but
smaller, with fewer Ivs. and shorter panicles. — Useful
for vases and bouquets.

BB. Culms, Ivs. and panicle-branches scabrous.

Bcabra, Willd. Rough-bent. Tickle Grass. Fly-
away Grass. Hair Grass. Silk Grass. Hair-like, deli-
cate, with widely spreading, capillary panicles, which
at maturity break away from the culm and fly about in
the wind: spikelets very small, clustered at the ends of

-Makes

the branches. -Before panicleexpands it is often sold in
the vicinity of large towns for dry bouquets.

A. elegans, Hort., not There, and A. pulchella. Uort. These
names are applied by florists to Aira elegans and Aira caryo-

AGUACATE, ALLIGATOR PEAR, AVOCADO. See

Persea.

AILANTHUS (from its native name Ailanto, meaning
Tree of Heaven). SimarubAcece. Large trees : Ivs. al-
ternate, large, pinnate, deciduous : fis. small, in large
terminal panicles, polygamous ; petals 5 ; stamens 10 ;
fr. consisting of 1-5 distinct samaras. Five species m
Cent, and S. Asia and N. Austral. -Large, ornamental
trees of loose and somewhat spreading habit, with ele-
gant, feathery foliage. Very rapid growers. Good for
smoky cities. Suckers from the roots. Prop, by seeds
and root cuttings.

glanduldaa, Desf. (A. Japdnica, Hort.). Tree op
Heaven. Tree, 60 ft. : Ivs. odd-pinn.ate, \)4-2 ft long ;
leaflets 13-25, petiolulate, ovate-lanceolate, nearly gla-
brous near the base, with 2-4 coarse teeth, each with a
large gland beneath : fls. greenish : samaras IHin. long.
June. China, cult, in Japan. ">""'

-Valuable tree for street

52. Agrimonia Eupatoria (X 3). Flower and bur.

Dd nat-
soinewhat tender north iik

the temperate regioni

AILAXTHUS

antiue. the ferti

a young state. For stret
only should be used, beeaus.- the- uial.- i-xlial.-c a disa-
greeable odor when lloweriiiL:. iumI tin- [H.lli M i^ -,i].i to
cause catarrhal troubles. Ii L-mA- ii, ;,liii.,-t aii\ s,,il,

what moist one, and stands dust
and smoke well. Var. erythro-
c&rpa {A. erythrocdrpa, Carr.
A. ricbru, Hort.). Lvs. darker
green above and more glaucous
beneath : fr. bright red, very
effective in late summer and
autumn. Var. penduIifbUa.Carr.
Lvs. very large, drooping. — The
Ailanthus foliage gives a tropi-
cal effect when the growth is
very strong. If plants are cut
back to the ground after they
have become established (in two
or three years after planting),
they will throw up very strong
shoots and make an excellent
screen, as shown in Fig. 55.
This practice may be repeated
year after year. Sumacs, pau-
lownias,basswoods, mulberries,
and other fast-growing things
may be treated in this way.
The Ailanthus foliage is very
like that of the Cedrela (which
see for illustration of differ-
ences).

A. excelsa, Roxbg. Tall tree: lvs.
3 ft. long, abruptly pinnate; leaflets
20-28. teeth w-ithout glands. India.
Can be grown only in tropical re-
gions or in the hothouse. — A. fla-
vescena, Carr. = Cedrela Sinensis.
Alfred Eebder.
rek name for Darnel). Gramin-
tins containing delicate annual
gras-.( s. Willi -h iMli I-, h.Msf panicle-branches: spikelets

gluiiii; ui uti'lv :; ilult. at the apex, bearing a slender
twisted awn below the middle. Eu., N. Afr. — This genus
is much confused with Agrostis by florists. Nat. from
Eu. and cult, for dry bouquets.

caryophyllSa Linn (Agrdttis (Uqans Hort not
Guss ) A slender and elegant tufted annual 10 20 in
high bearing a very diffuse panicle of purplish and at
length silvery scanous spikelets

^lagans Gaud {A(jrA\tis ilegans Hort not truss )
A slender erect and very pretty annual from a few
inches to a foot high with widely spreading capillary
panicles of many small spikelets

csespitosa — 4 creniJen

AlKA

A ccespitosa Lmn = Des hampsr
liinn = Molmia coerulea M nch —
chamosia flexuosi

AIK-PLANT. In common speech, any plant which
grows on the trunk or in the top of another plant is
called an air-plant. The proper term is epiphyte (that is,
growing on a plant). In horticulture, the term air-plant

AJUnA ■ ' ' -■ •;,. ' ... : l.ilabiate). LabiAUr.
Br-.i I .\ I I II 1 ,i..j.t-an perennials,

err. pi: 11. ... lis. numerous, in

wh.Tl-. .1,1. i.i r j..,i|..., .. iih rosy or white

variulu... I'n.ii. Ivj iln i.siuu ur .-..id>.

Genev^nsis, Lmn.( A . rugosa, Hort. A.alpina,^OT\..).
St. erect : cauline lvs. oblong-elliptic or obovate, nar-
rowed at the base ; lower ones petiolate ; floral lvs. ovate
orwedge-shaped, coarsely toothed, sparsely hairy : upper

lower whorls distant.

55. Ailanthus shoots

jnflower plants.

The expanded flowi

pyramidaiis Linn St erect caulme lvs obovate.

11 '.^t J r tr t It ovate or obovate,
1 t 1 in\ — V I H 1 11 fast spreading

11 lit 1 1 \ HI II 1 1 es The topical
I nil I I lilt til m the following :

I It Ml \ ilii 1 t r it dark purple lvs.

■ tl \ ir vanegAta Hort Lvs splashed

metailica var crlspa Hort mt by
Hender on 18J9 is described as dwarf
(4-5 m ) with curled metallic glossy and
blue fls in a pyramidal spike A bed-
ding plant, mt from Cermanj

J B Keller ind W M.

AE£EIA (from Aliht its Japanese
name) Berbuidctcea rnining glabrous
shrubs hs Ion., i ti lei Imitate coiia-
ceous fls mon i i mi itemes,

pistillate at thi 1 t the end

of the raceme ■ ling of

( ne or more \ I erries

with Tiimi 1 11 I 1 (les in

I I 1 1 I 1 II \ 1 1 1 1 111 hardy

hi I 11 I 1 t 1 I il I 1 nance,

I 1 lU 1 I t 1 t 1 I I 111 which

\ i\ 1 Tl h 1 1 II t w lit 1 They
n rjuire a sunn\ jc ition md wt 11 drained
soil also valuable m the cool greenhouse
for covering pillars and walls, f,rowing
best in a sandy compost of loam, leaf soil

T^'^i'fyK'

AKEBIA

and peat. In Japan the fr., which is very showy, but
with us rarely produced, is eaten, and the stems are
much used for wicker-work. Prop, by seeds, by green-
wood or hardwood cuttings, and
also by root division and layers.

quintlta, Decaisne. Figs 56,
57. Climbing 12 ft. or more: leaf-
lets 5, oval or oblong obovate,
entire, emarginate, 1-2 m. long:
fls. fragrant, the pistillate pur
plish brown, about 1 m. broad, the
staminate smaller, rosy purple
in early spring: berry oblong, 3-5
in. long, dark purple with glau
cons bloom, seeds black -Hard},
handsome, not attacked by insects
or fungi. Very graceful and de
sirable. China, Japan B R 33
28. B.M. 4864. G.F 4 137 A «
March, 1891, Figs. 5, 7, and plate
E.H. 1853:141. S.Z. 77

lobjlta, Decaisne. Leaflets 3
broadly ovate,
coarsely crenate :
fls. in longracemes,
smaller than those
of A. quinaia. Ja-
pan, China
7485. A.U.
1891, p. 140.
1%.-A.<:lem<xtifi,ha
and A. quetrifdlia^
Sieb. & Zucc, are
probably only va-
rieties of this spe-

Alfred I^ehder

ALABAMA, HORXICUL-
TUEE IN. Fig. 58. Commti
cial horticulture has not as
sumed the proportions in Ala
bama that it has in the neigh
boring southern states This
must be largely due to acci
dental causes, since in soils
climate and transportation
facilities the state presents
conditions fully equal to any
of the others. At present the <^^

most important horticultural

centers are at the extreme " Akcbia vine

northern and southern ends

of the state. Mobile has long been known as one of the
chief sources of supply for early vegetables for the
northern and western markets, and the truck business is
gradually extending from Mobile county to the adjoin-
ing counties of Baldwin and Washington. Early cab-
bage and Irish potatoes are the most important crops,
though snap beans, peas, radishes, and many other vege-

ALABAMA 39

Mobile and Ohio, forwarded 343 cars of home-grown
fruits and vegetables from the Mobile depot during 1897.
These figures do not include the shipments from other
stations on this line, nor those carried by the Louisville
and Nashville.

Such, in brief, is the present status of commercial
huitii ultuie in Alabama. In attempting to outline the
I i! Mil It s of its future development, it will be neces-
- I I , _l iiicpat some of themore prominent topograph-
1 d I. iiiufsof the state. For our purpose, it maybe
iou_l]K dn ided into four regions. First, at the north is
the Tennessee Elver region, or, as it is often called, the
..Tiin belt (Fig 58, A) Its strong clay soils produce
il undant crops of corn, wheat, clover and timothy, and
«. ]i oiiginally covered by a heavy growth of hardwood
til 111 \e\t comes the mineral belt (B), including the

I lilt nil II gion of northeast Alabama, and extending

II 11 iiu _'ulai way nearly across the state to its western
till This isalarge region, containingagreatvariety

I lis riiismg from rich creek and river bottoms, and
1 1 ( fertile red soils characteristic of the Piedmont region

t iieorgii to barren sands and sterile, rocky hillsides.
1 hi surface is very much broken, and great areas are

till covered with the original forests of mixed pine and
h ud woods Below the mountain country, and forming

111 11 regular belt or girdle across the middle of the state,
IS till piaiiie region (Fig 58, C). This is narrow at the

I i-t where the mountains press fartbestsouthward, but

II il.iisiutt waul the western border. The soil varies,
II III ] 1 I I s I in.; light and sandy, but for the most
I II It 1- I Ink iiti-ntne loam, resembling that of the
I iilii III I nun s ^\ hile cotton is a staple crop in all
I 1 1^ of the state, this is preeminently the cotton belt.
I 1 >w the prairie comes the timber belt (D), coveringthe

uthern third of the state, and extending to the Gulf.
L>ctore the advent of the lumberman this extensive re-

.-Z^

is very little gro\\ n '.
lenceof bacteriosi-, I : . n
Huntsviile,inii..riii-ni.
isliing niirsery business,
tablishments are located I

Thi

niiiiy southern localities
,; hirgely to the preva
■ iiithern tomato blight
III. lias a large and flour
?ral large wholesale es
and the fertile Tennes-

River Valley lands prove to be admirably adapted to
the growth of a good quality of nursery stock. Over
1,300 acres are now devoted to this business in this
neighborhood, the annual shipments fill 150 cars, includ-
ing 1,500,000 fruit trees, besides roses and other orna-
mentals; and the sum of $40,000 is paid out annually for
labor.

Beginnings have been made in fruit and vegetable
growing a-t various other points in the state, particularly
at Cullman, Montgomery, and Evergreen, on the Louis-
ville and Nashville railroad, and at Fruithurst, in north-
eastern Alabama, on the Southern railway. No data have
been secured as to the total shipment from these various
points, but the combined amount is very small, as com-
pared with those from the Mobile region. One road, the

dering the water courses. The surface is rolling,

4U ALABAMA

some parts very hilly. The soil is a light, sandy loam,
usually underlaid with red or yellow clay. It is naturally
poor, being deficient in potash and phosphoric' acid, and
yields only scanty crops without fertilizers. It can,
however, be made very productive by judicious manur-
ing, and it builds up rapidly under intelligent intensive
farming. This region is well adapted, both liy soil jir].l
climate, to the production of early vegetables, arid it
seems probable that the business of truck-fa riniuLr \v)ll
ultimately spread widely from its present r-i-nt.-r at
Mobile. Among fruits most promising for this region
are grapes, oriental pears, figs, Japanese persimmons
and strawberries. .Satsuma oranges on hardy trifoliata
stocks can be safely planted at the extreme south, and
peaches and Japanese plums in the more northerly por-
tion. Pecans thrive admirably, and the better kinds
should be widely planted.

The soils of the prairie region, being mostly rather
cold and wet in the spring, are not well adapted to early
vegetables. Their fruit-growing capacity has not been
fully tested, cotton claiming almost universal attention.
Peaches and plums will thrive on some of the lighter
soils, though the trees are usually short-lived. Apple
trees grow well on the heavier prairie soils, and it seems
probable that with a proper selection of varieties and
due attention to spraying, their cultivation would prove
profitable.

The mineral or mountain region presents so great a
variety of soils and conditions that it is hard to charac-
terize it as a whole. Some portions present almost ideal
conditions for peaches, plums and grapes, and in the
moister, heavier lands apples thrive and yield abun-
dantly. If the people of Alabama ever interest themselves
in fruit-growing as their neighbors in Georgia do at the
present day, then these choice mountain locations will
certainly be covered with orchards and vineyards, and
this mountain region will advance to the first place in
the magnitude of its horticultural interests.

The northern region already has its well established
nursery business, which seems destined to increase.
Owing to late spring frosts, peach and plum crops are
too uncertain here to make commercial plantings advis-
able. It is, however, a promising apple country, and
strawberries, raspberries and blackberries succeed well.
An undeveloped but promising industry for this region
would seem to be the growing of late crops of cabbage
and Irish potatoes for the southern market. The allu-
vial soils found here seem well adapted for this purpose,
and all the southern towns and cities offer a near and
ready market. F. S. Earle.

ALANGIUM (from the Malabar name). Cor>i(lceie. A
few species of shrubs or small trees of the Old World
tropics, with alternate entire evergreen Ivs. and small,
perfect purple Ha. in axillary clusters. Rarely cult, in
Old World stoves, but probably not in the Amer. trade.

ALASKA, HORTICULTUEE IN. Fig. 59. When con-
sidered from a horticultural or agricultural point of view,
Alaska may be very conveniently divided into two divis-
ions, the southern coast region and the interior. These
two regions differ very materially in their climate, and
may be ultimately found as unlike in their possibilities.
The climate of the coast region, which extends from
Dixon's Entrance on the southeast to Unalaska on the
southwest, is characterized by a heavy rainfall, a great
preponderance of cloudy weather, and a rather low sum-
mertemperature, with little or no diurnal variation in the
readings of the thermometer. The winter temperature is
not excessively cold, zero weather being seldom experi-
enced,while in the summer it is seldom high. The average
rainfall, as shown by data from the Government Weather
Service, varies from 55.9 inches at Killisnoo to 92.1 at
Unalaska, about one-third of the precipitation falling
during the growingperiod, from May to September. The
data concerning the interior portion of the country are
mainly from along the Yukon River, that being the great
thoroughfare of the region. Here the rainfall is slight,
and during summer clear skies are the rule. The intense
cold of winter is followed by comparatively warm tem-
perature in the summer, with a growing period of about
four months, although occasional frosts have been re-
ported from the upper part of the valley during the
summer months.

ALASKA

The soils of the two regions are very similar, being
largely of vegetable origin overlying rock or glacial de-
posits. In the coast region arable areas are confined to
rather narrow valleys and the slopes along the sea. In
the interior are reported more extensive areas of com-
paratively level land. Of the coast region, the most ex-
tiMsivr aiva of land adapted to cultivation is that on the
K.uai I'.iiinsula, and, extending across Cook Inlet, is
rniiiimicil up the Sushitna River. This region, on ac-
count of its position relative to ocean currents, partakes
more of the climatic characteristics of the 'interior, al-
though still somewhat modified.

The accompanying map shows regions where some
attempts have been made in gardening, from which defi-
nite reports have been secured. From the data at hand

59. Sketch map

it seems probable that the local supplies of hardy vege-
tables might be produced nearer at hand than the Puget
Sound. This is undoubtedly true of the southeastern
portion of the country, where the production need be
limited only by the demand for such supplies and the
ability to secure arable lands at a cost that will permit
the producer to compete with the Sound country. For
some time certain economic features will enter into the
subject of extensive horticulture. Among these are the
hisrh price of labor, the standard being at present deter-
mined by the wages paid for gold mining, the question
of transportation, and the rather limited markets.

As it exists at the present time, horticulture in Alaska
is of a very primitive type. A few gardens here and
there, with perhaps a row of berries along the side and
an occasional fruittree, represents nearly all that is done
along this line. Near Juneau and at Kiilisnoo are mar-
ket-gardens of considerable importance, but elsewhere
only small areas are cultivated.

It has been said that during the Russian occupancy
of tlie country many attempts were made to cultivate
gardens and fields, but the data are often so meager and
contradictory as to throw doubt upon the sincerity of
the endeavor. In the accompanying account, it is de-
sired to place on record some of the horticultural achieve-
ments as gathered from reports from gardeners in many
places, as well as the personal observations of the writer
during two seasons in the country

Fruits.— The great abundance both in kind and quan-
tity of native fruits, especially berries, has doubtless
contributed to the delay in the attempted introduction
and cultivation of other sorts. Some effort has been made
in this line, as is shown by the presence at Sitka of a
number of old apple trees, remnants of the Russian days,
which bear a very inferior fruit. A few young bearing
trees of unknown variety are grown at the same place.
At Wrangell there are apple trees of what are thought to
be the Red June variety in bearing, and young thriving
trees are known to be at Juneau and Metlakahtla. Plum
and cherry trees have been recently planted in several
places, but so far have not fruited. The mountain ash
lSorhu.1 sambHcifoUa) is grown as an ornamental tree in
a number of places. Currants flourish wherever planted,
and gooseberries have been seen, but they were usually

ALASKA

badly mildewed. Cuthbert raspberries do exceedingly
well at Wrciugell and Sitka, the fruit being of fine size
and quality. The same is true of strawberries at the sev-
eral places where they are cultivated. Attempts have
been made at a number of places to cultivate some of the
indigenous fruits, and the dewberry or "knesheneka"
(Subus stellatus], wnd currants {Bilies riihnim and S.
bracteosum), and the strawberry (Fnifiniia ChiJoen-
sis?) have all been domesticated, and their fruit is
fully equal, if not superior, to the wild product.

Vegetables.— More attempts have been made to grow
vegetables than fruits, and some definite data have been
obtained, showing what varieties are known to be adapted
to Alaskan conditions. Most of these data have been se-
cured from Sitka and Wrangell, in the southeastern part
of the country, and from the Holy Cross Mission, near
Koserefski, on the lower Yukon. A recent report from
the latter place states that potatoes of fine quality, weigh-
ing \% pounds, and turnips weighing 5J^ pounds, were
grown during the summer of 1898. In addition, notes
were given of some of the varieties of vegetables adapted
to the region, as follows : Cabbage — Early Jersey Wake-
Held, Plat Dutch, and Drumhead ; cauliflower-Early
Snowball, Early Dwarf Erfurt ; turnips - Early Flat
Dutch, Yellow Globe, and Extra Early Milan ; ruta-
bagas—Improved American; radish — French Breakfast
and Chartier ; onions — Extra Early Red and Yellow
Dauvers; lettuce — Golden Heart; peas — American Won-
der and Early Alaska; beets- Eclipse and Edmand's
Blood Turnip ; carrot— Oxheart ; parsley — Extra Early
Double Curled; celery-White Plume, Giant Pascal;
rhubarb — Victoria.

The same varieties, with numerous additions, have suc-
ceeded in the coast region. Snap beans. Challenge Black
Wax and Golden Wax, have done fairly well at Sitka,
where some experiments were conducted by the United
States Department of Agriculture during 1898, and the
English Windsor is quite in its element. At this place
the Philadelphia Butter and San Francisco Market let-
tuce made fine heads of a most superior quality. Par-
snips and carrots grow well, and salsify and spinach
were successfully grown at Sitka for perhaps the first
time. Peas were found to grow and yield well, and in
addition to the varieties above given, some of the dwarfs
and the Norwegian Sugar peas continued to produce
their crop until cut off by the frost. The blood beets.
Extra Blood Turnip and Extra Early Egyptian, grew
well at Sitka, but in many places beets are a failure on
account of their tendency to run to seed. This unde-
sirable trait on the part of biennial plants is shared by
other vegetables, principally turnips, although cabbage
and cauliflower have bien reported as doing likewise.
It is believed by some growers that the flat type of tur-
nip is more subject to run to seed than the globe type.
Celery of exceedingly fine quality has been grown at a
number of places, although at Kadiak specimens were
seen in which the central axis was greatly elongated.
The leafstalks were also lengthened in about the same
proportion, and this trait was not considered undesirable.

Potatoes are more extensively grown than any other
crop, and the quality varies with the variety, locality,
season, and culture. Usually little choice is exercised in
the matter of varieties, but Polaris, Beauty of Hebron,
and Early Rose appear well adapted to the conditions
existing in this region. The two last are the most ex-
tensively known varieties, and very favorable reports
have been received from a few trials of the Polaris.
Season and method of planting undoubtedly exert a
strong influence on the crop. If the soil, which usually
contains a high proportion of organic matter and mois-
ture, is well drained or thrown up into beds, as is the
custom in many places, good potatoes can be grown in
the average season. In some parts of the country, espe-
cially from Cook Inlet westward, the natives cultivate a
small round potato, called the Russian, that seems to be
well suited to the country. It is said to have been brought
from Siberia fifty or more years ago. Close planting of
potatoes, as well as almost every other vegetable, is the
rule, and often to this fact alone may be attributed many
failures. The object seems to be to grow a large crop
by planting an abundance of seed. The result is a large
growth of tops that completely shade the ground, thin-
ning being seldom or never practiced. Along the coast.

ALASKA

41

where cloudy weather is the rule, it is safe to say that
the sun's rays never strike the ground after the grow-
ing season has become well advanced. Under such con-
ditions it is not an uncommon sight to see a crop of small
potatoes borne in the axils of the leaves above ground,
no tubers being formed below the surface.

In general, considerable judgment is shown in the
choice of garden sites. A southwestern slope is always
preferred, and if well drained the garden is usually a
thrifty one. In many places the earth is thrown up into
beds 4 or 5 feet wide and the crop planted crosswise the
beds. Where it can be easily obtained, sand is added to
warm and to lighten the soil. Kelp is extensively em-
ployed as a fertilizer in some places, but its value whtn
added to a soil already largely composed of vegetable
debris is questionable. Gardens have been successfully
maintained at Dawson, Circle City, and other of the great
mining centers of the upper Yukon, and the dirt roof of
the miner's cabin is frequently utilized for early gar-
dens, the heat from within supplying the necessary
warmth required for growing early radishes, onions,
lettuce, turnips, etc.

Wild Berries.— The abundance of native fruits, espe-
cially of berries, has already been mentioned, and an
enumeration of some of them would seem not out of place.
Of widest distribution are the salmonberries [Rxibus
speetabilis, Fig. 60). two so-called cranberries {Vibur-
num pauciflortini and f'nrritihim ritix-Irl<Fa) , cuTTunts
iBibes rubrun,. l,'J,,„ri,„sii,ii. and J,'. /.(,m77.., ■»»!). crow-
berries (£»!/'■ Inii,l I, I, I, -mil I, lincklili.rri.'S I Wiiriuilim

idiginosum an.l it^ var. „ii,rr ,/»,„i. l,lu..l.,Tries ( T.

ovalifoUum). r.-il l,u,-kl.l.erri.s i V. y.,, n-ifhirinn), the
molka or baked-apple berry (Bubiis ClinDUFmoiiis) im-
properly called salmonberry in the interior, and rasp-
berries {ffnbvs strigosus}. Of less gen-
eral distribution, yet very abundant in
places, may be mentiom-d strawberries
Chiloensis), dewberries (Ifu-
biis sttHaliis), thini-
(B. par-
riiir,ri(>i).!>a]n\{G(iul-
thrria Shallon), bog
cranberries { Vaccin-
iinii OxT/cocctis), bear-
berries { A rctostciph-
ylos alpina), etc.

60. Salmonberry,

Floriculture.— This Ijranch of horticulture is not
wholly neglected in Alaska, although but few data are
available. Many of the hardier plants of the old-fash-
ioned flower garden are to be seen. Pansies of great size
and brilliant color are common, and they remain in
flower all summer. In some parts of the country sweet
peas do well, and poppies, nasturtiums, mignonette,

42

ALASKA

s-n-r-i't ilvoiiiim, chrysanthemums, stock, candytuft, ver-
1h I 1^ M>.| M, M-i^'olds are not uncommon where any at-
t I t.> grow flowers. Window gardens and

!. i .1 I, sorts to the list already given.

A -iii:l. i II. n's experimentation at Sitka, under the
dirt'i-tioTi of thf Office of Experiment Stations, United
States Department of Agriculture, has shown that much
can be accomplished in horticulture if rational methods
of culture and a proper selection of varieties and seed
be followed. Walter H. Evans.

For further information, consult Yearbook of Dept. of
Agric. for 1897, and Bulletin 48, Office Exp. Sta., Dept.
Agric. L. H. B.

ALB£RTA (from Albertus Grotus, commonly known
as Albertus Magnus). Jiubidcw. Tender evergreen
shrub from Natal, suitable for greenhouse. Little
known in commerce in this country.

m&gna,, E. Mey. Bark pale : Ivs. 4-5 in. long, obovate-
oblong, obtuse, entire, narrowed into a short, stout pet-
iole ; midrib stout : panicle terminal, erect, 6 in. high
and nearly as broad at the base ; corolla tube 1 in. long,
slightly swelling in upper part ; lobes 5, small, triangu-
lar, recurved. B.M. 7454. G.C. III. 22:416. Gn. 53:1171.

ALBtZZIA (after Albizzi, an Italian naturalist). Le-
gumindsw. Trees or shrubs, unarmed : Ivs. alternate,
bipinnate ; leaflets small, oblique : fis. in axillary, pe-
duncled spikes or globular heads ; calyx and corolla
tubular and 5-lobed ; stamens long, exserted : fr. a
large strap-shaped pod. Twenty-five species in trop.
and subtrop. regions of Asia, Afr. and Austral. Orna-
mental trees and shrubs with graceful, feathery foliage
and yellowish, white or red fls. in summer. For cult.,
see Acacia.

A. Fls. in cylindrical axillary spikes : Ivs.
persistent.

lopMntha, Benth. (AcAcia lophdntha,'WiUd.). Shrub
or small tree, 6-20 ft. : Ivs. with 14-24 pinnae, each with
40-60 leaflets, about 5 lines long, linear, obtuse : spikes
niostly2, about 2 in. long, yellowish. S. W. Australia.
B.M. 2108. B.R. 5:361. L. B.C. 8:716. -Sometimes cult,
as greenhouse shrub and flowering in spring, and in the
open in the S. Often known as Acaoia speciosa. There
is a var. gigant^a in the trade.

AA. Fls. in globular heads : Ivs . deciduous .
B. Stamens united only at the base.
0. Leaflets ovate or oblong, obtuse.

LAbbek, Benth. (AcAcia Libbek, Willd. A. sped-
6sa, Willd.). Tall tree : Ivs. with 4-8 pinnffl, each with
10-18 leaflets, obliquely oblong or oval, 1-VAin. long,
nearly sessile: fls. greenish yellow, in short-peduncled,
axillary heads, 3-4 together. Trop. Asia, N. Austral.

occidentaUs, Brandeg. Small tree, 15-25 ft. : Ivs. with
8 pinnaj, each with 6-10 leaflets, oblique-oval, %-\%m.
long, glabrous: fls. yellowish, in axillary heads. June-
July. Max., Low. Calif. — Perhaps only a variety of A.
Lebbek, and not indigenous.

odoratissima, Benth. (Accicia odi'mtisximn, Willd.).
Tall tree: Ivs. with downy rachis; ]iinii.i' r.-l4, imi-Ii with
16-50 leaflets, oblique-oblong, %-l in. lo)i^', f,'kiueou3
beneath : heads few-fld., numerous, Ki'cuuisU white,
forming large, terminal panicles. E. Ind.

prdcera, Benth. (AcAcia prbcera, Willd.). Tall tree:
Ivs. with nearly glabrous rachis; piunie 6-10, each with
12-16 leaflets, oblique-oblong, 1-lHin. long, glabrous:
heads few-fld., greenish white, forming large, terminal
panicles. Trop. Asia, Austral.

Moluccina, Miq. Tree : rachis of the Ivs. with many

glands; pinnae 14, each with 12-40 leaflets, obliquely el-

Iiptic-oblong,glaucous and pubescent beneath. Moluccas.

cc. Leaflets falcate, with the midrib close to the upper

edge, nrnte.

Julibrlssin, Dnrazz. f.l.; / J<,!;t,r: ;», Willd. A.
iVe/HK, Willd. Alln i.i , i i. rn-i., 30^0 ft.:

rachis of the Ivs. wiiti ;i m ' h Imse; pinnae

8-24, with numerous 1,-ail. i-, i u .n. |..ii-. Min. long:

heads pink, crowded ou ihu ujipur uud ol the branches.

ALEURITES

Trop. and subtrop. Asia and Afr. R.H. 1870: 490. F.S.
21: 2199. -This plant is the hardiest species, and will
stand many degrees of frost. Hardy as far north as
Washington.

Var. mbllis, Benth. (A. mdllis, Boiss. AcAcia millis,
Wall.). Leaflets broader, densely pubescent.

Btipulita, Boiss. (AcAcia stipulAta, DC). Tall tree :
young branches with large, persistent stipules: rachis
of the Ivs. with many glands, pubescent; pinnae 12^0,
with numerous leaflets, oblong-linear, X-Xin. long, pu-
bescent beneath: heads in axillary simple or terminal
compound racemes. Trop. Asia.

BB. Stamens couutitf into a lonq. narrow tube.

fastigiita, Oliv. 1.;^" ' > ;,',,,,, l^,, E.Mey.). Tree:
branc^hes and petiol, : , . - .nt ; pinnae 8-14,

each with 16-30 leallit ; limg, ^-J-^in. long,

pubescent beneath: li.snl- in i.iiiiii]:U corymbs on the
end of the branches. Trop. Afr. Alfred Rehder.

ALBtrCA (whitish ; the color of the first-described
species). LiliAce(e. Tender bulbs from the Cape of
Good Hope allied to Omithogalum, and treated in the
same way. Prop, by offsets or seeds.

adrea, Jacq. Bracts yellow : fls. 10-30, pale yellow,
upright.

mijor, Linn. Bracts red : fls. 6-15, greenish yellow,
nodding. B.M. 804. L. B.C. 12: 1191.

ALCHEMtLLA (from an Arabic name). RosAcem.
Hardy herbaceous perennials with corymbose, incon-
spicuous fls., suitable for rockeries and front rows of
borders. Of easiest culture. Height 6-8 in. Prop, by
division or seeds. Native in Eu., and A. arvhisis is
sparingly naturalized in this country. There are also
tropical species.

alplna, Bieb. Lvs. digitate, 5-7 cut ; leaflets usually
7, lanceolate-cuneate, obtuse, serrate at apex, silky hairy
beneath, shiny. Eu.

serloea, Willd. Lvs. larger than in A. alpina, 5-7
nerved, digitate; leaflets 7, lanceolate, acute, deeply ser-
rate from the middle to apex, downy beneath. Cau-
casus.

vulgaris, Linn. (A. mont Ana, Schmidt). Lady's Man-
tle. Lvs. 7-9 nerved, 7-9 cut ; reniform, plicate-con-
cave. N. Temp. Zone.

J. B. Keller.

ALDER. See Alnus.

ALETBIS (Greek word for female slave who ground
corn; alluding to apparent mealiness of the fls.). Bw-
inadorAceiv. Hardy perennial, smooth, stemless, bitter
herbs. Lvs. thin, flat, lanceolate, grass-like, in a spread-
ing cluster: fls. small, in a spiked raceme, terminating
a slender scape 2-3 ft. high; perianth not woolly, but
wrinkled and roughened with thick set points which give
a mealy appearance. July-Aug. They like a moist but
sunny situation. Prop, slowly by division or seeds.

ailrea, Walt. Fls. bell-shaped, fewer and shorter than
in j4. /a»-i)iosa, yellow ; lobes short, ovate. Eastern N.
Amer. B.M. 1418, erroneously &a A. farinosa.

farindsa, Linn. Fls. longer and more tubular than in
,4. itiiri'ii, white; lobes lanceolate-oblong. N. Amer.
L.B.C. 12:1161.

Japdnica, Hort. Fls. reddish or deep purple, in long
spikes. J. B. Keller.

ALEURtXES (Greek: farinose or floury). Euphor-
biAceiv. Half dozen or less tropical species of evergreen
trees, with small monoecious white fls. in terminal, lax
cymes and alternate, entire or3-lobed lvs. with 2 glands
at the top of the petiole.

triloba, Forst. Candlenut, or Candleberry Tree.
Small tree, with 3-5-lobed pubescent lvs., originally from
the eastern tropics, but now widely distributed : cult,
for its edible nut, which is spheroidal, nearly 2 in. in
diam., 2-loculed, each compartment containing a walnut-
like seed. The dried kernels are burned for illumina-
tion by natives. The nuts yield oil which is used in
food or as a dryer in paint. The oil is variously known
as Indian Walnut Oil, Kekune Oil, Kukui Oil. Spar-
ingly cult, in S. Calif, and S. Fla. Fruits in S. Calif.

ALEURITES

oordita, Steud. Lts. broadly ovate, acuminate, deeply
cordate, 3-5 cuspidate or lobed. S. Chiua.-Yields au
excellent lac varnish. L. H. B.

ALFALFA, LUCfiRNE {Medicdgo saDva, Linn.). A
deep-rooted perennial forage plant of the liegnmmosw.
The plant grows a foot or two high, bears pinnate Ivs.
with 3 ovate-oblong toothed leaflets, and small head-like
racemes of purple clover-shaped fls. It is native to Eu.
In the arid parts of the U. S. It is the staple hay and
forage plant, and it is also grown to a considerable ex-
tent in the E. Two to six mowings may be ra.ade each
year from established meadows. Fifteen to 20 lbs. of
seed are sown to the acre; and the seed is preferably
sown alone, without another crop. Alfalfa should not be
pastured the first year. In two or three years it be-
comes thoroughly established and productive, and it
should continue for many years. June grass often runs
it out in a cool, moist climate. Alfalfa often becomes
a weed in waste places.

ALFILfiEIA. The West American or Spanish name
for Drbdiiim cicutctrium, L'Her. Gerani&cea. A hairy
annual which is used for pasture in dry regions.

Alga, plural ALG^. a general name for chloro-
phyll-bearing thallophytes. They are flowerless plants,
allied to the fungi, and generally inhabit water. Those
occurring in salt water are known as seaweeds. None
are cultivated. The green"moss"on flower-pots is made
up of algae.

ALGABOBA is the fruit of Ceratonia siliqua

ALHAGI (its Mauritanian name). Legu-minhsa. Low,
spiny, much branched shrubs: Ivs. oblong, small, ob-
tuse, entire, alternate : fls. papilionaceous, in few-fld.
racemes. Summer. Three closely allied species from
Greece and Egypt to Himalayas, producing the Persian
or Alhagi Manna. They may be cult, in temperate re-
gions in dry and sunny positions and prop, by seeds and
greenwood cuttings under glass with a little bottom
heat.

j1. c(imc!6r«m, Fisch. Camel's Thorn. Glabrous at length:
ovary glabrous. Cau. to Himal.— A. maurdrum, DC. Pubes-
cent: ovary pubescent. Egypt to Persia. — A. grfvcbnim, Boiss.
Very spiny and more densely pubescent ; ovary pubescent.
Greece. ALFRED RehDER.

ALlSMA (derivation doubtful). Alismdcete. Hardy
aquatics, with small white or pale rose fls. on scapes
with whorled, panicled branches. Perennial by a stout
proliferous corm. Useful in ponds. Prop, by division
or seeds.

Plant4go, Linn. Water Plantain Lvs. variable,
but usually broadly cordate-ovate ; thinner and n vi
rower when growing under water. Panitle 1-2 ft long
Common in swales and still waters in U S , also m Eu

A. nataiis, Linn., is now referred to the monotypif genus
EHsma(E.natans, Buch.), It is native to Eu and is offered m
foreign catalogues. Fl. white, single, on a long peduncle float
ing lvs. elliptic and obtuse.

ALKANNA, ALKANET. SeeAncMcsa.

ALKEKfiNGI. See Pkysalis.

ALLAMANDA(Dr. Allamand,Leyden). Apocyncicece.
Greenhouse shrubs, mostly climbers. Lvs. entire,
■whorled: fls. terminal, large and funnel-shaped, with a
flat-spreading or reflexed limb, the tube inflated below
the throat: ovary 1-locuIed: stamens 5, the filaments
very short.

Allamandas are of easy culture. They are usually '
grown in the ground or in large tubs, and trained on the
rafters. For best results, they should have plenty of
sun. The bushy kinds, as A. neriifoUa, A. grand! flora
and A. Williamsi, may be grown as specimen plants
in pots. The strong kinds, as A. Schottii, are some-
times used as stocks upon which to graft the weaker
ones, particularly if roof plants are desired. Prop, by
cuttings of growing wood in a bottom heat of 75°; also
by layers. The species are much confused.
a. FJs. purple.

Blanch^tii, DC. {A. violAcea, Gardn.). Lvs. in 4's,
hairy on both sides : fis. in terminal clusters, 3 in. across.

ALLAMANDA

43

Brazil. B.M.

salmon-purple : habit of A . ral.
7122. Int. into U. S. in liVJ..

aa. Fls. yellow or orange.
B. Corolla with a swollen or bulb-like base.

neriifdlia, Hook. A stocky, bushy grower, useful for
pots, although it usuallv not-ds to be staked or grown
against a support if allowed to take its full i-ourse: lvs.
in 3's-5's, glabrous, ol.lon- or elliptic, acuminate : co-
rolla smaller than A. Sch„llii or A. H,nuhrsoni, deeper
yellow, streaked with orange. S. Amer. B.M. 4594.
— Early and profuse bloomer.

BB. Corolla tube long, slender and stem-like.
C. Lvs. and calyx more or less hairy.

ndbilis, Moore. A strong, tall climber, with purple
twigs: lvs. in 3's or 4's, large, acuminate, very short-
stalked: fls. very large (4-5 in. across), nearly circular
in outline of limb, bright, clear yellow, with magnolia-
like odor. Finest fls. in the genus. Braz. B.M. 57B4.

cc. Lvs. and calyx glabrous (except perhaps in A.

Williamsi).

D. Plant tall-climbing.

cathirtica, Linn. Lvs. rather small, obovate, usually
in 4's, and more or less wavy-margined, thin, acuminate:
fls. golden yellow, white-marked in the throat, the lobes
acuminate on one angle, 3 in. or less across, the tube
gibbous or curved. S. Amer. B.M. 338. P.M. 8:77.
—The species first described, but now rarely seen in
cultivation.

Sch6ttii, Pohl. Strong-growinc, suitable for rafters:
young shoots and petioles sliirhtiy pubescent, the older
stems warty: lvs. in 3's m- J'^. lin,;i.lly lanceolate and
acuminate: corolla lar-e, lirli v(1Im« , the throat darker
and beautifully striped, lira/.. B.M. ILIJl, but this por-
trait is considered by Index Kewtn-iis to belong to A.
cathartica. A.magnitica, introduced into the U. S. in
1893, is probably a form of this species.

mnderEoni, Bull. (.1. Wardley(lna, Lebas.). Pig. 61.
Tall and vigorous, free-flowering, excellent for roofs:

,^f^

61. Allamanda Hendersoni (X Y)

glabrous: lvs. large, elliptic-ovate, thick and leathery,
in 4's : fls. large, yellow-orange, with 5 light spots in the
throat, the corolla of thick substance, pui'pllsh on the
exterior when in bud. Gn. 29:542. I.H. 12: 452. -The
commonestAllaraandainthiscouutry. By some authori-
ties considered to be a variety of A. cathartica; by oth-
ers referred to J. Sc/ioHfi. Int. from Guiana by Hender-
son & Co., St. .John's Wood, England, and distributed
by Bull about 1865.

44

ALLAMANDA

DD. Plant erect-bushy.

grandilldra, Lara. St. thin and wiry: Ivs. thin, ovate-
lanceoiate, pointed, usually in 3's : fls. somewhat smaller
than those of A. Hendersoni but larger than A. cathar-
tica, lemon- or primrose-yellow. Braz. Gn. 39 : 794.
P.M. 12: 79.— Thrives well when grafted on stronger
Isinds.

Williamsi, Hort. Very dwarf : Ivs. and young growth
generally somewhat pubescent , the Ivs. lona and narrow,
acuminate usually in 4's : fls. in continuous clusters,
rather smaller than those of A . Hendersoni and of better
substance, fragrant. Gn. 40: 832. -Certificated in Eng.
in 1891 by B. S.Williams & Son, and int. in U. S. in 1893.
Supposed to be a hybrid. Promising for pots.

L. H. B.

ALL-HEAL, See Brunella vulgaris.

Allium (ancient Latin name). Lili&cem. Bulbous
plants, mostly cult, in the open ; but a few, of which A.
J^eapolitannm is an example, are of tener grown indoors.
Fls. in a simple umbel, from a 1-2-lvd. usually scarious
spathe; stamens and perianth segments 6; style slender,
the stigma either entire or parted.

Alliums are of the easiest cult., for which consult
Bulbs. For the vegetable-garden members of the genus,
see Chives, Garlic, Leek, Onion, Shallot. Allium
vine&le, a bad weed in parts of the northeastern states,
has a slender scape sheathed below with hollow thread-
shaped Ivs., and greenish rose-colored fls. (or bulblets
in the place of fls.).

The following species are known to be in the Amer.
trade : acuminatum, No. 4 ; anceps, 26 ; attenuifolium,
21; Bidwelli»,23; Bolanderi, 17; cernuum,9; Cusickii,
16; falcifolium, 25; flrabriatum, 24; Geyeri, 13; heema-
tochiton, 11; Sermettii.S; madid^im, 15; Moly, 1; Nea-

Neapolitanum.

; platycaule,27; reticulatum, 12 ; roseum,5;

9; scaposum, 14; Schoenoprasum, 8; senes-
■atnm.'."J: stellatum, 19; tricoccum, 7; uni-
i-;ili.liiiii. III; Victorialis, 2.
A. Viniiiilrhiili. N,i,. catalogued by Meehan, is perhaps

a form of som.' (.ilicr species. It is described as "dull

pink. July. IJi ft."

foli

ALLIUM

I. Exotic garden Alliums.

A. Fls. yellow.

1. M61y, Linn. Lvs. fiat, broad : fls. numerous, in a
dense umbel, in early spring. S. Eu. B.M. 499. — Well
known, and a favorite for mussing. Hardy in the N.

AA. Fls. white or whitish.
B. Jjvs. very broad, obtuse.

2. Victori&lis, Linn. Tall : Ivs. ovate or broad-oblong,
short : Hs. greenish white, in large heads. Spring. Si-
beria. B.M. 1222.- Hardy.

BB. Lvs. narrow, acute or tapering.

3. Neapolit&num, Cyr. Fig. 62. Lvs. long and rather
narrow, loose-spreading, shorter than the scape : fls.
large, pure white, with colored stamens on long pedicels.
Eu.— Needs protection if grown outdoors. Much used
for cut-flowers in winter and spring. The most popular
species, A. HermHtii grandifldrtim, recently intro-
duced from Holland, is a clear white odorous variety,
well adapted to forcing.

AAA. Fls. pink, rose, or lilac.
B. Segments with recurved tips.

4. acuminitum. Hook. Scape 4-10 In.: Ivs. 2-4, not
longer than the scape, very narrow: umbel many-fld.:
perianth segments a third longer than the stamens, the
inner ones serrulate. W. Amer.

BB. Segments not recurved.

5. rbseum, Linn. Scape 12-18 in.: lvs. narrow, with in-
rolled tips: fls. few (10-12), on long pedicels in an open
umbel. S. Eu. B.M. 978.

6. BenSsoens, Linn. Scape 1-2 ft. : lvs. narrow, erect,
often twisted: fls. rather small, numerous, in a rather
dense head. Eu. B.M. 1150.

II. The above species comprise those which are in gen-
eral cultivation in this country. Aside from these there
are various native species, mostly from western Amer-
ica, which are offered by dealers in American plants.
These are recorded below. Monograph of American Alli-
ums by Sereno Watson, in Proc.Amer.Acad. Sci. 14: 226,

A. Bulbs clustered, narrowly oblong; scape terete.
B. Lvs. elliptic-lanceolate, S or S.

7. tric6cctmi,Ait. Common Wild Leek. Fls. greenish
white on scape 4-12 in. high in early spring. Grows in
clumps. N. Eng. to Wis. and N. C.

BB. Lvs. terete and hollow, several.

8. SchoBndprasum, Linn. Gives or Chives. Fls. rose-
color, in dense little heads: Ivs. short, in dense mats.
N. U. S. and Eu.

BBB. Lvs. linear, flat or channelled.

9. c6muum. Roth. Fls. rose-colored or white, in open,
nodding umbels. AUeghanies W.

10 vdhdum, Wats. Fls. rose-colored or nearly white,
in dense erectish umbels : scape l-25^ft., very stout.
Nev tal.Or

11 hsematochlton, Wats. Fls. deep rose, in a small,
erect umbel bulb-coats deep red : scape 1 ft. or less
high Cal

A V Bulbs usually solitary, globose to ovate ;

'icape terete or nearly so.

B Coats of bulbs fibrous.

1 ' reticul4tum, Fraser. Scape 3-8 in. : fls. white to

r with thin segments. W. Amer. B.M. 1840, as A.

t II iliim

1 1 Gejen, Wats. A foot high : fls. rose, with broad
acute segments W. Amer.

BB Coals of bulbs not fibrous.

c. Lvs. S or several.

D. Ovary with only S crests, or none at all.

14. BcapAsum, Benth. Fls. white, red-veined, in a
loose, few-fld. umbel : bulbs dark : scape 1 ft. or more.
W. Amer.

15. mAdidum.Wats. Fls. white or nearly so, in a many-
fld. umbel: bulbswhite: scape lessthanlft., angled. Or.

16. Ciisickii,Wats. Fls. rather numerous, nearly white:
lvs. 2, Kin. wide: scape 3-4 in. Or.

ALMOND

45

18. uniSblium, Kellogg. Lvs. several, narrow and flat:
scape stout, 1-2 ft. : fls. rose, 10-30, the segments ovate-
lanceolate, exceeding stamens and style. Calif.

DD. Ovary distinctly 6-crested; Hs, usually rose-colored.
B. Scape usually more than 6 in. high {in the wild).

19. steUatum, Fraser. Bulb-coats reddish: scape 6-18
in.; pedicels l4-%m.lozig; stamens and styles exserted.
W. Amer. B.M. 1576.

20. S4nbomii, Wood. Bulb-scales white: scape 12-24
in.; pedicels shorter; umbel densely many-fld.; stamens
and styles exserted. Calif.

21. attenuifdllum, Kellogg. Lvs. channelled : scape
slender, 6-15 in., leafy below; umbel dense ; fls. nearly
white. W. Amer.

EE. Scape usually less than 6 in. high (in the wild).

22. serr&tum, Wats. Lvs. very narrow ; filaments
broadened at the base. W. Amer.

23. Bidwelliae, Wats. Scape 2-3 in.: umbel few-fld.,
the pedicels }^in. long : filaments filiform. Calif.

CO. Lt. solitary, linear or filiform; scape i-S in. high:
caps2ile 6'Crested.

24. fimbriiltum, Wats. Lf. filiform and revolute :
scape 3 in. : fls. deep rose , stigma 3-cleft. S. Calif.

AA. Bulbs mostly solitary : scape stout, 2-winged :

lvs. S, broad.

B. Stamens not exserted.

25. falcifdlium, Hook. & Am. Pis. rose, the segments
minutely glandular-serrate and twice longer than sta-
mens : scape 2-3 in. W. Amer.

26. 4nceps, Kellogg. Fls. white, with purplish veins,
the segmeuti? little longer than stamens. Calif., Or.

BB. Stamens exserted.

27. platycadle, Wats. Pis. rose, the segments long-
acuminate : scape 3-5 in. Calif. B.M. 6227, as A. anceps.

L. H. B.

ALL0FL£CTUS {diversely plaited ; referring to ap-
pearance of the calyx). Gesnerdcete. Tender tropical
evergreen shrubby plants, with tubular yellowish axillary
fls., borne singly, to be grown in hothouses and given
the treatment required by Gesneras.

A. ripens. Hook. Trailing by means of roots thrown out be-
tween the pairs of lvs.: lvs. ovate, coarsely serrate, hairy or
smooth: calyx pale green, blotched with purple; corolla yellow,
tinged red, gaping; tube swollen at the base ; limbof four spread-
ing segments, the uppermost being twice cut. E.Ind. B.M. 4250.
—A.sparsiflirus.'M.a.Tt. Erect: lvs. ovate-oblong, acute entire ;
petiole and nerves beneath often red : calyx of 5 cordate or tri-
angular dark blood or purple sepals, forming a striking contrast
to the yellow club-shaped densely hairy corolla; limb of corolla
of 5 equal segments. Braz. B. M. 4216, en-oneously as A.
dichrous.

Allspice. The dry berry of the Pimento {Piminta
officinalis, Lindl.),an evergreen tree of the MyrtAcew.
The tree grows in the W. Indies. Jamaica yields much
of the product. The fresh berry is about the size of a
pea. It is borne in clusters. The word allspice lis also
applied to various plants with aromatic fragrance, as
Calycanthus.

Almond, a name given to the tree and fruit of Prii-
nus Aiiif/niliiliis, Baill. (Amygdalus com,mimis, Linn.),
of the if<w<ict'(r. It is also applied to certain dwarf orna-
raental trees or bushes, as Flowering Almond (see Pru-
nus). The Almond has been cultivated from time im-
memorial. It is thought to be native to the Mediterranean
basin. Some enquirers have supposed it to be the original
of the peach, but this idea is evidently untenable. The
flowers are peach-like and handsome (Fig. 63). The
Almond nut of commerce is the pit or stone of a peacb-
like fruit (Fig. 64). The fleshy part, which is so thick
and edible in the peach, is thin and hard, and it splits at
maturity. There are two general tribes or races of
Almonds,— the bitter and the sweet. The former has a
bitter kernel, which is used in the manufacture of flavor-
ing extracts and prussic acid. It is grown mostly in
Mediterranean countries. Of the sweet or edible Al-

Almond

; of difficulty are now

monds, there are two classes,— the hard-shell and the
soft-shell. The former is of little value, and is not grown
to any extent. The soft-shell type produces the edible
Almonds of commerce. Some of the thinnest-shelled
forms are known as Paper-shells. It was once thought
that almond-growing could be successfully practiced in
the peach-growing sections of
the East, but vagaries of late
spring frosts, and other difficul-
ties, have caused the effort to be
abandoned commercially. Indi-
vidual Almond trees are occa-
sionally seen, and they fre-
quently bear profusely. They
are nearly as hardy as the peach .
The commercial cultivation of
the Almond is confined to west-
ern America, and the remainder
of this account is, therefore,
written from the Californian
standpoint. L. H. B.

Almond-growing in California
has received the attention of
horticulturists for nearly half a
century, and during the whole
of its course the industry has ". Flower of .
been marked by vicissitudes
which, it must be admitted, are
not yet ended. Two chief sourc<

clearly discerned to have attended the effort from its be-
ginniug, and present knowledge may enable planters to
avoid, in the future, errors which have led to much ilis-
appointment and loss — the vestiges of which still encum-
ber the ground, though clearing is proceeding rapidly.
Thus far the Almond tree has yielded more firewood than
any other single fruit tree which has been largely planted
in California, and vet planting has continued, in the hope
of better results, until in 1897 there were about 1,500,000
trees included in the reports of the county assessors, of
which numberabout two-thirds had attained bearing age
at that dstte. The product of 1897 was 218 carloads, and
the competition in the eastern markets with imported
Almonds was so grievous that prices fell below what is
considered a profitable return. In 1898, because of un-
timely frosts, the product fell to 25 carloads, which is
counted about equal to the local cousumption of the Pa-
cific coast. At the present time, 1899, planting has prac-
tically ceased, and a considerable acreage of thrifty trees
of bearing age is being cleared for other purposes, be-
cause growers in certain places are out of patience with
the Almond. In spite of these facts, the Almond will re-
main an important California product, through the satis-
factory performance of trees enjoying favorable envi-
ronment.

The two chief sources of failure with the Almond are
the sterility of many varieties without cross-pollination,
and the extreme propensity of the tree for early bloom-
ing, with the consequent destruction of the bloom or the
young fruit by temperature very little below the freezing
point. These two evils have been singularly associated
historically, and only lately have they been shown to be
independent factors and both of them demanding the
closest attention from planters. At first it was thought
that the wide planting of self-sterile varieties by them-
selves was the cause of disappointment, because, after
years of chopping-out or grafting-over old, unproductive
trees to the Prune d'Agen, for which it is an excellent
stock, itwas observed, by chance, that the Languedoc va-
riety adjacent to Drake's seedling, of local origin, was
heavily laden with nuts when it was sterile without such
association. Attention was then directed to the growth
of seedlings, and a large lot of seedlings of the bitter
Almond, grown by A. T. Hatch, exhibited such satis-
factory bearing habit and such striking variation toward
new types of the soft-shell sweet Almond that the growth
of new, selected California seedlings was seized upon as
a panacea for the previously experienced troubles with
the Almond. These new varieties were conceived to be
not only self-fertile but hardy, and large plantations were
made without due regard to the frosty character of the
locations. Low valley lands of great area, and some ex-
tent of high plateaux, were planted. Fine, larse trees
grew only to lose their crops year after year by frosts

46 ALMOND

from February to April, until the growers cast the trees
upon the wood-pile. As a deduction of the experience of
several decades, we have arrived at what seems now to
ception of the situation of the Almond
, that the most prolitic varieties
uiusi, oe cnosen, must be associated for purposes of cross-
pollmation, and must be planted in places of least lia-
bility to frost There is a factor of some moment in the
side"red°p'?esfntl'y """" varieties, which will be con-

The soil best suited to the Almond is a light, well-
drained loam. The tree makes a strong and rapid root
growth and is more tolerant of drought tUan any other
of our leading deciduous fruit trees. For this reason as
well as to avoid frost, it is often desirable to place the
Almond on the higher and drier lands of the valley-
providing the soil is not heavy and too retentive of sur-

piantTf'%' 'V^" ''^'°y '''''°°- '^^^ ""t '« """^t "tol-
erant of standing water, and will quickly die if exposed
to It. Because of its thrift in light, dry soils the Almond
root is used rather largely as a stock for the Prune
a Agen, and to some extent for the peach in the dry

IXL, March 12 :
irch 2C
Drake Seedlii

King and Marie Duprey, March 11 ■
Languedoc, March 19 ; Nonpareil, Mi
Twin, March 24; Pistache, March 25-
April 2. Obviously the late bloomi
chance of escaping frost, and there is ,f I'n'^ .hT',?'
disposition to make this a considirv ', ,

varieties for planting. The dates jii- '"■

extreme variation in time of bloomi'ii- - , |i"'

intervals are much shorter, but the r."l r ■ ii -l^ui i l'"
constant. The crop ripens from August 15 to UctJber T
according to locality. Early maturity does not follow
early bloommg-that is, as with other fruits, the fir, to
bloom are not necessarily the first to ripen
Not less than 25 varieties of Almonds have been grown
a greater or less extent in California. Varieties of

tute the
order of th^
NePl

valleys

Almond trees are grown by budding into seedlings
aTZI/""^ either the sweet or the bitter hard-shfu
Almonds, the bud being set during the first summer's
growth of the seedling, and then either planted out as a
dormant bud the following winter or allowed to make one
season's growth on the bud in the nursery. The tree
frZMl u?ed.'^' ''°* '° ™°' "'"' ^'P- ''"'' °"'y ^'^''^''''S
At transplanting, the young trees are cut back so as to
ThZ^ loghead with only about a foot of clear trunk.
1 liey are allowed to make free growth during the follow-
ing summer, and in the following winter are cut back so
as to encourage branching on the main limbs within a
foot of tlieir attachment to the trunk. At the same time
the branches are reduced to 4 or 5 in number, symmet-
rically arranged around the stem and at good distance
from each other, so that they shall not unduly crowd
each other as they enlarge. Another full growth during
the following summer and another cutting back the fol-
lowing winter give the trees the vase-form on the out-
side, with enough interior branches to fill the inside of
the tree without crowding. Thus the tree is systemati-
cally pruned after each of its first two years' growth in
usL^nv'^'""'*' ^"7 t'"'t. «hortening-in ^f theliranches
to sti^df '/" v'k '' "?'"' ^"mn^er's growth is allowed
to stand for fruit-bearing, with only thinning-out of
growth to prevent crow.ling. This thinning-out has to
be done from time to time in later years, otherwise the
tree becomes too thick, and interior branches dwindle for
lack of light. The amount of thinning varies in the dif-
de^nTer t 'T'%°^ '^^ '''^"' ■■ '^^ ei-eaterthe heat, the
denser the tree for its own protection. With the proper
adjustmen of heat and light, fresh bearing wood may'^l'e

wZ™^'"' r n'''' l"^'''" P'"'' °* t"^" "•««• otherwise it
becomes umbrella-shaped, with the fruit wood at the top
and bare poles below. '^

The Almond is the earlie
fruits. It puts forth flowers i

rZ; M ''^''•''' ''?*'' '" ''''out February 10 for the ear-

liest bloomers in the warmer parts of the state, with
R» J ^ 'i'S^M Tf "^ '"te'-V'^ls thereafter until April 1
Records of full bloom of a number of varieties widelv
grown m California, which have been kept at the Uni
versity of California sub-station, situated in the Sierra
toot-hil region,show the following succession ■ Commer-
cial, February 27; Sultana and Paper-sheU? Marcii 10 ;

foreign origin have almost wholly given place to selected
?.!ff' A"51°L'°'=''' origin, and of these a very few consti-
i named in the

fourJ^s'^fTh'e iTeZ ""^"^ '"'' '^"^ '"'"^ '^''''
In handling thecrop the local climate 111. ).liii.-i inriliiwls
somewhat, and the growth-habit is als,, inv.ilvcMl hi
regions very free from atmospheric li,n,,i,lin „,' Uui
summer, the hull opens readily and di-.|,,v,.s m ,-|,.i,i
wlfir!. ?h"u .■"'''"J',?''" •>« marketed without treatment!
wuere this is not the case, and the nut is more or less

pracUced 'Th'^f ',""' 'V,'"^ ^T^ "^ «"'f"^ •'''« to be
practiced The nut must be dry before sulfurin- or tlie
tumes will penetrate and injure the flino, .,r i in"! ,,,,,]

bulfured nuts also lose largely in i.. ", ,

tion. The practice is to gather the i.ui , ■

days in the sun, then spray with watn- , , , ,, ,,

that only the surface of the shell is i„ui lein.l' •„„i

then use the sulfur. In this way a li-ht ■-i-'- '■

be secured without penetration of the fumes
"■" "sually be gathered from the ground

The nuts
they nat-

of n'il,t''il;i!'' "^S ^^ '"■'"'•^''.* '^•'^° l"y shaking or7heu"se
ot light poles. Some varieties are more easily harvested
and the same variety falls more readily in
in others. A greater or less per-

centage, according also to variety
adhering hulls, and for clear!
machines, called almond huller
some localities are apt to stai
cannot be removed by sulfuri
be crushed and tin- product m

use of COUfrrI,,,,,, t ,. .M H I,,,
operation, ami ,i ,■ ,i :,;, , ,,;,.

ity.

ill have

V.X ^aiiiu.u.a proaucers, is that the kernel must be as
smooth, symmetrical and plump as possible. The twin-
ning ot kernels, welcome as it may he to searchers for
philopenas, results in misshapen kernels. %vhich are
very objectionable to the confectioners, who are verv
large users of Almonds. Constancy to single kernels is
therefore a good point in a variety.

Large proportion of kernel to shell by weight is also
obviously, an important point to almond buyers. At the
tnTjTy- u" .''''<^"."?y be so reduced in strength as
to lireak badly in shipping in sacks and in subsequent
tn th»°^'if "5 i''^'""'''"''? '''^° exposes the kernel
to the sulfur and to loss of flavor. The ideal is such
degree of thinness of shell as can be had with comnleto
covering of the kernel and durability in handling

Careful comparison of the proportion of kernel weight
to gross weight of the popular California varieties as
compared with a leading imported variety, was made bv
a committee of the California Horticultural Society, with
the following result: Prom one pound of each of the
following varieties the net weight of kernels in ounces
7i^^'- l?E°''^'"^ Tarragona, 6 2-5; California Languedoc,
Ji^l' QV ^'?P''?,™.°' 'il^^^^"' 8% ; IXL, 9 ; Commer-
cial, 91^; La Prima, 9X: Princess, 9K; Ne Plus Ultra,
10; King, 10; Paper-shell, U; Nonpareil, 11 to 13.

Edward J. Wiokson.
ALMOND, DEMERAEA. See TerminaUa Catappa.
ALMOND, FLOWERING. See Prunus.

ALNUS

ALNUS (the ancient Latin name). Ciipuliferfv, sub-
family iJe^itWcecy. Aldek. Trees or shrubs: Ivs. alter-
nate, shortly petioled, deciduous: lis. apetalous, monoe-
cious in catkins, staminate ones elongated and pendu-
lous, pistillate ones erect, short, developing into an
ov.oid, ligneous cone with persistent scales : fr. a
small nutlet. Twenty species in the northern hemi-
sphere, in America south to Peru. Hardy ornamental
trees and shrubs, suitable for planting on damp soil,
where they grow very rapidly, but A. cordatit, firma,
Japonica, and also A.tinctoria prefer somewhat drier
soil. The profuse male catkins are pleasing in early
spring. The wood is valuable for its durability in water.
Usually prop, by seeds gathered in the fall and well
dried: sown in spring with but slight covering, and
kept moist and shady, they germinate soon ; a slight
covering with moss, taken olf when the seedlings appear,
will be useful. At the end of the same year or the fol-
lowing springthe seedlings are transplanted, usually into
rows 1-2 ft. apart and 6 in. from each other. After two
years they can be planted where they are to stand. The
shrubby species, also A.glutinosa, grow from hardwood
cuttings placed in moist and sandy soil, also from layers,
and A. incana from suckers. Barer kinds are grafted
on common potted stock in early spring in the propa-
gating house; grafting out-of-doors is rarely successful.

Index: aurea. No. 10; cordata.5; conTifnUa.n; denticu-
lata, 10; firma, Sieb. & ZuccL' Mud 4; glauoa. G; gluti-
nosa, 10; imperialis, 10; inr:in:i. (1; iii.isa, 10; Japonica,
4; laoiniata, 6and 10; raaritiiiia. I! : ninltinervis, 2 ; o6-
?o«(7a(a, a and 10 ; Orcijnii'i .s : //vr,(../..(, 5 ; rubra, 8 ;
rubrinerva, 10; r\i:;osa, ;i : a, n u hiln .'.i ; Sibirica, 1;
miacea,5; tilia-foli.i . '■ : tinrtn.-i:,, 7 ; viridis, 1.

A. Fls. opening hi lh> ^i-rimi u-ith II,, h-s.: pistillate

ones encloxcil 1 1, l,,i<ls ,1 ,i ,■, ii,j II,. ,r,„l(r: fr. with

1. vlridis.DC. Gkeen Alder. Shrub, .3-6 ft. : Ivs. usu-
ally rounded at the base, round-ovate or oval, sharply
serrate, IH-i in. long, pale green and pubescent on the
veins beneath: cones 3—1, oblong, slender peduncled.
Northern hemisphere, in the mountains, in different
Tarieties.— Hardy low shnib with handsome foliage, of
very pleasant effect on rocky streamlets, with its long,
male catkins in spring. Var. Sibirica, Kegel. {A. Si-
birica, Hort.). Sometimes tree, 25 ft.: Ivs. larger, cor-
date-ovate.

2. {Irma, Sieb. & Zucc. Tree, to 30 ft. : Ivs. oblong-
lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, sharply and doubly ser-
rate, with 10-15 pairs of veins, 2-4 in. long, often nearly
glabrous beneath : cones 2-4, peduncled. Japan.

Var. multinfirvia, Kegel. Lvs. with 14-24 pairs of

veins, thicker.— Handsome tree with dark green lvs.,

growing on dry and rocky soil; quite hardy.

AA. Fls. opening in the fall from catkins of the same

year: lvs. not plicately folded in the bud.

3. marltima, Nutt. (A. ohlongiita, Kegel., not Ait. nor
Willd.). Tree, to 30 ft. : lvs. cuneate, oblong or obovate,
shining above, pale green beneath, glabrous, remotely
and crenately serrate, 2-4 in. long: cones 2-4, large, on
short, stout peduncles. Del., Md. S.S. 9:458. G.P.
4:269. Nutt. N. Am. S. 1:10.— Ornamental shrub or
small tree with handsome shining foliage, attractive in
autumn with its male catkins.

AAA. Fls. opening in early spring before the lvs., from
catkins formed the previous year and remaining
naked during the winter.

B. Zvs. not plicate in the bu,l. green tieneath, veins

C,ltkl,,S ,,.<

4. Japbnica, Si.
Z.). Tree, .'•iD-Wi f:
minate, sharply
length, bearded i
in. long : cones
-Tall, pyramidal

ALNUS

47

-. ! ' ', iI.irt.,not S. &

III. :ii-, . il. I. i.tL- lanceolate, acu-
jularly sei'rulate, glabrous at
ils of the veins beneath, 2-6
ancled. Japan. G.P. 6: 345.
ith dark green foliage ; the
largest and perhaps the most beautiful of all Alders.

5. cordita, Desf. {A. cordifdlia. Ten. A. tiliitcen,
Hort.). Small tree, 20-50 ft. : lvs. cordate, ovate or round-
ish, acuminate, 2-A in. long, bearded in the axils beneath,

glandular when voung : cones 1-3, peduncled. Italy,
Caucasus. L.B.C. 13: 1231. G.G. II. 19: 285.— Round-
headed tree with handsome, distinct foliage, changing
orange yellow in autumn, resembling that of a linden or
pear, therefore sometimes as .1. t/liipfdlia, or A. j^y-
rifdlia, in gardens. Not quite hardy North.
BB. Jjvs. plicate in the bud, the veins going straight to

the points of the larger teeth: female catkins S-6

in every axil.
c. Under side of lvs. glaucous ; not bearded.
6. ino4na, Willd. Shrub or tree, to 60 ft. : branches pu-
bescent: lvs. oval or oblong-ovate, acute, l!>i-4 in. long,

y^7rf^>-,

65. Alnus glutinosa (/

doubly serrate, pubescent or nearly glabrous beneath:
cones 4-8, mostly sessile, J^in. long. Northern hemi-
sphere, in different varieties.

Var. glaiica, Ait. ( J. . glaiica, Michx. ) . Shrub, to 12 ft. :
lvs. often nearly glabrous beneath. N. Amer., Eu.
Em. 251.

Var. vulgiris, Spach. Tree, to 50 ft. : lvs. usually
densely pubescent beneath: cones 1 in. long. Eu., Asia.

Var. pinnatifida, Spach. (var. laciuiAtei, Hort.). Lvs.
pinnately lobed or cleft, with dentate lobes.

7. tinotdria, Sargent (4. i»c()«a, var. f/»cMWn, Hort.).
Tree, to 60 ft.; lvs. broadly ovate, 4-6 in. long, membra-
naceous, coarsely doubly serrate, slightly lobed, glau-
cous and rufously pubescent on the veins beneath. Ja-
pan. G.P. 10:473. — Handsome ornamental tree of very
vigorous growth, with large foliage.

8. rtibra, Bong. (.1. Oregilna, Nutt.). Tree, 40-50 ft.:
lvs. oblong-ovate, 3-5 in. long, crenate-senate, slightly
lobed, revolute on the margin, iic^arly glabrous beneath;
petioles and veins orange colored: cones 6-8, oblong.
W. N. Amer. S.S. 9: 45+. Nutt. N. Amer. S. 1: 9.

CO. Under side of lvs. green or brownish green; usually
bearded.

9. rugdsa, Spreng. (A. serrul<ita,Wmil.). Shrub, to 25
ft.: lvs. usually cuneate, obovate or elliptic, acute or
rounded at the apex, 2-5 in. long, finely serrate, usually
pubescent on the veins beneath: cones short-stalked.
E. N. Amer., from Mass. south. Em. 248.

10. glutinosa, Gaertn. Black Alder. Fig. 65. Tree, to
70 ft. : lvs. orbicular or obovate, rounded or emarginate
at the apex, 2-5 in. long, irregularly obtusely serrate,
with 5-7 pairs of veins, nearly glabrous beneath, glu-
tinous when unfolding : cones distinctly peduncled.
Eu., N. Afr., Asia, naturalized in some localities in N.
Amer.— A vigorously growing tree with dark green,
dull foliage, valuable for planting in damp situations.
Commonlv planted in many forms : Var. airea, Versch.
Lvs. yellow. I. H. 13:490. Var. denticuiata, Ledeb.
(A. oblongata, Willd.). Lvs. usually cuneate, serrulate.

48

ALNUS

S. Eu. Var. imperiilis, Desf. Fig. C6. Lvs. deeply pin-
nately lobed with lanceolate or nearly linear lobes. Var.
inclsa, Willd.(var. oxyacanthifdlia, Spach.). Lvs. small,
deeply incised, like those of CraUegus oxyacantha . Var.
lacini&ta, Willd. Lvs. pinnately lobed ; lobes oblong.

Alnus elutinosa.

Var. rubrinfirva, Dipp. Lvi. large and shining, with red
nerves and petioles ; pyramidal tree of vigorous growth,
very handsome.

A.acumiMta.'HBK. Tree: lvs. usually ovate and pubescent
beneath, doubly serrate. C. Amer., north to Ariz.— A. Aino&e<-
ula, Hort,— A. viridis.-A. barhAla, C. A. Mey. Allied to A.
glutinosa. Lvs. pubescent on the veins I, eneatli, ovate. Cauca-
sus. Perhaps hybri<l .>l A ^! inr.^^.i -nl ilata.— A. Cana-

d^)Wi«, Hort.=A.ni^'i , i l \ Sjlutinosa.—

A.cordi/Mia.lm.' \ i . ( - Oi—A. viridis.

— A. ftr7refi, Hort.= A .i.,i ,. > i A •t:\~A.alafiea,

not Regel.=A. ghil -i ;,r 1 ,„.i,-ro-

nbeordata.— A. obi"!:;!"'' 'A : \ \ ^-luti-
t;i.—A.oblongAta,'R<i^., \ u;,, i ii i:ii.i — .1.
Tree, 20-30 ft.: Iv.s. ..1,1^,,;; n^ ;,t, , .■une;,te,
in. long: strobiles y>-l in. long, pedunclcd.
S.S. 9: 457.— A. Oregana, Nutt.=A. rubra.—
,ne=A.subcordata.-A.p«;»\'ir«is, Tsch. (A.

■ ■ ■ Alfked Reiider.

ALOCASIA (name made from Colocasia). Aroldew.
Stove foliage plants, of 30 or more original species,
from trop. Asia and the Malayan Isls. Closely allied to
Caladium and particularly to Colocasia, which see.
These three genera differ chiefly in characters of fruit.
Monogr. by Eugler in DeCandolle's Monographise Pha-
nerogamarum, Vol. 2. In 1890, 52 species and speciflc-

ALOCASIA

allv named hybrids were in cult. (Bergman, Jour. Soc.
Na"t. How. France. I.H. 37: SO).

Alocasias are propagated by suckers or cuttings of
the rhizomes, placed in small pots containing a mixture
of light, fibrous peat and s:ind in equal proportions, and
pluni.n(l in ;i el.ixi- tr:uri.- mi- propagating box with bot-
tom h. ai. 'I'll. , run;, al- i l.i ^-rown from seeds sown in
4-inoli |i>.i-. Ill o lialii. I" aiy soil in a temperature of
75° l'\ Tlio iiiMiiiIi <-i' .Mari-li is the best time for propa-
gating. The evergreen species (as A.cuprea,longiloba,
Lowii, Begina) thrive best in a compost of two parts
fibrous peat and sphagnum moss and one part lumps of
fibrous loam, to which should be added a sprinkling of
silver sand and a few nodules of charcoal to keep the
whole sweet. The herbaceous species (as ^. mncrorAizo)
do best in good fibrous loam to which ^3 of well-rotted
cow-manure orpulverized sheep-manure has been added.
Perfect drainage of the pots is absolutely necessary,
and in potting, the evergreen species should be coned
up two or three inches above the rim of the pot, and
finished off with a surfacing of live sphagnum moss.
The season of active growth commences about the first
of March, when they should be given a temperature of
70° at night, with a rise of 15° by day, and the atmos-
phere must be kept in a humid condition. They should
be given a position free from draughts and direct sun-
light. They require an ahnniinnee of -nat. r at the roots
as the leaves develop, anil an- L'r'-;irly lioiaiitotl li\- an
occasional watering of el- ai- I i- pi a I -lo-. i- or .■-.w-nianiiro
water. To obtain tho I- -i il- % - I- .pni. nt ..i ilo- I, a-..-,.
heavy syringing .should l-o a\oiil .1, but Iroquoiit .-[iray-
ing on all fine days with an atomizer sprayer is very
beneficial. Towards winter the humidity of the atmos-
phere and the supply of water to the roots should be
reduced with the evergreen species, and gradually with-
held altogether as the leaves mature with the herba-
ceous species. The temperature during winter should
not fall below 60°. Cult, by E. J. Canning.

The propagation of most of the Alocasias consists of
cutting up the stems, so that each piece will have at
least one dormant bud. The pieces should be placed
amongst moss, in a hot propagating frame, where they
vegetate quickly. Such kinds as A. Sanderiana , A.
macrorhisa,va.T.varie{iiil,i.:,]ii\ A.Jmningsii (Colocasia)
have creeping rhizoiiu-s. ai tin- nids of which small
resting tubers are fonm .1. 'I'll, v,. should be carefully
collected, and the two lirst iiaim-il started in a propa-
gating frame in a pan ot uioss and sand. A. Jenningsii
roots readily in ordinary soil. Most of the kinds require
a soil which is very fibrous, with a little moss added. The
pots should be half filled with potsherds as drainage.
Cult, by G. W. OLn-ER.

A. I/vs. distinctly notched or undulate on the margin.
princeps, Nicholson. Lvs. sagittate, the basal lobes

narrow and spreading, the margins deep-sinuate; upper
surface olive-gro.-n. witli darker veins, the under lighter
colored, witli to-own veins and margin; petioles brown-
spotted, slender. I-;. Iii.l.

Sanderi4na, Hnll. Fii:. 07. Lvs. long-sagittate, with
deeply notched margin, the basal lobes wide-spreading;
deep glossy green with metallic refiection, with promi-
nent white margins and veins; petioles brownish and
striped. Philippines. Ong. 1897: 84.— One of the best of
recent introductions. Runs into various forms, and has
entered largely into cultivated hybrids.

AA. Lvs. plane and entire on the margin.

B. Markings chiefly on the petioles, the blades green.
zebrlna, Koch & Veitch. Lvs. triangular-sagittate ;

|.etiolcs beautifully marked with large zigzag bands of
f,'n-en. Philippines. P.S. 15:1541-2.

Villeneiivei, Lind. & Rod. Lvs. sagittate-ovate, the
veins of lighter green and prominent, basal lobes very
unequal; petioles spotted with chocolate -brown. Large.
Borneo. LH.34:21.— Named for deViUeneuve, Brazilian
ambassador to Belgium.

BB. Markings or coloration chiefly on the leaf-blades,
c. Veins and midrib light yellow.

Lindeni, Rod. Lvs. cordate-ovate, long-pointed, 8-12
in. long, bright green, with yellowish veins curving off

ALOCASIA

fiom the mulub ind vanishing near the margin petioles
neailv^\hite >,ew Guinea 1 H ^3 bO) -Bruised h --.
emit a strong odoi

cc Veins and midrtb uhtte or siliciy
lon^loba, Miq (A gigantea Hort ) Petioles 2 ft ,
greenish white mottled puiil*- 1 ! i If I'lttite lb m.
lon_' thL l>is-il lolies ler-s 1 ii i upper sur-

tvi ^'uen with silv<i\ oi _ \tms and

miiluli the under surt at h-'i i

Putzeysi

F bi

1 , idoba Ivs.
ilhi. 5,1 Ltn, promi-
1k petioles pale red-
< Sumatra I H.
I loba and has wider

spues bi w
Thibautii

2 ft loD^

lobes bro 1 1

1 Int green, with broad sih ery
veins ind iib the un lei surface deep purple Borneo.
Ct L III 17 4fe5 I H 2b 419

L6wii, Hook Petioles 2-3 ft rose color , bl-ide nar-
row u\ itt Is m 1 'lu ml i thud iswidt lun^ pointed,
the basil 1 I ' i )i, , i ui i i Ine green,

^Mth ^eix lit ice rich

surface

ihis

A I fi^/di, Schott (\ 11 I ilihii Luo'lel)

cor rnn6 ithiti and h af bloftJud and mottled
macrorhlza, Schott Lirje re \i hing 10 or 15 ft leaf-
blules i ft long long sigittite mil pointed the lobes
short ind obtuse margin often somewhat wavj the
midiib very bioid ind cimspK uous the blotches or
patches (it green and white (in the v-ir i km w/dta, which
is the common form) verj' striking Ceylon I H.
b 30a —One of the commonest species Lvs sometimes
almost white

CLCC T tins dail o>
cdprea, Koch (A i
less long, green 1 I
notched at the bi
metallic green with
side rich purple B<
Lone hn Gn jO 33b

- th, hafdail colo)td

67. Alocasia Sanderiana.

Eeglna, N.E. Brown. Lvs. thick, ovate-cordate, ob-
tuse or cuspidate, the basal lobes short and nearly or
quite obtuse, the ribs and veins beneath pubescent,
somewhat fleshy, dark green above with darker veins
and brown-purple beneath; petioles terete, pubescent,
spotted purple. Borneo. I. H. 32:544.

Several cult, varieties and hybrids are in the trade in
this country: A.argijrea, hybrid of longilobaxPucciana;
/>Vi/ii ('if')isis, petiole dark purple; If. -blade dark green;
Chaiitrieri (raised by Chantrier Bros.. Jlortefontaine,
France), hyb. of cupreax Sanderiana, with long wavy
lvs., purple below and prominently white-veined (I.H.
35:64. R.H. 1887, p. 465); C;ie7soH(, cupreaxlongiloba,
with lvs. purple below and green above ; gigas, much

ALOE 49

like Villeneuvei ; intermedia, hybrid by Veitch 25 years
aj;o ; La SalUAna; JyiiciAna, Thibautiana x Putzeysi,
with lvs. dark green above and whitish veins and mar-
L,'ius, iiurpl.- beneath (I.H. 44:27); Mortefontainensis,
Liiwii ■ Sanderiana ; Pucci^na, Putzeysi x Thibautiana;
Siih III. i-upreaxLowii, with ovate-pellate lvs. purple be-
neath and white veined above (I.H. 24:292); Van
Hodttei.

The following names are also in our trade: A. illtis-
tris^Colocasia Antiquorum; J ^nningsii^Colocasia af-
flnis; J^(i7instoniJ=Cyrtosperma Johnstonii; Marchdllii
= Colocasia Marchallii • violticea := Colocasia Anti-
quorum >

The f 11 mn„ n t 1 e exp i t ai I tl American

r bbe 1 e

VE.

Brown L » i

half

as broid pirn

peti-

b^SV^I^le

road',

4 r less.

black h E Inl A

pe alls.

X E Brown L sigi

long an 1 half

as broad p irple beueat

lot bed above.

Boineo I H 31 -Ul - I i

e stout

and flebhy Ivb ^ery 1 „

rlate.

br ght green on 1 oth s dcb LI

Mar-

gant e L nd 4^ Rod Lvs si ghtlj i

With black sh n bb theve s

cent New( un I H 11

have

come from Br I

ghtly

wavy nl

1 mot-

pui-p e spotted

ALOE (Arabic name)
lescent or var ouslj cs
larg 1 1 I

Lili&ceoe tribe Alomea Acau-

ile cent su culents lvs often

I g end of St :

I ght tubular,

I as ed by the

e pecies

1 zed in

Plants

whi h

cutting veil Iried off B n 1 y

be in lu el bv searing the H -

bri Is are aid to o cur with ( '

=A I I titixG I i a) { I <

G e A Lapiir i=A t t < It:

A Li 1 =J it ttixG lerrucosa and J JVouofiji
:=A ) t tax) and with i atophyllin {A Hoyei =
A e> itaxL p ) J G Baker in Jour Lmn Soc.
Bot lb pp lo' 18' William Trelease

OH plants of A.loe mil keep healthy for several years
in the same pots without a renewal of soil, and flower
freely at the same time. The soil most suited to their
needs is sandy loam three parts, lime rubble and broken
brick one part, with a little decayed manure to strengthen
the mixture. Very firm potting is necessary. Drainage
is a more important item tli
fectly arranged

from the soil. Broken brii
pots, large pieces for tlif 1
smaller pieces above, till
Some of the species need
others. A.ciliaris will gi
A. Abyssinica is of robu

be per
tin freely
- ai, |ii . iVrable to pieces of
:i^.iii "I till- pot or tub, and
II- la~i layer is quite tine,
eer rooting conditions than
w from 5-7 ft. in a season,
growth, and differs from

; others in the color of the flowers, which are pure

50 ALOE

yellow, most of tbe others being orange and orange-
scarlet. A. plicatilis makes an ornamental tub plant
when 4 or 5 ft. high. Except during the period in which
the species are in active growth, they need very little
water, the principal idea being to keep the soil sweet
and porous even when in growth. At all times the
air of the house should be as dry as possible, full
sunshine not hurting them. Prop, by seeds, suck-
ers and cuttings. The arborescent kinds should be
rooted after they have completed growth. Dust over
the cut part cf the cutting with powdered charcoal and
dry in sunshine before putting it in to root. Insert
singly in as small pots as they will go into, and plunge
in a sand bed. Very little moisture is necessary while
rooting- G. W. Oliver.

The generic or scientific name Aloe is a Latinized
form of an Arabic name. As an English word it is pro-
nounced ill two svllalilcs. tliiis. A'-loe. Popularly this

word is l.i..^l-, II . .1, I III' .. it -II AiiM I i.-iui Ah.c- being

Agav, .1 ■ ' ■I'lirv Plunt."

The"l.iii. I i' . . ! ■ ' . ■ - iuir.- much

used as :i ! , i' . T;,. I.. I ',1, I .:. '1 "So,',, trine

or Zail/il.iir \1... -/■;. |-r.nli,,-i ,,; I /' , , .■,••• Oi wiis
known h\- lln < ,n'i l,, ,.f Ihc I . ,; ' . 1,1 I'.i ', to

come fn. Ill tin i-himl ..( s,„.,,tMi. 'I'.. ■ I: n, • \|im>."

is the |.r.Mii„.t Ml .1. ,. r.,. n s| iiiii. ii li.iiil.il in

the West Ii„li,-s. (i.ii.iii iillu'.l to Alw are Ai.i.ia, lias-
tcria, Hiuvuitliia, Pacliideudron, and I'hylloma. The
group is .an extremely difficult one for the botanist, there
being few authentic specimens in the herbaria, because
of the large size of the plants, the infrequent flowering,
and the difficulty of suitably drying them.

Aloes are much cultivated as decorative plants, being
amongst the most popular of desert and succulent plants
for their stiff, liarsli and rui,-i;.-d habit. Tli,-y are often

grouped III.. .Ill l.ii :<■ l.iii.li.- i.iii;.l|.i:;.. ^^1|. r. .Ii.-\ em-

lectio

irly

quantity. For index to the following species, see sup-
plementary list, p. 51. W. M.

A. Arraiiijemeiit of Ivx. spiral (except in seedlings).

B. Form of Irs. hroaiUii hnir.'olale, acute : size of Ivs.

Border of Ir

'largin entire or

68 Aloe serrulata

ALOE

cc. Border of Ivs. xisiially only near the apex :
mottling present.
5. sapon^ria, Haw. (A. disticha. Mill., not Linn, nor
Thunb. A. umbelldta, DC.). Shortly caulescent: Ivs.
somewhat gray-green or purplish, the small teeth re-
mote : racemes short and compact.
Cape. B.M.460. — Varies into many Ji

Vnr. liiteo-striata, Haw. Lvs.
pale-lined.

D. Color of lvs. grayish : shape of lvs. flattened.
1. striata. Haw. (A. paniculita, Ja.cq. A. dlbo-clncta,
Hort.). Caulescent: lvs. at length large, finely dark-
lined, scarcely mottled,
with entire white border :
inflorescence compound,
broadly cymose : fls. red,
constricted above the
ovary Cape B. M. 5210.
Hybrids with A. serrulata
and A grandidentata oc-
(ur having toothed lvs.
\ ir rhodocincta (A.

Naud.). Lvs.
-ry glaucous,
reddish bor-

2 serrulita, Haw. Fig.
Oh L^s less striate, ob-
scurtlj mottled, the white
border denticulate : infio-
rtscence less cymose.
Cape. B.M. 1415.
DD. Color of lvs. clearer green ; shape of lvs. more con-
rave: teeth small and cut nearly through the
border.

3. macroc&rpa, Tod. Lvs. interruptedly green-lined,
more evidently mottled: inflorescence branched with
elongated racemes. Abyssinia.

4. Schlmperi, Tod. Lvs. coarsely green-lined, scarcely
mottled: racemes short and cymose. Abyssinia, China!

69. Aloe heteracantha.

6. lati!6Ua, Haw. (A. sapond Wa,var. latifdlia, Hort.).
Lvs. apple-green, thick and broad, concave, the con-
spicuous pale blotches irregularly transversely confluent ;
teeth large, mostly curved, rather remote : racemes
«hort and dense. Cape. B.M. 1346.

7. commutata. Tod. Lvs. rather thinner : racemes
several, somewhat elongated. Abys.

8. obsoiira, Mill. (A. pScta, Thunb.). Lvs. rather nar-
I rower and thinner : racemes elongated. Cape. B. JI.

1323.

9. grandidentita, Salm. Lvs. and racemes still more
elongated. Cape.

ccc. Border of lvs. nearly absent : mottling scarcely
present : lvs. involute at tip.

10. glaiica, Mill. (4. Wtodacrfntfia, DC). Caulescent:
lvs. not mottled, very glaucous, the irregular red or brown
teeth subconfluent: inSor. simple, densely racemose;
fls. red, scarcely constricted above the ovary. Cape.
B.M. 1278. A hybrid with A. humilis, var. incurva, is

Var. murlcita, Sch. Lvs. glaucous, with large teeth,
those on the keel or apex more developed.

11. heteracdntha, Bak. (.d.in^rniis, Hort.. not Forsk.).
Fig. 09. Nearly steiuless, often densely cespitose : lvs.
dark green, sometimes with a few obscure yellowish
green spots, slightly striate at base, entire or with a few
remote small teeth. Cape? B.M. 6863.

BB. Form of lvs. ovate-lanceolate, acute, thick, mostly
tuhercultrte on the back : size of lvs. large.

12. f§rox. Mill. (A. muricdta, Schult. A. hdrrida,
Haw. Piirhidhidron firox, Haw.). Caulescent, un-
branched : lvs. crowded at summit, glaucous, the margin
and botli surfaces remotely coarsely pungently toothed:
inflor. branched, with elongated very dense racemes;
fls. reddish, with stamens twice as long as the perianllj.
Cape. B.M. 1975. G.C. H. 3: 243.-Varies into several
less murioate forms.

13. mitrifdrmis, Mill. {A. mitra;f6rmis,Wmd., not DC.
nor Haw. A. Commilyni, Willd. A. spinuldsa, Salm.
A.pachyphylla, Hort. 'A.xanthacd>itha,Wmd.). Fig. 70.
Somewhat branching: lvs. spaced along the stem above,
dark green, with strong, separated marginal teeth, both
faces usually muricate : inflor. sometimes branched, with
short, compact racemes: stamens not exserted. Cape.
B.M. 1270. — Varies into numerous forms.

For

of !

■U'S.l J bo I

I 9 ' U,

\i. Bilnesu T)\pr (i B he 1 \ 1

forking tree in c Itnati n beco II 1 1

slender : 1\ s \ ery conca e dark i I

tate, spaced along the stem above U I 1

sheathing base inflor si ort and compact tl e i 1 I sli
«s. tumid. '« Afr G P 3 llo G C II 19 pp 506 5 1
ff. U7, 119 I'O 1'- B M 0848

15. vdra Linn (It/) T in i B h 1
Mill.). Low or mall 11 1111
channeled pale gra gr II II
ing: fls. yellow s ickei 1 j I I I

have clear apple green 111 I "Mi

nean region an 1 naturil ze 1 th "-1 the arn er \ rt
of the world —The ol lest known an 1 probably the com
monest species

Var. officinalis Forsk (A r b^>,cers DC A I d ca
Eoyle). L s purph h fl redoriuge Orient

16. Succotrina Lara (A s )/ Thunb not WiUd )
Related to the la t Ivs relativelj narrower daik green
coarsely serrate fls red var o sly t pped an I stripe 1
Cape. B.M 4 ' &n 45 p 303 - A. hvl ri 1 with A c !
aijsis^l. ieL ef

theipex nfln 1 ortl racemose fl relish the petals
p rl tree v 1 tl e tul e tape B "\I 4o

William Trelease

except the jo ngest
el la el git gee
1 1 1 le

rn\ fe

17. arbor^scens M 11 { 1 fr t cd>,a Lam ) Low slen
dertree: st rou leiedl 11 leaf bases Ivs dark green
glaucescent coar elv t een lentate to hooke 1 serrate
when separated w th wh t sh sheathing bases fl red
Cape. B.M 1300

Var. frutfiscens Salm A fr tescens Salm ) Sn aller
suckering freely Ivs blue glaucous the sheathing bases
■coarsely green striate

BBBB. Form of Ivs lanceolate acute flat size of lis
small border absent teeth c lute i ottl i g
absent Ivs sheath tg with perfol itei atg i

18. ciliftns.Haw. St. elongated, very slender, branched;
Ivs. dark green, the slender white teeth longer about the
liase: inflor. axillary, somewhat elongated, loosely few-
fld.: fls. red. Cape.

BBBEB. Fonn of Ivs. various, thick, plano-convex: size
of h<s. small: border absent : mostly toothed
on the back: mottling absent: Ivs. crowded.

19. bTBTiSdlia, Mill. (A. proHfera, Haw.). Short-
stemmed : Ivs. spreading, broadly lanceolate, acute,
shortly and pungently white-toothed ; a few similar teeth
occasionally on both surfaces. Cape. B.R. 996.

20. htimilis, Mill. (A. echinita, WiWd. A. subericta,
Haw A. subtuberculiUa,B.a.vi.). Acaulescent : Ivs. as-
cending, lanceolate, gradually attenuate, loosely soft-
serrate, both surfaces coarsely tuberculate or echinate:
raceme somewhat elongated, loosely fld: fls. red. Cape.
—An extremely variable species, of the habit of certain
Haworthias.

Var. Canddllei, Bak. L.B.C. 15:1481. Var. inciirva,
Haw. B.M. 828. Var. acuminata. B.M. 757. L.B.C.
16:1504. Var. minor, Hort., is in cult.

21. ari8t4ta,Haw.(4.?o«giaris<(JM,Schult.). Lvs. as-
cending, attenuate into a long bristle. Cape.

AA. Arrangement of lvs. S-ranked: lvs. rather small.

22. varieg4ta, Linn. Short - stemmed : lvs. erect,
V-shaped, acute, with finely warty horny white margin
and keel, mottled, the pale blotches variously trans-
versely confluent: raceme short, rather loose: fls. red-
dish. Cape. B.M. 513. F.E. 8: 98.-Common.

AAA. Arrange^nent of lvs

23. Codperi, Bak. (A. Srhi
cent: lvs. suberect. Ih.-Mi-.,
keeled, mottled, f;iinil\- ~ir
subconfluent: itillnr. m'iIi.vi
ish, tumid below, (/apr. U,

24. pUc4tiUs, Mill. (i?/i,>/
Becoming tall and stout, branching : lvs. glaucous, flat,
Ungulate, obtuse, serrulate and bordered at least near

-ranked : lvs. elongated.
itth'tna. 'Rf!xp\.). Aeaules-
ciiir, ^li;uji!\-grooved and
ir. il„- -mail white teeth
sr: lis. n-ddish or brown-
. ijL;77. (Jt.'J70.
ulhidron plicdtile, Haw.).

.^/^

known. Not mentioned by Baker. Hab.?— J., f^rox, 12.— *A.
frutesceiis, Salm.= 17.— *A. fruticbsa = n.-A. glauca, 10.-4.
grdcilia, Haw, Allied to A. arborescens. St. long : lvs. loosely-
arranged, 6-10 in. long, 1 in. wide at the base, ensit'orm, ticumi-
n ate, not lined or spotted; priekles minute, spreading, tipped
brown: fls. yellow, tube with long lanceolate segments.— *J..
grandidentata, 9. — A. Grehiei, Bak.. in the Pict;»* group, is
readily distinguished by the elongated racemes and the strong

folia: fls. sn

Greenhouse.-
fls. scarlet, ii

aller: st. 4-aiiKled,— J. (I'lifdris, Ruiz & Pav. Lvs.
or very nearly so, often fascicled : fls. scarlet.
-A.Matbewsii. Benth. Lvs. lanceolate, toothed :
terminal racemes. Greenhouse. , „ o

ALOYSIA. See Lipp
ALPINE GARDENS.

In the successful culture of
important point i.s to give them

'' ' ill HI] i_-.- aiul surrounding

! iliL' dryer atmos-
I ' ■■ . we have a more
'' I.I' i'^ I t.'iiH ,, many of the al-
1111; \inilir very similar conditions
the two classes, for the most part,
her in cultivation. Of course, the
.'lit never withstand the stagnation
III.- uaf.-i- ,\i-Mi,, tr.lhnuira Vir-
•''• '■'■■ ' '"'-■- II'"' -I I'i ^^'■ expect

'- '■ I 'i- :::! I \ lil'i - 1 ^ IM v\'hich the

■ii ■■■• ' -■' i-i.i; I- ::r-.-.'. M logether
-■ 111 11 I'l-'i ■' , - ;.r:iiL-\ -iiii.-ition, in
"il- -\ii- i ' . -i.il, well

■'''■ i^ II" 'I I I -1 .-ilways a

■ -^iii-t':i.-,- ( -.- Ill, Il ,,i:ii. , . it, cooler
ill an.swer f..r most of the bog
plants and the majority of the alpines also. There
should be a natural slope to the surface of the ground
for su.-h conditions, and if the surface is un.lulatintr. so

nd the ma.ioi

il. Shade and sun are
he alpines would hardly
our hottest days in sum-
of the soil -B-ere moist,
Alpines have been suc-
moss. This is done with
here the various pockets

i-.l. li..M.i:;,-..-..-*.i
ALONSOA (Alo

III- i- III , --, II I'll- down by the twisting of the
I ! I 1- lobe uppermost: stamen34:

I I , I iiMte or in 3's. Cult, species

incisifolia, Ruiz & I'av. (A. xirticmfblia, Hort. Cilsia
urticoefdUa, Sims, B.M. 417). About 2 ft. high, erect:
lvs. ovate to oval-lanceolate, long-stalked, deeply cut-
toothed; fls. nearly Kin. across, very irregular (some-
what hood-shaped), scarlet, with protruding organs, on
slender axillary peduncles. Also a white-fld. var.— An-
nual; but perennial in -warm countries or under glass.

Var. Warscewlczii, Boiss. {A. WarsceivXczii, Eegel.
A. grandiftdra, Hort.). Fls. larger (often 1 in. across),
rose-red, the plant more herbaceous and more perfectly
annual. Also white-fld. — The commonest form in our
gardens.

myrtifdlia, Roezl. Plant 2-3 ft. : lvs. broad-lanceolate,
canaliculate, prominently serrate: fls. large, scarlet (a
white var.). — Perennial under glass. Useful for winter-
growing in pots.

linifdlia, Roezl. Plant IKft. or less high: lvs. lanceo-
late or narrower, entire: fls. bright scarlet.

A . amtHUia, Ruiz & Pav. Lvs. less cut than in A. incisifolia :
scarlet.— 4. canllaldta, Ruiz & Pav. Lvs. less cut than in incisi-

(■"--../. .,',■-- ■ r ..,--;-„..,„, I,;,,,, I ^„.,;---,„„^^.^^ate

"" ' ' I iiiinng these. M<.st of the alpines,

!i. damp sphagnum, do nicely in full
I ' I I ' lii'iiio ferns shade should be given.
I II- I Mii-iiir ,, III ilrier places, like the little Woodsia
ijuihiiiii or I) . iiii/H rhi)rea,need less shade and moisture,
vihilaAsplriiiKm viride and A. Trichomanes want more
moisture about their roots, and deep shade.

F. H. IIORSFORD.

ALPlNIA (Prosper Alpinus, an Italian botanist).
Scitamincleece. Stove herbs, cult, both tor lvs. and the
racemes or panicles of fls. The fl. has 3 exterior parts
and 4 interior parts. The lowermost part is lobed or
tubular. Stamens with petal-like filament. They need
high temperature, much water, light soil, and abundance
of room. After flowering, allow them to rest in heat,
but do not dry them off. Prop, by dividing the ginger-
like roots.

Alpinia contains many handsome species, but only a
few are common in cultivation . They are tropical plants,
and require a moist air and a temp, of 55° to 60° P. A
mixture of 2 parts loam, 1 part leaf-mold, and 1 part
dried cow-manure forms an excellent compost. While
growing, they need an abundance of water, and the large-
growing kinds require large pots or tubs. The plants are
prop, by division in the spring. A. nutans is grown for
its handsome fls., and attains a height of 12 or 13 ft. A.
vittata is popular en account of its variegated foliage.
A. mufira has very showy fls., but is probably not in the
American trade. Cult. by Robert Cameron.

ALPINIA

niltans, Roscoe. Shell-flower. Striking plant, reach-
ing 10-12 ft., with long, lanceolate glabrous long-veined
Ivs.: tls. orchid-like, yellow with pink, sweet-scented, in
a long, drooping, terminal, spike-like raceme. E. Ind.
G.C. III. 19:301. I.H. 43:259. B.M. 1903. P.M. 13:125.
H.H. 1861, 51.— Fine for foliage masses, and an old
favorite.

vittata, Hook. {Amdmum vittatum. Hort.). Lower:
Ivs. in tufts, lanceolate, with whitish bars or stripes be-
tween the nerves : fls. red, in axillary spikes. South
Sealsland'i A F 8-787. Gn. 4, p. 25.

41bo line4ta,Hort A plant

^»j ', 3—1 ft high with broad bands

*^ * of white and p lie green on

** the elliptic lanceolate Ivs

"^ ' Probibly a form of some

otlifi species

.^> , ' ' ' '/' "n:

ALSTRCEMERIA

53

ALSEUOSMIA (Hsos
grove and tuosme fra
grance) Capufoltflcew
Tender greenhouse shrub
from New Zealand

A. macrophylla, A. Cunn.
Lvs. 3-6 in. long, elliptic or ob-
lanceolate, acute, serrate; fls. in
small axill.iry clusters, droop-
ing, Ij^in. long, creamy with
dull red streaks ; corolla lobes
fimbriate. B.M. 6951.

AIiS6FHILA (Greek, grove-loving). Cyaihedcece. A
genus of tropical tree ferns, with simple or forked free
veins, round sori, and no indusia. Numerous species are
found in the tropical regions of both hemispheres.

Of the different species of Alsophila, only one is in
general commercial use. A. ouslralis is a-vciy sracetul
and rapidly growing tree fern, with finely divided fronds
of a pleasing shade of light green, with the stipes thickly
covered with light brown, hairy scales. It is grown from
spores, which can only be obtained from old and large
specimens, and which, like the spores of most coranier-
cial ferns, will germinate very freely if sown on a com-
post consisting of finely screened soil, leaf -mold .and sand
in equal parts. To develop a good crown of fronds in
old specimen plants which may look starved, the stem
may be covered to any thickness consistent with good
apiiearance with green moss, which may be attached
■with thin copper wire, and which, if kept continually
moist, will soon be thickly covered with fine roots. AI-
sonhilas should be grown in a temperature of 60° F.,
and the soil should never be allowed to become very dry.
Cult, by NiCHOL N. Bruckner.
A. Lvs.iipinnate; rachises merely fibrillose.

RehSooae, F. Muell. Lvs. ample, from a caudex 8 in. or
so high: pinnEB 12-15 in. long, with 20-30 pinnules on
each side, which are 2-3 in. long and serrate or crenate
throughout. Australia.
AA. Zvs.triphiiiafifiil nr tn'pinnate ; rachises armed

lunuiata, E. Br. Lvs. rather thick herbaceous, from

smooth rachises; pinnules close, 5-6 in. long, with 20-30

pairs of segments, which are finely serrate throughout.

BB. Segments yiin.or less long.

australis, B. Br. Fig. 71. Rachises straw-colored ;
lvs. ample, with primary pinnae 18 in. long, 6-10 in. wide;
pinnules deeply pinuatifid, with segments broadest at
the base, ovate-oblong and sharply serrate. Tasmania

■nil .

B. Segtnents htinj. si

'■";■'

i, .-iirred

• pinn

lies

excSlsa, R. Br. L

"!ri'u-!'"n^

with

more

woolly rachises; pini

a' ('■-

in iiKWi.

■, Wltl

.■]■■>«

nules, which are pro

1 Willi nl

ments, which are st

roil).

Mll'l

\U<iV

enlarged at the ends.

No

fnlkl..-

~<aiil t(

60-80 ft. high.

Cooperi, Hook. Smaller

than the

last:

rachi

pale brown scales :

pinna< spear-

shaped

, wit

pinnules 4-5 in. long

Qu

eensland

Us tapering

Qd Aus

ffirox, Pre^l. (
ish ; pinna> 1 _'- 1 s
%-Xm. wide, w I
narrow and sliu'l

. Sm.). Rachi;

brown-
n. long,
I's of segments, which are
Trop. Amer.
AAA. Li-s. qiiadripinnatifid.
oligocirpa, Fee. Fig. 72. Rachises smooth, grayish
straw-colored ; pinnules lK-2 ft. long, the segments
ligulate, deeply pinnatifid, with blunt lobes; sori median,
L. M. Underwood.

4-6 on the lo

•lobes. Columbia.

ALSTdNIA (Dr. Alstou,
Edinburgh). Apoeiindrnr.
of trees or shrubs i>i I.. In
white fls. in terniin:il ■
whorls or opposite. I
tree or Pali-m ara of 1 1 1 i i i ,
nal. Trees yield eaoutcliipv

ALSTKCEMfiRIA

professor of botany at
ween 30 and 40 species
.1 \u-<tralia, with small

Alst

or less luni;! ii|iarativelv narrow, wiili 6 segments,

parted nearly or quite to the ovary, often irregular;
stamens mostly declined ; stigma 3-cleft ; sts. slender
and leafy, weak, or even disposed to climb. Monogr. by
Baker, Handbook of the AmaryllidesB.

Some of the Alstrcemerias have survived the winters
in Washington of late years only when a heavy mulch
has been given, as JL.au ran(i"aca and its form A.aurea,

-^b&sX:

A. Chilensis and its £.>ims Eviili ntly among the hardi-
est are Jl ButsiUum^ and J. ;)H?i/ieHa, although some
of the othei s have not been tried. For outdoor planting,
Alstroemenas are at their best in a partly shaded posi-

54

ALSTRCEMERIA

tion, and at all times during their growth the roots must
have an abundance of water. In fact, there is little use
in attempting their cultivation out-of-doors where these
conditions cannot be given. In colder climates, the Al-
stroemerias can be grown very successfully by plauting-
out in spring, and, as soon as they die down, lift, and
keep over winter in a place from which frost is excluded.
An annual lifting, or, when grown in pots, an annual
shaking-out, should be given, because they increase to
such an extent that the younger and smaller crowns are
apt to take the nourishment from the large, flowering
crowns. The largest ones ought to be separated from
the smaller ones, and either grown in pots or planted

thii

.y the

outside when the proper tin
genus will become much ni^i i- |i'
either for cutting or for tin- >l'
The soil best suited totht-ir k mi
posed of vegetable humus; «im i

Oltl. TVfll .lr,-:,v-d cow or stilljl.- ]ili

P"r;.iij 1, ith II,.. soil. When lliey
ar.. pliiii. .1 ..:i: -i.l(!, the tubers
sli..u|.i I., pii ! .|. rp in the ground,
anil ihc s.ijl ,|i,itilil be well worked
for at least 15 inches. The tubers
are slightly egg-shaped, attached
to a common stem ; the roots are
made from the ends of the tubers,
and also from near the growing
points of the crowns.

One of the best for greenhouse
work is A. Pele<irina, var. alba.
Other kinds which may be con-
sidered tender north of Washing-
ton are A. hmmantha, A. versicolor (or
Peruviana) and its forms, A. Hookerii
and A . violacea. Some of the Van Houtte
hybrids, raised from Hookerii and hfeman-
tha, are extremely pretty, but, with the
others, they are rather unsuitable for pot-
culture, owing to the peculiar form;
of the roots.

The species are easily raised from seeds,

which should be sown rather thinly in

deep pans, and allowed to remain without

pricking off or shifting for the first season.

Cult, by G. W. Oliver.

A. Iivs.of fl.stem (or scape) broad, ob-
long or oblong-spatulate.

pulch^lla, Linn. f. (A. psiitacina,
Lehm.). Sterile st. a foot or less long,
with aggregated pctioled Irs.: flowering
St. 2-3 ft., v.ith s,.;,tf,.,.f.,l lv«.: Us. in a
simple uiiii:. I, ..n i..-.h.-. i- l l ' , in. Inns',
long-funn..| ^ ■ ; ■ • . t i,n..|u:il.

dark red ;iii.: : : ■ i ., .| .|...ite.l

inside witl I l.r. . -. n . ;.-,im.-ii - ;i. :ii-i\- :is luni;

as limb. Brazil. Kiy;. 7:! is a coi.y of the

^. p.si7?aci«a, B.M. 3033.— An old garden 73 Alstroen

plant. (^

ChiWnsis, Cree. Stout, 2-4 ft.: Ivs. scat-
tered, obovate or spatulate, or the upper becoming lan-
ceolate, twisted at the base, fringed, somewhat glaucous :
fls. large, rose or red (or varying to whitLsh), the two
lower segments longer and straighter : umbel with 5
or 6 2-fld. peduncles. Chile.

AA. Lvs. of n. St. lanceolate {at least the lotoer ones).
B. Fli. purplish or red.

Pelegrina, T,inii. Fl. ' t. stout, afoot or less high: lvs.

about 3(1. tliin ,- ,.! -1 in. or less long and Hin. or

lesswicli': M 1. 1. I"ng, lilac, the outer segments
broad an. 1 . inner ones spotted red-purple:

nmbel few 1 :. - . .1. n. i in ,llv simple, but becoming com-
pound in cult. Als.) a pure white var. Chile. B.M. 139.
Gn. 46, p. 472. L. B.C. 13: 1295.

haemdntha, Ruiz & Pav. (A. Simsii, Spreng.). Fl. st.
2-3 ft. : lvs. crowded and thin, somewhat stalked, 3-4 in.
long and %m. or less long, the upper becoming linear,
glaucous beneath : fls. 2 in. or less long, bright red
tipped green, the inner ones with red-purple spots on a
red-yellow ground : umbel very compound, the branches

ALUM -ROOT

BB. Fls. yellow or yellowish.

avirantUca, Don. PI. st. 2-4 ft. high : lvs. nearly 50,
thin, somewhat petiolate, slightly glaucous below, 3-4 ft.
long and !iSin. wide: fls. 10-30, in a compound umbel,
the perianth bright yellow, outer segments tipped green
and inner ones spotted brown. There is a form with
pale, unspotted fls. Chile. B.M. 3330, as ^.aurea. Gn.
26:472.

Brasilifinsis, Spreng. St. 3-4 ft.: lvs. remote, thickish,
oblong-lanceolate, 2 in. long: fl. IJ^ in. long, in a 5-rayed
umbel (each ray bearing 1-3 fls.), the segments oblong-

Lvs. of flower stem tin
z & Pav. (A. Peruvidn

Van Houtte.

below the caly

Hibiscus Syrii

officinalis, \A

often l.e;u-t-sh

Rarel;

iilphiirea and A. tiyrtna,
Hort.). Fl. St. short (1 ft. or less
high ) ; lvs. many, the lower ones
(il.nnt 1 in. long : fls. 1 in. long, in
a Hi arly simple umbel, yellow
-I. nil, ,1 purple, the segments all
ni,i iT,,.(.nlate and acute. A mar-
Linii,. \-:ir. Chile.

Ligtu, Linn. Fl. st. l>^-2 ft.:

1\~. i.'"-:iO, thin, the lowermost

li. ...niing lanceolate, 2-3 in. long:

fls. 1'., in. long, in a nearly or

quite simple umbel, whitish, lilac

or pale red, streaked purple, the

inner segments often obtuse. Var. pMchra,

Baker (A.piilchra, Sims, B.M. 2421. A.

Fl6.t-M<irtini, Ker.), has narrower and

longer lvs., and all the segments acute or

cusiiidate. Chile. Common and variable

in cult. A. JTodkeri, Lodd., is a form of

A. Ligtu.

The A. Ligtu of B.M. 125 is A. caryo-
phyllia, Jacq., with long-clawed, very un-
equal segments in two sets or lips, red and
red-striped. Brazil.

violicea, Phill. St. 1-2 ft.: lvs. scattered
and spreading, 1 in. or less long, those on
sterile shoots larger, ovate-oblong and 5-
nerved ; fls. on forked pedicels in a 5-rayed
umbel, lK-2 in. long, bright lilac, th&
outer segments obovate, truncate and with
a short cusp, the inner oblong-acute,
spotted. Chile. l. H. B.

ALTERNANTHfiRA. See Telanthera.

ALTHaiA (Greek, to cure). MalvAcece.
Tall biennial or perennial herbs, of the
warm-temperate regions of the Old World,
of about a dozen species. Fls. axillary,
solitary, or racemose in the axils or at
the summit of the stem, with ti-9 bracts
frittex and A. coelestis, Hort., are

. rdsea, Cav. Hollyhock,
Mrict and spire -like, haii
rounded -heart-shaped, wavy
and nearly sessile, in a long
in many £01

t and colo

vhich see for culture. St.
V : lvs. large and rough,
angled or lobed: fls. larg©
wand-like raceme or spike,
iennial. China. B.M. 3198.

ficif61ia, Cav. Biennial. ;V8 ft.: lvs. 7-lobed, toothed:
yellow or orange, large, in terminal spikes, showy,

u. Int. bv Franceschi, Cal., as A. sidcefolia.

L. H. B.

ALUM-EOOT. See Beuchera.

ALtSSUM (classical nan
mostly perennials and use
Alysaum is one of the com

Ij^^J^^,-^^

lithe

Sweet alyssu

(XM).

doors or out. The com-
prized for pot-culture.
Under glass, requires
temperature of a car-
nation house. It will
stand considerable
frost in the open, and
may be sown early ; it blooms all summer, and until
killed by winter. Useful for window gardens and bas-
kets. For winter bloom, sow seeds late in Aug. or in
Sept. When blooms begin to fail, cut back the plant, and
it will bloom again. The perennial species are usually
prop, by dividing the roots ; also by cuttings and seeds.
A. Fla.wlute.

marltimum, I.am., .1
StJM. Fif.'. 71. A h.;
lanceolate ..,■ Ii,i. ,(
small honey >e;M[iii|

or compactum, a Ihvui-
high ; variegatum, wi
Wum, robust, broad-
habit; and various hor

-../-.,.;,'„,, Hort.). Sweet Alts-
: i)L'!it green annual, with
1 . riugtothebase, and
. , 111 ii Miiiiial clusters, which be-
l.ii. .\l,,„, eult. vars.: B^nthami
!■ aii.l rumpact form, not over 6 in.
th pale white-eds.'ed Ivs.; gigan-
Ivd.; prociimbens, of spreading
■ticultural forms with trade names.

spinbsum, Linn. A
with lanceol.tte acute
and very small nuraer

woody-stemmed little perennial,
: silvery Ivs., spiny tl. branches,
■ous fls. Eu. Rockwork; 3-6 in.

AA. F!s.

i/ellow : perennials.

B. Lvs

. % in. or less long.

serpyllifdiium, Dcsi
(3-4in.high),somewl

E. (.1. alpistre, Linn.?). Dwarf
lat woody at the base, with rough-

hoary Ivs., and pale yellow Us. inracemes.

Eu. Int.1892
BB. Lis. 1 in. or more long.

saxitile, Linn. Golden-tuft. A foot high, woody at
base : Ivs. oblanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, entire or
wavy, boary-tomentose : fls. golden vellow, numerous,
in little compact clusters. Eu. B.M. 1.59. A. F. 5:37.
— Common in rockwork, making a spreading mat, bloom-
ing in early spring. There is a dwarf var. icompitcliinf,
and a pretty variegated variety sold as ^1. viirie<j(lliim.

GemonSnse, Linn. Less hardy tlian the last: Ivs. lan-
ceolate, velvety : fls. lemon-yellow : st. usually more
woody at base. Eu.

rostratum, Stev. {A. Wih-shickii, neaS.). About 20
in.: Ivs. 2 in. long. l>roa(l-nl)long, pointed, hairy: fls.
deep yellow, in dense beails, in summer. Asia Minor.

arg§nteum, Vitm. Dwarf and dense grower. 1.5 in. or
less: Ivs. oblong-spatulate, silvery beneath: fls. yellow
in clustered heads, all summer. Eu.

L. H.

AMANITA, See MiisJtroon

AMAEABdYA (native name). MelastomAoew. A ge-
nus of only three species of tender shrubs from New
Grenada, which are showy both in foliage and flower.
Lvs. large, opposite, sessile, with three prominent
nerves, brownish red beneath: fls. large, cj'mose; petals
usually 0; stamens 12-15. For cult., see Picromn. Not
known to be in American trade.

styles white. I.H. 34:
across ; petals narrower at i
stamens yellow; style red,

AMARANTHS (Greek, unfading). Amarantdeect .
Amaranth Coarse annual plants, grown for foliage and
the showy fl.-clusters. Related to the Cockscomb. The
Amaranths are usually treated as open-air annuals.
They thrive best in a hot and sunny situation. In very
rich soil the lvs. became very large but usually lack in

AMARANTUS 55

bright coloring. Seeds may be sown in the open or in
frames. The dwarf and compact vars., which of ten have
beautifully variegated foliage, may be grown in pots or
used for bedding. Give plenty of room.

A. Lvs. linear-laneeolate, long and drooping.

salicifdlius, Veitch. Graceful pyramidal habit, 3ft.:

lvs. 5-8 in. long and Min. wide, wavy, bronze-green,

changing to orange-red. Philippines. G.C.I. 1871:1550,

F.S. 19:1929.

AA. Lrs. hrmiil. inoxllil nrate.

caudatus, Lir

stalked,
I a long
a long,
whitish

atropurpireus, Hort. Foliage blood-red. Probably a
form of A. caudatiis. Perhaps the same as Roxburgh's
A. atropnrpureus from India.

01

pamculd,tus L st ill} ^.ubescert lvs usu

ally o le th u tl e 1 ind sp kesacute or a it sh
and n ai ope mo e g eful teim i al pan cle bracts
awn-pointed. — Common, and sometimes a weed. Lvs.
usually green, but often blotched or bright purple. A
showy form is A. specidsus, Sims, B.M. 2227. Cult,
also as A. sanguineus. Probably originally Asian.

Gangfiticus, Linn. (.1 . niriaiirlinllnix. Linn. ). Usually
a lower plant, 3 ft. or 1. -s ami ..ii, n ,.iil\ 1 ft., with thin,
ovate-pointed lvs., iitid \\<. in .sImmi, ^iDinri-ate, inter-
rupted spikes, both teniiiiial and axillary.- Very varia-
ble. Cult, by Amer. Chinese (Fig. 70) as a put-herb
under the name of Hon-toi-moi, with green lvs. (Bailey,
Bnll.(J7. Cornell Exp. Sta.). A form used for bedding,
with foliage red, yellow and green, is .Ioseph's Coat, or
A. tricolor (G.W."6: 709). A form with fiery red lvs. is
known as A. hicolor. Various dwarf and compact bed-
ding forms. Used more for foliage than for fl. panicles.
Asian.

Other garden Amaranthuses are A. Abyssinictis,
dark red; A. gihbbsns, Hort., a form of A . paniculatns i
A. HSnderi, probably a hybrid with A. salicifoHtls, or a

var. of it, with long-drooping, orown lvs., and tall, pyra-
midal stature; A. Odrdoni, or Sunrise, with bronzy
banded lvs. and brilliant scarlet lvs. on top; A.snplrbus,
int. 1893. Other Amaranthuses are common weeds: A.

Ob AMARANTUS

relrnfUsiis, Linn., A. chlonhl(iclii/s, Willd., A. lilbii
Linn., A. blUoldes, Wats., A. spiiidsiis, Linn. The U
first are known a.s pigweeds and beet-roots; the tliird
apommon tumbleweed. I, jj g

^^^^'

76. Amarantus Gangeticus (X ^i).

AMAK'^LLIS i.I:i,Mcal name). AmtuylUdicea.
l:iilii"ti^ pliiTii ^ fii.iii ( ':i[ie of Good Hope, flowering in
l:ih uiiiiii> I 11 ill I ill, till- Ivs. appearing later. Perianth
\\ II li ;i >li"i I rilrii ,1 lull.', the divisions oblong or lanceo-
liiii . I 111 liliiiiii lit, di.-tiuct and no scales between them,
IN. ri-i_'. ill :iii uinbul,on a tall scape. Jlonogr. by Her-
1. 111.. \iiiiii> 111. laceffi, 1837; and by Baker, Handbook of

111 ill iilni^' with the culture of Amaryllis, it is cus-
tiiiiiirv 111 -|i ik of the genus in its horticultural sense,

iM iiirlihli- I li|>|ieastrum and related things. Such is
111. iiii.il 1 .1,1 111 ling in the following cultural directions.
'I h. II 111.' iH'i widely differing methods of cultivating
tl.i- Aiii.ii) iii- 1.1 |ir...liii-.- sh,.\vy flowers in the spring
111. 'Mill--, ilii' l.nr.i.r iii.i lii'il iiiiit the pot method. Any
.111.. Irviiiu' I. ..Ill ..!' III.-.' iii.iliiMis will soon come
I., til.' .■..11.IU-1..1I iliiit iliiv d I IVer not only in method,
but iu lli.w.r prodmiii- results. The first method
is to plant the bulbs out in a prepared border after
they are done flowering, say about the middle of May.
The border selected should have perfect drainage, and,
if convenient, be situated on the south side of a house or
wall, fully exposed to the sun during the greater part
of the day. The bulbs are set out in rows, nece.ssarily
with as little disturbance of the roots as possible, because
if they are bulbs which have undergone similar treat-
ment the previous year, by the middle of May they have
made a considerable number of new roots; besides, the
foliage also has gained some headway, and may be con-
sidered in the midst of actual growth. In planting, care-
fully firm the soil around the old bnlli. ;rivf nnp v-ntiT-

ing, and on the succeeding day, aft. . ■ ■ ii .

soil has been raked over, cover to lip ■, ,

-iiiiiiiiir and the re-

^ III "( weeds, they

wiil 1111 il no more at-
i.ntinn until the ap-
). roach of cool weather,
when they should be
lifted, sized, and pot-
ted ; however, at this
season, if wet weather
has predomitiated,
some of the bulbs will
be in a semi-dormant
state, while the ma-
.iority will yet be in
active growth. Here
■ is the drawback to this
method : the roots are
large and fleshy, they
take up considerable
room in a 6- or 7-inch
pot, and the soil caa-
]ly distrib-

ited

ongst

m it be mado
it should be.
t is the par-
■ of the roots
s, and in the
spring. when the flower
scapes appear, they are developed at the expense of the
bulb, through having insufficient roots to take up nour-
ishment from the soil. The flowers which are produced
are small, few in number, and do not show what the

77. Amaryllis Belladonna.

A>URYLLIS

Amaryllis is capable of. To partly ameliorate the

robust nature, become flidjby, and eventually die. For
this method, it can be said that a larger number of bulbs
can be grown with less trouble than by the pot method.

flowering in '• • • ■ v, ; , ., ,|,,mu in the tall, they are id-
lowed to nin iluring the winter; this will
keep the s..ii . i i .nil ball in a sweet condition
until the tim. m . ; . . - I.. -1 art them into growth, which
may be anywhere after tlie 1st of January, or even
earlier if necessary. They will winter all right, and keep
their foliage, in a brick frame in which the temperature
is not allowed to fall below 45° F. By the beginning of
February, in a structure of this sort, they will be showing
flower-scapes, and should then be taken to a position
where more heat and light can be given. A weak solu-
tion of cow-manure will much help the development
of fli.. tl."r.-r-i. Whf'i in bloom, a greenhouse tempera-
tiir., "'.!— Ill -I ;..!," I'i i.rolong the flowering period.
Afi. ' ' J I fare should be taken of the
pliui , ;. 111. d till the end of summer
tlinf Mm' j.. ■ I ' I 1- made. A heavy loam, en-
riched willi 1 ;:. I ted cow-manure, suits them
well. The s.. ' ' ii , . i rums should be sown as soon
as ripe, cov. . ! , with finely sifted leaf-mold,
and if tlii-i -i. a i. ii.i. ii.-y to dry too quickly, cover
with J. an. - i - until germination takes place. As
siHin 1 . : i. lives are developed, they should be
1...II !i.'~t sized p.^ts and kept growing. In

111.- I I it- 11 i.f varieties, it -will be found that the

larfio bull..-, make Iwoor more offsets each season; these
should not be detached until it is certain that they have
enough roots of their own to start with after being
separated from the parent. If a well-flowered specimen
elum(> is desired, the oifsets may be allnweil to remain
ai ia.il. .i 1.. iii.> |.:ir.-nt; thcy will, in 111..-1 .a-. -, li--... .t

'. ' ■:,, •. , a. I, ler generous treat! .1. ■, '..<

/■ ,' I. ■ plant known as .1 . ' ■ iiy

a I ■nil 11 111 . am iiaialy in the District cf I 'iiiiinilaa : .1 .

loniiifl'trii thrives even in damp, heavy s.iils. with no
protection, and flowers abundantly each year. The seeds
are about the size of a chestnut, and if not gathered as
soon as ripe, they are apt to germinate on the surface of
the ground during the next rainy spell succeeding the
ripening. A. Belladonna needs a warm, sheltered spot,
with deep planting. c^it. ],y g. ^x. Oliver.

Belladdnna, Linn. Belladonna Lii.v, Fig. 77. Scape

2-4 ft..witha2-lvd. dry spatl 1 m ,,i a 1. ...i iinii.r-

neath the umbel: fls. lily-lik. . air,

with pointed segments and st.\ i' in ,, , , ,|,

on short pedicels, fragrant. 111. I iiiaii. i. . r.. ...]■. >. a].e
solid: Ivs. strap-shaped, carialieulate ami acute. H.M.
733. Gn. 33:641,47, p. 46, 49, p. 276,54:414. G.C. III.
24:315. An old favorite. There are varieties ranging
from white to red, and varying in shape and size of fls.
^.6/rfH<?n,Gawl(B.M. 1450),is a large form, with white
fls., fading to blush. A. BdUii, Hort., from N. China,
but probably not native there, is evidently only a form
of the Belladonna Lily. For var. rtsea perf^ota, see Gt.
45, p. 44.;; spectabilis tricolor, 4."). p. 3.'),S. .Sie Jlniiis-

for A. ,\,'niic : ,v|.ii a . a 1 i , ■ , , - ; a a 1 11-

bergia for A. lutin .■ \ ' a 1 . i . i v-

ranthes for A. Ata in in. i lu,'

trade names probabl.i i- i-n^ 1 .1 ,■ _ -i i,; 1 iy

to Hippeastrum : ^1. <,.,... ,^, (>,.i. . .....i, //m. ,..„,;..(. ;< -

fulgens. A. eruMscni.i, oi Hursford's Cut., IbS/'J (by
mistake printed crubescens), is Zephyranthes erubes-
cens, Wats. It is not now offered. L H B

AMES

57

AMASdNIA (after Thomas Amason, early American
traveler). \'erbenAcew. Greenhouse shrub from Trini-
dad, with long, tubular, hairy yellow tls. and bright red
bracts, which remain attractive two or three months at

calyclna. Hook. f. ( J. ptoiicea, Hort. notVahl.). Lvs.
6-12 in. long, elliptic, acuminate, coarsely irregularly
toothed or sinuate, glabrous, except the floral ones : &s.
l!^-2 in. long, drooping; calyx nearly 1 in. long, red.
B.M. 6915. Gn. 27:479. E.B. 20: 13.

AMBKOStNIA (Giacinti Ambrosini, an Italian).
Arotdeie. A dwarf, perennial, tuberous herb of Italy and
" '" ' rdy; planted in the open or in pots,
single species.

Algeria.' Half- , , ,

and blooms in the fall.

Bloom very early in spring, often before lvs. appear.
They thrive upon a variety of soils and over a wide range,
succeeding well in dry climates. Prop, by seeds or
suckers. A. ovdlis and A. alphia of horticulturists,
sometimes purporting to come from Eu., are our native
Pyrtts nigra, which see. See Juneberry.

A. Iivs. acute or acuminate, finely serrate,

B. Petals narroic. lanceolate, oblanceolate or spatulate.

Canadensis, INlfdic. Pomjion SHAr>-RrsH. Tn-p. 2.'i-4ft

bose. Karlv sunmiir. Ni^wfoundlaud to Fla., west to
Ark. and Minn. S.S. 4 : 194.

Botryipium, DC. (.1. Canadensis, var. oblonrjifblia,
Torr. & Gray). C'osmoN Dwauk .Juneuekry. Bush or
U tree : lvs. and flower->l,ill , «l,iii-h w.olly ^^Wn
young, often nearly or quite ul: 'i: !\^.<.l.-

iong. broadly elliptical, selil"iii > i-inii-lat

base: racemes dense, sliorf<r i\ i I ' ,- '</, /;,s/,s;

fls. smaller: fr. juicv, of - 1 '- .i ■• I '.imiMMrk

to Fla., west to Mo. ami Mv ■ i i , . .,.('. 111.

21:333. S.S. 4:195, as. l.r,,,, , . Sar-.

AsUtica, Endl. (.4. '■»„»,//„ ,.. ^■.u■. ./.',".".„, Jli.i.

A.Jaii6niea,-iiovt.). S.uali u,o vmiI, s1,i„U i l.iaucUes:

lvs. ovate-elliptical, acute, den.sely woolly wheu young:

racemes dense, compound. China and Jap.

BE. Petals broad, obovate.

oligOC&rpa, Roem. Low shrub 2-9 ft.. luaiiy rlal'n.us
throughout: lvs. thin, narrowly ovate m- ..IiImh-. pMuiiid
at each end, finely and sharply serrate : iM.eine, lew-
flowered ; petals broad, obovate : fr. dai-k l)iue-]>uritie,
pear-shaped, with heavy bloom, sweet, of pronounced
flavor. Swamps, Lab. to N. Y. G.F. 1: 247.
AA. irs. broader, obtuse or rounded at apex, coarsely
serrate or dentate.

alnifdlia, Nutt Fig 78 Shrub lvs thick, broad,
oval or neiih tirculni coarsely toothed toward the
apex pet\ls n irrowlj ibovate or oblanceolate, cuneate:
fr <1 Ilk put lie I 1 lu ^Mth 11 om liige sweet juicy.
■n (int t All h \ ^ AI ml tvird (, P 1 185;

fr

uden

BAssii, Linn. Three or 4 inches : lvs. 2 or 3, over-
topping the spathe, the leaf-blade ovate or ovate-ellip-
tic, obtuse, often refuse: spathe % in. long, tipped with
a brown tail, divided lengthwise, the anthers being in
one compartment (which has a hole to admit insects),
and the solitary ovary in the other, tlins prevent itiq- au-
tomatic close pollination. B.M. i;.:ii". I')"|i. >■'.■ seeds

started Inside or in frames, or by ; in^.

Thereisanarrow-leavedform(var. . . -.).

a spotted-leaved form (var. munihu^i. LiiLMer.. :iih1 a
form with pale green reticulations (var. rrlimh'ila,
Engler). L. H. B.

AMELANCHIEB (Savoy name). BosOcew. Shrubs
or small trees of Eu., Asia and Amer. : lvs. alternate,
simple, usually serrate : fls. white, in racemes, rarely
solitary; calyx tube campanulate, 5-lobed, lobes narrow,
reflexed, persistent ; petals 5 ; ovary 2-5-celled, each
subdivided and containing 2 ovules: berry round or ob-
long, with prominent cavity, red or dark purple, sweet,
juicy. Temperate regions around the globe. Species
few and closely rel.ated. Desjrable for ornament, the
dwarf varieties also valuablel as fruit-bearing plants.

spicita, Dec Small bush 1-3 ft lvs.
elliptic or oval, rounded at both ends or
somewhat cordate at base : fls in numer-
ous 4-10-fld. racemes : plant woolly on
young growths, but becoming glabrous.
Dry, rocky places. Pa. and N. J.

vulgaris, Mcinch. Service-berbt. Dwarf
shrub : lvs. roundish, coarsely serrate,
woolly beneath when young : racemes short ; petals long-
narrowly oblanceolate : fr. blue-black. Cent. Eu. — Cult,
for orn:iraent ; also for fr. under the name of European
Juneberry. Fred W. Card.

AMES, FREDERICK LOTHROP (June 8, 1835-Sept.

l.ei-ii in X.nili i;asien, in tli.it state. 1 1.- was tjradnated
I'ri.lii Harvard (.'..lle-e in tlie .-lass c.f Ls:>4, and devoted
bis life to the management of great commercial and in-
dustrial interests. Business did not occupy all his atten-
tion: lie was a Fellow of Harvard College, a trustee of
the Massachusetts Society for Promoting At,'rieuUiire,
and of the :\rii~.. em eT Fine Arl-: .mm! .,:. :i. flv- ;,nd
faithful dir, . ■ •■■:': • '1-

whole life

their culti'
country pi

of tropical orchids and
tion of these plants at his
.'n was the most complete

58 AMES

in the New World! His importaii

horticulture are commeiiKirati-i

AMORPHOPHALLUS
: to he confounded with Elettaria Carda-

31 i

AMHfiESTIA (Countess Amherst and her daughter,
Lady Amherst, promoters of l..it;my in liidinl. />/-<;«-
mindste. One of the nohlcst Mt it..\M tihl'- irr. -.. ii;iii\'-
to India, where it reaches ;i 1.. ivhi i.i id ii.an-l nn-n.
Gaudy red fls.8 in. long, with -., ;.|. |.i d.iiMi- ; . i,.l~. iIm-
upper ones gold-tipped, and r,,i,,i, , I |,. ,,i,. ii;,,;-.i]i
long, hanging racemes: Ivs. piun.-iN , in m:. ; '■ Imu'.
The tree first flowered in Eng. in IM' I i li'it-

house treatment. The fls. last only :i ^ir I' ^ mis

rich, loamy soil, and abundant moist u it <iu i ni- t li ■ l^i. iw-.
ing season, after which the wood musi I..- niiiiiL-d lirm.
B.M.445:i. F.S.5:.-)1.'!-516.

AMIANTHIUM. See Zno'xh-nns.

AMMOBIUM ((ir.M.iv, ;,,■,„., /„ .:„„,/). ('n,„i„:s;i„.
Hardyherb.cult. a^:ln (n .i la-i ih^m,' ni,i,i..,i.il.'. i'|..ii-is
Perfect, yellow, surroinnlrd li>- a ,li\-. mIvii'v h liii.' iii\-.j-

lucre, and SUbteudr'l N-, .'h:!;! \ -rah-; [.:i|>pu- di' J i'li^-

tles and 2 teeth, i-!," i: '■ ,;. .| ;, - nn ,,i i , , l.nt

seeds are sometiiii--- .. ; , ~. , m -i i ;,-,:•:■ i ■■ Mit-d

as a biennial. Of ',,,i

where the plants ai '!<':■ I ', . In u,<- s . -''W ^^ ■ is in
spring. Cut the tis. befciro tlicy are inlly i-xpandeil, and
hang in a dry, shady place. They will theu remain white.
alitum, E. Br. Three ft. or less high, erect and
branchy, white-cottony, the brancln-s liroadly wingfd :
early root-lvs. orate at tin- .imI, ic:! liu fi]Mr;i - h.-
low (javelin-shaped) ; st.- 1\ - 1 1 1 ■ I ' ' ,, : ,' ■. ,

entire or nearly so : heads 1

becoming pearly white. Aii.>ii ..n,. ! ..[;,i

is var. grandifldruo. j^ ]l j-

AMM6CHARIS (am»i.o.?, sand; c/mris, beauty). Ama-
ryUi(l<)iiie. Greenhouse bulb from Cape of Good Hope.
J. G. Baker, Amaryllideae, p. 96. For cult., see Bulbs.

faloita. Herb. Bulb ovoid, sometimes 6-9 in. in diam.,
with brown tunics : Ivs. 1-2 ft. long, 1 in. wide, strap-
shaped, spreading, produced before the Ivs.: fls. 20-40,
in an umbel, bright red, fragrant. Winter. Probably
the fruit figured in B.M. 1443 is that of a Brunsvigia,
mismatched with the flowers.

Amniocharis falcata requires rich, loamy soil. It
starts to grow in tlie spring. Give plenty of water during

L. H. B.

AM6RPHA 1 1 link (imorphos, deformed; the fls. are

.ii-iiimc .if w MIL'S and keel). Legnminisce. Shrubs:
Ivs. all. iTiiii. , M.M pinnate, deciduous, with entire leaf-
lits : II-. ill ci.iis,', t. rininal spikes, small, iiapilionaceous,

but without wings and keel; si, n- i\~.rt.il: pod

short, slightly curved, with 1 J i ; species,

CinN.Amer. Hardy flowerim.' I i i nifulfo-

liage, well adapted for small -hi wmh i s , , ,| \,i\\y jq

somewhat dry and sunny situations. I'r.j].. nsiuiUy by
seeds ; also by greenwood cuttings under ghiss in early
summer, or bv hardwood cuttings, placed in sheltered
situations early in fall and left undisturbed till the fol-
lowing autumn. They may be grown, also, from layers

can6scens, Nutt. Lead Plant. Low shrub, 1-3 ft.,
ilcnsily wliite-canescent: Ivs. sessile, 2-4 in. long, leaf-
lets lM-4!I, nearly sessile, oval or ovate-lanceolate, 4-7
lines long : fls. blue, the spikes crowded into terminal
panicles. .June. S. states. Mn. 5:707. B.J1.G618. R.H.
1896:280. — Handsome free-flowering shrub of dense
habit, well adapted for rockeries and borders of shrub-
beries in sunny and well-drained situations.

frutiodsa, Linn. Bastard Ixdigo. Shrub, 5-20 ft.:
Ivs. petioled, 6-lC in. long, leaflets 11-21, oval or elliptic,
mostly olituse and mucronulate : spikes dense, 3-C in.
I"ii-. I ii.lly in panicles; fls. dark purple. From Wis.
I nth. B.R. 5:427.— Interesting ornamental

|ii-i.'ading habit, with fine, feathery foliage ;
1. s.s.i , . for the unusual color of its dark violet-
puij.:, \ v.-rv vari'il.lp sp,.,.i,.s: -li-I.th- fliffering

form i ,. ' ...,.ni,. . I. -,,,,! ;,:•..,.■,:■ -'iianydif-

fen-iii <■■<' ■ ::,'■_■ ' ' ' ■.■••• •• , I ■■ •'■! ; rroceo-

lain,' ■• , I; ., ; . , i: ' : ^ .l./ratlS,

Sw.'i ; .,■-'',-... |i. -(.: /-,,■,.,.,/,,, Null,; /,, .-•,../. Lodd.;
Lmlorirun,,,. H..rt.: inimosifolia . Il.irt. ; .)y/ir,^,,.Wend.;
paniculata, Torr. & Gr. ; Tennesseensis, Shuttlew. ;
Texana, Buckl.
.4.r„/,T,„-„,V„,Nutl. Allie.lto A. fnitii'os!,. Pulifscent : sts.

AMMONIACAL CARBONATE OF COPPER. See

Fungichlc.

AMM6FHI1A (Greek, sand-loving). Graminew. A
coarse perennial, with long, hard rootstocks. Spikelets
1-fld., in large, spike-like panicles, jointed above the
empty glumes : flowering glume surrounded at the base
by a tuft of hairs : axis of spikelet terminating in a small
bristle-like rudiment. Species one. Eu. and N. Amer.

areniria, Link. (A. ariindincicea, Host.)'. Beech
Grass. Marram Grass. Abundant along the sandy
coasts of the Atlantic, and the great lakes. Adapted for
binding drifting sands of coasts. p g ^^^^^^^_

AMOMUM (Greek-made name). Seitaminclcea>. Hot-
house ginger-like herbs, with narrow entire Ivs., and fls.
in dense cone-like spikes, which are usually near the base
of the plant or on a scape. Closely allied to Alpinia
(which see for culture).

C&rdamon, Linn. Cardamon. Thick, spicy, lanceolate
Ivs.: plant 4-8 ft.: fls. brownish, in a recumbent com-
pound spike. E. Ind. Produces the Cardamou seeds of

~'"" ■' ' ■'• Ali i.Li. Keiider.

AMORPHOPHALLUS (Greek-made name). Aroldece.
Giant aroids, fi-om the eastern tropics, grown as curiosi-
ties in liothousos. Spathe (or "flower") springing from
the great bulb-like tuber in advance of the Ivs., the latter
usually pedately compound : differs from Arum and re-
lated genera by technical characters. Monogr. by Engler
in De CandoUe's Monographiro Phanerogamarum, vol. 2,
1879.

Amorphoplialiuscs -jn- \:y].:fj::<u,\ l.\ ,iti -ris of the
tubers. Towarl ■ Hm' . imI ..f M n . , ':. Iiould be

taken from tlnir wini.r .|u:iii.' : !■ ■ .1 on the

stages of a nio.l. r:iiii> « Mill :T. . i.r ■■ - ■ : .-iit moist,
where, if th.- tuii r- .m' -ii.i _ . , ,iill soon

flower. Tin- l.av. - Im"'iii 1" :■!.. , ■ . .ifterthe

flowering seas. ill. ■|■..^^ nr.N 1 1 ■-: M ■ .y should

be planted out in liir opi-n ^ji-.-ini-i, ..r . i,. . n-n lie used
in subtropical Inakling. i'lanls slioul.l 1... liiu-d in the
fall, before frost, and potted in any good, rich soil, and
placed in a warm greenhouse to ripen off the leaves, after
which they may be stored away under the greenhouse
stages, or any convenient place where the temperature
does not fall below 50°, giving just sufiicient moisture to
keep the tubers from shriveling.

Cult, by Edward J. Canning.

AMORPHOPHALLUS

Hivien Dur Devil sToNrii
Scape (sent up in ear]\ SI nil )\
dark colired •ind speckU 1 tl
across, pedately decom] u i I

'SN\kE Palm Fig 79

AMPEI.OPSIS 5i>

cuttings with a good eye placed in sand\ soil under bell
glasses in bept Monogr by Plauchon m De CandoUe
Monographiae Phanerogamarum 5 447-463 Cf Cit,sus
A Tend) lis mostly dul beaimq hemes daik put pie
nith line I loom pea I (Pt tj i )

quinqueidha "M 1 \ ( 1 / I

79 Inflorescence and

bit of leaf of
Amorphophallus Rivicri r it
P I
o£ a rich dark green col i
Blanc 1892 received ui
campanulatui f Piobabl
Simlense Blanc Fl 1
golden (olor spotted puii
Pme pilm like folia„'e
shows a sp ithe produce 1
and a long slender recui"
other genus very likelj

1 Fl larger

/ I till (often 2
) m 1 mil h m ne pleas
I r sha linj trora deep
,1 im color towards the
The club shaped spadix
IS dark maroon with yellow i
red babe After flowering the
foliage stem appears — a stout
stem of deep gi^en col-ir mottled

t Blume
f peculiar

catalogue

1 1} ot some

tri uspidita s i^ / i (1 \ eitcli Hort A

J? ;/ Holt I ti>,i,t I tin Mil ) Japanese Ivy
BosacN l\\ Fifes hi 82 Hi„h liuibm^ with short
and disciferous tendrils h s d lobed c i 3 toliolate,
coarsely and remotely dentate shining and glabrous on
both sides racemes short stalked China Jap R B
1877 11 Gng 4 353, 1 373 -A hardy and ver> useful
clmiber, clingmg firmly and covermg walls densely ,
the glossy foliage stands dust and smoke well and turns
to a brilliant orange and scarlet m fall Probably the
favorite of all hardy vines m cities

AA Tend) lib wMotit disks not chmbing vei y liigh
B Lis not lobed ot rarely tneuspidate
cordata, Michs ( V\tis mdivlsa, WiUd Clssus Am
peMpsis Pers ) Nearly glabrous Ivs cordate, round
ish ovate acuminate acutely seriate berries bluish or
greenish From 111 and Ohio south

BB its S-5 lobid 0) diiided

heterophylla, Sieb & Zucc Lvs cordate slightly 3

or deei Iv 3 5 lobed nearlj glabrous an 1 shmmg be

neath lobes serrate or incised berries light blue punc

Afz

45 tt 111 cu spithe J tt m ditm spddii b It high Bloome 1
at Kew in 1811 the tuber dying thereafter Sumatra B RI
7153 5 G C III 5 748 L H B

AMPELdPSIS (Greek ampelos, vine, and opsis, like-
ness). Vit Aceiv. Shrubs, climbing by tendrils opposite
the lvs.: lvs. alternate, petioled, digitate, bipinnate or
simple : cor5'mbs opposite the lvs. or teniiiiuil ; lis. per-
fect, greenish and small ; petals an.l -i: - k -ii;il!y .'> ;

fr. a 1-4-seeded berry. Allied to Vi: i '.dis-

tinguish, even in the winter state. I ning

lenticels and the white pith of the IjiMnr,,. -, >ii :m \iiis
has a shredding bark and brownish piih. Al.out Jii spe-
cies in N. Amer., E. Asia and Himal. Hurdy aud orna-
mental climbing vines, thriving in almost any soil.
Prop, by seeds and by hardwood or greenwood cuttings.
A. qiiinqnetolia is usually increased by hardwood cut-
tings, while A. trinispi'hitn urows best from seeds
planted under glass ,.r (.ui of dodrs ; also from green-
wood cuttings in spiiiiu or . .,rly summer, under glass.
Layers also root readily. All species may be prop, by

tate. E.Asia. B.M. 5682. Gt. 1873: 765. -Well adapted
for covering rocks and low trellis work ; handsome in
autumn, with its freely produced light blue berries.

Var. Slogans, Koch (A. trlcolo)-, Hort.). Lvs.
blotched and striped with white, flushed pink when
young : slow-growing and tender. Gn. 54, p. 5.

bU AMPELOPSIS

aconitifdlia, Bunge. {A. quinquefDUa, var. aconitifdlia,
Hort.). L.VS. :(. or 5-cIeft, the middle lobe often pin-
nately lobed, shining and nearly glabrous beneath: ber-
ries small, yellow. N.China. Var. dissficta, Koehne ( J.
dissecia, Carr. A. affinis, v&r. dissecta, Hort.). Lvs.
5-parted, the middle or the three inner lobes pinnatifld.
R.H. 188:f, p. 318. Gn. 5, p. 523. -Graceful climber for
trellis work.

serjanlEefdlia, Bunge. Roots tuberous : lvs.3-5-parted
or digitate, chartaceous, shining and dark green above,
the divisions pinnate, with winged rachis, the pinnas
separate from the wings : berry small, blue, punctate.
Jap., N. China. Gt. 16: 531. R.H. 1870, p. 17.

BBB. Lvs. h!pinnnte, leaflets distinctly stalked.

arbbrea, Koehne ( Fit is bipintiAta, Torr. & Gr. Clssiis
stdns, Pers.). St. erect or somewhat climbing: pinna>
and leaflets usually 5 ; leaflets ovate or cuneate-obovate,
coarsely toothed, K-lJ^in. long: berries dark purple.

M„

A. bipi

H.ort.=A. tricuspidata.— A. Virginidna, Hort.=A.(iuinquefolia.
Alfred Rehder.
AMPELOViTIS. See Vitis.

AMPHICAEPa;A (Greek, alluding to the two kinds
of fruits). Le(/Hmindsw. A half-dozen little herbaceous
vines of E. Amer. and Himalayas, bearing subterranean
cleistogamous fls.: lvs. pinnate, of 3 leaflets: fls. small,
purplish. Two common species are A. monoica. Nutt.,
and A. Pitcheri, Torr. & Gray (also known as Falcata
comosa and I'\ Pitcheri). Not known to be in cult.

AMPHICdME(rt)np;n
laving a tuft of hair at b
lOuse herbaceous rock

; the seeds
limal!,ya",

Called also

riinial herbs

|i:iiiicleso£

:iiid June,

-h rubbery.

ANACARDIUM

AMSdNIA (named for Charle^^ Ar
Ansouia. Apocyndcete. Tontrlt-'''irk
of eastern N. Amer. and Jap., \^ n i, i,
blueorbluishnarrow-limbei] -ti
the inside of the corolla T\ii"

Grown in the hardy border, i il

Prop, mostly by dividing the clumps ; also by seeds
and by cuttings in summer.

TabemaEmontina, Walter ( .1 . latifdlia. Michx. A.sa-
lirifdlia, Pursh. Tabermrmontina Amsdnia, Linn.).
Glabrous or nearly so, 2-3 ft. : lvs. willow-like, ovate to
lanceolate, acuminate, alternate, short-petioled : Hs.
many, with lanceolate spreading lobes, succeeded by
slender, milkweed-like follicles or pods 2-3 in. long.
Holds its foliage late. N. C. to Tex. B.M. 1873. L.B.C.
592. B.R. 151. G.W.P. 48.

angustifdlia, Michx. (A.cilidta, Walt.). Villous when
young, the stem 1-3 ft. : lvs. linear to lance-linear, an
inch ortwo long, much crowded, margins becoming revo-
lute : corolla lubes ovate-oblong to linear-oblong. S.
.>.tates. l.it. 1S.S3. L. H. B.

AMYGDAL6PSIS, See Pruntis.

AMVGDALITS (Greek-made name, referring to the

furrowed pit). Sosdcew. A name given to the peaches,
ajiricots and their kin. Hut here treated as a section of
the genus Prunus. which see.

ANACAMPSEKOS (Greek-made name). PortulacAcece.
SinTiilint Ik rl>s. of a dozen species, from the Cape of
Good ll<rpe, but not grown in this country except in bo-
tanic gardens. They are greenhouse plants, with ovate
fleshy lvs., fls. expanding in the sun ; prop, hy seeds or
by cuttings of stems or leaves.

ANACARDIUM (name refers to the heart-shaped char-
" ' ■ "" Eight or ten species

Amer. tropics, of which one is widely cult. :
occident&le, Linn. Cashew.
A large, spreading tree, very
impatient of frost, and there-
fore adaptable only to extreme
southern Pla. in the U. S. :
lvs. oval, rounded, or even
emarginate at the top ; fls.
rosy tinted, fragrant, in pani-
cles terminating the young
branches : nut kidney-shaped
or heart-shaped, the size of a
large bean, the kernel edible.
This nut is borne on a fleshy

^^^V=%^

;-lobjite : lis. at first coi-jinbose : co-
ige t calyx lobes short, thick, fleshy.
J. 38, p. 458. P.S. 11:1109.

82. Ampelopsis tiicuspidata.

receptacle (the cashew apple) which varies from the size
of a cherry to that of a pear, from white to yellow and
red, and is acid and edible. Gn. 11, p. 211. — A vinous
liquor is made from the apple. The kernel of the nut
yields oil, and is edible when roasted ; the shell of the
nut is exceedingly acrid, even the fumes from the

ANACARDIUM

roasting being highly irritant. The tree yields a gum
which is the basis of a varnish, being used to protect
books and woodwork from the ravages of white ants and
other insects. The tree grows 20-40 ft. high. L. H. B.

ANAGALLIS -(Greek, meaning di-lijlilfiil). Pihimlit-
cece. Pimpernel. A*nual, bienni:il 'h ]. i. inii:i! I" rbs
cult, in tlje open. In Amer. only tin- :i: mil-

generally known. Fls. axillary: Iv-. s.

These are easily grown in a warm soil, mm -. ... ., , illy
being sown where the plants are to grow. Tin (.muiiials
are prop, by division and are grown in glass houses, or
well protected if grown in the open.

arv^nsis, Linn. Poor Man's Weathek-glass. Spread-
ing and low : Ivs. ovate, pale, shorter than peduncles :
fis. small, red to white, the petals fringed with glandular
teeth. Annual. Eu.— Often runs wild. Pis. said to
close on the approach of rain.

Var. caertllea, Neilr. (A. cmrulea. Lam.). Blue fls.
Supposed to be more tender.

linifdlia, Linn. More upright, a foot high : Ivs. linear
or lanceolate : fls. J^in. in diam., blue. Many named
varieties, in various colore Biid b:i)nts. Hifmii;il "r per-
ennial, but most of til.' ■■niiHi ,1 An.i.'iitli-, - I.I v:ir.l,iis
are supposed to b" : , , , : .1 An-

drews (blue annu;f: ,1 . ~ > n.

greenKouse); A. Mr":. I,,.n. .1.1.,.. -r. . i.li..i:-i- 1 ;
A. Wihnorcdva, Hook (purple).' S. Eu. :uul N. Atr.
B.M. 319, 831 (as A. fruticosa), 3380. -The biennial
forms often cult, in cool greenhouses. l, jj. g

ANANAS (modified from aboriginal S. Amer. name).
Written also .4na)!assa. Bromelidcew. Stove herbs, al-
lied to the Billbergias, and demanding the same general
treatment. As ornamental suhiects. grown mostly for
the rosette of rigid Ivs. and tlie strauire often colored
head of fleshy fls., which arr 'i .1. ii, ■:. nli i;-tamens and

one style. The ripe bead i^ . .1 ^ 1 !;.■ thickened

rachis, In which the fleshy 1 .'.rd, and the

flesliy pi-r-isti-nt bracts; in lii.. i.n.. :i;.i.|. . the fls. are
al...iM>i. I'l.:.. by the leafy crown or topknot, by
■=ir . ..r l»y small offsets from the base : these

ar. ,■ lings, being rooted in sand with bottom

li.i.i. . :• :i. I i >. set directly in the field. Monogr. by
Mez, L><_ .. .Mouugr. Phaner. 9.

sativus, Schult. f. Pineapple, which see for field cul-
ture. Fig. 83. Plant producing a single shaft 2-4 ft;
high, and when 12-20 mos. old bearing a head or pine-
apple, on the top of which is a rosette of stiff Ivs. : Ivs.
long and sword-shaped, stiff, more or less rough-edged.
The same stalk does not bear a second time, but a new
shoot may arise from the same root and bear another.

sucker nr .i....v:i, an.) i;i ..,\ m::- a n.-w Jilalit. Anier.

tropics. I'..'.i ! r. i;, l.'-l Ti.. r.. i< ; ntmon

cult, form . :■ I- ■•'.', Willi -1 ii|i.il Ivs.

\m;:i..::,. . ■ .1 ii.d Ivs. witli a yellow central

li,i. I . ' ■< . Hort.. is another form (in-

tr..., . . .1 '. r, .. : ,'. Manila, 1891).

1 ', ' ' - - ;i showy species with red heads,

.ill ilu' t.r. - !...l, spiny and prominent . Braz.

B..M. :.a-.-. ; _ , as aformof A. satiTOs.-.l.mac-

ANDROMEDA

61

arge

L. H.

ANAPHAUS (Greek name of a plant). Compbsitw.
Everlasting. Much like Antennaria, but differs in the
pappus-bristles of the staminate fls. not being thickened
(these are thickened upwards in that genus) and the
St. leafy. Hardy border plant ; useful for immortelles.

margariticea, Benth. & Hook. A foot or two high,
with many corjmibose heads, white : Ivs. sessile, linear-
lanceolate, long-pointed : involucre pearly white, hence
the value of the plant as an everlasting. N. states.

ANABRHlNXTM (snoiMess). Scropliulariclcea. A
dozen biennials and perennials of S. Eu. and N. Afr.
Allied to Antirrhinum, but not cult, in this
Fls. small, in spike-like racemes, white or blue.

ANASTATICA. See Hesurrection Plant.

ANCHtrSA (aiichoiisa. a paint for the skin). £..ra-
(jiiiAceie. Alkanet. Hardy plants, with fls. blue or pur-
ple, in panicled scorpioid racemes, the corolla truinpet-
shaped and the throat closed by scales. Of easy cult, in
sunny position. Prop, by seed generally.

83 Ananas sativus (pmeapple)

A. Fls. small, like forget-me-nots.

Barrelidri, Vilm. Perennial: height 2 ft. : Ivs. ovate-
lanceolate, smaller and shorter than in A. Italica : fls.
with a white tube and pink throat. May. Eu. and Asia
Minor. B.M. 2349. — Valued for its earliness, and for cut
fls. The least common of the three species.

Cap6iisis, Thunb. Biennial : height 1% ft. : Ivs. nar-
rowly lanceolate and less hispid than in A. Italica : fls.
red-margined, with a white throat ; buds red ; calyx in-
flated after the fl. has withered ; divisions short, obtuse.
June-Sept. Cape of Good Hope. B.M. 1822. -Fine for
cut fls. Often winter-killed, but seeds itself freely.
AA. Fls. large.

Itilica, Retz. Perennial: height 3-5 ft.: Ivs. largest
of the three species here coutra-.tid. ovate-lanceolate,
rough, shining; radical ■■ins s.nnrtimes 2 ft. long.
Mediterranean. B.M.2l'.i7. L.H.i '. 14 : 1383. -If not al-
lowed to go til seed, will lil.H.ni .■. .iii inuously from June
to S..|i!. '( ■..11)111. . I). '-r :;i..i I.. ri,,.i.. i.. -I sijecies.

difl.'

angiistifolia. - 1 ' y ovate:

lower ones ptii.. . ' . 1 . ■ i.'.l at the

base. Eu. Est....,,.. .: .ii I ,,.1,... , ,. k,,,,,. ,,„1W.M.

ANDtEA (Brazilian name). Zcguminosw. Nearly 30
species of tropical Amer. trees, with conspicuous fls. in
racemes. Two or three species are sometimes cult, in
hothouses in the Old World.

ANDRCMEDA (Greek mythological name). Frici-
eew. Low shrub, quite glabrous : Ivs. small, evergreen,
entire, short-petioled : fls. pedicelled, in terminal umbels;
corolla globose-urceolate, with 10 included stamens :
capsule splitting into 5 carpels, with numerous very small
seeds. One species through the northern hemisphere ;
in America from Penn. northward, and Alaska. Low,

62

ANDROMEDA

evergreen shrub, with delicate fls., growing best in peaty
or sandy soil. Prop, by seeds, sown thinly soon after
maturity, in pots or pans of sandy peat soil, placed in a
coolframe. They germinate easily if sown in cut sphag-
num, but must be pricked into boxes as soon as they can
be handled. Cuttings from mature wood, placed in sand
under glass in fall, and kept in a cool greenhouse during
the winter, will mot cnsily ; also increased by layers.
See, also, i«jco(/in(', ('haiinnl^ijilDii-, Pieris &nd Zenobia .
poliS61ia, Linn. (.1. ,n^i„,niHif;,lut, Pursh). One-half
to 2 ft.: Ivs. obloiit;-laiii-,-,,lat./ or linear, %-ll4ir>. long,
whitish-glaucous liKiinatli, with .strongly revolute mar-
gins: fls. nodding, white or pink. June. L.B.C. 6:546,
16 : 1591, 18 : 1714. —There are a number of forms, differing
in the color and size of the fls. and shape of the Ivs.

ANDROPdGON (Greek-made name, referring to the
bearded flowers). Gramineie. A polymorphous genus,
spread over all parts of the world in the tropical and
temperate zones. 'IIm imi,. |r.fi-r dry places, espe-
cially plains. Lvs. II I imI tiurrow: spikes ter-
minal and axillar\ : i itr^ at each node of the

Jointed hairy bramiM, ■ ami in'rt'<'ct; the other

with a pedicel and either si.ihi,' i . , . mi-n , ..i r. ^ln. .■,! to
a single scale: a straight (.r i : . i :i i, |.i . -im Spe-
cies, about 180. Includes 111,111 , i. i H i.i' . nire
grasses. Two or three spei'n - an ;;r, .« n i.r,;, ., ,!,,i,! , r,ir
ornament. They are of easiest iiuiuif, eillur iium .seeds
or division of clumps.

arg6nteus, DC. Silver Beard-Grass. A stout, tall
grass, 2^ ft. high, with a distinct ring of white hairs at
the nodes : panicles narrow, silver-bearded : If. -blades
long : spikelets covered with long white hairs at the
base : awn 1 in. long.— A handsome ornamental grass.
Probably a form of A. saccharoldes , Swartz, of Trop.
Amer.

HalepfinSiS, Brot. .I,,hn-mn- Cu \..-. a -tout lierennial,
with smooth, ereet enlmv, :;-r, li. In-li, ami sir.iiii,',

pedicellate .spikelets stami-
(fwer than the sessile ones.
Gn. 13, p. 305. -Abundantly
s for hay, where it makes a
■ ■■ ii lias'become established
i' ate, and hence it has
' ; in some parts. Much

Schoen&nthus, 1/
Lemon Grass. A
in fine clumps '-.-i;

attar of roses.

A. Ndrdus, Linn. CiTHONEt.LA Grass. Cult, in Ceylon. Yields
thecitronellaoil, which is used for scenting soap and perfumery.
Forty thousand pounds of oil distilled annually from this gi\iss.
S, Asia and N. Australia. Gn. 12, p. 495.— A. Sdrghum. Brot.

ANEMIA

brashes, fodder, alcoholic drinks. Seed prized for poultry.
E.lnA.—A.8quarrd8US,hinn. Rhizomes fragrant. TTsedinlndia
for thatching, weaving into mats, fans, brushes. Roots said to
keep garments free from insects. Sold by druggists in Europe
under the name of Radix anutheri. Introduced into Lomsiana.
India, W.Ind. Is., and BrazU. p. q Kennedy.

ANDBOSACE fGreek-made name). Primuldcem.
Rock Jasmine. Small tufted plants cult, in the alpine
garden, those known in Amer. being perennials. Pis.
constricted at the throat, primula-like, in umbels, on
short leafless scapes. PI. in very early spring. Many
species are known in European gardens, but alpine-gar-
dening is little known in this country, and only those
species which have been found to succeed, and are in
the trade, need to be mentioned.

A well-rlraiucd soil. )iartial shade, free circulation of

air. iriipa III Hah iiiil- ' ii i ri ii;,' (lur dry Summer months,

' tall and spring rains, will

i lianuing alpines. A heavy

-iKMin- lit I .. • II III,,, ■ ^ in winter will be f.mnd of

prea

because it MiI"' ' i ' i 'i,,',: \ ■.,,■,,: n :, , y - |,(,fi,,s

have been tra ,: i' ■ ' .,,, ,i ■ , ■ , ■ ,,,,,.,, i ■,, ,,,,,.1 ,,,,t

very encoiii-a^,i.^ : .; 1 , ,.!,. . ■,. u iih

extra care, plan!., L.m iluiu: uiil. Tlie u.uiheiii aspect
of a steep rockery seems to be^the must favorable posi-
tion for them. Prop, by division, seeds or cuttings.
Plants should be kept in pots until thoroughly es-
tablished. (.„]t, uv J. B. Keller.

lanugindsa, Wai:

.•Miiiii,'-(>liovate,

lnv ■ X. . Ill,, ,n,,„i|, ,„,i ■ , I, ,iat.,.l ring,"ina

■I""-" " 1: I'laiii li Itt "i, iM^ii, "ttl, ,„a„y trailing

she,.!-:, inakiii- a -,..,.1 drapery for rocks. Himal. B.M.
400.'i. I 111. I',i,-_'.s7.

sarmentbsa, Wall. Lvs. oblanceolate or spatulate,
silky liairy on the edges, in rosettes : plant producing
many pink runners, which root freely : fls. in umbels of
10-20, pink with white eve. Himal. B.M. 6210. Gn. 54,
p. 128.

o4rnea, Linn. Lvs. very narrow and pointed : fls. a
half dozen, flesh-color, with yellow eye. Switz.

Var. eximea, Hook. Lvs. less rigid, strongly recurved :
Hs. larger (Kin. across). Switz. B.M. 5906. L.H.B.

ANDROSTfiPHIUM (Greek-made name, referring to
the corona). LiliAcece. Small genus of S. W. United
States, with funnel-shaped, spreading-limbed, 6-lobed
perianth, 6 stamens, and 3-angled ovary, and a corona
or crown at the mouth : lvs. linear, radical : scape
simple, leafless. Plant in a sunny place in sandy soil,
placing the bulbs 4-6 ft. deep ; protect in winter. Prop,
by division of the bulbs and by seeds.

violiceum, Torr. Slender, 6-10 in. : fl. blue, 1 in. long,
.l-i; ill l.iose umbel. Blooms in spring ; pretty.

ANEILEMA (Greek ; no involucre). Commelin&cece.
Sixty tropical perennials, of which A. hifldrtim, R. Br.,
and'.l. i'/HKim, Lindl., are sometimes cult, in Old
World hothouses. These species are blue-fld., diffuse or
trailing plants.

ANfiMIA (Greek, luiltpil : t),.> pi„iicle« devoid of
sporangia). Srl,i-:'i''i''>i. \ -. im- a 1 1 .,i.i,,,,,| ferns,
with thelower iiaii- ,.r |iiiiii,f I I ,' m i ,■ i aiing the
sporangia in ]..tiii<>l',s ni 1 1n n- , i m' the 40

species, two are I'ouimI in the -i.nth. i n i.iii , , and a few
are occasionally in cult. x.. M. Underwood.

Anemias are dwarf, compact ferns, suited for shelves,
or for prowinff near the glass in warm pits or low
Ii..i,^..v, They prefer lieinp si-rowii in small pots to being
[ilaiiii .1 oiii III 1 III iVi nerv . 'I'hiir rroHlli is looslowto
.i,,i , ,,| i' r ili,i'iirati\e Iriai- f,,r 'a'lieral pur-

|,, r ■ ,,|, ^. wliirli L'l Miiili;ili, ir. i Iv ; tufted

.Xpr. :iii.-Schnei-

great economic value for sugar, brooms.

■n Ma

A. Leaf 2S-phniate, uith narrow divisions.

adiantifdlia, Swz. Leaf 6-9 in. long on a stalk often

twice as long, the ultimate divisions oblong or linear-

cuneate, with the outer margin toothed. S. Fla. and

tropics.

AA. Lea

nh,.

with br

; pirn,

Mexicina, Klotzsch. Leaf 6-9 in. long, with 4-0 pinncB
on either side, which are distinctly stalked, ovate-lanceo-
late and luunded on both sides at the base : panicles
3-1 in. long, deu.se. Tex. and Mex.

collina, Raddi. Plants a foot high, on hairy stalks ;
Ivs. with about 10 leaflets on each side, which are
rounded at the outer ends and truncate at the upper side
at the base panicles about IK in long dense Braz
S 1 384

BB T tins anastomosing {running togethei)

Phylhtidis 'Swz (A lanceolata Lodd A lonqiMia,
Link iiiemiiJutyon PhylhhdiSjWilld ) Leaf4-12in
long w ith 4-12 pairs of sessile pmnte with a crenulate
margin and a rounded or unequal base , veinb form
mg long mrrow areolae panicle 3-9 m long dense
tuba and Mex to Braz S 1 390 l M Underwood

ANEMIDlCTYON

the ttci

MiMONE, or \NEMONT

.,1 nus of about 8} spe
1 ti mis all hardy per
!i Ith t< niperate and
Ih I t with great
[ I I liMded ordib

fruit

111 e, notiucpetils
Carpels numeious

The pHuts thrne best m a tn li i
loam well drained but most of th
in anv good gaiden soil The tul> i
able for haidj borders while mosi
aplate in a iot.ker> and some are p ii t i
A hoiti,,.,. coxniaiia fiih,,,,^ ml
repa\ the httn indooi or gretuhonsi,
for producing winter ljloss<iins Tht> i
the same handling as tulips and h\ a ii
all> classed with bulbous plants Tube
m Sept or Oct bring forth a beautiful
Jan or March For this purpose tii

iry

growtu IS -wfU started,
they prefer more moisture
at flowering time Nearly
all the species can be read
ilv propagated bj both root
division and seed The
season for both out and
indoor planting w ill di
reetly influence the flower
mg season Good seasons
for outdoor planting are
'iept , Oct Nov , Dec ,
lid Much \s a

Japoniui IS one of the fin

est of all fall blooming

herbs Pritztl Re'Msion

of Anemone in Lmna!a

15 498 (1841) Button N

Amer •V.ntmone in Ann

N Y \cad Sci b 217

(1801-92)

Alphabetical list of specie's desciibed below (syno

nyms m italics) A uiutipitala Hort , b , acuhpctala,

behl 4, alpina, Lmn b alpiiiu Hort 5, apennina,

13, blanda, 14 , Canidensis 2i Carolmiana 11, coro

1, deltoidea 17, dichotoma 23,

Hallen, 2 , hortensis, Lmn , 9 ,

ANEMONE 63

hortensis, Thore., 8; Japonioa, 21 ; multifida, 22 ; nar-
cissiflora, 24 ; nemorosa, 15 ; nemorosa, var. quinque-
folia, 16 ; occidentalis, 5 ; Oregana, 19 ; palmata, 10 ;
patens, :> ; /'avoiiimia, 8; Pennsylvanica, 23; Pulsa-
tilla. 4 ; .iuiih|urf.ilia. 16 ; ranunculoides, 18 ; rubra, 4 ;
stelliit'i, '.I : .iiilj:liiirea, 1; sylvestris, 12; umiellata,
' . See supplementary

85 Tubers of Anemone coronar a

4 Akenes tilth long styles, uhith inay binnnc feather
like on ripening, fls solitary —Pulsatilla sec
tion

B Intolucte bell shaped, dissected into numerous Imeat
iqual lobes

1 vemahs Lmn iPnl ililla verndlis, MiW A sul
jhii I \n I \ i\ sl,,__\ dm high or less Ivs pin
nit h ] lit I ^ni lit tiilid fls purple Without, whit
1 h \Mtliin ml 111 till h iiect, onverj short peduu
(lis s(] Us I rmh sjreidmg Apr Cool, moist
plues Eu isob 1 H 111 i2 223 Gn 25 436

2 H411eri All \ lUi.us b m or less in height ,
simple Its pmuatelj dnidtd with segments 3-4 parted,
the lessei divisions liii< eol itt lint \i involucre of long
narrow segments sessile fls lait.e erect whitish
purple sepals b antheis yellow Apr Sunny places
Switzerland 1889 L B C 10 940

3 p4tens Linn Much like the hi i m i I 1 w
which IS more common m Amer 1 i i
broader and shortei leaf segments and i i

Var NuttalUaua <Tra\ {PuUnlili, ,

Brit ) Wild Patens \mi i k \n 1 \- i i I i \m i I i^
84 \illous withl.n.- ill x h ui l-iiiilii_li .,li il
Ivs petio'^d otheis il illinii h li\ii 1 ml nni \\

linear, acute lobes lis q j i nm, 1 i i tin i t hs
bluish purple oi whitish erect s( idoiii i
silky styles plumose, becoming 2 m
elongates several inches after flowering Apr
ground N central states and Siberia

Var ochroleilca, Sims Pis creamy white appearing
at same time as basal Ivs Mar -Apr J H III 30 343
B M 1994

4 Pulsatilla, Linn (PitUatiUa luhimis Mill A
t I 111 1 1 Villous,

I ilii I . jiinnately

I I ill deeply
t I I h li purple,

II I li 111 stony

I III \ 11 rubra,

II ilu i\s erect
nil,-, m M^^
Il ih s, sheathing

iddiiif^ akenes
peduncle
Low

Sihl ) PASyll
^4-1 ft has il
slender petioles

Inioli,

5 occidentals, '^ it i I iliiui Hook not Lmn )
Silky hauj ^ -1' It In.l iiii| I hs 2 parted, the
divisions deeply piim i I i ■ dh incised linear,

acute lobes, inMdu i I basil Its long

petioled fls sohtaM nl carving 1-2 m

across, receptacle i m m i nun h elongated

akenes pubescent i lum s ^(\1 -, itfle\ed peduncle
becoming much elongated attei sepals tall Maj Calif
to Brit Columbia Int 1892

64

ANEMONE

6. alplna, Linn. (A. acufipitala, Hort.). Closely al-
lied to the above. Stem %-lKft. high, from thick, strong
roots : Ivs. large, finely divided, cut and serrated, sraootli
or hairy ; Ivs. of involucre similar : fls. few, in ;ui uml.. I
or solitary, 2-3 in. in diam., creamy white iiiM-!. . i iiril-
outside, but varying much ; anthers yellow. .M. untiiin
sides. Eu. May-June. L.B.C. 17: 1617. B.M. J.-n; , vac.
major). Var. sulphilrea, Hort. Fls. a delicate t,ullur
yellow, larger, downy beneath : Ivs. larger. Moist, rich
soil. 1882. Gn.35:C82.

AA. ATcenes woolly or smoothisli, with short styles.

{Anemone proper.)

.B. Peduncle 1 [rarely S); involucre mostly S-leaved.

0. Sead of fr.cylindric ; akenes woolly.

D. Soots tuberous ; involucre usually sessile.

7. coroniria, Linn. Poppy-flowered A. Figs. 85,
86 87 One half to 1 ft hi h from tuberous roo*s

Ivs cut into many fine lobes

s,^.
^^,

ANEMONE

high : basal Ivs. lobed and cut irregularly : involucre
small, 3-5-lobed, usually 3 or more in. below the fl. ; fls.
red, rosy purple, or whitish, single, 1^ in. across ; sta-
mens brownish violet. Rich, light soU. S. Eu. May.—
Tliis differs from A. coronaria in its coarse, broad Ivs.
anil its elongated, rather narrow-pointed sepals. Gar-
den names are given to the forms with different colora-
tion. B.M. 123, from which Fig. 89 is taken.

10. palmllta, Linn. St. 6-9 in. high from tuberous
root : basal Ivs. leathery, 3-5-lobed, cordate, toothed ;
involucral Ivs. 3-parted : fls. golden yellow, solitary or
in 2's ; sepals 10 or more. May^une. Deep, light
soil, Mediterranean region. B.R. 200. -Three good va-
rieties in the trade. Var. fldre-pl^no, Hort., with double
yellow or white fls. Var. tllbida, Sims (var. alba, Hort.).
Fls. white : basal Ivs. lobed. B.M. 2079. L.B.C. 2:175.
Gn. 22:361. Var. liitea, Lodd., like the last, but with
yellow fls L E C 17: 1600.

11 Carohmina Walt. (A. decapitala, Amer. authors,
n t \i 1 ) St simple, slender, %-l ft. high, arising
) I tuber Ivs. of involucre sessile.with 3 wedge-

basal Ivs. thrice divided, and much lobed

DD JfnoliitocK creeping : Ivs. of involucre petioled.
12 Bylv6stns Linn. St. 1-lJ^ ft., simple, or branched

87. Anemone coronaria, double-
single-fld. form (XK)- fid. form (X34)-

TSnri: 2P.2. Caen, Scarlet, The Bride, St. Brigid, Victoria

i:i:iiii. . ir , air some of the trade names given to the

r \ar. fldre-pWno, Hort. Fls. double, as

\ -V, by the pistils becoming petal-like, the

. I , \ ic-maining perfect ; many colors, scarlet

Iji III- 111. luK-t common at present. F.S. 16: 1678. Var.
chrysanthemilldra, Hort. A seedling variety produced in
1848, and introduced many years later. Fls. more com-
pletely doubled than the above variety, by the stamens
all becoming petal-like. A dozen forms, beautiful, self-
colored, as deep red, sky-blue and even pure white,
havebeen fixed and named. Useful as cut fls. Gn.30:56i.
R.H. 1887:30; 1897, pp. 418-19. R.B. 21: 260-1.

8. flilgens, Gay {A. Pam,ih)i,a. var. fulfitna. DC.
A. horthisis, T:\iore.). Fia. >-, i Mi. ii. ln-li. Min|.|.- :
basal Ivs. 3-5-lobed, witli i" i ■ ■ i: i . . i.>ll<i«. .1 later
by deeply cut Ivs. ; sessil. i . . . i ■ . . lal uhIh-- Im

1 hia.-

^\:~

avariefN ■ i 1 '. . ' . ;, Linn., from which itmayhave
descend.! ~ . .r.len forms, as annuata-grandi-

flora, mill;., ; Southern Star. Gn. 11:65. Gt.

37:00. H.i;. JliUi.J :;. U.K. 1877:270.

9. hort^nais, Linn. (A. sttllilta. Lam.). Broad-
leaved Garden A. Fig. 89. St. simple, erect, 10 in.

a little-improved form,
once at involucre, from a creeping rootstock : Ivs. 3-4-
parted, deeply cut at top, hairy beneath : involucre
petioled ; fls. solitary or in 2's, pure white, IK in.
across, nodding, sweet-scented ; sepals 6. May-July.
Wooded places, Eu. and Liberia. B.M. 54. Gn. 18, p. 561 ;
30, p. 173. L.B.C. 18:1739. Var.fldre-pUno.Hort. Double
Snowdrop A. Has large, white, double fls. G.C. III.
19:739.

00. Head of fruit hemispherical ; akenes

silky-picbesct'nf.

D. Boots till'' /-..a.-'.

13. Apennina, Linn. St. siii,|.l. . >1. n.l. r, 4-9 in.:
Ivs. twice-divided and lobed. inn. li i....ili.,l : fls. sky-
blue, p.; in. across: sepals in-lL'. .■I..ii-au.l. obtuse;
anili.is wliii. . .Mar.-.\|.r. Woods. Italv. Gn. 46:975.
-Till, an. I a I'.. nil Willi whitish fls., both well suited
r..r -lia.lN I k- 111 .■liiiit|.^ of shrubbery, etc.

II. blanda, S.lioti \ Kotschy. St. 4-6 in. high, from
a cylindrical rootstock : Ivs. like A. apennina, but
harder and smoother, and principal divisions sessile :
fls. intense sky-blue, differing from above species in
being larger, more finely rayed, styles black-pointed,
and sepals smooth on the outside ; opens in earliest
spring or mild winter weather. From Taurus Mts. and
Greece. Rocky places. Int. 1898. Gn. 14: 143; 46, p. 152.

ANEMONE

DD. Bootstock slender, creeping, cylindrica!.

15. nemordsa, Linn. Wood A. St. simple, 3-8 in.,
nearly smooth : rootstock horizontal, 3-4 times the st.
in diameter : Ivs. of involucre petioled, 3-5-parted ; ba-
sal Ivs. appearing after the fl. .St., 5-parted. divisions
wedge-shaped, toothed : fls. white or purplish, solitary,
1 in. across : akenes pubescent ; styles hooked. Apr.-
May. Eu. and Siberia. Three or more horticultural va-
rieties. Var. dlba, Hort. (var. «ore-p?eno, Hort.). Fls.
larger, pure white, and abundant. Int. 1883. Gn. 32 : 618.
D. 25. Var. Eobinsoniana, Hort. (var. caii-ulea. Hort.).
A robust form, 6-12 in., with broader and thicker Ivs.,
and large fis., becoming blue. Sometimes given as a
separate species. Mar.-Apr. Gn. i6,p. 153 ; .32: 618:
p. 34.T. Var. rdsea, Hort. (var. riifirn flore-pleno, Hort.).
Fls. a redilish purple ; now much used.

11). quinquefolia. Linn. {A. nemordsa, var. guinguefd-
lia . Gray ) . This American species differs from A . nenio-
rosa in having smaller fls., involucral Ivs. less lobed, fo-
liage paler, and much more slender st. and petioles. The
common Windflower or Spring Anemone, formerly called
A. nemorosa.

17. deltoidea, Dougl. St. simple, slender, 6-12 in.
high, from a slender rootstock : Ivs. trifoliate, basal
ones petioled, others nearly .sessile, coarsely crenated,
often incised : fls. solitary, white, rather large: akenes
several, densely pubescent ; style very short. Spring.
Pacific slope.

DDD. Bootsiocli Iwrhontal, fleshy orsomeivJint tuberous.

18. ranunculoides, Linn. Yellow Wood A. St. 3-8
in., from elongated, somewhat tuberous rootstock : Ivs.
3-5-parted, divisions deeply cut and serrated : fls. gol-
den yellow, usually solitary, single or serai-double.
Mar. and Apr. Rich, light soil in open places and woods.
Eu. and Siberia. Gn. 35:699. L. B.C. 6:556.

19. GiiLyi,BehT. {A. Oregiiia,GTa.j). St. slender, 3-12
in. high, from a fleshy, brittle rootstock: basal Ivs. slen-
der-petioled, 3-parted, coarsely serrate ; involucral Ivs
petioled, trifoliate, the parts 2-3-lobed, much toothed .
sepals blue or purplish: akenes pubescent, in a globose
head. Moist, shady slopes. Oreg. and Wash. In gardens
west of the Rockies. Int. 1892.

BB. Peduncles S-5 (mostly S).

c. Fruits (akenes) u-ooUy or lery silky ; secondary

involucre present.

20. Virginiana, Linn. Plant hairy, 2-3 ft. high, stout,
branching at the involucre : the petioled involucral Ivs.
3-parted, the leaflets cleft and lobed ; basal Ivs. similar,
broader than long, on long petioles: fl. peduncles naked
(or the lateral ones 2-lvd. ) : fls. greenish or white, 1-1 J^in.
across: akenes woolly, in an oblong head ; styles short,
awl-shaped. June-Aug. Woods and meadows. U.S. and
Canada. G.M. 33:763.

21. Jap6nica, Sieb. & Zucc. Fig. 90. Stately, branch-
ing St., 2-3 ft. high : plant soft and downy, with short
hails : Ivs. ternate, much lobed and toothed : fls. rosy
purple or carmine; 1-3 whorls of sepals, 2-3 in. in diam.,
on long peduncles from leafy involucre ; stamens yel-
low : akenes silky. A very useful species for mixed
borders or for pot culture. Hardy in N. states. Sept. to
late frosts. Rich soil, China and Japan. 1844. Gn. 30:558.
B. M. 4341. P.M. 14:25. A.G. 19:305. Gng. 1:221;
3:131. G.C. III. 16:661. A.F.12:29. F.S.2:74. Var. 41ba,
Hort. HonorineJobert. The Bride. Whirlwind, etc.
Two or three whorls of large, white sepals : fls. 2-3
in. across, lasting until hard frosts. Vick's Mag.
14:47. Gng. 5:117. R.H. 1867:11. Var. hybrida, Hort.
(vars. rosea and elegans, Hort.). Radical Ivs. 5-lobed,
often cordate; lobes twice serrate: fls. somewhat paler,
earlier; sepals rather broader. Said to be a hybrid oiA,
Japonica and A . viti folia ; produced in Royal Gardens,
1848. G.M.B. 1:17. Var. ribra, Hort. Lady Ardilaun.
Probably the same as the type, but having Ivs. and fls.
with a waxy gloss: plant 4-5 ft. high.

22. multifida, Poir. Plant silky - hairy, somewhat
branched, 14-I%tt. high, from a branched, upright root-
stock : main involucre 2-3-lvd., others 2-lvd. or naked,
short petioles, similar to the root Ivs., 2-3 times 3-parted

ANEMONOPSIS 65

and cleft, divisions linear: fls. J^-l in. across, red, vary-
ing to white or yellow: akenes very woolly. Early sum-
mer. Rocks and uplands. Middle states to Hudson Bay.

cc. Fruits (aken

23. Canadensis, Linn. (^.Pt» I,
chdtoma. Am. Auth. & Michx., ii<
1-2 ft. high, branching at or alto
Ivs. of main involucre sessile. :>
each 2-lvd. ; basal Ivs. l:)roader tl
cleft and toothed: petioles long: :
akenes wing-margined, naked,
grouped into a spherical

bee

iuiai. Linn. A.di-
in. i. Ilairv, stout,
r iiiv.ilurn. : the 3
; upi" r involucres
.ug. nju.li divided,
liite, 1-2 in. across:
oming pubescent,
miner. In shaded

woods and open meadows. N. Amer. Gng. 2:21.
24. narcissiJldra, Linn. (4.?(m6e»(J?a, Lam.). St. erect,

rather stout, 5^-1 kft. high : Ivs. of involucre sessile ;

basal Ivs. petioled, 3-5-parted, divisions deeply cut: fls.

white, y^-l in. across, several in an umbel ; anthers

yellow : akenes smooth, with short style. May-July.

Mountainous regions. Northern hemisphere. Gn. 30, p.

173. B.M. 1120.

90 Anemone Japonica

A alba Juss Allied to A 5ylve<!tn? if not the
4:322 BM 21b7 — ^ cuhndnta t ri> A tall nitne species
used foi be-iutv of fobige iml truit — '
(A. trilobita Juss A heterophi 11 1 ^utt
vated in fe stites lh91 -
in. across 5 tt high h
A.parvifldra Miclix Pi
Canada —4 polyanth,

ni 32 259 ~ I
tilla L B C 9 900 — 4 ;
leaflets terminated with i i t
phylla Poepp Pis blue s \V
beautifvdlyregular fls white In

ANEMONELLA. See Synde

decapttala Ard

pure white 2-i

P "M no ,H I n J4 bb4 —

' ^ ,u^> of N stites and

I 1 \ ...LisMrtori BM
Mhed to ^. Pulsi

I I Sinib Fls pile

II I \1 18bi ~A spheno
■> — i tnfolia Lmn Lvs
uiosb Two blue vars B M
A Japonica Has cordate

K. C. Dam:

ANEM0N6PSIS (Anemone-like). Ranunculdcem. A
monotypic genus from Japan, now much planted in
American gardens. A beautiful hardy plant for border
purposes. Perennial herb, with erect stems ; radical
and stem lvs. rather large, temately compound and

ANGELICA (s

npp.

gions'.wiM.ly ,i,-i
to N. Ann,-. S^.'

:!\"'

Ciirtisii, Hurkl.

66 ANEMONOPSIS

much incised, similar to Actsea : sepals many (often
only 9). reffiilai". petal-like, deciduous ; petals many
(often T-'t, ^lu.rt, -•.•^^iif, with nectariferous impression
at till- I' ■ .1'!.. I. tVw (3-4), forming many-seeded
follii'l'-. I :i I'l-rarance similar to the Japanese

Anenini.. i' in all its parts, and with numer-

ous dr..,,].. ii_- n. If "lilt Po in. across, of palepurple color.
Thrives wi-11 in rich, deep loam, in well-drained situations
in partial shade. Prop, by division or seed, in late fall
or early spring.

macroph^Ua, Sieh. & Zuec. {A. CaUf6mica, Hort.).
The only known species. The petals, instead of spread-
ing, form a half-closed bud-like cone within the sepals.
K. C. Davis.

ANEMOPJEGMA. Consult Bignonia.

ANfiTHUM. ?.feDiUa.nAPnicedanum; &\so Fennel.

angelic healing vir-
lus in temperate re-
er of them are native

iciinial, 2-5 ft., glabrous :
Ivs. 2-ternate, with quinate divisions, the leaflets thin,
ovate-lanceolate, irregularly sharp-toothed. Pa. to N. C.
—Grown for the subtropical effect of its finely cut, ample
foliage. Int. by H. P. Kelsey, 1891.

hirsilta, Muhl. {Archang^lica ;iJrsH?a,Torr. & Gray).
Pubescent above : Ivs. twice pinnately or temately
divided, the leaflets thickish and serrate. E. states.
Int. 1892 by H. P. Kelsey.

ANGELdNIA (South American name). Scroplnila-
ridcece. Perennial herbs or sub-shrubs, with pretty,
irregular 2-lipped axillary lis., in a long, leafy terminal
raceme: Ivs. opposite, long: branches 4-sided. Grown as
pot plants in warm glass-houses, and prop, by seeds or
softwood cuttings.

aalicariaefblia, Humb. & Bonpl. Three ft. or less: Ivs.
lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, sessile, toothed, closely
pubescent : fls. deep blue. S. Amer. B.M. 2478. P.M.
5:75. B.R. 415.

Girdneri, Hook. Lvs. linear-lanceolate, more strongly
toothed throutrlioiit tli.-ir Inno-th : fl. purple, white-cen-
tered, hand.soiri. hi i-h i -crnt-glandular and aro-
matic. S. Am. I 1 ^'i , I 'I'he plant sold in this
country as ,4 . .; i i.lial.ly belongs here. The
A. grandiflorn ,,ii i .hI,,,, ,| i,n Hcnary in 1897 (a good
annual), however, is rcin-escnted as an entire-lvd. pot
plant: see the picture in Gt. 46, p. 012 ; G.C. III.22: 307 ;
Gn. 52, p. 401 ; R.B. 23: 272. l. H. B.

ANGIOPTEKIS (Greek, vess.li.r,... ^h, .^ili^cea.
An Old World genus of coarse ^i' i : m-. with

twice- or thrice-pinnate lvs., and 1 1 ■ inaiiged

in boat-shaped marginal concepi:!' ,- - In ■.uiivation,
requires plenty of room and abun.i.mi (U.uuagc. The
only recognized species is

evicta, Hoffm. Growing from an erect caudex, 2-G ft.
high : lvs. G-l.i ft. lnn<r. mostly hipinnate, with swollen
rachises; leaflet^ I V_' in, ImiL-,'" 1 'in. wide, the margin
entire or sli^litl ■' ^'■■'•^ hip. to Madagas-
car and Qui'iii-: I I 1 ' II under various
names in cultni : ! - . , 'fo. The trade

names, which :ip| i" npliini. [" .i.'s, may be re-
garded as varieties. l_ jx_ u.nderwood.

Angiopteris grows wild in swampy places, and is of
robust habit. If gron-n in pots, the pots may stand in
2 or 3 in. of water. Although spores :irp fre.-lv prmlneed.
no seedlings are on record. EasiK \'V'\'. i'\ li" ili~li\

scales at the base of each frond . 1 ' ■

least two dormant buds, and sli' '

They may be laid in sand, covere.l niili -i.1i:il'iiiii!i, fm-l
kept in a close case for 3-5 months. Tliey start quieker
in early spring. — Schneider, Book of Choice Ferns.

ANG6PH0RA {vessel-hearing ; Greek, in allusion to
shape of fruit). Myrtdcecs. Five or six Australian
trees or shrubs, sometimes cult, in glass houses in the
Old World, but not known to the trade in this country.

ANGR.ECUM

ANGK^CUM (Malayan name). OrcUddcem, tribe
Vdndeit. Epiph\-tes. Lvs. variably distichous, coria-
ceous : racemes few- to many-flowered, produced from
the axils of the lvs. : labellum exserted Into a conspicu-
ous spur, sometimes many inches long. Trop. and S.
Afr., Madagascar and Jap. With exception of A. fiilca-
turn, the species of this genus require high tempera-
tures in order to develop satisfactorily. For culture,
see Orchids. Prop, by removing upper portion and
planting separately. It should include a few roots.

Angriecums are valued for their winter-flowering and
lasting qualities. The compost found most suitable is
fresh -growing sphagnum moss, no earthy matter being
desirable, as mo.st of the roots are seen striking out into
the atmosphere for their needs, and do not take kindly
to confinement in pots. Moisture is essential at all
times, as Angraecums do not have bulbs to fall back on
for their sustenance during rest or blooming, in which
respect they resemble the Aerides, Vandas and Sacco-
labiums. The moss must not be allowed to become de-
cayed, but kept living by renewal when seen to be
necessary, usually in springtime. Some of the favorite
species are A. ElUsii, siiperbum, sesquipedale,
Bumblotii and falcatum. Cult, by E. 0. Orpet.

Alphabetical list of American favorites : A. articula-
tum, 6 ; citratum, 9 ; distichum, 4 ; ebumetim, 12 ;
Ellisii, 7; falcatum, 3 ; Humblotii, 1 ; A. Leonis, 1 ;
modestum, 8 ; pertusum, 11 ; Sanderianum, 8 ; Scotti-
anum,5; sesquipedale, 2 ; superbum, 12 ; virens,\2.
A. Pedicels ivinged.

1. Humbldtii, Reichb. f. (-1. ieoni's, Hort. Aerdtithns
Lebnis. Reichb. f.). Lvs. sword-shaped, equitant, about
8 in. long : fls. few, white ; spur longer than winged
pedicel ; petals and sepals lanceolate ; labellum rotund.
Comoro Isls.

AA. Pedicels not winged.
B. Fls. rarely more than 6.

2. sesquipedale, Thenars (Aerdnthes sesquipedAlis,
Lindl.). Lvs. coriaceous, oblong, about 1 ft. in length,
2 in. wide, bluntly bUobed at the summits, dark green :
fls. fleshy, 7 in. across, ivory-white ; petals and sepals
similar ;" labellum ovate, serrate in part, acuminate;
spur nearly 1 ft. long. Madagascar, in low, hot districts.
A.G. 1892:"217. A. F. 7:831. Gn. 2, p. 5. F.S. 14: 1413.
B.M. 5 113. -Noble St of Angraecums.

3. ialcitum, Lindl. Lvs. linear-lanceolate, about 2 in.
long : tts. whitish, about K in. across ; sepals and petals
linear, acute or nearly so ; labellum trilobed ; spur as
long as pedicel. China.— One of the first brought into
cultivation.

4. distichum, Lindl. Plants rarely exceeding 5 in. in
height : lvs. .short, those below clasping those above at
base : fls. inconspicuous, white, borne singly. Sierra
Leone. — Not worth cultivating.

5. Scottiinum, Reichb. f. Lvs. terete ; peduncles
slender ; fls. inverted, pale yellow. Comoro Isls.

BB. Fls. numerous.

c. Color xcliite or yellowish.

0. articulitum, Reichb. f. Dwarf: lvs. oblong-cuneate,

4-5 in. long, unevenly bilobed : fls. white, in pendent

racemes. Madagascar. R. 55.— A pretty species, diflicult

to grow.

7. l!llisii, Reichb. f. St. stout: lvs. oblong: peduncles
pendulous ; fls. white. Madagascar. Often confused
with A. iirtii-iihiliim, lint distinguished from it by its

8. modestum. Il"ok. f. (.4. Sanderidnum., Reichb. f.).

r>w"irf : l^^ . lli|.ii.al, .•i.riaeeous : Hs. whitish, in pen-

,,i M.iiiii; "1 -v^aii.ps. H.Jl. :^i;i^4. I,.-::-. I.ll. :;:;: :^:i2.

10. pertilsum, Lindl. Lvs. ligul.tte : peduncles about
0 in. long ; fls. small, white. Bourbon. B.M. 4782.
cc. Color of fls. green.

12. Bup^rhuin, Thenars {A. ebumetim, Lindl.). Lvs.
coriaceous, striated, 2 in. wide, over 1 ft. long, strap-
shaped, light green, unequal at the summits : peduncle

ANGB^CUM

from near the base of the st. ; fls. large, green and white,
placed alternately back to back ; sepals and petals
spreading, green ; labellum whitish, round, thickish ;
spur green. Valuable ; grows to enormous proportions.
Madagascar. B.M. 4761. B.B. 1522. L. 236. Var. vlrens,
Hort.. (A. vlrens. Lindl.). Fls. smaller ; labellum tinged
■n-ith green. B.M. 5170. Oakes Ames.

ANGULdA (dedicated to Don Francisco de Angulo).
Orchi(lAce(p,tTihe Vdndece. Pseudobulbs rathertall (when
old 1 , spinose at the summits with the remnants of leaf
Teins : leaf -blades 1-2 ft. long, prominently nerved, as
in Acineta, Stanhopea and Lyeaste : fls. large, sub-
globular, on erect scapes : habit similar to Lyeaste,
which is a member of the same sub-tribe. The Anguloas
grow under shade of trees in leaf -mold. Some growers
find that they do well when placed under vines. They
are coolhouse orchids, but require a moderate rise in
temperature during the growing season. Oakes Ames.

Anguloa is a very interesting genus of cool orchids
that thrive well in an ordinary greenhouse t^emperature,
in which a minimum of 50° can be maintained. They are
natives of the Andes of Colombia and Peru. The popular
name of "Boat Orchid" somewhat suggests their
shape and general appearance, the lip, being delicately
hinged at its base, allowing this organ to oscillate when
shaken. A. Clowesii is the best known as well as
the most decorative species, its color being clear yel-
low. A. Bm-keri is similar in structiire, but the fls.
are chocolate-brown, with a decided aromatic fragrance,
resembling Anise. There is also a white varietv of A.
Cioii-exii, but it is very rare in cultivation, as arc all of
the white forms of well known oniiiiN, tlii- iiKikinsr
them very valuable commercially. A . n ni fl.^ra i- aKo a
pretty plant, with white flowers, spotti-d \vitli jiink. Put
culture is best, as they require similar treatmtut to
Lycuste Skinneri. E. O. Okpet.

uniflora, Ruiz & Pavon. (A. virgindlis, Hort.). Pseu-
dobulbs about 6 in.high( sometimes considerably higher) :
leaf -blades lK-2 ft. long, lanceolate : fls. whitish, some-
times spotted within, or the labellum streaked with rose.
Colombia. G. C. III. 19:423.
A. F. 6: 607.-There is a
white-fld. var.

C16wesli, Lindl. Larger
in every way than the above:
fls. lemon-yellow, labellum
tending toward white, mar-
bled with orange. Colombia.

Euckerl, Lindl. Smaller
than A. Clowesii: fls. yel-
low, spotted with crimson.
A variety has been figured
with the crimson or red color
predominant (var. sam/iiiu-
f(i, A.F.6:607). Colombia.

ebiimea, Nicholson. Simi-
lar to -i. Cloivesii.hut sepals
and petals pure white and
lip spotted pink. New Gra-
nada. Oakes Ames.

ANHAL6NIUM (name of
no significance). C'actdce(r.
Top-shaped succulent des-
ert plants, mostly buried in
the ground, the flat aerial
portion covered with angular
tubercles bearing

ANISE

67

as wide at base, the upper surface variously fissured,
even to the edges, presenting an irregular warty appear-
ance : fls. central, about 1 In. long and broad, shading
from whitish to rose. On limestone hills in the "Great
Bend " region of the Rio Grande in Texas, and extending
into Mexico. I.H. 16, p. 73, and fig.

Kotchibeyi, Lem. (A. sulctltum, Salm-Dyck). This
appears as a trade name, but the form is very uncertain,
as no type seems to be in existence. According to the
description, it is very much like the preceding species,
except that the upper surface of the tubercle is not ir-
regularly fissured, but is smooth, at least at the edges,
except for the central furrow.

B. Upper surface of tubercle not grooved.

prismAticum, Lem. The flat top 3-8 in. across: tuber-
cles imbricate, but squarrose-spreading, sharply triangu-
lar-pyramidal and very acute, with a sharp, cartilaginous
tip, which usually disappears with age and leaves the
older tubercles blunt or retuse, %-\ in. long and about
as wide at base, the upper surface almost plane and
smooth, except that it is more or less pulverulent, and
often bears a small tomentose tuft just behind the claw-
like tip: fls.rose color. Mts.ofMex. — Resembles an Aloe.
John M. Coulter.

ANIGOZANTHTJS (Greek, expanded-floiver) . Bctmo-
dorAcem. Eight or 10 species of Australian greenhouse
or half-hardy perennials, with greenish, yellow or purple
fls. and sword-like Ivs., cult, in Europe, but unknown
to the Amer. trade.

ANISACANTHUS {Gree^, unequal acantlnts). Acan-
thdcece. A genus of six species of Mexican and Ameri-
can shrubs, with mostly lanceolate, entire, petioled Ivs.,
and loosely spicate or scattered red fls. an inch or more
long ; corolla lobes 4 ; stamens 2, equaling ■
ing the corolla lobes.

Wrightii, Gray. Height, 2^ ft. : Ivs. 1-2 in
Tex.-Once stl 1 ) a 7 1 ji s , il \\ i 1 in t ii I

exceed-

long,

91. Informal disposition of
against a background

strictly Me

to Ma

iiilla

J^ewin.

For eultuiv. ~ - '

A. Uppers;.

beariiiij ;..,,;-.

£ngelmanni, Lr

Rock. The flat tu:

A genus of 4 or 5 species,
, except that a single species [A. JSngel-
the Rio Grande into Texas. It is referred
by sonif. For A. Williamsii and A.
Klrr Frhhmrite.tus, section Lophophora.

irtth a broad and deep wool-
ore, which toidens below,
snriitum, Engelm.). Living
i?red top 2-5 in. across, taper-

ing below into a thick root : tubercles imbricated
appressed, triangular in outline, K-1 in. long and about

Anise. UmbelUfene. An aromatic condimental and
medicinal herb {Pimpinilla Anlsttm, Linn.) of the Ori-
ent. It is an annual, and is easily grown from seeds in
any warm and mellow soil. The seeds are commonly
sown where the plants are to stand. The seeds are used
in medicine and in cookery, and for flavoring liquors.
They yield a highly perfumed essential oU. They are
mostly grown in Mediterranean countries. The leaves are
also used as seasoning and garnishing. The plant reaches
a height of 2 ft., bears twice-pinnate Ivs. and small yel-
lowish white fls. in large, loose umbels. The seeds are
oblong and curved, ribbed on the convex side, grayish,

the size of caraway seed. In common with all vimbel-
lif erous seed. Anise seed does not retain its viability long,
the nonnal longevity being 1 to 3 years.

ANNUALS. Plants which, in cultivation, are prefer-

ably grown from suecls e:icli vear art-

commonly classed

as Annuals. M^.,- ■ri.l,. Ai.nu:d-

are plants which

normallylive l.r . ,

• iiiC Annuals are

found a numlni . i ! ■ i

,, .rs. As a rule.

they are easily i- n.

. i.KUlts and af-

fording a vai-i. i

'■':.- ---.tliere-

fore, one of th.- li . , -

■• ■ .Ms last

ii-hout

thesummer. '11 , , ,. ,

■! II l\and

tall growers, n > .

• •! ■ : ,:i ji'lJIi/Ilt

of kinds, the li.ii , ; . , ,:

1 ■ ...I , . . M.'itiv

oftheshowy k.n.

dwarf -growint; ■ i ' ■

orwalks. Will, II,. 1 ■:, .,i. ■ . .'

•,,■11 lii,.l^ .■I,',, I'li--

sible.l.utiln- ,..,1. :. .. • 1.

mii of kinds, and

ell ad

, mist precluded it

I |,i,ts of ground in
il.jwiTs, show off best
of fuliage. See Figs,
make excellent covers
IS. For climbing and
ilso, Everlastings and

the border. Annuals, like m
when seen against a backgrui
91, 92. The tall and leafy ki
for unsightly objects ; see Si
twining kinds, see Vines. S
Orasses.

In the case of others than the continuous bloomers, a
succession of sowings or plantings is desirable to pro-
vide for a continuous display ; then as a kind begins to
fail its place may be filled with young plants of the same
or other species. The usual method of securing suc-
cession is to sow the seeds in Hats, or beds, and trans-
plant the seedlings first to pots. The potted plants may
be set out at any time, with but little check to growth.

Most Annuals prefer an open, sunny situation, but
pansies, forget-me-nots, and some others, thrive where
they get the full sunshine for only half the day. In all
cases tho '-f-t vsnlis ;iio otitained only when the soil is
well cm II 111, I iiiii! Ill, II, II III, |.i-epared previous to sow-

to make this prepa-
re. A considerable
sirable, rendering it

ing o], |,! I

propi'i'ii

less subject
stable-manur
ply this. Bed
a foot deep,
halt flii. i!. I
soil sill. I'i

planting decided upon. Taller growing kinds are :

ANNUALS

toward the center or back of the bed. Only the best
seeds should be purchased, and it is generally best to
get the colors in separate packets. In the open ground,
seeds may he covered to a depth of four or five times
their own thickness, but when sown indoors in trays or
pots, the rule is to cover them to about their own thick-
ness. The position of each row or kind should be marked,
.so that when weeds and flowers spring up there will bo
no trouble In separating the sheep from the goats. After
covering, the soil should be pressed firmly over the seed
with a board or hoe, or the feet. In soils which are in-
clined to bake, a sprinkling of sand or fine litter over
the surface after sowing will remedy this evil. Ever-
green boughs placed over the beds until the seedlings
have appeareil will afford useful shelter from beating
iiiiii h I ill II iiiili 111 sow the seeds thickly. When
i; ' I I lined to their proper distances.

I II I : I ,,, :;iven to this matter, and to

ki I iiiiL: ill.,, II .>i.ii-, or iiie plants may become weak,
spiiirllmg an<l valueless. No seed pods should be allowed
to form, else the vitality of the plants will be exhausted.
The flowers may he freely gathered with advantage to-
the flowering.
It is cust..marr to divide Annuals into three classes:

the open tcround wlnre ihey are to m-ow. They are vitally

sown from Feliruary to .May, iieeording to the season and
latitude. Some of them, as sweet peas, may be sown
even in the fall. For this class, a well prepared border
on the south side of a fence or wall, or other sheltered
place, isusually pre ferreil for early sowings. Fromhere
the seedliiiL' m n :iii-|.hinted later where they are to
grow. .'si. II, \ ei-, do not bear transplanting

well, cons. , I , I., sown in the places they are to

occupy. A I _^ I I , puppies, eschscholtzia, barto-

nia, Venus' lookiiij I ip.in- . jiialope, and the dwarf

> I I Kils are usually

in February or Jim-
The .season is usuall,
reach full developnn i
of growth, they neei
kinds are sometimes i
in a coldframe. Whe
with slight protectioi
are grown to their m
(:i) Tender AnnuaN
started from Janu.n

: J I I 111 ^h to enable them to-
ihi_ i.puu. In the early stages
iiteetion and warmth. Smdi
I in the fall and wintered over
ce established, they are harcly

those started in the window, is crowding and
1,'ht. As soon as crowding begins, the plants
thinned out or trausplanted to other trays, or
and reset from time to time, as they need ;
tran.splanting is usually an advantage. The
last transplanting is preferably into small
pots, as then the seedlings may be readily
set out in the open ground at the proper
time with little or no check to growth

^ome of the staple or geneiil purpose
tj pes of Annuals in the North aie the fol
la«ii„ Utui thi \ (1 1 m

mostly of

ncial use

llj at the

up volun

r f

t .It sown seeds

phloxes

md morning glories are

For further suggestions see Set laqe
annotated list of Annuals suited for
n climates, see Bull Ifl Cornell
• fe'*- Eknest Walkeb.

ANCECTOCHILUS

ANffiCTOCHiLUS (Greek, open Up). Orchidiiceff,
tribe JYeotfiea;. A genus cultivated for the beautifully
reticulated Ivs., which are oval or ovate, membranaceous
and diversely colored. Fls. small, not ornamental. The
known species belong to India and the Malay Archi-
pelago. Although many methods have been adopted for
the successful cultivation of the best species and varie-
ties, failure has been the general rule, so that at the
present time few Amer. collections contain even a single
specimen. "For a time — it may be two, or even five
years — thev will grow and remain in health, and then
suddenly they go wrong, the pLants perishing one after
the other, in spite of all one can do."— W. Watson.

Blilleni, Low. Lvs. about 2 in. long, bronze-green,
with 3 longitudinal bands of copper-red. Borneo.

regalia, Blume. One of the most attractive species of
the group : lvs. oval, large, bronze-green netted, veined
with gold, the surface of the lvs. like velvet. Java.
B.M. 412.3. P.S. 2: 79 as A. se^iJceiis. -Several good va-

E6xhurghii, Lindl. Lvs. ovate, median line of pale
green, reticulated and veined with gold. Java and Ind.

Many species are described aTid flgnrcrl in fnivien pnlilica-
tions. but they are all taneiers' planis (MIh'c Tiain.s wlii.h ap-
pear in the Amer. trade are: I I>,ih-,u'I - 1 l'-i"su„i
lDawsnmamis)=Ilfemaria.-A. /»".., II. .n 1 .,.- ,i„i;. -.1.
Pe(Wa, Hort.=JIacodes.-J.. reilcl,,,, m^x. llmi .\l;, Ir,

UAKES A.MES.

ANOMATHfiCA. See Lapeironsia.

ANONA (aboriginal name). Anonclcew. CrsTARD-
Apple. Tropical trees and shrubs, cult, for their large,
fleshy fruits, and for ornament. Fls. perfect, solitary,
terminal or opposite the lvs. : petals typically 6, Ijut half
of them sometimes reduced to small scales or even want-
ing: pistils many, each with one erect ovule, united into
a fleshy fruit-like body or syncarpium. Small trees or
shrubs, over 50 in number, of Tropical America, and a
few in Africa and Asia. Some of the species have been
Introduced into southern Florida, but they are generally
imperfectly known, both to horticulturists and botanists.
Aside from the species described below, various other
Anouas have beeen introduced into southern Florida, but
their botanical status Is unknown and some of them
are probably forms of old species. Amongst these
names are A. Mexicana, which was a catalogue name
used by Loddiges, the species never having been fully
described; A. Africana, a very obscure species founded
by LinnsBus upon an American specimen, with lanceolate
pubescent lvs.; A.trilobata is undoubtedly 4 sim ma tri-
loba ; A. aurantiaca, A. macrocarpa, A. maritima, A.
reniformis, and A. snavissima are either horticultural
names, or belong to other genera ; the BeribA, introduced
by Reasoner Bros., from Brazil, is evidently a Rullinia,
possil>Iy J^. orthopftahi. For .J . li'tujifoliit, sie l>ittjii('tia,

are imperfectly evergreen. See AHnhotriiK.

Anonas are of easy culture, requiring no special treat-
ment in frostless countries. They propagate readily by
seeds, and are usually thus grown ; also, by ripened cut-
tings under glass. In the U. S. they are sometimes
grown under glass as ornamental subjects. They should
then be kept fairly dry in winter, for at that time they
assume a semi-dormant condition. They thrive best in
heavy loam.

A. Petals cordate-ovate or obovate, the inner ones

conspicuous.

B. Exterior petals plainly acute, inner ones obtuse.

0. Fruit bearing weak spines.
muricita, Linn. {A. Asidtica, Linn.). Sour-Sop.

GUANABENA. CORRESOL. SUIRSAAK. SUSAKKA. Small

tree, the size of a peach tree, evergreen, the young
growth scurfy-pubescent : exterior petals scarcely exceed-
ing the interior ones, 1-2 in. long, and yellowish or green-
ish,the innerones yellow orred: lvs. elliptic and pointed,
varnished above and rusty beneath, but becoming gla-
brous : fr. very large (6-8 in. long and weighing from 1-5
lbs.), oblong or conical and blunt, dark green, the skin
rough and spiny ; pulp soft, white and juicy, subacid, with
a turpentine-like flavor, West Indies, where it is a popu-

ANONA 69

lar fruit.— It is grown with especial excellence in Porto
Rico, and is common in the markets of Key West, whither
it is shipped from the islands to the southward. A
favorite drink is made from the juice. It is one of the
tenderest trees of the genus, and thrives only in extreme
southern Florida and California. Introduced in the Old
World,
cc. Fruit nearly or quite smooth (or in A. pyriformis
undescribed).
glabra, Linn. (A. laurifblia, Dunal). Pond-Apple.
Mamon. Fig. 93. Small nearly evergreen tree, with
smooth growth: exterior petals somewhat exceeding the

interior ones, greenish: lvs. oblong-ovate or long-ovate,
pointed, green on both sides and glossy above : fr. the
size and shape of a Bellflower apple or an ox's heart, yel-
low or brownish yellow, smooth, the stem pulling out
of the fruit at maturity and leaving a very deep cavity;
pulp cream-colored and very fragrant, fair in cuiality.
Native in swamps, both salt and fresli. in si.uthirn
Florida, and on the Indian River; also, in tin- 'Wrst In.lirs.
B.R. 1328. SS. 1:17, 18.-The fruit, although acoeptablo
to many people, is not generally prized.

pyrUbrmis, Bojer. Climbing, glabrous : petals of the
two series nearly equal, oblong-spatulate or obovate
(about 2 in. long) , flat, the outer ones hooded or cucullate
at the top ; sepals joined half their length : lvs. nearly
oblong (3-6 in. long), obtuse or acutish, thick and rigid,
somewhat shining and glaucous. Mauritius.— Said to
have been introduced into southern Florida recently, but
it is imperfectly known.

BB. Exterior petals obtuse or nearly so.

paliistris, Linn. Alligator - Apple. Cork -Wood.
Monkey-Apple. BtJNYA. Tree,10-15ft. high, the young
growth smooth: exterior petals ovate, exceeding the ob-
long inner ones, a half -inch or more long, and yellow, with
a red spot at the base within, the interior red inside : lvs.
ovate-elliptic or oblong, with a short, narrow point (or
occasionally bluntish), smooth on both sides, rather
thick, and more or less evergreen: fr. 2 in. in diam., yel-
low, and somewhat roughened or scaly. Cuba to Rio
Janeiro; also, in Africa. B.M. 422«.-Introduced in
southern Florida, but imperfectly known in cultivation.
Unless improved by cultivation, the fruit is probably
unworthy of cultivation.

EBB. Eiterior and interior petals all acute.

paluddsa, Aubl. Shrub, with rusty-villous branches -.
outer petals acute, twice longer than the canescent inner
ones : lvs. oblong-acute, rounded at the base, sparsely
pubescent above and tomentose beneath : fr. ovate and
tuberculate, pubescent when young. Guiana. -Intro-
duced into southern Florida, where it is yet very little
known,

70

ANONA

AA. Petals (exterior) linear or oblong, the inner ones

minute (or conspicuous in A.muscosa).

B. Fruit smooth or very nearly so (in A. amplexicaulis

undescribed).

0. I/vs. velvety beneath.

Cherimdlia, Miller ( A . tripela In , Aiton ) . Cherimoyer,
or Cherimoya. jAMAirA-Aiii.i;. Tnc, 15-20 ft. high,
with young growth si-m i\ |.iiiM-r, m : fls. opposite
the Ivs., greenish, and fr;iLri:MiT, tin- < \terior petals ob-
long-linear and keeled on tin' iniiir side, velvety: Ivs.
ovate or oblong {about 3 in. long), obtuse or scarcely
acute, dark green, and sparsely hairy above and velvety
beneath ; fr. very large (from the size of a large apple
to 8 in. or more in diam. ), spherical or slightly flattened
at the ends, nearly smooth, brownish yellow, sometimes
with a red cheek, the flesh soft and rich. Peru and ad-
jacent regions northward, but naturalized in Central
America and Mexico, the West Indies and parts of the
Old World. B.M. 2011.- It is a well-known fruit of the
tropics, and it thrives upon the Florida keys and the
adjacent coasts. It is also grown to a limited extent in
southern California. Fruit will stand transportation if
picked green. Possibly the plants sold as A . macrocdrpa
and A. suavissima are forms of the Cherimoyer. See
Cherimoyer.

CO. Lvs. not velvety.

reticulita, Linn. Custard-Apple. Bdllock's-Heart.
Fruta de Conde. a tree, 15-25 ft. high, with growth
smooth or nearly so; fls. with the exterior petals oblong-
liuear and keeled on the inside, acute, greenish, with
purple spots at the base : Ivs. lanceolate or oblong and
pointed, glabrous above and rough beneath, but becoming
smooth: fr. 3-4 in. in diam., smooth, with small depres-
sions, in various shades of yellow or even russet, with
a soft yellow cream-like pulp next the skin, and a white
pulp at the middle, sweet and excellent. West Indies,
where it is a very popular fruit. It thrives in southern
Florida, where it has lately been introduced. B.M. 2911,

ANTENNARIA

blunt, keeled on the inner side, greenish: lvs. thin, ob-
long-ovate, very sparsely hairy on both sides, but often
becoming smooth, glaucous : fr. egg-shaped, or of the
form of a short pine cone, 3-t in. in diam., yellowish
green, and tuberculate (each carpel forming a protuber-
ance); the pulp creamy vellow and custard-like, very
sweet. West Indies to Brazil. B.M. 3095.-Much prized
in the tropics, and considerably grown on the Florida
keys, and extending north, with some protection, nearly
to the middle of the state; also cultivated in California.
Introduced in the Old World. Lvs., green frs., and seeds
said to be used for destroying vermin. j_,. jj. B.

ANSfiLLIA (John Ansell, African explorer). Or-
chidAcew, tribe Vdndea. Inflorescence terminal : stems
tufted, jointed, nodes conspicuous : lvs. lanceolate, alter-
nate toward the summit of the stems, visibly nerved,
about 6 in. long. The species require high temperatures
for successful development. Epiphytes. For further
culture, see Orchids.

Afric&na, Lindl. Plants 2 ft. or more high : stems
cylindrical : fls. numerous (40-80), yellowish, verging on
green, marked with curiously oblong, brown-purple
spots ; labellum yellow, 3-Iobed. Sierra Leone. B.M.
4965. — This is undoubtedly the type, all other forms so
far known being departures from it of horticultural
merit only.

gigantda, Reichb. f. (Cymbidium Sdndersoni, Harv.).
Habit as above. Sepals and petals sparingly, if at all,
spotted. Natal t

Oakes .

ANSdNIA. See Amsonia.

amplexicaillis, Lam. Erect shrub, glabrous : outer
petals oblong and obtuse (IJ-iin. long), the inner very
much shorter and lanceolate and pointed : lvs. oblong or
ovate, obtuse or acute (4-G in. long), thick and rigid,
glaucous and somewhat shining, deeply cordate-clasping
at the base. Mauritius and Madagascar. — Said to have
been lately introduced into southern Florida. Little
known. ^^ Fruit tuberculate.

squambsa, Linn. (A. cinerea, Dunal). Sweet-Sop.
Sugar-Apple. Fig. 94. Diffuse small tree, or a shrub,
10-20 ft. high : fls. with the outer petals oblong-linear and

ANTENNABIA (pappus likened to antenna). Com-
pdsitw. Everlasting. Cat's-Ear. Small, white-woolly
•perennial herbs, with spatulate or obovate root-lvs., and
mostly leafless scapes, bearing small gray or white
hea Is which remain stiff and dry. They are interesting
for rockwork and the edges of borders, and for this pur-
pose have been sparingly introduced in the last few
years. They are perfectly hardy, and thrive in poor
soil. The fls. are often cut before fully mature and
dried (and often dyed) as everlastings. Several spe-
cies grow wild. Prop, mostly by division of the mats ;
also by seeds. Allied to Anaphalis and Gnaphalium.
Dioecious. See JSverlastings.

A. Pappus of sterile fls. not thickened at the tip,
minutely roughened.

dim6rplia, Torr. & Gray. Tufted with spatulate lvs.
and a sparsely-leaved fl.-st. an inch or less high, from a
stout, much-branched caudex. Neb. west.

AA. Pappus of sterile fls. thickened at the top.
B. Not spreading by stolons.

Ge^eri, Gray. Stout, thick-woolly, from a woody base :
fl.-st. 3 in. or more high, very leafy to the top : pistil-
late heads narrow : involucre with rose-purple or ivory-
white tips to the inner scales. Cal. N.

BB. Spreading by stolons.
c. Heads solitary or in a cymose cluster.

diolca, Linn. Basal lvs. IK in. or less long, 1-nerved
or only indistinctly 3-nerved : st. 2-12 in. : involucral
bracts all light green or light brown, with white or
pinkish tips. N. states and Eu.— The plant in the trade
as .1 . ioinentdsum is probably a form of this species.
Also in cult, under the proper name, A. dioica.

alpina, Giertn. Plant 1-t in. : involucral bracts in fer-
tili' li(:iils. durk brownish green, acute. Canada, Rocky
Mts.. Sirrrii X.v.idas.

plantaginifdlia, Rich. Basal Ivs. IK in. or more long,
distinctly :i lu-i-v.-d : st. 6-18 in. high. Stoloniferous,
making iimad i)atches. Common in fields and old pas-
tures. Perhaps not in cult.

cc. Heads loosely panicled.
■ racemdsa, Hook. Light-woolly, 6-20 in. high, the sts.
sparsely leafy, the heads mostly on slender peduncles :
involucre brownish. Rocky Mts. l, h. B.

ANTHEMIS

ANTHEMIS (Greek name of the chamomile). Com-
p6sUw. Chamomile. Pyrethrum-like heavy-scented
plants, annual, biennial or perennial, members of a
large, Old World temperate-region genus. Heads many-
flowered, the disk yellow, the rays white and yellow and
(in the common cult, species) pistillate, the receptacle
conical and chaffy, the akenes terete or ribbed, and
either naked or bearing a minute crown : Ivs. pinnately
dissected. Two or three of the species are weeds.
Others are excellent border plants. The true chamo-
mile is a medicinal plant. The hardy perennial species,
which alone are grown in this country, are easily
handled in the border, where they bloom from midsum-
mer till frost. They thrive in almost any soil, but need
full exposure to sun. Prop, by seeds or division of the
clumps, usually the latter.

A. Eays normally yellow.

tinctbria, Linn. Golden Marguerite. Of bushy
habit, 2-3 ft., with angular st. and pinnately divided,
and again pinnatifld or cut-toothed Ivs., and large, daisy-
like, golden yellow Hs. (1-2 in. across). A. K^lwayi,
Hort. (or var. KRwnyi, Hort.), has finer-cut foliage and
deeper yellow fls. There is also a pale-rayed var. Gn.
52 : 1149. —An excellent hardy border plant, and useful at
the same time for cut fls.

AA. Rays white.

B. Perennial; cultivated.

n6biIiB, Linn. Chamomile. Half-spreading and much-
branched, downy, the Ivs. very finely dissected : pappus
wanting, chaft of the receptacle blunt.— A pleasant-
scented herb, sometimes escaped from cult. It yields the
medicinal chamomile fls. of commerce. For medicinal
purposes, the heads (the single preferred) are cut as
soon as fully expanded, and dried. Cult, also as a hardy
border plant ; often double.

BB. Biennial or annual ; teeeds.

arv^nsis, Linn. Pubescent, not ill-scented; Ivs. rather
coarsely 1-2 pinnately parted : pappus a minute border:
heads 1 in. or more across : rays pistillate. — Not common.

Cdtula, DC. May-weed. A common weed along road-
sides, ill-scented, growing a foot or two high, with finely
dissected Ivs., neutral rays, and many aster-like tts. 1 in.
across.

A.Aizoon, Griseb.=Aeliillea ageratifolia.— .i. Ardbica, Linn.
=Cladanthus.— A. corondria. Hort.=Chrysanthemum core-
°''"'^- L. H. B.

ANTHER. See Flower.

ANTHfiKICUM (Greek, nower hedge). Includes Pha-
langium. Lili&cece. Herbs, with tuber-like rhizomes,
and racemes of rather small, white, deep-cut fls. : peri-
anth rotate ; anthers attached between their basal lobes,
and the locules many-ovuled— in these characters differ-
ing from Paradisea. Grown in borders, where the roots
should have a cover of leaves or litter in winter ; also
In pots and under benches in coolhouses. Useful for
lawn vases. Prop, naturally by stolons ; increased also
by division and seeds. Of easiest culture. Give plenty
of water when in bloom. A. Liliastrum, St. Bruno's
Lily, will be found under Paradisea. A . pieturatum , va-
riegatum and vittatum will be found under Chlorophy-
tum. A. Californicvm of some catalogues perhaps be-
longs to Chlorophytura.

Liliigo, Linn. St. Bernard's Lily. Fig. 95. Stem
simple, 2-3 ft. high, bearing an open raceme of open-
spreading fls. 1 in. or less across, the segments linear-
oblong : Ivs. long and narrow. S. Eu.and N.Afr. B.M.
914. Var. major, Sims, is larger in all its parts. B.M. 1635.

ramdBum, Linn. {A. graminifblium, Hort.). Stem
branched : fls. somewhat smaller. Eu. B.M. 1055.

L. H. B.

ANTHOL'tZA (name from the Greek, of no particu-
lar application). IridAcew. About 20 Cape and Trop.
African cormous plants, with linear or sword-shaped
Ivs. and bright fls. in 2-sided spikes. Perianth long-
tubular, curved, dilated above, the uppermost segments
largest : stamens 3 : style branched : ovary 3-loculed.
Cult, the same as gladioli, being taken up in the fall.
The tubers are often started in a frame or in the house
before planting in the open. See Baker, Irideae.

ANTHURIUM

71

A. Perianth red, segments very unequal.
Cundnia, Linn. Corm small: st. simple, 1-1>^ ft.:
rs. about 4, linear, 1 ft. or less long : fls. 4-6, in a
ix spike, bright red, an inch long, the stamens reaching
D the tip of the upper segment. Cape. L.B.C. 20: 1971.

95. Stolon of Anthericum Liliaeo.

Ciffrft, Banks. Corm large: st. 2 ft. or less : Ivs. nar-
row-linear, 1 ft. : fls. 12-20, in a lax spike, bright red, 1-1^
in. long, stamens not quite reaching tip of upper segment.
Cape. — Has been hybridized with gladiolus.
AA. Perianth red and yellow, segments less unequal.

Sthidpica, Linn. Corm large : st. branched, 3-4 ft.:
Ivs. several, sword-shaped, 1 in. broad and 1-lK ft. long:
spike 6-9 in. long, rather dense : fls. 1^2-2 in. long, red
and yellow ; stamens reaching to the tip of the upper
segment. Cape. B.M. 561.

Var. minor, Lindl. lA.hicolor, Gasp.). Dwarf: Ivs.
narrow : fls. red at top, pale yellow below.

Var. vittigera. Baker (var. rlngens, Nichols.). Tall
as the type : fls. bright yellow, striped red. B.M. 1172.

Var. immarginita, Baker. Fls. red, with dull yellow.
L. H. B.

ANTHOXANTHTTM (yellou'-flower, from the Greek).
Gramineie. A. odorAtnm, Linn., of the temperate parts
of the Old World, is the
Sweet Vernal Grass. It is
a perennial, of low growth,
very early bloom, and
sweet odor when mown.
It is used in mixtures of
pasture grasses, and is also
spontaneous in the E.
states in pastures, mead-
ows, and along roads. A .
Puilii, Lee. & Lamotte,
is an annual species, of
smaller size, sometimes
used in forage

ANTHtEIUM (Greek,
tail -flower). Aro)de(e.
Tropical herbs, of 200 or
more species, cult, mostly
in stoves, grown for the
showy spathes and spadi-
ces or for foliage. Spathe
usually spreading or even
reflexed, only rarely par-
tially enclosing the spadix.
Differs from Alocasia and
allied genera in technical
characters. Monogr. by
Engler in DeCandolle's
Monographise Phanero-
gamarum, Vol. 2 (1879).

Propagation is eifected by suckers or cuttings of the
rhizome inserted in small pots containing a mixture of
peat fiber, chopped sphagnum moss and silver sand in

nthurium Sche

72

ANTHURIUJI

equal proportions, and plunged in a propagating box in
a temperature of 75° to 80°, with bottom heat. About
the end of January is the most suitable time to take the
cuttings. Anthuriums may also be propagated by seeds
sown in a mixture of very fine fibrous peat and chopped
sphagnum nios-s in 4-inch pots. The seeds should be
lightly covered with sphagnum and the pots placed
either in a propagating case or under bell glasses, where
a temperature of 80° can be maintained. A constant hu-
mid atmosphere is very necessary to induce the seeds to
germinate. The compust in which Anthuriums thrive
best is a mixture ..f mi,,, fliir.l f. rn root, or the fiber of
peat with the du-i -hak. n .:ut, one-third sphagnum
moss and one-tliii.l l.n.k.ji ,r."k3 and charcoal. The
pots must be will ihaim-.l. and the plants should be
■coned up 2 or o iiicii.-s uiiove the rim of the pots, and
Jinished off with a .surfacing of live sphagnum moss.

Established plants will only need repotting once in 2
or 3 years, but should have a fresh top-dressing every
year ; the best time to overhaul them is about the end
of .Tanuary, or before active growth commences. They
should be given a shaded position, free from draughts
of cold air, and ordinary stove temperature.

Like most evergreen aroids, they require a copious
supply of water at the roots and a humid atmosphere
during the spring and summer months, and at no season
of the year must tlie plants he allowed to become dry.
Care must also be taken not to mar the leaves by hard
spraying. The temperature during winter should not
fall below 55°. Cult, by Edwakd J. Canning.

Anthuriums such as A. Andrceanum, A. ornatum,
and their numerous hybrid progeny, require at all times
a high and humid atmosphere. Under those conditions
and in a good rooting medium, they ought to be contin-
ually in (lower. A bloom is produced from the axil of
each leaf, and immeiliately beneath this leaf a new root
is produced, thick and succulent at first, becoming tough
■with age, and. if not allowed to bury itself among the
compost in wliich the plant grows, it eventually hardens
and is of no help in the sustenance of the plant. There-
fore, the growing point of the specimens should not be
allowed to get too high, or the flowers will be few and
poor. When the plant forms stems above the pot, the
compost should either be built up around the stem, to
catch the roots, or the plant may be cut over,rooted afresh
in sand, and given a new start in a pot. The two orna-
mental-leaved species, A. Vi'.itchii and A. Warocque-
anum, should be treated in the same manner. When cut
down, we may look for the old stocks to send out small
growths, which in course of time may be taken off and
put in small pots. All of the above are such fi;ee-rooting
kinds that they may, with the addition of some rotted
manure, be grown in sphagnum moss. A good mixture
isas follows: Sphau-num, chopped nottoo fine, one part;
fern or kalmia rcn.ts. ilic.pi.i-il up and the fine substance
removed, one jiart ; anuth. r iiart to be made up equally
of sand and rutt.-M maiiuia.. With -svell-drained pots, this
forms an admiral ilr> r.i.iiiiiL: sulistance. Most of the other

Anthurium Andraeanum.

species and their forms, including A. Scherzerianum
and A. crystallimim, will thrive better in material
mainly composed of rough, fibrous loam and peat with the
fine material sifted from it. This rough, fibrous material
should be mixed with a small quantity each of sphagnum.

AXTHURIU.M

charcoal and sand. (inni\ drainage.
is needed for the Andreauuni sfctiuu
A. Scheneriantim, although thriving
house, will succeed in an interme-
diate house. Seeds are obtained by
pollinating the flowers, the stig-
mas of whicli liecouK'
before tht- aiiiin !■-.

well in the hottest

should be sown on the surface of a pan of chopped moss
and sand covered with glass; they sometimes show signs
of germinating almost before being gathered, so that it
is dangerous to keep them any length of time before sow-
ing. To prevent damping.the seedlings should be pricked
off round the edge of a :j-inch pot as soon as the first leaf
is large enough to handle. Seeds of such kinds as crys-
tallinum and regale will germinate well on the moss of
nepenthes baskets. Cult. by G. W. Oliver.

Scherzeriftnum, Schott. Fig. 96. A foot or two high,
evergreen : Ivs. long-lanceolate (the blade 1 ft. or more
long and petiole of nearly equal length), thick, usually
somewhat revolute, with a strong vein parallel with each
edge and close to it, and many cross-veins : scape long
and slender (1-2 ft.), red : spathe ovate-oblong, 3-4 in.
long, spreading or deflexed, intense red (sometimes
double, I.H. 37:67): spadix slender, often curled, yel-
low. CentralAmer. B.M..5319. R.B. 22:121. A.F.6:569
(in variety). -An olil favorite. Huns into ni.any forms :
Spathe white, vars. w7/...;/, , ,ill>n,„ unuiii'ifinini . lurlniiii.
maximum album. H i '^f.i";/^.- siiaiji.- par-

ti-colored, vars. .1' -■ail.-t im tin- lia.-k,

whit.- and scark-t s]m,ii,-,| al-^. ..,„ulahil, ( wliitc-l.i.r-
,l,.,,,li. ,nl.„i.r.„m (double, white spotted rose). J/ofIc
.-, i . ,, irarlet mottled white, Gn. 30:570), Wa-

/ ' it A. Warocque&num) (white spotted

r' (1 1 ; -[.aihi \ cry large, vars. giganthim, mdximiiDi,
ll«r.(ii. H nmiliridijti. Very dwarf is var. pygmaum ;
rose-salmon spathe and orange spadix is var. Parisi-
ense ; sharp-pointed Ivs. and spathea is var. SHnettii.

ANTHURIUM

BpathiphJUum, N. E. Brown. Two ft or Ie<i<! stem
less or nearly so : leaf -blade 2 ft. or less nuroK 1 iii
ceolate, attenuate in a straight line from the niuliHe to
the base, acuminate, bright green abo\e and giaush
beneath, with prominent midrib : spathe 2 in or less
long and a half or more as wide, erect boat sh jped pale
green or whitish : spadix 1 in. long and verj blunt, pale
yellow. Trop. Amer.

Andraeinum, Lind. Fig. 97. Low species with leif
blades drooping like an Alocasiaand cordate ovate 1 m
ceolate : spathe cordate-ovate, thick in texture, b-10 m
long, orange-red, widely open-spreading sp idix 3-4 m
long, yellowish, with white band marking the zone in
which the stigmas are receptive. Colombia B M 661b
A.F. 6:569; 10:1065. Gt. 38:1293. l.H 24 271 , 37 lOo
— Beautiful and popular. Euns into m iny varieties, some
■with very large spathes and others with white ones
Also hybridized with other species.
AA. Jyvs. promhiently marked with uhite or colore ot

with deep bands of green; cult, mostly foi foliagt
B. Markings green or greenish

VMtchii, Mast. Fig. 98. Tall and robust species (st
2-3 ft.): If. -blades pendent, like a .fine Alocasia, often
3-4 ft. long, cordate or eared at base, metallic gieen but
marked by deep-sunk nerves, which arch oif the mid
rib : spathe 1 ft. long, horizontal, green spadi\ 6-8 in
long, straw-color. Colombia. G.C. 11 0 773 B M 0968
Mn^S: 187. -Striking.

BB. Markings ifhite or essentially 10

■Warocque^num, Moore. Fig. 99. \ ery vigorous Ivs
oblong-lanceolate, long-tapering, hanging, 2-4 ft long,
deep velvety green, with rib and principal veins of -v
prominently lighter shade, making handsome contrasts
Colombia.— A handsome and striking foliage plant

magnificum, Lind. Leaf-blade deep cordate, oval
2 ft. long, upper surface olive-green with white nerves
petiole 4-angled : spathe small, oblong, green spadix
green, cylindrical. Colombia.

crystalllnum, Lind. & Andrg. Like ^ maqniheum
differs in petiole terete or only very imperfectly an.;kd
sinus of blade smaller, veins wide-banded and w Intel
and very regular : leaf-blade ovate-coid ite, short, deep
velvety green, with the midrib and two consecutive
bands crystal white : spathe linear-oblong, acuminate,
green. Peru. I.H.20: 128. G.C.III.24: 417Cvar. j'/Zhs/w).

regale, Lind. Leaf -blade cordate-oblong, long-cuspi-
date, 3 ft. or less, at first tinged rose, but becoming dull
green and marked with white veins ; petiole nearly
terete : spathe broad-lanceolate, greenish. Peru.

Various horticultural forms and hybrids are in cult.
In this country : A.amdbile. Lvs. soft rose : crystalli-
num X magniflcum. — .d. cdnieum is a hybrid of Andra*-
anura and ornatum.— ^. Chantrleri. Lvs. triangular,
with wide-spreading basal lobes : spathe ivory-white,
erect : nymphfefoliurnxsubsignatum. — j1. Clarkidnum.
Lvs. large and broad : spathe resembling that of An-
draeanum but salmon-rose.— ^. Ferrierinse. Lvs. large,
cordate : spathe cordate, brilliant red : ornatumxAn-
dr!Eanum. — ^.rto)-i6KHfZ!(»n, Linden and Andr6=Spathi-
phyllum floribundum.— ^. Froehelli. Lvs. large and cor-
date : spathe deep carmine : Andraeanum x ornatum.—
A, srrrfntZe = magnificum. — ..4. hybridum. Lvs. large,
lobed at base, obtuse, green. — 4. musdicuni. — A. ornA-
ium, Lvs. oval or oblong, cordate : spathe linear-oblong,
white, purple-tinted.— ^.iJe^HoMsi'rln »>n,various forms:
Ferrierense X AndrteaiMim ? — ^. Siebrechtldnum. Lvs.
much as in magnificum, rich, velvety green, with thick
margins : spathe light green shading to cream : spadix
large, crimson.— 4. ('«'!(»i;)7in«s. Lvs. long-heart-shaped,
bright green with lighter veins : spathe narrow, green:
spadix greenish white.

A. aciitum, N.E.Brown. Lvs. 8-10 in. long, triangul,ir and
long-acuminate, green : spathe reflexed, green : spadix deep
green. Braz. — A. Allendorfii ; Andreanmn X Gnisoni. — A .
Bakeri, Hook. Lvs. elliptic-lanceolate or linear, gi'een : spathe
small, reflexed, green : spadix 3 in. long, yellowish green, be-
coming longer and red and drooping in fruit,— the chief merit
of the plant. Costa Rica. B.M. 6261— .1. Bogotense. Schott.
Lvs. with a very broad halberd-shaped base and a long-.ieumi-
nate middle lobe, dark green. Gt, 46. p. 52.i.— .4. brnnlobum.
N, E. Brown. Lvs. oval-acuminate, cordate, 8-10 in,, paper-like,
green : spathe lanceolate, purplish : spadix purplish brown.—

ANTHYLLIS 73

4 Chamberlaim Masters Lvs 4 ft long broadly cordate ovate

and narrowly long pointed t,iif" s] itlie n it 1 oit shiped

8-9 in long purphshout il 1 i i lU mclosmg

the pmplish spadix \ Mil I H Ji 62

B M 7297 —A hlazioi I! 1 I I ng not

hinging tapering to ] t i i \ eined

spithe hneai 1 I n„ t the

sp iilix) Bi T r I I'll
— Fhilodenli ii i

K E Briwii i

green \ enezuel i — J s I i I lutn Lull I\
short pointed orl lunt thi 1 isal simis niir-) \ 1
tied green 1 tt or less long spithe 1 lu f 1 t
green 1 ecoming jellow iiidbrnkred pcdun

99. Anthurium Warocqui

ANTHYLLIS (Greek, meaning downy flowers). Kid-
ney Vetch. Legumlnbs(e. Pereimial herbs, or some-
what shrubby, prized for their spikes or heads of yel-
low, purple or white fls. and usually silky pinnate foli-
age ; also for forage. In the Old World, prized mostly
for rockwork. The cult, is the easiest, as the plants
thrive even in poor soil. Prop, by seeds or division, or,
rarely, by soft cuttings. Not generally known in U. S.

Vulneriria, Linn. Sand Clover. WotiNDwoRT. A
foot high : Ifts. 5 or more : fls. normally yellow, but
there are red and white varieties. Eu. — A deep-rooted,
clover-like, hardy plant, excellent for sandy and light
lands. Useful for forage, and, for that purpose, occa-
sionally grown in this country. Requires 20 lbs. of seed
to the acre.

74

ANTHYLLIS

, Linn. Afoot or less high, silky-hoary : Ifts.
numerous: fls. purple. Herbaceous. Eu. L.B.U.6:578.

B&rba-JAvis, Linn. Jhpiter's Beard. Glasshouse
silky evergreen, 3-8, or even 12 ft. high, with several
to many pairs of narrow, pointed Ifts. : fls. straw-colored
or whitish, in clover-like heads. S. Eu. B.M. 1927.-In
frostless countries, endures sea-winds and salt spray.
L. H. B.

ANTIARIS toxic4ria, Lesch. UrticHi-ea; . Upas Tree
of Java. The juice and gum are virulently poisonous, and
it was once supposed that no life could exist in the neigh-
"borhood of the tree, but this is false. The tree has been
grown in botanic gardens. See Hooker, in Companion
to Botanical Magazine. Ga. 12, p. 407.

ANTIDfiBMA(Greek, tor and hand, the bark otA. Bu-
nius being used for cordage). Euphorbiiicew. Tropical
trees or shrubs, with simple, entire Ivs. and inconspicuous
unisexual fls., in spikes : fr. a l-seeded little drupe.

Bi^nius, Spreng. A tree with dark green foliage and
small, round berries of a subacid taste, much used for
preserves : the hark yields a fiber. Adapted to S. Calif,
and S. Fla. Malay. -Cult, in S. Calif.

ANTlGONON (name from the Greek). Polygondeea;.
Tropical tendril-climbers : sepals 5, colored and petal-
like, the 2 interior ones narrower ; stamens 8 ; styles 3,
and ovary 3-angled : Ivs. alternate and entire : fls. in
racemes, which end in branching tendrils.

16ptopus, Hook. & Am. Mountain Rose. Rosa de
Montana. San Miguelito. Probably the only species
cult, in this country. Stem slender and tall, glabrous,
or nearly so : Ivs. cordate and acuminate, or hastate-
ovate, 3-5 in. long : fls. &-15
in the raceme, handsome rose-
. Mex. B.M. 5816. G.O.
17; 797.-One of the hand-
somest summer - blooming
greenhouse climbers, requir-
ing abundance of light ; usu-
ally grown from seeds,but also
from cuttings. In the S. it
blooms freely in the open, pre-
ferring sunny and hot places;
protect the root well in win-
ter, or plant deep. It is tu-
berous-rooted. Give plenty of
water when in fl., but keep
dry when at rest.

GuatemaUnse.Meissn.
(j1. inslgne. Mast.).
Pubescent: Ivs. broad-
er: fls. more numerous,
the sepals nearly twice
longer (1 in. long) than
in the last. Guatemala.
fi.C. 11.7:789.

L. H. B.

ANTIBBHtNUM

((ireek, snoHt-floiver).
Scrop h ulariacew.
Snapdragon. Over 60
species of herbs, na-
tives to the Old and
New World, in warm
temperate regions.
Lvs. usually opposite
below and generally
entire, never com-
pound : corolla saccate
or gibbous at base, but
not spurred, personate
or closed at the throat :
stamens 4. Closely al-
lied to Linaria, from
which it differs in the
spurless fls.
Snapdragons are flowered either in the open or under
glass. The common varieties are forms of A. majtis, and
are perennial, although the first crop of bloom is usually

% ^

APHANANTHE

the only one which is desired. Most of the varieties of
this species are hardy in the N. if well covered during
winter. Seeds sown very early in the spring, especially
under frames, and transplanted, produce blooming plants
the same season. It is usual, however, if early bloom is
desired, to sow the seeds in Aug. or Sept., and cover

101. Antirrhinuni maurandioidcs. in bud {X M).

the plants with a mulch on the approach of cold weather.
These fall-sown plants may be transplanted into pots (or
grown in them from the first) and flowered in the house.
For forcing in this way, Snapdragons are very -satisfac-
tory. The temperature and treatment required for gera-
niums and carnations suit them well. Dwarf vars. are
used for edgings.

A. Common Snapdragons, strictly erect,

m&juB, Linn. Common or Large Snapdragon. Fig.
100. Perennial, or practically a biennial under cult.:
1-3 ft., not downy except in the fl. -cluster : lvs. oblong
or lanceolate, entire, sometimes variegated : fls. large,
long-tubular, with spreading, very irregular lobes, in an
elongated terminal spike or raceme. In many colors and
varieties (ranging from red and purple to white), in
forms both tall and dwarf. Mediterranean region ;
sometimes running wild about gardens. A. F. 9:909;
13:949. I.H. 41:22. A.G.17:379. P.E. 7: 711. -There
are double forms. Some of thevarietal names used by hor-
ticulturists are album, bicolor, cocclneum, varieghtwm,

Or6ntium, Linn. Small Snapdragon. A low, slender
annual, with linear lvs. and small fls. purple or white
(K in. long) in the axils. An occasional weed in cult,
grounds, 6 in. or less high ; not cult.
AA. Native species, producing tendril-like branches in
the inflorescence,

Orcuttiflnum, Gray. Slender, 2-4 ft., glabrous: corolla
^ in. long, white or violet, lower lip not much larger
than the upper : lower lvs. spatulate-lanceolate, the up-
per linear. Annual. Lower and S. Calif. Int. by Orcutt
in 1891.

AAA. Climbing vine.

maurandioldes. Gray (Maurandla aniirrhinifldra,
Willd.). Fig. 101. Climbing 2-6 ft. by means of the
coiling petioles and peduncles : lvs. 3-lobed, halberd-
shape : fls. axillary, 1 in. or more long, violet or purple,
handsome. Tex. to Calif . B.M. 1643. -Attractive plant
for the window, cool greenhouse or conservatory.
Suitable for baskets. l H. B.

ANTROPHYUM (Greek, ffroM'ingt in caverns), Poly-
podiilci'd'. A geiuis of inconspicuous, simple-leaved
ferns rarely found in cultivation. Require high temp.

APfiRA ((";,•, rl,, n„.l:rnh.I 1. C.'.ln.Jn.^, . OlieOT tWO

Eur.. l"-:ili:, 11^1 '. : . ■ I . - -I ' . :. ' , I , JhlMf, A,
aniinlni.ir,:^. 11..,.; ... ., ■. . . i: X,.w Zea-

land, of .rii-i II ..Mi iiiiil I V ... i M 111- I \ I. Ill-, pendulous
panicles, f;io\Mi umler fihi...., , l.iii ii really belongs to the
genus Stipa. ti.C. III. 22 ; 283. Likely to come into
American trade.

APHANANTHE (Greek, aphanes, inconspicuous,
and anthe, flower). Urticdcea. Trees or shrubs : lvs.
alternate, petiolate, serrate : fls. mon(jecious, inconspic-
uous ; staminate iu corymbs; pistillate single, axillary:

APHANANTHE

fr. a drupe. Three species iu Jap. and Austral. Prop.
by seeds or perhaps in the same way as Celtis, and also
by grafting on Celtis.

4spera, Planch. Small tree ; Ivs. ovate, oblique, acu-
minate, serrate, 2}4-i in. long, rough to the touch : tls.
greenish, with the Ivs.: drupe globular, black, slender-
stalked. Jap. — Hardy tree, with slender branches, not
much dififerent in appearance from Celtis occidentalis.
Little known in this country. Alfred Kehder.

AFHELANDBA (Greek-made name). Acantkicew.
Nearly 70 species of evergreen tropical American shrubs,
grown in hothouses for the fine foliage and showy 4-sided
terminal spikes of red or yellow gaudy-bracted fls. Of
easy culture, if given plenty of diffused light in the grow-

by seeds when obtainable, or by cuttings of partially
ripened wood at any season. They bloom in autumn,
but can readily be brought into flower at other seasons.
When done blooming, the plants should be rested in an
intermediate temperature, kept rather dry, but not al-
lowed to wilt or shrivel. Require treatment of Justicias,
and thrive along with Allamandas and Poinsettias.

L. H. B.
All Aphelandras like a stovehouse temperature and a
light leaf -mold, with a liberal proportion of sand. They
should not be kept very wet in winter. They propagate
readily from cuttings and seeds. The leading trade
names a.Te A . aurantiaca, chrysops, Fascinator, Roezlii.
A. chrysops is one of the handsomest of the group.

H. A. SlEBRECHT.

A. Fls. in shades of yellow.

Chamisaoniina, Nees. {A. punctata. Bull). Lvs. ob-
long - lanceolate or elliptic-lanceolate, acuminate, the
center banded with white, and white dots running off
towards the margin, the midrib green : fls. and spiny
bracts bright yellow. S.Amer. I. H. 29:457. B.M. 6G27.

squarrdsa, Nees. (A. Leopoldi, Hort. A. chrpsops,
Hort. ). Lvs. large, ovate to ovate-elliptic, acuminate,
dark green above (pale below), with white rib and main
veins : fls. bright yellow and much exserted beyond the
yellow crenate-dentate bracts. Braz. A . squarrdsa itseK
is probably not in cult., the showy plant in the trade
(and described above) being called A. sqiiarrdsa var.
Leopoldi by Van Houtte (P.S. 9: 889). -One of the most
showy.

Blancheti4na, Hook. f. (A. amana, Bull). St. thick
and stout: lvs. ovate-acuminate, with many pairs of con-
spicuous nerves, green, the midrib, and often the main
veins, white: fls. dark yellow, exceeding the long, entire,
cusp-pointed red scales : spike sessile. Braz. B.M.
7179.— Known in the trade as A. amana, having been
described under that name before it had flowered In
cult.

AA. Fls. orange, verging to scarlet.

anraxitlaca, Lindl. Lvs. ovate-elliptic, deep green
above, light green below, strongly veined, but not parti-
colored, slightly wavy edged: fls. orange, with a tinge of
scarlet, the spreading limb overhanging the greenish
sharp-toothed scales. Mex. B.M. 4224. B.R.31: 12.

Var. Kizlii, Nicholson (A. E'aezlei, Carr.). Fls. with
more scarlet: lvs. twisted, with silvery hue between the
veins. Mex. — Showy and good. Not so tall as A. au-

AAA. Fls. red.

Fascinator, Lind. & Andr^. Lvs. ovata to ovate-ellip-
tic, the rib and veins widely margined with interlocking
bands of white, the under surface purple : fls. large,
brilliant vermilion, obscuring the inconspicuous bracts.
New Granada. I.H. 21:164. — Very showy and desirable.

A. atrbvirms, N. E. Brown. Dwarf ; lvs. very dark green
above and purplish beneath : fls. yellow, 1 in. long. Braz. I.H.
31:527. — A. cris^dta, R.Br. Lvs. ovate-elliptic, green: fls. dark
red, very long and curving, 2-3 in. Long known. W. Ind. B.M.
1578.— A. Libonidna, Linden. Dwarf : lvs. ovate and long-acu-
minate, with a white rib, green below : fls. deep yellow, small,
scarcely exserted beyond the red bracts. Braz.? B.M. 5463.—
A. Macedmina, Lind. & Rod. Said to be a form of A. atro^^-
rens. Lvs. with white rib and main veins. Braz. I.H. 33: 583.
—A. Margaritce, Hort. Lvs. eUiptic-acuminate, barred with
■white, purple below: fls. yellow, the bracts strong-toothed.

APios 75

Onee catalogued by John Saul. Braz. G.C.m. 2:685.— 4. ni(«7i«.
Hook. Compact : lvs. ovate, thick, shming green above, dark
purple beneath : fls. vermiliou-scarlet, large, the bracts rot
showy. New Granada. B.M. 5741. Gn.48:1027.— A. orie7i«d(w,
offered in America, is possibly a form of some well known
species. L. H. B.

APlCEA [not bitter, from the Greek). Zilidcecs, tribe
Aloinew. Shortly caulescent small succulents : lvs.
spirally arranged or crowded along the stem : fls. green-
ish, often striped with white, straight, tubular or pris-
matic, with short, flat or spreading white limb surpass-
ing the stamens. Cape region. Agave house or cactus
house ; suitable for rockeries during the summer.
Prop, like Aloe. Monogr. by Baker. G.C. II. 11:717
(1879) ; Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 18: 216.

A. lyvs. as hroad as long, acuminate, horizontal.

foliol63a,Willd. (Aide folioUsa, Haw. Sawdrthia folio-
Idsa, Haw. ) . Lvs. densely crowded, thin-margined, very
acuminate, smooth, serrulate : fls. smooth. Cape. B.M.
1352.

AA. Zrvs. more elongated, thick, acute, erect or ascending,
except in age.
B. Fls. smooth.

ispera.Willd. {Aldedspera,B&w. Haiv6rthia dspera.
Haw.). Lvs. small, crowded, finely tuberculate, rough-
ened on the back and margin, only the uppermost erect.
Cape.

penttigona, Willd. {Aide pentdgona, Haw., not Jacq.
Sawdrthia pentdgona. Haw.). Fig. 102. Lvs. larger,
from slightly concave and
angled becoming biconvex ;
5-ranked ; finely pale-tuber-
culate on back and margin.
Cape. B.M. 1338. -Includes
several forms : Var. Wil-
denivii, Baker ; var. bullu-
14ta, Willd. (Aide bullulAta,
Jacq.); var. spirSUa, Baker
(Aide spirilla, Salm. Ila-
wMhia spirUla, Haw.).
BE. Fls. rough-tuberculate.

spiralis, Bak. (A. imbri-
cctta, Willd. Aide spirilis,
Linn., not Haw. Sawdr-
thia imbricAta, Haw.). Lvs.
small, irregularly dispersed,
smooth, the margin and keel
denticulate. Cape. B
1455.

Other species are : A. bicari-
nAta, Haw. (Aloe bicarin.ita,
Spreng.) ; A.congesta.BiikA A\oe
congesta, Salm.) ; A. deltoXdea,
Bak. (Aloe deltoidea. Hook. f.).

B.M. 6071.

William Teelease. '"2. Apicra pcntagona.

APIOS (pear, from the Greek, alluding to the shape of.
the tubers). Legumindsm. Perhaps half a dozen species
in N. Amer. and Asia, of twining, tuberous-rooted pin-
nate-leaved herbs. Pis. in dense, short racemes : pod
linear and flat, several-seeded. A light soil and sunny
place are essential to free growth. Under these con-
ditions, the plant covers a trellis or other support in a
comparatively short tune.

tuberdsa, Monch. Groundnut. Wild Bean. Four
to 8 ft., climbing over bushes : root bearing strings of
edible tubers, 1-2 in. long: leaflets 5-7, ovate-lanceolate :
fls. fragrant, chocolate-brown, the standard very broad
and turned back, the keel long, incurved and of scythe-
shape. July-Aug. G.W.F. 44. — Common in low grounds.
The fruit often fails to mature. Prop, by the tubers,

2 to 4 of which should be planted together at a depth of

3 or 4 inches ; also, by seeds. Grows well in the wild
border, iu any loose, rich soil. Likely to become a weed
in rockeries.

A. Fdrtunei, Maxim., is occasionally cult, in Japan for its
small, ovate, edible tubers. A.G. 1892:77.-4. Priceana, Robin-
son, native to Kentucky, may be expected to appear in the trade.
The root is a single large tuber, becoming 6 or 7 in. in diam.:
fls. greenish white, tinged with rose-purple or magenta. A vig-
orous climber, first described .in 1898 (Bot. Gaz. 25; 451, with
illustration). j. g. Keller and L. H. B.

Apium.

C,!h:

APLfiCTRUM (Grpek,ici/7i no «;>!(»•). OrehidScece. A
small orchid, with smallish dull-colored fls. in a raceme,
on a leafless scape, which springs from a large corm-like
tuber. Single species, iit woods in the N. states.

hyemile, Nutt. Putty Root. Adam-and-Eve. Fig.
103. Sends up a pointed green If. 2-6 in. long, which
lasts through the winter, and in spring a stalk about a
foot high, bearing a raceme of rather large greenish
brown fls., which are succeeded by
hanging, oblong-pointed pods (Fig.
103). Hardy. May be grown in rich,
loamy borders. Interesting, but not

APLOPAPPUS (Greek, simple
piijipKx). i>yn. , ffaplopappus. Com-
posiliv. About 115 species, mostly
Inim California and Chili. Fls. yel-

Araeri-

lanugindsus, Gray. Hardy alpine
herb, woolly, 4 in. high, from creep-
ing rootstocks : Ivs. soft, narrowly
spatulate, or upper linear, 1-2 in.
long : rays 15-20. Mts. of Wash,
and Mont. Int. 1889, by F. H. Hors-
ford.

A. ericoldes. Hook. & Am, Shrub, 2-5
ft. liigh : Ivs. very uumerous, flliform,
tliosf* of tlif' dense fascicles 2 or 3 lines
G.C.IlI.20i301,

AP6CYNUM (Greek for dog-bane).
Aj'"i:,i>ii'trc,r. Dog-bane. Indian
Hemp. Tough perennial herbs, chiefly
of N. Temp, zone, with oblong or
ovate opposite Ivs., milkweed-like fls.
in small cymes, and slender follicles
or pods. About 25 species, 3 or 4 native
to N. Amer.

androssBmifdlium, Linn. Three ft.
or less high, usually glabrous, the
branches spreading : lobes of corolla
revolute and tube of corolla longer
than the calyx : Ivs. oval or ovate,
short-petioled: cymes loose: fls. bell-
like, white or pink. N. states : com-
mon. B.M. 280. D. 189.-Sold by
dealers in native plants. Useful for
the hardy border.

canniblnum, Linn. Branches erect
or nearly so: lobes of corolla nearly
erect, the tube not longer than calyx:
Ivs. ovate to lance-oblong, short-
petioled : cymes dense: fls. greenish
white. N. states: common.— Not
known to be in the trade, but apt to
be confounded with the above.

APONOGfiTON (Greek name, re-
ferring to its habitat in the water).
NaiadAcem. About 20 tropical or sub-
103. fru.totApiec- tropical water plants. Fls. in twin
trum hyemale. terminal spikes, wholly naked, but
Nearly natural size, subtended by a double row of petal-
like bracts.
distichyum, Thunb. Cape Pond- weed. Water Haw-
thorn (from the fragrance). Forked spikes 4-8-in. long,
with several pairs of pure white bracts, borne on the
emersed ends of long scapes : fls. very fragrant, with
purple anthers : Ivs. with very long petioles, the blade
floating, oblong-lanceolate, round-based, parallel-veined,
3-G in. long. Cape of Good Hope. B.M. 1293. F.R.
1:463. P.G. 4: 106. — A charming and interesting plant.
In a protected pool, especially if it can be covered in
winter, the plant is hardy in the N., blooming nearly all
summer. Removed to tubs in the fall, it blooms nearly
all winter ; or it can be grown permanently in tubs or
deep pans in the house. Requires about 2 ft. of water,

APPLE

or out-of-doors it may have twice that depth. Prop.
chiefly by seeds, but fls. should be pollinated and kept
above water at least 24 hours afterwards, and seeds not
be allowed to become dry. Var. Lagr&ngei, Hort. I A.
Latiri>)ii)ri, Hort.), is a rare and beautiful variety, with
violet bracts and Ivs. violet beneath. It props, slowly.
K.H. 189.->:380. L. H. B.

APPLE. Bosiicefp. Theappleisnativeto southwestern
Asia and adjacent Europe. It has been cultivated from
time immemorial. Charred remains of the fruit are found
in the prehistoric lake dwellings of Switzerland. Now
widely cultivated and immensely variable, it is grown
in every temperate climate, and is the most important
comniiTcial pomological fruit.

The apple has coine from two original stems. All the
common apples are modifications of Pi/rns Mains (see
Pyriis), a low round-headed tree, with thick and fuzzy,
Irregularly dentate, short-Stemmed leaves and fairly com-
pact clusters of woollystemmed flowers. The crab-
apples are dirivr.l lr.,111 /'itnis ftaccaM, commonly known
as the Sili'iiiii .mii. I'lii^ species is probably of more
northern on .i-n i iinri^in tliriu the other. It is of smoother
and more wiiv k-r^wth. wiili narrower and thinner es-
sentially glalituus loii^'-stt-mmed leaves, and more open
clusters of glabrous-^tenlmed flowers. The fruit is small
and hard, and thecal yxlobes fall atmaturity, leavingthe
eye or basin of the fruit smooth and plain. Hybrids be-
tween these species have given the race of large-fruited

=S;4r

5un by board jackets.

crab-ap|>lcs, (.f whii-li tin- Transcendent and Hyslop are
p\-T7ii] 1' - 'I'll Ti . ■- kTiown to botanists as Pyrus
j'l < < ' ' - are native to North America.

'1' ■ / and P. corojmn'n, are of in-

t(ir > 1 1 I _ 'I'he former is the prairie-

bt.ii. c lali, .u.il i~ ilic Hi iic promising. In characters of
growth, It-aves and flowers, it bears a striking resem-
blance to forms of Pi/riis Mains. The fruit is sphii leal
or splierical-oblong, short-stemmed, very hard, and re-
mains gi-eeii-eolured. The fruit of the eaMerii states

crii. /'(;' '" vi/c/a, is distinctly II ii I . n i i-e,

tiihl - iiie.l. The leaves are H. i ■ ii

till I I le are no improveil ims

ca-i Ml hi h and no authentic hybrei \. ■ iini' md
the eoiniiion apples. The fruit is someiiines used l.v set-
tlers, but it has little comestible value. Pj/rus Jueiisis
has produced a number of promising hybrids with the
common apple, and this mongrel race is known as Pifrus
Soulardi. The Soulard crab is the best known of these.
Its value lies only in its extreme hardiness. The pomo-
logical value of the native crabs is prospective. For a
completer account of the native apples, see Bailey, Evo-
lution of our Native Fruits.

The most perfect apple resion of this country —consid-
ering nroductiveness, quality, long-keeping attributes,
longevity of tree — is that which begins with Nova Scotia
and extends to the west and southwest to Lake Michigan.
Other important regions are the Piedmont country of
Virginia and the highlands of adjacent states, the Plains
regions, the Ozark and Arkansas region, and the Pacific

a. i

APPLE

region, the last comprising the foothills in California and
the country to the northward. All parts of the United
States north of Florida and the Gulf borders, and exclud-
ing the warm-temperate parts of the Southwest and the
Pacific coast, are adapted to the apple in greater or lesser
degree. North America is the leading apple-growing
country of the world. A full crop for the United States
and Canada, of all kinds and grades, is probably not less
than 100,000,000 barrels. The apple is a cosmopolitan
fruit ; and since it thrives almost anywhere, it is com-
monly neglected. The plants which are most difficult to
cultivate are the ones which are best cultivated.

The apple was early introduced into this country. In
the early days it was prized chiefly for cider. It is an
ancient and common notion that any apple is good enough
for cider ; and this is one reason for the neglect in which
the apple plantation is commonly allowed to stand. The
best results in apple-growing are to be expected when
the land is tilled. The reasons for tilling the orchard are
those which apply to other crops,— to make plant-food
available, to extend the area in which the roots can grow,
to conserve moisture. It is especially important, in our
hot and sunny country, that the roots extend deep enough
to escape the disastrous effects of drought. The ideal
treatment of orchard land is to tit the ground deep before
the trees are planted, to plow deep for a year or two or
three in order to force the roots down and to thoroughly
ameliorate the soil, and to practice shallow tillage in order
to conserve moisture. (See Tillage. ) Since trees make

APPLE

77

105, A good New York apple

mostof their growth early in the season, the tillage should
be begun as soon as the land is tit in spring; and it may be
discontinued by midsummer or August. This cessation
of the tillage allows of the growing of some cover crop
or catch crop (see Cover Crops) late in the season, in
order to secure humus and to improve the physical tex-
ture of the soil, ylf the land is well handled in the first
few years, it will not be necessary to turn a furrow in the
orchard thereafter, but merely to loosen the surface in
the spring with a spading harrow, spring-tooth harrow,
or other tool, in order to reestablish the surface mulch.
The only reasons for turning a furrow will occur when
the land is so hard that the surface tools cannot mellow
the surface, or when it is desirableto turn under a green-
manure crop. Even hard lands may be got in such con-
dition, by means of tillage and green-manures, that they
may be worked up with harrow tools when the orchard
comes into bearing. Plowing the orchard, therefore, has
two legitimate objects : to mellow and ameliorate the
land to aconsiderable depth, so that the roots may forage
deep ; to turn under a cover crop. The former purpose
should not be necessary after the first few plowings. An
incidental object of plowing is to facilitate the making
of the annual surface mulch ; and this mulch is to save
the moisture.

The apple thrives in a variety of soils, but it is most
productive and longest-lived on land which has a con-
siderable original admixture of clay: that is, in a clay
loam. Lands which yield good crops of wheat and corn
may be expected to be good apple lands, if other condi-
tions are right. Rolling, inclined, or somewhat elevated
lands are generally considered to be most desirable.

Their value lies in the better drainage of water and air.
The trees may be set in either fall or spring. Forty feet
apart each way is the standard distance for apple trees ;
but some varieties, as the Wag-
oner and the crabs, may be set
closer. In the South and on the
Plains, trees may be set closer,
as they do not attain such great
size as in the northeastern
states. In general, it is best to
devote the land to apples alone
but persons who are willing t
give the plantation the best o
care may plant other trees
between the apples, as fi"'
ers. The more diverse t
kinds of trees which a

i of apples make excellent
fillers in the apple orchard ; and in special cases dwarf
apples may be used.

It should be the general purpose to till the apple
orchard throughout its life; but whenever the trees seem
to be growing too rapidly, the plautation may be seeded
down for a time. That is. tillage is the general practice;
seeding-down is the special practice. For the first few
years, annual crops may be grown in the apple orchard;
but every year a more generous open space should be
left about the trees. Till as often as the land becomes
crusted or baked. On strong soils which are well han-
dled, it is rarely necessary to apply concentrated fertil-
izers until the trees are old enough to bear. What fer-
tilizers are then needed, and how much to apply, are to
be determined by the behavior of the trees. If the trees
are making insufficient gionth, and the foliage lacks
color one or all of three things mi^ be the trouble the
trees may need water , they mi> be suffeung from in-

sects or disease theymi\l, 1 i,

tl ., n If It is thought

that they lick nitu„ i

I N be supplied in

the form of niti ite I

nimonia or the

unburnelinimilsul

1 tanka^'e Two

to three hundred] u

1 nitixteof soda

or sulfate of -mini i

1 .tions on well-

tilled lands It t] t

^iious growth.

theprobabilit\ i tl

lof moienitro-

gen Potash 1 i 1

tl nbe applied.

Three hundi 1 ] i 1

, 1 1 h oi other

concentnted niatciiil si, il 1 1

under ordimn conditions \

1 11 1 1 lids in

full bearing should have i 111

1 1 1 1 h itionof

fertilizing materials In the L

t 1 1 1 tl should be

in profatable bearing at 1(1 \e

is Uim planting, and

should continue m that conditio

1 for 30 years

The two staple enemies of the apple are the apple-
worm f the larva of the codlin moth ) , and the apple scab
(Fig. 106). These are readily held in check by spraying,
— with arsenical poisons for the worm, and with Bor-
deaux mixture for the scab. (See Spraying.) Spraying
for the worm should be performed as soon as the last

107. Ready for the first ge)

spraying.

petals fall ; for the scab as soon as the buds are well
burst (Fig. 107). In badly infected regions and on very
susceptible varieties, it may be necessary to spray first
for the scab before the buds swell. Since there areinsects
(as canker-worms, case-bearers, bud-moth) which appear

78 APPLE

before the flowers open, it is advisable to add Paris green
or other arsenical poison to the Bordeaux mixture at the
early spraying. The number of times to spray depends

upon the thoroughness of the work, the pests to be com-
batted, and the season j but it is a good rule to expect
to spray with the combined Bordeaux and Paris green
mixture when the buds burst, and again when the petals
have fallen. In the Plains country, less spraying may
be necessary for the fungous diseases.

The apple commonly bears on spurs. The fruit-bud is
distinguished by its greater size (usually somewhat
thicker than its branch), its greater width in proportion
to its length, and more conspicuous pubescence. It is
also distinguished by its position. A fruit-bud is shown
in Pig. 108. A fruit-scar is shown near the base of the
branch. If this fruit was borne in 1898, the side branch
grew in 1899, from a bud which came into existence in
1898. If we go back to the spring of 1898, the matter can
be made plain. A cluster of flowers appeared. One
flower set a fruit (Pig. 109). This apple is at the end of
the branchlet or spur. The spur cannot increase in

agth in the s

1. Therefore, a oua appears on
n fruit absorbs the energies of
.• iiouiishnient left for the bud.
i'iitimiiv ; the following vear it
ui.l iiiikrs a fruit-bud at its end
,■ tlitro arises an alternation in

the spur. T
The bud awaits t
grows into a brain
(Pig. 108); and t
fruit-bearing.

The apple is budded or root-grafted upon common
apple seedlings. These seedlings are usually grown from

seeds obtained from cider mills,
trees are preferred. In the West
preferred, largely becaui

n the East, budded

iot-gratted trees are

own-rooted trees of known

APPLESEED

hardiness can be secured. {See Graftage.) In Russia,
seedlings of Pyrus baccata are used as stocks. They
prevent root-killing, and give earlier fruit-bearing. Ap-
ples are dwarfed by working them on various kinds of
Paradise and Doucin stocks. These stocks are merely
n iturillj dwarf forms of the common apple, and which,
111 III n mote time, have originated from seeds. Dwarf

111 I e much grown in Europe, where small-area cul-
ti 11 11 111 1 wall training are common, but they are lit-
tl ki w n in America. Apple trees are usually planted
when two or three years old.

The varieties of apple trees actually on sale in North
America in any year are not far from 1,000 kinds. Each
gre'vt geographical area has varieties which are particu-
1 11 1\ 1 1 iptcd to It. In the northern Mississippi valley,
tl I 1 i w of the eastern-states apples which thrive.
\ 1 1 1 hue been introduced from Russia with the

\| t n II that they will be adapted to the region ; but
111 1 1 I 1 e e\pected of their progeny than of them-
sehes \ iiieties of local origin, coming from various
stem types are now providing that country with satis-
factory apples In the selection of varieties, one should
be guided by this adaptation to the region, and by the pur-
pose for which the fruit is designed to be grown. Con-
sult the recom-

ded lists of
the state horti-
cultural socie-
ties ; ask per- A -^iji4,

sons who 1 ^

had experi
in the gh
gion ; w
the expe

commercia
rieties in North
America are Al-
bemarle Pippin,
American Gol-
den Russet, As-
trachan, Baldwin, Ben Davis, Blue Peariiiain, Duchess
of Oldenburg, Fameuse, Gilliflower, Graveustein, Janet,
King, Lawver, Maiden's Blush, Missouri Pippin, New-
town Pippin, Northern Spy, Peck's Pleasant, Pennock,
Rhode Island Greening, Rome
Beauty, Shocklev, Twenty Ounce,
Wealthy.Willow Twig, Wolf River,
York Imperial. See Plate 1. Bald-
win and Ben Davis, the former of
inferior quality and the latter of
worse, hold the supremacy in
American market apples. The
apples of the eastern and central
country tend towards flattened or
oblate shapes (Fig. 111). The typi-
cal form of the so-called long or
conical American apple may be
seen in Fig. 110. The apples of

Europe are often distinctly attenuated anil ribbed at the
apex (Fig. 112); and this "form is also accented in the
regions beyond the Rockies.

Three books devoted wholly to the apple have ap-
peared in North America: Warder, Apples, 1887 (the
lirsi 1 ; To.hl, .\i.plf Culturist, 1871; Bailey, Field Notes
,iiiA|.|'I-riillnrr, issi;. Consult, also. Vol. 25, Nebraska
,sii,ir Ih.nioiliiiral Society, 1894; The Apple, a report
i.f til.- K;iri'.,.v siiii.. Horticultural Society, 1898. Nearly
all the truit manuals devote space to the apple.

L. H. B.

AFFLESEED, JOHNNY. An interesting and eccen-
tric character, who sowed apple seeds in the wilds of
Ohio and Indiana between 1801 and 1847. His real name
was Jonathan Chapman. He was born in Boston in
1775, and died in 1847. For 46 years he walked bare-
foot through the wilderness, and was never harmed by
snakes, wild animals, or Indians. He was often clad in
a coffee-sack, in which he made holes for the arms and
legs. He would never kill any creature, and considered
pruning and grafting wicked. Swedenborg and the

111. The flat or oblate Ameri

1 apple.

112, An Irish apple

APPLESEED

New Testament he read aloud in many frontier log
cabins. He had many peculiarities, but was always
welcomed and respected everywhere. In the war of
1812 he saved many lives by warning the settlers of
Hull's surrender and the approach oE the Indians. He
lived to see trees bearing fruit over a territory of
100,000 acres. The story of this self-sacriflcing and
useful man is told by W. D. Haley in Harper's,
4^:830-836(1871). W. M.

APEICOT. Boshcece. The apricot is a fruit some-
what intermediate between the peach and the plum.
The tree is a round-headed, spreading grower, with
dark, somewhat peach-like bark, and very broad or al-
most circular leaves. The fruit, which generally ripens
in advance of both the peach and plum, is peach-like in
shape and color, with a smoother skin, rich, yellow flesh
and large, flat, smooth stone. The
flesh is commonly less juicy than
that of the peach, and, as a rule,
perhaps, of higher quality. The
apricots are of three species, all
probably native of China or Japan.
The common apricot of Europe
and America is Prtinus Armeni-
aca : fr. variable, but smooth at
maturity, red or yellow, the sweet
and Arm flesh free, or very nearly
so, from the large, smooth, flat

stone : tree with a round, spread- 113. Apricot leaves.
ing top, and a reddish, cherry-like „ ,. , . .

or peach-like bark: lvs.(Fig. 113, „^; ^"™,'' ""^ ',
right) ovate or round-ovate, with P- Armemaea on right,
a short point and, sometimes a

heart-shaped base, thin and bright green, smooth, or
very nearly so below, as are the gland-bearing stalks, the
margins rather obtusely and mostly finely serrate : fls.
pink-white and borne singly, sessile or very nearly so,
preceding the leaves (Fig. IIG). The Russian apricot
is a hardy but smaller-fruited race of this species. The
Japanese apricot, in Japan grown for flowers rather
than for fruit, is Priimis Mume : fr. small, yellowish or
greenish, the flesh rather hard and dry, and adhering
tightly to the pitted stone : tree like the common apricot,
but with a grayer or greener bark and duller foliage :
Ivs. grayish green, generally narrower (Pig. 113, left)
and long-pointed, more or less hairy along the veins be-
low and on the shorter mostly glandless stalk, thick in
texture and prominently netted lipupatli : fls. fragrant,
borne singly or in 2's, and si-ssil.- (without stalks).
Only recently introduced into tlii^ <-Miiiiti\ . .-liiofly under
the name of Bungoume plum. TIm' thir.l Npcoies is the
purple or black apricot, Priiiiiis il,isi/r,irjia , which is
little cultiv.ated : fr. globular and somewhat plum-like,
with a distinct stem, pubescent or fuzzy even at ma-
turity, dull dark purple, the sourish, soft flesh clinging
to the plum-like fuzzy stone : tree round-headed, with
much the habit of the common apricot, with Ivs. ovate
and more or less tapering at both ends, thin, dull green,
on slender and pubescent mostly glandless stalks, finely
appressed-serrate, and hairy on the veins below : fls.
large and plum-like, blush, solitary or in 2's, on pubes-
cent stalks a half inch or more long, and appearing in
advance of the leaves. See Prumis for related species.
The apricot-plum, Pnmus Simonil, is discussed under
Plum.

The apricot is as hardy as the peach, and it thrives in
the same localities and under the same general cultiva-
tion and treatment, but demands rather strong soil. It
is grown commercially in New York and other eastern
states. There are three chief reasons why the apricot
has remained in comparative obscurity in the East :

APRICOT

79

apricots which are chiefly prized in ■
are Harris, Early Moorpark, and St. Ambroise for early ;
Turkish or Roman (Fig. 114), Montgamet, Royal and
Moorpark for mid-season and late. Of the Russian race,
the best known are Alexander, Gibb, Budd, Alexis,
Nicholas, and Catherine.

The ideal soil for the apricot seems to be one which
is deep and dry, and of a loamy or gravelly character.
The rolling loamy lands which are well adapted to apples
seem to be well suited to the apricot, if the exposure
and location are right. The apricot seems to be particu-
larly impatient of wet feet, and many of the failures are
due to retentive subsoils. Particular attention should
be given to the location and exposure of the apricot
orchard. In the East, the best results are obtained if
the plantation stands upon elevated land near a large
body of water, for there the spring frosts are not so
serious as elsewhere. Generally, a somewhat backward
exposure, if it can be obtained, is desirable, in order to
retard blooming. Apricots will be sure to fail in frosty
localities. The apricot should always be given clean
culture. For the first two or three years some hoed
crop may be grown between the trees, but after that
the trees should be allowed the entire land, particu-
larly if set less than 20 feet apart. Cultivation should
be stopped late in summer or early in the fall, in order
to allow the wood to mature thoroughly. TJie trees are
pruned in essentially the same way as plums. The fruit-
buds are borne both upon spurs (two are shown in Fig.
115|, and also on the wood of the last season's growth,
on either side of the leaf -bud, as shown in the twin and
triplet buds above a in Fig. 115. Each bud contains a
single naked flower (Fig. IIG). As the fruit begins to
swell, the calyx-ring is forced off over the top (Fig. 117) ;
and the injury from curculio may then be expected.

When grown under the best conditions, the apricot
may be considered to be nearly or quite as productive
as the peach. Like other fruit trees, it bears in alter-
nate years, unless the crops are very heavily thinned;
but it can never be recommended for general or indis-
criminate planting. Only the best fruit-growers can
succeed with it. Apricots are to be considered as a
dessert or fancy fruit, and, therefore, should be neatly
packed in small and tasty packages. The most serious
enemy of the apricot is the curculio, the same insect
which attacks the plum and peach. It seems to have a
particular fondness for the apricot, and as the fruit sets
very early the crop may be expected to be destroyed un-
less the most vigilant means are employed of flghting
the insect Spraj mg with arsenical poisons is uncertain.
The insect must be caught by jarring the trees, m the

apricot ; the fondness of the curculio for the fruit. To
these may be added the fact that we have not yet ar-
rived at an understanding of the best stocks upon which
to bud the apricot ; but this difficulty may be expected to
disappear as soon as greater attention is given to the
fruit and our nurserymen begin to propagate it exten-
sively. Aside from the above difficulties, there are prob-
ably no reasons why apricots should not be grown in the
East as easily as plums or peaches. The varieties of

114 Apncot the Roman (

same manner as on plums and p<_ i
must be even more thorough h 1 i
The larrmg should 1
as fill and continue as 1 i t

enough to do serious d ui It w i

80

APRICOT

top-

necessary to catch the insects for three to six weelts, two
or three times a week, or, perhaps, even every (lay. The
work must be done early in the morning, while the cur-
culio is indisposed to fly. The operation consists in
knocking the insects from the tree by a
quick jar or shake, catcliiiig thera upon a
sheet Ml- ill I iiini^ hopper. The
catcher most r.,i ' i . ! in western New

York is a str-m r mounted upon

a wheelharrn\', : i i.l running upon

two wheel-^, 'I'll' ;,.-|.;. I i i,\<ri;es into a tin
nil. I, roll as they fall
II n w li.cis the device,
uimIit the tree, then
MS till- tree ; or some-
i machine, one wheel-
ring the trees. This
•ly by practical fruit-
i curculio on the vari-

lat are the best stocks
for apricots in the East, in commercial or-
chards. It is probable that no one stock is
best nmlcr nil oiroiimstances. The apricot

impatient of our cold
and wit siiii- .« hill, arc drenched by the drain-
age ot' winii I-. It iM'-ils a very deep and rich
soil, but it is il.iul.tful if it is safe for the

an excellent stockfor I'l'i n iiMi.' apri-
cot does well either nm i
worked upon it. Peacli i^ imiii;
monest stock, and, for practi soils, it is prob-
ably the best that can be used. If the apricot
thrives upon various stocks, it is thereby
adapted to many soils.

The apricot is often trained on walls, where
the fruit reaches the highest perfection. Care
should be taken that the wall
does not face to the west or the
south, or the early-forced flowers
may be caught by frost. An over-
liaiiLiing cornice will aid greatly
ill i.iotecting from frost.

L. H. B.
The Apricot in California.
-The apricot is one of the lead-
il fruits of Cali-
foruia. It was introduced by the
Mission fathers, for Vancouver
of the found it at the Santa Clara Mis-
sion in 1792. However, there is
beside the leaf- no relation between this early
bud, as on the peach, introduction and the expansion
and also oa spars. which quickly followed the Amer-
ican occupation, because the Mis-
sion Father.s had only seedling fruits, while the early
American planters, shortly before the gold discovery,
introduced the best French and English varieties, and
were delighted to find that these sorts, usually given
some protection in the Old World, grew with surpris-
ing thrift of tree and size of fruit in valley situations
in California in the open air. Upon these facts the apri-
cot rosf to w iili' iHijiuIarilv. The acreage has steadily
increasoil iluriiiL' ilir lasi tifiy years, and with particu-
larly swifi rate (luiiiij; tliL- last twenty years, until the
number of trues at the pruscut date (1899) is about three
millions, occupying upwards of forty thousand acres of
land. This notable increase, and the present prospect of
much greater extension, is based upon the demand which
has arisen for the fruit in its fresh, canned, dried and
crystallized forms, in all the regions of the United States,
in England and on the Continent, where, by reason of
its superior size and acceptable manner of curing, it has
achieved notahle popularity. The year 1897 was the
greatest thus far in amount of ilrioii product realized,
viz.: 30,000,000 pounds. 'I'li.. v,-ar Is:)." was greatest in
amount of canned prodmi, wtiirli nached upwards of
360,000 cases, each contaiimm two ,li,/.,.n 2H-pound cans.
The shipment of fresh a]iriculs out of California during
the summer of 1897 was 177 carloads.

The chief part of the apricot crop of California is
grown in the interior valleys. In the low places in

APRICOT

these valleys, however, the fruit is apt to be ininred and
sometimes almost wholly destroyed by spring frosts, al-
though the trees make excellent growth. In foothill
situations adjacent to these valleys, there is also serious
danger of frost above an elevation of about fifteen hun-
dred feet above sea level, and the tree is rarely planted
for commercial purposes. In southern California the
apricot succeeds both in the coast and interior valleys.
But along the coast northward, excepting the very im-
portant producing regions of the Alameda and Santa
Clara valleys, eastward and southward from the Bay of
San Franci.sco, the apricot is but little grown, owing to
frost troubles. In respect to these, the apricot is some-
what less subject to harm than the almond, but it is
less hardy than the peach, and has, therefore, a much
narrower range of adaptation. The average date of the
blooming of apricot varieties is about two weeks later
than that of the almonds. The apricot is adapted to a
wide range of soils, because to the rather heavy, moist
loams which its own root tolerates, it i!!- i1m liLlitfr
tastes of the peach root, upon wbiili ' _'ily

propagated. However, attempts ti t

upon heavier, moister soils by workiiiL ,; ..i i, ; ,i i .um
root have not been very successful, owiu^; Lu il.u il .wirf-
ing of the tree; and the movement toward the light, dry
loams, by working upon the almond root, has failed be-
cause the attachment is insecure, and the trees are very
apt to be snapped off at the joining, even though they
may attain bearing age before the mishap occurs. The
apricot root itself is a favorite morsel with rodents, and
is for that reason not largely used. Our mainstay for the
apricot, then, is the peach root, and the soils which this
root enjoys in localities sufficiently frost-free are, there-
fore, to a great extent the measure of our apricot area.

Apricot trees are produced by budding on peach or
apricot seedlings during their first summer's growth in
the nursery row, from pits planted when the ground is
moist and warm, at ;ui\- timo iliirim; the preceding win-
ter. When there is a ^-ii at il. manil for trees, planting
in orchard is someiitn-N linin- with dormant buds, but
oniinarilv the tret-s are tillowi d to make one summer's
[,'i"Mliiii till iiiirsHry. The trees branch during the first
\i I i ,11 I I..I11 the bud, and usually come to the
|il I I I 'i 111 choice of low-starting branches, from

will ' li t lit- low-headed tree which is universally

pnliiiiil. riic method of securing such a tree is iden-
tical with that already described for the almond, but the
trcatnient of the tree after reaching bearing age, in its
third year, is very difi'erent from the after treatment of
the almond. The apricot is a ram-
pant grower and most profuse
bearer. Unless kept continually in
check it will quickly rush out of
reach, and will destroy its low shoots
and spurs by the dense shade of its
thick, beautiful foliage. There is
continually necessary, then, a cer-
tain degree of thinning of ttie sur-
plus shoots and slim ti inn:; ottli.
new growth to COlltillin' tin- -\ i. n

of low branching, to ]ilii\i tin
tree from an exrr-s of Imhiihl' ^
wood, and to avoid ^inall liuii aini
exhaustion of the tn ■■. r. 11111111: in
alternate years of ln-.n-iiiL.'. In tin
coast regions, whert- tin- t it r maki s
moderate wood growth, it can be
kept in good form and bearing by
regular winter pruning. In warmer
regions, where the tendency is to
exuberant wood growth, the main
pruning is done in the summer,
immediately after the fruit is
gathered. This has a tendency to
check wood growth and promote
fruit bearing, and where the main
cutting is done in the summer, win-
ter pruning is reduced to thinning
out shoots, to prevent the tree from becoming too dense
and to lessen the work of hand-thinning of the fruit later
on. In addition, however, to the most intelligent prun-
ing, much fruit must be removed by hand when there
is a heavy set of it, in order to bring the fruit to a size

117. Young i
shedding the ring.

APRICOT

satisfactory to shippers or canners, and to reach the
highest grades, if drying is practiced. California apri-
cot orchards are all grown with clean tillage, for the
main purpose of moisture conservation. In regions of
good rainfall and sufficiently
retentive loams no irrigation is
required ; good tillage will suf-
fice for the production of large
fruit and perfection of f ruit-ljuds
for the following year. As the
trees are becoming older and
bearing larger crops the demand
for moisture increases, and the
use of irrigation water is grow-
ing. In most places, however,
one irrigation is sufficient, and
that is given after fniit gather-
ing, to carry the tree through the
last half of its season's work. In
the regularly irrigated regions of
the state, water is periodically
applied through the growing sea-
aud at such intervals as the local
climate and soils require.

Though probably all the good varieties of the apricot
in the world have ijeen introduced into California during
the last half century, and scores of selected seedlings
of local origin have been widely tested, the varieties
which have survived the tests and are now widely grown
are comparatively few in number. Most of the rejected
varieties met this fate because of shy bearing, and those
which now constitute the bulk of the crop are very regu-
lar and full bearers under rational treatment. A local
seedling, the Priugle, was for many years chiefly grown
for the earliest ripening, but this has recently been
largely superseded by another local seedling, the New-
castle, which is of superior si-^e and about as early.
The European varieties. Large Early and Early Golden,
are fine in a few localities where they bear well, and do
better in southern California than elsewhere. The uni-
versal favorite is the Royal ; proliably three-fourths of
all the trees in the state are of this variety, though re-
cently the area of the Blenheim has been increasing
largely. The Hemskirk stands next to the Blenheim in
popularity. The Peach is largely grown in the Sacra-
mento valley. The best apricot grown in California is
the Moorpark ; in size and lusciousness, when well ri-
pened, it heads the list. It is, however, rather shy in
bearing, and is forsaken for this fault in most regions.
It shows the best behavior in the Santa Clara valley, and
is there retained, in spite of frequent lapses, because of
the high prices which it commands at the canneries.
About a dozen other varieties are carried in small num-
ber by the nurserymen to meet limited loc.il dem.auds.

Apricots for canning and drying are graded according
to size : Extra, not less than 2% inches in diameter ;
No. 1. 2 inches ; No. 2, IK inches ; No. 3, 1 inch. The
first three grades must be sound, clean and free from
blemish , and No. 3 must be of good merchantable quality.
The shippers and canners require well-colored but only
firm-ripe fruit, because both the long rail transportation
and the canning process require it ; soft-ripe fruit will
neither can nor carry. For drying, riper fruit is used,
and yet over- ripeness has to be guarded against to avoid
too dark color. For canning, the fruit must be carefully
hand-picked ; for drying, much is shaken from the
trees. The drying process consists in cutting the fruit
in halves longitudinally, dropping out the pits and plac-
ing the halves cavity uppermost upon light wooden
trays. Breaking or tearing the fruit open will not do ;
it must show cleau-cut edges. When the trays are cov-
ered they are placed in a tight compartment, usually
called a "sulfur box," though it may be of considerable
size, and the fniit is exposed to the fumes of slowly
burning sulfur, to ensure its drying to the light golden
color which is most acceptable to the trade. The pro-
duction of the right color is the end in view, and differ-
ent dryers regulate the amount of sulfur and the length
of exposure accordina to the condition of their fruit and
their judgment of what it needs. The exposure varies
from half an hour to two or three hours, according to
circumstances. After sulfuring, the trays are taken to
open ground, and the fruit is cured in the sun. Only a

AQUAKIUM 81

very small fraction of the California product of evapo-
rated i\ 1 icots is cured in an evaporator It requires about
si-5 pcun Iv of fre h apricots to nnke one pound of cured

More animal life would make a better equilibi

A moderate estimate of the yield of apricots might be
placed at seven and one-half tons to the acre : extreme
yields are far away from this both ways.

The apricot is, as a rule, a very healthy tree in Cali-
fornia. It is, however, subject to injury by scale insects
of the lecauium group in some parts of the state. Dur-
ing recent years there has been increasing injury by a
shot-hole fungus, which perforates the leaves and makes
ugly pustules upon the fruit. Such fruit is unfit for
canning except the fruit be peeled, which is little done
as yet. It also makes low-grade dried product. This
fungus can be repressed by fungicides of the copper
<''^^^' Edward J. Wickson.

AQUABIUM, An aquarium, to be in a healthy condi-
tion, should contain living plants — oxygenators — which
are as necessary as food, as fish cannot live ou food only.
The aquarium must be kept clean. The sediment should
be removed from the bottom with a dip tube twice a
week, and the inner side of the glass cleaned with a
wiper once a week. Encourage the growth of the plants
at all seasons ; admit plenty of light, but no direct sun-
shine. There should also be a ftw tadpoles and snails
in the aquarium. These :>•'■ \. :\ r... mial, as they !
scavengers, and devour t):- i ' ^lowththatf

quently accumulates or
ough cleaning and rea
that all are in the best c
sets in. In March
it should be care-
fully looked over,
and undesirable
plants removed or
transplanted. Ad-
ditions may be
made.orany change
if necessary. Fol-
lowing are some of
the best plants to
place in the aqua-
rium, all of which
can be easily and
cheaply procured
from dealers who
make a specialty of

aquatics: Cabomba viridifolia {C. Curoliniana), the
Fanwort (sometimes called Washington Fish Grass,
being found in quantities in D.C. and southward), is

A rectangular glass

82 AQUARIUM

a most beautiful and interesting plant of a light green
color. The leaf is fan-shaped, composed of filaments
or ribs, much like a skeletonized leaf. Ludwigia Mu-
lerttii is also a beautiful plant, as well as a valuable
■ ■ glossy foliage, the

Vallisneria spiralis
is the well known
eel grass : Lys. strap-
like : root creeping
and spreading : fls.
strictly dioecious :
a very interesting
plant in large aqua-
rmms. Sagttlaria
nuhni-. somewhat le

•which is very desirable. Mynopln/ll n, i it Ililum
Ivs. pinnately p.vrted intocapiUuj .li\i~i n> t li ui'
and stem of a bronzy green color This ^^lth 1/ li:ti
o'ophylltim, as well as Oabomba, are sold by dealers in
bunches, but established plants are preferable for stock-
ing the aquarium. Tlie above plants are wholly sub-
merged, growiug under the surface of the water, and
are of tin- iimsi iiii|i..ii,in'-.- in the aquarium. Another
submer;;''! I'liin iIkiI .Ic.rs unt require planting, and
is soiiiriuiH , u-r.l. i^ >'/.:/,../(.< (tioides, the water
soldier m- widn- ^Iim, Tlir young plants are very

pretty, but tli.- In ]']:<<:•- ■•<;■ stiff and the edges of

I" ' ririried with spines. Nu-

: : l.qited to the aquarium,

! I hi. nee, or the flsh may

111.' A. "11.1 s ;ii-9 very pretty, and the

iUly eat the plants. Tue Salvinia is

" II the aquarium, but

,vs very rapidly, and

1st be avoided. The Eu-

s (Limnohinm Spongia,

very attractive plauts,

I own in the water. The

s.iipes, var. major, in a

-tty plant, but does not

on, generally resulting

AQUATICS

for the ends. Three-eighths of an inch from the edge
on eitlier side, with a saw, make a groove i^ inch deep
mill v.-i^l. riinni-li to rpfoive loosely double-strength
};l:i I . .■ . ■'•:• I ii'l lio;irds and fasten them to the
l.ii! I . s,, tiuit the grooves will exactly

iiii; I . ... oil til' L,'roove3 with soft putty, or,

IjLii 1. uiu.iiiLuu coiiiout, and press into each side a
pane of glass. liy making the bottom board 11 Va inches
long, an ordinary 10 x 12 window pane will be the proper
size. When the glass is pressed to the bottom of the
groove, draw the two ends in at the top until the glass
is held firmly and then fasten them in place by narrow
strips of wood, one on each side of the tank, placed on
top of the glass and screwed to the end pieces. These
stiips also protect the hands from injury while working
Willi Hi spt-cimens in the aquarium. Before filling with
t th inner surface of the bottom and ends should

I 1 lubbed with oil or parafllne and the grooves

II I I ilii glass well packed with puttv." Afterthebox
Is in . 1 It would be well to let it stand in water for a
.li\ .1 two The wooden sides will swell and tighten
th. loiiils, and leakage will be less probable.

AQUATICS. America is the most highly favored coun-
trj in the world for the cultivation of Aquatic plants.
Collections can easily be made t,> furnish a display of
flowers from April to October in the open without arti-
ficial heat.

All Aquatics require a rich soil, and this without limit,
a depth of water from 1 to .3 feet, and ample space to
spread their succulent leaves. In a natural pond, where
there is an accumulation of hnmus overlaying a clayey

the Ivs. are dan
merous floatiim
but too many m
become suffooai.
flsh will occasi.

another small plant often seen
under favorable condif
iorms a complete iinil . \
ropean and Anil ri.iM f
Hydroeliaris J/-
their long, silk> i '

water hyacinth, l.n m,.'
small state is a cm i. his
continue long in a good condition
from too much shade and unnat-
ural conditious of atmosphere, a
This plant is of benefit to the "
aquarium in the breeding sea-
son, as the roots are receptacles
for fish spawn. The water
lettuce (Pistia Stmtioles) is
another v.ry attractive i.lant,
but it slionl.l III- avoi,|...l ,.x<-.',,l

Aquariums are rapidlj' in-
creasing in popularity for home
use, and are of great service in

one part sheep

Leaflet N.i
CoIIcl;-.' ■'(
Univ, I :

tangular ones are best if large
fishes are to be kept, but they
are not essential. A simple
home-made aquarium of glass
and wood is described in .Tack-
man's Nature Study, as follows
(the dimensions being slii;litlv

alte

IIK inches wide and 12 inches
long for the bottom, and two
boards of the same thickness
and length, 10% inches high.

121. 'Workine drawines tor makine box shown in Fie. 120.

^havinjjs etc sh(
"^ ami till 11 \t M niti ush
Depth OF ^^ ATEi — Iiinituiil i nd-
fouml growin^ m ^^ it i ti lu i t w n:
ffHt lietp but in aititii i il j n N i di ptli
\\ ill be found sufhtient tni most \miij li
1111 Iks is a good depth tor \ k toiiis Ii
iititii 1 il poml a depth of 2 to 2^^ fti t
to the dei>th of 12 inrhrs nlinve the f i \
issufhcunt III 1 1 1 ii*- in 11 t'l I

deep Tim • 1

viUiU.™ I 1

iin idditional depth i t i iii In s \\ i!I li i ^i it i 1\ ml ui
ind I protection ot hi ii ken salt hi\ Kiieii niinuu
le i\ ts or any other non conducting niateiials *ihouid be
iistii to protect the masonry, m severe weather, against
e\p iiisiun and breikige

Planting —All hirdj Nymphieas ma-v be pHnted an^
time between the 1st of April and the 1st of September.
Those planted early, other things being equal, will give
good results the same season, while those planted late
will get well established before winter, and will be in
excellent condition to start at nature's summons early
the following spring. The hard\ N> mphipas differ con
siderably as to lootstocks Those of the natne varieties
are long and of a spong\ , soft texture, and rambling m
giinNth whili till I uropean species have a much larger
anil Mi\ tiiin 1 I tstock. and grow more compact In
lilmtiii- ill til It is necessary IS to press the rootstork
hiiiil\ into til - il and if there is any dingei of tin

puiitm,' and niu be jiuiilnsiil ■^^ lu n tulitis tan no
loiigt 1 bi proi UK d and l in be planted a month later in
the SI ts.in with good iLsults

The ] It tin Id Brrfin has always been an aristocrat
among water lilies, and few cultivators could indulge in
such a horticultural luxury. To grow it satisfactorily,
a large surface space with a greater depth of water is

ture I

mil a 111

AQUATICS Hci

Ti ickei I brought the \ ictoria withm easy reach and cui
ture of all lovers of aquatic plants \ Tucket i is en
tiieh distinct flora othi i known \ iintus and can be
grown in the open alongsiili it \ i//i// A i r y(tmiba>ensis
and A' Deiomensis ami im 1 i i n i h the same con

123. Tub of

■When planted out about the middle of June,
N ^'row rapidl} , and will develop their gigantic
11 1 111 ignifacent flowers m August, and continue
until destroyed by fiost.

V - - \quatics, hke othrr plants, have their ene-
I hill ot insect pi sts. though m a less degree
r j 1 lilts V] 1ml s III sometimes troublesome,
1 t \ i\ 111 i_l il\ 111 SI , howe^ er, ha% e their
1 1 IK 11 I m 111 (lady bird), msectiv-

1 i t Willi ill I ilo not keep them down,

sake

1 1 11 11 \l 1 1 111 tl 1 1 til

11 1 of these pests,
1 1 an overflow is

1 , 1 ilh 111 111 II mm 1 1 1 1 1 \l

1 1 ll 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 is t 1 1 11 1

s. with a spray.

11 1 _ 1 1 til til mil ihiM II 11

t tt t'li plants.

111 IS till \ I 1 IlK 11 It 1 11 111 H II

1 til 1 11 n with

til Is \\u\ lin till 11 1 lit It II 1

^ 111 » |i|i Re-

111 in 111 t ] f tl t 1 IS 11 1 1

1, mil nil has

iiiU-i It ilii 1 ll^ 11 1 HI 11 _ 111 mi

■ N 111 . llii larva

ot till ml// '//'/'

, Its the leaf, and

also Hits ,t| s till nil ^.| 1,

It uses for protec-

tion, till 1 1 \ -1 iiK ii_iii 111^ tl I

I 1 lilt, and at the

same tun m ikiii.' it dilti ult t _i t t

till oiem. The

best remeiU tor this and tin I^i lun 1

1 1 until « Inch IS

very much like it, is a lamp ti q. \

IN 1 III UN lamp

placed near the plants at night, ii 1 t

11 In 111 ishal-

low vesessl containing keiosim will i

111 1 t till insects.

which, on striking the Hmp fill ml

tin keloselieand

are no further troublf Alnski its

111 more or less

troublesome, especialh .1 1,11. \ luml

lums are giown.

They will eat the tubeis m » nt i ml

1 11 H spring and

will make sad havoc -nilli 11 II

«ill ilsof itthe

roots of some Na mpha i 1

1 111 1 Is

the steel trap. A spoi i i

1]

pearance The leaves i

nil

uuiUi a damp wuiu i n

^111 h

sorted to only from lack of
dean be adopted (Fig 123).
mnh p is should be selected

84

AQUATICS

to the variety, some being moderate growers, others vig-
orous and robust. ^v,vi.ij^ Teicker.

[The best book on the American culture of Aquatics is
The Water Garden, by Wm. Triclser, N. Y. 1897, pp. 120,
to which the reader is referred for extensive cultural
directions and for lists of Ai|ii:iti.- plants. For botanical
descriptions of the various Kin.N ,,i A<iii.itii-s, with brief,
special cultural direction'., ih, i, ;„l. r ni;iv consult the
CvCLOPEDiA OF Americas lI'D-rh'ii.TiKE, under the
various genera, as jyi/mplKca, jyelitmbium, and Victoria.
-L. H. B.]

AQ1TIL£6IA (from (ii^HiVfj/H*, water-drawer, not from
a?Hi7n, eagle). Manunculdcca. Colujibine. Hardy per-
ennial herbs of the northern hemisphere ; mostly with
paniculate branches, terminated by showy flowers, and
1-a ternately-corapound leaves, commonly glaucous; the

large ihowy
5 regular
backward between
the I stamens numerous

fr ot II About 30 distinct

specie n ( I I ng the most beautiful

and popular of all haidy plants See Is sown m pans m
coldframes m March, or open air m April, occasionally
bloom the first season, but generally the second. The
different species should be some distance apart, if pos-
sible, if pure seed is desired, as the most diverse species
hybridize directly. They may be propagated by division,
but better by seeds. Absolutely pure seed is hard to ob-

AQUILEGIA

tain, except from the plants in the wild state; and some

of the mixed forms nv .|nitp intVrior t.. tli.. ti-n.. v| i,.s

from which they h;(\'- ■■"Hm . .1, r.i, ■/,/.,:, >;/,< i,j >n'...,i ,
and rierj/ar-is are'lik. ' i - i ...i:';.. ,,irs,

and should be'treat. ii i ;' i , i lay

be kept active for :i l-n^'. i- j,, r:.,.i i,n 1 1 .Mi-phun m-, A.
Gray, Syn. Flora of X. A..Vul. 1. Part 1. F:isc-. 1. i.i.,.fJ-4.->.
J.G. Baker, A Synopsis of the Aquilegia, inGard. Chron.
II. 10:19, 7G, 111, 203 (1878). k. C. Davis.

1 1 1 I .:.^ 4s. When

1 ^l h I Im. 111. i.td out into

! I h r fran e f r a t u r 1 j hadiug lor a few days
until they get a start the-v may be set into the permanent
borler or wherever they are to be placed.

F. H. HORSFORD.

The following is an alphabetical list of the species de-
cribed below A alpina 16 airaia, 9 ; atropurpnrea ^
"M 1 0 atroptinirea Willd 4 bicolor, 10; blan(!ii,S;
1 t 1 rul 1 c<FruleafVaT, flavescenSy5;

1 Canadensis, vaT.aurea,

I 11 caryophylloides, 19 ;

flaiescens,5; flaviflora,5;

Ulfe^ll. J

Sepals not i

I ilo

than the sepal.

J I True st very short or almost want-

tufted root Ivs. 1-2 in. high from
1 I branches of the rootstock, biter-

II 111 1 al petioles very short or none ; leaf-
Its \ery crowded fls blue sepals oblong-obtuse, equal-
U the spurs and twice the length of the petal-limbs
d head of stamens follicles glabrous, large, nearly
1 in 1 n^ stjles half as long peduncles lengtliening to
about 1 m in fr July Wyom and Mont. G.F. 9: 365.
' oxysfepala Traut &, Mey Plant 2% ft., slightly
p il e cent ibove radical Ivs long-petioled, secondary
1 sessile sepals bl le ovate-lanceolate, much

1 u length the petal 1 mbs, which are 6 lines

I rounded truncate stamens not protruding

1 I petal limb sp ii knobbed, bent inward,
1 1 I jetal limb follicles pubescent, with styles

tl r leigtl J ne Siberia -In 1898 P. H. Horsford

1 11 hi t to bloom with me, and one of tilt! most
1 ttr t 1 tl I t It IS one of the most dwarfed ;

tl If, 11 How and white it comes so much be-

f tl tl 11 t Its capsules as a rule, all fertilize
It 1 f tl ther species come into flower." Only

St IKft. high, glabrous in
I of root-lvs. lK-2in. long;

1 n long, many lobes reach-

\ tioled and compound: fls.
1 wh te or tinged with blue,

] 1 1 half ns long as sepal;

lactiflora

t K

BB. Limb of pttal ahual tqual to stpal.
4. yiridiflbra, Pallas. St. l-l}4ft. high, finely pubes-
cent throughout, several-fld.: thepartlal-petiolesof root-
1 vs. 1-2 in. long ; If ts. sessile or the end one shortly stalked.

AQUILEGIA

85

.-Xu

»ea u., thi' follow-
ing variety :

Var. atropurpiirea, Vilm. (4. atropurpArea, WiUd.).
Limbs 'of tlie petals deep blue or lilac-purple, and the
sepals and spur somewhat tinged with the same hue.
B.R. 922.

5. Canadensis, Linn. Common Columbine of America.
Pig. 124. Height 1-2 ft. : primary divisions of petioles
of root-lvs. 1-2 in., having H divis"ioiis ; 2 or .'t of the st.-
Ivs. petioled, biternate : ds. scvmii To ;i ^r. : si-pals yel-
lowish or tinted on the back with n .1. jliout '.jin. long,
not reflexing ; limb of petals -a liitl<- sliorti i-, yellowish,
truncate; spur ?iin. long, rn:irly sirai^lit, knobbed at
the end, bright red throughout; stamens mvieh protrud-
ing : follicles J4in. long, with styles half as long. May-
July. Stony banks, etc., east of Rocky Mts. Int. 1890.
B.M. 246. L.B.C. 9:888. Mn. 5:21. R.H. 1896, p. 109.
G.W.F. 1. There are some beautiful hybrids of this
and the blue species. Var. nilna, Hort. Plant 1 ft. high
or less: fls. like the type.

Var. flavfiacens, Hook. A pale-lvd. yellow-fld. variety.
Very pretty. Int. 1889. This has often been called A.
flava^cens, Wats.; A. ccerulea, var. flavescens, Lawson;
and A. flaviflora, Tenney ; A. Canadensis, var. flavi-
«ora,Brit. B.M. 6552 B.

0. Buergeriana, Sieb. & Zucc. {A. atropiirpurea,
Miq.). More slender than A. vulgaris; 1 ft. high,
finely pubescent toward the top ; branched to form sev-
eral heads, bearing 2-3-petioled, biternate Ivs.; partial-
petioles of basal Ivs. K-1 in. long, witli .'t sessile divis-
ions : fls. yellow, tinted with purple, 1-1 '_. in. in dinin.;
sepals ?/4in. long, acute, spreading ; si.urs ii-.ct. iMiii-ly
straight, as long as the limb of petals, and aliout . .pial-
ling the sepal; head of stamens equal to lijnliin len^'th:
follicles pubescent, ?iin. long, style half as long. Early.
Japan.— Brought from St. Petersburg, 1892.

iboiil 2 in.

B. Spurs shorter than the petal-limb, and incurved.

7. flaheliata, Sieb. & Zucc. Stem 1-lK ft., few-fld.;
partial-petioles of root-lvs. 1 in. or more, Ifts. nearly
sessile ; st.-lvs. large and petioled : fls. bright lilac, or
pale purple or white ; sepals 1 in. long, obtuse ; limb of
petal half as long, often white in the lilac-fld. form ; spur
shorter than the limb, slender toward the end, much
incurved ; stamens not protruding bevoud the petal-
limbs : follicles glabrous. Summer. Japan. R.H. 1896,
p. 109. Var. n4na-alba, llort. (var. flnr.-.ilha, Hort.).
Fls. pure white : plant .hvtirli^li. H.U. 1.".: l.")?.

Spu

lull

c. stamens short, not much protruding.

8. leptoc^ras, Fisch. & Mey. Stem several-fld., about
1 ft. high : partial-petioles of root-lvs. over 1 in., Ifts.
sessile ; st.-lvs. petioled, biternate : fls. violet, with the
tips of the sepals greenish, and tips of the short petal-
limb yellow ; spur slender, slightly curved, >-2in. long,
not knobbed ; stamens protruding a little beyond the
limbs of petals : follicles slender, glabrous, nearly 1 in.
long. Summer. E.Siberia. B.R.33:64. F.S. 3:296.-
Little used in America.

9. vulgaris, Linn. (A. strlh'ita. Hort. ,1. aln'ita,
Koch). Common 0. of Euro;.,', St,i,,, r ■_' n.In-h,
many-fld., finely pubescent tli^ i ', ■ ■ ' uli
3 partial-petioles lK-2 in. I- i.i.i , , |„ s
certain, iiltimate leaf-lobes .^li ,, ;*;!.; i .-,;:,.;, -i,, i.-^.

violet, furnished with a claw, acute, 1 in. long, half as
wide ; petal-limb %m. long, equaling the head of sta-
mens ; spur about same length, stout, much incurved,
knobbed : follicles densely pubescent, 1 in. long, style
half as long. Summer. Eu., Sib., and naturalized in Am.
Gn. 12, p. 288. Var. fidre-pleno, Hort. Fls. much dou-
bled, ranging from pure white to deep blue. Here be-
long many horticultural varieties with personal names.

Var. Vervaeneina, Hort. (var. foliis-aureis, Hort. Var.
atrorioldcea. Hort.) . Lvs. with yellow variegated lines.

Var. nivea, Baumg. {var. dlba, Hort.). MtiNSTEAD's
White C. Often 2-3 ft. high : a great profusion of large,
pure white fls. for several weeks in early spring.

Var. Olympica, Baker {A. Oli/mpica, Boiss. A.Witt-
mannidna, Hort. A. bldnda, Lem.). A fine variety,
with several large flowers ; sepals light lilac or bright
purple, 1 in. or more in length ; petal-limb white. I.H.
4:146. R.H. 1890, p. 108.

Var. hybrida, ."^ims. Much like the last variety, but
with stout, lilac-puride spurs as long as the sepals, only
slightlv incurved. Probably a hybrid oiA. vulgaris and
A. Canadetisis. B.M. 1221.

10. Sibirica, Lam. (-4. fifco/or, Ehrh. A . GarnieriAna ,
Sweet. A. specidsa, DC ). Stem lK-2 ft. high, many-
fld. ; often nearly gltihrotis throughout : partial-petioles

of rooth-. 1-- ,11,. -Mill, I s sliowin^' :; ilistinct

brain-li' I' I '' ' ' li '■ iicMr I, ri>;nl , lolii-s rather

shalhm II .1 '. ,■ . . i . I ■ u -. |H.ii,,|,.,i and biter-

nate ; li-. |i:ia -r ..,|_ ir -■,. ; -.!,], am s,.|,aU fully

1 in. lonii.^prea.linK.o I. ' I ; ■•'. : iMial-limbhalf

as long, equaling the In ihi oftin white ;

spur rather stout, K.in. ■ ' iiiu.li incurved,

3r even coiled: follicle-, ^ I : ., , ,,. Im-, style !^;;in.
Summer. E.Siberia. .s.H.I j.. II. I ; 'lo. \ar. S16re-pI6no,
Hort. (A. blcolor, var. florc-plenn, Hort.). Fls. much
doubled by the multiplication of both the limbs and the
spurs.

Var. spect4bilis, Baker {A. spectdbilis, Lem.). A
large, bright lilac-fld. var. ; petal-limbs tipped yellow.
Amurland. I.H. 11:403.
cc. Stamens long, protruding far beyond the petal-limb.

11. lormdsa, Tesch. (A. Canadensis, var. formdsa,
Wats.). Habit as in j4., Canadensis ; root-lvs. and st.-
lvs. like that species, but fls. brick red and yellow, or
wholly yellow, and sepals larger, quite twice as long as
petal-limb ; spurs more spreading, somewhat more slen-
der, and often shorter. May-Aug. Sitka to Calif, and
E. to the Rockies. Int. 1881. B.M. 6.'>52. F.S. 8: 795.
Gt. :i2:372. R.H. 1896, p. 108. G.C. 18.34: 836. Var. hj-
brida, Hort. (.4. Cnlifornica,va,r. hybrida, Hort.). Pis.
large, with scarlet sepals and yellow petals ; spurs
spreadin.i;. loni; and slender. A supposed hj'brid with
A.chrjiKiiiith.i. F.M. 1877:278. Vick's 1: 33 f. 2. Var.
rilbra pltao, H<iit. (var. flore-pleno, Hort.). Fls. as in
var. hybrida, but several whorls of petal -limbs. Var.
nana &lba, Hort. Fls. pale, often nearly white ; plant
not exceeding 1 ft.

Var. tnmcita, Baker (A. triinciita, Fisch. A. Cali-
fdrnica, Lindl.). Fls. with short, thick spurs and very
small sepals and a small petal-limb. Int. 1881. P. S.

i (as^.
SWnneri, Ho

brous :

petal-lin.l. tiii-Ki
brigt red, tape
protruding far beyc

,Hart.).
:. Stem 1-2 ft. high, many-fld., gla-
lu petioled, with both primary and
long; Ifts. cordate, 3-parted ; sev-
:m1 biternate : sepals green, keeled,
\ 'V much spreading, %~1 in. long ;
orange, half as long as sepal; spur
rapidly, over 1 in. long ; stamens
ad the limb ; styles 3 : fr., at least
when young, bearing broad, membranous, curled wings.
After flowering, the peduncles become erect. July-Sept.
Mts. of Nor. Mes. B.M. 3919. P.M. 10:199. B.'H.4:1.
P.S. 1: 17. Vick's 1: 33 f. 5 (poor). — A handsome plant,
requiring a light soil in a sunnv border. Var. flore-
pleno, Hort. Fls. double. Gt.34:o7. Very fine.

BBB. Spurs verif long, several times the length of
pelal-Uwb.
13. chrysiutha, Grav (.1. leptoceras, var. ehri/sdntha,
Hook.). Pig. 125. Height 3-4 ft.: root-lvs. with twice
3-branched petioles, Ifts. biternate ; st.-lvs. several,
petioled : fls. many on the plant. 2-3 in. across ; sepals
pale yellow, tinted claret, spreading horizontally ; petal-
limb deep yellow, shorter than the sepals, and nearly as
long as the lu'ad of stamens ; s\mr rather str.aight, very
slender, cliv.TL'ciit , aliout L' in. l.m^', descending when

fl. is mature: folli.'lis i;ial.i ^, 1 in. long; style half

as long, .May-Au-. N. .Mex, ami Aiiz. Gu. 16:198, B.M.

00 AQUILEGIA

6073. Gn. 51, p. 385. R.H. 1896: 108. F.R. 2:169. Gt.
33:84. G.C. 1873: 1501. F.M.1873:88. Vick's 1: 33 f. 3.
F.S. 20: 2108. Var. flav^scens, Hort. (A. aiirea. Junk.
A. Canadensis, var. aiirea, Koezl.). Fls. yellow, tinged
with red ; spurs incurved, and shorter than in the type.
Gt. 21:734. Var. dlba-pl*na, Hort. (var. grandiflbra
dlba, Hort. I. Fls. very pale yellow or nearly white, with
two or more whorls of petal-limbs. Int. 1889. Vick's
12:311. Var. n4na, Hort. (A. leptociras, var. littea,
Hort.). Like the type, but plant always small, not ex-
ceeding VA ft. Var. JaSachkani, Hort. About the same
height as last : fls. large, yellow, with red spurs. Thought
to be a hybrid of A . cliryaanlhaX^kitineri, hence some-
times called 4. Skinneri, var. hybrida, Hort.

14. longlssima, Gray. Tall, somewhat pubescent with
silky hairs, or sraoothish : root-lvs. bitemate, even in
the petioles ; Ifts. deeply lobed and cut, green above,
glaucous beneath ; st.-lvs. similar, petioled : fls. pale
yellow, sepals hmceolate, broadly spreading, 1 in. or

AQUILEGIA

white or yellow. The true form of this is probably A.
cieruleaxA.chrysaiilha. Gn. 51, p.SS."). K.H. 1896:108.
A. G. 15:315. Gn. 16:198. I. H. 43: 61 (1896). Var. !I6re-
pl6no, Hort. Fls. longer and very showy, more or less
doubled toward the center.

BB. Spurs incurved and hardly longer than petal-limbs.

16. alplna, Linn. (incl. var. supirba, Hort.). Fig. 126.
Stem nearly 1 ft. high, finely pubescent upwards, 2-5-
fld., bearing petioled, bitemate Ivs.; partial-petioles of
basal-Ivs. 1-2 in. long, with 3 nearly sessile divisions,
deeply lobed : expanded fl. lK-2 in. across, blue, rarely
pale or white ; sepals VA in. Ion?, half as broad, acute ;
petal-limb half as long as sepals, often white ; spur
stout, incurved, same length as the limb ; head of sta-
mens not protruding : follicles pubescent, 1 in. long ;
style much shorter. Mav-June. Switzerland. L.B.C.
7:657. Gn.9: 17.

17. glanduldsa, Pisch. Fig. 127. Stem 1-1'^ ft. high.

125. Aauileeia chrysantha (X )4

more, the spatulate petals a little shorter, about equal
ing the head of stamens ; spur wiflj a iKirn.w cjritice. ■;
in. long or more, always lumLiiu. I ni inLin Ih i! ir..ii:
A. chrysantha hy its loaiii-r i i : ii iti.c

by the narrow petals, anil i ' .mt

ing. Late July to Oct. 1. li:i , im > \\ . IVx;, - mi,, M,x
G.F. 1 : 31. -The seed must !»• (.htiiiiicil troi.i wild ijluuts
as those cult, usually fail to produ
much used.

seed ; heuc

not

' in. long : expanded fls.
ens not protruding.
B. Spurs long and not incurved.
15. csenilea, James (A. leptoceras, Nutt. A. ma-
crdntha, Hook. & Arn.). Stem 1-1% ft., finely pubescent
above, bearing several fls. ; lower st.-lvs. large and bi-
temate ; basal-lvs. with long 3-brauched petioles ; Ifts.
3-lobed on secondary stalks : fls.2 in. across,whitish,but
variously tinted with licrht blue .ind yellow; sepals often
blue, oblonc:. nl.tn«p. twinr, ri« Imi^ as the petal-limb;
nd, rather straight.

but eurvih- ,,iiiv',,,, I ; I

petals : t'.. Hi, -Irs |,ul i

^uly. Low.T Hit, n t.n,,i

4407. Gn. 16:198. Mn.

5477. F.S. 5:531. Var. Alba, Hort. Fls. of same size but

entirely white. Int. 188:). Var. hjbrida, Hort. Sepals

some shade of blue or piuk, or mixed, and petals nearly

stamens equaling the
,,n;,'; style ^ in. Apr.
Mna to N. Mex. B.M.
Vick's 1:33 f. 4. B.M.

glandular pubescent in the upper half, 1-3 fld. : partial-
petioles of root-lvs. 1-2 in, l(in^'. iMi'h with 3 distinct
divisions; 1ft. -~, ■_■ m, ni - ii;,rt,.,A :,ti,l .l.-ep ; st.-lvs. few,
bract-like: 11- !- bright lilac-blue,
ovate, acutf. :, , If as broad; petal-
limb same c,,!,,,-. i,iii iii,i",i :,ii,i ,l, -red with creamy

white, less than liti if iliu ii-nnili of the sepals, very broad ;
spur very short, k in., stout, much incurved ; stamens
not protruding : follicles 1 in. long, 6-10 in number,
densely hairy, with short, falcate style. Allied to A. al-
pina, but a taller plant, with shorter spurs, larger fls.,
and a greater number of follicles. May-June. Altai
Mts. of Siberia. B.5:219. P.W. 1871: 353. Gn. 15:174;
45, p. 193. Gt. 289 f. l.-One of the handsomest.

Var. jucunda, Fisch. & Lall. Fls. rather smaller than
in the type ; petal-limb white, more truncate at the tip ;
stamens as long as lunb. B.R. 33:19. F.S. 5: 5.(5. -A
fine variety, with some tendency to double.

18. StOarti, Hort. A recorded hybrid of A.glandu-
losa X -i. vulgaris, var. Olympica. Fls. very large and
beautiful. It very much resembles the latter in form of
sepals and petals, and the former in shape of spurs and
coloration. May-June. Int. 1891. Gn. 34:670.

19. caryophylloldes is a garden name given to some
very mixed forms, with a great variety of colors. Spe-
cial characters seem not to be well fixed.

K. C. Davis.

ABABIS

AEABIS (Arabia). Cnicifene. Rock-cress. Small
perennial or annual herbs, with white or purple fls.,
grown mostly in rockwork. Fls. mostly in terminal
spikes or racemes, small, but often many, or appearing
for a considerable period of time : siliques long, linear,
flat : stigma 2-lobed. In temperate regions, several na-
tive to this country. Usually prop, by division ; also
by seeds and cuttings. Hardy, requiring plenty of sun,
and thriving even in poor soil. The following four
species are perennials:

A. Fls. purple or rose.

mur&lis, Bertol. (A. rdsea, DC). A foot high, with a
rather dense raceme of pretty fls. : Ivs. oblong, sessile
(the radical ones with a long, narrow base ) , prominently
and distantly blunt-toothed, sparsely pubescent. Spring
and summer. Italy. B.M. 324(i.

AA. Fls. ifhite.

BerpylliSdlla, Vill. (A.niviilis.Guss.). Tufted, 2-6 in.:
radical Ivs. entire or few-toothed, the st. Ivs. small and
sessile, not clasping : fls. in a short cluster, the calyx as
long as the peduncle, the limb of the petals linear-
oblong and erect. Eu.

dlbida, Stev. [A. Caticdsica, Willd.). A few inches
high, pubescent : lower Ivs. narrow at the base, the up-
per auriculate-clasping, all angle-toothed near the top :
fls. in a loose raceme, the calyx shorter than the pedicel,
the petal-limb oval and obtuse. Eu. B.M. 20i6. Also a
Tariegated var. (Gt. 45: 108). — Blooms early, is fragrant,
and is well adapted for rockwork and edgings, and for
covering steep banks.

alplna, Linn. Fls. smaller than in the last, plant only
slightly pubescent and hairy : Ivs. somewhat clasping but
not auriculate, small-toothed nearly or quite the entire
length, thecaulineonespointed. Eu. B.M. 226. — Blooms
very early, and is one of the best rock plants. There is
a dwarf form (nana compacta, Gt. 44:203); also a va-
riegated variety.

A. arendsa.BQOT?. Fls. rose varying to white ; Ivs. pinnatifld,
those on the st. deep-toothed. En.— .1. blephaniphylla. Huok.
& Arn. Fls. large, rose-purple : Ivs. sharp-toothed, sessile or
clasping, the margins hairy. Calif. B.M. 6087.— J., iiicida-,
Linn, f. Pis. white : Ivs. shining, obovate, clasping. There is a
variegated form. E\i.—A. mdllis.SteT. Fls. whitr : Ivs.pnhes-

ABALIA

87

clasping, rather coarse-
L. H. B.

AKACEffi, See Aroidea.

ARACHIS (Greek, without a racliis). Leijuminhsif.
Peanut. Goobek. Sometimes grown in the economic
house of botanical gardens. The genus has seven spe-
cies, of which six are Brazilian. Fls. 5-7, yellow, in
a dense, axillary, sessile spike. As a hothouse annual,
the seeds of the Goober may be sown in heat, and the
plants potted in sandy loam. For outdoor culture, see
Peanut, by which name the plant is commonly known.

hypogoea, Linn. One ft. or less high : Ivs. abruptly
pinnate, with two pairs of leaflets and no tendril. Mn.
7:105. Procumbent.

ARALIA, including Dimorphdnthus (derivation ob-
scure). Ai-aliAcew. Perennial herbs or shrubs : Ivs. al-
ternate, deciduous, large, decompound : fls. small,
whitish, in umbels, usually forming large panicles ;
petals and stamens 5: berry, or rather drupe, 2-5-seeded,
black or dark purple, globular, small. Some of the
Aralias are hardy outdoor deciduous herbs and bushes;
others are fine stove plants, botanically unlike the true
Aralias as defined above. Alfred Rehder.

There are about 35 kinds of tender Aralias in cult.
Some of them are of robust growth, and make handsome
specimens for greenhouse and hothouse decoration when
grown to a height of 10 or 12 ft.; others of more deli-
cate and slender growth, such as A. Chabrieri (really

an Elseodendron), A. concinna (see Delarbrea), A.ele-
gantissima and A. Veitchii, var. gracillima, are most
beautiful as smaller plants, say from 1-3 ft. in height.
These small plants are very beautiful as table pieces,
and are not surpassed in delicate grace and symmetry
by any plants; A. I'eitchii, var. gracillima, is oneof the
very finest of the dwarfer-growing kinds. The more
robust sorts are usually prop, by cuttings, in the usual
manner, or by root cuttings, as Bouvardias are. The
more delicate varieties, as A. Chabrieri, elegantissimit,
etc., do best when grafted on stronger-growing varie-
ties, like A. Giiillotjti'i, A. reticulata (which is an Oreo-
panax), etc. The slender-growing sorts require light,
rich soil, made of equal parts of sandy loam and peat or
leaf-mold. They require plenty of water and a moist
atmosphere. They are much subject to attacks of scale,
which may be removed or prevented by frequent care-
ful sponging with a weak solution of seal-oil soap, fir-
tree oil, or other like insecticide.

Cult, by Robert Craig.
much confused, largely
trade and provisional
■e known. See Acantho-
■iifiiiiliiilla, and

The glasshouse species a;
because some kinds receiv
names before the fls. and frs

panax for A. V ' ;. ;;,

lia ; Delarh,. : ■ ! ,
EUeodendraii i 1

ponica, papii, ■ . . - .

reticulata; i'.., .,. c ..;.; lV,r .1.
for A

spe

(bills

for A. Ja-
for A.

tdophyllum
mboiniuac. Other related genera are Hepta-
pleurum, Monopanax, Oreopanax, Panax, Pseudopanax.

A. Tender evergreen Aralias, grow,

(By some regarded as belonging 1

B. Lrs. digitate.

Kerchoveina, Hort. Lvs. the shape of a Bicinus, the
7-11 leaflets elliptic-lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, with,
undulate and serrate margins and a pale midrib. S.
Sea Islands. Certificated in Eng. in 1881 (Gn. 19, p.
457). R.H. 1891, p. 225. -Slender-stemmed, of beautiful
habit.

Veitchii, Hort. Leaflets 9-11, very narrow or almost
filiform, undulate, shining green above aud red beneath.
New Caledonia. — One of the best and handsomest_spe-
cies. Var. gracillima, Hort. (A. graeiDmi, Lind
1867, p. 38). Leaflets

lima (eery graceful).
elegantissima,Veiteh.
Petioles mottled with
white: leaflets 7-11, fil-
iform and pendulous.
New Hebrides.- Ex-
cellent.

leptophylla, Hort.
Slender plant : leaflets
flliform and drooping,
broadened at the extremities, deep green

128. Aralia Guilfoylei.

Australasia.

brow

BB. Lvs.

innate.

GuIUoylei, Cogn. & March. Fig.128. Leaflets 3-7 (digi-
tate-like), ovate or oblong, irregularly cut on the edges
or obscurely lobed, white-margined and sometimes gray-
splashed : St. spotted, erect. New Hebrides. — Rapid
grower, showy, and good for pots.

monstrdsa, Hort. Leaflets 3-7, ovate-acute, deeply and
often oddly cut, broadly white-margined, also gray-
spotted : lvs. drooping. S. Sea Isl. R.H. 1891, p. 225.
Gn. 39, p. 565.

filicifolia, Moore. Stem erect, purplish, white-spotted r
lvs. fern-like (whence the name); leaflets 3-7 p:iirs,
lance-oblong and acuminate, long, deeply notch-toothed,

deep green and purple ribbed. Polyuesia. l.H. 23:240.
H.H. 1891, p. 224. Gn. 39, p. 565. A.U. 19: 374. -One
of the best.

.1. Ohabriiri, Hort.; see Elaeodendron.— 4. crassHUia, So-
land : see Pseudopanax.— A. Idngipes, Hort. Lvs. digitate, the
Ifts. oblong-laueeohitr, nouminato. wavy, N. .\nstral.— A. no-
&i7ts, Hort, "A theoi)tir;ist.i-lik(' i»):ini. wiiti cln^ply packed, bold
foliage, the lvs. ii\>\<'u_; m!m,\ ,ii. ,,, umih .in , unUulate at the
margins." OnceoiiVn ; - h i .. ,, , ii,,rt. Like A.
leptophylla. but b.ii! ' ix.-s and veins

and other genera.

,' ri.ES' Club.
rirkly, 40 ft.
above ; Ifts.
.iiid nearly
I ; veins curv-
et m.-s north to
• .stout, armed
clusters of fls.

iha •

compound panicle : >■'/

spindsa, Linn. Angelit \ I
Devil's Walking-stick. >
high : lvs. VA-2i4 ft. lonp, i,
ovate, serrate, 2-3}^ in. I-,: ,
glabrous beneath, mostly d i - 1 : :
ing upward before the niarL^in.
Tenn. S.S. 5:211. Gn. 50. p. I
stems, the large lvs., and the e]
give this species a very distinct subtropical appearance.
Not quite hardy north.

Chin^nsis, Linn. (A. Japdnica, Hort. A. Mund-
shurica, Hort.). Chinese Angelica Tree. Stems less
prickly, 40 ft. : lvs. 2-4 ft. long, usually without prickles ;
ifts. ovate or broad ovate, coarsely serrate or den-
tate, usually pubescent beneath , nearly sessile, S%-G in.
long ; veins dividing before the margin and ending in
the points of the teeth. Aug., Sept. China, Japan. — In
general appearance very much like the former species,
but hardier. Nearly hardy north. Grows well also in
somewhat dry, rocky or clayey soil. Var. el4ta, Dipp.
{Dimorphdnthus eJAtus, Miq.). St. with few prickles :
Ifts. pubescent beneath. The hardiest and most com-
mon form in cult. Var. canfeacena, Dipp. {A.canHceiis,
Sieb. & Zucc). Lvs. often prickly above; Ifts. gla-
brous beneath, except on the veins, dark green above.
More tender. Var. Mandahiirica, Rehder (Dimorphdn-

119, Unsymmetncal Araucaria grown I

ARAUCARIA

thus Mandshuricus, Maxim.). St. prickly : Ifts. pu-
bescent only on the veins beneath, more sharply and
densely serrate than the foregoing var., and hardier.
There is also a form with variegated lvs. (I.H. 33:609).

BB. Unarmed herbs: styles united at the base.
c. Umbels numerous, in elonijated puberulous pani-
cles : S-10 ft. hiijh.

racemdaa, Linn. Spikenard. Height 3-6 ft. : glabrous,
or sli!;lifly pubescent : lv.s. quinately or ternately de-
.■.■mj.MMr'i : leaflets cordate, roundish ovate, doubly and

' irate, acuminate, usually glabrous beneath,

-: fls. greenish white. .July, Aug. E. N.
! to Minn, and Mo. B.B. 2: 506.

Caliioiuica, Wats. Height 8-10 ft.; resembles the
preceding : Ifts. cordate, ovate or oblong-ovate,
shortly acuminate, simply or doubly serrate : panicle
loose ; umbels fewer, larger, and with more numerous
rays. Calif.

cordita, Thunb. (A.idxilis, Sieb. & Zucc). Height
4-8 ft.: lvs. ternately or quinately decompound, pinnie
sometimes with 7 Ifts.; Ifts. cordate or rounded at the
base, ovate or oblong-ovate, abruptly acuminate, un-
equally serrate, pubescent on the veins beneath, 4-8
in. long. Japan. Gt. 13: 432 as ^.rrtc«»!Os(i, var. Sac7ia-
linensis. R.H. 1896, p. 55. A.G. 1892, pp. 6, 7.

Cachemirica, Deene. [A. Cashmeriana, Hort. Saul
1891. A macrophylla, Lindl.). Height .^-S ft. : lvs.
quinately compound, pinnse often with 5-9 leaflets ; leaf-
lets usually rounded at the base, oblong-ovate, doubly
serrate, glabrous or bristly on the veins beneath, 4-8 in.
long. Himalayas.

cc. Umbels several or few on slender peduncles ;

pedicels glabrous: 1-3 ft. high.
Idapida, Vent. Bristly Sarsaparilla. Wild Elder.
Height 1-3 ft., usually with short, woody stem, bristly:
lvs. bipinnate ; Ifts. ovate or oval, rounded or nar-
rowed at the base, acute, sharply and irregularly ser-
rate, 1-3 in. long : umbels 3 or more in a loose corymb;
fls. white. June, July. From Newfoundland to N. Caro-
lina, west to Minn, and Ind. B.M. 1085. L. B.C. 14:1306.
nudioaillis, Linn. Wild Sarsaparilla. Small
Spikenard. Stemless or nearly so : usually 1 leaf, 1 ft.
high, with 3 quinately pinnate divisions ; Ifts. oval or
ovate, rounded or narrowed at the base, acuminate,
finely serrate, 2-5 in. long : umbels 2 or 3 ; fls. greenish.
May, June. Newfoundland

to N. Carolina, west to Mo.

B.B. 2:506.

A. guinquefUHa. Decne. &
Planch. =Pauax quinquefolium.
— A. '.rifUia. Deone. & Planch.
= Panax trifolium. (See also
Ginseng.)

Alfred Rehder.

ARAUCAKIA (Chilian

n:inie). Cunlfercf, tribe
\ ritiieclriece. About 15 spe-
! s of S. Amer. and the

\ ustr:ilian reL-imi. grown for

ilii ir -II il.iiiL' -\ iiimetrical
liiiii.: .!■ .1 ;! . ■ • ' iMi; ever-

t;r. .:.•■■. I '■ i lir S. some

s|MTii'- \'. ill till ivc in the

, in the N. all

larp-pointed,

iial, hard and

in diameter.

.rigantic forest trees in their

ti'd, the genus includes Co-

L. H. B.
lins in cnltivntion. Most of

. I ' i I In •-'.50,000

.1^ :,r.- :inMi:ill.> .-"Id lu the

U. S. These are nearly :ill iiiiimrtid in a young state
from Ghent, Belgium, where the propagation and grow-
ing of them is made the leading specialty at many nnr-

npi 11, wluTo the climate is not too i:
are grown under glass only. Lvs.
crowded: cones globular or oblong

nch anil

ARAUCARIA

series, of which there are over 700 in that one city. The
trade of the world has been supplied for many years
from Ghent. .Some of the large English growers have

130. Good specimen of

begun to grow them in considerable quantities in the
past five years, but it is likely that Ghent will be the
main source of supply for many years to come. A few
are now propagated in this country, and as they grow
easily here, it is likely that the number will be largely
increased in the near future, the high price of labor
being the greatest drawback. The Araucaria is the
most elegant and symmetrical evergreen in cultivation,
and for this reason is very popular as an ornamental
plant for home decoration. It is particularly popular at
Christmas time, and is then sold in great quantities.
Araucarias are propagated from seed and from cuttings ;
the latter make the most compact and handsome speci-
mens. To make symmetrical specimens, take cut-
tings from the leading shoots (see Fig. 129). (if used
as house plants, they thrive best in a cool room, where
the temperature is not over 60° at night, and they
should be placed near the light. In summer they
grow best if protected by a shading of light laths,
placed about an inch apart, which will admit air and
at the same time break the force of the sun's rays.
They do well in any good potting compost, and should
be shifted about once a year (in the spring) into larger
pots. The cuttings should be planted in light
compost or sand in the fall or during the winter
in a cool greenhouse, with moderate bottom
heat, and will root in about 8 or 10 weeks, after
which they m.ny be potted into small potfi In
addition to A . ij-frlsn and its variations, the
following attractivi- species are grown in small quanti-
ties : A. BUlirilhi, which, being of a tough and hardy
nature, does remarkably well as a room plant, and it is
hardy in Florida and many of the most southern states;
A, GoMieanay a very distinct and handsome form, and
rather scarce at present; A. elegans (a form of A.
Brazilianu). an elegant form of dwarf and exceedingly
graceful habit, and a most beautiful table plant.

Cult, by Robert Craig.
A. Lvs. {or most of them) aii-l-like.
exc^lsa, R. Br. Norfolk Island Pine. Figs. 130,
131,132. Plant light green : branches frondose, the lvs.
curved and sharp-pointed, rather soft, and densely
placed on the horizontal or drooping branchlets. Nor-
folk Isl. F.R. 2: 411. -The commonest species in this
country, being much grown as small pot specimens. A
blue-green form is cult, as A. glultca. There is also a
strong-growing, large variety, with very deep green fo-

ARAUCARIA 89

liage (A. robiisfa). In its native wilds the tree reaches
a height of over 200 ft. and a diameter of even 9 or 10
ft. The solid, globular cones are 4 or 5 in. in diam.
P.S. 22: 2304-5. — An excellent house plant, and keeps
well in a cool room near a window. In summer it may
be used on the veranda, but must be shaded.

Cunningham!, Swctt. Plants less formal and sym-
iiiiirir;il iImii .1 . . J r , /n,,, the upper branches ascending
:iinl ilu' Imw, r !i<)fi/(int,il : lvs. stiff and very sharp-
|ii.inii-cl, -tiiiiuht ur m-Nily so. There is also a glaucous
form (.1. glaiica}; also a weeoing form. Austral.,
where it reaches a height of 200"ft., yielding valuable
timber and resin. Locally known as Hoop Pine, More-
ton Bay Pine, Colonial Pine, Coorong, Cumburtu,
Coonam.

Codkii, R. Br. (A. columndris, Hook.). Branches dis-
posed as in J . exeelsa, but tree tending to shed the lower
ones : young lvs. alternate and rather distant, broad
and slightly decurrent at base, slightly curved, mu-
i-rouate ; adult lvs. densely imbricated, short and
ovate, obtuse ; cones 3-4 in. in diam. and somewhat
longer. New Caledonia, where it reaches a height of 200
ft., making very straight and imposing shafts. B.M.
Qed for Captain Cook.

4035. A.F. 12:559,

Uy plane and imbricated.

Rtilei, Muell. Leafy branchlets very long : lvs. oval-
elliptic, imbricated, plane or lightly concave, arched to-
wards the branch, nearly or quite obtuse, with a promi-
nent dorsal nerve. Variable at different ages. When
young, the branches are often drooping and the lvs.
compressed and ol.s.unlv 4 aim'l.-d and nearly or quite
subulate (var. pohini'-'r/J, , . ];.]]. ISGIi, p. 350. There is
a var. compacta}. X. >v i al. m],iiiki. Reaching 50 ft. in
height. R.H. ISCi;, |.. :;:i_', and ]. late. I. H. 22:204. The
tigureinG.C. 18(il : hlls, is -4. Muelleri, Brongn. &Gris.,
a broader-leaved species.

Goldieina, Hort. Like A. Sulei, and perhaps a form
of it : lvs. in whorls, dark green, variable : branches
drooping.

Bidwillii, Hook. Fig. 133. Rather narrow in growth,
especially with age, the branches simple : lvs. in two
rows, lance-ovate and very sharp-pointed, thick, firm
and shining Austral , where it attiins a height of

90 ARAUCARIA

150 ft., and is known as Bungaliunga. R.H. 1897, p.
500. G.C. III. 15: 405, showing tUe piueapple-like cone.
—One of the best and handsomest species for pot cul-
ture.

Brazili&na, A. Rich. Branches verticillate, somewhat
inclined, rai.^ed at the ends, tending to disappear below
as the plant grows :
Ivs. alternate, oblong-
lanceolate,
dccurrcnt, nmc'li .-itlen-

133. Araucaria Bic

(sometimes <lown\varci-
, curving) tips, but fl-

^'" nally becoming much

deflexed, the If.-shin-
gled branchlets in opposite pairs : Ivs. imbricated and
persisting, even on the trunk, ovate-Ianeeolate. very
stiff and leathery and sharp-pointed, an inch long anil
half as wide, bright green on both sides : cone 6-8
in. in diam. Western slope of the Andes in Chile,
reaching a height of 100 ft. P. S. 15: 1577-80. R.H.
1893, p. 153 ; 1897, pp. 271, 319. Gt. 44: 115. G.C. III.
21: 288 ; 24: 154.-Hardy in the S. This is the species
which is grown in the open in England and Ireland.
When 25 or 30 ft. high it begins to get ragged.

L. H. B.
AEBOKICDLTUEE. The culture of trees. It is a
generic term, covering the whole subject of the plant-
ing and care of trees. More specific terms are si/lriful-
ture, the planting of woods ; orchard-culture, the plant-
ing of orchards or fruit trees.

AEBUTUS (ancient Latin name). EricAcem. Trees or
shrubs : branches smooth and usually red : Ivs. ever-
green, alternate, petiolate : fis. monopetalous, ovate or
globular, white to red, about Kin. long, in terminal
panicles : fr. a globose, many-seeded berry, granulose
outside, mostly edible. About 10 species in W. N. Amer.,
Mediterranean reg., W. Eu., Canary Isl. Ornamental
trees, with usually smooth red bark and lustrous ever-
green foliage, of great decorative value for parks and
gardens in warm-temperate regions ; especially beautiful
when adorned with the clusters of white fls. or bright
red berries. They grow best in well-drained soil in some-
what sheltered positions not exposed to dry winds. Very
handsome greenhouse shrubs, thriving well in a sandy
compost of peat and leaf soil or light loam. Prop, by
seeds sown in early spring or in fall, or by cuttings from
mature wood in fall, placed in sandy peat soil under
glass; they root but slowly. Increased also by budding
or grafting, usually veneer-grafting, if seedlings of one
of the species can be had for stock. Layers usually
take two years to root.

I. Panicles short, nodding ; !v

xlhj

UnSdo, Linn. Strawberry Tree. From 8-15 ft.:
Ivs. cuneate, oblong or oblong-lanceolate, 2-3 in. long,
glabrous, green beneath : fls. white or red, ovate : fr.
scarlet, war^, %m. broad. Sept .-Dec. S. Eu., Ireland.
L.B.C. 2:123. Var. integ^rrima, Sims. Lvs. entire.
B.M. 2319. Var. riibra, Ait., and var. Crodmi, Hort.

ARCHONTOPHCENIX

(Gn. 33, p. 320), have red fls. — Very beautiful in autumn,
when the tree bears its large, scarlet fruiis and at the
same time its white or rosy fis.

AA. Panicles erect: lvs. nsualhj entire.

Minziesi, Pursh. Madrona. Occasionally 100 ft. high:
trunk with dark reddish brown bark : lvs. rounded or
slightly cordate at the base, oval or oblong, 3-4 in. long,
glabrous, glaucous beneath : fls. white, in 5-fi in. long
panicles : fr. bright orange-red, J^in. long. Spring.
W. N. Amer. B.R. 21:1753, as A. prdcera, Dougl.
S.S. 5:231. P.M.2:147. G.F. 3:515 ; 5, 151. Mn.3:85.
— The hardiest and probably the handsomest species
of the genus ; it stands many degrees of frost.

Ariz6iiica, Sarg. (A. Xalap^nsis, var. ArizSnica,
Gray). Tree, 40-50 ft. : trunk with light gray or nearly
white bark : Ivs. usually cuneate at the base, oblong-
lanceolate, IJ-a-S in. long, glabrous, pale beneath : fls.
white, in loose, broad panicles 2-3 in. long : fr. globose
or oblong, dark orange-red. Spring. Ariz. G.F. 4:318.
S.S. 5: 233. -The contrast between the white bark of the
trunk, the red branches, and the pale green foliage
makes a very pleasant effect : fr. and fis. are also very
decorative.

A. Andrdchne, Linn. From 10-30 ft.: lvs. oval-oblong, usu-
ally pntire, yellowish green beneath : fls. yellowish white: fr.
briahtrc.l. ( Ircci-e. Ork-iit. B.M.-JlM. B.R, ■J;ll:i.-J..androcA-

Xalnpensix, HBK. (A. l^iurifolia, Linill.). I
oval or ovate-lanceolate, entire or crenati-l
or downy beneath : fis. reddish : corolla :
above the middle. Mex., Tex. S.S. 5:232.

Arbutus, trailing.

Epigwa

AECHANGfiLICA (Greek, chief anijel, from fancied
medicinal virtues). LJmbeUifene. A few strong-smell-
ing coarse herbs closely allied to Angelica, but differing
in technical characters associated with the oil-tubes in
the fruit.

officinalis, Hoffm. A European and Asian biennial or
perennial, known also as Angelica A rchangelica. Stout
herb, 'with teruately decompound lvs. and large umbels
of small fls. The stems and ribs of the lvs. were once
blanched and eaten, after the manner of celery, and
they are still used in the making of sweetmeats. Little
known in this country, although it is offered by Ameri-
can dealers. Its chief value to us is its large foliage.
Seeds may be sown in the fall as soon as ripe, or the
following spring.

ARCHONTOPHCENIX (Greek, »najes«c phanix). Pal-
■nui"i:i . frii"' I .."'•.'(.. Tall, spineless palms, with stout,
soliitv, i;ii ..I (indices: Ivs. terminal, equally pin-
n:iii- . ,^ linear-lanceolate, acuraiuate or bi-

dtiii . I ' \. the margins recurved at the base,

spar^. Iv ^. ,,lv 111 nrath, the midnerves rather promi-
nent, nerves slender; rachis convex on the back, the
upper surface strongly keeled ; petiole channelled
above, sparsely tomentose ; sheath long, cylindrical,
deeply flssurt-d ; spailices short-peduncled, with slen-
der, lir.tjM.., Lli.Ir.ii-. p-ncli-nt branches and branch-
Id^ : 1 _'. compressed, deciduous:
br.i : I ill- to the spadix ; bractlets

per^i-ic I i . II . i I I _' : fr. small, globose-ellip-

soidiil. ^i.itii-. :;. Au.^iiai. They are beautiful palms,
requiring a temperate house. Prop, by seeds. The
Seaforthia elegans of gardeners belongs here (see
Ptychosperma for picture of it). For cult., see Palms.

ARCHONTOPHCENIX

A. Leaf segments whitish underneath.

Alex4ndre£B, H. Wendl. & Drude ( Ptychospirma Alex-
dndrew, F. Muell.). Trunk 70-80 ft.: Ivs. several ft.
long ; rachis very broad and thick, glabrous or slightly
scurfy; segments numerous, the longer ones IH ft.
long, J^-1 in. broad, acuminate and entire or slightly
notched, green above, ashy glaucous beneath. Queens-
land. P.S. 18:1916.

AA. Leaf segments green on both sides.

Ciinninghamii, H. Wendl. & Drude (Pti/chnsperma
Cunniiighamii, H. Wendl.). Trunk and general habit
like the preceding, but the segments acuminate and
entire or scarcely notched. Queensland and N. S. W.
B.M. 4961 as Seaforthia etcgans. j^^^^ ^^^ g^^^^^_

ABCTIUU (from Greek word for bear, probably al-
luding to the shaggy bur). Compbsita. Burdock. A
few coarse perennials or biennials of temperate Eu. and
Asia, some of them widely distributed as weeds. Invo-
lucre globular and large, with hooked scales, becoming
a bur : receptacle densely setose : pappus deciduous, of
bristles : Ivs. large and soft, whitish beneath : plant not
prickly : fls. pinkish, in summer.

L&ppa, Linn. {Lappa nutjor, Gaertn.). Common Bik-
DOCK. The Burdock is a common and despised weed in
this country, although it is capable of making an excel-
lent foliage mass and screen. In Japan it is much cult,
for its root, which has been greatly thickened and ame-
liorated, affording a popular vegetable. It is there
known as Gobo (see Georgeson, A.G. 13, p. 210).

ARCTOSTAPHYLOS (Greek, Sen r and grape). EricA-
eea. Manzanita. Shrubs or small trees : Ivs. alternate,
evergreen, usually entire, rarely deciduous : Us. small,
ureeolate, mostly white, tinged red, in terminal, often
panicled racemes, in spring : fr. usually smooth, a red
berry or rather drupe, with 1-10 l-seeded, spimrate or co-
herent cells. About 30 species in N. and Cent. Amer.,
2 species also in N. Eu. and N. Asia. Handsome ever-
green shrubs, though generally with less conspicuous fls.
and frs. than those of the allied genus Arbutus. Some
Cent. Amer. species, however, as A.arbutoideSy arguta
and polifolia are beautiful in flower, and well worth a
place in the greenhouse or in the garden in temperate
regions ; of the American species, A. Pringlei, viscida
and bicolor are some of the handsomest. Only the trail-
ing species are hardy north. For culture, see Arbutus.
Includes Comarostaphylis.

tfva-tJrsi, Spreng. Bearberry. Lvs. obovate-ob-
long, tapering into the petiole, retuse or obtuse at the
apex : fls. small, about Kin. long, white tinged with
red. Northern hemisphere, in N. Amer. south to Mex.
Em. 2:431.— Hardy trailing evergreen shrub, like thi-
following valuable for covering rocky slopes and sandy
banks. Cuttings from mature wood taken late in sum-
mer root readily under glass.

Nevadfensis, Gray. Lvs. obovate or obovate-lanceolate,
abruptly petioled, acute or mucronate at the apex : fls.
in short-stalked clusters, white or tinged with red.
Calif., in the higher mountains.

AA. Erect shrubs : lvs. usually 1-2 in. long : fls. in

mostly many-fid. panicled racemes.

B. Lvs. glabrous, rarely minutely pubescent.

c. Pedicels glabrous.

ptingens, HBK. From 3-10 ft.; glabrous or minutely

pubescent : lvs. slender-petioled, oblong-lanceolate or

oblong-elliptic, acute, entire, green or glaucescent : fls.

in short, umbel-like clusters : fr. glabrous, about Kin.

broad. Mex., Low. Calif. B.R. 30:17. B.M. 3927.

Manzanlta, Parry {A. piinffeHS, Authors). Fig. 134.
Shrub or small tree, to 30 ft. : lvs. ovate, usually obtuse
and mucronulate at the apex, glabrous, dull green : fls.
in prolonged panicled racemes : fr. glabrous, H-K in.
broad. W, N. Amer., from Ore. south. G.F. 4:571.

ARDISIA 91

cc. Pedicels glandular.

glai^ca, Lindl. From 8-25 ft. : lvs. oblong or orbicular,
obtuse and mucronulate at the apex, glaucescent or pale
green : fls. in prolonged panicled racemes ; pediceljf
glandular : fr. minutely glandular. Calif. Int. 18'JI.

vlacida. Parry. From 5-15 ft. : lvs. broad ovate or el-
liptic, abruptly mucronulate, acute or rounded at the
base, glaucous : fls. in slender and spreading, panicled
racemes ; pedicels viscid ; corolla light pink : fr. de-
pressed, about Sin. hro.id, smooth. Ore. to Calif.

134. Manzanlta — Arctostaphylos Manzanita.

BB. Li'S.more o> less pubei, ei I li i 11 Li mostly
bristly hauy

tomentdsa, Dougl From 2-6 ft lvs oblong-lanceo-
late or ovate acute, sometimes serrulate pubescent be-
neath, pale green fls in rather dense and short, usu-
ally panicled racemes ; pedicels short . fr. puberuloua,
glabrous at length. W. N. Amer. B.R. 21:1791. B.M.
3320. -The hardiest of the erect species.

Fringlei, Parry. Shrub : lvs. broad-ovate or elliptic,
usually abruptly mucronulate, pubescent, sometimes
glabrous at length, glaucous : panicled racemes pedun-
cled, usually leafy at the base, many-fld. ; slender pedi-
cels and calyx glandular-pubescent : fr. glandular his-
pid. Calif., Ariz.

bicolor, Gray. From 3-4 ft.: lvs. oblong-oval, acute at
both ends, revolute at the margin, glabrous and bright
green above, white-tomentose beneath : fls. in nodding,
rather dense racemes ; pedicels and calvx tomentose ;
coiolla }j in long, rose colored fr smooth Calif

A alp\na Spreng Prostrate shrub hs deciduous obo\ate,
serrite i icemes f ew tld fr blsck Arr'tic refrioTis and moun
tims of northern hemisphere — -I inhiir uh\ Hunsl Fi\eto
6 tt hs lanceolite olil"iig ternuit in it lieneath

pinirles erect luose duittm I i "' ' Zuec

(\ nitida Bentli I Fivt to b tt .lite ser

I em. s Mex

=1. Rehii

ARCTdTlS (Greek for bearS ear, alluding to the
akene). Lompisitai. Herbs with long-peduucled heads
and more or less white-woolly herbage, of 30 or more
African species : akenes grooved, with scale-like pappus :
involucre with numerous imbricated scales : receptacle
bristly. One species, treated as an annual, is sold in

brevisc4pa, Thunb. {A. leptorli)sa, var. breviscdpa,
DC). Stemless or nearly so (6 in. high), half-hardy, read-
ily iirop. from seeds, and to be grown in a warm, sunny
place. Lvs. usually longer than the scape, incised-den-
tate : scape hirsute, bearing one large fl. with dark cen-
ter and orange rays.

ABDlSIA (pointed, alluding to the stamens or corolla
lobes). Myrsindcece. Large genus of tropical trees and
shrulis, with 5-parted (sometimes 4- or 6-parted) rotate
corolla, 5 stamens attached to the throat of the corolla,
with very large anthers and a 1-seeded drupe the size of

92

ARDISIA

a pea. Lvs. entire, dentute or crenate, thick and ever-
green : Hs. white or rose, usually in cymes. Ardisias
are grown in hothouses or conservatories, and bloom
most of the year.

There are about a dozen Ardisias in cultivation ; only
two, however, are grown in quantity in America, — .4.
cremilata (red-berried) and .1. ,l,i iin,ii,-,i i wliit<--lj«-r-
ried). The former is the nmn- li.,iiiiitnl :ni.l vulualil.-.
It is one of the handsomest berr\ l.. aj in^- pLmt-. ami is
very popular, particularly at rini 'mki- imih. Th.. .1.
Japonica is not nearl;- .. 'i r li;iii.!-i,iii.- as ,1.
c'/-e«»/a^rt, an<l for thi ! - ^'iii.t:ill\ thrown.
Ardisias are readily L- 1 i.ihi.l, shouKI be
sown in the spring ; il. ,.;,_ .;:il.l i the fol-

lowing spring, and the Lilihu.-. a ill uu well culurtd by the
next Christmas. They will thrive in almost any good
potting compost and in a winter night temperature of
about 50°. They are most beautiful when about 2 feet
high, after which they generally lose their bottom fo-
liage, and present a naked or " leggy" appearance. When
they get in this state it is well to root the tops over
again, which may best be done without removing them
from the plant, by making an iucision in the stem and
covering the womidril part with moss, which should be
tightly wrapp. ,| with .-irini.' and kept damp; the moss
will be filled wiili n.nis in .ihout a month, when the tops
may be cut off and pciti-d, ilms obtainingmost beautiful
young plants, cuvcred with t'uliage to the bottom. This
process will not interrupt the blooming at all; they fre-
quently set an abundance of buds while undergoing this
operation. The crop of berries on an Ardisia will re-
main on the plant for more than a year, if the plant be
grown in a cool temperature, say not exceeding .50° at
night in winter. Two full crops of ripe berries at one
time are not unusual. Ardisias may be propagated also
from cuttings of half-ripened wood ; early spring is the
best time to strike them. The greatest insect enemy of
the Ardisia is the large brown scale ; frequent sponging
of the stems and lvs. with strong tobacco water is the
best preventive. Cult. by Robert Craig.

A. Fls. rid or rose-colored.

crenuiata, Lodd. (A . creiidia, Sims. A.crlspa, Hort.).
Fig. 135. As cult., acompact and neat shrub, with lance-
oblong, wavy-margined, alternate lvs. and drooping
clusters of small coral-red frs. Sweet-scented. Prob-

ARECA

make them into satisfactorv plants. Well-grown plants
sliould bear fruit in a year from the seed. I'he seed
may be sown whenever ripe. The fruits often hang on
for a year and more. Hardy in the South.

htimilis, Vahl. Lvs. lance-oblong, shining : frs. shin-
ing black. India.

Oliveri, Mast. Lvs. nearly sessile, recurved, oblanceo-

late and acuminate, 6-8 in. long, entire : lis. pink, in

large, dense heads, like an Ixora, the limb rotate, Hin.

across. CostaKica. G.C. U.S: fiSl.-Elegantstoveplant.

AA. Fls. while.

Jap6nica, Blume. Lvs. short-oblong or somewhat cu-
neate, whorled, serrate : fls. on red pedicels in drooping
racemes : berries white. Dwarf. Jap. Probably hardy
in the North.

pol;c6pliala, Wall. Lvs. bright green, red or wine-
colored when young, opposite : fr. black. E. Ind.
AAA. ris. black-dotted.

Piokeringia, Torr. & Gray. Glabrous, 5-9 ft.: lvs.
ovate to lance-oblong, entire, narrowed to a petiole :
panicle many lid.; corolla lobes oval and becoming re-

xed:

1W»1.

The .

(liag from India.

' 1^ a Madagascar

plant, aii'i ;i, 1 - ..untry. Species

with wliji- i!- :ii. I .,.,'„,,„./'./, W iiM ] ■ \\ . Ui'S : cttpitata,
Gray: „mmillt,(a,-H:in,;- : ;M/«rt,((«, Roxl.g.; i)Md»a, Wall.
Species with red or reddish Us. are A. macrocariia. Wall.,
B.M.6357: panictMta, Roxbg., B.M. 2364 ; «erru(a(a, Swartz ;
Wdllichii.BC. L H B

AB£:CA (from a native name in Malabar). Palm&eew,
tribe Arece(p. Spineless palms, with trunks solitary or
cespitose in a ring : lvs. terminal, equally pinnatisect,
the segments lanceolate, acuminate, plicate, with the
margins recurving at the base, the upper ones conflu-
ent and bifid or truucate and many-parted : rachis H-
sided, convex on the back, the upper face acute, the
base anil petiole c-..iii'ave : slieath elongated ; spadix
broad or narrow, I In ii . h!!i,_- branches at length pen-
dent: spathes :; i i i \. the lowest complete,
the upper ones I. i i ii white: fr. medium or
large, red orcai,.. , ,- , . -, L'l. Trop. Asia, Malay
Arch., Trop. Au u.il. anU .\ew Guinea. The name
Areca is one of the must familiar of all palm genera,
hut most of the well-known species are now referred to
other genera. A . lutesrens, the most popular kind, is
Chnj.iiilliliirarpus Iwteseens. A. Calechii aiul A.trian-
dra are both very quick in germinatmg Thty fiirra \ ery
ornamental plants for a moderate sized greenhouse
For ^ aii>ea, 'tee I>ictijoi,peima For A M<idui/ii\ii(i ■
iiHtis, see l>iipi,i\

Alices, ^\ Hill Sts several from the same rlu/onie,
9 ft ormoie high, slendei lvs i-b ft long, segmenis
acutt , se\ eral confluent, especialh at apex Queensland

Catechu, Linn Betel Nut St solitary, 40-100 ft
lvs 4-() ft , leiflets numerous, 1-2 ft , upper confluent,
quite glabrous fr lK-2 in , o\oid, smooth, orange or
scaiUt Asia and Mala} an Islands

Ilsemannl, Hort Resembles a red stemmed Chr>sa-
InliK iipus Miunghs veij dark red, becomin.; grten,
li.inds sl.ndi I aiching, with curving pinnffi Octanica
A (, Jll _'-M (lb')9)

triandra, K(.\b Trunk 40- 'lO ft high, 1 ft thick, cy
Itndrual fronds 8 ft long, segments wUh b primary
nerves about! line apart, petiole about 1 ft long India

■1 dlha Borv =Dictvospermi ilba —J. Baueri Hook f =
Rhopilostvlis H,n.ii-1 ,l.,irinli',-u„n Hort Iridea.ine!

135 Ardisia crenulata (>

fii
Hort

GislkT
Chrys I

_i era

ably native to E Ind or China BM 1950 LBC 1 2
Mn. 1 58 A F H 558 —The commonest species It
thrives in a conservatory temperature (not lower than
45°). Best plants aie obtained from seeds The young
plants should be given bottom heat and kept giowing
rapidly. If they become stunted, it is very difticult to

ARENARIA

ABENABIA {arena, sand, where many of the species
grow). CaryophyllAcem. Low herbs, mostly with white
fls., usually forming mats, and suitable for rockwork or
alpine gardens. Only the perennial species are com-
monly cult. Of easiest culture in almost any soil. Prop,
by division ; also by seeds, and rare species sometimes
by cuttings. The species inhabit temperate and cold
regions. The stamens are usually 10 ; styles 3 or 4 ;
petals 5 as a rule, entire or emarginate. Nearly 200 rec-
ognized species. Monogr. by F. N. Williams, Joum.
Linn. Soc. 33:326 (1897-8).

A. Lis. ovate or lanceolate.

Bale&rica, Linn. Very low (3 in. high), with small
ovate glossy Ivs. Balearic Is., Corsica.— Not hardy in
latitude of New York City.

macropliylla, Hook. Sts. decumbent and angled, pu-
bescent : Ivs. lanceolate or elliptic, mostly acute : pe-
duncles slender, 1-5-fld. Lake Superior to the Pacific.
Int. 1881.

AA. Lvs. linear or uwl-like.
B. Sepals ohtuse.

GroenlAndica, Spreng. Annual : very low, forming
mats, the decumbent or erectish sts. bearing 1-5 fls.:
Ivs. linear and obtuse. Kin. or less long : sepals and
petals blunt, the latter sometimes notched. High alti-
tudes and latitudes, but coming to the sea coast in parts
of N. Eng., and ranging down the mountains to N. Car.
Int. 1881. -A neat little alpine.

gramlnifdlla, Schrad. A foot or less high : Ivs. long
and filiform, rough-margined : fls. in 3-forked loose pu-
bescent panicles. Eu.

BB. Sepals pointed or even awned.

grandifldra, Linn. Variable : 6 in. or less high : Ivs.
flat-awl-shaped, 3-nerved and ciliate : fls. solitary or in
2's or 3's, long-stalked. Eu.

montina, Linn. Smaller: Ivs. linear or nearly so: fls.
large, solitary, very long-stalked. S. W. Eu.

v6rna, Linn. {Alslne vfrna, Bartl.). Dwarf : 1-3 in.
high: Ivs. linear-subulate, flat, strongly 3-nerved, erect;
fls. on filiform peduncles, with strongly 3-nerved sepals.
Eu. and Rocky Mts. — Excellent little rock plant. Var.
C8Bspit6sa, Hort.. is a compact, leafy form.

aouleita, Wats. Sts. 4-6 in. high : Ivs. stiff and sharp,
glaucous, fascicled, white, but often purple. W. Amer.
Int. 1889.

Frinklinii, Dougl. Sts. 3-5 in. high, nearly or quite
glabrous : Ivs. in 3-6 pairs, narrow-subulate, sharp-
pointed : fls. in dense cymes at the top of the St. W.
Amer. Int. 1881. L H B

AB£NGA (derivation doubtful). PalnuXcew, tribe
Areeew. Spineless palms, with the thick caudex clothed
above with dead, fibrous leaf-sheaths, at length bearing
vigorous shoots. Lvs. terminal, elongated, unequally
pinnatisect, the linearorcuneate somewhat petiolate seg-
ments prsemorse or obliquely divided at the apex ; mid-
veins prominent ; nerves parallel ; margins irregularly
toothed above the middle, recurved at the'base and one or
the other of them auricled, pale below: petiole plano-con-
vex, with the margin spiny : sheaths short, reticulate-
fibrous, the margin crenate : spadix large, with short
reflexed peduncle and elongated, slender, pendulous
branches ; spathes numerous, attached to the peduncle,
membranaceous, deciduous : bracts and bractlets broad :
fls. brown or brownish green or purplish: fr. yellow,
fleshy. Species 5. Trop. Asia, Malay Archipelago, New
Guinea, and Trop. Austral. j^^ed G. Smith.

Arenga saccharifera, in a J'oung state, is surpassed in
beauty by most palms. Specimens eight to ten years
old, however, show their characteristics well, and from
that period till they begin to flower (which they do from
the top of the stem downwards in the axils of the leaves ) ,
they are among the most striking subjects for high and
roomy conservatories. The temperature should not be
allowed to fall below 55° P. during the coldest weather.
G. W. Oliveh.

ARGEMONE

93

obtusildlia, Mart. Trunk 20-30 ft. high, 1-lKft. thick;
fronds 9-13, 12-16 ft. long : petiole thickly spiny : seg-
ments IKin. apart, 2-3 ft. long, 1^-2 in. wide, alternate,
lanceolate-linear, unequally acutely dentate, attenuate,
2-auricled at the base, the lower auricle the larger,
glaucous beneath ; branches of the spadix short, lax,
nodding. Java.

saccharifera, Labill. Trunk 40 ft. high ; petioles
smooth ; segments fasciculate, in 4's or 5's, linear-ensi-
form, 1- or 2-auricled at the base, the lower auricle the
longer, 2-lobed or variously dentate at the apex, white
or silvery beneath ; branches of the spadix long, fas-
tigiate, pendulous. Malaya. Jared G. Smith.

ABETHtrSA (the nymph Arethiisa). OreJiiddeece.
A few species of handsome terrestrial orchids. PI. gap-
ing, the sepals and petals lanceolate and nearly alike,
arching over the column.

bulhdaa, Linn. A very pretty hardy orchid, 8-10 in.,
with one linear, nerved If. and a bright rose-pink fl. on
an erect scape, the lip recurved and bearded. Bogs, N.
Car., N. and W.; not common. May, June. Mn. 5:141.
G.W.P. 17. — Requires a moist and shady, cool situation
and open, porous soil. A shady nook on north slope of
rockery, where it can be watered in dry weather, is an
ideal place. Prop, by the solid bulbs.

J. B. Keller.

ARfiTIA. See Douijlasia.

ABGEMdNE (fanciful name). Papaver&cem. Argb-
MONV. A few American plants, mostly herbs, with prickly
sepals and pods, 3-6-lobed stigma, coarse often white-
spotted foliage, and yellow juice. Annuals, or cult, as
annuals. Easy to manage from seeds sown where the
plants are to "stand, or transplanted from pots. They
need a light soil and full sunny exposure. Monogr. by
Prain, Journ. Bot. 33: 207 et seq.

A. Fls.yelloic or yelloioish.

Mexicana, Linn. (A . specibsa , Hort. ) . Prickly Poppy.
Fig. 136. A moderately prickly-stemmed herb, 1-2 ft.
high, sprawling, glaucous : lvs. coarsely sinuate-pin-

/-

\

136. Argemone Mexicana ( X ^2) •

natifld : fls. sessile or nearly so, the petals obovate and
an inch or less long, orange or lemon-colored. Trop.
Amer., but naturalized in E. and S. states and in the
Old World. B.M. 243.

Var. ochroleiica, Lindl. Petals yellowish white, and
style longer. Tex. B.R. 1343.

94

ARGEMONE

AA. Fls. iihite [rarely purple).

grandiilnra, -^i .' lilabrous and glaucous, 1-3 ft.
high.iiliii I |.rickles: Ivs. sinuate-pinnatifld,

the liil" |,iiicscent: bracts scattered along

the fl. It.iii' )i' -: ^.i| -ill- valves scarcely crested. S.W.
Mex. B.iv. 1^1.4. l^.li.C. 1«:154C. B.M. 3073.

platyc^ras, Link & Otto. Robust, VA-4 ft., very spiny,
the Ivs. glaucous ; Ivs. sinuate-pinnatifld, spiny : fl.-
bracts aggregated below the fls. : petals large (rarely
purple) : capsule valves crested or spiny. Mex. to Colo.

Var. hispida, Prain. (.1. liUpida, Gray). Petals
rounded : sepals and capsule densely prickly : plant
hispid. Wyo. and Ark., W. and S. l. H. B.

ABGYRfilA ixilrn-ii. referring to the under side of
the Iv.s. I. ('„iinih-iilncni\ Tender climbers from the
orient, allied t.i Ipoma'a. Lvs. usually large, silvery,
tomentose or villcm-; beneath : cymes usually few-fld.
They require too much room before flowering to be popu-
lar here. A. cuneata is one of the dwarf est and most florif-
erous kinds. Light, rich soil. Prop, by cuttings or seeds.

tilis!61ia. Wight. Lvs. heart-shaped : fls. white and
violet. Prop, from seeds. E. Ind.-lnt. 1890 by Peter
Henderson & Co.

AKIA. See Sorbiis.

ARISSMA (Greek-made name, of no particular sig-
nificance). Art'ndeo'. About 60 widely distributed herbs,
with tuberous roots, and a spathe rolled in or convolute
about the spadix below, and often arched over it : fls.
unisexual, the pistillate on the lower part of the spadix,
and each consisting of a 1-loculed ovary, and generally
ripening into a showy berry. Some species are native,
and several of them are hardy in the open ; others are
cult, under cover, as recommended for Arum (which see ) .
Monogr. by Engler in De Candolle's Monographise Pha-
nerogamarum. Vol. 2.

A. Leaflets 7-11.

Dracdntium, Schott. Draoon-root. Sending up a
solitary leaf 1-2 ft. high, pedately divided into oblong-

AA. LeaUets S.
triph^llom, Torr. Jack-in-the-Pclpit. Indian Tur-
:ip. Fig. 137. Usually dioecious : lvs. usually 2, with
vate or elliptic-ovate Ifts.: spadix club-shaped and

V

138. Aristolochia macrophylla.

covered bv the arching purplish spathe. Common in
,v(.n,|v i:.\v K -m. D. 281. -Tuber or cnnn tintfis), and
bii:-, -, . r, ;mi i.|, .if ten employed as :i >[•■■■<• -i i.' i-. hhiIv.
I'.. I , 1 i sliowy, ripening in i .iinnr.

I'liH . I I list, shady place, th. I - - :, Miiil

f;[|l : !> II III I ■, |.i.^.'d places they die ilii\'. u . .1! ',. m -um-
mcr. This iiiiil the last are very interesting native
plants of easy culture, propagated by tubers and by
seeds.

Kmbriitum, Masters. Pkinged Calla. Leaf solitary,
the petiole a ft. or less high, sheathed 1h l.i,, ; lii . I.i,i:id-
ovate and acuminate, short-stalked : ' . :is

the petiole, bearing a large, puril. in,--

streaked, long-pointed spathe: spadix ■ n im^ n n Imig
and gracefully drooping, feather-like ,i|.(., ii.l,i„, . E.
Ind. G.C. 11.22:689; III. 15:763. B.M. 7150. Mu.b.59.
-A handsome and striking pot-plant, blooming in sum-
'. Grow in rich soil. Dry off the tuber when the lvs.
urn yellow after flowering, and keep dry in sand or
arth until spring.

Other species are: 4. aa<5maium,Hemsl. Lfts. 3, broad-ovate,
inate : spathe small, purphsh and streaked, arching over
i..itsi.,i,lix sus;«estsA tiii.lijIluDi M.d.i.iM B 51 7211.

lanceolate pointed Ifts.: spadix long-pointed and pro-
je ting beyond the greenish spathe : scape much shorter
than the leaf. Low grounds in E. Amer. — Occasionally
grown In borders and rockwork.

,M M I H" I • "It nitiK.N L. u. B.

ARISARUM (I.I I 1.1. . k namel. Ar&idea. Three or
four van.il.l. -i.. . n s .,t .\rum-like plants of the Medi-
terranean region. DitTers from Arisiema, its nearest
ally, in having the margins of the spathe connate rather
thau convolute, and in other technical characters. For
culture, see Ariaaima and Arum,

VUlgire, Targ. (Arum ArisAriim, Linn.). A foot
high ; Ivs. cordate or somewhat hastate, long-stalked :
spathe purple, incurved at the top. -Has many forms
«nd many names. Can be grown in the open with pro-
tection.

ABISTOLOCHIA (named for supposed medicinal vir-
tues). AristoloehiAcew. Birthwort. Many species of
tropical and temperate regions,
remarkable for the very odd-
shaped fls. The corolla is want-
ing, but the calyx is corolla-like,
tubular, variously bent, and com-
monly tumid above the ovary :
stamens commonly 0, short and
adnate to the style (Fig. 140).
Mostly woody twiners, the great-
er part of them kn
•only in warm glass-houses. Many
species are evergreen. The ten-
der species are cult, for the strik-
ingly irregular and grotesque fls.
Monogr. by Duchartre in De-
Candolle's Prodromus, Vol. 15,
Part 1 (1864).

139. Flower of Dutchman's Pipe. Aristolochia macr^phylla
Showing the ovary at a.
and the swelling of 1

alyx-tube s

Natural e

ARISTOLOCHIA 95

at the top : fls. terminal, solitary, S-shaped, much en-
larged above the ovary, fereenish. E. states. — Occasion-
ally cult. Roots used in medicine. Reputed remedy for
snake bites.

Clematltis, Linn. Two ft. or less tall, glabrous : Ivs.
reniform-pointed, ciliate on the margins : fls. axillary
and clustered, straight, greenish. Eu. — Rarely cult.,
and occasionally escaped.

AA. Woodif, twining.
B. Cultivated in the open.

macrophylla. Lam. (A. S'ipho, L'Her). Dutchman's
Pipe. Figs. 138, 139, 140. Very tall, twining, glabrous :
Ivs. very large, broadly reniform or rounded, becoming
glabrous : fls. solitary or 2 or 3 together in the axils,
U-shaped, enlarged above the ovary, with a 3-lobed,
spreading limb, purplish. E. states. B.M. 534. G.W.F.
43. Gng. 1:.53. G.F. 5: 509 (habit). -An excellent vine
for porches, the great Ivs. affording a dense shade.

tomentdsa, Sims. Much like the last, but very tomen-
tose : Ivs. less rounded : fl. yellow, with reflexed lobes.
N. Car. to Mo. and S. B.M. 1369.

Calif6rnica, Torr. Silky pubescent. 6-10 ft. : Ivs. ovate-
cordate, 2-4 in. \"i\'^, .il.TiiNC (ir acutish, short-petioled:
fls. U-shaped, litili- ...iitrai'ti-il at the throat, the limb
2-lol(ed, witli till- uppiT li|i of 2 broad, obtuse lobes and
a tbickeuiug uii the inner side. Calif.

EB. Greenhouse or warm house.
c. Flower-limb of S narrow lobes.

ridicula, N. E. Br. Very slender, stiff-hairy through-
out : Ivs. round-reniform, cordate : fls. axillary and
solitary, 2 in. long aside from the limb, with a long sac
at the base of the tube, pale yellow with dull purple
veiniug ; limb of two spreading, deflexed, narrow lobes,
glandular, reminding one of donkeys' ears. Brazil.
B.M. 6934. G.C. II. 26:361.

CO. Flower-limb ample and flowing.

cymbifera, Mart. & Zucc (-1 lnbit>sa Sims) Gla-
brous; St. striate : Ivs. renifoim obtuse and deeply cut
at thebase, pedately 7-9-neived long stalked fls long-
stalked, 8-10 in. long, strongh 2 lij ped the upper lip
short and lanceolate, acute or icuniinite the lower lip
(which, by position of fl. may seem to be the upper) very
large, dilated at base, and produced into a long, boat-

The best known representative of this genus is Aris-
tolochia mucrnphyUa (or A. Sipho), the "Dutchman's
Pipe," than which there is no better hardy climbing vine
for shade or screen purposes. No insects or otlier trou-
bles seem to mar its deep green foliage, for which it is
most valued, as the fls. are small, siphon-shaped, and
inconspicuous, in early spring soon after the Ivs, are
formed. There are many tropical Aristolochias, the fls.
of some of them being of extraordinary size, structure,
and odor, but they are rarely seen on account of the last
characteristic, the odor being so suggestive of putridity
as to make its proximity apparent to all, and even to
deceive the flies as to its origin. One of tlie most gi-
gantic varieties is A. grandiflora, var. Siiirtefaiilii.
Another fine species is A. Goldieana ; but the best of
thetropical kinds for general culture in glass structures
is A. elegans, as it is very easily raised from home-
grown seeds, flowers the first year, is very decorative
as a climber, and has no odor. "We find it very easy of
culiur.- in rirh soil, and it is evergreen, as, indeed, are
iiiM,t (if til.- tropical kinds. The Aristolochias are of easy
<'iilinr.-, rr .liiriiig only good loam and careful attention
to keep tlicni thrifty and free of insects. They can be
trained on trellises, pillars, or rafters. Most of them
require a rather warm temperature, but if in pots they
may be flowered in the conservatory. The large-growing
species-require much room, and do not bloom, as a rule,
\intil they are several feet high. Prop, readily by cut-
tings in a frame. Except as oddities, most of the Aristo-
lochias are of little value. ^^^^_ ^^ ^ ^ O^^^^

A. fferhs, not elimhing.
, Serpentina, Linn. Virginia Snakeroot. Height 3
ft. oi* less : pubescent, with short rootstocks and aro-
matic roots : Its. ovate to lanceolate, cordate, acuminate

140. Longitudinal section of

Dutchman's Pipe.

Showiug the ovary, aud short columi

96 ARISTOLOCHIA

*ihape I (whence the nan e fr n c^ bt a I oat) usually
2 1oled projection li creamj white marke 1 an 1
blotched with maroon Brazil B M 2Wa P M 0 53
as A I ipetb re i Pa\t

Brasilifinais Mart & Zucc (A on thocfphala Hook )
Glabious hs cordate reniform obtuse with deep sinus
at base peduncle 8-10 in long 1 f 1 fl very large
dingy jellow with marks and retic ilitions of purple
the limb strongly 2 lipped upper lip 5 in lont, Ian
ceolate acuminate projecting from the inflated head
like tube like the long beak of a bird ha ry witl in
lov<er 1 p on a stalk 2 m long tl en e^ipan ling ii to a
flattened n w\ I eautif uUv marked limb 4-6 m a oss
Brvzl BM 4120 Cn
4o p 289 -A most old
and interesting species
not 11 frequent in fine
establishments

ARIZ

;oxA

% rable fl

1 , r^

r

r ^ollowont

s de p irpl

caudata M

olored

with p irpl

at the

throit s

s \mer

r t III !•

I s

fro I 1 w

I lai 1

K . s 1! M

grandi!16ra Swartz ffi

iM^ (r"^^l£

(A J J L ndl , Pei m

■ .^"TBi^!!^^%iri

I AN JL WEK ( OOSE g^

FLOWER i 141 Do^ nj ^^

r|%^\^^

i a f/af str

W^^^^iW^K

tl petiole Ifll

V^Kk^-^^^^

I 1 tl tl ke a siphon

'h w\ -j^^fff!

1 tl e tube so as to resemble

9 \ im^^

the body and neck of a bird

A f ;^KjyB

\ bile the 1 mb in that state

f ,^feJi^v*vU

1 Pinbl s tie h il and beak

y j^p^ \ -^

1 tl o 1 dy as

I F

11 t 1 1 IS at

nine (Hook

I f/

J 1 I the gieat ex

1 B*^

1 ie i c U e ovate limb sev

1

eial inches across wavy mar

1

gined purple blotched and

y

\eined tern mt i .^ m a long
aidslenl r 1 1 st pl
scent 1 K

1 141 Anstoloch

\ grand flora

Ane

1

i S 4

[

API 1

Cng 3 "i ( \ Sturtevantu W \\

son IS the fo 1 1 1 rt k vu

1 1

large fld an I \ 1 a t 1 tf 1

\ Hookeri

A/-

Dichn

Golliei

I 1 11 B M 4 1

s I ovite or late

ate tl e 1 i e leeply i t

1 out ide 1 ut I rown veil e

tl e lower l art of the t il

1 8 in long the upjer part shirpl

f ot lot g vith a funnel shape!

if t or moie across and ind s

1 J h lobe terminated by a short tail

timenb''4 ^^ Afr B M 56 2 G C III 7 o''l

1 33' C M 1890 286

Regans Masters Slen ier gHbrous tl e fls lorn
tl e pendulous young wo 1 Iv 1 stnl
cordate ^ 3 m across n
S1I lobes the tip obtu

lie yellow green 114 m
lai 3 in across purple all 1 1
exteiior the eye yellow 1 ot str f, sn
C C II 21 101 HI 22 I'J B M 6909
aidgiacefil free blooming species
iff n n t.t F 1

c I bsa Be th A fimbr
^vs triangx lar ovate po
spotted

foii:

lie

Andr6 A R I vs

STi 11 cordite orb c ilar Hh n t t e t le 1 n 1 t, 1 1 lar
<■ hite Bra? B M 3 56 (as A c I id -A hla s WiUd Lvs
ro md cord ite fls 1 ronze green witl lobed 1 mb ai d a 1 ai T
beak. Venezuela. B.M. 7073. Allied to A. Brasiliensis.— i.
£^<enipferi, Willd. Tall-climbing: lvs. ovate-cordate or hastate,

J.,

P pe) red India B M 3fr40 •
Salpi XX MuSters L^ s ovate
ceoHto fl mill -mth t tr n

spreading purple marked

ARISTOTfiLIA (after the Gieek philosopher

I t tl Tihtcee Trees and shrubs from

thern hemisphere ill e 1 t Fire carpus

ARIZONA I

( tion of occa
u the h gh m
Krow horticult
ivers of Anz
tended scale a
teirit rv All
Coloralo Knei
lies at the bot

at\ h
igat on

Altl

these areas ate utilized largely for growing ba f,ri u

and 1 irdy vege ables some of the best flavoied and

choicest apples peaches and small fruit grown in the

teriitory are from these n ountain garden patches

The mountains at every s le temper tl e clim ite offer

pr te t u tiom winds and make then almost ideal

i t r the growing of a great VHi etyof 1 0 1 o is

1 flints as well as man\ soits of ve_ til les

tl ese isolated restucted areas are \\ortl \ of

r n it IS only in the viUevs of soutl crn Ail

z hi iu(, rners of coi si lerable size and regulauty

in their flow thit laige aieas of 1 nd aie a\a lable for

cultivation The shaded areas on the map (Fig 142)

show the leading horticultural are is thus far developed

One cannot get an adequate toi ception of the prob

lems confronting the horticulturist in this region with

o it first carefully considering tl e meteorological condi

tions of this, the most and, the most desert-like part

of the United States. At Phoenix and Yuma, two repre-

ARIZONA

sentative localities of southern Arizona, having the
greatest horticultural possibilities, the average yearly
rainfall is only 7 inches for the former and 3 for the
latter. In general, the precipitation is during two dis-
tinct seasons. The heaviest, or summer rains, begin
about the first of July and increase in frequency until
August, the month of greatest precipitation during the
year. The winter rains are at their maximum in Decem-
ber. With the exception of infrequent intervals during
the rainy season, dews are unknown and fogs are of rare
occurrence. On the other hand, from experiments con-
ducted at Tucson, the evaporation is about 78 inches per
year, reaching the maximum of II to nearly 13 inches
during the month of June.

At Phoenix the mean temperature may range from 32.2°
to 66°F. in Jan. It steadily increases till July, when it may
range from 72° to 107°. It then steadily declines until
the next Jan. The corresponding ranges at Yuma are
42°-65° for Jan., and 77° to 106° for July. The variation

ARIZONA

97

•^-^ I-

142. Arizi

The shaded parts show horticultural sections.
There is also a horticultural seetiou about Yuma.

in temperature from day to night is frequently, in sum-
mer, from 25° to40°F.. while in winter it is even greater.
The annual range, however, is not so great as it is in the
northern states.

The intense heat and dryness of the atmosphere, with
continuous sunshine and frequent scorching winds, not
only draw the moisture in wonderful rapidity from irri-
gated fields, but the foliae-e of cultivated plants, save
those with firm leaves, protected by thick epidermis, are
overtaxed at times, and not infrequently the leaves
wither and burn, even when the roots of the plants are
well supplied with water. In some instances the differ-
ence of a few days in time of irrigating makes or loses
the crop. At times, flooding at midday is disastrous,
destroying the plants as effectually as if swept by fire.
The temperature of water in irrigating ditches in mid-
summer often ranges from 85° to 92°P.

The rivers of Arizona draw their moisture from the
wooded mountains, but as these mountains are snow-
covered only during winter and early spring, as the sum-
mer advances their supply gradually becomes less and
less until the beginning of the rainy season. Conse-
quently the cultivation of all crops must lead toward
great economy in the use of water during the months of
May and June. All crops sown broadcast or in narrow
drills are irrigated by flooding,while orchards, vineyards

and crops grown in rows are usually irrigated by running
the water through furrows. In either system it is impera-
tive that the land be graded and thoroughly worked, in
order to attain the best results in the distribution of water.
The desert lands of Arizona, in their virgin state, are
seldom suited for orchards, vineyards, gardening, etc.
It is expedient to grow alfalfa for a few years before at-
tempting to produce horticultural crops. Usually the
virgin soil is deficient in humus and nitrogen, constitu-
ents which are most economically supplied by growing
alfalfa. Many orchards and vineyards have failed in
Arizona on account of being planted on virgin soil.

Market-gardening in Arizona is largely in the hands
of the Chinese, who practice high culture, and keep their
lands in a continual succession of crops. Cabbage and
cauliflower must be grown as winter crops. For years
it was thought that corn could not be successfully grown
in southern Arizona. When planted in the spring, the
excessive heat and dryness of June renders the pollen
impotent, and a well-developed cob beariiig a few scat-
tered kernels of corn is the result. Experience has re-
cently taught that most excellent, well filled corn may be
grown, if planted in July and poUenized at the end of
the rainy season.

Artificial fertilizers are seldom used in Arizona. In
preparing the soil for nearly all vegetables, both in ama-
teur and commercial methods of culture, it is thrown
into high ridges and the seed sown in hills or drills on
either side of the ridge a few inches below the summit.
In irrigating, the water is runbetween the ridges, so that
it reaches the hills or drills without covering them, and
is allowed to run for a greater or less length of time, de-
pending upon the ability of the soil to take water. In
many of the heavier adobe soils it is necessary, when
planting melon and many other seeds, to cover them with
sand. If the adobe soil of the field is used as a cover, it
bakes so hard that the germinating seeds are unable to
make their way to the surface. Beets, and occasionally
other vegetables, when planted on an extended scale, are
sown in drills without ridging the soil. After planting,
furrows are made between the rows in which to run the
water, it being imperative that the water be not allowed
to break through the furrows and flood the crop.

In fruit-culture, the important priuciple is practically
the same for all fruit, it being essential to fill tlie ground
with water during the winter season, when the ditches
are running full, and by thorough tillage during spring
and early summer to retain the moisture, to fortify the
plants against the lack of water in May and June.
Orchards and vineyards may be flooded several times
during the winter, or the same or better results may be
obtained by making furrows at a distance of every 4 to
G feet throughout the orchard, and running a subsoil plow
in the furrows to loosen and break up the soil to consider-
able depth. When so prepared, the soil will take water
with great avidity, and if the process be repeated two or
three times during the winter, water required for subse-
quent culture will be much lessened.

In orchards and vineyards, frequent irrigation with
little water is expensive and results are unsatisfac-
tory. The ground should be thoroughly wet through-
out, even between the rows, and as soon as practicable
after irrigating, tilled and later leveled by using a
fine-toothed harrow. This process will leave a mulch of
loose earth a few inches in thickness over the moist soil,
and assist greatly in retention of moisture. When neces-
sary to improve the condition of the soil by adding plant
food, it is most economically and satisfactorily accom-
plished by green-manuring, growing the crop during the
fall and winter and turning it under in the spring.

Great variation in temperature during February and
March is very disastrous to successful fruit and nut cul-
ture in southern Arizona. Almonds begin to bloom in
February, and are followed in succession by apricots and
peaches, all of which are likely to be injured by spring
frosts.

In humid regions, methods of pruning tend toward
thinning out the center of the tree, so that the sun may
reach the fruit spurs within. In Arizona fruit trees are
usually headed low, in order that the trunk be shaded.
Deciduous trees are usually cut back annually, throwing
the fruit spurs toward the center of the tree, that as
much as possible of the developing fruit be shaded by

98 ARIZONA

the foliage. Citrous, olive and fig trees are rarely if ever
pruned, and grapes are usually cut back to two or three
buds. Among small fruits, strawberries, although pro-
ducing the larger part of their crop during April or
May, ripen fruit every month of the year.

The following is a brief list of the best and most prof-
itable commercial varieties of the more important fruits
and nuts grown in the irrigated regions. The list is
compiled from the answers to a circular letter sent to
60 of the largest fruit-growers in southern Arizona :
Almonds.-'Se Plus Ultra, IXL.
Apples, early.— Early Harvest, Early Strawberry, Red Astra-

Apples, late.— White Pearmaiu. Ben Davis.

Apricols, early.— Bennet's Early, New Castle, Peach, Pringle.

Apricots, late.— Moorpark, Royal, Smith's Triumph, St. Am-

Slackberries.—ljawton's Early, Crandall's Early, Early Hnr-

, ,Sultana Seedless, Rose of Peru,

y,,,,/- I ! i.'iii l':irson's Early, Triumph,

Fea'cl:is : - l.v.LV, Oldmixon, Heath's Freestone,

Muir. !■ ■ .•

Penrs. >-A\'. \ I ' iiiilywine, Bartlett.

Pears, i.ii. Wu.i.i s i is. Pia Beri-y,

Piums,— \'^l.:;^^...l,, Ivcl.,..',, Botan White, Royale Hative,

Pomegranates. — Ruby, Sweet, Red Papershell ( 1 ) , Golden.

Ouinccs.— Champion, Portugal, Orange.

5«row)6erri««.— Arizona Everbearing.

J. W. TOUMEY.

ARKANSAS. The horticultural products of Arkansas
are varied, owing to the great differences of climate,
elevation and soil. The seasons in the southern part of
the state are about three weeks earlier than in the north-
ern. There is much variation between nearby points.
In the western part of the state, owing to the differ-
ence in altitude, within a distance of 60 miles there is
from a week to 10 days difference in the seasons. This
admits of a great diversity of fruit and vegetable pro-
duction within the limits of the state.

The northwestern section of the state is noted for its
fine apples, and they are grown extensively for market.
This section has also produced a number of seedling ap-
ples that are being largely planted there as well as else-
where. There are several of these new apples, and
others of value are constantly coming into notice. A
few of those of special value are Arkansas, Oliver, Col-
lins, and Givens. It is probable that some of these new
apples will become standard varieties, for in addition to
being productive they are good keepers. Winter apples
are not grown so extensively in other sections of the
state, but summer and fall varieties are grown to some
extent in all sections.

■ Peaches are grown for market along the lines of rail-
road in the western section of the state, and the acreage

shipped in car lots to the northern markets. The
earlier varieties have not proved profitable for ship-
ping purposes. Peaches are grown for home market
throughout the state. Strawberry-growing is an impor-
tant industry in western Arkansas, and is carried on to
some extent in many localities in the eastern and south-
ern parts, where they are grown in small quantities for
shipment. The acreage around some of the shipping
points in the western part is large, reaching about three
thousand acres at one point. The varieties grown most
extensively are Michel and Crescent. Owing to the
strict laws against the sellingof wine in the state, grape-
growing is not carried on to any great extent. On the
elevated sections the table and wine grapes succeed
well, and in some localities table grapes are grown for
shipment. The Scuppernong succeeds in south Arkan-
sas. Pears are grown in some sections for market, hut
not to any great extent, owing to the prevalence of pear
blight, while blackberries and raspberries are grown for
the home market in most sections. Cherries are grown

ARKANSAS

only for the home market, the Morello type alone being
successful.

In order to describe more accurately the horticultural
condition of the state, we have divided it into four sec-
tions, in the order of their present development and their
natural adaptability to horticultural productions (Fig.
143). Section 1, located in the northwestern part of the

143. The horti

state, is a mountainous country, fairly well developed,
and is adapted to all classes of horticulture. Section 2,
located south of section 1, is partly mountainous and
partly low land and, from a horticultural standpoint, is
not so well developed as section I, while in sections 3
and 4, located in the extreme southern and eastern parts
of the state, horticulture has received little attention.

Section 1.— The elevation of this section ranges from
800 to 2,000 feet, the greater portion being about 1,200
feet. The country is mostly uneven, and parts of it are
somewhat mountainous. The Ozark Mountain system
enters the state from the northwest, while the Boston
Mountains, a range of this system, extend across the
section just north of and parallel with its southern
boundary. Fruit and vegetables are grown for shipping
along the lines of railroad in the western part. The re-
mainder of this section, although remote from railroads,
is well adapted to fruit-growing, and with transportation
facilities it promises to be equally productive. The apple
leads as a fruit product. In 1897, there were shipped
from the western part, principally from two counties,
over 2,000 cars of apples.

Section 2. — The elevation of this section ranges from
300 to 2,820 feet, the greater part of it, however, ranging
from 300 to 800 feet. Most of this section consists o£
rough land. Strawberries are grown for shipment, prin-
cipally in the western part. The berries ripen early iu
this locality, and the growers usually begin shipping
the latter part of April. At a few points, peaches are
extensively grown for shipment. Plums, blackberries,
raspberries and summer apples are grown to some
extent in all localities, while winter apples are success-
fully grown on the higher land. Here, vegetable-grow-
ing for the northern markets is receiving much atten-
tion. Such crops as beans, peas, tomatoes and canta-
loupes are extensively grown in some localities along
the railroads. The area in cantaloupes reaches nearly
1,000 acres at some of the shipping points. These crops
can be grown early enough to bring good prices in the
markets of the north, and are shipped in car lots.

Section 3. — This section is mostly low, but the land
is uneven, and much of it is adapted to fruits and vege-
tables. It ranges in elevation from 140 to 3(i0 feet.
Peaches and summer apples succeed on the higher land,
and are grown to some extent in all localities. Vege-
tables can also be successfully grown, but little atten-
tion has been given to these lines of farming here.
Strawberries are grown only for home market.

ARKANSAS

Section 4. — This section comprises the low lands of
the eastern part of the state. It ranges in elevation
from 130 to 350 feet, and the lard is low and flat,with the
exception of a ridge a few miles wide running through
it north and south. But little fruit is grown in this
section for commercial purposes ; however, fruits could
be grown successfully for market in some parts of
it, and early vegetables are now grown for market at
several points. John T. Stinson.

AKMENiACA. See under Primus.

ABM£RIA (an old Latin name). Plumbagindcem.
Sea Pink. Thrift. Small perennial herbs, with rosettes
of narrow evergreen Ivs. on the ground, sending up
a naked simple scape 2-12 in. high, on which is borne a
compact head of pink, lilac or white fls., the head being
subtended by small bracts, forming a kind of involucre.
Species much confused. They are excellent for borders,
especially where a low edging is wanted; also for rock-
work. They are of easiest culture, being hardy and free
growers. Prop, by division of the stools; also by seeds.
See Boissier, in DeCandoUe's Prodromus, vol. 12.

A. Calyx-tube pilose all over.

maiitima, Willd. Lvs. linear, 1-nerved, somewhat ob-
tuse, glabrous or slightly eiliate : scape low, somewhat
■villose ; calyx-tube about the length of the pedicel, the
limb nearly equal to the tube, with very short ovate and
aristate lobes. Eu. and Amer., along the sea coast.—
The A. vuhjArls of horticulturists seems to belong here.
A. Lauchi'hna. H'»rt., witli very bright rose-colored fls.,
is a form of it. Var. lilhii, Hort., has white fls. Also a
white-lvd. form. ,1 . nriit'ufea, Hort., is perhaps another
form, with small white lis.

Sibirioa, Turcz. Lvs. linear, 1-nerved, obtuse, gla-
brous : scape rather taller, thicker ; calyx-tube longer
than pedicel, the limb about length of tube, with tri-
angular, short-mucronate lobes : involucre brown : fls.
white. Siberia.

jiincea, Girard (A. sef&cea, Delile). Outer lvs. of
rosette narrow-linear and subdentate, the inner ones
longer and filiform: head small, with pale involucre, the
pedicel much shorter than the calyx-tube : calyx-limb
short, the lobes ovate-obtuse and aristate: fls. pink. Eu.

AA. Calyx-tube glabrous, or pilose only on the ridges.
B. Z/i's. elliptic-lanceolate or broader.

latifdlia, Willd. {A. cephaldtes, Link & Hoffm., not
Hook.). Glabrous and glaucous: lvs. broad -oblong, 5-7-
nerved,the margin remotely denticulate; head large, the
involucre dry : calyx-limb long, with very small or no
lobes and long teeth: fls. bright pink. S. Eu. B.M. 7313.
P.M. 11:79 (as Statice Pseudo-Armeria).-A. formdsa,
Hort., probably belongs here.

Mauritinica, Wallr. (A. cephaUtes, Hook., not Link
& Hoffm.). Lvs. broad-spatulate or elliptic-lanceolate,
3-5 nerved, glaucous-green, the margin scarious-white :
heads large (2-3 in. across), the involucre brownish, the
calyx short-toothed and aristate : fls. pink. Eu., Algeria.
B.M. 4128.

BB. Li'S. linear-lanceolate or narrower.

alpina, Willd. Glabrous : lvs. linear-lanceolate, equal-
ing the scape, 1-nerved or obscurely 3-nerved : head
large, the involucre pale brown : pedicels shorter than
calyx-tube, the tube equaling the oblong long-aristate
lobes: fls. deep rose. Mts.,Eu.

elongita, Hoffm. Lvs. linear, long, 1-nerved, acutish:
involucre white : pedicels as long as calyx-tube, limb
equaling the tube, and the lobes ovate-aristate : pink.
Var. purpilrea, Boiss. (A. purpurea, Koch), has purple
heads. Central Eu.

plantagfnea, Willd. Glabrous : lvs. linear -lanceolate,
3-7-nerved, acute or acuminate : scape tall : head dense
and globular, the involucre white : pedicels as long as
calyx-tube, the lobes ovate and long-aristate and as long
as tube ; pink. Central and S. Eu. Var. leucantha,
Boiss. (A. diantholdes, Horum. & Spreng.), has white
flowers.

AROIDE^

99

argyrocdphala, Wallr. (A. undiililta, Boiss.). Gla-
brous : outer lvs. in rosette, short and lanceolate or
linear-lanceolate and 3-nerved and often sinuate, the in-
ner ones linear or setaceous and 1-3-nerved : head large,
the involucre white : pedicel nearly as long as calyx-
tube, the calyx-limb with long-triangular aristate lobes ;

. B. and J. B. Keller.

showy. Greece.
ARMERIASTRTTM. See Acanlkolimon.
ARNATTO. See^iia.

ARNfiBIA (Arabic name). Boragin&cem. Annual or
perenuial hispid herbs, of nearly 20 species in Africa
and Asia. Lvs. alternate : fls. yellow or violet, in ra-
cemes or cymes, the color changing with the age of the
blossom ; corolla slender-tubed, with 5 obtuse lobes.

ecMoides, DC. (Macrotbmia echiotdes, Boiss.). Proph-
et-Flowek. Hardy perennial, 3-12 in. high, short-
hairy, with spreading, obovate-oblong lvs. : fls. in a
scorpioid raceme or spike, yellow, with purple spots,
fading to pure yellow. Caucasus, Armenia, etc. B.M.
4409. G.C. II. 11 ; 689. - Blooms in spring. In full sun or
in rather dry ground, it is difficult to keep this charm-
ing plant in a healthy condition ; partial shade is essen-
tial to its welfare. One can grow luxuriant specimens
on the northern slope of a rockery or close to a build-
ing on the east or north side. Prop, by seeds, division,
or by root-cuttings.

comftta, Fisch. & Meyer. Arabian Primrose. An-
nual, 2ft., bushy: lvs. lanceolate or linear-oblong,
pointed : fls. % in. across, yellow and black-spotted,
changing to maroon and then to yellow. Orient. G.C.
111.7:52. J. H. 111. 31:29. A. F. 5: 400. A. G. 44:181
(1890). — An attractive and not very common annual,
easily grown in the open.

A. Oriffithii. Hoiss. Annual: lvs. narrow-oblong, obtuse, eili-
ate : fls. long-tubed, with a black spot in each sinus : 9-12 in.
India. B.M. 5266.— Not known to be in the American trade.
L. H. B. and J. B. Keller.

Arnica (ancient name). Compdsitce. Small genus
of perennial herbs, with clustered root-lvs. and large,
long-peduncled yellow heads. Native to Eu., Asia, and
N. Amer.— Tincture of the European^, montana is used
in medicine. Grown mostly as alpines or in rockwork ;
some species also grow fairly well in the common bor-
der. Prop, by division, and rarely by seeds.

a. Radical lvs. cordate, with slender or winged petioles.

cordifdlia, Hook. Two ft. or less high, hairy : heads
few or even solitary, with inch-long rays ; involucre %
in. high, pubescent. Rocky Jits, and W.

latifdlia. Bong. Glabrous or very nearly so, the stem-
Ivs. not cordate or petioled : heads smaller than in pre-
ceding. Rocky Mts. and W.

AA. Radical lvs. not cordate, but petioled.

amplexicaillis, Nutt. Glabrous or nearly so : lvs. ovate
to lance-oblong, acute, those on the stem clasping and
dentate : stem leafy to the top. Oregon and N.

folidsa, Nutt. Pubescent : Ivs. lanceolate, strongly
nerved, small-toothed, the upper ones somewhat clasp-
ing : heads sometimes solitary, short-peduncled : stem
leafy, strict. Rocky Mts. and W.

montana, Linn. Mountain Tobacco. Mountain
Snuff. A foot high, the stem sparsely hairy : radical
lvs. oblong-lanceolate, glabrous and entire : heads 3-4,
large. Eu. B. M. 1749. J. H. III. 34: 441. -The best
known species in cult. ; but none of the Arnicas are
American gardens. L. jj. B.

AROIDEJE, or ARACE.ffi. Aroids. A large order of
spathe-bearing, tuberous herbaceous plants, containing
many of the most highly prized greenhouse plants. The
culture of Aroids is too diverse to be given in any one
place. Seethe leading genera, ^^ Aglaonema, Alocasia,
Anth II ri 11)11. Arisiinni, Arinii. Ci'i liiiliii iii , Colocasia,
Diefiri,}„irl,i,i. />i,ir,i„.„hi.^. H. Ii,,„l I., , .,s . Homalo-
meiiii. .Moiutt, i;i . /'hiln.l, ii,li:ni. I,' i ■ li ,1 r<l 1 ,1 . .Siliizmato-
glottis, bintthtpliijUniii, A'iih»(usu/«u, etc.

AEPOPHtlHTM (Cimiler and Uaf). Onludtlce<e,
tribe j!^pidhidrff<e. Epiphytes : racemes dense, cyliu-
drical, erect : Ivs. strapsliaped or linear, on jointed,
terete stems : tls. small, inverted ; segments concave.
— Orchids of minor importance. Consult Epidemlriim.

gigant^um, Lindl. Plants robust : sts. about 10 in.
high : Ivs. coriaceous, strap-shaped ; peduncle stout :
raceme several in. long ; ds. numerous, pink-purple.
Mex.-Give plenty of light.

spic&tum, Llave et Le^. Smaller than the above : Ivs.
linear : fls. paler. B.M.6022.

AEROW-ROOT. An edible starch, obtained from the
rhizomes of various scituminaceous plants, as Maninta,
Curcuma, Tacca, (_';iiiti;i. Tin- Wc-.t Indian Arrow-root
is mostly from J/ii/vMifr< u nnnli ,iar, ,i, Linn. Till- Bra-
zilian is from it/»-i(7,../ ii/,hss, ,„', . I'mIiI. Th.- I'.axt In-
dian is chiefly from (■nm,,,,; <n,,i„Mlif„li„ . H..\l.!;. Po-
tato and maize starches are also a source of Arrow-root.
Arrow-root is also obtained from Manihot.

AETABdTEYS (su.'pend yrapes. alluding to the hang-
ing fruit). AHondce(e. About 25 tropical climbing
shrubs, with 3-sepaled and 6-petaled solitary or fascicu-
late fls., and shining evergreen foliage.

OdoratiBsimus, R. Br. I.vs. oblong or lanceolate,
pointed, thick, d^il :l. \ Lircu : fls. brownish, very
fragrant: hooks .., :^ E. Ir.d. B.R. 423.-

Hardy in S. Fla. :n : - ' , , "I -..raewhat cult. The

ylang-ylang perfuiii> ; i. i i.iu the fls. The Ivs. are

used in native mediciUL.

ARTEMISIA (Artemisia, wife of Mausolus). Con-
pdsitw. A large genus of aromatic herbs and small
shrubs, mostly in the northern hemisphere, and most
aoundant in arid regions. Lvs. alternate, often dis-
sected : heads small and mostly inconspicuous, numer-
ous, and generally nodding, with yellow or whitish
florets. In the West, many of the species, particularly
A. trill, iiliilii , :irc known as Suye Brush. Grown for
tn.ir iiM ,|i,iri:il |.ioi„ iiies or for foliage effects. The
cult. I.iimN ;ii.- |.. I , Tinirds, and thrive in the most ordi-
ii:u>- conditions. 4'\<'n in i»oor and dry soil. Prop, mostly
by division. For an account of the species, see Besser,
in DeCandolle's Prodromus, vol. 6, and Gray, in Synop-
tical Flora, vol. 1, part 2.

A. Beads with two kinds of florets (heterogamOHS).

B. Disk-fls. with hoth stamens and pistils, but the

ovary nhortive (not producing seed): style nstc-
ally entire.

Dracunculus, Linn. Tarragon. Estragon. Herb ;
green and glabrous, with erect, branched stems 2 ft.
high : radical lvs. 3-parted at the top ; stem-lvs. linear
or lanceolate, entire or small-toothed : panicle spread-
ing, with whitish green, nearly globular fl. -heads. Eu.
R.H. 1896, p. 285. — Tarragon lvs. are used for seasoning,
but the plant is little grown in this country. The lvs.
may be dried in the fall, or roots may be forced in a
coolhouse in the winter. Prop, by division ; rarely pro-
duces seed.

Canadensis, Michx. Herb, 2 ft. or less high, glabrous
or very nearly so : lvs. usually 2-pinnate, with filiform,
plane lobes : fls. in a long, narrow panicle, with numer-
ous small greenish heads. Wild on banks and plains in
the northern part of the country. Int. 1891.

filifblia, Torr. Shrubby, canescent, 3 ft. or less high,

very leafy, the branches rigid : lvs. filiform, the lower

usually 3-parted : panicle long and leafy. Plains, W.—

Plant has a purplish, raist-like aspect when in fruit.

BB. Disk-fls. perfect and fertile : style 2-eleft.

c. Receptacle hairy.

frigida, Willd. Herb, 8-12 in., with a woody base,
silvery canescent : Ivs. much cut into linear lobes :
heads small and globular, with pale involucre, in nu-
merous racemes. Plains and mountains W. Int. 1883.—

ARTICHOKE

Good for borders. Known in Colo, as " Mountain Fringe,"
and used medicinally.

Absinthium, Linn. Wormwood. Almost shrubby, 2-4
ft. high, sprearlini; and branchy, white-silky : lvs. 2-3-
parted into i.Klor,,^, ,.i,t„v,. |,,h,.s : heads small and nu-
merous, in hn i 1,1,1,1,- Wormwood is native to Eu.,

butitoccasion :: , i gardens. Itisacommon

gardenherh. 1 nnstic medicine, especially

as a vermifu:;, . \\,,ihr,,, ,1 tea is an odorous memory
with every person who was reared in the country.

arg^ntea, L'Her. Shrubby, erect : lvs. white-silky,
2-pinnate, the lobes linear or lanceolate : heads globu-
lar, tomentose, nodding, in racemose panicles ; 1-2 ft.
Madeira. — Useful for rockwork.

cc. lieceptaole not hairy.

Abrdtanum, Linn. Sodthernwood. Old Man.
Shrubby, 3-5 ft., green and glabrous, the st. rather
strict : lvs. 1-3-pinnately divided, the divisions flne-
flliform : panicleloose, with yellowish white heads. Eu.
— Southernwood is grown for its pleasant-scented foli-
age ; and it sometimes escapes into waste places.

Pdntica, Linn. Roman Wormwood. Shrubby, erect,
1-4 ft. : Ivs. canescent below, pinnatisect, the lobes
linear : panicle open and long, with small, globular,
nodding, whitish yellow heads. Eu.— Roman wormwood
is used for the same purposes as ^1. ^fcsiK/Aiiim, and
is more agreeable. Chief source of absinthe.

vulgaris, Linn. Mugwort. Herb, erect, paniculately
branched ; lvs. white-cottony beneath but soon green
above, 2-pinnately cleft, with lanceolate lobes : upper
lvs. sometimes linear . heads many, oblong, yellowish.
Eu. and northern N. Amer., and naturalized in E.
states. — Mugwort is grown for the ornament of its foli-
age. There are variegated-leaved and golden-leaved va-
rieties. It was once a domestic remedy. Variable.

Stelleri4na, Bess. Old W'oman. Herb, 2 ft., from a
woody creeping base, densely white tomentose : lvs.
pinuatifid, with obtuse lobes • heads large and many-
fld., in a racemose-glomerate inflorescence. N. E.Asia
and on the coast of Mass. — Attractive from its whiteness.
Useful for borders.

Ludovicl&na, Nutt. Herb, 2-3 ft., white-tomentose or
lvs. becoming greenish above : lvs. linear to oblong, the
lower ones toothed or parted, the upper ones entire :
heads small, bell-shaped, paniculate. Plains and banks,
W. Int. 1891.

AA. Heads with perfect fls. throughout : receptacle
not hairy.

arbiiscula, Nutt. Sage Brush. Shrubby ; a foot or
less high : lvs. short, wedge-shaped, 3-lobed, the lobes
obovate and often 2-lobed, canescent : panicle simple
and strict, often spike-like, the 5-9-fld. heads erect.
Plains, W.

trident&ta, Nutt. Sage Brush. Shrubby ; reaching
height of 12 ft., although often only a foot high, branchy,
canescent : lvs. wedge-shaped, 3-7-toothed or lobed,
truncate at the summit, the uppermost ones narrower :
heads 5-8-fld. Plains, W. Int. 1881. L H B

ARTICHOKE ( CynAra Sc6lymus, Linn. ) . Comp6sit<e.
A co-irse and robust perennial cult for the edible fl.-
headsaudhb The fl heads are 3-5 m across just before
they open and at this stage they are cut for the table.
The fleshy outer stales and the bottom of the head
(this IS the receptai le the flirets being removed) are
eitenriw r k> I \\ 1 tl I I ti rtts begin to show,
till li 1 t It 111 ws edible heads.

F r ] I I I 1 when only half

gi 1 1 times blanched

in 1 and these parts

c I 1 1 t til m irkets. There are

a s I iropean gardens, but the

GI 1 tl II here

Alt! 1 \ I rcnnial the plaait declines

in vig 1 itti r it Ins I rnp two or three crops. In the N.
the plants should be protected in winter with a liberal
mulch Artichokes aie of easiest cultuie on rich soil.
As they grow 3-5 ft. high and branch freely, and make
lvs. 3 ft. long, they should not be set nearer than 2 or 3

ARTICHOKE

ft. in the row^ and the rows should be 4 or 5 ft. apart.
In this iountr\ the plant is propigated mosth by seeds.
These are sown early in the spring Seedlings rarely

ARUM

101

144. Edible heads of Artichoke {X K).

give many heads before the second year. A quicker and
bettermethod of propagation is to use the suckers, which
are freely produced about the crown. The suckers repro-
duce the variety. The Artichoke is little known in Amer-
ica, but is worthy greater attention. The habit of propa-
gating by seed is, perhaps, one reason why the Artichoke
has not "obtained greater prominence in this country.
The great woolly, pinnatifid Ivs. and strong habit make
the plant an attractive ornamental subject. See Cardoon.
h. H. B.
ARTICHOKE, JERUSALEM (Helidnthus tuberdstts,
Linn.). Compos it<e. While the Globe Artichoke is sel-
dom seen in American gardens or on American tables,
and surely not appreciated by our people, the Jerusalem
Artichoke is so common as to be despised as a weed.
The Jerusalem Artichoke is the tuber of a perennial sun-
flower-like plant. ( Fig. 14.'). ) It thrives on almost any
drained land, without much attention as to manuring,

and without coddliiis;. Tin- tul.rrs may 1 ut to single

eyes and planted lik..- .•..mni.ni pi.tato.-^. The cultivation
is about the same as that ii^uailv i,'ivfu in (M»rn or pota-
toes. Anytime in the fall alter frost has killed the tops,
or the latter have matured, the crop can be gathered.
Pull up the whole plant by the roots, or dig the tubers
with a potato hook or prong hoe. Or, swine may be turned
into the field and allowed to root up and feed on the
tubers. All kinds of farm animals seem to be fond of
them. They may be ground and fed, mixed with grouml
grains, to poultry
with good results.
As a succulent food
for cattle, sheep,
swine, and perhaps
other farm stock, this
tuber seems to de-
serve more general
attention on the part
of the American
farmer than it has
' ~ "*" usually received. It

is far ahead of the potato in productiveness, and much
more cheaply grown. Raw or boiled and served with
vinegar, the tuber also makes a very good winter or
spring salad, and for this purpose it may find a limited
sale in our markets. The chief demand for it will be
for seed purposes. The easiest way of keeping the crop
over winter is by leaving the tubers io the ground

145. Tuber of Jerusalem Artichoke

where they grew, as they are not hurt by frost when
covered with soil. Tubers already gathered can be
pitted like beets or turnips, but will need even less cover-
ing of soil. The Mammoth White French is said by some
propagators to be an improved strain of the ordinary or
Jerusalem Artichoke. The plant often becomes a weed ;
but hogs will root it out. The plant is native to upper
Canada and middle parts of the U. S. It was cult, by the
Indians. See Helianthus. t. Gbeiner.

ARTOCARPUS (artos. bread, and carpns. fruit). Vrti-
(•acew. Bread Fruit. TrM]ii.al fruit iilanr^, .n-ijiinally
from the East Indies, sc.ni.i ihh-^ mli , \\ ii)i .liiliculty in
northern botanic gardens r<,r n,, ir l-i . ai .a. a,,, mi,- inter-
est. They need a hut. mi..-.-: aiiiM.-|.la r. . mia), water,
and perfect drainage. I'l | : 1 <iitiiiigs of young

lateral growth. Thefnm > i- lii|iment to the N.

Inclsa, Linn. f. Brk.m I l , :;n_10 ft., with a

viscid, milky juice : brara la - iiaai!. ; Ivs. 1-3 ft. long,
leathery, ovate, cuneatt- and entire at base, upper part
3-9-lobed : male Hs. in a dense club-shaped yellow catkin,
10-16 in. long; female fls. in asubglobular echinatehead,
having a spongy receptacle : fr. as large as a melon,
typically muricated, but in the best cult, varieties reticu-
lated only, and seedless. Gt. 39, p. 273. Gng. 5: 233, and
B.M. 2869-71, where the romantic story of its transfer to
the West Indies is told. Sparingly eul't. in S. Fla.

mtegriJdlia, Linn. f. Jack Fruit. Tree, ^^n ft., with
milky juice: Ivs. 4-6 in. long, very vari.iu^: iIm^sc of fer-
tile branches nearly obovate. eniiia : ilai^.- nf higher
branches more obovate and obloni;; i1m>nc ..i yi.ung shoots
from the root very narrow, or 2-;M"l)ril : fr. attaining a
weight of 60-70 lbs. Less palatable than the bread fruit.
The oily seeds when roasted are said to resemble chest-
nuts. G. cm. 20:717. B. M. 2833-4. Gt. 39, p. 273.
Gn. 35:455.

Cinnonii, Bull. Lvs. varying from cordate to deeply
3-lobed, 1 ft. long, red beneath, bronzy crimson and pur-
ple above, very showy. Society Is. F.S. 21: 2231-2.

Arum (ancient name). Aroideee. Tuber-bearing low-
herbs, of few species, in Eu. and W. Asia. Lvs. simple,
the petiole sheathed at the base : spathe convolute, va-
riously colored, mostly including the short spadix : pis-
tillate fls. at the base. Grown usually as oddities, mostly
under the general name of Callas. Some of the species
are hardy ; others, as A. Pakestinum, are tender, and
require glasshouse treatment. The tender kinds are
managed in essentially the same way as the fancy -leaved
Caladiunis. Plant the tubers sufiSciently deep that roots
may fnriii frnni mar the top. Give rich soil, and water
freelv wli.ii ^.-niwim,' or in bloom. The hardv species
shouid 1.1' well mulflied in late fall. They thrive best in
partially shaded places and in rich soil. Prop, by nat-
ural offsets ; also by seeds or berries, which some spe-
cies produce freely. Some of the species are acrid-
poisonous. Monogr. by Engler in DeCandoUe's Mono-
graphiiP Phonerogamarum, vol. 2.

The following names are in tin- Am.ri.an trade :
albispathum, Nos. 5, 7; aliiiinnn. <1 : Ansarum^
Arisarum vulgare ; Byzantinion. 7; C^ma n. ii^e . 7;

5; Pahi .-.iin'm, , (; iiiilum,!; sanctum, i; spectabile, 2;
Siji-iur,ii,i. ■! : ^ )ii/i(»»i = Pinellia tuberifera; vario-
latum, :, ; viiJfiai: , G ; ZfUbori, 6.

A. Mature Irs. r.,, -J. i!, . ..hl^mi-ovate.

1. pJctum, Linn. f. i I ' la. is.). Lvs. ap-
pearing in spring, biiia ;-: ■ , i -lit green: spathe
bright violet, swollen ai tia li a-. : -padix purple-black,
exceeding the spathe. Corsica, Balearica, etc. — Hardy.

AA. Mdture lvs. hastate or sagittate.
B. Tuhtr round-flattened or oblate, the lvs. and pedun-
cles ari.iiuri from a depressed center: lvs. appear-
ing before the spathe.

2. Dioscoridis, Sibth. & Smith (A. spectabile, Regel.
A. SyrXacum, Blume. A. Cyprium, Schott.). Leaf-

blade ohionir-tri.-intnil:
tube pair wii III f:, I hi In
and color, 'i
short, im-lii

with vari..u-l;, iniirl.i'il

3. detruncitum. .Miyi

the base, the blade sh'o

green and purple-spotte

or ovate-triangular : spathe
ii-s in. long, lanceolate-oblong,
iticular purple spots: spadix
I. .r. — Runs into many forms,
itlies. Pots.

Lvs. more or less truncate at
r than in the last : yellowish
large (lO-l.i in. long) and

short-stalked, the limb acuminate. Persia.— Hardy.

4. Palaestinum
Calla S I M
broad am il

middle 1 1 . 1 i
the length l t the
elongated lanes, oblou„ I

iluLh

ngth the
tthe about
jc and an
. greenish

AKUXDO

Var. angustatam, Eiigler, has a narrow light-purple
spaflii- 1.1. lull rniriliioii, Sehur. A. Mdiyi, Schott.).
Var. alplnum, En-l.r | .1 . niplniim, Schott. & Kotschy)
has pi. lull. ks I.jiiL,'.r, and an ovate-lanceolate spathe.

7. Itilicum, Jlill.r (.1. ct/lindrt'icenm, Gasp.). Fig.
140. Larger than the hi^t : lvs. liM^iute, nearly truncate
below, light-veined : s|miIi. >. ^.n . I\ swollen below, the
limb erect and not ex].ai..iiiiL' ami in.-luding the short
spadix (tip sometimes .l.jl.x.'.l attir dowering). Yel-
lowish or white and faintly striate. Eu. B.M. 2432.— A
hardy species ; also grown in pots. In the open, the
lvs. appear in the fall. A very variable species. Var.
Canari6nse, Engler (A. Canurifnae, Webb. & Berth.),
has narrow leaf-lobes and spathe. Viir. concinnituni,
Engler (A. concinn&tum and marwwntmn. .Schott.),
has broad gray-spotted lvs. Var. Byzantinum, Engler,
(A. Bij2ant\num, Schott.), has si.atlic tub.- ohlong,
white inside and purple at the ni.. villi, ami an acuminate
purple or green limb. Var. alhisp&thum, Hort., has a
white spathe L H B

ARUNCUS(oldname) EnsAce<r Till perennial herbs,
oft( n 1 t rr I to the genu Spin a with numerous small

pi til inn iih 1h I 1 \ii ri inandJapane e.

Sylvester K t ( s/ , I , , Linn ) Tall (o-7

tt I t 1 I 1 1 \ I il h Iii„ 1-2 pinnate of 3-7

111' I II I 1 II liuti KiLh woods N Amer.,

\li 1 \i -VI nil hard> border plant of

astill il Ai s I r / Uotdes,

Mi\ II I / Le-

m II III than

th I I rthan

ARUNDINAEIA See Bamboo

ARtfNDO (Latin teed) Gramtnea Till lcaf\ per-
ennial ^ra ses resembling bamboos -j-l > ft hi^h or
e%tn30ft in favorable locations Lvs bro id and grace-
fully arching sts leaf j to near the top terminating in
an immense plume 1-2 ft long spiltelets long and
pointed. •

Ddnax, Linn. Giant Reed. Pigs. 147, 148. Towering
straight stems 8-30 ft. high, which grow very rapidly,
clothed with broad, pointed leaves at regular intervals.
Grown for lawn decoration and to conceal unsightly ob-
jects. In some countries used for l.iths, woven work,
and thatching, and the

the outside and continuous black purple within, the
tip sometimes recurving spadix shorter than the
spathe, the upper part dark colored. Palestine. B.M.
5509. Gn. 45, p. 311. — Perhaps the most popular Arum at
present, being grown in pots as an oddity.

5. orientaie, Bieb. A foot high : lvs. brownish,
broaillv liastate-sagitate, the front lobe oblong-acute :
spailii liii.. i.i.|.iii--..v..i.l aii.l white within, the limb

JMiiii.r, lunniii:- int.. many f..niis. S..iii<. of the plants
reterred here are A. nigrum, rarioltitum, Nordmanni,
grafum, Schott.; A. elotujattim and A. albispathum,
Steven (not A. albispathum, Hort., which is A. Ital-

BB. Tuber ovoid or oblong, propagating horizontally,
the lvs. and peduncles arising from the apex ;
lvs. appearing before or with the spathe.
6. ma.cxili.tam,'Linn. {A. vulgdre, ham.). Lords-and-
Ladies. Cuckoo Pint. Wake Robin (in England).
About a foot high : lvs. usually black-spotted, hastate
or sagittate, the front lobe triangular ovate, about as
high as the spathe : the sjiathe swollen at its base, the
margins of the lam-. ..vat.' limli l...i.iiiing inroUed,
spotted with purple : si.a.lix sln.rt. r than the spathe,
purple. Bu.— A lianly ^|,i .1. s, ,,f nnniv |..nns. A form
■with spotless lvs. an. I a whiii-h till., witli a medial pur-
ple zone, is A. immatuldtum uud ZcUhdri, Schott.

roots as a diuretic. The
tall, showy plumes are
reddish at first and last
a long time. Mediter-
ranean, Orient. Gn. 1,
p. 391; 3, p. 493; 8, p.
199 , 17, p 407 P f.
3 2 Var vanegAta,
Hort (^ar ihmicA.i
Hort ) Much d« utei
and less haiilN tli in
thet^,l. iisuilK 4-7 ci

and green Gt 31, p
209 F S 14 1425 Var
macroph^Ua, Hort
has large, very gliu

A rare and hanasonu // ^>^' j ».—,«,■

foim, be .ring silkN *,. , , '.^^^ fX-^ ' fSi;

bemt.fill In inenths .^,^/.:'''' Ji,.% .H"» ' ' "'
Less hii.lx thill !

Dn)ui I mil with nil 147 Arundo Donax

rowci hs L\s J-i ft

long, veij slendei, nnolute, coinceous, deeply chan-
neled , upper surface, margins, and long, slender point
roughish. N. Zeal. B.M. 6232. Gn. 18, p. 479 , 49, p.
229. p. B. Kennedy.

A rundo Donax is one of the most popular of all grasses
or hardy foliage plants, especially wherever the Pampas
Grass is not hardy. Although it succeeds almost any-
where in borders, beds, and on lawns, it is really at home
in moist soils and
near the water. It
is, therefore, one
of the standard
plants for striking
aquatic effects. Prop,
chiefly by division, or
as follows : The ripe
canes may be laid on
damp moss during
winter, and in a few
months nearly every
.ioint will sprout and
form a small rooted
plant. The canes
may then be cut up
and the young plants
potted off singly, to
be planted out the
following spring.
J. B. Keller.

ASARUM (obscure
name). Aristolochi-
Acece. Low, nearly
stemless herbs of a
few species, but
widely disseminated
in N. Temp, zone,
with odd purplish or
brown fls. on the sur-
face of the ground
(or nearly so), under-
neath the heart-like
or kidney-like Ivs.:
corolla wanting, but
calyx corolla -like ;
stamens 12 : ovary
inferior. The Asa-
rums inhabit rich,
shady woods, spread-
ing on the ground,
and the fls. are un-
seen except by the
close observer. They
are of easy culture if
transplanted to rich,
moist places. They
make attractive car-
pets in borders and
groves. The species
described below are sold by dealers in native plants.
Some of the species are reported to have medicinal
properties.

A. Plant markedly pubescent.
Canadfinse, Linn. Wild Ginger. Canada Snakeroot.
Lvs. about 2 to a plant, thin, kidney-shaped, pointed,
with a deep and open sinus, not mottled : fl. slender-
stalked, with lance-acuminate calyx-lobes an inch or
more across at the expanded mouth, chocolate-brown :
style 6-lobed. Frequent in woods E. B.M. 2769. A.G.
13:517. D. 279.

H4rtwegi, Watson. Tufted, loose-pubescent : lvs.
large and thick, cordate, with rounded basal lobes,
mostly acute at the apex, margin ciliate, glabrous and
mottled above : fl. stout-stalked, the lobes often ovate
and long-pointed, the ovary inferior : styles 6. Sierra
Nevadas, 4,000-7,000 ft. alt.

Europaeum, Linn. Lvs. kidney-shaped, evergreen,
dark green, the petiole 3-5 in. : fls. greenish purple,
K in., with incurved lobes : styles 6, and grooved or 2-
parted, recurved. Eu.

AA. Plant slightly or not at all pubescent.
caudsltum, Lindl. Rather slender, with long root-
stocks, sparingly pubescent: lvs. cordate-kidney-shaped,
and more or less cupped or cucullate, acute : fls. slen-

of Arundo

der-stalked, the calyx-lobes oblong and attenuate :
styles united. Pacific coast.

L^mmonl, Watson. Like the last, but lvs. plane or
flat, rounded at apex, less pubescent, calyx lobes short.
Sierra Nevadas.

Virginicum, Linn. Lvs. broad-ovate or orbicular,
rounded at the top, the sinus narrow : fl. short-stalked,
purple, the calvx-lobes broad and rounded : styles 6,
2-lobed ; anthers not pointed. Va., S.

arifdliom, Michx. Lvs. thickish and usually mottled,
orbicular to hastate, obtuse : fl. stout-stalked, urn-
shaped and much contracted at the throat : styles 6, 2-
lobed ; anthers pointed. Va., S. . _ _

ASCLfiPIAS {ancient Greek and Latinized name).
Asclepiaddce<e. Milkweed. Silkweed. Many herbs,
mostly North American, generally with opposite or
whorled lvs., milky juice, and umbels of odd fls. The
fls. are gamopetalous, the corolla segments generally
strongly reflexed ; stamens 5, attached to the corolla,
the anthers more or less united about the stigma ; be-
tween the corolla and the stamens is a crown of five
cornucopia-like appendages ; pollen coheringinto a waxy
mass (pollinium), which is removed bodily by insects
which visit the fl. The pollination of an Asclepias fl. is
shown in Fig. 149. The puUen-masses are usually twin
(as at b), and the handle or caudicle lies in a chink on
the side of the stigma. The pollen-masses become at-
tached to the legs or mouth parts of tbe insect, and
are thereby transferred to another fl. The Milkweeds
are common in waste places in N. Amer., and are
rarelycult. Several species (described below) have been
int. by dealers in native plants. The Butterfly-weed and
some others are very showy and worthy of more general
attention. The large-lvd. kinds are desirable when heavy
foliage effects are wanted. They are all perennials of
the easiest culture. Prop, by division, rarely by seeds.
See Grav, Syn. Fl. N. Amer. 2., pt. i (which is here
followed').

A. Fls. (corolla and crown) orange.

tuberAsa, Linn. Butterply-Weed. Pleurisy Root.
Hairy, 2-3 ft. high, from long, horizontal roots, with
more or less alternate, lance-oblong or lance-linear lvs. :
umbels several, short-peduncled : pods pubescent, erect.
Dry banks and fields ; widespread, and not infrequent.
B.R. 76. D. 223. -A handsome plant.

AA. Fls. in shades of red or purple.

Curassivica, Linn. Plant glabrous, 2 ft. or less : lvs.
opposite and short-petioled, thin, oblong-lanceolate :
corolla scarlet : pods glabrous, erect. Fla. and La.
B.R. 81.

incam^ta, Linn. Glabrous or nearly so, leafy and
branching, 3 ft. : lvs. opposite, oblong-lanceolate : co-
rolla rose-purple to flesh color, with oblong lobes : pods
glabrous, erect. B.R. 250. Var. piilchra, Pers. Hirsute,
and lvs. broader. Swamps.— Common.
AAA. Fls. greenish, yellowish or white Isometimes pur-
ple-tinged, especially in A. quadrifolia).
B. Pods tomentose and soft-spiny.

specidsa, Torr. {A. Doiiglasii, Hook.). Stem stout
and simple. 3 ft. or less, flne-tomentose or becoming
glabrous : lvs. large and broad, ovate, transversely
veined, short-petioled : fls. purplish and large, the pe-
duncle of the umbel shorter than the lvs. Neb. W. and
S. B.M. 4413.

CornMi, Decne. (A. Syrlaca, Linn.). Differs from last
in having obtuse and short hoods to the crown, taller,
less pubescent : lvs. oblong or oval : fls. dull purple,
in large, more or less nodding umbels. Mn. 7:221.—
The common milkweed of the E. states.

BB. Pods glabrous and unarmed.

c. Fruiting pedicels decurved or deflexed, the pods

erect or ascending.

amplexicatilis, Michx. Plant glabrous and glaucous :
St. decumbent, 1-2 ft. long : lvs. numerous, cordate-
ovate and clasping, obtuse, succulent : corolla green-
purple. Barrens, N. Car. and S.

phytolaccoides, Pursh {A. n)vea. Sims). Plan
brous ami green, 3-4 ft., erect : lv,s. thin, oval to 1
oval, acuminate and short-petioled : lis. greenis
large, loose umbels. Moist ground; frequent. B.M

149 Milkweed flower, showmE pollinat

variegita, Linn. Two ft. or less bigh : Ivs. 3-7 pairs,
oval, ovate or oblong, tbinnish, green and glabrous above
and pale beneatb : Hs. white and pink, in 1-3 umbels.
Dry, shady places. Cent, and S. states. B.M. 1182.

erloc&rpa, Benth. Densely woolly all over : Ivs. alter-
nate or in 3's, long-oblong or lanceolate, short-petioled :
fls. dull white, in few or several umbels. Calif.

cc. Fruiting pedicels erect, and the pods erect.

quadrifdlia, Linn. About 2 ft., not branched, with Ivs.
towards the top of the st. in whorls of 4 ; Ivs. ovate or
lance-ovate, acuminate, thin, nearly or quite glabrous :
fls. pink to white in 2-4 loose umbels. Dry soil ; fre-
quent. L.B.C. 13:1258.

verticlliata, Linn. About 2 ft., slender, very leafy:
Ivs. in whorls of 3-6, very narrow-linear and revolute :
fls. greenish white, in many small umbels. Dry soil ;
frequent. L.B.C. 11 ; 1007.

Var. ptimlla, Grav. A few in. high, from a fascicled
root : Ivs. flliform, crowded. Plains, W.

Mexicina, Cav. Height, 5 ft. or less : Ivs. in whorls
of 3-6, or sometimes opposite or fascicled, linear or
narrow-lanceolate : fls. greenish white or purplish In
dense, many-fld. umbels. Ore. W. and S. l_ jj. b_

ASCYRUM (Greek,«o<*<ir(?or»-OT(!77i). Rypericdcew.
Low herbs or subshrubs, with bright yellow fls., 2 small
sepals and 2 large ones, 4 petals, and many stamens.
Dry, sandy soils in E. states (also one or two West In-
dian and one Himalayan species), sometimes grown in
borders. Of easiest culture, but should be covered in
winter in the N. Prop, by division; also, by seeds.

hypericoldes, Linn. {A. CrUx-Andrem, Linn.). St.
Andrew's Cross. A ft. or less high, branchy : Ivs. ob-
long or obovate, narrowed to the base : styles 2. G.F.
5:257. Mn.3:65.

sUns, Michx. St. Peter's-wort. Taller, scarcely
branched : Ivs. broad-oblong or oval and clasping ;
styles 3-4.

L. H.

ASH, See Fraximcs.

ASlMINA (from Assiminier, a French-and-Indian
name). Anondcem. Papaw (the papaw of literature is
Carica, which see). Small trees or shrubs: Ivs. alternate,
entire, usually dei-i.lw"i I- : il-. purple ■ ^r \iliiii^li. ranipan-
ulate, solitary or fi-\v ,,. -, inn . -. |.,«, : p. i >i^ (,, i ii. inm-r

ones smaller ; StMlm n- ihmih l^n- : l i , . ..n-i -l m- "l "Iie

ora few large berri'- lirjht ^[ n- m i;. N , Ami r. < >r-

namental trees or sliiubs, wiiU liutcc llj. lu luiiv bi.rhig.

ASPARAGUS

and handsome foliage. Only 2 species are cultivated, of
which the arborescent one is the hardier and the hand-
somer in foliage, while the more tender A. grandiflora
has larger and showier fls. They grow best in rich and
moist soil. They transplant with diSiculty. Prop, by seeds
sown in autumn, or stratified and sown in spring, or by
layers in autumn; also, by root-cuttings. In the North,
the seeds should be sown in pots or pans. Description
of all species is given in Gray, Syn. Fl. N. Amer. 1, pt. 1,
pp. 62 and 464.

triloba. Dun. (^«dno ^rJJoein, Linn.). Fig. 150. Small
tree, 10-40 ft. : Ivs. cuneate, obovate-oblong, acute, }4-l
ft. long, glabrous : fls. with the Ivs, from branches of the

red,

fr.

worth a
1 y hand-
-'. are at-

oblong, 2-6 i 1 1 ' ill ! I . . I - ^

York, west 1" 'i I

33, p. .321. (; I - ; ■ . \ I. ;i . )

arborescent ^; i ■ : I

place in tli'- ^ , . ,
some and ilp' :
tractive. Thr l.mjr if. i- - i.. ^umI ,,,■., ^ III' still im-
proved by culnvanoii and caniul seleotDn of the best
varieties. Many people do nut relish the highly aromatic
flavor; and the large seeds are a disadvantage. The tree
has proved hardy in Mass. and Ontario. One or two
named forms have been offered.

grandiildra. Dun. Shrub, 2-6 ft. : Ivs. cuneate, obovate
or oblong, obtuse, 2-4 in. long, rufous-pubescent when
young, at length glabrous and chartaceous : fls. large,
appearing with the Ivs. ; outer petals cream-colored, over
2 in. long, much larger than the inner ones : the large fr.
is said to be very delicious. S. Georgia, Fla.

Alfred Rehder.

ASPARAGUS, ESCULENT (Aspdragus officinAlis,
Linn.). LitiAcew. A pereunial herb, cult, for the succu-
lent young shoots which arise from the roots in spring.
The plant is native to Eu. and Asia, and has been cult,
for 2,000 years and more. It was known to the Greeks
and Romans. The eo-called Ivs. of asparagus are really
leaf-like branches. The Ivs. are the scales, which are
well shown on the shoot at the left in Pig. 151. From

(XJ3).

the axils of these scales branches may arise, a it. At
6 6 are shown clusters of branchlets, or "leaves," issuing
from the axils of scales or Ivs.

Asparagus, being a rather rugged plant, will live, and
in a measure thrive, on almost any kind of soil, even
under neglect. One frequently finds apparently thrifty
plants in neglected fence rows, or strong stalks pushing
up through stone heaps or other rubbish piled several
feet in thickness upon an abandoned asparagus bed.
The stalks that are wanted for the table and for a dis-

ASPARAGUS

criminating marliet, however, are those an inch or more
In diameter and deliciously succulent, which one cau
grow only on good plants set far enough apart on well-
drained, well-manured and well-tilled soil. To secure
earliness of crop, the land selected for an Asparagus
patch should be a warm loam, preferably exposed to
south or east. Manures of any kind may be used with
greatest liberality, too much being almost o>it of the
question. Unless the soil is already well supplied
with vegetable matter, and for that reasun very loose
and mellow, bulky manures, such ;i-; f;urly-\vill ii.ttiil
stable manurecrrieh compost, arc :ilui"-f in^i-]., n-uli].-
at the start. A heavy dressing is to ]„. i,l,,«,,l uii.i.i. j
Afterwards concentrated manures, lirh in niuc^cTi ami >
potash, will do very well for locse soils, and may be
used broadcast on top, as the crop seems to need them
from year to year. Much depends on good plants.
These are easily g^own. To grow one's own supply for
starting a plantation is ordinarily a safer plan than to
depend on purchased plants. Use strong 1-year plants
in preference to older ones. The male, or poUeu-bearing
plants, are more vigorous, therefore more productive of
good stalks and more profitable than the female or seed-
bearing plants ; but it is not always an easy task to dis-
tinguish the one from the other at an early age unless
they bloom. To raise the plants, sow seed in early
spring thinly in drills, in a well-prepared seed-bed.
Have the drills a foot apart ; cover the seed half an inch
to an inch deep, and thin the plants early to stand 3
inches apart. With the same attention as that demanded
by other close-planted garden vegetables, strong plants
will then be the sure outcome. Get the land ready lor
setting the plants by deep and careful plowing and
thorough harrowing. Then plow out furrows 5 or even
6 feet apart. If the demand is for the green stalks
(those grown above ground), popular in some markets,
the furrows may be made 0 or 7 inches deep. If
blanched shoots are wanted (and they are of superior
flavor and tenderness, provided they are grown in mel-
low soil and under high and skillful culture), they have
to be grown below ground; hence the furrows are to be
made a few inches deeper than for plants set for green
stalks. Set the plants in the furrows not less than 2
feet apart, each on a little mound of soil, spreading the
roots in the same way as they grew in the seed bed.
Cover with mellow soil to the depth of a few inches, and
afterwards, in the course of some weeks and by means
of suitable tools (smoothing harrow, cultivator, etc.),
gradually fill the furrows even with the ground level.
A still better plan whece the material can be had, is to
fill the furrows with fine old compost, as the covering
above the crowns of the plants can not be made too
loose. It is advisable, and will insure closer attention
in cultivation, to grow some hoed crop, like beets, tur-
nips, cabbage, beans, peas, radishes, etc., between the
rows of Asparagus the first year. In the fall, and every
fall thereafter, cut the Asparagus stalks close to the
ground and remove them from the patch, to avoid the
scattering of the seed.

In early spring of the second year, the surface of the
ground is to be loosened by shallow plowing or deep cul-
tivating; and when the first sprouts appear, the rows
may be hilled up to some extent, especially if blanched
stalks are to be grown. The wisdom of cutting that
season more than a very few, if any, of the shoots for
the table or sale may well be doubted. Plants left intact
until the third year will grow much stronger and be
more productive afterward. In the absence of a spe-
cially devised Asparagus knife, any ordinary table or
pocket knife may be used for cutting the shoots, or in
mellow soil the shoots may be broken off at the base with
the finger. In cutting, be very careful to avoid injury to
later shoots or to the crown of the plant. The third sea-
son and every year thereafter loosen up the ground as
directed for the second season. The shoots are now to
be cut indiscriminately and clean, up to the beginning
of the green-pea season. After that, allowthem to grow
undisturbed, but continue cultivation, to keep the ground
surface mellow and free from weed growth. For market,
wash the freshly-cut stalks and tie them in neat, com-
pact bunches of the size demanded by the particular
market, using some bright-colored ribbon, or perhaps
rubber bands. It to be shipped, especially for a longer

ASPARAGUS

lOJ

distance, pack the bunches in moist moss or other ma-
terial that will prevent the stalks from wilting. Varia-
tions in the Asparagus plant are due more to differences
in culture and envaroimient than to those
characteristic of the variety. American
seedsmen offer the following as distinct
varieties : Colossal (Conover's), Palmetto,
Mammoth (Barr's), Columbian (Mammoth
Columbian White). The last named is
perhaps the only one having an undisputed

claim to varietal distinction, on account
of the white color of its young shoots.
To save the seed, strip the scarlet berries
off the ripe stalks by hand, or thresh them
off with a flail, put them in a sound barrel
or tank, and mash them with a wooden
pounder, to separate the hard, black seeds from the
pulp. Clean them by washing in plenty of water, pour-
ing off the pulp and skins ; dry and store.

In the Atlantic coast states, north of Virginia, the
Asparagus rust (PMcci«ia.4.sp(/ra5r() has often done con-
siderable damage. Outside of that region this fungous
disease is hardly known. Burning the infected stalks
is recommended. According to the Massachusetts Ex-
periment Station, "the best means of controlling the
rust is by thorough cultivation in order to secure vig-
orous plants, and in seasons of extreme dryness plants
growing on very dry soil with little water-retaining
properties should, if possible, receive irrigation." As-
paragus anthracnose has appeared in a few instances.
Of insect enemies, only two have thus far attacked As-
paragus plants in America, namely, the common Aspara-
gus beetle {Crioceris Aspnruqi, Linn.), and the 12-
spotted Asparagus beetle ( C. IS-puiu-lalu, Linn.). The
following remedies are recommended : Chickens and
ducks ; close cutting of the young shoots in the early
season, and the free use of fresh, air-slaked lime or of
arsenites dusted on the dew-wet plants after the cut-
ting period. Even with all kinds of vegetables in abun-
dant supply and much cheaper than ever, there is hardly
any danger that a superior article of Asparagus will go
begging for customers in any of our markets, or that the
grower of such product could not get several hundred
dollars per acre for his crop.

There are no books of American origin devoted wholly
or chiefly to Asparagus ; but all the vegetable-garden-
ing manuals discuss it. t. Greiner.

106

ASPARAGUS

ASPAEAGUS, ORNAMENTAL. LilUlcem. The genua
Asparagus comprises about 150 species, which are widely
dispersed in warm or tropical regions, being particularly
abundant in S. Afr. The species are of Terj' various
habit. Some are climbers, some drooping or trailing, and
some erect-bushy. Many of them are highly prized for
their very graceful and fine foliage. Some species even
surpass the most delicate ferns in elegance of habit and
delicacy of spray. The foliage is really composed of leaf-
like branches (cladophylla) rather than of true Ivs. (see
Fig. 151, and the discus.sion of it). Although all are per-
ennial, the sts. of some kinds annually die down or cast
their Ivs. With the exception of A . rerlicillalus, the fol-
lowing species must be grown under glass, except in
S. Pla. and S. Calif. They are of easy culture. Best
when propagated by seeds (which are usually freely pro-
duced), but are also multiplied by division and cuttings.
Roots generally tuberous. Mongr. by Baker, Journ.
Linn. Soc. 14 (1875) ; account of cult, species by Watson,
G.C.III.23:122, 147, 178.

A. Foliage ovate.

medeololdes, Thunb. (Myrsipln'iUum asparar/oMles,
Willd.). Smilax of florists. Pig. 152. Tall, slender, gla-
brous twiner : cladophylla 1 in. or more long, thick,
glossy green on both sides, strong-nerved, standing edge-
wise to the branch : fis. single, fragrant : berries dark
green. S.Afr. B.M.5584.— Much grown by florists for
use in decorations (see cultural notes below).

AA. Foliage narrow, but distinctly flat and plain.

Spr*ngeri, Kegel. Figs. 153, 154. Tubers fleshy, white:
branches long and slender, branched, drooping : Ivs.
1 in. long, glossy green: fls. small and whitish, in short
racemes, fragrant : berry small, coral-red. Natal. Gn.
54, p. 88. A. 6.18:86,883; 19:101. Gng. 4:1(J7. F.E.9: sup.
Wn. 8:151. —One of the most popular basket and decora-
tive plants, of easy cult. Prop, by division, but most
efBciently by seeds, which can be purchased. At a night
temp, of 65° they germinate in 4-5 weeks. Int. to horti-
culture by Dammann & Co., Italy, in 1890, and named for
their collector, Herr Sprenger. There is a white-lvd.
variety.

likcidus, Lindl. Climber : tubers VA'm. long : sts. 4-6
ft., spiny, branching : Ivs. narrow and curved, 2 in. or
less long, 2-6 in a cluster, more or less deciduous : fls.
small, white, axillary : berries pink or white, ^in. in
diam. China and Japan, where the tubers are eaten
(A.G. 13:78). -Needs warm treatment.

AAA. Foliage filiform or thread-like.

plumdsus, Baker. Fig. 155. Tall-climbing, with spiny
terete sts. (10-15 ft.): branches flattish and spreading
horizontally in elegant sprays : Ivs. short, bright green,
in clusters : fls. white, commonly solitary : berry black,
nearly globular, 1-seeded. S.Afr. G.C. III. 23:146.-
One of the most popular of decorative plants, the cut
strands holding their shape and color for weeks ( see note
on culture below) . It is propagated by seeds, division, and
cuttings. Several garden forms. Var. n4nus, Hort.,Fig.

ASPARAGUS

plant or seeds being the only methods that answer for it."
A. P. 11:1178. Var. tenuissimus, Hort. {A. tenuissimus,
Hort.). Pig. 156. Only partially climbing, very light

155 (but not dwarf, as its name implies), is commoner
than the type, from which it is distinguished, according to
Watson, "by the fulness and flatness of its fronds, and by
its refusal to multiply by means of cuttings, division of the

green : sprays more open and delicate than those of
the type, because of the fewer and longer Ivs. Var.
decllnitUB, Hort.. has drooping sprays. Var. crist4tUB,
Hort., has forkinr-tasseli'd sprays.

ComorSnsis, H"rt. ■^nwWar to A . plumosus : more ro-
bust. clarkiT i.'rr.ii. smIi.i- foliage: berries globular.

.01.

crispus, Lam. (,1. lifriu/ideii.s, .Jacq., and Hort.). Tu-
bers many, oblong: climbing (2-4 ft.), the sts. fine or
almost hair-like and annual, the branches zigzag : Ivs.
usually in close pairs, very short (Hin.),
glaucous-green : fls. white, with orange anthers :
berry large (Min. long), oval, soft, brown, about
6-seeded. S.Afr. ^. defMj-?(S. Hort., is probably
a form of this species.

verticiliatus, Linn. Tall-climbing (10-15 ft.)
hardy plant : rootstock woody : sts. stout (Kin. in
diam.), said to be edible when young, but becom-
ing woody, spiny : Ivs. in tufts, hair-like, 2 in.
or less long : fls. small : berries red. Persia, Si-

retrofriotus, Linn. {A. retrofrdctus arbdretis,
Hort.). Sts. slender (4-8 ft.), becoming woody and
gray, scarcely climbing, zigzag, spiny, the branches
wiry: Ivs. in close clusters, green, hair-like, 1-2 in.
long : fls. white, small, umbellate : berry small,
nearly globular, 1-seeded. S. Afr.

vlrgatus, Baker. A bushy, branchy plant 3-6 ft.,
the branches arching : Ivs. in 3's, dark green, 1
m. or less long : fls. small, white: berries red, 1-seeded.
S. Afr.

A.amtitblius. Linn. Hardy, rigid. 5 ft.: Ivs. tutted. hiiir-Iike:
fls. yellow : berry red. Eu.— A. .£(/iit)/»tcu5, Linn. Suggests A.

ASPARAGUS

Sprengeri ; ewrgreen : Ivs. flat and falcate, in clusters of 3-6.
Afr.— ^. Africdnus, Lam. Climber: Its. rigid, dark green, clus-
tered, evergreen. S. Air,— A. Asidtiais, Linn. Tall climber:
Ivs. hair-like, soft, %m.—A. Cooperi, Baker. Similar to A. plu-
mosus. S. Air.— A. declinitus, Linn. "Allied
to A. plumosus, from which it differs in having
deltoid prickles, pule green stems, imil smaller
berries." S. Afr. -J. I,;(-V;',..s, T.ii.)! \'. ry t:ill

(25-30 ft.), climbing: I-.- ■:■■' !:,taii.l

falcate. S. Afr., Troj.. A ^ ' ' li j: IJ:),

?iimlimg, bnt luost-, 4 U.: ivs.
and fl.1t : berries bright red. Trop. Asia
(.ind Afr.?). G.C. III. 16:747; 23:179.--!.
scdndens, Thunb. Climbing, slender: Ivs.
in 3's. curved, flcit. dark green. S. Afr.—
A. Schoberioldes, Kunth. One ft.: Ivs. de-
ciduous, in 3's or 4's, linear, curved : fls.
sessile: berries red. Hardy. Jap.— A. (en-
uifolins. Lam. Shrubby, hardy, 3 ft. : Ivs.
grayish, linear, cur\-ed: berries very large,
red. S. Eu. Not to be confounded with
A. tenuissimus, which is a form of A. plu-
richophyllus, Bunge. Sts. an-
nual,weak, 3-6 ft.: Ivs. clustered, stiff and
awl-like : fls. long-pedicelled. Hardy. Si-
beria.China.— A.?(ui!)c;W(»s, Link. Some-
wh.it shrabl)y. the sts. wiry :
angled, stiff, in clusters:

ASPARAGUS

107

fls. white. fr:ii

L. H.

Culture of Smilax
{Asparagus medeotoldes).
— Coramercially, Smilax is
grown in solid beds under
glass, and the tall growth
is tied to strings. These

Asparagus Spreneen,

ings

for

sale.

Some growers do not renew
their beds of Smilax for 3 or 4 years. It is, doubtless, the
most profitable to replant with young stock every year.
Smilax, like all its family, is a heavy feeder. A heavy
loam with one-fifth half-rotted cow-manure is the best
compost for the bed. A light house is not essential. The
middle of an equal-span house running north and south
is an ideal place for it, if there is height sufficient to run
up the strings 7 or 8 feet. Pl.ant as early as possible in
July. Many florists who grow a few hundred strings of
Smilax make the mistake of putting them in a ooolhouse.
It will grow in a temperature of 50°, but not profitably:
60° at night, and even 65°, is the right temperature.
The plants should be 8 in. apart in the rows and 10 in.
between rows. If not syringed frequently, red spider
attacks the Smilax ; but "there is no excuse for that, as s
daily syringing is a sure preventive. When cutting the
strings, avoid picking out one here and there. Begin to

should also betaken iu cutting, for many times there will
be several young growths a foot or so high that can be
saved for a future string, and they may be worse than use-
less if cut. Smilax for planting in July should be raised
from seed sown in February. When 2 or 3 in. high, and
showing its character-leaves, it should be potted in 2-in.
pots. In Mar, they should go into 3-in. pots. It is very
important that the first gniwtli, which is always weak,
should be made in these"3-in. pots ; then, when planted
out, the first growth in the beds is strong enough to make
saleable strings. Never neglect tying up Smilax as soon ■
as the preceding crop is cut. Contrary to what is the
case with many plants, the hotter Smilax is grown the
hardier and more durable the leaves, providing it is not
cut prematurely. Williaji Scott.

Culture op Asparagus plumosus.- The first and
all-important factor in the cultivation of Asparagus
is the construction of the bed. To meet with any degree
of success, the bed must have perfect drainage. The
house should be 25 or 30 feet high, and wired at the top
and bottom. The wires beneatli are made fast to each

<'U

^■ff^

156. Asparagus plu

ir. tenuissimus (X K)-

cut at one end of the bed and, as much as possible, clear
off all the strings, because when denuded of so much
growth the fleshy roots are liable to rot if over-watered;
little water is needed till young growth starts. Care

ay be as nearly straight as possible.
The early growth of ^s/jaraffits plumosus, var. nanus,
is very slow ; but as soon as it is transplanted and well
rooted in a rich soil, the growth is more rapid, the tender
shoots developing into a vine which will be ready to cut
for the market in about a year. There is great difficulty
in obtaining the seed of the nanus. In a whole house,
there may be only a few seed-bearing strings. After
being picked, the berries are allowed to dry for a month,
and are then ready for planting. A good, rich soil, cov-
ered with a thin iilra of sand, serves very well to start
them. The temperature should be about 65°, and as
nearly coust.int as possible. When the plant is well
rooted it is removed to a deeper soil or potteii in 3-
or 4 inch pots and placed on a bench. Here it remains
and is then pHied in the bed.
Up tothis timeasmiU luiount of labor suffices to keep
the plint growing m a healthy condition ; but from now
on great cire must be tikeu and much labor expended
to produce the best crop. The bed into which
the young plant is set should be carefully laid
■nith rocks at the bottom, so the water can
escipe freely Over this place two or three
feet of soil, manure, and
dead leaves. It is but a short
time now that the roots have
room to expand before the
shoots appear above the trel-
lis, and the stringingbegins.
Strong linen thread is used
for strings.

The first crop will not be
ready to cut before the end
of the second year ; that is,
from the time the seed is
planted. As soon as this crop is exhausted, new strings
are put in place of the old, and another crop is started.
This goes on year after year. Now that the plant has
gotten its growth, it is more hardy, and is constantly

^v

108

ASPARAGUS

sendins up new shoots. If the bed is well made in the
beginning, the Asparagus need not he disturbed foreight
or ten years. However, at the end of that time it is well
to take the plants up and till the beds with fresh soil
and manure.

In the spring, when the sun gets high, the Asparagus
houses are shaded with a light coating of white lead,
whiting and kerosene oil. This is absolutely necessary,
as the summer sun would in a very short time burn the
tops of the vine. The vine tlowirs in the full, and only
on strings that have been niaiit; . .1 i . ni h^ or more.

The vine alone is not till- "I , . . i.i-lit. When

the plant is a year old, a f'w ■■: < i n :iriy perfect

spraysmay betaken without Iti mm- r- ^iiuth. These
are very desirable in the markt-t. I'lHTt- is, of course,
some waste in working up the Asparagus to be shifted,
but, on the whole, it is very slight. The different forms
in which it is sold utilize by far the greater part of it.

Insects destroy the shoots and sprays. This is pre-
vented to a great extent by insect powder. The cut-
worms do the most damage. About the only way to get
rid of them is to pick them off the strings during the
night, as they generally sick shcUcr nuiU-r the thick
clusters of the plum :ii 'l:i' :. jM. Tii' !■.■ n i^' 111:1 1 , ili .iw-
baeksingrowing.A | m : I . , IVM

necessary to wait :i I I- .1 1 im \.:ii< i.M"r.- r. .ii'iiig
any return from the ex|M-ncliturci , ni.inry Iniiu itim-i-Is,
and the great :
the houses.

ASPASIA (Greek personal name, of lift!.- si.
In in. Onhiddceie, tribe fdndeie. I's. iii.-iii!
sill, .-nriaceous : racemes radical: p. 1 r 1 • :<
laTcrnl st-pals free, the upper one cniiii:- ;i'
till- |i.tals : labellum concave: (■.■Iiinii! -1 1
l.i.lliiiia 2. Eight or 10 Trop.Amer. species. 1
is closely allied to Odontoglossum.

epidendroides, Lindl. Lvs. linear-lanceolate :
with about i fls. ; erect : sepals and petals streaked with
brown; labellum white, dotted with violet-purple. Pan-
ama and Colombia. Oakes Ames.

ASPEN. See Populus.

ASPERfiLLA (ilirainutiveofasper, rough). Syn., J-S-
prrlhi. <h-iiin'uiiip. Perennial grasses, with looser and
niurc sknilir tirniinal spikes than Elymus. Spikelets
usually in pairs, on short pedicels, empty glumes wanting
or appearing as simple rudiments in the lowest spikelets
of each spike. Species 4. N.Amer., Siberia, New Zeal.

H^strix, Humb. Bottle -brush Grass. Spikelets
stand out at right angles, suggesting brushes used for
cleaning bottles. A native grass, growing in woodlands
and on the borders of thickets ; sometimes used for
lawn decoration. p. b. Kennedy.

ASPfiRULA 1

species is A. odorata, the Waldmeister of the Germans,
which is used in their Maitrank, or May wine, and in
summer drinks. The dried lvs. have a hav-like fra-
grance, lastinir f..r viirs. nnil are often kept with

ASPHODELINE

margm corollas campanul ite seeds rough En. and
Orient —Increases rapidh and is used for carpeting
shady places and for ed^mcS

hexaph^Ua All Plant stem glabrous habit ascend-
ing, slender height 1-2 ft lvs in ^^horls of 6, linear,
acute rough corollas tul ular funnel shaped : panicles

sophila pa,iicii!,it,i, Ulullcr httifoll,,. and several Gali-
nms, all of which have small, abundant fls. in very loose
panicles on long, slender stems. In half-shaded and
moist soil, Asperulas grow very luxuriantly until late
fall. In dry and sunny places they soon become stunted ,
and die down before the season is over. Prop, by divi-
sion and by seeds.

A. Plants perennial : fls. white.

B. Corollas 4-lobed.

odorita, Linn. Sweet Woodruff. Fig. 157. Habit

erect or ascending : height 6-8 in. : lvs. usually in

whorls of 8, lanceolate, finely toothed or roughish at the

\^

157. Asperula odorata.

very loose : fls. larger than the bracts : seeds smooth.
Italy, Hungary, Pyrenees on high passes and dry mt.
sides. — Well grown specimens may be 3 ft. in diam. and
nearly as high.

BB. Corollas often S-lobed.

tlnctdria, Linn. Dver's WooDRtTF. Habit procum-
bent unless supported: height 1-2 ft.: lvs. linear;
lower ones in G's, middle ones in 4's, uppermost ones in
2's : bracts ovate : fls. reddish on outside : roots large,
creeping widely, reddish. Dry hills and rocks of Eu.
AA. Plants annual: fls. blue.

orientUis, Boiss. & Hoheu. {A. aziirea and A. setbsa,
,Iaub. & Spach. A. azurea-setosa and J. setosa-azurea,
Hort.). Height 1 ft.: lvs. in whorls of 8, lanceolate,
bristly : lis. longer than the bracts. Eu. and Orient.
N- 1 • '-*■ J. B. Keller and W. M.

ASPHODEL.

■ Asphodeline and Asphodelits.

ASFHODELlNE (name modified from Asphodelits).
Lilit)eem. Hardy herbaceous plants, distinguished from
Asphodelus by their erect and leafy sts. They have
long racemes of yellow or white fls. in June and July.
All the older species were described under Asphodelus.
In 1830, Reiohenbach made the new genus Asphodeline
for A. lutea and others. The only species advertised in
America is A. luteus, but all those described below are
likely to be in cult. Monog. by J. G. Baker in Journ.
Linn. Soc. 15: 273-278 (1877J. w. M.

The culture of Asphodeline Intea is simple. Any soil

will suit. Partial shade is allowable, but fls. are often

better in the sun. Prop, readily by division.

A. Stems leafy np to the raceme.

B. Fls. yellow.

Wtea, Reichb. (Asphddeliis Ihteus, Linn.). True As-
phodel of the ancients, or King's Spear. Height 2-i
ft. : roots thick, fleshy, stoloniferous : lvs. 3-12 in. long:
margins rough : racemes 6-18 in. long, 3 in. wide : bracts
large, membraneous, persistent. Italy, Mauritania and
Algeria to Tauria and Arabia. B.M. 773. L.B.C. 12:1102
as A. Tawncus.— The best species.
BB. Fls. white.

Tatlrica, Kunth. Height 1-2 ft. : roots slender: lvs.
3-i) in. long; margins membranaceous: raceme 6-12 in.
long, lX-2 in. wide: bracts 9-12 lines long. Caucasus,
Tauria, Syria, Asia Minor, Greece. G.C. III. 21: 175.

AA. Stems leafy only a third or half the way to the

B. Fls. white; raceme dense.
globiJera, J. Gay. Height 2-3 ft. : capsule globose
Cappadocia.

ASPHODELINE

BB. Fls. yellow : raceme lax.
c. Bracts large, 6-12 lines long, long-cuspidate.
tenMor, Ledeb. Height 1 ft. Caucasus, Armen., N.
Persia. B.M. 262G.— Smaller tban A. liiteus, with finer
Ivs. and smaller, fewer and paler fls. Especially dis-
tinguished by the stalk being naked at the upper part,
below the raceme of fls., and the bracts as short as
or shorter than the peduncle,
cc. Bracts small, 114-S lines long, short-cuspidate.
Liburnica, Reichb. {A. CrMica, Vis., not Boiss.).
Height 1-2 ft. Greece, Crete, Dalmatia, Austria, Italy,
not Asia Minor. L.B.C. 10: 915 as A. Cretica.

brevicatiUB, J. Gay (A. Cretica, Boiss., not Vis.). St.
often flexuose, that of all the others here described being
erect and strict. Asia Minor, Syria, Palestine, Egypt.
AAA. Stems leafy only at the base : fls. white: racemes
dense.
B. Racemes usually simple.
C. Stems having leaf-scales : height 8 ft.
imperiaiis, Siehe. Tallest species of the genus : fls.
large, reddish white. Cappadocia. G.C. III. 22: 397.
cc. Stems not having leaf-scales : height 114-S ft.
Damascfina, Baker. Height VA-2 ft.: bracts membra-
naceous, lanceolate, the lowest 9-12 lines long. Mt.
Lebanon.

Bal4ns8B, J. Gay. Height 2 ft.: bracts scarious, 6-9
Uneslong. Cilicia. Gt. 46, p. 521. G.C. III. 23: 111.
BU. Sacemes much panicled.
iathmocirpa, Gay. Height 2 ft. Cilicia. G.C. III.
23:117. W M

ASPH6DELTIS (Greek name of unknc
&cea. Hardy herbaceous stemless pi
lily-like flowers in long racemes fltshj fascicled root
and firm, linear.radical, tufted le ii e
Perianth funnel-shaped ; segments i
oblong-ligulate, obtuse, equil with
distinct nerve on the back , and alwi\
ascending. The Asphodel of the an x^/ / 1

cients, or King's Spear, is Atphode 1^ « '
line luteus, which see. Homer men
tions the Asphodel meadows of the
dead, where the shades of heroes con
gregated in Hades. The Asphodel m
Greek mj-thology was the peculiar
flower of'the dead. It has always been a />
common weed in Greece, and its pallid yel ^ "
low flowers are associated with desert places i'
and tombs. The word daffodil is a corrup ^

tion of Asphodel. The Asphodel of the early
English and French poets is JSarcissus
Pseudo-narcissus. J. G. Baker in his re
vision of the genus in Jour Lmn Soc 15
268-272 (1877), refers 40 species of other
botanists to A. ramosus, the domimnt type of which
makes three subspecies. These subspecies are here ki
distinct, for horticultural purposes as good speci
They are the ones flrst described below A tamo^wi £
A . a Ibus are the only current trade names m Ame
Culture simple; see Asphodelme

A. Plant perennial : Ivs.S-angled.

B. Scape long.

c. Bacemes simple or sparingly branched.

41bus, Miller, not Willd. Branching Asphodel.
Bracts buff colored when young : filaments deltoid at
the base : capsules medium-sized, 5-6 lines long, sub-
globular or ellipsoid. Southern Eu.

cerasiferus, J. Gay. Bracts pale yellow : filaments
wedge-shaped at the base, but rapidly becoming awl-
shaped : capsule large, 8-10 lines thick, flatfish globu-
lar, mnbilicate. Western Mediterranean region,
cc. Sacemes much branched or panicled.

microcirpus, Vis. (A . ast'i vus. Brot.) . Bracts pale yel-
low at first: filaments 4-angIed at the base: capsule small,
3-4 lines long, obovoid -globose. Mediterranean, Canaries.

ASPIDISTRA

109

BE. Scape short, almost wanting.

acatilis, Desf. Lvs. 6-20, in a dense rosette, 3-4 in.

long, minutelv pubescent : fls. 6-20, in a crowded corymb :

segments of perianth 2-3 lines wide. Algiers. B.M. 7004.

AA. Plant annual : leaves cylindrical, hollow.

Hstulosus, Linn. Height 16-20 in. : lvs. 12-311, in adense
rosette, R-12 in. long, striate, awl-likc irhilmius : seg-
ments of perianth 1-2 lines widi. liu'-.l wiih j.ink: buds
pink; fls. pinkish. Prance and l'..itu-iil t.i Sm-Iu. Arabia
and Afghanistan. B.M. 984. L.B.r. IJ: 1 l;^4.-Xeedspro-
tection under glass in winter. If removed early in autumn
to a greenhouse, it may be induced to seed freely.

A. Crfdcuj! — Asphodeline Liburnica.— A. iiKews — Asphodel-
ine hitens.— A.;Fi»arsii, Verl.. is aform of A. ramosus, from
E. France, with long, dense racemes and dark brown bracts.
N. 1:125. -w. M.

ASPIDISTRA (Greek, a smn((,)-0H(Kr,f7M'<!ic;; referring,
probably, to the shape of the stignial. Liliaeeie. A
popular florists' plant, grown for its still', sliiiniii:. Inau-
tiful foliage, and still more interesting t'.ii n- ivmai kniile
fls., which are inconspicuous because 1"mim r\..^. i.. the
ground. The casual observer never susjirct^ tii:il .Aspi-
distra is a liliaceous plant. The parts of the fl. in mono-
cotyledons are typically in 3's. The genus Aspidis-
tra is considered .abnormal, as u.sually having its parts
in 4's. This tetramerous st.ate (which is here con-
sidered the normal one, and described below) is pic-
tured in B.M. 2499, but the species was first described
upon a trimerous .state, and pictured in B.R. 628. In A.
lurida the trimerous state must be regarded as an ex-
ceptional reversion : in A. typica, B.M. 7484. the tri-
! is thought to be constant. Of all plants that

158. Aspidistra

are rented for the temporary decoration of public halls,
Aspidistra lurida is one of the greatest favorites, as it
stands much abuse, such as dust, dry air, and lack of
water and light. It is, however, naturally fond of wa-
ter, and grows freely on the margins of ponds or streams,
especially south. In rich soil the variegation often dis-
appears altogetheruntil the plants begin to starve, hence
a compost of nearly half sand is desirable. The best
method of propagation is by means of division in spring,
before active growth begins, as the young leaves are not
then disfigured.

lilrida, Ker-Gawl. Fig. 158. Lvs. 15-20 in. long, stiff,
evergreen, oblong-lanceolate, sharp -pointed, radical j

110

ASPIDISTRA

blade narrowed into a channeled petiole a third of its
length: fls. lurid purple, on short 1-fld. scapes; perianth
segments 8 ; stamens 8 ; stigma broadly shield-shaped,
like a small mushroom. China.— The variegated form
is more commonly grown, the alternation of the green
and white stripes being singularly beautiful. No two
Its. are exactly alike. e. O. Orpet and W. M.

ASPtDIUM. See Drijopteris and PoUjslichum.

ASPLENfiNDKIUM. See Thamnopteris .

ASPLfiNIUM (Greek, not the spleen; referring to sup-
posed mcdiciiinl prnprrtif^-). I'nh,pn,li,-i,-r,r. A large,
widely ili-.tnliiit(c| imni- ,,f {•■ru-. .■Miit:MTtiiiL- -Mine 200
species. i;a-il> ili-nnL'in-lM'il li\ til.' Ii-c, \. Ml-, anil by
theeloimaNai smi r.,\ n.-.i i,\ all hmIiimiiiii, w hull nor-
mally is attarhcal In .,||.' -i.l.-'.,!' a Vrlll.

Aspleniunis enjoy an aljunclance of moisture at the
roots, but they will turn brown in the winter months in
an excessively moist atmosphere. They should be kept
in a very lightly .shaded position. A good potting ma-
terial consists of equal parts of rich soil and leaf -mold or
peat. The following are some of the most useful com-
mercial kinds : A. Belawjeri, height 2Kft. ; A. bulbif-
erum, 2 ft.; A. laxum, which grows quicklv into a
handsome specimen about 20 in."lii:-)i, ami -Vfm«i to
stand the hot, dry American .suniiiiir ' -'., i 1 1 ;,; nihcr
species; A. saUcifolium; and .1. . - • a I, is

dwarf, compact, with lace-like froii.l , . . ., iiaipa-
gated. For hanging baskets, A. fl<f< ./a,,, i~ h, t. The
foregoing species and others of like liahit dtvcldp small
plantlets on the surface and edge of pinnae. As soon as
these are sufBciently strong, they may be detached, with
a small piece of old pinnaa, and pricked into shallow pans,
the older part being placed below ground to hold the
young plant firmly in position until roots have formed.
The best soil for this purpose is composed of equal parts
of fresh garden soil, leaf -mold orfine peat, and sand. Plant
very firmly, and place in a shady, moderately moist and
close position, where in 10 to 15 days they willmake roots.
The foregoing ones do best in a temperature of 50° P.
A. cicutarium is easily grown from spores, and is very
useful for fern dishes. Nichol N. Bruckxer.

Alphabetical list of species described below : A. Adi-
antum-nigrum, 14 ; afSne, 13 ; angustifolium, 10 ; Bap-
tistii,12; Belangeri,2:!; bulbiferum, 18; oic'utarium, 20 ;

piniKiUliduiu.:;; |.latyiieui-uu,8; rhizopbyllum, 19; rutaj-
folium, 22; salicifolium, 11; serratum, 1; spinulosum,
27; thelypteroides,26; Trichomanes, 6 ; viride,5; vivip-
arum, 24. The following are native and hardy : Noa.
3, 5, 6, 7. 10, 25, 26.

A. Sori linear or oblong, straight, borne on the

back of the If.

B. Zf. simple, with a serrate margin.

1. serrituin, Linn. Lf. 1-3 ft. long, on a very short

BB, Jjf. lobed or pinnatifid.

2. Hemionltis, Linn. (A. palmAtum, Lara.). Lf. 4-6
in. each way, hastate, with a triangular terminal lobe and
two lateral ones, and a large, rounded sinus at the base:
sori often over 1 in. in length. Spain, Canary Islands.
S. 1:586.

3. pinnatifidum, Nutt. Lvs. clustered, from a short
rootstock, 3-9 in. long, with mostly rounded lobes at the
base and terminating in a slender point ; texture thick,
herbaceous ; occasionally rooting at the tip. Pa. to Ala.

4. ebenoldes, R. R. Scott. Texture thin : lvs. 5-10 in. .
long, with a few irregular divisions near the base, and
a long, slender, much-incised apical portion, occasionally
rooting at the apex. A very rare native species.

ASPLENILTlI

BBB. Lvs. once pinnate.
c. Pinna less than %in. long, bht^it.
D. Machises greenish.
5. viride, Huds. Lvs. 3-8 in. long, scarcely more than
Min. wide, with numerous rather distant Ifts., which are
ovate and deeply crenate : sori abundant, oblique. A
subalpine species of N. Eu. and N. Amer. S. 1:661.
DD. Rnrhises purplish or blackish.
t;. Till h.imaiKs, Linn. Lvs. densely clustered, 3-8 in.
I"" "iih densely crowded oval leaflets,

"I; aii.nate on the

upl" I ai, 11 a lai.li-iilynarrowed
m lin- iiasf. Northern hemis-
phere geuerally. A. U. 1892-653
S. 1 : 653.

7. pirvulum, Mart. & Galeotti
Leaf 5-9 in. long, with 20-30 pairs
of mostly opposite Ifts., which are
%-ye in. long, rounded at the
outer margin and squarely trun
cateatthebase. South-
ern states and Mex.
CO. Pinna %-l inch

long, with a strong [__ .
auricle at the up-
per side of the base
or deeply incised
on the upper mar-
■ gin.

8. platynetiron, Oakes
{A. ebeneum, Ait.).
Lvs. 6-15 in. long, with
30-35 pairs of Ifts.
which have an enlarged
auricle at the upper
side at the base, the
lower Ifts. reduced to
mere triangular auri-
cles : sori, when ma-
ture, covering the en-
tire surface. Canada to
S.Amer. A.G. 1892:654.
S. 1:535.

9. formdsum, Willd.
Lvs. 12-16 in. long,
with numerous alter-
nate pinnsB which are mostly defiexed, with the upper
margin deeply incised and the lower margin toothed :
sori 3-5 to each 1ft. Trop.Amer. S. 1:576.

ccc. Pinncs 2-6 in. long, linear or lanceolate.

10. angustiidlium, Michx. Lvs. 18-24 in. long on stout
stalks, 4-6 in. wide, with 20-30 pairs of nearly sessile
pinnee, which are truncate at the base and extend to a
tapering point ; fertile pinnas narrower and more dis-
tant. Moist woods northward. S. 1 : 496.

11. salicifdlium, Linn. Lvs. 12-18 in. long, with about
20 distinctly stalked horizontal pinnae, which are wedge-
shaped at the base, and curve upward to a long point :
sori strongly oblique to the midrib, wide apart, not
reaching either margin or midrib. W. Ind. to Braz.

BBBB. Jyvs. S-4 pinnate.

c. Ultimate divisions linear or cuneate : venation

somewhat fan-shaped ; texture thick.

12. B&ptistii, Moore. Leaf bipinnate, with broadly
ovate pinnae 5 in. or more long, each with about 4 stipi-
tate linear toothed pinnules ; sori nearly parallel with
the midvein and close to it ; rachises scaly, with pur-
plish lined scales. South Sea Islands.

13. afflne, Swz. Leaf 9-18 in. long, with numerous
pinnae on either side, the lower ovate deltoid, the upper
lanceolate ; pinnules incised : sori linear. Mauritius
and Ceylon to E. Ind.

14. AdiAntum-nlgrum, Linn. Stalks brownish, lvs. 3-
pinnatifid from winged rachises, triangular, 5-9 in. long;
ultimate divisions ovate, sharply incised and serrate on
both sides. Old World generally. S. 1:486.

rhizophyllumi

ASPLENIUM

13. cune^tum. Lam. Lvs. 12-16 in. long, 4-6 in. wide,
tripinuate below, the ultimate divisions broadly obtuse
above and strongly cuneate below ; sori linear, usually
long for the size of the segments. Trop. regions
generally.

16. fr4g:rans, Swartz (A. fmniculAceum , Kunth.).
Lvs. "i-S-pinnate ; ultimate segments lanceolate, sharp-
serrate above ; veins simple or the lowest forked : sori
oblong, extending from midrib to near base of the lobes:
petiole brownish, rachis flattened. W. Ind. S. 1: 577.

17. font^num, Bernh. Growing in dense clusters :
lvs. 3-6 in. long, 1 in. or more wide, 2-pinnate; segments
with 2-5 spinulose teeth which are widely divergent :
sori at maturity covering nearly the entire surface of
the segments. Eng. and Spain to the Himalayas. S.
1 : 574.

ccc. Ultimate divisions longer, not spinulose ; texture
membranous or herbaceous.

18. bulbiferum, Porst. (A. Idxum, Hort.) . Lvs. 1-13^ ft.
long, 6-8 in. wide, 3-pinnatifid ; pinnfe tapering to a
slender toothed point : often bearing bulbs from which
new plants originate while still attached to the leaf.
Afr. and Australasia. S. 1 : 508.

19. rMzophyllum, Kunze (A . mijrioplit'illum, Vre^l.).
Fig. 159. Growing in extensive tufts, with grayish
brown stalks and rachises : lvs. 6-15 in. long, 3-pinnate
or 4-pinnatifid, the ultimate segments frequently deeply
2-lobed with a single sorus to each division. Fla. to S.
Amer.

20. cicutirium, Swz. Lvs. 3-pinnatifid with a winged
rachis, 8-18 in. long ; pinnules ovate, with 5-7 narrow
divisions, each bearing a single sorus ; texture thin,
membranous. Trop. Amer., rare in Fla.

B. Lvs. bipinnatifid, less than a foot long.
obtusilobum. Hook. Lvs. 4-7 in. long, 2

or less, with about 10 pinnse, which are made up of 5-7
narrow segments bearing occasional sori on the outer
margin of the segments. New Hebrides and Fiji Isls.
S. 1 ; 624.
BB. Lvs. 2-pinnate or S-pinnatifid, over a foot long.
c. Pinnce short, with close segments.

22. rutaeSaiium, Kunze. Lvs. 13-15 in. long, with 12-20
pinnffi on each side, each with 7-11 narrow segments,

2 or 3 of the lower ones 2-fld. or rarely 3-fld. S. Afr.,
Ind. and Jap.

23. Bel4ngeri, Kunze. Fig. 160. Lvs. 15-18 in. long,

3 in. wide, with numerous horizontal pinnse on each side,
cut into about 12 segments on either side, which are set
nearly at right angles to the rachis ; the lower basal
segment often forked. E. Ind.

<^'\

160. Asplenium Belangeri.

cc. PiHn(^ longer, with scattered narrowly linear

segments.
24. vivlparum, Presl. Lvs. 15-24 in. long, 6-8 in. wide,
on rather short stalks with pinnatifld pinnules and ulti-
mate segments, which are narrowly linear and often

ASTER 111

forked : plant often bulb-bearing, like A. bulbiferum.
Mauritius and Bourbou. Cult, under various names.
S. 1:662. A. ndbilis. Hort., is a garden variety.
AAA. Sori more or less curved, sometimes horseshoe-
shaped ; lvs. ample, a-4 pinnatifid.

25. Filix-fffimina, Bernh. Lvs. 18 in. to 3 ft., broadly
ovate-oblong, bipinnate ; pinnae 4-8 in. long, lanceolate,
with numerous more or less pinnately incised or serrate
segments. Eu. and N. Amer. — Very variable, especially
in cult. Schneider describes 56 varieties.

26. thelypteroldes, Michx. Lvs. 1-2 ft. long, on long,-*
straw-colored stalks : 6-12 in. wide, 2-pinnatifld. with
linear-lanceolate pinnje ; segments crowded, oblong,
minutely toothed : sori 10-12 to each segment. Rich
soil in the eastern U. S. S. 1: 651.

27. spinuldsum. Baker. Lvs. 9-12 in. each way, del-
toid, 3-4-pinnatifld, with 9-12-pinna) on either side, the
lowest much the largest ; segments short and sharply
toothed. China and Jap.

Supplement iry list of less common trade names ■ A acutea-
turn Hort Hab '—4. a bbreum See Diplazium —A hlti
dum^\. hneatum —A denissatum See Calliptens —A eltip
ticum Hovt a tiade name — 1 ft ice hnn Porst Coolhouse
b-vsket fern trom A. istril I T mm nn 1 N Z Fronds 2 3 tt
long 4 8 m br aJ tie t it fl \ He greeui h nakei

long ^ *4m broad ^ei\ r II — I O unj a t an ^ ir
pictum Mettenius ( \tl riii ( iiiginum var pietum
Hort ) Distmgiushed tr m ill jlher members of the genus ly
the bright color of its entueU leeiduous troiids whith ire lu-
1d in long speir hipei in 1 pendulous Possiblv the only
hirdv vinegited fern It bowe\er needs glass protection toi
best results St-ilks p irple iclireteokred hs green with a
central ban lot griv Itt li i ie 1 into sh-irph toothel pinnules
on whi h the ol loi g r ki hu\ si -ipe 1 son ire iii iiige 1 n two
rows parallel to

Wi

and Bourbon i vi

again pinnate whiLh h t r II I i 1 tl e e

again twice cut hs 1 It I Ik I

ot all the genus for I I 1 I I 4 i

broid stalks blacki 11 1 It 1 lei

E In! S 1 bO^-J. (/ // s i (_ 11 ; eb

from Polynesia Mai lya (1 1 1 ai 1 Hiuilaji L^ s t Is in
long 6-1' in wile st dks tnwnish Ifts tr-12 pairs stalked
3 6 m long 1 3 in wi le si irp pointed serrate —A Nidus or
A \idtsAiiS See Thamnopteris — A ^h ptierd Spreng See
Diplazium.

L. M. Underwood.

ASFBELLA,

I Asperella.

ASIEB (a star). Compdsita-. Aster. Starwokt.
MICH.ELMAS Daisy. A large temperate-zone geuus of
attractive but botanically-eonfused
herbs, particularly abundant in N.
Amer. The genus is characterized
by numerous flattish rays (white,
blue, red, or purple), slender style
appendages, "compressed several-
nerved akenes, and an involucre
with unequal bracts in few or sev-
eral rows, the pappus simple, soft,
and abundant (Fig. 161). Leafy-
stemmed, mostly blooming in the
autumn. Some of the species are
annual, but those in cult, are per-
ennial (or rarely biennial). All are
easy of cultivation in ordinary soil
and exposures, and are among the
best plants for the hardy border
or for naturalizing in tiie freer
parts of the grounds. They grow
readily from seeds, but are gen-
erally prop, by division of the

clumps. Calimeris and Linosyris ^^ jtamens; d, styles,
are kept distinct in this book.

A. Old World Asters, some of them old garden plants,
and somewhat modified by cult.

B. Stems simple and scape-like, bearing a single fl.

alplnus, Linn. Lvs. entire and spatulate, forming a
cluster on the ground, those on the stem small and
linear : St. 3-10 in., bearing a large violet-rayed, hand-
some head. B.M. 199. -In its wild state, the plant also

161 Disk floret of

6, corolla;

112

ASTER

occurs in the Rocky Mts. Valuable alpine or rock work
plant, with fls. varying to pink and white. Var. specid-
8U8, Hort., is taller and stronger, with heads 3-t in.
across. Var. BupSrbuS, Hort. (Gn. 54: 1193), is a large
and showy form.

HimalAiouB, C. B. Clarke {A. ffimalaye'iisis, Hort.).
Similar to A. alphnix, but dwarfer : rays lilac-blue,
slightly recurved at the tip : sts. 4-12 in., slightly vil-
lous : Ivs. oblong or elliptic, nearly entire. Himalayas,
13,000-15,000 ft. -Little known in America.

diplostephioldes, Benth.
Two to 3 ft. , soft-pubescent
or hairy, thest. simple and
solitary : Ivs. obovate or
oblanceolate, entire but
ciliate: solitary head large,
inclined, 2-3 in. across,
blue or pale purple, very
showy. Himalayas. B.M.

^V .

oblong-spatulate to broad-lanceolate, serrate : heads
violet or lilac. Arctic Eu. and Amer., and Rocky Mts.—
Excellent rockwork plant.

icris, Linn. About 2-3 ft., slender-branched : Ivs.
linear, or lance-linear : heads large and blue, with long,
distinct, handsome rays. S. Eu. Gn. 37: 744.

trinfirvius, Roxbg. Abojit 3 ft., stout, corvmbose at
summit : Ivs. lance-ovate and strongly toothed : heads
large, blue or purple {a pale var. ), wi>'h narrow, spread-
ing rays. Himalayas. R.H. 1892: 39S. -Hardy, hand-
some, variable.

Tatiricua, Linn. f. St. erect and striate, hispid,
corymbose at the summit, often 7 ft. high : Ivs. large
(the radical 2 ft. long), lanceolate or oval lanceolate,
attenuate at base, entire : involucre scales purplish at
tip; heads blue or purple, late. Siberia. G.P. 4:197.—
Excellent for the hardy border, particularly for its very
late blooming.

AA. Native Asters. These plants are one of
theiharmsof the Amer. autumn, and are amongst
the best of all hardy border plants. They gener-
iill\ improve greatly in habit when transferred
t ) cultivated grounds. Any of these wild Asters
are likely to come into cultivation
at any time. The number of kinds
is large. The studentwill find them
all described in Gray's Synoptical
Flora of North America, 1, pt. 2.
Those of the northeastern states
and adjacent Canada will be found
in Britton and Brown's Illustr.
Flora of the U. S., and Gray's Man-
ual. Those of the S. are described
in Chapman's Flora of the
S. states. The following list
' > comprises those known to
^ be in cult. Of the.se, only
;^ A. Novfc-Anglice is well
known in domestication.
The species are much con-
fused

acttmmAtus MiChx

6718. J.H. in. .■)3:262.-In the
Amer. trade has been mis-
spelled A. Deptostaphides.

BB. Stems usualh/ branched ™°

and several- to many-fid,

AmSUus, Linn. St. simple or nearly so, few-fld. or
sometimes only 1-fld. : Ivs. oblong-lanceolate, acute,
somewhat serrate, more or less 3-nerved, roughish-
pubescent : involucre scales oblong, obtuse or nearly
so, spreading, in 4-5 rows; heads large, purple. Eu. and
Asia. Gn. 35: 689. -Variable, and several well-marked
garden forms.

Var. Bessaribious, DC. (A. Bessardbiciis, Bernli.).
Lvs. oblong and attenuated at base : plant taller and
larger-fld.,deep purple. Gn. 35, p. 173. — Showy and de-

Var. Cassdbicus, Hort. (A. Cassiardbicus, Maund?).
Fls. larger than in the type, the rays regular and de-
flexed, the disk bright golden and broad.

Sibiricus, Linn. A foot or less high, somewhat pu-
bescent, each branch terminating in a single head : lvs.

II

164) and var I I

us Gray s i t f I

1 Vent (G 1 4 i)

I I I s Alt (Mn 5 41)

1 1 retifdl u HBK

' I U (G F 6 17)

lo Willd

tho e 1 ke 1 * ire offered by An er
Nevade ««—(-* 4 Palscl ='-*A hp
y color only 6 in h gl —*A la c fo
— *A hloAnus Nevade »»«= f — *4

Sikkiniensis, Hook. Three to 4 1 r , ,i : . !vs.

lanceolate-acuminate, spiuiilose-serrali ; i-.i;.,. m large

corymbs. Himalayas. B.M. 4557.— .1 .>'""'",/', 1 li"! .'-^tern-
less and sarmentose. with 1-tid. braoted scapt-s : radical Ivs.
spatulate, hairy : heads lilac-blue, 1 in. across. Pretty. Hima-
layas. BM.6912.—*A.termi>MKs=S—A. Tdwmhmdii. Hook.
=-A. Bigelovli, Gray (N. Amer.). L_ g, g.

The native Asters are amongst the very best plants for
borders and roadsides. They should be better known.
A. actiminatus grows well in shade in ordinary soil, not
necessarily moist; increases in vigor under cultivation.
A. cordifoliits prefers open or partial shade ; improves
much under cultivation with good soil. A. corymbosus
prefers at least partial shade, and will grow even in very
deep shade; seeils very freely; does well on dry ledges
and in small crevices in rock; very tenacious of life. A.
dumosus prefers full sunlight and dry situation. A.eri-
coides wants full sunlight and dry situation ; will grow
in very poor or shallow soil, but does best where roots
can penetrate deep. A. lievis grows in either full sun-
light or partial shade and good soil. A. Novw-Arujtiw
will not endure much shade ; prefers moist soil, but
grows well in ordinary garden situations. Fall-sown
seedlings of A. Novip-Annliw. var. j-o.stri.i, come prac-
tically true to varietal n.ime, though varying in shade
of color, and these seedlings bloom later than older
plants and at height of 18 inches, making the plant of
value as a late bedding plant treated as an annual. A.
Novi-Behiii prefers moist soil ; will not endure heavy
shade. A. panirithifns prefers moist soil, but will do
well in rather dry situations ; will endure more shaile
than either of tlie two above species. A. piitiiis wants
open or half-shaded places, and good soil ; one of the
weaker species, often proving short-lived. A . jjiiiiieciis
will not endure shade ; prefers moist places, but will
grow in good soil not over moist ; in dry situations it
loses its vigor ; spreads rapidly in favored locations.
A. spectaljilis prefers open or partly shaded places; one
of the weaker species in wild state ; rather short-lived.
A. uiiduhitiis wants open or half shade ; late-flowering,
handsome plant, forming large bushes wliere allowed to
develop. A.vimineus, althoughnot in the trade, is a flue
plant in cultivation. F.W.Barclay.

Cass. {Cal-
Jiortetisis,
The genus
it is too like
63. -One of

ASTER, CHINA. CaUlstepliKs ho

Ustephus i'Jn-,i,'i,s!«. Xr.-s, C'lll

Cass. Jf!tirS;in'Hxix.lli:r1.>. ('mil

Callisteiiiin:. is ,,M.t than Callht.-pli
Callisteiu.iU to staii.l. ]!..M. THK;. K
the most popular of all garden annuals, being particu-
larly valuable for its fall blooming. The evolution of
the China Aster suggests that of the chrysanthemum
at almost every point, and it is, therefore, a history of
remarkable variations. The plant is native to China. It
was introduced into Europe about 1731 by E. P. d'lncar-
ville, a Jesuit missionary in China, for whom the genus
Inearvillea of the Bignonia family was named. At that
time it was a single flower ; that is, the rays or ligulate
florets were of only 2-4 rows. These rays were blue, vio-
let or white. {The center of the flower (or head) was
comprised of very numerous tubular, yellowish florets.
Philip Miller, the famous gardener-botanist of Chelsea,
Eng^ received seeds of the single white and red Asters
in Iral, evidently from Prance ; and he received the
single blue in 1736. In 1752 he obtained seeds of the
double red and blue, and in 1753 of the double white.
At that time there api>ears to have been no dwarf forms,
for Miller says that thr plants -rew 18 in. or 2 ft. high.
Martyn, in 1807, says that in a.hlitiou to these varieties
mentioned by Millif, 1hrr.' ha.l then appeared a "varie-
gated blue and wliite " variety. The species was well
known to American gardeners at the opening of this cen-
tury. In 1800 M'Mahon, of Philadelphia, mentioned the
"China Aster (in sorts)" as one of the desirable garden
annuals. Bridgeman, a New York seedsman, offered the
China and German Asters in 18.37 "in numerous and
splendid varieties," specifying varieties "alba, rubra.

ASTER 113

cerulea, striata purpurea, etc." In 1845, Eley said that
" China and German Asters " " are very numerous " in New
England. This name German Aster records the fact that
the first great advances in the evolution of the plant
were made in Germany, and the seeii which we now use

iteeniiiiy. The first marked de-
ai'peais to have been the pro-

elopnient of the central florets of

iduction of the "quilled" flower.

very popular 40 and 50 years ago.

ion of his Flower Garden, in 1851,

comes largely from th
parture from the ty|.
longation or great cle\
the head, and the pr
This type of Aster wa:
Breck, in the first edil
speaks of the great improve

; of the Aster "within i

164. Aster

esteemed, having ji Iieniis|jlM
white, clear blue, piiiplr. ims
fully mottled, striped. <<r ed
having a red or blue rrni.r-.
habit of the plant ha.l hcnin
the progenitors of our ni.idrr
tract attention. The qtiilled,
generation or more ago is to.
of these later days, and the
fluffy races are now most in
larity is usually greater tlii'
form of the uncombed chr>
Aster had long since varied i

^ts, and others," and

s are the most highly

shape, either a pure

di ep red ; or beauti-

villi those colors, or

out 50 years ago the

aiy considerably, and

iif races began to at-

ceiitered flower of a

- ~ai i- fy the tastes

■ 1 . loose and

I : iheir popu-

1 i;m X aiipruach the

114

ASTER

of the cyanic series— shades of blue, red, pink and pur-
ple. The modern evolution of the plant is in the direc-
tion of habit, and form of flower. Some type varies—
generally rather suddenly and without apparent cause—
into some novel form, still retaining its accustomed
color. The florist fixes the variation by breeding from
the best and most stable pl-mt.;. :in.l <c,„n otln-r colors
appear, until he finally olii.nn- i In . min mnL. "i ..ilor

in the species. So it li^i ' ■ nious

well marked races or ty]H ■ - tiill

and independent range of .-I r I i ,. . w nh

ASTER
.. Flat-raved Asters, ;

florets open.
B. Incurved or ballshiiped.
BB. Spreading or reriext-ii.
.. Tubular or quiUed A-trrs. in ivhi.-li all, or all but the2or3
outer rows of florets, luive prominently tubular corollas.
B. Inner florets short, outer ones longer and flat. Repre-
sented by the German Quilled.
BB. All the florets elong.ated and quilled.
In 1893, 250 varieties of Asters were offered by Amer.
e<lsnuii. Fur t,'rowinj< in borders, perhaps the best

with a flower '
pink tended to
the color an u
next appeared,

cla

ifv the ^

IMignon; and Queen of the
Market. The last is com-
mended for earliness and
graceful, open habit, and

classify them upon liiiliit (.1- Nt^iiiin .. |; ri.i . .: i
of the best marke.i t\ ih-< ]'iin ihim i . ^ . ■ ,i

forms. Vilmoriu. lio\\<-\-.r, still ilrni— iii. .mii!. -
into two groups, the pyramidal gi-owers, and the non-
pyramidal growers. The most elaborate classiticatiou
is that proposed by Barron, from a study of exten-
sive tests made at Chiswick, Eng. Barron has li sec-
tions, but they are not coordinate, and they are really
little more than an enumeration of the various types

j4 *#,.

other

'III I'll ("i-.s. riie Crown
oi ( .„ .ti.leau i.s odd and
attractive. Amongst the
quilled Asters, the various
strains of German Quilled
(Fig. 167), Victoria Needle
(Fig. 108), and Lilliput are
excellent. The verv dwarf
tufted Asters are well
repnsente.lin Dwarf Bou-

.'sli.i^ . ■■ . ', ■ ilieseare

IM- II iriy good

gill 'I'll -'III- I or early
blo'.iii. ^.e.l.s may be
started under glass ; but
good fall bloom may be
had. even in the North, by
sowing seeds in the open
as late as the 1st of Jime

i-aluable for

Truffaufs Peony-flowered.

Asters make very showy
grown in large masses, and are

\^

China Aster— The branching type.

or classes. After considerable study of the varieties
in the field and herbarium, the following scheme seems

to be serviceable :

e^i' ii ; I ' I'. Spray it upon the plants before the

Inn II i;'|. N 1 11(1 repeat every week or ten days. I'so
a iM i 'II' II", .1' :inil spray upwards, so as to strike the
under sides of the leaves. L. H. B.

In recent years, the Branching Asters have come to be
prominent, and they are bound to increase in popularity
as their merits become known. The long stem, large
size, and soft shades of pink and lavender have made
this the most useful to the florist of all the Asters.
The Comet has been rather short-stemmed for a com-
mercial cut-flower. As to culture, it does not seem to
be generally understood, even by florists, th.at the young
Aster plants will stand more frost than cabbage. If
started under glass about the middle of February, in
New York state, they will be ready to plant out the
latter part of April or first of May. They will then come
in at about the same time they would if grown entirely
under glass, although not so long-stemmed. For fall
flowers, we sow out-of-doors with seed drill and culti-
vate with wheel hoe. I have had plants ruined by being
planted near squashes. The late brood of striped
beetles fed on the Aster flowers.

Geokge Arnold, Jb.

The first requiiite to the growiug of China Asters is to
lave good plump seed As soon as the ground is in
50 1 or fair condition in spring spade up a seed-bed

i the gi

rich, and rake it fine. Then make
shallow drills about an inch deep ; whiten the drills
with air-slaked lime, to keep worms and insects fiom
eating the young roots. Sow the seed in the drills, cov-
ering about kin. deep with fine dirt run through a sieve
of %in. mesh. When plants are about an inch high,
draw good, fine dirt to the roots, so that the seed-bed is
nearly level and all the weeds are covered. The plants are
hardier and better when grown in the open ground than
when started under glass. Forthe permanent quarters,
plow ground that has been well and heavily manured with
cow-manure the previous season ; then harrow thor-
oughly. Scatter 20 to 30 bushels of common lime to the
acre, if thought necessary, then plow again and harrow
well. With a one-horse plow make furrows the length
of' the field al)Out 3 or 4 inches deep and 2'« feet apart.
In these furrows one mnn drops the plants in two rows
about 12 <tr It; ill ripnrt, f.>r two men to plant. Do not
fun-c.w iii;i -h :.i . ,.1 ,.t T'M> 1.' I' ;.-rs, so that they have
tfi'^li .1,!: I >.t the plants. By this

inctliiHl I ;,. |, ! i I r a dry spell follows in

let stand for about two wi-iks, then scatter 100 pounds
of guano or other fertilizer to the acre, and work the
land with a spike-tooth cultivator, with no shovels, so
that no dirt is thrown on the small plants. Hand-hoe

ASTILBE 115

between the plants, running horse and cultivator twice
in each row. The cultivator loosens the ground as deep
as it was plowed. Cultivate and hoe every two weeks,
especially after it has rained, until buds appear ; then
keep clean by hand. When blooms begin to appear,
mulch liberally with tobacco stems, to keep down weeds
and to kill aphis at the roots. When the fls. begin to
open, keep a strict watch for the black beetle. When it
makis its appearance, put about a pint of water and
a gill of benzine in an old can and hold it under the
buss ; they drop iuto it. These pests last from six
to nine davs. Have them looked after three times a
dav.

James Semple.

ASTfLBE (Greek name, of no particular significance).
Saj-ifrag&cece. Includes Soteia. Tall perennial herbs, of
7 or 8 species in eastern N. Amer. and Asia. They look
much like Aruncus (which see), and are often called
Spiraea. Aruncus and Spirsa are rosaceous genera, and
are characterized by many stamens and usually by sev-
eral to many separate pistils, whereas Astilbe has 8 or 10
stamens (twice the number, or of the same number, as
the petals), and a 2-3-lobed pistil (which finally sepa-
lates into more or less distinct follicles). Astilbe and
Aruncus are so much alike that they are constantly con-
founded by horticulturists and even by botanists. They
probably inter-cross. It is probable that they should be
placed in the same family, despite the technical botani-
cal differences. The Astilbes are hardy plants of great
merit. They are easily grown in any well-made border.
They give conspicuous masses of bloom in summer.
Prop, mostly by division. l. h. B.

Forcing of Astilbe.— Few herbaceous plants force
with greater ease than Astilbe Japonica and its var. co>h-
pacta; but three weeks longer time should be given the
latter to fully develop its feathery spikes. Astilbes are
so easily and cheaply imported that for the commercial
florist it is cheaper to buy than to divide and grow his
own plants. When first received, the clumps of roots
should be stored, with a little earth or moss between the
roots and a little soil over the crown, until the florist is
ready to pot them. No amount of freezing does them
the slightest harm ; but the boxes or flats in which they
are stored are best covered with a little straw or litter,
and should have the full benefit of rain or snow to keep
the niuts from drying. From potting or burying iuto the

gre(

flower, according to
the earliness of the
season at which
they are wanted in
flower. The quality
of soil is of no con-
setiuence, provided
it is light and easily
handled. Theyneed
water in great abun-
dance. Tempera
ture is also of little
cousequence. Any
thing above 50° at
night will do ; but
it is best not to flow-
er them in higher
temperature than
G0°, or they will quickly
wilt when cut or used for
decorations. From the
time the sprays begin to
show white color until
they are fully developed,
every Astilbe should
stand in a saucer in
which there should be
constantly an inch of
liquid manure. When les. China Aster-
sold for window plants
or for decoration, Astilbes are often disappointing. It
Is merely want of water. Before the full development
of the shoots and Ivs. they are easily hurt by tobacco
smoke, and should be covered with paper or well wetted

Needle

IIG

ASTILBE

wlit'n fiiiiugation is necessary. Aphis, spider or thrips
never trouble Astilbe. As a border plant, Astilbe is one
of the hardiest of our hardy herbaceous plants ; but the
feathery plume obtained in the greenhouse is much
shorter, more compact, and lacks the pure whiteness of
the outdoor-grown specimens. William Scott.

A. Fls. opening white or yellowish.
dec4ndra, T)nn{A.bilernclta,'!iritt.). Somewhat pubes-
cent, 3-G ft. : Ivs. 2-ternate, the Ifts. ovate and cordate or
abrupt at base, sharp-ser-
rate : fls. yellowish white,
.■i in a large (10-12 in. long)

/j raoemohe panicle ; sta-

;,l mens 10. Woods, Va. and

S.— Of ten confounded with
Aruncus Sylvester.

Jap6nica, Gray (BotHa

Japinica, Mofr. & Decne.

- ^fl^ //.6«r6(»(i,Morr.& Decne.

^^:.

Sptraa Japdnica

ASTROCARYUM

TiK:iiL.L'ii;i,, 'I,.,. :■,, ,, i.,,,r,, 1 J ;i.. ; ^ -,. iiinnate. the
Ift-.......,..ii-!U.:.Llli,n:,l. ^- Li.. il^. '.>l;iic,uu reddish

stalks, shaugiiig to pink, in clusters on the fl. -branches.

Japan. R.H. 1895, p. 56S.— A graceful plant. Forces well.

AA. Fls. opening pink or red.

Chin^nsis, Franch. & Sav. Plant lJ^-2 ft., graceful :
Ivs. 3-temate, the Ifts. serrate : fls. in a branchy, rather
compact panicle, with purplish or pink reflection, but
the petals whitish. China. — Possibly a form of the pre-
ceding. Yet rare in Amer.

rilbra, Hook. & Thom. St. simple. 4-6 ft., long-hairy:
Ivs. 2-temate ; Ifts. oblique-ovate, more or less cordate,
sharp-serrate : fls. numerous, rose-red, in compact, ro-
bust panicles ; stamens 10, shorter than petals. India.
B.M. 4959. — Needs protection. Little known in Anier.
L. H. B.

ASTEAGALUS (ancient Greek name of some shrub).
Legum inbsw. Milk Vetch.

3^

^/.fl

*J«.<s.

Astilbe Japonica.

Fig. 109. Erect, l-:i ft..
hairy on the petioles
and nodes : Ivs. 3-2-ter-
nate, petiole reddish ; Ifts.
ovate-acute,tapering to the
base, serrate : fls. white,
in a pubescent racemose

ele; sta

10. Ja-

pan. B.M. 3821. Gn. 48,
p. 3C6. Mu. 5:174.- Com-
monly known as a spring
glasshouse plant in this
country, but hardy in the
open. There are various
cult, forms, as var. gran-
difldra, Hort., with larger

oompacta, Hort., the pani-
cle more compact ; var.
muItiJlbra, Hort. ; var. va-
rieg4ta, Hort., with varie-

geted Ivs.; var. purpdrea, Hort., with purple-shaded
foliage. Astilbe Japonica is often confused with Arun-
cus astilboides ; Figs. 169 and 170 will aid in distin-
guishing them.

Lem6inei, Hort. Foliage gracpfnl. standing IJ^ft. high,
with Ifts. broad-oval, dfiitMfc nii<l crimpiHl. satiny green,

hairy: fls. witli whii. i" > ' i- i ' k stamens, very

numerous, in i.Iuin. [ii -id in panicles

IJ^ft.long. Gn. )s,|i.,:,., 1; Ii : - .; n;?. A.F.11:459.
— Garden plant, sill. JIM-. '! '" '" ' ii; i" il o{ A. Japonica
and Aruncus astillioides. Hardy, and forces well.

rivuliris, Hamilt. Rhizome creeping : st. 3-5 ft. : Ivs.
2-ternate, the Ifts. ovate, dentate, the petioles tawny-
hairy; fls. yellowish white, changing to reddish, in large

A genus of over 1,000 spe-
cies of hardy herbs or
subshrubs. Lvs. mostly
odd-pinnate: fls. in spikes
or racemes, yellow, purple
or white. They prefer a
light, porous soil and no
shade. The dwarfcr kinds
may be placed in the front
of the border or in the
rockery. Prop, chiefly by
seeds, which germinate
slowly, or slowly by careful
division in early' .spring.
Many kinds are likely to
die if divided or trans-
planted. Many kinds are
cultivated in the Old
World, but the four de-
scribed below are the only
kinds commonly sold in
America. Of the many na-
tive kinds, mostly known
as rattle-weeds, the following are ad-
vertised at present: A. Canadenni.i =
A. Carolinianus, A. cari/occrrpits, A.
Drummondii, A. fleruosus, A. Lax-
A. Parrifi, A. racemoitus, A.
'i, A. Shortianus. The Loco-
weed of the prairies, which is said to
poison cattle, is A. mollissimus. For
these and many others the student is
referred to Britton and Brown's Illus-
trated Flora, and Coulter's Manual of
Rocky Mountain Botany.

A. Fl.'<. yellow.
alopecuroides, Linn. St. erect, strict :
height 2-5 ft. : Ifts. ovate-lanceolate, pu-
bescent. Siberia. B.M. 3193.
AA. Fls. not yellow.
MonspessuUnuB, Linn. St. trailing :
height 9 in. : fls. purple, purplish or
white, in smaller and looser heads than
the above. Eu. B.M. 375.
hypogiattiS, Linn. Height 3-24 in.: Ifts. 17-25: fls.
violet-purple, 6-10 lines long, in dense heads : pods 4-5
lines long, 2-celled, densely villous, with white hairs.
Eu., Asia, and from Kansas W. to Nev. and N. to Alaska.
—Also a white var., excellent for pots.

alplnus, Linn. Height 6-15 in. : Ifts. 1.3-25: fls. violet,
keel darker : pods 1-celled, black-pubescent. Northern
and Arctic regions round the world.

J. B. Keller and W. M.
ASTROCABYUM MIrr, k. .,-/,-,-„, sf:,r. an.I h.n-iinn.

ASTROCABYUM

dex : Ivs. terminal, pinnately parted ; segments ap-
proximate, eiiui-distant or fasciculate, lanceolate-acumi-
nate or attenuate to the obliquely truncate apex, plicate,
whitish beneath, the terminal ones free or confluent, the
spiny margins recurved at the base ; petiole very short ;
sheath short, open : spadices short or long, the finely
divided branches pendulous, thickened at the base,
thence very slender, long, naked, the floriferous naked
basal portion, as it were, pedunculate ; spatbes 2, the
lower one membranous, deciduous, the upper fusiform,
coriaceous or woody, open on the ventral side, persist-
ent ; bracts of the female fls. broad, imbricated, like the
bractlets ; pistillate fls. with a stipitate male one on
either side : f r. rather large, ovoid or subglobos?, beaked,
smooth or spiny, red or orange. Species 30. Trop-
ical America.

Astrocaryums are elegant palms of medium height,
very suitable for moderate sized conservatories. A,
Murumiiru, A. Mexlcanum and A.argenteum are the
kinds most commonly met with in collections. The Ivs.
are pinnate, and in small plants, at least in some of the
species, the segments are narrow, four or five pairs of
these alternating with two very broad ones. A. argen-
teum has the under surfaces of the Ivs. of a much
lighter color than the others. In a young state, the
plants require the temperature of the stove, and after
attaining the height of a few feet they may be removed
to a house where the temperature frequently falls as
low as 45° F. Specimens 8-10 ft. high fruit freely.
Prop, by seeds, which are slow in germinating. The soil
in which they are sown should be changed occasionally,
to prevent it from becoming sour. Be careful not to
overpot, or the fleshy roots will decay. See Palms.

A. Lvs. scurfy, at least beneath or on the petioles.

Murumuru, Mart. Lvs. 9-12 ft. long; segments lanceo-
late, somewhat falcate, rich green above, silvery beneath :
sts. 12-1.5 ft. high, densely covered with stout, black
spines 6 in. long. Brazil. l.H. 22: 213.

argfinteum, Hort. Petioles and under surface of the
lvs. covered with silvery white scurf ; lvs. arching,
wedge-shaped, 2-lobed, distinctly plicate, bright green
above ; petioles with numerous dark, spreading spines
1 in. long. Colombia. P.R. 3:569.

filiire, Hort. Small, slender : lvs. erect, narrowly cu-
neate, with 2 divergent lobes, inversely sagittate ;
petioles densely scurfy ; rachis scurfy on both sides ;
spines numerous on the petioles and rachis, and on the
principal nerves above ; brown. Colombia.

AA. Li'S. not scurfy.

Ayri, Mart. Trunks 18-30 ft. high, 8-12 in. in diam.,
usually csBspitose : lvs. 15 ft. long, equally pinnatisect
to the apex ; petiole piano-compressed, membranaceous
on the margins, densely scaly and with scattered spines;
lower segments over 3 ft. long. l?4-2- in. wide, 2 in.
apart, the upper ones 2-2y^ ft. long, 1 in. wide, IK in.
apart, conduplicate at the base, linear, long attenuate,
pointed, minutely and remotely spiny along the margins,
white-tomentose below. Braz.

Mexic4num, Liebm. St. 4-6 ft. high, cylindrical,
thickly covered with rings of black, straight, ancipital
spines : petiole 2 ft. long, 4-sided, the 2 upper sides
concave, clothed (as is the rachis) with straight black
spines ; blade 6 ft.; segments 15-18 in. long, 1 in. wide,
alternate, broadly linear, acute, straight, white beneath,
with deciduous black spines along the margins. Mex.

Granat6nse, Hort., is an unidentified trade name.

Jared G. Smith and G. W. Oliver.

ASTEOPHtTTJM. See £eh!nocacti(s.

ASYSTASIA (obscure name). Including Benfreya
and Mackayii. Acanthdcece. Twenty to 30 herbs or
shrubs of the Old World tropics. Corolla tube straight
or curved, the spreading limb 5-lobed and nearly or
quite regular : stamens 4, unequal : stigma blunt or
minutely 2-lobed : lvs. thin, entire : fls. white, blue or
purple, in axillary or terminal clusters, often very showy.
General treatment of Justicia, iu intermediate or warm-
houses.

ATKIPLEX 1 17

b611a, Benth. & Hook. (Mackdya Ulla, Harvey).
Glabrous, upright subshrub : lvs. ovate-oblong, acumi-
nate, spreading, short-stalked, .sinuate-toothed : fls. li-
lac, 2 in. long, with a loug tube below the flaring throat,
the spreading segments ovate-obtuse, disposed on one
side of a raceme 5-8 in. long. S. Afr. B.M. 5797.-A
beautiful plant, rarely seen, and thought to be difficult
to manage ; but it seems to flower readily in fall iu our
climate, if rested during the previous winter and
brought on in the summer. Prop, by cuttings of firm
wood in spring or summer. Young plants in small pots
often bloom well.

s, I'..'|,.r. Justicia

..M. 4348.

■- B,xM.4449.
L. H. B.

A, Coroniandeliana. Nees (A. ('oni^.i
Gangetica, Linn.). Zigzag subshrut, : h
fls. purple, nearly sessile, In S-lo-rtd, r:M-
P.M. It: 125> P.S. 2: 179.—^. scamhiix. ,
dens. Lindl.). Climbing: h-s. obov:itf l
fls. large, yellow, white and blush, in ;i tl
B.R. 33:31. F.S. 3: 231.

ATAMASCO lily. See Zrplupn

ATHANASIA. Consult Lonas.

ATHtRIUM. fiee Asplenium.

ATEAGENE. See Clematis.

ATEAPHAXIS (ancient Greek name). Polygonitcew.
Low shrubs : lvs. alternate or fasciculate, deciduous :
fls. small, apetalous, iu few-fld. axillary clusters, form-
ing terminal racemes ; sepals 4-5 ; stamens 6-8 : fr. a
small akene, enclosed by the enlarged inner sepals.
Summer. About 18 species in central and westernAsia,
Greece, and N. Afr. Low shrubs of spreading habit,
with usually small lvs., attractive with their numerous
racemes of white or rose-colored fls., which remain un-
changed for a long time, owing to the persistent calyx.
They grow best iu well-drained soil and sunny situations,
but do not stand transplanting well when older. Prop,
by sei-ds sown in spring ; the seedlings are liable to rot
if kept too moist, or in damp air. Increased, also, by-
greenwood cuttings under glass in early summer, and by
layers.

A. buxifilia, Jaub. & Spach. (Polygonum crispulum, Sims).
Height 1-2 ft., spineless : lvs. obovate, erenate, dark green,
3^-1 in. long : racemes short. Transcaucasia, Turkestan. B.M.
1UB.5.— .4. fruteseens, Koch (A. laneeolata, Meissn.). Height
1-2 ft., spineless : lvs. ovate-lanceolate, glaucescent, %~1 in.
long: racemesloose. Caucasus, Turkest., Siberia. L. B.C. 5:489.
B.R. 3:254.— A. latifblia. Koehne (A. Muschketowi, Krassn.).
Erect, 2-3 ft., spineless : lvs. lanceolate, erenate, ?4-2 in. long:
fls. white, incompact racemes. Turkest. B.M. 7435. Gt. 40:1344.
—.4. spinbsa, Linn. Height 1-2 ft., spiny : Its. elliptic, entire,
glaucescent, M-K in. long : racemes short. S. Russia, Orient.
^''"'"^- Alfred Eehdeb.

ATEIFLEX (derivation disputed). ChenopodiAcew.
A large genus containing many succulent weeds of des-
ert regions. A. hortensis is a garden vegetable used like
spinach ; for culture, see Orach. A. leptocarpa and A.
semibaecata are two plants lately introduced as supple-
mentary forage plants for arid regions. See Circular
No. 3, Div. of Agrost., U. S. Dept. Agric.

A. Garden vegetable {witli ornamental-lvd. variety).

hortensis, Linn. Orach. Sea Purslane. Annual :
stem herbaceous, erect : lvs. hastate, cordate, or trian-
'gular-oblong, acute, 4-5 in. long, 2!^-3 in. wide ; petioles
i2-18 lines long : fruiting bracts 4-8 lines long, short-
pediceled. Var. itro-sanguinea, Hort., is a crimson-
leaved ornamental about 4 ft. high, sometimes grown
with amarantus-like plants.

AA. Ornamental shrubs.

can^scens, James. A pale, densely scurfy shrub, 1-3 ft.
high : lvs. oblanceolate, entire : fruiting bractlets with
4 vertical, reticulated wings. July-Sept. N. Mex. to S.
Dak. and W. to Calif.

Halimus, Linn. Low-spreading shrub with grey foli-
age, cult, in Calif, for hedges and for seaside planting:
lvs. 1-lK in. long : petioles 3-4 lines long : fls. purplish:
fruiting bracts 114 lines long, 2 lines wide, sessile, reni-
form, obtuse, entire : seed compressed, yellowish.
Mediterranean region and S. Afr. •^_ ^

118 ATROPA

ATBOFA (after Atropns, that one of the three Fates
•who cut the thread of life). SolanAcew. Belladonxa.
Calyx with 5 ovate leafy divisions, enlarging in fniit ;
corolla bell-shaped or funnel form. The purple ber-
ries are poisonous. The plant is used in medicine.

Belladdnna. Linn. Plant low, spreading: Ivs. ovate,
entire, pointed: Ha. single or in pairs, nodding on lateral
peduncles; corolla dull purple. Eu. to India.

ATTALEA. (ultalus, magnificent). Palmdcem, tribe
Gocoinece. Spineless palms, with a single, thickish
ringed or scarred caudex: Ivs. arising almost perpen-
dicular and the upper part arched, pinnately cut,
linear- lanci-ol;ite, acuminate, with the margins re-
curved a i til. I.I . ; |:.iii lie concave above; tls. yellow:
fr. ratlin : JO. Trop. Amer. The leaflets

onthelii : . I ai'his hang straight down, and

those on in. ii|.i..i |"iint straight up. The Attaleas

are unpi'ij|[Ui,l.li- i.. kh'W as commercial decorative
plants, because they take too long to make good sized
plants from the seedling state. Perfect drainage, and
a soil having a mixture of leaf-mold or peat, with a tem-
perature ranging from G0° to 80° F., will be found to
suit them. Put the seeds about 2 in. deep in a box and
sink the box in a warm border out of doors in summer,
cover with a mulch of moss, and water frequently.

A. Trunks becoming tall.

exc61sa, Mart. St. 90-100 ft. high in the wild, 16-20 in.
In diam.i Ivs. erect-spreading: pistillate tls. solitary on
the branches uf the spadix: drupe obovate. Braz.

lunifera. ^I ui, si. l-,;ii fi . s-l.l in. diam., smooth:
Ivs. as |..'. '. I. - with very long hang-

ingflbii- , . . .1 mar-acuminate, in clus-

ters of :'.-... .i i -i ri.i:. .ii .ii..- I 111. long- Braz.

Cohiine, .Mart. St. tii-,".i) ft.: Ivs. erect, pinnate, the
dark gre.u |.iiiiia' .!ii-..(i and 18 in. or less long; petiole
flat abovi- and r.minlr.l below: drupe broadly ovate,
nearly .'1 in. Imi^'. with a very short beak. Honduras.—
Fruit used for .soap-iuaking, and exported from Cent.
Amer. for that purpose. Used for thatching.
AA. Without trunks.

upper l'J-10 m., Ji in. will. , nau-. Braz.

amygdallna, HBK. (.1. I' I i i.i. Stemless :

Ivs., ->-(i ft. l"ii^', .n.wili il. ; I . - I ; -..uments 90-100

on each m.I. . . n ii.i m, ,' l i i .- ali.ivc.with hairs along
theoui.rii .1 .. . I ■ .■, ft. long, about 1^4 in.
■wide; pi I :. ii.in-ath. Braz.

A. Gi'irl',, II i.i.!.. I.:. 11.. '■..■■.tr.-.mely long-leaved."— J..
Mdripa. .Mart. (.t. .l/«r.>..v«, Hort.) .See Maximiliana.

Jaked G. S>nTH and G. W. OLn-ER.

AUBRlfiTIA (Claude Aubriet. French natural history
painter of last CPiiliirvt. <'rnvif> rii\ Pcrciinial, iiKire
or less evergreen n-atl.T- . ..m.-'I 1. nt t'..r r.i.'k ..i ..ri, ..r . .1--
ings. Prop, by m . .' i I . . ^

is distinguished i I ' , ■ i

at base, the short. ■! til.n i - t...iili. .1, ami tin. \ ..I i ^ ..f

the silique convex and ii..t ribbed. Italy to Persia.

deltoldea, DC. Lvs. oblong-spatulate, deltoid or rhom-
boid, with 1 or 2 ti-i-th on either side, grayish, narrowed
into a very short petiole : fls. in few-fld., lax clusters,
the violet or purple petals twice the length of thf cah x.
— Grows 2-12 in. high. Pretty spring blo<. in. r. Ilar.ly
in the north. Var. Bougainvlllei, Hort. Fl^. irj<i \ in-
let: dwarf and compact. Var. Cimpbelli, H.iri. Kh.
large, purple : plant large. Var. EJrei, H.nt. Fls.
large and long, deep violet. Var. Graeca, H..>rt. Dwarf
and compact, large-fld. One of the best. Var. Hinder-
soul, Hort., probably the same as Cniiipbelli. Var.
Letchtlini, Hort. Profuse bloomer, pink fls. Var.
Olj'mpica, Hort. Fls. large, violet, like var. Myrei.
Var. violicea, Hort. One of the largest forms.

L. H. B.

AXrCtTB A (its Japanese name). ComAcem. One ever-
green shrub, with glossy, often variegated lvs., enduring
smoke and dust: fls. .small, dioecious, 4-merous, in pani-
cles: fr. a 1-seeded drupe. Hardy S. In the N. states, Au-

AURICULA

cubas are grown in coolhouses— those adapted to azaleas
are excellent — and they are kept evergreen by keeping
them in a pit linring winter, or by holding them cool and
partially .Iry in tin- house. They will stand 5 or G de-
grees iif ifii^i in a pit. From cuttings of half-ripened
wood, i;.....! s|,i-.iiT]cn plants may be had in 2 or 3 years.
Fruiting plants, with their numerous bright scarlet ber-
ries, are exceedingly attractive, but as the plant is
dioecious, there must be male plants with the female
ones. If grown in pots and under glass, the plant must
be fertilized by shaking the flowering male plant over
the female, or by applying the pollen with a camel's
hair pencil. If the male plant flowers earlier, the pollen
mav be collected and kept dry until the female plant is
in flower ; it remains effective for some weeks. In the
open, Aucuba grows well in any good, somewhat moist
though well-drained soil, in a half-shaded position. In
pots, it will thrive in a sandy loam with suflicient drain-
age, and requires plenty of water during its growing
period. Fruiting plants should not have too large pots.
Prop, very easily by half-ripened greenwood cuttings at
nearly any time of the year, under glass, and by seeds
sown soon after maturity ; the varieties are sometimes
grafted on the common form in early spring, under glass.

Japdnica, Thunb. Shrub, 4-15 ft. : fls. usually ovate,
3-8 in. long, remotely and coarsely dentate, acuminate,
shining : berries scarlet, rarely white or yellow, usually
oblong. Prom Himal. to Jap. B.M. 5512. I. H. 11:399.
Var. Himal&ica, Dipp. (A.HimaUica, Hook. & Thom.;.
Lvs. ovate-lanceolate, more dentate : panicles more
pilose: fr. orange to scarlet. Himal. F.S. 12:1271. I.H.
C: 197. -There are many garden forms, mostly with
variegated lvs.. which are more cultivated than the
green forms. Handsome variegated varieties are: albo-
yariegita, airea, aureo-macul4ta (Flor. Mag. 10:527.
Flor. World 1876:353), bicolor, latimaculita, lim-
bita, mSdio-variegita, picturMa, punctata, variegata
(B.M. 1I!I7. F.M. .-.:277l. Tlit- full..»iiii.' forms have
green lvs.: angustifblia, dentita, macrophylla, ovita,
salicifdlia, pygmaea. A. v,-nniii>lia. once offered in
Amer. trade, is probably a form of A . Japunica.

Alfred Re-hdeb.

AUDIBfiRTIA [Af. Audibert, of Tarascon, Provence).
Labiitip. Perennial, hoary, aromatic herbs from Calif.,
with rugose, sage-like lvs.

grandifldra, Benth. St. villous, glandular, 1-3 ft.
high : lvs. woolly beneath ; lower lvs. hastate, obtuse,
3-8 in. long, coarse ; bracts crowded, conspicuous : fls.
l-lVjin. long, red or crimson-purple, in dense, showy
glomes or clusters. — Prized for bees.

AUBtCUIA (Primula Auricula, Linn.). Fig. 171. A
European perennial, sending up short scapes, bearing
fls. of many colors. It is one of the most famous of
florists' flowers, but it has never received the attention
in this country that it has in Europe. Our summers are
i-rn. r:iHvtno hotforit. In this country generally treated
I. , . I Tihouse plant ; but it is hardy, and in the Old
W , i -rown largely in frames. See Primula.

\ . lias may be propagated bv seed for general pur-
[i.i-i . an. I for the pniductiun of new varieties, but to
perpetuate very choi... Mumii- -. n i- necessary to propa-
gate either by oft's.is i i i the plants. Seed
should be sown in slm 1 inch pots early itt
March, so that tin- s. i : i ill <•■■ well developed be-

f.na- v.'rv warm -.m ; i i~ in. 'i'lie soil used in the

s, , il pans -i. ill. li-lit and sandy, the surface

slmiiM Ii.. imi.i . . 1 1.- seedsthenpressedlightly

iiiii. III.. -Ill I ; I 1 1 L'tit covering of sand should

Ih-i- I.I I II :. .1 in a temp, of 60° until they

li:i\ I I I.I 11 y takes from three to four

w. . I I . removed to a light position,

.slnii I ; 1 1, in a rather lower tempera-

ture. I. 111. Ill' a ~i... I.;, ;-i..«th. As soon as the seedlings

a mixture of three parts leaf -mold and one part sifted
loam and clean silver sand. Watering should be care-
fully attended to, and everything done to promote active
growth, so that, if possible, the plants may be large
enough to require a second shift into other boxes, simi-
larly prepared, by the end of June. Auricula seedlings

AURICULA

CO through the hotte'st months much better m boxes than
inpas d thev can be kept more e\enh moist For their
summer ([uirttrs i wrodnn ti mi i 1 u d on sifted coal
ashes on the u )rth suit t i I ml liii^ i w ill or almost
anypositi n«hnethi\ ^mU 1 li It i 1 tiom the sun
and still reiene plent\ ( t li^ht h ul 1 1 i jiven them.
The frame should he pro^ ided w ith sish n hich should
be kept over the plants most of the time giving air m
abundance in favorable weather and during the wannest
weather the whole frame
should be raised by placing
a brick under each comer,
so Is to allow a good cir-
culation of air among the
plants About the second
week m September the
^oung plants should be
potted using a compost of
parts good fibrous
one p irt leaf mold,
ne part \\ell d( tayed
cow or sheep manure with
a little sand added The
lame should be kept a
ttle close for a fen days
fter potting and from
^are must be
1 wet the foli-
« ittnng The
111 1^ remain in
T" \/ "^ /tll^ />-' ^ ' " ii''t until d

^"^"^ '■M A£^ -■ tt.M.mgwl

/ ^M. -M -^M^ 'I'" l'"»'d be tra

A'^ ^ " j^, ^r^ ^^ terredtoacoolgre

^^A / _«^r '■iJ house for the winl

^^. i'<^^^ fe^^S^^"~ -^ ■ ■*" "locaAiniJ lea

119

^

171 Auricula (>

green-
winter.
All decajing leaves
should be carefully
removed and but lit-
tle water will be re-
quired during the
dull winter months.
Towards the end of February the plants will show signs
of flowering, when they should be given a top-dressing
of pulverized sheep manure and placed in a light, airy
position, in a temp, of 55°. The flowering season lasts
about two months, after which the plants should receive
their annual potting. All diseased or decayed roots
should be cut away, and most of the old soil carefully
removed. The propagation of very choice varieties by
offsets or division is best done at 'this time. The pots
used in potting should be well draiif^l. :iii'l ii'> larger
than will just accommodate the phi:it^. Tlir ^'iil best
suited is the same as before recomnirn.l' ^1. Alt.r j.ot-
ting they may be placed in their siiiiiiiu-r <m.irters.
Offsets should "be inserted round the edge of 4-inch pots,
using very sandy soil, and kept in a moist, shaded posi-
tion until rooted. By annually repotting and giving a
little extra care during the summer months, a batch of
Auriculas will return very satisfactory results, and may
be kept in a good, healthy condition for several years.
Edward J. Cashing.
AVfiNA (classical name). Graminew. Oats. Agenus
of annuals or perennials well known from the cultivated
oat. Panicles wide open, and loosely flowered, bearing
large 2-6-flowered spikelets. A long, twisted, geniculate
awn present, except in the cultivated oat. Species,
about 50. Widely spread in the temperate regions of the
Old and New World.

titua, Linn. Wild-oats. Sanh-oats. Resembles the
cultivated oat; can be distinguished by the larger spike-
lets and long, brown hairs on the flowering glume. Awn
an inch in length. Eu.— A very troublesome weed in
some parts. Not cult.

stfirilis, Linn. Animated Oats. Much larger than the
cultivated oat : spikelets large, in a drooping panicle ;
awn very long and geniculate. Mediterranean region
and E.— Occasionally cult, for the odd behavior of the
"seeds." It is the tvristing and untwisting of this awn,
when exposed to moisture and dryness, that has given
to the grass the name Animated Oats. The untwisting of
the awn causes the spikelet to tumble about in various
directions, suggestive of independent motion.

The common oat is Aveiia saliva, Linn., native of the Old
World. Pasture grasses sold as Avenas are A. elatior, which is
an Arrhenauthenim ; and A. flavcscens, which is a Trisetum.
P. B. Kennedy.

AVEKKHdA (after Averrhoes, the Arabian physi-
cian). GtroHutceie. Tropical fruit trees, cult, in India
and China, and sometim.^ ;,'rci\vii under glass for orna-
ment. Lvs. alternate. "iM lunn.in ; I its. alternate, ovate-
acuminate, entire, stalk.. I. ~. ii-iii\. : fls. borne on the
naked stems and brand us. mjiiui.'. li-:ii;rant, rose-colored
to reddish purple, racemose; calyx red; corolla campanu-
late ; petals 5.

Carambdla, Linn. Carambola. Height 15-20 ft. : Ifts.
4-5 pairs : fls. rosy purple : fr. varying in size from a
hen's egg to a large orange, ovate, acutely 5-angled, yel-
low, fragrant, the pulp acid. The half -grown fr. used as
pickles ; the ripe fr. for preserves. Said to produce 3
crops a year. P. M. 15: 231. Cult, sparingly in S. Calif.

A. Bilimhi. Linn. CucuMBEE TREE. Bilimbi. Height 8-15
ft.: Itts. 5-10 pairs : fls. red, in longer racemes than the above :
fr. smaller than the Carambola, cucumber-shaped, smooth,
green rind, and acid pulp. Extensively cult, in S. Amer. P.M.
15; 231.

AVOCADO, ALLIGATOR PEAK. See Persea.

AZALEA (from Greek azaleas, dry : Linnaeus be-
lieved them to grow in dry locations). Uricdeece.
Shrubs : lvs. deciduous or persistent, alternate, more
or less nairy and ciliate, rarely glabrous and never lepi-
dote or scurfy : fls. in terminal umbellate racemes,
rarely lateral; corolla 5-lobed, funnel-form, campanulate
or rotate ; stamens 5-10 ; ovary 5-celled, hairy or se-
tose, with or without glands : fr. a loculicidal capsule
(Fig. 172), with numerous minute seeds. This genus is
often united with Rhododendron, which is easier to dis-
tinguish by its lvs. and general habit than by its fls. In
Rhododendron, the lvs. are coriaceous, generally per-
sistent, usually revolute at the margin, glabrous or to-
mentose beneath, often lepidote, not ciliate, or ciliate
and lepidote : stamens usually 10 : ovary glabrous,
glandular, lepidote or tomentose, never setose, some-
times more than 5-celled. The glabrous species of
Azalea have 5 stamens and deciduous lvs. There are 25
species in Asia (especially E. Asia) and N. Amer. Con-
sult Maximowicz, Rhododendreae Asifs Orientalis, St.
Petersburg, 1870. The Azaleas belong to our most orna-
mental and beautiful flowering shrubs, and are often
completely covered with large showy fls. of brilliant and
various colors. They grow best in peaty or sandy soil
containing no limestone, and prefer somewhat moist and
half-shaded situations. In regard to the culture, they
may be divided into two groups : Hardy deciduous
Azaleas, and Indian Azaleas.

Hardy Deciduous Azaleas. — These include the spe-
cies of the sections Euazalea and Rhodora, and the hy-
brids known as Ghent Azaleas. They are hardy, but in
the N. and in exposed situations a protection with brush,
hay or mats should be given during the winter, to pre-
vent the flower-buds from sudden changes of tempera-
ture. They are usually increased by seeds sown in early
spring in frames or pans, in sandy peat, without cover-
ing, and kept moist and shady. When the seedlings ap-
pear they should have air and a daily syringing. In au-
tumn they are transplanted into boxes or frames, in
sandy, peaty soil. The seeds germinate very readily
sown in cut sphagnum, but ought to be pricked into
boxes as soon as they can be handled. The second year
the seedlings should be planted out in beds, sufSciently
wide apart to allow a growth of two years. Long upright
branches should be shortened, to secure well-branched
plants. The named varieties are grafted on any of the
common species, usually by veneer-grafting in autumn
in the greenhouse, on potted stock. They may also be
increased by cuttings of mature wood 2-3 in. long, taken
with a heel late in summer, and placed in sand under
glass. Layers usually require 2 years to root sufficiently;
they are made in spring, and the buried part enclosed in
moss. Azaleas are easy to transplant, either in earl;'
spring or in early autumn, when the year's growth
has ripened. If desired, they may be planted for deco-
rative purposes in early spring, in beds, without injuring
the abundance or brilliancy of the flower, and after-

120

AZALEA

wards removed to give space for other decorative plants,
and planted carefully in nursery beds, where they remain
till next spring ; and so on every year. Especially the
hybrids and varieties of A. mollis are often and easily
forced for winter-flowering. If intended for early forc-
ing, they should be grown in pots, and care taken to
allow them to finish their growth as early as possible ;
for later forcing, after Christmas, they may be potted in
fall, or even just before bringing them Into the forcing-
house. With a temperature of 50-55° at night, they will
bloom in about 6 weeks. The Ghent Azaleas are grown
in great quantities in the Low Countries and in Germany
lor export to America ; it is usually more profitable to
buy this stock each fall than to attempt to raise it here,
where labor is high-priced and the climat.- dry and hot.

In the open, the flowering period ot liardy A ^al. :n cn
tends from April to July. First coni'S J .(■-/».//;. /,~. J .
rhombica a.r>d A . i'aseiji ; then ^1. //»(/(//^w<( and .1 . nml-
Us, followed by A. Pontlca and A. calcnduluc^a, and
nearly at the same time A. ScUlippcnhachi and A.
AWrechti ; somewhat later, A.occidentaUs,a.n(ilast, A.
arborescens and A. viscosa. One of the most beauti-
ful is the American A. caUndnlacea, which is hardly
surpassed in the brilliancy and abundance of its flowers
by any of the Ghent hybriils. Some good hybrids, or
<:ihent Azaleas, are the following :

Single-fld. varieties : Albicans, white with yellow
l>lotch, fragrant ; Admiral de Ruyter, deep red scarlet ;
Altaclarensis, white, bordered pink, spotted yellow,
iragrant,B.R. 28:27; Anthony Foster, orange-yellow;
■Comte de Gomer, bright rose, spotted orange, R.B.
1 : 97 ; Daviesi, nearly pure white, fragrant, Gt. 42:1307;
Directeur Charles Baumann, cherry red, spotted yellow;
G^ant des Batailles, deep crijnson ; Hilda, red-orange ;
Louis Hellebuyck, carmine, blotched orange, F.S. 19:
2019; MarieVersohatlVIt, pink, b'otched yellow; Morteri,
rosy pink with yrlii, I.] -. L. >.I'..P.G. II. 1: 10 ; Prin-
cessed'Orange, >.i it-uinca. deep crimson;

Tsarine.brighti'iii :; I. ,;; Van Dyck, blood-red;

Viscosa floribunda. \'\\y \ !ii:i . rra;j;rant.

Double-fld. varieties : Arclliusa, creamy white, tinged
yellow ; Bijou de Gandbrugge, white, bordered rose,
F.S. 19:202i ; Louis Aim6 Van Houtte, carmine, tinged
orange, F.S. 10:2022 ; Jtadanie Mina Van Hoiitte, pink,
tinged prdin-m and vliit.-, F.S. 10:2021 : Blurillo, pink,
tinged ]'<••■■ ' ■. !■ !: I" ■.':,>; I'lirlH.. callow, tinged or-
ange, I.' i ' I I :, ', i. I di- Siii,a.].ii)lv; Virgile, pale
rose, M;;, : '. i i i la- . a uiri, 1;. r.. I'J: 232.

Indian A.ial v . Tina iriaaup .a.iiiains .1 , Iiuliea and
other species o£ the soction Tsusia and the hybrids of
them. They are well known evergreen shrubs in the N.,
requiring cultivation in the greenhouse during the win-
ter, but some varieties, as A. Indica, var. Kampferi and
var. amcena, are hardy even near New York. A. ros-
marinifolia and A. llnearifolia will stand many de-
grees of frost in somewhat sheltered positions. They
are rarely increased by seeds, which may be sown in the
greenhouse in the same way as with the former group.
Usually they are propagated by cuttinsrs or grafting.
The cuttings root best when made in August from halt-
ripened wood, and placed in sand under a frame, with
gentle bottom heat. Choicer varieties are usually in-
creased by veneer- or tongue-grafting, either in winter
or in July andAug. on vigorous-growing varieties raised
mostly from cuttings. Grafting on Rhododendron is
now used in some German nurseries with very good re-
sults. The best soil for Azaleas, if grown in pots, is a
sandy compost of half peat and Inilf leaf-soil, with an
addition of good fibrous loam. It is essential to plant
them firmly, and to give very good drainage. The base
of the stem sliould be just above the surface. The best
time for repotting is after flowering, when the new
growth commences. During the summer,they should be
kept in a coldfrarae or in the open in a sheltered spot,
with the pots plunged in the soil, or planted out in pre-
pared beds, where they m.ake a very vigorous and
healthy growth. In Sept. they should be repotted and
transferred to the greenhouse. They must have plenty
of water and free syringing during the hot mouths.
The natural flowering time is from April to June, but in
the greenhouse. Azaleas may be had in flower from Nov.
till June. Against the red spiderand thrips, from which
the Azaleas are liable to suffer if the air is too dry, free

AZALEA

syringing with water is the best remedy. Most of the
plants used for forcing in this country are imported
from Holland and Belgium ; and it is cheaper to buy
them than to attempt to raise them. Formerly Azaleas
were kept in sumitier in shade or partial shade, but now
it is tliH cusloiii of the best growers to give them full
exposure to the son. (illjcr planted out or in the pots
plan:,', d to tlio lain in :i-li. s or other good drainage nia-

of old'cow nianore is v.rv beneficial. The onlv Annri-
can treatise is Hallidav's Treatise on tia' [■,-. a_a a,n
and Cultivation of Azalea Indica, Ball ill

Some of the best varieties of Indian
following (for acompleteraccount, see An _ a- 1 \ ,in ' .. . i a.
loonni^raphie des Azalees, abbreviated here as Ita A/.. ) ;

SiiiL-i-' tld. : Antigone, white, striped and s|>otted vio-
l.i. i; I;. 7:241: Ic.Az.:!; Apollo, vermilion, Ic Az. 20;
Clnunin-, rich amaranth, very large, F.M. 5:,f03-4, 1 ;
Couilcaao il« B.-anfort. rifh rose, blotched deep crim-
son ; Crit'aaai. taah a , i a a m - pi id; . Iimi d.aaal white and
blotched IT 11^ - i - - , a; ; in.uannd. u hdc, l,lotched
dark crinia.aa I -■ : ."a ::|; liua dr N.aasau, rich
rosy purple, \ aiv fna aadlar;;a: iv latantr, deep crim-
son, shaded rose ; Fanny Ivery, deep salmon-scarlet,
blotched magenta, F.M. 10: ^42 ; Fielder's White, pure
white, early, A. P. 13:1169; Flambeau, rich, glowing
crimson, Gn. 16:242,4; Fuerstin Bariatinsky, white,
striped red, Gn. 16, 242, lo.Az. 13 ; Jean Verviene, sal-
mon, striped, bordered white, R.B. 2: 145, Ic.Az. 11;
John Gould Veitch, lilac rose, bordered and netted
white, striped crimson, F.S. 20:2071-72; La Viotoire,
reddish, white towards the edges, spotted maroon crim-
son ; Louise von Baden, pure white, sometimes speckled
pink ; F.S. 17: 1796, F.M. 3: 158 ; Madame Charles Van
Eeckhaute, pure white, with crisped edges ; Madame
Van Houtte, scarlet rose, bordered white, F.S. 23: 2.383,
Ic. Az. 5 ; Marquis of Lome, brilliant scarlet, very
fine ; Miss E. Jarret, pure white, with crisped edges,
R.B. 14:213; Mrs. Turner, bright pink, bordered white,
spotted crimson, F.S. 8: 451 ; Mons. Thibaut, orange-red;
President Viator Van din Ilockc, whito striped and
speckled crim-on. w atli yrllnw cantar. I'.S. I,',: 1567-68 ;
Princess Alice, ).ma. wlid.-, onp ,d tin- liasi ; Princesse
Clementine, while. s|M,ii,al ^-rrmi-h y. Il..w ; Reine des
Pays-Bas, richviolci pink.burdorLdwldlu.l.H. 13:479;
Rot de HoUando, dark blood-red, spotted black ; Sigis-
mund Rncker, rich rose, bordered white, blotched crim-
son, very showy, F.S. 1942010-11, Ic.Az. 31; Stella,
orange-scarlet, tinged violet ; Wilson Saunders, pure
white, striped and blotched vivid red.

Double-fld.: Borsig, pure white; Alice, deep rose,
blotched vermilion, I.H. 23:244; Baron M. de Rothschild,
rich purple-violet, large, F.S. 23: 2477-78 ; Bernard An-

Azalea nudifli

173. Azalea nudillora (X K).

dr^, dark violet-purple, large ; Bernard Andr(3 alba,
white, I.H. 17:15, Ic. Az. 19; Charles Leirens, dark sal-
mon, blotched dark purple, good form and substance, F.S.
19:1971-72; Charles Pynaert, salmon, bordered white,
R.B. 10:25; Chicago, deep carmine, bordered white,
large ; Comtesse Eugenie de Kerchove, white, flaked red-
carmine; Deutsche Perle, pure white, early, R.H. 1886:

AZALEA

516, Gn, 33 : G49, Ic. Az. 25 ; Dominique Yervaene, bright
orange ; Dr. Moore, deep rose, shaded white and violet,
very tine, R. Br. 11 :C1 ; Empereur du Br^sil, rich rose,
banded white, upper petals marked red, Ic. Az. 15 ;
Franijois de Vos, deep crimson, I.H. 14:512, Ic. Az. 14,
F.M. 8:443; Imbricata, white, sometimes flaked rose,
I H. 24:281, F.S. 22:2284-83; Imperatrice des Iiules,
salmon-rose, festooned white and dark carmine. F.M.
18:357, Ic.Az. 21; Johanna Gottsehalk, white ; Louise
Pynaert, white, R. B. 4: 209 : JMme. Iris Letelivre, dark
orange-carmine, shaded brislit viulpt nml lil.iti-hi-il brown-
ish red, i^.S. 18: 1862-ti:i : .>l Mm,:.. \:,,i ,ler Cruyssen,
pink, fine form, A. F. 12: 1> : ", , u hit.-, larse,

semi-double; Niobe, whi:- ■ ; l'li:irMililt' Ma-

low and striped crimson; President Oswald deKerchove,
pink, bordered white, blotched carmine ; Raphael, white ;
Sakuntala, white, very free-flowering; Sour, du Prince
Albert, rich rose-peach, broadly margined white, very
free-flowering, F.M. 4:201, Ic. Az. 24; Theodore Rei-
mers, lilac, large ; Vervteneana, rose, bordered white,
sometimes striped salmon.

The following A7:,\,-:« ar<- dp«<-ril.f>.l I.pIow : A. alba,
No. 15; albiHoni. |.;: \!Lr,.l,ii. 1 l' ■ mnn-na, 14; arbo-
rescens, 2; bal-;"'^ - ;, - licea, 5; CuU-

fornica,! ; calv<i:' , I i : ' ■ : .'•: canescens, 4;

crispiflora, 14 ;' cr. . . u, :, ; /' „- ;. U ; flammea,5;

Gandavensis, 7 ; ghiuoa. 3 ; hispida, 3 ; IncUca, 14 ;
Ka?mpferi,14; lateritia, 14 ; ted ifflia. 15 ; liUi flora, 15;
macrantha, 14 ; mollis, 8 ; naroissiflora, 15 ; nitida, 3 ;
nudiflora, 4 ; obtusa, 14 ; occidentalis, I ; Pontica. 0 ;
punicea, 15; purpurea, 15; rhombica, 10; Jiollissovi,l-i;
vosiflora, 14; rosmarinifolia, 15; Sohlippenbachi, 13 ;
Simsi, 14 ; Sinensis, 8 ; speciosa, 5 ; Vaseyi, 11 ; vis-
cosa,3.

A. Fls. in terminal 1-many-ftd. clusters.
B. Ijvs. and fls. from different buds : -winter-buds with

many scales: Ivs. deciduous.

c. Corolla with rather long tube and usually acute

segments, pubescent or hairy outside : stamens 5 :

Ivs, ciliate, {Muazalea.)

D. Stamens as long as or longer than the limb: tube

long and narrotc, oitl.-<ide ylandular.

E. Color U-In! . /.,„',■ ..,■ , ..f.

1. occidentilis, Torr. cV I I ;i . /- -nrlron occidcn-
idle. Gray. A. Cnlii'hm . I! Il.ight 2-6 ft.:
branchlets glabrous or ]miI > -mii : [^ ~. (li)ovate-oblong,
finely ciliate, slightly pul.eseeut beneath when young :
corolla 2-2Y. in. long, white or slightly tinged rosefwith
yellow on the upper lobe, fragrant. May, June. Calif.
B.M. 5005. F.S. 14:1432. Gn. 34:673.

2. arborSscens, Pursh (Khododendron arborlscens,
Torr. ). From 8-20 ft. : branchlets nearly glabrous : Ivs.
obovate or obovate-oblong, ac-ute, ciliate, glabrous, green
or glaucescent beneath : fls. white or tinged rose, 2 in.
long, fragrant ; style and stamens red. June, July.
Allegh. Mts. G.F. 1:401. L.'B.C. 17:1632, as ^. reW(-
cillnta.

3. viscdsa, Linn. ( Rhododindron viscdsum, Torr.).
From 4-s ft.: ^viIlter-buds glabrous: branchlets with
stiff hair- : i\- i . i ■'':)! n-oblong, obtuse or mucronulate,
ciliate, I' ,:, , ii the Veins beneath : fls. white Or
tiuL'eil ( i i 1' ' 1. long, viscid outside, fragrant;
style r.,!, .; iiie . .1 u! ^ . E. N. Amer. Era. 2:438. Var.
nitida, Nichols. From 1-3 ft.: Ivs. oblanceolate, bright
green on both sides: corolla tinged red. B.R. 5:414.
Var. glaiica, Ait. Lvs. whitish-glaucous beneath, dull
and glaucous above. L. B.C. 16:1518. Var.hispida, Britt.
(A. hl.yuda. Pursh). Pedicels bristly hispid : fls. usu-
ally pink : lvs. glaucescent beneath. L. B.C. 5:441.
^4. nudiildra, Litm. (.1. liitca, Linn. i?. vudiflorum,
Torr.). Figs. 172, 173. Height 2-6 ft.: winter-buds
more or less pubescent : branchlets pubescent and often
with stiff hairs : lvs. oblong or obovate, hairy on the
midrib or pubescent beneath : fls. pink to nearly white,
before or with the lvs., about 1^4 in. broad, not viscid
outside. Apr., May. E. N. Amer. B.R. 120. L.B.C.
1:51. G.W.F. 36. Mu. 2:17. Var. canescens, Relider
(A. canescens, Miclix.i. Lvs. toraentose or pubescent
beneath, usually elliptic.

AZALEA

121

EE. Color yellow to flame-red.

5. calendulicea, Michx. (R. calendulAceum., Torr.).
From 4-10 ft. : branchlets glabrous or with stiff hairs :
lvs. obovate or ovate, usually pubescent beneath, serru-
late-ciliate : fls. orange-yellow or flame-red, often 2 in.
broad, with the Ivs., nearly scentless ; tube usually
shorter than the limb ; stamens thickened at the middle.
Mav. June. E. N. Amer. Var. fl4mmea, Michx. lA.
s;;("c;.'..srt, Willd.). Fls. flame- or orange-red. B.R. 145.
L.B.C. 7:624. B.M. 180. Var. crdcea, Michx. Fls. yel-
low or orange-yellow. B.M. 1721. L.B.C. 14:1324.-One
of the most showy species.

G. Pdntica, Liun. (E. fUtrnm, Don). Plant 2-6 ft.:
branchlets hairy: pedicels and petioles glandular : lvs.
cuneate, oblong, usually hairy on both sides when young,
2-4 in. long : fls. yellow, 2-2% in. broad, very fragrant ;
stamens as long as the limb. May. Orient, Caucasus.
B.M. 433 ; 2383 (var. albiflora).-A very fragrant and
free-flowering specios, not common in cult. Nearly all
varieties referred to this species in nursery catalogues
are hybrids, for which the collective name A. Ganda-
vensis may be used.

7. Gandavensis, Hort. Ghent Azaleas. Fig. 174.
These are hybrids between .1 . Pontica, and the American

174 Ghent azalea— A Gandave:

species, and A, Sinensis, now more in cult, than the
typical species. Of a number of them the parents are
easily recognized, but many are hybrids of the second
degree or more, and it is impossible to be sure abotit
their parentage. They vary in all shades of white, yel-
low, orange, pink, carmine, lilac, and red, with single
and double fls., and also in the time of flowering, from
May to July. A short selection of some good varieties
has already been given.

DD. Stamens shorter than the limb : corolla fnnnel-
form-campanulate, outside pubescent, not glan-
dular.
8. Sinensis, Lodd. (A. mSllis, Blume. B. Sinhise,
Sweet). From 3-8 ft.: branches hairy : lvs. oblong or
obovate-oblong, 2-4 in. long, appressed-setose above,
glaucescent beneath and nearly glabrous except on the
midrib, rarely pubescent : fls. 2-2K in. broad, yellow,
orange or pink. April, Mav. China, Japan. F.S. 19:
2032-36. Gn. 46, p.265, 546. "B.R. 15:1253. L.B.C.9:885.

122

AZALEA

Gt. 16:556. Gng. 1:279. -A valuable species, with large
but scentless fls. A large number of varieties and hy-
brids has been raised, which are well adapted for forcing
purposes and also for groups in the open, being as hardy
as the American species. See lihniUxlendron for picture.
CO. Corolhi n-ilh i; rii ^hn,t hih,\ rotate-eampanulate
or hrn h ji/)' J . ^/fohrniis mil.side: segments ob-

D. Limli i'f <■..,,.//» jlip/Hfl. )ii>t spotted, the two
lower sn/mnl.s dn;dtd u^arhj to the base: fls.
before the Irs.

9. Canadensis, O. Ktze. (lihoddra Canaddnsis, Linn.
Bhododindron Bhodbra, Don). From 1-3 ft.: Ivs. oval,
obtuse and mucronulate, glaucous and slightly pubes-
cent beneath : fls. 5-7, on very short pedicels 1-U4 in.
broad, rose-purple ; segments narrow, the lower ones
revolute ; stamens 10. Apr.. May. E. N. Araer. : New-
foundland to Pa. Em. 2:441. B.M. 474.

10. rh6aibica, O. Ktze. {Mhodo,l,-„,hn„ ,■/,,;„,/,„.„,».
Miq.). Shrub, ;t-8 ft. : Ivs. rhombic-ill i pi ir. :uut.- ;,t hot !■
ends and sparsely hairy above, yell"« i-h [.iiIh snnt :it
the nerves beneath: Hs. 2-3 ; corolla l',.-'i iu. Iiroarl.
somewhat campanulate, bright rose-colored, segments
oblong; stamens 10. Apr., May. Japan. B.M.6972. Gt.
17:586; G.C. 111.20:38.

DD. Xihnb of corolla rotate-eampanulate, or slightly
S-lipped, divided usualli/ till below the middle :
upper lobes spotted.

11. Viseyi, Rehder [Rhododendron V&seyi, Gray).
From 5-15 ft. high ; branchlets without bristles : Ivs.
oblong or oblong-lanceolate, acute, sparsely hirsute :
fls. before or with the Ivs.; corolla slightly 2-lipped,
lower lobes widely spreading; stamens 7, rarely 5. Apr.,
May. N. Car. G.F. 1:377. G.C. III. 20: 71. -Excellent.

12. Albrechti, O. Ktze. ( Rliod,.de)idro)i Albrechti,
Maxim.). From 2-.3 ft.: liranclilfts glandular-pilose:
Ivs. obovate or clliiitic, ainitc, 3-5 in. long, appressed-
pilose above, pubescent alimg the veins beneath : fls.
purple, with the Ivs. 2 in. broad ; stamens 10. Japan.

13. Schlippenbachi, O. Ktze. {Rhododendron Srhllp-
piiiliai-lii, M-.isim.). Three to 5 ft.: branchlets glandu-
liir-pilosc : Ivs. cuneate, broadly obovate, 2-5 in. long,
rouiuled and mucronate at the apex, hirsute on both
sides or glabrous at length : lis. with the Ivs., 2-3 in.
broad, pale rose-colored, upper lobes spotted reddish
brown : stamens 10. May. Japan. B.M. 7373. Gn.
46:972. G.C. III. 19: 561.

BB. Lvs. and fls. from the same terminal bud: winter

buds with s-4 scales of nearly equal length :

corolla glabrous outside: lvs. usually persistent.

{r^usia )

14 Indica I inn (Rhododmdron Indinim Sneet)

l-U r II Irom

or less rufoush
pressed stngose
lanceolate oi <

calv

densely setose not

glandular with usn

illy small lobes co

loUa pink or puiple

upper segments spot

ted stamens 5-10

( hma Jap C n 50

I 102 j4 p 487

U B 20 121 21 85

23 37 AG 14 473

Gng 4 3i9 F E

'I 431 FR 2 579 —

This IS a verj van

175 Azalea Indica (X K) able and much cul

tivated species nnd

the following varieties are often described as species

(1) Lif lanceolate or elliptic acute 2-1 in lovq dull

abote atid rufoiisli/ ^tiir/oie sh> ub<t S-3 ft

high someiihatlooicly binmhed

\ ar Eaempfen Rehder L\ s deciduous only a few

small ones below the 11 buds persisting till spring

Nd'

elliptic, bright green: fls. 2-3, with or before the lvs.;
calyx-lobes oval, rounded ; corolla 1-2 in. broad, pink
or orange-red: stamens 5, with yellow anthers. Apr.,
M ly lap — This is the hardiest variety , hardy even
in ^ew Eng

\ ar Simsi Rehdei C4 Indica Sims not Linn.).
Lvs persistent daik gieen HnceoKte fls. 1-3,

176. Double-flowered Azalea Indica (X

colored or carmine ; calyx-lobes lanceolate ;
10, with purple anthers. May, June. China. B.M.
1480. L.B.C. 3:275.
(2) Itvs. obovate or obovate-lanceolate, obtuse, rarely
acute ; H-2 in, long, less strigose, and usually
shining above : low, much-branched shrubs.
Var. macr4iitha, Reichb. {A.macrdntha, Bunge. A.
DanielsiAna, Paxt.). Lvs. coriaceous, dark green,
shining, obovate or oval : fls. usually single, 3-3 in.
broad, pink or purplish pink ; stamens 5-10, usually
enc^psed. Mav.June. China. P.M.I: 129. S.B.F.G.II.
3: 261. -From this variety nearly all of the beautiful
garden forms of the Indian Azaleas have originated by
cross-breeding with other varieties and forms of A.
/iirfiVn introduced from Japanese and Chinese gardens,
and by hybridizing, especially with ^ . rosmarinifblia.
To this variety may be referred the following re-
markable forms : Var. crispifldra. Van Houtte. Fls.
large, rose-colored, with distinctly crisped segments.
P.S. 9:887. B.M. 4726. Var. laterltia, Lindl. Lvs.
oblong-Innccolatc : fls. salmon or brick-red. B.R. 1700.

.ifl.-i

CMi.c ..1,1 ll.l. Ij.u.-,alu. 1 ..M. ILI. 11a. (_.lj. li.JlD.
R.ll. Iiib2:432.

Var. obtilsa, Rehder (A. obtusa, Lindl.). Lvs. obo-
vate or ovate, obtuse : fls. 1-3, pink or orange-red ;
corolla 1-lH in. broad, lobes oval-oblong; stamens 5,
exserted, anthers yellow. May. China, Jap. B.R.
32:37. G.C. II. 25:"585. R.H. 1876:370. Var.obtilBa
61ba, Hort. Fls. white. G.F. 9:395. Var. calycifWra,
Rehder (^ . calycifldra, Hort.). Fls. brick-red, corolla
double (hose-in-hose).

Var. amina, Rehder {A. nmiiia, Lindl.). Lvs. obo-
vate or elliptic, obtuse or acute, %-l in. long, dark
green : corolla usually double (hose-in-ho,se), purple,
^-1 in. broad ; sLimens .'). Apr., May. China, Jap.
B.M. 4728. F.S. 9:885. G.C. 111. 23: fig. 125. A.G.
l.'):373; 18:568. Gng.2:385. A. F. 12:33. F.E. 9:573.
-lowering early and very abundantly ; hardy north

AZALEA

to New York. There are some forms and crosses of
this variety, of which the following may be recom
mended: Caldwelli, with larger purple fls Geeit
Ic.Az. 18 ; Marvel, lilac-carmine, double Flor Mag
11; 14; Princess Maud, rosy magenta, RH 18b6 516
Mrs. Carmichael, criiuson-raagenta ; Prince s Bea
trice, bright mauve ; Prime Minister, soft pink Mis.s
Buist, pure white.

15. rosmarinifdlia, Burm. (A. alba. Sweet A ledi
folia. Hook. A. liliifldra, Poit.). Much branched low
shrub, 1-3 ft.: branches, Ivs. and pedicels denselj ru
fously appressed-strigose : Ivs. elliptic or elliptic Ian
ceolate, persistent, 1-3 in. long: fls. 1-3 caljx with
lanceolate serrate-glandular lobes ; corolla pure white
or rosy purple, 2-3 in. broad, fragrant ; stamens usually
10. May. China. B.R. 10:811. B.M. 2901 L B C 13
1253. — Some remarkable varieties of this species are
the following : Var. Alba, Rehder ( J., /ndico, var. alba,
Lindl. R. Itucdnthum, Bunge). Fls. white, sometimes
striped pink. Var. purpiirea, Rehder (E. ledifdlium,
var.;)i(/7)»)-(H)H, Max.). Fls. rosy purple. Var. narcissi-
fldra, Rehder {A. narcissiflom, Port.). Fls. double,
white; rarely purple. Var. punicea, Rehd. {A. putitcea,
Sweet. A. ledifolia, var. phwnicen, Hook. A. Indira,
var. calt/clna, Paxt.). Fls. single, purple ; calyx with
linear, not serrate and less glandular lobes. B.M. 3239.
L.B.C. 18:1735. A. rosiiiarinifAlia has produced, with
A. Indica, a large number of beautiful hybrids, of
which one of the first was figured in 1833 as JRhododen-
dron piilchrum.

AA. Fls. from lateral l-fld. buds toward the end of the
branches: corolla rotate- campanulate, glabrous.
(Azaleastrum.)

16. alblHdra, O. Ktze. {Bhododfndron albifldrum.
Hook. ). Aliout 2-3 ft. : branches strigose and glandular
when young: Ivs. oblong, pale green, appressed-stri-
gose above and at the midrib beneath, slightly ciliate :
fls. nodding, on short pedicels ; corolla white, 5-cleft,
about 1 in. broad ; calvx glandular ; stamens 10. Rocky
Mts. B.M. 3670.

A. Dahilrica, Kooh = Rhododendron Dahuricum. — A. di-
anthiflora, Carr.=.\. rosmarinifolia, var. dianthillora.— A. dila-
<d(«. O. Ktze. (R. dilatatum, Miq.). Allied to A. rhombica. Lvs.
glabrous : stamens 5. Japan.— A. Fdrrer<e, Koch (A. squa-
mata, Lindl.). Allied to A. Schlippenbaehi. Lvs. rhomboid-
ovate, somewhat eoriiieeous: fls. whitish piuk, spotted. China.
B.R. 33: 3.-.i. Japfmica, Gray=.\. Siuensi.s.-A. Kamschdtica,
O. Ktze. (Rhododendron Kamschatieum, P;ill.). Low or pros-
trate shrub, to 10 in. high : lvs. obov.ite, setose : fls. 1-5. long-

cum.— A. liiuarifdlia. Hook. (R. linearifolium, Sieb. & Zucc).
Allied to A. rosmarinifolia. Lvs. linear-lanceolate ; corolla
pink, deeply divided into 5 linear-lanceolate segments. April,
May. Japan. B.M. 5769.— A. macroscpaia. O. Kuntze (R. macro-
sepalum, Maxim.). Height 1-2 ft.; branchlets densely villose :
lvs. deciduous or semi-persistent, elliptic : tis. umbellate, rose-
lilac, spotted, about 2 in. liroad ; calyx pubescent-glandular.
Japan. at.l9; 662.— A. mucrondta, Blume^A, rosmarinifoUa.—

123

A obtitsa Lindl —A Indici

obtusa —A ovAia Lindl (R

1 fl r He (.1 t " l'> ft lvs

II rotite IM 1%

lata Koch

broid Japan B I i

sqia lata Lmdl \ i

Ts honoskl Ua^ n L

eUiptlc a-^m long fl 4 It 4 n 1 ro I 1 p

Alfred Rehder

AZARA (I N Azara a Spanish promoter of science
especially of botany) BiJcdcee Shrubs or small trees
lvs. evergreen, alternate, with usually enlarged and leaf-
like stipules : fls. small, in axillary peduncled racemes
or clusters, apetalous ; sepals 4-5 ; stamens numerous,
rarely 5 : fr. a many-seeded berry. ,\bout 20 species
in S. America, especially Chilr. ilan<is,.iiiu evergreen
shrubs, with small but frairra'it rU.. I'mi- wanu temperate
regions; probably only A. nn, rai.lnjlhi will thrive far-
ther north in a sheltered i)o,sitiMH and protected during
the winter. Grow best in a sandy compost of loam .and
leaf soil. Prop, by seeds or cuttings of mature wood
in autumn, placed in slight bottom heat under glass.

microphylla, Hook, f . Prom 3-12 ft. : lvs. obovate, ser-
rate, or nearly entire, %-%\n. long, shining, glabrous,
the stipules similar, but half the size : fls. greenish, in
few-fld. clusters; stamens 5: berries orange. Feb., Mar.
Chile. G.C. II. 1: 81. — Graceful evergreen shrub, regu-
larly pinnately branched, excellent for covering walls ;
the hardiest of all the cultivated species.

GilUesi, Hook. & Arn. Height 10-15 ft. : lvs. 214-3 in.
long, broad-ovate, with coarse, spiny teeth, glabrous ;
stipules orbicular, much smaller : fls. in dense, elliptic,
nodding heads, yellow. Feb., Mar. Chile. B.M. 5178.
F.S. 23: 2445.-The handsomest of all Azaras.

A . crassifUia. Hort. — A. GiUiesi. — A. dentdta, R. & Pav.
Heiglit 12 ft.: lvs. obovate or elliptic, crenate-serrate : fls. yellow,
in sm.iU corymbs. Chile. B.H. 21:nHS.— A. intearifdlia. R. &
Pav. Height 10-20 ft.: lvs. entire: fls. yellow, in oblong heads.
Chile. Has a variegated form. , _

Alfred Rehdek.

AZ6LLA (Greek, (0 destroy bij drying). Salviniaceo'.
A small genus of floating aquatics with small, pinnate
stems and minute fleshy 2-lobed lvs., producing two
sorts of spores in globular sporocirps. The species mul-
tiply rapidly by self-division, but will grow readily in
water containing a little nutriment. The species are
distinguishable only by microscropic examination.

Carolini&na, Willd. Plant %-l in. long : anchor-like
processes of spores with septa. N. Y. to the Gulf of Mex.

filiculoldes. Lam. Plants 1-2 in. long : anchor-like
processes without septa. Calif, to Chile.

L. M. Underwood.

BABIANA (said to come from Dutch for baboon, be-
cause those animals eat the bulbs). Iriddce<e. About
50 cormous plants of S. Afr. FIs. showy, red orpurplish,
in a short spike-like cluster or raceme, tubular at the
base, the segments with claws or narrow bases, and the
limb erect-spreading : ovary 3-loculed : Ivs. narrow,
hairy, plaited, standing edgewise to the stem. Low
plants, of easy culture if treated like freesias or hya-
cinths. Three or 4 corms in a 4-in. pot give attractive
bloom in March or later. Grown only indoors or under
frames in the N. They are showy and useful plants.
Monogr. by Baker in Handbook of the Irideae, 181)2.
A. Perianth limb regular ornearly so, and wide-
spreading.

strleta, Ker. (B. villdsa. and B. purpurea, Ker.).
Fig. 177. A foot or less high: Ivs. broad, oblong-lanceo-
late or swoi-.l -liMpnl, iiiii-ply reaching the spikes : fls.
scattered, -.Ihixvv, u nilU n'd or purple, with a promi-
nent tulj.-. iIm ,._iii.rii~ ..hlong-lanceolate. B.M. 58.'),
621. — Babian.is ■av,- ih.i nmM under species-names in this

striata (X M).

country, but as mixed varieties. These varieties are
chiefly, if not wholly, of this species. Many forms and
colors. Var. angustiidlia, Sweet. Lvs. linear. B.M.
637. Var. rdhro-cy^nea, Ker. Limb lilac, throat red.
B.M. 410. Var. sulphdrea, Ker. Yellow or whitish.
B.M. 1053. Two other long-cultivated types are de-
scribed below.

[)f lis.

pappus

AA. Perianth limb distinctly ringent or gaping.

plic4ta, Ker. Low : lvs. lauceolate, hairy, usually
overtopping the spikes : fls. lilac or red, long-tubed, the
segments oblong and unequal. B.M. 576.

disticha, Ker. Differs from the last in having the
perianth-tube distinctly exserted from the spathe.

BABY'S BREATH. See Gypsophila.

BACCHABIS (bakkaris, an ancient Greek name).
CompisUw. Groundsel Tree. Shrubs or herbs : lvs.
alterimti-. usually siTrate, deciduous or persi-stent: heads
illowish, dicecious; involucre with
: akenes with pappus. About 250
lustly in tropical regions. A few
1 particularly for the snow-white
the fruiting plant a very showy
)w in almost any well drained soil
in a sunny position, and are well adapted for dry and
rocky slopes, and valuable for seashore planting. Prop.
by seeds or by cuttings under glass.

halimifilia, Linn. Shrub, 3-12 ft.; branches angular:
lvs. cuneate, oblong or obovate, coarsely toothed, the up-
permost entire, glabrous, 1-2 in. long: fls. in large pani-
cles : pappus white, about Kin. long. Sept. Seacoast,
from N. Eng. southward. Gng. 7: 113.— The hardiest
species ; in fruit resembling a shrub with abundant
snow-white fls.

B. Pataginica. Hook. & Am. Low evergreen shrub : lvs".
^-^^in.long: heads mostly axillary. Patag.— B. piiu/dn's. DC.
Height 6 ft. ; evergreen: lvs. 1 in. long: heads in racemose pani-
cles. Pacific coast.— B. salicitblia, Torr. & Gray. Allied to B.
halimifolia. Lvs. narrow-oblong or linear-lanceolate. Colo, to
^- '^'"""- Alfred Behder.

See Centaurea Cyanus,

BACTEIS {Greek, /..-//',-.',:,. ■:u>r: il^. v,.„iil' m- in. n-.-d
for walking-sticks). /'<- , , , , ,, , i li.v

low palms, very rareh 'I, . i ,,,■

fasi-icnilate ringed, spiii\ ^r mii....i|i r:,.),,, , , -:,i, i m-
tnim thf roots : lvs. terminal or st-aitcriiiL , ,.|u:iii\ ..r
niir.jiKilly i>innatisect, glabrous or pubo'-i m ; -^ i^im ms
si.:ir-ir ur aggregated, or more or less imp. i l. rtly .'..n-
nutf, fiirmiug a bifid blade, acute or rarfi\ ..l.tu>i- at ihr
api'X. the i-ilint" iiiiirL'iti-^ r."-iirved at the ba>u ; petiole
short or lontr; ~Ii. ih I .n - -uiiiy: spadiccs sessile or pe-
dunculate, juri' ■ if -sheaths ; spathes 2, the
lower short. • ; ; ■ x, the upper coriaceous
or woody, exc . liiu rh. -j.i.lix, or fusiform, ventrally
dehiscent, smooih, bristly or spiny ; bracts persistent :
fls. small or medium, pale yellow or greenish: fr. small,
green, ovoid or globose. Species, about 100. Tropical
America. Ornamental, but little grown on account of
the spines. See Palms.

A. Spines yellow, tipped black.

pallidispina, Mart. (B. flavisphia, Hort.). St. 10-18 ft.
high. 1-L' ill. ill diain., the intirnodis spiny: lvs. showy,

5-!l ft. |..;i;;, . .|ii.i;i\ I 1 1 ; - • r r u ] . 1 - 1 1 i v | • 1 1 1 ! I ; 1 1 I - . r 1 ; petiole

4-r. II '..,,,. ,,:,•:.•,: ■, , ry long

('■!--' ' .11.. ..Iitaryor

in i.'n.iii.- ..| ,.' I : -. - i- niii...r i:i i..-. - tii ... caudate-

acuiiiiiiale. |.n.-Kly ,.,. iii.- ..laiKii.., the l.a^al ul.es 2-8 In.

loug, IWm. wide, the upper, 12 in. by Vy^hi. Brazil.

AA. Spines black.

B. rj.-s,,,,iuiits nnilr at hnfh ends.

mflior -I III'. I ^1 '' I'l 1 1 , li i ^1) , 1 1 ' I II. Ml .11, -111 I., armed

will, r. ,,:■.. ■ rlii.-dwith

Terv I. . . ■. . I ■. I . .. :...|. ■ . I ■ ' .1 _•. .-qually

pjnilali-.i.l ,M :irn i...hi |-.i,M,|.; -m.-nli iiiin rarhls Spiny

at both ends, 2.'.-:i.'. on each side, 1-nerved, S-12 in. long,
y^-Y^'m. wide, glabrous on both sides, densely setose,
with black hairs along the margin. Brazil.

(124)

BACTRIS

BB. Ijf.- segments acute at tip.

Gasipies, HBK. (GuilUlma speclosa, Mart.). St.

about CO ft high single or csespitose, with rings of subu-

SALSAM

^"tB^

-i^i.-

178.

late-compressed blacls spines, 1 in. long, the rings about
as far apart as the diani. of the st. : Ivs. 6 ft. long, curv-
ing; segments dark green above, pale green below, very
numerous, approximate, IXft. long, 1^ in. wide, linear-
laueeolate, long-acuminate, bristly or minutely prickly
along the margins. Lower Amazon.

hdrrida, Oerst. Caespitose stems 6-8 ft. high, 8-9 in.
diam., very spiny, sheathed for most of its length with
bases of dead Ivs.; spines 3-4 in. long, 4-sided, whitish
tomentose, at length glabrous : lvs.2K-3ft. long; sheath
8 in., brown-tomeutose ; petiole IJ^ft., densely spiny,
subtetragonal, densely brown-tomentose beneath ; seg-
ments 7 in. long, Kin. wide, lanceolate, rigid, glaucous.
Nicaragua. j^ked G. Smith.

BACULAKIA (Latin, baculum, a small walking-stick).
PalnuXcere, tribe Arh-ece. Low spineless palms, with an-
nular reed-like single or fasciculate sts: Ivs. terminal,
unequally pinuatiseot ; segments membranous, broad or
narrow, split or tciotlud at the apex, the broader ones
many-nervnl, ih.- narrow ,,ii,-s l-iiei-\-,-il, the terminal
confluent : iniilrili ami iier\a--; withour st.-ales below;
margins not tlnrkeinMl, reiurved at the iiase; petiole and
rachis sparsely scurfy, convex on the back, flat above or
concave toward the base : sheath short, open : spadices
numerous, longer than the Ivs., spreading, recurved :
peduncle very slender, scurfy, compressed at the base :
spathes 2, remote, the lower one at the base of the pe-
duncle tubular, the upper membranaceous, linear, ensi-
form : fls. green : fr. small, elongate-ovoid, subacute,
green, M-Kin. long. Species 2. Temperate and tropical
Australia. See Palms.

125

Ilia, Mart.
1 ft. high :

DO.). Easily dis-
/■(.( bv its hairy sts.
ni iim.-l, branched:
i\ liiear-lanceolate:
(liiiirles : involucre

monostS,chya, F. Muell. (Areea
Kintia „i„»nW,iW,7„, F. .Min !l, ,

Ivs. lK-1 ft. Ion:;:; the sl,,.,-,li, :■..

6 in. long, iiro,lnc.,l into _' -;;|, jnimtsvery

irregular, a.'unnnate, very van ,oi. iva.ith and dis-
tance, adnate to the rachis. or taperi?ig at the base, the
longest about 1 ft. long, yueeusland, N. S.W. B.M. 6644.
Jabed 6. Smith.

BA£:KIA (after the Russian zoologist, Karl Ernst von
Baer). Compdsitm. Californian annuals (or one peren-
nial species), with numerous showy, inch-wide yellow
tls. in early summer.

gracilis, Gray (Biirrielia gr
tinguished from Actiii':/' /ix/v .
and foliage and uudi\i<io.| l\-
height 4-12 in.: Ivs.oppo-ir. , ,
fls. solitary, on slender ternii

leafier thai) inActinolepsis enronaria. the scales longer,
downy, in 2 series: rays 8-12. B.M. 3758. — This is likely
to be cult, as Lasthenia Californica, which, however, is
not hairy and has much longer Ivs.

B. chrysostoina, Fiscli. & M,iy. Lvs. narrowly linear, 1 line
or less wide ; fls. Lirger than in B. gracilis : habit more erect.
—B. corondna= Actinolepsis coronaria.

BALAKA (the Fijian vernacular name). Palm&cea,
tribe Areeeie. Differs from Ptychosperma in having
the seed not sukjate, and in the half-rhomboid seg-
ments of the lvs.; and from Drymophloeus in the form
of the leaf and the caducous spathes. Species 2. Fiji
Islands.

Se^manni, Becc. (Ptychosperma Seemanni, H.
Wendl.). Fig. 178. Caudex slender, 8-12 ft. high,
straight, ringed, about 1 in. in diam.: lvs. pinnatisect,
4 ft. long ; segments erose-dentate at the apex, alter-
nate, 9 on each side, semi-rhomboid, obliquely truncate,
the upper margin longer, cuspidate at the apex, the
terminal one deeply bifid. Growing as underwood in
dense forests. Fiji. — Stems used for spears by natives,
because of their strength and straightuess. Fig. 178 is
adapted from Seeman's Flora Vitiensis.

Jared G. Smith.

BALLOON VINE. See Cardiospermum.

BA-Lia {Melissa officinalis, hinu.). LabiAtce. Sweet
herb, the lvs. being used for seasoning, particularly in
liquors. It has a lemon-like flavor. It is a hardy peren-
nial from southern Eu. The plant grows 1-2 ft. high,
somewhat hairy, loosely branched, with ovate-crenate
lvs. and yellowish or whitish fls. in
loose axillary clusters. Thrives in
any warm position, and is easy to
grow. Prop, by seeds ; also by di-

I

3. Explosion

^
#

126

BALSAM

fls. It has varied immensely ia the doubling, size aud
color of its fls. and in the stature of the plant. It was
known to Gerarde in 1596. The plant has lanceolate,
toothed Its., the lower ones being mostly in pairs. The
fls. are clustered in the axils of the Ivs., on very short

4

(lowered tsalsam.

stalks ; sepals* and petals similarly colored and not
easily distinguished, one of the sepals (of which there
seem to be 3) long-spurred ; petals apparently 3, but
two of them probably represent two united petals,
thus making 5 ; stamens 5. The pod, shown in Figs.
179 and 180, is explosive. It has 5 carpels and very thin
partitions, and seeds borne on axile placentae. When
the capsules are ripe, a pinch or concussion will cause
the valves to separate and contract, the seeds being
thrown with considerable force.

The full-double Balsams are known as the Camellia-
flowered varieties (Fig. 181). In well selected stock, the
greater part of the flowers from any batch of seedlings
should come very double. The colors range from white
to dark blood-red, yellowish and spotted. Balsams are
of very easy culture. They are tender, and should be
started in thumb-pots or boxes indoors, or in the

when danger of fn

and germinate qui. I.l

loam, and must 111. I

and pinching-iii li.

plants dwarf and . ■ i.

fluwer-buds, especiall

established. Better :

few main branches are allowed t

and weak ones beino: pinfh(>d fi

suits

The seeds are large,
iits prefer a rich, sandy

I lure. Transplanting,
-.1-^. tend to make the

W..11 to remove the first
-nts are not thoroughly

obtained when only a
> grow, all the secondary
it. The lower Ivs. may

-.)K

4 S^" ,

182. The garden Balsam.

be removed if they obscure the fls. Well grown plants
should stand 2 ft. apart each way, and the tall kinds will
reach a height of 2-2 K ft. Seed of the finest double
strains is expensive, but inferior or common seed
gives little satisfaction. Plants started early in May

BAMBOO

should give fls. in July, and should bloom until frost.
A full grown plant is shown in Fig. 182. At the present
time. Balsams are grown chiefly for their value as
flower-garden plants ; but some years ago the fls. were
largely used as "groundwork" in florists' designs, par-
ticularly the double white varieties. The flowers were
wiled to toothpicks, aud were then thrust into the moss
which formed the body of the design. t tt R

BALSAMORRHlZA (Greek, 6(iisof.>roo(). Compdsittn.
Low perennials with thick, deep, resinous roots, tufts of
radical Ivs., and large, yellow fls. Cent, and W. N. Amer.

Hodkeri, Nutt. Height 4-12 in. : Ivs. lanceolate, 1-2-
pinuately parted : fls. solitary, on naked scapes. Int.
1881 by E. Gillett, but scarcely known to horticulturists.

BAMBOO. Various giant perennial grasses consist-
ing of the genera and species of the tribe Bambusece,
order Gramhiecf. Usually large and often tree-like,
woody, rarely herbaceous or climbing, of wide geo-
graphical range. The species are irregularly distributed
throughout the tropical zone, a few occurring in sub-
tropical and temperate zones, and reaching their maxi-
mum development in the monsoon regions of Asia.
About 2:i genera, only 2 being common to both hemi-
spheres. Something more than 200 species are recog-
nized, of which upwards of 160 occur in Asia, about 70
in America, and 5 in Africa. They extend from sea-level
to altitudes of more than 10,000 ft. in the Himalayas and
15,000 ft. in the Andes, and under the most favorable
conditions some species may attain a height of 100-120
ft., with a diam. of culm of 8-12 inches.

An attempt to portray the many economic uses of the
giant-grasses would greatly overreach the field of this
article ; but as objects of grace and beauty in the garden,
conservatory, and special conditions of landscape, the
Bamboos are invaluable. Not only are they available to
planters where the climatic conditions are very favora-
ble, but it is possible to grow certain species where the
cold of winter may reach zero Fahrenheit, or even occa-
sional depressions of greater severity.

Bamboos delight in a deep, rich loam, and generously
respond to good treatment. A warm, slightly shady
nook, protected from the prevailing winds of winter,
and where moist but well-drained soil is plentiful, is an
ideal location for these beautiful grasses. A top-dress-
ing of manure and leaves is not only beneficial in winter,
by preventing the frost from penetrating the ground too
deeply, but it also preserves the moisture that is so es-
sential to the welfare of the plants during the growing
season. Some species produce rampant subterranean
stems, and spread rapidly when once established. It is
best to plant each group of but one species, and to re-
strict the rapidly-spreading sorts to isolated positions.
The most effective results to be obtained by planting
Bamboos are secured on gentle banks above Clearwater
and against a strong background of the deepest green.
In such situations the gracefully arched stems, the
dainty branches, bending with their wealth of soft green
Ivs., and the careless lines of symmetry of each individ-
ual, lend a bold contrast of the richest beauty. It will
require a few years to thoroughly establish a clump of
Bamboos in the open air, aud until this is effected the
vigor, hardiness and beauty that characterize some noble
sorts are lacking. During the early life of the groups,
some protection should be given where the winters are
trying, and even with this precaution it is likely the
jilants will suffer to some extent at first during cold
weather. Planted out in conservatories or confined in
tubs or large pots, the Bamboos present many admirable
qualities. As decorative plants in tubs or pots, either
alone or associated with palms and other stock, several
species offer many inducements to their cultivation, es-
pecially as they may be grown in summer and wintered
in a coolhouse. Propagation is best effected by careful
division of the clumps before the annual growth has
started. The difficulty of procuring seeds in some in-
stances is very great ; indeed, the fruiting of a number
of species has never been observed. Some species flower
annually, but the majority reach this stage only at inter-
vals of indefinite and frequently widely separated peri-
ods. In some species the fls. appear on leafy branches ;

BAMBOO

in others the Ivs. fall from the culms before the fls.
appear, or the inflorescence is produced on leafless, radi-
cal stems. Fructification does not exhaust the vitality
of some species ; but others, on the other hand, perish
even to the portions underground, leaving their places
to be filled by their seedling offspring. Owing largely
to the difficulty in obtaining flowering specimens, the
systematic arrangement or nomenclature of the Bamboo
is in a sad plight. As it is sometimes even impossible to
accurately determine the genus without fls., the correct
positions of some forms are not known.

Four subtribes of Bambuseae are regarded by Hackel,
namely: Arnndinurine. — StRmena 3 ; palea 2-keeled :
fr. with the seed grown fast to the seed-wall. To this
belongs Arundinaria. Jitibambusece. — Stumens G : fr.
with the seed fused to a delicate seed-wall. Bambusa is
the only garden genus. Dendrocalamew. — Stumens 6
(rarely more) : palea 2-keeled : fr. a nut or berry. Here
belongs Deudrocalamus. MelocanHe(u. — Characters of
last, but palea not keeled. Melocanna is an example.

The genera Arundinaria, Bambusa and Phyllostachys
contain the most important species in cultivation, some
of which are briefly described below. Roughly, the
species of Arundinaria may be separated fa»im Phyllo-
stachys by the persistent
sheaths and cylindrical
stems. In Phyllostachys the
sheaths are early deciduous,
and the internodes, at least y

those above the base, are flat- \

tenedononeside. Arundina- ^__^^ \ Vx ^
ria and Bambusa cannot be ^-^^5> \ \ '!t
separated by horticultural ^^ ^ -^j^

characters. It is probable

that many of the forms now -<r^^-, "^

classed as species of Bam- ^^s^^ -'^

busawill eventually be found ^^

to belong to Arundinaria. L:^^'

Extended information re- \

garding the BambuseiB may ^

be found in the following publications

Munro's Monograph, in Transactions of

the Linnaian Soc.ety, vol. 2b (1868),

Hackel, in Die NacUrlichen Pflanzenfa

milien, vol. 2, part 2, p. 89 (1887), Eng

lish Translation by Lamson-Scribner & ' i\^•^W"

Southworth, as The True Grasses, N. Y., ~-^'" j _^\

1890 ; papers by Bean in Gardeners' Chron- 1 1 /p I

icle III., 15: 167, et seq. (1894) ; Freeman- ''-^1

Mitford, The Bamboo Garden, 1896, N. Y.,

Macmillan, p. 224 ; A. and C. Rivifre,

Les Bambous, Paris, 1879. The first two

are systematic; the others contain popular

nii.l .■iiltiira! v.Mpt. Tlie followintr "speoies are commended

BAMBOO

127

A Fortunei

t n A Falconer 8 T F I

U I iort r 1 A f t e \m

1 n 1 t U JJ I I e var re

10 B grac I 8 JJ ff n JO I Henon s iO

AH is 1 10 A hum 1 s 2 A Japon a 6 7 A

II -5! \ r 1 r a 4 1

/^

1 J 1 C^ 1 0 9 i
f J 33 P ruse fol a

6 0

7 A te ta 5 B tesselli

r

\ t 1 \ B \ I 0

1

! c '4 P V olascens

1

r d gla cescens 31 P

l|,ar

13

[IhO.H,

ot finite ed sheati s persist
• AiundmAria and Bambusa.)
A. Color of stems purple, or purplish.
B. Height 3-8 ft.
A.VMtchii, N. E. Brovui Bambksa Veitvhii, Carr.).
Fig. 183. Heightabout2 ft.: stems pur-
ple, white-waxy below the nodes: Ivs.
5-7 in. long, about 2 in. wide, bright
' gieen above, below pale and minutely
pubescent, serrate. Jap. M. 77, but
not G.C. III. 15: 169, or R.B. 23, p. 270,

I'lni

Hr

The illustrations iu the present article are adapted
from Mitford's Bamboo Garden. Mitford's work cannot
be praised too highly. It has done much to create a
popular appreciation of Bamboos, and also to clear up
the complete confusion into which the trade names have
fallen. Mitford's book has a literary quality that is
very rare in horticultural writing, and represents a type
that deserves the warmest appreciation in America; viz.,
the discriminating enthusiasm of the expert amateur.

Arundinaria is derived from Latin arundo, a reed ;
Bambusa from a Malay name ; Phyllostachys from
Greek phyllon, leaf, and stachys, spike. W. M.

The following alphabetical list contains all the kinds
of Bamboos known to be cult, in Amer. A = Arundina-
ria ; B = Bamliusa; D = Dendrocalamus ; P^Phyllo-
stachys ; T=:Thamnocalamus, which is here considered
a subgenus of Arundinaria. No Japanese native names
are given below, although many Bamboos are still ad-
vertised under such names. The prevailing tendency is
to discard Japanese native names in every branch of
horticulture, as they breed hopeless confusion.

B. angustifolia, 15 ; B. arundinacea, 11 ; B. aurea, 28;
P. aurea, 28 ; A. auricoma, 16 ; P. bambusoides, 32 ;
P. Castillonis, 26 ; A. chrysantha, 17; B. cl,ni><aiitl,n.17:
B. disticha, 18; B. erecta, 10; A falcata, 9; B. ful-

183 Arundinaria Veitchu

which are pictures of B. palmata, as explained iu G.C.
III. ir,: 209. -This is also liable to confusion with 5. (es-
selliita, No. 20. The edges of the Ivs. wither in late au-
tumn, giving a variegated but shabby appearance.

2. A.piimila, Mitford(B.p»»«(?a,Hort.). Heightl2-20
in. : stems very slender, purplish, white-waxy below the
nodes : Ivs. 4-5 in. long, % in. or less wide, minutely pu-
bescent, bright green. — Much rarer than No. 1, dwarfer,
the stems merely purplish, the Ivs. shorter and nar-
rower. The Ivs. are a darker green than in A . humilis,
shorter, narrower, and tapering less gradually : nodes
less well defined and less downy, but having a waxy
bloom; internodes about 2}4 in. long.

BB. Height 6-S ft. or more.

3. A. nitida, Mitford. Fig. 184. Stems slender, about
the size of a goose-quill : Ivs. 2-3 in. long, 3^ in. wide,
shining green above, pale beneath ; sheaths purplish,
pubescent. China. M. 73. G.C. III. 18: 179; 24: 211. Gn.
49, p. 388. -Considered by Mitford the daintiest and
most attractive of all the genus, and exceptionally
hardy. .Some shade is needed, as the Ivs. curl up in full
sunlight. Easily distinguished from Nos. 1 and 2 by
the deeper color of the stems, which are almost black,
and from^. Faleoneri , which it resembles in habit, the
branches of both occurring in dense clusters.

AA. Culnr of stems green.

B. Heiqht more than c ft.

c. Species native to the U. S.

4. A. macrospSrma.JIicbx. Large Cane. Height 10-20
ft., branches numerous, short, divergent : Ivs. 4-6 in.

128 BAMBOO

long, %-2 in. broad, smoothish or pubescent : sheaths
very persistent : stems arborescent, rigid, simple the
first year, branchinfr the second, afterwards fruitiiiK at
indefinite periods, andsoonafterdecaying. Banksof the

m I

larger rivers N. C. to Fla., forming cane-brakes. -This
and the next are the only two species of Bamboos native
to the U. S. They are rarely cult, in Calif, and Eu. as

5. A. tfecta, Muhl. (A.macrosp^rma, var. suffntticbsa,
Muriro). Small Cane. Switch Cane. Scutch Cane.
Height 2-15 ft.: stems slender: Ivs. 3}^-8 in. long,
4-12 lines wide, roughish : sheath bearded at the throat.
Sw.iraps and moist soil, Md. and S. Ind. southward.
B.B. 1:233. — Sometimes fruiting several years in suc-

cc. Species not native to the U. S.

D. Plants relatively hardy.

E. Branches home singly in the axils.

6. A.Jap6nica,Sieb.&Zucc.(B.jireM4e,Sieb.). Height
C-10 ft.: Ivs. G-12 in. long, 1-2 in. wide, above smooth
and shining, below whitened and finely pubescent :
sheaths conspicuous. Jap. M. 1. G.C. III. 15:239;
18: 185. -The commonest of all hardy Bamboos, and
readily distinguished from all other tall kinds by the
broader and larger Ivs. and by the broad, persistent
sheaths which almost cover the sts. It is especially dis-
tinguished from A. Simoni by the bud being a simple
fl.attish scale instead of a complex scaly one, and also by
the less amount of waxy bloom on the st. Particularly
recommended for cities.

BAMBOO

EE. Branches borne in dense, semi-verticillate clusters
I which easily distinguishes the Himalayan spe-
cies from Phyllostachys).

F. Plants sometimes variegated.

7. A. Simbni, A. and C. Riviere (B. Simoni, Carr. B.
riridi-striala, Hort. A. and B. JVarihha, Hort.).
H.ii;lil 10-20 ft.: ivs. 8-12 in. long, about 1 in. wide.
Iialc l»neath,veryminutelypubescent,tapering to along,
line [Mjint : mid-vein glaucous on one side toward the
apex, green on the other. Himal. and China. G.C. III.
15:301 ; 18: 181. — Asilver variegated form is sometimes
known as B. Maximowicsii, Hovt., and B.pliciitu, Hort.
B.M. 7146. This is the tallest of the genus, and, next to
P. mitis, the tallest of all hardy Bamboos. The plant is
very late in beginning growth, and many of the culms
should be removed in order to let the strong ones ripen,
as weak shoots are untidy. It Howers occasionally, but
does not die thereafter. It has a shabby appearance
until midsummer, and may take several years to be-
come established, meanwhile sending up dwarf, slender
shoots and narrow foliage, but Mitford urges patience,
as the plant is hardy, and ultimately very vigorous and
handsome.

FF. Plants never variegated.

8. A.FAIooneri, Mitford {'!'. Fdlconeri, Hook. f. B.
gracilis, Hort., notVi&n.). Height 10-15ft.: stems slen-
der, bright green, the internodes white-waxy : Ivs. thin,
3-4 in. long, about ii in. wide. Himal. — Not very hardy.
The leaf-sheaths are smooth, cut short at the top, with-
out a fringe, and with an elongated ligula ; while A.
fiihiihi. X,.. !i. Ikw very downy leaf-sheaths, fringed with
loiiL' l.o,- :,■ 111. irjtersection with the leaf. The serra-

ti"i ' I ges are more pronounced in .1. /\(;-

'•■ I'll one side. Venation of Ivs. on upper

suii:i'-' I- mim:c, not tesselated.

fl. A. falcita, Xees (iJ. fak-ila. Hort.). Height 6-10
ft.: Ivs. 3-5 in. long, about ,':, in. wide, light green:
.stems annual (perennial under glass), slender, tufted.
Himal. — The great majority of the plants cult, under
this name are really A. Falcnneri, which has larger
Ivs. In a small state, A . falcata can be distinguished
from No. 8 only by the glabrous leaf-sheaths of the
latter. The flower-bearing and leaf-bearing sts. of A.
falvata are distinct, the former flowering and seed-
ing each year.

10. A. Hlndsii, Munro (B. erecta, Hort.). Height
sometimes 7 ft., branches quasi-verticill.ate : Ivs. up-
right at first, of variou-i Ifiiulhs up to :i ill., .ind about
% in. wide; veins cim^pii'uou-ly if-sihirrd : internodes
3-7 in. long, waxy-wliii.- ; Iriii >ln-;iilis with a few hairs.
Jap. -The erect h.ibit ut mnwth is very murked. A re-
cent species of doubtful burdiULSs. Adv. by Dr. Fran-
ceschi, who considers it one of the hardiest.

DD. Plants relatively tender {^'^os. 12, IS, IS,.

II. B. arundin&cea

attaining aheight nfi
are produced in dt-i
with more or less spi
or a little mo,re wide, i
fls. are produced at 1
seeds, the plants die.
house plants, not rect

ii-stic species, often
II. The stems, which
L-reeu and shining,

vs. 4-8 in. long, Hin.

jjlubrous ; sheaths persistent :
tervals, and after perfecting
i. — Nos. 11 and 12 are green-
ided by Mitford for outdoors.
EE. Branches not spiny.

12. B. quadrangTiMris, Fenzi. Stems square,especially
in older platits. 20 ft. or more high : Ivs. deep green,
serrate, 6-7 in. long, about 1 in. wide. Jap. — Pranceschi
says it is as hardy as any Phyllostachys. See No. 11.

13. B.vulgiris, Schrad. Height 20-80 ft.: stems hollow.

cult, in the Orient, thoiiirli others arc more usetul.
also naturalized and cult, in the W. Ind., Mex. and 1
but there is no evidence of an Amer. origin.

BAMBOO

BB. Htirjht less thane ft.
C. I'ariegation white.

14. A. F6rtunei, A. and C. Riviere {B. Fdrtiinei, Van
Houtte, and var. varie<i(\ta, Hon. ) . Heiglit 3-4 ft. : Ivs.
4-5 in. long, half as wide or a little more, striped with
white. Jap. F.S. 15: 1535. — Loses its Ivs. in winter, but
quickly recovers in spring. More popular than the next
two species. The internodes are rarely more than 1 in.
apart, while in A. aurieoma they are 3-5 in. apart. Var.
aitrea, Hort., with yellow variegation, is A. aiiricoma.
Var. viricUs, B.ort.=A.hnmilis. This is an old favorite,
and far more common than the next 4 species. Rhi-
zomes are more active than the next, and demand more

15. B. angustifblia, Mitford (B. Vilmorhii, Hort.).
Height about 1 ft.: sts. slender, purplish or light green:
Ivs. 2-4 in. long, about ^i in. wide, serrate, frequently
variegated with white. Jap.

CC. Variegation yellow.

16. A. aurlcoma, Mitford {A. and B. Fdrtiinei, var.
«»)Yn, Hort.). Height 2-3 ft. : Ivs. 5-6 in. long, about 1
in. wide, brilliantly variegated with yellow, softly pu-
bescent beneath, serrate. Jap.

17. A. chryaintha, Mitford (B. chrysdntha, Hort.).
Height 3-5 ft.: Ivs. 5-7 in. long, 1 in. or less wide,
nearly smooth, sometimes variegated with yellow, but
not so brightly as in ,1. aiirir,,iiia . Jap. Also dis-
tinguished from A. aitrieotiia by the lower surface of
the leaf being markedly ribbed, and lacking the soft,
velvety down. " Being neither frankly green nor frankly
variegated, it is rather a disappointing plant."— Mitford.

D. Arra

Variegation absent,
igement of Ivs. distichous.

18. B. dlsticha, Mitford (B. nina, Hort., not Roxb.).
Height 2-3 ft. : branches numerous : Ivs. 2-2K in. long,
yi in. wide or less, serrate, green, produced in two ver-
tical ranks. Origin uncertain. A recent and rare spe-
cies of great interest, the distichous arrangement of Ivs.
being quite unique among Bamboos, and giving a very
distinct habit.

DD.

Arrangement of Ivs. not distichoit
E. Irvs. long, 10-18 in.

BAMBOO 129

Hort.). Height 2-3 ft.: branches in 2's and 3's, long in
proportion to sts.: Ivs. 4-6 in. long, the largest about
%in. wide : internodes 2-5 in. apart. Dies down in a
hardy winter. A rare species, liable to confusion with
A. pumila, No. 3.

Section II. — Internodes flattened, at least on one side :

sheaths early deciduous. {The genus Phylldstachys.)

A. Color of stems black.

23. P. nigra, Munro (B. n\gra, Lodd.). Black Bam-
boo. Pig. 186. Height 10-20 ft. : stems green at first,
but changing to black the second year : Ivs. very thin,
2-6 in. long, 6-10 lines broad. China and Japan. M. 142,
and frontis. G.C. III. 15:369 ; 18:185. R.B. 23, p. 268.
—One of the most popular of all Bamboos, and very dis-
tinct by reason of its black stems. Var. punctilta, Hort.
Franceschi, has yellowish stems spotted with black.

24. P. vioUscens, A. and C. Riviere {B. violdscens,
Carr.). Height sometimes 13 ft.: stems violet, almost
black the first months, changing the second year to a
dingy yellow or brown : Ivs. very variable in size, 2-7 in.
long, %-2 in. wide, the larger Ivs. borne on young shoots
or on the ends of the lower branches near the ground. The
Ivs. are sharply serrated and have a well-defined pur-
plish petiole. Franceschi says it is hardy, and that P.
bambusioides is often sold under this name.

AA. Color of stems yelloivish, or striped yellow.

25. P. mltis, A. and C. Rivifere (B. mltis, Hort., not
Poir.). Height 15-20 or more ft. : stems arched, yellow-
ish ; internodes at the base not short : leaf characters
identical with P. aurea, with which it is closely allied.
Japan. Gn. 17, p. 44. -The tallest of all Bamboos, but,
unfortunately, not one of the hardiest.

26. P. Castilldnis, Hort. {B. Castillbnis, Hort.).
Unique in the genus for having both sts. and Ivs. varie-
gated. Height 6-20 ft. : sts. 1 in. or more thick, much
zigzagged, bright yellow, with a double groove of green:
Ivs. sparingly striped yellowish white, 7 in. long, IK in.
wide, serrated on both margins : leaf-sheath topped by
a whorl of dark brown or purple hairs. Jap. — Cult, by
Dr. Franceschi, Santa Barbara, Calif.

27. B. striata, Lodd. Height 4-5 ft.: stems striped
yellow and green, as thick as the thumb ; internodes 4-6
in. long : Ivs. 6-8 in. long, %-\ in. broad. China.

19. B. palmita, Burbidge. Fig. 185. Height 2-5 ft. :
Ivs. 10-15 in. long, 2-3Hin. wide, bright green, sharply
serrate, smooth and shining above, below pale and mi-
nutely pubescent : longitudinal veins very prominent. ^r^
Jap. M. 79. Gn. 49, p. 59, shows a clump 36 , ^ f^
ft. in circumference. i4LI_''' ' ". *T3

20. B. tesselUta, Munro {B. Sagamdwski.
Hort. ). Height 2-3 ft. : Ivs. 12-18 in.
long, 3-4 in. wide, smooth and shin-
ing above, whitened beneath, sharply
serrate; midrib prominent, and
bearing a tomeutose line on one side. CI
and Jap. G.C. III. 15: 167 ; 18:189. K.B
p. 269. — Produces the largest Ivs. of any h.
Bnmbusa in cult., which is especially remark
able on account of its dwarf habit. Much con-
fused in gardens, but unnecessarily, with A

Vi'iti'hii, as the tomentose line on one side
of the midrib is unique in B. tessellata The
Ivs. are used by the Chinese for wrapping tea,

EE. iiv

,3-Si

Xo.2.)

21. B. pygmsea, Miq. Height K-1 ft. : stems very slen-
der, much branched : Ivs. 3^ in. long, about }4 m. wide,
serrate, pubescent, bright green above, glaucous and
pubescent beneath. Jap. — The smallestof Bamboos, and
remarkably hardy. It is especially valuable for making
a thick carpet in wild places, but its rampant growth
makes it a nuisance in a border. The sts. are purple :
the nodes prominent, and furnished with a waxy, glau-
cous band round the base. •

22. A. Mmilis, Mitford {A. Fdrtunei, var. vlridis,

185. Bambusa palmata.

130

BAMBOO

28. P. airea, A. and C. Eivitre (B. aiirea, Hort.).
Height 10-15 ft.: stems straight, yellowish ; internodes
at the base remarkably short : Ivs. narrowed from near
the base to the apex, minutely and regularly serrate on
only one border, usually 2-4 in. long and %in. wide, but
Tariable, light green, glabrous ; sheaths deciduous,
marked with purple. Japan. Gn. 8, p. 206. A.F. 5:41.
-The name is not distinctive, as others of the Phyllo-
atachys group have yellowish stems. Hardier and easier
of cult, than P. »«!/(>.

AAA. Color of stems green, often yellowish mhen ripe.

B. neigU 6-18 ft.

c. Ints. spotted icith brown.

29. P. Quilioi, A. and C. Rivif're (B. Qullioi, Hort. B.
Mazdi, Hort.). Height sometimes 18 ft.: habit looser

BANANA

BB. Height 2 ft. or less : habit zigzag.
33. P. ruscildlia, Hort. Kew. (P. Kumasdca, Munro,
P. Kmnasdsa. Mitford. B. riiscifdiia, Sieb. B. vimi-
iMis,B.on.). Height l}^-2 ft.: stems zigzag, dark green;
sheaths purple : Ivs. 2-3 in. long, about 1 in. wide, ovate
in outline. Jap. G.C. III. 15: 369. G.C. III. 18: 189.-
The stem is channeled on the branching side, almost
solid : nodes 1-2 in. apart : branches in 3's and 4*s,
not more than 1-lKin. long.— Dwarf est species of
Phyllostachys. c. jj. Beadle.

The following are trade names in America of rare kinds •
B. agriatis, Poir. India. Cochin China. Adv. by Yokohama
Nnrs. Co.— U. arghUea, Hort.=B. argentea-striata. Eegel 1—B.
aureo-atriata, Regel. Jap. — A. foliia-variegatia, Kort.,U jtre-
sumably A. Fortunei, the commonest low-growing, variegated
.\nmdinaria. -Ji. Marlidcea, Hort. Adv. by Yokohama Nnrs.
Co. as a "wrinkled
Bamboo." Doubstles
named after M. La-
tour Marli,
___ iTMl,.,! Frcndi h.vbri-

glaucous beneath ; leaf-sheaths a peculiar feature, be
ing pinkish brown, deeply mottled with purple spots
Cult. S. and in Calif. -Rare.

CO. J-i's. not spotted with brown.
D. Habit sUqhtly zigzag.
30. P. Hendnis, Miifml 'T:.

ped white.

W. M.

6-15 ft. : stems arciifl :

long attenuate at the :ii"
uous, yellowish, inclined
long near the base and

:T:. TT. ,,..„;.s. Hort.). Height
ii l"iif;. a little under
I':' I 'M !(.■ to the base and
.NiiLni L1..-U; sheaths decid-
^» (jurpli>li; internodes 5-6 in.
liddle of the stem, distinctly
grooved with a double furrow. Japan.— This is Mit-
ford's favorite Bamboo.

DD. Habit strongly zigzag.

31. P. viridi-glauc63cens, A. and C. Rivifere (,B. viridi-
glauciscens, Carr.). Height 10-18 ft.: stems slender,
zigzag, arched, bright green at first, fading as they ripen
to a dingy yellow : Ivs. 3-4 in. long, about Min. wide or
little more, bright green above, whitened below. China.
Un. 7, p. 279. G.C. III. 15:4.'« ; 18:183.-The name is
unfortunate because not distinctive, as all Bamboos have
green Ivs. with more or less whitened lower surfaces.
Very hardy and common.

32. P. bambuaoides, Sieb. & Zucc. Height about 5 ft.
in the second year : stems zigzag, green at first, ripen-
ing to yellow, the branch-bearing side flattened rather
than grooved, as in other species of Phyllostachys : in-
ternodes long in proportion to length of stem, sometimes
8 in. : branches in 3's, the longest at the middle of the
St., and only about 9 in.: Ivs. of various sizes, the
largest 8 in. long, V4 in. wide, edges serrate, sharply on
one side. Jap. -Cult, by Dr. Franceschi, Santa Bar-
bara, Calif.

BANANA (Miisa sapihttitim, Linn., chiefly). Scit-
nmin&cece. This very valuable tropical plant is prized
for its fruit, textile fiber, and decorative effect in land-
scape gardening. Most species are cultivated for their
fruit, and one or two species for fiber— although all
sorts have a fiber of considerable value. Every spe-
cies is worthy a place in decorative planting. For an
account of the species and their ornamental values, see
Musa.

The species mostly in demand for fruitinir seldom or
never produce seeds, and naturally in. n :i^. i., -n.kers
around the base of each plant. I [ ,' . ' l;ii-ge

clump, if allowed to grow without . 1. : must

readily separated from the parent r. . ■ ill, i; :. ^pude,
and are then fit for further planting. This is a slow pro-
cess of increase, but it is sure, and the suckers so pro-
duced make large and vigorous plants. A quicker
method of propagation is to cut the entire root-stalk
into small, wedge-shaped pieces, leaving the outer sur-
face of the root about 1 by 2 inches in size, planting
in light, moist soil, with the point of the wedge down
and the outer surface but slightly covered. The best
material for covering these small pieces is fine peat, old
leaf -mold, mixed moss and sand, or other light material
which is easily kept moist. The beds so planted should
be in full open sunshine if in a tropical climate, or given •
bottom heat and plenty of light in the plant-house. The
small plants from root-cuttings should not be allowed to
remain in the original bed longer than is necessary to
mature one or two leaves, as that treatment would stunt
them. The textile and ornamental species, also, may be

increased by the above proce
usually produce seeds freely,
quickly grown, and with less
Bananas should be sown as fi
them the same as recommemli
soon as the seedlings showth.i

, iii^'s. As
,1 , 111. y should
N of rich, moist
L^dit bottom heat,
■ in may demand,
iild have proper
rapid,

unchecked growth gives the best and quickest

The cultivation of Bananas for fruit is carried on very
extensively in all tropical countries. In the West Indies,
Central America and Mexico, they are raised for export
to the United States and Canada. The site selected is
usuallv a level plain in the lowlands, near the coast, or
in valleys among the hills, where the rainfall or artificial
moisture is sufficient. The variety most commonly
grown at present is the Martinique, having large bunches,
■with long, yellow fruit. The Bara(;oa (or Bed Jamaica)
is more sparingly grown now than formerly, and its dark
red fruits, of largest size, are not commonly exported.
For distant shipping, bunches of fruit are cut with
"machetes" or knives, after they reach their full size
and are almost mature, but quite green in color. Ripen-
ing is effected during shipment in warm weather, and
by storing in dark, artiflcially-heated rooms during cold
weather. Banana flour is a valuable product of ripe
Bananas prepared among the plantations in the tropics.
It is nutritious, and has an increasing demand and use
as human food. A recently invented process of drying
ripe Bananas has been found very successful, and the
industry promises to be of vast importance as the mar-
ketable article finds ready sale. In the United States
there is little commercial cultivation of Bananas, since
the frostless zone is narrow and the fruit can be grown

-.-^^0^

A bearing: Banana plant.

SO much more cheaply in Central America and the West
Indies. Small Banana plantations are common in south-

PTISIA 131

0 the Pacific coast. The plants
without injury. A frost of 5
h'lives, but if the plants are
tiiiH-. new foliage may appear
till- entire top is killed, new

suckers will sprinir up and bear fruit the following year.

A stalk, or trunk, bears but once ; but the new sprouts
roots of the same pla

iana, and south westward t
will endure a slight fmst
or 6 degrees will kill tin
nearly full grown at tin-

188. Tip of fli

the fruit-bearing. A strong sprout should bear when
12-18 months old (from 2-3 years in hothouses). The
plantation will, therefore, continue to bear for many
years. A bearing stalk, as grown in southern California,
is shown in Fig. 187.

The peculiar flower-bearing of the Banana is shown in
Fig. 188, which illustrates the tip of a flower-cluster.
This cluster may be likened to a gintit elongating bud,
■with large, tightly overhipi'itiL' i.-mI'"' "v l.r:i<'t«. Three
of these bracts are shown in ./...- m OiiiVi.M inu'esof
the flowering. As they i. ., i i ! - i In-low

them expand. The briu^i i i ' i . ! -i^ soon

shed their envelopes, Imi ili- ^-nIi- , /-, ji- r-i^t fur a
time. The ovaries soon swell into Biuiau:i,s, <-. The bracts
are royal purple and showy. e. N. Reasonek.

BANCROFT, GEOKGE. The famous American his-
torian (1800-1891) deserves remembrance among horti-
culturists for his splendid collection of roses at his sum-
mer home in Newport, R. I., an account of which may
be found in the American Garden, 1891. For a portrait
and sketch, see Appletou's Annual Cyclopedia tor 1890.
In Mr. Bancroft's garden, George Field found a rose with-
out a name, which is now known to be the French variety
Mine. Ferdinand Jamin. It was introduced by Field &
Bro. as the Amerii^an Beauty. Though little known
abroad, it is, probably, the most famous of all roses cult.
in America.

BANEBEEEY. See Actiea.

BANKSIA (Sir Joseph Banks, 1743-1820, famous Eng-
lish scientist). ProteAceie. Many species of Australian
evergreen shrubs, with handsome foliage, but scarcely
kno-wn in cult. here. Prop, by nearly mature cuttings,

BANYAN TBEE. See Fie

Indi.

BAOBAB.

i Adansonia.

BAPTtSIA (Greek, to dye, alluding to the coloring
matterin some species). Syn. , Podalyria. Leguminbsm.
Small 'genus of perennial herbs of eastern N. Amer.
Corolla papilionaceous, the standard not larger than the
wings : calyx campanulate, the 5 teeth separate and
equal or the 2 upper ones united: stamens 10, distinct :
pod stalked in the calyx. — Plants usually turn black in
drying. Baptisias are suitable for borders. They thrive
in any ordinary soil and under common treatment, pre-
ferring free exposure to sun. Prop, by division or
seeds.

132 BAPTISIA

A. i/i'S. simple : fh. yellow.
simpUcifdlia, Croom. Branchy, 2-3 ft. : Ivs. 2-4
loug. sessile, broadly orate and obtuse : fls. in i
terminal racemes. Fla. — Int. 1891.

perloUita, R. Br., of S. Car. and Ga., with small axil-
lary fls. and broad perfoliate Ivs., is occasionally planted,
and is hardy as far N. as Washington, but is evidently
not in the trade. B.M. 3121.

AA. l/vs. compmtnfl, S-foliolate.

B. F!,. n.n..,r.

tinctdria, R. Br. Wii.i' I I i iy branched. 2-4

ft., glabrous: Ivs. stulkr,:, i ,. )ii,ill. obovate or

oblanceolate. and nearlv c,r ,|uiir , 1 1- and entire : fls.
Kin. long, bright yellow, ni num. r.-u- i. w tld. r.'i.cim s.
Common in E. States. B.JI. luUK. .Mr..:i:,sl.

lanoeolita, Ell. About 2ft., pub. -rmr wh.n y.iunL.-.

but becoming nearly glabrous : Ivs. sli..ii -stalk. .1. ih.-

Ifts. thick, lanceolate to obovate and uljtuse : lis. I;iryi-,

axillary and solitary. Pine barrens, N. Car. S.

EB. Fls. blue.

auBtrilis, R. Br. {B.cmrulea, E&t. &Wr. B.exaltata,
Sweet). Stout, 4-6 ft., glabrous: Ivs. short-stalked;
Ifts. oblanceolate to oval, entire, obtuse : fls. lupine-like,
nearly or quite an in. long, in loose-fld., long terminal
racemes. Penn. W. and S. J. H. III. 29: 64 ; 34: 511.—
Handsome. Probably the best species for cultivation.
BBB. Fls. wliite or whitish.

Alba, R. Br. Wide-branching, 1-3 ft., glabrous : ivs.
stalked ; Ifts. oblong or lanceolate, obtuse, thin, dry-
ing green : fls. white, Kin. long, in long-peduncled,
elongated lateral racemes. N. Car.W. and S. B.M. 1177.

leuc4ntha,Torr. & Gray. Branching, more or less suc-
culent, 2-4 ft., glabrous : Ivs. stalked ; Ifts. obovate to

B.M. 5H0U. mil. :i: 111. t .>.:i.i: 2-iM. L. H. B.

BARBAC£;NIA (Barbacena, a Brazilian governor).
Amari/llidAeew. About 20 Brazilian plants, with scape
bearing a single large purple flower. Grown mostly in
baskets, after the manner of many orchids. B. purpiJrea,
Hook., is occasionally seen in fine collections, but does
not appear to be in tlie Amer. trade. Grown in a warm,
moist house. It has many scapes and long, grass-like,
toothed Ivs. B.M. 2777.

BAEBADOES LILY. See Uippeastrum.

BARBAEfiA (from the old name. Herb of Saint Bar-
bara). Crueifene. Hardy biennials, with yellow fls. ;
allied to water cress and horseradish.

vulgaris, R. Br. Common Winter Cbess. Upland
Cress. Yellow Rocket. Height 10-18 in.: lower Ivs.
lyrate, the terminal lobe round, tin- bifirnl iisiuilly 1-4
pairs : upper Ivs. obovate, cut-toutln-i] ;iT tlif t.:t^.'. I'.ti.
Asia. —Cult, for salad. Var. variegata, il..it., l\s.
splashed and mottled with yellow, is cult. :ts n. Ii.u-.lcr
plant, and grows freely in rich soil. If the fls. are picked
off, stem and all, before they open, the plant will be
practically perennial. A common native.

prcecoz, R. Br. Early Winter, or Bell Isle Cress.
Distinguished by the more numerous divisions of the
Ivs. (4-8 pairs). Slightly cult, as a. salad, and known S. as
Scurvy Grass. Naturalized from Eu. j_ b_ Keller.

BAEBE DE CAPUCIN. See Chieory.

BAEBEEEY. See Berheris.

BAEBI£;EIA (after J. B. G. Barbier, French physi-
cian). Legumindsm. A genus of only two species, one
from Porto Rico and one from Peru. Its nearest allies
familiar to the horticulturist are Indigophera and Te-

BARRY

phrosia. It is distinguished from allied genera by the
long fls. Tender ever;;reen shrubs, with odd-pinnate
Ivs., iniTii.i-..iis ( iitin- Ifts.. and awl-shaped stipules : fls.
hii'L'i-. I :i.-. iiM'-e 1. .1. I'l-.'p. by seed.

polyphylla, DC. tChi.'.riii pohjphf/lla, Poir.). Lfts.
9-11 i';iii->. .Ilii-tic-obliiiiLr, nuicronate, pubescent with
age : racemes fewfld,. shorter than the Ivs.: fls. 2 in.
long. Porto Rico. — jS. glabella, Hort., Peter Henderson
& Co., 18B9, is probably a variety.

designate

BAEK. Is often uswl in .-, ^-rnnrr
the softer outer iiiv. I..]"' ..f ;i -t.i
sense, it includes all tli.it |„ , N i . ,i.hl\ . ;,s i|,.- bark of the
hemlock and oak, tis. .1 iwr taiuiiu:.' 1. aili.r. lu astricter
sens,., it is applied t.j IUl- c.jrky hiy.jrs formed on the
out. r surface of woody plants. It is fonned from an
a. In.' layer of tissue,— the phellogen. The bark is de'
\ . l..]. .1 in different ways upon different trees. So dis-
titi.t at-.- the resulting tissues that species of trees may
lie retidily recognized by their bark alone. Cork of com-
merce is the bark of the cork oak, a native of south-
western Europe. -w. •^y. Rowlee.

BAEKfiEIA. fic-eFpicleHdriim.

PARLfiRIA I.I. Barrelier,lG0G-1673, French botanist).
Acai'fln't> , ,1 . .Many species of tropical shrubs, mostly
Afrii'aij, s..niitiines seen in fine collections of stove
plants, but not offered in the Amer. trade. They have
large fls. (yellow, purple or white), often in clusters.
Prop, oy softwood cuttings. B. cristita, Linn., E. Ind.,
is a good blue-fld. bedder.

BABLEY. Various kinds of Hm-deum of the Giamln-
ew. Common Barley is H. satlvmn, Jess. According
to Hackel, it "undoubtedly originated from H. spoyifd-
■}teum, C. Koch, which grows wild from Asia Miri'-r and

Caucasian countries to Persia and Hi-I ■Iii--i:iii. a- w.-II

as in Syria, Palestine, and Arabia I'.iraa. I'll, .■.nii-
mon Barley has a 4-rowed ear or hea.l. 'Di. r. ai.' also
2-rowed and 6-rowed races, and other \v. II maikiil Linus.
They are probably all domestic forms of one parent stock.

BAEOSMA (heavy scent). ButAcea. Some 25 to 30
South African heath-like shrubs. They are evergreens,
iiiiil in till- X. iiiiist be grown under glass. Prop, by

iiiatnr. u i .nttings. B. pulchMla, Bart. & Wendl., is

n.iw hail. Ill cl liy lliirists from imported stock. It grows
;j ft. Ill- i.'^s IiiL'li, and has axillary purplish fls., with 5
.si|ials, ."i pitals tiiid 10 stamens.

BAERY, PATEICK. Pl.ite II. Nurseryman, editor
ami aiithi.i-: was lu.rn near Belftist, Ireland, in Mav, 1816,
atiil ili.al ill Ki.ilii stiT. X. Y.. .luiie 23, 1890. He came

III ,\i!i.ri.:. a I ill' a: \ I .\ . 1 1 1 \ , ami after four years of

siiihi -.! 1 1. I in;,', on Long Island,

ill 1. mil I . I , , I, Ihvanger, at Roches-

trr, .\. \ . I .' I ,' 1 ] I , ■ ', , . lirs. EUwanger and

liai' ii'i'i , I .' western New York

ai I. .'fions of fruits, no

lai . ii.ir any fast ocean

i.liii if wliirli was issued in 1872, under the title of

"l'.aii>'. Fruit tiarden." It is still one of our most

piipular I ks nil |Kiiiiiiloa:v, and deservedly so. The

cataloi;ii.- .if fruiis Nila-li 1,." ...iii;al.d for the American

Piimological Socii i\ i nialwork. Mr. Barry

did much to mak. L . iiy of nurseries and

western New York a i - a rowing region. The

Western New York Ilurii, ulim.il Society, of which he
was president for more than thirty years, and until his
death, has long exercised a more than sectional influence.
The work of Barry was truly national, and essentially

^

^ 9«k

{t ''f

\

\

Plate II. Prominent American Horticultu

BARRY

that of a pioneer. He must be considered in the front
rank of pomuloi^ieal authors, with the Dowuin^s, Warder,
and TlKinias. whose combined weight gave a great
impulse tuwarils establishing orcharding on a large scale
in America. For a fuller account, with portrait, see
"Annals of Horticulture," 1890, 287-290. w. M.

BAET6NIA. See Mentzelia.

BAETEAM, JOHN. Called by Linnseus the greatest
natural botanist in the world. Was born at Marple, near
Darby, Pennsylvania, Mar. 23, 1699, and died Sept. 22,
1777. He was a Quaker farmer, who became interested
in botany after the age of twenty-four. In 1728, at King-
sessing, on the Schuylkill River, he established the first
botanic garden in America, which, together with his
house, built in 1731, of stone hewn by his own hands, Is
happily preserved to-day as part of the park system of
Philadelphia. He traveled much in America, and was
for many years the chief medium of exchange between
Europe and America of plants of all kinds, especially
new and important species, as Bhododendron maximum
and Cypripedium acaule. His correspondence with
Peter Collinson lasted nearly half a century. The let-
ters, preserved to us in Darlington's "Memorials of
John Bartram and Humphrey Marshall," are rich in
botanical, historical and general interest. "Observa-
tions on the Inhabitants * ♦ » niade by John Bar-
tram in his Travels from Pensilvania to Onondago,
Oswego, and the Lake Ontario • * * London, 1751,"
Is similarly readable, and a, document of great value in
the study of aboriginal races.

At the age of seventy he undertook, with his son Wil-
liam, an expedition to Florida, which is recorded in the
"Journal Kept upon a Journey from St. Augustine up
the River St. Johns." Bartram was probably the first
American to perform successful experiments in hybridi-
zation. His sons, John and William, continued his
garden. For many years it was the largest and best col-
lection of trees and shrubs in America, and the services
of the garden to early American horticulture were very
great. He is commemorated in Bartramia, a genus of
mosses, and in "Bartram's Oak," for the literature of
which, see I. C. Martinale's "Notes on the Bartram Oak,
Quercus lieterophiiJla, Michx.," published at Camden,
N. J., 1880. Bartram's garden is a unique spot in
America. Many of the trees have attained great age,
size and beauty. The garden also contains many quaint
and picturesque relics which have associations of great
Interest. On the whole, John Bartram is one of the most
illustrious, and by far the most picturesque, of the early
botanists and horticulturists of America, and his simple,
wholesome, powerful personality presents a picture that
is altogether amiable. New editions of the works of
Bartram and Darlington are much to be desired, and
offer a promising field to critical labors. John Bartram's
son William is well known to students of American
history for his " Observations on the Creek and Cherokee
Indians, 1789." It is very much to be regretted that no
authentic portrait of John Bartram is known. For an
excellent illustrated account of Bartram and his garden,
•see the article by Miss M. L. Dock in Garden and Forest,
9:121-124 (1895). See also Harper's Mag. 60:321-330
(1880). .„., jl,

BASfiLLA (native Malabar name). Clievopodiicece.
Malabar Nightshade. A genus containing only one
species, which is, however, remarkably variable. An-
nual or biennial herbs, cult, in the tropics as a pot-herb,
like spinach. Rarely cult. N. as an ornamental warm-
house climber. It may also be started indoors, and set
out in May for use as a garden vegetable, to follow
spinach. Prop, by seeds.

rtibra, Linn. Lvs. succulent, alternate, rarely oppo-
site, almost entire, of various forms : fls. not pedicelled,
in simple spikes or racemes ; spikes short or long, lax,
few-fld. The following species are now considered only
forms of the above : cilba, a white-fld. form rarely cult,
as a trailer from roofs of warm-houses, or as a basket
plant ; caninifdlia ; cordifdlia, with heart-shaped lvs.
4-5 in. long and 2-2^ in. wide ; crassifdlia ; Japdnica. ;
lileida, from India ; nigra, a Chinese form ; ramdsa and
volubilis. Under the name of Sweet Malabar Vine, A.

BASKET PLANTS

133

^9 ,

Blanc advertises a form with tiny yellow and red fls.,
and lvs. variegated with white, pink, and green. He
says, "with age it assumes a drooping habit. When cut
keeps fresh for Weeks."

BASIL. Species of Ocimum, of the Zabidtce. They
are Indian annuals, and are cult, as pot-herbs, the clove-
flavored foliage being used as seasoning in soups, meats
and salads. 'They are bf easiest culture, the seed being
sown in the open as soon as the weather is settled.
Common Basil is O. Basllicum, Linn., a ft. high, branch-
ing, with ovate toothed lvs., and white or bluish white
fls. in leafy terminal racemes or spikes. O. minimum,
Linn., the Dwarf Basil, is lower, and smaller in all its
parts ; rarely seen. When Basil is in bloom, it can be
cut and dried for winter use.

BASKET PLANTS. Fig. 189. Under this term are
included all those plants which, from their habit of
growth and blooming, have been
found especially suitable for use in
hanging baskets. Most of these are
dwarfish plants of indeterminate
growth, of gracefully drooping or
vine-like habit, and are valued either
for their grace, or for freedom and
daintiness of bloom. Some of tfie
plants used in baskets are of upright
habit. These are either
plants of naturally small
stature, or are practically
such for a season from a
slow habit of growth. The
suitability of these erect-
growing plants for the
purpose is determined,
aside from their stature,
by their freedom of bloom,
beauty of foliage, striking
form, or grace of habit.
Such plants are used prin-
cipally for filling the cen-
tral part of the basket ;
whereas, plants of trail-
ing habit are inserted near
the sides — some to droop,
others to twine upwards
on the cords or handle by
which the basket is sus-
pended. In addition to the
long drooping or climbing
plants, there are
number of half
habit, like the lobel
sweet aly

russelia. These may
droop somewhat, but are
not of a truly vine-like
habit. Some plants are
more suitable than others
for shady places : the
selaginellas, for instance.
Others thrive only with
several hours of direct

The following 'list of
common trade names em-
braces a number of the

most important basket plants, arranged according to
their habit of growth and blooming. The list is not given
as a complete one. Any list would need amending from
year to year to suit individual taste and experience.
Plants which will bear considerable shade are marked
with an asterisk (*) ; those which will bear more are
marked with two asterisks {♦*):
1. PLANT.S OP VINE-LIKE HABIT.

a. LONO-DROOPING.

**EngUsh Ivy , *Keiulworth Ivy ,*Vinca major, *V. Har-
risonii. Saxifraga sarmentosa, *Cissus discolor,* Money-
wort Ivy, Tropseolums (Nasturtiums), Lonicera Halli-
ana, L. aurea, var. reticulata, Nepeta Gleehoma. Ampe-
lopsis quinquefolla, A. Veitchii.

Note. — The Ampelopsis is deciduous, and not suitable
for winter baskets.

j:

Basket.

334

BASKET PLANTS

BAUHINIA

iides.

2. PLANTS OF UPKIUHT lI.i.BIT.
o. Low-growing.

1. Flowering Plants.

*Torettia. *Pansy, Cuphea platycentra, C. hyssopifolia,
*Primula obconica. Dwarf Alyssum, Bellis perennis,
Linura or Reinwardtia trigynum, Phlox Dnimmondii.
Dutch bulbs.

2. Foliage Plants.

*Peperomia. *Begonia Rex, *Farfugium grande. Alter-
nanthera. **Maidenhair Fern, Geraniums {especially
Mme. .Salleroi) , *Isolepis gracilis (droops with age) .
b. Tallee Growing,
1, Flowerina.

2, Foliage.

*Dusty Miller, *Crotons, *Palnis, **Fems, *Fancy Cala-
diums, Ooleus, Achyranthes, **Aspidistra, *Cyperus alter-

*DraciBna indi'

*D. terminalis. Coccoloba

platyclada

Some of the above plauts make large subjects when
growing iu the open ground. Of such, only young or
smaller plants are available for use in hanging baskets.
Ordinarily, several different sorts of plants are used for
filling a basket. In some cases, however, a pretty
basket is made by using but one kind of plant. A hang-
ing basket filled with sword fern, for instance, makes
a handsome object.

Baskets of a variety of patterns are obtainable from
florists and other dealers. The baskets most extensively
used, perhaps, are made of strong wire, woven into hem-
ispherical or other forms. These are sometimes plain,
and again of ornamental character. The better form has
a flat bottom, or a stand, formed of wire, to support the
basket in an upright position when it is not pendent.
Another style is farmed of rustic work. Here the vessel
or plant basin is covered about the sides with rough
bark or knotted roots. For this purpose the roots of the
laurel are much used. Above the basket there is an arch
or handle by which it is suspended. Again, earthen-
ware vessels, to be suspended by wires, are offered for
sale in a variety of shapes. Some of these are moulded
and painted in imitation of logs, and are known as " stick "
and "log baskets." Such baskets are often without pro-
vision for drainage. When this is the case, holes should
be drilled at the lowest point in the bottom. A special
form of basket is much used for orchids. It is made of
square cedar slats in raft- or log-fashion. Fern-fiber and
broken bits of brick, flower-pots or charcoal, are used
for filling them.

The soil used in hanging baskets is simply good,
common florists' potting soil. This usually contains
about 25 per cent of humus, and a small amount of
sharp sand to make it porous. Prior to filling, wire
baskets must be lined with moss. This is merely com-
mon woodland moss from rotting logs, or rich, damp soil.
In filling baskets, a few drooping or climbing plants are
disposed around the sides ; then one or more upright-
growing or half-erect plants, according to the size of the
plants and basket, are planted in the center. Immediate
effects require plants which have already made consid-
erable growth. Florists usually carry a stock of suitable
plants. In case seedlings or cuttings are grown for the
purpose, it is usually best to start them in seed-pans or
cutting-boxes, and transfer them later to the basket.

.\ I take in arranging baskets is crowding,

"r- : n. lull. Fewer plants will appear more

nr.u-. tiil, LI'-/ 111 will be more vigorous, and the basket
will rel:iin its grace and beauty for a longer time. Exer-
cise vigilance and care in watering. After the roots
have well filled the basket, watering is best done by
dipping the basket in a tub or barrel of water, and al-
lowing it to remain until it is well saturated. Dipping
the basket in weak liquid manure once or twice a month
will greatly promote vigor when the plants have been
long in the basket. These remarks also apply in a
general way to vases and rustic stands.

Ernest Walker.

BASSWOOD. See Tilia.

BAST, The soft part of the flbro-vascular bundles in
plants, abundant in the inner bark. It increases in
thickness simultaneously with the wood, but much less
rapidly. The fibrous elements in the bast of Basswood
have been used in making cordage ; also in making
strong paper. -w. W. Rowlee.

BATATAS. See Ipomcea.

BATEMANNIA (in honor of James Bateman, the dis-

liiijn! 1m i ' Hi 'tor and cultivator, and author of ira-
|. f ' 11 Orchids). Orchidicem, tribe Vdntleoe.

I It : leaf-blades coriaceous: fls. large,

- .; 111. 11. Ill iMi. single or iu pairs. Cult. like Cattleya.
Duiriif,' 111. _..iinL.' piTind they should be well supplied
with witti-i- :in.| ki lit fniiii strong sunlight.

C6Ueyi, I.iii'll. I'ltnU ;inil sepals purplish or umber-
brown. sIkiiImil' !" \' iliwish green at the base. Deme-

MeleiRiis, ::

/>■. Iliirlii, Emir. & Kiiililj. f.,with 1-fld. peduncles, =Zygo-
P'''-'l'""- Oakes Ames.

BAUHlNIA (after John and Caspar Bauhin, sixteenth
century herbalists ; the twin leaflets suggesting two
brothers). I/egitmindsce, but there is nothing to sug-
gest the legume famUy to the northern horticulturist ex-
cept the pod. Mountain Ebony. A genus of over 200
species, allied to Cercis. Tropical trees, shrubs, or vines,
with showy fls. ranging from white to purple, and Ivs.
which may be entire or 2-Iobed, in some cases the Ifts.
being entirely free ; the petiole is prolonged into a
short but characteristic awn between the Ifts. : petals 5.
The number and fertility of the stamens are important
characters in determining the subgenera. They are
much cult, in S. Pla. and S. Calif, in sandy soils. Prop,
by seeds ; rarely by cuttings of half -ripened wood.

B. variiti)ilii and B. purpurea are two of the com-

111 -I iiii'l Inn Ml -^ 1 1 Kill trees of India, and, although

111 I I I '.111 northern greenhou.ses, have

r:i>. ' : I iMiitly. Ji.variegata is much

nih . Ill I imI I I. :i imI . .\ I m 1 1 cnvered with blossoms, resem*-
lilcs n Ki-iuin.' I'clarronium. The astringent bark is
used in tanning and dyeing, and the Ivs. and fl.-huds as
a vegetable, the latter being pickled. "The reason for
these plants being so little grown in our hothouses,"
says J. D. Hooker, "is, no doubt, that they must attain
some siz€ before they flower, and that they require a
dry season to ripen their wood, the giving of which,
without killing the plant by drought, is the standing
crux of all establishments." Great numbors of species
of Bauliiiii;i .MM 1;I,m|,- Ii, !„. iiiini-iuMMil In. in time to

the

trop-

ics. In tliM , ;ii.|\\. 1 .. I Mi-s, themost

reliable s|iMMM iml. i- m-Li.-.h-. /;, , ,, :-i:,i. B. cori/m-
bosa, and Ji. .\auii, ....... I'Im-m .mii Uv planted outside

here in summer, ami kijit over winter as oleanders are.

A. Lrs.iVri.h.l II. .t t; Ihe middle.

B. i';.s. usuallif colored.

variegita, Linn. Tree, &-20 ft. : Ivs. 3-4 in. across,

orbicular, D-11 nerved, lobes rounded ; petiole 1-2 in.

long : fls. about 7, in a short raceme, 4 in. across ; calyx

BAUHINIA

spathe-like ; petals 5, clawed, obovate-oblong. veined,
rose-colored, the lowest one larger, broader above the
middle, strongly marked with crimson : pod 1-2 ft. long.
India. B.M. 6818.— The coloring of the fls. varies.

Var. cindida, Roxb. (A. dlba, Buck-Ham.). Height
12 ft. : fls. white, beautifully veined with green ; fls.
Feb. to May. B.M. 7H12. "A taller grower than A.
acuminata, blooming in late winter and early spring.
Very quick-growing, and ornamental even when not in
bloom."— Eeasoner Bros.

purpiirea, Linn. Height 6 ft. : Ivs. coriaceous, rufous-
tomentose beneath when young ; Ifts. broadly ovate,
4-nerved : petals red, one streaked with white on the
claw, lanceolate, acute; fertile stamens 3, very long, the
rest sterile or abortive : pod 1 ft. long. India, Burma,
China.— Without doubt one of the finest flowering small
trees in S. Fla. Flowers are borne in the greatest pro-
fusion, 3 to 5 inches across, varying in color from
almost white to a shade of rich purple, and marked
and shaded with many tones. The plant is very robust
and hardy here, growing to a height of 15 feet in less
than 2 years, and blooms all winter and spring.

GAlpini, N. E. Brown. Half-climbing shrub, 5-10 ft. :
Ivs. 1-3 in. long, 2-lobed from one-fifth to one-half their
length, 7-nerved ; petiole about H in. long: racemes
6-10-fld.: petals 5, all alike, l-lj-ain. long; claw as
long as the limb ; limb orbicular, cuspidate, brick-red ;
fertile stamens 3 : pod 3-5 in. long ; seeds dark brown.
S. and Trop. Afr. B.M. 7494.-Discovered 1891. Fls
borne continuously from spring to late autumn.
BB. Fls. pure white.

acuminita, Linn. Height 5-6 ft. : Ifts. ovate, acumi-
nate, parallel, 4-nerved, closing at night : fls. 2-3 in.
across ; fertile stamen long and nearly free, the other
9 short, connected, and sterile. India, Malaya, China.
— One of the most satisfactory of all, either for open
ground or greenhouse culture, as it will bloom the flrsf
summer, when but a few months old and but a foot or
two high, and in succeeding summers blooms continu-
ously from May to September.

AA. I/vs. divided beyond the middle.
E. Leaflets not entirely free : fls. colored.

corymbdsa, Roxb. Woody climber, branching from the
ground.: branches grooved: tendrils opposite, revolute:
Ivs. lH-2 in. long, outer edges slightly rounded, inner
edges straight and parallel; nerves 2-4 : fls. numerous,
corymbose, I in. across, rosy, ithw fluted petals, and
characteristic venation ; stamens 3, bright red, 3 very
long, the rest abortive. China. B.M. 6621.

BB. Leaflets entirely free: fls. icliite.

NataUnsis, Oliver. Small shrub : Ivs. numerous ;
leaflets each 1 in. long, with a midrib and a few nerves,
dark green; petioles %-yiin. long: fls. single or in
2's, IWm. across, white, the midvein of the 3 upper
petals reddish ; petals erect or spreading, the 2 lower
ones larger ; stamens 10, 5 long and 5 short : pod 3 in.
long. S. Afr. B.M. 6086. -Not advertised at present.

B. Bobkeri. F. Muell., from Austral., and B. Eich.ard.aoni,
Hort., FrancescM, are also advertised at present.

E. N. Reasonek and W. M.

BAY- TREE. See Laums.

BEAK, A name applied to various plants of the Lequ-
minds(e. The Beans chiefly known to agriculture are of
five types : (1) The Broad Bean {Vicia Fuha), or the
Beau of history, an erect-growing plant, producing very
large and usually flat, orbicular or angular seeds. Prob-
ably native to S.W.Asia (Figs. 190, 191, o). See Vieia.
These types of Beans are extensively grown in Europe,
mostly for feeding animals. They are either grown to
full maturity and a meal made from the Bean, or the plant
is cut when nearly full grown and used as forage or made
into ensilage. The Broad Bean needs a cool climate and
long season. In the U. S. the summers are too hot and
dry for its successful cultivation on a large scale, and the
plant is practically unknown there. In Canada, the plant
is used in connection with corn to make ensilage; and
this combination is known as the "Robertson mixture."

BEAN 135

(2) Kidney Bean (Phaseohis vulgaris, which see ; Figs.
191, ft, 192). This is the plant which is everywhere known
as Bean in North America, comprising all the common
field, garden, snap and string Beans, both bush and
climbing. By the French it is known as Haricot, and this

F'r.d

190. Broad Bean -Vicia Faba (X 1-5).

word is often found in our literature. Its nativity is un-
known, but it is probably of tropical American origin.
For inquiries into the nativity of the Bean, see DeCan-
doUe, Origin of Cultivated Plants ; Gray & Trumbull,
Amer. Jour. Sci. 26:130 ; Sturtevant, Amer. Nat. 1887:
332 ; Wittmack, Ber. der Deutschen Bot. Gesellschaft,
6:374 (1888). (3) Lima or Sugar Beans (Phaseohis lu-
natiis, which see ) . Long-season, normally tall-climbing
plants, producing large, flat seeds (Figs. 191, c, 193).
Native to S. Amer. See Bailey, Bull. 87, Cornell Exp.
Sta. (4) Various species of Dolichos (as D. sesqiiipe-
dalis). Vines which produce verylong, slfuderpods and
small, narrow Beans (Figs. 191, d, 194). Native to tr"|i.
Amer. See Dolichos. (3) Soy, or Soja. Mc an ( ^//;r /m-
hispida, which see). A bushy, erect, li.iiry plant, pro-
ducing small pods in clusters, and pea-lik.- s U ( Fjlis.

191, f , 195). In this country com]. arativcly little known,
and used mostly forforage. Nati\-e to Cliina and Japan,
where it is much grown. Aside from these types, there
are others of less economic importance. The Scarlet
Runner type is a perennial Phaseolus (P. miilUflorvs),
grown in this country mostly for ornament (Fig. 196).
Various other species of Phaseolus are also cult, ni
various parts of the world under the name of Beans. P.
rafji.''-'^ i^ jM-'T") in Japan, and has been int. into the
r. s. • » 1 : ' ■ !•' -.ai (see Georgeson, Bull. 32, Kans.
Exii. - I . ( ' Sinensis, known in N. Amer. as

r.i'A ; ' 1, is sometimes called a Bean. The

VfivLi 1 :l:iii '_ 1 ti, _ S.juth is aMucuna (which see). The
Jack Bean is a Canavalia (Fig. 197). The Sea Beans to
the Florida coast are seeds of various tropical legumi-
nous plants, and are transported by ocean currents ( see
Coe, in G.F. 7:503). l. H. B.

Culture op the Bean. — The practical grower usually
divides the many varieties of Beans into two groups —
the bush and the pole Beans. The one includes all those

136

BEAN

grown as "field Beans" for the dry-shelled seeds, as also
both the green-podded and the yellow-podded garden,
string, or snap Beans. The pole or running sorts are
usually grown for garden purposes, and rarely for the
dry-shelled Bean The ordinary bush Beans make no
great demands for soil fertil t\ Thej do well n ordi
narily good warm fani 1 If tl 1 t ins a

fair proportion of humu III II much

of their nitrogen from ll i 11 1 fer

tilizers are nee lei thp\ 1 | 1 and

phosphoric aci 1 al i •■ I I I I from

I I iSt

I \ be

I t the

t Is de
ed foi the pur
I o e The rows
re to be from 2-3
feet apart with
plants standing
eery 3-6 in., or in
bunches of 3 or 4 every
12-18 in. A quart of seed
will plant about 150 ft. of
row. Keep the soil be-
tween the rows well stirred
with a flne-toothed, nar-
Itivator.

.^"^

must be picked
clean if the plant is
wanted 1
long in bearing,
"eft to ripen seed stop
the growth and de-
velopment of others.
In growing field
Beans, early and even
ripening is desirable
above almost every-

191. Types of Beans. Natural size.
a Vicia Paba. b, Phaseolus vulgaris, c, Pliaseolus lunatus.
d, Dolichos sesquipedalis. e. Glycine hispida. £, Phaseolus
multifiorus.

vesting the crop, special tools have been devised and
are in use by those who make a business of Bean-grow-
ing ; but when a regular Bean-puller is not available,
or when band labor is cheap, the plants may be pulled
by hand and placed in rows on the ground, bottom-
side up, and when sufficiently cured put in stooks or
taken to the barn, and, in due time, threshed with the
flail or with a regular Bean-thresher. After being cleaned
by running through a fanning mill, picking over by
hand will also be required in most cases.

Among the leading sorts of field Beans are White Mar-
rowfat, Navy or Pea Bean, Medium, and the Kidneys.
For string Beans, Early Valentine, which has various
strains, probably stands first in popular favor as a
green-podded variety for the market-garden at the
present time. Other Kood current sorts are Stringless
Green Pod, Early Mohawk, Refugee, etc. The best

among yellow-podded sorts are Black Wax or German
Wax, Golden Wax, Kidney Wax and White Wax. The
Wax or Yellow-podded sorts need a richer soil than the
other kinds. A good string Bean has a thick, meaty

pod, which snaps off completely when broken, leaving
no string along the back. Fig. 198 shows ideal pods.

Pole or running varieties of Beans require fertile soil ;
and for that king of table Beans, the Lima of all forms,
too nuicli can hardly be done in the way of enriching
the ground. Warm soil is one of the first essentials of
success in growing pole Beans. When poles are to be
used for support, they should be set not less than 4 ft.
apart each way, before the Beans are planted. Pour or
five Beans are to be placed around *" aeh pole, 1 to 1 J^ in.
deep. While it is a safe rule to put the seed eye down-
ward, it is not a necessary condition of prompt and
uniform germination. In ca«r of absence or scarcity of
poles, a serviceable, cheap and ornamental trellis may
be constructed by setting posts firmly at proper dis-
tances along the row, connecting them with two wires,
one a few inches and the other 5 or 6 ft. from the ground,
and finally winding cheap twine zigzag fashion around
the two wires. Cultivate and hoe frequently. A top-
dressing of good fertilizer, or of old poultry or sheep
manure, hoed in around
the plants, may be of
[,'reat help in keep'ng up (
the productiveness of
the plants to the end of
the season. To have a
continuous supply dur-
ing the entire season, the
pods, when large enough,
must be gathered fre-
quently and clean.
Among the varieties
used both for string and
shell Beans, we have the
Green - podded Crease-
back, several wax varie-
ties. Golden Cluster, and
the popular Horticultural
or Speckled Cranberry
Bean, besides any num-
ber of others. A very
fine Bean is the Dutch
Runner (Fig. 19G), which
approaches the Lima in
quality and resembles it <^^yz)-

in habit of growth. The seed is of largest size and
clear white in color. Highly ornamental is the closely
related Scarlet Runner, with its abundance of showy
scarlet blossoms. This Bean is grown in Europe for
eating, but is rarely used for that purpose here.

193. Large 'White Lin

BEAN

Of all pole Beans, the Limas have undoubtedly the
greatest economic value. They enjoy a deserved popu-
larity, and are usually grown with profit by the market-
gardener. The varieties might be classed in three types,
— that of the Large Lima, the Dreer Lima, and the
Small Lima or Sieva. Each of them has a number of
sub-varieties or strains, and appears in both pole and
bush form. The old Large Lima (Fig. 193) is a very
large, flat Bean, and yet largely grown for main crop.
To the same type belong Extra-early Jersey, King of
the Garden, and others. The pods of these are very
large, and the Beans in them somewhat flattened. The
dwarf form of this type is known as Burpee's Bush
Lima. The Dreer Lima of both forms is appreciated
especially for its high quality. The seeds are more
roundish and crowded close together in the pods, the
latter being much smaller than those of the Large Lima.
The seeds of these two types are light colored, with a
greenish tinge, but the Large Lima is also represented
by red and speckled (red-and- white) sports. The Small
Lima, or Sieva, with its dwarf form, Henderson's Bush
Lima, seems to be hardier and earlier than the two
larger types, but pod and Bean are quite small. The
color of this Bean is nearly clear white, but there is also
a speckled sub-variety of it. Wherever there is a place
for the Sieva, its bush form will be appreciated. The
bush forms of the two larger types, however, are not
uniformly productive enough to take the place of the
•pole forms entirely. The latter will often be found
preferable where a long season of continuous bearing is
desired. For further notes on Lima Beans, dwarf and
pole, see Bailey, Bulls. 87 and 115, Cornell Exp. Sta.

Beans are easily forced under glass, in a temperature
suitable for tomatoes. They may be grown either in
pots or beds. The bush varieties, as Sion House, are
preferred. Keep them growing, and look out for red
spider. See Bailey, Forcing-Book ; and for the forcing
of pole Beans, see Rane, Bull. 62, N. H. Exp. Sta. See
Forcing.

Three other members of the Bean tribe might be men-
tioned in this connection ; namely, the Black Bean or
Cow-pea of the South, the Japanese Soy Bean, and the
English or Broad Bean. The Cow-pea takes in some
measure the same place in the southern states that red
clover takes at the North, being used both as stock food
and as a green-manure crop. There are many varieties
of it, early and late, some of strictly bush habit and
some producing long runners. (See Cow-pea.) Of
greater value for the same purposes, north of New Jer-
sey, seems to be the Japanese Soy Bean, which is early
enough to come to maturity almost anywhere in the
United States. Its foliage is rather thin or open, how-
ever, which impairs its value for green-manuring. The
dry Bean constitutes one of the richest vegetable foods
known, and its flavor seems unobjectionable to all kinds
of stock. Sow 1 bus. to the acre. Similar to this in value
is the English Broad Bean, several varieties of which,
as the Broad Windsor, the Horse Bean, etc., are grown

BEAUMONTIA 137

tention in the cooler parts of the country. Being about
as hardy as peas, they may be planted much earlier than
would be safe for ordinary Beans. The Windsor is used

194. Dolichos sesquipedalis, or Yard-long Bean.

and are popular in England and in some parts of the
European continent. In most parts of the United States
they are scarcely known, and in none generally culti-
vated. Only a few of our seedsmen list them in their
otherwise complete catalogues. Yet they are a decidedly
interesting group of plants, and worthy of greater at-

e way that we
3 much better
need of plant-

by people in England much in tl
use Lima Beans ; but the latter are
that in the United States we have nc
ing the former as a table vegetable.

BEAEBERRY. See Arclostaphylos.

BEAR'S BREECH. See Acantlitis.

BEAUCARNEA. See NoUna.

BEAUMONTIA (after Mrs. Beaumont, of Bretton Hall,
Yorkshire, Eng.). Apoci/nAceie. A genus of three East
Indian trees or tall climbers, with very large, white,
fragrant, bell-shaped fls. in terminal cymes. The genus
is more nearly allied to the familiar greenhouse
shrub Trachelospermnm jasminoides than to the splen-
did tropical climbers in Allamanda and Dipladenia.
B.grandiflora has been neglected of late, presumably
because it needs so much room. It should be planted out
in the strong, fibrous, loamy soil of a warm house, as it
rarely succeeds in pots. It is best trained to the roof, as
full light is necessary for flowering, if not for growth.
The shoots may be thinned if the large Ivs. cast too
nmch shade on the plants beneath. The wood should be
well ripened to produce an abundance of winter bloom.
The fls. are produced on the growth of the previous
season. After flowering, the plant should be severely
pruned to produce lateral shoots for the next season's
bloom. In its native country, this vine climbs over very
tall trees.

grandlfWra, Wall. Lvs. obovate, cuspidate, wavy
margined : sepals 5, large, ovate, wavy, pink-tipped ;
corolla tube veined with green, the limb 5-cleft. B.M.
3213, Gn. 45, p. 138; 49, p. 314. J.H. IIL 28: 243.

138

BEDDING

BEDDING, or BEDDING-OUT. The temporary use
out-of-doors of plants that are massed for showy and
Btrikins effects. There are four main types : spring,
summer, subtropical, and carpet bedding.

Sprino Bedding is the most temporary of all, and is
usually followed by summer bedding in the same area.

196. Phaseolus multiflorus. Niituriil size. (See Bean, p. 135.)

It is the only kind that largely employs hardy plants, as
crocuses, narcissi, daffodils, tulips, hyacinths, and other
Dutch bulbs. All fcmr types of bedding are commonly
seen in public parks, but spring bedding is the most
appropriate for amateur and home use, as the bulbs
flower at a dreary time of the year, when their brave
colors are most cheering, and also because they are
much more familiar than the subtropical and foliage

BEDDINa

, hardy bnljjs are more
class of plants, and they

nrr rip III-, 111.' iiiiLin |iririri|,i,- is to plant them early
ciii-iij ::j r.i"t ilcvelopment. Hence

tip, ,1 - !■ I. 1 -I :-.. ;iiMt planted in the latter

ji;ni i'l I 'I'l PI ;ir~i pi \i>\ .nil.fr. The colors may be

iii:i5M-il iir iiiix.il aiLiji.iiiii; t.. ui>.tt-. the terms massed and
mi.\ed beUdintc relening to unity or variety of effect,
and being applicable in each of the four main types men-
tioned nliove. Opposed to this style of bedding is the
tmiiiniliziML' nf Imlbs in the lawn. Crocuses and squills
iir. |i;iri I' Ml M i < harming when they appear singly, or in
tv, . PI:,, iiiiexpected places in the lawn. Daffo-

dii I I I naturalized in large masses in spots
\vlp i( IIP L'lp s is not mowed. Pansies are the only
otliHi- |il.iiits tliKt are used extensively for spring bed-
dini,'. Knglish double daisies and catchHies are largely
usp.l f.ir edgings. Pansies are set out between April 1
and 1."). in largeoperationa, pansy seed issown in August
of the preceding year, and the young plants are trans-
planted once and wintered in a ooldframe. After flower-
ing, the plants are thrown away. The other method is to
sow the sped in a greenhouse in January. The August-
sown i.aiisjps pi\ p larger and earlier blooms, but the .Tan-«
nai i n pii, MS will last longer, and in partially
siipp ! ill give scattering bloom all summer,

e-i : I 'ppted from drought.

M Mill: i; is.i often follows spring be.dding in the

sanip space of ground, and employs chiefly geraniums,
coleus, begonias, ageratum, salvia, vinca, alyssum,
petunia, verbena, heliotrope, grasses, cacti, and aquatic
plants, the culture and varieties of which may be sought
elsewhere in this work. As to tenderness, these fall into
two groups, the first of which may be set out about
May 15 in New York, and the second about .June 1.
Geraniums are the most important of the first group,
and coleus is an r"vaiii|ilR of the tenderest material,
which isspi Pill -ihiiili .iippusly with subtropical plants

when all dn i is past. As to fondness for

sunlight. Ill I II I All groups, but the only bed-
ding phti it-- p| Mill' I lull' p that prefer shade are tuberous
begonias and fuchsias. The wonderful popularity lately
achieved by the former in Europe will probably never
be duplicated in America. The secret of their culture is
shade, shelter, and moisture at the roots. Hence a clay
bottom is desirable for a bed of tuberous begonias, as
being more retentive of moisture than a sandy or porous
soil. They enjoy cool air and as much indirect light as
possible, but not the direct rays of the sun. Hence the
north side of a building is better for them than a station
under trees, as the trees usually give too dense a shade,
and their roots interfere. On the other hand, coleus is
more highly colored in full sunlight than in shade.
The only flbrous-rooted begonias largely used for bed-
ding are varieties of the semperflorens type, of which
Vernon and Erfordii are extremely popular at present.
In the manipulation of tender perennials, there are often
two methods of propagation, either of which may be
better, according to the ideal in view. As a matter of
general tendency, propagation by cuttings gives bloom
that is earlier but not as continuous or profuse as by
seeds. Salvias and verbenas are pronounced examples.

especiallv for mass-work. S.iMiptimcs the tall, puiiili.-
leaved, old-fashioned, small-Howered types are used in
the center or at the back of the bed, and the dwarf,

BEDDING

modem, large-flowered types around the edges or in
^ont Frequently, massing with a single variety of
eanna is practiced.' Next to cannas i>i PoP"l^"ty P™}"-
ablv come the crotons or codiieums,-the broad-leaved
types, as Queen Victoria, being better for this purpose

large class of tender material -as palms, screw-pmes,
the coarser ferns, dracaenas, araucarias-a class of foil
aee plants which really does better outdoors during
summer in a shady and sheltered position than indoors

the

more formal styles of orna-
ttis often form the nucleus of

mi,, ,,1 ilir imlms being hid-
I , ., in I i;n, or whatever

t ban the narrower - leaved or simply cu-
iious kinds, as Codimim interruptum
md G. OTiutem, which belong to fan
tiers' collections, i'or carpeting the
ground in a croton bed, two variegated
Trailers can be used with good effect the
wandering .jew or tradescantia and Op
Ukmemts Burmanni, which is famil
lar to gardeners as Panicum laiiega
turn The large leaves of bananas give
d\ery rich tropical effect, especialh if i
they can be so sheltered that the wii 1
198. -will not split them. One of the v i

Typical Snap, or best plants for encircling a pul 1

String Beans fountain is the huge-leaved eleph u t
(XK) (Seep 136.) ear caladium. For interesting pcmts
* concerning its culture, see (, /o<«6iO

Among the first half-dozen favorites for subtmi icil bed
ding is the castor-oU plant, or ricinus. Its marvellou-
erowth from seed in a single season makes it one of the
?ery best of all plants for rapidly filling up large area'-
temporarily. Grasses furnish an exception to the general
rule that bedding plants are tender. There are many
kinds of bamboos that are perfectly hardy m the nortb
ern states, and these are bound to increase m pi pulirifi
A favorite combination of grasses for eddmg is
Arimdo Domix, the giant reed, surrounded 1 \ eulauas
Grasses and their kind are particularly effective in
aquatic groups. No well kept establishment is i mj lete
without a pond or body of water in which aquitic \\-mi^
are naturalized. For a more extended account ot this
attractive subject, see the article Aquatics. There is a

all the year round,
mental gardening, ;
a subtropical bid, t
den by lower-gro"

s?Lirg^en;nr;i;:"'n;;:- n.. .. i:.,.:., bf ph^

them half-way into tbe gn.uml ,u..l «ia,h„gthe sod.which
has been previously broken, in .such a manner as to
conceal the tubs entirely. The plants are arranged in a
freer and more natural manner, and the outer trmgeot
begonias and the like maybe dispensed with. The chief
dangers to such plants are from the sun and wind.
Palms once scorched or wind-whipped are ruined.
Hence, a sheltered position on the north side of a build-
ing, or under the shade of trees, is usually the best spot
for their summer vacation.

Carpet BEDoraa is the most formal and most expen-
s ve of all k nds of bedd ng a d e nploys plants that
stand pnchng a 1 1 ir nt is cole acl >_ranthes,

r the
kens

n the

n 1 ook on the

o a book p b-

Ma s Th s

g ee of tech-

} the Gernans,

ore n portant than the

t pU t that are used.

garden ng as o] posed

lit tal garde ng makes

no object on to leds n 1 en el b t 1 ke their

usual pos t on Tl ey are co no ly g ven the no t con-

spc OS places where the> t be seen whether peo-

X like them or not. They should be m a place by

Fhlmselves where they do not interfere with the quieter

and larger pictures of the whole place. Sunken areas

199 Example of fancy bedding
m Fairmount Park Philadelphia are Particularly
imendable A flower bed should not be m the mid
of a large lawn, because it distracts the attention

140

BEDDING

from the larger picture, and because the lawn is the
canvas upon whicili the landscape gardener makes his
picture. The chief merit of beds is their attractiveness
and brightness, which accounts for their presence in
parks and public places. On the other hand, they are
expensive, and they an- at their best only two or three
months in ili .h. Jiile a mud-hole in a lawn for
ninemiiiit' i^ an unsightly object. Formal
beds,e-~]" i.lants, with their gaudy colors
anduiicli, 1 1 \ , are considered by some the
most uiiii.i i Irast artistic style of garden-
ing. Niv r'i{uire a high degree of techni-
cal skill, \: : - appreciation.

A few pi I I . : liens may be given for making

a bed. 'I'Im -li -\vnU\ he rich and full of vegetable
matter. If a foot or IM in. of the surface soil is so poor
that it must be removed, it may be replaced by two parts
of fibrous loam and one of well-rotted manure, with
some upturned broken sods in the bottom for drainage.

The fall is the proper time to apph in: ■ . .umI it' tlie

bed be thoroughly spaded over ainl 1 niug

the winter, the alternate freezing ai pi i lino

both the soil and the fiber of the m iiui. i :, jmnrrs
nearly always fail to supply perftct roiidiiiuur, tor wa-

mplex carpet bed.

tering. A midsummer mulch of half -rotted manure en-
ables the plants to take all the moisture they need dur-
ing the drought and to keep it. The soil should be in ideal
condition before the plants are set into it,— mellow,
rich, full of fiber, and of firm and uniform texture.
Begin in the middle and work toward the edges. When
the bed is finished, give it one thorough soaking, to settle
the soil at the roots. ^^^^^^ g^^^^

BEECHEE, HENRY WAKD (1813-1887). The cele-
brated American clerygyman and orator deserves espe-
cial remembrance for his work as editor of the Western
Farmer and Gardener in pioneer days of western horti-
culture. A selection of his contributions was printed in
1859 as a book of 420 pp., entitled "Plain and Pleasant
Talk About Fruits, Flowers and Farming." A second
edition was published in 1874 as "Pleasant Talk, etc.," a
book of 498 pp., containing also articles written for the
New York Ledger. These papers have a higher literary
quality than is usual in horticultural writings, and are
still entertaining and .suggestive. They did much to
spread the taste for country life and gardening. Beecher
was always deeply interested in horticultural affairs.

BEET. There are 4 or 5 species of the genus Beta,
which are sometimes cultivated under the name of
Beet, but Beta vtilgdris, Linn., is the only one of practi-
cal importance. From it all our common garden varie-
ties are derived. According to DeCandolle, the aborigi-

nal slender-rooted species is found in sandy soil, and
especially near the sea, throughout southern Europe,
nearly all the coasts of the Mediterranean. It

and

also occurs as far eastward as the Caspian Sea and
Persia. "Everything shows that its cultivation does not
date from more than two or three
centuries b.foiv the Christian era."
It is now hi^-lj|\ improved, princi-
pally ill iIm- ooi- direction of large
and siM-rulciit roots, and is much
csteeiiii-d in all civilized countries.
Sec Buta.

Young Beets constitute one of the
most important early crops in truck-
gardening. Many acres of them are
grown near all the city markets, and
as they bear transportation well, they
are often grown at comparatively
remote places. Large quantities are
shipped early from Norfolk, Va., and
from other southern points to north-
ern markets. Like all root crops, the joi. Bassano Beet.
Beet needs a loose, light, fresh,
clean, rich soil, which miist be in the best conilition
of tillage. No fermenting manure should be used, but
instead fully rotted barn manure, with some good pot-
ash fertilizer. TJie seed for the first crop is sown
early in spring, as soon as the soil can be well
worked. Where intensive gardening is practiced, the
drills may be as close as 1 ft. apart, in which case the
young Beets are thinned to 6 in. apart in the row. But
in ordinary gardening, it will be found most convenient
to run the rows 2-3 ft. apart, allowing cultivation with
the horse. The plants in such rows can be left 4 in.
apart at thinning time. The thinning is done when
the young plants are large enough to be pulled for
"greens," for which purpose they find a ready market.
Beets are also grown in quantities as a fall crop, and
are stored for winter use. When this is to be done, the
seed is sown in .June, and the plantation is managed in
all respects like the spring sowing. Beets are some-
times forced in greenhouses, but as they are hardly
lirofitable, they are grown only in vacant spaces or after
other crops are out. When the young roots are ready
for the early market, they are pulled and tied in bunches
of five or si.x. The fall crop is pulled soon after the first
frost, the tops are removed, and the roots stored in pita
or root cellars.

The most popular varietal tvpes of the garden Beet are
the following: iJns.saHo( Fig. 201). -Flesh white and light
red mixed ; an old-time early variety, now less grown
than formerly. Earhi Blood Turnip. —Rich, deep blood-
red, flattened turnip-shape ; an old and well-known
sort. i'dmoHd.— Moderate size; handsome, rounded,
smooth, deep red ; good grain and flavor ; not quite
first early. Eclipse.— VrAtoTra\y globular, bright red;
fine-grained and sweet ; one of the best quick-growing
early Beets. Egyptian Turnip.— Tops quite small;
roots fair size, rich, deep red ; a standard early variety.

For field culture of culinary Beets, the long-rooted
varieties are chiefly used. These are sown in the field
as soon as the weather is settled, in rows far enough
apart to allow of tillage by horse. Most of them require
the entire season in which to mature. They are grown
mostly for storing for winter use. They w'ere once
grown for stock, but the Mangel-wurzels give much
i'arions types of Long Blood Beet

iizcls are Golden
lanmioth Long Red.
imported from Ger-
ices in America. Of

greater yield

(Fig. 202) aro.lii.lh

Favorite vaii.iii..
Tankard, Ool.ln, > . I
Several sorts of Su-i
many, are being groi
Chard, there are no selected varieties offered in America.

The varieties of Be/a vulqaris may be conveniently
divided into five sections, though the distinctions are
somewhat arbitrary and of no fundamental importance.
These sections are as follows :

1. Garden Beets. Varieties with comparatively small
tops : roots of medium size, smooth, regular and fine-
grained : mostly red, but sometimes whitish or yel-
lowish.

2. Mangel-wurzels, or Mangels. Large, coarse-
growing varieties, with large tops and often very large

BEET

roots, the latter frequently rising some distance out of
the ground : rather coarse-grained. Extensively grown
for stock-feeding.

3. Sugar Beets. Sometimes said to belong to another
species, but doubtless to be classified here. Bather
small-growing varieties, with medium tops : roots
small to medium, usually fusiform, smooth, nearly
always yellowish or whitish.

4. Chard, or Swiss Chard. Varieties with compara-
tively large tops, broad leaf -blades and very large, suc-
culent leaf-stems, which are cooked and eaten somewhat
like asparagus. The thrifty, tender young Ivs. make a
very excellent pot-herb. Chard has sometimes been re-
ferred to a separate species. Beta Cicla, but should be
included with B. vuhjaris. See Chard.

5. Foliage Beets. A race which has been developed
to produce luxuriant foliage of many colors and varied
markings. Of such varieties are the Brazilian, Chilian,
Victoria, and Dracffina-leaved. The ribs of the Ivs. are
usually beautifully colored. Where the leaf-blight fungus
is not serious, these foliage Beets make excellent bor-
ders where strong and heavy effects are desired, and
they are excellent for bedding. Raised from seeds, as
other Beets are ; roots may be kept over winter.

The Beet is not often damaged by insects. It is
sometimes attacked by rust, rot, spot-diseases, and

BEGONIA

141

scab, of which the last is the worst. The scab is the
same disease which attacks the potato, and one of the
chief precautions is, therefore, to avoid following pota-
toes with Beets. For the most part, clean culture and
proper rotations will forestall serious injury from plant
diseases. Spraying with Bordeaux mixture may be ex-
pected to prevent the leaf diseases. j,_ ^ Waugh.

BEGONIA (named after M. Begon). BegoniiU-ece.
Elephant's Ear. Beefsteak Geranium. A large ge-
nus of very popular and useful plants for the house,
conserv."itory and garden. Succulent herbs or under-
shrubs, having the stem in some cases reduced to a thick
rhizome, in others to a distinct small tuber, while a few
others possess a semi-tuber, in which there are a num-
ber of closely set scales or suppressed Ivs., resembling
bulbs : Ivs. variable, alternate, more or less unequal-
sided, entire, or lobed, or toothed, ovate-acuminate, or-
bicular or peltate ; fls. usually in axillary cymes, monoe-
cious, lai-ge ; males usually with 4 petals, females with
5 (rarely 2), pink, white, rose, scarlet, yellow, and all
shades of these, beingrepresented ; stamens numerous ;
filaments free or united at the base ; styles 2 or 4, free,
sometimes connate ; stigmas branched or twisted like a
corkscrew : fr. usually a 3-winged capsule, which is
often colored ; ovary inferior ; seeds numerous, very
minute. The first Begonia was introduced into England
in 1777. Since then, out of the 350 species known, about
150 have proved of value to the horticulturist. Few
other plants have been improved so rapidly, there being
thousands of varieties now in cult., displaying the most
gorgeous colors in their fls. and beauty and coloring

in their Ivs. Their geographical distribution is very dis-
junctive and localized. They are indigenous to Mex.,
Cent, aud S. Amer., Asia, and S. Afr. They seem to
have no genetic relationship with other plants now
living. For literature, see Dryander, The Genus Be-
gonia, Trans, of the Linn. Soc, Vol. 1, 1789 ; Klotzsch,
Begoniaceen-Gattungen und Arten, 12 plates, 1855 ; De-
Candolle's Prodromus, 15, 1864; Ravenscroft, B.C., Be-
gonia Culture for Amateurs, 1894 ; Wynne, Tuberous
Begonias.

The Begonias now in cult, may be roughly divided
into four sections or groups :

II. Semi-tuberous, or Socotrana.

III. Tuberous, or Summer-flowering.

Nos. 77-99.

IV. Rex, or Ornamental-leaved.

Nos. 100-103.

In the following account, the dates refer to intro-
duction into cultivation, not into American trade. They
are European dates.

P. B. Kennedy.

There are four sections of the Begonia family, and as
each requires somewhat different directions for their
cultivation, it is desirable to treat them separately. The
first section, the Fibrous-rooted, comprises such varie-
ties as B. nitidtty si^iuperflitrens, var. gUjaniea rosea,
atbo-pU-ta, Haageana, and Diiehartrei. Cuttings taken
from clean, healthy stems will strike readily in an ordi-
nary propagating box or bench, and if potted-on, as
they require root-room, will make fine plants for late
winter- and spring-tlowering. As soon as one neglects
good treatment, especially in regard to light, fresh air
and fresh soil, the red spider, a physiological disease
appearing like rust, and the dreaded nematodes, will
soon attack them and give them a sickly and stunted
appearance. They require a temperature of from 55-60°
at night and 65-70° in the day time. The plants should
be kept close to the glass during the early stages of
their growth, onaccountof the tendency of many of the
varieties to send out rather long shoots. A compost of
3 parts good loam, 1 part well-rotted manure, and 1
part sand, will be found very suitable for their growth.
While Begonias in general are injured by too strong
sunshine during summer, they are benefited by all the
sunshine they can get during the winter and early spring
months. Strong sunshine, however, pouring through
imperfect glass upon wet foliage, is apt to blister the
leaves of any Begonia. Such varieties as B. Dregei and
Weltoniensis, which produce at their base a thickened,
fleshy stem like a potato, m.ay be propagated either by
division or by cuttings. Nearly all the varieties be-
longing to this section can be grown by amateurs, and
make excellent house plants, especially B. manicata,
rubra, speculata, argyrostigma, vai. picta, ricinifolia,
heracleifolia.

The second section, the Semi-tuberous, comprises
such Begonias as B. Socotrana and Gloire de Sceaux.
They require greater care, and should be grown in a soil
with considerably more leaf -mold and a temperature of
65-70° in the daytime and 60° at night. Of Gloire de
Sceaux and other hybrids, plants 2 years old will be
found best for decorative purposes.

The third section, the Tuberous Begonias, are grown
in pots, boxes or baskets, under glass, or as bedding
plants in a shaded border. If the plants are intended
for pot culture in the greenhouse, it is best to use the
tubers. For early flowering, start the tubers in February
or March, either in small potsor shallow boxes. The soil
maybe composed of loam, sliarp sand and leaf-mold, and
the temperature about 60°- 65°. When the plants are
ready for repotting, well-rotted manure may be added, and
when the roots have taken a fresh hold a cooler tempera-
ture may be maintained. For bedding purposes, seed-
ling plants, as well as tubers, may be used, providing they
are of a first-class strain. Tubers are preferred if early-
flowering plants are desired. They bloom more abun-
dantly in the early part of the season, as they have the
strength of the already formed tubers. Plant in the mid-

142

BEGONIA

die of May or beginning of June, according to locality,
from 3M- or 4-inch pots. Although they grow fairly well
under trees, the north side of abuilding is to be preferred ;
but they must not be crowded. Plenty of light, with mois-
ture at the roots, and a mulching with half-rotted leaves

in hot weather, will greatly benefit the plants. Water,
when necessary, under the leaves. See Bedding.

The tubers should be lifted after the first light frost,
and stored. Seeds sown in March will produce flower-
ing plants by July or August, but 2-year-old tubers
are more satisfactory for continual blooming. The seed
may be sown in any shallow box or seed-pan, which
should first be filled with material which will give plenty
of drainage, over which place some finely sifted soil to
receive the seed. Scatter the seed thinly. SufRcient
covering will be given by simply pressing the soil down
level. Keep in darkness by covering with glass or paper
for a few days, in a temp, of not less than 70°. As soon
as the seedlings aiipear the covering must be removed,
and when the little plants attain roots about }4in. long
they may be pricked into nicely prepared soil. In most
places in this country. Tuberous Begonias do not thrive
out-of-doors, but in some places and with careful treat-
ment they do well. They are very satisfactory for
blooming in a well-shaded greenhouse in the summer.

The fourth section, the Rex Begonias, are grown en-
tirely for the beauty of their foliage. They may be
prop, by means of either shoot- or leaf-cuttings, the
latter being the better when plants have to be raised in
quantity. Large and
well-matured, but still
healthy and vigorous,
leaves may have the
principal nerves cut on
the under side. The
li-af is then pegged or
weighted down on the
surface of a well-
drained propagating
bed. If carefully
shaded, roots will be
formed at every cut, a
tiny leaf will follow
(Fig. 203), and the lit-
tle plants may be in-
serted singly in small
pots. Another method
is to cut the large
leaves into triangular
parts, with a bit of the
main petiole at the tip
of each, and insert the
pieces about 1 in., with
the lower or thickest
end of the rib down-

<:""'"£. cut the leaf in two,

across the veins (Fig.
205), and stand it edgewise in the propagating bed. The
young plants may be potted-upinto small pots, using a
light, porous, sifted soil. Keep shaded in a low house
with a moist atmosphere. The soil may be gradually

made coarser with each potting until, in the final shift,
an unsifted compost of 2 parts loam, 1 part leaf-mold, 1
part well-niM. 1 muiM > . .uid 1 part sand, is used, add-
ing a sprin! I \Vliile watering, avoid wetting
theleavr-i .ililc. and keep large, well de-
veloped i.hin' iM .. II 111 .il hi.use. with plenty of ven-

RoBEET Shore.

The Begonia is exacting i

; of ill. \:iriiti.-i are extremely rapid

r- I Imp \ .:1 produce an excellent

I 1 : M . J '..r horticultural pur-

: i'liil into three general

■ '■ ■. !'. ^. i.i,.| Shrubby or

I -, ■, ,1 I;. iMTii^is attained

,1 "111,- 12 or 1.5

■ ' ■ ■ ' '"■-•'■ quantities

[r..)i. i'liir.'i Mi'l l.li„'!.iiiii mill ii-.'.l K - li.'ilililig plants.

Geranium, but our burning summers and long-continued
droughts wrought such havoc with them that they
speedily fell into disfavor, and verv few growi-rs now
handle them. This is much to be reL'r.tt.-il, f,,r th. y are
gorgeous flowers, and careful selei-tiiii Im- jirnilui-rd
blooms of enormous size and woii.lfiliil |..iin. in the
most vivid shades of red, white, yclluw imil pink.

The Rex division has been a great t;ivuritu tur many
years. In no other class of plants are the rich metallic
shades of various colors found so satisfactorily blended

as here, while the form and size of the Ivs. are of the
greatest variety ; those of the old Kex and of Mrs. Bon-
ner are frequently a foot and more in liMiirtli, wliilr little
Marquis Peralta makes a compact ma^^ <•( tiny i^Miicd
foliage averaging only 2 or 3 in. Ion;;. T" iln Idx va-
rieties showing bright green, pure .-ilv. r. I.i.m/.. , and
velvety green, linvp bppn added Lucy L'lu,ss,.u and L.mise
Closson, bnili ^ll,.^vin^' Lands of bright, rosy plum color,
and Mme. liarli.-. witli its zone of light, "dull red. A

class of Hyl.iiil 1\'.>; < tains some of the most useful

and beautiful of oniam.ntal plants. They are nearly all
crosses between Lesoudii and Diadema. These all
show the Rex texture and general habit, while the Ivs.
are deeply notched and zoned ; they are more substan-
tial than the average Rex, and they make symmetrical
specimens with less trouble. Some of the principal
American varieties of this section are Anna Dorner,
Elsie Coles, Bertha McGregor, Flora Hill, Mrs. Shep-
herd, and Richmond Beauty. Rex Begonia culture is
simple. Sou should be a mixture of loam, woods earth,
sharp sand, and well-rotted eow-manure. It must bo
light and porous. Temperature required is a warm
greenhouse for growing ; but grown specimens can be
hardened to a much lower temperature. They enjoy a
moist atmosphere, and must be shaded from hot svm-
shine. They have few insect enemies. Of later years
they have been subject to the attack of a very destruc-
tive fungous-like disease, but careful attention to han-
dling and propagation wDl keep it in check. The propaga-
tion of Rex Begonias is very simple, a leaf, or portion
of leaf with a strong midrib, rooting very readily in the
propagating bench with bottom heat.

The Shrubby or Flowering Begonias comprise a num-
ber of ornamental sorts with inconspicuous flowers, and
also varieties that are huge bouquets of bloom. Among
the former are Albo-picta, Diadema, Nigricans, Mme.

Lionnet and Metallica, all forming beautiful specii
of foliage. Ot the flowciins Mit-, t\M t tli
widely cultivated aie the cl 1 1: \ I 1

toniensis. Vernon ind Kit i li

covered with fib \\I il tl 1 d

and shining Gl ii 1 I tul

of recent Begoui i w II i ht

never to be for,, t i ) 1 I [ ' 1^.

and borne m woudLitul pi tusiuu ii i ui il lous
in character and requires i ^eTsun of lebt cath >ear
The Semperflorens gigantea clabb ib a very useful one,
and many impioved vaiieties now add value to it
Among them are La France Elegaiitissima alba Goliath,
Mastodonte and Obelisciue The bhrubbj section thrives
in much the same soil as Rex, or a trifle heavier, re-
quiring less heat and moisture. Cuttings can be struck
as easily as those of the geranium. g^ Q_ Hill.

Index to the Begonias here described Abel Carrifere,
No 104, Abundance 39, A Dalliere, lOo Admuation,
99aa, Adonib 74, Aduenne Schmidt lOo ilhihmbriata,
99aa, Albatross 20 albo coccmtn li I i f i It ,
Alice Manning, 99aa athfeifloi t (0

angularis, 41 , argenteo guttata ^ ,

Ascotiensis, 42 atiopurpuiea mi uin

Rose, 76 , aucuba-hlut, 12 , Buon V \ u i 11 i tu
mannu, 86, Bertha de Chateaurochei 4 B i tin Mac
Gregor, 108 , Bexley White, 99aa , bicoh) 87 , Bijou
76, BijoudeGand 44, Bismarcki 45, Boliviensis 81,
B-iuanti 47 sul i < ifli i 24, Cannell s Gem, 99aa ,
carolinn I 1 1 1 i 47 Lhailes Baltet 9<Iaa ,

Chelsoi I s) Clirkci 84 Clementmaj

lOo c I Z II iinnilie 18 coialhnu

29, Oil It 1 1 II t. I r mit Fi lody,

108, touule s 1 ui 1 1 i 1 11 I I t ( 1 ren

99AA Credneri bub o ( lO ,

cvclophylla, 91 , daedal I i u,

77 , Dewdrop 47 Dia 1pi i iti,

50, Biguelhaii I it I hi,

Dommi, 107, Di I Di N i hti^ il 23,

Dregei, 24 , Du I se de Brabant 108 ,

Duchess of Ediiii f lork 20 Duchess

of Lemster, 99 i \ II i\ n t Ua, Duke Zeppelin
99AA , D Wettstfin lOj e hm seiaH 51, Edward B
Kennedy, 104 Ed Fynaert 104 , elegantissima, 20 ,
ellipttra, 16 , Erdodj , 107, 108 , Eifoidu, 52 , Evansi
ana 85, Pairv Queen 20, Feastii 53 Flamingo, 99aa,
F. E Laing 99a foliosa, 14 , Froebeli, 78 , Froebeli
vernalis, 78, fuchsioides, H geianifolia 92 gera
nio des, 80 , Gilsoni 54 glaucophylla 18 Gloire de
Lorraine, 7o Gloire ile ^rpiu\ 7f (^lor^ of Stnnstead
99aa , Goegoensis m i I Hi n , ih ^,7 ,1
cilis, var Marti ui 1 I 11

94, grandn, S> I 1 1. 1

Haageana 3 7/ 1 1 1 1 1 1 I > 1

neck 10 1 HpimX I 1 II 1 x

herackit '1 I 1 n 1 \ 11

flora J X llln ti ti n n 11 1

alls 4 II . 1 111 I 4 in II t I 1

Ingraiiu 1 I liii H il 4 Tuli

KnoKl^lH^■,lM I ii.itlinni -1 1 iciniata llll , Li h

Balfour ot riurleij:h 44aa L id) Giinthorpe, 99aa li
Prance 20 , leopaidiiius 10 Leopoldi, 107, Lesoudii
105 Lin(?e, lOo I thnii 00 \ \ I rraise Closson, lOs
Louise Chrftien 11 ^ T n 1 I nun? 60 Lut\

Closson, 108 , 1 1 111 II maculati

28 maculata v i 1 I 1 lagn^ 105

Madame deLes 1 Mad Funck

104, Mad F Al 11 II \l 1 1 1 ,ps Bruant,

105, Mad Chas W el er 104 "\I ul <t \ ui Meerbeeke,
104 Mad Jos Moens 104, Mad Luizet, 104 Mad
Isabella Bellon, 105 Mad D Wettstem 105 Mad
Wagnet, 107 , manicata, 17 manieiti var aureo macu
lata, 17 , Margarita? 6 M irquis de Peralti 108 Mm
tiana, 12 Mastodon 2U Mai^anta OOAi MatiUU 108,
M. Crousse 105 metallica 10 mimi 23 Mirinda,
107 Miss Edith W\nne 99aa Miss Falconer 99a a ,
Mibs A de Rothschild 99aa Moonlight 99aa Mis
Brassey 99aa , Mrs J Thorpe 99aa Mrs Regnart,
99aa Natalensis 93 nehimbiitolia 63, nigiicans (18,
nitida, 23 ; nitida, var. odorata alba, 23 ; Obelisque, 20;

BEGONIA 143

obliqua, 23 ; Octavie, 99aa ; octopetala, 94 ; Olbia, 36 ;
Otto Forster, 107; Packe, 99aa ; palmata, 50 ; Papillon,
105 ; parvi folia, 24 ; Paul Bruant, 64 ; Pearcei, 88 ; pel-
tata, 5 ; phyllomaniaca, 22 ; Picotee, 99aa ; picta, 100 ;
Pictavensis, sub 3; platanifolia, 9; polypetala, 95; Pres.
Belle, 104 ; Pres. Carnot, 65 ; Pres. de Boureuilles, 68 ;
Pres. de la Devansaye, 104 ; Prince Troubetzkoi, 107 ;
Princess May, 99aa ; Queen of Whites, 99aa ; Reading
Snowflake, 20 ; Rex, 103 ; Rexxdiadema hybrids, 103 ;
Rexxdiscolor hybrids, 103 ; ricinifolia. 11 ; Jfoesni,61 ;
rosasflora, 79; Rosy Morn, 99aa : riili'lln, HI ; rH&ra.,29;

rubricaulis, 96 ; Saudersoni, lii; : ~ ii,,, . :;i ; Sauli,

53a; scaudens, 16; Scarlet <■ I'Ta, 49;

Scharfn,3; Scharffiana, 1 : > ' , : lunidtiana,

7; Sedeni, 97 ; Se!!oirii, 20: . Jii ; sem-

perflorens gig.antea rosea, 21 : • .. I : .Sir Jo-

seph Hooker, 104; Socotr;iiii, >- 1; . de Mad.

la Baronne de Bleichroder, loi : ~ ■ Jaa ; spe-

cwsa,23; speculata, 35 ; ,St:.), - :.<l -m ; : im-. 99aa ;
stigmosa, 67 ; ftririUlosa, 32 ; sul.i..-liata n i-nrans. 08 ;
Sunieibiuchi C) Sutheilandi, 98; teni'ia.'Ji; T. usrlnri,
37 Theodiit s hmilt 10 : Thurstoui, 70; T],u„il,:<n,
99 Torie\ Lainj ) Ua Triuiiiphe, WOaa ; ■rii,.iii]ihe
de Lemoine 7! Tii m] he de Nancy, 73 ; Veitchi, 82 ;
Veinon 10 \ii ih 1(1 Iti 27; Versehaffeltiaiia, 27; Ve-
suvius 9KA Wii h i,,t iiinna.9; Weltoniensis. 25 ;
Wettsteinii 71 , Wilhelm Pfltzer, 105 ; Winter Gem, 74;
santhina 102 , zebuna 41.

I Fib

ROOTED OB WlNTEK-

iis hairy, velvety or downy on the upper surface.
Shape of Ivs obliqn 1 1 nml.-nriiininate, orbicular-
aeiim 1 1 . ">■ prl/ale.

r< tint n 2 in. wide,
r surface of petals, large.
1 Scharfhina, Regel Fig. 206. A robust herbaceous
perennial IJ^ ft high Ivs. large, thick, fleshy, hairy,
olive green above crimson below : stipules very large
and prominent fib waxy white. Braz. — This Begonia
reouires warmth and care to succeed well. When well-
grown, it is an excellent bracket plant.

206 BcEonia bcharlliana. jSo, i.

Duchartrei, Hort hybrid [B. eehinosf.pala x Scharf-
a) st 2-3 ft higli brinched profusely, hairy, pur-

Iv nvnti Ian lit Tiiiiiiiiafo. green above, hairy,
1 I \\ 11 I n w \ \\liii'. a lew red hairs on the

Haageaua W 1 1 i / . .s. //.ii///. Hook.). Pig. 207.

shiubbj tthjl 1 1 lilt baiiy : Ivs. ovate-cordate,
nmate wavy red uer\ed above; fls. rose-pink, with
me 8-12 in m diam males with 2 round and 2 nar-

petals, females with 5 equal petals. Brazil. G.C.

144

the iiio>^t h.viiitifnl vlMiit-j ..f tin- '_'cini'i. Has been dis-

tril.ui. .1 'i^ /: s'. -:. '• 1." ,.,,-■.! ,.

]: I M i: ■- ■ metdllica). Int.

bvllii - i ' I "ilierplantnamed

B. !■,> ',. ",-,■■ ill.' 1 1 vv:i - r:ii -.-.I \'\ l.-MM.ine in 1891 from
the sanii- piiri-nts, KriKint alfo ust-cl these two parents
in 1891, and called his plant B. Pictaviensis. All three
plants are identical, and can only be distinguished from
B. Bfiageuna by their smaller flowers and the peduncles
standing erect and not gracefully bending over, as in
Haageana. There is another plant spelled B. Pietavensis,
raised by Bruant in 1881, a cross of B. Schmidtiixsem-
perflorens. It has also been called B. Bruanti. (See
R.H. 1882, p. 377; 1883, pp. 8, 52.)

Dn. Fls. white or greenish white, small.

4. imperiJllis, Lem. St. short, herbaceous, green: Ivs.
4-6 in. wide, very hairy, brownish green, with irregular
bands of bright green along the nerves : Us. insignifi-
cant, white. I.H. 8:274. Var. macul4ta, Hort., has
brown Ivs. with green blotches. Var. smaragdlna, Hort.,
has wholly bright green Ivs. I.H. 7: 2G2.

5. peltita, Hassk. (B. Hdsskarli, ZoU.). St. per-
ennial : Ivs. peltate, ovate-acuminate, thick and succu-
lent, covered with a whitish tomentiim, 6-9 in. long: fls.
small, white, on long peduncles. Braz.— It is the only
Begonia in cult, with thick, felted, peltate, silvery Its.

cc. Sir. nf Irx. amiill . less than 2 in. wide.

6. Margaritae, IImH. (V;, metdllica x echinos(pala).
Plant 1-2 ft. high : .•,ts. purple, hairy : Ivs. ovate-acumi-
nate, sinuously dentate, green above, red beneath : fls.
in cymes, large, rose colored ; sepals with long hairs at
the base. -Int. by Bruant in 1884.

7. Schmidtiana, Kegel (B. Schmldti, Hort.). Dwarf,
herbaceous, 1 A. or less in
height : Ivs. lobed, toothed,
hairy, about 2 in. long, reddish
beneath : fls. white, tinted with
rose Braz. R.H. 1883, pp. 56,57.
Un. 17, pp. 268,269. -A very use-
ful plant for summer bedding.

8. hydrocotylildlia,
Otto. St. succulent,
creeping: Ivs.rotundate-
I'ordate : petiole short :
whole plant hairy : pe-
duncles 1 ft. high, pilose;
tls. dipetalous, rose-col-
■ •red. Mes. B.M. 3968.

reuiforni, lobed, hispid on both sides, dark green, lobes
acute, toothed, ciliated : fls. in axillary dichotomous
cymes, large, white, tinted rose. Braz. B.M. 3591. -£.

K..

r^V' ^''

BB. Shape of leaves incised, or parted.
C. Fls. white or whitish.
9. platanifdlia, Graham. St. 5-G ft. high, erect, i
smooth, green, joints annulated : Ivs. 8-10 in. in

208. Begonia fuchsioides (X K). N

gunnera- folia, Lind. (B. Washingtoniana , Hort.), once
offered by Saul, is very similar to this, but its Ivs. are
not so deeply lobed and the fls. are very insignificant.
I.H. 22:212.

CO. Fls. pink.

10. met411ica, G. Smith. Sts. perennial, succulent,
hairy, 4 ft. high, branched : Ivs. obliquely cordate, lobed
and'serrated, 3-6 in. long, upper surface green, shaded
with a dark metallic color : tls. blush-white, under side
of petals clothed with red bristly hairs. There are a
number of varieties; e. g.,var. variegata, var. veliitina,
var. c^prea, but they do not differ much from the origi-
nal. Bahia. R.H. 1844 : 218. G.C. 11. 5: 397.-A very
attractive plant, both in foliage and flower.

11. ricinifdlia, Hort. {B. heracleifolinxpeponifblia).
St. a short, thick rootstock : Ivs. large, bronzy green,
lobed, resembling castor-oil plant : fls. numerous, on
long, erect peduncles, rose pink.

AA. Ia>s. glabrous, or only a fen- scattered hairs on the

upper surface or on the margins.

B. Under surface of Ics. green.

c. Margins entire or toothed.

D. TTiiUh of Ics. less than 1 in.

E. FU. phiTi, scarlet, or carmine.

12. incarnata. Link & Otto (B. ancubcefUia, Hort.
B.Marlitlna. Schleoht. B.insiguis, Grab.). St. erect,
herbaceous, 2-3 ft. high : Ivs. unequally cordate, lanceo-
late, toothed : fls. rose-colored, abundant, males 1% in.
across, with 2 ovate and 2 narrow petals ; females
smaller, with 5 equal petals. B.M, 2900, as B. insignis.
A.G. 16:97. A.F. 12: 724-5 ; 13:588. R.H. 1870, p. 266 ;
1875: 151. Var. grandiflbra, Hort., is a new and much
improved variety, which is very useful for cut-flowers or
decoration in winter.

13. fuchBioides, Hook. Pig. 208. Eootstoek woody :
ts. tall and succulent : Ivs. ovate, IX in. long, tinged
rith red when young : fls. drooping like a fuchsia, rich

209. Begonia sempertljre s
A recently struck cutting. To show the precc

scarlet, males with i petals, females with 5 petals. New
Granada. B.Mf4281. Var. miniita, Linden {B. cinna-
barlna, Hort.), differs only in having flesh-colored fls.
R.H. 1855:221. F.S. 8:787.

EE. Fls. white or whitish, small.

U. SoUdsa, HBK. Shrubby, sts. herbaceous, slender,
branching : Ivs. frond-like, very small, 3-lobed,
glossy green : fls. white, tinged with rose. Blooms
early summer. New Granada. — An elegant basket
and ornamental plant.

15. 41bo-picta, Hort. Shrubby, compact growth-
freely branched : Ivs. elliptical, lanceolate, covered
with numerous small silvery white spots: fls. green-
ish white, males with 2 broad and 2 narrow petals,
females of 5 subequal petals. Braz.— An elegant
foliage plant. Int. by Bull in 1885.

DD. Width of Ivs. more than 1 in.

oynatoiis, <

ng, or climbing.

16. scandens, Swartz(B. ^'icirfa.Otto & Dietr. B.
elllplica, Kunth). Sts. climbing or tr.ailing, clinging

all, white, hang-
, H. 1879, p. 300.
—An excellent basket or climbing plant.

17. manic&ta, Brongn. A short-stemmed, succulent
plant: Ivs. ovate, obliquely cordate, thick, fleshy, smooth,
shiny green, G-8 in. long : petioles covered with fleshy,
scale-like hairs: peduncles a foot or more long, bearing
loose panicles of pink dipetalous fls. Mex. Var. ailreo-
maculMa, Hort., has large blotches of yellowish white
on the Ivs. F.E. 8:1159. F.R. 2:435.

IS. glaucophjlla. Hook. {B. glancnpliylla spUndens,
Hf>rt. /). ii/iiiirophi'illa sedudeiis, Hort. B. Comte de
Liiinniiiiilir. Hurt.). Probably a hybrid, but parents not
known. St-. 1..U:,'. drooping or creeping: Ivs. ovate,
wavy, ;{ in. long, glaucous-green, reddish and variegated
in bud : fls. rose-red, males 1 in. across, with 2 ovate and
2 narrow petals, females of 4 equal petals. Braz. { B. M.
7219. - A good basket plant, flowering freely all winter.

10

BEGONIA 145

19. 41bo-coocinea, Hook. (B. Grahami&na, Wight).
Rootstock creeping : Ivs. peltate, ovate, leathery, 6 In.
long : peduncles 1 ft. long, coral red ; male fls. 1 in.
across, with 4 petals ; female fls. also of 4 petals, white
above, coral-red beneath. Flowers in winter. Braz.
B.R. 32:39. B.M. 4172.

EE. Stem erect.

20. semperildrens. Link & Otto {B. SHlowii, KI.).
Fig. 209. St. herbaceous, smooth, green or reddish,
G-18 in. high : Ivs. ovate, rotundate, obtuse at the base,
toothed and ciliate along the margin, pale glossy green,
tinged with red on the midrib and petiole : peduncles
axillary, few-flowered : fls. white or rose-colored ; males
with 4 petals, females with 5 petals : capsule green,
wings tinged with red. Braz. L. B.C. 15:1439. R.H. 1897,
p. 46. B.M. 2920. - This is an exceedingly variable species.
An endless number of garden forms has been produced
from it. Some of the most important are as follows :
Var. atropurpiirea comparfa. lit. 44. p. 570 (Ffrnon), an
excellent bedder, deep vv<\ ; F^iii/i iiitnn, bright rosy
carmine, bedding ; Viieli..ss <>f )'"//,, iiinison, bedding ;
Crimson Gem, foliage criuisun-luonzc, fl.s. elegant car-
mine ; Duchess of Mdinbniujh, lis. huge, white, easily
grown from seed ; Beading Snoicflake, white ; Dia-
dem, dark rose ; Ilhistration, carmine ; Albatross^
elegantissima, Mastodonte, Goliath, La France, Obelis-

21. Var. gigantia rdsea {B. semper fldrensx By nche-
Ana). Very distinct : rootstock woody ; sts. succulent,
about 3 ft. high: Ivs. on short petioles, ovate or reniform,
toothed at the margins, about 7 In. across, bright green,
with a red spot at base of sinus : peduncles axillary,
stout, 4-8 in. long, bAring large panicles of large rosy
red fls., of which the males have 2 ovate petals, the fe-
males 2-4 smaller petals. A. F. 13:586. A.G. 16:41. -One

210. Begonia semperllorens, var. Sieberiana

of the best Begonias for winter decoration in the green-
house. Int. by Lemoine in 1888. Var. Sieberiana, int.
by Lemoine, is shown in Fig. 210 (from the French).

146

BEGONIA

22. phyllomaniaca, Mart. Fig. 211. St. perennial : Ivs.
obliquely cordate, attenuate, 4-6 in. long, slightly lacini-
ated and fringed : Hs. pale pink. B.M. 52.54. Brazil.—
This species is peculiar in that it produces from the stem,
petioles and Its. innumerable Ifts. or small growths. It
is one of the most interesting of plants, though not of
much decorative value.

23. nltida, Dryander (B. mhwr, Jacq. B. speciisa,
Hort. B. obUqua, L'Her). St. 3-4 ft. high, perennial,
fleshy, woody at the base when old : Ivs. obliquely ovate,
wavy, 4-6 in. across, glossy dark green : fls. on long,
axUlary peduncles, pale pink, with a silvery blush ;
males IK in. across, with 2 broad and 2 narrow petals ;
females smaller, with 5 equal petals. Jamaica. B.M. 4046.
—A very useful plant in the greenhouse, flowering all
winter. Also interesting on account of being the first
Begonia introduced into Europe (1777). Var. odor&ta
Alba is a very handsome variety of this species, which

ined on the under surface.

BB. Xrs. red, reddish or rt

c. Margins entire or serrate.

28. macuUta, Raddi {B. argyrostlgma, Fisch.). St.
erect, branching, woody when old : Ivs. cordate, lanceo-
late, wavy, 4-6 in. long, upper surface sometimes with
large white, roundish spots : fls. pale rose or white, males
with 2 ovate and 2 narrow petals, females with 5 equal
petals. It includes several forms. Braz. B.R. 666. Var.
argjrrostigma picta, Hort., is a common form, with very
large white spots on the Ivs.

29. cocclnea. Hook. (B. rubra, Hort. B. maculAta,
■va,T.corainna,HoTt.). Tall, succulent sts. : Ivs. on short
petioles, obliquely oblong, angular, with wavy red mar-
gins, 4-6 in. long: fls. deep coral-red; males Kin. across,
with 4 unequal petals; females more attractive, owing to
the length and rich color of the ovary, which has 3 small
subequal wings. Braz. B.M. 3990. - The fls. are very

r

^'^^-^i

^vv^i#*^.

has smaller fls. of the purest
white and sweet-scented. Dr.
Nachtigal, hybrid (B. nitida,
Dry., var. odorata alba x Lynche-
ana), is similar in general form
to the above, but has fls. of a deli-
cate rose-pink, especially on the
inner surface of petals.

00. Margins incised, lobed or

parted.
D. Width of Ivs. less than S in.
24. Drfigei, Otto & Dietr. {B.
Cdffra, Meissn. B. parvifblia.
Grab. B. renif&rmis, Hort.).
Rootstock a fleshy, globular tuber ; sts. succulent, an-
nual, 1-2 ft. high : Ivs. thin, small, green, deeply ser-
rated, reddish on the under side : fls. white, small,
profuse. Cape of Good Hope. B.M. 3720.

25. Weltoni^nsiB, hybrid (parents not known). St.
reddish, lK-2 ft. high : Ivs. light green, smooth, ovate-
acuminate, lobed, dentate, lK-2 in. across : petiole red,
1-lK in. long : fls. pink, profuse, on short peduncles.—
Int. by Major Clark, of Welton Park. Var. dlba, Hort.,
has white fls.

DD. Width of Ivs. more than $ in.

26. coronAta, Hort., hybrid [B. carolinimfiliaxpoly-
dntha). St. shrubby, coarse, 2-3 ft. high, covered with
numeroijs withered stipules : Ivs. large, lobed, on long
petioles : fls. pale pink, with large, somewhat droop-
ing cymes.

27. Verschaffelti4na, Regel. {B. Verschaffmi. Hort.
B. manicatay.carolinitefbUa). St. a thick rhizome:
Ivs. large, ovate, acuminate, lobed : fls. rose-colored,
pendent on long peduncles. I.H.2: 68. — Tall, coarse and
unsightly as an old specimen, but when well grown from
year to year from cuttings makes a splendid plant.

persistent
«-eim„U
tal especially when
planted out Choice
6oego6nBis, Brown Fire King St
short thick rootstock Ivs peltate ovate-
orbicular, 6-9 in. long, surface blistered
or puckered, green, with dark, bronzy
blotches, red on the under side : fls.
small, rose-pink. Sumatra.— A distinct
and ornamental-leaved plant.

31. sangTilnea, Raddi. Sts. perennial,
woody at the base, red : Ivs. subpeltate,
obliquely cordate, thick, fleshy, smooth, shining, bright
green above, blood -crimson below: fls. small, white. Rio
de Janeiro. B.M. 3520. -A handsome evergreen foliaged
Begonia.

32. d8ed41ea,Lem.(B.s(n;;i7W,«/. Dietr.). St.ashort,
thick rootstock: Ivs. lar^r. li. rn. "V:,t. acuminate, cor-
date, margins slightly s- t' ' ' ' ' with long red-
dish hairs, surface cov.t^ i J I. -.r network of
russet-brown; peduncles ~i'i :- i ;.'! .._^litly hairy : fls.
white, tinged with pink, ili .■•,. 1.11. .-. iJuLi. -A handsome
foliage plant, not very widely known.

cc. Margins incised, lobed •»• parted.
D. St. creeping ; a slinrt. thirl; rhizome.

33. heracleifdlia, Cham. A: Schlicht. ( Ii.jnlropha/fblia,

Hort.). St. a short, thick rliiz • : Ivs. 1^12 in. across,

palmate, lobes toothed, rir-li gncii : peduncles 3-4 ft.
long: fls. white or rose-tinted. Mex. B.M. 3444. B.R. 1668.
Var. nigricans, Hort., has the margins of the Ivs. bor-
dered with dark green. B.M. 4983. Var. longiptla, Hort.,
has long, fleshy hairs on the leafstalks and peduncles.
Var. punctata, Hort., has green Ivs., reddish near the
margin ; fls. rose-colored, with deep red spots on the
outside.

34. rubella, Hamilt. St. a short, thick rhizome : Ivs.
large, cordate, acuminate, deeply lobed, smooth, spotted
with irregularly shaped dark brown marks : fls. pale
pink, on long peduncles. Nepal.

35. speculata, Hort., hybrid ? St. a short, thick
rhizome: Ivs. broadly ovate, acuminate, cordate, on long,
hairy petioles, dull green, rough, speckled with grey,
hairy, reddish on the under side, veins very prominent,
light green, profusely branched : fls. on long, hairy pe-
duncles, pink-white, males and females both with 2
petals : capsule green, with small red spots. — Origin not
known, though quite common in cultivation. A hardy
and usel'ul Begonia.

BEGONIA

DD. Stem erect.

36. 6lbia, Kerchove. St. leathery, 2-3 ft. high : Ivs.
lobed, hairy and olive-green above, smooth and red be-
ne xtb margmb reddibh petioles grooved smooth, veins
prominent a-s dirk lines lib concealed b\ h s in small
clusters direc th on the st without peduncles large,
white male and temale in same cluster Braz

17 Teilschen, Lmd St 2-S ft hieb erect, strong
grower ivs large acutely lobed, o\ ate lanceolate mar
gms serrate bright green above with grevish blotches,
red veined below fl<i in axillary clusters bright red,
large Malaja I H 26 358

3& arg^nteo- guttata, Hort (B a!bo plctaxOlbta)
Profuseh branching Ivs shining green o\ ate acumi
nate sli^hth lobed smooth 2Hm wide 3-5 in long
thitkh dotted with white spots lis m clusters variable
petalb white tmged with pmk capsule rose pink — Int
by Lemome 1889

SUPPLEMENTAET LIST — FIBROUS ROOTED

39 Abundance (B fuchsioidesXsemperflorens)
Plant 2 tt high st reddish Ivs glossy green
ovate 2 in long dentate fls rose pink — Int by
Lemome in Isjl

40 Imid T(B BmintiXRce?]!!) Plant 2ft high
Ivs green brf idly \ ite smotth tit, rose colored
—Int by Bruaut in Ihbb

41 angulans R iddi (B zebnna Hort) St smooth su
CTilent 2-3 ft high Ivb elongate ovate acuminate margins
undulate shiny green veins white fls insignificant hght
pink Braz

42 Ascotunsis "Webb Lvs ovate 2 in long smooth brown
maigm ^reen dent ite lis on peduncles 4 in long bright red

43 rcrtha de Chaleaurocher Hort Var of B Ascot
fls blight currant red — Useful for cut floweis

44 Bij'^u de Gand Hort Caulescent fls rose in cl
\ ery similar to Teuschen (which see)

45 Blsmarcki Hort Caulescent fl m clusters rose males
insignificant females a gcrgerus displ ly Aery similar to
Tensthen

Caffra Meissn See B Diegei

46 carobnicefdha 'Resel '^t eiect thick fleshy hs palmate
lobes deeply divided into 6 or b fls pink on long peduncles

BEGONIA

147

48. Oorbeille de Feu (B. semperflorensXfuchsioides). Fls.
bright coral-red.— Int. by Lemoine in 1891.

49. diaiJcma, Linden (B.sceptra, Hort.). Plant, 2 ft. high : lvs.
green deeply parted blotched with white dentate fls insigmfi
cant Borneo I H 29 446

Mexico

47 Carnern Hort (B semperflor
Bri wti Plant al out 1 tt high
while — Ei.( client 1 tdding Begoma

nsXSchmidtii) Dfwdkop
^ s like semperflorens fls
Int by Bni illt m 1883

213 Begonia President Carnot No

Brazil

hinosepc^ _, ,, ^ ^

axillary peduncles white with curiously papil
lose sepals

52 Erfordii Hort (B Schmidtii X semperflorens A emon)
A ery dwarf and bushy l^ft high fls abundant rose carmine
—Excellent tor beddmg Iiit by Haage &, Schmidt in 1894

53 Fiastix. Hort (B mameataXhvdrocotylifolia) St a short
thick rootstock lvs suborbicular thick red beneath entire
petioles irregularly marked fls light pmk on long peduncles
-Int by John Feast of Baltunore before 1880

Sauh Hort is a newly introduced species from Guatemala
lesembling Feastii in the shape and color of its lvs but with a
distinct red smus at junction of petiole with leaf

54 Gtlsoni Hort (origin American) Plant 2 ft high st
shrubby coarse l^s large lobed fls on long erect peduncles
pale pmk — Interestmg as being the onlj double fid fibrous
looted Begonia Named for Gilson colored gaideuer to Mrs
Livingston N Y

55 Hbnda rmilttfldra Hort (B hvbrida flonbunda Hort )
Plant 2-4 ft high hs small 1 in long 'oin across dentate
eireen below fls rose pink hanging in clusters like a fuchsia

56 Ingramt Hort fB nitulaXfuchsioides) Combines the
of the two species lis light pmk —Int by Ingram

1849

^o 1"

known) Very simil

58 Kunthutna Walp Stem erect lvs lanceolate
nate serrate smooth green above red below fls whil
B M 5284 Brazd

59 Lubbersi E Morr Stem a short rhizome Iv
palmate green fls pink on long peduncles Br izd

301 R H 1888 p 22o

60 Lima

148 BEGONIA

microphylla, WiUd. Is B. foliosa, No. 14.

miniata, Planch. & Linden. Is B. fuchsioides, No. 13.

62. Madam de Lesseps. Fig. 212. Strong, erect grower : Ivs.
acutely lobed, large, margins serrate, green above, red and
strongly veined below : fls. large, white, in axillary clusters,
males insigniUcaut.

63. ndumbUtblia, Cham. & Schl. (B. hemandicefolia, Hort.).
St. a short, thick rhizome : Ivs. large, 12-18 in. long, 8-12 in.
wide, peltate, hairy on the under side : fls. small, white or
rose-colored. Mex.

BoezUi. Kegel. See B. Lyncheana, No. 61.

64. .B. Pn«!B™an((B. manicataX(?) ). St. short, thick : Ivs.
large, olive-green tinged with red. deeply lobed : petioles large,
long, striped with rt-il ; it ring of tine liiurs .-it the junction of
petiole and I'';ii lU ;.'' mmI adi 1. 1 ■■ ;-!i. iivlT' "u long pe-
duncles. R.II 1--- I M 1 ;:'.:: .,;-■''

65. PresWr,,' I ■■■' r _■ l ! li l.-ggy: Ivs.
ovate-lanceoliiti , .i.-ii. :..'".; i"- ••■.: i ■■ hpi. ;■ .i.l.- red: fls.
in a large clusU-r . ui.iit-, .,iu.a., n.Msiuu. .mi . i. males large,
bright red-carmine, 2 in. long, iueludiug cicpsule.— striking.

66. Sdndersoni. hybrid (origin 'not known. B. Digwelliana,
Hort.). Fls. scarlet. 1882.

Saiili. See below B. Feastii, No. 53.

67. stigmisa. liindl. St. a short, creeping rhizome: Ivs. large,
cordate-iicute, irregularly toothed, smoothabove, hairy beneath,
green, with purple-brown blotches : fls. insignificant, white, in
cymose panicles. Mex.

ins, Hort.). Plant,

I below, silvery and

/ s-pink.

profuse: capsule wind's

\!i.r. Pres.de Boureuih

and more profusely s'

pink.

69. Sunderbnt^hi, Kort. AnAmericanformof B.her.icleifolia,
var. longipila ; Ivs. bronze-green, silver bands along the nerves,
purple underneath.

70. Thttr'itom Hort (B metalliciXsangiunei) St 2ft high:
Ivs. orbuiUtr acuminate shinj smooth iich purple red on the
under side \eins prominent fls insigiiifitant small rosy
white on slender peduncles A " " ' "

velMma Hort '*ee B metllli

suhpeltdta nlgr

seful for decoration,
a much richer color,
irs : fls. of a deeper

-Excellent

Begonia Wettstcinu 0

II. Semi-tuberocs or Socotran Section.

72. Soootrina, Hook. Fig. 215. St. annual, stout and
succulent, forming at the base a number of closely set
scales or suppressed Ivs. resembling bulbs : Ivs. dark
green, orbicular, peltate, 4-7 in. across, center depressed,
margin recurved, crenate : fls. in terminal few-tid.
cvmes, bright rose. B.M.6555. Gn.21:327. Gn. 49:1069.
G.C. II. 1.5:8. A.F. 13:587, 588. — Semi-tubers were
brought from the burning hot, sandy island of Socotra
by Dr. I. B. Balfour, and given to Kew in 1880. The
plant was discovered by Alexander Scott, the gardener
accompanying the expedition to Socotra sent out by the
Geogr. Soc. of London. Semi-tubers should rest during
summer and be planted in heat in winter.

The foUowlug are Socotrana derivatives :

73. Triompftc d« icmoinc (B.SocotranaXRtBzlii). Stem her-
baceous, spreading, then erect and branching into numerous
flowering branches : Ivs. hirge. coria'-eous. orbicular, somewhat

obliQue, margins -.11;:' ! ' it ii- 'iln lUmi: tls. in dichoto-

mons cymes frnm :■■■' .' ' : mt.m, tv>inale fls. ex-

ceedingly rare, mv.-'. ; i ■ ; .' li^.-iiibling a large

bouquet when in i , i. 1 . hit l.y Lemoine in

1887. Retains its 1' , ■ l ;l i ,,r.. ...■.-urrence

iuBegonias. Atun , , j.,'. n! \Tri<iinphe

de Nanc!f,vnt\i \\ n ,. i . .i.' .! ■!>' ;liu1 the

outer petals of a pi ■ . •. !.■ ,:il---

74. John H,<il il:^ - \ . h .. , .Mil.-l. A

shaped, not peltate, as in ii.Socotr;ma; liglit i,'i -

loosely on graceful peduncles, stiindine well all'

every stem developing m.ile flowers, l>-2 in. tii.in -:

been impossiltlr 1' ; ..ml s, t

John He.al in 1-- i HimI-i

all male, soft ms in:-, ^in -i i ■< ■ nl. ttt-i'liii

by John Heal, ^y:ntcr Utiii l H. S.>cotr:ina>
variety) . Habit like B. Socotrana, but more compact : fls.
large, deep carmine.— It combines the characters of the tuber-
ous and semi-tuberous sections. Int. by John Heal. Julia
(SocotranaXtuberous variety). The plant is very similar to a
double summer-flowering tuberous Begonia. It has fls. of a
salmon-pink shade.

75. aioire d-e Lorraine (B. SocotranaXDregei). Lvs. small,
nearly regular, pure green: fls. alninst ex.-ltisively male, 4-
petaled, large, borne in broad panii-l.-s, .(.v.ritii: the whole
superior part of the plant, rose-colcr.il nii i;. i I i. i- (it. 42,
p. 111. A.F. 12:842. G.F. 5:247.-,\l:l i - , raiia is
semi-tuberous and B. Dregei has a tl: i , i t he hy-
brid forms show neither, but the b;i--' I Iriivvsout
many shoots, which can be separat'il mi i - .n r - multipli-
cation of the plant. Int. by Lemoine in l.sitj. — Excellent.

76. Oloire de SceaMX (B. SocotranaXsubpeltata). Fig. 216.
Plant stout, half shrubby, erect, vigorous, compact, 2 ft. high,

Ivs. dark metallic green, thick.' ' *

variety),
ndiiim.,
es.-Int.

-iHft.

neath, veins red above,
fuse, beautiful rose-pink
tillM.ay. R.II. Iss4:.-illi.
the fibrous-rooted and s<'

Lvs. hlt..r'.ni..li:i..- l'.4,v.

fls.

fls. on long slende

bright red capsule

zebrina Hort See

Dec.

mi semi-tuberous
IS, 1882. Bijou ii
1 large green lvs.

III. Tuberous or Summer-flowerino Section

(Pigs. 217,218, 219).
A.\. Slimlexa,!,-s..yn-hi',i;ii,j Jlrrrthj frnm tuber.
li. Color of ft.-.-, hritjlil i-,,l .,,- l.,-im,u,l .snn-tel.

77. Divisi, Vcitch. Stinil.ss : lvs. sprinKing directly
from a rootstock, ov:itc-.-..r.l;.t.-. shinini,' iri-een, slightly
hairy, undersiile r.il. |irti..Ir .sli.ut. ihsliv : (.i-duncles,
pedicels, anil lis. ln-i-lit r. .1. P. .-ii. P,..M. r. 2 .->_>. P.M.
1876:231. G.C II. i:. : I'.il'.i. - \ l':iv,iiit,- with liyl.ridists.
Has given rise to iiiitiiri-.iiisilwiirf, if.i-f-li:iliitiil garden
forms, with small but brightly colored fls.

78. Fr&beli, A. DC. Steraless: lvs. numerous, cordate,
acuminate, green, covered with fleshy, purplish hairs :
fls. in tall, lax, drooping, branching cjnnes, brilliant scar-
let, large. 'Winter. Ecuador. Gn. 12, p. 376. -A beauti-
ful flowering plant, useful for conservatory work in
winter. B. Frmbeli venwlis, Hort., hybrid (Proebeli X
Dregei), similar to type. Int. by Deleuil in 1880.

215. Begonia Socotrana i

: y^). No. 72.

on stout, hairy petioles, 2-6 in. long, orbicular, reniform,
<'oncave, margins lobed. red, toothed : ils. 2 in. across,
rose-red. Peru. B.M. 5680. — Light colored seedlings ot
tins species gave rise to Queen of Whites, put into com-
merce in 1878, and destined to be a most important
factor in subsequent garden forms of the same color.
Int. in 1867.

80. geranioldes. Hook. Stemless, rootstock fleshy :
Ivs. radical, reniform, 6 in. across, lobed and toothed,
green, hairy, petioles 8 in. long: peduncles erect, 6-12 in.
long, reddish, hairy, bearing a lax panicle of lis., each
IJiin. across, pure white, with a button-like cluster of
yellow anthers. Natal. B.M. .'5583. -Planted in a border
in a sunny greenhouse, this is a fine Begonia, flowering
profusely during Oct. and Nov. Int. to Kew in 18G6.

AA. St. present.

B. Color of fls. ciiinabar-red, orange-red, bright red or

scarlet.

81. Boliviensis, A. DC. St. herbaceous, succulent,
2 ft. high, branching : Ivs. lanceolate, acuminate, ser-
rate, 3-5 in. long : fls. in drooping panicles, cinnabar-
scarlet, fuchsia-like ; males twice as large as females.
Bolivia. B.M. 5657.-The first Tuberous Begonia intro-
duced into England. 1864.

BEGONIA 149

82. VMtchii, Hook. St. very short, thick, fleshy, green :
Ivs. orbiculate, cordate, lobed and incised, margins cili-
ated, green, principal veins radiating from a bright car-
mine spot near the center, under side pale green; petiole
thick, terete pilose: fls. 2Min. in diam., cinnabar-red:
capsule smooth, unequal wings. Peru. B.M. 5663. P.S.
22: 2326. — One of the progenitors of the Tuberous race.
Int. 1867.

83. CMlsoni, Hort. (B. SPdenixBolivihisis). 'St.
fleshy, 2 ft. high : Ivs. oblique, lanceolate, irregularly
lobed : fls. large, orange-red, drooping. Gn. 4: 109.—
Int. by Veitch in 1870.

84. Clflrkei, Hook. St. purplish, fleshy, stout : Its.
obliquely-cordate, serrate : fls. in pendulous racemes,
abundant, large, bright red. Bolivia. B.M. 5675.—
Resembles B. Veitchii. It was the seed parent of Vesu-
vius and Emperor, two important and useful varieties
for bedding out.

BB. Color of fls. rose-red or pink.

85. Evansiina, Andr. (B. discolor, R. Br. B. grdndis.
Dry.). St. herbaceous, branching, smooth, 2 ft. high :
Ivs. ovate-acute, sub-cordate, lobed, margins denticu-
late, green above, underside and petioles red, peduncles
branching, axillary : fls. numerous, flesh-colored, large.
Java, China, Jap. B.M. 1473. — A handsome and almost
hardy species. Int. in 1804 to Kew. Little cult. now.

86. BaAmannii, Lemoine. Tubers as large as ostrich
eggs: Ivs. large, orbicular, with short, thick petioles:
peduncles 18 in. high, bearing panicles of 4-6 fls., which
are rose-red, 4-petalled, from 3-4 in. across, and fragrant
as roses. Bolivia. Gt. 40: 1348 : 42, p. 25. A. F. 7: 561.
G.F. 5: 77.— It is described as plentiful in the moist val-
leys of the Cordilleras, where it is eaten by cattle.
Sweet-scented. Distributed by Lemoine in 1890.

87. gracilis, H.B.K. {B. Ucolor, Watson. B. diversi-
fdlia, R. Grab.). St. erect, not branched, succulent:
Ivs. thinly scattered along sts., almost heart-shaped,
slightly hairy, lobed, denticulate, ciliate : fls. on short,
axillary peduncles, pink. Mex. B.M. 29GG.-In axils of
Ivs. between stipules a cluster of bulbils is borne.
These may be gathered and sown as seeds. Along with
its varieties, annulita, diversiidlia, Martiina, etc., it
makes a very beautiful summer-flowering greenhouse
Begonia. Int. by P. Neil, of Cannon Mills, Edinburgh,
in 1829.

88. Piaroei, Hook. St. 1 ft. high, succulent, branch-
ing : Ivs. lanceolate, cordate, acuminate, toothed, gla-
brous above, tomentose beneath, pale red on under sur-
face : fls. in loose, axillary panicles, large, bright yel-
low. Bolivia. B.M. 5545. -It has been the chief factor
in the production of the hundreds of yellow, buff and
orange-colored garden forms. Int. in 1805.

SUPPLEMENTARY LIST — TUBEROCS-ROOTED.

(A) The following tuberous-rooted species are not
known to be in the Amer. trade, but they are in cultiva-
tion in greater or less purity :

89. cinnabarlna. Hook. Sts. annual, short, green,
slightly downy : Ivs. on short petioles, obliquely i

216. Beeonia Gloire de Sceaux (X H). No. 76.

150

1849.

-Int. by Hender-

90. crinlta, Oliver. Sts. red, hairy. 1 ft. high : Ivs. ovate-cor-
date, irregularly toothed, tinged with red on the under side :
peduncles erect, red, producing 3 p.ile rose-colored fls. Bo-
livia. B.M. 5897.-Int. by Veitch in 1806.

91. cyclophylla. Hook. Stemless ; Ivs. orbicular. 6 in. across,
green, with fimbriated margin : peduncles erect. 6 in. long :
fls. rose-colored, with the fragrance of roses. China. B.M.
6926.-Int. to Kew in 1865.

93. Natalensis, E
obliquely cordate. 1
mottled with grey.

etals orbicular, red ;

[. 3387.— Int. 1833.
shy, annual, 1-2 ft. high : Ivs.
, 2-.'{ in. long, green, sometimes
: fls. bluish white, 1 in. across.

duced from six species ; viz., B. Boliviensis, B. Pearcei.
B. I'eitchii. B. ros^flora, B. Darisii, and B. Clarkei,
by crossinpT and recros.sing :

(1) SINGLE-FLOWEKED T.\RIETIES.

/ / / niiu. deep, vel-
/,M/>>, a, .U-ep. glowing
iiie ; .scarlet Oem, very
lous ; IV^MiiiiM, bright
' of the finest bedders,
I'c, rose color, extra large
-., white, with a margin
r.-d, shaded light rose;

dark s,

orangi-

b. Ro

Whi-

"flow

rge, pure v

immense flower of the

the petals edged with

with fringed pet;.i- , /. , •

purest white; Al/a. J. iA. /^

reddish lake; Queen cf Whiles, large, erect, pure white fls.

of great substance ; Moonlight, pure white, very free.

d. Orange and Yellow.s.— Z>i/c/irs« of Leinster, orange-
buff, large, erect fls. ; Miaa A . de Rothschild, pure yellow ; Sover-

217. Single Tuberous Begonia (X /^).

218. Form of double Tuberous Begonia (X %).

95. polypetala, A. DC. St. short, fleshy, annual : Ivs. ovate-
cordate, toothed, hairy, with raised veins, 10 in, by 8 in. : fls.
with 9 or 10 ovate-oblong petals an inch long, red : ovary hair>',
with one long wing. Peru. Gn. 14, p. 531.— Int. by Froebel in
1878.

96. ruhricaiiUs. Hook. Lvs.'4-6 in. long, ov.ite, wavy, ciliate
along the margins, deep green : fls. largo, nialos I'^in. .icross.
5-petaled : females smaller, 6-pet:ilf'l, r-'Mi-^ti < ',.nTitry un-
known. B.M. 4131.— lut.to Birmini,'li:iin IhI <i.ii inlsl4.

97. SMeni. Hort., hybrid (B. B..l>, . ■!. Lvs.
long, pale gi-een : fls. solitary, t'l nit.'s of 4
petals ; males of 5 petals. R.H.lKTJ'i" Ini h\ I hih.Lut and
Keteleer in 1872.

98. Sutherlnndii. Hook: St. annual, herbaceous, 1-2 ft. high,
bright red : lvs. 4-6 in. long, lanceolate, lobed and serrated,
green, with red veins and margin ; petioles slender, red : fls.
numerous, coppery or salmon-red. Natal. B.M. 5689.— Int. by
Backhouse in 1867.

99. lenern. Dry. (B. Thwaitesii, Hook.). Lvs. radical, cor-
date, 5 in. long, coppery green, mixed with purple and blotched
with grey, under surface crimson : fls. white, tinged pink.
Ceylon. B.M. 46112.— Chiefly interesting as a variegated pl.int.
Int. to Kew in 1852.

(aa) The foUowinff list comprises some of the best and
most distinct of the innumerable parden forms and hy-
brids now existing, which have almost all been pro-

dazzliii

b. R.

Duke ■ .

Morn, i

A'osy

c. 'Wmrms.— Countess of i ! , '■■'!.■ fls., dwarf;
Miss Edith Wynne, pure en i ■'.' m, pure white
blossoms, very floriferous ; ;. .. .. lufc. pink mar-
gin, dwarf; Princess Mau. l"ii ^\ ^ ; . , [i ;ii; ii.tl orcrimpled

d. Yellows.— iadj/ Balfour of Burleigh, large yellow fls,,
erect ; Miss Falconer, clear yellow ; Mrs. Regnart, chrome-
yellow, pet.als prettily undulated ; Alice Jfanm'jiB, primrose-
yellow blossoms.

IV. Rex, or Ornamental-leaved Section.

100. Grimthii, Hook. (B. plcta, Hort.). St. -Ivs. and

habit as in B. Bex : lvs. olive-green, with a broad zone

BEGONIA

of grey, tinged with red on the under side : fls. large,
fleshy, pink : ovary curiously crinkled along the angles.
Assam. B.M. 49S-t.-Int. by Henderson, England, in
1850.

101. Iacini4ta, Roxb. St. perennial : Ivs. roundly
ovate, lobed, pubescent, black-purple, with a broad zone
of green, reddish on the under side : fls. as in B. Rex.
India, S. China. B.M. 5021. -Int. to Kew in 1857. Var.
Bowringi&na, Hort., has green Ivs. and rosy fls. B.M.
5182.

102. xanthina Hook Similar to B Rex and probahh
only a form of that species Ivs large flebh% cordate
ovate, acuminate sinuate ciliated d<irk green above
purplish beneath fls yellow capsule with one large
wing. B.M. 4683 -\ ar piottJdha Hort B M 5102
Var. Lizuli, B.M 5107

103. E«x, Putz Fig 220 St a short fleshy rhizome
from which spring the long stalked, 1 trge oiate wavj
Ivs., which are hairy and colored a rich metallic green
with a zone of silvery grey peduncles erect fls large,
rose-tinted, males 2 in across with 4 unequal petals
females smaller with 5 nearly equal pet ils ovary ^
angled, with 2 short and 1 limg wint, \ no 1 s
12:1255-1258. BM 5101 -This raa;,mli it i i i
the principal parent m the production ot tli iiuni i ii
omamental-foliaged Beguun It hi 1 ii i 1
with a few species in tlit hi t ] 1 i i and then h\biid
seedlings have been i u
progeny. Fig. 220 is a i j \
ure in Flore des berr. s i Is
purpose of showing wh it th
known to horticulturists

Following are some of the derivative tvpes of Res
Begonias :

104. HexXdiscnlnr hufnd': IH s 411 Mad Jos Moens
silvery white, with green irti ul iti ii t wards the margins
and a green disc. Mad Chas Mtl i „r en spotted with white
Mad. 0. Van. Meerbeeki sil\ erj with i ii ii row green edge and a
central green dist running r ut U iigtln\Hin s ,n de Mad
la Barone de Bleichr jder disc and bri 1 1 in iigin downy green
central portion silvery Mad FunLk di c and broid m-irgin
lightapple-green intermediateportionsiheri Bonn A Vnere
disc dark green, center sdverv margin broid dark green sih er
spotted. Others are Mad Trent e Mad Luizct Edu B Ken
nedy, Henri Vilmortn Pres Belle Sir Joseph Hoof. er Ed Fy
ndert.Pres.de la Devansaye Mad F AhgaUire Abel Cainire

105. RexXdiadema hybrids R H 1888 p "0 K B 15 p 91
Lesoudii, very simUar to B Rex but laiger leaved Adrien
Schmidt, green on the margins, marked and spotted siher in
the center. Clementina, lobes very acute, white blotches in
center. Mad. Alamagny, Ivs. very large, deeply lobed, pure
metalhc-white, with a green center. Mad. Isabelle Bellon,
finely dentate, lobed and undulated, center olive-green, sur-
rounded by a zone of white, becoming rose on the inner mar-
gin. M. Crousse, very long, dentate, green center, band of
silver around margin. Others are Theodore Schmidt. Henri
Vomcck, Linee, Papillon, Mad. D. Wettstein, D. Wettstein,
Dalliere, Mad. Georges Bruant, Wilheln

106. BeiXSocotrana. A plant hn« I.t-

BELLADONNA LILT

Lstribu

1 1 again from the
t the original fig
f.nen here tor the
« IS like when first

Lvs large purpl
gins and surface hairv otherwise
hke B Rex Louise Chretien Lvs
green with a zone of glossy sdver
toward the center co%eied with
very small white spots Bertha
MacGiegor Lvs ovate acuminate
lobed white center and margin
green Count Erdody &iU er white
green striped along th
lobes twisted
Matilda Lvs

and along veins green m irgin
hairv Alice White Large brigh
silver, center bronze, satin luster.

219. A type of
Tuberous Begonia
double-flowered.

, Pfitzt

bines the c

Rex.

of the

th short. ■

stand well above tl
paler. Plant said to
link between the Rex and

107. Miscellaneous Rex hybrids of known origin : Rex leap-
ardinus (RexXxanthina, var. Reichenheimei). Very similar
to B. Rex, but much larger. F.S. 13: 1317.— Int. by Van Houtte
in ls,->9. Grandis (RexXsplendida). Very similar to B. Rex.
F.S. l:i:l:i:i0.— Int. by RoUison. Otto Forster (RexXimperiaUs).
Dwf, habit : lvs. obliquely cordate, dark green, marbled with
silvery greyish green: ils. greenish white, inronspiciious.
Miranda (RexXimperialis, var. siii:i i n; ':;i i ■ ^'' i > -ni i;:ii l<.
above, but marbled with sdver. /' I: '- ' / •■

.H. 5:158; also, from tlir •.. .1/ ../ n ,„

llfr, I.H.5:161, and Ifirojirfa. Cminnss J,,,in.tr J:ni",l„ ^ AWy
nnder. var. Humboldt X argente.a-miprt'Htii). FiK. --1- Lv;
obliquely cordate, ovate-acute, the smaller of the two lobe
twisted in a spiral manner, with as many as 4 coils : ui-pe
surface silvery, with veins deep green : under surfiice reddisl
pilose. I.H.31:.Sltj. G.t'.II.22:205.-lnt.lpy F. Nemeczik, gai
dener to Count Erdody, a Hung.arian nobleman, in 1884.

108. Other Rex varieties' of unknown or uncertain origin
Louise Closson. Lvs. ovate-acuminate, lobed, veins deej) pu;
pie, surface blotched with deep purple bronze, metallic luste

P. B.

BELEMCANDA (East Indian
name). Iriddcew. Blackbekry
Lily. Leopard Flower. A
monotypic genus, containing an
Interesting hardy, herbaceous
perennial plant, which is an old garden favorite. The
first of the popular names comes from the clusters of
shining, black, roundish seeds, and the second from the
flower, which is orange, spotted red. It is more commonly
sold as a Pardanthus, which also means Leopard Flower.
Perianth segments oblong, the 3 inner slightly shorter
and spirally twisting as they fade. Prop, by seeds or by
division. Of easy culture in rich, sandy loam and in a
sunny place. Commonly spelled Belamcanda.

ChinSnsis, Leman. (Belamcdnda punctita, Moench.
r.rl.i i'l,i'in'Hsi.s, Linn. Pardanthus Chininsis, Ker-
li:uvl. P. ,s-(".'/i.sJs,VanHoutte). Fig.222. Height2-3ft.;
luotsto.k a short, stoloniferous rhizome : lvs. about 6, in
a hi.'c tuft, equitant, striate. l-l'.;ft. long, 1 in. broad :
outer spathe valves ^-1 in. lon^r; [Mttic-ls 1-2 in. long:
capsule 1-lKin. long; \:il\r, rrilrxin^, persistent.
ChinaandJap. B.M. 171. IVS. Ii; : K,:;-. L. B.C. 19:18/4.
-The seed-stalks are soiii.tini.s us,,l with dried grasses
for decoration. It is said that the birds sometimes mis-
take the seeds for blackberries.

BELLFLOWEE. See Campanula.

BELLADONNA. See Atropa.

BELLADONNA LILY. See Amaryllis.

152 BELLIS

BfiLLIS (Latin, belhts, pretty). Compdsitcr. Eng-
lish Daisy. The Daisy, a3 it grows wild in England,
has a yellow center, surrounded bv numerous rays in a

BENE

and are placed 3 in. apart in a narrow trench. These
edgings must be renewed each year, as the plants, if
they grow well, spread too wide, or irregularly. In dry
summers many roots fail, and if they remain in the
same spot year after year, the Us. will degenerate to the
single condition.
The simplest wav of propagating and growing Eng-
Diisies for --King beddmg in thi.s country is to
the seed in shallow boxes about August io. As
as large enough to handle, transplant 5 inches
apart into coldtrames and when the winter sets in
put on the sash giving air wht never the weather may
be mild Transplant to the flower beds as early as pos-
sible in the spring where in a very short time they
will be a mass of bloom and will continue to bloom till
the beginning of June when they should be thrown out,
and the summer bedding plants
planted Lnngf II iw ind Snowball

220 Begonia Rex

(See Begonia p 151 )

Single row but the favorite cultivated forms are double
the rays rising in tier upon tier and frequently crowd
mg out every trace of a yellow center. The Engli.sh
Daisy is essentially a pink or pinkish fl. in its general
effect, the tips of the rays sometimes and the under
surfaces usually being pink or red. There are 27 species
in the genus, only one of which is American. B. integ-
rifolia is found in moist soil from Ky. and Tenn. to
Ark. and Tex. , but is too rare and sectional to become a
general favorite. The plant tli.it is most commonly
called Daisy in Amerira i-- Cli'ru'h.mumLeucan-
themum. For an ilhi^tr-!. ■! < ;, ■ „f the various

plants known as Daisiis in \ ,. . Daisy.

Daisies are favorite Ij.Mli ! ; .n, . .ml are much used
in spring bedding, espniall;, i r .,a-iii-. They thrive
in a cool soil and moist atniospliere, and are, therefore,
much better adapted to English than American gar-
dens. A light mulch is desirable for winter protection.
In home gardening, the plants, after flowering, are di-
vided into single crowns. These are planted about 6 in.
apart in good, rich garden soil. Each crown soon sends
out side growths, which, in time, form new crowns.
Before winter sets in the young clumps can be moved
readily to any place in the garden where they are
wanted to bloom. Daisies are also forced by florists for
winter bloom. When Daisies are desired for edging

imedhj the litter method
growd from seed
white rose quilled and
with red

which are double
A dark red is
less common. Of
kinds prop, by
seed, Longfellow is
now the best rose
colored, and Snowball
the best white van
ety, the latter being
especially prized bj
florists for cut-flow
ers, as it has long
stiff stems. Other
varieties are Maxima
Snowflake, and Rob
Roy, which is per
haps the best red
v/perSnnis, Linn
T'kue ok English
Daisy. Hardy herba
ceous perennial, d-6
in. high : Ivs. clus
tered at the root
spatulate or obovate
fis. 1-2 in. across
hairv
-June

^

222 Belemcanda Chmens.« (X %).
(See Belemcanda p lol )

11 II I i\|ES —An interesting but uit perma-

n. lit 1 nil. 1 1 li 1 a result of overfeeding is the 'Hen-
aud ChiLkiii', Dais\ in -nhich a number of small fl.-
heads are borne on short stalks springing out of the
main fl.-head. Cockscomb forms in which several
M apes unitt fci | r hi i ni i ti us flower are some-
tiiiii- s, , ,1 i II 1 II iiMtcd The ra^s are

^"1111 fill' I I tlp\ed or quilled.

iilli. I 1 1 ' I re Herb Mai garet,

Lwc or M (I I I \ Bone or Bruise-

wort, Bone I l.iwtr Mai h I) i \ Burn wort

J. B Keller E J Canmnc and W M.

member of the Cam-

spring flower
plants during
to allow the n

beds, the clumps are divided into single
the previous September, or early enough
3W plants to get a firm hold before winter,

BELVIDEEE, or Si-msier Cypress. See Kochia.
BENE. See Sesamum.

BERBEBIS

153

BENI, JAPANESE. See Curi/opteris Mastacanthus.

BENINCASA (name of an Italian nobleman). Cucur-
bltdcece. One species from ,E. Ind. Annual, running,
squash-like herbs, with solitary yellow moncecious fls.,
the staminate long-peduncled, the pistillate nearly ses-
sile ; corolla deeply lobed ; tendrils 2-3-branched.

cerifera, Savi. Fig. 223. Wax Gourd. Zit-kwa.
Chinese Preserving Melon. Chinese Watermelon.
Vine long, like a muskmelon, hairy, with cordate lobed
Ivs.: fr. mostly oblong, 10-16 in. long, hairy, white-

223. Benincasa cerifera.

iiskmelon or cucumber.
E.H. 1887:540. -Recently int. into the U. S. (Bull. 67,
Cornell Exp. Sta. ), and used for making preserves and
sweet pickles ; said to be eaten raw in w:

BENJAMIN BUSH. Bemoin odoriferum.
BENT GRASS. See Agrostis.
BENTHAMIA, Referred to Cornns.

BfiNZOIN (of Arabic or Semitic origin, meaning a
gum or pirfuiiici. >yn. , I/indera. LaurAcew. Trees
or sbrul)s. Miuiiiati.- : Ivs. alternate, usually deciduous,
entire or sonn-tinifs ;M.jl>ed : fls. polygamous-dioecious,
apetalous, small, in axillary, umbel-like clusters ; calyx
6-parted ; staminate fls. with 9 stamens : fr. a berry.
About 60 species in trop. and E. Asia and N. Amer.
Some E. Asiatic species yield an odorous oil, used in
perfumery. Only a few deciduous species are cult.
They are attractive on account of their handsome foli-
age, which turns bright yellow in fall, and their black
or scarlet fr. The hardiest species is B. odoriferum,
though B. obtnsilobum and B. hjipoi/laucum may also
be grown north in sheltered positi"!!-. 'V'.' i In i\ .■ l,est
in peaty and sandy soil. Prop. ii~!, - Miwn

after maturity; also by layers, whirl i -' ■• i ,:i|icaty

soil ; of greenwood cuttings unilt-r ::!:i". liiif may

be expected to root. The Benzoin of tlie druggists is a
balsamic resin obtained from Styrax Bensoin.

odoriferum, Nees {Lindera Benzoin, Blume). Spice
Bush. Benjamin Bush. Wild Allspice. Fever Bush.
Pig. 224. Shrub, 6-15 ft., nearly glabrous : Ivs. oblong-
obovate, finely cUiate, bright green, pale beneath, 3-5 in.
long: fls. yellow, before the Ivs.: berry red, oblong,
spicy. N. Eng. southward and west to Kans. Em. 365.
—The bark is aromatic, stimulant, tonic, astringent.

B. fpstivale. Nees^B. odoriferum.- 5. grdcile, O. Kuntze
(Daphnidium gracile, Nees). Lvs. ovate, 3-nerved, charta-
ceous. Habitat unknown. Stove plant.— £. hypoglaiicum,
Rehd. (Lindera hj-poglauca. Max.). Lvs. penninerved, glau-

.M. 1470.— B. obtvMobum, O. Kuntze.
3-lot)ed ^ clusters many-lid. : berries black. Japan. G.F. 6:295.
—B. proecox, S. & Z. Lvs. penninerved, elliptic-oblong : clus-
ters few-fld., before the lvs.: berries brownish. %\n. diam.
Japan.- i?. serlceum, S. & Z. Lvs. penninerved, pubescent be-
neath ; clusters many-ild., with the lvs. Japan.

Alfred Rehder.

BERBEBIDOFSIS (from Berberis and Greek opsis,
likeness). Berberidicem. Climbing evergreen shrub :
lvs. alternate, petioled, dentate : fls. on long pedicels in
terminal racemes ; bracts, sepals and petals gradually
passing into one another, 9-15, the inner ones concave ;
stamens 8-9 : fr. a berry. One species in Chile. Orna-
mental low-climbing shrub, with deep green foliage and
crimson fls. in drooping racemes, for temperate regions
or the cool greenhouse, growing in almost any soil.
Propag. by seeds sown in spring, by greenwood cuttings
in spring, or by layers in autumn.

coralllna, Hook. Lvs. cordate, oblong-ovate, coarsely
spinulose-dentate, 2-3 in. long : fls. globose, over K in.
long, crimson. In many-fld. leafy racemes. B.M. 5343.

"" ~ '" '' Alfred Rehdek.

BERBEEIS (Arabic name). BerberidHcem. Bar-
BERRV. Shrubs, with yellow inner bark and wood, often
spiny: lvs. alternate, often fasciculate, usually glabrous,
simple or pinnate, deciduous or persistent, mostly spin-
ulose-dentate : fls. in racemes, rarely umbellate or soli-
tary ; sepals, petals and stamens 6 : fr. a 1-celled berry
with one or several oblong seeds. Nearly 100 species in
America from Brit. Col. to Patagonia, Asia, Eu., and N.
Afr. Low ornamental shrubs, of which a large number
is cultivated. Most of the deciduous species are quite
hardy, while the evergreen ones are to be recommended
for more temperate regions, except B. Aquifoliiim and
B. repens, which may be cultivated even north in some-
what sheltered positions. Both evergreen and deciduous
kinds are very attractive in spring, with their bright or
orange-yellow fls., and in fall with their red, dark blue
or nearly black fruits. Some, as B. Amurensis and B.
Tliunbergii, while amongst the handsomest in fr.,
assume a splendid fall coloring. They grow in almost
any soil, but prefer drier situations ; the evergreen
species thrive best in a sandy compost of peat and
loam. Prop, by seeds sown soon after maturity, or
stratified and sown ii "

atropui-pureay may be
percentage comes
true. The evergreen
species grow from
cuttings in Septem-
ber, placed in sand
under glass. Most of
the deciduous species
can be grown from
greenwood cuttings,
taken from forced
plants in spring and
put under glass with
slight bottom heat.
Layers put down in
autumn usually re-
main 2 years before
they can be sepa-
rated. Some species
may be propagated by
suckers. Rarer kinds
and varieties are
sometimes grafted on
B. vulgaris or Thun-
bergii, in August
or September under
glass, or in early
spring in the green-
house. The root
and the inner bark
are sometimes used
for dyeing yellow.
Some species have
medicinal properties.
In wheat-growing
districts, planting of
Berberis should be
avoided, as it is the
host of the ^cidhnH-stageot Puccinia graminis, a fun-
gus which causes the wheat-rust. Destroying the Ber-
beris, however, will not check the propagation of the
fungus, as it is able to grow and to spread for years
without forming the ^cidium-sta,ge. Monogr. of spe-

154

BERBERIS

cies cult, in England in Flore des Serres, 6: 66 and 73
(1850-1).

Index : Amurensis, No. 2 ; Aquifolium, 21 ; aristata,
15 ; asperma, 1 ; atropurpurea, 1 ; Bealii, 19; buxifolia,
9; Canadensis, 4; Caroliniana, 4; Darwini, 12; dulcis,
1,9; emarginata, 3; Fortunei, 24; Fremonti, 17; iTnfco-
date, 2 ; heteropoda, 6 ; ilicifolia, 11, 14 ; integrifolia,
7 ; Jamesoni, 13, 16 ; Japonica, 2, 19 ; Maximowiczi, 8 ;

Nepalensis, 20 : nervosa, 22 ; Neuberti, 14 ; pinnata,
18 ; pluriflora, 8 ; repens, 2S ; Sieboldi, 2, and siippl.
list ; Sinensis, 5 ; stenophylla, 10 ; Thunbergi, 8 ; vul-
garis, 1 ; Wallichiana, 13.

A. Zvs. simple, ti.iuall;/ fasciculate in the axils of

spines, deciduous or persistent.

B. Foliage deeiduotis : Ivs. membranaceous or

chartaceous.

0. Fls. in racemes.

D. Branches gray, except those of the purple-leaved

1. vulgaris, Linn. Common Babberey. Fig. 225, 226.
From 4-8 ft., rarely 15: branches grooved, upright or
arching : Ivs. oblong-spathulate or obovate, setulose-
dentate, membranaceous, 1-2 in. long : racemes pendu-
lous, many-fld.; fls. bright yellow : fr. oblong, usually
purple. May, June. Eu. to E. Asia ; escaped from cul-
ture andnaturalized in E. N.Amer. Gn. 35: 693.— Hand-
some in spring, with its golden yellow fls. and light
green foliage; and in fall, with its bright scarlet fruits,
remaining through the whole winter. A very variable
species ; also the six following species are included by
some botanists as varieties. Of the many garden forms,
the most effective is var. atropurpdrea, Rgl., with pur-
ple colored Ivs. Gt. 9:278, 1. There are also varieties
with variegated Ivs. and purplish black,whitish or yellow
berries, as var. 41ba, white-fruited ; var. aBp^rma, seed-
less ; var. dulcis, less acid ; var. Idtea, yellow-fruited ;
var. mltis, less thorny ; var. nigra, black-fruited ; var.
violicea or fructn-vioUceo, violet-fruited. The spines
of the Barberry are, morphologically, Ivs., and the Ivs.
are borne on short branches in their axils (Fig. 226).
The stamens are sensitive. Touch the filaments with a
pin when the fls. first open, and the stamens fly for-
ward upon the pistil.

2. Amurensis, Rupr. (B. vulgaris, var. Amitrinsis,
Rgl. ) . Three to 8 ft. : branches straight,upright, grooved :
Ivs. cuneate, oblong or elliptic, densely ciliate-dentate,
distinctly veined Vjeneath, 1-3 in. long: racemes upright
or nodding, 6-12-fld., about as long as Ivs.: fr. oblong,
scarlet. Slanchuria. N. China. Gug. 5: 119. Var. Ja-
pdnica, Rehd. («. r»/./.b(N, var. Jirpdnica, Rgl. ^.S/e-
6oM(, Hort., not M i.|. /•',//''/.'//.', Hort.). Lvs. firmer

and more ch:irt: i- in ntly veined beneath,

shorter petiolcil, il .vr. Jap. G.P. 3:249 as

B. Sieboldi. A.ii. 1-: ri \ i-.irous-growing shrubs,
standing drought well. \v]th lirilliant orange and scarlet
fall-coloring, especially the variety.

3. emarginata, Willd. One to 3 ft., in culture usually
higher : spines simple to 5-parted, sometimes longer
than the lvs. : lvs. cuneate, obovate or obovate-oblong,
setulose-dentate, }^-l%in. long: racemes short, up-
right; petals usually emarginate. S. Eu. to Himal.—
Low spiny shrub with handsome fall-coloring.

DD. Branches reddish hr'ui-n or hmn-ii .- lvs. usiialln
sparsely denial,, s^.m, h „,, .- , iilire.

4. Canadensis, Mill. (/;. r„r../.»;.)n„. L,.ud.). One to
3 ft.: spines small, 3-parli<l ; lvs. i-uueate-oblong, re-

BERBERIS

motely spinulose-dentate, rarely entire, 1-2 in. long :
racemes few-fld., nodding, about as long as the lvs.;
petals retuse or emarginate : fr. short-oval or nearly
globular, coral-red. AUeghanies. — The plant sold under
this name is usually B. vulgaris.

:,. Sinensis, Dcsf. From 4-C ft., with slender, often
ar<-hin:^' litanrlics and small, 3-5-parted spines : lvs. cu-
iii-atr. ..Ill, MIL.' .T obovate-lanceolate, coarsely setulose-
dviiiatr. som.-f iijifs entire, green or glaucescent beneath,
1-2 III. lung : racemes pendulous, slender-peduncled,
bright or pale yellow : berries oval or oblong, blood-red.
From Caucasus to Himal. and China. B.M. 6573.— A
hardy, graceful species, very handsome in fruit.

6. heteropoda, Schrenk. Three to 6 ft.: branches
stout, spreading, with few short spines : lvs. broadly
obovate, entire or remotely serrate, pals bluish green,
1^2-2 in. long, some short and some slender-petioled:
fls. in long-stalked, few-fld. racemes, orange-yellow, fra-
grant : fr. oblong, dark blue with glaucous bloom. May.
Turkestan, Songaria. G.F. 8: 455. -Handsome and
very distinct species.

7. integerrima, Bnni.'p. 1
like No. «, and difli< m i i . .

motely dentate or ■ i
cemes dense and u i > r i - 1 1 1 . 1

nci appearance very
sh without fl.-clus-
hroad-obovate, re-
li green above : ra-
irkestan, Songoria.

cc. Fls.

few-fld.

nbelsi

8. Thilnbergii, DC. Figs. 227, 228. Dense, low shrub,
2-4 ft. : branches spreading, deeply grooved, brown,
with simple spines: lvs. obovate or spathulate, quite en-
tire, glaucescent beneath, ii-1% in. long : fls. 1-3, pale
yellow : fr. elliptic or nearly globose, bright red. Apr.,
May. G.P. 2:53. B.M. 6640. R.H. 1894:173. A.G. 18:357.
Gng. 4: 241; 5:119, 353, 355. Mn.2:118. A.F. 8: 526.-
One of the most valuable species, especially remarkable
for its low, dense, horizontal growth, its large, brilliant
red f rs. , remaining fresh till the following spring, and for
its bright scarlet fall '
oring ; hardy. Very
uable for borders of walks
and drives. Endures par-
tial shade. Cattle and
sheep do not browse
it much. Var. Haximd-
wiczi, Franch.
has the lvs. green beneath.
Var. plurifl6ra, Koehne,
with 3-10 fls. in short, um-
bel-like raceme, is perhajis
a hybrid with B. vulga-
ris ; it has almost gray
branches.

226. Berberis vulgaris.

Natural size, showing t

spines and foliage.

BB. Foliage evergreen or half -evergreen.
c. Lvs. entire, or rarely with few spiny teeth.
9. buxifdlia, I'f.ii-. i ll.>lHl,is. Sweet). One to 3 ft.:
rancln-. I.r.iwii. -icn.,! ; spines usually 3-parted,
liorl : lvs. ,1111. ai.. ..h.ivatc or elliptic, H-1 in. long :
s. solitary, en liuiu' pedicels, orange yellow : fr. nearly

BERBERIS

globese, blackish purple. May. Chile to Strait of Ma-
gellan. B.M. 6505. S.B.F.G. II. 1: 100. P.M. 19: 171.
—A very graceful, free-flowering shrub ; one of the
hardiest of the evergreen species ; will stand the win-
ter even north if somewhat protected.

10. stenoph^Ila, Mast. {B. Ddrwini x empetrifdHa).
Height 1-3 ft., with slender, arching branches : Ivs.
narrow-oblong, revolute at the margins, spiny pointed,
K-IH in. long, dark green above : fls. 2-6, in pedun-
cled, pendulous umbels. Of garden origin. May. G.C.
III. 7:019. A.P. 6:325.— Handsome shrub, nearly as
hardy as the former.

cc. Lvs. coarsthj spiny dentate.
D. Fls. in simple racemes or clusters.

11. ilioiJdlia, Porst. HoDy-leaved. Lvs. partially ever-
green, persisting till late in winter, shining dark green,
ovate, tapering at base, coarsely spiny -toothed : pedicels
short, 4-fld., somewhat corymbose ; fls. orange-yellow.
Terra del Fuego. B.M. 4308. P.S. 3:291.

12. O&rwini, Hook. Height 1-3 ft. : branches brown,
pubescent when young : lvs. sessile, cuneate, obovate,
usually 3-fld at the apex, glossy dark green above, Y^-l
in. long : racemes short, many-fld., pendulous ; fls.
orange-yellow, often reddish outside : style longer than
the ovary : fr. dark purple. Chile to Patagonia. B.M.
4590. P.S. 7:663. P.F.G. 2:46.

13. Walliohiina, TiC.{B.Jhmesoni, Hort.,notLindI.).
Shrub, to 10 ft., with grayish brown branches ; spines
3-parted, nearly an inch long : lvs. sessile, oblong-ellip-
tic or lanceolate, remotely spiny serrate, shining on both
sides, 1-2 in. long : fls. long-pedicelled, nodding, 3-6 in
a cluster. Himalayas. B.M. 4656. P.F.G. 1:79.

14. Neuberti, Lem. (B. ilicirdlia, Hort., not Porst.
B. Aquifotium X vulgaris). Branches grayish brown,
without spmes, upright lvs. simple, oval or ovate,
sometimes with 1 or 2 smaller lateral Ifts., spiny or
Setulose dentate, dark grayish green above, li^-3 in.
long fls m racemes Of garden origin. I.H. 1:111.
G.C 111 1 7i 7) —Hardy north, but lvs. not persistent.

155

nches spineless.

r->

'Axr

228. Berberis Thunbergu.
DD. Fls. in compound, pendulous racemes.

15. aristata, DC. Bush, 2-6 ft.: lvs. oblong, semi-per-
sistent, usually spinose-dentate, 1-3 in. long : fls. in
long-peduncled, compound racemes. Himalayas. B.R.
9:729.

16. J4mesoni, Lindl. Shrub, much branched : lvs.
oblong, 2-3 in. long, with few large and strong spines :
fls. orauge, in drooping panicles or compound racemes.
Ecuador. I.H. 6:201.

AA. Lvs. pinnate, persistent: I

(Mahonia.)

B. Petioles short or almost none.

c. Eacemes few-fid., slender, mostly lateral.

17. Frimonti, Torr. Prom 5-^12 ft.: Ifts. 3-7, rigidly

coriaceous, ovate or oblong, with few strong, spiny teeth,

glaucous, dull, K-1 in. long: racemes loose, 3-7-fld.;

•^^.

229. Berberis Aquifolii

(X J^).

pedicels slender : fr. at least ^in. in diam., red. in-
flated, and rather dry. W. Texas to Utah and Mex.
G.F. 1: 497. — Remarkable for its pale, glaucous foliage
and large berries. Not hardy north.

cc. Racemes many-fld., dense.

18. pinnita, Lag. (Mahdnia fasciculdris, DC). Two
to 3 ft. : Ifts. 5-17, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, coriaceous,
undulate at the margin and with few spiny teeth, dark
green, somewhat shining : fls. in short,fascicled racemes :
fr. blue. Calif., N. Mex. B.M. 2396. B.R. 9:702.-Not
hardy north.

19. Japdnica, Spreng. {M. Japdnica, DC. B. Bealii,
Fort.). Height 5-10 ft.: Ifts. 9-13, roundish or ovate,
coriaceous, usually truncate at the base, with large, re-
mote, spiny teeth, 2-5 in. long : racemes 3^ in. long,
fascicled : fr. bluish black. China, Japan. B.M. 4846,
4852. P.F.G. 1:11. P.S. 6:79. -Very effective by its
large foliage, thriving best, like the other Mahonias, in
a partly shaded position. Hardy north to New York in
sheltered positions.

20. Nepal6nsis, Spreng. {B. Japdnica, Hort.). Tall,
4-6 ft. : Ifts. 5-25, rigid, obovate-oblong, repand-toothed,
with few spiny teeth on each edge. India to Japan.
N. 1:182. A.G. 18:355.

BB. Petioles prominent or elongated.
0. Zfts. truncate or rounded at the base.

21. Aquifdlium, Pui-sli (.)/.«/,..»<./ A, juifdlium, i^utt.).
Pig. 229. Prom3-Gft.: lit-.." 'J. nl.|,,ngoroblong-ovate,
shiny dark green al"i\i-, ^[l^lu^•s.■ dentate : racemes
erect, fascicled: berries l,]n,-. Mnall. May. British Co-
lumbia to Ore. B.R. 17:141;,). L. B.C. 18:1718. P.M.B.
9 :'5. — Handsome evergreen shrub, hardy north in shel-
tered positions.

22. nervdsa, Pursh. Dwarf evergreen shrub : sts. but
a few inches high, tipped with long, husk-like, pointed
bud-scales : Ifts. 11-21, lance-ovate, 3-5-ribbed, remotely
spiuy-toothed, borne on a strongly jointed stalk : ra-
cemes elongated, erect: fr. oblong, blue. Ore. B.M. 3949.
L.B.C. 18:1701. F.S. 2:127. P.M. 7:55, as Mahonia
glum area.

23. repens, Lindl. (Mahonia repens, Don). Rarely
over 1 ft. high, stoloniferous : Ifts. 3-7, roundish ovate
or ovate, pale or glaucous and dull above, spinulose-
dentate : fls. and fr. like the former. Brit. Columbia to
Calif, and N. Mex. B.R. 14:1176. L.B.C. 19:1847.

cc. Lfts. cuneate at base, narrow-lanceolate.

24. F6rtUTie!, T^iiidl. Dwarf: lfts. 5-9, distant, nar-
ri.«.l\ III .. lin : -j.iny teeth numerous, small :
tT.ri 1,1 , ,1 riiina. P.S. 3:287 bis.

BERBERIS

PrsK AlliPil fn

BERTOLONIA

B£B6AM0T. Name applied to various aromatic
plants, particularly to members of the Labiiitff, as
Menthas and Monardas. The Bergamot essence of
commerce is made from a citrous fruit. See Citrus.

B£BRIA ( after Dr. Andrew Berry, a Madras botanist).
.'^yn., I^'iij/it, DC, not Klein. TiliAcea. A genus of
<.]]<• c.r t«.i species, with no familiar allies.

Ammonilla, Roxb. High tree: Ivs. entire, heart-shaped,
i.,i,:..-l„ ii,,l,..l, smooth, 5-7-nerved, alternate: fls. in
ra. , 1,1. -. Miiall, white, Terv numerous: fr.aS-celled cap-
ful. \\ III i; wings, the 3-12 seeds with stiff hairs, which
r. ,,(|il\ I" II. trate the skiii and produce a painful itching.
II1..1VIII- iilmndantly in the Philippines and Ceylon,
vvhi 1.! II Is one of the largest and most valuable timber
trees. The wood, being light and strong, is used for
building, for oil casks, and for boats. It is exported as
"Trincomalee wood." Cult, by Dr. Franceschi, Santa
Barbara, Calif. q_ x. Hastings.

BEETHOLLfiTIA (after Louis Claude Berthollet,
French chemist). MyrtAceie. Brazil, Nut. Para
Nit. CkkamNut. Nigger Toe. Large trees : Ivs. al-
i.iiii.t.'. i.riLrlit green, leathery, about 2 ft. long, 6 in.
i iiaiu colored ; calyx parts united and tear-

- - i.iirts when the flower opens ; petals 6, sta-

in.m i..:.]iv. united into a hood-shaped mass, the upper
niu-s siiiii,. : fr. round, about 6 in. in diam., with a hard
shell containing 18-2-1 3-sided nuts. Fig. 230. Spe-

apex and with f e\v I . . ' I .■ i ' I' i .. -H.

umbelldta.WM. I.^s .h . , -|..,i-. • ..,.,.,. i ,. .■imps

loug-peduncled, \uii1jc1 Ilk. . lliin.il. 1;,.M. j,.!'.., ;;.;.... my/is,
Hook. Lvs. decidiirms. small, eiitiro or romntt'ly siiinulosp,
pale green : fis. greenish yellow, fascicled, or in very short
racemes. B.M. 7116.

Alfred Rehder and Fred W. Card.

BEBCHfiMIA (derivation uncertain). Rhamnhcew.
Shrubs, mostly climbing, rarely trees : lvs. deciduous,
alternate, slender, petioled, entire or nearly so, with mi-

iisiKillv ],-iifv'i.:iiii.'l.-^ : Ir. :i -n. 'li'i., , i-- I'lk,. drupe witli
•J-.'..|l..l st..ii.'. 'I\v.l\ . — |i. . . 1 , ,\'.Amer.,E.

for covering trellis work in sunny jiositions. They
grow in almost any soil. Prop, by seeds and by root-
cuttings in spring under glass ; also by layering the
young shoots and by cuttings of mature wood in fall
under glass.

scindens, Koch (B. voh'ibiUs, DC). Supple Jack.
Ten to If) ft.: lvs. ovate or oblong-ovate, acuminate,
often undulate, 1-2 in. long, with 9-12 pairs of lateral
veins : fls. greenish white : fr. bluish black. June.
8. states.

racemdsa, Sieb. & Zucc. Closely allied to the former.
Lvs. cordate, ovate, with 6-8 pairs of veins : fls. green-
ish : fr. first red, becoming black at length. July. Jap.,
China. -Hardier than the former, not biKh-climbing ;
attractive in late summer, with its red fruits.

Alfred Rehder.

cies 2, both of which furnish Brazil nuts. Curiously
enouK'li. the criiiiHin trade name of the Brazil nut is
CastaTH-a, wlii.'li is properly the name of the genus that

exc61sa, llunil.. & Biinpl. Fig. 2:ii). A tree, 100-150 ft.;
with a smooth trunk :; 1 iiiii.iiini.: i. ranches near the
top. It forms large f.. I. . ■ .i i i.ks of the Amazon
and Rio Negro. Tli.' i iln- nuts in large

tender for growth anywhere in the United Status. -Cult.
at Santa Barbara, Calif. q. t. Hastings.

BEETOLONIA (after A. Bertolini, Italian botanist).
MelastomAceat. Splendid warnihouse foliage plants
from Brazil, always dwarf, and sometimes creeping; the
garden forms with membranaceous, 5-7-nerved leaves
5-8 in. long, and purple beneath : fls. rose-colored, 5-
petaled, in scorpioid r.tcemes or spikes. Within the
restricted definition of the latest monographer of the
Melastomacece (A. Coigneaux, in DC Mon. Phan. vol. 7),
there are only five good species, but some earlier bota-
nists do not separate certain allied genera which usu-
ally cannot be distinguished by habit alone. The surest
character is the inflated and 3-angled or 3-winged calyx
of Bertolonia. In Bertolonia, flower-parts are in 5's, but

BERTOLONIA

the ovary is 3-celled. Gravesia has a 5-celled ovary,
and Souerila is trimerous. In Bertolonia the connective
of the anthers has no appendage ; in Salpinga there is
a spur below and behind the connective ; in Monolena
there is a spur in front, and the calyx is not hairy.

Bertolouias are essentially fanciers' plants. It is
some what difficult to bring out their true characteristics
under ordinary stove treatment, as they require a more
humid atmosphere than can usually be maintained, even
in a small house. The additional shelter of a small
frame should be provided, where the atmospheric con-
ditions will be much more easily regulated. A plentiful
supply of water at the roots is necessary ; syringing or
sprinkling overhead is not advisable. The most con-
venient method of propagation is by cuttings, which
strike readily, in a moderately close propagating case
filled with sharp, clean sand. The pots should be thor-
oughly clean and drained, and the compost open and
porous. Thrive in dense shade. Old plants are not so
brilliant as young ones.

Bertolonias and their allies furnish an excellent ex-
ample of Van Houtte's triumphs in hybridization. The
two species described below have probably been im-
portant factors in the plant-breeding, and Gravesia gut-
tata even more so. Gravesia is a Madagascar plant,
and has, perhaps, been crossed with the Brazilian Ber-
tolonias. Unfortunately, the pictures in Flore des Ser-
res show no flowers, and the pedigree is not given. The
Bertonerilas figured and described in I.H. 43, pp. 188
and 189, with colored plates 64 and 68, are presumably
hybrids between Bertolonia and Sonerila. Excepting C.
maculata and. C. marmorata, the following are hybrids.

A. Veins not lined on both sides with a colored band.
marmor&ta, Naudin. Stem less densely hairy than
the above : Ivs. more narrowly ovate, or ovate-oblong,
acute, sparsely hairy, streaked with white along the
veins : calyx sparsely hairy, not glandular : petals
somewhat blunter, dilute purple. R.H. 1848: 381, as
Urioenema marmorata. ^SLudin. F.S.7:750, as B. macu-
lata, var. marmorata, Planchon. Coigneaux recognizes
two varieties, var. genulna, with Ivs. green above, and
banded with white along the veins ; var. aen^a {JSrioc-
nema lenea and B. wnea, Naudin), with Ivs. dark green
with a coppery cast, but not spotted or only slightly so.
Mirindaei, Van Houtte. Spots red on the lower Ivs.
and white on the upper or younger ones : Ivs. purple
beneath. F.S. 21 : 2235 (1875).

AA. \'eiHS lined on both sides with a white or colored

B. Bands and spots magenta or purple.

maculilta, DC. Stem short, decumbent, rooting at the
base, densely clothed with rusty hairs : Ivs. long-
petioled, cordate, broadly ovate, obtuse, hispid above
and at margins, dark velvety green above, often spot-
ted: calyx densely clothed with glandular hairs: petals
obovate, somewhat acute, rose-colored. B.M.4551.

Houtteina, Van Houtte (B. Van Houltei, Hort.).
Lvs. purple beneath. This was the sensational plant of
1874, and Van Houtte refused $2,000 for his stock of it.
It was originated by his propagator, Marehand. F. S.
20:2120.

BB. Bands and spots silvery white.
c. Spots very distinct.

Hrubyana, Van Houtte. This has bars of white con-
necting the veins. The under side of the lvs. seems to
be green instead of purple, at least toward the tip, F.S.
23:2381.

Kodecki4na, Van Houtte. Distinguished from the

above and all others of this group by the abundance of

dark red color in the upper surface of the lvs. Veins

of the under side prominent and green. F.S. 23 : 2382.

OC. Spots very faint.

Legrelletaa, Van Houtte (B. Legrille, Hort.). There
are a few longitudinal bars, but they do not connect the
veins. Reteri-ed to Gravesia guttata by Coigneaux.
F.S. 23: 2407.

Other trade names are B. guttdta, Hook, f .=Gravesia gut-
tata.—-B. margaritacea, Hort. BuU. —Salpinga margaritacea.—
B. primulcefldra, Hort.= Monolema primulwflora.— B. pubes-

BESCHORNERIA

157

cens, Hort., with long white hairs and a ehoeolate band down
the center. Eauador.— £. punctattssima, Hort.— iJ. superbis-
sima. Hort. (B. superbal Hort.), with rose colored spots, which
are larger and brighter near the margin. P.M. 151 (1875).—
Probably a var. of Gravesia guttata.

Wm. Scott, Tarrytown, N. Y., and W. M.

BEETONEElLA. A class of handsome foliage plants,
presumably hybrids between Bertolonia and Sonerila.
I.H. vol. 43 (1896). For culture, see Bertolonia.

BESCHOBNfiEIA (after H. Beschorner, German
botanist). AmaryllidHcew. Succulent desert plants, al-
lied to Bravoa and Doryanthes. Lvs. in a rosette, glau-
cous, roughish at the margins, not so thick, firm or
fleshy as in Agave (which has a strong end-spine and
horny marginal prickles): rootstock short, tuberous.
In Beschorneria, the perianth is usually reddish green,
with scarcely any tube and with long, oblanceolate seg-
ments; in Doryanthes the perianth is bright red, the seg-
ments long, narrowly falcate ; in Bravoa the perianth
is red or white, the tube curved, subcylindral, and the
segments short. J. G. Baker, Amaryllideaj, 161. Culture
similar to Agave. The species are very closely allied,
and difficult to distinguish. The following are the only
kinds well known, and they are all from Mex. They flower
at long, irregular periods, as do century plants.

The species succeed best when treated similarly to
Agaves, with the exception of the soil, which may be
made richer by the addition of crushed bone and a
little vegetable mold. All of the species need green-
house protection in the northern states. Useful for
bedding.

A. Roughish on both surfaces of lvs.

tubifldra, Kunth. Lvs. 12ormore, 15^-2 ft. long, 1 in.

broad, linear, long-acuminate, narrowest of the genus.

B.M. 4642. -The oldest and best known species.

AA. Boughish beneath and on the margins of lvs.

B. Lvs. very glaucous.
Ton^Iii, Jacobi (B. Z'oKcZiiijsa, Jacobi). Allied to B.
tubi flora, but with looser habit and much broader lvs.
Lvs. 15-20, 1-1^ ft. long, 2-2!^ in. broad, short-acumi-
nate, and more boldly contracted below the middle.
B.M. 6091.

BB. Lvs. less glaucous.
c. Base of lvs. thick, about % inch.
Dekosteriina, C. Koch. Lvs. 15-20, 2-4K ft. long,
2-2K in. broad, oblanceolate, long-acuminate, very grad-
ually tapering both ways from the middle, i-1% in.
broad above the base ; the bases thickest in the genus.
B.M. 6768.

CC. Base of lvs. thinner.
D. JVarrowed to less than 1 inch above the base.
bracteelta, Jacobi. Lvs. 20-30, 1^-2 ft. long, 2 in.
broad, short-acuminate; texture thin but firm. B.M..
6641. -In the picture the margins are rougher than in
any other species, and they are also wavy or revolute at
intervals.

DD. yarrowed to Y^ inch above the base.
yuccoides, Hook. f. Lvs. about 20, 1-lK ft. long, 2 in.
broad, lanceolate, short-acuminate. B.M. 5203.— The
Ivs. are broader than in A. tubi flora, shorter acuminate,
and more boldly narrowed below the middle. In the
picture cited, the lvs. seem more spreading and less-
revolute than in the rest of the genus.

B. Califdrnica is offered by Dr. Franceschi, Santa
Barbara, Calif., without description.

As Beschornerias can be certainly identified only
when in flower, the following key is added :
A. Inflorescence racemose.

B. Fls. highly colored, purple and Ted—Tonelii.
BB. Fls. dull-colored, reddish green — tubiflora.
AA. Inflorescence panicled.

B. Fls. 2 or 3 in a cluster-Z>cfco.s/e»-m)ia.
BB. Fls. more numerous in the cluster, 3-7.
C. Peduncles bright red — »/Hccoides.
00. Peduncle dull reddish brown— 6rac(eote.
G. W. Olivek and W. M.

158

BESLERIA

BESLfiEIA (after Basil Besler, Nuremberg apothe-
cary, and reputed author of the superb Hortus Eystetten-
sis, 1613). GesnerAcew. Tropical plants, mostly sub-
shrubs, with somewhat 4-angled stems, large, membra-
naceous, opposite, petiolate Ivs. prominently veined be-
neath, and yellow, white or purple fls. -B. Imray is
herbaceous, with serrate Ivs. and yellow axillary fls.
B.M. 6341. Prop, by cuttings. None are known to be
offered in America.

B£SS£EA (after Dr. Besser, professor of botany at
Brody). Mexican CokAL Drops. An exceedingly pretty
summer-flowering bulbous plant, with umbels of pendu-
lous fls., which are vermilion outside, have a white co-
rona or cup within, and long, purple stamens. It is a
monotypic genus allied to Androstephium. Perianth
cup-shaped, tlie tube shorter than the oblong-lanceolate
segments ; stamens 6. Culture simple. Bulbs planted
out, and lifted when ripe.

Alegans, Schult. f. Bulb globular, 1 in. thick, tuni-
cated : Ivs. 2-3, about 10-12 in., or even 2 ft., long:
scape 1-2 ft. long, hollow, fragile ; umbels 4-10-fld. ;

the back, variously marked with white within, but
usually with vermilion margins and center-band : fls.
borne through two months of late summer and early
autumn. G.P. 4:125. Gn. 25:423. B.R. 25:34. B.R.
1546, as Pharitim fisfulosum. P.S. 4:424, as B. minia-
<!(»». — Strong bulbs sometimes throw up 6-10 scapes,
■with 12-20-fld. umbels. W. jj.

BfiTA (Latin name). ChenopodiAcew. Perhapsadozen
or 15 species of herbs, ranging from the Canary Islands
to eastern India. One polymorphous species yields the
cultivated Beets. This is B. vtilyaris, Moq., the origi-
nal form of which is perennial, and grows on the coasts
of southern Europe, reaching as far N. as the Straits of
Dover. Moquin (DC. Prodr. 13, pt. 2:56) divides the
derivatives of this species into three groups : (1) The
slender- and hard-rooted, essentially wild forms, includ-
ing B. maritima of Linnieus ; (2) Leaf Beet (B. Ocla),
comprising the various kinds of Chard or Spinach Beet
(see Chard); (3) the common garden Beets, or Beet-
root. The ornamental Beets, grown for their handsome
colored Ivs., are akin to the Chards. All these races
have been developed in comparatively modern times,
probably from one original form. Cf . Sturtevant, Amer.
Nat. 1887:433. See Beet. L. H. B.

BETEL, or BETLE. The leaf of Piper Belle, a kind
of pepper used in wrapping the pellets of betel-nut and
lime which are commonly chewed in the Orient. The
pellets are hot, acrid, aromatic, astringent. They redden
the saliva and blacken the teeth, and eventually corrode
them. The betel-nut is the fruit of Areca Catechu, a

BETONICA and BETONY. See Stachys.

BfiTULA (ancient Latin name). BetulAcece, a tribe of
Cupull(era>. BiBCH. Trees or shrubs, with the bark usu-
ally separating into thin, papery plates : Ivs. alternate,
deciduous, petioled, serrate : fls. monoecious, apetalous,
in catkins, opening in spring with the Ivs.; staminate
catkins usually long and pendulous, formed in the au-
tumn and remaining naked during the winter, every
scale bearing 3 fls., each with 2 stamens divided at the
apex ; pistilkite calk his iiblong or cylindrical, bearing in
the axil (if .-reiy srjl,' :: naked ovaries: fr. a minute
nut, often n r..iiiiiu-ly rrilliil seed, with membranaceous
wings, drciipiiiL; :il iiKitiirity with the bracts from the
slender riichis. About 35 species in N. America, Europe,
N. and Oent. Asia, especially in the northern regions.
No tree goes farthernorth than the Birch ; in N.America
B. papyrlfcra reaches 66° N. lat., and in Europe B. alba
goes to the North Cape, and is still a forest tree at 70°.
The hard and tough wood is often used in the manu-
facture of furniture and of many small articles, in
making charcoal, and for fuel; from the bark, boxes, bas-
kets, and many small articles are made; also canoes from
that of the B. papyrifera ; in Russia and Siberia it is
used in tanning leather. The sap of some species is used
as a beverage. The Birches are very ornamental park

BETULA

trees, hardy, except 2 or 3 Himalayan species, and espe-
cially valuable for culd.r climates. Their foliage is rarely
attacked by in-' < i -, .mhI i urns toabrightororauge-yellow
in fall. Their L ' > , i lie slender, often pendulous

branches, itiu: lui' trunks make them con-

spicuous feiiiii" - ' ! "M i:i:;i|-( ape. Espeuiallv remark-
able are those witli wIuh-l-i.I.u. .1 l.:.il:. rr- /,'. I'l'tirifera,
poputifolia, alba, l^riiiaiii, iiii'l ; ' > /■' 1/ > n/tnicicsii
with yellow bark. Most Birr'li. - ; , , . i -andyand

loamy soil ; but some, as i?. '/ ,;,:, ^ . /^a, grow
as satisfactorily in dry localilKs and puur .soil as in
swamps and bogs, and they are especially valaable in
replanting deserted grounds as nurses for other trees ;
both are comparatively short-lived trees. Prop, readily
by seeds, gathered at maturity and sown in fall, or usu-
ally kept dry during the winter, or stratified ; but B.
nigra, which ripens its fruits in June, must be sown at
once, and by fall the seedlings will be several inches
high. The seels should !„• sown in sandy soil, slightly
or not at all .'. ■ u i . d, lut ].icssed firmly into the ground
and shaded. '','■ - must be transplanted when

one year oi<i ^ and varieties are grafted,

usually on 7.'. . ,■: ,nir,ra or alba. Cleft or

tongue-graftiny lu i iml-, on potted stock in the

greenhouse, is tlie 1" : ii .1 KmMing in summer is
also sometimes praii I i irras may also be

increasedby layers, ai, / iMcnwood cuttings

under glass. Monofxr.uli- l.\ 1;. .ui : Monographische
Bearbeitung der Betulaceie ( l«(;i) ; aud in De CandoUe,
Prodromus, 16, 2, p. 162 (1869).

Index : alba, 10 ; atropurpurea, 10 ; Bhojpattra, 2 ;
Carpatica, 10 ; cordifolia, 8 ; costata, 0 ; Dalecarlica, 10;
Ermani, 5 ; excelsa, 4, 10 ; fastigiata, 10, 13 ; glandu-
losa, 12 ; Japonica, 10 ; laciniata, 10, 9 ; lenta, 3 ; lutea,
4 ; Maximowiczii, 1 ; minor, 8 ; nana, 14; nigra, 7; occl-
dentalis, 11 ; odorata, 10 ; papyracea, 8 ; papyrifera, 8;
pendula, 10, 9 ; persicifolia, 14 ; platyphylla, 8 ; Pon-
tica, 10 ; populifolia, 9 ; pubesoens, 10 ; pumila, 13 ;
pyrifolia, 8 ; rubra, 7 : tortuosa, 10 ; urtioifolia, 10 ;
utilis, 2;

Veins of Ivs.

illy impressed

1. Maximdwiczii, Regel. Tree, 80-90 ft., with smooth,
orange-colored trunk and dark reddish brown branch-
lets : Ivs. long-petioled, broadly ovate, coarsely and
doubly serrate, membranaceous, pubescent on younger
trees, nearly glabrous on older ones : cones '%-3 in.
long, slender, nodding ; fr. with very broad wings.
Jap. -This is probably the most beautiful of all Birches,
perfectly hardy north and of rapid growth ; its large
foliage and the yellow color of the trunk render it a
highly ornamental and conspicuous park tree.
BB. Lvs.i-5in.long : cones snlitari/, erect : wings nar-

rou-er than the fruit.
c. Shape of Ivs. "rati or nhlong-ovate, rounded and often
cordali' nf tli,' h,iK,\ broadest about the middle:
veins dislitnihi i tii prtased above, comparatively

snori-p,
2. iltiUs, 1 1
trunk with v
the base, ami
cent when y^
cones pedum-

'" ;,w7/n(,Wall.). Tree, 40-60 ft.:
I I 'irk : Ivs. ovate, rounded at
irregularly serrate, pubes-
111. In-, with 8-12 pairs of veins:
iilniral, 1-2 in. long ; bracts with
erect oblong lobes, the middle one much longer. Himal.,
Jap. — Not quite hardy N.

3. I§nta, Linn. Cherry, Sweet, or Black Birch.
Tree, 60-70 ft. ; trunk dark reddish brown, young bark
aromatic, of agreeable flavor : Ivs. oblong-ovate, usu-
ally cordate at the base, sharply and doubly serrate,
hairy beneath when young, nearly glabrous at length,
2-5 in. long : cones ovoid-oblong, 1-1^ in. long; bracts
with broad lobes, the middle one slightly longer. From
Newfoundland to Florida, west to Illinois and Missouri.
S.S. 9:448. Em. 232.— Very handsome tree, round-
headed, and with pendulous branches when older ; at-
tractive in spring, with its long staminate catkins.

4. liltea, Michx. (B. excilsa, Pursh, not Ait.). Yel-
low Birch. Fig. 231. Tree, sometimes 100 ft.: bark

V

BETULA

159

silvery gray or light orange, on old trunks reddish
brown ; young bark aromatic, but somewhat bitter :
branchlets usually pilose : Ivs. ovate or oblong-ovate,
usually rounded at the base, acuminate, sharply and

doubly serrate, usually hairy along the reins beneath:
cones like the last, but thicker, and bracts larger, pu-
bescent outside. From Newfoundland south to N. Caro-
lina and Tenn., west to Minn. S.S. 9:449. Em. 235.-
One of the most valuable forest trees in the northern
states, much resembling the former in habit. Var. per-
siciJdlia, Dipp., has larger and longer Ivs., often ovate-
lanceolate.

cr. Shape of Ifs. oi'ate, broad and usually truncate,
sometimes cordate at the base: imns not im-
pressed above: long-petioled.

5. firmani, Cham. Tree. GO ft.: trunk white; branches
orange-colored ; branchlets usually glandular and pu-
bescent when young : Ivs. broadly triangular-ovate,
acuminate, irregularly coarsely serrate, 2-4 in. long,
hairy when unfolding, with 7-10 pairs of veins : cones
oblong ; bracts pubescent, with linear-oblong lobes,
middle one somewhat longer. N. E. Asia, Japan.—
Handsome round-headed tree, with slender branches.

6. costita, Trautv. Tree, 50 ft.: bark yellowish brown:
branches not or slightly glandular : Ivs. ovate, rarely
oblong-ovate, irregularly doubly serrate, with 9-12 pairs
of veins, long acuminate, 2-3K in. long, glabrous :
cones elliptic ; bracts glabrous, with short, rhombic or
obovate lateral lobes. Japan. Manchuria.

:ate, cuneate at the base;
d above: petioles rather
s erect, jieauncled, cylindrical.

n riW,M>, Michx.). Red or River
BIRCH. Til-.. -iHii I Ilk reddish brown, or silvery
gray on }i>ii ^-'paruting into numerous

thin, papiM \ i hi. ts pubescent: Ivs. rhom-

bic-ovate, .h ui J ill -I I i.itH.pul;escent when young,
at length only on tin- veins beneath, pale or glaucescent
beneath, 2-'^ in. long : cones 1-1?^ in. long, cylindri-
cal, ripening in May or June ; bracts pubescent, with
erect, linear-oblong, nearly equal lobes. Prom Mass.
south to Fla. and west to Kans. and Minn. S.S. 9: 452.
— A moisture-loving, graceful tree, with slender, very
numerous branches, and remarkable for its torn and
ragged bark.

ccc. Shape

short ;
7. nigra, Li

iUijhtly

AA. reins of Ivs. 7 or^ess, not inipre.'<sed pairs.

B. Wings usually broader than the nut.
c. Trunk with white bark. Trees ; rarely shrubs.

8. papyrifera, Marsh. (-B.;)n!)02/»dctn, Ait.). Paper or
Canoe Birch. Fig. 232. Tree, 00-80, exceptionally
120, ft.: branchlets glandular, hairy when young : Ivs.
ovate, narrowed to cordate at ihe base, acuminate,
coarsely and usually doubly serrate, pubescent on the
veins beneath or nearly glabrous. 1J^-4H in. long:
cones peduncled, 1-2 in. long ; bracts with short and
broad divergent lateral lobes. N. states from the Atlan-
tic to Pacific coast. S.S. 9:451. Em. 238. G.F. 8:223.
—Ornamental tree, with very white trunk and a loose,
graceful head when older. Var. cordifolia, Regel. {li.
pyrifblia und platyphylla,TSort.). Lvs. broadly ovate,
usually cordate, large. Var. minor, Tuckerm. Low,
bushy tree with smaller lvs. and frs. Mts. of N. Eng.
and N. York.

9. poptdiSdlia, Ait. (B. rflba,Ya,r.popnlif6lia, Spach.).
White Birch. Small tree, exceptionally 40 ft., with
smooth white bark ; branchlets with numerous resinous
glands : lvs. slender, petioled, triangular or deltoid,
long acuminate, coarsely doubly serrate, glutinous when
young, glabrous at length and shining : cones slender,
stalked, cylindrical, about 1 in. long ; bracts pubescent,
the lateral lobes divergent, about as long as the middle
one. From N. Brunswick to Delaware, west to Ontario.
S.S. 9:450. Em. 1:242. -A small, graceful, but short-
lived tree, yet thriving in dry and poor soil. Var.
laciniata, Hort. Lvs. incised-laciuiate. Var. p^ndula,
Hort. Branches distinctly pendulous. Var. purpurea,
Hort. Lvs. purple when J'oung, green at length. B.
popiilifoliaxpapyrifera is shown in G.F. 8:356.

10. filba, Linn. European White Birch. Fig. 233.
Tree, sometimes 80 ft., with white bark: lvs. slender-
petioled, ovate or rhoml>ie-ovate, acute or acuminate,
doubly serrate : cones erect or peiiilulous, cylindrical;
bracts with horizontally spreading hiteral lobes about as
long as the middle one. From En. to Jap. -This very
variable species may be divided into 2 subspecies:

(1) p^ndula, Roth(B. )'(!rr«cds«.Ehrh.). Branches
more pendulous, glabrous, usually glandular : lvs.
rhombic-ovate, glutinous when young : cones all pen-
dulous. The following varieties belong here : Var.

232. Staminate catk

and flowers (en

of Betula papyrifera.

atropurpilrea, Hort. Lvs. dark purple. Var. Dalecflr-
lica, Linn. {_B.?ac(>iitifrt, Hort.). Fig. 234. Lvs. more
or less deeply lobed with incised-serrate lobes. Var.
fastlgiata, Hort. Of straight, upright, columnar
growth. Var. Jap6nica, Miq. (B. alba, var. Tauschi,

IbU BETULA

Regel.)- Lvs. broad-ovate, usually truncate at the
base. Var. pfendula, Hort. Branches slender, dis-
tinctly pcndulnus ; cult, in se%-ei-al different forms, as
var. pSndula laciniata, Hort., with laciniate lvs.; a
very ^'raci-ful form ( Kig. 234) ; var. p6ndula ^legans ;
var. pendula Young-i, and others.

(2) pub6scens, Ehrh. (B. odorifa, Bechst.). Less
pendulous or upright, sometimes shrubby ; branchlets
usually pubescent, not glandular : lvs. ovate, pubes-
cent beneath, at Iea.st when young : cones pendu-
lous or erect. The first grows more in dry situations,
while the latter is found growing in moist places,
often in swamps. To this subspecies belong the follow-
ing varieties : Var. exc61sa, Regel. {B. eicdsa. Ait.).
Tree : lvs. ovate, short petioled, pubescent bene»th.
Var. pub^scens, Kegel. Branches and lvs. pubescent,
at least when young ; lvs. ovate, acute. Var. urticifd-
lia, Spach. Lvs. small, deep green, irregularly in-
cised-serrate, .unequal at the base. Var. Carpitica,
Regel, P6ntica, Dipp., and tortudsa, Regel, are small
trees, without any horticultural value.

CO. Trunk with dark bronze-colored bark.

11. occidentlllis. Hook. Small tree, occasionally 40 ft.;
branchlets slender, glandular : lvs. broadly ovate or
nearly orbicular, acute or obtuse, sharply serrate, .short-
petioled, glabrous or sparsely pubescent at the veins be-
neath, 1-2 in. long: cones 1-lH in. long ; bracts with
erect, oval lobes, the middle one usually longer. North-
west Amer., east to Dakota and Nebraska. S.S. 9: 453.
BB. Wings smaller than the nut : shrubs 1-15 ft.: lvs.

small, short-petioled : cones erect.
c. Branchlets glandular, not pubescent.

12. glanduldsa, Michx. Only 1-4 ft.: lvs. short-peti-
oled, rounded or cuneate at the base, orbicular or
broadly obovate, obtuse, dentate, glabrous, H-i!4 in.
long : cones peduncled, ii-%m. long : lobes of bracts
nearly equal, slightly spreading. Newfoundland to
Alaska, south to Michigan, and in the Rocky Mountains
to Colorado. B.B. 1:510.

cc. Branchlets pubescent or nearly glabrous, not
glandular.

13. pi:imila, Linn. Usually 2-8 ft., rarely 15 : branch-
lets tomentose or pubescent, at least when young : lvs.
orbicular or oval, acute or obtuse, coarsely dentate, pale
and glabrous or pubescent beneath, K-2 in. long: cones
peduncled, y^-\ in. long ; lateral lobes of the pubescent
bracts spreading, shorter than the middle one. New-
foundland to Minn., south to Ohio. B.B. 1:511. Var.

fastigiata, Hort. (B. humilis
fastigiata, Hort.). Of distinct,
upright ■■ "

(fji^a is shown in G.F. 8:245.

la, Linn. Low, spreading, rarely 4 ft.: lvs.
■ or cuneate-obovate, crenate, rounded at apex,
, K-?4in. long : cones nearly sessile, %-%va.
e upper bracts usually entire, the lower ones

234. Cut leaved Weepme Birch— Betula ,

3-lobed. Arctic N.E. Amer., N.Eu., Siberia. B.B. 1:511.

—A low, graceful shrub for rockeries and rocky slopes.

B.alnoXdrs, Hamilt. 1 1!. cvlmdrostachvii. Wall), Trcn, MHiO

ft.: barkl.r.iWii I ■, - ,,,,,:,. .,1,1, .,i^, ,i ,;., ,■:,, i,i,l:,i,'!.., -,,rr,,,lt.:

I"ng : cones
Shrub, to 15
.-l.'.ndular be-

Alfred Rehder.

333. Leaves of Betula alba. Natur:

BIARUM (old and obscure name).
Aro)di'(v. Dwarf, tuberous perennials of
the same trilio witli our native jaok-in-
the-pulpit. They are hardy in England,
but probably arc suitable onlv for pot-cul-
ture in the northern V. 8. They have a
spathe which is tubular at the base, mostly
with a long limb, and usually a long tail-
like spadix. They grow a few'inches high.
Odd. Little known in America.

tentufdlium, Schott {Arum tenuitdlium,
Linn.). Lvs. linear-lanceolate or spatu-
late, appearing after the fls. decay: spathe
long-acuminate, at length recurved and
twisted spirally, about 10 In. long, out-
side green, streaked purple ; Inside dull
purple, spotted ; margins wavy : spadix
15 in. long. Spain. B.M. 2282.

?yr&mi,EDg. (I'seharumPyrdmi, Schott).
Lvs. oblong above the middle, narrowing
abruptly to a very long petiole, resembling

BIARTOI

Calla palHsfris : spathe green outside, shining, velvety
purple within, shorter and broaderthan in B. tiibiflorum,
at length revolute ; tube swelling, connate only at the
very base : spadix thicker and shorter. Syria. B.M.

Bdvei, Blume. Lvs. similar to B. Pijrami : spathe-
tube connate a fourth of its length ; blade of spathe
longer and more narrowly lanceolate, green outside,
dark purple within. Syria, Asia Minor.

BiDENS (Latin, fifife-(oo?;ie(J, referring to the seed).
Compositie. Bur Marigold. Mostly American hardy
annual and perennial herbs, allied to Dahlia and Core-
opsis, and distinguished by the barbed awns of the seed,
which, in B. frondosu, our common Stick-Tight, or-
Devil's Bootjack, are very troublesome by clinging to
the clothiu!,'. B. grandiJIdra, Balb., from S. Amer., is a
yellow-fld. hardv annual, growing 2 ft. high, bearing
glabrous pinnatisect lvs.; occasionally cult. For B.
atrosanguinea, Hort., see Cosmos diversifolius.

BIENNIAL. A plant living two years ; particularly
one which does not bear flowers niid fruit until the second
year from the seed. Plants vary irnufly in their dura-
tion, depending upon the cliniair in wliidi they grow

and the treatment which tlnyy i \vr. ( 'i-niparatively

fewplants are true biennials. Tin- <"iiiii]"n mullein and
bull thistle {Cuicus laiii-e;liifi(s) are examples. Most
cultivated bienui.-ils become annuals if grown in a warm
or long-season climate, as turnips, celery, cabbage,
onion. If the plants are crowded, or not allowed to attain
their full development, they tend to run to seed and com-
plete their growth the first year. Gardeners are familiar
with this fact in celery, carrots and beets. Plants which
are practically annuals under such conditions, but which
have the power of carrying themselves overwinter by
means of bulbs, corms, tubers, and other food-storage
parts, have been called 7).'ic»(7-(; »»»</?.'!. DeCandolle esti-
mates that true or natural biennials comprise 1 or 2 per
cent of the total number of species of seed-bearing
plants. L. H. B.

BIFEENARIA (Latin for twice and strap, referring
to the connective of the pollinia). OrchidAcece, tribe
VuiuJiie. Very like Maxillaria, and distinguished by
technical characters of the pollinia. About 25 trop.
Amer. species, of which the two following are best
known to the horticulturist. These species do well at
the cool end of the Cattleya house, and, in general,
should be treated like Maxillaria and Lycaste.

aurantiaca, Lindl. Pseudobulbs ovate or ovoid, mono-
phyllous ; leaf-blades about 6 in. long, oval or nearly
so : fls. about 1 in. across, yellow, dotted with deeper
yellow. British Guiana. B.M. 3597.

vitelllna, Lindl. Fls. deeper yellow than in the above,
with a brown spot on the labellum. Brazil.

Oakes Ames.

BIGELdVIA (after Dr. Jacob Bigelow. author of
Florula Bostoniensis, Medical Botany of U. S., etc.).
C'oiiipositie. The only species in cult, is the original
one, which resembles a goldenrod. Prop, by cuttings
ami by s.i .1. Culture simple.

graveolens, i nay (Bigelowia drarunctdoldes, DC).
Low slituli. l-f. IT. high, densely white-tomentose, much
braiu'bi'il, very leafv, malodorous only in drying: lvs.
linear. 1-2 in. long : tl. -heads, yellow, 5-8 lines high,

rayiess. Alkal'iue soils Dak. to B.C. and S. to S. Calif!
and Ariz. Var. albicaulis is more permanently and
densely woolly, dwarfer, and recommended by D. M.
Andrews, Boulder, Colo., for low hedges and edgings.

BIGELOW, JACOB. Botanist, physician, educator,
and founder of Mt. Auburn Cemetery, the prototype of
all garden and landscape cemeteries, was born at Sud-
bury, Mass., February 27, 1787, and died at Boston, Jan-
uary 10, 1879. He was graduated from Harvard in 1806,
and began the practice of medicine in 1810. His Florula
Bostoniensis, 18U (2d ed. 1824), was the first American
local flora of importance, and served for many vears as
the only popular manual of New England botany. He
was Professor of Materia Medica ia Harvard from 1815

11

BIGNONIA

161

to 1855. and for twenty years Physician to the Massachu-
setts General Hospital. His American Medical Botany,
1817-20, was the first work of its kind. Each of the three
volumes contained descriptions of 20 species, with a
colored pbate of each produced by the aqua-tinting pro-
cess, a method invented by Or. Bii^elow just before
lithographv. His essay on " Silf limited Diseases," an
attack on heroic remedies and a \i
processes of nature, njarked an t
Dr. O. W. Holmes said that it probably bad mo
ence on medical practice in Ameiica tiian ain- w
published in this country. He alsu.li.l imirh to ii
science into colleges that were too cxi-lu^ivt-ly c
The genus Bigelovia, named after liiin by li.(
was founded on a western plant r^ -■ inlilin,' l-.'
He was the one man without whom Mi. .\ul.ii:
tery -would never have existed. Tlii- irm, i. i v I
one of the most important factors in tlir .ir\ ,l,i|
landscape gardening in America, and without t
nues derived from it the Massachusetts Hort

iiedical reform,
lad more influ-

aiiy work ever
h-li to introduce
.ivi-l\- classical.
.y incandolle,
111,' L'.iMeurod.
.\nl.n:n Ceme-
i.Mrv lias been

irvi'lopinentof
thout the reve-
Itural

Society could never have played so important a part in
American horticulture. Dr. Bigelow was one of the most
versatile, useful and interesting men of his day. The
popular use of the word "technology" dates from his
"Elements of Technology." 1827. For a fuller account,
see the sketch by L. H. Bailev, in Botanical Gazette,
8:217 (1883), and Scientific Papers of A. Gray. 2: 413.
See, also. Dr. Bigelow's book on the history of Mt. Au-
burn, w. M.

BIGNONIA (The Abbe Bignon, librarian to Louis
XIV.). Bignonidcece. Climbing American shrubs, mostly
tropical, of more than 100 species. Fls. mostly large and
showy, long-tubular, with a contracted base, 5-lobed or
-toothed, 2-lipped limb; perfect stamens 4: seeds winged,
in a linear, compressed capsule.

Bignonias are strong and rapid-growing evergreen
greenhouse climbers, requiring considerable space for
their best development, such as the roof of a large con-
servatory, or the back wall of a lean-to greenhouse. If
convenient, they should be planted out under the plant
stage of the greenhouse, or otherwise in boxes placed on
the stage. A box 5 ft. x 1 li ft. and 1 ft. deep will be found
a convenient size for them. As with most greenhouse
climbing plants, the roots like considerable freedom;
but with Bignonias the roots must be somewhat re-
stricted (though not to the limitations of a flower-pot),
otherwise an immense growth and few flowers will be
the result. They are not very fastidious as to soil. A
good, fibrous loam, to which one-third well decomposed
cow or sheep manure has been added, suits them admi-
rably. A winter temperature of 45° to 50°. with a gradual
rise as the days lengthen, should be given them, admit-
ting air freely whenever the weather is favorable. They
like plenty of moisture at the roots — especially during
the spring and summer (the growing season) — but per-
fect drainage should be ensured, as the soil at no time
must become saturated or sour. Except when in flower,
a good syringing on all fine days will be very beneficial.
They should also be sprayed once or twice a week with
a moderately strong solution of kerosene emulsion, or
kerosene and water, to keep them free from mealy bug.
as they are very subject to I ],i - im-i. The vines should
be trained so as to allow :i I i on of air among

the branches for the ]in: nig the wood, as

upon this depends the a--in in. o , r il , ,i ,-rs. All super-
fluous branches and weak shooi^ ^honl-l be removed,
and before the growing season Im -m^ all iln- branches
should be shortened from 1 to ;; U'\. according to
their strength ; this will throw tin- em lyy ..I the plant
into the lateral buds, which will produce the llowering
branches, providing the wood has been properly ripened
the previous season.

Propagation is efl°ected by cuttings taken in late
spring and inserted in sand under a bell glass, or in
a propagating box, in a warm temperature. Choose, if
possible, stout, short-jointed lateral growths for the pur-
pose. They must be carefully watered until rooted,
which usually takes from 6 to 10 weeks.

Cult, by Edwakd J. Canning.
A. Lvs. simple, opposite.

mairnliica, Bull. Free-growing and floriferous, need-
ing warm treatment : lvs. ovate-elliptic, stalked, entire:

1C2 BIGNOXIA

fls. panicleii. large (3J^in. across), ranging from mauve
to purple-red, the throat primrose, limb wide-spreading.
Colombia. G.C. II. 12:73.

regiliB, Hort. Lvs. elliptic-lanceolate: fls. large, yel-
lowandred. Guiana.— Of recent introduction. Kequires
■warm treatment.

argyreo-violascena, Hort. Lvs. ovate, cordate at base,
short-stalked, purple when young, but becoming beau-
tifully veined and blotched with white : fls. purple.
S. Amer.! I.H. 13:469.

AA. I/vs. pinnately compound, the i lower Ifts. nsually

foliaeeous and the others represented by tendrils.

B. Fls. normally from, the axils of the Iva.

c. Pedicels 1-fld.

capreol&ta, Linn. Trumpet-flower. Cross-vine.
QuARTEE-viNE. Climbing to great heights (often 50 ft.
or more), glabrous, evergreen : Ifts. stalked, oblong-
acuminate, cordate, entire : fls. in many 2-5-fld. short-
peduncled cymes, yellow-red and lighter within, tubu-
lar (2 in. long), with a stout limb Native from Md. S.
and W., and often a pest in orchards, climbing on the
trees. B.M. 864. Gng. 1: 370, 371. -Handsome vine for
outdoor use. Good for covering walls. Sometimes
grown in conservatories. A cross-section of the stem
presents a cross-form appearance, whence one of the
common names.

Var. atrosangTiinea, Hook. f. (,B. atrosangutnea,
Hort.). Lvs. longer and narrower: fls. dark purple,
the lobes short and triangular-ovate. B.M. 6501. F.R.
2:27. — Handsome.

Tweedi4na, Lindl. Leaflets lanceolate and pointed,
cordate, 3 in. or less long : fls. trumpet-sliaped, 2 in.
long, orange-yellow, the limb of rounded, spreading
lobes and from 2-4 in. across. Argentina. B.R. 26: 45.
Gn. 40:812. -Will stand a little frost if grown in the
open in the South.

cc. Pedicels S-fld.

Lindleyi, DC. Glabrous : Ifts.oblongorovate-oblong,
cordate, acute, somewhat wavy-margined : fls. pale
purple, with spots and stripes, the tube oblong-cylin-
drical (2 in. long), the limb short and the lobes obo-
vate-rounded and undulate. Argentina. — Blooms when
young.

specidsa, R. Grah. Glabrous: leaflets 3 in. long, ellip-
tical and more or less acuminate, shining, the midrib

23S. BiEnonia

(XK).

BILLBERGIA

BB. Fl.H. in clusters terminating the hranchlels.
c. Branches prominently 4-angled.

buccinatdria, Mairet. {B. Cherire, Lindl. B. Kerire,
Hort.). Tall: leaflets 2-3 in. long, elliptic or ovate-ob-
long, obtuse or only cuspidate, pellucid-dotted, the
petioles (as the racemes) tomentose : fl. long-tubular
(4 in. long), blood-red, but yellow at base, the limb
rather narrow, with refuse lobes. Mes. Gn. 26:471.
B.M. 7516. R.H. 1898: 580. -Needs coolhouse treatment.
Strong grower. One of the finest species.

c. Branches terete or very nearly so.

eequinoetiEtlis, Linn. Glabrous : Leaflets ovate to
oval-lanoeolate, obtuse or acuminate, shining above :
fls. in both terminal and axillary panicles ; corolla gla-
brous, trumpet-shaped, 2Kin. long, purple, with dark
rose stripes (but said in garden books to be yellow);
fls. sometimes only in 2's. W. Ind. and S. Amer. — Per-
haps not the plant known under this name in the trade.

Chamberlaynii, Sims. Glabrous : leaflets ovate-acu-
uilii lit , - 'ill 1 1 "!;■-, ^hiniiiL: above, paler beneath, more or
li III' ' i.:i^i' : lis. tubular, contracted below,
'■'■'> ■ liiiil iii|.!iratively short and spread-

in-. i.M_i,i >c,M.n ; . 'luster mauy-fld. Braz. B.M. 2148.
-I'tii, .,(.., :i l.,iiu uf the last. This species and B.
aijuioctialis are referred to the genus Anemopcegma by

veniiBta, Ker-Gawl. Fig. 235. Sts. striate or some-
what angular, the young ones pubescent : leaflets usu-
ally 3, glabrous, ovate-acuminate, more or less tapering
at base : fls. in corymbose, mostly drooping racemes ;
corolla slender and long-tubular, contracted in the lower
half (2-3 in. long) . with 2-lipped limb and oblong, obtuse,
reflexing lobes, crimson-orange. Braz. B.M. 2050. A.F.
11 : 1023. — Requires a rather warm house. Profuse
bloomer; early winter. One of the best rafter plants.

purpurea, Lodd. Clabrous, tall-climbing: leaflets
oil. II ;, ii-!i ijh •_', l:i!M..iliovate, abruptly acuminate,
sli iitire: fls. mauve or rose-pur-

I'li ill I I ;■ ' , !;i'- daring tube 1 in. long, the
XM I iii.ded. S. Amer. B.M. 5800.

II < III 1 ' II . " s warm treatment.

/■ ' ■ \' ' I. i.rophragma. — 7?. 6.lha. Hort.™

1' I '"in, Thnnb.=Tecoma.— B. radl-

(II I " ''ife?ls,Roxbg.=Stereospermum.

-;; ;;..,, ',!.,-: \\..r, ■v....m:i. l H. B.

BILIIB^I s If/

BILLAKDlfiRA (after T J Labillardi^re French

It elei ) P Itoi! orUeo! Tender Austra-

tl t 1 al solitary pen lulous tubu-

1 tl e 11 >ellow and edible fr B.lon-

■l\ P I lie cult abroad as greenhouse

/ It outdoors at Santa Barbara,

S ??/ It iljlli

BILLBfiEGIA (for the S\edish botanist J G. Bill-

B n I } p M o r 40 trop cal American ever-

I I I a eurs and

-like

prominent : fls. 3 in. long, with compressed tube, which
is furrowed or plaited below and yellowish with lilac
streaks, the limb 2-3 in. across, purple and streaked, the
lobes spreading-reflexed, obtuse and wavy. Argentina.
B.M. 3888.— Needs warm or intermediate temp. ; blooms

s fls sho-nv with 3 parted caljx and 3 lon„ petals,
exserted stamens threadlike stjle and leiy-like
fr. The colored bracts of the fl. -clusters are usually
very showy. Cf. Charles Mez, the 1,-iti-st iiKinoirraiibi-r.
in DC. Phaner. Monogr. 9. Spe.'ii - .•,.iifn-i .1 ; but
the artificial arrangement given bcl.iw may .lid tlie
gardener.

Bi!l).<-rL'in» (•■in be cultivated best iu greenhouses,
Iil'ii ii IP i.'i^. pots, wooden cribs, or wire baskets,
\ 111 material about their roots, such as

I'i I I il, roots of very fibrous plants, or fern

iMiii- ml pli.iL'iium moss, and such material. They
require little water at tin- kh.Is in winter, and nothing
but light sprinklini; "X ■ i- tin' luliime is required to keep
them alive durintr tliiii tiim r.iii iu summer, when the
heat is great and tlay arr making their growth, they

BILLBERGIA

can ■withstand an atjundance of moisture, at the roots
as well as at the top, most of the time holding water in
the funnel-like center or body of the plant. They gener-
ally bring their conspicuous, showy tlowers in tlie spring,
wlien moisture overhead or sprinkling should be with-
held in order to prolong the beauty of the flowers. They
rerjuire at night a temperature of from 50°-75°, but, of
course, can stand any amount of heat in summer. Bill-
bei-gias, like all other Bromeliads, make very good house
plants, and they will thrive exceedingly well in a living-
room temperature. They love plenty of light and sun.
All tirst-class private garden establishments should
have at least a few of this class of plants. They are
propagated best from suckers or sprouts, which arise
from the base of the old plant, generally after it has
bloomed and performed its functions. The old plant
then gradually deteriorates, sending out from two to five
young plants from its base. These can be taken off as
soon as they are hardy and substantial enough, and can
be mounted or potted into the same kind of material.
Then, suspended in the greenhouse, conservatory, or
window for an exhibition, they thrive best. Besides
their beautiful and attractive flowers, they have very
handsome foliage, which is of a tough and leathery
texture. Billbergias, JSchmeas, and the like, are na-
tives of the tropics, and, therefore, require a warm tem-
perature, ^chmeas are usually larger than Billbergias
and Tillandsias. Cult. by H. A. Siebrecht.

A. Fls. greenish or yellowish, often tipped with hUie,

B. Petals curling spirally after fl. expands.
(Selicddea.)

zebrlna, Lindl. (Bromelia zehrlna, Herb, ^ehmia
zebr\na, Hort.). St. very short, or none : Ivs. sheath-
ing, deep green, with blotches and zones of gray-white,
strongly spine-margined: fl. -cluster loose, long and
drooping : fls. greep or yellow-green, the stamens be-
coming long-exserted ; bracts salmon or rose, long-lan-
ceolate. S. Amer. L.B.C. 20: 1912. B.M. 2686.

decdra, Poepp. & Endl. {Helicddea Baraquinidna,
Lem.). Differs from the last in having longer petals,
denser spike and longer bracts : Ivs. 8-10, from 1-2 ft.
long, mealy, white-blotched and banded. Brazil. I.H.
11:421. B.M. 6937.

BB. Petals not spirally twisting.

specidsa, Thunb. (B. ammna, Lindl. B. pdllida, Ker-
Gawl). Lvs. strap-shaped, connivent, and forming a
tube at the base, 1-2 ft. long, somewhat spine-margined,
green above and lepidote and somewhat striped on the
back: fl. -cluster large and loose, erect or drooping;
bracts rosi- : il-, ] ,;I. li^ - n .t whitish, tipped with blue.
Brazil. B.K. ' " - > ' i mid well known species.

niitans, W" :. --, stoloniferons : lvs. linear

and long-i.niiih .1, !-_' it., .Ii^t.-mtly small toothed, finely
striate on tiie iiack : lis. 4-n, in a loose, drooping spike ;
petals green, blue-edged ; bracts lanceolate, red. Brazil.
B.M. 6423. Gn. 32, p. 107.

AA. Fls. markedly red or purple.
B. Essentially red.

thyrsoidea, Mart. Lvs. 1-2 ft., broad-ligulate, spine-
margined, concave on upper surface, green above and
paler beneath, abruptly acuminate : fl.-cluster shorter
than lvs., farinaceous, densely red-bracted : fls. numer-
ous, bright red, petals reflexing. Brazil. B.M. 4756.—
Showy. Runs into several varieties, some of them with
purple-tipped fls. (as vars. spMndida and faatudsa,
Andre, R. H. 1883:300). B. .yil,-„,lr,,s. II. .rt., is evi-
dently one of the forms. Spc-i/ies tuo ue;ir the next.

pyramid41is, Lindl. (Bromiha inin,ii,i.h'iUs, Sims.

B. Croyidna, DeJonghe). Afoot hitch : .11 tiers from the
last in having more gradually acuminate lvs.. which are
more strongly and distantly toothed and whitish, or even
banded on the back : fl.-cluster less farinaceous, broader
and looser, the fls. less numerous. Peru. B.M. 1732.

BB. Essentially purple.

Morfelii, Brongn. (B. Morelicma, Hort. B. Witherellii,

Hook.). Lvs. short (1-lK ft.), with few weak spines,

wide, glabrous and green : fl.-cluster exserted and

BIRTHWORT 163

drooping, with showy, pointed red bracts, the rachi.s
woolly : fls. with red sepals and purple-limbed petals.
Brazil. B.M. 4835. — Very showy.

vexilUria, Andr^. Fig. 236. Hybrid of B. thyrso-
idea and B. Morelii. Fls. purple : lower bracts long-
pointed and red ; spike-erect, exceeding

the

:468

236. BiUbergia vexillaria.

vittata, Brongn. (B. Leopoldi, Hort.,
not Morr. ). Vigorous, 2-3 ft.: lvs. long
and large, concave above, recurved at the
summit, obtuse or
abruptly pointed,
red - spined, cross-
banded on the back :
fl.-cluster loose and
nod<ling. shorter than
the lvs., red-bracted:
fls. deep blue, with
recurving limbs.
Brazil. Gn. 32: 608.
R.H. 1869, p. 87.

Llbonia,na, De
Jonghe. Small, 1-lK
ft., producing run-
ners: lvs. long-linear
o r strap - shaped,
spiny, very sharp-
pointed, concave and
green above and
whitish -mealy below :
fl.-cluster erect or
nearly so, rather slen-
der, the bracts not
prominent : fls. with
red sepals and erect
blue petals. Brazil.
B.M. 5090. F.S. 10:
1048.

Quesnelijtna,
Brongn. ( Quesnilia
Cayennhi sis, Baker).
Lvs'. numerous, aris-
ing from a trunk or
stem, rigid and
spreading or recurved, concave above, very sharp-
spined, more or less white-marked on the back, long-
acuminate : fl.-cluster a dense, erect spike, with red and
white-blotched obtuse bracts : fls. deep purple. Guiana.
F.S. 10:1028.

In the American trade the following names have been used:
B. clavdta longifblia. once offered by Pitcher & Manda. is proba-
bly ^chmea bromelisefoha.— £. foscid<a="^ehmeafasciata.—
B. m(ixima=1 —B. ornata=1—B. rhocLocydnea = JEahraea,
f.asciata.- B. strlcta=1

Any of the following may be expected to appear in the Amer.
trade at any time : B. And^gavensls, Hort., is B. thyrsoideaX
Morelii ; fis. red and bine.— iJ. Bcikeri. 5Ion-. (B. pallescens.
Baker). Pis. greenish, tipped purple. B."!.!. a:S42.—B. Breaute-
Ana, Andr6. B. pallescens X vittata. has reddish, piiiT>le-
limbed lis. R.H. 1885:300.-B. BriiantI, Hort. B. B,->keriX
decora; ils. greenish, bracts red.— i3. Eiideri. IJegel. Small : fls.
very deep blue ; bracts cor.-dred. Brazil.- iJ. iridifoUa, Lindl.
Fls, red and yellow, blue-tipped. Brazil. B.R. 1068.— B.iictzct,
Morr. Pis. and bracts rose. Brazil.— J?. Porteana, Brongn.
Fls. green, the petals rolling spirally. Brazil. B.M. 6670.— B.
Sanderiana. Morr. Fls. green, tipped blue, Brazil.— B. Satm-
dersi, BuU. Fls. gi-eenish, tipped blue : lvs. striking, green
above, reddish beneath, white-blotched and red-spined. Brazil.
Gt. 39:i:iI6. L. H. B.

BILSTED. See Liquidamiar.

BINDWEED. Name applied to various twining, weedy
plants, particularly to various kinds of Convolvulus.

BIDTA. See Thuya.

BIRCH. SeeBetuIa.

BIRD-OF-PAEADISE FLOWER. See Strelitsia.

BIRD'S-NEST FERN, See Thamnopteris.

BIRD'S-TONGUE FLOWER. See Strelitsia.

BIRTHWORT. See AristolocUa ; also Trillium.

1G4

BISMARCKIA

BISMAECKIA (in honor of Prince Bismarck). Pal-
vidceie, tribe Bordssece. A penus nearly related to La-
tania and Borassus, distinguished by fruit characters.
Forms a tree 200 ft. high, with a gigantic crown of pal-
mate Ivs. with white streaked petioles and blades 10
ft. in diam. : fr. borne in large, drooping clusters, dark
brown, plum-like, IJ^in. in diara., with a thin outer
one enclosing a rounded,
., n-tiiniliited likf a walnut
(nil- L'. Cult. :i ■ fnr [.atania.

shell and a fibroui
wrinkled seed 1 in. in <1
and ruminated, as in thr
ndbUis.Hildeb. &W.n
vex on the back, chaniu 1
ridges above, thinly clni i
half as long as the blade
segments 20, 2

BLACKBERRY

wild fruit from the earliest times, the Blackberry has
only recently made its appearance among the more
orderly and promising garden fruits. The type species
is liitbiis nigrobaccii.1, although it has long been known

under the name J,;ih„.s r,ll.:<„.s (see Ji'iihiis). It is a

i.nthe

indii

ele l,lue-f,M,-.-i.. rr^id, 3 ft.

ide, 1 ft. long, apex blunt,
obtuse, with a long curved filament from the base of
each sinus. Madagascar. G.F. 6:2-16. F.K. 2:257.
Gt. 1221. j^KED G. Smith.

BITTEE-SWEET. See Celaatrus and Solauum.

BtXA (South American name). BixAcem. A genus
of two species of tropical trees with large, entire Ivs.
and showy fls. in terminal panicles. B. Orellana is cult.
in the E. and W. Indies for the Annatto dye which is
prepared from the orange-red pulp that covers the seeds.
It is the coloring matter chiefly used in butter and
cheese. It is also used in dyeing silks, and preparing
chocolate.

Orell&na, Linn. Height 30 ft. : Ivs. cordate : fls. pink-
ish. B.M. 1456.— It is rarely grown in northern green-
houses as an ornamental. Cuttings taken from a flower-
ing plant will produce flowering plants of a convenient
size. Plants from seed usually flower less freely, and
must attain a greater size before flowering.

BLACKBEEET. A name applied to various species
of Rubufs, of which the receptacle remains with the
drupelets when fruit is picked. As a commercial fruit.
It is known only in America. Although a well-known

grow tall aud upright, the le;
finely serrate and taper po
long, leafless and open, with
ing almost at riL'lit anL'les ti

fruit
r (lull
The

in color, ■. ! : ;

Taylor is i li,.' i.. -i ,. .... • i, ■

(2) The\Vl,:i> l:r,~'\i. ,r.. /,■ „ ,,,,„,,,., .xar.albitius.
Similar to the al)..ve, hut witli nearly round, yellowish
green canes and pinkish cream- or amber-colored fruit.
Many varieties of this type have been introduced, but
none have attained prnmineneo. (3) The Short-Cluster

Blackberrii , /,', r " - - ' -ir. -•'■r.,,. This is the

commoie . , , 1 |;i I I ,.■,-, ;ni,i includes

such vail I : vL-awam (Fig.

2.^7). Ill • , ,: :, hut leafless,

the peiiii i , ._ , .:;■. it _.__- -iiait r aud rounder,

L'l' I- ilniiM.-lets large and irregularly set.

'I": i riiader, coarsely and unevenly serrate,
<" I ' - tapering at the point. (4) The Leafy-
(i I riiKS, S. argulus. This is a lower and
1" I I I I I Ml, with narrow, coarsely toothed, light-
■ mil short cluster, having simple leaves
iiii i ;ili the flowers. Its best common repre-
Miiiiii' I- 111' lOarly Harvest. (5) The Loose-Cluster
Blaiklieiries.ii'. „ir/ro6acr».9xiw7?r.,s»,<. This is a prroup
of hybrid origin, being interiinili.iie lietw. n the Biaek-
berry and dewberry (see v. m'" //■/ 1. I'le- |i|aiits liave
a low, spreading habit of l'1"\viIi. IumhI jair^'ed and
notched leaves, slmrt dewh. ri\ lii.e .lii-it r>, ^\ ith lart;e,
roundish fruii -. di i.|. m. d ■ . ■ , 1 m ■. . I elv set drupe-
lets. The I. .. w , , . ; \ - ,. J . ,,■ are its best
known repi. i',: > I _' , '. in. Sand Black-
berry, ^i'. . ■.!;.. -/■■.' ■ i I'll-. _':::i . .\ ~i ir.lv little shrub,
armed with vicious recurved thorns, with thickish,
wedge-shaped leaflets, whitened woolly beneath. The
clusters are few-flowered, opening from the center out-
ward, the fruit roundish, loose-grained, very black and
Known in cultivation only as the Topsy, or Tree
Blackberry. (7) There is still another type of Black-
berry, known as the Thomless cr Mountain Blackberry
(M. Canadensis), but it is not in cultivation. This is
characterized by smooth, unarmed canes, narrow, sharp-
pointed leaflets, the upper ones borne on long, slender
leaf-stalks, an open flower-cluster, a short, roundish,
glossy black fruit, with large drupelets. It ripens later
than the common Blackberry, and is not so good in
quality. For further account of the Blackberry tribes,
see Bailey, Evolution of Our Native Fruits.

The llrst Blackberry introduced into cultivation was
the Dorchester, which was exhiliited before the Massa-

ih.uoleilly tlie most widely
it day. This, like many com-
if poor quality, but extremely
IP rapid strides made by the
.nive that a place was ready
M. I ,.. h;il world, a place which

1 to fill, owing both to
- I I and to its ability to

pes. At the present
! '" 1 1 : 1 1 1 1 . most generally liked

II iiliii"st all soils, but to reach
_■ I .am. retentive of moisture
■aihir than sand. Soil must
s. if too rich in humus and
rd a rank growth of plant,
ess, appears, while a light,
• the fruit through periods of

BLACKBERRY

drought, which is usually the greatest obstacle to suc-
cess with this fruit. For this reason a cool northern
exposure is always desirable, and in the region of the
Plains, a good windbreak on the south and west is very-
beneficial. Fertilizers containing a liberal proportion of
potash are most suitable. Too much stable manure, or
nitrogen in other forms, will induce a rank growth of
canes at the expense of fruit.

Plants are propagated either by root-cuttings, or by
means of the suckers which naturally spring up about
the parent plants. The latter are most commonly used
in commercial work. Root-cuttings may be made in the
fall and carried over winter in sand, or started under
glass toward spring, or the cuttings can be made in
spring and sowed in furrows, like peas. Planting is
best done in spring, as a rule. If set in the fall, each
plant should be covered with a mulch of earth or strawy
manure, which should be removed in spring. The rows

BLACKBERRY

165

pruning is the method of thinning the Blackberry, and
judgment must always enter into the question of thin-
ning fruit. In the region of the Plains, where moisture
is likely to be deficient, both in soil and atmosphere, it
is frequently found better not to cut back the growing
shoots in summer, but to let them develop one straight

cane, which :

back to 2K (

feet :

sprmg.

This

will generally develop all the fruit which the plant can
carry to maturity under such conditions. A few grow-
ers in other part's of the country train to wires, and in
that case the shont^ ar.- aNo allMW. ,1 to -row at will, but
are left much loim. r in vprm.- an.l li^ ^1 to the wires for
support. Close-prtiii. .1, sto,Ky l.n-li.^ maybe covered
with straw as a ]ir..i. .liou a^aiii^t lai.- spring frosts.

The best of cultivation is always deiuauded. In a crop
In which so much depends upon an abundant supply of
moisture In the soil, none should be allowed to go to
waste. Hence, the cultivation should be frequent and

^^M^Av-.

238 Wild hybrid of Blackberry and De

should be about 8 feet apart, and the plants may be set
from 2 to 4 feet apart in the row. At the latter distance,
cultivation may be given in both directions for the first
year or two. With high culture, good results may be
obtained by planting in hUls, 7 or 8 feet apart each way.
Pruning the Blackberry is not difficult, j'et upon its
proper performance depends much of the success of the
crop. The old canes should be removed yearly, prefer-
ably in summer, as soon as they have borne their crop
of fruit. They then no longer interfere with the symmet-
rical development of the young canes, and if gathered
and burned at once, much is gained in keeping the field
clear of certain fungi and insects. The young canes
should be clipped off when they reach a height of 18
inches or 2 feet, in order to induce early branching and
a stocky bush with well developed laterals, capable of
producing and holding up a heavy crop of fruit. It is
very important that the shoots be not allowed to get
higher than 2 feet before this clipping is done. They
will then elongate and make the bush high enough. If
neglected, and later cut back to 2 feet, the buds will be
weak, the growth poor, the bush low, and the crop small.
The laterals are usually cut back to about 18 inches in
length the following spring, but varieties differ in their
habit of bearing fruit -buds, and it is not safe to cut by
measure. It should be remembered that this spring

but always shallow, for deep cultivation dis-
turbs the roots and induces increased suckering. In
small garden patches mulching may be substituted.
Growers in the middle "West have found mulching with
green clover in the row, and cultivating between, very-
beneficial.

In many parts of the country winter protection is abso-
lutely essential to success, and often adds greatly to
the yield in other regions, where not considered a neces-
sity. This protection is by no means always called for
by reason of extreme cold. The winters of Nebraska
and Kansas are nearly always milder than those of cen-
tral New York ; yet during one of the mildest of these,
when the mercury reached zero but once, and was then
only five degrees below, Taylor Blackberries were killed
to the ground, while the succeeding winter, which was
decidedly colder, they came through unharmed. It may
be as much a matter of moisture as of temperature. The
needed protection is best given by loosening the earth
on both sides of the plant, carefully turning it down and
covering the tips with soil, laying the next plant upon
the roots of this, and so on. In mild climates, covering
the tips is sufficient ; in especially unfavorable ones the
whole plant must be covered. The cost of this need not
exceed $5 to $8 an acre.

The fruit of the Blackberry should be left upon the

166

BLACKBERRY

plants as long as possible before picking, for it is not
ripe when it first turns black. It should never be
exposed to the sun after it is removed from the bushes.
The Blackberry generally outyields all the other mem-
bers of this family, and is usually one of the most profit-

able to grow when properly managed, provided the cli-
mate and other general conditions are favorable.

There are several formidable enemies of the Black-
berry, but they are generally easily mastered by the
alert and energetic grower. Cutting out the bearing
canes as soon as they are through fruiting will circum-
vent the borer which sometimes works in the canes, and
will aid in preventing the spread of anthracnose and
leaf rusts. The orange rust must be fought by digging
up and burning infected bushes as soon as detected, for
there is no cure. But this trouble is seldom serious.
Fred W. Card.

BLACKBEKRY LILY. See Belemcanda.

BLACKWOOD. See Acacia.

BLADDER NUT. See Staphylea.

BLADDERWORT. See Utricularia.

BLANDFORDIA (after George, Marquis of Bland-
ford). Z,ili()ce<e. Tender bulbous plants from Australia
and Tasmania, placed by J. G. Baker (Jour. Linn. Soc.
11:364) between Kniphofla and Punkia, but very dif-
ferent in general appearance from Funkia. Roots tu-
berous fibers: Ivs. in two vertical ranks, narrowly linear,
hard, persistent : fls. large, lM-3 in. long, showy, nod-
ding, in short racemes, usually orange-red to crimson,
with yellow tips.

Being tenderer than the poker plant, and of more
diflJcult culture, Blandfordias are rarely grown in
America. B. flammula, var. princeps, is the best kind.
In New South Wales they grow in peat bogs and on
shady mountain sides. During the growing season they
must be shaded from bright sunshine, and during the

BLECHNUM

resting season they may be placed in a light pit, where
they arc not crow.k-ii nr shaded by taller plants. They
lik.- a iin.i^t atnii.-i.lic re- and plenty of air, but not
liiMii-liK. Jli. rill, 1 , iriiii-ut of the potting soil should
1" pi;, I : it 111, |., Ill I- li'-avy, use sand freely ; if light,
us,- ~.,T,ii- l,.:iiri, ai,,l j.a.k firmly; if spon^-v. add some
charcoal. Pot after flowering, in i,iil> iriiiL:, I, iiig
careful not to overpot, and plan t,. : , ilis-

turbed for two years at least. At,,|. ii . > I ii -, , ar

and liquid manure during growing s, a- ii, i- n, , , --ary
to produce a good flowering. Prop, by s.ids sown in
sandy peat with mild bottom heat, or usually by careful
and not too frequent divisions of the root, made in early
spring, after flowering, at the time of repotting, and
preferably when strong offsets are formed.
A. Margin of lis. not roughish.

Cunninghami, Lindl. Lvs. 18-24 in. long, 3-4 lines
wide, broader than in B. flammea : fls. 10-15, or even
20. Blue Mts. of Australia. B.M. 5734. Gn. 24:411.-
This has lately been held to be synonymous with B.
grnniliflora, but it is horticulturally distinct, and the
pedicels are shorter.

AA. Margin of lvs. roughish.
B. Fls. golden yellow, witliout any red.

seiaea, Hook. f. Lvs. 8-12 in. long, lK-2 lines wide:
fls. 3-6, the only ones in the genus not touched with
red ; perianth wide-swelling, sometimes nearly as wide
as long, more bell-shaped than any other species. N. S.
Wales. B.M. 5809.

BB. Fls. red-tuhed and yellow-tipped.
c. Perianth long. 3-4 times as long as wide.

n6bllis, Smith. Lvs. 12-18 in. long, %-% lines wide,
dark green, sharply 3-angled : fls. 4-9, smallest of the
genus, and narrowest. Near Port Jackson. B.M. 2003.
B.R. 286.

fUmmea, Lindl. Lvs. 12-18 in. long. 2-2K lines wide:
fls. 4-12, typically constricted near the base of the tube
and much lower down than in B. Cunninghami. E. Aus-
tralia. B.M. 4819. P.M. 16:354. F.S. 6:585. F.S. 18:
1829, as B. Cunninghami.

Var. princeps, Baker (B. princeps, W. G. Smith), has
larger and brighter colored fls., and is the best of the
genus. The perianth is longer and less spreading than
in the type, and swells very gradually from the base,
instead of being constricted near the base. B.M. 6209.
F.M. 1875:170. F.S. 22:2314. Gn. 47:1013.

cc. Tube short, scarcely twice as long as wide.

grandifldra, K. Br. Lvs. 12-18 in. long, 3-4K lines
wide: fls. 10-30. Distinguished from all others by hav-
ing the filaments inserted above instead of at the middle,
but in var. intermedia, Baker, which connects B. grandi-
flora and nobilis, the filaments are inserted at the mid-
dle of the tube, the lvs. are narrower, and the fls. smaller.
Tasmania. B.R. 924. — The name grandiflora is now a
misnomer, as the fls. are smaller than in any other .spe-
cies except B. nobilis. The rarest species. \y. M.

BLANKET FLOWER. See Gaillardia.

BLAZING STAR. S,ee Liatris.

r some fern). Polypodiil-

. .1' kl\ turn brown and

I'rop. by spores. In

I I iiMt in nomenclature.

1 7.")3, aud to the West

,. ,'.. .1, iilale, citing figures,

ii, (il.tni that recent writers

l",a-t liullan plant he sirai-

/, . 11 ic normal or ordinary

l,.|,.\v, the name B. orientate

fill to florists for jardinif^res,

To attain best results, it is

abundance of moisture at the

BLOOMERIA

167

''k

roots, with a drier atmosphere than most other Ferns re -
quire, to prevent fronds from turning brown during win-
ter months. Average temp. 60-65° F. Soil, equal parts
of rich loam and leaf -mold or peat. The^^pores of most
Blechnums germinate very freely if sown on
a compost of loam and leaf -mold or peat in
equal parts, and placed in a moderately
moist and shady position in a temp, of 60-
65° F. Some of the species send out creep-
ing rhizomes, which develop young plants at
the ends. When of sufficient size these may
be detached and potted, and in a short time
they will develop into good specimens.
Some very attractive spe-
cies are found among the
^ hardy British Blechnums.

' Cult, by N. N. Bruckner.

1 A. Pinnm strongly decurrent

: ^ at the base, joining with

f ]\ the one next below.

Brasilifinse, Desv. Grow-
ing from a stout, slightly ar-
borescent trunk 1 ft. or more
long : Ivs. 2-3 ft. long, 1 ft.
or more wide, with the pinnee
set at an acute angle with
the rachis, the lower much
shorter and more distant,
raz. S. 2:i.

nitidum, Presl. Habit of
B. BrasHiense, but much
smaller: Ivs. pinnate; pinnfe
oblong-falcate, thickish, 2—4
in. long, serrate. Braz.—
Plant 1-2 ft. high.

Corcovadfinse, Raddi.
Pinnse not cut to the rachis,
much crowded and shorter
than the last ; longest pinnae
less than 6 in. long, attenu-
ate at the tips ; Ivs. crimson
when young, and gradually
turning to a metallic
before becoming perma-
nently green. By some con-
sidered a variety of B. Bra-
siliense. Braz. Var. crispum, Hort., with wavy edges,
may be commoner in cult, than the type.

AA. Pinn(e contracted at the base to the midrib,
forming a very short stalk.
occideiitd,le, Linn. Lvs. from an erect caudex, which
is covered with brownish scales : lvs. 9-18 in. long, 4-6 in.
wide, with the pinnae truncate or even cordate at the
base and slightly falcate. Mex. and W. Ind. to Braz.
See Fig. 240.

Berruiatiun, Rich. Growing from an ascending nearly
naked rootstock : lvs. 1-2 ft. long, 6-15 in. wide, with
numerous narrow pinnse, which are contracted at the
base and of nearly uniform width throughout ; margins
finely serrulate; texture coriaceous. Fla. to Braz.

Ji. orientdle, Linn., is a large East Indian and Polynesian
Fern, with lvs. often 3 ft. long ; well worthy of ciUtivatio;i.
L. M. Underwood.
BLEEDING HEABT. See Dicentra.

BLfiPHAEIS (Greek, eyelash; referring to fringed
bracts). AcanthAeecr. An unimportant genus of dwarf,
often spiny shrubs and herbs, allied to Acanthus, and of
similar culture.

carduifdlia, T.Anders. {Acdnfhus carduifdlitis, Linn.
Acanthbdium carduifolius, Nees). Plant villous : lvs.
lanceolate, sinuate-dentate, spiny : spike terminal,
cylindrical : bracts roundish, palmately 5-spiiied at
the apex.

BLfiTIA ( Louis Blet, Spanish botanist) . Orchid&cea,
tribe Epid^ndrece. Terrestrial or epiphytal herbs, widely
distributed : lvs. plicate, membranaceous, sheathing the
St., erfect. This genus lends itself readily to cultivation,

0. Blechnu

but is not showy enough to be popular. They need a
long season of rest. The commonly cult, kinds are ter-
restrial, and thrive in ordinary orchid loam.

hyacinthlna, R. Br. Lvs. about 1 ft. long: fls. looking
down, in various shades of purple, on a scape about 1 ft.
high. China. B.M. 1492, as Cymbidium hyaeinthinum.
— Stands some frost.

vereciinda, R. Br. The first exotic Orchid introduced
(1731). Racemes showyand branching, 2-3 ft. : fls. pur-
plish. W. Ind. ; also in Middle and E. Fla.

Shfipherdii, Hook. Very like the litst, and perhaps a
form of it : fls. deep purple ; center of labellum yellow.
B.M. 3319.

Sherratiina, Bateman. Lf.-blades pointed at both
ends : fls. large, more showy than in the above, brilliant
lilac or rose color; labellum purple, with 3 golden yellow
lines. New Grenada. B.M. 5646.

ptltula. Hook. Fls. deep pink-lilac, numerous and large
(2 in. across). B.M. 3518. — Requires culture given
Cattleyas.

, campanuUta, La Llave & Lex. Fls. bell-like, purple,
with white center. Mex.— Not common in cult.

B. aphylla, Nutt., is a native species growing as far N. as
N.CaroUna.-i.rdnierjjiiiecE.E.Br., is aPhaius.

Oakes Ames.

BLIGHT. An indefinite term, popularly used to desig-
nate any sudden and inexplicable death of plants. The
term is now restricted by botanists to parasitic diseases.
These diseases are of two classes,— those due to bacteria
or microbes, and those due to parasitic fungi. For an
account of these troubles, see Diseases.

BLUE. See Chenopodium.

BLOODROOT. See Sanguinaria.

BLOOMfiBIA (named for Dr. H. G. Bloomer). Lili-

Aceie. A genus of two species, natives of southern
California. In every way they are closely allied to
Brodiaea, but differ in having the perianth parted
nearly to the base. Bloomerias have a flattish corm.
much like Crocus, covered with fiber, and not often pro-
ducing offsets. The lvs. are
radical, slender, and grass-
like; scape slender but stiff,
high, naked, ex-
cept for short bracts be-
neath the many-rayed ur
bel ; pedicels slender,
jointed; fls. nearly rotate,
less than an inch across,
orange. Bloomerias prefei
a sandy, warm and well-
drained soil. In northern
California, with a minimum
operature of 15° above
ro, they are perfectly
rdy. In a colder climate,
" ag of straw or leaves
ition in the cold-
frame would be a judicious
precaution. Plant early, and
see that the soil is light and
sweet. They like the sun,
and are good for forcing.
The light soil and warmth of
a pot more nearly approxi-
mates natural conditions
than the open
ground does in cool-
er climates. After
ripening. It
is best to dig
and replant
in fall. The
seeds grow
readily, and
the plants
flower in 3
to 4 years.
ailrea, Kellogg. Fig. 241. Scape roughish, 6-18 in.:
E. /4-Xin. broad: fls. numerous, bright o'fange, in a

168

BLOOMERIA

dense umbel: stamens nearly as long as the perianth,
the filaments dilated at the base. B.M. 5896 (as JVotlios-
cordumaureum). G.C. III.20: 687.

C16velandi,Wats. More slender: Irs. 3-7: fls. smaller,
keeled with brown, the stamens shorter. G.C. 111.20:687.

— Less valuable than the other. ~ . „

Carl Pukdv.

BLUEBELL. See Campanula.

BLUEBEBKY.

ecies of X'a

BLUE FLAG. See Iris.
BLUETS. See ffoustonia.

BLUMENBACHIA (after Dr. J. F. Blumenbach, pro-
fessor at Gottingen) . Jjoasdcem. A genus of S. American
plants allied to Loasa and Mentzelia (Mexican prickly
poppy), not cult, in Amer. because of their covering of
stinging hairs. The fls. are odd and pretty. The gar-
den forms are mostly treated as tender annuals.

n. Chiouiteniis, Hook, f . Lvs. 8-10 in. long : fls. lH-2 in.
long, hrii'k iwl. tii.p.-.l v.-Hr.w witliout, .-in.! yellow within;
petals r>-lii l"vi» ■!,:,, „■,! !->,ni KfprMl.ir P M fil i:i !< nrnnili-

mm, (J l; r,,„ ., ll,„,l, 1 l; M i,):;li l,s, t-c, in.

long: II-.! ■ . ■ ;. ' III, . II-, ni],-

shaped, -i. • i .,<,..■' , .u.-m^.

PerU.-7; .,.:,::i:, -.lll.ni > I I ■ I I 1 . • . II I |l ■ I I • L' . t-llii-|- l,.-1;ils

BOCCONIA (after Dr. Paslo Bocconi, Sicilian botanist
and author). Paparerdcere. Plume Poppy. A genus of
5 species, of which B. cordata is the only one worthy of
cultivation. The large, handsome, glaucous lvs. remind
one, by their texture and lobing, of bloodroot and Sty-
lophorum, which belong to allied genera. The fls. are
very unlike our common poppies, being small and with-
out petals, but they are borne in great feathery or
plumy masses, in terminal panicles raised high above
the heavy foliage, making thi "
picturesque general appearance,
for isolated lawn specimens, or for very bold and strik-
ing effects, being especially adapted "to be viewed at
long distances. It is also placed in shrubberies, wild
gardens, and at the back of wide borders, as it spreads

242 Bocconia cordata

rapidly by suckers, any one of which, if detached, will
make a strong plant in a single season. The Plume
Poppy seems to be much hardier in America than in the
Old World. It was popular early in the century, but was
neglected, probably because it spread so rapidly.

BOMAREA

Lately it has become popular again. It deserves to be
permanently naturalized in the American landscape.
To produce the largest specimens, it is well to plant in
very rich soil,'give the old clumps liquid manure in
spring, and cut off the suckers. Prop, chiefly by suckers.

oordata,Willd. {B.Japdnica. Hort.). Fig.242. Hardy
herbaceous perennial : height 5-8 ft. : lvs. large, glau-
cous, heart-shaped, much-lobed, deeply veined : fls.
pinkish ; stamens about 30. China, Japan. B.M. 1905.
Gn. 54, p. 279. Gng. 5:342.

J. B. Keller and W. M.

BOEHMfiEIA (G. R. Boehmer, a German botanist).
Urticdcem. Many widely distributed species. B. nlvea,
Gaud., of trop. Asia, is cult, in some countries as a fiber
pliiTit, Ml]. I lias li,,}i int.-.. iliipcd into this country for that
piii'ii.i-. . It i- II -I r.iii_' -lowing, large-lvd. perennial,
well -mil il ii. ihi Im,i-.|. 1- as an ornamental subject.
B.iir:/.',,!,,,. Liii.L, a siiivi- plant, is useful for subtropi-
cal IjLdiliiig ; l.ui it is u..t in the Amer. trade.

BOLANDBA (H. N. Bolander, Califoruian botanist).
Saxifragdcea. Two species of small west American
herbs, with purplish fls. in lax corymbs ; petals 5. in-
serted on the throat of the 5-lobed calyx ; stamens 5,
altpi-iKite with petals. Delicate herbs, suitable for rock-
wi.rk.

Oregina, Wats. A foot or two high, pubescent and
glandular : lvs. laciniately toothed and lobed : fls. deep
purple ; tube of the calyx equaling the teeth and a little
shorter than the petals : pedicels reflexed in front.
Oregon.-Int. by Gillett in 1881.

The first-described spp.>ies, Tl. CaVMrnica, Gray,
seems not to have In. n nil. r.ii in the trade. It is a
smaller species, hss |,iii,. ,, , m. wiih smaller fls., the
lower lvs. round-rciiiliii III nn.l ."i li.l.i-d : plant 3-12 in.
high, the stems weak iiml sLmlir.

BOLDOA FEAGEANS, cult, iu S. Calif. See Peumus.

BOLfiTUS. Consult Mushrooms.

BOLLEA. See ZiigopetaJum.

BOLTdNIA (James Bolton, English botanist). Com-
pdsifa;. False Chamojiile. Four or 5 species of aster-
like glabrous, often glaucous herbs of the United States
and eastern Asia. They are tall and leafy plants, bloom-
ing profusely in late summer and autumn, and excellent
for the hardy border. Differs from aster in having a
convex receptacle, short pappus bristles and awns, and
other technical characters. Boltonias are of easiest cul-
ture. They take care of themselves when once estab-
lished. Prop, by division. Should be better known to
gardeners. They stand without staking.

asteroides, L'Hcr. (B.!/l<ii<tirdlia,L'E.eT.). Sts.2-8ft.,
simple Iiclinv and bnin.'liing at the top : lvs. broadly
lanreolatcurtlif upper Marr.nver: heads sUort-peduncled,
uum.i-.iiis, tlir rays varying from white to violet and
purpli : iiiviiii, r, l.racts lanceolate and acute, greenish;
si-al' I ' ■' I us numerous and conspicuous, the

two I, missing. Pa. to 111. and S. B.M.

2:i.sl. "i :.,:.;. — Perennial.

latisyuiima, (,iuy. A handsomer plant, with larger
and more showy heads with blue-velvet rays : invo-
lucre bracts oblong or obovate and obtuse (often bear-
ing a minute point); pappus scales small, the awns
jiresent and conspicuous. Kans. and Mo. G.F. 5:271.
Perennial.

B. CantonUnsis, Pranch. & Sav., is native to Japan,
where the young plants are used for greens. See George-
son, A.G. 13, p. 8, fig. 4. It is annual. Has not yet ap-
peared in the Amer. trade. Gray restricts Boltonia to
the U. S., and regards this species as of another genus.
L. H. B.

BOMAEEA (derivation doubtful). Amarylliddcew.
Teiiil.r S..iitii Am. ri.viii ]ilaiits allied to Alstroemeria,
anil Willi siiiiiliir lis. I.ut a i winiui,' lialiit. Lvs. parallel-
vein.. I. ii-iiall\ lioi-ii.. on viioi-t. iwi sled petioles: fls. in
pen. in I. ins ninl,, |., \ m ioii.[x ..olor,.,! and spotted, borne

in early s|iiin i,] , i : perianth funnel-shaped:

tube none, ^i I: ! i , \ i.ai-yllideas.

Bomarea- . . ; , i i.h. fibrous soil, and require

plenty of wai. i luriim lin growing season, which com-

Plate III. A mixed Border.

itiitioii of herbs ugiiiiist a bouiidiiry hedge.

BOMAREA

mences early in spring. Late in fall the stems are cut
down to the ground and the roots are kept in the soil in
a dry state. While they often make satisfactory pot
plants, they do best when planted out in an open, sunny
position in a cool conservatory, where they have plenty

BORDER

169

Prop, by fresh seeds,

1 germinate readily if sown in shallow

pans in a warm propagating-house. Also,

and more rapidly, by careful division of the rhizome,

to which some of the roots should be attached.

Cult, by N. J. Rose.

A. Perianth segments equal.

B. Umhel simple : fls. medium-sized.

oligAntha, Baker. Lvs. 3-4 in. long, oblong, acute,

lax. thin, densely pubescent beneath : fls. 6-8 in an

umbel: bracts large, leaf-like; segments 1-1^ in. long,

outer dull red, inner bright yellow with reddish brown

spots. Peruvian Andes

BB. Umhel compound
c Fh small
Salsilla, Herb. (5 ociihlfa, M Roem Al'^t>a'me)ia
oculAta, Lodd.). Fig 2iS Lvs 2-i m long ^Am
broad, lanceolate or ohlon.; 1 inceol-ite modeiateh firm,
glabrous beneath : umbel -1-1 > ra\ ed ri\sl— Im long,
1-3-fld.; bracts smiU fls pink oi red marked with
blue and dark purple withm Chili L B C 19 1851
B.M. 3344.

cc Fls large
C4rderi, Mast. Lvs 4-6 m long 1^ -T m broad ob
long, acute : umbel l~ft long b-9 i im 1 in 1-1 tl 1
bracts large, leafy ; perianth segnn iit _ in I ii_ iit i
pale pink, spotted brown near tht t j inn i _i ni h
white, much spotted FM 1876 J 'i i ( II i

Shuttleworthii, Mast Lvs ,-i ml ii ut. ,

glabrous : umbel 1 ft lou„ -In i l\ i

fld.: perianth segments J m 1 n_ mi r

greenish yellow. Colombian Vii I i < 11 I iiid

85. The curious egg shaped tulins tt rminiti un
branched roots, which spring from aihxzome about 1 in
wide. Having no ej es or buds, they cannot be used for
propagating.
AA. Ferianth segments not equal, the inner longer
than the outer.
B. Umhel simple.
Patacooftnsis, Hei-b.(£. conffrta, Benth.). Stems pur-
ple-tinted, pubescent : lvs. 5-6 in. long, oblong-lanceo-
late, pubescent beneath : fls. 20-30 ; outer segments
1)4 in. long, bright red, inner ones 2K in. long, bright
red, yellow-keeled, with a few spots. Andes of Equador
and Colombia. G.C. II. 17: 187. B.M. 6692. -When well-
grown, the umbel is very dense and many-fld.
BB. Umhel compound.
vitellina. Mast. Lvs. 3-4 in. long, ovate-oblong : um-
bel about 12-rayed : perianth segments bright yellow,
outer IK in. long, inner 2 in. long : bracts large, leafy.
Peruvian Andes. G.C. II. 17: 151. W. M.

B6MBAX (a Greek name for raw silk, alluding to the
cottony contents of the pods). Malfdeeie. Silk Cotton
Tree. Ten or 12 tropical trees, with digitate 5-9-foliolate

lvs., 1-fld. axillary or clustered peduncles, and usually
large white or scarlet fls. Specimens are rarely seen in
cult, in flue glass-houses, and none of the species appear
to be in the Amer. trade. The bark of some species pro-
duces commercial fiber.

BONESET. Eupatorium perfoUatum.

BORAGE (Bordgo officindlis, Linn.). Boraginctcem.

A coarse annual plant grown for culinary use in some

parts of Eu., as in Germany. Used as a pot-herb and

sometimes with salads. Only the young lvs.

are palatable. Mostly known in this country

as a bee-plant and for its handsome blue

=~_^' or purplish racemed fls. It is a hairy plant,

^ lH-2 ft. high, with oval or oblong lvs. Eu.,

North Africa.

BORASSITS. PalmAcete. Tall palms, with large pal-
rtabelliform plicate lvs.: sheath short: petiole
spinv: ligule short, rigid: fr. large, subglobose, brown.
Species 1. Trnp. Africa.

flabellifdrmis, Linn. Fig. 244. St. 30-100 ft. high: lvs.
8-10 ft. long; If. -segments bifid at the apex. -Widely
cultivated. One of the most useful palms of India.
The fruits are very large. Many parts of the plant are
utilized by the natives as food and in the arts. Wood
black, very hard. This plant requires rich soil and
strong heat for its best development, and is rather slow-
growing under cultivation, especially while young. The
illustration (Fig. 244) is adapted from Martius' Natural
History of Palms.

Jared G. Smith and W. H. Taplin.

BORDER. A narrow planting, particularly if it is
alongside a walk, drive, fence, or other boundary.
Plate HI. Figs. 245, 246. The term border may be taken
to have meant origin illv a line of plints set out to mark
the edge or dividing line or termimtion of i part of the
giounds in min\ mstances still to be seen in the most
an< lent gardens of castles ind other residences These
are formed on the ter

race, where no other js'J^l'?*^

form of floral decora -; , ,^5ft.

tion would be possilile

(1) the shi
der m wh

forms of garden plants
of fruticose habit are
blended so as to make
a harmonious whole

(2) Another form of
border now happily al
most obsolete, is the
"ribbon border," in
which plants of dwarf
habit and bright color-

recent jucirs, but pub-
lie taste has been edu-
cated to see and to like
the old-fashioned bor-
der, or (3) the border 24
proper,— the one that
was used when gardening had to be done without the aid
of glass structures, all the occupants being hardy by na-
ture, whether of annual, biennial or perennial dura-
tion. It may be said that we are in the renaissance of
the flower border ; but much has been added to it, and

^.--^^2"

flabelhformis

170 BORDER

the greater possibilities we have are due largely to our
greater wealth in plants.

To have a good flower border is by no means an ex-
pensive undertaking if a few essentials are regarded.

BORDER

plants are very desirable, such as bergamot, monarda*
the perennial fennel, with its graceful foliage for blend"
ing with cut-tl'Avirs, a little bush of nie, ..in- ..f iiuirjo-
raiii, ;l ]il;nit <4' Tin- lemon-sceuted vert"ii;i 'n- ;ilM\-i:i
(wl]i''l] iii;iy 1... « int. -red over indoors), tljr ^r, nt. d -. r:i-

ad manv

ass

i.l h,

and tricniis. .Spi
they "come befoi
many kinds are 1

ir^ iim^t not be neglected, as
-allow .lans," Narcissuses in
e hardy aii.l jm nnaii. lit ; so, also, are the
Darwin tulips, even tlmugli unlike the florists' ideal.
This recent race of tulips and those of the Gesneriana
type live year after year and grow better, besides giv-
iiii< fine blooms for cutting. Crocuses may be placed near
the margins in warm comers, planting over them or
sowing a few seeds of annuals to cover the soil that
hides tliera in summer. Stocks, zinnias, asters and
mignonette are all admissible and most suitable,
clump or row of sweet peas :
Gladioluses are excellent. T
in a group, to do thorn justir.

the back

intervals,
"• planted
Ml then he
M needles

to protect them. The regal .1 ; i much wa-

ter, and may be given a special In i, . ;,. I. i: .an be sup-
plied freely, other semi-aquatic plants being placed with
them, provided the one border does not give the desired
variety of soils ; but the whole of the above-named

that ab-

that d:

The first and most important requisite is a good depth

of soil ; it matters little what the kind of soil, if good,

but it is better, if possible, to vary the texture and be

able to control the quantity of moisture. Lilies are

among the most beautiful of border flowers, but they

like a soil that is light, cool and un.ivt ; hence decayed

humus, as leaf-mold, is valu il.I. :M iu\ other sub.iect

as annuals from warmer ( lim it

sorbs heat rapidly and ri t un^ r

sandy texture. In this will tin

down early in summer, surli i-i i'

enables the bulbs to m.iini

winter, and to make an i n

majority of plants, howe\ < i

that will not dry out readilx m li

be made rich enough to grow

cannot starve the plant and exj

bloom. If the natural soil be not

make it so. If it is not possible t

gin well, and add to it i^ tini. i

need the space, foi ii will t'l 1 >iii

der of plants win. h in i n dl i i

there will alwu> s h. |di iiu loi

quantity of roots to sj.au .

The location of such a border is an important ci
sideration so far as general effect and efficiency
cerned. Along the line of a fence or
margin of a walk, drive, or avenue,
are good locations. The front line
may be straight, curved or irregular
in outline, according to the situation
or fancy of the owner. The plants
will lend il, I , 1 I ■ ■■
all form,
of their o
lotted spa. 1
suitable loi ili.
many. Begin w n 1

flowers, such as ] I i is,

larkspurs, pen mi | \ -

rethrums, iris, hi la

host of others. II i i

excellent, but in 1 1
or rust must be K i i i

spraying. The (.. i , n i i 1 t h n
phlox must be addid, hut mi to it
that it does not seed the bed and
produce a tiresome crop of poor,
weedy sorts. The same may be said
of the larkspur. In fact, unless
some specially marked flowers are wanted for seed
it is best not to allow border plants '- "-' — ■"
soil, for they speedily make trouble. Sweet smelling

plants may be
properly
One of
pository .
asters ar
anytliinsr

ide to grow in a mixed border if it be

, I I a border is to make it a re-
I I r.ly plants. Here plant wild
1.:-. ,v)i.l lilies and buttercups, and
iiilmin which interests you in the
'lose plants may be dug even in sum-
tops, leaving a few leaves just above
them firmly, and most of them will
reflects the personality of its maker,
never spade up or fork
border. Let all enrichment be given as a
dressing in fall, allowing the plants to come up
through it as thev will. The best time to plant is early
■ 1 fall, before the soil loses
s stored-up warmth, as the
lants then get well estab-
shed before spring ; but if
ivision and replanting are
ecessary, wait until things
ave made a visible start
1 spring, so that nearby
lants are not injured by the

spade or fork. The border is an important conception
in landscape gardening {see Lantlscape Gardenina).
E. O. Okpet.

The Hardy Border may be made a most attractive
feature of any planting. A good model to follow may
often be found along a country road which has not been
" cleaned up '* into formality and monotony. The charm
of the hardy border lies as much in its happy faculty
of change as in its beauty ; every day of the growing
season, and every week of the year, there appear new
points of interest. It is apparently nafiire'.s workshop,
and the changing habits of plants are of vitLil interest.
It is always crowded, never full ; the shy lii-iiuty found
on a ramble takes its place promptly among tlie older
friends. With a little care and previous observation,
and reasonable preparation of the soil, the hardy border
can be made to reflect the preferences and personality
of the planter. The available material is so rich and
plentiful that there need never be duplication. Nor is the
best hardy border an expensive luxury ; it requires no
rare exotics, and its chief memVjers may well be the com-
mon plants of the neighborhood, brought together under
conditions which give each a chance for development.
A border is recalled which shows as its chief glory in
September an enormous boneset ; visitors who exclaim
at its beauty do not recognize the roadside weed. This
particular border is most catholic in its hospitality to
all American plaiiTs — im foniiriK-rs are allowed admis-
sion. In early ^.j i irn.' tli. -r. ;it tiddle-heads of the un-
curling cinnam-m I'ln- iii:(!>- w irli the trilliums, and the
moss-pink carpets ilir i^U,-. alurnating with the spring
beauty and bluet. TLu (juluinbines hangj their bells
against a rocky point, which later is a glory of wild
roses. Shady comers have the laurels and the rhodo-
dendrons, and the warmth of early summer brings out
the yarrow and the rudbeckia, ju.st before the happy
succession of asters and goldenrods start on their pro-
cession toward winter. No two days show the same
blooms ; often a visit in the afternoon gives a totally
different impression from the morning view.

Artistically treated, and with care to keep out any of
the formal and comparatively artificial plants (gera-
niums, coleus, verbenas, and the like), the hardy border
may be a source of much enjoyment and edification,
whether it be in a city back yard or a great park. Often
an existing cluster of shrubs or bed of lilies in the home
grounds may serve as a starting for the border ; and
some fine examples are remembered as incidental ad-
juncts to the farm vegetable p:itidi. while one which has
a most distinct indiviilii;ilii\ "\ ]■■ -.^ww unobtrusively
flanks a unique Conneii 11^ ; : - . i in.

To create an indivi.lu: ;- r. the planter

must divest himself of jn' lii, r , :,im1 rhcfrfully start a
burdock where its richness of foliage is needed, backed
up with a skunk cabbage for greater breadth of green,
if need be. He should estimate plants for their beauty,
their individuality and their season of bloom, as mem-
bers of his general plan. He should be prepared to con-
sider any plant a prize in the border if it fits, and any
plant a weed if it is inharmonious.

J. Horace McFarland.

BOEECOLE. See Kale.

BOKONIA (after Francis Borone, an Italian who lost
his life at Athens in the service of Dr. Sibthorp).
RutAcem. A genus of Australian shrubs with numerous
fls. having a rue-like fragrance : Ivs. opposite, odd-pin-
nate, or simple. B. megastigma and its allies, B.elati:

and ^.7 ' ""

stigma (

stamens, 4 of which are small. yeUow, pollen-bearing,
and hidden under the stigma, while the 4 large, conspicu-
ous ones are dark purple or black, and bear no pollen.

The chief value .,{ I!.,r(iniiis is their delicious fra-
grance. A Slliali ~]M .11:,. I, ■ ill l„rtU!m' a Wlli.lr linll-P

for tw.. nr i|,|-, ,. ..,,', I; .,,,,Ms avr ,nlt iv.Ml r,] lil,,.

Cape h.-aih. Ill ;, , ,:..,,, , ,., . .\lt. r i1,,nv. I'liiu iIm y

BORONIA 171

to them. The English florists set their young plants in
the open ground during summer, being careful to shade
them with lath frames. Plants that have flowered two
seasons are thrown away and replaced by younger speci-
mens. Robert Cameron propagates them by cuttings
from half-ripened wood inserted in 4-inch pots, which
are filled to within an inch of the top with a compost of
finely sifted loam, peat and sand, over which is spread
a layer of sharp sand. After a thorough watering,
they may be placed under a bell-glass in a greenhouse
where the temperature ranges from 45-50° F., and
shaded from bright sunshine. Seeds germinate readily
in the same temperature, an^ make good flowering

247. Boronia megastigma (X K)

plants in one season. Seeds can be obtained from Ger-
man or Australian dealers, large quantities being col-
lected in the wild. Boronias belong to a large class of
hard-wooded Australian plants that were popular along
with the Cape heaths in the early part of the 19th cen-
tury. These were largely replaced by quicker-growing,
soft -wooded plants. The renewed interest in Boronias
is largely due to the more recently introduced species,
of which the first three described below are the best.
American florists have lately grown them somewhat for
Easter, especially B. heterophnHa. Many species are
likely to be introduced, as these shrubs are very bril-
liant in Australia, blooming when very young, and re-
maining attractive for two or three months.

A. Stigmas large.

B. I/vs. less than 1 in. long : leaflets in 1 or 2 pairs,

plus an odd one.

0. Fls. borne singly

megastigma, Nees. Pig. 247. Height about 2 ft. : Ivs.

very sparse, %-% in. long, sessile, the upper with one

pair, the lower with two pairs of Ifts. beside the end

one ; Ifts. narrowly linear : fls. maroon-purple outside,

yellow within, borne less densely than in B. elatior. At

times some fls. are chiefly brown, others chiefly purple.

B.M. 6046. — The best species.

cc. Fls. borne in whorls of 4 or 6.
heterophylla, F. Muell. Height 5-6 ft. in Australia :
Ivs. 1-1^2 in. lone, sometimes simple, usually with 1
liiiii-, ranlv 2 pairs of Ifts.: fls. bright scarlet, but
uMiall-. im'tin-fcl as puriilish Crimson. Differs from B.
,'.('."/ iiial 11. iii,;ri.<t:</,i,ii in its larg.er leaves, fewer
Itts.. nioio lirilliaiit tls. and longer filaments. Cult, only
iu its var. brevipes, Hook, f., which differs merely in
the shorter peduncles. B.M. 6845. Gn. 32: 622.-Of late
years it has been grown for Easter by florists to a con-
siderable extent.

^^u

Yll BORONIA

B. Lvs. more than 1 in. long: leaHets in S-6 pairs,

plus an odd one.
el&tior, Bartl. Height about 4 ft. : pubescence va-
riable : Ivs. close-set, 1-2 in. long, i^-% in. broad,
petioled, with Ifts. in 2-6 pairs : Ifts. broader and
shorter-acuminate than in B. megastigma : &s. dark
red-brown, or rosy red, or purple, sometimes showing
groups of widely different colors on the same branch,
and borne so densely as to
hide one side of the branch.
R.M. C285. Gn. 10:39. F.E.
491.

AA. Stigmas small.
pinnata, Smith. Lfts. in
2-4 pairs, very smooth,
acute : peduncles diehoto-
inous, 5-7-fld. : stamens 8.
B.M. 1763. L.B.C. 5:473.

tetr4ndra, Labill. Lfts. in
4-.') ]i;iirs, obtuse, glabrous:
hnmches pilose : pedicels
short, 1-fld. : stamens 4.
W. M.

BOTANY. The science
which treats of plants ; plant-
knowledge. In Its widest
sense, and properly, it in-
cludes much that, by com-
mon consent, is usually in-
cluded in horticulture,— as
amelioration of plants by
domestication, hybridizing,
aud the like.

BOTRfCHIUM (Greek, in

allusion to the grape-like
sporangia). OpMoglosscicem.
Native Perns of woods and
pastures, with fleshy roots,
broad temate Ivs., and
sporangia borne in a pani-
cle, which branches from the
common st. Grown in the
hardy border, or against a
building on the shady side.
They require no special
treatment, and are little cul-

large enough to make a display.

AA. Lf. stalked from, near the base of the

.."Phyll
-.1 U.S.
ihich is

obllquum, Miilil. Ii-._'i> I'hini.i. I. "i in. high, with a
termite 11. - li I'. < i; I'l'ly ovate or ob-
long, '.. ■|iii. I'l , li il 'I lalked. (B.ter-

natiiin. Aiitlmr , im.i ^v. .. whhii i - a very different
Japanese specii's.) JOasrcrn U.h.

dissfiotum, Spreng. Plant, G-18 in. high, with a temate,
finely dissected If., 3-8 in. wide, the ultimate divisions
■Yii in. or less wide. Eastern U. S. — Evergreen; delicate

and graceful. Grows in woods.

BOTTLE-BRUSH. Se

M. Underwood.
Metros ideros.

BOTTOM HEAT. Said of soil temperature which is
higher than that of the superincumbent air. Most ten-
der plants require to have the roots warmer than the
tops, particularly when grown under glass.

BOUGAIXVILL^A

BOUGAINVtLLffiA (De Bougainville, 1729-1811, a
Prench navigator). j^ifctaginace(e. A half dozen or
more species of S. American shrubs, with alternate
petiolate entire Ivs. The fls. are small and inconspicu-
ous, tubular, the margin 5-6-lobed ; stamens 7-8, on
unequal capillary filaments ; ovary stipitate. Fls. in 3's,
e.ich line ciilifpndcd by a very large coI..rf il bract. These
Itr.M-i^ art- \rry iraudy, and constitute tiir ri.cnrative
value ..f the plants. Two more Or les~ -eaielem -p.i-ics
are ehi, ily k)inH-n in cultivation. Heiuani\ illeas are
ju^^t now rt'eei\-iiig much attention in tlii> eeiniTry.

glabra, Clioisy. Pig. 249. Growing 10-16 ft. lii^'li and
wide, when planted in the ground and allowed to have
its way : (jlabrons : Ivs. ovate and acuminate, glabrous
and brJL'bt irreiii : liraets cordate-ovate, bright rosy red,

111.23:168.

.54, p.

F.E.

rl liaiiilsome ; often grown in
Sanderiina, Hort. Very flo-
eivMiiall pots: bracts deeper

11:977;

1185.

spectabilis. Will
Hort.). Taller an. I
hairy : fls. in Ian,'
color, but varying
4810, 4811. P.M. 1
also as B. Brnsilh
Var. lateritia, Lei
bracts. I.H. 14: H
full bloom, but m
not so desirable.

hy plant.

, Lindl. B. splindens,
user and thicker Ivs.,
Hts larger, deep rose
eenish. Brazil. B.M.
;ii. — Variable ; known
ii'i and B. Peruviana.
H'irt.),has brick-red
Than the last when In
uiuw, and, therefore.
Her than B. glabra.

form

refulgens, Bull. Lvs. pubescent : racemes lot
drooping, and bracts purple. Brazil.— Perhaps
of B. spectabilis. l H. B.

TI i- I! I nfu ion in species and varieties of

I' ' •' -lie. They seem to vary consid-

er /. lel its varieties seem to be un-

pi I". I.-. ' ' .' ■ :, nee with thousands of plants of

j;. ./'i/j,.; anil \ai. .Si/je/. liana leads us to say that we
cauuot think of any class of plants so readily'handled.

^^-ii_>— iw

249. Boueainvillaea glabra (

They are easily propagated, are not particular as to soil
or treatment, their growth is strong' and rapid, they can
be flowered with ease and certainty, and they are but
little subject to insect attacks. Their flowering charac-
ter is so persistent that a small stock of plants will afford

BOUGAINVILL^A

cutting material for alraost six months. The bloom-
bracts are extremely durable. They harmonize well with
some of the popular orchids, and also go well with Amer-
ican Beautv roses. Entire heads of plants produce very
decorative "results, and are very satisfactory on account
of their durability.

Bougainvilleas are propagated easily in April, May
and June. Secure half-ripened or old-wood
cuttings— no wood is too old or too heavy—
and cut into 6-12-in. lengths, or shorter if
more attention is given to them. Place the
lower part 2—1 in. deep in sand in an airj
situation, fully exposed to the sun during
April, with some bottom heat for this month
In May and June give no bottom heat, but
slight shade should be given during the
brighter hours of the day. The sand should
be kept moist, not wet, and cuttings be
syringed several times
every day in bright
weather. The foliage will
drop mainly at the end
of the first week ; after
the second week, roots
may be seen. The time
of rooting varies from 12
to 30 days, according to
conditions. In propaga-
ting in quantity, it is ad-
visable to grade the wood
according to ripeness,
enabling the removal of
the same from sand with
less tro\ible and loss of
time. For first potting,
use a light, sandy li^uni. m
roots ; place in a -hin! >
on the dry side !■'!■
syring'

shifted 1

almost

as they will \\:n\t daily syriIl^'illg and a free
supply of water. They should be grown with
full sun exposure uuder glass, and plenty rf
air, and in July and August may receive al
most daily drenchiugs of water. All growths
should be exposed to the sun by occasional
turning of plants ; this secures a ripened con
dition of wood, which is essential to best
results. So grown, every shoot will flower
freely. If crowded or sha.fied. satisfactory re
suits are risked. The aim sIh.uI.I I..- t.. srcure
strong, well-ripened griiwihs l,y ili^ last it

October. For earliest hi ;i. pliiii- iiiav le

heIddrierfrorathistinie.nl. Inn in il aic i f

B.qUibni la.t ..iioii-li to v.-lk.w the foliage
unless ill v. ly -fiMn- plauts. With a little
experieiKT. th.- .aili.-t rested plants can le
flowered for Christinas, and others can le
brought in successively. The new growths
will aft'ord cut-flower material until midsum
mer. In June, the flowering plants should be
held as cool and airy as possible, but not
shaded or only slightly so If held too warm
or dry, the bracts drop m a shoit time After

BOLTVARDIA 173

sun. Growths may be pinched according to the end in
view.

Strong, well-ripened shoots of B. gjahra, tied hori-
zontally, produce numerous laterals, whose inflorescence
is very distinct in character from the earlier bloom,
clusters of intense mauve bracts crowding the shoots,
offset by the dark green, glossy foliage. The arrange-
ment or disposition of the bracts on such
shoots IS a revelation of beauty compared with
the n 18 familiar form. B. ghihra is gener-
ill ] kf-n of as a climbing plant, which may
1 I 1 1 a lai!^.- state or when the plant is
ui ''totl as to root room. In pots up to

1 1 . \vi ha vr frequently seen shoots 20-25
ft 1 ijut thLse always prove mainly self-

sui-I- rting. Both B. glabra and its variety
m ike iistinct and extremely showy subjects
foi the lawn. In a partially sheltered situ-
ation they could be held in fair condi-
tion for at least a month.

B. glabra, var. S<in(h/riana, has
proved valuable as a deeor.ative plant,
particularly for Easter, as it can be
flowered unerringly, and possesses the
merit of being duiable for weeks —a
decided ad\ ant-ige over most subiects
grown for that seise n B qiabta also
nii\ be grown mt sh \\ \ s] m ens
but being less t n | lis / ;

shl

elY,

lUts It

the flov
plants may be held
days; then all old so
roots and tops ) i i
repotted to sm ill
drainage. Thm 1 1
cutting. As an i n
this stage, shade to

Irv fo

ipleted, the

B /lifi I - I 1 1 ti

size of th 1 times IS

large ^s tl i d their

an mgem flset bj

luxuriant I j \ ears to

be the most i ir I e \ iiet\ tor cut
flower mateiial \\hile b mdoiana
from its elegant compact habit, affords
a splendid subject for pots

Theo. F. Beckekt.

BOUSSINGAtTLTIA (J. B. Boussin-

gault, born in 1802, a famous agricul-
tural chemist). Chenopodidcew. A few
tropical American climbingherbs. Fls.
small, perfect, with a ,5-parted, short-
tubed perianth, 5 stamens, and 3-
divided style, in long racemes. Lvs.
alternate, thick, entire.

baselloldes, HBK. Madeira Vine.
Mignonette Vine. Pig. 250. Peren-
nial, root tuberous: stems smooth and
twining, reaching 10-20 ft. in a season,
and in late summer or fall bearing
profusely of the fragrant white fls.
(which become nearly black with age) ,
and producing little tubercles, by
means of which the plant is propa-
gated. Equador. B.M. 3620. -A com-
mon vine, prized for porches and ar-
bors. The roots ai-e stored in tlie
winter, and plaiitiW out ali.r dan-
ger of frost is p;,-l. Tlir plant

the

L. H.

250. Made

iinge

frequently. Keep on the dry side until
foliage indicates that water may be given more freely.
Hundreds of eyes will push from strong plants ; and
the plants will soon make rapid growth, when they may
be syringed and watered daily. A yellowish foliage is
evidence of too much water, but this will hardly occur
with plants thoroughly drained and exposed to the full

BOUVAEDIA (Dr.Charles Bou-

vard, physician to Louis XIII.,

and superintendent of the Royal

Gardens in Paris). Bubidceie.

Between 20 and 30 American

I Vine, or Boussingaultia. (chiefly Mexican) shrubs or per-

ixyi.) ennialherbs. Mostly tropical, but

some of them range as far N. as

Texas. They have entire and mostly sessile, opposite

or verticillate lvs. with small stipules interposed, and

terminal cymes of long-tubular fls. with 4-parted limb

(lobes becoming more numerous in cult.), 4 stamens,

and 1 style with a slightly 2-lobed stigma.

Bouvardias are very useful late fall or early winter-

BOUVARDIA

Thou eh thev r

them to the deptli y( 1 im-li with the same misture. If
the pans are then placed in a warm temperature with
bottom heat, every piece will quickly de^'elop one or
more buds and grow into a young plant. March is per-
haps the best time for propagating. As soon as the
young plants are well rooted they should be potted
singly into small pots and grown along in a tempera-
ture of about 60°. By the end of May the plants may be
planted out, either in spent hotbeds or frames prepared
with a goodly proportion of leaf -mold mixed with the
soil, if fine pot plants is the ultimate aim ; or if grown
for cut-flowers only, they may be planted out in the
greenhouse benches about l."i in<*hcs apart, giving all
the air possible atiil :i iilmlilul -uiiiily of moisture. In
both cases, the plani mmi i l" 1.' pt well pinched back
to induce a busliy hiKK, ,iti'l :i! -i to insure a greater
profusion of flowers. 'I'.jw .tr-t^ ilii' end of September
those intended for pot plants sliould be lifted and potted
and placed in a close frame for a week or ten days,
keeping them moist and well shaded until they have re-

proach of frost they

I- nivl L'iven a tem-

- I I- ilie attacks of

" ! !■ should be

- i.r ih(- operation,
ted by keeping

covered from lifting. Before

should be removed to the grr-i

perature of 50°. They are vn

mealy bug and green fly.

sprayed once a week witli an

izer sprayer, choosing 6m- m

After flowering, the plants sh

them almost dry. Towards the end of April they

be well pruned back, and in May again planted out for

the summer. The same plants may be grown in this

way for several years, when in 4 or 5 years' time they

will make very fine specimens.

Cult, by Edwakd J. Canning.

The Bouvardias of florists do not represent any of the
type species. They are sports, hybrids, and other types
of variations. The Latin-form names in American
trade catalogues nearly all belong to these garden forms.
The species which are of most import to the horticul-
turist are mentioned below :

A. Fls. in shades of red.

B. Zvs. normally in S's (except, perhaps, on the

branchlets),

triphJUa, Salisb. (B. Jdcqnini, HBK.). Small pu-
bescent shrub, 2-6 ft. high ; Ivs. in S's or 4's (or oppo-

BOWIEA

— The genus Bouvardia was founded upon this species,
which was introduced into England about 100 years ago.
It is evidently the most important parent strain, al-
though it is probably not in cult, in its original form.
Figs. 251 and 2.')2 partake very strongly of this species.
In fact, Fig. 251 compares well in botanical characters

(except less long-pointed Ivs.) with the early pictures
of B. triphijUa.

leUntha, Benth. Much like B. triphylla ; more bushy
and better grower : stems hairy : Ivs. hairy above : fls.
glabrous. Mex. R.H. 1851: 81. -Perhaps only a form of
the preceding.

Other red-fld.3-lvd. species are: B.angustifdlia, QBK.
Lvs. lanceolate, revolute, glabrous above and fine-pu-
bescent below : branches nearly glabrous. Mex. B.hir-
tilla, HBK. Very similar : lvs. pubescent on both sur-
faces. Mex. B. scAbra, Hook. & Arn. Lvs. ovate,
short-stalked: fls. large, in dense clusters, pink ; stem
hairy. Mex.

B. Zvs. opposite.

Cavanillesii, DC. {B. multitlbra, Schult.). Hairy:
lvs. ovate-acuminate, broad at base, short-stalked, edges
hairy: fls. VA in. long, very slender, glabrous. Mex.
AA. Fls. yellow.

flfkva, Decne. Lvs. opposite, ovate-lanceolate or lance-
elliptic, very short-stalked, ciliate : fls. very long,
drooping, in 3-5-fld. racemes, bright yellow. Mexico.
F.S. 1:43.

AAA. Fls. white.

longiHdra, HBK. Glabrous, branching shrub : Irs,
opposite, ovate-acuminate, stalked : fls. Vi-2 in. long,
with a very slender tube and a \. i'l> -it- jiini . i.m-i-
limb, 2 or 3 together and atr^': 1

cyme. Mex. B.M. 4223. F.S

(Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts and S-,, ,,..|. ,,i, i,,,,i li,,-
species belongs to the genus Iluu.^ioiiia. l\ui kuuwii to
be in the American trade.

Humboldtii, Hort. Lvs. opposite, ovate-acuminate :
fls. very larsre, fragrant, in a large, terminal cluster.
G.C. 1w7!t :T1 7 — 'i'ltis is a choice conservatory plant, and
is in 111. \i " I iiimI,'. It is usually catalogued as B.
Ihnn' ^"fiora. Blooms from summer to

winii I I >i.rivativeof S. ;o«(;i'rtora. B.can-

Lid to be a hybrid, with

//..

of i

iiloi-i

L. H.

site on the branchlets), lanceolate to lance-ovate, glabrous
above: fls. an inch long, pubescent, red. Mex., and reach-
ing N. to Ariz. B.M. 1854; 3781 as B. splendens,QTah.

BOWIEA(after J. Bowie, colIectorforKew). Liliiceoe.
A monotypic genus containing one of the most curious
plants in the vegetable kingdom. A round, green bulb
4-5 in. thick throws up yearly a very slender, twining
flower-stem 6-8 ft. high, with many compound, forked,
curving branches below, and numerous small green fls.
above. The St. is somewhat asparagus-like. There are

BOWIEA

no Ivs. except two small, linear, erect scales at the apex
of the bulb, which quickly vanish. The Ivs. show its
relation to Drimia and Scilla.

volClbilis, Harv. Fig. 253. Perianth O-cleft to the base :
segments incurved at the tips. S. Afr. B.M. 5619.— '
Sold by Reasoner Bros., Oneco, Fla., and cult, in botanic
gardens with cactus-like Euphorbias and other curi-
osities. W. M.

Boifiea voluhilis is a useful plant for twining on the
supports of a moderately warm greenhouse, and is of
the easiest possible culture. Propagation is effected by

253. Bovriea volubilis.

the

divi'

of

I I ' X h.-n tho bulbs sho'uM l.f repotted in

• Ml _i.i I, I -wil, and ki'pt wi'll \\.itLTed until the
-fill- >' ,-1. 1 HI, irure, which u-ually cccurs in May,
when wati-r should be gradually withheld, and the
plants stored away in some shaded part of the green-
house and kept quite dry untU the season of growth
begins again. Edward J. Canning.

BOX. See Buxxis.

BOX ELDEE [Acer Negundo, which see). Fig. 254.
A very popular small native tree for planting on the
prairies and in trying climates. It propagates most
readily from seeds! It is an excellent nurse tree for
other species. The wood is of inferior quality. It grows
with great rapidity for a few years.

BBACHYCniTA (Greek, s?iorf. bristle). Compdsitce.
One species, growing in open woods from Ky. to N. C.
and Ga. Closely allied to Solidago, from which it differs
in the very short pappus (the bristles shorter than the
akene), and the lower Ivs. cordate. B. cordita, Torr. &

BEAHEA 175

Gray, which has been int. by dealers in native plants,
is 2-.3 ft. high, soft-pubescent, with thin, serrate Ivs.:
Hs. golden yellow, in small heads, which are borne on
raceme-like secund branchlets. Recommended for the
native border.

BRACHYCOME (short
hair, from the Greek, al-
luding to the pappus).
Compdsitw. Australian
herbs, with membrana-
ceous involucral bracts,
naked receptacle, very
short pappus bristles, anil
diffuse leafy growth. One
species in cult. :

iberidifdlia.Benth. Swan
River Daisy. Figs. 255,
256. A very graceful little
annual(6-12 in. high) from
Austral., suited to bor-
ders, and also attractive
in pots; seeds may be sown in the
open or under glass. Fls. blue or
white, an inch across: Ivs. small,
pinnate, with very narrow divis-
ions ; ^abrous. l. h. B.

BBAHEA (Tycho Brahe, the
astronomer). Palm&ceif, tribe
Coryphe(€. Spineless palms, with
medium caudices, ringed below,
and clothed above with the bases
of the fibrous sheaths. Leaves
terminal, orbicular, somewhat
peltate, flabellate - plicate, split
down the middle, the lobes bifid,
infolded, filamentous on the i
gins ; rachis short, narrow ; ligule
Bubtriangular; petioles flattened,
dentate along the margins ;
sheaths fibrous : spadices long,
pendulous, paniculately much
branched, the ultimate long ver-
miform obtuse branches rigid, 254. Raceme of youne
spreading, very densely velvety fruit of Box Elder.
tomentose : spathes many, long-
linear, firm, coriaceous, split, glabrous ; bracts and
bractlets minute: fls. sninllir than the diameter of the
branches, hiddiu in tlw f^mi.iitnni : fi-. '■■, in. long, ob-
liquelv fUipsui.hil. minntrlv ihiIh -i-, nt. laterally keeled,
pale when dry. S|h ,i.s 1, .M.:x. t.. il.i' Andes. Of sim-
ple culture iu a Ijbruus compust, witli an admixture of
sand. Prop, by seeds.

diilcis, Mart. Palma Dotce. Stem 10-20 ft., 6-8 in.
thick, cylindrical : Ivs. 4-5 ft. long ; petiole plano-con-
vex, green, with pale marL-in« : liirnlc short, subtriangu-

^^^^fMM

176

BRAHEA

lar, green, the scarions villous margin at length de-
ciduous; fr. edible. Mex.

B. filamentbsa. Hort.=Washingtonia flUfera.-B. fiUfera.
Hort.=W. fllifera.— B. i/latica. Hort.=Washingtonia fllifera.—
B. roblUta. Hort.=Washingtoiua.-B. Eazlii, Lindl.CB, glanea,
Hort.)=-Washingtonia fllifera. Jaeed G. Smith.

BRAKE. A name applied to
various coarse ferns, particu-
larly to Pteris aquilina.

BBAMBLE. Thorny plants
of the genus Rubus. — raspber-
ries, blackberries, dewberries.

BBAS£NIA (meaning unex-
plained). NympliwAcea. Water
.Shield. One species of aquatic
plant widely distributed (in N.
Amer., Asia, Afr., Austral.).
Lvs. oval and entire, floating,
centrally peltate : fls. axillary
near the summit of the stem,
small, purple ; sepals 3 or 4 ;
petals 3 or 4, linear ; stamens
12-18, on filiform filaments ;
pistils 4-18, forming indehis-
cent follicles. B. peltita,
Pursh, is not a showy plant,
but is interesting for ponds.
It is catalogued by dealers in
native plants. Grows in 1-6 ft.
of water. L. H. B.

BEASSAVOLA (A.M. Bras-
savola, Venetian botanist ) . Or-
chidHcew, tribe Epidindrece.
About 20 Trop. Amer. epi-
phytes, closely allied to Lselia,
and demanding similar treat-
ment. Suspend on blocks. The

ceraose, the sep:
narrow and greenish, the lip
white: lvs. thick, solitary. For
the cultivator, the treatment of
Brassavola is identical
that of the Mexican Lfel
Pl.-iitv of

be found to suit them. />'. /'(;/'•;/'»«•/, Li
Digbyana; B.glauca, Lindl., is Liella gh
A. Flower solitary.

CUCUllita, R.Br. {B. cuspiildta, Hook.)
and subulate, grooved alinvc : scapf very <
ing a very long-tulir,l tt., s.. thnt tlic ).l.i^
be elevated on a stnn: sepals ci-rain-r.
red; petals whiti-; !i|< ;:-liil"(l, limlu-iat
lobe beak-like. S. Amer. B..M. OIJ, :i7:22.

AA. J<Vs. in racemes on corymbs.

acaiilis, Lindl. & Paxt. Low: lvs. very narrow: fls.
large, greenish white; lip cordate; tube red-spotted at
base. Cent. Amer.

cordita, Lindl. Lvs. linear, rigid, recurved : fls.
corj-mbose ; sepals and petals lance-linear, acuminate,
pale green; lip ri)unilish-cordate, cuspidate, entire,
scarcely as long as 111 I , 1 i s , J miaica, Braz. B.M. 3782.,

noddsa, Lindl. i /• . Lindl.). Lvs. 1

late, acuminate. e[, ,: .- ; jis. few and large,

corymbose; sei.al umI i.. iil- linear-acuminate; lip
round-ovate, long-cuspiUate. entire, longer than the
claw. Jamaica, Mex., S. B.M. 3229, of this name, is B.
subulifolia. L. H. B.

BRASSIA

and the wingless column. The fls. are odd and spider-
like in form, and are cultivated chiefly for that reason.
They can be grown with Cattleyas. They bloom in sum-
mer, and during that time should have liberal supplies
of water. Keep them quiet in winter, but do not dry
them off completely. Grow in pots with thorough
drainage, in a soil of fibrous peat and sand. Prop, by
division.

The Brassias succeed well in the Orchid house de-
voted to Cattleyas, one that is not too warm in winter
and furnishes pleiitv ^.f air (lurinir the warm months.
They have le.i i. > n i. i!;! .i :'i ..i^l. ns. as their flowers
lack" brilliaiii i • is weird, and to

the collect.. r r . ■ ar.- almost as allur-

ing as the ( ii!: i'-t . ulture is best, as the

plants mak. i ■. and are vigorous root-pro-

ducers. J!. / .uiil its variety longissima,

with B. rirrn. 1 .St. known in gardens, and

are most desir uii. ir.iii a . ultivator's standpoint.

Cult, by E. O. Orpet.
A. Sepals and petals whitish or greenish.

verrucbsa, Batem. Fig. 257. Strong : foliage deep
green: fls. many and large, the greenish white petals
and sepals blotched wit^ darkjpurple, the lip white and
warty. Guatemala. Var. grrandifldra, Hort., has fls.
twice larger than in the type.

AA. Sepals and petals greenish yellow.

macuiata, R. Br. Sepals and petals pale or greenish
yellow, short for the genus, marked with large, irregu-

BRASSIA (Willi.in
century). Orchiili'u;
Amer. plants, closely
from that genus by

nal collector of last
.: . About 30 Trop.
iinii. Oistinguished
and pointed sepals

lar brown spots, the large lip white, spotted
%vith brown and purple. Jamaica. B.M. 1691.
— Int. into Eu. in 1806, being one of the first
known of exotic Orchids. Flowers large, but not i
showy.

Var. guttata, Lindl. (B. WrAyw, Skinner),
greener, much spotted, lip yellowish ; spikes 2-S
high. Guatemala. B.M. 4003.

BRASSIA

AA\ S<pa!s and petalb cleatii yellow
caudita, Lindl Spike° drooping, 12-18 in sepals
and pttiN very long (4-6 in ), barred with brown; lip
ytUow mi broad spatted W Ind A F 0 ()09.

Lanceina, Lmdl Robust with 2 dirk sreen leaves
from 1 II h pseudobulb tls lirffe ind numerous, very
fr 1,1 nit listing 2 oi iweek- s, j. ds m.l j.et ils bright
\.U"« lon_ imltii.Min, l.l..tc li. d » ith l.i ..wn or red,

BRASSICA IV /

rigin is lost, and perspicuity demands that they be kept
istinct in a horticultural treatise.
The confusion into which our Brassicas have fallen is

tht lip

Mllow ind w n\

-P"tt

.1 It til, bis,

S. Amer.

BM '

->77 - A. hindsom

e spi

us Thill 1

e two or

thill ^

unties

Lawrenceini Lmdl

=?epals

and petals bright yellow,

SpottlC

%Mth brown and

greet

, hp yellow t

nged with

grim

otherwise much

like the last Braz

J.H. III.

SO 275

Var longissima, Reichb f has a spike 18-20 in. long,
and veiv slender sepals which are fa or 7 m long, the
lip puiple spotted near the base Costa Rica. B.M.
'^^7ls -A remirkible pi mt

Gireoudiana, Riiihb f ct Warsc Large, with many-
fld s( ipis rts lu.ii thin m B iaHteani, the sepals
in,! pitils \ei^ lun, tin \ mil the Up bright yellow,
blotched -nith deep 11,1 i ist i Ki. i L H. B.

BKASSICA (old ills , ,1 ,,,,)! Cucife^w. Prob-

ti d plants, espe-
1 assicas have re-
sts The inevita-
supiihtial study
11. c n u Brassica
ilu iii_ to reduce
in 111 muals are
il" 1 , t old types
lis IS supposed to

1 Musta d— B I

and ther t t

the be t i
• Bras c I I

» Prodro I

juncca (X") m Tran I 111
and u S
following scheme closely folio v th t tl
of tl e forn s wh ch are here kept separate a
be der ved from their fellows but the evi le

12

260 Flowers of Cabbage — Brassica oleracea (X }4).

me e re due to the lifferent vemac lar names

1 tl 1 ear n d fferent co nt es The F ench use

w 1 h u u II t 1 1 11 forms of B.

11 t 1 -tl t 11 tl e blue, thick-

(•11 - 1 I r I i tl tabaga is

11 1 tl 1

11 1 \ t 1 1 V of the dif-

fe 1

1 t 1

F h

r jlsl S lean.

ChouCah s

C bhige C 11

Chou de MUan

ho s Cahbage.

Cho le Bruxelle

B u els Sprouts B Is Sprouts.

Choui er s

B re le or kale Bore le or Kale.

Cho ra e

{''o K'-oSlrlV^^ jl^ohlrabi.

(T n p rooted 1

do

■I Cabtageor SRut 1 ga.

1 Swed 1 T rn p j

Cho fleur

Caul flower Caul flower.

\dvet(orChounavet) Turuip Tuimp

A JHoJe pin t

qln en 11 e le nflouer: Iva. of

tl n

f 1 ■ip J fl OS (Brassica

I I 1

/ I

II ete 1 when joung fls. large

1

1 1 II tie petal consj c o isly long-

I 1

Itl , 1 llj t

oleracea L u

( ABB ACE CaLLIFLOWEK BRUSSELS

Sp T Kale

F 10 Lvs nooth from the first,

1 tl t

r t 1 er u Sea ho s f the Old

\\ 1 1 It

11 I enn 1 -^ e < U j

Nap s 1

R PF I tl f the first;

11 J 1 1 ri 1 1 t md more

111 11 I

1 The lotau 1 } t n of the

R 1 rento

do bt

campestns L

nn RiTABACA F g bl First lvs.

hair the root u

h lally tuberous

178

BRASSICA

BB. I/VB. {except upon the flower-stem) thin and green:
fl.i. smaller and bright yellow, less prominently
eld wed.

c Plant pnlentially biennial {that is, the root hard and
thirkeiied, often distinctly tuberous): foliage firm

D. Foliage distinctly hairy.

B&pa, Linn. Common Turnip. Lvs. prominently

lyrate or intprnipted helow,the root tuberous. — Whatever

the orinin of tin- Hutuliasia and Turnip may be, the two

plants sli'n\ L- I ii i.inii-al characters. The tubers of

the tw" ;i I ! Ill si-ason, texture and flavor. In

the Hull' I ill leaves immediately following

the sccil |i .1 1 I . -ii;n-sply hairy, but all subsequent
leaves an- entirely smooth, densely glaucous-blue, thick
and cabbage-like, with a fleshy petiole and midrib. In
the Turnip, the radical leaves are always moi-e or less
hairv, and thrv are grppn nnd radish-like, thin, with
I tl,r I..,-.- !irf ninfh more lyrate,
ii. ' ~ ■■" 1 1- !.,.i i,,|,. ; tin- small leaves

iliiniiir imd narrower

' .|"- 1 1 ill- Kiitahaga, the flow-

II' rnl.KiL-r like, whereas in the

mall, yellow and mustard-like, with
more spreading calyx
but the cone of expanding leaves,
or the "heart-leaves," always
shows the hairs distinctly,
while the heart-leaves of the
Rutabagas are entirely gla-

Turnip th.-y
shorter claws
vary

feathered petioles, sharply and irregularly toothed,

a thin hluom : lieak of the pod mori- abrupt : ro..t

a conical turnip. These routs reach a ■
4 inches, and are scarcely distinguMi
turnips in appearance, texture and tin \ I n

tubers are used as a winter vegetable, ti,, >.(,]- i,,
sown in summer. The plant is native to China. It r
not appear to have been brought to the attentior
botanists until Bretschneider published an account (
in a French .ioiiriial in 1881. Paillieux and Bole
Potager d ' u 1 1 I mi ii\i n _'ard It as a variety of i?r«.<;
juncea,\'<\' '.J il i '.-e mustard belongs, liut
■ plant. It Ls nearly relatei
I h .■ I sprung from the same :
iLil. distinguished by its siiat
which is shown in Fig. 264.

very diffei'. i

Pak-Choi, ai

cies; but it t.- .
toothed lvs., one u

CC. Plant truly a
Pe-ts4i, Bailey.

lual: foliage profuse, loose and soft,
Pe-tsai Cabbage. Fig. 265. Nu-
merous radical lvs., large
and light green, oblong or
ovate-oblong, crinkled and
very veiny, and the raar-
i'avy, contracted into
nd ribbed petiole 1-3

brous, fleshy, and remind one of the young shoots of
sea-kale. The Turnip usually produces seed freely if
the bottoms are left in the ground over winter : and
thereby the plant spreads, becoming a true annual and a
bad weed, with a slender, hard root.

DD. Foliage not hairy.

ChininBis, Linn. Pak-Choi Cabbage. Figs. 262, 263.
Radical lvs. wavy and ample, glossy green, obovate or
round-obovate in general outline, either entire or ob-
scurely wavy or even crenate, tapering to a distinct and
thick, strong petiole, which is generally not prominently
margined ; pod large and tapering into a beak half an
inch long; root sometimes tuberous. — This plant is
grown by the American Chinese, and is occasionally
seen in other gardens (see Bailey, Bull. 67, Cornell Exp.
Sta. ). It is impossible to determine if this particular
plant is the one which Linnieus meant to distinguish liy
his Brassica Chinensis, but it best answers the de-
scription in his Amoenitates (vol. 4). In Linnspus' her-
barium is a Brassica marked " Chinensis " in his own
handwriting, but it is purple-fld. and has lyrate-lobed
lvs., whereas Linnffius described his plant as having
yellow fls. and Cynoglossum-like lvs.

napifdrmis, Bailey {Sindpis jiincea, vslt. napifSrmis,
Paill. & Boisl. TuBEROus-BOOTED Chinese Mvstard.
Fig. 264. Radical lvs. comparatively few, the blade thin
and oval in outline, and on long and slender, slightly

Chinensis.

in. wide, which is provided with a wide, thin, notched or
wavy wing; stem lvs. sessile and clasping; pod of me-
dium size, with a short cone-like beak. — The Pe-tsai, or
Chinese Cabbage, is no longer a novelty in Amer. gar-
dens, although it does not appear to be well known, and
its merits are not understood. Its cultivation and pecu-
liarities were described in Prance as long ago as 1840,
by P^pin, who says that, while the plant had been
known in botanic gardens for 20 years, it was brought to
notice as a culinary vegetable only three years before
he wrote. It appears to have attracted little attention
in Europe until very recent years, however, and it is
still included in the second edition of Paillieux & Bois'
Le Potager d'un Curieux, 1892. It began to attract at-
tention in the United States probably about 15 years
ago. The leaves tend to form an oblong, loose head,
like Cos lettuce. See Cabbage.

Japdnica, Sieb. California Pepper-grass. Pot-
herb Mustard. Fig. 266. Rather numerous radical
lvs., oblong or oblong-obovate, the margins either
crisped or cut into many very fine divisions, the petiole
distinct at its lower end ; stem lvs. all petioled ; pod
very small, with a slender beak. — The soft, thin lvs.
make excellent "greens." Long known, but with no
designative name, in old gardens in this country, and
occasionally runs wild. Int. in 1890 by John Lewis
ChUds as California Pepper-grass. A very worthy
plant (see Bull. 67, Cornell Exp. Sta.),

Whole plan
in flower,
clasping ;

BRASSICA

■/reen or but sliglttly glducous tchen-

vs. on the fZ. -stems not proiiiiiit-ntly

fls. small and yellow. Annuiils.

Mustard.)

B. Pod terete or nearly so.

jiincea, Coss. {SinApis jilncen, Linn.). Chinese Mrs-

^ARu. Pigs. 259, 2G7. Rank aii.l ccarsi. irrnwcr, in the

common forms making great tiii'ts nt i t lv.«. if .sown

early: radical Its. generally abundant and often very
large, oval or oboval in outlim-, tin- Ijlado angled or
tootlied, tapering into a narrow petiole, which generally
bears leafy appendages ; lower stem-lvs. more or less
tootlied and petiolate, the upper ones oblong or oblong-
lanceolate, entire and usually sessile or clasping : flow-
ering stems and Ivs. more or less lightly glaucous : fls.
bright yellow : pod slender, of medium size, tapering
into a short beak. Asia. — This much abused species is
held by Hooker and Thomson ( Journ. Linn. Soc. v. 170 I .
to include a great variety of forms, as Siuapls Itpvigata ,
Linn.; iJ. integrifolia, WiUd.; S. ramosa, rugosa, pa-
te}ts, rinicifolia, Roxbg. ; S. lanceolata, DC, and others.

nearly smooth below {sometimes grown as Brassica [or
Sinapis] rugosa}, the other with root-lvs. obtusely
toothed and spinescent on the veins below (comprising
Chinese Mustard, Chinese Broad-leaved Mustard, and
Brown Mustard). Linnieus founded his Sinapis juncea
upon a figure in Hermann's Paradisus (Hermann, Para-
disus Batavus, t. 230, 1705), which represents a plant

anth-tube : fr. 3-celIed, many-seeded. Native of the
mountain and table land region of Mes.— Five species
have been described, but recent explorations have
brought to light some 5 or 6 additional species. While

264. Lower stem-:

263. Tuberous Root of Pak-Choi.

Alba, Boiss. Wild Mustard. Tall : Ivs. pinnatifld
and rough-hairy: pods spreading, hairy, the lower part
thick and few-seeded : seeds pale brown, large. Weed,
from Europe.

Sinapistrum, Boiss. Charlock. Tall : Ivs. strong-
toothed, or sometimes nearly lyrate : pods knotty,
glabrous or hairy, the upper third indehiscent and
2-edged, usually 1-seeded. Weed, from Europe.
BB. Pod distinctly 4-angled.

nigra, Koch. Black Mustard. Fig. 268. Wide-
spreading and loose grower : Ivs. pinnatifld, somewhat
hairy : pods short and erect, glabrous ; seeds small and
dark brown, pungent, supplying the mustard of com-
merce. Cult, in Eu., but a weed in this country. -Com-
mercial mustard is the flour of the seeds of this species
chiefly, but the seeds of B. alba and probably of B.
juncea are sometimes used. L_ jj_ B_

BBAVOA ( Bravo, Mexican botanist). Amaryllid&cece .
A small genus, much resembling in some of its species
the tuberose (Folianthes), and considered by the writer
as hardly distinct from it. Stems slender, from small
thickened rootstocks: Ivs. mostly basal: inflorescence a
lax spike or raceme; fls. always in pairs more or less
bent or curved ; stamens 6, included within the peri-

the flowers are not as showy as the common tuberose,
yet the genus should be found in every choice bulb col-
lection. Only one species has been cultivated to any
extent, and even this species is not well known. As the
in the high mountains of Mexico,
they ought to be hardy in the
southern stretches of the tem-

geminiflora, Llav. & Lex.
Mexican Twin Flower. Stems
1-2 ft. high: bulbs small, 1-1}^
in. long, the outer scales cut
into fine fibers at the top : basal
Ivs. linear, erect, 6 lines or less
broail, smooth : fls. in a slender
raceme, reddish or orange-col-
ored ; lobes minute, rounded.
B. M. iH\. — Handsome, and
worthy of more attention.

B. Bulliana. Baker. Basal Ivs.
described as lanceolate, 1-lH in.
broad : fls. in 5 or 6 pairs, white.
Seemingly too near the little known
Polianthes Mexicana. Not in cult.—
B. sessilifldra, B. denaiflbra, and B.
singulifldra are rare species, only
known from herbarium specimens.
The latter two, however, should
probably be excluded from this
group. j_ N. Rose.

BEAZIL NUT. See Bertholletia.

BREAD FRUIT. See Artoearpiis.

BREAD NUT is Brosimum Alicastrum.

BBECK, JOSEPH (1794-1873). Plate H. Boston seeds-
man, and author of The Flow er Garden or Breck s Book
of Flowers hrst | ul h^htil m IHjl and reissued m 1866

265 Pe -Tsai Cabbage - Brassica Pe -Tsai.

180 BRECK

as the "New Book of Flowers." This was preceded, in
1833, by "The Young Florist." In 1822, he founded the
seed business now conducted at 51 North Marliet St.,
under the name of Joseph Brccli & Sons. He was one
of the original members of the Massachusetts Horticul-

i)^^-<S^y^

BBEWfiBIA (Samuel Brewer was an English bota-
nist of last century). ConvolrulAcea. Herbs, rarely
somewhat woody: lis. much like those of Convolvulus,
but style 2-clcft. the divisions simple, with capitate
stigma, the corolla pubescent outside in the bud : Ivs.
simple. Trailing plants of 30 or more species in warm
climates.

grandifldra, Gray. Root tuberous : stem
pubescent : Ivs. broad-ovate and very
short-stalked : peduncles 1-fid. : fl. very
large (3 in. long), bright blue and showy,
funnel-shaped ; stigmas large and glo-
bose. S. Fla.— Int. by Reasoner Bros.

BRIAB. In America, commonly applicil
to brambles or thorny plants of the genus
Kubus, especially blackberries. In the
Old World, it is applied to large, wild-
growing roses.

BBlCKfiLLIA (Dr. John Brickell, an
early American naturalist). Compdsilif.
About iO species of herbs or small shrubs
in the warmer parts of the U. S. and Mex.,
onlv one of which seems to Ic in tic
tr ie So e 1 at all e 1 to f I t r I
I \e n e ther oppo ite or al r at

fl 1 tc cream colore I or fl 1 re 1

11 tl p PI e tl er cal 1 k r

0 e h t 1 lui t akent t
grandifldra N tt Ta-sif F

N 1 t,l 1 I

1 tr
ol te abo
40fll Ir

1 I 1 a

Breck s stei n 1
BEEV06ETIA

catalogues of the pre

BRIDAL WREATH

BRIDCEMAN THOMAS

g as

lo s t

1 ant

Ore B 1

Theflo

Needs partial sha le

so Alfi d Br Ig
Nev-iork \ 1
b I n s n av 1 e f
tl e prese tin I

!<« n \ frel

BRINCKLL WILLIAM DRAPER Plate II Ph s
Dela re

267. Broad-leaved

Mustard — Brassica juncea.

n 18
ost o(
N J

t the s ze of a pirlor H ] r

r I err\ tl \\ 1 ler Pre 1 nt I

r n e raspberr s ai d tl e W 1
( rl tte pta s Lnfortunateh mo t t 1 k h

r 1 1 err es vas lone w \ II I Up s theOlXW orld

. ec e 1 1 n t 1 1 1_ n Amer ca, I t Is jellow
fruited variety of raspberry is still regarded by many as

BRINCKLE

the acme of quality. He was for many years vice-presi-
dent of tlie Pennsylvania Horticultural Society, and
was regarded as a 'leader of American pomology. In
raising pear seedlings, he was wont to graft and regraft
annually, after the second or third year from seed. He
thus produced new fruits in half the time required hy
Van Mons, many of whose novelties did not fruit within
twenty years from seed. Dr. Brinckl^ gave away thou-
sands of grafts to amateurs and tradesmen everywhere,
and always prepaid the can-iage. In 1800 he edited
"Hoflfy's North American Pomologist." a high-class peri-
odical' with colored plates, which, unfortunately, did not
survive. Some sprightly anecdotes of Dr. Brinckl^ are
reprinted from the Gardener's Monthly for 1863, in
Bailey's "Evolution of Our Native Fruits." -^y, ]v£_

BRODI.EA

181

BBITISH COLUMBIA. See Ca

adu.

BElZA (Greek name of a grain), aramlneo'. Quak-
ing Grass. A genus of grasses cultivated for the
graceful panicles, which tremble in the slightest breeze.
Lvs. flat or convolute; panicles loosely flowered and
open ; spikelets many-flowered, triangular or heart-
shaped, nodding ; glumes membranaceous and rounded
on the back; awnless. Species, 12 in Eu., N. Afr., S.
Amer. About 5 are considered to be ornamental and
useful for dry bouquets.

geniculita, Thunb. Fig. 269. Plant 12-18 in. high:
•culms geniculate at the base: lvs. 3-5 in. long. .<imooth
above, slightly rough below: spikelets showy, nodding,
oblong-cordate, ^in. long, 9-12-fld.,] with a striking
ribbed appearance.

mixima, Linn. (B. mdjor, Presl.). Annual, 14-18 in.
high : lvs. long and linear-acuminate : panicles nod-
ding; spikelets oblong-cordate, 13-17-fid. Eu.— A hand-
some ornamental grass.

m^dia, Linn. Common Quaking Grass. Plant 6 in. to
2 ft. high : lvs. short, linear-acuminate : spikelets tri-
angular, ^2 in. long, 5-12-fld. Eu.

minor, Linn. (B. grdcilis, Hort. B. minima, Hort.).
Plant i-15 in. high: lvs. 1-5 in.
long : panicle with hairlike
branchfs : ^jpikelr-ts triangular.

l;ill til.' Howi
. Afr.-.\u r

■i..^' ^-lumes. Eu.,
■<'■ li"tfl.v pretty

P. "b'.' Kennedy.

BEIZOPtHUM. See Desma-

BEOCCOLI.

See Caiilifloiver.

BEODIiEA

coteh botanisi

(•T. .7. Bin.liP, a

tl. I., In-,,;,,. West

ruwth. some

i.i„. |,l:„,ts of l,nv

ecoming popi
erianth mostl

i.'lar iu' .-u'li.' Tlie
il on a scape, the
y funnel-form, and

ither saccate

or non-saccate.

mging fr,.,„ ,

see Stroplwlirion ; for B. cocrinea, see Brevoortia.
Monogr. by Baker, in G.C. III. 20, pp. 213, 238, 459, 687:
also Watsou, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts and Sci. 14: 236.

Index to tbe species: Bridgesii, 4; Californica, 11;
Candida. 2; congesta, 19; Douglasii,22; erecta,6; filifolia,
16; gracilis, 9; grandiflora, 10; Hendersoni, 5; Howellii,
23; hyacinthina, 7; ixioides.6: lactea, 8; l.axa, 1; lilacina.

i:r."ii:i-,i. still further

[|i.- L-riin. I,y including

269. Briza eeniculata. some sprcir^.i! Smith Aiiii'rican

(XK) bulbs heretofn,.. -. ,.m:,,, ,i n,„i,,r

Milla and Tiii. i : I. . ,i ,. ms

thus outlined, includes Hookera, Tri:. -: . Mli-

prora and Hesperoscordura. Forhonn ulim mI |.ifi ; ii^rs,

it is better and more convenient to merge all into Bro-

disea. In this broad sense Brodiaea includes about 30

species, which must be divided into several groups.

The species differ so widely in every way that cultural

directions must follow the group. For B. volubilis.

270. Brodiaeas.
At top, B. Candida ; at bottom, B. ixioides,
var. SDlendens : at left. B. Bridgesii.

8,23, and supplementary list; major, 8; minor, 6, 12;
multiflora, 20; Orcuttii, 15; parviflora, 20; peduncularis,
3 ; Purdyi, 18 ; rosea, 17 ; splendens, 6 ; stellaris, 14 ;
terrestris, 13.

In this group, which contains some of the best species
in cultivation, the phints have a fibrous-coated flattened
conn, resembling that of the crocus; not usually bulbif-
erous. Tbe lvs. are few, all radical and grass-like; the
scapes are slender but stiffly erect, naked except for
bracts ImIow the iiiauy-fld. umbel; the fls. are oftener
broadly tulmlar, Imrne on slender pedicels, and are in
pur])li-s, wliitc and yellow. All are hardy, but a protec-
tion of straw or Icavfs is advisable in the colder regions.
A liijUt, loose, well-drained, sandy or loamy soil best
meets their needs, and an excess of moisture and very
rich soils are to be avoided.

1. l&xa, Wats. Strong, with many broadly tubular
purple fls. : tube very narrow, and equaling or exceed-
ing the segments ; filaments very slender ; stamens in
2 rows. N^ Cal. G.C. HI. 20: 241. -Showy, and one of
the best. There are many variations.

2. Candida. Baki-r. Fig. 270. Much like B. laxa in

fliara.tor- of liloom. hut s,.-,„,.iits whit • hluisb with

a LToeii \('in, ami llir lis. -,-t :il ■in ;iiil'1. tin- |iedicel,

so Iliat liio\- all I': on.' w a \' : fnriii.a' 'li-1 1 ni^'uished by

carinate lvs. Calif.

3. pedunctdiris, Wats. Still stouter (1-2 ft.), with
smaller and fewer white fls. on pedicels a few inches to
a foot long; filaments short or none. N. Calif. G.C.
III. 20: 243. — This species grows in wet, heavy ground
close to water, and is very bulbiferous.

4. Bridgesii, Wats. Fig. 270. Similar to B. laxa, but
stamens in one row, corolla with a spreading limb, and
color reddish purple ; filaments deltoid. Cent. Calif.
G.F. 1: 126.-Grows a foot or more high.

5. Hfindersonii, Wats. Resembles B. Bridgesii: yel-
low, banded purple: filaments somewhat winged, but not
deltoid: small-fld. Central and N. Calif, to Ore.

182 BRODl.lCA

G. ixioldes, Wats. Allied to B. /«j((,butdwarfer(3 in.
to 2 ft.). Fls. few to many, on pedicels 1-i in. long, in
shades of vellow and often purple-tinged ; filaments
winged, 2-toothed above. S. Calif, to Ore. B.R. 1590.
B.M.3588(as(;'.W/i;-n.;" Iiitm). G.C. III. 20: +59. -Many
handsonii- v,n 1. lir-, I'Im lic^st is var. BplSndens, Hort.
(Fig. 27(11, , lii I. 1 1-1, t yellow fls., the limb wheel-

shaped. \ I uinmi. II ri. Dwarf: fls. yellow, with
dark baii.l umI Mu. :iiiili,is. Var. er6cta, Hort. Dwarf.

7. hyacinthlna, Haik'v. Ann. Hort. 1891,267 {Tritelela
hifiirhdiiiiia, lireene)." From 1-2 ft.: Ivs. linear : fls.
l6-:!il. I ill. or less long, milky white or purplish. Calif.
-Probably a t'oriii of the nfxt.

S. lactea, Wats. Ill ibc t> 1" , 111- ibi li.iMt of B. laxa,
but the Hs. h:Lvi- a sboir iiii . ■■ rorolla, and

are white, wiib (.TCM n iiiich I i; i i ;ioid. Calif,

to Brit. Coliiiiil.ui, ill inanv i.in,- 1; K. li.:;'J (as Hes-
peroscoi'tlKiii liu'ttmn ami 11 . iiiju' tnUn luim ]. G.C. III.
20:4.59.-Var. lilaclna, Wats., i.s much stronger, very
bulbiferous. f,'ro\vs in wi-l. heavy soils, and has a larger
fl., which is usually lilac-colored. Var. mijor, Furdy.
Like var. lilai-i,i,i. but Hs. white.

9. gracilis, Wats. A tiny species, with small yellow
fls. Scape 2-4 in. and purplish: If. 1: fls. Kin. long, on
pedicels of equal or greater length; filaments elongated
and very slender. N. Calif., in Sierras.

Group 2.
In this group the corm is not flattened, and bears many
strong offsets ; the coating is hairy and reddish. The
Ivs. arc linear and grassy; the scapes stiff, few-fid.; the
fls. of a thick, waxy tcxtun-, funnel-form (except B.
/"HCf/^i), very lastinl'. usually i.iir|ile. These Brodiseas
are native to a heavy soil, in latiiir moist situations, and
are hardy. They will thrive under conditions recom-
mended for Group 1. (Hookera.)

10. grandiJldra, Smith (Hookira coronAria, Salisb.).
Scape 4-10 in. high: Ivs. nearly terete, dying before the
fl.-st. appears: fis. a-10, blue, of good size (1 in. long),
very lasting; staminodia obtuse; anthers linear. Calif,
to Brit. Col., Ore., and Wash. B.R. 1183. B.M. 2877.
G.C. 111.20:213.

11. Calif6rnica, Lindl. (ffoofcera Califdrnica, Greene).
Very like B.grandinora: scape longer ( 12-30 in.) : fls.
10-20, lK-2 in. long, rose to deep purple : staminodia
linear and cuspidate. N. Calif. G.C. III. 20: 215.-"The
finest species for garden purposes," ace. to Baker.

12. minor, Wats. Very slender, 3-G in. : fls. >^1 in.
long: staminodia broad and usually emarginate; anthers
oblong. Calif, to Ore.

13. terr^stris, Kellogg. Scape short or practically
none, the umbrl sittiii- on the earth: Ivs. nearly terete :
fls.%-1 in. loll-; siainiiMiilia emarginate, yellowish: an-
thers sagittati-olil.iii^'. ( 'iMitral Calif., along the coast.

14. Btelliris, Wnts. Low: scape with long pedicels and
3-6 bright purple Hs., with white centers : Ivs. nearly
terete: anthers winged behind: staminodia white, longer
than the stamens, emarginate. N. Calif. G.C. III.
20: 213. -Very pretty.

15. Crouttii, Bailey, Ann. Hort. Is'.'l. _'o7 ill-"h'ra
Orcuttii, Greene). Plant rather stmr . i ■ nioc
high: Ivs. linear, flat or nearly so: i , i ilmii

an inch long, short-tubed, lilac; siu im :i -innll,

triangular .scale or none. S. Calif, d.i . Ul. 2u: :;!.").

16. filifolia, Wats. (Hookera filMlia, Greene). From
6-12 in.: Ivs. slightly flattened: fis. 3-6, ?i In. or less
long, dark colored ; staminodia triangular, twice shorter
than the anthers. S. Calif.

17. rbsea, Baker (Hookera rdsea, Greene). About
3-6 in.: Ivs. nearly terete: fls. 5-8, under 1 in. long,
rose-red ; filaments dilated ; staminodia white, obtuse
and entire, longer than the anthers. N. Calif. G.C. III.
20: 213. -A pretty species.

18. Piirdyi, Eastw. Ditterent from others in having a
short-tubed fl. with broadly spreading, declinate seg-
ments, the throat constricted. Cent. Calif., in Sierras.

Group a.
In these pretty Brodia?.as the corm is long and bulbif-
erous. Lvs. grassy; the sc*pe tall, slender and flexuous;

BROMUS

the fls. in a close, head like umbel, the separate fls.
waxy and narrowly tubular. They like a loose, perfectly-
drained, loamy soil, with some humus. Hardy. The spe-
cies are not readily distinguished. All are from Cent.
Calif, to Wash. Known as "California Hyacinths."

19. congfista, Smith. Tall (2-3 ft.), with a globular
head of purple fls.: Ivs. somewhat terete: fls. 6-12, ses-
sile or nearly so, % in. long ; fliaments 0 ; staminodia
purple, 2-toothed. N. Cal. G.C. III. 20:213. -Blooms late.

20. multill6ra, Benth. Similar to Ji. congesta: fls.
6-20, sessile or short-stalked, umbellate, % in. long,
blue; staminodia lanceolate, entire. Calif., Ore., Utah.

21. capitMa, Benth. Lower (1-2 ft.): Ivs. narrow-
linear: fls. many, in a capitate umbel, % in. or less long,
lilac {& var. alba); three inner anthers winged. Calif.,
Utah, N. Mex. B.M. 5912. G.C. III. 20: 238.-Early
blooming.

Var. parvifldra, Torr. Dwarf (3-6 in.), very early.

Group 4.
Bulb as in Group 1: fls. many, in a dense umbel, the-
tube about as long as the segments.

22. Doiiglaaii, Wats. Lvs. linear: scape l}^-2 ft. : fls.
few, in a close umbel, saccate as in Brevoortia cocoinea,
blue : segments as long as the tube, the inner one»
wavy: filaments winged. Ore. and Wash. B.M. 0907.

23. H6wellii, Wats. {Tritele\a Hdwellii, Greene).
Fls. bell-shaped, white: differs from B. Douglasii in
smaller fls., and segments not more than half as long as
tube. Wash. B.M. 6989.

Va- lilaclna H—* '^ — o* ♦'■e i->."'i="'"e''* o* a"
Brodiceas and a f,cod growc i IN poict lam blue sug

g stncof B, n liu rocc i la Wash (, C III 19 767,

20 ' iO C I 0 - 1 I 11 1 t 1 f,

J •. N (alif-.B

171 ro lol 1st and

1 W Its 1 ft fls

h, Biker 1 ft or

BEOMfiLIA (Br

c DiCftrs

f, I ters

p il ir as

St I 1 / leita

m \ I II t 11 1 I t 1 I 1 t Ananas

( ulturc as for Billl ergia whi h see Monogr bj Mlz,.
in De Can lolk s M m t,r 1 hanei 9

Pm^uin, ijinn. i'inuuin oi Jamaica. \\il.u FinE.
Three or 4 ft. high : lvs. broad-toothed and spiny,
bright green, but becoming pink and red w-ith age : fls.
reddish, pubescent, in a dense panicle, with a mealy
rachis, the sepals acute : fr. as large as plums, acid.
W. Ind. — Makes a good hedge in tropical countries, andi
the fr. yields a cooling .juice.

Bin6tl, Morr. Panicle lax: sepals rounded at the top:
habit open and spreading. Braz. l. h. B.

BEOMPTON STOCK, See Matthiola.

BKOMUS (Greek, food). Graminea:. Brome Grass.
Annual or perennial grasses, with large spikelets, usu-
ally over 1 in. long. Lvs. flat, the sheaths often closed:
panicle branched, somewhat spreading ; spikelets sev-
cral-fld., erect or drooping, awned, rarely awnless;
empty glumes 2, unequal, acute; flowering glumes usu-
ally rounded on the back (except B. unioloides). Species
about 40, most abundant in the North Temperate zone,
some also in temperate S. Amer. ; a few on the moun-
tains of the tropics. A number of kinds used as for-
age grasses. The common Chess is B. secalinus.
A. Spikelets lO-flowered or more.

brizsefbrmis, Fisch. & Mey. {B. squarrdsus,va.T.muti-
CU.1, C. A. Mey. ). An elegant biennial grass with droop-

insT paniclps of ppikclcfs about as large as those of Brisa
i,ni.ri,„,i : Ivs. .-,-7. s,.tt i.uli,s.-..nt, blades 2-3 in. long:
^|likrlrt^ 1 1 1- 1 .'- tl. 1 . , ii. ..M ii ii;'. awu sliort. Int. from Eu.
-\riv u^.fiil ill ilic iiiixril linriU'r, and for drying for

maordstachys, Desf. {B. lanceoJAius, Roth. B. divari-
cAtitf!, Rohde). An erect, smooth annual: Its. soft,
covered with hairs; sheaths slit: panicles erect, nar-
row, the branches very short or the lower ones some-
what long ; spikelets large, lanceolate, 10-16-fld. Medi-
terranean, Siberia.

AA. Spikelets from 1-10-flowered .

Madritfensis, Linn. (B. polnstAchi/iis. T>C.). Loxn-
AWNED Bkome Grass. Fig. 27 "

annual, geniculate at the
base : sheaths longer than
the internodes ; blades 2K-3
In.long ; spikelets dull green,
7-10-fld. : flowering glume
linear -lanceolate, about %
in. long, including the two
slender points: awn about 1
In. long. — Pretty ornamental
grass. Int. from Eu.

uniololdes, H B K. (B.
Scliraderi, Kunthj. Kescue
Grass. A stout, erect an-
nual, 2-3 ft. high : sheaths
shorter than the internodes :
blades flat, smooth on the
lower side, scabrous on the
upper ; panicle variable,
about 8 in. long; rays stout,
bearing 1 to few spikelets
along the upper part. N.
Amer.

li. inermis. Leys. (B. gigan-
tens, Hort.). An erect peren-
nial 2-5 ft. liigli. In Europe
classed among the best forage

Eu.-

ft. high. Resembles chess (1

by its more eret-t panicle ni
hairiness,— 7>. sccdllnufi, Lin;
Chess. riiE.^T. A wellknon
weedy annual grass, with
spreading and more or less drooping panicles. As it very
often oocur.s in wheat fields, it is erroneously regarded as de-
generated wheat. Int. from Eu. p^ B_ KENNEDY.

BROOM. See Cytisus and Genista.

BROOM CORN. Brooms are made of the rays or pe-
duncles of the flower-cluster of A iidropot/on Sorghum
iSorqhum viilrjare), the species which in other forms is
known as Sorghum, Kaffir Corn, and Guinea Com.
Broom Com is grown in various parts of the U. S.

BB6SIMUM (Greek. -■,)
large trees of Trop. Amir .
ciistrum. Swz., is the Hi' :
not grown within the U. >
about an inch in diameti-r,
edible seed. The tree has s

A fev

Uiptic Ivs.

BBOUGHTONIA (Arthur Broughton. English bota-
nist). OrcJiidAceo!, tiihe Upidhtdretf. Two or three W.
Indian Orchids much like Ltelia ami Cattli ya. Several
species which have been referred to this ^rinis are now
distributed in Epidendrum, Maxillaiia, I'liajiis. etc.
Plant producing pseudo-bull's, ami ^^ mlin^Mip a hracted
scape bearing si\. i-il ■>]■ min- V. lis.: calyx of 3

equal lanceolate - ; ' * I i ,is iiroad-ovate

and somewhat c I ; • i ml cordate and

somewhat 2-1o1m .1, . i |... i ,;i the base ad-

nate to the ovary, i;. ,iiiii.. \,,iiiii1i..li~. ircatraent. Cul-
ture like that for L.-elia. Do not dry off enough to
shrink the bulbs. Prop, by division.

aau^nea, R. Br. (B. eocclnea. Hook.). Pseudo-
bulbs clustered, roundish-ovate and somewhat flattened,

BROWALLIA l»d

often brown-marked : scajie 1 ft. high: fls. stalked, in a
loose, erect raceme, bright crimson, lasting a long time
in perfection. Jamaica. B.M. 307C, 3536. l. g. b.

BROUSSONETIA (after T. N. V. Broussonet, a French

iiatiir.il!-! ' I ,'iriirew. Trees or shrubs : Ivs. decidu-
ous, : ' lioled, large: fls. dioecious, incon-
spir , .1 IS, the staminate in cylindrical, nod-
dhiL' < :iikni-, Willi 1 -parted calyx and 4 stamens, the pis-
tillate in .trlobular heads: collective fr. globular, consist-
ing of small fleshy nutlets. Three species in E. Asia,
and there often cultivated, the bark being used for
paper-making. Ornamental trees with broad, round
heads, but under culture often shrubby, of vigorous
growth when young, and effective by its large, often
deeply lobed foliage, not hardy north oronly in very shel-
tered positions. They thrive best in rich, somewhat
moist soil and sheltered positions. Prop, by seeds, sown
after maturity or in spring, by greenwood cuttings under
glass, or by cuttings of ripened wood, kept in colder
climates during the winter in the greenhouse ; also by
root-cuttings and layers. Budding in summer or graft-
ing in early spring in the greenhouse is sometimes
practised. Known as Paper Mulberries.

papyrilera, Vent. Tree, 30-.'50 ft., with thick, pubes-
cent branches : Ivs. long-petioled, usually cordate-ovate,
acuminate, coarsely dentate, often deeply lobed, espe-
cially on younger plants, rough above, pubescent be-
neath, 3-8 in. long : fr.-heads % in. across, red. May.
China, Jap. B.M. 2358. — Many varieties. Var. cucul-
lita, Ser. (B. naviculd.ris,'ho(lA.). Lvs. small, curled
upward. Var. laciniita, Ser. Lvs. deeply lobed and in-
cised. Decorative form, but more tender than the type.
Var. macrophylla, Ser. Lvs. large, usually undivided.

Kazindki, Sii b. ( n.Kifmpfcri, Hort.). Branches slen-
der, glabrous at Ictiu'tli : lvs. short-petioled, ovate or
ovate-obloiii,', maiiv glabrous, only somewhat rough
above, entin- oi- :j-:; loh.,1. 2-8 in.long: fr.-head less
than i»iu. in ilmm. cliimi. Jap. — This species is more
temb'T than tli-' iMrnitr. \\lii<-h is also cultivated some-
tin. .- lis /;, A'.m,,/./, .,. ^vlliU■ the true B. Kwmpteri,
Sifli.. Willi til,' l\--. lis, milling in shape those of B.
Ka:iii.'l;i. but nimli Miiallir and pubescent, and with
very small fr.-heads, seems not to be cultivated.

Alfred Rehder.

BROWALLIA (after John Browall, Bishop of Abo,
Sweden). SolanAccw. A genus of about 10 South
American annuals, with abumlant Miir. \ io|,.f or white
flowers. The seeds can be sown in tlio opon Kordir, Imt
for the sake of the earlier bloom it i- I,, ti, r to start
them indoors in early spring ami tran-plani into the
open about May 15, where they will bloom ]ii.itiisily all
through our hot, dry summers, and uuiil trust, tln-y
can be grown in poorer soil than most hall' hanlv an-
nuals, and make excellent bedding jilants. They are
also used for winter decoration, the seeds being sown in
midsummer, earlier or later according to the size of
the specimens desired. They should be placed near the
glass and frequently stopped, in order to produce com-
pact plants. T.nT-c-n -|,n,.iTnfns are excellent for cutting,
and small !■ ' ■! .i -bould be grown more com-
monly by lli ill: .locoration at Christmas. It
is even pos-i ;.:i ,', .\ .ring plants from the open
before the lir i li > i oi autumn and pot them for con-
servatory decoration, though the flowers are likely to
become successively smaller. Blue flowers are rare in
winter, and Browallias are especially desirable for their
profuse bloom all through winter and early spring.
The flowers are, however, likely to fade, especially the
purple ones. In the names of the early species, Linnaeus
commemorated the course of his acquaintancship with
Browall : elata, reflecting the exalted character of their
early intimacy : f/emissa, its rupture ; and fl7ie«afa, the
permanent estrangement of the two men.

a. corolla segments long, acuminate : fls. large.

speci6sa, Hook. Lvs. sometimes opposite, soniefimes
alternate: fls. thrice as large as in Ji. iii;nnliflarii . all
solit,ary. axillary: peduncle shorter than tin- lvs.: co-
rolla-tube thrice as long as the calyx, and abruptly
swelled at the top into a globular form: limb of 5 ovate.

184

BROWALLIA

striated, dark purple segments, pale lilac beneath.
Colombia. B.M. 4^39. P.M. 10: 290.-There are blue,
Tiolet and white-fld. varieties. Var. mJljor, Hort., has
Tiolet fls. 2 in. across. R.B. 20:240. B. giganWa, Hort.,
is a florist's variety, with very deep blue fls. and long-
blooming habit. Int. into Amer. trade in 1899.

B. Upper h-x. not .itfilked : fls. all in loose re,

erihji not hairy.
grandifldra, Graham (B. BoezUi, Hort.). S
Ivs. clahrous, nr in tlifuppi-r part of the plant

forms are known.

BRUNFELSIA

B. demissa, but the habit is stiffer and the fls. more
numerous. The cah-x teeth spread less than in B.
grandiflora . So. Amer.

B. Americana, Linn., is considered by some a separate
species from the above, but in Germany, where most seeds of
annual flowers are grown, it is used by Siebert and Voss (in
Vilmorin's Blumengartnerei) to include B. demissa. Ji. elata,
and other forms.— i?. Jdmesonii, Benth. = Streptosolen .Tame-
sonii.— B. pulchella, Hort., is likely to be either B. grandiflora
or B. \-iscosa. ^. jj.

BBOWNEA (Patrick Brown wrote a history of Ja-
maica). Ltijumindsm. Several small evergreen trees of
trop. Aiii.r.. allird to Amherstia, but little known in the

Am- I ■) , !. f, :i!tornate and pinnate: fls. showy,
r ! ' : ■ Mill or axillary clusters. Cult, in

li, Ai i,:i, P.enth. (B. PWhcc/).*-, Lind.) has
I , 111. t fls. B. gr&ndiceps, Jacq.,fls.

n il. ;:; ..![.. i..:i i'.i.-- ; Ifts. about 12 pairs. lauce-oblong.
B. Eo3a-de-Monte, Bt-ri;.. fls. scarlet, in dense heads:

c. Calyx hairy.

demissa, Linn. (B. elMa, Linn.). Fig. 272. Stem and
Ivs. jiubesceiit or glabrous : Ivs. ovate, with longer
stall.- ili.ih iii /;. ip-.tinliflnra ; calyx-teeth acute, un-
(•.|iL , : , , I .1 ili.Lii the corolla-tube. The Ivs. are

vain iMiniMl.or rarely cordate. S. Amer.

H..M. ,;t :iimI i I .1.. III.- iVdlowing are now referred to
the above: Ji. A iiiiriiiina, eld-ta, elongdta, nert'dsa.
This species is the commonest, and is usually known as
B. elata. Blue, violet, white and dwarf forms are cult,
cc. Calyx sticky or clammy.

viscdsa, HBK. {B.pulchSlla and B. Czemiakowski-
Ana, Hort. ) . Plant viscous-pubescent : Ivs. short-peti-

272. Browallia demissa iX ;>-«).

oled, ovate, rough-hairy on both sides : pedicels a little
shorter than the calyx : calyx teeth very clammy, oblong,
shorter than the coroUa tube. The Ivs. are similar to

S. von Bruckenthal, an
". Low, heath-like, ever-
green sliruh. .")-s in. ]ii;:li, with small, linear, whorled
Ivs.: Il>. i"<v |iiiik. iio.liliii:,'. in short, terminal racemes.
Only ..nr s|.iMi,-^B. spiculiiWra, Reichb.,in the moun-
tains of S. E. Europe. A pretty little plant for rock-
eries, quite hardy, and requiring the same treatment as
hardy Ericas. Alfred Rehdee.

BKUGMANSIA. Consult Datura.

BRUNfiLLA (probably from old German bretine or
bniiiiii, .|uiiisy, which it was thought to cure). Often
written /^■.'/"7^/. Lahi<\tit. Low-growing, hardy, her-
baceous ].. r. iiniaN. witli tN. usually violet or purple,
produ.'.d all -^urjjiii.r .m li.ad< an inch or more high.
They ar.' I..>1 -inii.l f.u- the n.ckery and slightly .shaded
parts uf the biiidur. succeeding in almost any soil that
is not excessively dry.

vulgiris, Linn. Self-Heal. Heal-All. Lvs. ovate-
oblong, entire or toothed, usually pubescent : corolla
violet or purple, rarely white, H-J^in. long, not twice
as long as the purplish calyx. Amer., Eu., Asia.
D. 25.1. — One of the most cosmpolitan of all plants, be-
ing too common in the wild to be cult. A form with
variegated lvs. is rarely found wild.

grandifl6ra,Jacq.{B. Pyrcnaicd.Phillipe). Lvs. often
toothed, especially at the base : corolla over 1 in. long,
more than twice as long as the calyx. Eu. B.M. 337.—
The best of the garden kinds.

Webhiilna, Hort. Lvs. shorterthan in B. grandiflora,
and not so pointed : fls. very freely produced, more
than twice as long as the calyx, bright purple. .June-
September. J. B. Keller and W. M.

BRUNFfiLSIA (Otto Brunfels, physician and botanist
.if the Kith century). Syn., Franciscea. Solandcece.
Slore than 20 trees and shrubs of tropical America, a few
of which are grown in warm glasshouses. Lvs. entire,
oblong, often shining : fls. in terminal cymes or clus-
ters, or solitary, large and showy, fragrant ; corolla
with 5 rounded and nearly equal spreading lobes (or two
of them a little more united) ; stamens 4, in the throat
of the corolla, the anthers all alike : fr. berry-like.
Brunfelsias are usually winter-flowering plants. The
wood must be well ripened before flowering begins.
Grow in a rather sandy compost. Of easy culture. Re-
quire a night temperature of 50°. They bloom best when
pot-bound. Prop, by cuttings from the new growth in
spring.

Hopeina, Benth. {Franciscea Bopedna, Kook. F.uni-
fldra, Pohl.). Compact and dwarf: lvs. lance-oblong,
alternate, paler beneath ; fls. solitary or in 2's, with a
whitish tube and a blui.sh violet or purple limb. Brazil.
B.M. 2829.— Grows 12-18 in. high. One of the least
worthy species.

pauci{16ra, Benth. (F. calyrttia. Hook.). Branches
terete and glabrous, with abundant evergreen foliage :
fls. in large trusses, purple, with a lighter ring about

BRUXFELSIA

the mouth of the tube ; calyx large, as long as the
curved tube of the corolla. Brazil. B.M.4583. Gn. 40:815.
—A handsome plant, flowering in succession most of the
year. The commoner species in cult.

B. confertimra. Benth.=B. ramosissima.— 5. elimia, Bosse
=B. macrophylla.— B. orandifldra, Don. Fls. large (2 in.
across), greenish, in terminal corymbs.— i>, Lindeniana,
Nicholson. Fls. 3 in. across, i-iolet-mauve.— B. viacrophylla,
Benth. Pis. 2-12^2 in. across, deep purple: Ivs. longer and duller
than those of F. calyeina.— .B. raiiioslssima, Benth. Fls. large,
in crowded corymbs, deep violet-purple : foliage luxuri.int.
One of th» best; may be grown cooler in winter than the other
species. L. H. B.

BEUNSVlGIA (after the Duke of Brunswick). Ama-
rytliddcece. Tender flowering bulbs from S. Afr., with
umbels of large, numerous, brick-red fls. The bulbs
must be thoroughly rested from the time the Ivs. fade
until the scape appears, or from May to Aug. Bruns-
Tigias are hard to flower. They require rich, sandy soil,
plenty of heat and sunlight. When growing, give water
and liquid manure freely. They propagate by offsets.
J. G. Baker, Handbook of the Amaryllide», p. 96.

A iis \tia]> ihaped
JosephlnsB, Ker Gawl Bulb 5-6 m thick Ivs 8-1(1
strap shaped gl>u<oiiv 1 1 ..n mish thick tloseh ribbed
2-3 ft long 1 II i I I ,| 1 in tin k 1'.. ft

long fls 2(1- n 11 iiiiil I 1 h Is ■

ft long < i| 11 111 / , // ^ ( 1

•conical and k 1 1 i I \ i 1 1 1 '\1 _ k 1 s 4 -
— Named after the Impic s loseihine who purcha
the original bulb after it flowered at Malmaison

AA Z/is tongue shaped

glgantda. Heist { imatj/llis qignnteu Van Marum
A o>ientAhs Ecklon) Bulb ^el} large Ivs about 4
tongue shiped closelv ribbed 3-5 m broad usually un
der 1 ft long scipe red or green a flngei s thickness
fls 20-30 in an umbel paler than in B gigantea and
less numerous pedicels stout strongly ribbed 4-6 m
long B M 1619 as B mulhfo^a

B faltata Ker (Tiwl=Ammocharis faleata

H A SiEBRECHT and W M

BRUSSELS SPROUTS Fig 273 Although this vege

tiblt IS popular in England and on the Continent and

IS infrequent in Amen

1 ut little grown as a

1 ] 1 1 t the plant con

I liiiiiiiiitne heids which

BRYAXTHUS

185

IS Citensiveh grown tl
can home gardens , it
market garden crop 1
sists of the little 'spi
form along the stalk i
small heads may be 1
cream the same as c n
many to be one of tli
tables of the whole c il
-of the crop and its ^
from those of cabb t^
which will produce f,
well adapted to the ^
good rich well dnin I

For early t ill n i
(in the lyoitli
suffit tenth wit
as the first tni I
should be trinspUutu
tected place, being

The

\\ n in April
ho weather is
thee As soon
the seedlings
pro

n apart each way These
plants will be ready to transfer to the field or garden m
June June set plants should be ready for use m
September

For field culture the plants should be setm rows about
3 ft apart and lb in to 2 ft asunder in the row s Ordi
naiily good cultivation should be given during the grow
ing season As soon as the sprouts become Hi ge enough,
so that they crowd at all, the leaves should be cut or
Tjroken off is close to the stalk as possible in order to
give the sprouts moie room to develop. A tuft or ro-
sette of leaves only should be left at the top of the
stalk. These early-set plants will continue to develop
sprouts for some weeks.

The crop for late fall and (winter use requires the
same general treatment, up tor. the time of severe freez-
ing, as the earlier crop does, except that the seeds

should be sown in June. The plants will be ready for
setting out in August. These plants will make much of
their growth in the cool fall days, and by the time of
freezing weather they will be in condition for storing.

The late crop is usually less troubled by aphis, and
more profitable. Where the climate is not too severe the

273 Brussels Sprout

plants mav be left m the field undisturbed and the
sprouts gathered from them during the w inter as they
are desired This method is followed by some of the
Long Islaud g-owers But w here the climate is too rigor-
ous the ]iliiits nn\ be dug with considerable soil re-
in mill- II til 1 t III 1 picked as closelv together as
til \ \Mil I 111 111 III lultered place, as m a vacant
I 111 nil 1 1 mill n I lace where they can be suffi-
1 niU i\ II I 1 1 lit 1 II vent repeated freezing and
thi\un, I' I t r good storage are the same as

for cdbl 1 I I \ e the quality of the sprouts.

Ini

11 ire cut from the stalk and

uc usually sold by the quart.

Ls much care must be taken in

All discolored leaves should be

well to have them as uniform in

Vlth u.,h I dozen or i
seedsmen there is but 1
the same t^ pe or form
ferent stums (fth. ni

BRTANTHUS (Greek, bryon, moss, and anflios,
flower: growing among mosses). Syn. Pln/Uodoee.
Ericdcea. Low evergreen shrubs : Ivs. small, linear,
alternate, crowded : fls. in terminal umbels or short ra-
cemes, nodding, on slender pedicels ; corolla urceolate
or rotate-campanulate, 5-lobed; stamens 8 or 10: fr. a
many-seeded capsule. Eight species in arctic regions

LSG

BKYAXTHUS

of N. Eu. and N. Asia, in N. Amer. in tlie Rocky Mts.
southward to California. Heatli-like prostrate shrubs,
quite hardy, with handsome, delicate fls., but rarely cul-
tivated. They thrive best in peaty and sandy soil, and
can only be grown successfully in localities where the
iiir is moist and cool, but B. ereetus is less particular.
Prop, by seeds, sown in spring in peaty soil or cut

BRYOPHYLLU.M

monoecious, fascicled: fr. about the size of a cherry,
spherical, green, with pretty white markings. Asia,
Afr., Austral. F.S.12: 1202. '

Var. erythrocirpa, Naud. (B. erythrocdrpa, Naud.).
Has red fr. with white marks. I. H. 12:431. F.S. 21:22,'i7.
Gn. G, p. 193. -A warmhouse plant, rarely grown in pots
and trained to rafters. Prop, by seeds. gx ji

I ft

274. Sproutine leaf of Bryophyllum.

spliiiijmim a',.i I . .1 iiril t and shady, by cuttings in

Alienist 1111.1. I- ! . , I ■ layers.

empetriEoinii ^. i . t..8 in.: Ivs. K-Kin. long,
flnily siiiat. ' ,11, ilate, 6 or more on slender,
ghmduhir J i racemes: corolla rosy pur-
ple, about '.. ii, I ; r !! I . Columbia to Calif. B.M.
3171) {aslliir ,mis).

er6ctU5, I.! /. ' "i-lr!f,'n)iis X Roilonidmnus

Cli'iin't ' : ' > -, ,,. ;. :,,l.i\,|,: In -. ,^li^liilv serrate:

Hs. :' 1", I',, ■ , .,„ ,■. ,, I,:, I ■, , i.'.ait Kin.

B. Giiielini, Don. Fls. small, rosy, 3-10. iu slender peduneled
racemes. Kamschatka, Behring's Isl.— iJ. taxlff>Ua, Gray. Fls.
olikmg-urceolate, purple. High Mts. of N. E. Amor.. Greenland,
N. Eu., N. Asia, N. Jap. Alfred Rehder.

BRYONIA (Greek, to sprout, referring to the annual
growth from the tuber). Cuciirbitdcew. A genus of
7 species of perennial cucurbits, natives of Europe and
W. Asia. They are herbaceous perennial climbers, with
the staminate fls. in racemes, while Bryonopsis is an
annual plant, with the staminate fls. in fascicles. All spe-
cies of Bryonia are dioecious except B. alba. Bryonopsis
is monoecious. See Cogniaux, in DC. Mon. Phan. 2:469.
A. Fls. diacioiis : stigmas rough : fruits red.

didica, Jacq. Bryony. Height 6-12 ft.: root long,
fleshy, branching-, white, a finger's thickness: Ivs. ovate
or roundish in onilin.-. ,, l..li.-.l. inan.'iu wavy-toothed,
rough with call..!!- p.iini^, pal. !■ I., n.ath : pistillate fls.
greenish whit.. . ..r\ nil...-.,. ^Ii..ii |.. .iuncled. Common
in Eng. and in .■.■iitial an.l S. Kii. Kaivr in W. Asia and
N. Afr. Not sold iu Amer., but a common sight along
English highways. It grows rapidly over hedges and
fences.
AA. Fls. monoecious : stigmas smooth: fruits black.

Alba, Linn. Height 6-12 ft. : roots thick, tuberculate,
yellowish outside, white within: Ivs. long-petioled: pis-
tillate fls. in long-peduncled racemose corymbs. Eu.,
Caucasus, Persia.

7J. lacinibsa, Linn.=Bryonopsis laeiniosa. -^y, ]yi_

BRY0N6PSIS (Greek, Bryony-like). CiicurbitAcem.
A genus of two species of annual climbers. Consult
Bryonia for generic differences.

lacinidsa, Naud. (Brydnia lacinidsa, Linn.). Lvs.
deeply 5-lobed, rough, light green above, paler beneath ;
segments oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, serrate : fls.

275. Flowers of Bryophyllum (X X).

BEYOPHtLLUM (Gr.-.-K, ,,,..,../.,:„ I..,f). Vrassu-
lAceie. A small genus of -n. nl. m ],!;iiits in the same
order with stonecrops, 1i..h-. I. . I.- n..! Cotyledon. The
only species in cult, is a laj.i.l ur..\viii^' window-plaut,
and, like the Begonias, a t'aiuiliar lmiiuijIu of plants that
are propagated by leaf-cuttiugs. It is hardly a decora-
tive plant, but is very odd and interesting. It is only
necessary to lay the leaves on moist sand or moss, and
at the Indentations new plants will appear after a time
(see Fig. 274). It is even possible to pin leaves on the
wall, and without water new plants will come. Useful
iu botanical demonstrations.

calyclnum, Salisb. Fig. 275. Height 2-4 ft. : stem
reddish, with raised, oblong, whitish spots : lvs. oppo-

site, fleshy, simple or tern
veined above: fls. pendul
panicles: calyx and coioll
spotted white ; calyx 1}4 n

BRYOPHYLLUM

with 4 slightly curving tips (Fig. 275). Mex. B.M.U09.
LBC. 877. — It is said that the Ivs. are sour in the morn-
ing, tasteless at noon, and somewhat bitter towards
evening. This change has been attributed to the absorp-
tion of oxveen at night and its disengagement in daylight.

BUCKEYE. Consult ^sculus
BUCKTHOR'V

BUDDLEIA

187

M.

281. Apple twig, showing an expanding flower-bud.

BUCKWHEAT {Fagopprum eseuUntum, Moench).
Pohiyiiin,', ,1 . A tender annual grain plant, flour being
made of tli. hirirr :; cnrnered fruit. It is much grown in
the iiiirtli.iii I'. S., usually being sown about the first of
July. It is :il>'> ;i tin'urite for bee forage. Buckwheat is
native tu central .Siberia and Mancliiiri.i, i,n<l is now
widely cult., although it is a gr;Mi; "1 -. .imIih impor-
tance. The flower-cluster is sle. ■: I _.;, The
Tartarian Buckwheat (f. Ta?"/ ■•■•■■■ i^ occa-
sionally seen. It has smaller aiel \i :;>., i-ii il-.. and a
smaller, roughish, wavy-angled fruit.

BUD. The undeveloped or embryo state of a branch.
As commonly known to the horticulturist, the bud is a
more or less dormant organ ; that is the horticultuiist
does not recognize the bud until it has attamed suflicient
size to be obvious or to suggest some piactice m the
treatment of the plant. In this state the bud usually
represents a resting stage of the plant The bud cover
ing protects the growing point in the cold or dry season
The bud is a shortened axis or very condensed branch

77. Apple buds— fruit-
bud on the left, leaf-
bud on the right.

The dormant or resting bud (as the winter bud of all
trees) is covered with protective scales which are modi-
fied leaves ; and the core of it is the nascent or embryo
branch or flower-cluster, with rudimentary leaves. Since
the bud is an embryo branch, it follows that disbudding
is a most efficient means of pruning. A bulb is a form
of bud; and a dense rosette of leaves (as in the common

house-leek) is intermediate in structure between a bulb
and a normal branch. A cabbage head is essentially a
gigantic bud.

Horticulturists speak of buds as leaf -buds and flower-
buds, according as they give rise to barren, leafy branches
or to flower branches (for flower-clusters are modified
branches). True flower-buds or fruit-buds are those
which produce only tiowers, as those of the apricot
(Pig. H6l and the peach. Mixed flower-buds or fruit-
buds are those which contain both flowers and leaves, as
those of the apple (Pig. 281) and pear. On dormant
plants, leaf-buds and flower-buds are distinguished by
position, size and shape. The position of the flower-bud
varies with the kind of plant, but is commonly termi-
nal, either on a branch of common length or on a very
abbreviated branch or spur. The flower-bud is com-
monly larger and thicker than the leaf -bud, because it
contains the embryo flower. Illustrations of flower-
buds and leaf-buds are shown in Figs. 277-280. With
Fig. 279 compare Fig. 298, showing a section of cabbage
head. The reader is referred to The Pruning-Book for
detailed discussion of the subject.

Of all the buds which form, very many do not grow,
being crowded out in the struggle for existence. These
buds often remain alive and dormant for several years,
each succeeding year decreasing their chances of grow-
ing even if favorable conditions occur. It is a common
opinion that these dormant buds become covered by the
thickening bark, and grow when large limbs are re-
moved ; but this is an error. The shoots which arise
from a wound on an old limb are from true adventitious
buds, or those which are newly formed for the occasion
in the cambium. Buds are normally formed in close
proximity to leaves, usually in their axils; but adventi-
tious buds form under stress of circumstances, without
reference to leaves. L. H. B.

BUDDING. See G-i-nftage.

BTJDDLEIA (after Adam Buddie, an English bota-
nist). Syn., Biiddlea. Lnfianidcem. Shrubs or trees,
with usually quadrangular branches: Ivs. opposite, short-
petioled, deciduous or semi-persistent, usually tomen-
tose when unfolding, entire or serrate :
fls m racemes panicles or clusters co
rolH tubular or campanulate 4 lobed
stamens included 4 fr a 2 celled cap
sule with numerous minute seeds About
70 species mtropi il ii 1 t mi i it ic^i n
of America Asii n 1 ^ Mm t hIh h

only a small numi i I I i 1 i | i i
cultivated Ointm i f I 1 i il tl \s ini.,
fieelymsumm i i i i nt 1 i h n nh
the haidiest e in t 1 / I i iii i
which may be gi >\mi hi t It i 1 ] iti ii
north but also m m\ t tli th i i /
;/o!)Osa untihili LiiiU n u ' (- I Hi
will stand mam def,iet ot tio t and when
killed to the ground they freely pu h forth

278 Pear twiEs— fruit
buds on the left leaf
buds on the right

young shoots, which will flower mostly the
same season, especially iJ. Japonica, Lind-
Iruiinn nnd intermedia. The handsomest

Cnlvillei, variabilis, qlo- fruitbuds.

i/ana. They grow best in
lined soil, in a sunny position. Prop.
sown in spring in gentle bottom heat.

lbs BUDDLEIA

hy greenwood-cuttings under glass, or by hardwood cut-
tings taken off in fall and kept during the winter in a
frost-proof room.

A. Fhs. in 2}anU'hs.

B. Corolla small, teilh long, narrow lube, }4-% in. long.

O. Color violet or lilac.

Japdnica, Hemsl. (B. curvifldra, Hort., not Hook. &
-Am.). Three to 6 ft., with quadrangular, winged
branches : Ivs. ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, remotely
■denticulate, slightly tomentose or nearly glabrous be-
neath, 3-G in. long : fls. in dense, terminal, pendulous
racemes, 4-8 in. long ; corolla slightly curved, lilac
outside, with grayish tomentum. Japan. I. H. 17:25.
R. H. 1870, p. 337, and 1878, p. 330.

Lindleyina, Port. Three to 6 ft. : Ivs, ovate or oblong-
lanfi-ohitM. „.-iiiiii!iMtf", remotely denticulate, pale green
beiiciiili 111! hiiiK pube.sceut or glabrous, 2-lln. long:
rai'iiiii .1, ,3-5 in. long; corolla purplish

viol. I, I' 111. pubescent outside. China. B.R.

..M. 14:5.

intermedia, Carr. (B. JripdnicaX liindlei/dna). Hy-
brid of garden origin, similar in habit to B. Japonica.
Lvs. ovate-oblong, dark green above, 4-5 in. long : fls.
violet, in slender, arching or pendulous racemes, 10-20
in. long. R. H. 1873: 151. Var. insignis, Hort. (B. in-
signis, Carr.), has the upright habit of B. Lindleyana.
Branches distinctly winged : lvs. oblong-lanceolate, of-
ten in 3's : racemes erect, rather dense, 4-6 in. long,
usually panicled at the end of the branches, with rosy
violet fls. B.H. 1878: 330.

variflbilia, Hemsl. Three to 8 ft.: lvs. nearly sessile,
ovate-lanceolate or lanceolate, acuminate, coarsely ser-
rate, whitish-tomentose beneath, 4-10 in. long : fls. in
dense, terminal, erect panicles, 4-6 in. long ; corolla
lilac, with orange-yellow mouth, glabrous outside.
China. B.M. 7609. R.H. 1898: 132. G.C. Ill, 24: 1.39.-
A newly introduced, very handsome species, with showy
and fragrant fls.

CC. Color yellow.
Madagascari^nsis, Lam. Shrub, 6-12 ft., with densely
tomentose branchlets : lvs. ovate-oblong, rounded or
slightly cordate at the base, acuminate, entire, dark
green and lustrous above, whitish or yellowish tomen-
tose beneath : fls. tomentose outside, in large terminal
panicles, appearing during the winter. Madagascar.
B.R. 15:1259. B. M. 2824. -Hardy only in subtropical

ibe, limb over

C61viUei, Hook. & Thorns. Shrub, occasionally tree,
to 30 ft.: lvs. elliptic-lanceolate or lanceolate, serrate,
putiesciMit, .•ii\.l (.III.- ..,■ yrrivi'^li o-repn henr-ath, 5-7 in.
lon.y : [i.diiili- Iiiii.mI ;m iHiiii.iiis, r.'-ls in. Ii.iil' : corolla
purj.li ' I : 1. I 111. l;. ,M. 7II'.I. R.H.

BUFFALO BERRY

BUEL, JESSE. American agriculturist and editor,
was born at Coventry, Conn., Jan. 4, 1778, and died at
Danburv, Conn., Oct. 6, 1839. He lived at Albany from
1813 until 1821, when he retired to his farm near bv. He
was on.- of the founders, iu 1R3I. of The Cultivator, a
iiiriiiii!!-, "t,, iTnij-.ri.n fli. -..il :ii-i,i the mind," the sub-

■ : I ,' I 1 I • '■■. r.-nts a year. In 1866,

I I !i The Countn- (Jentle-

i: i , liid The Cultivator and

< ' ur I , I 11 : •.. :::..M 1-, ihin 111, the oldest surviving

282. Buffalo berry

Buffalo Bfrrv )i
only within Hi.
promin. Ill
Horticiilii;
quentl}- .n h :\ ;il
our gariU-iis i.:ir
day bears evidf
as stood ready i

planTdi""n"t''ti

The

created a demand for hardy
ts. The plant belongs to tho
oars the name of Lepargyrwa

A.\. Fls. in globular heads.

globdsa, I;aiii. Tlin-e to 10 ft., with the branches and
lvs. Ijiii.adi y.M..Hisli-tomentose : lvs. ovate or ovate-
lancecilaf... Mi'iiiiiinati.. crenate, rugose above, 3-7 in.
long : lis. oi;(iit;i--yeUow, iu dense, long-peduncled,
axillary lu-ads at the ends of the branches ; fragrant.
Chile. B. M. 174. -A graceful and very distinct shrub,
standing some degrees of frost.

B. .1 mcrirfma. Linn. Eight to 12 ft. ; fls. in clohiil.ir dusters,

Alfred Rehdee.

seed, and borne aiuin i i.. i . . , \\r.r ii is

far less promisiiiL- i i ■ . i . ,■ ^ . i i mils.

Apparently its i-lii. i \ii!m' I,. i.i ii. ;ii[:i i.i.ii.ilii y to
regions where more di-sirahle li\ish fruits can not bo
grown. Where the currant thrives, there is little need
for the Buffalo Berry, except as a novelty or for orna-
ment. It possesses ornamental qualities of value, and
may well be planted for that iiTirp..c Tt i.-- .,f .■■. r.-foni-
mended as a hedge plant f... ii. ■- — i, . ., ri;, are
two forms, one bearing 1m i - . Mow

fruit. The plant propagar. . i i i : . i .l-or

cuttings, and also by tin- n.k. r- wIh-Ii -ini.lilnes

spring up about the base of tin- ]ilaiits. It is (ii.rcidus,
and both -staminate and pistillate plants must hi- i,'riiwn
together, or no fruit will result. These mav be distin-
guished by the buds in winter, those of the pistillate

BUFFALO BERRY

plant being more slender, less numerous, and arranged
in less compact clusters, those of the staminate plants
being rounded, and borne in dense clusters.

Fred W. Card.
BUGBAITE is Cimicifttga.

BUIST, BOBEBT. Florist, seedsman, and author, was
born at Cupar Fyfe, near Edinburgh, Scotland, Nov. 14,
ISIK, and died in Philadelphia, July 13, 1880. He was
trained at the Edinburgh Botanic Gardens, came to
America in August, 1828, and was employed for a time
by Henry Pratt. In 1830 he became the partner of Hib-
bert, who had established the first notable florist's busi-
ness in Philadelphia. He became noted for his suc-
cesses with roses, which were at that time second in
popular favor to the camellia with the Philadelphians.
The great improvement of the verbena was largely due
to him, and wa-; iimii.>.|i:if.-lv followed by the introduc-
tion into Americ'i 'I :i h-iiiM I class of bedding plants.
He introduced /' /.. /riwin to the trade, .and

his sale of the <i' • i: nid to have been the first

transaction of 111' I mi i' ■ ' iih-lird Iiy ocean telegraph.
He was the author of I'Im Ain.riraii Flower-Garden
Directory, in 1832, The ];"-.■ .M;iiin:,l. 1H44, and The

Family Kitchen-Gardciiii- |.\ riL-liir,!. 1847), all of

which were frequently rt-iNsur.!. aii'l iiijoyed a consid-
erable sale for man)' vears. An excellent account of his
life may be found in The Gardener's Monthly 22:372
(1888). The frontispiece of the bound volume for the
year is his portrait. W. u.

BULB, BULBS A bulb is a thickened fleshy and
usually subterranean bud generally emitting roots from
Its under ide The function of the bulb is to carry
the plant over an unpropitious season as over winter
or a dr> period True Bulbs are either tnnicated,
formed m rings or layers, Uke those of hyacinths and
onions (Fig 283) or scaly, like those of liliums (Fig
2841 but as popularly understood and in commercial
pailance the term Bulbs applies to a large class of
floweimg and ornamental bulbous like plants in their

283. Onion bulbs. 285. Corm or solid bulb of Qladiolu

dormant condition, during which period they are col-
lected, dug, stored, shipped, sold and planted, like so
many potatoes, p'his class includes, in addition to the
true bulbs, many that are botanically known as conns.

which are solid, as crocus and gladiolus (Fig. 285);
tubers which are succulent and have the buds or eyes-
near the surface, as the dahlia and potato (Fig. 286);
rhizomes, fleshy, creeping underground stems like cer-

7

tarn ins ginger and many wild plants (Fig 287 also.
Fig o3 p 3 ) pips the flowering crowns ot lily of the
vallev and certain other dormant fasciculated fleshy
roots like those of peonies ranunculus etc A wallet)
of bulbs IS shown m Fig 2S8 The tiue or feeding roots
grow generalh from the 1 ase of the bulb the stems
floweis n 1 t In ti 1 1 th 1 1 t the 1 ill i the
e\ Tl II

cessor Vtt i tl 1 i

bulb and th i t 1 i tl
The bulb is then m v d u
this state of rest lastin„
SIX m nths that bulbs ai
tiansported easily and s t
nent it lequired after wl
foliage and flowers de-i ( 1
and perfection — conditioi
bulb had remained m its 1 1
Bulbous flowering plant
with flower loving people
and interest m growmg th
flowers of remarkable bea i
class of plants and man\
giant The\ cjni] ri tan

hide away or may be renn \ ed 1

their places may be occupied by ( tl
ering plants Not the least am on t, 1 II

is their ease of culture and the i I

perfection with which their flowei s iie ( l i I lu lei
suitable conditions

Among bulbous plants are many that are sufStiently
hardy to withstand the seventy of our northern winters
The "kinds that are suitable are nearly all dormant in
the fall, which is the proper time for planting them, and
they will flower the coming season. In March or earlier,
spring is ushered in with the blooming of snowdrops,
chionodoxas, anemones, scillas, crocus, winter aconites,
bulboeodiums, etc., followi
cinths, tulips, narcissus a
appear the unapproachabl'
dicentras, etc., followed in ;
with peonies, irises, heni'
tritomas, etc. All these ai
and parks.

Gardeners usually think of bulbs as divided into two
classes, — hardy and tender, or those which stand freez-
ing and those which do not. There is a class from South
Africa known as Cape bulbs, which usually bloom in
the fall. There are now so many improved hybrids and
breeds that are crowding out the types, that the term.

April witli brilliant hya-
-t-, of ,,ili,.rs. In April
lnli|i-, i....'t's dafeodils,
■s^i. .11 until frost, notably
His, lilies, montbretias,
eful for gardens, lawns.

ing general hi:i
ding ; hardy \>
flower border or
tender bulbs fo

its significance in this coiintrr. In
ilh« ar.- triated under the fo'llow-
i:ir(!\ -[.linu' bulbs for design bed-
n till III rliaceous garden, mixed
; -uiiiiiii r- and autumn-flowering
uy plautiug ; bulbs for flowering

287. Exami^le of a rhizome— Smilacina

in the house and greenhouse ; keeping dormant bulbs,
tubers, etc. ; hints on buying and selecting bulbs ;
catalogue of bulbs.

Hardy Sprino-plowerino Bulbs for Design Bed-
ding.—The only bulbs adapted for geometrical beds are
Dutch hyacinths and tulips. It is not best to use both
in the same bed for really flne eifi-cts. Wliilc tlnTe are
hundreds of varieties in both hyacinths iiml ttilips with
colors, gradations and variegations imiuiiu ruble, vet for
this style of bedding only solid, briglit, contrasting
colors should be used. This limits the .selection in hya-
cinths to dark crimson, rose-red, pink, purple, blue,
lavender, white and yellow (the latter is seldom satis-
factory), and in tulips to dark blood-red, scarlet, rose,
blush-pink, yellow, white, and a bluish claret, which
last is seldom used. In ordering the bulbs for this style
of bedding, it is important to select kinds that bloom
at the same time and are of uniform height. The bulb
catalogues give this information; or, deal with a reliable
firm and leave the selection to them. In planting bulbs
in "design beds," it pays for the extra trouble to first
remove the soil to a depth of 6 inches, spade up the
lower soil, using well-rotted manure and plenty of bone
dust worked in. Then level off, smooth, and cover with
an inch of sand. This prevents the manure from touch-
ing the bulbs, allows the water to drain away from im-
mediate contact with them, thus removing causes which
may lead to their decay. Bulbs set in this manner on
the sand may be placed in their exact position, after
which the top soil is carefully replaced. It is a difficult
matter to set bulbs just 4 inches deep and 4 to 6 inches
apart with an ordinary trowel. The planter is almost
sure occasionally to chop off a piece of a neighboring
bulb or displace it. Bulbs planted in the manner ad
vised, being all of an even depth, will flower uniformly
often, when planted with a trowel, some bulbs will be
an inch too high and some an inch too low, which in
early spring makes considerable difference in the time
of blooming. Besides, when bulbs are planted with a
trowel or dibble, there is danger of "hanging" a bulb
occasionally, where it may perish on account of ml
touching bottom.

Hardy Bulbs in the Herbaceous Garden, Mixed
Flower Border, or Lawn. -The mixed border is a
favorite place for most hardy bulbs. They should be
planted in little colonies here and there among the hard>
plants and shrubs ; and it Is here that bulbs seem to
thrive and give the most pleasure. As spring ap-
proaches, the sombre winter browns and dull greens of
the deciduous and evergreen plants are suddenly trans-
formed into an unrivaled setting, studded with bril-
liantly colored and fragrant flowers, the contrasts being
exceedingly effective and cheery; and besides, from the
border one does not hesitate to cut a few flowers for the
house for fear of spoiling the effect, as would be the
case in formal bedding. Furthermore, bulbs seem to do
better and last longer in a border because the flowers

BULBS

are cut freely in bud or when just approaching their
prime, whiih is tin ln-t |.i.ssible time for the benefit of
the bulb, fur 111. , til, It, ,,1 any bulb to form seeds weak-
ens the bnUi. A hxaiiiiili bulb that matures seed is
virtually desiri.y. il. Tlnii. again, in an herbaceous bor-
der the bulb.s are nut disliirbed. The foliage remains
uninjured until ripe, thus fulfilling its duty of re-
charging the bulb with new energy for the next
season's display.

Bold clumps of the taller bulbous plants are
very effective on the lawn, where beds of one kind
should be isolated, and be given a position not too
prominent nor too near. The object desired is a
mass of one color, which at a little distance is
more striking on account of the contrast with the
surrounding green grass and trees. Among the
best hardy bulbous plants for this purpose are :
hemerocallis, such lilies as candidum, tigrinum,
speciosum and auratum; also dicentra, crown im-
perials, montbretias, tritomas, peonies, Kfpmpferi
and Germanica irises, etc.

Bulbs planted right in the sod on the lawn make
a very pleasing picture when in bloom in the early
spring. Make patches here and there of golden,
white and purple crocus, the little chionodoxas,
snowdrops, Scilla ainoena, winter aconite, snow-
flakes, bulbocodium and triteleia. These grow, increase,
bloom and ripen the foliage before it is necessary to
use the lawn mower, so that the surface of the lawn in
summer is not marred. The bulbs may be dibbled in
when the ground is moist and soft during the fall rains,
but it is better to cut and turn back the sod here and
there, plant the bulbs under it, then press the sod back

For parks, groves and wild outlying grounds beyon^
the closely clipped lawn, a very happy style of " natural-
izing" bulbous and other plants is coming much into
vogue. Such bulbs should be used as can be planted in
quantity, twenty-flve to a hundred or more of a kind in
a patch, and only those should be used which are lianlv,
and will flower and thrive and increa-^i imili r ui -li r't.
Fortunately, there are many bulbous pIniiN tliat -ur-
ceed even better in such rough places thmi in tin prim

garden. Among them are hardy ane m ", laiiia^isia,

convallaria, dicentras, erj-throniums. liinl<ias, certain
iris, liliums, poet's narcissus. Von Siou narcissus, tril-
liums, and numerous others.

In regard to the preparation of beds for hardy bulbs,
planting and treatment, we can only generalize. De-
tailed directions suited to the different species, and also
varieties where treatment varies, will be found under
their respective headings in this Cyclopedia. As a rule,
well-rotted manure (mind that it is well-rotted, not fresh

288 Various types of bulbs and tubers

1. Tuberose. 2. Colocasia Antiquorum (Cafadmm esntlfntum).

3. Easter Lily. 4, .lonqiiil. 5. Gladiolus. 6. Lilium

pardalinum. 7. Hyacinth. 8. LUy-of-the- Valley.

and heating) should be liberally applied and dug into
the ground deeply. It must be where the long, feeding
roots can get at it, and yet not touch the bulbs, nor be
too near their base. This is easily accomplished by re-
moving a few inches of the top soil first, as described
under "Design Bedding," above. If it is impracticable to

;lbs

do this, then it is not advisable to use manure at all, for
the bulbs are liable to come in contact with it and
become diseased. Bone meal alone is then the safest
fertilizer to use, and it should be applied lavishly. Most
bulbs like rich food if properly applied. Although the
embryo flowers were formed within the bulb the season

before, yet their size, luxuriance and brilliancy this
season depend largely upon the nutrition the roots
receive. Liberal applications of manure water, when
the bulbs are in bud, often produce excellent results.

The proper depth to plant bulbs varies according to
the kinds. It is a common fault to plant them too near
the surface. Some kinds, notably the Californian Hum-
boldtii and Washingtonianum lilies, do best when 10 to
12 inches deep ; hyacinths, tulips, narcissus, and simi-
lar large bulbs from 4 to 6 inches deep ; smaller bulbs
somewhat shallower. Hardy bulbs root during the fall
and early winter, and if planted too near the surface the
freezing, thawing and heaving of the upper crust of
soil in mild winters often causes the bulbs to break
from their roots, and, in consequence, only inferior
flowers are produced. When good, cold weather has set
in and a light crust has been frozen on the soil, then
cover the bed with leaves, straw, marsh hay or reeds to
a depth of from 4 to 6 inches. This protects not only
from severe freezing, but from equally injurious unsea-
sonable thaws. Do not put the covering on too early,
for it might warm the soil so that the bulbs would com-
mence to grow and afterward be injured from freezing.
Gradually remove the covering in the spring.

The general run of bulbous plants thrive in a loamy
soil, inclining to sand. This soil attracts moisture,
allows free drainage, and admits air. If the soil is cold
and stiff, a liberal admixture of leaf -mold and sand, with
the addition of manure applied as above described, will
be beneficial. The texture of the soil should be such
that stagnant water will not remain around the bulbs,
as it tends to rot them, particularly when dormant. An
excess of humus is, therefore, to be guarded against
for most bulbs. While the majority of bulbous plants
thrive under the soil conditions advised above, yet there
are many notable exceptions. Happy should be the man
on whose grounds can be found a variety of soils and
exposures, shade and sun. A small wooded valley or
ravine, with a brook flowing through it into an open,
moist meadow, affords conditions suitable for growing
to perfection the greatest variety of bulbous and other

BULBS 191

plants, many of which cannot be enjoyed in the average
monotonous garden.

The sooner bulbs can be put in the ground after they
are ripe the better for the bulbs ; for, no matter how
long they will keep, they do not improve when out
of the ground, but tend to dry out and lose vitality.
There are, however, many reasons why bulbs cannot be
planted as soon as ripe ; and when they are to be kept
for certain purposes, they should be stored as advised
below. Hardy spring-flowering bulbs should be planted
in the open ground in the fall, not earlier than six weeks
before regular frosty and freezing nights are expected.
Plant as much later as necessary, providing the bulbs
are keeping sound, but it is not advisable to plant them
earlier. Cool weather is necessary to deter top growth,
which is very liable to start after four to six weeks of
root development ; and young, succulent top growth is
apt to be injured by the succeeding freezing. In Maine,
Ontario, Wisconsin, and other northern parts (about 45
degrees north latitude), such hardy bulbs as hyacinths,
tulips, narcissus, etc., may be planted in September. In
New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Ohio, etc. (about 40 degrees),
plant about the middle of October. In the latitude of Rich-
mond, Louisville, St. Louis, etc., the middle of Novem-
ber is early enough. In the latitude of Raleigh, Nash-
ville, and south, do not plant until middle of December;
and for the latter section let the selection of bulbs run
to late-flowering varieties, such as Bizarre, Darwin and
late double tulips, late hyacinths, late narcissus, etc.,
for they are not so likely to be caught by the occasional
freezing weather in January and February. In this
southern latitude, however, very early-flowering bulbs,
such as Roman hyacinths. Due van Thol tulips. Paper
White narcissus, etc., if planted in September, are
usually through blooming before freezing weather be-
gins. South of the freezing belt, hardy spring-flowering
bulbs are not very successful, as a rule, there being no
sufficiently cool weather to deter top growth and force
root action flrst, without which the flowers and foliage
will not develop beyond such sustenance as the bulb
can supply; and this sustenance is usually exhausted by
the time the flower-spikes are half grown. But there are
many half-hardy and tender bulbs that are more easily
grown and flowered in the South than in the North.

The treatment of bulbs after flowering is important
when the bulbs are to be used again, for it must never
be forgotten that the flowers and resources for the next
season are garnered within the bulb after blooming,
through the agency of the roots and foliage. Imper-
fectly developed and matured foliage this year means
poor flowers or none at all next year ; so it is best to
leave the bulbs alone until the leaves have died down.
When summer bedding plants are to be substituted, it
is sometimes necessary to remove bulbs before ripe. In
such cases, the bulbs should be carefully taken up with
a spade. Disturb the roots as little as possible, and do
not cut or crush the leaves. Heel-in the plants in a
shallow trench in some half-shady out-of-the-way place
until ripe.

Summer- and Autctmn-ploweeing Garden Bulbs
FOR Spring Planting.— This class (Tender) includes
some of our showiest garden flowers, which are almost
indispensable. They are of the easiest possible culture.
Planted in the spring, after danger from frost is over,
in a sunny position in good, rich, loamy soil, they will
flower with great certainty the same season. After flow-
ering and ripening of the foliage, they should be taken
up and stored for the winter as advised below, under
" Keeping Dormant Bulbs," until wanted the next spring.
Among the more important species of this class of bulbs
are the undermentioned (those marked F must be kept
in a serai-dormant condition in a coldframe or green-
house): Agapanthus (F), alstroemeria (P), amorpho-
phalIus,anomatheca (F),antholyza (F),tuberous begonia,
bessera, colocasia (caladium), cooperia, crinum, cypella,
gladiolus, galtoniaJHyacinthus candicans), boussingaul-
tia (madeira vine), montbretia, nemastylis, border ox-
alis, omithogalum (F), pancratium, richardia (calla),
schizostylis (F), sprekelia, tigridia, tuberose, watsonia,
zephvranthes.

Bulbs for Flowering in the House and Green-
house.-There is no class of plants that gives more
satisfaction for this purpose, with so little skill, than

192

BULBS

iporta

«of

the various bulbs. Perhaps the r
all bulbs for winter-flowering :i

har.ly and half-hardy Itinds. Tin ■- •' , - -

mana'^'.-d o£ all, and need occupy n-
or ^jriiiiliouse, excepting wheu in i . : . :. : . i, . I ;
der suitable treatment, they flowtr • ;ili ;;rLLit ._. lunut: .
and their flowering period may be hastened (forced; nr
retarded at pleasure, so as to " bring them in " for certain
occasions, or to give a continuous succession of bloom.
There is a great variety of kinds of bun>s to select from
for this purpose {see ii^t "i -].. . n :ii . n; .-i iln- aju
ele), yet the great denian- : i ..iir-.

on the following lead, i ; : : . ; ,i

poses: Allium Ifi'fipolii'i , i /, ../,',

Jonqii

flor

among the large triiinpi't va
press, Golden Spur, Horsfleldi,
major ; among the medium ai
Watkins, Barrii coiispic\ius and
doubles are Von simi ;um1 i m n
anthus narcis-n i i: ■ ' \i
albus), and Dmr i;

species of bull.-, ' '. . ..

boides florihnti'i<i ..\mmhii-.,

tulips of the iail> \an.ti. ■- in
ciples of cultur.- In- li.ird> Im
are the same, win ilu r o]i|\ a i
the window garden, or whiiUci'
the thousand by the florist. '
secure the strongest bulbs. R<
were formed within the bulbs
you buy bulbs of narcissus coi

; of the Poly-
iflora (Totus
le). Of other

The

greenhouse— i?- ]•. i : • • i i ..i I. . ! ■ i i ' ' '"i

begin to grow, i ■ . i 1 1 ■ •■ i : i

matter, we will iln. . : ,ii< . w i,. i, ; ^ :. . a, , i ;, ,;

in the open ground in ihc niillhrm .-.;ah..-. in liiL la]!. ;bn
weather above tbeui is cool or cold, the yrouud beneath
them is warmer, and the conditions are congenial for
root action but deterrent to top growth. This results in
the perfect development of such tlowers as the bulbs
contain. On the other baud, ^vlnn h; a. im li- . tulips,
narcissus, and most other hard \ i - i' ■ : - hulbs
are planted in fall in our extrenn i . , i, -,. they

usually prove disappointing, I.. . , iiher is

warm, causing the flowers and l'"l ■ ' ■ . ;., ; [,, i,'row
before the roots ; and as soon a^ - 1 . ■ as the

bulb could supply has been exhai; ■ i ii stops

growing and dwindles. When wr - ;.,, a -,,;, .In- arti-
ficial conditions, we must make ILeiii ijiaalma r..uts flrst.
Failure to do this is responsible for nine-tenths of the
disappointments.

When hardy bulbs are to be grown in pots for winter
blooming in the house or conservatory, the bulbs should
be potted as soon as they are jn mais , i.:>vrin Au-
gust and November. Some wjh nd that

bulbs be planted in successional I i i . ai.i-and

ve thii

the

-nal, a.lvaa ,- at fault,

lose vitality when kept
retard the flowering of
tter described, without

The suil'sh.'aVM'lM rial', !, ,a,',', ■ Kre-b mnniiro cniinot

be' used. Of ila.-a, .; i ,-,a,,.,i ,„• ,,,, .,,„,,. ur.,\ be

pulverized and • ■ ■; ■■ i mh it i- -ain- t,,

use pure bone 1 1 a i . ■ . ; . i . ■ , ■ . . 1 1 . 1 1 1 1 a ■ - ,, i I
is stiff and Ina, , iia\ h •■, mh -aa.l ami laal'-iih.ld or
peat. The size of pots ilepends upon the kinds of bulbs.
A 5-inch pot is best for a first-sized hyacinth, or large-
bulbing narcissus, particularly the Polyanthus type.
Tulips, small narcissus, and bulbs of a similar size,
while they can go individually into a 4-inch pot, are bet-
ter when put three or more of one variety together in a
larger pot, as the soil retains a more even temperature
and moisture ; and for this reason some prefer earthen

BULBS

which come in various sizes, from 8 to 18
d'iaiiHter. In potting, place a little broken
hinip^ of charcoal in the bottom for drainage,
i. |„,i with soil and shake it down, but do not
\either must the bulb be pressed or screwed
oil, else the soil will be packed under it so
the roots start they often raise the bulb out
Plant the bulb just deep enough that its top
will not show. Large and
soft bulbs, which are lia-
ble to rot, mav be set in
a cushion of sand, and
the bulb not covered with

van Tin. I and a d..uble
Tournesol tulip would
month apart under the same treatiuc^nt. Some
vanetns of hyacinths, of narcissus, and of most species
of iiii!i.~ vary greatly in time of blooming, which, of
. ai , vi.uld spoil the effect.

w : M iL.rists force bulbs in quantity for cut-flowers,
Idoiu use pots, but shallow boxes, or flats, of a
a 1.. . a i.nomize bench room. Usually these boxes are
lilt il.iwn from soap boxes to a depth of 3 or 4 inches.
The bulbs are planted closely in these, from an inch to
2 inches apart, according to the kind. The tops of the
bulbs (excepting lilies) are kept about even with the
top of the soil. v'Do not water them unless the soil is
very dry, for bulbs in a dormant condition resent an
excess of moisture. Afterthe bulbs are potted, or boxed,
as described, they should be placed in a coldframe or

the sash on pleasant days. When no coldfranus or pits
are available, the pots may be covered as advised in a
cool cellar,! It is preferable, however, to sink them in
the open ground. The writer never had finer flowers on
hardy bulbs than when treated as follows ; A trench a
foot deep is dug in the garden where water will not set-
tle on it, and it is protected from the north and west
cold. Three inches of coal ashes is first placed in the
trench, to allow .Irainaaa aii.l la , p tli.-- V7•■^tn~. out. The
pots are then |.laa. .1 a •!, a ' • a-ii iv filled in

about the. poi^, i;!la a . la over. No

further attinm.ii i- a a... a, :a,a_ is c-ongenial

to perfect root devaU.ian. m, uliaa ilie weather is cool
enough to check top growth. Wheu the weather gets
cold enough to freeze a crust on the soil, an additional
covering of about 4 inches of rough stable manure,
leaves or straw, is put over. Some early bulbs, such as
Roman hyacinths. Paper Wliii.' naiai-^us. Due van
Thol tulips, etc., will root -uila a hil\ in live or six
weeks to be taken up for tir^i il.ai.i-. xilii.h slnmld be

height, after ■
warm window
Bulbs treated i

-a.l.h. Iina> ].r.a. Mt th.- ..p.nil,^' of
!.■ I, Til- have attain. -d tln-ir proper
1 the pots may be taken to a sunny,
v'hercver they are wanted to flower.
• will produce perfect spikes
) keep in mind in flowering
ire. 40° for roots, 50° for foli-
st flowers, 70° for quick de-
oom with loss of substance
(producing no flowers;.

BULBS

193

The exceptions t
lily-of-the-valley.
flornm bulbs parti'
roots from the Iju

the above advice

.tliiuii lln

Qd Liii
thr

longi-
ing

and

I potting

■ bulbs,

liiiilis, usually form roots
,-,■ the lailb, and the plants
•ngth from these top roots.
, ; best to put them down so

deep that there will be sufficient soil above the bulbs to
entice and sustain the stem roots. In other respects
treat the bulbs after potting as just advised. Winter-
tloweriug lily-of-the-valley forms no new roots. The
thick, fleshy." fibrous old roots should be trimmed at the
bottom, leaving them from 2 to 3 inches long. This al-
lows them to alisorb the abundant moisture with which
they should be supplied while the flowers and foliage
are developing. They flower just as well in sand or
moss, or anything that retains an even moisture and
temperature, as they do in soil, but lily-of-the-valley
for flowering in the house or greenhouse requires freez-
ing before it can be successfully brought into flower.
Without freezing, many pips will "come blind," or pro-
duce malformed spikes. So it is just as well for ama-
teurs to plant their pips an inch or two apart in pots or
buHj-pans, and plunge them in the garden, as recom-
mended for other hardy bulbs. Florists generally freeze
their pips in refrigerators, or have them placed, just as
they arrive from Germany, 2.500 pips in a case, in cold
storage, in a temperature of from 28 to 30°.

After being foiled or flowered in the greenhouse or
window, hardy bulbs are of little value, for most bulbs
suitable for the purpose have attained their maximum
size, and, in consequence, are ready to break up. Flor-
ists usually throw these bulbs away. Still, if space can
be spared for the bulbs to complete their growth after
flowering and ripening, many of them can be utilized
for planting in the mixed border or garden, there to
remain, where some of them will eventually recuperate
and flower.

Half-hardy bulbs for winter-flowering and forcing
should be treated the same as hardy bulbs, excepting
that after potting they should be placed for rooting
where they will not freeze. Yet they can go pretty close
to it and be all the better for it. In northern states, a
coldfranie or pit or cold greenhouse to root them in is,
therefore, almost indispensable. For tender winter- and
summer-flowering greenhouse bulbs, the culture varies
with almost every species, and as no general instruc-
tions would suit all kinds, the reader may refer to their
individual cultures given under their respective head-
ings in this Cyclopedia. (See list of species at the end
of this article.)

The flowering of bulbs in glasses, bowls, unique pots,
etc., is always interesting. Among the most successful
and interesting are hyacinth bulbs in glasses of water.
Use early-flowering single varieties only. The seedsmen
and dealers in bulbs supply special hyacinth glasses
for the purpose. They come in various shapes, colors
and decorations, and vary in price from 20 cts. to $1.50
each. These are simply filled with fresh, pure water.
A lump of charcoal thrown in absorbs impurities, but it
is not absolutely necessary. The bulb rests in a cup-
shaped receptacle on top of the glass. In filling, the
water should not quite touch the bottom of the bulb.
Put in a cool, dark, airy place until the roots have
reached the bottom of the glass, which should be in
about six weeks. Do not place them in a close, warm
closet. They must have fresh air. As the water evapo-
rates, fill the glasses, and change the water entirely when
needed to keep it sweet and clear. After rooting, place
the glasses in a light storeroom where the temperature
averages about 50°, until the stems and foliage have
developed ; then remove to a warm, sunny window for
flowers to open. There are other kinds that do equally
well when rooted in water, providing the largest healthy
bulbs are chosen. Among them are sprekelia (.Tacobiean
lily), Trumpet narcissus Horsfieldi and Golden Spur,
polyanthus narcissus Grand Monarque and Gloriosa,
large bulbs of Roman hyacinths, early single tulips,
and Mammoth Yellow crocus, etc. We have flowered
hyacinths on a piece of virgin cork floating in an aqua-
rium, a hole being cut through the cork for the roots to
reach the water. The so-called "Chinese Sacred Lily,"
a variety of Polyajithus narcissus, grows and flowers

13

luxuriantly in bowls of water, provided they are not
placed in a dry, furnace-heated room, which will cause
the buds to blast before opening. Sufficient pebbles or
shells should surround the bulbs to prevent them from
toppling over.

Crocus, Roman hyacinths and lily-of-the-valley pips
are very pretty when nicely flowered in columnar, hedge-
hog- or beehive-shaped hollow pots with holes for the
reception of the bulbs. A bulb is placed in front of each
hole from the inside, with the crown of the bulb looking
outwrir.l. Tin- i".t is then filled with soil through the
large ..ii.iiin- ill til., bottom, moss being pressed in last
to huM th.. f. .mints in place, after which the pots are
put oiitsid.- for till- l.ulbs to root, as explained for other
hardy bulbs for the house.

Keeping Dormant Bi-lbs, Tubeks, Etc.— Bulbs and
tubers of the various species, as well as their varieties,
vary greatly in size. Some, like oxalis, snowdrops,
.chionodoxas, etc., often do not exceed half an inch in
diameter, while other bulbs, such as those of Caladhtm
esculentum, certain arums, crinums, etc., attain great
size, frequently weighing several pounds each. Such
solid bulbs as those of tulips, hyacinths, narcissus,
etc., will remain out of the ground solid and plump, in
a suitable place, for three or four months. The larger
the bulb the longer it will keep, as a rule. Large crj-
num bulbs have been kept for fifteen months. Still, it
is always better to plant the bulbs as soon as possible,
for, although they keep, they do not improve, and their
tendency is always towards drying out and loss of vi-
tality.

Never keep bulbs paclu-.l u]. tiir-tiu'lit. They are apt
to generate heat or sw.at. iii..i.i <.i- rot, or to start.
When solid bulbs are tu 1..- k. |.t .L.t-matit for any length
of time, they should be si..i-.d away ff<.m bright light in
baskets, shallow boxes or slatted trays, in a room or
cellar where there is a circulation of fresh air and the
temperature is as cool as possible. Forty degrees is the
desideratum for all excepting tender bulbs. Scale-like
bulbs, as liliums, soon dry out and shrivel if exposed
to the air for any length of time ; therefore, they are
best kept in open boxes packed with some substance
that will retain a slight and even moisture, such as
sphagnum moss, rotted leaf -mold, coeoanut fiber refuse,
or moist sand, but tliey must be kept cold to check any
efforts to start. Fleshy roots, like those of peonies,
certain irises, astilbes, etc., should be treated like the
lily bulbs. When a cold-storage room, with an average
temperature of 30° to 40°, is available, it is the safest
place to carry over hardy bulbs and roots for spring
planting.

Lily-of-the-valley pips are carried in rooms of about
28° to 30°. The pips and packing freeze solid ; and here
they are kept for months until wanted for forcing.
When they are removed from this arctic chamber, they
must be thawed out gradually and as soon as possible,
by plunging in cold water, before they are subjected to
any heat ; otherwise, they are likely to rot. For this
reason, "cold-storage pips " cannot be safely shipped any
distance in warm weather, this often being the cause of
the country florists' disappointment in results.

Tender dormant bulbs, as begonias, gloxinias, ama-
ryllis, paneratiums, tigridias, tuberoses, etc., must be
kept in a warm, dry atmosphere, not below 50°. The
cause of tuberoses not flowering is often that the
bulbs have been kept below 40°, which destroys the
flower germ, although the foliage grows just as vigor-
ously. Tender tubers, such i as dahlias, cannas, etc.,
should be stored in dry sand in a warm, dry cellar or
under the greenhouse bench.

Hints on Buying and Selecting Bulbs.— As already
said, bulbs can develop only the flowers which were
formed within them before they were ripened. A bulb
may be poor because not full grown or too young, or
because grown in impoverished soil or under unconge-
nial conditions, or because it may not have been matured
when dug ; or it may be injured from heating, sweating,
rotting or moldiness in storage or transit, caused by
improper curing or packing, or it may be dried out from
having been out of the ground too long. In the major-
ity of cases in which poor bulbs are planted, however,
it'is the buyer's fault in procuring cheap bulbs, which
in many cases are second grades, lacking age and

proper size. The commoner varieties of a species usually
propaf;ati- tlif fa^ti-^t. :inil it i-* rfiiprally these less
salable \aricii.- :iii'l iiii.ri.!- -.■■Iliiiir- and cullings
from ih.. ii:un.-M liiilii. I lint :--" I" iM.il.. up most "mixed
colors " iMi.l ■■iiii\. -I \irpii.- Til. II tMi-i-. for best re-
I I LiM II aiiiuuntof money
II ii'-s, rather than for a
I K and mixtures, unless,
ii il for large permanent
liiirders for naturalizing,
rst season are of secondary

HAKDINESS.

suits, it i^ ach i-.iiili 111
for the first m..
larger quantity 1. 1
of course, thi- 1

plantings, as in ]••■

etc., where best IIuwmt.-
consideration.

The best named hvi
called in H "■ "
attain full ^
cordiTiL.' 'i '

aths

requ

tl<.\Yor«. Such bulbs, ac-
1 uM-a-nn. from 20 to 24
centiiiii -I : ■ - II I Ill iiir.'iiiii|.i-iiir(... These nat-
urally I- ■ I 1,1. iiiA tliiMi till* \iiuii^er second or
"beddiiiL- -laili' ..I inlli-. innisurin^' fnim 18 to 20 cen-
timeters (6 to S in.). There is u third size, ranging from
16 to 18 centimeters (4 to 6 in.), that goes in mixtures,
and a fourth size (12 to 14 centimeters) that goes out as
"Dutch Romans," "Pan Hyacinths," "Miniatures," etc.
Some growers even scale their sizes a centimeter or two
less than mentioned, to enable them to quote lower
prices. Crocus, narcissus, tulips and many other bulbs
are also sorted into sizes, enabling the grower to catch
all classes of buyers.

A first size crocus bulb should measure 10 centimeters
(4 in.) in circumference, and such bulbs produce from
6 to 12 flowers each. A small, cheap bulb produces only
two or three flowers. A narcissus bulb of maximum
size will produce from 3 to 5 flowers (sometimes more),
and an inferior size usually but a single flower. A
White Roman hyacinth bulb 14- to 16-centimeter

best lil> III III.
spike, u.^ualli ai
have seldom im
planter wants 1 1
for them, but il
grade stock tak.
much care, flrr.
flowers called lii
of seconds is n
for them does ni
Catalogue oi

ill produce 3 and often 4 spikes
onds, while an 11- to 12-centi-
■nly one first grade spike and a
liaps nothing but seconds. The
IIS boar from 12 to 16 bells on a

• ay more money
■ucl, for second-
and requires as
: is the grade of
.lit^ The supply
if market price

LBS. -To i

<l in the selection of bulbs
.)end a list of the leading
ile dormant (between the
months specified) frr.m srodsmen and bulb dealers, and

we afiix a sign t.. . a.li t.. imlirate the purpose for which

the species — <ir la i : ' '- in it— are adapted. Some

kinds are usiful i i ■ i n .me purpose, and such

have acorres|".ir : it signs. Forexample; if

a selection of l.iilli- i^ i i 1" maile for winter-flowering
in the house, niako a m.lf of those to which an aste-
risk ( *) is affixed, then turn to their respective headings
in this Cyclopedia, where will be found full descriptions
of the varieties as well as species — and cultural instruc-
tions—which will enable any one to make an intelligent
selection.

For winter-flowering bulbs for greenhouse or windoiv, select
from species marked *.

For summer- ntiil fnlf-flmrrrino hujhs forpots for greenhouse
antloHi'r ,i,r,.r^,i,:,„ ,..!<. -I <,>.:„ K/H'-ies marked i.

Foi-Ki': .h'rgardens,laums, etc. .select

rdv bulbs for gardens.

lawn

Abobrall?....
Achimenes + .
Agap-anthus t

Albuca t

Allium*!....
Al5trf.-ni..|;iii

Amonil

'libs for spring
's marked 1,.

.Oct. to April
.Oct. to April
.Oct. to April
.Aug. to Dec.
.Sept. to Nov.
.Oct. to April
.Oct. to April

Bessera § H.H .

Blandfordia* T . . .

Bloomeriaf H...

Bomarea 1i T ._ H.H .

Bous.sing,iultia 1I§ T...

Bowieaft H.H.

Bravoa t H.H.

Brodiiea *t H.H.

Bulbocodium \ H . . .

Caladiumt? T...

Calochortus *X H.H .

Cnm;issia 1 H. . .

C'anra - T...

Corj'dalis il

Crinurat?

Crocus* X

Crocosmia §

Crown Imperials t

Cummingiat

Cyanellat

Cyclamen Persiciim *

Cyclobothra §

Cypellag

Cyrtanthus t

Dahlias?

Dicentra X

Dioscorea Hi

Eranthis X

Eremurus II

Erythroniuml

Eucharis t

Eurycles t

Freesia*

Fritillttria*t

Galanthus *X

Galtonia 2

Geissorhiza t

Gesnera * t

Gladiolus §

Gloriosallt

Gloxiniat

Griffiniat

H»mantlius t

Hellebonis t

Hemerocallis II

Homeria ?

Hyacinth * t

Hymenocallis g t

Imantophylhim t

Iris, Bxilbous * t

Iris, Rhizomatous, etc. t

Ixii

MuscimaJ

Nwgelia* +

Narpissus»I

Nemastyliis ;,

Nerine +

Oriiithogiiluiii * ; —
Oxalis, Wiiitfi-.tlnw.
Oxalis, for borders ^

Pn?onias II

Pancratium + ?

Phjpdranassa *

Polygonatum II

Pu.schkiniat

Riiniineulus *

Richar(lla*t I

Rigidella I

Sanguinaria I

Schizostylls * ?

ScUlat*

Sparaxis*

Al.r

..Oct.
..Aug. to April
. .Aug. to Nov.
..Oct. to April
..Oct. to April
..Aug. to Nov.
. .Aug. to-Nov.
..Aug. to Oct.
..Oct. to April
..Oct.to.March
..Oft. to April

..Oct. to April

.Oct. to April
.Oct. to April
.Aug. to Nov.

to April
to April

.H.H Aug. to Nov.

.T Sept. to Dec.

.T Oct. to April

. H Oct. to April

.H.H Oct. to April

.H.& H.H Aug. to Nov.

.H.H Aug.

I Nov.

BULBS

HARDINESS. DORMANT.

Spirea (Astilbe) * H Oct. to April

Sprekelia *t? T Sept. to April

Sternbergia II H Avig. to Oct.

Tecophylea * h.h Aug. to Oft.

Tigridia 'i T Oct. to April

Trillium II H Oct. to March

Triteleia X h.h Oct . to April

Tritonia * h.h ,\iig. to Nov

Tritoma 1 H ( >ct. to April

TropaBolum. Tuberous * •! h.h Aug. to Dec.

Tuberoses I T Nov. to May

Tulip * t H Aug. to Nov.

Tyd»a * t t Oct . to April

Urceolinat T Oct. to April

Vallotat T Oct. to April

Watsonia*? H.H Sept. to Dec

Zephyranthes *? h.h Aug. to April

Peter Henderson & Co.

BULBlNE (Greek, holhos, a bulb). LiUhcem. Half-
hardy African plants, of several species, allied to Antheri-
cum, but practically unknown in this country. Some of
the species are bulbous, and require the general treat-
ment given Cape bulbs (see Bulbs).

BULBINfiLLA. See Chrysobacfron.

BULBOCODIUM (Greek, wooHi/ 6m !6). Lili&cecf. A
half dozen low, crocus-like bulbous plants of the Medi-
terranean region and eastward, some spring-flowering
and others autumn-flowering. The spring-flowering spe-
cies, B. vertium, is the only one in our gardens. It
is hardy, and demands the same soil and location as
crocuses.

v6mum, Linn. Pig. 291. Blooms in earliest spring,
before the Ivs. appear, the fls. resting nearly on the
ground : fls. rosy purple, white-spotted on the interior,
l-,3 from each bulb: Ivs.
broad and channelled.
B.M. 153 (cf.Fig. 291).
F.S. 11 : 1149.- Bulbs
should be taken up and
divided every 2 or 3
years. Plant in the fall.
Usually blooms in ad-
vance of the crocus.
L. H. B.
BULBOFPtLLUM
(Greek, bulb- leaf).
Orchuliiceoi, tribe JSpi-
dhidrew. Many species
of trop. orchids, mostly
of the Old World, more
' /^ odd than ornamental.

E^/&~J Very few are known to

-cultivators. They are
plants with a stout,
.^/TiM^T#»'-'>»-5 - .>_^ (^reepingrhizome, small

-V>#Vj'' "' ^' "S^ pseudobulbs bearing

'i<^'' ^V one or two stiff Ivs. : lip

r fi I -J > jointed, moving when

'J \ I \ X^X\ hairy: fls. in racemes

' / I ) I l\ V "'■ spikes, or solitary.

I \ I V\ X Require warm temper-

291. Bulbocodium vernum. ature and much water.

Do not dry them off.
They thrive on blocks or trunks of ferns. B. Bhcari,
Reichb. f., is one of the largest of orchids, its rhizomes
twining about trees, and its fls. emitting the vilest con-
ceivable odor; see G.C. IL 11: 41, and 14: 326, 525;
B.M. 6567.

L6bbii, Lindl. Leaf solitary, broadly lance-elliptic :
scape 1-fld., arising from the side of the pseudobulb,
shorter than the If.: fls. large and spreading (2 in.
across) ; sepals lanceolate and acuminate, yellow, more or
less marked with purple ; petals smaller.streaked purple ;
lip cordate-ovate, yellow and orange-dotted, not bearded.
Java. B.M. 4532. -Flowers in early summer. Once cata-
logued by Pitcher & Manda.

BULL, EPHRAIM W. The introducer of the Concord
grape lived a long, quiet, and useful life in Concord,

BUPHANE

195

Mass., where he died Sept. 27, 1895, in his ninetieth year.
In commercial importance, the greatest event in the early
history of American grapes was the introduction, early
in the fifties, of this variety of the northern fox-grape.
The first fruit of this grape was obtained in 1849. Its
exact origin is obscure. In 1840, Mr. Bull bought the
house in which he lived until his death. That year some
boys brought from the river some wild grapes, and
scattered them about the place. A seedling appeared
from which Mr. Bull obtained a bunch of fruits in 1843.
He planted seeds of this bunch, and a resulting plant
fruited in 1849. This variety was named the Concord.
It soon became the dominant grape in all eastern
America, as it was the first variety of suflicient hardi-
ness to carry the culture of the vine into every garden
in the land. It is a pregnant type, and has given rise to
no less than fifty honorable seedlings, which range in
color from greenish white to purple-lilack. The quality
of the fruit is excelled by many v.irictics, but the latter
usually demand more careful i'iilri\;ifin!i. Tin- Concord
is the one most important type of ,\iiiriii:iii i;rape, and
the really successful commercial vitirultun- of the coun-
try dates from its disseminatiou ; iuhI yet tlii.s grape is
a ptire native fox-grape, and evidently only twice removed
from the wild vine.

Ephraim W. Bull was loved of his neighbors and hon-
ored by every countryman who grows or eats a grape.
He made very little money from his variety, and died in
extreme poverty. The original vine is still preserved.
It is a sprout from the old root. l_ jj_ b_

BULLACE. A small wild or half-domesticated plum,
standing midway between the culfiv;iti-.l European sorts
{Pmyius dom-csficra) and the wild -1..,. 1 1'. >:,,,„„s<i). This
plum is usually referred to P. itix,lili,i , hut it is so closely
related to the Damsons as to be best .•liissiticd with them.
The Bullace would then take the bot.anical name of the
Damsons, P.domestlca. var. Btnnascena (see Bot. Gaz.
27:481). This plum is rather common in parts of Eu-
rope, but is very seldom seen in America.

P. A. Waugh.

BUMfiLIA (ancient Greek name for an ash-tree).
Sa.potAcem. Small trees or shrubs, usually spiny, with
rather small, entire, deciduous or persistent Ivs. and
small white fls. in axillary clusters : fr. an oblong black
drupe. About 20 species from S. N. America to Brazil.
None of them is of much horticultural value, but as
they grow naturally, mostly on dry, rocky or sandy soil,
they may be used sometimes with advantage for plant-
ing in similar situations. Prop, by seeds.

lanugindsa, Pers. Tree, sometimes 50 ft. : Ivs.oblong-
obovate or cuneate-obovate, rounded and often apiculate
at the apex, dark green and lustrous above, tomentose
beneath, sometimes nearly glabrous at length, \-2% in.
long : clusters many-fld. ; pedicels slender hairy : fr.
oblong or obovate, Kin. long. S. S.5:247. S. states
north to S. Illinois, west to Texas. — This species and B.
li/cioldes, Pers., are the hardiest. They have proved
hardy in very sheltered positions even in Massachu-
setts ; besides these, B. angusti folia, Nutt. , and B.
tinax, Willd., are the most common species in the S.
states. B. Pdlmeri, Rose, from Mex., is illustrated in
G.F. 7:196. Alfred Eehder.

BUPHANE (Greek, cattle-destroyer, alluding to poi-
sonous properties). AmaryUiddcea. Two or three South
African bulbs, practically unknown in this country.
They are large plants, with many red fls. in an umbel.
Perianth tubular, segments equal and narrow, spread-
ing : stamens 6, exsert.ed : Ivs. long and sword-like,
thick. See Baker, Amaryllidefe.

dlsticha, Herb. (B. toxicAria, Herb., Hamdnthus
toxicdrius, Thunb.). Bulb, 6-9 in. in diam. : Ivs. sev-
eral, distichous, 1-2 ft. long : peduncle or scape stout
(6-12 in. high) and solid, compressed, glaucous, bearing
a dense umbel. B.M. 1217. — Sparingly offered in this
country. Lvs. said to be very poisonous to cattle in
S. .\fr. ; bulb furnishes arrow poison for the natives.

Another species is B. cilidris. Herb., with fewer,
shorter lvs., and shorter peduncle, bearing 50-100 fls.
Not known to be in the Amer. trade. l. H. B.

IOC

BUPHTHALMUM

BUPHTHALMDM (Greek for ox-eye). Comp6sita;.
A few European and W. Asian perennial herbs, some-
times grown in the hardy border. Heads large, with
long yellow rays : Ivs. alternate, entire or dentate :
pappus short, often connate into a corona : _akenes
g'abrous. Showy plants of easy culture.

speciosisflimum, Ard. Lvs. cordate and clasping, the
upper ones oval and acuminate : heads solitary on the
ends of the stems : 2-5 ft., flowering in July and later.

salicifdlium, Linn. (B. grandiflbrum, Linn.). Lts.
oblong-lanceolate. 3-nerved, somewhat pubescent and
slightly serrate : fls. solitary and terminal, large : lower
than the last.

specidsum, Schreb. (B. cordifblium. Waldst. & Kit.).
Lvs. very large, cordate, coarse-serrate : fls. very large
and showy, on an upward-thickened peduncle : 'A-i ft.,
blooming in June and later. B. M. 3466, as Telikia ape-
cidsa. L. H. B.

BUFLEORUM (Greek, ox and rib : of no obvious ap-
plication). UmbelUferce. Weedy plants of the Old World,
of which one [B. rotundifolinm, Linn.), is naturalized
in the Eastern states, and another {B. falcatum, Linn.),
is cult, in Japan for greens (A.G. 13; 9).

BDRBlDGEA (after F. W. Burbidge, who discovered
it in Bomfo). Srittnuintit'ece. A monotypic genus allied
to Heilychiniii. Imt with no lateral perianth segments and
the lip 1' ,lni-. .i to ;i small blade. The showy orange-
scarlet lis, ii\,il cjiinris in brilliancy. For culture, see
Alpiniaaiid H.,ly,liiiim.

nitida, Hook, f . Tender herbaceous perennial : height
2-3 ft.: rootstock creeping, matted : stems tufted, slen-
der : leaf-blades glossy, 4-6 in. long, eared at junction
■with the sheath : panicle terminal, 4-6 in. long, many-
fld.; inner perianth tube 1-m in. long ; outer segments
lK-2 in. long, orange-scarlet, the dorsal one shorter
and more roundish than the 2 lateral ones. B. M". 6403.
Sold by Siebrecht & Son.

BUECHfiLLIA (W. Burchell, botanical traveler).
Buhi()ep(f. One species from S. Afr., an evergreen
shrub, with opposite short-petioled lvs. and dense ter-
minal clusters of sessile scarlet fls. : corolla tubular,
bell shaped ; stamens 5, inserted in the tube : fr. a 2-
celled, many seeded berry. B. Cap6nsis, R. Br., is in
the Amer. trade, being cult, for its rich, dark foliage
and brilliant fls. It is very variable, and has received
several names. 3-10 ft. Prop, by cuttines. Grown un-
der glass. B.M.2339. B.H. 1886:420. J.H. III. 34: 81.

BtTEDOCK. See Arctium.

BUELINGTONIA. See Ifodrigiiezia.

BUENET (Poterium Sanguisdrba, Linn.). A hardy
rosaceous i)erennial, the piquant lvs. of which are some-
times used in flavoring soups and salads. The dried
roots are occasionally used as a family remedy. Burnet
is little known in this country as a condimental herb.
H is worthy a place in the hardy border for the orna-
mental character of its odd-pinnate lvs. and its little
heads of fls. with drooping stamens. The leaflets are
very dark green, ovate and notched. Stems 1-2 ft. high,
bearing oblong or globular monoecious heads. Of easiest
culture, either from seeds or by division of the clumps.
Native of Europe. L. H. B.

BURNING-BUSH. See JSuonymus.

BUERlfiLIA. See Baeria.

BUESAEIA {Bursa, a pouch, alluding to the shape
of the pods). PitfosporAcecs. Two species of shrubs
with white fls. in clusters ; sepals, petals and stamens
each 5 : fr. a 2-Ioculed capsule, in shape like that of the
Shepherd's Purse.

spindsa, Cav. An elegant spiny shrub or small tree,
■with drooping branches and pretty white fls., produced
in summer : lvs. small, oblong-cuneate, alternate and
nearly sessile : fls. small, lateral or terminal, mostly
terminal. Australia, Tasmania. B.M. 1767.— Cult, in
S. California.

iple of Caspar

Bl-XUS

BUES£EA (Joachim Bursi-r
Bauhin). Bursercicew. G<-imi;i[/ t;iii 1 1 is. with sim-
ple or pinnately compound !■ :' ill clusters,
4-5 parted, with twice as n, as pt'tals or
sepals, and a 3-parted oval > . ui.,,:,-i.- . -ink's : fr. a
3-parted drupe •«-ith usually "u.; 1 .si i il. Ahout 40 spe-
cies of trees in tropical America. For B. aervidiaj see
Protium.

Simarfibra, Sarg. (B. gummifera, Jacq.). Lvs. odd-
pinnate, with 3-5 pairs.of Ifts. ; Ifts. ovate, acute, mem-
branous, smooth on both sides, entire, the netted veins
prominent on the under side : fls. in a very knotty ra-
ceme, 4-6 parted : fr. adi-upe, with a 3-valved succulent
rind and 3-5 nuts. A tall tree with a straight trunk and
spreading head, found in Florida, Mexico, and Central
America and the West Indies.— It yields a sweet, aro-
matic balsam, which is used in tropical America iis a
medicine for internal and external application ; dried,
it is known in the trade as Chibou, or Cachibou resin,
or Gomart resin. It is a hardy greenhouse plant, and
thrives in a compost of loam and peat. Prop, by cut-
tings under glass, with bottom heat.

G. T. Hastings.

BUSH-FRUITS, A term used to designate those
small fruits which grow on woody bushes. It includes
all small-fruits- as that term is used in America— ex-
cept strawberries and cranberries. Bush-fruits is an
English term, but it has been adopted lately in this
country, notably in Card's book on "Bush-Fruits." The
common bush-fruits are currants, gooseberries, rasp-
berries, blackberries, and dewberries.

BtlTEA (Earl of Bute). Legumindsw. Three or four
species of trees or woody vines of India and China, with
deep scarlet papilionaceous fls. in racemes and pinnate
lvs. In the Old World rarely grown in stoves. In this
country, one is cult, in S. Calif.

fronddsa, Roxbg. A leafy tree, yielding g\im or lac :
Ifts. 3, roundish, pubescent beneath, the lateral ones
unsymmetrical : fls. 2 in. long, orange-crimson, very
showy ; stamens 9 together and 1 free. India.— Reaches
a height of 50 ft.

BUTOMUS (Greek, hn,
leaves too sharp tor th. i
Hardy perennial aqimiir
ponds. Prop, by ili\ i-i'ii
by DC, in Mon. I'liati.,
the Australian ButoiiKip-

md temno, to cut ; the
c.f cattle). AHsm&cete.

■ nlture on margins of
III species are referred

II B. umbellatus, or to
ch is also a monotypic

umbellAtUB, Linn. Flowekino Rush. Rhizome thick:
lvs. 2-3 ft. long, iris-like, sheathing at the base, 3-cor-
nered : fls. rose-colored, 25-.30 in an umbel, on a long
scape ; sepals 3 ; petals 3. Summer. Eu., Asia.

BUTTERCUP. Species of Banunculus.

BUTTERFLY WEED. Asclepias tuberosa.

BUTTERNUT. See Juglans.

BUTTON-BUSH is r<7.7,«?.ui?7i»s.

BUTTONWOOD. ('..iisult Philanus.

BUTTERWORT.

Piiiguieula.

BUXUS (ancient Latin name). HuphorbiAcem. Box
Tree. Evergreen shrubs or small trees : lvs. opposite,
short-petioled, entire, almost glabrous, coriaceous and
rather small : fls. monoecious, in axillary or terminal
clusters, consisting usually of one terminal pistillate
flower, with 6 sepals, and several lateral staniinate fls.
with 4 sepals and 4 stamens : fr. an obovate or nearly
globular 3-pointed capsule, separating into 3 valves,
each containing 2 shining black seeds. About 20 species
in the mountains of Cent, and E. Asia, N. Afr., and S.
Eur., also in W. India and C. Amer. Ornamental ever-
green shrubs of dense but rather slow growth, with
shining, small foliage and inconspicuous fls. and fr-
The common Box Tree and B. microjyhijtla may be
grown in sheltered positions even north, while B. Wal-
iichiana and B. Balearica, two very distinct and hand-

BUXUS

some species, grow in the warmer temperate regions
only. B. sempervirens stands pruning very well, and
in the old formal gardens of Europe was formerly much
used for hedges, and sometimes trimmed into the most
fantastical shapes ; the dwarf variety is still often
planted for bordering flower beds. The very hard and
close-grained wood is in great demand for engraving
and finer turnery work. The Box Tree thrives in almost
any well-drained soil, and best in a partially shaded
position, Prop, by cuttings from mature wood early in

BUXUS

197

fall, kept during the winter in the cool greenhouse or
under handlights in the open ; in more temperate re-
gions they may be inserted in a shady place in the open
air; 4-6 in. is the best size for outdoor cuttings. Layers
will also make good plants. The dwarf variety is usu-
ally propagated by division. In planting borders, It is
essential to insert the divided plants deeply and as firmly
as possible, and to give plenty of water the first time.

Seeds are .?own soon after maturity, tout it takes a long
time to raise plants of good size from them.

semp6rvirens, Linn. Common Box Tree. Fig. 292.
Shrub or small tree, to 25 ft. : branches quadrangular,
sparingly pubescent : Ivs. oval-oblong or oval, rarely
Touudish oval or lanceolate, usually obtuse, }4-l% in.
long : fls. in axillary clusters ; staminate fls. sessile,
with a gland half as long as the calyx in the center. S.
Eur., N. Afr., Orient, China. Very variable in size,
color and shape of the Ivs.; some of the most cultivated
forms are the following : Var. angustifblia, Lnud. (var.
longifdlia, Hort.; var. salicifntin . Hurt. ). Lvs. narrow,
oblong-lanceolate, usually sbnibliv. Var. arbor^Bcens,
Linn. Tall shrub ..r siiutli tn-e : lvs. usually oval. Var.
arg^nteo-marginata, lI.Tt. Lvs. edged white. Var.
aurea, Hort. Lvs. yill..«-. Var. ailreo-marginilta, Hort,
Lvs. edged yellow. Var. suHruticbsa, Linn. (var. nAna,
Hort.). Dwarf . Ivs. .small, oval or obovate : flowering
clusters usually only terminal.

Japdnica, Muell. Arg. {B. obcordcUa, Hort. B. Fdr-
tunel, Hort.). Shrub, 6 ft.: lvs. cuneate, obovate or
roundish obovate, obtuse or emarginate at the apex,
i4-lii in. long, with usually pubescent petioles ; clus-
ters axillary ; staminate fls. sessile, with a central gland
as long as the calyx. China, Japan. -Nearly as hardy as
the former. There are also some variegated forms.

mlcrophylla, Sieb. & Zucc. (B. Japdnica, var. micro-
phi'/lla, Muell. Arg.). Dwarf, often prostrate shrub,
quite glabrous : lvs. obovate or obovate-lanceolate, H-l
in. long : clusters mostly terminal ; staminate fls. ses-
sile, with a central gland, like the former. Japan.

Baleirica, Willd. Shrub, 6-15 ft.: lvs. elliptic or
oblong, acute or obtuse at the apex, 1-2 in. long, light
green : clusters axillary ; staminate fls. pedicelled. S.
Spain, Balear.— Handsome shrub, but less hardy than
the former.

B. Califomica, Lk. ■= Simmondsia Califomica.— B. Fdrtunei,
Hort. = B. Japonica.— 2?. Hdrlandi, Hance. Branches pubes-
cent : lvs. narrow obovate. emarginate, %-l% in. long. China.
— B. longifdlia, Boiss. Lvs. narrow-elliptic or lanceolate. 1t1%
in. long. Orient. China.— 7?. longifdlia. Hort. = B, sempervi-
rens, var. angustifolia.— /?. Wallichidna, Baill. Branches pu-
bescent ; lvs. linear-elliptic, 1-2% in. long. Himalayas.

Alfred Rehdkr.

CABBAGE, Brdnsica oUrAcea, Linn., is a crucifer-
ous [jlaiit which grows wild on the sea-cliffs of western
and southern Europe. Fij-'s. 293 and 294, from nature,

.-X--,

293 Wild Cabbat;

show the common form as it grows on the chalk cliffs of
the English Channel. It is a perennial plant, or per-
haps sometimes a biennial, with a very tough and woody
root, a diffuse habit, and large, thick, deep-lobed leaves
in various shades of green and reddish, and more or
less glaucous. The leaves of this plant were probably
eaten by the barbarous or half -civilized tribes ; and when
history begins, the plant had been transferred to culti-
vated grounds and had begun to produce dense rosettes
or heads of leaves. It appears to have been in general
use before the Aryan migrations to the westward. There
were several distinct types or races of the Cabbage in
cultivation in Pliny's time.

From the one original stock have sprung all the forms
of Cabbages, Cauliflowers, Brussels Sprouts and Kales.
For this family or group of plants the English language
has no generic name. The French include them all under
the term Choii, and the Germans treat them under A'o7iZ.
These various tribes may be classified as follows (cf.
De CandoUe, Trans. Hort. Soc. London, 5, 1-43 ; Prodr.
1.213):

Var. acSphala, DC. The various headless Cabbages.
It comprises the Kales, in many types and varieties, as
the tall or tree Kalc^s. Curlfd or R.-..trh Kales, and Col-
lards. The ('„'.„■'■■,:, (■.A]:,i,\~. rr.,v, I, in i1m' :-...i.i1i and
shipped to nciili. . ,: i.: , i •,. i n r jm,-,. its
likeness may li'- i '■■! ;- n. • ^.nith-

Var. gemmifera, Hort. The bud-bearing Cabbage, or
Brussels Sprouts (see Fig. 273) . In this group, the main
stem or axis is tall and erect, and the axillary buds are
developed into little heads.

Var. oapitita, DC. The head-bearing, or true Cab-
bages. In this tribe, the main axis is short and thick,
and the leaves are densely packed into a gigantic bud or
head (Figs. 297, 298). The varieties of Cabbage are
very numerous and various. A serviceable classification
of them uiigbt follow this order :

teued (Fig. 299), including c and

Var. botrytis, DC. Cauliflower and Broccoli, in which
the head is formed of the condensed and thickened
flower-cluster. See Cauliflower.

The Chinese Cabbage is a wholly different species
from the common Cabbages (see Brassica). It does not
form a compact and rounded head, but a more or less
open and soft mass of leaves, after the manner of Cos
Lettuce. It is of easy culture, but must be grown in the
cool season, for it runs quickly to seed in hot aiul dry
weather. l. h. B.

Culture of Cabbage. -The Cabbage is a gross feeder.

It endures much abuse. We may cover its leaves with

dust, do.se it witli all s..rts of substances, mutilate its

leaves or r.i,.tN as «.■ .liuose, plant it in heavy clay,

black murk '■<■ imi.- -ami. and it will do fairly well in

spite of all •■..thIiiIoh- if we but supply an abundance of

■ur. .1 r.„.,l an.l the right quantity of water to

u- I'l'.mt to taki- it in and make it available.

.liiji> Ml' f,„„|, its great requisite is a proper

u- ..iiaii, it is by no means an aquatic, and suf-
fers as nniidi from an over-supply of water as from any
untoward condition. Cabbages cannot endure hot sun-
shine and dry air, and do best at all stages of growth in
a cool, niciist atmosphere, and while young plants do
fairly well in a higher one, provided there is plenty of
"ght and air, the older ones cannot be made to form per-
fect heads in such weather as prevails in most parts of
the United States rturing the summer months. They are
quite har.lv. a'l.l v.ill i Ti-iiiro a too low temperature bet-

I thi!

i.y J

Tlic
killu .

kill one grown slowly out-
of-doors. It is clear that if the plant is to be grown suc-
cessfully in our southern states, it must be during the ■
cooler winter and spring months ; and at the north
seed-sowing must be so timed as to avoid bringing the
plants to a heading condition during hot weather. Cab-
bages can be grown without protection at the south

li^frf.

wherever a minimum temperature of about 15° above
zero is the coldest that may be expected, and at the
north well-grown and hardened plants for early crop
may be set out as soon as danger of a temperature below
about 20° above zero is passed. The earliest maturing

CABBAGE

199

■varieties, when grown without check, will come into
heading condition in about ninety days from the seed,
and the time necessary for the different sorts to perfect
heads varies from that to some 200 days for the latest,
t will be as
that when

plants can be safely set out-of-doors early in March the
seed should be sown early in February, the date of sow-
ing to be determined by the local climatic conditions.
We think the best plan is to sow the seed in boxes,
aboiit 3 inches deep, and of convenient size to handle,
filled with rather heavy but very friable soil. We plant
the seed in drills, about 2 inches apart, dropping about
ten seeds to the inch. The seedlings need abundant
light and air, and the great danger to be guarded against
is their becoming soft and spindling through too high
temperature and the want of light. They should be fully
exposed whenever the weather will permit. In from
fifteen to twenty days after sowing the seed the plants
should be "pricked out," setting them about 2 inches
apart, in a rich and somewhat heavier soil than was used
in the seed boxes, and as soon as well established they
should be given all the light and air possible. A few de-
grees of frost for a night will be an advantage rather
than an injury. It was formerly the custom, and one stil 1
followed by some successful growers, to sow the seed in
the open ground in September, transplanting into cold-
frames in late October or November, and carry the plants
through the winter In a dormant or slowly growing condi-
tion. Such plants, being very hardy, can be set out early,
and, if all goes well, will mature somewhat earlier than
spring-grown plants, but this method is now generally
thought to be more expensive, less profitable and certain
than spring planting. For the later or general crop at
the north, and for those parts of the south where no pro-
tection is necessary, seed is sown in beds out-of-doors.
For this purpose, select a well-drained, level spot, of
rich, friable soil, as near the field where the crop is to
be grown as practicable, and get it into the best possible
condition as to tilth and moisture by repeated cultiva-
tion. In the latitude of New York, the latter part of
May or the first of June is considered the best time for
sowing seed for the general crop, but fine yields are
often obtained there from seed sown as late as the mid-
dle of July, and many of the most successful growers
wisely make several sowings, one as early as May 10,
and one or two later, so as to be sure to have plants in
the best condition for transplanting at the time when
the condition of the field and weather is favorable. The
seed should be sown in drills, about a foot apart, at the
rate of about fifty to the foot, or, if thicker, the plants
should be thinned to about one-fourth inch apart, as

small roller, or, best of all, the foot ; this finning of the
soil is often quite essential to success. It is sometimes
the case that, in spite of all our efforts, the seed-bed be-
comes so dry that seed will not germinate. In such cases
one can often get a good stand by watering the ground
before planting, filling the drills two or three times with

295. Georgia Co

soon as fairly up. Some growers sow the seed and leave
the plants much thicker, but we think it pays to give
them plenty of room. The seed should be lightly cov-
ered, and the soil pressed firmly over it with the hoe, a

acephala.

water, and when it has settled away sow the seed and
cover with dry earth, well pressed down. In most cases
an attempt to wet the bed by sprinkling, either before
or after the seed is planted, will do more harm than
good. As soon as the starting seed breaks ground the
surface should be carefully stirred with a rnke. and this
should be repeated at least as nftcii as f..ur times a week
Unjil the plants are taken to tlir ticM.

A full stand of healthy, w>ll-rstal.lisli<-,l plants is of
great importance, and does mmh tuwanls assuring a
profitable crop. So important is it, that many growers
wait for damp weather before setting, regardless of the
season. We think they often make a mistake in doing
so, and, while a cloudy or damp day is desirable, it is of
far greater importance that our plants are set at the
proper time, and the moisture of the soil conserved by
cultivation before and stirring of the surface immedi-
ately after setting. Careful attention should be given
to so arrange the work that the yoxmg plants should be
taken up so as to save all the root possible, protected
from the sun, and set as soon as practicable. Just how
this can be best done will depend upon each planter's
circumstances and the help he has at his command.
There is one point in transplanting which is of especial
importance with Cabbage plants, that is that the roots
are not doubled back upon themselves. This is often
done by careless men, and some of the transplanting
machines are worthless because of this fault. A Cabbage
plant so set never does well, and seems to suffer much
more than if the root had been cut off instead of folded
back.

The Cabbage is very dependent upon a proper supply
of water, and suffers more from the want of it than most
of our garden vegetables. Its roots, though abundant
and of quick growth, are comparatively short, and less
capable of gathering moisturit from a dry soil than those
of such plants as tin- li.aii. (in tlu- diliri- hand, it is
quickly and seriously iiijur.d l'\ an .i\ rr-supply of
water at the root. Want ..r ."ii-iil rai n-n df these char-
acteristics is afreinniit .•aus,...f failuii-. .Min seem to
think that, because the plant is a rank feeder, all that is
necessary is an abundant supply of food, and set them
on rich, black soils, made up chiefly of vegetable mat-
ter, but so open that they quickly dry out during sum-
mer droughts and the plants die or lail to do well, or
on lands so poorly drained that in a wet time the ground
is flooded and the plants drowned out. Not only should
we select ground where the natural water supply is
good, but one where the physical conditions are such
that we can conserve the soil moisture by frequent and
thorough cultivation, both before and after setting the
plants. ,

For the highest possible development, the evenness of

200

CABBAGE

distribution and the degree to which the plant-food has
become immediately available is of equal or greater
importance than the quantity. Land can be put into
the best condition for raising a maximun crop by a
heavy dressingof stntile manure, thoroughly worked into
a wcll-ilr.nni-il. l.jaiiiv soil, .•m.l r.'|M-ntin.' flu- process

yearly f.'i^ -.', .Tiil . ,, -.1, . \ 1 n li-a-.n r .li'.' ,Mng of

manui'i' ,,.,:,,,.., , ; ,. ,^ •: :•. , ■■ '.iri, has

1 stable manure cannot
supplemented by com-
I as to contain about
• f available phosphoric

If we depend entirely
■ 111 L'. 000 to3,000 pounds
ix-it that upon all ordi-
al<kuess of a crop of
ni the amount of avail-
it -food and the degree

moist, and more with
•ured by frequent and

acid and about ^ix «-l
upon fertilizers, we shoii
to the acre, and \m- ^In.ii
nary soils the \iilii ;it
Cabbage is lart- > I , .i. m
able and evenl\ >:
to which the s.nl
conditions whi<-li > mh i>i
thorough cultivation.

Diseases and Soira op the Most Common Insect
Pests. — CZi(6-TOo/.— This is the effect of a fungus {Plas-
midiophora Brasslcm), which develops within the cells
of the root, causing them to become distorted and the
plant to develop imperfectly or die. On the death of
the plant, the spores of the fungus become mixed with
the soil, where they lie dormant until roots of some
other host-plant come in contact with them, and t&e
conditions are favorable for their development. They
develop within several of our common weeds, and we
believe that the spores are to be found in most of our
cultivated fields, and need only favorable conditions to
develop. We ha e foun I tl it tl e d ease s seldom
troublesome except where the c Itural cond t ons par
ticularly as to mo st re are nfavoral le to the Cab
bage, and that the best prevent f I t

to the health and v gor of the ] 1 W

practical remedy where a plant

Flea Beetle —A small qu I
(Phylloheta tit t } ] 1

seedlings before tl 1 f I 1 1

tending to the i i I 1 al aj a u e le 1 n

protecting o r 1 I I

dust, used 11 11 I

may be tw ce a 1 V 1

the tobacco as so a tl t r t
great deal eas er to keep them o:
after they areionce there

Cabbage Moot Mar/got (PJorl a Br «•! ir)
the larva of a fly very mu h I ke the comn on hou
though a I ttle smaller They appear in the lat

1 depends upon us ng
cetles appear It is a
' than to d slodge then

Ths IS

A modern Cabbage head— Ea ly Flat Dutch

of Detroit early m May, and the female deposits her
eggs in the ground at or close to the plant, usually put-
ting her abdomen into the opening in the soil formed
by the movement of the plant by the wind. The eggs
hatch in a few days, and the maggots feed upon the
roots and soon destroy them. An effective but costly

CABBAGE

preventive, only practicable for use on early plants of
high prospective value, is to surround the plants with
shields formed of octagon pieces of tarred paper about
three inches across and having a small hole in tl e cen-
ter from which there is a slit to one tdge b\ nieaus of

298 Section of Cabbage head

Showing the thlckentil r.uhii .iiid le.if stalks, and 1

buds D the axils

that

pai-t

ho 11

1 It

arly

to catch as many as pos 1 le before they have la d their

eggs In tl e see 1 bed the maggot can 1 e destroyed by

1 1 Iti 1 of carbon about tl e roots from a

] t nto a hole an I qu ckly closing

111 I lanl Bull 8 Cor ell Exp Sta.).

// / Wor (P rs if ;(e) -We hafe

I I r t t g our ^ oung plants from

11 k n and water in

1 I 1 gs As the plants

I 1 I 1 n olject enable,

I 1 I 1 u powder wh ch, if

Ha est nc storusG and Marketing —Nearly all

fa 11 gro n crop of Cal bage of a good stock will

t r t al o t the same t me an 1 wh le the earlier

n n pr me cond t on b t a few days, the

r mi n so for t vo or three weeks and can be

I to be salable for several months Often the
f tl e crop can be delajed to advantage by

I I 1 11 tie plants and pres ng them o er to
111 1 r 1 s usually marketed from

tl 1 1 1 e ng sent forward n open

t to ten dozen heads The

it tor

1 open or veil ventilated
! stored 1 11 spr ng We
h 1 1 pr d nethods
' I n condi

tl 1 t an 1 most certa nl least ti r

the latitude of Detroit, is t 1 s is fol

lows : Plow and replow s( I ] of wtU

drained sandy land where tl in is no d mgir from sur
face water, and open a trench some 10 inches deep and
about 20 inches wide. Then pull the Cabbages, remove
a few of the outer leaves, stand them on their heads for

CABBAGE

a few hour<! that an\ watei it the base of the leares may
escape and set them m the trench heads up anil as com
pactly as posbible throwing a little eaith over the roots
as we do so We have found it profitable to build a roof
of four rough boards over them but this is not essen
tial and they mav be slightly covered with corn stalks
or other coarse litter, or even the refuse leaves of the

nf ennd qualitv Oning

but IS lu^ 1 III

much bettei k i
the leaves n n\
and very h inl
m condition i i
hardv and •« lU

Hendeis n 1
2^1), All II I I
coming fit fui us

GE 201

to the hardiness and com-

11 e the best sorts for forc-
ing planting at the north,

outh
pecta much like the above,

id somewhat later and a
Is aie shaipl> conical with
lan overlapping at the top,
tN and remain a long time

I isMr\ sure heading and

I lat Dutch (Fig.

Jersey Wakefield Cabbage

Cabbage may be used As soon as there is danger of
frost, cover with earth to protect them from it and the
rain. If the boards are used, thej should be (?o\ered
•with earth in the same way, and in both cases the cov-
ering should be increased as the weather grows colder,
and if it should be very cold, a covering of straw or
coarse manure is desirable. The aim is to protect the
heads from rain, but to keep them moist and at an even
temperature — one of about 32° is best, and one some-
what lower is less objectionable than one much higher.
The cost of growing .an acre of general crop or late
Cabbage on good ground, not including gwiund rent, is
about as follows : Fertilizer, $20 to $40 ; preparation of
the ground, $10 ; growing and setting about 8,000 plants,
$13 ; cultivating and hoeing, $10 ; harvesting and mar-
keting, $10. The yield should be about 7,500 heads,
making the cost of growing about one cent a head.

Varieties.— The Cabbage has been made more valu-
able to man by the development of a tendency to form
more and larger leaves, and thickening them with thick
walled cells deposited both in the blade and the ribs
There has also been a shortening of the stem particu
larly at the top, until the upper leaves are crowded and
folded over each other and form a bud or head the inner
portion of which becomes blanched, tender and sweet,
and, through the loss of much of the naturallj strong
taste, well-flavored. The thicker the leaves and the more
solid the head, the sweeter, more tender and better fla
vored the Cabbage. If the leaves are long and
■with large midrib and little blade at the base,
the upper part of the head may be solid ; Init
the lower part, being made up chiefly of the
thickened midribs, will be open and coarse
If the leaves are broad and proportionatelj
too short, they will not lap well over each
other, and the head will be soft and even
open at the center. Many varieties have been
developed, differing in season of maturity
shape of head, etc., and adapted to different
cultural or market conditions. Many of them,
though differing in some point, are essentiallj
identical, and, as the list is an ever-increasing
and constantly changing one, we would refei
our readers to the various seedsmen's cata
logues for descriptions, only speaking of
few representative sorts of the different types
between which there are many intermediate

Jersey Wakefield (Fig. 299), Express, Ifeii
York. — These are small-growing, early-ma
turing and small-headed sorts. Under favor
able conditions they become fit for use in
from 90 to 110 days from seed, and continue in
edible condition but a comparatively short
time. The plants are compact and erect-growing, with
very thick, smooth and smooth-edged leaves, and are
Tery hardy. The hearts are small, as compared with the
later sorts, more or less conical in shape, quite solid.

(1111 1(10 to 1411 d n s and continuing
ger than the W ikeht Id t\ pe The
adiiig -with luge broad smooth,
a more or less flattened oval head
d of good quality Thej are best

/ Stone Ma^on Late Diximliead. —

s 11 1 1 uling plants forming very large,

h 11, I ii t . 1 _0 to 180 da> s and remaining a long
time in u xlili <(indition They are th« best tjpe for
general crop will give the largest yield and keep well
through the wmter

ffollander Luxemhuiq —A type of Danisll"^origin,
which has become quite popular of late jears, particu-
larly for shipping long distances. The plants are strong-
growmg and the hardiest of all, enduring with but little
injury frost or drought which would ruin other sorts.
Thev comi? tn iiintnrity slnwly, and form a comparatively
small Imt yiiv Ikiv.I n.mi.l bead of good quality, which
keips w. 11 ami whicli. In rauxi- of its .shape and solidity,
can 1m- IkhiiII. ;1 in ^liii.piii- bi-tter than most sorts.

Siirini (Kite. ::ii(i).-A c-lass of Cabbage in which the
leaves of both the plant and head are i-ninii.li -d cr sa-
voyed instead of smooth, as in the pre'-rdin;;, 'I'li. v,. are
varieties of all the types found in smo.itli 1. a\ . .1 s,,its,
though generally they are less certain to fonn g,.iid
heads, and the heads are smaller. As a class they are
very hardy, particularly as to cold. They are extensively
grown in Europe, where they are esteemed to be much
more tender and delicate in flavor than the smooth-
leaved sorts

Bed Cabbage —A class of which there are many varie-
ties, and m which the leaves of the plant are dark pur-
ple and those of the head bright red The heads are

specially esteemed

300. Savoy Cabbage.

small, but usually very solid, and
for use as "cold slaw."

Seed-gkowino. — It is only through the constant exer-
cise of the utmost care and skill in the growing of the

202

CABBAGE

seed that this or any other vegetable can be improved,
or even its present good qualities maintained. It would
seem to be an easy matter to save and use only the seed
of a few of the most perfect Cabbages, for the plant is
capable of enormous seed production. We have known
» single plant to yield 35 ounces of seed, enough,
if every seed grew, to furnish the plants for 50 acres ;
but it is not quite so easy as this showing would make
it— first, because the yield mentioned is an exceptional
one, and, secondly, because it is v^ry spldom that an
isolated plant, yields a crop of scid. Th.- tliw i- of the
Cabbage is sexually perfect, and 1 iliml; ili. n i- nc, dis-
covered reason why individual lilmi- ai^^ ^i !1 impo-
tent, but we have never succic ,|, i n, L.nn:- innrc
than a very few seeds ft^Hn :im i .- . • .1 ;.: u i :M,i i n
the open air or when t-in i . i . : i

ture of glass and cloth, in n i i

confined. At,Miii, wo li.-i\ r , . |.. v. J i i.,,,,,;im i,, -

plant .if nil ti.nnlr. .1, -i'll ilii;- IIm- iv-l III :i I , |. ,r 1, , ;, n, I t i |..
few SCI .[ ' ■. . .' ! ' ..'I, III.' i^..i;ilrl| Mil,. |,r,„|lli'ri| ]il;ilim

Showilii |.. .-iihI .|.ilt.. liilVi-ji.i- ,,i ,.v,.,in.-.

popular >..,!■.. I i... .., luu.lu up i.f liiL- .U-.scL-ii.laut.s uf a
single isolated plant, but it is a curious fact that in the
second and subsequent generations the stock was very
different in type from that of the selected plant from
which it was descended. The originator of one of our
best varieties maintains that it is essential to the produc-
tion of the best seed of that sort that seed-plants of very
different types should be set together, and by crossing
they will produce and give plants of the desired type.
In spite of those facts, we believe that the general rule
and practice which give the best results with other plants
are equally desirable for the Cabbage, and that in this,
as with other pl.ants. we should first form a distinct and
exact <'nii.'..pti..n of t!i,. j.lr.nt wf ivi^li to produce, and

then rai-.' ^i , ,1 i . .m. 1 1 „ i,i,.i, ,, ,1,.,.^ ii.-arest to that

ideal. I: • ..< . r a distinct and

well (1. li III . < /..int to produce

very vasuc i.li'a i.f tlic f.\ai-t type wanted. Some years
ago we visited the originator of one of our best varieties,
for the purpose of learning what he considered the type
ol the variety. He was an intelligent man, a good culti-
vator, and had been growing this strain for over twenty
years. He took us into a field of as handsome Cabbages
as we ever saw, but which were far from uniform. We
asked him to select an ideal plantof his strain, and care-
fully noted its every characteristic Going to another
part of the field, we asked hmi to select another, and he
picked out one w hith in color, shape and general charac
ter of the crop, was very different from the first Both
were fine market Cabbages, but so different that if either
were taken as the true type of the variety, the other
should be thrown out of a seed crop as being a different
sort Third and fourth selections were intermediate
between the first two and the fifth very nearly like the
first This man had been growing this strain for twenty
years, and was intent upon developing a strain of supe
nor qualit} for marketing, and in his selection and
breeding hid Innl cd «iokh to tho selling quihtv of the
heads H , ,t ,1! 1 r f r t

breed i 1 1 1 1 I 1 1 ^ 1 t

big c 1 I I t ii I 1

Ity c t 1 1 I 1 1 1 I I ]

ered ill I I 1 1 1 t Km 1 tl

plants whuli 11 1 1 1 fi 111 tlusc 11 I 1

an extra select 1 1 1 1 t nth of the best \\

would set the \ I I I 1 1 1> square block imiI

the extr i s, 1 ( 1 1 i ■« ^^ ull s , I

plant 11 I I I 1

havii I
lot ill
woul 1

rathei il. 1 u 1 I 1 I 1 is 1 iin i m 1 1

the lots iiXj
we can gradu 1 1 1
seed much bett 1

In commerci il 1„ „ thty" aim to so time the

planting that the 1 n i> will 1 1 just coming to maturitj
at the time of storing for winter Mixtures and inferior
plants can be detected and throw n out then as well as
■when the plants are fully matured, and the younger

produced

CACALIA

plants will go through the winter and seed better than
those which are fully ripe when put away for the win-
ter. The plants are usually wintered in the manner
described for storing for market use, except that the
trench is u.sually narrower. The plants are set out for
.scc.l b.-ariiii; a- early as possible in the spring. It is
iisiiall\- ?i.f.-v,ii-y to carefully open the head by two
cT.i^s lut- with a knife in order to let the tender seed-
.sialk l.i-.-ak ilir..iigh. The plants are given double or
tii.bU- the spac-u which they required the first year. It
is generally true that the more developed and better the
stock, the smaller the yield of seed. \y. ^y. Tkact.

CAB6MBA .i.lw.riL'lii;.! ,i;,iii. l. .r„,„,J,,,.-,., vr. Haifa
■■ - .■ '.•■ -:-"l • •-■■.III. ;. .1-1-1. .. . with small

■.. . . r !-. |.. . i.. I ■. I.' .. i., .- :....: ].. ■,.!-. ..a.'h 3 or 4,

III.. I ~; i. . . .'.Il I" i- -' .:, 11 ... ..nil .li.slinct, and

. ..i r.:. .1 ;.-. 111.. 1; Ui.s.iccU.d Uiid iliu^lly opposite.

Caroliiiiana, ilray {C. aqudtica, DC, not Aubl. 0.
.';.'/;,'./..., II. lit. I. Floating Ivs. green, oblong-linear :
IN. \\liiti. witii ■_' Yellow spots at base of each petal;
.st.umiisU. N. Car., S. and W. A.G. 15:157.— C. rosic-
fdlia, Hort., is a form with reddish Ivs. A.G. 15:157.

The true C. aqudtica, Aubl., of trop. Araer., with
yellow fls. and nearly orbicular floating Ivs., is shown
in B.M. 7090. l. h. b.

Cabomba,Caro!ir>innii is very largelyused by growers
of aquatics. It is one of the indispensable plants for
the aquari'im. It is grown largely in North Carolina,
District of Columbia and Maryland, where it can be ob-
tained in quantities during the year for persons in the
large eastern cities, where it is commonly called Fish
Grass, Washington Grass, etc. It is tied in bunches with
a metallic fastening, "Which acts as a weight, thus re-
taining the same in a natural position in water. In a
moderate temperature it soon emits roots and grows
freely. It is a submerged plant, except in midsummer,
when the flowers are borne above the water, accompa-
nied by a few floating leaves. It is one of the best
plants for domestic fish. It also grows in New Jersey,
where it is quite hardy. C. rosiefolia is tender, does not
retain its delightful carmine coloring under confinement,
and is not so often met, except in Florida.

William Teioker.

CACALIA ( ancient Greek name ) . Comp6sitm. Peren-
nial herbs, of which 9 or 10 are native to the U. S.
Florets all hermaphrodite, with white or flesh colored
corollas eich < f the 5 lobes with \ midnerve akenes

CACALIA

glabrous : Ivs. petioled. None of the species are known
to be in the Amer. trade, but some of the native kinds
may be expected to appear in commerce. For an account
of the N. Amer. species, see Gray, Syn. Fl., vol. 1, p. 2,
pp. 394-6.

CACALIA of the florists. See iJmiUa.

CACTUS

203

CACALI6PSIS (Cacn;irt-;a-f). Compisita;. One spe-
cies, with discoid, very many-Ild. heads of perfect yel-
low florets, and palmate Ivs.

Nardbsmia, Gray. Strong perennial, 1-2 ft. high,
loose, woolly, but becoming nearly glabrous ; Ivs. nearly
all radical, long-stalked, 5-9-cleft or parted, the lobes
dentate or cut: heads an inch high, in a loose cluster
at the summit of the nearly naked stem, fragrant. Pine
woods, Calif, to Wash. -Int. by Gillett in 1881 as a
border plant.

CACAO, COCOA, See Tlieobroma.

CACTUS, CACTI. The peculiar forms included under
this name constitute the family CactAceie. They are
especially characteristic of the warm and dry regions of
America, their display being greatest in Mexico, although
extending from the plains of North America and east-
ward southward through the West Indies and Mexico to
southern South America. Aside from certain African
species of Rhipsalis, this great family, containing about
1,000 known species, is absolutely restricted to Amer-
ica. The common prickly pear ( Opuntia Flcns-Indlca )
has long been naturalized throughout the Mediterranean
region, and its pulpy fruit is eaten under the name of
"Indian fig." The chief display of Cacti in the United
States is in the Mexican border states, representing
the northern edge of the still more extensive Mexican
display.

The peculiar habit of the family seems to be the re-
sult of perennial drought conditions, to which they ha\ e
become remarkably adapted. The two-fold problem pre
sented by such conditions is the storage of water and
the regulation of its loss. As a result of water storage
the plant bodies are characteristically succulent Loss
of water by transpiration is reduced to a minimum b-^
heavy epidermal walls and cuticle, and other anitomi
cal devices, but perhaps still more by reducing the -iui
face exposure of the body in comparison with its ni i'.
(Figs. 301, 302, 303). For the most part, foliage le i\ i
have been abandoned entirely, and their peculiar wurk
has been assumed by the superficial tissues of the stem
The stem itself is flat or columnar or globular, the last
form representing the least exposure of surface m pro
portion to the mass. The laterally developed leaves and
branches common to ordinary stems are generally re
placed by various ephemeral or abortive structures, the
most notable of which are the bristles and remarkabh
varied spines. The real nature of Cactus spines is a dis
puted question, and not a very important one When
rudimentary leaves appear, as in Opuntia they are
found subtending the cushion or area in connection
with which the spines are developed. This area is
clearly an aborted branch, and the spines represent

lateral members upon it ; and most probably these
lateral members represent leaves. The Cactus forms are
not always leafless or compact, for. the species of Peres-
kia are climbing, woody forms, with well developed
petiolate leaves (Fig. 309); and even the well known
prickly pears (Opuntia) are more or less expanded, and
have very evident ephemeral leaves.

The flowers are usually conspicuous, in many cases
remarkably large and brilliantly colored. The sepals
and petals are numerous, arranged in several imbrica-
ting series ; the stamens are indefinite in number and
inserted at the base of the corolla : the style is promi-
iiHut, with spreading, stigmatic lobes (Fig. 305). _ The
interior ovary contains numerous seeds, ripening into a
smooth or bristly or spiny fleshy fruit, often edible
(Figs. 304,300).

The largest forms are species of Cereus, with huge,
I olumnar and fluted, spiny bodies, bearing a few clumsy
is( ending branches, said to sometimes attain a height
t iO or 60 feet. These arborescent forms are especially
1 veloped in the drainage basin of the Gulf of Califor-
111 X On the western slopes of Mexico proper, and on
the eastern slopes of Lower California, these Cactus
trees occur in extensive forests, forming the so-called
"cardon forests."

In Bentham and Hooker's Genera Plantarum, 13 gen-
era of Cactarm' are reci.gnized, while in Engler and

Prantl's I'll
mann reco^-i
Included in
resented in
lines among

L'Cently published, Schu-
()f these 20 genera, 15 are

and five of them are rep-
tes. Generic and specific
■e very indistinct, and the

greatest diversity of opinion in reference to them ex-
ists. The group seems to be a very modern one geolog-
ically, and tmusually plastic, responding readily to
varying conditions, so that forms that have been de-
scribed as distinct species will undoubtedly prove to be
but different phases of a single species. The confusion
has been further intensifled by the description of nu-
merous garden forms. As a result, many catalogue
names are very uncertain, being applied differently in

different garden collections. In addition to forms which
appear normal, various so-called "monstrosities" are
apt to arise, both in nature and in cultivation. These

abnormal forms are of two general types : one, in which
the body takes the form of a fan or contorted ridge, is
designated by the varietal name cristatus and its gender
equivalfents ; the other, in which there is an irregular
bunching of branches, is designated in the same way
as var. nionsirosus.

A brief sj-nopsis of the 15 genera announced in trade
catalogues is as follows :

B. Stems short: fls.

Us of tubercles

1. HelocactuB. Nearly globular, strongly ribbed and
spiny, easily recognized by the distinct flower-bearing
crown. About 30 species, found chiefly in W. India and
Brazil.

2. Mamillaria, Fig. 302. Globular to short cylindri-
cal, not ribbed, but with prominent tubercles bearing
terminal clusters of spines, and fls. usually in zones.
The largest genus, nearly ,300 species being recognized,
ranging from northern U. S. into S. Amer.

3. Pelecyphora. Fig. 303. Like the last, but the
spirally arranged tubercles are flattened and bear two
rows of flat overlapping horny scales instead of spmes
A single Mexican species

4 Anhalomum Low flat topped forms the tubercles
spineless and resembling thick imbricate scales About

-X>^

305. Flower of Phyllocactus.

5 species, all Mexican, one of which is found in the U.
S. The proper name of this genus is Ariocqrpus. By
many it is considered as belonging to JSchinocactus .

, on tubercles which
iito ribs.

."). Echinocactua. Globular to short cylindrical,
stroiiLcly ribbed forms. The second genus in the num-
ber ,,t its species, 200 being recognized, ranging from
till- r. S. to Chile and Brazil.

6. Malacocarpus. Closely resembling the last, and
often inchuli-cl under it. Distinguished by the woolly
tuft at tlie very apex of the stem. About 8 species are
recognized, restricted to Brazil and Uraguay.

BBB. stems mostly elongated, erect or climbing,
branching, ribbed or angled.

7. Cereus. Fig. 304. From almost globular to stout
columnar, or slender, climbing, creeping or deflexed. A
genus of about 100 species, extending from the U. S.
into South America.

8. Pilocereus. Distinguished from the large, colum-
nar forms of Cereus by the development of abundant
white hairs instead of rigid spines. About 45 species
are recognized, ranging from Mexico to Brazil.

9. Echinopsis. Like columnar species of Cereus, but
very short (sometimes globose) and many-ribbed, with
remarkably elongated calyx tubes. About 10 species,
restricted to southern S. Amer.

10. Echinocereus. Like cylindrical species of Cereus,
but small, and with weak spines and short calj-x tubes.
About 30 species, found in liofli N. and S. Amer.

306. Fruit of Phyllocactus anguliger.

BBBB. Stems flattened or tcinged, jointed.

11. PhyllocactuB. Figs. 305, 30G. Mostly epiphytic,
the joints flat, becoming thin and leaf -like upon cylin-
drical stems. About 12 species are recognized in Cent,
and S. Amer.

12. Epiphyllum. An epiphyte, with numerous hang-
ing, niany-j"iiitr<l simis. A single S. American species,
the other s|„.ri. , u-n.illy nterred to this genus belong-

ste7ns

AA. Cull).!: liiijL not jirmhiced beyond the
briiiichiiiy and jointed.

13. Bhipsalis. Small, epiphytic forms, with joints
ribbed, cylindrical or flat, with or without bristles. A
genus of 50 species, chiefly developed in Cent, and S.
America.

14. Opuntia. Figs. 307, 308. Branching, jointed forms,
the joints flat or cylindrical, usually bristly and spiny.
A large genus of 150 species, ranging from central N.
Amer. to Chile. The cylindrical forms belong to the
liiore desert regions, while the flat-jointed forms, or
"prickly pears," as a rule occupy conditions not so ex-
t remely dry.

15. Fereskia. Fig. 309. Climbing, woody forms, with
perfectly developed Ivs. About 15 species are known,
ranging from Mexico to Argentine. The name is ordi-
narily written Pereskia.

The completest monograph of Cacti, with descriptions
of species, is Sehumannu's Gesammtbeschreibung der
Kakteen, Berlin, 1899. jqhn M. Coulter.

CACTUS

Culture op Cacti.— To enable one to
hope to be fairly successful in the culti-
vation of a collection of Cacti, it may be
well to observe the following sugges-
tions : Always endeavor to secure plants
in May or early June, as at that time
any wounds caused by packing or in
transportation become quickly healed,
and a perfect callus is formed, which
generally prevents further decay. Again,
always be sure that the plant is in per-
fect condition before it is potted. Plants
collected from their native habitats an-
usually received without roots ; or. if
they have roots, they will be found, in
most cases, to be so injured that, for
the safety of the plant, they would better
be taken off close to the plant with a
sharp knife. This done, proceed to close!'
the plant, and be sure that every part of
fectly free from all signs of sickness or r(
which have been on the road only a few da} s i
with a certain percentage dead. Such plant'
ediy looked good while being packed, but
examination would have shown them to be
sale. If, on examination, any sign of sickness or deca\
should be found, let the bad parts be at once taken out
until healthy tissue is ref.ched, after which place the
plants in full exposure to sun and wind, allowmg them
to so remain until every atom of the treated part has
become covered with a dry and perfect callus. It may
sometimes be found necessary to use a hot
decay is doing very rapid work. When the plant re-
ceived is very large and old, or the bottom has become
hard, dry and woody, or the roots injured, then at once
cut off the woody bottom up to living tissue ; and plant
only after the wound has been dried thoroughly. Treated
thus, the plant will produce, in most cases, an abundant
supply of new roots in a very short time, and thus give
a virtually young plant ; but if any old, woody part is
left on, the chances will be against the forming of new
roots. Never take the hard trunk of a plant for propa-
gating purposes, but choose the active, growing part,
in which the cells are full of life.

In preparing soil for Cacti, it will be found advisa-
ble to use one-half good, fibrous loam :i)iil cm. -liall very

old lime rubbish, secured from soi Iii, ii.m .luwn

brick building, taking care to sift frum ii th.- lim , .lusty
particles to ensure material of pcrtc.-t .hainaL;.'. To
this may be added good, clean sand, lu potting (_'acti,
it is generally supposed that a pot as large as the body
of the plant is sufficient ; but it is better to select pots
of a rather larger size, for during the season of growth
the plant must be supplied with water, and when pots
are too small this cannot be done. In such case the
plant has to depend upon
its own resources. In the
process of potting, fill the
pot one-third with rough
lumps of coke or other
such material, on the top
of which place a liberal
supply of finely broken
crockery. Now add the
soil, taking care to put the
coarsest soil directly on
top of the crocks, and then
the finer, on which to place
the cuttings or plants.
Take care to plant very
little below the surface.
Be sure that the soil is
J fairly dry, and carefully
^^0 abstain from watering for
''>S some time ; but if the
weather is very warm and
bright, a very light syring-
ing may be given once each
day. If pots are plunged
in open ground, this light
daily syringing will be
sufficient until the plant
shows signs of growth.

205

307. Opuntia.

It is a mistake to repot Cacti very often, unless the
roots have become infested with mealy bug or other
pest. Should this occur, the plant must be turned out
of the pot, roots thoroughly washed, and planted in a
new pot and in new soil. The condition of the soil in
each pot should be constantly and carefully examined,
and if the slightest sign of imperfect drainage is mani-
fest, the case should receive prompt attention.

In the summer season, some persons turn their plants
out of pots into the open borders. They may do well
during the season, but, as there is more or less danger
of bruising or injuring them in taking them up from
open ground and repotting, the practice is unwise.
Avoid inflicting any injury on the plants in the late fall
or winter. It will be found a much safer practice to
plunge the plants, in their pots, in late spring or as
soon as the cold spring rains are over. Any warm, well-
drained bed or border may be selected for this purpose,
where they may receive sunlight and perfect venti-
lation.

For winter protection, select a naturally damp house,
— one with floor sunken two feet or more. It should not
be made wet by constant syringing or by a leaky roof,
but by keeping the floor of the house damp, thus ren-
dering it unnecessary to be constantly watering the
plants. Let the temperature of the house be kept as
close as possible to 50°, promptly ventilating when the
heat begins to increase. Avoid all severe changes. Use
as mild a flre heat as possible to be safe from cold.

Cacti may be propagated from seed, by division of
large clumps, and by cuttings or offsets. The most
interesting, instructive and permanently successful
method is from seed. Pl;ints f^r.-wn in this way will
furnish the grower, in fw.) ..r tlir.'c years, with a fine
stock of thrifty plants will, h will h.- a permanent source
of satisfaction. Raisini; s...lliii;;s is better than import-
ing the plants from their native halntats if one desires
to secure a fine collection of Cacti. There would be
many more amateur collections of Cacti if persons
would start by raising plants from seed. The most

206

CACTUS

desirable Cacti to be raised from seed are Pelecyphora,
]VIamillaria Cercus Echmopsis and Lchmocactus When
raised from seed anj of these nia\ be successfully
grown as window plants with little danger of loss.

Perhaps the most easily grown of the Cactus family
are Opuntias but tli< s< are not to be recommended for

•window culture, on account of their full equipment of
barbed spines. Ceretis fhtgelliformis, Rhipsalis, and
Epiphylluras on their own roots, flourish well and are
exceedingly attractive. But the best of all are the Phyl-
locacti ; these are without spines, grow vigorously, and
produce an abundance of blooms if they are given a
sunny window and the necessary amount of water.
Cactuses generally are subject to insects and fungous
troubles. One of the most common pests is a scale in-
sect. The safest way to rid the plants of these is to
clean them off with a small brush which has bristles of
only moderate stiffness. The mealy bug may be easily
disposed of by dissolving 5 grams castile soap in hot
■water, and adding 1% quarts of alcohol ; then add 100
grams of fusel oil ; apply with a very &ne spray.

James Gurney.

CADIA (Arabic name. Kadi). Legutnindsce, tribe
Sophdreo!. About 3 species of small evergreen trees of
Arabia and Africa, remarkable for their regular mallow-
like fls. : Ivs. pinnate : Hs. axillary, mostly solitary,
drooping ; stamens 10, free.

purpurea, Forsk. (C. rdria, L'Her.). Lfts. 20-40 pairs,
very narrow : Hs. bell-shaped, pedunculate, rose-red,
pretty ; not spiny. Arabia. -Cult, in S. Calif.

C. Ellisiana, Buker, has few large lfts. and rose-colored fls.
M.-ui.'iB. B.M. 66HI),-0. pubiscms, Bojer. Lfts. 8-10 pairs,
broad-obloiig. Madag.

CaiSALPtNIA (Andreas Cresalpinus, 1519-1603, Ital-
ian botanist). Legumindsw. Bkasiletto. Shrubs or
trees, with bipinnate Ivs. and racemes or panicles of
red or yellow fls., with obovate more or less clawed pet-
als, 10 stamens, and a very long style. The fls. are not
papilionaceous. The species, all tropical, are nearly 50.
The genus yields tanning materials and dye stuffs; and
most of the species are very showy in flower and are
favorites in tropical and semi-tropical countries. They
are grown rarely in warm glass houses. The botanical
status is confused. L. H. B.

In Cffisalpinia, propagation is readily effected by
seeds, which should be well soaked in warm water for

C^SALPINIA

some hours before sowing. A sandy soil should be
chosen for the seed-bed, and lightly shaded. After the
plants show the first true leaf, thi-y >lHmld !.■• iK.ttid
off into small pots of ordinary garden ^wil. imt i.„, rieh,
made light by the addition of sand if "f a • ia\, v naiure.
The plants ;,'row very rapidly, and nm>t I.e -hift.-il into
l.n-'rr I- .T- a~ ilii-ir size requires for greenhouse cul-
tiiii , I lii III ii'iiHal climates may be transplanted into
|H !i ■ I III., US outdoors after they reach a fair

M/i III |. .' I Ik dwarf species are elegant .subjecis for

donotre.|uir.-,rliliri;,l u atenn- afi. i !., .i,.; - ^ i ,.!:,- li.-.l.
Arockv, Miuiiv situatluu may be ;;iw i, ( . ,.,. ,i A, / , , ,„.,
and its variety flara, where they will blouni during
many weeks of summer, until frost checks them, if
strong plants about a foot high are selected in early
summer. Care should be taken to gradually harden
off plants in the house, so that they may not be chilied
when transplanted outdoors. While they will do well
in a poor soil, an application of manure or chemical fer-
tilizer may be given them to advantage, causing tbeiii
to make a more vi^'nn.us en.wtli and give l.etier and
larger heads of flow. is. In tli. tio|ii.-«, aii<l aNi. in sub-
tropical climates, tlnse sluulis ami trees are always
admired and are comimiiily |. hinted for ..inanient. The

Poin

.perly J>,

/i'.V"(. which see), and also the Dwarf Poinciana, or
I l.rM I- - fence (C. p«;c7(erW»ia), will thrive in close
|iiii iiiiity to the sea, and are valuable for planting in
ex]ii.s,.,l coast situations. e. N. Eeasoner.

A. .'itamens long-exserted : fls. very showy: trees,
unarmed or nearly so.

GlUiesii, Wall. Shrub or small tree, with very many
small, elliptic pinnules : fls. light yellow, with brilliant
red stamens protruding 3-5 in., in terminal racemes ;
sepals hairy-fringed. S. Amer. B.M. 4006, as Poinci-
ana Gilliesii, Hook. F.S. 1:01. R.H. 1893, 400. G.C.
III. 15:73. — Endures mild winters. A very showy and
worthy plant.

pulch^rrima, Swtz. Barbadoes Pride. Barbadoes
Flower-fence. Dwarf Poinciana. Shrub, with deli-
cate, evergreen, mimosa-like Ivs., few scattered prickles,
and very gaudy red and yellow crisped fls. on the ends
of the new growth : stamens and style red, and long-
exserted. Generally distributed in the tropics. B. M.
995. — Oneof the most popular shrubs in warm climates,
as S. Fla. and S. Calif. There is a var. fliva, with yel-
low fls.

aa. Stamens not much exceeding the petals, or

shorter.

B. Lfts. small, J^-1 in. long, very obtuse.

c. Shrub, unarmed.

panndsa, Brandegee. Shrub, 2-4 ft., with slender
branches clothed with white, deciduous bark : Ivs. de-
compound ; pinnte 2^, each with 4-6 oblong and retuse
lfts. : fls. yellow, showy ; pod glandular, 1-2-seeded.
Lower Calif.— A rapid-growing species, recently dis-
covered and introduced to the trade.

cc. Shrubs or trees, prickly.
D. Pod smooth : shrubs.

sepiiria, Roxbg. Pinnules about 10 pairs, oblong,
rounded on both ends: fls. yellow. India. — Furnishes
dye wood ; also used as a hedge plant.

Jap6nlca, Sieb. & Zucc. Loose, spreading shrub, armed
with stout, recurved prickles : pinnules 7-9 pairs, ob-
long, very obtuse : fls. in large, panicle-like clusters,
canary-yellow, the stamens bright red. Japan. On.
40: 837. J.H. Ill, 34; 531. -Endures the winters in some
parts of England. The hardiest species of the genus,
probably hardy as far north as Washington, D.C.
DD. Pod prickly : tree.

echinilta. Lam. Tree, with prickly branches, blunt,
elliptic, shining, alternate lfts., yellow fls., and spiny
pods; stamens shorter than the petals. Brazil. — Yields
dye wood.

C^SALPINIA

BB. Lfts. IS in. long, acute or mucromilate :
pod pricklij.

Mlnax, Hance. Diffuse shrub, thorny: pinnae 10, with
12-20 ovate-lanceolate glabrous lfts., l-Wi in. long : ra-
cemes panicled, mauy-tld., with very large bracts : fls.
white and purple: pods 7-seeded (seeds large and black),
spiny. China.

Bdnduc, Boxbg. Climbing shrub, with prickly, pubes-
cent Ivs., oblong-ovate mucronate lfts., lK-3 in. long,
yellow fls., and a few large yellow seeds in a short,
prickly pod. Tropics ; S. Fla.

O. bijiiga. Swtz. (Acacia Bancroftiana. Bert.). Spiny shrub,
with ultimate lfts. in 2 pairs : fls. paniculate. Jamaica.— O.
M^gia, Dietr.=Poiiiciana Regia.

L. H. B. and Alfred Eehdeb.

CAHOUN. Q ousmM Attalea Cohune.

CAJANUS (aboriginal name). Legumindsm. Tropical
shrub with pinnate, 3-foliolate Ivs., yellow papiliona-
ceous fls., and a small, hairy pod bearing edible seeds.
Several species described, probably all derivatives of
the following :

Indicus, Spreng. ■ A shrub with yellow and maroon
fls., blooming all through the year, and bearing a con-
tinuous crop of highly nutritious peas. Lfts. elliptic-
oblong. Plant more or less hairy. Grows from -1-10 ft.
high, very diffuse and spreading. Much cult, in the
tropics for the seeds or pulse. It varies greatly in
stature and in character of seeds : C. nAviis. DC, has
yellow fls. and 2-3-seeded pods which are not spotted ;
C. bicolor, DC, has red-stripe<l lis., and 4-."i-seeded pods
which are spotted: see B.M.IJ44(I .and R.H. 1874:190.
Usually treated as an annual, rn.halily native to Chi-
nese territory. Known undt-r many local names, as
Pigeon Pea, Congo Pea, Dhal, Tour, and others.

L. H. B.

CALABASH GOURD. See Lagenaria.

CALADITTM (origin of name obscure). Ardidew. Her-
baceous perennials, arising from large rhizomes or
tubers, acaulescent, with beautifully marked, long-
petioled Ivs. with a deep basal lobe. Differs from Colo-
casia in floral characters. A dozen or less species in
Trop. Amer. Two of the species are immensely variable,
and many named horticultural varieties are in the trade.
Engler in DC. Monog. Phan. 2: 452 (1879) ; also F.S. 13.

In Caladium, propagation is effected by division of
the tubers at the beginning of the growing season,
which is about the first of March. The soil best suited
to them is a mixture of fibrous loam, leaf mold, peat,
and well-rotted cow or sheep manure in equal parts,
with a sprinkling of sand added. The tubers should be
potted at first in as small pots as will conveniently
accommodate them, and shifted on into larger pots as
they require it. But little water must be given at the
roots till active growth commences, when, as the plants
develop, they require an abundance. A warm, humid
atmosphere, such as is recommended for Alocasias, is
necessary for their best development. They must also
l)e shaded from bright sunlight. As the leaves mature
in the fall, water should be gradually withheld, though
at no time must the tubers be allowed to become quite
■dry. Caladiums should be kept for the winter in the
pots in which they have been grown, and stored away
in some convenient place in a temperature not less than
50° or more than 60°. E. J. Canning.

Fancy-leaved Caladiums.— As soon as the plants
l)egin to lose their leaves in the fall, water should
gradually be withheld until the leaves are all gone.
The pots should then be removed to a position under a
bench, and laid on their sides, or taken from the soil
and placed in sand. During the resting period they
should not be subjected to a lower temperature than 60°
P., and kept neither too wet nor too dry. About the be-
ginning of March the tubers should be started for the
earliest batch to be grown in pots. Arrange the tubers
in their sizes, and keep each size by itself. The largest
sized tubers will start quickest, and it is desirable to be-
gin with these for pot plants. Start them in chopped
moss in boxes. The tubers may be arranged pretty close
together in the box, and merely covered over with the

CALADIUM 207

moss to the depth of about an inch. The new roots are
made from the top part of the tuber, so it is important
that this part should be covered to encourage the roots.
For starting, a heat varying between 70° and 85° will
suffice. As soon as a healthy lot of roots make their
appearance, the plants should be potted, using as small
sized pots as possible. The soil for this potting should
be principally leaf-mold, with a little sand. In a short
time they will need another shift ; the soil should on
this occasion be a little stronger ; give a position near
the glass, and shade from strong sunshine. New forms
are raised from seed, this operation being an exceed-
ingly easy one with the Caladium, as they cross-fertilize
very readily. The flowers, unlike those of the Anthu-
rium, are monoecious, the females ripening first. To
pollinate them, part of the spathe must be cut away.
Seedlings at first have the foliage green, and it is not
until the fifth or sixth leaf has been developed that
they show their gaudy colorings. Propagation of the
kinds is effected by dividing the old tubers, the cut sur-
faces of which should be well dusted with powdered
charcoal to prevent decay. As beddingplants, the fancy-
leaved Caladiums are gradually getting more popular.
To have them at their best for this purpose, the ground
should be worked for some time previous to planting
out, with a goodly quantity of bone meal incorporated
with the soil. The tubers are best put out in a dormant
state, as then they make very rapid progress, and eventu-
ally make finer plants than when they are first started
in the greenhouse, as by this system they are too apt to
sustain a check in the hardening-off process, and lose
their leaves. The fine, highly colored kinds are not so
well suited for outdoor work as those having green pre-
dominating in the foliage, but some of the kinds, such
as Dr. Lindley and Rosini, do remarkably well. Fre-
quent watering with manure water is absolutely neces-
sary to the development of the foliage, both outdoors
and in. G. W. Oliver.

The following species and varieties, most of which
are m the American trade, are here described, the syno-
nyms being in itahc : albiiifrvium, 5o; albomaculatum,
16; albostriatulum, 51 ; Alfred Bleu, 16; amcenum, 17;
Appunianum,5G; ori/i/ri^fs, 37; argyroneuron, 5; argy-
rospUum, 36; Baraquinii, 12; Belleymei, 49; bicolor, 8,
11; Brougniartii, 32; Chantini, 17; Vonnn ,tn, 11; i nr-
dafum,3; c^iprellm, 53; Curwadlii, 37; ]>f > "'^nminn Js;
Devosianum,28; discolor, 29; Duchartrt-i, 1'., E. kh.iitii,
23; elegans, 54; Enkean
f»m=Colocasia Antiqii'
Om-dtii, 15; gnseo a, ,
heematostigmatum, 'J''
50; Hendersoni.24; II"
boldtu, 57; Kettek-ii I
Laui'hi- 11111111. 4 ; Li in II

Ottonis. _'S; (ls.\anu
dum, 27, 29; Perrier
poecile, 30 ; porph^
■Purdiennum.9: pn-

destiim,"; trans]. . in iis. 1(1, Tioulu-tsKoji, .'iC, ; Vellozi-
anum,9; Verschaffeltii,47; viridisiiiiiiim, 5j; Wagneri,
31; Wnnisi,28; Wightii, 44.

It will be seen that most of thi- cultivated Caladiums
are considered to be forms of ('. Im 'ih'i and ('. pictura-
tum. OnlyS species areconccrin d m tin- ti.llowing list:
Schomhurqkri, 1; marmorafitni. 7 hnuhn s, pictxira-
tum, iS; Humboldtii,57. CodnHilnw, Li»\i\.= Aloc&sia,
macrorrhiza.
A. Blade not at all peltate, obliquely elliptical-ovate.

1. Schamburgkii, Schott. Petiole slender, 4 times
longer than the blade, sheathed % its length ; blade
obliquely elliptical-ovate ; midrib and 4-5 acutely ascend-
ing primary nerves silvery, pale, or red; sparsely spot-
ted above, paler beneath. French Guiana to Para. — Runs
into the following forms;

marginatum,
'. isteigianum,!!; mirabile,
>tignia, 58 ; Neumanii. 40 ;
.„U,,h,„iilum. ?.n: i.tlhici-

208 CALADIUM

(1) Vei„xred.

2. Var. marmbreum, Engl. Blade dull green, with
brownish nil ihtvcs, bordered with yellow.

3. Var.erythrium.Eugl. ((7. iVA»iWji;,Lem. C. cor-
d<Wi(«i, Hort.). Midribs and nerves red. I.H. ti:297.

4. Var. piotum, Engl. With white or red spots between
the red veins. S. Amer.

(2) Veins silvery or green.

5. Var. argyroneilnim, Engl. (C argyroneiiron, C.
Koch. C. Hchdlleri, Lem.). Midrib and veins silvery.
I.H. 8:297.

6. Var. subrotundum, Engl. {C.sjibrottindum, Lem.).
Leaf-blade rounded at the base, or shortly cordate, with
white or red spots. Brazil.

AA. Blade distinctly peltate.

B Ll<lf ^,l,lllt"t> i,hl,„l,l Olliti

7. marmoratum M I i i I i A I nil C.
thripidi slum I 1 I I I I III long,
twice as l.iii^ 1 1 -leen,
with iniiiulu I il I I I I V whita
spots, glaucous ;;u( n hi m ath s.iKUt.iti uljioiif; ovate,
the upper lobe semi-ovate, slightly cuspidate, the basal
ones unequal, K or K as long as the upper,
%-M their length. Equador I H 5 p =;<».

310. Caladium bicolor var

(No 17.)

BB. Leaf ovate-triangular, or ovate-sagittate.

8. bloolor, Vent. (ir«m fticoZor, Ait.). Pig. 310. Peti-
ole smooth, 3-7 times as long as the blade, pruinose to-
ward the apex ; blade ovate-sagittate, or ovate-triangu-
lar, variegated above, glaucous beneath; upper lobe semi-
ovate, narrowing gradually to a cuspidate point, the basal
ones ii to but little shorter than the upper, oblong-ovate,
obtuse, connate 1-5-% their length. S. Amer. Intro-
duced into cult, in 1773. B. M.820.-Very common in
cult., furnishing many of the fancy-leaved Caladiums.
The marked varieties are as follows:

(1) Liiif-hhuh- ,n„l r.iiis ,if„»i' color.

9. Vai-. Vellozianum, Dim-l. K'. V. Iloziitnnm, Schott.
C. Punl,.,;,n,„i. Srhi.ft. r. i,„s;ihn,i. C. Koch. C.
tipruci'i'iiiiiDi. Si-hott. ('. li mill I II III. Schott). Leaf-
blade dark green above ; liasal lobes connate past the
middle. Brazil, Peru. B.B.10:lfi9.

(2) Leaf-hlade more or less variegated.

(a) With a colored disc.
(b) Disc transparent.

10. Var. transp4renB, Engl. [C. transpdrens, Hort. ).
Blade with a pale green, nearly transparent disc ; mid-
rib and primary veins red-purple.

11. Var. rubicundum, Engl. (r.^fcn^w.Kunth). Peti-
ole green, or varii-^'Mliil LTiiii ami violet; blade green,
with a red, traiispan n:. . i ntral ili-r, and a very narrow
red line between thi ih-r uml tin margin.

(c) Purple disc.

12. Var. Baraquinii, Engl. (C. JBaraquinii, Hort.).
Petiole violet ; blade with a purple-red disc; beautiful
green between the disc and margin; nerves and midrib
red-violet. Para. I.H. 7:257. F.S.I.!: 1;:^

13. Var. KStteleri, Engl. (6'. Ki^tl, h ,., Hint, >, ivti-
ole crimson, variegated toward tlu' l.i-i . M.ih with
purple disc, midrib and primary veins. .|,;.i-i ly marked
between the veins with many small, rosy spots.

(cc) Bed disc.

14. Var. splfendens, Engl. (C. rdseiim, Hort. C.spUn-
dent., Hort ). Petiole green below, red above ; blade
with a red disc at the middle ; midvein and primary
veins red-purple , green between the nerves and along
the margin. L. 4.

15. Var. Leopoldi, Engl. (C. Liopoldi, Hort. G.
Oardtii, C. Koch. C. Rotjih-i, Ch. & Lem.). Petiole
violet beneath, red-purple above ; blade with a broad,
reddish disc ; margin green, red spotted ; midrib and
primary veins dark red purple. Para, 1864.

10. Var albomaculatum. 1 ii.;l {C. Alfred Bleu).

Petiole gill 11 1 I 1 li -11 II iMili lilt disc, midrib and

primary mih- ml mnl I i I. ii to the margin with

many larg( , whili s| ots I • iwi , n the nerves.

(,cc) iwis. ./is<

17. Var Chdntini, Engl ( C r/i<hi((tti, Lem. C.Con-
7ia,ti,.'Hort C amhiuim.Hint C Martersteigidnum,
Hint (' piiiiitiili-.si>iiiim Hurt (' Raugednum, Hort.).

i i_ III I'ltji.li T il -s Molet ; blade broadly

I I III I il II. Ill miiliil ml i.nmary nerves, rosy
ill] lit 1 mil wi'li Mi\ mum rous, unequal spots

I I 11 ihi 111 IMS I 1, u til till marginal vein. I.H.
-. is', F h U ir,0, li'il. B. M. 5255. B. L. PI. 19
(1891). Para, 1858. A.F 8:129.

(cccc) Light green disc.

18. Var. HoulWtii, Engl. (C.iroi(«^(n, Lem. V.Moere-
dnum, Hort.). Petiole green, the sheath and a little of
the base violet-variegated ; basal lobes of the blade
somewhat introrse, rounded, connate % ; blade obscurely
green toward the margin, the midrib and primary veins
slightly reddish, and with a pale disc marked with many
Irregular white spots.

(aa) Without a colored disc.

(b) Margins colored throughout.

(c) Bed margin.

19. Var. marginatum, Engl. (C. margindtiim, C.
Koch). Blade dark green, with a red line on the outer
margin. ,^.^j Yelloiv margin.

20. Var. Kramerianum, Engl. {C. Krameridnnm,
Hort.). Veins purple ; yellow margin.

21. Var. Stangeanum, Engl. (C. Stangedniim, C.
Koch). Blade reddish ; green along the narro%v mar-
gin, yellowish toward the margin.

(ccc) Solid white margin.

22. Var. Perri6rii, Engl. (C. Pc»Tt(5«", Lem.). Petiole
violet-black ; blade dull green, with many red-purple
spots, and white along the margin. Brazil, 1861.

(cccc) Spotted margin.

23. Var. fickhartii, Engl. (C.i'cl-AaWii, Hort.). Peti-
ole violet-blotched at the base, green above the middle;
blade green, with few rosy spots along the margin, and
Bmall white ones in the middle.

24. Var. H^nderBOui, Engl. (C. Hhidersoni, Hort.).
Petiole variegated violet and green, reddish toward the
apex ; blade mostly green, reddish next the lower parts
of the nerves ; midrib and primary veins red-purple
spotted ; small red spots along the margin.

25. Var. Sieboldii, Engl. (C. Sieboldii, Hort.). Peti-
ole violet and green, reddish toward the apex ; basal
lobes of the leaf somewhat introrse, connate % their

CALADIUM

length, dark green ; midrib and primary veins beauti-
fullV red-purple spotted, and a very narrow white bor-
der," marked with small, purple-red spots. A.F. 8: 127.
(ococc) Purple margin.

'it) Var. Eoubyinum, Eiis;l. i <^. Houhijcinum, Hort.).
Petiole dirtv green un tli.- Inw.r surface, bright red
above; blade bright -r. ,n, witli liiit,'f pale spots, and
small red-purple ones l„ tw, , n tl,.. midrib and primary
veins ; a red-purple sp..t ah.ivi- tin- insertion of the peti-
ole, and a pale purple line around the margin.

■^i. Var. pellieidum, Engl. (C. pellucidiim, DC).
Petiole reddish, variegated with violet ; blade broadly
reddish purple spotted along the midrib and primary
veins, and more or less marked witli truiis)i;u-ent. red-
dish purple spots between the iPiiniaiy veius ; a contin-
uous purple line along the outi r iiiar^'iii.

(bbl Onlu the margin of thu basal sitiii.i rnlnred.

28. Var. Devoaiinum, Engl. (C. Uevosiinum, Lem.
C. Wdllisi. Hort. C. Ottdnis, Hort.|. Petiole green;
blade bright green, with small, irregular white spots be-
tween the midrib and primary veins, and a narrow
crimson border at the sinus. Para. I.H.9;.T22.

2i). Var. haematostlgmatum, Engl. (('. luematostig-
matam, Kth. C . peUhiidum,DQ.) . C. discolor, Hovt.).
Petiole violet ; blade dark green, with a purple line on
the basal sinus, and sparsely marked with blood-red
spots. Para.

ao. Var. poecile, Engl. {C.pcecUe, Schott. V.pallidi-
nh-i'ium, Hort.). Petiole reddish brown, or closely
streaked-variegated ; blade dark green ; midrib and
primary veins paler, often whitish ; a red-purple .spot
where the petiole joins the blade, narrowly purple-mar-
gined in the sinus. Brazil.

HI. Var. regile, Engl. (C. reqctle. Lem. C. Wdgneri,
Hort. C. tiuriiiamense. Miq. C. sagittaifdlium. Sieb.).
Blade briglit green, purple-margined at the sinus, every-
rked with small, confluent white spots. West

CALADIUM

209

Indi(

1710.

:31G.

38. Var. Kdchii, Engl. (C. Kdchii, Hort.). Leaf-
blade more rounded, dark green, with small white spots
midway between the midrib and margin. Para, 1862.

39. Var. macrophyllum, Engl. (C. ■macrophiillum,
Lem. C. griseo-arghiteum, Hort.). Petiole green;
blade dark green, marked everywhere with many small,
scarcely confluent white or slightly rosy spots. Para,
1862. I.H.9:316.

40. Var. Neiimannii, Engl. (C. Neumannii, Lem.).
Petiole green ; blade very beautiful dark green, with
scarcely paler veins, marked between the primary veins
with large and small white-margined, reddish purple
spots. F.S. 13:1352, 1353. B.M. 5199.

(dd) Light green.
(e) Not spotted.

41. Var. mbfiUum, Engl. ( C. rubillum, Hort. C. Eeich-
enbachidmim, Stangl.). Blade green, with reddish
purple midrib and primary veins.

42. Var. rubrovSnium, Engl. ( G. nibroveniwm, Hort.
C. rubron(rvium, Hort.). Petiole variegated green and
violet ; blade small, oblong-ovoid, the basal lobes some-
what introrse, obtuse, connate almost to the middle,
pale caulescent or red-green along the midrib and pri-
mary veins ; veins pale red or scarlet. Para, 1862.

(ee) Spotted.
(f ) )Vith white spots.

43. Var. Laucheslnum, Engl. (C LaucheAnum, C.
Koch). Blade bright green, with white spots at the
middle.

(ff) With purple and white spots.

44. Var. Wightii, Engl. (C. Wlghtii, Hort.). Petiole
pale green ; blade very beautiful green, marked be-
tween the primary veins with large, red-purple and
small white spots. French Guiana.

(bbb) JVo colored disc or colored margin.
(c) Variegated green blade.

32. Var. Brongni^rtii, Engl. {V. BroHgnidrtii, hem.).
Very large ; petiole variegated violet and green, red-
dish toward the apex ; blade green, except along the
nerves below, where it in colored reddish, paler green
between the primary nfrvrs, di-rp green toward the
margin; veins and iicivr^ icl puqple. Brazil-Para,
1858. F.S. 13: 1348, irU'.i, 1.11. r,. p. ,-,s.

33. Var. miribile, Eii^l. i ( '. oin-:ihile, Lem.). Petiole
green ; blade bright green, densely covered with large
and small irregular pale gi-een spots between the pri-
mary nerves and midvein. Para. I. H. 10:354.

(ec) Blue-green blade.

34. Var. plctum, Kunth {C. pictum. DC). Petiole
greenish, variegated beneath ; basal lobes connate 1-5
their length ; blade thin, blue-green, marked with
large, irregular, usually confluent, pale yellowish semi-
transparent spots. L. 43.

(ccc) Colorless blade.

35. Var. Duch4rtrei, Engl.((7. l>Kcftf('W)-eJ,Hort.). The
long petiole green above, variegated below the middle
with violet-black ; blade colorless, except the midrib and
all the veins, or here and there pale rosy or red spotted,
or even more or less dirty green. A.F. 8: 129.

(cccc) Solid green blade.
(d) Bark green.

36. Var. argyrbspilum, Engl. (C. argyrdspilum,
Lem.). Petiole grayish red, sparsely and finely
streaked ; blade a most beautiful green, with a crimson
spot at the middle, and with many small white spots
between the primary veins. Para. F.S. 13: 1346,1347.

37. Var. Curw4dlii, Engl. (C. Curwddtii. Hort.).
Petiole greenish, slightly violet-blotched toward the
base ; blade reddish purple along the midrib and pri-
mary veins, marked between the veins with large white
spots, otherwise dark green.

(fff ) With red or crimson spots.

45. Var. Enketaum, Engl. (C. Enkednum, C. Koch).
Blade bright green, marked with large and small red
spots.

46. Var. Llndeni, Engl. (C. Llndeni, Hort.). Blade
bright green, with confluent small red spots.

47. Var. VerschaH^ltii, Engl. (C. VerschafMltii,
Lem. ) . Petiole pale green ; blade very beautiful green,
with few irregular crimson spots. I.H. 5:185. B.M. 5263.
L.46.

BBB. Blade lanceolate-sagittate.

48. picturatum, C. Koch. Petioles usually green,
variegated below, elongated ; blade lanceolate-sagittate,
cuspidate and submucronate at the apex, the upper lobe
nearly triangular, oblong or ovate-lanceolate, basal lobes
over 'half as long, lanceolate subacute, connate 1-6-H
their length, separated by a triangular sinus ; primary

(1) Ti'amtparent white blade.

49. Var. BeUeymei, Engl. (C. Belleiimii, Hort.). Fig.

311. Petiole greenisli above, variegated violet beneath;

blade slenderly hastate-sagittate, white, translucent ex-

312. Caladium Humboldtii. (Xo. 57.)

cept the green veins and nerves, with small green spots

along the margin ; basal lobes 1-5, or rarely % or %

connate. Para. I.H.7:252. A. F. 8:127.

(2) Pale green blade.

(a) ^Yith transparent blotches.

50. Var. hastitum, En«l. {C. ha.'itiytum, Lem.). Peti-
ole long, stout, wliiti. iImI,! ^iM.tir,] ; blade hastate-
sagittate, slifjlil l.v ''"ni ii' I ■ lubes ; dull, pale
green,veryirnL,'nl:,r I, II : I :: i - .n^i.arentblotches;

basal lobe J4 .uiiiiini , . 1 in ji -mt-d in the sinus.

Para.

(aa) Opaque.

51. Var. albostriAtulum, Engl. Blade greenish white
along the midrib and veins, white-striped and dotted
between the nerves.

52. Var. Oay^nnm, C. Koch. Blade white along the
midrib and primary veins, with purple spots between
the reins.

53. Var. poTphyronetlron, Engl. (r. jH.riJnironeiiron,
V. Koch. C.euprenm, Hort. J /."./.;„ i,.u;,'j,,i,r,iieiira,
Lem.). Petiole pale reddish, van. -at.-, I with dull vio-
let ; blade broadly hastate-saKi'tat.'. iliill. i.tiii- green,
slightly reddish on the veins, opaquf basal lulji-s 1-C-K
connate. Peru and Brazil. l.H. 8:297.

(3) Dark green blade.

54. Var. ilegans, Engl. Petiole rosy, greenish below,
variegated ; blade narrowly hastate-sagittate, slightly
contracted above the lobes, dark green above, broadly
red or purple next the midrib and primary lateral veins;
basal lobes 1-5 connate.

55. Var. LemaiTeJtnum, Engl. { C. LemaireAnum, Barr.
C. picturdtum albinirvium, C. Koch. C. picturAtum
viridlssimum,C. Koch). Blade shaped like preceding,
dark green ; midrib and primary veins pale green or
white. S.Amer.,1861. l.H. 9: 311.

56. Var. Troub6tskoyi, Engl. (C. TroubMskoyi, Chan-
tin. O. AppunUlnum, Hort.). Petiole red, variegated;
blade very narrowly hastate-sagittate, slightly con-
tracted above the lobes, dark green above, broadly
marked with pale red along the midrib and primary
veins, and with scattered, transparent, small white or
rose spots. F.S.13:1379.

CALAMO^^LFA
BBBB. Blade oblong-ovate, or oblong: plant small.

57. Humboldtii, Schott (C. argyrltes. Lem.). Fig.
312. Petiole slender, variegated, 2-3 times longer than
the blade ; sheath slender, narrow; blade oblong-ovate,
or oblong, green along the margin, midrib and primarv
veins, with many large and small transparent spots be-
tween ; shortly and very acutely acuminate, the apical
lobe oblong-ovate, twice as long as the oblong or ovate-
triangular, obtuse basal ones ; basal lobes K connate,
separated by an obtuse triangular sinus, the 3-4 primary
veins of the apical lobe uniting in a collective nerve re-
mote from the margin. Brazil. l.H. 5:185. F.S.13:1345.
Gng.3:279. A.F. 10:197. L. 22.

58. Var. myriostlgma, Engl. (C. myriostlgma, C.
Koch). Blade marked everywhere with small white

Jared G. Smith.

CALAMAGB68TIS (Greek for r.-rri ,;,,,-> Cra-
mineie. Reed Bent-grass. Agenus.-t :.• ...avsps

with running rootstocks. Very shin: , l.ut

spikelets usually larger. Can be .Ii _, r.im it

by the tuft of long hairs at the t.a-, ..i il,, il ^lume,
and the flowering axis continued beyoii.l tin' palet.
Spikelets 1-flowered (rarely an aborted or second flower
present). Glumes 3, the first two nearly equal and
empty, the third, or fl.-glume, awned on the back, usu-
ally below the middle. Species about 120, very widely
distributed over the world in the temperate and arctic
zones and on the high mountains of the tropics. For
C. brevipilis, see Calamovilfa.

Canadensis, Beauv. Blce-joint Grass. Very com-
mon in the northern and northwestern states, usually
growing in moist meadows and swales. Under such
conditions it yields a large amount of indifferent hay,
which is used in some places. It is not used for horti-
cultural purposes. This species grows 3-5 ft., and has
flat, glaucous-blue Ivs. : panicle oblong, becoming open:
upper glume weak-awned near the middle.

Btricta, Beauv. (C. neglMa, Ga»rtn.). PoNV Grass.
A rather slender, erect perennial, with narrow leaves
and a contracted, densely-tlowered panicle, 3-C in. long;
fl.-glume about % as long as the second empty glume,
and nearly twice the length of the basal, hairs; awn
bent, exceeding the glume. Northern U. S.— A varie-
gated form has been brought into cultivation for orna-
mental purposes. „ „ _

^ ^ P. B. Kennedy.

CALAMlNTHA (Old Greek name, meaning beautiful
mint). LabiAtcp. Various species of herbs or very small
shrubs, 2 or 3 of them occasionally grown in borders for
their fls. and aromatic fragrance. Calyx 2-lipped, ob-
long or tubular ; corolla with a straight tube, and gen-
erally exceeding the calj*x, the throat commonly en-
larged ; .stamens parallel under the upper lip : fls. in
whorls, which are usually arranged in a long interrupted
spike. Plants mostly of temperate regions, and of easy
culture. The cult, kinds are perennial, more or less
hairy, mint-like herbs, 1-3 ft. high.

grandifldra, Moench. Lvs. ovate, serrated : stems de-
cumbent, branching from the base : fls. in axillary
whorls, quite large, VA in. long, with a straight tube ;
upper lip flattened, purple ; June-July ; h. 9-12 in
Europe ; this and C. alplna, Lam., which is smaller in
all its parts, are the two best species for garden use.
C. officinAlis, Moench, the common Calamint of Eu., is
sometimes seen in gardens, being an old domestic medi-
cinal plant. It has long, ascending branches, ovate
crenate-serrate lvs., and few-fld. cymes : 1-3 ft.

J. B. Keller.

CALAMOVlLFA (Calamos, reed, and Vitfa, a kind of
grass). Gramlnem. A genus recently separated from
Calamagrostis. Distinguished from it only in that the
flowering axis is not produced beyond the flower. Tall
grasses, with stout, horizontal lvs. and paniculate in-
florescence. Spikelets 1-flowered, with a ring of hairs
at the base of fl.-glume. Three known species, natives
of the temporntp and subtropical regions of N.America.

brevipilis, Ha.'k. (Culamagrdstis brevipilis, Gray).
Purplk HF,NT-.niAs<. Culms hard, wiry, 2-4 ft. high:
lvs. flat, with au oijcu, purplish panicle.— A rare grass.

CALAMOVILFA

apparently limited to the sandy swamps and pine bar-
rens of New Jersey. Now in cultivation as an orna-
nK-utal grass. p. B. Kennedy.

CALAMPfiLlS is Eccremocat-pus.

CALAMUS (Greek tor reed). PalmUcew, trihe Lepi-
docdi-pm. Slender, cespitose or climbing palms, with
pinnatisect Ivs. ; Ifts. with reduplicate sides, acuminate,
entire, with parallel nerves : fr. of many carpels, clothed
■with reflexed, shining, closely imbricated appressed
scales : spathes tubular, persistent, flowering annually.
Species about 150. Tropical Asia.

cili4ris, Blume. Stem slender, climbing by means of
long, axillary, leafless braui-lii>, covcri-.l wit'i hooked
spines: Ivs. 1 ft. long, 6 in. wi.lr; 1ft v. nuiiMinus, hairy;
petiole 2 in. long, with few li.i"k.,l N|iiii..s. Malaya.
F.R.1:607. G. C. III.21: SG.-lntrodur.-.l into cultiva-
tion in 18G9.

C. AndreAnum, Hort., P. & M.=!— O. calicdrptis. Griff.=-
Dasmonorops calicarpus, Mart.— (7. Iiewisianus,GiiS.=T>!Bmon-
crops Lewisianas, Mart. Jaked G. Smith.

Calamus is an easily grown group of palms, very
ornamental, even in a young state. Some of the spe-
cies have stems several hundred feet long, which enable
them to unfold their leaves at the tops of the tallest
trees. The leavps ar.' tiim-hU:ivIv wpU adapted to assist
the plant in cliinl.ii.- . iur, ii;j niMmruus hook-like pro-
cesses arraimr.l ,,ii .< . : - 1 1 i, ai i.in of the midrib of
the leaf. Wh.r.- a i - ,;.ii be given these

plants shonM l.t- n.I .■ ■] . a^ ila ir iriv.wth is rapid, and
they are capable of furnishing a large conservatorj
quickly. Numerous suckers are produced, so that when
the main stem ascends the lower part is clothed in foli
age. Calamiish-niiis (or C. lloy}eunus) and C.Botanrj
furnish the rattan canes. Malacca canes are furnished
by C. Scipiniuim. Young plants thrive best in a root
iiig medium containing a considerable quantity of leaf
mold. Older plants need soil of a more lasting
a quantity of ground bone and charcoal in the soil may
be used to advantage. Old, well-furnished plants need
enormous quantities of water. All of them require
temperature. G. ■^. Qlivek

CALAMUS or SWEET FLAG. See A

CALANTHE

211

discolor, Schrad. (C. elegans, Hort.). One to 2 ft.:
Ivs. fleshy and obovate, purple beneath : fls. bright
rose, with yellow stamens. Chile. B.M. 3357.

cauMsoens, HBK., var. MAnziesii, Gray (C. specidsa,
Lindl.). Three to 12 in. high, with green herbage, gla-
brous, or nearly so: Ivs. linear, or spatulate-oblanceolate:
fls. rose-red or purple, rather large and long-peduncled
(petals Kin. long). Calif., N. B. R. 1598. -Variable.
There is a white-fld. var. advertised.

J. B. Keller and L. H. B.

CALANTHE (Greek for beautiful floicer). Orchidd-
ce<e, trilie I'dndew. A genus of sub-epiphytal or terres-
trial orchids found in the eastern hemisphere, and spar-
ingly in the western hemisphere. Scapes erect, many-
flowered : Ivs. broad, plaited : fls. white or rose-colored,
rarely yellow : pseudobulbs angulate, with greyish
green sheaths in the Vestitae section, but absent in the
Veratrifoli£B section. Many species are known to orchid
fanciers.

vestita, Lindl. ((7. ocuWa. Hort.). Lvs. broadly lan-
ceolate, nearly 2 ft. long, from greyish green pseudo-
bulbs ; fls. nearly 3 in. across, numerous, in racemes;
petals and sepals whitish, all more or less overlapping,
the former oval-oblong, the latter obovate-oblong; label-
lum flat, large, three-lobed, the midlobe cleft ; a yellow
or crimson blotch in front of the short column ;
scapes from 2-3 ft. high, hairy. Blooms in winter.
Malaya. B. M. 4C71. F.E.9:325. A. F. 6:655. F. S.

CALANCHOE. See Kalanchoe.

CALANDElNIA (J. L Caland
Genevan botanist of last century).
tulacdcecB, Fleshy, spreading, or nearly
trailing plants, with mostly alter-
nate lvs. and red fls. of short dura-
tion. Petals 3-7; stamens 3-5-12.
A number of species in N. and S.
America and Austral. Sometimes
cult, in borders and rockeries, or

used for edgings in sunny places. Prop, from seeds, and
usually treated as annuals (which some of them are).

umbeliata, DC. Four to 6 in. : lvs. linear and hairy
fls. in a corymb, or umbel-like terminal cluster, bright
crimson. Peru. R.H. 1853: 5. -This species is hardy in
many parts of the U. S., in our northern climate, it
should be planted in a well-sheltered position, or pro-
vided with ample protection in winter ; sometimes it acts
like the biennials, but, as seeds are produced very freely,
young seedlings spring up constantly between the old
plants, and one does not miss the few which may decay
■during the second year ; the plant forms a very neat,
slightly spreading tuft ; flowers are produced in many-
flowered umbels, terminal, numerous, and large, glow-
ing crimson-magenta, saucer-shaped, very showy. June
to November. Full exposure to sun, and light sandy
soil, are needed to bring out the rare beauty of these
plants. The flowers close up when evening comes, like
the annual portulacas, but they reopen on the follow-
ing day. In the sunny, sloping part of a rockery, even
when quite dry, or among other low plants in a bed or
border, they are highly satisfactory. This is the only
species which we have found to be tolerably hardy with
■us in the north as a perennial : it may also be treated
like the annuals, as it flowers the first summer just as
freely as afterwards. Can be prop, by cuttings.

8 816 -A most ] \
ular orchid There ,
are many forms of
which the following "^

are the most impor-
tant : Var. gigantSa, Hort.
Larger in all parts : fls. white,
with red eye. Var. nivalis,
Hort. Fls. pure white. Var.
Tiimeri, Hort. (C. Turneri,
Reichb. f.). Fls. more numer-
ous, labellum with a crimson
blotch ; blooms later in the
season than the next. Var.
rdbro-oculjlta, Hort. Label-
lum with a crimson - purple
blotch . October - February.
Var. Wteo-oculita, Hort. Yel-
low-blotched. Var. Begni^ri,
Hort. (C. Becjnieri, Reichb.
f. C. Stevensidna, Regnier). '

Pseudobulbs more elongated, with a depression above the
middle, labellum rose-colored.with a purple blotch in front
of column, less deeply lobed than in the type. A.F. 6 : C55.
veratrilfilia, R. Br. Lvs. oblong-lanceolate, about 2
ft. long, from a creeping rhizome : fls. white, in dense

212 CALANTHE

corymbose racemes ; petals ohovate-spatulate, sepals
obovate-oblong ; labellum 4-parted, the anterior lobes
usually broader than the posterior or basal lobes.
Blooms from May to July. Malaya. B.M.2615.

Vditchii, Lindl. Fig. 313. A hybrid between C. rosea
and C. vestita : fls. rose-colored ; labellum with white
spot near the base. Winter-tlowerlng. There is also a
white variety. This hybrid was raised bv Veitch, in
185C. B,M. 5375. Forms of this are var. bSUa, Hort.,
with pink lis.; var. Sandhurstiana, Hort., with crimson
fls.; var. S^deni, Hort., with deep rose fls. C. JHyer-
manii, Hort. (G.P. 4: 17), is a hybrid of C. Veitchii and
C. vestita. Var. supfirba, Hort., has richer color.

Masuca, Lindl. .Scape 2 ft. long, with large, many-
ribbed, dark Ivs.: fls. 1 in. across, the segments over-
lapping ; deep violet, fading to lilac, the lip deep violet-
purple. Summer and autumn. N. India. B. M. 4541.
Var. grandiflora, Hort., is of greater size throughout.

C. discolor, Lindl., and C. Jap6nica, Blume, both of Japan,
have been offered by dealers in Japanese plants; but they are
unknown to general cultivation. OakeS AilES.

CALATHfiA (Greek for basket, the application not
agreed upon). Scitmiiiiiiicea. Pcr.iiiual tnli:,:,.!. j,lant.i
which are commonly cult, as .Mai-ania-. I-.-.m, Maraiiia
the genus differs chiefly in tccliiih-iil . haian, is. Iti
Maranta the fruit is 1-seeded, in ( Miatii.a u-ually :;-
seeded; in the former the fl.-clu^ters are branched and
few-fld., in Calathea usually capitate or cone-like. Of
Calatheas there are 70 or 80 species, mostly of trop.
Amer., but a few of trop. Afr. The Ivs., for which the
plant is grown, arc varic.iislv niai-ktcl with Shanes of
green, red, brcuvii, ^ li-. , ai.l .Int. , Tlie Ivs. spring
from the very ba-' i i' : -i ' 'i , i; i aljove the rhi-
zome. Sepals :;. i I - . I!.:..,,,: - i ,a tubular, with 3
spreading lobes : .i:iiim n- :;". ].. lai lil,. , :i sterile and 1
bearing an anther on its siile icimpare Cnnna). L.H.B.

Calatheas are among the handsomest of ornamental-
leaved stove plants. They may be propagated by divi-
sion of the crowns, or in those species which make sec-
ondary L'l"'Alll-. li i tltllML'- lakrll just 1 ,r |. .\V t llC UOdO

and ill-' ' ■■ -i ■! iii'l 111 iliiiiiili-|i.its and

plUU'4.M II- .. i II'. ' .: , . nil I. Mil, ,11, lirat. About

the

vth

i-..iiiiu,ni,, -. 1- til, I,, I 1 ■ ; ,1 ,i,,|,.:,_',iting and also
f,,f i-,,i„,tiiiiL-. Til,- -,,;. I" , ■ : ■ , I, lu is one-third

LT !. iii,i-,,ii- l,,:ini Ml sii,., i i . . , , h inl fibrous peat

111- rli,i|ip,,ii f, I'li-i t. aii,l ,,,., I III 1 ,1 ii ,,i mold and clean

teihuf sail, I, I,, \\)ii,ji iiiir, i,, aii,ii il a I'eW nodules of

charcoal i,. I,, , p iL,' iiii\tiif,' s(vi..et. In repotting, the
old soil si|,,n|,| I,, s] 111 I,, ,1 IV, ,111 the roots, and the plants
potted |,„'-il.\ 111 ihi iirw inivture, using clean, well-
drained pills, .If r,T tlir I IV, piiii,' anil sliallow-rooting
species, pans :>!■■■ pr.,r.aalil.'. .\ 11 iiiatun'il Iravis sliould
be removed at tlii- i im-,. anil aiii r r, p-ti m^- i li, \ should
be placed inacl,,-,-. « ai in. iii,,|.t aiiii.i-plii it ami kept
shaded, to indiua- aiti\f root i^n-owtli. As tin., |ia\'es de-
velop they require an abundant supply of water at the
roots, frequent spraying with a fine syringe, and to be well
shaded from direct sunlight. These conditions should
be reduced on the approach of winter, but at no season
must the plants be allowed to 1,<..-,mii('i|vv. The tempera-
ture during winter shonli I II,, I I ill i„ i,,\. r,m. strong-
growing species, as C. .:, ' ,, iliiiiT, il out in a
palm house under the sli ■ ; n , -. wliih- the
low-growing or creeping -p, , n - an • \, , INnt suli.iects
for inside rockeries, where a warm, Imniid atmosphere
can be maintained. c„it. by Edward J. Canning.

There are many species of Calathea in fancy collec-
tions, but the following list includes those which are
known to In- ill tin- Aiiier. trade. Since the plants are
often iiaimil ami .1. si-ribed before the flowers are
known.it i- imi alwavs possible to determine the proper
genus, r, insult M.tnmta, PIinDiiioi,. -.md Stnniiiintlie.
For horticultural ])nrposes, buttitii, a I , li.u a, ii i - rannot
be used in clas.siflcation of the s|" , ih, i-llowing

scheme, therefore, is based on eval m , , , ,,t.rs.

Index: C. albo-lineata, 3; Bai-hi niiaiin. '< . i Imiiliora-
censis, 10; crotalifera, 20; eximia, :;l; tasciata. 4; La-
geriana, 7; Lagrelliana, 19; Lietzei, 11; Lindeniana, 12;
majestica, 3; Makoyana, 13; UarcelU,25\ medio-picta,
22; micans,23; mtens,14; olivaris,X6; ornata, 3; Prin-

CALATHEA

ceps, 15; pulchella,2; regalis,Z\ rosea-lineata,G; rosea
picta, 6; smaragdina, 5; tubispatha, 8 ; Vandenheckii,
24 ; Veitchiana, 10 ; vlrginalis, 25 ; }yagneri, 6 ; War-
Wiotiana, 18; zebrina, 1.
•.?. marked only hij transverse bars.
I.imll ' .H-n-'hi''i -ri,rhi/i. Sims). Large,
■ ' ' ' I - ' " I- ,"■ '-I'liji- beneath,
- ,-! deep and
. - ; . I ' . -hurt scape.

Br

.H.

: plants

1:1(14. L. l.-Thc commonest sp.-ci
nearly all collections of warm greenho

2. pulch^lla, Koem. Weaker grower than C. zili-iiia,
the Ivs. lighter colored, with two series (large and
small) of broad green bars. Braz.— By some considered
to be a form of C. zebrina.

3. omita, Koern. {Maranta regAlis, Hort.). Dwarf:
Ivs. oblong-acuminate, the stalks 1 ft. long and blades
usually shorter, red beneath, green above and marked
with two bars between each of the transverse veins.
Colombia. — The transverse markings are usually bright
red. and this form is taken as the tvpe of the" species
(I.H. L': 74. L. 20). In var. 41bo-lineata, Hort. {Cula-
II,:, I ami Uardnta dlbo-linedta . Hort.). the lines are
^^lllt, iF.S. 4:413. L. 55). Var. majestica, Hort. (J/.
n,,i,,'-i";i. Lindl.), attains a height of 4-5 ft. It has red-
stnped Ivs. I.H. 41:1.

4. fasoiata, Kegel & Koem. Dwarf: Ivs. long-cordate,
the blade 10-12 in. long, pale green and purple-tinged
below, green above, with wh.'te bands running otf to the
margin. Braz. Gn. 2, p. 3. L. 23.

5. smaragdina, Lind. & Andr4. Two ft. : Ivs. wide-
spreading, oblong-lanceolate and acuminate, silvery
green below, dark green above: with prominent bands
of different shades of green, the midrib prominent.
S. Amer. I.H. 17: 16.

AA. Ims. variously marked and blotched, often mar-
gined, or only the midHb colored.
B. Markings red, parallel with the margin.

6. rdsea-picta, Regel {C. rdsea- linedta , Hort.? M.
Wdgneri, Hort.). Dwarf: Ivs. nearly orbicular, purple
beneath, the upper side dark green, the midrib red, and
an irregular red zone (sometimes two zones) two-thirds
of the distance from the midrib towards the margin.
Amazon, P.S. 16:1675-6. Gn. 2, p. 3

BB. Markings in shades of brown or bronze.

7. Lageriilna, Hort. Lvs. large, dark red beneath,
the prominent veins rich bronze.

8. tubisp4tha, Hook. f. Two feet or less high : lvs.
obovate-elliptic, short-acuminate or cuspidate, thin,
greenish beneath, lively green above, and marked mid-
way between the rib and the margin with lighter trreen
and squarish patches of brown. W. Afr. B. M. ,')'i42.

BBB. Mar/tings in shades of yellow and green.

9. Bachemi&na, Morr. Lvs. unequilateral, cordate at
the base, long, smooth, finely striate, with parallel
greenish or whitish markings along the primary nerves,
purplish beneath. Brazil.

10. Chimboiac^nsls, Lind. Dwarf : lvs. oblong-ovate,
8-12 in. long, acuminate, green above and below, with a
very dark green white-margined band running length-
wise the blade midway between the rib and each mar-
gin. Neighborhood of Mt. Chimborazo. I.H. 17: 6.

11. Li6tzei, Morr. Lvs. oval-lanceolate, truncate or
shallow-cordate at base, undulate, purple beneath, deep
green and shining above, with feather-like blotches of
deeper green. Brazil.

12. Lindeni&na, Wallis (C. Lindeni, Wallis & Andr^).
Lvs. elliptic-oblong, short-acuminate (12 in. or less
long), deep gieen above with an olive-green zone either
side of the midrib, and beyrad which is a darker zone
of green, the under side counterfeiting ti e upper side,
but with purplish zones. Peru. I.H. 18:82. — By some
considered to be a form of C. rosea-picta.

13. Makoy&na, Morr. {Maranta oliv&ris, Hort.).
One to 4 ft. : lvs. broad-oblong, obtuse or somewhat
short-pointed, the stalks red, the leaf olive-green or
cream-colored above but marked against the midrib

CALATHEA

with outspreading, dark green blotches of oblong, oval
or pyriform shape, the under surface similarly marked,
but in red. Brazil. F.S. 20: 2048-9. G.C. 1872:1589.
Gn. 4, p. 87.

14. nltens, Hort. Dwarf : Ivs. oblong, glossy green,
on each side of the rib marked with oblong, pointed
greenish bars, which alternate with dark green lines.
Brazil.

15. princeps, Regel. Leaf elongated or elliptical-lan-
ceolate, 7-10 in. long, 3-3K in. broad, light green above,
with broad black-green, flaming, broken band along the
middle nerve violet purple below Aniizon

CALCEOLARIA

and 8-10 in.
Guatemala,-

21. eximia.Koern. iP/i,

ole grooved, greenish, ■l.i
naked only on the soiiin
face somewhat loiii.'-illi]ii
8-10 in. Ionian. I »-:. in, lir
and markt'd wiili liiMaM w I
of the Ivs. ,-,.v,'n'.l uitli
brownish jnir)>l !"r. ?■

22. medio-picta, Mak

ith

213

spikes.

fw)i()«,Koch). Peti-
ici with soft hair and
I'lied end. Leaf sur-
■il, in fuU-gi-own Ivs.
V shiningblue-green,
■ ands; the under side
IvetY hair, and of a
it. 680.

oval -lanceolate and
th ends dark green with the rib feathered
summit Brazil

23 micans Knern
long line eoKtt s m
above the rib in i t

24 Vandenhickei
red purple beneith

of

Brizil '

2 1 virginihs Lmd Lvs soft hairy below broad
0"^ il ither blunt 7-^> m long 4-b in bioid ii])per sur

gieen and lightei 7 )i li w n i n tb ii|| i inlie

314. Calathca Veitchiana.

16. Veitchiina, Veitch. Pig. 314. Very handsome, 3-4
ft. : lvs. large, ovate-elliptic, obtuse or nearly so, rather
thin, glossy, purplish below, dark, rich green above and
marked with one or two rows of light yellow-green
irregular blotches running the length of the blade (often
shading into white). Tropical Africa. B.M. 5535. G.C.
1870:924. Gn. 2, p. 545. F. S. 16:1055-8.- Common ;
one of the handsomest and most serviceable species.
The darker parts of the blade are often bronze-brown.

17. Warscewiczii, Kcern. Rather large : lvs. 2 ft.
long, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, purple beneath,
dark, velvety green above, but the midrib broadly feath-
ered with yellow-green. Trop. Amer. F.S. 9:939-940.
Gn. 17: 238. L. 17.-One of the best.

18. Wiotiina, Makoy (C.Widti, Hort.). Lvs. bright
green, with two rows of olive-green blotches, Brazil,

BBBB. Markings tvhite or very nearly so.

19. LegrelUina, Regel. Leaf elliptical, pointed, 5-6 in.
long, 2-3>2in. broad, above shining green, with broad,
white, flaming, broken middle band along the middle
nerve and numerous broken white linear small bands be-
tween the side nerves; lower surface whitish green and
marked with red and green. Equador. — Neat species.

20. crotalifera.Wats. Rattlesxake Plant. Lvs. oval,
abruptly acute at each end, 2 ft. nr li's,< long and half as
broad, yellowish green, witli a wiiiti'-niari^ined midrib;
petiole 2-3 ft. long, curved, shuathiug: peduncles 1 or 2

minytransv

L H B

CALCEOLARIA (Latin calr li t a slipper alluding
to the s ri ^ 1 1 I r Many species of

herl s an 1 1 II t S Amer but some

m Mexi 1 \ /I II II ' parted nearly to

the base tl I i at 1 | I rt \ 1 and inflated slip

per like the u; | er hi sn illei ii 1 i^cendmg 1 ut usu
allj saccate st imens 2 or rareh ^ and no ru liments
(A Fig 315) fruit a many see led capsule hs usualh
hairy and rugose mostlv opi site ( alceolirns are
grown for the varioush c 1 ipl 1 i Tlh s] tted
lad> -s slipper like fls The 1 t \iichand

intense The genus falls ii t 1 i e ti ns

the herbaceous kinds and tl 1 I lief inner

are the only ones generalU ki i 1 i tn They

are grown from seeds The^ are ften known as the
hybrid Calceolarias ( C hybtida Hort) since the com
mon varieties are evidently the products of inter crossing
and plant-breeding. l jj 3

Of the hybrid section, seeds are best sown at the end
of June or beginning of July, in pans. Care should be
taken to have the pans thoroughly clean. Good drainage
is essential. A good soil is one composed of equal parts
of sand, leaf-mold and sod soil. This should be finely
sifted. After filling the pans, thoroughly dampen, and
allow to drain before sowing. It is unnecessary to cover
the seeds with soil, but a close-fitting pane of glass should
be placed over the pan until the little plants are well
started, when the glass should be gradually removed. In
the early stages, watering is best done by immersion, but
it is not advisable to keep the pans standing in water.

214 CALCEOLARIA

Prick off, when large enough to handle into pans or
shallow flats one inch ip irt s inie compoit as for seeds
will suit When ]■! int-~ I . ^m t . ( rowd, pot into thumb
pots This timi th iii| 1 li nl<l have the addition of
a sixth part of Im I iir 1 In .1 cow manure Subse
quent -ihiffs ^h iil 1 _i n i iiiin .1 the list being
into? Ill li I ' - I I ill il u_ but should

not b, I lume drawn

A hou- " >•' most suit

able Uh 1 r , I I ^ I I 1 dure as Ion ns

possible, .luiiu„ tlii uimim 1.1' I I I "11 pinvide

a night tciuptiaturt of 1U° and a a . t mi i itm. < t 'lO"
to 55° Watercarefully, avoiding! \ii in m I \li iithe

flower spikes begin to show we ik li |iii I i ui m i\ be

frequenth uskI with ad\ mt u. i i n il\ in th. only
realh ti i i I i i i i m bt ktpt in

chetK 1 I Ntpms around

the bill li I I I i I I Is thoroughly

The -1,1 II '■ . I .I\ in

Europi 1 I ' ' 'If the

heat ot 111 \iii 1 I II I I I I I I I I 111! in

Propag it I II 1- Il Hre

taken tbtiL th, lul i Vu^ u i ml iia.udo\er

in cold frames piottctcd tioiu liust

Wm StOTT, of Tarr^town

The herbaceous garden forms of Oilceolarias cannot
often be rnterr. d t 1 t nii. ,1 s,„ i, - In the f.dlowmg
account th. im, i. i, i , n, i , i I iih. .1 Rodi
gascm-i.l 1. Ill M I, 1 .hieflv

otC II, , h„ , I. .1 this

race C m n Im ^ l I / ' I I 11 1 _s H(,

35 54) Fig til r r)f»rt//ff")f( sums to hi\t ktt Its
impress most distinctlj on the greenhouse forms

CALCEOLARIA

oled (the petioles winged at top) undulate and dentate,
sometimes obscureh lobed, rugose and pubescent piler
beneath, often purplish towards the tip, stem Ivs shorter-
petioled and becoming sessile above fls m a forking
corymb, the slipper large, oblong or oblong obo% ate, fur
rowed or crenate hanging mellow, with orange brown
dots fhil. P M ^255 — From this species we seem to
h i\ I dc ri\ 1 .1 till spots of Calceolaria fls

corymbdsa KnizttPav One-2 ft , the stem4 ang.cd
radn il l\s .i\ tit tiitl sometimes cordate, obtuse or nt irl}
so, doubh ciiintf rugose and hairj, whitish Ik m nth
stem Ivs snitlltr inil mrrowcr, somewhat claspnv "li
posite fls sMuU I tbiiut half as large as m ( .i imli
floni) ma br.ii.l si.miwlut loose corymb, thi shjipt^r
soim \\b it sb irt iilihiiu fit ir \ t How outside and m irkttl
with ltd hii. s insi.h I lull B M J418

amplexicaiiUs III K V ft t.i twnhigh Ivs cordate-
ovitt til i.\ iti 1 111! I 1 iti li ii„ I. animate pubescent,
wiK.lIj btiit tth ,im1 iltti. rii^ ,s, d.ove, clasping fls
small, in an upright corjmb, pale \ellow and spotless,
the slipper hoof shapet. Equador, etc B M 4300
cc Fls purple

purptlTea, Grab Stems erect, pubescent, 1-2 ft radi-
cal Ivs spatulate and acutish, with a strong midrib,
sparseH hair\, rugose, dentate, stem Ivs broad cordate
and clasping, kss toothed fls in loose corymbs, small,
purplish or reddish violet, the slipper somewhat fur-
rowed Peru B M 2775 — Supposed to have entered
largeh into purple fld varieties

arachnoldea, Grab Stem a foot or two high, terete,
brunt b^ wt.iilh with appressed hairs Ivs oblong or
lin^ul itt 11 11 iiiwiiu int.. h.ng winged petioles, clasping,
ob-. m.l\ t .. till 1 I1U..SI woolh on both sides pe-
dum h s m j ills ti.iliii tis small, dull purple, the slip-
ptr 111: irh t,l"bul 11 mil furrowed Chile B M 2874
B ii4 (ompoiiiul, 0) essentially SO

BcabioSBBfdha, Sims Oftt n 2 f t , the stem terete, hairy

iiiilltif\ hs tipiLiMti with 1 1 isiiingpttitilis.cut nearly

I . 1 t fli 11 111' It irMii^ from lanceo

] nt It. fls lery

I I I II V tilt slipper

pmnita 1 nm Often reaches T ft or more hs pin-
itiliil . 1 . . ini.h t. 1\ compound, the divisions short and
Ills t.utin ul tuse or nearly so fls small, sulfur
■How Peiu B M 41 —The first known garden spe-
es, still sold as an annual

AA Shrubby Calceolarias
integnffiha, Murr {C rtijrdsa, Ruiz and Pav C
•.all III fiihii, Pers ) Two ft or less high, branchy
anil busli\ Ivs glabrous, oval lanceolate, crisped
mill lUiititt the short petioles winged fls in ter-
iiiuiil t_ lusters small, yellow Chile BM 2523 —
\ \ 11 1 ible Probably the chief source of shrubby
( ikeolarias
thyrsiJldra, Grab More shrnhhv lv« Imnr and
clusteied, toothed, sessile ii t 1. hm tt -mill \r\
low, in a close, tenumal cln i i i I I M H

0 dlba Ruiz & Pav Shnil 1
fls small white Chile B M I .1 I . ii

SI 1102 -( AmlUia Bi nth s, , , ,„

315 Calceolai

A Htrhiicious Calceolarias, parents ot the fli^iits'
laneties of this country

B. Zivs. simple.

c. Fls. essentially yellow.

crenatifldra, Cav. ( C. phidula, Sweet) . One-2 ft., 1he

stem soft-hairy, terete: radical Ivs. ovate and long peti-

lolm, HBK. .Mmil.h.s
tootlied. or at top t^f -1. Ill liih
fls. rather large, in many-tld .i>
slipper obovate-orbicular and .t
C. tubdta, Cav. Herbaceous : I \
5-7dobed, dentate : fls. in termii

CALCEOLARIA

and spotted on the up-curved slipper. Peru, Bolivia. B.M.
6330.— C. Paednii. Benth. Herbaceous : Ivs. large and wrinkled,
, base, the radical ( ' ' ""

CALIFORNIA

215

jagged and toothed : lis. large, clear yellow, the lip up-curved.
Peru. B.M. 452.i.— C. Pisacomensis. Meyer. Shrubby : Ivs.
ovate-cordate, nearly or quite obtuse, nearly sessile, irregti-
larly crenate, margins reflcted : fls. large, orange varying to
red. the slipper up-curved. Peru. B.M. mn.-C. plantceginea,
Smith. Herbaceous, stemless : Ivs. ovate-spatulate, toothed at
top : scapes many, few-fld., the fls. large, yellow, the under
side of the slipper dotted with red. Chile. B.M. 2805.-C. Sin-
clairii, Hook. Herbaceous, half-hardy : Ivs. oblong-ovate,
stalked, crenate-dentate, hairy: fls. .sm.-ill, lilac or flesh-col-
ored, spotted within, the two lips ne.-irly ean.-il. iii>t saccate.
New Zeal. B.M. 6.597. -C. tenella. Pocpp, \- Eiidl. Herba-
ceous, half-hardy, 6 in. hiph : Ivs. ovate cr i.rl.irular, small
(J^in. long), ne.-lrly or quite sessUe : fls. yellow, spotted within.
Chile. B.M. 6231.— C. violacea, Cav. .Shrubby : Ivs. small,
ovate-cord.ite, deep-toothed, stalked : fls. yellow-salmon,
spotted within and without, the two lips not saccate. Chile.
B.M. 4929. L. H. B.

CALENDULA (Latin, cului,!,,- ,.r rnhiitlx : flowering
throughout the months). Cofi^/.n.^it,: . Herbs of temper-
ate regions, of 20 or more >.|ierirs. Annuals or peren-
nials, with alternate simple Ivs., mostly large heads
with yellow or orange rays, glabrous ineurved akenes,
plane" naked receptacle, pappus none, and involucre
broad, with scales in one or two series.
ofiicinilis, Linn. Pot Maeigold. Fig. 310. Annual :
less hairy : Ivs. oblong and more
tire, thickish : heads solitary, on
spreading rays, showy,

1-2 ft. high, more o
or less clasping, ei
stout stalks, large
closing at night. S
universal garden fl:
guished by size, n
color varies from \\
the Marygold of Sli
sometimes used in
The Calendula is ..
loose soil. The see,
are to stand, but

Eu.

. 3204. — One of the most
into many vars., distin-
legree of doubling. The
t.. deep orange. This is
s time. The il.-heads are
I flavor soups and stews.
st culture in any warm,
ly sown where the plants

'lanted. The akenes are

klv. The plant blooms the
if the fls. are picked. It is a
southern states will bloom

frame and the pla
large and germiuat
whole season, partic
hardy annual, and
most of the year.

auffruticdsa, Vahl. More diffuse, annual : Ivs. ses-
sile, lanceolate, somewhat dentate : heads bright yel-
low, not doubled, very numerous, on long peduncles.
W. Mediterranean region. -Seeds are sold by American
dealers.

CALICO BUSH i

tlmia.

CALIFORNIA, HOETICULTUKE IN. California oc-
cupies the mountain slopes and plain-like valleys of a
vast area, much of which is peculiarly well-fitted to
horticultural uses. New York, Ohio, Maine, New Jersey,
Vermont, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Connecticut,
Delaware, and Rhode Island, united, have a less area
than California. The range of products grown suc-
cessfully in California is nearly or quite as great as
that of all the rest of the United States ; the humid sea-
level islands of Florida are adapted to some plants,
such as Cassava, which do but poorly in California, but
on the sheltered uplands of California many species
which entirely fail in Florida are perfectly at home.
Here, as every tourist can see in a single summer, one
finds, and often on an enormous scale, the vines, wal-
nuts and 1 mines of France ; the olives, oranges, lemons,
chestmiT-. lij- .uel iHinei^^ranates of Italy and Spain;
the Ace I I . lasuarinas, and salt-bushes of

AustralM 1 Turkestan; the cotton and to-

bacco ut the -i.iith ; the hemp, flax, rye, Russian mul-
berries, and other products of the more extreme north,
the cereals of the great west, the bulbs of Holland, the
costly seed-crops of European gardens, and, in brief,
examples of the greater part of the useful horticultural
productions of the temperate zones.

While the American pioneers of Kentucky were fight-
ing Indians, and struggling to obtain the right to navi-
gate the Mississippi, the Spanish pioneers of California

were planting pear, orange and olive trees, date palms,
and European grapes, about the early Missions. After
the American conquest, and the gold discovery of 1848,
horticulture gained a foothold in the mountain lands
below the Sierra peaks. Every village and town had its
gardens and its beginnings of orchards. Soon the
thoughts of men turned to the broad, fertile, unfilled
valleys, and in a few years the wheat farmer became the
typical Californian. Lastly, the state entered upon a
magnificent and stUl continuing period of horticultural
development, which well deserves to be written down in
history as one of the most important facts of modem
material progress.

Not so long ago almost 160,000 square miles of
California were considered "nearly all waste." Now,

iires. farms, ganlens, so sug-
Ihat, altleinuii there is room
It t"eall anything worthless
except the great heii;lits that slieltir and water the val-
leys below. Even the deserts have underlying streams,
and blossom with tree and vine as men sink artesian
wells there. The miracles of Italy, ancient Palestine,
modern India, are being repeated over large districts of
California.

The great vallevs and nearly level lands of Califor-
nia, the true cereal belts, subject to frosts, comprise
about 40,000,000 acres of land; the foothill fruit-belts,

216

CALIFORNIA

of Coast Range and Sierra, hardly as yet one-tenth oc-
cupied, comprise fully 25,000,000 acres; in timber and
fine grazing lands, capable of perpetual renewals, arc
12,000,000 acres; high mountains cover some 13.000,000
acres; arid lands, often yielding enormously under irri-
gation, or slowly coiiqutrcd l.y lu-utriiliziufr tliiir super-
abundant Mlkali, '"rnii', III.. .Ml li),niiii,(iiiii ;„ r, .. Over
these f;n ;.! :m . ; i nutain

ment of t:alil..n
as its local clim;
divided into ti\
high Sierras th.
to 44°: in the 1.

the i>ar, li

valleys - - ■ .

f is from 30°
- to 52° ; near
II the central
i s from 00° to

every jKiri ..I' i ';ilii-ni m -Imw- \. r\ ^li:ir|i horticultural
contrasts upon turnis n<it :i mili- apart. Local climate is
the key-note of California life. Placer county, for in-
stance, extends from the center of the Sacramento val-
ley east to the summit of the Sierras. It has upland
• Canadian valleys, pines and snow-blockades at one end;
groves of oranges and lemons in the Sierra foothills, and
rich alfalfa fields along the " bottoms " of the Sacramento
valley rivers. See Fig. 317.

Statistics are apt to be dull reading, but the horticul-
ture of California can be shown only by some of its re-
sults in recent years. Let us glance at a few of the
records. Take the well-known industry of raisin-mak-
ing. In l.s?:;, 1211,000 pounds were procluced in Califor-
nia. P.v l.--:i| ilii- .r..[. Ii.'mI .u'imwii In lii:'.,li(in.nn(l p.iunds.
The inn , ' '. r.: .... i.( • ,.r fn ,1, IVniN, I.. Lrinninir late

in till- ..... . . 1,N l-i| I.. i,.:,,'lx 1.-0,11(10,000

pounds. I iii. .11 .'■.' hi]iiii. n' ^ ..f .Irir.l Innts rose

between l.Sb4 ao.i i- '.. l'-..ni ni "nonjiiiii poiauis to

150,000,000 pouh.i
years, the proMu-
2,000,000 to ovn ,
years a noted Calii
1898, from 850,000 1
' separate i

Fig. 317. Horticultural regions of California.

27,000,000 pounds. The wine-production of the state in
1897 was 34,500.000 gallons. The pack of canned fruit
in 1898 was 2,000,000 cases. In 1893, in a very careful
tabulation of the area planted to fruit -trees and vines,

CALLIANDRA

made by me for the Popular Science Monthly, I esti-
mated as follows:

Kind Acreage

Citrus and semi-tropic 95.000

Deciduous fruits 200.000

Nut-bearing trees a.i.OOD

Grapes 191.933

Small fruits o.OSl

Total 517,014

At the usual distances of planting, this would give
48,000,000 fruit trees and about 240,000,000 grape-vines.
Since 1893 nearly six years have passed, and yet the
acreage has not greatly gained. Some vineyards and
worn-out orchards have been destroyed. The area in
small fruits li:i^ tv :irlv f]r.nt.1( .1. 'I'fic ci'm-- and semi-
tropic frnit ' . ■ . ' ■■ :..'.;,, There

have been -. . .. .■!... ..' _l,i r-aijifall.

The indnMi; ; ■ ... , .. , ,,l,l,. during

recent year-. A in ilij.u.l. ..i 1- -m- L...iu. liitui-al uccu-

horticultural industries of the last
extensive growth of tree, flower and
■nf-Howers. of vet;etabli-s and of dec-

rease in iiumuer ami relative iniportanee.

Charles '.
CALIFOENIA POPPY is Hschscholtzia.

CALIFORNIA YELLOW BELLS is I

CALlMERIS (Greek, hmntifiil arrangement). Com-
pdtiitte. A few Asian herbs, often united with Aster, Viut
horticulturally distinct, and differing from that genus
in the hemispherical involucre of few, nearly equal,
scarious-margined bracts, and broad, convex receptacle.
Akene flat and hairy. Hardy perennials of low .growth,
suited to tlie border in front of stronger plants. C. Ta-
taririi is ileseriiied in the genus Heteropappus.

inclsa, DC. {Aster inciSHs, Fiseh. ). One to 2 ft., erect,
corjinbose at the summit: !\ s. l.m.' ..l:ii,., i. nioii iy in-
cise-dentate : scales of imi.ln.rr iv.l iiiai-inr.i : tN.

large, purple-rayed or almost » liiti. .in.l \ . ll..-.\ i. i. ,i.

—Of easy culture in any ix I ~oil. makiii.- :i .|i |.lay

throughout July and Aug. The eoim -i -|i..ii-.

Alt4ica, Nees [Aster AltMcus, \\'U]<I. i. I.ow.r. ].u-
bescent or hispid: Ivs. linear-Ianeeohttr ami ■niire:
scales of involucre pubescent and wliite iiiarf.'ini-.i : rays
narrow, blue. L. H. B.

CALIPHEUBIA. See Calliphriiria.

CALLA (ancientnarae, of obscure meaning). Ardidem.
A nionotyine genus, containing a native bog-plant with
a white spatlie. Herbs, with creeping rhizomes and 2-
ranked Ivs. Diftirs from (irontium in the parallel sec-
ondary and tertiary veins uf the leaf-blade. See Hich-
urdiii for r. .Kthiopiai, alhoiiHu-ntata, jmiottianu, and
711UIU. The Calla of florists, or Calla Lily, is Richardia.

palustris, Linn. Fig. 318. Rhizome bearing many dis-
tichous Ivs. (me year, the next only 2 Ivs. and the pe-
duncle : petioles cylindrical, long-sheathed : blade cor-
date : spathe elliptical, or ovate-lanceolate, white. Eu.,
N. Asia, and E. N. Amer. B. M. 1831. -An interesting
little perennial plant, useful for outdoor ponds.

Jared G. Smith.

CALLIANDBA (Greek, beautiful stamens). Legu-
miiif>s(e. Tropical American shrubs, distinguished from
Acacia by the presence of a thickened margin on the
pod. Lvs. bipinnate; Ifts. numerous: fls. usually borne
in globose heads ; corolla small, obscured by the nu-
merous, long, silky, purple or white stamens. Cult, in
S. Calif., and prop, by cuttings.

CALLIANDBA

tambertiina, Benth. (AeAcia Lamberticina, D.Don).
Unarmed : branches terete : Ivs. puberulous-villous :
pinnsB 2-3-yoked : Ifts. 9-12-yaked, oval-oblong, obtuse
at both ends : petiole not glandular : peduncles 3-5,
racemose : heads roundish ; stamens 20-25, exserted.
Mexico. B.E. 721

CALLIRHOE

217

>src

318. Calla palustris.

tetrdgona, Benth. [Acctcia tetrdgona, Willd.). Un-
armed, glabrous; branches tetragonal : pinn« 5-6-yoked :
Ifts. 16-29-yoked, linear, acute, the outer larger : heads
pedunculate, axillary; fls. white: pod linear-obtuse,
thickened at the margin.

Fortoricensis, Benth. (AcAcia Portoric(nsis,yi\l\i.).
Unarmed shrub, 10 ft. high: pinnae 5-yoked : Ifts. 15-25-
yoked, linear, obtuse ; petioles not glandular: branch-
lets pubescent : heads globose, peduneulate, axillary:
calyx ciliate on the margin : filaments long, white : sta-
mens 20-25: pod straight, linear, tapering at the base.
West Indies.

CALLICABPA (Greek, heauty and fruit). VerhenA-
ceie. Shrubs or trees, mostly with rough, stellate hairs:
Ivs. opposite, usually dentate and deciduous : fls. small,
perfect, in axillary cymes ; corolla with short tube, i-
lobed ; stamens 4: fr. a small, berry-like drupe, red,
lilac or violet, with 2^ seeds. About 30 species in trop.
and subtrop. regions of Asia, Australia, N. and C. Amer.
Some species are cult, chiefly for their decorative fr.,
profusely produced in fall ; the hardiest are C. pur-
purea and C. Japonica, and they may be grown even
north in sheltered positions, if somewhat protected dur-
ing the winter. If killed to the ground, young shoots
spring up vigorously, and will produce fls. and fr. in the
same season. If grown in the greenhouse, they require
a sandy compost of loam and peat, and plenty of light
and air. Prop, readily by greenwood cuttings in spring
or summer under glass, also by hardwood cuttings, layers
and seeds.

A. Ia'S. tomenfnse beneath.

America.na, Linn. .'^lnul). :; r, fi., viiil, , mfy, downy
toraentum : Ivs. cuuc-.-itv. lilip: . i innate, ob-

tusely serrate, 3-6 in. Icmu-: ■ 1)1 '1: corolla

bluish, glabrous: fr.vr.ilii. .iin. \.i^ \ 1 1 u. lo Texas
and W. India. — One of the hHiHl.,..iiit-,,i, m ir., but more
tender than the Japanese species. There is a var. with
white fr.

AA. Lvs. glabrous beneath, bnt glandjilar : corolla
glanrlular niitsirie.

Jap6nica, Thuub. Shruli. 2-' ft.: Ivs. cuneate, ellip-
tic or ovate-lanceolatr. aniiiiiiiatr, i-rf-nately serrate,
2K-5 in. long: cymi-s jm .liiii.li.l. uiaiiy-tld. ; fls. pink or
whitish: fr. violet. August. Japan. 'P.F.G. 2, p. 105.

purptirea, Juss. (C. gracilis, Sieb. & Zucc). Shrub,
1-1 ft. : lvs. cuneate, elliptic or obovate, coarsely serrate
above the middle, entire toward the base, lK-3 in. long:
cymes peduneled, few or many-fld.; fls. pink: fr. lilac-
violet. August. Japan, China. Gn. 23: 392. — Closely al-
lied to the former, but smaller in every part.

C. ca)ia. Linn, Phrnh ; lvs. broadly elliptic, shining above

Sieb. Flo

\: cymes slender-peduncled. E. Ind.,

. 4: n-.-C. rubella. Lintll. Shrab or

o 20 ft.: lvs. cordate-obloug. tomeutose beneath:

Himal., China. B. R.n;883. P. S. U: USD (as 0.

Alfred Rehder.

CALLI6PSIS. Co

;ult Coreopsis.

CALLIPHKtiRIA (Greek, beautiful pr
to the spathe iii.l..-inu' tli..- ti"Hi-r>.|. \Vi

i; refer:

Prop, by offsets. J. G. Baker. Ama-

huria.

ada, dist-i
the fllanientK 1
on top, the mi
pear with the 1
ryllidefe,p. lis

Hartwegiina, Herb. Bulb ovid, 1 in. thick, stolonifer-
ous. with brown membranous tunics; lvs. l)riy:ht green,
firmer and more closely veimvl than in EiiclKiris, with
an oblong-acute blade 4-5 in. Ion:;, i^ in. Innad, niirrowed
into a petiole, which is flat above, ami round beneath :
scape slender, 1 ft. long : fls. 0-8, in au umbel, white ;
perianth 1 in. long and wide. Andes of Bogota. B.M.6259.
Int. in 1889 by Eeasoner, who has never flowered it.

C. subedentata. Baker = Eucharis subedentata.

CALLIPEORA is i
CALLlPTERISiG

eaidlfiil fi-ni). Polypodiaceoe.
A genus of f,-riis aiUoii to As]ili-niuin, with elongate sori
formed on both sides of the veins, and the veins uniting
to form meshes or areolae. Some fifteen species are known
from the warmer parts of both hemispheres. The follow-
ing is the only one in cultivation. Culture of tropical
Aspleniums.

prolifera, Bory (Asplenium decussAtum,'S>vi7,.). Lvs.
2-4 ft. long besides the stalks, which are 1-2 ft. long, with
numerous pinnae 6-12 in. long, 1-2 in. wide, with deeply
crenate margins and frequently with bulblets in the axils ;
veins pinnate, with the branches of contiguous veins
uniting. Polynesia and Malaya. l. m. Underwood.

CALLtBHOE ( Greek mythological name ) . Malv&eece.
Poppy -Mallow. Seven native species of hardy, showy
herbs of the easiest culture and deserving a much greater
popularity. The two kinds mentioned are chiefly prop,
by seeds, but the perennial species may also be prop.
by cuttings. The name is also written Callirrhot:.
A. Annual: involucre abnent.

pedita, Gray. Fig. 319. Height 1-3 ft. : stem erect,
leafy : radical, and lower lvs. round-cordate, palmately or
pedately 5-7-lobed or -parted, the lobes coarsely toothed
or incised, upper 3-5-cleft or -parted, usually into narrow
divisions : fls. red-purple, cherry red, varj'ing to lilac.
Common in Texas. R.H. 1857, p. 430.

218

CALLIRHOE

AA. Perennial: involucre present
involucrita, Gray. Height 9-12 m , plant hirsute or
even hispid : root large, napiform stems procumbent
lv3. of rounded outline, palmately or pedatelj 5-7 parted

CALLUNA

Thuia The <;mall cones have 4-G separating woody
scales Ivs small and scale-like, persistent. Of very
attractive habit The only species in the Amer. trade is
TObuBta, R Br Cypress Pine. Somewhat resembles
our native red cedar, but is conical in form and very
df lisp It IS a fine tree for tall hedges and windbreaks.
\ nil.; tri ts planted out in S. Fla. make fine specimens,
1 r in Inn.,' from the ground. In five years the plants
ri I h 111-12 ft high. Little known in this country,
(^u. iiisljnd L. H. B.

CALLtTNA (Greek, to sweep ; the branches are some-
times used for making brooms). Kricftcetp. Heather.
Low evergreen shrubs with imbricated, scale-like Ivs.
in fimr rons, the branchlets therefore quadrangular:
fl t m nal racemes corolla campanulate 4 lobed,

si rt r tl an the 4 parted colored calyx stamens 8
fr r ular One species in W and N Eu also in
A M r in E N Amer in some localities natural
iz 1 > r culture see Erica

vulgins '^al sh (E \ca x l/t s Linn) From H 3
f 111 ear obtuse sagittate at the base,

t fls small m long erect rather
I V pink sometimes white Aug

^ I many varieties Var ilba (and

\ / ) with white fls Tar Alpbrti of

1 f, th with ro im nc fls \ ar c4r

nea th Ucbh col le 1 fl \ ar fI6re pl^no \ ith loul le

319 Callirhoe pedata

or -cleft, the divisions mostly wedge-shaped, incised, the
lobes oblong to lanceolate : fis. crimson-purple, cherry
red or paler. AH summer. Minn, to Tex. G.W.F. 26.
E.H. 1862:171, as C. verticUlata.

Var. lineariloba. Gray. Less hirsute than the type :
stems ascending : Ivs. smaller, 1-2 in. across, the upper
or all dissected into linear lobes.— An excellent trailer,
especially for rockeries. Thrives even in very dry soils,
the root penetrating to a great depth. A sunny position
is preferable. j g j^^^^^^ ^^^ ^ jl.

CALLISTfiMMA, CALLlSTEPHUS. See Aster, China.

CALLISTfiMON (Greek, kallns. beauty; sfemnn. a
stamen ; in most of th.- -^luH..- th- tt.ni.iis -.xr,- n beau-
tiful .scarlet color). .)/-/'' • I : - ii i nhi -^ii, Au-
stralian shrubs: Ivs. cx' i ■' ll~. m ■li-nse,

cylindrical spikes, at lir ■ i , , ! iln a\i^ i;row-

ing out into leafy shout- ; ^iml.' !■- \. i -niil.', wiili par-
allel cells opening longituilhudly : fr. persisting several
years. Prop, by ripened cuttings in sand under a hand-
glass, which flower when small ; or by seeds, but the
seedlings are slow in reaching the flowering state.
Rapid growers ; very ornamental ; greenhouse in the
north ; hardy in California, thriving in any soil and
without irrigation.

A. Lvs. flat, penniveined .

Bpeci6suB, DC. Lvs. thick, narrow-lanceolate, pubes-
cent when young : spikes dense, large : fls. scarlet, the
calyx and corolla pubescent ; stamens obscurely or very
shortly 5-adelphous. March-April. West Australia.
B.M. 1761, as Mrfr..s!<l,,;..-^ s/., ,;,..■<„. Height 10 ft.

lanceolfttus, Sw,,t. Ii-, :;jii. Hrii^-Iit C-IO ft.: lvs.
crowded, thick, hiii.i ,,hii.>. |.iMi.t;ii. , rc-ddish when
young: spike rut In t Io.im, .if rnlili-li Hs. N.S. Wales. 6 ft.

rigridus, R. Br. I.\ -. lin. ar mi- niirn.wly linear-lanceo-
late, rigid, alnn'st jMiiiLn lit pMinii .1 : -pikes dense : fls.
red; anthers dmli. N.w SmuiIi w air-. 4 ft.

ch,

,h,l

■veless

l-iiertrd.
linearis, DC. Height 4 to 6 ft. : fls. dark or pale scar-
let : f r. more globular and more contracted at the mouth
than in C. rigidus. June. N. S. Wales.

J. BuRTT Davy.
CALLlTRIS (from the Greek for beautiful). Conif-
ertr, tribe Cupresslnece. About 15 trees or shrubs,
growing in Africa and the Australian region, allied to

^"^f^^

320. CalHstemon lanceolatuB.

rose-colored fls.; var. pjgmsea, forming low, moss-like
tufts ; var. tomentdsa, the branchlets and lvs. with
grayish tomentum. The Heather is a very handsome

CALLUNA

small shrub, well adapted for borders of evergreen
shrubberies, or for dry slopes and sandy banks and
preferring sunny positions ; it is also found growing
well in swamps and in partly shaded situations. Cut
branches keep their life-like appearance for many
months. Alfred Eehder.

CAL0CH6ETUS (Greek for beautiful and grass).
LiliAcem. tribe Tulipew. West American cormous
plants, the occidental representatives of Tulipa. St.
usually branched, and from a coated corm, more or less
leafy: perianth of unequal segments, the outer ones the
smaller and more or less sepal-like, the 3 inner ones
large and showy and bearing glands and hairs ; stigmas
3, sessile and recurved ; stamens 6 ; fls. showy, shal-
low-cupped on the inner segments, arching. Nearly all
the species are in cult. Monogr. by J. G. Baker, Journ.
Linn. Soc. 14: 302-;ilO (1875); and by S. Watson, Proc.
Amer. Acad. Arts and Sci. 14:262-208 (1879). See also
Colochorti in the Sierra Nevada, by George Hansen,
Erythea, 7: 13-15; A. Davidson, Erythea, 2: 1-2, 27-30.

Calochortuses are natives of western North America.
One or two extend into British Amfricn. .iiid n few, be-
longing to a peculiar group, are f.mn.l in M.\irM ; the
remainder are natives of the Uniti-il Slat.-.. Iimhi Ne-
braska to the Pacific ocean. Whili- ili. i;. n^ rii i liai^c-
teristics are unmistakable, the spei-i(^ and ■ v. n varie-
ties have the most variable tastes as to soil, exposure
and climate. The Colorado desert and the summits of
the Sierra Nevada, the heavy clay lands of Califomian
valleys, the volcanic soils of the foothills and the mead-
ows of the Northwest, each has its own representa-
tives of this beautiful tribe. The character of the genus
can be treated better under the various groups. Nearly
every known species is in cultivation to some extent.
Some are readily grown, others present considerable
cultural diflicult'ies ; but while there are some which
will probably always be difticult to cultivate, there are
many species — and the number includes the very best—
which can be successfully grown by any one who is
willing to give a little special care to their culture; and
there are a few which possess such vigor and hardiness
as to be adapted to extensive cultivation. All Calo-
chortuses are hardy in the sense of withstanding ex-
treme cold, but they will not withstand alternate thaw-
ing and freezing nearly so well ; and thus we have the
paradox of their going safely through severe eastern or
European winters and suffering the loss of foliage in
mild ones. They should be planted in the fall, and it is
better to plant late, so that leaf growth is delayed until
spring. Diverse as are their natural habitats, one soil
will answer the needs of all. In my own experience, a
light loam, made lighter with sand or sawdust, powdered
charcoal, or spent tan-bark, is best. My very best re-
sults have been with a mixture of equal parts of a good
light loam aad spent tan-bark, with a little broken char-
coal. Wallace, one of the most successful English
growers, recommends making a bed sloping to the
south, composed of leaf-mold and road grit in equal
parts, with a smaller proportion of sharp sand. The
idea is a light, porous, not too stimulating soil, with
perfect drainage. Wallace rcrniiimrnrls covering the
beds with reeds to throw otf tin- Inavy rains. I accom-
plish the same end by such tliori.u-li ilrainage that the
rains pass through quickly. It is Intt.r to lift the
bulbs as soon as they ripen, and n_-ijlaut in the fall.
Water sparingly at all times. They take well to pot cul-
ture with similar soils and treatment. While not to be
forced rapidly, they considerably anticipate their out-of-
door season. The same treatment can be used in cold-
frame culture, but do not coddle them too much. Under
suitable conditions they are really very hardy and tena-
cious of life, but excessive moisture, either in air or
ground, is not to their liking after the flowering season
arrives. Theoretically, all Calochortuses of Section A
(Star Tulips) should have shade, and all Mariposas ( AA)
sunshine ; but I find that the light shade of the lath-house
suits all alike, giving much finer bloom in the Mariposas.
The flowering season extends over three months, accord-
ing to species. Cabl Puedy.

Index: albus. No. 1 ; amoenus, 1, 6; apiculatus, 8 ;
atroviolaceus, 25 ; aureus, 22 ; Benthami, 4 ; caruleus.

CALOCHORTUS

219

5; CatalinsB. 28; citrinus, 17,21; clavatus, 23; concolor,
21 ; elegans. 0 : dexuMsus.2G ; Greenei, 14 ; Gunnisoni,
31; Howellii. 10 ; Kcnnrdyi, 20 ; Leichtlinii, 30 : lilaci-
nus, 10; Lulil.ii, i; ; ii.nu'ibarbatus, 15; luteus, 21^
Lvallii, 6 ; inari,„ar|ius, :;l' ; Maweanus, 3 ; nanus, 6;
nitidus, 13 : nndi.-, U ; Nnttallii, 29 ; Obispoensis, 19 ;

PlummerfP, Ls ; ' iinl'rln' Ihis', 2 ;' I'nnlvi. ',);' |,unaii-as.'a^is!
24; roseus, :;. I't : rul,..,-, LT. -. -an-um.ns. -1 ; -nlm-

: ; Ve^ta, 24 ; Wecdii, 17.

A. Star Tulips.— Blossom* or fruit more or less nod-
ding : inner perianth segments strongly arched.

B. Fls. siibglobose, nodding .• st. usually tall and

branching. Globe Tulips.— These have a single
long and narrow shining leaf from the base, and
slender, flexuous, leafy stems, the perfection of
grace in outline. The flowers are exquisite in deli-
cacy of tints. Woodland plants.
1. Albus, Dougl. Fig. 321. Strong, 1ft. high: fls. globu-
lar, pendent, 1 in. across, of a satiny texture, delicately
fringed with fiairs. Calif. B.R. 1661. F.S. 11: U71.-
Chaste and delicate.

321 Calochortus albus

Var. panicuiatus, Baker. Lower : Ivs. narrower, fls.
smaller.

Var. amoenus, Hort. Like C. albus, but rosy colored.
Cent. Calif.

2. pulch611us, Dougl. Similar, but fls. flatter, of pure

yellow, the edges of petals with a line of stiff hairs :

very handsome. Northwest Calif. B.B. 1662.

BB. Fls. bell-shaped, erect when open, mostly lined

with hiiirx, the prdii-el.t bevomiiir/ recurved: stem,

musfhi /..'.■. ",../ .';-. "II. II m<n:' <n- l,ss luiilnllate.

All of IIM' -|H ,

first m.dudi-d u
3. Maweinus, Leic
ally branched : fls. w
with silky hairs, the
circular scale : capsu
5976 as C. elegans

■arh <itlu-r, and were

iw (4-10 in.), usu-
I at the base, filled
d bv a broad semi-
ic. "Calif. N. B.M.
Var. major, Hort. Fig.

aged

i large in all its parts. Var. roseus, Hort.

4. Benthami, Baker. Resembles C. pulchellus : sts.
low: Ivs. narrow: fls. nearly erect, yellow, the segments
% in. long and brown at the base. Sierra Nevadas, in
Calif. J.H. m.30:549.

220

CALOCHORTUS

ilar to C. Maweaniis, but
: Ir.w. •2-r)-fld., the pedicels
iti- in~Hl.': t-apsule nearly or

III" th. ia^t : petals greenish
, InarikU, little or not at all
deeply fringed scale. Ore-

5. CSBrilleus, Wats. Si
lined and dotted with bli
very slender: perianth ci
quite orbicular. Calif., in

6. ilegans, Pursh. Sim
white and purplish at ha;
ciliate : gland covered by
gon, Idaho.

Var. amoenU8, Hort. Pis. lilac, large and showy. G.C.

III. 15:808.
Var. Lbbbii, Baker (C. Ldbbii, Hort.). Dwarf er,

alpine: fls. straw-colored, with dark eye; anthers less

pointed. Ore.
Var. nAnus, Wood (C. Lpallii, Baker). Subalpine,

dwarf : petals narrow and usually more acute, more

hairy and ciliate. Mts. Calif., N.

BBB. Fls. bell-.s/ia/ird: Ilk,' Hii, hi,t lull [1 ft. „r viore),
and :<h>i:! ' II > , , I ! , /( ://, .., r. , .i i i: ,,> ■ > • ri cKps,
siinil'i I (1/ I : - , I'l i.ips.—

In tlii- : ■ I ! 'I <lainty,

silky \\~ :u,.| ( ;-c,,M, , L■^.^^^ h-,..i il,.- Star

Tuliii, «ul, ^i ,M..(.i r-i. ;, l.M.i .,1 i«u luKh, and
large Us. Unlike the others, they naturally
grow in open places, and have a vigor and
health which are a high recommendation.

7. XOimiei, Hook. & Am. Stout, a ft. high, generally
branched : petals often more than an inch long, tinged
lilac, with purple and white hairs : gland without a
scale: capsule broad-elliptic, acutish. Mt. Shasta, N.—
Remains a long time in bloom.

8. apiculitus, Baker. Taller and stouter, with umbel-
late straw-colored fls. N. Idaho.

BBBB. Fls. bell-shaped, the petals naked or hairy only
at the base: low: leaf solitary. Meadow
Tulips. -Tliesc Calodiortuses are natives of

I. and
habit
cups

CALOCHORTUS

ter, lined with yellow hairs. Meadows, E. Ore. to Mont.
— Very beautiful and showy.

14. Gre^nei, Wats. St. stout and branching, 1 ft., 2-5-
fld.: sepals with a yellowish hairy spot; petals lilac
barred with yellow below, and somewhat purplish, loose-
hairy, not ciliate : capsule beaked. Calif, ami Ore.

15. longebarb&tUB, Wats. Slender, about 1 ft. high,
bulb-bearing near the base, with 1 or 2 narrow radical
Ivs., 2-branched and usually 2-fld.: fls. erect or nearly
.so, lilac with yellow at base, .scarcely hairy except the
long-bearded gland. Washington.

10. H6wellii, Wats. St. erect, 1 ft. or more, 1-2-fld. :
Ivs. very narrow: sepals ovate, short-acuminate; petals
yellowish white, 1 in. long, denticulate, slightly ciliate
near the base, brown-hairy inside, the gland yellow-
hairy. Ore.

DB. Capsule obtuse-angled.
C. Color yellow or oranfje or oramje-red, more or less
marked with brown and purple (except in forms
of C. lutetis) : in cult, forms ntnninf/ into other
colors.

17. Weddii, Wood. Radical leaf single, glossy, broad:
St. tall, leafy, bearing large orange-colored fls. dotted
with purple : petals triangular, square-topped : gland
small, hairy : bulb heavily coated with fiber. Calif.
B.M. 6200, as C. citrinus. G.C. III. 16: 183. -Varies to

18. Flummerse, Greene. Similar, but purple and very
showy. Calif. G.C. lU. IC: 133. J.H. III. 29: 289. Gn.
47: 999. -A fine species, with fl. of large size and full
outline, lined with long, silky yellow hairs. It is the C.
Weedii, y&t. piirpurascens, of Watson.

19. Oblspo6nsi8, Lemm. Tall and slender, branching,
very floi-iferous : petals yellow, verging to red at the
tip and less than half the length of the orange-brown
sepals. Calif. G. P. 2: 161. -Odd and bizarre.

20. Kennedy!, Porter. Bulb small and ovoid : st.
slender, 18 in., sometimes branches: Ivs.
linear, tufted from the branching of the
St. : fls. 2-5 ; sepals broad with a purple
spot ; petals red-orange to vermilion, not

111. lilaclnus, Krll.)f,rg (C. umbelWns, Wood). A
handsdiiir s|i(ri.-^. with large, clear lilac fls., hairy only
at base : lis. 1-10,1111 long, slender scapes: capsule ellip-
tic, obtuse 111'.. us iiatiirallyin wet meadows, andmakes
offsets lic.lx. N. Calif, and Ore. B.M. 5804 as C.
uniflonix. 1', rh.qis t|ii. same as the next.

11. uniJlOrus, IIu"k. & Am. St. very short, bearing
bulbs at base, 1-2-Hd. : petals lilac, with purple claw and
hairy on the lower half. Coast ranges, Calif.

12. nMus, Wats. Low, delicate : leaf solitary : fls.
1-6, umbellate, small, white or pale lilac, not hairy, den-
ticulate. Calif., in the Sierras.

AA. Mariposa Tulips.— .Biossoms on stout, erect pedi-
cels, the stems sto^it and strict: fls. open-bell-
shaped. Excepting in B, the Mariposa or Butter-
fly Tulips have slender, grassy, radical Ivs.,
stiff, erect stems bearing cup-shaped fls., and
sparingly leafy and with an erect capsule. Bulbs

B. Capsule acute-angled or winged : fls. lilac or ivhite.
These are hardy species, growing in the meadows
. from Oregon to Montana, where they endure
much cold. They form a connecting link between
the Giaiif Star Tulips and the true Mariposas.
Their Ivs. air likr ili..s.. .,f the Star Tulips-long,
broad anil u-li.ssy. I,iki- the Star Tulips, too, the
seed-poil is liaiiilscinr, :i-cornered and winged.
The stems are stiffly erect: the fls. cup-shaped,
not so brilliant as the true Mariposas, but very
delicate: the plants are hardy, healthy and vig-
orous, and are to be highly recommended for
cold climates.

13. nltidus, Dougl. Scape erect, but not stiff : leaf
solitary, glossy, narrow: fls. 1-3, large and showy, lilac,
yellowish, or white, with a deep indigo blotch in the cen-

cihate nor prominently
haiiy, purple-spotted at
the center. Desert spe-
cies of S. Calif. B.M.
lU. — Brilliant and desirable,

1 It ilifficult to grow.
21. mteus, Dougl. St. 1-10-fld.,

bulb-bearing near the base : Ivs.
%ery narrow : sepals narrow-lan-
ceolate, with a brown spot; petals

2 m. or less long, yellow or orange,
brown-lined, slightly hairy below
the middle, the gland densely
hairy. Calif. B.R. 1567.-Varia-
ble. Some of the forms are sold
as C. remisfus.

Var. citrinus, Wats. (C.venus-

/iis.var. citrinus, Baker). Petals

lemon - yellow, with a central

brown spot.

3i2 Var. oouiatus, Wats. {C.reniis-

Calochortus Maweanus. 'Ms, var. oculdtus, Hort.). Petals

var. major iXii). Pale or white, lilac or yellowish,

with a dark spot.
Var. cdncolor, Baker ( C. cdncolor, Hort. ) . Petals deep
yellow, marked with red bands, hairy below. Gn.
48: 1043.

CALOCHOETUS

22. aireus, Wats. Very low; petals yellow, not hairy,
the hairy gland purple-bordered. S. Utah.

23. clavSltus, Wats. Petals yellow lined with brown,
the lower part bearing club-shaped (or clavate) hairs,
the gland deep and circular; anthers purple. Calif.—
In this excellent sort we have the largest-flowered and
stout.-st-st.ninied of all Mariposas. The bulb is very
laii,'... til.- Mill;!.- hare leaf 1 or 2 ft. long: the st. is
he:i\ V, siout and zigzag. The On. are shaped like a
bro:i.l liasi-il howl, sometimes 5 or 6 in. across. The
color is a deep, rich yellow, and the lower half is cov-
ered thickly with stiff yellow hairs, each tipped with a
round translucent knob, and in the light like tiny icicles.
There are various strains : El Dorado, the largest, not
so deep yellow ; Ventura, very stout, deep yellow ;
Obispo, like the last, but the upper half of the back of
each petal Is olive brown, which shows through the deep
yellow of the inside, giving changeable shades.

CC. Color white or lilac : sometimes running into
yellows.

24. venilBtus, Benth. Butterfly Tulip. Stout, 6-36
in. : petals white or pale lilac, with a reddish spot at
top, a brown-yellow center, and brown base : gland
large and oblong, usually densely hairy : capsule 1-2 J^in.
long. Calif. B.R. 16G9. F.S. 2:104. Gn. 46, p. 395.-
Very variable. The yellow forms (as var. sulplinreus,
Hort.) are often treated as forms of C. luteiis. To this
group of Calochortuses is properly applied the Spanish
name Mariposa (butterfly), for their brilliantly colored
fls.jWith eye-like spots on each petal and sepal, and
other delicate markings with dots, lines and hairs, which
are strongly suggestive of the wings of a brilliantly
colored butterfly. Botanists have variously divided this
great group of allied forms between C. luteus and C.
venusfus. Botanically all can be considered as either
strains of one variable species or as a number of closely
allied species.

Var. pictus, Wallace (G.C. III. 18, p. 14). Creamy
white, brilliantly marked, often with a gold blotch. Gn.
48, p. 277.

Var. purpurAscens, Wats. Petals deep lilac or pur-
plish, darker at center, the fl. fully 3 in. across. Strong
grower. Gn.4C:yS6.

Var. rbseus, Hort. (C rdscHs, Hort.). Creamy white
or lilac, with an eye midway and a rose-colored blotch
at apex. Gn. 46:986.

Var. sangniineus, Hort. Fls. deep red, with very dark
eye, and without the rose blotch at the apes. Perhaps a
form of C. luteus.

Var. V6sta, Hort. (C. Vista, Wallace). Tall, long-
stemmed, vigorous, bearing large white fls. tinged witn
lilac and beautifully marked. Produces large offsets,
which flower in 2 years. Gn. 46: 986.

25. Bpl6ndena, Dougl. Strong and tall, 1-2 ft. : fls. 2-3
in. across ; petals large, pale, clear lilac, paler below,
with a darker claw and scattered lung, white hairs be-
low the middle. S. Calif. B.K. 1676.

Var. atrovioUceus, Hort. Tall and slender: fls. 1-lKin.

CALOPHACA

221

, of a deep purple i
nd short '

ith a dark spot

the

the lower I

Var. riiher, Hort. As large as the type but deep, red-
dish purple, with a dark purple spot at base of claw.

26. Slexudsus, Wats. Related to C. splendens, but
with sts. so weak as to almost be said to creep. The
fls. are large and very brilliant, a dazzling purple, with a
darker purple eye, and yellow hairs below. S. Utah.—
Int. by Purdy in 1897.

27. PAlmeri, Wats. St. 1-2 ft., very slender and flexu-
ous, 1-7-fld., bulb-bearing near the base: sepals with
long, narrow, recurved tips, spotted ; petals 1 in. or less
long, white (or yellowish below), with a brownish claw
and bearing scattered hairs about the gland : capsule
very narrow. S. Calif.-The C. Palmeri of dealers is
not always this species.

28. Catalinse, Wats. Habit of G. ventcstus : st. 2 ft.,
branching : fls. white to lilac, or deep lilac, very large
and handsome, a large round black spot at base of each
petal. — A lovely species between C. splendens and C.
venustus. Kemarkable for blooming with the Star Tulip

23. Calochortuo
Gunnisoni.

Natural size.

section, fully a month before other Mariposas. Native
to Santa Catalina Isl., off S. Calif.; also to Calif, coast.

29. NtSttallii, Torr. & Gray. Sego Lily. St. slender,
bulb-bearing at base, usually with only 1 cauline leaf,
1-5-fld. : sepals ovate-lanceolate, often dark-spotted ;
petals 1-2 in. long, white tinged with greenish yellow or
lilac, with a |.ur|ilish spot or band above the yellow
base atid haiiv ah.iut the gland • _
anthr-rs ..htu^.'. Dak. to C ilif
and N. .Mcx. — There are no nn le
exquisitely beautiful fls. tb in
these Sego Lilies (the Mormoi
name) of the Great
Basin. Most of them
are plants of the sage-
brush deserts. Thelvs.
are an ashy green, the
foliage scant, but the
great fls. are wonder-
ful in tintings. There
are shades in blue,
pink, lilac, and yellow-
ish; also white.

30. LelchtUnii, Hook. f. Slen
der alpine species (5-6 in. high)
by some regarded as a form ot
CNuttallii: fls. smoky white
banded with green and marked
with dark brown. Sierra Nevadas.
B.M. 5862. P.S. 20:2116.

31. Gunnisoni, Wats. Fig. 323.
Much like C. NiitlnUii: anthers
acuminate : ris. Ii-ht him- i.r al-
most white, d'llrair y<-ll"uisli
green below tin- lui.hlk-. purple-
banded at the base, alul hearing a
band of green hairs across each
petal. Rooky Mts., Wyo. to New
Mexico.

32. macrooirpus, Dougl. St. stiff, the cauline Ivs. 3-5 :
fls. 1 or 2; sepals acuminate, sometimes spotted; petals
2 in. or less, acute, lilac with a greenish midvein, some-
what hairy. B.R. 1152. N. Calif, to Wash, and Idaho.—
This fine species forms a group by itself. It has a very
large bulb, a stout almost leafless stem, and a large
flower of an exquisite pale lavender, banded down the
back with green. Petals long, narrow and pointed.

Carl Purdy and L. H. B.

CALODISNDEUM (Greek, beautiful tree). JUntMem.
One id' the haiiiNiiniest deciduous trees at the Cape of
Good Hope. Cult, ill northern greenhouses, and out-
doors in S. Calif, and S. Fla. Its great panicdes of white
or flesh-colored fls. are sometimes 7 in. ai-russ .-md (1 in.
deep. A monotypic genus. It is a synniM tiiral (!<■(-,
with attractive, evergreen foliage, and niaiiv iiitej, sting
features. Called "Wild Chestnut " in Afriea, I'l..].. by
cuttings of half-ripened wood under glass in heat.

Cap^nsis, Thunb. Cape Chestnut. Height in Africa,
70 ft.: branches opposite, orinS's: Ivs. simple, decus-
sate, ovate, obtuse, refuse or acute, parallel-nerved, 4-5
in. long, studded with oil cysts, which look like translu-
cent spots when held to the light : panicles terminal ;
peduncles usually trichotomous : calyx deciduous : pet-
als 5, linear-oblong, 1% in. long, 2 lines wide, sprinkled
with purple glands : stamens 10, 5 alternate, sterile,
and petaloid : seeds 2 in each cell, larger than a hazel-
nut, black and shining. G.C. II, 19: 217.

CALOPHACA (Greek, kalos, beautiful, and phaka,
lentil). Leijuminbsw. Deciduous shrubs or herbs, with
alternate, odd-pinnate, pubescent, and often glandular
Ivs. : fls. papilionaceous, solitary or in racemes : pod
pubescent and glandular, cylindrical. About 10 species
from S. Russia to E. India. The two cultivated species
are low, prostrate shrubs, with grayish green foilnge,
and rather large yellow fls. in erect racemes, followeii
by decorative, reddish pods. They prefer a well-drained
soil and sunny position, and are well adapted for bor-
ders of shrubberies and sandy or rocky slopes. Prop,
by seeds, sown in spring ; the young seedlings should
have plenty of light and air, as they are very liable to

222 CALOPHACA

damp-off if kept too moist and shady. Sometimes grafted
nigh on Caragana or Laburnum, forming a very attrac-
tire, small standard tree.

Wolgarioa, Fisch. Two-3 ft. : pubescent and glandu-
lar : Ifts. 11-17, roundish-ovate or oval, ^-^^ In. long :
racemes long-peduncled, with 4-7 fls.; corolla over %
in. long. June-July. S. Russia, Turkestan. -C. ffj-andi-
fldra, Regel, is similar, but Ifts. 17-25 : racemes 10-16-
fld. ; corolla 1 in. long. S.Russia. Gt. 35:1231.

Alfred Rehder.
CALOPHtLLUM (Greek, lecmtina-Uaved). Out-
Uferdcj.r. TnipicU trees, with shining, leatherv, ever-
green ijeiiniiuTviil Ivs. and panicled fls. The fo'llowing
IS cult, outiloors iu S. Fla. and S. Calif., and possibly in
northern wamihouses. Prop, by cuttings.

Inophyllom, Linn. Branches terete : Ivs. obovate
usually marginate : fls. white, fragrant, in loose, axil-
lary racemes; peduncles 1-fld., usually opposite; sepals
4; tr. reddish, as large as a walnut. E. Tropics. -Int.
by Reasoner, 1893. Also in S. Calif. A tall tree, with
beautiful glossy Ivs. and white fls. Oil is extracted from
the seeds. Has medicinal properties.

CALOPdGON (Greek, beautiful beard). Orchid&cece
One of our daintiest native orchids, with pink fls. an in
across, grass-like Ivs., and a small bulb. The lip is on
the upper side of the flower, spreading, distant from
the column, with a narrowed base. One of the choicest
hardy bog plants. A moist and shaded position and
very porous soil are most suitable for this prettv plant,
though I have seen it do admirably well on a 'rockery
only slightly shaded at midday, but here the plants were
watered very freely every day during hot or dry weather.
Prop, by offsets, separated from the old tubers, but the
old established plants should not be disturbed very
often. Collected clumps of all our native orchids are
offered at very reasonable figures, and these give imme-
diate satisfactory results, while the small oft'sets would
not be strong enough to flower for several years, and
require much attention during the first year, or perhaps
longer. •■ > r r

pulch^llus, R. Br. Height 12-18 in.: scape 2-6-fld.:
fls pink, magenta, or purple : lip bearded with white,
yellow, and purple club-shaped hairs. Bogs, Newf to
f H'TTrv-*°,^"°S-,f'"^^°- G-W.P.14. G.F. 10:505.
J. U. Ill 3o: 4o. B.M. 116, as lAtnoaorum tuberosum. -
H-leven fls. on a scape is the average number in Penn-
sylvania bogs.

J. B. Keller and W. M.

CALOTHAMNUS (Greek, beautiful bush). Mur-
tAcem. Australian shrubs somewhat similar to Calliste-
mon but more graceful in habit : Ivs. long, alternate •
fls. showy usually red, in lateral clusters : stamens
united in bundles opposite the petals ; anthers erect,
attached by the base, oblong or linear ; cells parallel,
turned inwards, opening by longitudinal slits. Orna-
mental greenhouse shrubs. Hardy out of doors in Cali-
fornia. For cult., see Callistemon.

quadriHdus, R.Br. Height 2-4 ft. : Ivs. narrow, terete
or slightly flattened, heath-like, glandular-dotted: fls.
rich crimson, 4-merous ; calyx 2-lobed in fruit ; stami-
n^l bundles nearly equal, of 15 to 20 or more filaments.
W. Austral. B.M. 150C. t r„„^.„ r.

J. BuRTT Davy.

CALPtENIA (after Calpumius, an imitator of Vireil
because these plants are allied to Virgilia). Zegumi'-
ndsm. Trees and shrubs from tropical and southern
Afr. cult out of doors in S. Calif. Lvs. odd-pinnate :
racemes long, axillary and terminal : fls. yellow.

Bylvitica, E. Mey. Shrub, G-10 ft. high : lvs. 2-6 in
long: Itts. in 3-10 pairs, membranous, obovate-elliptical'
PaftvL*"' "a"','"'" = '?^- ^,'°- '""S : ovary glabrous,
shriib ^^^^ """• "'"'"' "^ " greenhouse

CALTHA

CALTHA (Latin name of the Marigold). Banuncu-
idcew. A genus of beautiful marsh plants, about 10
species, of temperate and frigid regions. Succulent
perennial herbs, glabrous, with a fascicle of strong,
fibrous roots : lvs. simple, rather rounded-cordate at
base : fls. yellow, white ..r i.iiik • -...n-iN |.|rf.e dppifl
uous, petal-like : j.. t;,|, ,„,„, -r,,'„,,,,- „inu,^i:ms c-,r-

pels sessile, bi-i-. i, ,„,, ,.y, ' ' f

seeds. Theyfloun- i.. , ., ,, , ,h ■„■ ruimiiJ

water. Though iiatnr,,!! i-... ..i,,,;, iIm x- Micoeed ad
mirably well in an ordinary l,.,r(Ier in rather rich soil
They should be introduced more liberally into the flower
garden, where they flower very freely year after year
and generally mature a second quite abundant crop of
bloom m the fall. The flowir-. hi.t a !..„- tinu- in water
and sell readily in the cut-II.Ai, i mark.""!. Munogr by
G. Beck, in Kaiserlich-K.iiii-lh li.- y,.,..] -H,,t (it-seli-
schaft (Vienna 1886), 36: 3i7-:;,;:;; E. lluth,'Monogr.
in Hehos 9: 69-74. ^

bifWra, DC. No true stem ; scape slender, usually
<!-fld. : lvs. as in C. palustris : sepals 6-9, nearly white
or sometimes bluish : follicles at maturity distinctly
stalked. Spring. Calif, to Alaska. Int. 1881.

Ieptos6pala, DC. Stout scape, 8-12 in. : lvs. all basal
or barely one on stem ; nerves at base nearly parallel
otherwise like those of C. bifjora .- sepals 7-10 oblong'
becoming narrower, white; fls. solitary: follicles
^'=^'"«ely stalked. May-June. Alaska to Wash, and Colo.

paltistris, Linn. Marsh JIariqold. Stem hollow, 1-2
ft., branching, several-fld. : lvs. cordate or reniform, den-

324. CalycanthuB Horidua.

lasifigyne.E. Mey. (C.
with larger lvs. and

Area, Benth.). Ataller shrub,
more coriaceous, more pubes-

cent, and exactly elliptical or oblong leaflets. The silky
ovary at once distinguishes it. Natal. ^

tate, crenate or entire : fls. bright yellow, 1-2 in. broad
sepals 5 or 6, rarely 7: follicles compressed, K in. long
Apr.-June. Wet ground. Carolina to Canada and west
ward. Gt. 47, p. 630. D. 115, pi. 35.-Used before flow
ering in the spring as "Cowslip greens." Var. :

CALTHA

stTdsa-pldno, Hort. (var. flore-pUno, Hort.). An im-
provement on the above : Hs. larger, of greater sub-
stance, and often much doubled. V'ery beautiful.

K. C. Davis and J. B. Keller.
CALTBOPS. Trapa.

CALYCANTHTIS {Kalyx and anfhos, flower; the calyx
is large and conspicuous). CalijcanthAcece. Carolina
Allspice. Sweet-scented Shrub. Deciduous shrubs
of aromatic fragrance : Ivs. opposite, petioled, entire,
usually rough above : fls. terminal or axillary, solitary,
rather large, with numerous sepals and no distinct petals ;
stamens 5-23: fr. capsule-like, but not dehiscent, like the
rose-hip, formed by the calyx tube and containing nu-
merous akenes. Six species in N. America and E. Asia.
Ornamental shrubs, with rather large, handsome foliage
and mostly sweet-scented fls.; they are almost hardy
north, except C. occideiitiiUs and C.prcfcox. They grow
in almost any well drained and somewhat rich soil, and
succeed as well in shady as in sunny positions. Prop, by
seeds sown in spring; also, increased by layers put down
in summer, and by suckers or division of older plants.
A. Winter-buds willwuf srul.s. r, ,7, .■.•»,.(//.■ fls. hrown,

B. Lvs.denselti pnh.^r.iit l„,i,„th.

flbridus, Linn. Fig. 324. Three-r, ft.: Ivs. oval or
broad-ovate, acuminate, dark green above, pale or grayish
green beneath, lH-3 in. long : fls. dark reddish brown,
fragrant, about 2 in. broad. Va. to Fla. B.M. 503. -This
species is the most cultivated for its very fragrant fls.

BB. Lvs. glabrous beneath or nearly so: fls. slightly
or not fragrant.

ttrtilis, Walt. ( C. ferox, Michx. C. Imvig&ttis, Willd. ) .
Three-6 ft. : Ivs. usually elliptic or oblong, acute or acu-
minate, green beneath, 2-5>2in. long: fls. reddish brown,
IXin. broad. AUeghanies. B.R. 0:481.

glailcus, Willd. Fig. 325,
or oblong-ovate, acuminat
long: fls. reddish or yello
to Ga. B.R. 5: 404. -Va
oblong-lanceolate Ivs.

occidentili3, Hook. & Am. (C. macrophf/lhts, Hort.).
To 12 ft. : Ivs. usually rounded at the base, ovate or ob-
long-ovate, green beneath and sometimes slightly pubes-
cent, 4-0 in. long: fls. light brown, 3 in. broad. "
B.M. 4808. F. 8.11:1113. R.H. 1854: 341.

CALYPTROGYNE

223

7:017. G.C. III. 11: 213. -Desirable for temperate regions
for its very early, sweet-scented fls.

The newly introduced C. nitens, Oliv., from China,
allied to C. pracox, has the Ivs. coriaceous, long-acumi-
nate, shining and smooth above. Alfred Rehder.

Four-0 ft. : Ivs. usually ovate
:, glaucous beneath, 2-iHin.
?ish brown, 1/^in. broad. Va.
. oblongiJblius, Nutt., with,

Calif.

AA. Winter-buds with scales: fls. before the Ivs., axil-
lary, with 5 fertile stamens. {Chimonanthus.}
prsecoz, Linn. {Chimondnthws frigrans, Lindl.). Lvs.
elliptic-ovate or oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, green and
glabrous beneath, 3-5 in. long: fls. very fragrant, 1-lMin.
broad, outer sepals yellow, inner ones striped purplish
brown. Chma, Japan. B.M. 466. B.R. 6:451. L.B.C.

326 Calypso

CALYCOTOME {Kalyx, and tome, a section or cut ;
cahi looks as if cut off) Lignmindsce Low, spiny,
divaricate shrubs lvs 3 foliolate deciduous fls. papilio-
naceous yellow fascicled or m short racemes ; calyx
truncate obscurely denticulate Pour species in the
Mediterranean region, of which two are sometimes culti-
vated ; not hardy north. They prefer a sunny position
and well drained soil. For prop., see Cytisus.

villdsa, Link. Two-4 ft. : branchlets grayish tomen-
tose : leaflets obovate, densely silky beneath, under Hin.
long : fls. Hin. long, 3 or more, fascicled : pod villous.
May, June. — It is excellent for dense, low hedges.

spindsa, Link. Closely allied, but somewhat larger
in every part, and with glabrous branchlets and pods :
fls. solitary or few. B.R. 32:55. Alfred Rehder.

CALYPSO (from the Greek goddess, whose name sig-
nifies concealment ; referring to its rarity and beauty).
Orchidacere. One of our rarest and most prized native
orchids, a delicate bog-plant, 3-4 in. high, with a small
bulb, one roundish or ovate, striated leaf, and one pink
flower with a spotted sac. A monotypic genus. For
culture, see Calopogon; but more difficult to grow than
that plant.

boreilis.'Salisb. Fig. 326. Leaf an inch wide and
long : scape 3-4 in. high, with about 3 sheaths : sepals
and petals similar, ascending, lanceolate, acuminate,
pink : lip larger than the rest of the fl., with brown
spots in lines and purple and yellow markings, woolly-
hairy within : column petal-like, ovate, bearing the lid-
like anther just below the apex. Maine to Minn, and N. ;
also Eu. Abundant in parts of Oregon and Washing-
ton. B.M. 2763.

CALYPTB6GYNE (Greek-made name). Palmdcete.
tribe Arecem. Spineless stoloniferous palms, with short
orlongcaudices, ringed below: lvs. terminal, unequally
pinnatisect : segments a few joined together, narrow or
broad, falcate, verj' long-aciiminate, plicate ; margin

224

CALYPTKOGYNE

recurved at the base ; nerves numerous : petiole very
short: sheath short, open; spadices simple or branched
at the base, long-pedunculate ; spathes 2, narrow, the
lower much shorter than the peduncle, split at the apex,
the upper deciduous, elongated, split its entire length ;
bracts connate, bordering the lower lip of the flower-
bearing cavity ; bractlets minute : fr. small, oblong or
obovoid. Species 8. Trop. Amer.

Uniesbrechtitoa, H. Wendl. (Geondma GhiesbregJiti-
dna, Lindl. & H. Wendl. ). Stem short or almost none :
petiole 5 ft. long : ]vs. elongate-oval ; segments In 6
pairs, unequal, almost opposite, rather remote, lanceo-
late, very long-acuminate, falcate, the two uppermost
on each side very wide. Chiapas, Mex.

C. spictgera, H. WomW. StPTii **vi.l*^nt : Ivs. irregularly pin-
nate, 3 ft. or less long, the xiilk- il.t nn ui.per side. Guate-
mala.—(7. Swdrtzii. Hort., i- ;,

Calyptrogynes are hanil-iim imIhi^, -cl.lom seen out-
side of large collections. S|h rial laic uuist be given to
the soil so that it will lie sweet and porous, especially
after the plants leave the seed-pan. Well-drained pots
and a little charcoal mixed wifa the soil, and the plants
kept in a uniformly ninist state, are conditions essential
to the healthy fcri ■>ti| .,f tin ;,lants.

' ' '"ma is the most widely
i< II name for which is
r.i I are shade-loving palms,
aimly thin texture, and con-
i attai-ks of red spider unless
properly cared for in regard to moisture. Calyptrogynes
are most useful in a small state, old plants in general
being rather leggy and poorly furnished.

Jared G. Smith, G. W. Oliver and W. H. Taplin.

CALYSTfiGIA. See Convolvrtlus.

CALYX. The outer floral envelope. See Flower.

In this genu
known specie
Geonoma Vers
having leaves
sequently are si

CAMASSIA((?»«mns;ior Camass is the Indian name).
Lilidcea;. Fls. blue, purple, or whitish, with (J spread-
ing, 3-7-nerved sepals, and G fllitonu stamens, filiform
style, and 3-angled, 3-valved, several-seeded capsule.

CA.MBIUJI

The Camassias are bulbous plants, found only in the
temperate regions of N. Amer., and closely allied to
Scilla. Bulb, as in Scilla ; the many lance-shaped Ivs.
sheathing at base : st. erect, many-fld., bracted below
each flower, and flowering in long succession from the
bottom. The genus has not been carefully studied, and
many forms are confused under the same names.
Monogr. bv J. G. Baker, Jour. Linn. Soc. 13:256 ; S.
Watson, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts and Sci. 14:240. On
questions of nomenclature, consult Coville, Proc. Biol.

( I - '■ natives of rich meadows, very wet in

w i ; L- l.ut dry in summer. They do well in

.■111, Holding too rank manures. They are

pnl-' ii; har-iy, Hulbs should beset in early fall," at a
depth nf 4-llinclii'S, and left undisturbed. As cut-flowers,
they open in long succession. The bulbs produce off-
sets very sparingly. Seeds grow readily, and seedlings
bloom in three to four years.

A. Plant S fl. or more high, robust; fls. very many
(SO or more).
Cilsickii, Wats. Bulb very large (weighing 4-8 oz.):
Ivs. numerous, broad, glaucous, somewhat undulate (15
in. long, often I'A in. wide): st. often 3 ft. high : fls.
30-100, very pale, delicate blue ; segments spreading,
crinkledatthebase,faintly3-5-nerved. Ore. G.F. 1:174.
— One of the best of the genus. Differs from C. escu-
lenta in its larger bulb, more numerous Ivs. and stouter
and more clustered habit. Grows on drier land. Hardy
in New Eng., and grows well in good garden soil.

AA. Plant usually less than S ft. high, with shorter
spikes : fls. fewer.

esculinta, Lindl. Camass. Fig. 327. Not very stout,
1-2 ft. : Ivs. %in. or less broad : fls. 10-40, dark blue or
purple, the perianth irregular (5 segments on one side
and 1 on the other, and deflexed); segments 3-5-nerved
and a little longer than the stamens, narrow and chan-
neled at the base : pedicel not exceeding the fls.: cap-
sule ovate to oblong, obtuse, transversely veined. Calif.
toUtahandN. B.R. 18:1486. F.S.3:27.5. Gn.46,p.339,
983. — Bulb cooked and eaten by the Indians. The fls.
vary to white.

Leichtlinii, Wats. Stout, often 3 ft. high: fls. cream-
colored, ranging to white, nearly regular, the stamens
and style ascending; segments broad and flattened at the
base, usuallv 5-7-nervcd : capsule ohloug-ovate. eniar-
ginatc. nhliipiflv vein.-.!. IVIts.. Calif., N. B.M. 6287,
as ('. .«. a /.,!/./, var. I„ iri.i I , ,n , . Baker.-PurpIe-fld.
Caiiia^via- all- v.iiih-tiinr^ la-r.-naal to this species, but

H6wellii. \V;iis. Bulb rather ^niall : Ivs. few, 1 ft.
long and less than Kin. wide : st. often 2 ft. high, many-
fld., with spreading pedicels twice or more longer than
the linear bracts : fls. pale purple, opening in the after-
noon, the segments Kin. long, 3-5-nerved : capsule
small, broadly triangular-ovate and very obtuse. Ore.
-Int. 1S'.)2 by Pilkington & Co.

Fr4seri, Torr. Scape 12-18 in. high : Ivs. keeled : fls.
light blue, smaller than in ('. esealenta ; segments 3-
nerved : pedicels ninstlv l(.iii.'ir than the fls. Penn.,
W. and S. B.M. LSTl. as smi., .srnlenta.

Var. angtista, Ti.rr. {('. .tu.jusi,,, Hort.). Very slen-
der, and Ivs. narrower ('liii. wi.U-) : fls. smaller, % or
Jiin. long. La. and Ark. to Tex.

L. H. B. and Carl Purdt.

CAMBIUM is a nascent layer of tissue between the
wood and bark of trees and shrubs. From it is developed
secondary wood and bast. The thickening of stems and
roots is mainly due to activity of the cambium. It is
most evident in June and July, when tissues are rapidly
fonning. Woodsmen take advantage of this to peel bark.
Boys also take advantage of the readiness with which
bark and wood separate at the cambium to make whistles
of basswood or willow. Trees are more easily bruiseil at
this time in the year than at any other. The cambium
plays an important part in the healing of wounds upon
stems. It is the union of the cambium layers of cion and
stock that makes grafting possible. ^. \y. Rowlee.

CAMELLIA

CAH£LLIA (after George Joseph Kamel or Camellus,
a Moravian Jesuit, who traveled in Asia in the seventeenth
century). Ternsiramidceie. Evergreen trees or shrubs:
Ivs. alternate, short-petioled. serrate: fls. large, axillary
• ■ tially solitary, white or red ; sepals and

CAMELLIA

225

shining,

nnre: stamen:

at the base:
3-5-celled,dehis-
capsule, with
large, globular or
ovoid seeds About
10 species mtrop and
subtrop Asia, di
\ ided into the sub

camellia especiallj (
JapoHica, are popuHi
decorative shrubs with
very showy fls. About 50
years ago one of the most
appreciated greenhouse
shrubs, and several hun-
dred varieties were culti-
vated. Of the second
subgenus, C. Thea is
cultivated in nearly all subtropical couii
tries and in the mountainous regions ot
the tropics for its leaves, which yield the
well-known tea, and are an article of great
commercial importance. There is a mono
graph of this genus by Seemann m Trans
Linn. Soc. XXII. p. 337-352. Illustrated
monographs of the horticultural ^allEtlCs
are : Curtis, Monogr. of the genus Camelln
(1819); Baumann, Bollweiler Camelhcn
saramlung (1828); Chandler, Camelh. ,i
(1831); Berl4se,Monogr.du genre Canu Hi i
a (1839); Verschaffelt, Nouvelle Moi,,,
graphic du Camellia (1848-60) the li^t
with 576 and the foregoing with 300 colored
plates.

A. Fls. sessile, erect, terminal and aril
lary; cahjx-lobes deciduous Cintul
lia proper.

Jap6nioa, Linn. Figs. 328-331. Shrub
or tree, sometimes to 40 ft., glabrous:
Ivs. very shining and dark green above,
ovate or elliptic, acuminate, sharply serrate
Hs. red in the type, 3-5 in. across ; petal
ish. China, Japan. B.M. 42. S.Z. 82. F.
Var. 41ba, Lodd. Fls. white. L.B.C. 7: (i:
243. Var. Alba plina, Lodd. Fls. white, d,,
3:269. Var. anemonifldra, Curtis. 11^).,
petals, the stamens changed into hutim n.ij
narrow petals; the whole tl. rfsmilil in- ili:
Anemone. L.B.C. 537. B.M. lii.-.4. I'ui t
other garden forms, see the aliove mentioned mono-
graphs ; also. Flore des Serres, L'lUustration Horticole,
and other older horticultural publications contain a
large number of varieties with illustrations.

reticulata, Lindl. Large shrub, glabrous : Ivs. dull
green, not shining above, reticulate, flat, elliptic-oblong,
acuminate, serrate, 3-5 in. long: fls. 5-7 in. across, pur-
plish rose; petals 1.5-20, obovate, loosely arranged. China.
B.R. 13:1078. B.M. 2784. P.M. 3:101. -Var. pUna,
Hort. Fls. with twice as many petals, and more regularly
arranged. B.M. 4976. P.S. 12:1279-80.

SasAnqua, Thunb. Shrub of loose, straggling habit,
with the branches pubescent when young : Ivs. elliptic,

IS

(in. ,54, p.
le. L.BC.
V itli 5 large
iu:illerand
'f a double

bluntly pointed at the apex, crenate-ser
dark green and hairy on the midrib above,
fls. lK-2 in. across, white ; petals 5 or more, obovate or
oblong. China, Japan. Gn. 54:1189. S.Z. 83 (except the
red vars.). — Var. semipldna, Hort. Fls. semidouble,
white. B.R. 1:12 and 13:1091. Var. anemonifldra. Seem.
Pis. large, double, outer petals white, inner ones much
smaller, yellow. B.M. 51.52. Var. oleifera, Rehd.( C. o?ei^
era, Lindl.). Of more robust habit, with Ivs. and the
single white fls. larger than in the tj-pe. B.R. 11:942.
L.B.C. 11:1065.
AA. Fls. pedicelled, nodding, mostly axilla I y tulyx-
teeth persistent Thea.

TWa, Lmk (C theifna GrifF Thin ^ni.„-.is Lmii )
Tea Shrub, sometmifs til ■ t . ill It l\ - i Hi] ti 1 uii i
olate or obovate lanct ol iti i uinin it. s. iiit ^1 I i us
sometimes pubescent l>i m itli 11 whit tTi.i nt 1-
1^2in broad, petals 5 ( Inn i liidi t — L su ili\ t\\ \ i
ties are distinguished Var Bohfea ( 77i(-" /> / I i i
Lvs elliptic, dark green, to 3 m long bi n I i i

B M 998 L B C 3 226 Var vindis ( / /
Linn ) Lvs pale green, lanceolate, tu )ii 1 i _
111 m< hps spreading B M. 3148 L B C H 227 and 1')
Is s The black tea, however, and green tea ot coninieiee
.1 ■ not (ome trom certain varieties, but are the result
c.t difterent treatment of the li ivis ifter gatheiine:

< axiilans Roxb = Goi I * litmnta Loui

19 1815 -

Shrub to 4 ft lvs ,,\ it ili ti «1

nodding asillirs 11' 1

C euryoides H

Hook (C Sisin

nate lis pinlv i

B M 11144 \ n 11

limllf M.ik t
7 ,47 L B e
1H4 BM 2080
\l FRED ReHDI

nil 1 tl 1 well

kll IWll ( .JiipOH-

iia or the less
common C. Sa-
sanqua, and C.
Thea, the Tea
Plant. They re-
quire a coolhouse,
not too dry an
atmosphere and

t never suffer

, dryr
roots ; a somewhat
shady position is
helpful, and good
ventilation is essen-
tial. A night tem-
perature of 45°-50°
F. is best for them
while at rest ; this
is also the time of
blooming, but it
may be increased
during the period
of growth ; the day
temperature should be from 60°-70° F. The soil for es-
tablished plants should be made mainly of well rotted
sods, to which should be added some leaf-mold, rotted
cow-manure, and enough sand to insure good drain-
age ; sod and leaf-mold should be unsifted. For young
plants, the Dutch growers use a rather fine soil of
peat, leaf -mold and sand ; the Japanese gardeners use

226

can be detLi
growth, wlii
leaf-buds. '
firm. Lart;!-

CAMELLIA

rcntly containing some clay. The
be well drained with potsherds and

ri' being protected by sphagnxun to
older plants not requiring frequent

I'l he done just bofore new growth

. iMii IIIL- llir iH-iniliTl- r.f the TOOt
;il' , |.i'. .- >i. ^ llii' ■• ,|.:nMlint,' of the

I .'" ^i. ii"i '.'. "1. ;iiiil made

■ ■• ■. '■•< .. •.;.l-; : III many oases, by

:ih\:i I" I. I ! - ii ' 'ij, liiit e.specially at this time,

whil. . , I i|.i'ning their growth ; the

ilmi'l'MiL .1 il-,. . r Ki.l- 111 X.'Vember is often the result
of fiirrliss •vvalcrini; in summer. Plenty of water must
be given to the roots, never in driblets, and the foliage
should be syringed night and morning in dry weather.
The forcible application of watcrin the form of spray not
only keeps the plant in ;- I ■ -iiiliii.iri. ))ut checks mealy-
bug and red-spider, li -. : 1 i' I 1,1 \ should be put in

the cool end of tin- ran be stored in a

pit and brought in lai. i in.' ha is nearly hardy,

hut should not be ixpo.,, ,1 ;,, ui :i.al irost. Large speci-
mens can be planted out in u coulhouse or winter gar-
den. They thrive wonderfully in the evenly moist soil
of such a position, and give an abundant bloom at Christ-
mas and New Year, when flowers are scarce; the foliage,
too, can be freely cut, since growth under these condi-
tions is so much improved.

Propagation is now effected by cuttings and grafts.
Formerly inarching and even layering were employed.
Cuttings should be made, November to January, frqm
wood of the previous season's growth, from 1^2-2 or 2H
inches long, each having from 1-3 eyes ; in single-eye
cuttings the leaf is left entire, in others 1 or 2 leaves are
removed. Plant firmly in sharp sand, keeping them cool,
well watered and carefully shaded for the first few weeks.
Sometimes they will be sufficiently rooted in June for
potting in thumbs, but at others they will not be ready
imtil October. Shift on the young plants as their growth
requires, never giving them too large pots; they make a
surprisingly good growth when once established. Flower
buds should be picked from young stock ; sometimes
there is trouble from blind eyes, but a new bud will
eventually fonn. Grafting is done in November, Decem-
ber and January, using the improved veneer graft ; a
close frame is not necessary, but is often used, in which
case great care must be given to watering and ventila-
tion. If raffia is used for tying, it should be smeared
with grafting wax to prevent decay ; the process of unit-
ing is lengthy. Stock can be obtained from seed or by
cuttings of easily rooted varieties. Mealy-bug and red-
spiiler can be avoided by proper syrintring ; thrips and
aphis arr lii-l.t (iowii liy tohar.-o l'iiliiii;af ion : scale must

Coii-iilt I'ra.-lical raiiirlliaCulluTV, ].y ijohrrt Halli-
day, Baltimore, IKKII. Illus. The only ollnr Am.ri.'an
book on Camellias is an American editi.Mi ii I'li. Ahi.ij
Berlese's Monography of the Genus ('ani. iiia. Ii\ il.n.
Dearborn: Boston, 1838. For a list of v.iriiiic-., sec also
Nouvelle Iconographie des Camellias, Amii. Verschaffelt
Fils; Ghent, 1856-60. Illus. B.M.Watson.

Camellias are general favorites with most people, and,
when well-grown, have few equals among hardwooded,
cool. j,'r.rnliousr plants. They may be propagated by
sec.l^. .liitirit;-, layering, grafting or inarching; the
two lait.T 111, ilio.is are best for the double forms, as

tliey su cl I.rlirr when grafted or inarched on the

singli; I'orius Ihau on their own roots, the operation be-
ing performed immediately after the flowering season,
or just as soon as new growth is about to commence,
and the method known as "side-grafting" is best if this
means of propagation is used. The single species are

CAMPANULA

best propagated by seeds, if these can be obtained fresh.
They should be sown in early spring, in 4-inch pots,
containing a mixture of peat, leaf-mold and sand, in
equal proportions. The pots should be placed in a
warm temperature, where they will usually germinate
in from 4 to 6 weeks. If propagated by cuttings, the
half-ripened wood should be chosen, and the cuttings
inserted around the edge of 4-inch pots containing a
sandy, peaty mixture, pressed very firm. The pots
should be placed in a shaded, close position, where an
even temperature of about 60° can be maintained. The
pots plunged in a half-spent hotbed would be an ideal
place. If carefully attended to, they should be rooted
in about two months, after which tlicy should be potted
singly, in small pots, and trniwii on as rapidly as possi-
ble. When of suitable In-i-lii. -ii.|.|iiiiu' should be at-
tended to, to induce a bu^li\ liil ii As the plants in-
crease in size, a slightly Inavi.r ^oil should be used
when potting, a mixture ot equal parts loam, leaf-mold
and fibrous peat being most suitable. Camellias re-
quire at all seasons a good supply of water at the roots,
and during the flowering season they should have an
abundance. If allowed to become dry, the flower buds
will fall off. They also require to be shaded from direct
sunlight during the spring and summer months. A
lean-to greenhouse, with a north aspect, is an ideal one
in which to grow Camellias. In such a house they might
te planted out, providing an abundance of air could be
given during the summer ; they make much larger
plants and flower more freely when planted out than
when grown in pots or tubs. The flowering season is
usually from the beginning of February to the middle
of April, if grown in ordinary cool greenhouse tempera-
ture, but they will stand gentle forcing if the flowers
are wanted earlier. After flowering, they should be kept
syringed to encourage the new growth, and also to keep
them free from thrips. If grown in pots or tubs, they
should be placed in a sheltered, shaded position outside
for the summer. ^ - ^

Edward J. Canning.

CAMEL'S THORN. See Alhagi.

CAMPANULA (Latin, a little bell). CampanulAcece.
Beli< Flower. A genus of about 300 species, confined
to the northern hemisphere, and containing some of the
most popular garden plants, especially of hardy her-
baceous perennials. The root-lvs. are usually larger
than the stem-lvs., and often of different shape, and
more or less transitory. Fls. blue, violet or white; calyx
5-fld : corolla 5-lobed or 5-fld ; stamens 5, free ; fila-
ments wide at the base, membranaceous ; stigmas 3 or
5, filiform ; capsule 3-5-valved, dehiscing laterally by
3-5 valves : seeds ovate, complanate, or ovoid. Allied
genera of garden value are Adenophora, Canarina, Jasl-
one, Lightfootia, Phyteuma, Platycodon, Specularia,
Symphyandra, Trachelium, and Wahlenhergia, in which
genera many species originally described as Campanu-
las may be sought. Of these, perhaps the two best
known cases are Platycodon grandifloritm, the "Balloon
Flower," with its characteristic inflated buds, dark
green, glossy leathery Ivs., and Specularia SpeculKm
{ C. Speculum) , "Venus' Looking-glass," a pretty annual,
which grows in the grain fields of S. Europe, and is
cult, for its violet fls. with a white eye. The calyx-tube
of Specularia is much longer, proportionately, than in
any Campanula.

Botanically, Campanulas are divided into two impor-
tant groups, based on the presence or absence of calyx
appendages. The subgenus Medium has the appen-
dages, and Eucodon lacks them. In straightening out
one's garden labels, the calyx appendages are one of
the first things to be looked for, and they are often
minute and disguised. In cultivation, Campanulas tend
to become taller and more robust, less hairy, more
branched, and more floriferous. A very few have white
or yellowish fls.. with no blue or violet forms. Any blue
or violet-flowered form is likely to have white varieties,
and double and semi-double forms are common in
3 or 4 of the most popular species. All flowers tend to
become larger and more numerous on a stem. In culti-
vation, the 3-celled species are likely to have 5 stigmas
instead of 3, and 5-celled capsules, often along with
normally constructed fls, on the same plant. The height

CAMPANULA

is the most variable feature of all, and in the scheme
below C. Carpatica and C. punctata especially will seem
wrongly placed to many. But the characters used by
De Candolle in vol. 7, part 2 of the Prodromus arc will-
nigh useless to the gardener, and nothing elsr- but a
distinction of height can bring out the two important
cultural groups of Campanulas, viz: Border or tall
kinds and rock garden or dwarf kinds The best gar
den monograph of C ampanulas is b j F W Me\ er, in
The (warden 48 294-299 (1895) See also The Gaiden
forJIa> n 1899 and 8 173-180(1875)

The most popular of allCampimilis is the Canterbury
Bell (C Mtdnim and its \ai > iliiianthema) Of all
wild forms the best known IS rtiinh C >ntiin<liff>ha
thetnie Hiii) II r PI P II ts tl I ( >f tl,P
border kin 1 tl I'

diiim L > t I
al,-. C I

Ot the r 1 ^ 1 1 1 I

are possil h ( C / y ( i I If '

foha The greatest n it i ' / I ( i

instyla I Z i/^ii lu 1 ' ' / / ' \ i ' '/ '

ftoni For exhibitir u ii 1 1 i i t lit u ( / / / / s

is most used Frr i en Unt ittects in lockem s baskets
or windi w boxes C fiijdis is best For edgings G
Cajpati a is perhaps tht fa^oiite For large, isolated
specimens, C pjramidal s the tallest species, is. best
F W Me\er s choice of varieties and classification
should be con ulted 1> allwlo ntend to 'mport Cam
panulas. England s pr 1 bly the mo t favored spot in
the world for the c It re f Bell flowers and the Eng
lish dealers offer the greate t var ety Unf rtunately
Campanula-cult ire s at a 1 w el 1 in A uer a to day
partly because the pla t ar le 1 ard h re an I also
because rock-gaidens and a ate r llect i are less
frequent than in England "\1 t 1 1 ( upan

ulas, however are 1 lectl I f

their natural teiTU of 1 fe I 1

in the wild, but pract call 1 1

each kind must be tud ell I

specified, they are presumed 1 1 1/

diiim may be treated as a hard> a uual o 1 I

as a tender annual or 1 enn al The general r 1 1

Campanulas g ve the mo t and best Howers I
ond year, but C Me I can be sown mdoor 1}

spring and set out later with the expectat on of t, t g
the best bloom the same year As a rule all 1 order
Campanulas that are propagat d by d s on should be
divided every year, or every > ears at most Mr C am
eron recommends several species which are not de-
scribed below, as they can be obtained only through
botanic gardens. W. M.

The genus Campanula is a very important one, and
contains many showy and useful plants. Their cultiva-
tion is very easy, and most of the strong-growing kinds
can be grown in any rich, well-drained garden soil,
while the dwarf kinds can be grown in the rockery, and
many of them in the front row of the mixed border.
Propagation is done either by division, cuttings or seeds.
The genus can easily be divided into three groups-
annuals, biennials, and perennials.

The annuals can be raised in the border bv sowing
the seeds hit.- in AjtII or J[;,v, ..r raiM-.l in tl..- :.'r.-.-n-
houseaii.l th.-n ti-al,-f.-rr, .1 to tli,- l,..nl,-r. ■j'h.- li, ~t .,f
the annuals a.-.- C. r„ „n.s,,-<i „,., an.l var. ..//../. (\ -/,-.,-
bifolul, V. A'riinix. ('. warrosl;,/,,. ai..l ('. A i,i, ,;.■„ „a .

Of the biennials, many will dower the first season if
the seeds are sown early in spring in the greenhouse
and the plants put out-of-doors when the weather is
favorable. One of the most important is C. Medium
(Canterbury Bells), and its numerous varieties. Its
variety califcanthema is so named because the calyx has
broadened out into a saucer-shaped secondary flower,
which is very showy and interesting. Canterbury Bells
are generally raised from seeds, which can be sown in
April, May or later, in pots, boxes or beds, and can then
be transferred into some sheltered place where they can
be slightly protected during the winter, and then trans-
planted in spring to their permanent places into good,
rich .soil, where they will make a great show if they
have obtained the right treatment. A few other good
biennials are C. primuloBfolia, C. Sibirica, G. spicata,
and O, thursoides.

CAMPANULA 227

Of the perennial species, the best border plants are
tlje following: C. Cnrpatica and vars. alba and ticrbi-
ntitii ; ('. iih:mi rata . especially var. Dahurica ; C. lac-
liflara : ('. hit, fat, a. .-specially its vars. eriocarpa and
iiiarraatlia ,- ('. a<.iatis (about 2 ft. in height); G.per-
sii-ifalia and its numerous vars., especially the white
kinds ; C. punctata (about VA ft.); G. pyramidalis, a
very showy plant when well grown, but not quite relia-
ble in the eastern states as to hardiness ; makes a good
pot-plant for the cool greenhouse ; G. rapiincitloideSj
which spreads rapidly and must be so placed that it wUl
not crowd out the other plants that are near it ; G. ro-
tundifolla ; C. Trachelium; C. Van jEConttei, a, hybrid,
and one of the best bell
flowers. V

The following are the best
low-growing kinds for the
rockery : G. Carpatica and
its varieties, G. Caucasica,
G. fra,/ilis (whii-li needs

goiiil ji-it planl I.e. iialla in
shelt.-r.-.l ii.isitioii. ('. Por-

folia, and C. pusilla. Many
of the larger-growing kinds
are also good for the rock
garden. r. Cajieron.

^r*

n't

»^

bata 4 T

25,

gian I i 111 i'l / ' II ptt-

lla 41 pvrami lali 14 K 1 des,

19 Rafunculus 43 rl I I I 39,

Hiithenic i lb Sarmati 4 s I s ou-

leri 37 Sibirica 2( S lli II ie rii 34,

thyrsoides 12 Trachelium 18 turbii at i do iiifici-
foUa 18 Valdetsi^ 40 versicolor 20 Vidalli 13,
Waldsteiniana, 28 , Zoysii, 42.
A. Tall or Border Campanulas, a foot or more high.
B. Calyx u'ith an appendage at the base of each sinus,

c. Capsule S-celled : stigmas 5.
D. Style excessively long, the stigma an inch or more
long.
1. macrAstyla, Boiss. & Heldr. Annual, 1-2 ft. high,
branched from the base, hispid with rigid, spreading,
scattered bristles : branches stout : Ivs. scattered,
small for the size of the plant, sessile, bristly on both
surfaces ; lower ones ovate-oblong, acute ; upper ovate-
lanceolate, recurved, cordate, eared at the base : calyx

228 CAMPANULA

tube hidden by the bladdery appendages, small, broader
than long : fls. solitary, on stout peduncles, 2-'ii4 in.
broad ; corolla very broad and open, pale purple with-
out, dull purple within marked with violet and hairy to-
ward the bottom ; lobes very broad, short and acute.
Mt. Taurus in Anatolia. Gn. 15: 178 and 12, p. 209.
B.M. 6394.— Easily told from all other species by the
very long exserted style, which is brown and spindle-
shaped before spreading open. Self-sown seeds some-
times wait a year before sprouting.

DD,

Style not excessively long.
Linn. CAN'TERBrRY Bells. Pig.

2. HMlum,

Biennial, 1-4

sile.o\.ii. hin, , .,l;.ic r,, i.ii,, , ,,i;,i,. .r. ii;,i.-dentate; peti-
oles li II i: I III il-l.: calyx lobes

ovate :i I;- ;■! ■ n ill ;is long as the

ami)li'. "\:iii, iiliiii-i- |..Ih . : .,.i.,||;i very large, bell-
shaped. iiiflatiMl. S.Eii. .Much Iiss cult, than var. oaly-
cinthema, Hort. Cup a»d Saucer. Hose in Hose. Has
the calyx colored like the corolla. A fair per cent come
true fr<.m seed. G.C. HI. 24; 65. R.H. 1897, p. 238. R.H.
189i;:;'.ni, Cnr -:-«. Gn. 48, p. 295. P.S. 19, p. 152.-
Caiifi I ' I' I' I probably the oldest and most popu-

lar " t , I I , . They are most commonly treated

as h.uM iMii,,, , III!/ seed being sown in the open

border, i-ui iln> ilu nut flower the first year. They can
also be treated as tender annuals, the seed being sown
indoors in early spring and the plants set out May 1-
15. They will then flower well the first season, but
always better the second year. Double forms are very
popular and interesting, 1-4 perfect bells being formed
one within another. The name Medium has no reference
to size of plant or flower, but was the name of an old
genus, now a subgenus of Campanula.

cu. Capsule S-celled : stigmas S.

DD. Corolla with a curious projection at the base of

each sinus.

3. alliariseJdUa, Willd. (C. lamiifblia, Bieb. C. mac-
rophf/lla, Sims). Fig. 333. Height lK-2 ft.: stem
erect, striate, woolly, branched only at the top: root-lvs.
large, heart-shaped, crenate, tomentose : stem-lvs. on
petioles which gradually shorten upwards, the highest

being sessile: fls. white, nod-
\ \ r i ding, on short stalks, borne

\Vi U >> id singly in the axils of the floral

<^ \ jir W '■^^- "^ '° ^- '^"'"'

^*~ -ti^^Tl-i .J^'~~:-. ,fl^ iiiatica, but the
iral Ivs. larger
id broader:
lyx a third or
fourth shorter
than the corolla, with mar-
gins rolled back, and appen-
dages less minute than in C.
Siirmatica : corolla always
white, 2 in. long, ciliated at
the margin, and with charac-
tooth-like processes
at the base of each sinus,
which are especially interest-
the bud. Caucasus,
B.M. 912.-Int.
into England about 1805 by
No blue-fld. form
seems to be known. Prop, by
seeds.

4. Sarm&tioa, Ker - Gawl.
Height 1-2 ft. : stem simple,
striate, pubescent : Ivs. re-
markable for their gray color,
harsh, leathery, wrinkled, to-

nate, till li.wir I<.iii.'-petioled,
the upper sessile : calyx with iniinit. rdlcxcd appen-
dages, and a short, denselv haii\ lutt . tls. about 6 on
a stem, uoddmg: corolla about 1 lu. 1"U^'. and 1% in.
across, iiiaiki.l \Mtli 5 hairy lines. Caucasus, subal-
puic |H.iti..,i- l; M. 2019. "L.B.C. 6: 581.

5. Grossekii, II. utf. Has the habit and inflorescence
of C Tim Ik hum, but the calyx is appendaged. Height

CAMPANULA

2V^ft., branching from the base, angled, pilose: Ivs.
hispid, the lower cordate unequally petioled, doubly
crenate-serrate, the uppermost ovate-acute, narrowed
into a petiole : calj-x setose-cUiate, lobes lanceolate,
spreading, reflexed at the apex, appendages lanceolate,
a third shorter than the lobes ; corolla hispid, 2 or 3
times longer than the calyx lobes : fls. large, bell-
shaped, violet, in a long raceme. Hungary. Gt. 35, p.
477, f. ,55. — A rare plant.

i; mirAWHs, ''..rr.-..,,. Height 1 ft. or more. "The

I' .- 1 i . 1. i....tte are somewhat thick and

I'. |. reading out to a diameter of

:i' I I ■ succeeding leaves smaller and

c. Fls. rotate or wheel shaped.
7. Americikna, Linn. Annual and biennial : height 3-6
ft.: St. erect, simple : Ivs. thin, serrate, somewhat pi-
lose, root-lvs. ovate-acute, subcordate, petiolate ; stem-
lvs. ovate-lanceolate, acuminate at both ends : caljTt
tube long, obconical, the teeth linear-acuminate, almost
entire, spreading shorter than the 5-fid, wheel-shaped
corolla : fls. light blue, 1 in. broad, in long spikes, soli-
tary or in 3's ; corolla shallow, lobes pilose outside
and at the apex ; style long, strongly declined and up-
wardly curved : capsule cylindrical, grooved. Shaded
low ground western N. Y. to Iowa, south to Ga. and
Ark. Rarely cult. It is possible that Phyteuma eanes-
cens is still cult, as C. Americana.

cc. Fls. saucer-shaped or broadly bell-shaped, i. e.,
the tube shallower and the limbs more widely
spreading than the bell-shaped.

t,m-lv

linear-lanceolate,

(late.

8. persiciidlia, Linn. Fig. 334. Height 2-3 ft.: stem
erect: Ivs. i;Ial.n.us. riijiil. miiuhite ; root-lvs. lanceo-
late-obovatr ; si,iiil\s. lineal lanceolate or spatulate,
often 3 ill. |..ii- : .alw loin s acuminate, wide at the
base, entire, half as I..ti^' as tlic broadly bell-shaped
corolla : Hs. blue or white, pedicelled, solitary, terminal
and axillary, often 1% in. long, 2 in. broad : capsule
ovoid, 3-grooved. Eu. B.M. 397. Var. macrAntha is a
large-fld. form with fls. all along the stem. Gt. 44, p. 148.
Gn. 48, p. .■!0i;. A.F. i!:383. S.H. 1:131. Var Alba grand-
ifldra ami var. Backhousei are among the p-.pular white-
fld. forms. There arc double and semi-double forms in
blue and white. The double white is useful for cutting.
The var. <ilhn g, ■audi flora is P. W. Meyer's favorite
of all Campanulas. This species occasionally runs wild,
especially in England. The Ivs. are very characteristic,
and, once seen, are never forgotten. Var. coron&ta,
Hort., is a semi-double white form. P.S. 7:699. The
pictures in B.M. and P.S. show distinctly saucer-shaped

DD. Stem-lvs. wider and coarsely toothed.

9. latiloba, DC. {C. grdndis, Pisch. & Mey. Height
1-1>^ ft.: glabrous : stem erect, simple, terete : stem-
lvs. 3-5 in. long, 4-6 lines wide, lanceolate, narrowed at
both ends, crenate-serrate : calyx lobes ovate-acute,
broad, entire, erect, one-half shorter than the broadly
bell-shaped corolla : fls. blue, with a white form, often
2 in. wide, sessile, solitary or somewhat clustered,
sometimes equaling the ovate-acute, dentate bracts.
Mt. Olympus. P.M. 10: 31. -Fls. like C. persicifolia.
Quickly forms a dense carpet. Int. into Eng. about 1842
from St. Petersburgh.

ccc. Fls. bell-shaped or tubular, not saucer-shaped.
D. Inflorescence a dense roundish head.

10. glomer&ta, Linn. One of the most variable :
DeCandoUe makes 8 botanical varieties. Height 1-2 ft. :
typically pubescent : stem erect, simple, terete : Ivs.
serrulate, lower ones rough, with very short, stiff

CAMPANULA

hairs, lK-3 in. long, 1-2 in. wide, with a cordate, ovate-
oblong blade shorter than the petiole ; upper ones ses-
sile, ovate, acute : fls. in dense heads or glomes, 15-20
in the terminal heads, fewer in the axillary ones. Eu.,
Armenia, Persia, Siberia.
B.M. 2649 is var. speciAsa,
which has the largest fls.
L.B.C. 6:505 is var. sparsi-
flbra, with much smaller
clusters. — This is one of the
earliest {lowering and easi-
est of cultivation. Pis. typi-
cally dark purple, with no
recorded white varieties.
\'ar. Dahdrica, Hort., is
ably the commonest
. Terminal clusters 3
in. or more thick ; a very
characteristic inflorescence.
The fl. has a longer tube
than C. lactiflora and thyr-
soides.
DD. Inflorescence a apike
or raceme, dense or loose.
E, Color of fls. normally

white or yellowish.
p. Corolla small, sJiori-

tubed.
11. lactiildra.Bieb. Height
2M-5 ft. : stem erect, branch-
ing : Ivs. sessile, ovate-lan-
ceolate, acutely serrate :
calyx lobes very broad,
acute, serrulate, one-half
shorter than the broadly
bell-shaped corolla: fls. in a
loose or dense panicle, which
• may be 3% in. long and
thick ; corolla white or pale
blue, 1 in. long, nearly IK

334. Campanula persicifolia. in. broad : capsule ovoid,
(Tho o fn ,« tv, o erect. Caucasus, Siberia.
brcI;.dlybeUsCpenowers ) P.M 1973. -Not advertised

m Amer. at present. C,
celtidifdlia, Boiss., referred to the above, may be a
strongly marked variety. A plant once cult, at Harvard
Botanic Gardens has very characteristic, perfectly el-
liptical Ivs., blue fls., and more open inflorescence.

12. thyisoides, Linn. Biennial : height 1-lK ft. :
stem grooved : Ivs. all covered with long hairs at the
margin ; root-lvs. sessile, spatulate or obtusely lanceo-
late, 2% in. long, % in. wide, in adense rosette, lying on
the ground ; upper Ivs. more narrow and acute : fls.
40-50, sulfur or creamy yellow, in a dense thyrse-like
spike, which may be 6 in. long and 2% in. broad : style
exserted. B.M. 1290. L.B.C. 17: 1644. -Intermingled
with the fls. in the spike are Ivs. which are longer than
the fls., which is not true of C. lactiflora. Should not
be confounded with C. tkyrsoidea, Lapeyr., which =
C. speciosa. No blue or purple forms are known. The
picture in B.M. shows a characteristic red-tipped calyx.

FF. Corolla large, long-t-iibed.

13. VidAlli, H. C. Wats. Perennial : height 1-2 ft. :
stem branching from the base : some branches short,
sterile, others tall, floriferous, all grooved, clammy,
glossy : Ivs. 3-^ in. long, oblong-spatulate, coarsely ser-
rate, thick, fleshy, firm, viscid, the upper ones gradually
becoming bracts : fls. 2 in. long, nodding, about 9 in a
loose terminal raceme; calyx lobes triangular, thick, one-
fourth shorter than the corolla ; corolla tubular, swelled
below, constricted above, with a yellow base. Azores.
B.M. 4748. F.S. 7:729. A.Fl. 3: 116. Gn. 54, p. 299.
G.C. III. 18:95.-Very distinct.

EE. Color of fls. normally blue or purple, with white

varieties.

F. Size of fls. large.

G. Raceme pyramidal, usually dense.

14. pyramid^lis, Linn. Chimnet Campanula. Figs.

335, 336. Glabrous : Ivs. glandular-dentate, lower petio-

CAMPANULA

229

late, ovate-oblong, subcordate ; stem-lvs. sessile, ovate-
lanceolate : calyx lobes acuminate, spreading, half as
long as the broadly bell-shaped corolla : fls. numerous,
in pyramidal racemes. Austria, near Adriatic. Gn. 45,
p. 67 ; 48, p. 306 ; 51, p. 221 (a staked pot plant). R.H.
1897, p. 238. Gn. 53, p. 535 (with extensive cultural

Var. comp4ota, Hort. S.M. 2:97. Gn. 47, p. 86 (with
very full cultural notes). The tallest of Campanulas
and one of the oldest. Much grown in pots for exhibi-
tion. The compact variety is very floriferous and con-
venient for conservatory, but lacks the characteristic
tall, pyramidal habit.

GG. Baceme not pyramidal, usually looser.

15. latifdlia, Linn, llii^lit :;-4 ft.: Ivs. large, doubly
serrate; root-lvs. scun.iiin.x i; in. long, petiolate, cor-
date, covered witli s.ift hairs ; stem-lvs. sessile, more
acuminate: pedum-li- l-rid.: ■•alyx lobes long-acuminate,
one-third shorter than the corolla : fls. 6-15 in a loose
spike or raceme about 8 in. long, erect, very large, 2%
in. long, purple or dark blue, hairy. Eu., Persia. Var.
macrdntha, Sims (C. macrdntha, Fischer), is commoner
in cult, than the type, a little hairier, with a glabrous
calyx and very large fls. B.M. 2553 and 3347. R.H.
1897, p. 239. Var. erioo4rpa, DC, has the stem and Ivs.
pilose and more pallid, and a hispid calyx tube. There
is a white-fld. form. It is native to England, and is
easily naturalized in their wild gardens. The stem-lvs.
are probably the largest of any of the garden kinds,
often 3% in. long and 2 in. wide.

FF. Size of fls. small, less than 1 in. long.

16. Bononi^nsis, Linn. Height 2-2K ft.: scabrous:
stem simple : Ivs. serrulate, ovate-acuminate, pallid be-
neath ; root-lvs. cordate-petiolate ; upper Ivs. clasping:

calyx lobes aeumii

^

'^

^

fourth shorter than the fun-
nel-shaped corolla:
fls normally pur-
plish m a long,
loose pyramidal
spike which may
be 2 ft long, with
bO-100 small fls.;
corolla %m. long
and broad. E. Eu.,
W Siberia, and
Caucasus Var.

Buthfimca (C. Ru-
thenica Bieb.) has
Ivs "Wider and to-
raentose beneath.
Caucasus and Tau-
M. 2653.
There is a white-
fld form The fls.
are much smaller
than m 0 latifolia,

h larger.

17. rhomboidalis, Linn. Height 1 ft., sometimes 2 :
stem simple, erect : Ivs. sessile, ovate-acute, serrate :
calyx lobes awl-shaped, one-half shorter than the bell-
shaped corolla : fls. 8-10 in an almost corymbose ra-
ceme, the lower pedicels of which may be 3 in. long, the

2dU CAMPANULA

uppermost 1 in. or less : corolla purplish bine, with a
white variety, 1 in. long and a little wider. Mts. of Eu.
B.M. anl, as 0. murea. — lt flowers in July and August,
after which the stems and Ivs. die down quickly.

18. Trachelitun, Linn. Fig. 337. Height 2-3 ft. : stem
angular, covered with dense, short hairs : Ivs. rough,
acuminate, coarsely crenatedentate; root-
Ivs. cordate, ovate, short-stalked : calj-x
lobes erect, triangular - acuminate, one-
third shorter than the bell-shaped corolla:
peduncle 1-3-Hd. : fls. erect at first, at
length tending to droop, in a loose raceme,
which may be 12-18 in. long : capsule
nodding. Eu., Caucasus, Siberia, Japan.
R.H. 1897, p. 239.
There is a double fld.
form — One of the
commonest and hardi-
est of the border per
ennials, often running
out the other Campan-
ulas, and hence pass
m g under man>
names, especially V.
urticifolia.

19. rapunculoldes,
Lmn Height 2-4 ft •
stem a little rougher
than in C Trache-
lium : Its. rough,
ovate acuminate; root-
Ivs. petiolate, cordate,
erenulate ; stem - Ivs.
serrulate . calyx a lit-
tle rougher than m C.
Tindielivm lobes lin
eai lanei olate, at
kn„'th redixed, one
tuuithshortLi than the
funnel formed corolla:
fls solitary, noddmg,
in long, racemose
spikes. Eu., Caucasus,
&ibeiia.

20 versicolor, Sibth.
i Mil Hti«ht 3-t ft :
phiiit i;lil>rous. stem

DDD. InfJotescence an open, compound pamcle.

21 divaricAta, Mich\ Glalirous height 1-3 ft : stem
erei t slendu ji inii ill ite above branches slender, di-
vii.niil l\s I 11^ sill M sMle, ovate-lanceolate, acu
mm if It t III I i II l\ serrate calyx lobes awl
shi| I II h II h II I III 111 the tubular, bell shaped
coii'll I lis SIM ill 111 ildiii^ lilue, in a very open and
comiKiiind panicle, st^ le stiaightexserted. AUeghanies,
from Va. to Ga. — Rare in gardens.

AA. Low g>oivi.ng o> lock r/nrden Campanulas,, Jess

than a foot high,

B. Calyx uith an appendage at the 6nse of each suiio,

often minute ot dtsijini,id m fonn

c Th-inat of rnu)Un '.pntltd J wlct

22 punctata I n i ' Tin II \iniidfrom
the spottiil I I ,ns„le and

I I ii I 11 I 11 plainly

til,

■nger
hs

CAMPANULA

corolla is white outside and lu.t l.ciirib-.l. In F.S. 6: 563
(C. noftia's, var. a^fta) tlii liml, i, :m,i I,.:,i,Ii,i mici the
stem is red, and not li.in I . i' . ; : , . show

great differences in folium. ; laires.

This is one of the mosi n,;. i . - ,:,_ m ,,,, i ,ii,i|,aiiulas,
and is, unfortunately, u.sualli , ..i,si.U n-.l mun- quaint
than beautiful. Cannot be u.sed for cutting. The spot-
ted throat readily separates it from all Campanulas.
See .supplementary list for C. Van Houttei, a suDDOsed
hybrid.

00. Throat ot corolla not spotted.
D. Stems X-flowered,

23. Alliinii, Villars. Height 3-5 in. : rootstock slen-
der, creeping underground, sending up stems at inter-
vals of H-1 in.: Ivs. few, about 7 on a stem, 1-2 in. long,
linear-lanceolate, sessile, slightly hairy, entire, midrib
distinct, lower ones in a whorl of about 5, upper ones
similar but more erect : calj-x-lobes lanceolate, half as
long as the corolla, the appendages ovate, ntlixiil, mn-
third the length of the calyx-lobes: fls. purple wiili n ram
white variety, only one on a stem, inclinccl m- iin.lilin-.
1% in. long, and as broad across the mouth, tin- laifrist
for the size of the plant of any Campanula. A very
local species, found only in the Alps of Piedmont and
Savoy. B. M. 6588. -No white-fld. form is known. Int.
into Eng. about 1879 by G. Maw. "It is an excellent
rock-plant, and, though requiring plenty of moisture, it
should have a well-drained position, and is therefore
best grown in a narrow crevice filled with sandy loam
and an abundance of _small stones and grit."— J". W.
Meyer.

DD. Stems several- flowered.
E. Margin of corolla bearded.

24. barbita, Linn. Height 6-9 in. : sti-in pilnse : Ivs.
villous, entire or nearly so; root-h-, lufiiil, Ihm ■ ulate;
stem-lvs. few, ligulate'f : raceme I ; ' ' .nod-
ding, pale blue ; calyx appenduL'-i - half as
long as the lobes; corolla bell-slia|" .i. s,,,,,!, , iiian in
C.4i«onii, and with a bearded nil. mil. Al|..s. L.B.C.
8:788. Gn. 48, p. 297. -There is a%vhite lid. form, but ap-
parently no purple. Readily told from C.Allionii by
the different colored, bearded and smaller fls., which
are rarely borne singly, and by the dense, soft hairs of
the stem. Commonest species in the Alps. "In the
rock-garden it should be grown in poor, stony soil, as it
is apt to become somewhat coarse when grown in rich
soil."-/". W. Meyer.

EE. Margin of corolla not bearded.
F. Fls. erect.

25. m61Us, Linn. Perennial : velvety gray : height
6-8 in. : stems ,„ iml.ent, about 2-fld. : root-lvs. tufted,

stem-lvs. ovate or rotund ; fls.

\ lobes lanceolate, erect, half
"lis, bell-shaped corolla; appen-
han the calyx tube; corolla erect,
ivender, with a white throat, the
short, broad, spreading, acute.

— Rock or border plant ; not ad v.

c ii\ I I ' I [| I I iv'i 1, looser

an II nil II ii^'insmuch

mm I 11 I 1 11 I I I M 11 II ililin^' (orolla
c\hndiK»l Ji, in IciiiK wliiti spnttc il withm, strongly
ribbed. Siberia, Japan ('. nobilis has been considered
distinct. In F. S. 3: 247 the corolla i'* dark violet with
out, the lunb hairy, while in B. M. 1723 [C. punctata} the

obovate .,r s|, ,iiii;iii :

shorter i i .;

dark purplish blue or 1
tube long, segments
Spain, Crete. B.M. 404
in America.

FP. yis. nodding.

26. alplna, Jacq. Height 3-8 in. : stem furrowed :
Ivs. smaller than in C. barbata, more narrowly lanceo-
late, entire, hairy : fls. typically deep blue, bell-shaped,
with broader and shorter segments than in C. barbata :
calyx-lobes proportionately very long, surpassing the
fl.-bud, and nearly as long as the flower, but widely
spreading. Swiss and Austrian Alps. B.M. 957. J.H.
III. 29: 5.-There is a white-fld. var. Int. into England
about 1805 by Loddiges. The plant has a characteristic
shaggy appearance from the hairy Ivs. Easy of cult.

27. Siblrica, Linn. (C. Sbhenaclceri, Fisch.). Seta-
ceous-pilose : stem erect, simple, panieled above : Ivs.
erenulate ; root-lvs. petioled, obovate, obtuse ; stem-
lvs. lanceolate-acuminate : calyx hairy, the lobes long-
acuminate, a third shorter than the corolla : calyx ap-
pendages like the lobes but half shorter and reflexed:
fls. 25 or more, violet, with a longer and narrower tube
than in C. alpina, and longer divisions of the limb.
N. Asia, Caucasus, W. Eu. B.M. 659. R.H. 1861: 431.-
The type is rare, but var. ezimia, Hort., is somewhat

CAMPANULA

It is dwarfer. much branched, with long,
scabrous Ivs. and pale liluisli to violet fls. See Mottet's
translation of Nicholson, Diet. Gard. Var. div6rgens,
Willd., has larger fls. and broader Its. than the type.
G.C. III. 16: 597. C. Sibirica usually does best when
treated as a biennial.

BB. Calyx without appendages.

c. Fls. very wide-spreading, i.e., rotate, wheel-shaped,

almost flat.

D. Blossoms all erect.

28. Wald8teini4na, Roem. & Schult. Perennial :
height 4-(i in. : stems rigid, glabrous : Ivs. fleshy, ses-
sile, gray-green, lanceolate, slightly serrate-dentate, the
lower obtuse, the upper long-acuminate : calyx lobes
awl-shaped, spreading or recurved, one-fourth shorter
than the corolla : fls. 5-9 in a corymbose raceme IH in.
long, % in. wide, pale purplish blue ; corolla rotate, al-
most starlike, with a dark spot in the throat : pistil
large, white, twice the length of the corolla, with a yel-
low stigma. Hungary. Gn. 8, p. 173.— Not advertised
in America at present.

DD. Blossoms not all erect,
E. Habit trailing or pendulous.

29. frigilis, Cyrill. Perennial : height 4-C in. : stems
diffuse, trailing : root-lvs. long-petioled, roundish-cor-
date, obtusely dentate, or crenately lobed ; stem-lvs.
smaller, scattered, the uppermost ovate-lanceolate : fls.
pale purplish blue with a white center, IJ^in. wide, in
loose corymbs ; calyx lobes linear-lanceolate, acumi-
nate, erect, almost equaling the corolla; style exserted:
capsule ovoid. Italv. B.M. 6504. P.M. 11:25. Gn. 8,
p. 174, and 47, p. 278. Var. hirsilta, DC, is a hairier
form.— This is the best species for hanging baskets,
window and veranda boxes, and for covering large
stones in the rockery. Prop, by cuttings in spring, the
roots being too fragile to divide well. Not so hardy as
C. Garganica.

30. Gargdnica, Tenore. Height 3-6 in. : stem diffuse:
lower Ivs. renifonn-cordate, crenate-dentate ; upper Ivs.
ovate-acute, dentate : raceme lax : peduncles 1-2-fld. :
calyx tube spheroid, the lobes spreading, a third or
fourth shorter than the glabrous corolla. Mt. Gargano
inltaly. B.R.21:1768. Gn. 48, p. 295, and 43, p. 25. Var.
hirsiita, Hort., is a hairier form. Gn. 46, p. 253, and 48,
p. 297. — "Owing to the pendent character of its flower-
ing branches, its proper place is against a rocky ledge,
over which its masses of flowers may hang."— »/. O.
Niceu. Half-shaded position. Prop, by cuttings or by
division.

EE. Habit not trailing or pendulous.

31. Elatlnes, Linn. Perennial, more or less pubescent:
height 5-6 in. : Ivs. cordate, coarsely and acutely den-
tate, lower rotund, others ovate-acute : raceme lax :
calyx tube spherical, the lobes spreading, linear-lanceo-
late, somewhat unequal, a half shorter than the rotate
corolla: style exserted. Piedmont. — Rare rock plant for
light, stony soil.

32. Portenschlagiana, Roem. & Schult. (C. niurdlis,
Port.). Height 6-8 in. : stems somewhat erect : Ivs. all
alike petiolate, cordate, roundish, acutely angular-den-
tate: calyx tube spheroid, lobes erect, acuminate, a third
shorter than the infundibuliform corolla : fls. racemose.
Dalraatla.— Allied to C. Garganica, but the corolla not
so deeply 5-cut. Little known. For conflicting descrip-
tions, see Gn. 8, p. 173, and 48, p. 297.

D. Height S-3 in.
33. Bftinerii, Perpenti. Height 2-3 in. : stems suberect,
branching; branches 1-3-fld. : Ivs. subsessile, ovate, dis-
tantly serrate, the lower smaller and obovate: calyx tube
obconical, the lobes long-acuminate, erect, half shorter
than the broadly infundibuliform corolla: fls. large, soli-
tary, erect, dark purplish blue ; style short, not exserted :
capsule obovate. Mts. near Lake Como. P. S. 18:1908.-
One of the choicest roe!: plants, but somewhat rare.
Several forms of the hybrid Campanula G. P. Wilson
are often cult, under this name, but their Its. are lighter

CAMPANULA

231

Enjoys

green and less tomentose than C
well drained, sunny position.

DD. Height more than ?S in.

34. Tendril, Moretti. Height 8-12 in., glabrous : stem
ascending or prostrate : Ivs. leathery ; root-lvs. long-peti-
oled, ovate, subcordate, irregularly serrate ; stem-lvs.
petiolate, ovate-acute, coarsely serrate : calyx lobes
linear-lanceolate, spreading, half as long as the broadly
bell-shaped corolla : fls. racemose : capsule spherical.
Naples.— This is now referred to the Grecian species
C. versicolor, which is typically taller. In the garden,
C. Tenorii resembles C. pyramidalis in foliage and
flower, but is shorter.

E. Style not exserted.

35. Carp4tica, Jacq. Fig. 338. Height 9-18 in., gla-
brous : stem branching : lower Ivs. thin, long-petioled,
ovate-rotund, cordate, coarsely dentate, undulate; upper
ones shorter petioled, ovate-acuminate : peduncles long,
terminal and axillary, 1-fld. : fls. large, often IHin. wide,
deep blue or white : calj-x tube obconical, the lobes acute,
wide at the base, subdentate, erect, a third or half as long
as the broadly bell-shaped corolla : style not exserted :
capsule ovoid-cylindrical. Carpathian Mts. of Austria.
B.M. 117. Gn. 48, p. 297. Var. turbinita, Hort. ( G. turhi-
nAta, Schott), is dwarfer, more compact, with fls. more
bell- or top-shaped, and often 2 in. across, purplish blue.
It also has larger Ivs. and more decumbent habit. Gn. 45,
p. 171. A form with pallid fls. is rarer. Var. G. F. Wil-
son, Hort., is a hybrid of var. turbinata and C. pulla,
with the large fls. of the former and the handsome dark
foliage of the latter. It is compact, dwarf, and small,
ovate, very hairy Ivs., with crenate-serrate margin. G.
Haylodginsis, Hort., is a garden hybrid, probably be-
tween C. Carpatica and C. ca-spitosa. Raised by Ander-
son Henry, Hay Lodge, Edinburgh. Height 6-9 in.:
root-lvs. tufted, roundish cordate, slightly dentate : stem-
lvs. light green, ovate-cordate, con

spicuously toothed : fls light blue
bell-shaped, few, at the ends ol
stems. Var. pelvil6nms, Hort
from Crete, has ver> large, p lU
lilac, almost saucer

but is more robust. Lvs
ovate and ovate-cordate,
1% in. long, Jiin. broad,
slightly hairy on both
sides, folded upwards,
serrate; petioles 1-1 54 m
long: fls. dark blue, lH-2
in. wide, in short, 6-9
fld. racemes. -This spe
cies is among the first
dozen in popularity, and
is very variable in
height and in shape
of flowers.
EE. Style exserted.

36. isoph^Ua, Moretti
(C. floribunda, Viv )
Stem suberect : Ivs. all
alike, petiolate, round
ish cordate, crenate-den
tate: calyx lobes acumi
nate, half shorter than
the broadly bell-shaped
corolla: fls. pale blue, 1 338- Campanula Carpatica.
in. or more wide, corym-
bose; style exserted : capsule ovoid. Italy. B.M. 5745.
Gn. 49, p. 483; 48, p. 297.-An excellent basket or rock
plant in sun or half shade. The white variety seems
to be more popular. Fls. may be saucer-shaped.

ccc. Fls. bell-shaped.
D. Style exserted.

37. Scoilleri, Hook. Height 8-12 in. : stem simple or
branched : Ivs. acutely serrate, somewhat hirsute ; lower
ones ovate-acute, petioled ; middle ones ovate-lanceo-

232

CAMPANULA

late ; upper linear-lanceolate, sessile : calyx lobes awl-
shapcil, erect, one-third shorter than the corolla : fls.
racemose, or more or less panicled : style exserted :
capsule ovoid. Columbia river.— The capsular valves
are a little above the middle, while in C. Carpatica and
C. persicitolia they are near the apex. A rare western
American species.

DD. Style not exserted.
E. Color very dark purple.
:!8. puUa, Linn. Height 'A-ri in.: stem normally 1-fld.:
■ -s. glabrous, crenulate-dentate ;
iwer ones short -petioled,
>tinul : upper sessile, ovate-

CAMPANULA

4n. Scheuchzeri, Vill. (C. UniMia, var. Scheiicheeri)

H.M-l.t l-IJ ,.; : -t.-m l-4-H.i.,u-iu.<>lly 1-fld.: root-lvs

r<'' i, ' i, -' --ill . 'I'liii-'ulatf, the lowest stem

I. ; I Ix I. .1:1- -h II. Ill-, linear-awl-shaped,

II. ;,rl_\ :i- i..ii„' ;is till- lM-ll--h;q>«-(i corolla. Alpine and
suliiirctic rigicins of Newfoundland. Labrador, Alaska.
F.S. 21 : 2205, not L.B.C. 5: 485, which DeCandoUe state?
most emphatically is C. rotundifolia and nothing else.
The stera-lvs. of C. Scheuchzeri are distinctly serrate,
while in C. rolmuUfolia they are entire ; the flower-
buds nod in the former, but are erect in the latter. The
calyx lobes are relatively longer in C Scheuchzeri, and
perhaps the bell is deeper.

41. csBSpitbsa, Scop. (C. ptimHa, Curt. C. pusilla,
HiDnk.). Height 4-C in. : root-lvs. tufted, short-petioled,
ovate, glandular-dentate, shining : calyx lobes linear,
erect, a third shorter than the bell-shaped corolla ; fls.
nodding, pale blue or white: ]...11,ti vj..l.t-.-..!i)red. B.M.
512. Gn.43:892. Gn.4S, p. J'l , I ... . 1 1. i i l,,u, f. ro^ui-

(ZiYo/iB, with root-lvs. nev. I n.r petioled,

and lasting until after fls. li:i i . I' Mnial. quickly
forms a dense mat. Bonl.i , ..|_i)i_ . -r i.M-kery. The
European trade catalogues usually nrter C. Cft^spitona
and C. pusilla separately, and doubtless plants of dis-
tinct horticultural value are passing under these names,
but there seem to be no botanical or horticultural de-
sc riptions that will distinguish them.

42 exclsa, Schleich Perennial, glabrous height 4-5
in stems slender, 1 fld . root l\s spatulate upper Ivs
Itiu ir < alyx lobes bristly, spreading, at length reflexed,

I lliii I shorter than the bell shaped corolla fls pale
' II li\ ided to about half their depth, with a round hole

1 tl I 1 SI of each smus, which easily distinguishes it

I I Mi f /*(///« and all other Campanulas Rare in Alps.
L M lb L B C 6 561 -A rare rock plant Likes cool,
moist air, and not too full exposure to sun Not adver-
tised in America

cccc Fls long tubular, abnormal

43 Z6ysii, Wolf Height 3-4 m plant tufted, gla-
brous stems few fld rooths entire, crowded, petio-
late, o\ ate obo\ ute obtust stem Ivs obo-s ate lanceolate

and lineal pKluncles 1 fld termi

nil rarely axillary i

caljx lobes linear, awl shapi d s,,i,

li.i-.' 1 toil rth shorter

than the corolla corolla 1 n- h

1 i 1 iistricted at

the apex, wider at the bi

1 Austrian

Alps Gn 8,p 173 GC 111

1 md abnor-

mil slier i< s I Is 1 iigi Hi 1

1 1 III size of the

1 t 1, expansion by

1 1 1 1

in the iiitolding of

II)

\1 msion rhisc are

i t 1 i 11 II 1 1 1 1 1 1 1)11

. mass of hairs sur

I 1111.1111., 111. In... . qmit. sn.;iiia

-J C Anoi.

\v\ Attiliti) ijanUn ittfeiabh mots radish like

A -.ulud plant

44 Kapunculus, Lmn Rampios Biennial height 2-3

ft loot spindle or long radish shaped, H in thick,

white stem erect, sulcate lower Ivs obovate, short

petiokd somewhat crenate stem Ivs linear lanceolate,

(iitiii fls lilac, m a spike or raceme calyx tube obconi-

il I I s glabrous or bristh eiett awl shaped, a half

h 1 1 I 111 111 ornearh equal to th(_ funnel shaped corolla,

I nut N Asii, N \fr -The loots and hs are

. ii 11 1 isilid Thi s, ,rts will h iro thi snnlK st of

W It

lanctol it< , 1 Hi I
calyx lobes loii_. i
the corolla 1 1 1
The most pun mi. ,.1 t im is ^ n soldanellaefldra,
Hort (C sohUni,n,i Holt 1 Fig UO With semi
double blue fls split to the base into about 25 divisions
F b 18 1880 -This curious variation is unique in the
genus The alpme soldanellas are famous among trav
ellers for melting their way through the ice They have
fringed blue fls The name of this species seems singu
larly inappropriate until we have sought the root Ivs
in early spring.

may I., ii
seed K.

Ill) I I 1 1 1 I 1 I 111 and may be stored

nip \iliii.iiiii \iilii n\ III \ _. t ible Garden

C abietliia Guseli Rue tufte 1 lorken plant with slender
wiry stems 9-15 m high fls light blue in loose br-inchmg
spikes Jul>-Aug E Eu — C calycanthema Hort = ( Me
dmm var cahcmthema — C lentsia Linn A rare roik plant
from Mt Cenis and other mts of the Alps is, a nre tufted
rock pHnt with solitarv deep blue fls, on stems 2 in high
Root h s obovate obtuse stem h s ovate oblong all Ivs
sessile entire . calyx hirsute, the lobes linear lanceolate a half
shorter than the deeply 5-cut, spreading corolla.— 0. OahHriea,

CAMPANULA

Hort. Plants sold under this name are likely to be C. glom-
erata, var. spet-iosa.— C. Erlnus, Linn. Annual : plant hispid :
height 3-9 in.: Ivs. small, glossy, H-% in. broad, cordate, deeply
cut, the pointed lobes conspicuous : fls. sessile, pale blue with
a light center, tubular (or star-shaped?), %m. broad, with
acute narrow lobes ; style long, conspicuous, colored like co-
rolla ; racemes long, semi-prostrate, 10-20-fld. Mediterranean.
Rare short-lived rock plant. Also for edgings and pots.— O.
grandiflbra, Jaeq.=Platycodon grandiflorus.— C Lamdrckii,
D. Dietr.=Adenophora Lamarckii.— O. nitida, Ait.-=C. plani-
flora,— C. piadittora. Lam. (C. nitida, Ait.), (ilabrous: height
3-9 in. : stem simple ; Ivs. sessile, leathery, shining : root-lvs.
crowded in a dense rosette, ovate or obovate-obtuse, crenulate,
l^in. long: stem Ivs. linear-laneeol.ate, acute, nearly entire:
fls. blue or white, with double varieties, in spicate :
calyx lobes ov-ate. .acute, broad, erect, a third shorter ■
broadly bell-shaped or saucer-shaped corolla. Not An
though commonly so st.ated. Habitat unknown. J.H. III.
33: 283. Rock plant, for sunny position. — C specidsa, Pourr., is
a rare species. Most of the plants passing under this name are
likely to be C. glomerata. B.M. 2649 is C. glomerata, var. spe-
ciosa.— C Speculum, Linn.=Specularia Speculum. — (7. urtici-
mia. This name is now abandoned. Plants are likely to be C.
Trachelium.-(:^ Tan l[,<uttn. Curr. Height 2 ft.: root-lvs.
long-petioled, roundish rordatt>. more or less lobed : stem-lvs.
sessile, oval-laueeol;tte, irregularly bi-dentate, 1%-i in. long,
more or less villous, strongly nerved : fls. usually solitary,
nodding at the end of a small branchlet, 2 in. long, half as
broad, indigo blue, or violet : calyx lobes linear, spreading, 1
in. long. A garden hybrid resembling 0. punctata. Int. into
Prance 187«by Thibaut and Keteleer. R.H. 1878, p. 420(descr.).
Var. pallida has pale lavender fls. ^_ jyj^

CAMFHdRA (from camphor, made from its juice),
Laurdceo'. The Camphor Tree (Camphdni officindlis,
Steud. ) is native to C'hina and Japan, but it is now in-
troduced into S. Fla. Botanically, it is very closely al-
lied to the cinnamons, and is often referred to that
genus (as Cinnamomum Camphora), but it differs in
its scaly buds, membranaceous calyx, and leaf characters.
Camphora officinalis attains a height of 40 ft., and en-
dures light frosts. It has alternate, ovate-elliptic, en-
tire, thick Ivs., and axillary panicles of small, yellow
fls. The whole plant contains camphor. The gum is
obtained from the extracted juice.

CANADA

233

CAMPION.

: sue,,

CAMPSIDIUM. See Tecoma.

CAMPT0S6EUS (Greek, bent son, alluding to the
irregular arrangement). Polypodi^ceae. A small genus
of hardy ferns, with simple, pointed Ivs., which take
root at the apex, and are hence known as "Walking-leaf
Perns." A single species is na-
tive mostly on lime-bearing
rocks, and an allied species is
known from Japan and N. Asia.

rhizophyllus, Link. Fig. 341.
Lvs. simple, tapering from a
heart-shaped base, 4-12 in. long;
veins forming meshes near the
midrib ; sori irreg-
ularly scattered.
Canada to Alabama.
— Sometimesgrown
in rockeries and
wild gardens,
L. M. Underwood.

CANADA. Figs.
342-4. The most
important fruit re-
gions of Canada are
those surrounded
wholly or in part by
bodies of salt or
fresh water.

Atlantic ocean with

its indentations, is

the influencing climatic factor. In central Canada the

great lakes, Ontario and Erie, serve the same usefpl

office, while in the extreme west the Faciflc ocean, with

hizophyllu

its gulf stream, tempers the climate of British Colum-
bia, and gives sufficient atmospheric moisture, so that
all but tropical and citrus fruits may be grown in the
most favored localities. It is Interesting to note that
while on the eastern Atlantic coast apples are success-
fully grown as far north as the 47th parallel north lati-
tude, and in British Columbia as far north as the 52d
degree north latitude, yet in the interior of Ontario and
Quebec they have not succeeded north of the 4Cth par-
allel.

The fruits of Canada of to-day arc :ittrilmt:il.l.- to .")

missionaries and English colonials. -1. s. ..N .hhI iilants
obtained from Virginia and Ni« IjiL'hiii.l. :;. i'lants and
seeds brought in by United Eni]iiri KMNali^i-,. ). rhauco

seedling production. .'>. He nt iiiiiHutai a.ii fmiu Europe,

and systematic plant-lircr.lini;.

In order to obtain an iiiia .'f tin- .liara.tir of fruits
cultivated in the Dominion, it will hi.- mc-ssary to con-
sider the provinces separately :

Prince Edward Island.— Latitude, 46 degrees to 47
degrees north, area about one and a quarter million acres.
The surface is undulating, the whole island eminently
agricultural and pastoral. Soil, a reddish loam, some-
times sandy and occasionally clayish. The climate is
sufdeientlymild to admit of the cultivation of pears and
of plums of the Pruit its domestiea type. The winters are
long and tedious, with heavy snowfalls, and frequent
fogs and sleety rains. The first fruits introduced were
apples, by French colonists. Later, the English and
Scotch settlers brought other apples and pears, in addi-
tion to Kentish cherries. It is probable, also, that some
of these early fruits were introduced liv tin- Acadian
French. We still find on the island a Irw of the obi
French orchards of apples and cherries. ( ln-ni. s have
been cultivated — in fact, they have takin can- of them-
selves—with success since the time of their tirst intro-
duction. They belong to tlie Kentish type, and ripen in
that locality a month later than do the same varieties
grown in eastern Ontario. Black-knot has lately ap-
peared, but is being attended to. Apple-growing is on
the increase. The better practices in fruit-growing are
being introduced; a few large orchards are already
established and are bearing satisfactorily. The climate
has an important effect upon the kee])inu- properties of
apples and jK-:irs. Such late-maturintr \aririi,s ;is Hen

wiiitiT apples of the west are the most snitalil.- varie-
ties. Of these are Ribston, Blenheim Pippin. Hubbjird-
ston and Grimes Golden. The same is true of pears.
The early and midseason varieties do best. Clapp,
Bartlett, iHowell, and Anjou are doing well. Among
plums, Moore's Arctic, Early Damson and Lombard are
favorites. Peaches cannot be grown successfully unless
artificially protected during winter.

Small-fruits are grown successfully in all parts of the
island. The most important of these is the erimherry.
The area devoted to this fruit i- ^ \ii itihuL: r.u'i'lly. The
product is shipped to Englaml I uLtedly -.t

future for fruit-growing on 1 1 1 1 i! iiaiinai

under-drainage in many parts, h, ,,|u:,i,i, rlmiate. ami
proximity to the European market.
Nova Scotia aw> Cape Breton.— The Dominion owes
ry much to this province for the good pioneer work
done in advertising the fruit-growing capabilities of
Canada in the European markets. The best advertise-
ment that could be given by any country was afforded by
the magnificent display of fruit made by the Province of
Nova Scotia through its Pruit Growers' Association at
the Indian and Intercolonial exbilvifion in 1. on. Ion in isvc.
As early as the middle of the 1:,-. .,i.imh iIm \, -■■!!:, u
French, who then peopled Kin :j i : \ . u .m.. ,r.,

cultivated apples and pears M .\ i . n

these lands fell into the hands of 1 1. m :,i;.i I ;,,-

lish immigrants in 1760, old pear and apple trees ivei-e
fouml in ni.iny places; some of the latter exist at tie-
present day. It must not be supposed that the a]i]A>-
growing of Nova Scotia is restricted to the Annapolis
valley. This valley is only one of several, and the con-
tiguous fertile valleys of the Cornwallis and Gaspereaux
rivers are equally well adapted and equally productive.
The protection afforded iu this, tlie best fruit section of

234

the province, by tlif low p

the north and south t t

valuable as wmiiln ■

influence upon tli. . .,.
region. The soil cuii..i.a.,
overlaying sandstone foin
fall of the tides have pro
stituting the present ma
marsh lands serve the pur
annual supply of Ik rliaL,'.
exhaustible stort- n( .h, :
fruit-growers with ■jn-.ii
orchard areas. Fi^;s. :;i_'.
Fruit Regions ini 'I /■'/ "
Berwick are imp.iriani r
are found many of ih. .iM
as Golden Pippin ;nid \>
apples are grown iu n. mi-I
the valleys already im mic
of the bearing orchariU.
mated at 80,000 iici-.s. :,im
havelontr Itfcn cult i\ ;ii. ,1,

like the
and Jap;
former ■

: :. M A mI. 1\ rultiviited. Donicsticas
A 1^ ^ A nii.' is the favorite of the
"f ill.' latter.

Theex|i-i( <! imm-I' •■•■ f.ntaiii began in 1875, and has
heen steadilv on tiie jiicroase since that time. The mar-
ketable crop of apples in 1896 amounted to 500,000
barrels, nearly all exported to Britain. The characteris-
tic apple of the province is Gravenstein. This, with
Kibston Pippin, was imported from England by Hon.
Charles Ramage Prescott, between 1830 and 1835. Col.
John Burbidge introduced the Nonpareil Russet. Doctor
Inglis, the first bishop of Nova Scotia, introduced Yellow
Bellefleur to the Annapolis vallcv. where it is now known
by the name of Hi-

The cranberry im
the output from i
barrels; in 1898 it 1.
varieties cultivated

The fruit-grow. 1
energetic. The I'l
the oldest in thi' li.
tieultural school,
and is affiliated \vii

The fruit-growiii
itsinfancy. The <-li
Edward Island, ani
are being tested.

New Brunswick.— The climate of this province fa--
vors a mixed husbandry. Wild raspberries, strawber-
ries, blueberries and cranberries grow in wild profusion,
and have to some extent hindered the growing of culti-
vated forms. Apples may be grown successfully for home
use in nearly all parts. Commercial orchards ;

[■ing rapidly. In 1890
'irs amounted to 400
■a 4,000 barri'ls. The

I s.iil resemble that of Prince
iiUy the same class of fruits

CANADA

Th.^ snowfall is hc.avy. and is a sufficient protection.

'I'll .1 \ ^liiM |..-, .,f Woodstock, is a lij^n.^i- in this

'•! I :' the following vari.t:. 1,>,, i„ru

;.. ' ill.- St. John river valli ;, : hi. in-,.

\'i ■ .' ! ., I II ■ ■ I, Pfwaukee. Lonsiti.-hl. an. I .■-. ..n s

I ^ . ': I f.i ;r.^.. , I . i - ■,..■ t luTL'fore enabled

I" ;■' . ; ! . || ■ ' . I ;.. ■..'I market at a time

> ' . . .1 ;■ ' . . I . ■. . , ,. , r, is light in these

.la —I- I.I tiii:!^. \aii.. I a -[.I.. III. - ami wild cranber-
ries (TdrriiiiKiii Viti.i-Iihin i are gathered and shipped
in large quantities to Boston. ('. Vilis-Iilira is com-
monly known in New Brunswick as Wolfberry or Low-
bush Cranberry. In the past, lumbering, fishing and
mining have absorbed much attention in New Bruns-
wick, but fruit culture is constantly receiving increased
attention. Bright minds are at work in the province.
What to grow, and how to grow it, are questions receiv-
ini; cMi-Ti.'st attention.

i^iii:niai.— The climatic conditions in eastern Quebec
a|ipii.aili .piite closely those obtaining in many parts of
N, » niaiiiswick. We find the principal fruit areas ly-
ing south of that great artery of commerce, the St.
Lawrence river. Here and there, not on the low clay
flats, hut on the higher middle elevations, with gravelly
subsoil affording natural drainage, we find orchards
made up of "La Belle Fameuse," Pomme Gris, and St.
Laurent, truly Canadian and truly delicious apples. In
the lower St. Lawrence region, especially on the north
side, the keeping season of apples is very much ex-
tended— or rather, the ripening season is very much re-
tarded. At Chicoutmi.on the Saguenay, Red Astrachan
ripens about the end of September and Wealthy is late
winter.

In L'Islct county, about 70 miles northeast of the city
of Quebec, plum-growing has become a somewhat spe-
cialized industry during its evolution, which covers a
period of a century and a quarter. Varieties of Reine
Claude and of Orleans plums have originated, and are
now peculiar to that district. Reine Claude de Mont-
morency is a fine flavored strain ..f the parent group.
All plums grow in stocky form, with wi.h ly spreading
branches, and are very pro.lo.-t iv... 'I'h.. trees are
grown in sod, with little loamm- ami r.rtilizing.

O.-ti.'.. !■ ■ I : I. .M. . ■, I. .'...■■. . have also

and

342 Ontario Quebec and
Nova Scotia.
1, 1, reach and grape regions; 2, mixed
fruit zone; 3 general agriciiltare,
apples. N

being planted in the valley of the St. John river, at
and about Woodstock. Damson and Moore's Arctic
plums are grown to a considerable extent. A few grow-
ers have found it profitable to protect their plum trees
in winter by planting them in such a manner as admits
of the trees being reclined oa the ground in the autumn,

s the choke cherry, Pnittus I'/r-
giniann, Linn. The fruit is eaten
raw, but is also made into jellies
and conserves. A yellow variety is
common to gard.-ti- in tin ,ii Imiv
of St. Hyacinth, i . 1 ' i : ai

of Montreal is ir i i . I..-

cradle of the fruit iniiii II > <ii ih.-
province. Here a uui.> munsno
style of fruit-growing prevails.
Apples, plums and pears are staples.
Strawberries, gooseberries, and
other small fruits are largely culti-
vated. Convenient market facili-
both at.home and abroad, assist
the fruit-grower. The hardier types
oi Prnnus domestica, such as Dam-
and Orleans plums, succeed
pt in seasons of unusual se-
verity, when their fruit buds fail. Japan plums have
not yet been sufficiently teste.l on the island, with the ex-
ception of Burliank. which fruits uncertainly. So far as
can be ascert:iin.il. tin- Ish.ii.l of :Montreal is the home
of the Fameus.. ;iii.l St. L:iwi .ii.a-, and possibly Pomme
Gris. About the fii.jthills ..f those curious outcrop-
pings of the N'ermont mountains that we find in the
Richelieu valley and in the eastern townships — locali-
ties peopled by U. E. Loyalists— fruit-growing is a
leading branch of rural labor. Beloeil, Rougemont
and Abbotsford are well known to Quebec fruit-growers

CANADA

as leading fruit-growing centers of the province. The
standard commercial apples of Ontario and New \ ork,
as Greening, Baldwin and Spy, do not succeed. Fameuse,
Wealthy and Duchess, with Canada Baldwin and Win-
ter St. Lawrence, do well, the latter two being natives
of the Province, and much appreciated. The fruit area
along the New York bound-
ary line is rapidly extending
Apples and plums are sta
pies, while pears and grapes
are grown for home use
The earlier varietie ot
grapes only are grown C on

CANADA 235

to 200 acres of land for a cow, but found no buyer. This
land is now vaha-d at from $;!00 to $500 per acre. The
impn>viini-ijt ol n.itive fruits began in 1830 by the in-
trodui-ti.iii "I' f.iiri-ii varieties, and by the establishment

Cnmminiiil uinl slafistical.—The peach industry of

cord does not

Dell

Early are generally leliable
in this western re(,ion

Gibbland Farm once tlip
home of Charles C ibb (1
ceased 1890) a prominent
amateur fruit grower in 1
philanthropist is located t
Abbotsford, Que and t i
tains a large collection I
Russian fruits These fiuit
were widely distrilutel iii
Quebec through tli ff it
of Mr. Gibb A t ^\ f tli
summer varietie li n "
perseded older km 1 Hi
only winter Rus i ui x^ i Ic
which has become at all
well known m Quebec is
Arabka of EUwangei & Barry

343 Apple orchards

Longfleld is also sue
cersfulii'easterii Quebec where it keeps till midwinter
Unless carefully managed this 'i anety soon deteriorates
by overbearing , ^

Montreal is the chief apple shipping port during Sep
tember and October Later in the year Ontario and
Quebec apples go to Europe via Halifax, Portland or
Boston For a number of years past fruit-growers m
the vicinity of Montreal have shipped Duchess and
Alexander apples to Liverpool and Glasgow. The un-
satisfactory feature about the commercial side of fruit-
growing in Quebec is the scarcity of good winter export
apples. The old standards are not reliable and de-
sirable substitutes have not been found. Canada Bald-
win, Scott, Winter and Pewaukee are generally rec-
ommended.

ONTAKio.-From the standpoint of a fruit-grower, the
province may be divided as follows :

the Leamington distr
rapidly Though net
since its iniu^uriti i
very large In 1 't
shipped froi i I n ii ^
more than

iiiilli

m the west (5) is growing
re than 20 ^eai has elap ed
li 1 r ent annual utput is

1 t ti II I \ n I^ inlb4T
1 ,itit\ w I 1 I 111 In 18%
1 J li ti w 1 1 I lilted in
iagiini ili--irii-t tin- "utput of
in.lw-irv is more

An apple-growmg region

in the extreme east,

the north side of the St. Lawrence.

2. A pear, plum and apple-growing region between
Toronto and Kingston, along the shore of Lake Ontario.

3. An extended and distinctively apple-growmg area
between Toronto on the south, Owen Sound on the
north, Haliburton on the northeast, and Lake Huron on
the west. [In the vicinity of Owen Sound, on the south
shore of Georgian Bay, plums of P. domeshea class are
extensively cultivated.] „ , .^

4 A peach, grape, pear, plum and small-fruit region
in the Niagara peninsula, between the overlapping ends
of Lakes Erie and Ontario. 1, Fig. 342.

5. A peninsula in the west, between Lakes St. Clair
and Erie-an area where fruits similar to those noted
in the last are cultivated. Pelee Island, in Lake Erie,
might be included in this fruit zone. 1, Fig. 342.

Historical.— Along the banks of the Detroit river '"
the extreme southwest, are gigantic pear treef ""'
are from seed planted probably by French miss
One of the oldest trees is said to date from 1705. These
trees are productive, but the fruit is not valuable. The
planting of apple orchards began in this region about
the year 1784. The planting of vineyards, for which the
region is noted, dates back about 40years. The Niagara
Peninsula was settled somewhat later than the Essex
region. Here, between 1780-90, the United Empire Loy-
alists received grants of land from King George, and
planted seeds of apples brought from their homes in
the United States. Here we are told that John Smith,
in the early part of this century, offered to sell his claim

These

that region. In the Niagara .Ii-iik
peaches is much larger, and tin- 1 1 uit
uniformly diversified. The Ni;i:;iira
strictly up-to-date. Electri.' rai> run .v, ly halt nour
past the doors of tin- in.it -...», is rcsiiling between
Hamilton and Beanisxill-; t.l. i,h..in.s coimect their
homes, and bring aai!> iiiaikH n ports. During the
shipping season, a fruit tiaiii Iraviiig Niagara Falls
daily and, running to llanaliuii. curries away such
peaches, plums, cherries, grapes, pears and berries as
are not shipped by boat from St. Catharines, Port Dal-
housie, or Niagara on the Lake.

The standard varieties of apples of the province are
Spy, Greening and Baldwin. Ben Davis, York Imperial
and Ontario are being widely planted -the latter a native
of the province. It is a cross between Northern Spy and
Wagener, produced by the late Chas. Arnold, of Pans.
Princess Louise and Mcintosh Red, supposed seedlings
of Fameuse, are becoming well known in the eastern
parts of the province. Among other fruits produced in
the province are the Moyer and Jessica grapes, the h itz-
gerald and Longhurst peaches.

C. C. James, Deputy Minister of Agriculture for
Ontario, gives the following estimated statistics regard-
ing fruits and fruit areas in the province in 1895. Area
in orchard, garden and vineyard, 320,122 acres; number
of apple trees of bearing age, 5,913,900; young trees not
bearing, 3,548,053. In 1896, the yield of apples m the
province was estimated to amount to 20,000,000 barrels.
The Provincial Fruit-growers' Association has a mem-
bership of 5,000. and publishes a monthly Journal of
Horticulture. Secretary and editor, Linus Woolverton,
Grimsby, Out.

A series of fourteen fruit experiment stations has re-
cently been established, so located as to cover the va-
rious climatic divisions of the province. The object is
to test and report upon all fruits, old and new. Ihese
are under the joint control of the Ontario Agricultural
College and the Ontario Fruit-growers' Association,
with L Woolverton as executive officer, whose duty
it is to make an annual report of the whole to the Min-
ister of Agriculture,

236

CANADA

Manitoba and the Northwest Territories.— As
far as the tree fruits are concerned, those which can be
grown successfully in these regions without extraordi-
nary care have yet to be produced. A few Russian
apples and Siberian crabs have survived and have pro-
duced some fruit in southeastern Manitoba. Piiriis
baccata (the berried crab of Europi-) i- h u'i. :([ tIi. l>..m.
Experiment Stations at Brandon, .M:ih , ■ i : ll.;[il,

N.W.Terr. This has been cros^.,| i i. inMa-st
Russian apples in r

of

Wi'tll t'li'^ :■'.■. .

table exc,i,ii„ii-ir
success. The natural obstacles
Manitoba than in the Provinces
and Saskatchewan, where bate sj
and periods of summer droui^ht
make the cultiviLli^n ..I llip h;
gooseberries and rni cmi - , -I i ilir
live tj-pes of fhc^

l)rove

! that the 1. M
many tbousai
fruit of edibl

ded by belts of timber, small
grapes, howovcr. bring a no-

344. British Columb

British Columbia.
J. R. Anderson, Deputy Minister of Agriculture for the
province, for much of the following data. British Col-
umbia is wondprfiillv div.r -ifirrl, :nid 1ki<s sreat fruit-
growing possibiliii - 'I i'r.'i-. it^ .-Ma-T line, its

Talleys, its benclH :•• IhmN. i Ir.ai .■limatic

es of fri

; found in any other prov-

der

'It.

and La
fruit. ■:

greater part of the country would
indeed, for that matter, crops ol
gradually trials were made by
miners, packers, and others ijue
cal farmers or fruit-grower^ i , am
upon the sparse population ihai
would grow in most parts i.f
province, and of that part knowi
between the Coast Range and
Then it appeared to occur to thi

>y the early settlers in and
Company's forts of Victoria
ees would mature and bear
a deep rill, teii belief tliat the

procured from California, and in most cases all were
found tn he sneoessfnl. Up to this time (between 1855
and 1m;iii, ni.i-t .,f ilie fmit was the produce of seed-
lin^'~, tlie oil -iTiri- ol' „.eiU iiroeured friiiii otlier coun-
tries, whieh III 111- aeeliiiiali/.ed. with a L.-oi,d climate,
freedom of insert p.^ts aial dNea>es, produeed wonder-
ful crops without the trouble of cultivating, pruning and
spraying. Now, however, fruit trees of a superior qual-
ity began to be imported, and for some time throve
equally well as those of humbler origin, but by and by,
for some unaccountable reason, the trees did not bear
as well as formerly, nor was the fruit as good or as
large as it used to be, and old-timers wondered what was
the matter, and so things went on from bad to worse,
until i""ple of a new generation began to settle in the

I • who soon ascertained the cause of failure to

■ I . o the importation with the trees, from the
: I I in;,' states and provinces, of pests and dis-
I ihi rto unknown in tlie province. It was then
ili:ii 1 1ll- li mslaiiMT eiia.ird ilie I i o rt ieultural Board Act,
\\ hh h pro\ hli ~ lor III, a|,|K,ii,iiii, III ,,f a "Board," whose
■ lull, - ;,i , , ,„/,,■.//'-', I,, 11,-],, .1 ,ill iniit and fruit trees
eiitiriim' ih,- pr,,\ in.e. an.l ,,r,liar,ls within the province,
ami to make such recommendations in the interest of
fruit-growers as they may deem necessary. It has fol-
lowed, as a matter of course, that in consequence of the
stringent regulations, a better class of nursery stock is
■ ported into the province, and although it is quite
impossible, even with the strictest in-
spection, to detect all infestations, and
although people have been slow in
adopting even those measures best cal-
culated for their benefit which have been
recommended by the Board of Horticul-
ture, there is a marked improvement
in the state of the orchards of the prov-
ince, and of the fruit pro-
_ duced.

The young orchards
planted out since the inau-
guration of the newer and
more intelligent methods,
are likewise coming into
bearing. The production
of fruit is even now in
many lines in excess of
local demands, and hence,
in view of the line of action
pursued by the Board of
Horticulture, which now
prevents this province
from being the dumping
ground for the refuse fruit

of the n,-i^;,l...riii,' -lal.s,

it may reasonably be concluded that ' ii ,,f'

fruits will be restricted in the future tor. , , i , i u

which mature in the south, or to the |,i o , i ilm

antipodes at a time when those of this cuuuu;, an not
in season.

J^™t(s. — "The principal fruits produced in the
province are apples, pears, cherries, plums, prunes, and
all the small fruits. Other fruits, such as peaches and
grapes, have not been produced in sullicieiit quantities
to meet the demand, those like the tirst named having
been at first considered unsnilaMe t,, tlie country, but
are now fmind to do excellently in n,aii\ parts."

f mil S. ■!,,,„ . s,,Mi,. ,,i' ill. i„-iriiM, lands are to

be I',, 1111,1 ;,l',i.- :1m II .i-mI !•■. :;. :'■ on either

side 1,1 111,, ir .1 ■, . ■ I I- I I- ,■. This is

\- 1 ri,,. -I 1 11,- 1, iiMniL' 1,1,. I 'i-aser river

■iillll»a,-k ahil Hope. The region along the
ver troin Ai,Mssi/. to the coast is one abun-
pplied with water and now producing large

part I, a, II
between
Fraser :
dantly s
quantitii

Liia,lnally dawned
,], s and field crops
coast line of the
the dry belt lying
Rocky mountains,
sidents that othe

fruits might do, and thereupon trees and plants were

and berries. Some of the
adapted to the require-
nn-nts of 111,- I, nderi-t ine t'riiits. Peaches are being
snec, -vliilh i-iili i\ :it,-,l li.-n- and there on the lower
la-ncli laiiiK. Till- a iiipan\ inur map shows the princi-
pal fruit priiilu, dm; anas of the jinivince. At Vernon,
in the Okanagan valley, the Earl of Aberdeen, a late
governor-general of Canada, has an extensive orchard
of 200 acres. Here an irrigation plant, while not deemed
absolutely essential to fruit-growing, is thought to be a

Iley is producing apples,
ity-

Ma rkets. — " The exportation of fresh fruit to the North-
west Territory and Manitoba, which is the natural mar-
ket of the prov-

the surplus fruits
of the country.
Canneries a n il
fruit - preserving
establishments of
various kinds also afford means of disposing of
of the surplus fruits which are not in a condition to
be exported. The high price of labor, and the compe-
tition which has to be met, in the matter of the cheap
jams and other products, adulterated with foreign sub-
stances and glucose, which come from the east and
California, are, however, very serious factors which mil-
itate against the success of such establishments."

Pests.— Most of the pests which have caused such
serious loss to the orchardists of other countries have
made their appearance in the province, but, thanks to
the efforts made for their suppression, the codlin moth
and curculio are notable exceptions.

Climate. — The climate of the coast is most equable.
The temperature seldom falls to zero nor rises above
75° or 80°. In the interior the variations are naturally
greater, but even there in the coldest part of the win-
ter, the temperature does not long remain at or below
zero. On the coast the preeipitition is ilmost entirely
in the form of rain i\hi(h is snrti innt t r the

with drooping, inflated buds and solitary, bell-shaped
Hs. more thiin 1 in. long and 1)4 in. wide, dull yellow,
flushed and veined with dull purplish brown. Lvs. has-
tate. B.M. 444. -Not in the Amer. trade.

CANAKY-BIED FLOWER is a Tropmoltim.

CANARY GRASS is a Phalaris.

CANAVALIA (an aboriginal name). Leguminbsce..
Trailing or twining herbs : fls. in axillary racemes,
with bell-shaped, 2-lipped calyx, papilionaceous corolla,
9 stamens united and 1 free for most of its length :
pods large and ribbed on edges. Several species,
widely distributed in warm countries.

ensifdrmis, DC. (C. gUuJnitn, DC). Jack Bean.
Chickasaw Lima. Figs. 197, :i4ri. Grown in the south-
ern states for stock, but the jiuds make passable snap
beans when not more than 4 or IJ in.
countries it is a bushy plant, with
little tendency to climb. The pods
reach a length of 10-14 in., the walls
being very hard and dense when ripe.
The halves of the
apart, roll up spirally, often i
most perfect cylinder. The large white.

347. Old-time Canna.

348. Modem flowering (

part for agricultui il pur
poses, the objection be
ing that little or none
falls during the summer
months. In the interior
where the precipitation
is mostly in the shape
of snow, it IS so hght
that irrigation has to be
resorted to. John Craig.

CANAEiNA (from the Canary Islands). Campanit-
lAcea. Three species of tropical herbs closely allied to
Campanula, but with the tubes of the calyx and corolla
grown together, and the floral parts in 6's. G. cam-
panulata, Linn., is a tender plant from the Canaries,

turgid beans, bearing a very prominent brown seed-
scar, are packed crosswise the pod, imbedded in a very
thin white, papery lining. The flowers are small and
light purple, resembling those of the Cow-pea (though
larger) and of various species of Dolichos. The leaflets
are 3. large and broad (5-8 in. long and half orthree-flfths
as broad ), strongly veined and dull, dark green, abruptly
p. .intfd and smooth. Tropics. A. G. 14:84. B.M. 4027.-
Beans said to be used as a coffee substitute. L H B

CANDLEBEEET, CANDLENUT. See Aleur
CANDYTUFT. See Ibi-i-is.

CANlSTRUM. See^c^H

■tes.

CANNA (name of oriental oricin
Scitami}idee(p. Stout, unbrani'lit'l
cal and warm-temperate herbs cf li..
large and ornamental foliage. Fis.

deflexed and n

the 1

allcr

on the side of 1

no hum

A generation ag Cann is were grown for their
foliage or mass tftcct Thej were tall and long
lont i tl ST ill T 1 lit tlo crs (Fig 34 )

I 1 uown

/ I r Didiflot I

I II f mterme

di ite btatu e with showy foil
age and better drooping

r capiule
) sepals
c mostly
ingle and

ot which
and one is
the flower

lied staini

•thi.

■ plant

may

auutbei id, c t
gamation of our
den forms an 1

mnumeril 1
the Iwaif and
M which ha'\e

al

-fear

1 1 1 ave

come mostly froi 11 1 1 u a Italian

Cinnas also as 1 1 flow lelC nua The flow
ers are characterized by s tt ii 1 flowing iiis like
outi nes but they aie short live I Of this ela s
are the varieties Italia (Fig. 3d0), Austria, BTivaiia,
Burgundia, America, Pandora, Burbankand others.
For a sketch of the evolution of the garden Cannas,
see J. G. Baker, Journ. Roy. Hort. Soc, Jan., 1894;
also, Bailey, Plant-Breeding, 140 ; also, particu-
larly for the history of the Italian race. Revue
Horticole, 1895, 516, and Gardeners' Chronicle,
Dec. 14, 1895.

Thp culture of Oiinnns is simple and easy. They

give three times that
plant. Pick the flowers
prevent tli.' formation ..f

room to a single
soon as they wilt, to
•ds (which causes the

CANNA

ult if starte 1 in pots, so that the plant is R-12 in. high
at plantingtimt The commercial Cauna plants arc gnnvn
mostly in pot If one has sufficient ro..t~, liowrvir, it
IS better not to cut so close, but to leave -i \ . r;.l -ticng
buds on each piece (as shown in Pig. Xt\ i. I'li.^r ],i,r,-s
may be plante 1 directly in the ground, altlmugh more
certam results are to be secured by starting them in the
house in boxes or pots. If «trong effects are desired,
particularly in shrub borders, it is well to plant the en-
tire stool In the fall, when the plants are killed by
frost and the tops have dried a few days, dig the roots,
and let them dry as if they were potatoes.
Then store them on shelves in a cellar
\1 I will keep Irish or round potatoes
11 Take care that the roots do not be-
come too warm, particularly be-
* fore cold weather sets in ; nor

^J- too moist. Well cured roots

^ from well matured plants usu-

ally keep without difficulty.

Cannas are commonly used
only in formal beds, but most
excellent effects may be se-
cured by scattering them singly
or in very small clumps in the
hardy border or amongst shrub-
bery. Against a heavy back-
ground of green, the gaudy
flowers show to their best, and
the ragged effect of the dying
I not noticed. They also make
uUent center-pieces for formal beds.
■^ Tie tall-growing Cannas, with small and
\ I ite flowers, have given way almost

wholly to the modem race of Crozy or
^ French dwarf Cannas, which usually

remain under 4 ft. high, and give an
abundance of large early flowers. The Canna al-
wa\s must be used for bold planting effects, be-
c luse the flowers have not sufficient durability to
I p usef il as cut flowers. As individual blooms,
the flowers are not usually attractive, but they are
showy and interesting In the mass and at a dis-
t moe The new race of Italian or Placcida Cannas
I IS more attractive flowers, but even these are
most useful when on the plant. Of varieties there
are legion and many new ones are imported each
■sear chiefly from France; and there are so many
new aspirants each year that it is not worth while
to enumerate varieties in a cyclopedia.

The garden Cannas are now. so much varied and
inter-bred that it is no longei- possible to classify
them by the characters of the species. One of the
best classiflcatory schemes is the following ( adapted
from Q.C. III. 14:432):
I. Tall varieties.
A. Foliage green.

B. Self-colored varieties.

c. Minor flower-segments narrow.
00. Minor flower-segments broad.
BB. Bioolor forms, in which the lip is of a dif-
ferent color from the other segments.
Divided into c and cc, as above.
isBB. Spotted varieties. Including c and oc, as
above.
BBBB. Blotched varieties. Including o and cc.
BBBRB. Margined varieties. Including o and oo.
AA. Foliage purple. Divisions as under A.
11. Dwarf varieties. Divisions as under I.

To many of the garden f"vm« aivl livt.ri.l-' -iie-

.f C:

apte

"III Mieygrow. Commonly,

< '' ■ I III. I II,' the-iQBlstocJs This

n,.,i i.iri, 1- :i 1,1 MM In i,i.i. . « i:ii njany_large buds.. If
stuck is not abuniLaiit. as niaTiy plants may be made from
a rootstock as there are buds, although the weak buds
produce weak plants. Leave as much tissue as possible
With uach bud. These 1-bud parts usually give best re-

formosa, G ; full,
conieefoUa, U ;

■d for are : aurantiaea, 14; minn-
; cinnabarina,6; coccinea, fl; eom-
a, 13; crocea, 14; densifolta, 5; dc
I!); divaricata, 20; edulis, S; Ehren-

'.I ; iTcelsa, 20 ; exigna, 5 ; Fintel-
-'1 ; flavescens, 5; floribunda, 4;

1^: .rti.nitea. 7; glauca, 10; heli-
-liia, u; Indica, 1; iridiflora, 22;

l(fta,i Lngunfntis 14
latifolia 7, hptuoheilei,
23 , limbata, i , loiigifoho
14, maoophi/tla 7, m
Mntitziana 14 NepaUn
entihs ) pallid I U p

CANNA iJSy

Var flav^BCens, Baker (C fin i( seen s Link) Upper
staminodia and tlip lip entireh \ellow -With C orien-
tali6 proha.hU ).. 1. n. < ./ n^ih.liu, Ehienbeigi
huinilis and pnl li i i t I n. hi

6 coccinea, "Milli ) i' inim WiUd ) Stem slender,
-(, ff l\ I ii_. 1 tli in those of C /»(?((•«, oblong

thickness

1 tndica, Lmn Indu
Shot Stem blendei gl
brous, green, 3-5 ft Iv
oblong and acute, green
half as broad as long (3
ft long) racemes simple
and lax, some ot the fls
in pairs, the bracts green
and nearly orbicular fls
small , sepals oblong and
green % m long, petals

lanceolate, pale green about 1)^ in long , o ui (.t
stammodia bright red entire, 2 in long but u ii
row lip linear, red yellow, spotted with red cap
sule globose, 1 m m diam W Indies and Gu

2 Limberti, Lmdl Stem stout, green and gla
brous 12-14 ft Ivs oblong, green, acute raceme
simple or forked, lax and few fld , the bracts large
and oblong, green sepals lanceolate pale green,
J^in long, petals lanceolate, 2 in long, reddish,
stammodia entire scarcely longer than the petals,
bright crimson , lip bright crimson capsule oblong,
large W Ind , S Amer

if Fmtelmanm, Bouch6 Stem green and glau
cous 4-5 ft Its oblong and acute, green and
glaucous raceme tew fld nnd 1 1\ the biacts green
and oblong sepals oblong ',m gieen, petals Ian
ceolate, pale green, Vz-m stammodia obtuse and
entire, 2-3 in , yellow , lip oblanceoiate, yellow,
mottled red capsule large Trop Amer ?— Pos
sibly a hybrid of C glama and C Jndiea C
SchlechtendahliAna , Bouch^, is similar, but has the
stammodia spotted red

DD Lip emaigtnate

4 patens, Roscoe Stem slender, green and gl i
brous, 4-5 ft Ivs oblong and acute liiecn the
lower 1 ft long raceme few fld , siiiii 1. mil 1 i\
the bracts orbicular and green, thi tl ^m.I. i in
pairs fls small, petals lanceoliti ] il( _i .n
about IMm long, upper stainiuddi Ijii^lit i..l
entire,2in long, and narrow , lipbiuhticd jlUow
with minute led dots capsule (^.lobose, 1 in in
diam Trop Amer B M 454 as C Inclica Italia C;

Var limbita, Baker (f limhdtn Roscoe C
auieo vittdta, Li>(\i\ i T ppni st iiiiiniidn liiif,ht red with*
border of bright \< 11"\\ — I >' /m/ >/s I ik* i would refei
the following ( // ii'iiii/i lilt , uiiatit satiiiate
rubra, Sellowii ^/' I il :li I i t, i^ minyata and
ventncosa oi Boui ]\i ( uiiihiililis Kosi oe, has only
2 stammodia, petU like

5 orientalis, Roscoe Stem slender glabrous 3-4 ft
Ivs. oblong lanceolate, a foot or more long . raceme lax,
simple or forked, the bracts oblong : sepals oblong-
lanceolate, green, J^in. or less long ; petals lanceolate,
greenish, IJ^in. long; upper staminodia 2Kin- or less
long, bright red, often emarginate; lip red-yellow ; cap-
sule globose and very small. Old World tropics.

long, staminodia f

\cllow, lip oblanceolatt , pi uu -vellow capbulo
globose small S Brazil B M 2323 -Probably
not m cult

9 *diihs Kc r ( ' ' ( ' , f« T odd ) Rootstock
thick iiid ' 'III I ' ' -1-' ft , purple Ivs.
oblon., .1 n I I I ui; raceme lax,
forked c.i nii| III imrs, bracts or-
biculu oi "II n_ I il M 11^ Unceolate, Kin.
long, tinned with rtd , jh t ils lanceolate, lK-2
m stammodia entire or emarginate 2Hin long,
bright red or orange , hp bright red or yellow red :
capsule large Trop Amer B M 2498 -Starch
IS procuied from the roots and for this purpose
the plint IS widel> cult m the tropics

10 glaiica, Lmn Stem gieen and glaucous 5-6
ft hs .,rieu ind glaucoi s, oblong Unceolate and
M r\ u utc t ijiering both ways (the middle of the
lilidt iImiiiI 4 m wide) raceme Itx simple or
turki d s, |iils Unceolate, green Y.m lonf, , petals
1 lui Hol iti \ 1 How green, lK-2 m stammodia en-
tire 2' -J in yellow, not spotted , lip linear emar-
ginate palejellow capsule oblong, lH-2 m long.

nna Tmii Amer — The C longifnUa, Mexicana and

stiildiiifi >a of Bouch^ belong here

I ( il s film and papery

11 heliconiaefdlia Biiui lit- Stem 6-8 ft Its oblong,

green, 2-3 tt Imu m snul.hn,^ those ot -fft!(C0Hirt) fls.

in I panicle till nil d ut si \ ei il lax racemes, sepals lan-

ceolite yim lon^, petils Uui colate, Km long, colored ;

stimmodia not much lougci than the petals, scarlet, lip

scarlet capsule ellipsoidal, latge Mex

BB. Two upper staminodia petal-like.

c. Stem u-oolly-pubescent.

12. lanugindsa, Roscoe. Stem green, woolly, 4-6 ft.:

Ivs. oblong, acute, green : raceme las, few-fld., simple

240

CANNA

or forked, the bracts obtuse, small and green : sepals
lanceolate, green, !4in. or less long ; petals lanceolate,
IK in. long, tinged with red ; staminodia entire, red or
red-yellow ; lip the same color, oblanceolate and emar-
ginate. Brazil.

cc. Stem glabrous.
D. Leaves green.
1.3. comptlcta, Roscoe. Stem stout and green : Ivs.
broad, oblong and acute : raceme simple and many-fld.,
dense : sepals lanceolate, Kin. long ; petals unequal,
lanceolate. 1^ in. loner, red-vellow : staminodia slightlv
cniarginate VA-2 m lonf, bright crimson Lp emar
ginate red vellovv Ir p \nier

.' / ,''^^*}

351, stool of Canna, showing how it may be divided,

14. mtea, Miller. Stem slender and green, 3-4 ft. :
Ivs. oblong and acute : raceme las, simple or forked,
the small green bracts oblong and obtuse ; sepals green-
ish, oblong, Kin.; petals lanceolate, pale green, X-V/i
In. long ; staminodia pale yellow, often emarginate,
lK-2 in. long ; lip linear, pale yellow, emarginate.
Trop. Amer.

Var. pAUida, Roscoe. Staminodia and lip pale yellow,
spotted red.

Var. aurantiaca, Hosooe (C Tinei, Todaro). Petals
tin^'cil nil ; -i i im n. m I ,;, ri-d-yellow ; lip red-yellow and
i'i'i-l'"ii 'i i ' ' :ire to be referred C.eommu-

'"'".'■" 1/ ""'(.and J?oscoeano, of Bouch^

('. f/-.;..,,. 1.:,^,; . , /,/.//( Hcn.sis, Liudl. ; C. maculata
Link ; <J. iniirnnuriiii , anlphurea and vitellina, of Hora-
ninow.

15. vari(lbilis,Willd.(C.cn'rnca, Roscoe). Stemgreen
3-4 ft. : Ivs. oblong and acute : raceme simple and lax
the small bracts oblong and obtuse : sepals lanceolate,
green. Kin. long ; petals lanceolate, IK in. long, pali
green ; staminodia pale red, entire ; lip linear and entire
Brazil.

16. specidsa, Rr.'-rr..- ir h'pi^.ri,,)ir, nn.) jinhnn.'ri-i:ln,

Bouch^ ). Stem L't f ■' '■ t! I- l,-M-i,i ,J,i,,r-, :;, :i',

flS. in a (Irrply l..i . . ., • .1 : |. ,1 . I, ■ . l-i

lanceolate, ■',, in. l-i , , !■ ■ i- i I , i- :.! I :,,h>'i w;,m > , j m
long, pale red ; si:Miitiii,il i:i ,; m. Jun-, riuar-iiiuK'. lin;;li
red ; lip emarginate, bright red-yellciw. Himalayas.
B.M. 2317.- C.iV'epa(^nst«, Wall., has 3 upper staminodia.

DD. Lvs. bronze or brown, at least on the margins.

17. polyolida, Wawra. Stem tall and slender : lvs.
oblong and acute, base rounded, brown-edged : fls.
(often in pairs) in a long, much-branched panicle, the
bracts nearly orbicular ; .sepals lanceolate. Kin. long ;
petals lanceolate and unequal, the longest 2 in., tinged
red ; staminodia acute, not longer than the petals, bright
crimson ; lip oblanceolate, the claw yellow-spotted, the
limb bright crimson. Brazil,

CANTERBURY BELL

18. Warscewiczii, Dietr. Stem claret-purple and
glaucous, 3-4 ft. : lvs. oblong and acute, more or less
claret- or bronze-tinged : raceme simple and rather
dense, with ovate, brown, glaucous bracts : sepals lance-
oblong. Kin., glaucous ; petals lanceolate, 2 in. long,
reddish and glaucous ; staminodia ( sometimes 3) entire
or nearly so, 2K-3 in. long, bright scarlet ; lip oblan-
ceolate, emarginate, bright scarlet. Costa Rica. B. M.
4854.

19. discolor, Lindl. Stem stout, 6-10 ft., purple and
glaucous : lvs. broad-oblong, acute, brown-tinted, the
lower ones sometimes 3 ft lont, fl !. in a deeply forked
panicle of la\ racemes the brae t mall and orbicular ;

riteolatt Kin long (.rien ; petals lanceolate,
M in lont, pale grien stamino lia entire, 2K in. long,
rit,ht n d lip luueolati and emarginate, brick-red.
1 rop Anitr

\& Di If los —CoioVa tubt short: upper stami-
n (ha -iuppteised,

0 pamculita Ruiz & I a\ {C. denud&ta, Roscoe.
J- I I \ 11 ( tlnaruAta Klotsch). Stem tall
111 Under t,lHl lous hs oblouf, md acute, green and
glabrous raienies la\ di po td in a large panicle;
( pals lanctolate Km long petals lanceolate, yellow-
kRcn 2-3 m long lip rather longer than the petals,
crimson S Brazil

\\A Ft K^ST^Lts —Corolla tube Z-^H in. long: S
staminodia prodiited (.laued lip orbicular.

>\ flAccida Sahsb {C Seetesii Lindl.). Stemgreen
and {,labrous 4-) ft \er> leafy below: lvs. oblong-
1 inccolate gretn raceme simple lax and few-fld., the
bruts vtry small sepals lanceolate, 1 in. long, green ;
lorolla lob(s luKtolate and rifle \cd, nearly as long as
the tube, (upper famine dia obovate, sulfur-yellow,
2-3 in. long by 1 in. broad ; lip large, yellow. Swamps,
S. Car. to Pla., near the coast. L.B.C. 6: 562.-Useful
for its good habit and iris-like fls.

AAAA. ACHIRIDIA. — Tube of corolla and staminodia as
long as the blade : fls. large and pendulous.

22. iridifldra, Ruiz & Pav. Stem green, 6-10 ft. : lvs.
oblong, bright green, slightly pubescent beneath : ra-
cemes paniculate, drooping : sepals lanceolate, 1 in.
long, green ; corolla lobes lanceolate, red-brown, 2Kin.
long ; 3 upper staminodia somewhat longer than the
corolla lobes, obovate, nearly or quite 1 in. broad, rose-
crimson ; lip narrow, deeply emarginate, rose-crimson.
Andes of Peru. B.M. 1968. R.H. 1861: 110.

23. liliifldra, Warscew. Stem robust, green, 8-10 ft.:
lvs. many, oblong, green, 3-4 ft. long, spreading from
the stem at a right angle : fls. in a corymbose panicle ;
sepals linear, as long as the tube of the corolla ; corolla
lobes lanceolate, 2-3 in. long, pale green, the tube of
equal length ; 3 upper staminodia white, united into a
tube for half their length, the blade obovate and spread-
ing; lip oblanceolate, as long as the staminodia. Colom-
bia. R.H. 1884:132. P. S. 10: 105,'>-6.-A fine species.
The white fls. finally become tinged with brovm ; loni-
cera-scented. l. H. B.

CANNABIS (the ancient Greek name). Urtic&cem.
Hrmp. A single species, probably native to central Asia,
anil imw widely cult, as a liber plant. Hemp is also grown

Ml I :i iMiiillv as an crnainental plant, being grown from

I .1 I ! iiiated as a lialf-liardy annual. It makes ex-

:!.i I . II I ns inreiii.itii.lai'es. It thrives best in a rich,

riiiii r 111. list siiil. C. sativa, Linn., is the only species,

dens, the form known as ( ', ,ii,i,nii:,i is commonest; this
reaches a height of in ti. .iml iin.r. . The seeds are usu-
ally sown where the plants air i.i stand; but if quick
effects are wanted, they may lie started indoors in pots or
boxes. Hemp is diercious. The .staniinate fls. are in
axillary panicles, and have 5 sepals and 5 drooping sta-
mens. The pistillate fls. are in short spikes, with 1 sepal
folding about the ovary. Lvs. digitate, with 5-7 nearly
linear, coarse-toothed leaflets. The plant is annual,
roughish and strong-smelling. l. H. B.

CAHTEBBUBY BELL, See Campamtla Medium.

CANTUA

CANTITA (from Cantu, Peruvian name). PolemoniA-
ce(B. Ten species of South American flowering slinibs
witli very variable foliage and showy, tubular fls. of va-
rious colors. C. buxifolia is cult, out of doors in S.Calif.,
and is recommended in Europe as a coolhouse shrub.
Probably no tenderer than Fuchsias. Prop, by cuttings.

btmldlia, Lam. ( ('. d, i^f'mh us. Pers.). Much branched
shrub, about i ft. lii^'h ; l.iaii.lns more or less downy:
Ivs. very variable. ^-.iicriiHy <.l,lMn:.--obovate, acute, taper-
ing at the base, eiifin' or siirat.-. downy or glabrous :
fls. 5-8, drooping vertically, in a kind of leafy, termi-
nal corymb ; calyx pale, membranous, green-streaked,
5-toothed, a fourth shorter than the corolla tube ; corolla
long-funnel-shaped, the tube 2>-2in. long, red, usually
streaked ; limb of fringed, obcordate, crimson lobes :
stamens included. Peru. B.M. 4.582. P. S. 7:650. R.H.
1858, p. 294. — One of the choicest of European green-
house plants. Very liable to red spider in our climate.

C bicolor, hem. Distinguished from the above by the entire
Ivs., which are shorter, abnut 1 in. long, and the solitary fls., with
a short, yellow tube, tlie liiuli not fringed. The lis. droop, but
not vertically. Peru. B.M. 47'.''J. F..'^. 4:343. Probably less de-
sirable than the above.— <'. p^jrifolia, Pers. Lvs. generally
broader and more toothed tlum in C. bicolor: fls. as many as 17,
in an erect, terminal, compound corymb ; calyx red-tipped,
nearly half as long as the yellow corolla tube : corolla about
long, with a white limb : stamens long, exserted. Peru.
"- "3.4:383. -nr. M.

CAPE

Treated
Bidh.s.

CAPSICUM

241

CAPE GOOSEBEEEY

CAPE PONDWEED. See

Aponogeion.

_ CAPEE. See Capparis.
L'aper-spurge,see .BnpAor-
hia Lathyms.

CAPPAEIS (Greek, coper).
Caper-bush, or Caper Tree.
Cappariddcece. Capers are
pickles made by preserving
the flower buds of C. spinosa,
a straggling shrub which
grows out of old walls, rocks,
and rubbish in Mediterranean
regions and India. Also rarely
cult, as a greenhouse flowering
shrub. The genus is large and
polymorphic, and none of its
relatives are familiar north.
Prop, by cuttings in green-
and by seeds south.
spindsa, Linn. Spiny shrub,
3 ft. high : lvs. roundish or
ovate, deciduous : fls. borne
singly, alternately, and fading
before noon ; sepals 4 ; petals
4, oblong, clawed, wavy, white,
IHin. long: stamens 40-50:
filaments purple above, per-
haps the chief beauty of the
plant. B.M. 291. -What seems
to be the long style
with a short, un-
opened stigma, is
really the elon-
352. Capriola Dactylon. Nat. size. f^^^<^ ^to'^^^d^ by
the pistil, which has no style and a minute stigma.

CAPBIFOHUM. See Lonicera.

CAFElOLA (the wild goat, which feeds upon this
grass). Gramt)ie(F. Low, creeping perennials, with
short, flat leaves and slender spikes, which spread out at
the apex into flnger-like branches. Spikelets 1-fld.,
awnless, sessile, in two rows along one side of a slender,
continuous axis. Glumes 3, the first 2 narrow, keeled,
usually acute, empty; the third or floral glume broader
and usually a little longer than the empty ones. Species
4. One distributed throughout the tropical and warmer
temperate regions of the world.

D&ctylon, Kuntze {Ci/iiorloH Ddctylon. Pers.). Ber-
muda Grass. Pig. 352. A widely dispersed grass, with
a creeping haliit of growth, extending rapidly over the
surface of the ground and rooting at the joints. Used
extensively in the south for lawn-makiug, where Ken-
tucky blue grass and the bent grasses cannot be success-
fully grown. Except in the far south, however, it is not
a desirable lawn grass, as it quickly turns brown upon
the approach of cold weather, and is rather late in be-
coming green in the spring. A variety known as St. Lucie
Grass is regarded as a more desirable form for lawns
than the species. Experiments made in central Michi-
gan by Beal seem to show that Bermuda Grass is val-
uable to mix with June grass for a l,iwn where the
soil is rather thin, the June grass occupying the soil
from early spring until hot, dry weather, when the Ber-
muda covers the ground. In the cool autumn, June grass
appears again at the surface. p_ ^ jj^^^-^DV.

CAFSICUH (name of uncertain origin, perhaps from
kapto, to bite, on account of the pungency of the seed or
pericarp; or from capsa, a chest, having reference to the
form of fruit). Solandcew. Red Pepper. Cayenne
Pepper. Herbs or shrubs, originally from trop. Amer.,
but escaped from cultivation in Old World.tropics, where
it was once supposed to be indigenous. Stem branchy,
1-ti ft. high, glabrous or nearly so : lvs. ovate or subel-
liptical, entire, acuminate: fls. white or greenish white,
rarely violaceous, solitary or
sometimes in 2's or 3's ;
corolla rotate, usually 5-
lobed ; stamens 5, rarely 6
or 7, with bluish anthers de-
biscinglongitudinally ;ovary ]
originally 2-3-loculed : fr.
a juiceless beiTy or pod,
extremely variable in form
and size, many-seeded, and
with more or less pungency
about the seeds and peri-
carp. Pig. 353. The fruit be-
comes many-loculed and
monstrous in cultivation. 353. Normal 2-loculed fruit o£
About 90 species have been Capsicum, in cross section.
named, most of which are

now considered forms of one or two species. Monogr. by
Irish, 9th Ann. Eept. Mo. Bot. Gard. For culture, see
Pepper.

A. Annual or hiennlal.

innuum, Linn. Herbaceous or suffrutescent, grown as
annuals in temperate climates, but in warmer latitudes
often treated as biennials. All of the leading commer-
cial varieties in the United States readily find cla,ssifica-
tion within the types or botanical varieties. The species
has never been found wild.

B. Fruit oblong-linear.

c. Calyx usually embracing base of fruit.

Var. conoldes, Irish (C. conoldes. Miller). Suffrutes-
cent: lvs. numerous, rather small, 2-3 in. long, %-2 in.
wide: peduncles slender, straight, erect; fls. small; calyx
obconical or cup-shaped, usually embracing base of fruit;
corolla greenish white, spreading, %-%in. : fr. erect, sub-
conical or oblong cylindrical, about IJiin. long or less,
usually shorter than the peduncles and mostly borne
above the lvs., very acrid. Coral Gem, Tabasco.

Var. fascicuiatum, Irish (C. fascicuUtnm, Sturt.).
Stem herbaceous, round or nearly so: branches few: lvs.
clustered or crowded in bunches about the summit, ellip-
tical-lanceolate, pointed at both ends : fr. also clustered,
erect, slender, about 3 in. long by Min. in diam., very
acrid. This is the Eed Cluster Pepper.

242

CAPSICUM

Var. acuminitum, Fingerh. (C. ChiUnse, Hort.). Her-
baceous, very branchy, about 2Hft. high, bearing a dense
mass of foliage: fl. 'medium size, spread %-%in.: fr.
larger than the preceding, either erect or pendent.
Chile. Long Cayi'iiiic.

CC. Catl/J- h.'l /''■'/ -,..'./.;'-,"; I.nxr i:! frldt.

Var. Ifingum, ^> i ; ' - ' " ! -: n. r. Inni/ion,
DC). Plants I .1 tii^li. Willi com-
paratively few I. r !h -: I'.-. l:ir-i . "llrri 4 ill. long by

23^in.wide: fl. large; coi-ulla s|.r-ca,liiig, "„-lJ-4in., dingy
white ; calyx usually pateriform or funnel-form, rarely
embracing base of fruit: fr. often a foot long by 2 in. in
diam. at base ; flesh thick and in some varieties very
mild. Black Nubian, County Fair, Elephant's Trunk,
Ivory Tusk

BB Flint of xaiious shapa hut not oblong linear
Var grdssum feendt (C grdssiim Linn ) Fig 354
Herbaceous about 2 ft high with few branches Ivs
ver> large often 3 by 5 in sometimes coriaceous lower
ones usually pendent petioles deeply channeled pe
duncles stout il out 1 in long coiolla large spreading,
%-Vi\n 1 1 I 1 1 ite oblong or truncated 3-4

lobecl u 1 lipression more or less sulcate

and lu I turn and of a mild flavor Em

peroi M II I ^\\ (■ Mfiintiin Polden Dawn,

CARAGANA

base of fruit ; corolla often with ocherous markings in the
throat : fr. red, obtuse -or oblong-acuminate, %-lHin.
long, M-%in. in diam., very acrid. — Cultivated only in
the south, as the seasons in temperate latitudes are not
long enough to mature the fruit.

Var. baccatum,
Iri.sh (C. baev&titm.
Linn,). Plants not
as tall, but more
erect than the spe-
cies : branches slen-
der, fastigiate, flex-
uose: corolla small,

354. Foliaee and flowers oi Capsicum annuum

Ruby Kmg Golden King Brazilian Upright Golden

Upright bquash

Var abbrevia turn 1-1 n ili i' '' )/»»» Veil G
luteiim 1 1111 I s,,,tiri,, i ll\ ovate 2-4 in

long III lull li I 1! I I I I 1 aslongasor

longei th m tilt 1hii\ li 1 ii m I odorless vary

turbinate While this \ arietj is used to some extent for
pickling, it IS noted more as an ornamental plant. Celes
tial, Etna, Kaleidoscope, Red Wrinkled, Yellow Wrinkled.

Var. cerasifbrme, Irish {C. cerasifirme. Miller). Fig.
355. Suffrutescent : Ivs. medium size, ovate or oblong
acuminate, about l>i-3J^in.: calj-x seated on base of
fruit ; corolla large, spreading, %-lKin.: fr. spherical,
subcordate, oblate, or occasionally obscurely pointed or
slightly elongated, smooth or rarely minutely rugose or
sulcate ; flesh firm, one-twelfth-^in. thick, extremely
pungent. Cherry, Yellow Cherry, Oxheart.
AA. Perennial.

frutfiBcens, Linn. Fig. 356. Shrubby, perennial, 3-6 ft.
high, with prominently angled or somewhat channeled
stem and branches: branches loosely spreading or trail-
ing: Ivs. broadly ovate acuminate, 3-6 in. long, 2-3Kin.
wide : peduncles slender, 1-2 in. long, often in pairs, usu-
ally longer than the fruit; calyx cup-shaped, embracing

round, about Hin.
diam.

H. C. Irish.

CAEAGANA ( Car-
ayan, its Mongolian
name). Leijuiniiibs(e.
Pea Tree. Shrubs
or small trees : Ivs.
deciduous, abruptly
pinnate, often with
spiny - pointed and

persistent rachis ; Ifts. small, entire, mucronulate ;
stipules deciduous or spiny and persistent : fls. papilio-
naceous, axillary, solitary or fascicled, usually yellow :
fr. a linear pod. About 20 species from S. Russia to
China. Ornamental shrubs, with handsome yellow fls.,
appearing late in spring or early in summer ; quite
hardy, except a few Himalayan species. They grow in
almost any soil, but best in a sandy soil and sunny
position, and are well adapted for shrubberies. C. ar-
borescens is the only one which grows into a small tree,
and is of upright habit, like C. frittescens, which is about
half as high and more graceful ; all the other species
are low shrubs, of usually spreading habit. Prop, by
seeds sown in fall or in spring ; if kept dry during the
winter, soaking in tepid water for 2 or 3 days before
sowing will be of advantage ; also, increased by root-
■uttings and layers, or by grafting on seedling stock of
' '. arborescens in spring.

A. Lfts.S-18: rachis of the Ivs. deciduous.

arborfiscens, Lam. Shrub or small tree, to 20 ft. : Ifts.
s-12, obovate or oblong, sparsely pubescent beneath or
ijlabrous at length, ]4-l in. long : fls. 2-4, pale or bright
vollow, %in. long ; pedicels usually longer than the fls.
Jlay, June. Siber., Manchuria.— There are some varie-
ties, of which var. p6ndula, Hort., with pendulous
branches, is the most remarkable ; it should be grafted
high.

microphyUa, Lam. {C. Alta
Qfino, Poir.). From 4-6 ft. : Ifts
12-18, obovate, pubescent wh
young, one-sixth-K in. Ion

fls. 1 or 2, yell

pedicel about as long as the H
Siber., China. L. B.C.
11 : 1064. — Under this
name a dwarf form of
the former is often cul-
tivated.

AA. Leaflets Z-i.
B. Bachis of the Ivs. de-
ciduous: pedicels as
long as or longer
than the fls.

frutsscens, DC. (C-
friiter, C. Koch). Fig.
357. From 6-10 ft. : Ifts.
4, approximate, nearly
digitate, cuneate,obovate
or oblong, rounded or
emarginate at the apex,
glabrous, ^-1 in. long : fls. solitary, %-l in. long, yel-
low. May. S. Russia to China. Gt. 10:348. S.B.F.Q.
3:227.— Var. grandifldra, Hort. Fls. somewhat larger:
Ifts. usually large and broad.

CABDIANDRA

243

els shorter

Ch&mlagu, Lam. Shrub, 2-4 ft.: spines long: Ifts. 4,
in 2 somewhat remote pairs, chartaceous, obovate, emar-
ginate or rounded at the
apex,glabrous,H-/4 in. long:
fls. solitary, reddish yellow,
IMin. long. May. N. China.

pygmsea, DC. One to 3
ft.: spines short, Jiin.: Its.
nearly sessile ; Ifts. 4, ap-
proximate and almost digi-
tate, cuneate, linear-elliptic
or linear-lanceolate, gla-
brous, X-;-a in. long: fls.
solitary, Jiin. long, golden
yellow. Cauc. to Siber.
and Thibet. B. R. 12: 1021.
-Grafted high on C. ario-
resceiis, it forms a graceful,
standard tree, with pendu-
lous branches.

grandifldra, DC. Similar
to the former. Lfts. cuneate-
oblong : fls. IJiin. long ;
calyx gibbous at the base.
Cauc. — Under this name
mostly a variety of C. fnttes-
cens is cultivated.

C. Altagdna, Polr.=C.micro-
phylla.— C arborescetis arena-
ria, Hort.=C. microphylla.— O.
arenaria, Dipp.=C. aurantiaca,
Koehue.— C. arenaria, Loud.,
see C. cuneifolia.— C. auranti-
Aca, Koehne. Allied to C. pyg-
msBa Fls or-lnge yellow calyx
as long as broad ovary gHbrous inher —O brevisplna ^oyle
Spme!,2-Jm long lfts 12-16 pubesi-ent fls 2-4 on a common
peduncle Him^l P P & 2 184 -C cuneifdha Dipp (C Re
dowikii Hort not DC) Probably var of (- arborescens Stip
ules spiny lfts small cuneate pedicels shorter pubescent
seeds brown spotted bHck C arenaria Loud (B M 1886)
seems to be the same —C frutex C Koch=C frutescens— O
Oerai diAna Eoj le Spmes lJ^-2 in long stipules large scan
ous Itts 8-12 densely pubescent fls 1-2 short pedicelled
Himal-a gracilis Hort = C pygmrei-C jubata Pall
Branches spiny villous thick with rounded Ivs stipules
large scinous Itts ^-11) mIIous beneath Ms whitish short
pedicelled &iber P S 19 'llH L B C 6 522 G.t 10 331 A
very distinct and cunous looking species hardy — C Mediii
st« Hort notDC =cuneifohl Dip\)— 0 sprndso DC Spines
1 in long Itts 4 rarely more approximate cuneate lanceolate
glabrous fls solitary short pedicelled Siber —0 spmoslsstma
C K.och = C spmosa — O tragacantho\des Poir Spiny lfts
4-B cuneate oblong pubescent fls solitary short pedicelled
calyx villous pubescent Himal — C triflbra Lmdl =C brevi
B^\n&—0 vulgaris Hort =C arborescens

Alfred Rehder

CAEAMBOLA. See.4!frr7ioa.

CAEAWAY (CArtm Cdrni, Linn.). UmbelUfero!.
A biennial or annual herb grown for its seeds, which
are used in flavoring bread, cakes and cheese ; also oc-
casionally for the young shoots and leaves, which are
eaten. It grows a foot or two high, has finely-cut, pin-
nately compound foliage, and small white "flowers in
umbels. It is of the easiest culture. The seed is usu-
ally sown in spring and the crop of seed taken the fol-
lowing year. It thrives in any garden soil. The plant
occasionally runs wild. See Garum.

CAEB£NIA (name of doubtful meaning). Conipds-
ita. Blessed Thistle. A monotypio genus allied to
Centaurea, and distinguished from it botanically by
involucre, achenes, pappus and anthers. Its habit in
the garden is very different from the Bachelor's But-
tons, being thistle-like, and moi-e interesting than orna-
mental. A hardy annual, low-growing herb, rough,
branching and pilose. Once thought to counteract poi-
son. Culture easy. Fit for wild gardens and rockeries.

benedicta, Adans. (Cirduus henedlctus , Authors.
Cnicus benedlchis, Linn. Centaurea benedicta, Linn.).
Fig. 358. Height2ft. : Ivs. alternate, sinuate-pinnatifld,
the lobes and teeth spiny: fls. terminal, yellow, 1 in.
wide. Mediterranean regions and Caucasus. Sometimes
cult. ; also rarely seen in waste places of southern Atlantic
states and Calif, as a weed adventive from Eu.

CAEDAMINE (Greek name of a cress). Crticlferce.
Small perennials growing in low, rich land, blooming in
spring or early summer. Petals obovate or spatulate ;
pods linear and straight, the wingless seeds in 1 row.

pratfinsis, Linn. Cuckoo Flower. Plant slender and
usually glabrous, 12-20 in., somewhat branched : Ivs.
pinnately divided; lfts. of root Ivs. small and rounded
(Yz in. or less across), those of the upper stem-lvs. ob-
long or even linear and entire or somewhat toothed :
fls. )4. in. long, in a corymb, white or rose-color, pretty.
Eu. and Amer., in the northern parts. — In the gardens
it is chiefly known in the doul.>le-fld. form, which prob-
ably has been obtained from European rather than
American sources. There are other forms of it. It is
an excellent little plant to grow in moist places, particu-
larly along creeks and about springs. It is also useful
in drier places, as in rockeries.

angul4ta, Hook. Erect, 1-2 ft. high: Ivs. 3-5-f olio-
late, the lfts. ovate or oblong and the middle one usu-
ally coarsely toothed : fls. rather large, white, in short,
few-fld. racemes. Mts. of Ore. and Wash. -Int. 1881 by
Gillett.

0. gemmdta, int. by Pilkington, 1892, is evidently Dentaria
macrocarpa. Xj.

CARDAMON. See A

CAEDIANDEA (Greek, heart, and manor stamen:
alluding to the shape of the anthers). SaxifragcLcem.
Low deciduous shrub, allied to Hydrangea, with alter-
nate, rather large Ivs. : fls. in terminal, loose corymbs,
small, those of the margin large, radiant and sterile.
One species in S. Japan and China. Tender and suffruti-
cose, thriving in any good garden soil ; best in a partly
shaded position. Prop, by greenwood cuttings under
glass.

altemifdlia, Sieb. & Zucc. 1-3 ft.: Ivs. broadly ellip-
tic to elliptic-lanceolate, tapering into a very short

244

CARDIANDRA

petiole, coarsely serrate, sparsely pilose, membrana-
ceous, 3-7 in. long : fls. white, tinged red. Summer.
S.Z. 66, 67. Alfked Rehder.

CAEDINAL FLOWER. Zobelia cardinalis.

/^:

CAREX

CAEDOON (CynAra Carduncuhis,l,mn.). A thistle-
like plant of southern Europe, cult, for the thick leaf-
stalk aud midrib. It is thought to be of the same spe-
cies as the artichoke, and to have been developed from
it by long cultivation and selection. The plant has been
introduced into South America, and has run wild exten-
sively on the pampas. Darwin writes that "no culti-
vated plant has run wild on so enormous a scale as the
Cardoon." From the artichoke it differs in taller and
more prickly growth and smaller heads. The Cardoon
is perennial, but it is not hardy, and is treated as an

annu ' ** e' ■- ~p--p -="-—=- p— u-'e-

ela s or in tl e op n 1 re tl [1 mt re to stai d
ri 1 f 1 Tl il t re

CAEDUUS Tor 6 be I

I la t ten poratt cl
the Stan nate i aked
le tl e p St Hate con

1 tpr St nf, cl 1 ps n con ers al out b 1 1 ngs and

lonL walls Ma y of th lo lai 1 sp es ar extellint

Is 1 1 t 1 O 1 r la e

Card

CAEDIOSPfiEMUM

white heart-shapr.i -
the pli

pind&cea. Thir
herbs, with alt
lfts.,aud small

I d hence
,sps) b,a-
t climbing

\mbs.
The most popular is the interesting Balloon \ ine, which
is a rapid-growing, tender annual, curious for its in-
flated seed-vessels.

HaUcAoabum, Linn. Fig. 359. Height, 10 ft.: stem
and branches grooved : balloons an inch or more thick.
E. and W. Indies. B.M. 1049.— A general favorite, es-
pecially with children. W. M.

362. Carex Morrowi.

H6rrowi, Boott. (C. Jnpdnica, Hort., not Thunb.
C. fcnufssma, Hort. C. acutifblia, nort.). Fig. 362.

CAREX

Lvs. stiff and evergreen, long-pointed, in
giirdeu form with a white band near either margin :
culm 1 ft., with a terminal staminate spike and two or
three slender pistillate spikes (1 in. long) from sheaths:
perigynium small and firm, somewhat exeurved, 2-
toothed, glabrous. Jap. 0.0.111.13:173. R.B. 20, p. 9.
—A very handsome plant, suited tor pots or the border.
The stiff, clean, white-edged foliage keeps in condition
for months, making the plant useful for decorations
in which pot-plants are used. It is perfectly hardy in
central New York, holding its foliage all winter. A use-
ful florists' plant.

teniria, Hort. [C. Unera, Hort.). Slender but stiff:
lvs. narrow, rolling more or less when dry: staminate
spikes long-stalked : pistillate spikes 1 or 2, short-
stalked, short, with few large-turgid, tapering, shining

CARICA

245

GaudichaudUna, Kunth (C. vulg&ris, Pries, var.
GaudichaiidiAna, Boott). Culms erect, 1-2 ft.: lvs. long
and grass-like : staminate tls. in terminal spikes ; pis-
tillate fls. in 2-3 cylindrical,
sessile or subsessile spikes : ^

perigynium lenticular, small, P''

very short beaked, obscurely 2- /

toothed, finely nerved, longer
than the narrow scale. Jap..
Austral., N. Zeal.-Useful for
bog planting.

Fr43eri, Andrews. Lvs. 1 in.
or more broad, stiff, but with
no midnerve, flat and thick,
evergreen : culm 16 in. or less
high, bearing at its summit a
single whitish spike which is
staminate at top : perigynium
ovoid, thin and -inflated. Rich
mountain woods, Va. B.M. 1391
as C. Fraseriana. — Rare, and a
very remarkable plant.

L. H. B.

CAEiCA (a geographical
name). Passiftorcicece. Papaw.
Small trees, mostly with un-
br:iu.he.l trunks, the juice
miliiv. Lvs. iii-ar the top of the

ously l.il,.-.l. soft, long-stalked:
plant usually dia-cious: fls. in
Tacemes from the leaf-axils, the
staminate funnel-shaped and
bearing 10 anthers on the throat,
the pistillate larger and with 5
distinct petals and 1 pistil with
5-rayed stigma. There are about
20 species, in tropical Amer.
They have somewhat the aspect
of palms. Under glass in frosty
countries, the common C. Pa-
paya is frequent, and
is grown for its foliage
and interesting habit
(FiL'. iiiW). In frost-
ier- r.,untries, this spe-
cie s is grown for its
fruit (Fig. 364), which
is oblong or egg-
shaped, a foot or so
long, orange - yellow
when ripe, thick-skin-
ned, with many small
black seeds. The young
fruit is cooked and
eaten, and the ripe
fruit is eaten by na-
tives.

L. H. B.
The soil most suited
for Caricas is a rich loam, having perfect drainage.
As the stem is succulent and tender, great care is nec-
essary to avoid bruising ; hence pot-grown plants are
much to be preferred to seedlings from the open
ground. Seeds should be selected from the best and
largest fruits and sown in a well-worked bed under a,
slight shade. If seeds are quite dry or old, they should
be soaked in warm water before sowing. The seed-
ling plants are delicate, and require close watching at
first to avoid damping-off. Soon as plants are well
up remove the shading, and after the third leaf ap-

361. Carex longirostris (

360. Carex lurida, one of the common boe species.

(Natural size.)
(I, staminate spike; 6, 6, pistillate_spikes.

perigynia and awl-like, rough-pointed scales. Probably
Japanese. -Cult, for its stiff foliage. Grows 18-30 in.
high. Allied to the N. Amer. C. bullata, Schk.

few weeks old, and have been shifted once into larger
pots, they may be set permanently outdoors in the
tropics. Caricas seldom branch, but usually grow up-
right like a palm, hence cuttings are not often avail-
able. Sometimes small branches form, and these may
be cut off and as readily rooted as most tropical deco-
rative plants, provided the cutting is not top young
and tender. In temperate climates, Caricas have been

246

CARICA

he fjood (Ifforativo plani

Q f„

both conserva-
, i;ilmate leaves

Hit. M-i.."t .-. 1 ,■ ■
iiWl llK.kr i: ;, „ ,

u \vitU:ili-lilli,ji AiUciiLi

viih perfect
, :. . Constant
uj.uriant srowtli

unJer these conditions, and
the planter will be amply re-
paid for his trouble by beau-
tiful, showy specimens as
uniciue and tropical-appearing

Cult, by E. N. Reasonek.

Papiya, Linn. Papaw.
Melon Papaw. JIelun Za-
POTE. Figs. 3C3, '.m. Tnink
reaching 20 ft.: Ivs, often i;
ft. across, palmatelv 7-lobed:
fr. 6-12 in. long and half as
thick, hanging from the lower
axils of the pistillate plant.
Trop. Amer., but widely natu-
ralized. Grows spontaneously
in the wild in S. Fla. B.M.
2898-9. A. G. 18: 1,37.- The

be polygamous (to bear
The fruit is used as a
vermifuge and a cosmetic. The juice of the fruit
or the macerated leaves, if rubbed on animal flesh,
make it very tender. It is best to roll the meat
and leaves together for a few hours. The fruits are
made into sauces or conserves, and are sometimes
eaten raw. The Papaw is variable. C. pyrifdrmis,
Hart., has pear-shaped fr. C. atroviolAcea, Hort.,
■with purple fr., is evidently only a form of it.

gricilis, Hort. Larger than C. Papaya, with
finely cut palmate Ivs. with pink veins. A form of C.
Papaijuf

Candamarc6usis, Hook. f. (C Cundinamarc(nsis ,
Lindl.). Lvs. numerous, dark green above and pale
beneath, pubescent below, circular-cordate in out-
line (V/i ft. across), 5-lobed to the middle, the lobes
more or less pinnatifld: fls. green and pubescent: fr.
small, obovoid and pointed, contracted at the base,
5-angled, golden yellow, 5-loculed. Equador. B.M.
6198.— "Probably the most hardy of all Papaws ;
makes rapidly a bold foliage plant, the sweet-scented
yellowish flowers being produced here all the year."
-FnUH-tsehi, S. CnUf.

querciSdIia, BLiith. tt Hook. {VasconcUla qu
mill, St. Hil.). Lvs. shaped like those of the
lish oak, paluiatfly ii-ncrved, ovate or
olate and sometimes obscurely cordate, th
undulate or inequally few-lobed, the lobes
obtuse or the lower ones acute. S. Braz.
and S.— "A quick-growing, hardy kind,
with small fruits, but its large halberd-
shaped leaves contain a higher percentage
of papaine, now much used in medicine
in preference to pepsin."— .francescAi.
L. H. B.

CABlSSA (aboriginal name). Apocynd-
cecc. About 20 very branchy spinose shrubs
of the tropics of Africa, Asia and Australia, cult, for
ornament or for the edible berry-like fr. Pis. white
solitary or in cymes ; lobes of calyx and corolla 5, the ")
stamens free and included in the throat, the ovary ?
loculed : lvs. opposite and thick, simple. In the Old
World sometimes cult, in warmhouses, but in this
country known only in the extreme S. Prop, by seeds
and cuttings of ripe wood.

Car4ndas,Linn. Caraunda. Christ's-Thorn. Evei
greeti shrub or small tree, with dark green
elliptic mucronate entire lvs., strong axillary spines
(which are often forked) and fragrant white fls. in clus
ters of 2-3, the corolla twisted to the left in the bud
fr. the size of a cherrv (1 in. in diam.), reddish, pleas
ant-tasted. India, L. B.C. 7: 663. -Reaches 20 ft. Half
hardy in central Fla. The fruits are eaten from the
hand when ripe, and pickled when green. Might serve
for hedges.

CARLUDOVICA

Arduina, Lara. Amatcngula. Maritzoula. Spines
strong, often 2 in. long : lvs. ovate and subcordate,
mucronate, glabrous and entire : fls. white, the corolla
twisted to the right in the bud. S. Afr.-A choice ever-
green shrub, rather hardy, with thick camellia-like lvs.,
very glossy: fls. large, fragrant, white, and borne pro-
fusely: fr. dark red, 1-lK
in. long, resembling in fla-
vor red raspberries, and
having a papery skin and
few small seeds. A fine
pot shrub. Well worth ex-
tensive planting in S. Fla.
and Calif. The fruit is said
to be unsurpassed for jam
making.

acuminata, DC. Spines
weak: lvs. smaller, ovate-
acute, subcordate, mucro-
nate ; peduncles short,
forked, axillary : fls. with
-acuminate calyx
lobes, the corolla twisted
to the right in the bud. S.
Africa.

grandindra, DC. Natal Plum. Spiny shrub :
lvs. ovate-acute, tapering to the base : fls. large,
white, fragrant, solitary and terminal, twisted to
the right: fr. red, size of a cherry, good. S. Afr.
B.M. 6307. E. N. Reasoner and L. H. B.

CABLtNA (said to have cured the army of Charle-
magne [Carolinus] of the plague). Compdsitce. Some
15 or 20 species in the Mediterranean region. Low,
rather coarse annuals, biennials or perennials, with
thistle-like foliage, large white or purplish heads, a
feathery pappus, and chaffy receptacle.

acatilis, Linn. A small and very dwarf hardy plant:
height 3-6 in. : lvs. glossy, pinnatifld, divided, with
spiny ends: fl. arising barely above the foliage, soli-
tary, very interesting, the scales surrounding the
flower-head being long and narrow and ray- or petal-
like, silky, shiny: head 6 in. across when expanded.
June, July and late fall. G.C. II. 13:720, 721. -Cult. :
an open, sunny place and ordinary garden soil are all
they require. They are capital for the sunny part of
a rockery. Prop, by cuttings or seeds.

J. B. Keller.

CARLUD6VICA (Charles IV., and his Queen
Louisa, of Spain). Cyelanthacea. Palm-like plants
of Trop. Amer., allied on the one hand to screw
and on the other to aroids. The plants are
monoecious, the two sexes being on the same spadix,
which is enclosed in a 4-leaved spathe.
late fls. with many stamens and many-
lobed calvx, 4 of tlu-m surrounding a pis-

364 Canca Papaya i

tillate fl -the latter ha\e a J sided ovar\ 4 barren sta
mens an 14 lobedcaljx fr a 1 sided,man\ sctdedbeiry
ThL (. iiludoMcas art usually rtgirded and treated as
paims uy gardeuers. Thcj aro useful f..r decorat.on.
The family Cyclanthaceie is exclusively American, of

CARLUDOVICA

35-40 species and 4 geuera (Stelestylis, Carludovica,
Ludovia, Cyclanthus); it is often united with the Pan-
danaoete or screw pine family. L. H. B.

Carludovica palmata is the species most frequently
met with under cultivation. Under favorable conditions
It grows to a height of about 8 feet. All of the kinds
need stove treatment during the winter months ; in
summer they may be used for subtropical bedding with
good results. They have a certain palm-like appear-
ance, but the leaves are of a softer texture than any of
the palms. They may be propagated by division, choos-
ing the early spring for the operation. C palmata seeds
freely. The fruit, when ripe, has an ornamental appear-
ance for a short time after bursting open. The seeds
are very small, and should be carefully washed free from

CARNATION

247

i. Zvi

:-lobed.

365. Carludovica palmata.

the pulp, and sown on the surface of a pan of finely
chopped sphagnum moss. Germination takes place in
two weeks from sowing if kept in a brisk, moist heat.
The species are not particular as to soil, but the drain-
age must be perfect, as the plants require an abundance
of water when growing. q. W. Oliver.

A. Zvf. S-6-lobed.

palmilta, Ruiz & Pav. Fig. 305. No trunk : petioles
3-1) ft. long, glabrous, terete and unarmed ; blades
4-lobed, the lobes again cut into narrow segments, dark
green, gracefully spreading, and drooping at the mar-
gin. Peru. R.H. 1861, p. 10. -The common species, and
a very useful plant. Panama hats are made from this
plant.

rotundifdlia, H. Wendl. Much like the last, but more
compact under cult., owing to the shorter petioles, but
growing much larger: petiole distinctly pubescent:
leaf-blade large and orbicular, 3- or 4-lobed. Costa Rica.
B.M.7083.

61eganB, Williams. Blades with 4 or 5 lobes, which
are very deeply cut into straight strap-like divisions.
Probably of horticultural origin.

atrdvirens, H. Wendl. Blades very deeply 2-lobed and
very deep, rich green {whence the name, dark green) ^
glabrous. Colombia.

hiimilis, Poepp. & Endl. Dwarf : blades angular,
2-lobed at the summit, the segments more or less jagged
but not divided, a foot or less broad. Colombia. R.H.
1869, p. 327.-One of the best.

FltlmeTii, Kunth (C. palmmfdlia, Sweet). Caudex
erect : blades with 2 lanceolate and plicate divisions,
bright green above and pale beneath: spadices pendu-
lous. Martinique.

imperiilis, Lind. & Andr^. Caudex short and pros-
trate : blades with 2 ovate-lanceolate entire segments,
with very prominent veins, the lobes about 5 in. wide
and shining green; petiole purplish, canaliculate, tumid
at the base. Equador. l.H. 21:106 (by error 165).

L. H. B.

CARNATION {Didnfhus Carijophf/Uus , Linn.). Gary-
ophyllAcew. Figs. 366, 367. Half-hardy perennial, her-
baceous, suflrutescent at base : height 2 ft. : stem
branching, with tumid joints : Ivs. linear, gkaucous,
opposite : fls. terminal, solitary ; petals 5, flesh-col-
ored, very broad, beardless margins toothed ; calyx
cylindrical, with scaly bracts at base. June-August.
Native of southern Eu.; occasionally met in the wild
state in England, where it was introduced through cul-

Theophrastus, who lived about 300 years B.C., gave
thename Dianthus (Greek Dios, divine; anthos, iiower)
to the genus, probably suggested by the delightful fra-
grance. The specific name Caryophyllus (Greek. Canjon,
nut ; and phyllon, leaf) has been applied to the clove
tree [Caryophyllus aromaticus), and because of the
clove-like fragrance of the Carnation, this name was
applied to the species ; otherwise it would have no sig-
nificance. The name Carnation (Latin, carnatio, from
caro, carnis, flesh) has reference to the flesh-color of
the flowers of the original type. This plant has been in
cultivation more than 2,000 years, for Theophrastus
(History of Plants, 300 B.C.) says : "The Greeks cul-
tivate roses, gillyflowers, violets, narcissi, and iris,"
gillyflower being the old English name for the Carna-
tion. It was not, however, until the beginning of the
sixteenth century that the development of the Carnation
into numerous varieties made an impression upon its
history. The original flesh-color of its flowers was
already broken up into its component colors, red and
white.' The gardeners of Italy, France, Germany, Hol-
land and England, with their respective ideals of beauty
in this flower, contributed so many varieties that in
1597 Gerard wrote that "to describe each new variety of
carnation were to roll Sisyphus' stone or number the
sands."

There were many attempts at classification, but most
of them, like the varieties they serve, have disappeared.
Two of them are as follows : The French scheme ar-
ranged all varieties into three classes, thus: — G)-«iirtrf/»s
(Fig. .368), including those with strong perfumes, flow-
ers of medium size, either single or double, petals
fringed, and of but one color; Flamands, including
those with large flowers, round and double, rising in
the center to form a convex surface, petals entire, either
unicolored or striped with two or more colors ; Fancies,
including those with colors arranged in bands on light
grounds, the petals toothed or not. The English classi-
fication of these varieties makes four categories : Selfs,
or those possessingonly one color in the petals ; Flakes,
or those having a pure ground of white or yellow and
flaked or striped with one color, as scarlet, purple or
rose; BJsnofS, or those having a pure ground marked
as in the Flakes, but with two or three colors ; and
Picotees, or those having a pure ground of white or
yellow, and each petal bordered with a band of color at
the margin. This last class has been regarded with the
distinction of a race.

In the early part of the nineteenth century English
gardeners exercised very great care, in the growing of
Carnations, to mature only perfect flowers. Imperfect
and superfluous petals were extracted with forceps ;
petals appearing out of place were arranged in a per-

248 CARNATION

feet imbrication the cal^i tube was cut partly down
between the teeth, to prevent excessive splittins at one
side and to p:ive more treedom to the expansion of the

,An-v rNvv/^f^A^^

flower. These and many more tedious details seem to
have wrought the downfall of this sweet tlower about
the middle of the nineteenth century.

All the foregoing has reference to those types of Car-
nations which are but little known or grown in America
at the present day. The varieties so common in Europe
are usually kept in coldframes or eoolhouses during
the winter, and as spring approaches the plants are
brought into their blooming quarters, for no flower is
expected to appear until the month of July, when there
is a great profusion of blossoms, but for a short season.
Therefore, they can all be classed as a summer race.
They are also grown permanently in the open.

Perpetual-flowering Carnation ( Remontant,
Monthly, or Tree).— The Carnations so common in
America, and grown so extensively under glass for win-
ter cut-Howers, originated about 1840 as a distinct race
of Perpetual-flovvering Carnations. A French gardener,
M. Dalmais, according to M. Jean Sisley, of Lyons, ob-
tained the first real constant-blooming Carnation, which
was called Atim, and sent out in 1844. It was the result
of artificially crossing Oeillet de Mahon, or St. Martin,
because it was regularly bloomed in November, with
pollen from Oeillet Biohon. The first gain was crossed
with Flemish Carnation with repetition. In 1846 he
obtained a great number of varieties of all colors.
M. Schniitt, a distinguished horticulturist of Lyons, fol-
lowed in the work, and obtained several fine varieties,
like Arc-en-ciel and J'Jtoile Polaire, which were culti-
vated for several years. The next enthusiast who aided
materially in the development of this new race of Car-
nations was M. Alphonse Alegatiere, who, by careful
crossing, obtained varieties with stiff stems. About
1866 the number of such varieties was increased, and as
a class they received the name of T>-ee Carnations, but
in America they were more generally termed the Monthly
Carnations. The earliest importation of this race of
varieties into America seems to have been made in 1868,
and included such varieties as Edwardsii, President
Degraw, La Purite and Variegated La Purite, and for a
period of ten years were grown as pot plants for sum-
mer or winter blooming. About 1875 bench culture was

CARNATION

introduced in eoolhouses, and wis attended with such
marked success that soon eutin .,'r Piih u es were de-
loted to the cultivation of the ( un ti n in 1 tliere arose
the carnation specialist, or c in ii ti t th I tter title
being used hrst, m 1892 \miIi u li i u .s Starr,
Snayne, Tailby and Dorner 11 i n i w al out 500
Iistinct \ arieties m this tountrv allot Amt ric in origin.
1 he winter forcing of Carnations is now more highly
1( veloped in America than anywhere else in the world.
1 ir sketches of the evoluti n ot the ( arnation, particu-
liih of thi AmcM II I 1 1 see Baile-s , ' Sur-

V nil of the liilik

1', I ,,,!' " -II ung Carnations are

pro|i i„' it( d 1 \ I iitij] I I 11 e best wood for

this |iui I" se IS f< un I 111 il I l,ii<:i ,1 -boots at the base of
thiift\ bninthts shoots appealing high on the fiower-
ing si( ni aie not desirable No cuttings should be 'taken
tiom stems bearing small, sicklj, or poorly colored
flowers Diseased plants and plants which have been
greatly stimulated and forced in a high temperature,
should also be avoided in propagation. The material for
cuttings is pulled from the plants by a lateral move-
ment, and in this condition,— that is, without further
cutting or trimming, — is considered by many propaga-
tors as ready for the sand-bench ; others remove a por-
tion of the leaves or the tips of the long ones. Cuttings
are successfully made from December 1 to May 1.
Growers choose different portions of this period for
the best results. February is, perhaps, most frequently
chosen. The cuttings are usually planted in sand-
benches to be rooted, either in a separate propagating
house or upon a portion of bench prepared for the pur-
pose in the regular Carnation house. For a limited num-
ber of cuttings, "flats "may be used and placed where
they will receive proper treatment. The temperature in
which cuttings are best rooted is 50° F. for the first few
days, then increased to 55° or 60° F. During sunshine
the young cuttings are shaded, and at all times mois-
ture'is carefully regulated, to avoid the "damping off"
fungus and the'flaggiug of the cuttings. In about four
weeks a good bunch of roots will be formed and the
cuttings are transplanted into small pots or fl its They
aie then kept in eoolhouses (45 to 50° F ) until it is
ble to plant them in the field Propigation by lay

le anthers becoming leaves.— a etaee
in the doubling of the Carnation,
ering is practiced abroad (Fig. 370), but is too slow for
American conditions. Plants are grown from seed only
when it is desired to obtain new varieties.

Snmmer Treatment. -Tbe young: plants are carefully
hardened in the .spring, to e-bje them to^be^J^lar^ted

CARNATION 249

under control by syringing judiciously with water, and
the greentiy by fumigation with rose-leaf extract (
of tobacco stems on the lioor i

plants, which are

yield flowers in the fall ;

a sandy loam

the best

3f the house. Three

May. Various sous tave given -;;-^7»;'--;;i':;e7ec7ntiy become annoying ; viz..

ly soil yields fine plants If a drought J"' f , y,,.„„, ,,,.„ caryophyllimcs, Schr. , anthracnose

- clay soil will make s^or ^tifl -J^ J^f/^"™-^" ^^^ ■',/„/„ blight ( Seploria IHantM,

r,l„nt,s. which are Slow TO 1^^^^ The best treatment is to destroy diseased plants

and to spray the rest with Bordeaux mixture. _

Varieties are constantly changing. The following
represent the common range of variation :

White-Lizzie McGowan (Fig. 372), Ivory, Alaska,
Uncle John, Flora Hill, White Cloud. , ,^ .. .

Pink -will. Scott Daybreak (Fig. 374), Albertini,
Bridesmaid, Delia Fox, Triumph, Victor.

Scarlet-Hector, Portia, Dazzle, Jubilee (Fig. Hi).
Variegated - Minnie Cook, Helen Keller, Mrs. Geo.
M. Bradt, Armazindy.

Yellow- Eldorado, Buttercup, Mayor Pingree, Uoia
Nugget.

The field soil is well pre-
pared by applying a liberal
quantity of well-

^ rotted manure or

-^a-- ~^ an equivalent in
commercial ferti-
lizer, plowing
deeply and har-
rowing thorough-
i-y*.^ ly. The plants are

I ^- then set, as soon

as danger from heavy frosts is
past, putting them 10 inches
apart, in rows 12 inches apart
if to be worked entirely by
hand, and 3 feet apart if to be
worked with horse and culti-
vator. Throughout the summer
the plants are kept free from
weeds and frequently culti-
vated. No blossoming by plants
intended for winter flowering
is permitted. All rising shoots
are cut back to 2-4 inches as
fast as they appear. Such prun-
ing ceases about August 1 to 10.
la the month of September the
plants are lifted and planted
upon the benches. Some grow-
ers transplant with "balls" of
ground, others without any soil
clinging to the roots.

Winter 'rreatment.-The Car-
nation house usually stands east
and west, and is provided with
both raised and solid benches.
Much experience and a long
controversy have resulted in
the conclusion that some varie-
ties of Carnations should be
planted on raised benches and
others on solid benches. The
soil is prepared some time pre-
, vious to Its use, with three-
■ fourths loam and one-fourth
well-rotted manure, turning
several times to thoroughly mix the elements. About
September 1 it is placed on the benches, enough to be
4 or 5 inches deep when settled. The plants are set 8
to 12 inches apart each way, watered thoroughly, ana
syringed frequently until established. Staking is nec-
essary to keep the branches off the ground and the flow-
ers above the foliage. Various arrange-
ments of wires and strings are devised.
The use of plant-stakes has been universally
abandoned.

The temperature of the Carnation house
is maintained at 50 to 55° F. at night and
about 10° warmer in the daytime, during
the whole winter. The proper use of water
maintains a healthy growth, ensures sub-
stantial flowers, and prevents red spider.
On bright days the houses are freely
syringed. Fertilizers are used with great
liberality on the plants in the benches, and
with good results. Liquid manures trom
horse, cow, sheep or hen droppings, diluted 369. Cama-
to the color of weak tea, are applied about tion cuttine,
once a week, beginning about January 1,
or a mulch of well-rotted cow manure is put
ground after the plants become well
practiced to produce large flowers o
Carnations are not very seriously

Carnati(

Crimson-Meteor, Tidal Wave, Cartledge.

Carnations in Pots. -Pot pot culture, the Carnation
is propagated and treated as previously described in
field culture up to the time of lifting the plants, when
they are taken up and planted singly in pots, -4-.^-,

^"^ ~ 370. Laye
The parent stem

6-, or 7-inch sizes, suiting th(
If the heading-back was noi
field, many pi
excellent spec
potted plants, h^

of Carnation,
yas severed at S.
n to the size of the plants,
continued too late in the
may oe in bud in October and be
s for fall sales. The bulk of the
>ver are intended for spring sales,
and are carried over the winter in well-built ?oldf rames,
left uncovered as long as fine weather will permit ,
frosts and even light freezes ■
At the approach of s
over the plants, but <

not hurt the pla

. J weather, sashes are covered
iiild days liberal ventilation is

iven, and during extreme ■

cold additional ■

..■ing'is placed o"ver the frames. About the first of
Mar?h these plants are brought into a coolhouse, and_

one month later they are graced with a profusion of
buds and blossoms ; with proper care they will continue
to flower throughout the summer. The varieties pre-
ferred for pots are those of dwarf habit, with stems stiff
enough to hold up the flowers without staking^ In
color? the varieties known as " fancies " are usually more
salable than those with single colors. Vaneties

the
Disbudding is
stiff stems,
moyed by insects

or fungous diseases. The r^d spider is usually kept

.ueu^ed for pot culture are Portia, Mrs. Fisher, Grace
Wilder, Buttercup, American Flag, Robert Lraig,
^■o?H^' Carnations. -Aside from the forcing Carna-
tions, the following groups receive attention in this

"°rn'™«/io» Malmaison. -This is a group of varieties
grownTn Europe. It is said ( Revue Horticole, 1888) that
the original variety of the group was taken from La Mal-
maison in the time of Napoleon I. It was pure white in
color but now all the shades of red are in the group.
The flowers are very large, even 6 inches in diameter
with good culture. The plants are dwarf, very flonfer-

250 CARNATION

ous, but not constant bloomers, never seeding. The
stems are strong and straight. Usually propagated by
cuttings or layers.

Carnation^ Victoria, — A group of varieties under this
name originated with M. Senary, Erfurt, Germany, in
1879 (Revue Horticole. 1890), probably descendants
from Souvenir de la Malmaison, which it closely re-
sembles, but of greater merit because of a firmer calyx.
All the colors of Carnations are represented ; petals are
large, finely fringed. The plant is dwarf, not remontant.
Propagated by layers or cuttings. The members of this
group, as of the preceding, have not received much
attention in this country.

Carnation, Marguerite (Fig. 3711. — A comparatively
new class of Carnations. Origin not definitely known;
supposed to have been in somewhat obscure cultivation
in Italy and Algeria a very long time. The plants are
generally raised from seed, and blossom in about four
months. A very large majority of flowers come double
or semi-double, strongly clove-scented, deeply fringed ;
color red, pink or white. The plant is dwarf, 10-15
inches high, compact, erect, branching. It is a constant
bloomer, but in quality the flowers are far inferior to
the Perpetual-flowering Carnation. The Marguerite
Ciirnations are highly prized for massing in summer
beds, and are treated as annuals. George C. Butz.

Commercial Carnation Culture. -Carnation cul-
ture can be divided into three parts or periods — propa-
gation of the young plants during the winter and early
spring months ; the summer culture, generally carried
on in the field or garden, for the growing of the young
plants to a stage of maturity suitable for the transfer
to the houses in the fall ; and the winter or house cul-
ture, which is often prolonged through spring and early
summer, depending on the condition of plants and va-
riety. Of late, experiments have been made with summer
culture under glass, a subject which is treated below.

To make the mode of cultivation more comprehensi-
ble, it will be well to speak first of the habit of the Car-
nation in general, for there is a great difference in
growth and blooming of the different varieties, without
making one variety or the other less profitable. Al-
though the same treatment may be applied, a slight
deviation from general rules may often be practical and
more fitting to certain varieties. We find among our
present varieties some with a more spreading, straggling
growth, as Daybreak, while others grow more compact,
as Jubilee. We find early and late bloomers ; some
that are continuous bloomers, as Mrs. Geo. M. Bradt,
and others that show a tendency to "crop", while with
some varieties the coming-off crop and the new coming-
in are so linked together that it will only be noticed by a
less quantity and smaller fiowers,as in White Cloud;
with others it is so marked that often an interval of from
four to six weeks, or an entire cessation of blooming,
will take place, as in Bridesmaid. In the aggregate,
the continuous bloomer and the cropper may furnish
the same number of flowers through the season, and,
under circumstances, one may be as profitable as the
other.

Propagation can be carried on from January to May.
Early propagation is preferable, as often in April warm
weather will interfere with good results. When the
plants are expected to commence to bloom early in fall

371. One form of

Mareuerite Carnation (.Xi4).

CARNATION

and furnish a good quality of blooms, early propagation
is a necessity. Late-blooming varieties, when propa-
gated early, advance their time for blooming consider-
ably. Late-propagated plants may have to be trans-
ferred from the propagating bed to the field at a time
when the hot weather will prove very severe on the
little plants ; they are deprived of the advancing spring
growth, and consequently make little headway through
the hot summer months, but will make good plants for
late blooming, or, when not allowed to bloom, will fur-
nish excellent cuttings for early propagation.

Any young shoots not advanced into bud formation,
but seeming to be capable of producing a good flower in
time, will, as a cutting, make a good plant. If the bud
has commenced to form, even only to half the size
of a pinhead, it is bound to develop ; it retards root
formation, and when eventually roots are formed, all
the nourishment taken up is used to mature that bud.
Such cuttings, doubtful at their taking, but which will in
time develop a flower-bud, are not to be necessarily
classed as bad cuttings if, at the first symptoms, the
bud is removed ; when left to develop it may still make
a plant after a lapse of two or three months, but time is
lost. In general, the strongest and best cuttings are
found at the base of the flower-stem; those that appear
upon the flower stem are of an inferior quality, and will in
time show symptoms of degeneration; the same will be
the case when taken from exhausted blooming plants.
For this reason the late-propagated plants, whose growth
has been made through the late fall months, and where
the flower stems are removed as fast as they appear,
and the whole strength thrown into the young shoots
appearing below the break, will furnish the best cut-
tings. The plant is in quite a different stage of growth
when producing new shoots, and when young shoots —
cuttings — are produced only in connection with the ma-
turing of flowers. This will lead to the conclusion that to
produce the best cuttings, a separation of the culture for
flowers and the culture for cuttings is the best solution.
A cutting should have an average length of 4 inches,
with at least 1-iuch clean stem. When taken off close from
the branch or stem out of the axil of a leaf, no further
trimming of the heel is necessary except an occasional
removing of some wood fibers that may adhere from the
break. When the shoot is too long and demands a cut
with the knife, the cut should be made at or right above
a joint, so that the two leaves cehi be peeled off and leave
a clean heel. If cut too high above a joint, the stem gets
too hard; if below, the bark will be peeled off with the
leaves, and gives occasion to rot. Leaves should be re-
moved as far as the cutting is inserted in the sand,
and the top of the leaves shortened, so as not to give too
much surface to evaporation.

The propagating bed should be filled with 3 inches of
clean, sharp sand, not too coarse, and well packed.
When the cuttings are to be inserted, a line should be
drawn with a knife to the required depth of about 1
inch, the cutting inserted and the sand pressed on. A
tile or brick bottom in the propagating bed is much su-
perior to a common wooden bottom ; it assures better
drainage and less danger of fungus. The utmost clean-
liness should be observed in a propagating house, and
no decaying matter be allowed to lie around. Water is
needed every two or three days when the bench has
good drainage. The house should be shaded either from
the outside with a whitewash of white lead and
coal oil, or on the inside with a light white mus-
lin. Ventilation is advisable whenever the
temperature comes near to 60°; general tem-
perature 5.5°, and all available means should be
employed to keep it at that point. Day tem-
perature may be two or three degrees above,
and night temperature as much below.

Average time to root Carnation cuttings is
four weeks, and depends much on the variety.
Mary Wood may root in two weeks, while it may
take six weeks to root Mrs. lieo. :M. Bradt. In
a higher temperature, cuttinijs will root more
7 quickly, but it is not advisable, as it increases
~^ the danger of cutting-bench fungus and soft-
ens the young plants.

As soon as rooted, transplant into a light soil
enriched with well decomposed manure— none

CARNATION

other should be used— in a light, well-ventilated house,
either on benches, in flats or small pots, the latter pref-
erable, as early-rooted plants can be shifted into larger
pots, and the later-rooted be just in good shape for the
transfer to the field. Temperature the same as in the
propagating house, but when the young plants become
well established may be kept 5° lower.

The ground for the field or summer culture should be
well prepared, and any working in it be avoided when
too wet: planting to be done as soon as
permit. A good spring growth is of the greatest advan-
tage, especially if good plants are wanted for early fall
blooming. Late spring frosts will not injure the plants,
and a cool atmosphere is more congenial to a good
growth than the hot summer weather, when growth is

iparatively slow ; plants to stand at least 15
inches apart each way, or at any greater distance.

CARNATION

251

through a drought than when resort is had to watering.
Watering, unless it can be done thoroughly and kept
up, should not be resorted to, and only as a last measure
in a severe drought.

When the plants attain the height of 5-6 inches, top-
ping should be
commenced and
be kept up as
long as the
plants remain in
the field. This
operation is for
the purpose of
removing the

thorough cultivating

the mode of cultivating the
soil to be adopted may re-
quire. From the time of
planting, as soon as a crust
forms after a rain it
should be broken and the
surface of the soil kept in
a mellow condition to a
depth of 2 inches through-
out the summer ; any
deeper cultivating is in-
jurious rather than bene-
ficial to the plants. A
only destroy weed

will keep the soil in condition in which it retains mois-
ture the longest, and will carry the plants much better

374. Carnation. Daybrealt.

where a part of the plant grows out of proportion to
the other, to force the plant to grow into a symmetrical,
bushy form. At the same time, care must be taken not
to cut any more than the purpose of topping calls for,
for the plant is just as dependent on all its leaves as on

Any bloom is at the expense of the fall ;
winter crop, for it retards the growth of the plant and
uses up energy that is wanted at a more desired time.
The transfer from the field to the house for the fol-
lowing winter culture is an ordeal to the plants and
much anxiety to the grower. If early flowers are wanted ,
an early transfer has to be made — as early as the latter
part of August and beginning of September. Late-
rooted plants, that had not the chance of any spring
growth, should be given the benefit of a fall growth and
be transferred later.

252

CARNATION

The preparation of the soil for the benches in the
houses should be commenced the year before. If pos-
sible, select a piece of sod -but other ground will an-
swer—give it a good coat of stable manure and plow
under. In the spring, add more manure or any fertilizer
that the soil may mostly require, especially bone, wood-
ashes and lime, if not "already in the soil, plow again,
and repeat the plowing two or three times during the
summer. As to the texture of the soil, a loam that con-

CARNATION

especially as the ordeal is often aggravated by hot
weather <luring early transplanting. Points to be ob-
served are, in the first place, a careful lifting. When the
ground is sandy and loose, the ground may be shaken
off, but when hard and baked, so there is danger of
breaking the roots, it is better to leave a ball. Insetting,
pl;uii~ ^liiinl.l )"• cleaned of all decaying leaves, and
buiU nnp.\r,l. I 'la. -e the plants in a natural position by
spn iilun; ih. I iMts out over a little mound formed in
thi- IX. -av aiiiiii iiia.li; for the plant, and press the ground
on liniilv. Any dueper planting than the plants have
stood in the tields invites stem-rot. Water well after
transplanting, after that more sparingly, i

cloggy
tions

minii

other '

tains some clay without making it too heavy, is prefer-
able. It requires a rich soil and, therefore, the prepara-
tion has to be commenced in time, so that the manures
become decomposed and well incorporated, ready for
assimilation.

Light, roomy houses, with good ventilation, are re-
quired to insure a bountiful crop. Whether solid or
raised benches, especially for the latter, fresh soil is re-
quired every season. Good drainage and an even fill-
ing and packing of the soil insures an even, healthy
growth. Strong-growing varieties should be planted
12-15 inches each way, less strong ones closer ; any
crowding, %vhen not diminishing the quantity of flower.'j
to the square foot, will certainly degrade the quality of
the same. Transplanting is an ordeal for the plants,
and has to be done with the greatest care and dispatch,

11 retard root-formation. Other precau-
facilitate the establishing of the plants are
if the house, and reduction of ventilation to a
. A moist, cool air, even if close, that other-
Id be injurious, has to be employed to prevent
ng enervating evaporation from the leaves — in
ds, to prevent wilting. An occasional syring-
ing two or three times a day will give enough moisture
to the soil after the first watering, and keeps a moist
atmosphere. WTien plants showing signs of having
formed new roots become established, any of the pre-
cautions employed to gain this end become injurious.
The shading is to be gradually removed, ventilation in-
creased, syringing reduced, and a normal treatment of
growing plants assumed. House culture may be summed
up as follows t Average night temperature 55°, day tem-
perature on cloudy days 60° to 65°. When over60°, ven-
tilation should be given, and increased when necessary
to retain tlie desired point. Fresh air is a necessity,
and ventilators should be opened whenever it is practi-
cable to do so. All syringing is to be avoided and the
water applied to the soil below the plants. Water should
be given freely when needed, and care be taken to make
the wiitt'ringtliorough,reachingthe bottom of thebench.
Glass roof should be kept clean, so the plants will de-
rive the benefit of every moment's sunshine. Cultivat-
ing the soil, with the exception of a mere scratching, is
of more injury than benefit, as it will destroy the white
roots coming near the surface in quest of food.

The principles of support are to hold the body of the
plant oft from the soil for a free circulation of air un-
derneath, and to support the flower stems in a way so
as not to impair the plant in its freedom of growth, and
leave free access to cut the blooms with any desired
length of stem.

The Carnation is rather a heavy feeder, and quantity
and quality of blooms depend largely on the nourish-
ment supplied. The necessity for feeding depends on
the richness of the soil, and to avoid a disastrous over-
feeding, food has to be applied judiciously— rather weak
and often than too strong at a time. Feeding can be
done with a mulch of well decomposed manure, or best,
with prepared liquid manure. It it can be arranged so
a part of the liquid manure could be given with each or
every other watering, best results will follow and danger
of overfeeding be avoided. In the preparation of liquid
manure, it is best to take fresh cow-manure as a base
and add any other ingredients desirable, as chicken
manure, bone meal, sulfate of potash ; but avoid any-
thing that contains lime, as lime will set free the valua-

Summer culture under glass has been experimented
with in late years, but with no generally satisfactory re-
sults. The hot, close, greenhouse air is against it ; the
plants grow, as greenhouse plants do, soft and drawn, not
to be compared with the sturdy, short-jointed, hardier
outdoor growth, so productive of a good crop. Indoor-
grown plants lack the foundation gained in the field.
True, the plants will not have the set-back of a trans-
planting, but better results have to be shown before
this mode of summer culture will become general.

Every year new varieties are produced and introduced,
superseding older ones. A list of the varieties grown
at present may be useless in three or four years, so we
mention only the best grown now. Among the whites,
Lizzie McGowan ( Fig. 372 ) has been a standby, but White
Cloud now stands as the best. Maceo is the best deep
red or maroon yet produced ; a very free and continu-
ous bloomer. In the scarlets. Jubilee (Pig. 37H) wants
first place, but indications are that it will be superseded

■I

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Plate IV. Carnations

Types of the Ameri

: C.un.itl.m H.ilt si;

CARNATION

by G. H. Crane. Among the light pinks, Daybreak
(Pig. 374) is still a standby, but there are some among
the new ones that will, to all appearance, push it into
the background. In the dark pinks, Scott yet claims the
honors, but Mrs. Francis Joost, as the newer variety,
may succeed to its place. In yellow. Gold Nugget is
conceded the best. Mayor Pingree is a good large flower,
but rather of a pale color, and a shy bloomer. The
Carnation par excellence is Mrs. Geo. M. Bradt, white
striped scarlet — an even, continuous bloomer through-
out the whole season ; a fine, large flower, admired
wherever grown. p^^^ Dorneb.

CAKOB. See Ceratonia.

CAROLINA ALLSPICE. See CaUjcanthus.

CABFEL. One of the separable or component parts
of a compound pistil. See Flower.

CAKPENTfiKIA (after Professor Carpenter, of Louisi-
ana). Saxifragdcece. Evergreen shrub, with rather large
opposite Ivs.: tls. large, interminal.loosecorymbs; calyx
5-parted ; petals 5 ; stamens numerous ; ovary almost
superior, 5-C-ceIled : fr. a many-.seeded dehiscent cap-
sule. One species in Calif. A highly ornamental ever-
green shrub, with very large, white and fragrant fls.,
but not hardy north. It requires a well-drained, light
and sandy soil, and sunny, somewhat sheltered position;
it especially dislikes moisture during the winter, and its
perishing is often more due to an excess of moisture
than to the cold. Prop, by greenwood cuttings under
glass in summer, and by suckers, which it produces
freely; also, by seeds, sown in spring.

CaliJ6mica, Torr. Shrub, 6-10 ft. : Ivs. elliptic-lanceo-
late, entire or remotely denticulate, bright green above,
whitish-tomentose beneath, 2^ in. long: fls. pure white,
2y.-Z in. in diara., fragrant; petals orbicular, concave.
June, July. B.M.6911. Gn. 31: 581, and54,p.248. G.C.
11,26:113. R.H. 1884, p. 365. J.H. Ill, 29: 251.

Alpeed Rehder.

CARPET BEDDING. See Bedding.

CARPiNUS (ancient Latin name). Cupullferm (or
Betiilclcea). Hornbeam. Tree, of medium size, some-
times shrubby: Ivs. decidt 5, petioled, alternate, ser-
rate; stipules deciduous: fls. in catkins, appearing with
the ivs. ; staminate catkins pendulous, each scale bear-
ing 3-13 stamens, 2-forked at the apex ; pistillate cat-
kins terminal, slender, each scale bearing two ovaries,
the bracts and bractlets of which develop into a large,
leafy, more or less 3-lobed bract, embracing the small,
nut-like fruit at the base. About 8 species in C. and E.
Asia, 2 in Europe and W. Asia and 1 in N. and C. Amer.
Hardy, ornamental tree, usually with dense, round
head, and of somewhat slow growth. The wood is very
hard and close-grained, and much used in making tools
and other small articles. The handsome foliage is rarely
attacked by insects, and assumes a yellow or scarlet
color in fall. The most beautiful are C. cordata, with
large Ivs., and C Japonica, of graceful habit and with
elegant foliage. The Hornbeam bears severe pruning
well, and is very valuable for high hedges, and the
European species was formerly much used in the old
formal gardens for this purpose; the lattermakes. also,
an excellent game cover, as it retains its withered foli-
age almost throughout the whole winter. They grow in
almost any soil, and even in dry, rocky situations.
Prop, by seeds, sown usually in fall, germinating very
irregularly ; if they do not spring up the first spring,
the seed bed should be covered until the following
spring with moss or leaf-mold, to keep the soil moist.
If intended for hedges, the seedlings should be trans-
planted after the first year, and allowed sufiicient space
to prevent them from growing into slender, tall plants,
unfit for hedges. The varieties of rarer species are
grafted in spring under glass, or in the open air on
seedlings of one of the common species.

CaroUniana,Walt.(C 4»Hp»-ic(i»i«, Michx.). American
Hornbeam. Blue Beech. Fig. 376. Bushy tree, rarely
40 ft.: Ivs. ovate-oblong, usually rounded at the base,
acuminate, sharply and doubly serrate, glabrous at
length, except in the axils of the veins beneath, 2-4 in.

CARRIERIA

253

long: fruit-clusters peduncled,2-41n. long: bracts ovate
or ovate-lanceolate, %-l in. long, with 2 broad and short
inequal lateral lobes, and a much longer middle lobe,
usually serrate only on one margin. E.N. America, west
to Minnesota and Texas; also, in Mexico and C. Amer.
S. S. 9:447. Em. l:199.-Bushy tree, with dense, but

376. Carpinus Caroliniana (X K).

slender and often somewhat pendulous branches, and
dark bluish green foliage, changing to scarlet or orange-
yellow in fall.

B6tulus, Linn. European Hornbeam. Tree, to 60 or
70 ft. : Ivs. similar to those of the former, cordate or
rounded at the base, ovate or oblong-ovate, of somewhat
thicker texture, and the veins more impressed above:
fruit-clusters 3-5 in. long : bracts over IM in. long, with
ovate, lateral lobes, and much longer oblong-lanceolate
middle lobe, the margins almost entire or remotely den-
ticulate. Europe to Persia. — The most remarkable of the
garden forms are the following: Var. incisa, Ait. (var.
qiierciff>lia,Dest.). Lvs. incised or lobed, smaller. Var.
fastigiita, Hort. Of upright growth. Var. purpiirea,
Hort. Lvs. purplish when young, green at length. It
grows intoa taller tree than the American species, though
the former is of more vigorous growth when young ;
the foli'igp turns vellow in fall, and remains on the tree

C \ M \ \ =C Ctiolimana —0 cordata Blme

To4iitl I I il 1 1 ite o% ate or oblong ovite with 14-20

p-iirs t 1 -. 4 I 1 ., T 1 11 "MiiKliuria G P 8 295

The m st I f lutitul ^i 1 t 1 i iy -C dui,u,:i,s

&COP ^( oiuutilis— f / I !tt hs slightly

cordite or rounded oil ., witli -ibout 20 f r

more pan s of \ ems 7 ij 1 1 inus <_ irpmns )

RHIM 4- \Mi\t, /,u« i(! Blme To

50 f

\ii

with

iiitalis Mill Bushy (
to 1 Ihngo^ate l^o-2in long with al out

10 ; ^ I Europe to Persn — O rurczanuwiii

Hiu e sin il 1 \ 111. lvs, o\ite icute 12m long with 10-12
paui ot \em-s \ Cbim — C Virguiiana Michi f =C Caio
Iiniani— r Ttdoensis Misim SmiUtree branchlets and lvs
beneath pubescent lvs ovate elliptic or ovate lanceolate with
about 12 pairs of veins, a-3 in. long. Japan.

Alfred Rehder.
CARRlfiRIA (after E. A. CarriSre, prominent French
horticulturist and botanist, died 1896). Birdcea. De-
ciduous trees, with alternate, long-petioled, glabrous
lvs., resembling in appearance the genus Idesia. Two
species, recently discovered in China, of which one, C.
calycina, Pranch., has been introduced. It is a tree to
50 ft. high, with rather large, oval or obovate lvs. and
apetalous fls. with 5 large sepals in few-fld. terminal
racemes. It will be probablv of the same hardiness and
culture as Idesia. R. H. 1896, p. 498.

Alfred Rehdee.

254

CARROT

CA.B.'ROT {Daiicus Cardta,L,inn.). Umheniferm. A
native of the British Isles, and one of the bad intro-
duced weeds of eastern North America (Fig. 377). The
improved succulent-rooted garden varieties are believed
to be descended from the same stock, though this has
been denied. It seems probable that the horticultural
improvement of the species was begun in Holland, and
it is said that the cultivated forms were introduced
thence into the gardens of England during the reign of
Queen Elizabeth. The Carrot is now very generally,
though not extensively, cultivated everywhere, both for
culinary purposes and for stock-feeding. It is some-
times forced under glass, but to no great extent. Car-
rots are most useful in culinary practice for soups,
stews, and salads, and as this class of cookery has
never been reasonably popular in America, this vege-
table has not received the attention it deserves.

The Carrot requires a loose, friable, warm soil, in the
very best mechanical condition, and especially for the
early crop of tender spring roots, this needs to be lib-
erally fertilized with well-rotted stable manure and
some rapidly available potash fertilizer. Seed for the
first crop of Carrots should be sown as soon as the
ground is warm and dry enough, in rows 1-2 feet
apart. As they germinate slowly, the land should be
free of weeds. When they are large enough to be
thinned, the plants are decimated to stand 2-3 inches
apart in the rows. Careful, clean cultivation is requi-
site, and drought is to be especially avoided, even at the
cost of any practicable irrigation. Later crops, and
Carrots grown for stock feed, may be sown in May or
early June, and treated like the early sowing. When
the young roots are ready for market they are pulled
and tied in bunches of six or ten or a dozen (Fig. 378).
In the early spring, when a considerable appetite for
green stuff can be depended on, a great many young
Carrots are shipped north from southern gardens.
Well-ripened roots of the fall crop may be stored in
pits or in the root-cellar. The Carrot has no enemies of
importance.

The varieties of Carrots differ chietiy in respect to
size and grain, with differences in earliness closely cor-
related. The following are favorite varieties:

French Forcing (Earliest Short Horn). — One of the
smallest and earliest ; root small, almost globular,
orange-red.

Da iM'ers. — Cylindrical stump-rooted, medium large,
dark orange, fine-grained ; the favorite all-purpose
variety.

Oxheart. — Medium size, oval, rather light colored,
fine grain and flavor ; recently introduced from France,
and quite ijuccessfnl.

377. Lasi year's umbel ol wild Carrot.

Hall-long Scarlet. — Top small, roots medium size,
cylindrical pointed ; much used for bunching.

Marly Scarlet Norn. -Top small, roots half-long,
somewhat oval, smooth, fine grain and flavor; a favorite
garden sort.

Large White Belgian.— Very large and rather coarse,
whitish; principally grown for stock-feeding.

F. A. Wauoh.

CARYOPTERIS

CAKTHAMUS (Arabic name, alluding to the color).
Compdsita. Hardy annuals 2-3 ft. high, with spiny Ivs.
Involucre with spreading and leafy outer scales and the
inner ones more or less spiny : receptacle chaffy :
akenes glabrous, mostly 4-ribbed. the pappus none or
scale-like. Of easiest culture, from seed.

tmctbriuB, Linn. Safkluwek. Fai.se Saffron.
One to 3 ft. high, glabrous, branched : Ivs. ovate, spiny-
toothed: H. -heads with upward-tapering involucre, and
a globular crown of orange florets. Asia. — The flowers
furnish a dye material, which is used in place of the
true .Saffron (which is a Crocus). l_ h_ b_

CARUM (Caria, in Asia Minor). Vmbelllterm. Gla-
brous annual or perennial herbs, widely distributed in
temperate and subtropical regions. Lvs. pinnate, or
ternate and pinnately decompound : fls. white or yel-
lowish, small, in compound umbels, the calyx-teeth
small : fruit ovate or oblong, sometimes compressed,
more or less ribbed, glabrous, or sometimes hispid.
Roots often tuberous. Fifty or more species.

Cirui, Linn. Caraway (which see). Stem slender
but erect, furrowed, 1-2 ft. : lvs. pinnately decompound,
with thread-like divisions. Old World. — Sometimes runs
wild.

Petrosellnum, Benth. & Hook. f. (PetroselXnum sa-
tivum, HoSm.}. Parsley (which see). Erect, 1-3 ft, :
lvs. ternate-pinnate, the Ifts. ovate and 3-cleft (much
cut in the "curled " garden vars. ), the upper ones nar-
rower and nearly entire : fls. yellowish. Old World.

— Much cult., and occasionally runs wild.
GMrdneri, Gray. Stem solitary, 1-4 ft. : lvs. mostly

simply pinnate, with 3-7 linear or thread-like Ifts., the
upper Ifts. usually entire, but the lower ones often di-
vided: fr. with long style. Dry hills, in Calif, and Nev.

— Int. 1881 by Gillett as an ornamental plant. Roots
tuberous and fusiform. l. jj. g.

CARUMBIUM. See Uomalanthus.

CAKYA is treated under Micoria.

CARYOPHtLLUS, the Clove Tree, is now referred to
Eugenia.

CARY6PTERIS (Greek for nut and wing). Verbe-
ndcetp. Small shrubs with deciduous opposite lvs. and
blue or violet fls. in axillary cymes : corolla 5-lobed,

CAEYOPTERIS

one segment larger and fringed; stamens 4, exserted;
fr. separating into 4 somewhat winged nutlets. About
6 species in E. Asia. Free-flowering, small shrubs, very
valuable for their late blooming season ; not hardy
north; even if well protected they will be killed almost
to the ground, butthe young shoots, springingup freely,
will flower profusely the same season. They require
well-drained and sandy soil and sunny position ; if
grown in pots, a sandy compost of peat and leaf soil or
loam will suit them, and they will flower in the green-
house until midwinter. Prop, readily by cuttings of
half-ripened wood in summer or fall under glass, and
by seeds sown in spring,

MastacAnthus, Schauer ( C. tiiciJ.m, Miq. C. Sinhisis,
Dipp.). Fig. 379. Suftruticose, 1-5 ft.: Ivs. petioled,
ovate or oblong, coarsely serrate, pubescent above,
grayish tomentose beneath, 2-3 in. long : cymes pe-
dunoled, dense-fld.; fls. small, violet-blue or lavender-
blue. Aug.-Nov. China, Jap. B.R. 32:2. B.M. 6799.
K.H. 1892:324. R.B. 19:273. G.C. II. 21:149. Mn.5:5.
S.H. 2, p. 89.— Known in the nursery trade as "Blue
Spiriea." There is also a new variety with white fls.

0. Mongblica, Bunge. Lvs. lanceoLate, almost entire : cymes
with fewer but larger fls. E. H. 1873; 450.

Alfred Rehder.

CAKYOTA (old Greek name). Palmdcea?, tribe A reeece.
Fish-tail Palm. Spineless, monocarpio palms, with
tall, stout, ringed halms, at length bearing suckers. Lvs.
disposed in an elongated terminal fringe, ample, twice
pinnately divided ; segments dimidiate-flabelliform, or
cuneate, entire, or split, irregularly dentate, plicate,
folded back in the bud : midnerves and primary nerves
flabellate : petiole terete below: sheath keeled on the
back, fibrous along the margins : ligule short ; spadices
usually alternately male and female : peduncle short,
thick : branches long, pendent : spathes 3-5, not
tubular ; bractlets broad : fls. rather large, green or
purple : fr. the size of a cherry, globular, purple. Spe-
cies, 12. Malaya, New Guinea, Australia.

Remarkable for the delta-shaped or fish-tail-shaped
leaflets, which make the graceful, spreading fronds very
attractive. They are excellent warmhouse palms, very
useful for decoration, particularly when young. They
are frequently planted out in protected places for the
summer. Prop, by seeds and suckers. For culture, see
Pulms.

There being so many different genera to choose from
in selecting plants for moderate-sized conservatories,
the members of this genus are not very popular for
providing small specimens. In a high, roomy structure,
however, they are among the most ornamental of the
tribe. They are quick-growing, with large, broad leaves,
finely cut up, the small divisions resembling the tail of
a fish ; hence the name "Fish-tail Palm." After reach-
ing maturity the plant begins flowering at the top, and
continues downwards until the vitality of the stem is
exhausted. Suckers are freely produced by
some species, but these, as a rule, do not
become so robust as the parent stem, owing
probably to the soil becoming exhausted.
Seeds are offered by most dealers. The
young plants should be grown in a warm,
moist atmosphere, the soil consisting of
loam with about one-third of its bulk leaf-
mold and sand in equal parts. They some-
times lose their roots if kept too cool and
wet in winter.

mltis. Lour. (C. sobolifera, Wall.). Caudex 15-25 ft.
high, 4-5 in. in diam., soboliferous : petioles, leaf-
sheaths and spathes scurfy-villous ; lvs. 4-9 ft.; pi;
very obliquely cuneiform, irregularly dentate, upper
margins acute ; pinnules 4-7 in. long. Burma to Malaya.

ilrena, Linn. Wine Palm. Toddy Palm. Caudex
stout, 30-40 ft. high, 1 ft. thick, not soboliferous : lvs.
18-20 by 10-12 ft.; pinnffl 5-6 ft., curved and drooping,
very obliquely truncate, acutely serrate, the upper mar-
gin produced and caudate ; pinnules 4-8 in. : petiole
very stout. India, Malaya. A.F. 12:295. Gng. 5:131.

Kumphiina, Mart. Lvs. 2-pinnate, several feet long,
the pinnules thick, sessile, 6 in. long or nearly so, ob-
long. Malaj-a.- Var. Albertii, Hort. (C.AlbertH,i^ue\\.),

CASIMIROA

255

is in the trade. It is large and free-growing, the lvs.
being 16-18 ft. long and two-thirds as broad ; If.-seg-
ments fan-shaped and oblique, toothed.

O. BlanM.KoH.. from the Philippines, is iu the Amer. trade.
It is probably a form of C. ureiis.

Jared G. Smith and G. W. Oliver.

CASHEW is A,iu

tie.

CASIMIBOA (named in honor of Cardinal Casimiro
Gomez). Suidcew. Evergreen trees: lvs. alternate,
long-petioled, digitate, 3-7-foliolate ; Ifts. petiolulate,
lanceolate, entire or slightly serrate, smooth or pubes-
cent beneath : fls. regular, polygamo-dioecious ; calyx
5-parted, small ; petals 5, ob'ong, valvate, apex in-
curved ; disc inconspicuous, circular ; stamens 5, free;
filaments subulate ; anthers cordate : ovary sessile, on
disc, globose, 5- or occasionally 6-8-lobed, 5-celled :
stigma sessile, 5-lobed : ovules solitary in the cells, ax-
illary : fr. a drupe, large, depressed-globose ; pulp
agreeable to taste, edible : seeds oblong, compressed,
exalbuminose. Mexico. Two species, of which the fol-
lowing only is in cultivation :

fidulis, LaLlave. White Sapota. Cochil Sapota.
I.iarge tree : trunk ashen gray, with warty excrescences :
lvs. dark green, glossy: fls. greenish yellow, small: fr.
greenish yellow when ripe, with strong, thick epicarp,
Kin. thick, about the size of an orange : seeds nearly
1 in. long and half as wide. Mex. Cultivated to a lim-
ited extent in Calif. -The fruit of this species is said
to have a delicious flavor, similar to that of a peach.
They are used in Mexico as an aid in inducing sleep,
and the leaves are used as a remedy for diarrhoea. Trees
grown at Santa Barbara, Calif., are said to have reached
over 80 years and to have borne fruit regu-

larly, though entirely neglected. The tree would prob-
ably succeed well in southern Texas, Louisiana and
Florida. It grows on the coast of Mexico to an altitude
of about 7,000 feet. It does not root well from cuttings,
but may be raised from seeds. jj_ j. Webber.

256 CASSABAXANA

CA8SABANANA. See Sictina.

CASSANDRA. See Chanuedaphne.

CASSAVA. Consult Maiiihot utilUssima.

CASSEBEfiRA (from a German botanist). Polypo-
dalccff. A small genus of small Brazilian ferns allied
to the maidenhair, hut rarely seen in cultivation.

CASSIA (ancient Greek name). Lerjumiiids<r. Senna.
Several hundred herbs, shrubs or trees in many parts
of the world, of which a very few are in cult, in Amer.,
mostly as border plants. Lvs. even-pinnate: fls. nearly
regular (not papilionaceous), with the nearly equal
calyx-teeth mostly longer than the tube ; corolla of 5
spreading, nearly equal clawed petals; stamens 5 or 10,
frequently unequal, and some of the anthers abortive :
fr. a stalked pod which is either flat or terete, contain-
ing numerous seeds. The Cassias delight in a sunny
exposure. Most of those which are cultivated here are
herbs or herb-like shrubs, attractive for the finely cut
foliage and the showy fls. Some of them are cultivated
only in the extreme south. I'rop. mostly by divisions
and seeds, — the :iiiiiii;il .|,,,i,. .t I ways by seeds.

Senna leaves, II -I i i: ,im a cathartic, are de-
rived from varioii- \ (vom C.acuti folia ot

Egypt, and C. n/,,. ''/.', ni India and other Old
World tropics. Tlu' "Cassia ligriea" of drug stores is
made from a Cinnamomum.

A. Hardy border plants : leaflets 6 or more pairs.

MaryUndica, Linn. Wild Senna. Perennial, glabrous
or nearly so, stems nearly simple : Ifts. 6-10 pairs, ob-
long or lance-oblong and entire, short-acuminate or
nearly obtuse: fls. in axillary racemes near the tops of
the stems and often appearing as if panicled, bright
yellow, wide open. New Eng. to Mich, and south,
mostly in wet soil. — Grows 3-4 ft. high, and has attrac-
tive light green foliage.

ChamsBCriBta, Linn. Partridge Pea. Annual, erect
or spreading. 2 ft. or less high: Ifts. 10-15 pairs, small,
narrow-oblong, niucronate, sensitive to the touch : fls.
large, 2-5 together in the axils, canary-yellow and 2
of the petals purple-spotted. — Dry soil, Maine S. andW.
aa. Tender plants, grown far south, or under glass:
Ifts. mostly fewer.

B. Tree, with very long, woody, indehiscent pods.
Fistula, Linn. Podding Pipe Tree. Lvs. large, the

Ifts. 4-6 pairs, and ovate-acuminate : fls. in long lax ra-
cemes, yellow : pods cylindrical, black, .3-furrowed, 1-2
ft. long, containing 1-seeded compartments. India, but
introduced in W. Ind. and other tropical countries.
Sparingly cult, in S. Fla.— Furnishes the Cassia pods
of commerce.

BB. Shrubs or herbs, with shorter and inore or less
dehiscent pods.

SophSra, Linn. (C. sehinifblia, DC). Shrub, 6-10 ft. :
Ifts. 6-10 pairs, lanceolate-acute : fls. yellow on many-
fld. axillary and terminal peduncles, which are shorter
than the lvs.: pod thin, tardily dehiscent. Oriental
tropics. Int. in S. Calif.

tomeutdsa, Linn. f. Shrub, 4-8 ft.: Ifts. 6-8 pairs,
oval-oblong and obtuse, white-tomentose beneath : fls.
vi'llow. Mex. — Said to be a good winter bloomer in S.
Calif.

corymbdsa. Lam. Shrub, half-hardy in middle states,
4-10 ft.: Ifts. 3 pairs, oblong-lanceolate and somewhat
falcate, obtuse or nearly so: fls. yellow, in long-stalked,
small axillary and terminal corymbs. Argentina. B.M.
6:«. Gn. 50, p. 139. -The best known stove species.

artemesioldes. Gaud. Tree-like shrub, soft-canescent
and gray all over : Ifts. 3-4 pairs, very narrow-linear :
rar-emes axillary, 5-8-fld., the fls. deep yellow. Austral.
-Inf. in S. Calif. Withstands drought.

bimra, Linn. Shrub, 4-8 ft.: Ifts. 6-8 pairs, broad-
oblong, very obtuse : fls. Iprge. yellow, on 2-4-fld. pe-
duncles, which are shorter than the lvs. S. Amer. B.M.
810. — Sparingly cult, in greenhouses.

C. Schrctderii. "yellow, dark spotted fls. in racemes, 2-3 ft.,"
is oflEered, but its systematic position is doubtful l_ q g_

CASTAXEA

CASStOPE (Greek mythological name). Ericctcea.
Low, procumbent, evergreen, heath-like shrubs : lvs.
small, usually imbricated and opposite : fls. solitary,
nodding ; corolla campanulate, 5-lobed ; stamens 10,
included : fr. capsular. Ten species in arctic regions
and high mountains of N. Amer., N. Eu., N. Asia and
Himal. Graceful, delicate plants, adapted for rockeries,
flowering in summer. They are of somewhat difficult
culture, and require peaty and satftly, moist but well-
drained soil and partly shaded situation, though C. hyp-
noides grows best in full sun, creeping amongst grow-
ing moss. Drought, as well as dry and hot air, is fatal
to them. Prop, readily by cuttings from mature wood
in August under glass ; also by layers, and by seeds
treated like those of Erica. Fo'niiprly included under
Andromeda.

C. fastiffiata, Don. ,\^c.i ,:';:■ : ■ i.n Mti', in t tdw^, wiili
white fringed margin : ll • n liiiii.il \'.\l \::n;.

— 0. Itypno'idi's, l><iu. (I ,, 1

V. M .-. ;i; L.B.C.
J;19iG.— r. .1;- J I . 1 ft. high:

rs. imbric.iii '- axillary,

'hite or siiu'ti: ,: ' ~ , , ( r frfrdgona,

>ou. SimilaT' i.^ iii. r^.nii.t, Ihh i,,\v,i, .■m-i iii.' ]\'s. with a
eep furrow on till! back. Arctic refious. IS.M. :il,si.

Alfred Kehder.
CASTANEA (ancient Latin name). Cupuntera (or
FagAcew). Chestnut. Deciduous
trees or shrubs, with alternate
serrate lvs.: fls. monoecious, the
staminate ones with 6-parted
calyx and 10-20 stamens, in long,
erect, cylindrical catkins ; the
pistillate ones on the lower part
of the upper catkins, usu-
ally 3 together in a prickly
involucre: fr. a large brown
nut, 1-7 together in a prickly
involucre or bur. Five spe-
cies in the temperate re-

380. Castanea American

381. Castanea sativa.

CASTANEA

gions of N. E. Araer., Eu., N. Afr. and Asia. Hardy
ornamental trees or shrubs with handsome foliage,
which generally is not injured by insects or fungi; very
attractive when in bloom. C. Americana and C. satim
are large-sized trees, while C. pumila and C. crenata
usually remain shrubby. The coarse-grained wood is
much used for furniture, railway ties and fence-posts,
as it is very durable in the soil. The Chestnut is exten-
sively cultivated in Europe and E. Asia for its edible
fruir. Itgrows best in well-drained soil on sunny slopes,
and even in rather dry and rocky situations, but dis-
likes limestone soil. Prop, by seeds, sown in fall where
there is no danger of them being eaten by mice or squir-
rels ; otherwise they should be stratified in boxes and
buried 1 or 2 feet deep in a warm soil until early spring,
when they are sown in rows about 3 inches deep. If
growing well they can be transplanted the following fall
or spring 2 or 3 feet apart from each other, and planted
where they are to stand after three or four years. They
are also increased by layers in moist soil. Varieties are
usually worked on seedling stock or on sprouts by
whip-grafting above the ground when the stock is just
beginning to push into leaf. Crown-grafting, root-graft-
ing and budding are also sometimes practiced, but no
method gives wholly satisfactory results, and usually
only one-half take well. See Chestnut.

A. Lvs. glabrous or nearly so at maturity.
Americana.Raf. fC. (ieM(iif«,Borkh.). Fig.380. Tree,
occasionally 100 ft.: lvs. cuneate, oblong-lanceolate,
acuminate, coarsely serrate, nearly glabrous when
young, G-10 in. long and somewhat pendulous : fls. of
heavy fragrance, in June or July : nuts %-l in. wide.
S. Maine toMich., south to Ala. and Miss. S. 8.9:440-41.
Em. 187. G. P. 10:373. -Thetallest,mostvigorous-grow-
ing and hardiest species. The nuts, though smaller,

sativa. Mill. { O. vi'sen. GUrtn. ). Fig. 381. Tree, 50-80
ft.: lvs. oiilong-lanceolute, coarsely serrate, slightly
pubescent or toiuentose beneath when young, nearly
glabrous at length. 5-9 in. long, erect : nut over 1 in.
wide. June. From S. Eu. and N. Afr. to China. Gn. 50,
p. 389. Gng. 3 : 209. - There are some garden forms with
variegated lvs., and others, of which var. aspleniiolia,
Lodd., with laciniately cut and divided lvs., is the most
remarkable. Of several varieties cultivated for their
fruit. Paragon, a precocious kind, and Numbo, a variety
with very large fr., are the most extensively planted in
this country. See Chestnut.

CASUAKINA 257

creu4ta, Sieb. & Zucc. (C. Jap6nica, Blume). Fig. 382.
Shrub or tree, to 30 ft.: lvs. elliptic or oblong-lanceo-
late, usually rounded at the base, acuminate, erenately
serrate, or the teeth reduced to a long, bristle-like
point, slightly pubescent when young, glabrous at
length or only pubescent on the veins beneath, 3-7 in.
long, erect: nut over 1 in. wide. Japan, China. -Shrubby
and very precocious ; it usually begins to fruit when
about six years old. Hardy as far N. as Mass.

AA. Lvs. whitish tomentose beneath.
pfimlla. Mill. Chinquapin. Shrub or small tree,
rarely 50 ft.: lvs. cuneate, elliptic-oblong or oblong-
obovate, acute, serrate, teeth often reduced to bristle-
like points, 3-5 in. long : fr. usually solitary, ovate,
small, about ^Sin. wide and %-l in. long. May, June.
From Pa. to N. Fla. and Texas. S.S. 9: 442^3. -Useful
for planting on dry and rocky slopes ; attractive when
in flower, and again in fall, with its abundant light green
burs among the dark foliage. The closely allied C. alni-
the S. states, grows only a few feet

high.

larger lvs. and fr. Alfred Rehder.

CASTANEA of commerce. The nuts of BerthoUetia.

CASTAN6FSIS (Castanea and opsis, chestnut-like).
Cupuliferip (or Fay<h-eie). Evergreen trees or shrubs,
closely allied to Castaiiea and in some degree also to
Quercus, with sometimes entire lvs. and spiny or tuber-
culate involucre. About 25 species, chiefly in the trop.
and subtrop. mountains of Asia, and 1 in W. N. Amer.,
which is the hardiest, and is sometimes cultivated. For
propagation, see Castanea.

ohrysophylla, DC. {Castdnea ehrysophylla. Hook.).
Tree, to 150 ft., shrubby at high elevations : lvs. ovate-
oblong or oblong-lanceolate, narrowed at both ends,
entire, dark green above, co.ited with minute golden
yellow scales beneath, 2-6 in. long: nut about J^in.
wide, usually solitary in the spinv involucre. Summer.
Ore. to Calif. S.S. 9:439. B.M. 49.53. G.C. III. 22:411.
F.S. 12:1184. R.B.7:240.-A highly "ornamental tree
with beautiful foliage, hardy only in the warmer tem-
perate regions, but the shrubby form is much hardier.
Alfred Rehder.

CASTANOSPfiRMUM (Chestnut seed, because of the
taste of the seeds). Legumindsa. One tall Australian
tree, with odd-pinnate lvs., the Ifts. broad, thick, entire;
fls. large, orange-colored, in lateral racemes ; petals 4 ;
stamens free : ovary long-stipitate, many-ovuled : seeds
larger than Italian chestnuts, globular. C. austrWe,
Cunn. & Praser, is the species known locally as "More-
ton Bay Chestnut." The seeds are roasted and eaten.
Int. in S. Calif.

CASTILLfilA (a Spanish botanist, D. Castillejo).
Scrophnlariarcte. Painted Cup. Herbs, with small,
solitary fls. in terminal, gaudy-bracted spikes, mostly
N. Amer.: corolla tubular, sometimes flattened laterally,
2-lipped ; lower lip smaller, more or less 3-toothed :
stamens 4 : lvs. alternate, entire or cut. C. coccinea,
Spreng., the common Painted Cup of the E. states,
has been offered by collectors. It has showy laciniate
bracts. Castilleias are little known in gardens. They
are of simple culture.

indivlsa, Engelm. Annual, 1-2 ft.; lvs. lance-linear
and entire (or sometimes 2-3-lobed) : bracts not lacini-
ate, bright red and showy. Texas. — Blooms early in
spring.

afflnis, Hook. & Arn. Perennial, 1-2 ft. : lvs. narrow-
lanceolate, entire or the upper ones toothed at apex :
fl. -bracts becoming short and broad, red : spike lax be-
low. Calif., in moist soils. -Int. 1891 by Orcutt.

foliolbsa. Hook. & Arn. Woolly perennial, 1-2 ft., the
base woody: lvs. small (1 in. or less long), narrow-
linear, crowded or fascicled : bracts 3-parted : spike
dense. Calif., in dry soils. -Int. 1891 by Orcutt.

L. H. B.

CASTOR BEANS are discussed under Bicinus.

CASUAKINA, said to be derived from Casuarius, the
Cassowary, from resemblance of the branches to the
feathers). Casuarindcece. Beepwood. She Oak. A

258

CASUARINA

score or more of trees and shrubs in the Australian re-
gion and the Indies, being the only plants of the family.
They are usually classified near the walnut and hickory
tribes, although very unlike them— or other known
plants-in botanical characters. They are jointed and
leafless plants, somewhat suggesting Equisetums in
gross appearance of branches. The fls. are unisexual.
The staminate are in cylindrical terminal spikes, each
fl. consisting of a stamen inclosed in 4 scales, 2 of the
scales being attached to the filament. The pistillate fls.
are in dense heads borne in the axils, and this head
ripens into a globular or oblong cone ; they are com-
posed of 1-ovuled ovaries subtended by bracts. The
fruit is a winged nutlet. The branches are long and
slender. Beefwood is planted in the extreme south for
its very odd habit, and also to hold sands of the sea
coast. The wood burns quickly, and is very hard and
durable. The redness of the wood has given the popu-
lar name, Beefwood. Remarkable for rapid growth.
They grow well in brackish and alkaline soils. Prop,
by seeds and cuttings.

equisetiidlia, Linn. Tree, becoming 150 ft. high in
favorable climates, and a most rapid grower. Branches
drooping, pale green, simple, 6-8-angled or terete, the
internodes very short (less than Hin.) : sheath-teeth 7
(6-8) lanceolate and appressed : staminate cone nearly
terete : pistillate cone short-peduncled, ellipsoidal,
about 12-sided. Widely distributed in Old World
tropics, and the best known species in this country
(S.Fla. and Calif.).— The wood is valuable for many
purposes.

early summer or by grafting on seedlings or on roots
under glass in spring ; also increased sometimes by
layers and root cuttings.

stricta, Dryand. Becoming 20-30 ft. high : branches
erect, simple, 6-7-angled, scarcely green, internodes
short, as in the latter : sheath-teeth usually 7, ovate-
lanceolate and appressed; staminate cone slender; pis-
tillate cone nearly sessile, oblong (sometimes staminate
above), about 14-sided. Austral.

toruldsa, Dryand. (C. tenuissima, Sieber). Reaches
70 or 80 ft. : branches erect, capillary, mostly terete, in-
ternodes short : sheath-teeth 4, very short, triangular
appressed : staminate cones filiform ; pistillate cones
ellipsoidal, 8-10-sided. Austral. l. h. B.

CATALPA (the Indian name of C. bignonioides).
Bigiwniticeie. Deciduous trees with opposite or whorled,
long-petioled, large and simple Ivs. ; fls. in large, showy
panicles; corolla tubular-campanulate, 2-lipped, with 2
smaller upper and 3 larger lower lobes; calyx 2-lipped:
fertile stamens 2 : fr. a very long, cylindrical capsule,
separating into 2 valves, with numerous small, oblong,
compressed seeds licarini; ;i tuft of white hairs on each
end. Eight spi-iM.s in N. Aiiiit., W. India and E. Asia,

of which 4 are Inirdy in tl >lcler temperate regions.

Highly oraameiit:il tni-s «iili large, bright green fo-
liage and beautiful white ur yellowish fls. in lar?e,
showy panicles. The coarse-grained and soft wood is
very durable in the soil, and, therefore, much valucil
for fence-posts and railway ties. They grow in aliiiost
any somewhat moist soil, and are hardy as far north :is
New England. Prop, by seeds sown in spring, in the
north, best with slight bottom heat, or by cuttings from
ripe wood, the varieties often by softwood cuttings in

Natural size..

A. Fls. white, with two yellow stripes inside, and
spotted purplish brqivn.

bignonioides, Walt. (C syringimia, Sims). Tree,
20-50 ft.: Ivs. often whorled, cordate-ovate, abruptly
acuminate, sometimes with 2 lateral lobes, pubescent
beneath, 5-8 in. long, of unpleasant odor : panicles
many-fld.; fls. about 2 in. in diam., thickly spotted in-
side : pod 6-20 in. long, H-% in. thick. June, July.
S. states, north to Tennessee, often naturalized else-
where. B.M. 1094. L.B.C. 13:1285. S.S. 6:288-89.
Gng. 6: 118-119. G. P. 3:. 537, 539. J. H. III. .32: 121.
G.C. III. 21:298.-Usually low tree, with very wide-
spreading branches. There are some garden forms.
Var. ailrea, Hort. Lvs. yellow. Var. n4na, Hort. (C.
BAngei, Hort., not C. A. Mey.). Forms a dense, round
bush, often grafted high. Gng. 3:195. Var. purpiirea,
Hort. Lvs. purple when young, green at length.

Bpecidsa, Warder. Fig. 3s:!. 3b4. Tree, to 100 ft. : lvs.
cordate-ovate, long-acuminate, pubescent beneath, 8-12
in. long; panicles usually tew-Hd.: fls. about 2K in. in
diam., inconspicuously spotted inside: pod ]4-%m.
thick. June. From southern Illinois and Indiana to
Louisiana and Mississippi. S.S. 6:290-91. R. H.
1895: 136. -A very desirable ornamental tree, closely al-
lied to the former, but taller and hardier.

hybrida, Spiith. (C. UgnnnioWesXovAtn). Tbas'
Japan Hybrid. Large tree, intermediate between the
parents: the lvs. resemble more those of C. ovata, and
are purplish when unfolding, but much larger and

CATALPA

slightly pubescent beneath, while the fls. are more like
B. bignonioides, with the iiiBorescence often twice aa
long. Originated at J. C. Teas' nursery, at Baysville,
lad., about 20 years ago. G.F.2:305. Gt. 47: 1454. -A
very valuable tree, flowering profusely; of rapid growth
anil hardy. Seedlings usually resemble 6'. orafa.
AA. Fls. yelloic, striped inside orange and spotted dark
ciolet, about 1 in. in diam.

OVita, Don (C. Kampferi, Sieb. & Zucc). Fig. 385.
Tree, to 20 ft. : Ivs. broadly cordate-ovate, abruptly acu-
minate, often 3-5-lobed, nearly glabrous at length, with
reddish spots in the axils of tbe veins beneath, 5-8 in.
long: panicles raauy-fld., 4-7 in. long, fragrant. June.
China, much cult, in Japan. B.M. 6611. I.H. 9:319.-
Hardier than the American species.

C. Bungei. C. A. Jley. Allied to C. ovata. Lvs. truncate at
the base, long atnimiuate. 3-5 in. long: lis. large, nearly -white,
infewfld. piuiiiles. China.— C.Bungei. Hort.=C. bignonoides,
var. nana.— ('. Inni/lssima. Suns. Tree, to 50 ft.; lvs. oblong-
ovate. eori.%('eous : fls. small, white. W. Ind., often planted as
shade tree in Cuba. Alfred Rehder.

CATANANCHE (Greek name, referring to ancient
custom of using the plant in love-making). Compisitce.
A half dozen annual or perennial herbs of the Medi-
terranean region, with the lvs. crowded at the base of
the stem, and linear or lanceolate. Head long-peduneled,
blue or yellow. Akene ohlong, ribbed and generally vil-
lose or setose. Pappus of 5-7 scales. Of easiest culture
in any garden soil, particularly if lightt Useful for
cutting.

csenllea, Linn. Perennial, 2 ft. : lvs. tomentose, lanceo-
late and few-toothed : fl. -heads 2 in. across, with wide,
flat-toothed blue rays, on long, slender stems. Blooms
in June, July and Aug. S. Eu. B. 11. 293. R.H. 1890, p.
523. Var. Alba, Hort., has white fls. Var. bicolor,
Hort., has white margin and bine center. Often used as
Everlastings. Prop, by seeds and division, l. h_ g.

CATASfiTUM (Greek for downward or backward,
a.uA bristle). Orchiddcew, tribe Vdndece. Flowers globose
or expanded; labellum fleshy; column erect; pollinia 2.
Stems short fusiform ; lvs. plaited, membranaceous ;
scapes basal, fls. in racemes; the column provided with
sensitive appendages which, when touched, cause the
pollen-masses to fly out. There are about 50 or 60 spe-
cies in the Amer. tropics, either terrestrial or epiphytic.
The fls. are in racemes or spikes, firm in texture, and
white or in shades of green, yellow, brown or purple.
C'atasetums are not much cultivated, since most of the
species are not showy, but they are interesting to the
botanist and amateur because of the striking ejection of
the pollen-masses. Gardeners often have trouble with
Catasetums, but they are not difficult to grow if given
good care. They need a high temperature, long period
of rest, and free supply of water during the growing
season. They are grown in both pots and baskets.
Readily propagated by dividing the plants at the base;
also from very ripe pseudobulbs cut in pieces and
put in sand. The genus Includes Monachanthus and
Myanthus.

A. Floirers white.
Bungerdthii, N. E. Brown. Stems 8-9 in. tall; sepals
larger than the petals, nearly 2 in. long; labellum tend-
ing toward concave, roundish ; appendages thiekish.
Equador. B.M. 6998. G.C. III. 1:142. I.H. 37:117 ;
34:10. Gn. 33:646. A. F. 6: 633. — A striking plant.
AA. Fls. yellowish, more or less marked with brown

macrocArpum, Rich. (C. Cldverinqi, Lindl. C. triden-
^5?»)»,Hook.). Fls. large, nearly 3H in. across ; petals
and sepals yellow, verging on green, spotted with red-
dish brown; labellum yellow. Guiana. B.M. 2559, 3329.
I.H. 33:619.

fimbriatum, Lindl. & Past. Pseudobulbs, 2-3 in. long :
raceme pendulous, 8- or raore-fld.: fls. 2H in. across ;
sepals whitish or pale yellow, closely barred with red.
Braz. B.M. 7158. A.F.6:609.

longlJdlium, Lindl. Pseudobulbs deflexed; lvs. nai*
row and glaucous, reaching 3 ft. ; fls. on drooping, com-
pact spikes; sepals and petals greenish yellow tipped

CATTLEYA 259

with dull red; lip helmet-like, orange-yellow. Guiana.
Epiphyte.

AAA. Fls, essentially red or brownish.

decipiens, Reichb. f. Fls. \% in. across ; sepals and
petals lanceolate, red-brown and spotted ; lip saccate,
yellowish outside and red-brown inside. Venezuela.
A. P. 6:609.

AA.\A. Fls. many-colored, grotesque.

Gndmus, Andr^. Pseudobulb, oblong-ovate and alter-
nate, articulated: fls. in a long loose raceme on slender
pedicels; sepals greenish and purple-barred ; 2 lateral
petals spreading, concave, purple ; lip bluntly conical,
olive-green spotted outside, ivory white within, fringed
above. S. Amer. I.H. 24:270. A.F. 12:293.

C.h"i!"''f" in . 1,11 11 rk tn'eeu. blotched with purple. Gmana.
— €.<•""■ l.i. ■ <'.1<1: fls. with chocolate-brown, narrow-
lancf"); ;- i.ils ; lip greenish, speckled with red.
Vene/'i. II ' LIS- C. C*ris(i/((Hi(m, Reichb. f. Se-
pals ;inii 1' ■ I - I i.,i ^ '1 olate : lip greenish yellow, purple

fringed. ,^. .4mer.. I.e. HI. 18:617.— O.diMoior, Lindl. Fls.
purple. Auuld sort, now rarely seen. Jir&z.— C. Garnettidnum,
EoKe. Allied to C. barhatnm : fls. small : sepals and petals
very narrow, green, with large bars of red-brown : Up white,
fringed. .-Vinazon. P.M. 7000— C. imperidle, Lind. & Cogn.
Sepals mi'l i.t.iN r-.-.rf. ri.ii'r ^vlutn, purple spotted ; lip orbic*
ular-.-oi.i .>. i..npi' in . .i:!i 1 :i"d wliite margined. G.C. III.
17::)-J:i - II I ;. I ' I I II '■ i:<. — C. Llndeni, Coffn. Fls.
largi' I I ' ' ' i'.ils and petals yellow, with

purpli^li -iM •- ; ■ , , r v\ , spottedjit base. G.C. III.

sepals .and petals .
spots and bars; li]
spots, toothed. <
Reichb. f. Com].;
veined; Up 3-1o1hi;
Cogn. Intermedi:t
pum: sepals gi-eeii
with m.any piiriil
Runs into m;nty 1

, Cogn. Fls. very large, the
-. and yellowish, with purple
, bright yeUow with 2 purple
S.H. 1, p. 369.- C. Scurra.
nt, yeUowish white, green-

II. 7:304, 305.— C. splendnis,
nigerothii and C. macrocar-
lurplish center; petalswhite
■ream-color, purple-marked,
ium, Lind. it Cogu., white or
: Cogu. Fls. large :

petals purplish ; Up white, toothed. Var. am-eo-macuhitum.
Bossch. Yellow. I.H. 43; 54. Var. atropurpurenm. Hort.
Blackish purple.— C. Warscewiczii, Lindl. & Pa-it. From Pan-
ama. Now rarely seen. Oakes AilES.

CATCHFLY. Consult Silene.

CATECHU. See Acacia Catechu.

CATERPILLAES. The worm-like pods of Scorpiitrus
vermiculdta, Linn., S. subvillosa, Linn., and others
(Leguminds'v), are sometimes used as surprises in
salads and soups ; and for that purpose they are cult,
in parts of Europe, and seeds are sold in this country.
They are sometimes catalogued as Worms. They are
annuals of the easiest culture. The pods of Medicdgo
scutelldta. Mill., and others are known as Snails. The
pods are not edible. European plants, A.G. 13: 681.
L. H. B.

CATMINT or CATNIP. See mpeta.

CAT-TAIL. Typha.

CATTLEYA (William C.attley, an early English nat-
uralist). OrchidAced', tribe Jb'pidendrece. Epiphytes of
tropical America. Pseudobnlbous : leaf-blades 1-3, cori-
aceous: fls. usually terminal, large, fleshy or membrana-
ceous ; petals and sepals nearly equal, or the former
much broader : Labellum cucullate, usually trilobed,
proximal part inclosing the fleshy, clavate column,
except in C. Aelandin- and C bicolor : pollen masses 4
(2 pairs), with short appendages. A genus generally
cultivated for its large, showy flowers, which for inten-
sity of color have few, if any, equals in the family of
orchids. Most of the species do satisfactorily under
artificial conditions, although there is an opinion preva-
lent that they degenerate or "run out." Naturally, some
kinds are difficult to grow, since the horticulturist is
not well enough informed concerning their require-
ments, but there is no reason why the majority of the
species should degenerate if properly treated. The
genus Cattleya was founded on C. labiata by John
Lindley in 1824. As a genus, it is very closely allied to
Liplia, being distinguished by having two pollinia (4
pollen masses), whereas that genus has four (or 8 pollen
masses.) Oakes Ames.

260

CATTLEYA

The Cattleyas are indigenous to the western hemi-
sphere only, Central and S. America being the regions
where they abound, particularly in the latter, from the
different countries of which large quantities are im-
ported yearly. During the last few years the collecting
and importing of Cattleyas into the U. S. has assumed
large proportions, owing to a continually and steadily
increased demand, not only by amateurs but also by the
trade in general. There are two particular reasons for
this increased demand : First, the exquisitely beautiful
flowers, combined with size and marvelous colors, and
adapted for decorations at all sorts of functions, they be-
ing never out of place ; second, their easy culture. Flor-
ists and amateurs alike are beginning to realize that,
after all, orchids are only plants, and if only treated in a
common-sense way they are by far easier to grow than
a good many plants, and especially so the Cattleyas,
provided some attention is paid to their requirements.

Cattleyas in general delight in a genial, moist atmos-
phere and a temperature ranging all the way from 55°
to 70°. They all require an abundant supply of water,
accompanied by a liberal supply of air and light, dur-
ing their respective growing seasons. A Cattleya house
should, if possible, have bottom and top ventilators,
which when open produce a current of fresh air impos-
sible to obtain or imitate in any other way, and in which
these plants delight. The glass should be shaded with
a thin coat of naphtha and white lead, enough to pre-
vent the sun from burning the plants, for, while they
enjoy all the light possible, the full sun in our climate
is too strong for them, and they are liable to dry and
shrivel, and thus lose their natural luxuriance. The
shading, however, may be removed entirely during the
dullest winter months. Cattleyas will grow equally well
in baskets, pots, or on boards ; the former are prefera-
ble where limited quantities are grown, inasmuch as
they are easily managed and may be hung up or taken
down or moved from one place to another with the
greatest ease. The large blocks or boards are to be rec-
ommended where large quantities of plants are grown
for cut-flowers, being more economical in every sense
of the word. When boards are used, the width ought
not 10 be less than 10 inches, as the plants would very
soon grow over the sides of the boards ; the length may
be adjusted to suit the house, but should not exceed 5
feet— anything larger is liable to be too clumsy to han-
dle conveniently.

The best potting material is soft, fibrous peat, with a
sprinkling of live sphagnum intermixed. Too much
stress cannot be laid on soft peat, as frequently too
coarse material is used, resembling amass of wire, with
the result that the water benefits the plants but very
little, and root-action is slow, if taking place at all.
One thing is imperative in the cultivation of Cattleyas,
in whatever receptacles they are grown : they must be
firm, without going to the extreme of ramming in the
stuff too hard. A plant lying loose in a basket or a pot
will never grow well, but will gradually dwindle away
to nothing. Where boards or large blocks are used, the
plants are fastened on by means of galvanized staples,
inserting a piece of peat between the staple and the
rhizome, so as to keep the staple from burning while
new. In this way freshly imported Cattleyas may be
fastened on to clean boards or blocks, and by liberal
overhead syringing the roots soon appear, when a mix-
ture of chopped peat and sphagnum may be shaken in
between the plants to cover the roots. In using baskets,
it is advisable to use them shallow and less material,
the compost thus keeping fresh and sweet for a consid-
erable period of time. Cattleyas, as previously men-
tioned, enjoy a copious supply of water during their
respective growing seasons. In our climate the best
method is to use the hose, and water overhead, which,
if adhered to, will cause the plants to soon assume a
natural green color and luxuriance common to them in
their native habitats. Besides, the overhead watering
will keep down vermin, such as scales, etc. By the so-
called resting season of Cattleyas is generally under-
stood the time after the plants have finished the flow-
ering bulb, and until they begin to send up the next
growth. During this time, when they are, in a. sense,
dormant, the quantity of water should be diminished,
which causes the new eyes to move slowly and break

CATTLEYA

strong. As soon, however, as the new breaks are fairly
under way they should be encouraged in the way of
moisture, when the new roots will soon appear and the
plants go ahead with renewed vigor. If the plants 'ire
in baskets, suspended under the roof, they should be
taken down at intervals and dipped thoroughly. Haud-
in-hand with a copious watering must go a liberal sup-
ply of light and air at all times. In order to obtain the
best results, the plants should be placed as near to the
light as possible— say, from 1-3 feet from the glass,
according to kinds and to the space available in the
house. Kinds such as C Trlatuel, C. labiala, C. Men-
delii, C. Mossiw and 0. Harrisoniana will grow and
flower well in any part or position of the house, pro-
vided they have plenty of light and air, but 3 feet is
the maximum distance from the glass at which any of
the Cattleyas should be placed, to be successfully grown.
A capital illustration of the above is, for instance, C.
ijigas, which does admirably suspended under the ridge
of the house, where it receives the full benefit of air
and light, in which position it flowers profusely, while
it grown on a bench or stage it rarely flowers.

The best twelve varieties of Cattleyas for commercial
purposes, and, indeed, for amateurs also, are the fol-
lowing: C. Triansei, flowers Jan.-March; Schroederiana,
fls. March, April ; Mossiffl, fls. April, May; Mendelii,
fls. April, May; Warneri. fls. May, June ; gigas, fls.
June, July ; chrysotoxa, lis. June, July ; Gaskelliana,
fls. Aug., Sept.; Harrisoniana, fls. Sept., Oct.; labiata,
fls. Oct., Nov.; Bowringeana, fls. Oct., Nov.; Percival-
iana, fls. Dec.

With a number of plants of each of the above kinds,
it will be seen that it is possible to have a succession of
flowers from one end of the year to the other.

John E. Laqee.
Index : Aclandiae, 18 ; amethysfina, 21 ; amethysto-
glossa, 25 ; aurea, 2 ; autumnalis, 16 ; bicolor, 19 ;
Bluntei, 6 ; Bogotensis, 1 ; Bowringeana, 16 ; bullosa,
30; Candida, 23; Carrierei, 1 ; Chocoensis, 9; chryso-
toxa, 2 ; citrina, 17 ; Dawsonii, 5 ; dolosa, 21 ; Dowi-
ana, 2 ; Eldorado, 3 ; Ernesti, 1 ; Porbesii, 22 ; Gas-
kelliana, 4; gigas, 12; gloriosa, 1; granulosa, 26;
guttata, 24; Harrisoniae, 23; Harrisoniana, 23; Hol-
fo)'di,30; imperialis,!; intermedia, 21 ; Keteleerii, 25;
labiata,!; Lawrenceana, 14; Leeana,\; Lemoniana,l;
Leopoldii. 24 ; Loddigesii, 23 ; Luddemanniana, 5 ;
luteola, 30 : Massangeana, 1 ; maxima, 13 ; Mendelii,
6; Morganm, 1; Mossite, 7; Nalderiana, 1 ; nobilior,
31; pallida. I; Parthenia, 21 ; Peetersii, 1; Perci-
valiana, 8 ; Perrinii, 1 ; Primii, 25; punctatissima, 21;
quadricolor, 9; Reineckiana, 7; BcezUi, 1; Boltis-
soni, 1 ; Sanderiana, 12 ; Schilleriana, 29 ; Sohofleldi-
ana, 27 ; Schroederiana, 9 ; Skinneri, 15 : speciosis-
sima, 5; splendens, 28; snperba, 28; Trianaei, 9;
Viotoria-Kegina, 20; violacea. 28 ; virginaUs, 1 ; Wag-
neri, 7 : Walkeriana, 31 ; Wallisii, 3 ; Warneri, lU ;
Warocqiieana, I ; Warscewiczii, 11.

The following Amer. trade names belong to L»lia :
crispa, lohata, marginata, pumita. See, also, the list
of hybrids at the close of Cattleya. For C. aurantiaca,
see Epidendrum.

Of several of the following species, there are named
vars. in the Amer. trade, varying in stature, habit, and
particularly in the color of the flowers.

A. Blossoms from a leafy pseudobulb.
B. Fix. membranaceous, not fleshy.
c. Number of fls. not more than 5, or rarely C:
pseudobulb 1-leaved.
1. labiata, Lind. Pseudobulbs 4-8 in. high, com-
pressed, from stout creeping rhizomes : leaf-blades
broadly ovate or oblong, about 6 in. in length: fls. 2-5,
ranging in color from rosy mauve to white ; petals
VA in. long, 2% in. wide, ovate-oblong, several times
broader than the sepals ; labellum 2]4-3% in. long, ex-
panded portion 2 in. across, blotched or veined with
crimson or magenta-purple, the margin crisped and
paler; the posterior part stained with yellow and veined
with crimson-purple. Blooms in autumn. B.M. 3998.
P.M. 4:121. Gn. 51:1107. G.C. III. 19: 13. R.B. 22:25.
A.G. 17:65; 19:811. F.R. 1:8; 2:531. Gng. 2:275. F.E.
9:327. A.F. 6:607.-Int. in 1818 from the Organ moun-

CATTLEYA

tains of South America. It was lost for many years and
became exceeilingly rare, but recently its rediscovery
has made it a common orchid, and many beautiful varie-
ties are in cultivation. Some of the varieties have here-
tofore been regarded as species, but as the points of
distinction are too slight to be specific, it has seemed
best to put such forms as C. Warneri, C. Tnantei and
C. Mossite in their proper place under the original
species. C. labiata is probably the most useful species
of orchid. Immensely variable : some of the leading
varieties are described below. These forms are regarded
variously as species, varieties or sub-varieties, by dif-
ferent authors. Besides the names given below, the
following are to be referred to C. labiata,: C. Bogotin-
six. Lincl.: ('. Cirrierei, Houll. ; C. ErnesH, Hort.;
C. ./' "- i '/, I :irr. : ('. imperiAlis, O'Brien ; C.lieeAna,
Hon ,. ni, I, Mndh; C.MassangeAna, Jteichb.

f.: ' ;' Warner; C iVaMecJAwo, Reichb. f.;

('. /■ ' i ;.'. l.iiidK A; Paxt.; C. Peitersii, Andr^ ; C.
P^n-inii. Kii.ll.diot Lmdl.); C. iJtrsHJ, Eeichb. f.; C.
Bi'ilUssonii, Bloore : C. viryhidlis, Lindl. & Andr^ ; C.
Wiirocgiiiaiia. Wore than 100 other specifically made
names are referred to this species. There are white-
fld. forms of nearly all the vars.

2. Var. Dowiina, Veitch ((7. Dowidna, Batem.). Fls.
nankeen-yellow, except for the disproportionately large
labellum ; petals about twice as wide as the sepals,
about the same length as the labellum, wavy margined,
obtuse ; sepals lanceolate, acute ; labellum amply ex-
panded, margin crisped, surface velvety, dark purple,
beautifully and finely veined with golden yellow lines,
which radiate from the median line. Strong plants
produce 3 or more fls. on each peduncle. B.M. 5618.
R.H. 1869:30. -Discovered in Costa Rica by Warscewicz.
Little was known about it until 1864, when Mr. Arce
found plants and sent them to England, where they
flowered in the autumn of 1865. There are now several
geographical varieties of this orchid, the one called
adrea or chrysotdxa (I.H. 30:493. J.H. 111.31:253. R.H.
1892:492. A.F. 6: 563; 12: 10. F.R. 1: 76), being more
easy to grow. This variety is recognized by having
deeper yellow petals and sepals, and more copious vein-
ing on the labellum. The fragrance of this orchid sug-
gests vanilla, and renders it readily distinguishable
from other varieties.

3. Var. Eldorado, Veitch (C. EhlorMo, Linden). Fls.
pale rosy lilac, except for the more or less tubular la-
bellum, which bears at its distal end a border of crimson-
magenta, which shades into an orange-yellow disc ;
petals narrowly ovate ; sepals lanceolate. Int. in 1866
from Braz. P.S. 18:1826.-The fragrance of this orchid
is very characteristic, while its fls., which are much
smaller than in the type, are produced in July and Aug.
There are several recognized forms. Sub-var. croc^ta
is paler in the sepals and petals. Sub-var. Willisii is
a white form (A. WalJisii, Linden).

4. Var. GaskellUna, Hort. Petals and sepals usually
narrower than in the type, perhaps paler. Blooms from
June to Aug. The usual forms are not distinct enough
to be varietal. Venezuela. I. H. 33:613. A.F. 6:185.
Gng. 5:72.

5. Vku-. Luddemanm&,na, Hort. (C. LuddemanniAna,
Reichb. f. C. Ddn'sonii, Warner. C. speciosl.t.iima,
H.n-t.). Petals and sepals delicate rose color or pink-lilac,
petals much broader than the sepals; labellum wavy or
crisped at the margin, compressed dorsiventrally, apex
deeply divi<led, front lobe deep crimson-purple, the color
carried back into the throat in streaks, front part of the
lateral lobes nearly white, margined with blush-rose ;
throat yellowish. Venezuela.

6. Var. Mendellii. Backhouse (C. M/tidellii, Hort.).
FIlt. 386. Petals and sepals pale rosy mauve to white ;
labellum blotched with crimson-purple, throat yellowish.
Blooms in May and June or earlier. Of this variety
tliere are many beautiful forms. Eastern Cordilleras,
New Granada. S.H. 2:413. -C. Bhhitei, Hort., is a pure
white form with a beautifully fringed lip.

7. Var. M6ssias, Hook. (C. Mdssitr, Parker). Habit as
in type, or very similar; petals broadly ovate; labellum
broad in expanded part, crisped at the usually whitish

CATTLEYA

261

margin; throat yellow lined with purple, expanded por-
tion mottled with crimson ; frequentlv much inter-
mingled with orange-yellow. La Uuavia. B..M. 3669.
R.H. 1857, p. 322. S.H. 1:149. A. (i. 14:7(1. A.F.6:563.
-a. Wdgneri, Hort.. is a white form of this (.'attleya.
C. BeineckiAnn, Reichb. f., is the most beautiful form.
It has white sepals and petals and a richly colored
labellum.

8. Var. PercivaUina, Reichb. f. (C. PercivaUhna,
O'Brien). Fls. rather small ; petals and sepals deeper
colored than in the type species' ; labellum relatively

386. Cattleya labiata.

small, pale at margin; throat deep yellow streaked with
crimson, expanded part crimson-purple. F.R. 1:298,
J.H. 111.32:179.

9. Var. Triinaei, Veitch (C. Trianai, Lind. & Reichb. f.
C. quadiicolor, Lindl.). Fig. 388. Foliage more robust,
perhaps, than in the type species, though, of course,
cultivation has much to do with this ; petals broader
than in the type species, ovate-rhomboid ; exceedingly
variable in color; expanded portion ( not usually so wide
or spreading as in C. labiata) crimson-magenta, the
margin less wavy than in the other varieties. New
Grenada. B.M. 5504. R.H. 1860. p. 406-7. A.G. 17:177.
Gng. 3:151. A.F. 6:607; 13:715. F.E. 9:325. F.R.
1:672-3. S.H. 1:11,27; 2:403, 405.-The fls. are pro-
duced .3-5 on the stout peduncles. Sub-var. 41ba,
White fls,. yellow blotch in throat. Sub-var. Choco^n-
sis, Hoi-t. Vfvy i-iniilar to the above, but the fls. have

the ii|M" "■: " ' '■'■< wholly expanding. Colombia.

I.H. L'" . I o:'.. Sub- var. Schroederltaa , Hort.

iC. s:. , i:-irhb. f.). Fragrant; petals and

sepals \:iiy i .i,, \ liite to pale rosy mauve ; labellum
has more oriuig.-yellow than usual. Blooms at about
the same time with the above, and on account of its pale
fls. is a valuable variety. G.C. 111. 20:73. A.G. 15:211.
F.E. 9::i3i.-C. Trianwi is probably the most popular
single garden orchid.

10. Var. Wdrneri, O'Brien (C. TTdi-nen', Moore). Very
similar to C. labiata itself, differing from it, perhaps,
only in its blooming season. May, June and July. S.
Brazil. A.F. 6:563.

11. Var. 'Warscewiczii, Reichb. f. Fls. large ; label-
lum yellow in the throat, streaked with magenta-red, the
infolding portion similar in color to the expanded por-
tion, wliicli is uniformly crimson-purple. NewGranada.
G.C. III. 22:li;:i.-At the entrance to the throat there
are usujilly two yellow blotches, or "eyes."

262

CATTLEYA

12. Var. Sanderiina, Hort. {C. qXgas, Lind. & Andrt).
Fig. 387. A noble-fld. form, which, besides being rich in
color, is larger than the usual varieties of C. labiaia.
New Grenada. I. H. 21:178. On. 45, p. 445. G.F. 1:437.
A.G. .July 23, 1898, Suppl. P.R. 1:77 and 674. F.E.
10: 892. -This is a form of var. Warscewicsii.

13. mixima, Lindl. Plants about 1 ft. high : sepals
and petals pink-lilac ; labellum oval-oblong, obscurely
3-lobed, richly veined with crimson, expanded part
crisped at the margin, a vellow median band on the
disk. Equador. B.M. 4902." F.S. 20:21.36. F.R. 1:298.

14. Lawrenceina, Reichb. f. Pseudobulbs 12-15 in.
high, frequently brownish, rarely green : sheath red-
dish brown : lis. few, about 4 in. across ; petals oblong,
blunt at the apices ; sepals pale mauve, narrow; label-
lum purple shaded with maroon. March. British Gui-
ana. B.M. 7133.

cc. Nuynhcr of

than 6:

psendobulb :
15. Sklnneri, Batem. Stem;

laUy mort
-S-ledved.
about 1 ft. high, attenu-
ated at base, 2-lvd.: fls. 6-8, sometimes more, about 4
in. across, rose-mauve ; disk of labellum whitish, bor-
dered with deeper rose-mauve or deep purple. Guate-
mala. B.M. 4270. P.M. 11:193. R.B. 22:201. G.C. III.
20:6. G.F. 3:201. -Common, and a favorite. Runs into
white-fid. forms.

16. Bowringe4na, Veitch (C. autumndUs, Hort.).
Pseudobulbs about 18 in. tall, J^in. in diam., subcylin-
drical, jointed, nodes about 6. base swollen, 2-3-lvd.:
fls. 5-30, on stout peduncles 1 ft. long, double-sheathed ;
petals \)4 in. long, deep rose-mauve; labellum magenta-
purple at distal end, deeper colored toward sulfurous
yellowthroat. Blooms in autumn. Honduras. R.B. 21:37.
R. H. 189n:300.-Undoubtedly a variety of
the preceding

BB FU not membranaceous fleshy
thick usually floated
Pidnncles pendtnt
citrina Lmdl Pseudobulbs ovoid
not erect with membranaceous
whitish sheaths If blides
glaucous about 6 m long fls

-^^

CATTLEYA

CC. Peduncles erect.
D. Lateral lobes of labellum practically wanting.

18. Aclttndise, Lindl. Dwarf : sts. slender, 4 in. tall :
Ivs. elliptical: peduncle 1-2-fld.: fls. about 4 in. across;
sepals and petals nearly equal, oblong, yellowish verg-
ing on green, spotted and blotched with dark purple
(much less distinct on dorsal surface): labellum with
small lateral lobes that do not include the column, pale
purple, with dark veins and a yellow line under the
fleshy column. Brazil. B.M. 5039.

19. blcolor, Lindl. Sts. nearly 3 ft. high, 2-Ivd.: Ivs.
oblong-lanceolate, about 6 in. long : peduncle 2-5-fld.,
sometimes more : fls. 4 in. across ; ])etals and sepals
greenish brown, sometimes spotted with brown ; label-
lum tongue-shaped, crimson or deep rose-mauve, mar-
gins recurved ; lateral lobes do not cover the column.
Brazil. B.M. 4909.

DD. Lateral lobes of labellum inclosing column.

20. Victdria-Eeglna, O'Brien. Pseudobulbs slightly
clavate : Ivs. elliptical-oblong : peduncle short, 2-3- or
more fld. : sepals oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, inferior
ones tinged with yellow at the base, otherwise pink-
lilac ; petals undulate, similar to the sepals in color ;
labellum 3-lobed, lateral lobes whitish, with purple-
violet blotch near summit, midlobe rounded on distal
margin, crimson ; disk yellow, striated with crimson.
Pernanitmco. 1891. — A hybrid between C. labiata and
C. LrnpnUli, var. Pernambucensi.'s. One peculiarity
that tend.s to show this origin is the variability in the
number of leaves, sometimes 1, sometimes 2 being
borne on a stem.

21. intermedia, Graham (C. amethystina, Morr.).
Pseudobulbs 18 in. high, jointed, rarely 3-lvd. : Ivs.
narrowly ovate, serrulate on basal margins : fls. white,
sufl'ii'.e i with pale rose-lilac: labellum distinctly 3-lobed;
throat nhitish streaked with crimson-magenta, midlobe
ratheriiarrow ciimson-mageuta. Rio de Janeiro. B.M.
28d1 P M 1 1)1 —Var. punctatissima, Sander, is simi-
lar to the type but the petals and sepals are peppered
une\enh with crimson spots of various sizes. Var.
ParthSnia, Reichb. f., is white throughout. Brazil, 1886.

22 Fbrbesu, Lmdl. Fls. about 5 ; sepals oblong, ob-
tuse pale greenish yellow ; petals oblong-lanceolate,
undulate same color: labellum trilobed, lateral lobes
pale yellow without, brighter yellow within ; the
midlobe rather dentate, pale yellow ; the disk
1 righter yellow, spotted with reddish purple toward
the base. Braz. B.M. 3265.

23. L6ddigesii, Lindl. IC. crfjirfida, Wil-
liams). Pseudobulbs about 1 ft. high :
If.-blades ovate, 5 in. long : fls.
2-4, pale pink-lilac; sepals elliptic-
—>' oblong: petals very similar; label-
^ lum 3 lobed, throat and inner sur-
face of lateral lobes whitish, colored
on the outside like the petals, the
midlobe colored like the petals,
spreading, base yellowish: column
closely pressed to tin- lalii-lhim.

;il.
eriy call

ff^ Sandenana

neveri fully expanding si pals and petals very thick
lemonjellow labellum mellow anterior margin crisped
and white Mex at high elevations B M 3742 J H
HI. 30.399.- Not an especially easj orchid to grow.
Fragrant.

much older thaiW. /''/'/I' '' , ■ h M h i- >.] icu

considered the oldest spfciis ni ihf i,'ruiip.

Var. Harrisoniina, Hort. |6'. Uarri-

'sonitlna, Batem. C. Bdrrisonice, Paxt.).

Surface of the labellum more corrugated.

t _ ^ ^- Really too like the preceding even to be a

'- variety. P.M. 4:247. Gn. 48:1040.

24 gutt&ta, indl. Pseudobulbs fusiform, 2-3-lvd.;
If blades elliptic-oblong : peduncle stout, bearing sev-
eral large fls sepals oblong-lanceolate ; petals rather
broader all yellowish green (metallic), spotted with
Ironniurple labellum 3-lobed, lateral lobes pink-
Irlic nil llobe large, cuneiform, deeper colored. Rio de
luieiro Var L^opoldi, Hort. (C. Leopoldii. Versch.
A. Lem ) has smaller and more aumerous fls. i.H.2:69.
>j. amethystogWssa, Linden & Reichb. f. (C. guttAta,
var. Prlnzii, Reichb. f. C. Prlmii, Hort. C. guttdta.

CATTLEYA

var. Keteleerii, Houlbt. ). Lvs. oblong-lanceolate: ra-
cemes many-fid.: petals and sepals about equal, the
former obovate, the latter narrower, all suffused with
rose and spotted with deep crimson ; labellum 3-lobed,
lateral lobes white outside, the reflexed apices crimson,
midlobe broad, deep crimson, disk corrugated and pap-
illose. Bahia, Brazil. B.M. 5683. R.H. 1869:210.

CAULIFLOWER

263

labellum

, whitish
; midlobe

388 Cattleya labiata var Tnanaei

26. granuldsa, Lindl. Foliage very similar to that of
the preceding species: peduncles stout, bearing several
large fls.: sepals oblong, olive-green, spotted with red;
petals obovate-oblong, undulate, margined, otherwise
like sepals; laliellum H-lobc-d, lateral lobes yellow inside,
whitish outside, midlobe attenuated toward the disk,
expanded part subreniform, white, covered with numer-
ous purple papillaa. Guatemala.

27. SchoHeldiana, Reiehb. f. Lvs. 2, dark green, 6 in.
long and 2 in. wide : sepals and petals light greenish
yellow, the petals very narruw :it IIm- Ikisc and very
broad and blunt at tlie top ; lip irm.h lik.- that of C.
granulosa, the side laciuia- whiri-^li. tIm- miildle laciniie
purple-amethyst. Brazil, (i.e. 111. iJi; ;j:r_'. -Fls. larger
than in C. granulosa, and the lip is granulated.

28. sup^rba, Lindl. (C. vioietcea.Hoit.}. Sts. clavate,
about 1 ft. high : lvs. ovate-oljlong, very thick : fls.
about 6, 5 in. across ; sepals and petals oblong-lanceo-
late, about equal, deep rose color, pale at the base ;
labellum 3-Iobed, lateral lobes deep, rich crimson out-
side ; midlobe broadly margined with same color, pass-
ing abruply into vellow, veined with crimson British
Guiana. B.M. 4083. P.M. 9:265. J.H. III. 31:.^21.
A.F. 11:1351. -This plant is reputed difficult to grow.
There is a form called var. splendens, Hort. It is palir
in color than the type.

29. Schilleriana, Eeichb. f. Sts. 5 or 6 in. high, red-
dish brown, 2-lvd. : lvs. elliptical, dark above, brownish
purple beneath: peduncles usually 2-fld.: fls. several
in. across ; petals and sepals equal, oblong lanceolate.

purple-brown, spotted with deeper

3-lobed, lateral lobes infolding the

without, yellow veined wiih puipl.-

reniform, deep rose-mauve with \\linisti \riiis. throat

yellow. Braz. B.M. 5150. F.S. liJ :L'JS(;. A. K. C, :,-,(;:;.

30. lut^ola, Lindl. (C. E6lf,irdi. Il.i,-t.i. l,t. 1, short
and broad (3 in. long), the pseudobulb compressed :
peduncle short, 5-6- or more-Hd. : fls. very small, yel-
low, the sepals and petals uniform and 1-2-in. long and
obtuse ; lip about as long as the petals, 3-lobed, vel-
vety within. Brazil. B.M. 5032. F.S. 23:2479.

AA. Hlossonis from a leafless 'pseudobulb,

31. Walkeriina, Gardner (<?.6»/6dsa, Lindl.). Stems
2-5 in. tall, 1-2-lvd. : lvs. oblong, 3-5 in. long; peduncles
come from the rhizome near the base of the folia-stems,
and are leafless; fls. large, 1 or 2; petals and sepals rosy
mauve or pink-lilac ; labellum 3-lobed, lateral lobes
erect, partially infolding the column, midlobe spread-
ing, anterior end deeper rose-mauve; posterior end yel-
lowish, striated with rose-mauve. Braz. A. G. 11:159.—

Var. doldsa, Veitch (C. doldsa, Reiehb. f.). Peduncles
produced from between two lvs. This variety, together
with several others, must be regarded as perpetuated
anomalies of ('. IVolkeriana.

Var. nobilior, Veitch (C. nobilior, Reiehb. f. ). Large
and handsome : front lobe of lip spotted with creamy
white. I. H. 30:485.

Some of the hybrid Cattleyas are the following : C. AlbertK
^intermedia X sxiperba : C. i?a//an(i«na=Trianiei X Warsee-
wiczii : C. iira&d»(i"rt'=LoddigesiiXAclaiidi£e : C. Brymeriana,
Reiehb. f.— supposed natural hybrid of superbaX Eldorado ;
C. (7assandr«=LoddigesiiXLEeliaelegan8: C.Chamberlainidna
= Lp"P"UluXDowi:ni:i ; C. Doniinniinia^Ty.i-Vni pumilaX
llry,-, Li-.I.-.r', '■ Fr-,„,Vn,.;s- Vpit.-l.'r,:i'!in Kx.niiensis)

ubtful

me.lin ' . < / ' intermedia X i-'orbesii J ; O.

Miiir, .'Idisesii; C. Mdrdeni=l,nide-

m.intii M ' U'(/v';/?rso7M'fe=LoddigesiiXla-

biata , (' l/<-."r.,vM \.l;ni.li:r X Walkeriana ; 0. vHiltina,
Reichii. t.. IS prn[i;iiiiv a hvlirul with bieolor and some other
species (Gt. i4:14L;0. ti.C. III. 21:333): 0. WtMei, Eeichb. f., a
supposed natural hybrid of labiataXSchilleriana? C Zenbbia
=LoddigesiiXLa3liaelegans. Oakes Ames.

CAULIFLOWER (Brdssica oler&cea, Linn., var.
botrytis, DC). One of the cabbage tribe, of which the
head is composed of the metamorphosed flowers and
flower-cluster (Fig. 389). (See Cabbage.) The Cauli-
flower is one of those crops in the culture of which the
unskilled amateur is liable to stumble upon success,
and the more experienced professional to meet with
failure. One can undertake to grow this crop intelli-
gently and with some assurance of a favorable outcome
only when he thoroughly understands the particular
requirements of this fastidious vegetable. These
requirements mean especially a high degree of soil
fertility, perpetual moisture with proper drainage, and
protection from an excess of direct sun heat. In the
he.at of mid-season. Cauliflowers seldom head well, ex-
cept in more than ordinarily favorable locations or sea-
sons. For this reason, the early crop is usually expected
to head before midsummer, while the late crop is
planted with the expectation to have it come to a head
after the hottest summer weather is over. In all cases,
try to select the richest land for Cauliflower, giv-
ing a rich pasture or clover-field the preference. A
strong loam, neither too clayey nor too sandy, is best.
Plenty of good manure, horse manure being considered
best, must be well incorporated with the soil, and the
latter he brought into the highest state of tilth.

For the early crop, start the plants from best seed ob-
tainable, under glass, as early as the early cabbage plants
are started. This can be done in a greenhouse or a
hotbed. The possessor of the greenhouse, of course,
has the advantage that he is sure to be in position to
plant, and that no postponement will be necessary on
account of the weather. The aim is to have the seed-

264 CAULIFLO-n-ER

lings pricked out into a ooklframe and grown to good
transplanting size, and also well hardened off by expo-
sure, by the time that the soil can be brought into good
working order in early spring With properly hardened
plants late sprm" fro-its are not much to be feared
Liberal nj 1 f 1 lercial fertilizers say

up to 1 r 1 efore or after the

389 Cauliil.

plants are set, are often of material help ; and an
onnce or two of nitrate of soda scattered around each
plant soon after setting seldom fails to show marked
or even remarkable results. Salt, lime, kainit. or muri-
ate of potash frequently tend to aid the plants in mak-
ing increased growth. No application, however, can be
more necessary or more useful than that of cultivator
and hoe. The soil at all times should be kept loose and

The best demand for Cauliflower is usually during
the pickling season, in September and October. Plants
can be started from seed and transplanted to the field
at the same time that we start and set late cabbage
plants, or a little later. In a general way, the crop is
handled similarly to the early crop. It is not always an
easy task, however, to get the plantation started during
the hot and dry weather of July. A favorite method
of raising late UauMHower is to sow a few seeds right
in the hill where the plants are wanted to grow. Put
the soil in perfect tilth previously, then mark out rows
3 feet apart, drop the little pinches of srfrt .Thmit 2 or
2% feet apart in these shallow marks, mid liu'litly cuver
with the foot, firming well by stepiHii- "ii carh liill.
Later on the plants are thinned to oiil- in the hill. The
soil must be kept stirred frequently, uiiless-and tlii.s is
a much better plan, and one which we always try to
practice— the soil is kept well covered with a mulch of
fresh manure, thick enough to keep down all weed
growth. In dry weather, water may be poured upon
this layer of manure, and will furnish both food and
drink for the plants.

Of the enemies of the crop, none is more formidable
than the cabbage root-magirot. This seems to have a
special liking for the C'auliflower. The protective
measures which are used for early cabbages are all the
more necessary for early C.aulitlower. Among such
measures, that of enveloping each plant with a tight-
fitting collar of tarred felt, and the other of injecting
about a teaspoonful of bisulfide of carbon into the soil
under the roots of each plant, are probably the best and
most surely effective. Plant lice are another serious
pest of this crop. Effective remedies are dusting with
fine tobacco dust, or spraying with strong tobacco tea or
kerosene emulsion. At times we have had fair success
by dashing hot soap-suds upon the plants.

Varieties. -There are no typical or very marked
differences between any of our most popular varieties.
Most of them are selected strains of the Early or Earli-
est Dwarf Erfurt. Among these are Alabaster, Best
Early, Gilt Edge, Ideal, Lackawanna, La Crosse Pa-

CEANOTHUS

vorite, Long Island Beauty, Sea Foam, Snowball, Snow-
storm, and others. All these may be planted for early
as well as the late crop. A large form of the Early Er-
furt (and a little later) seems to be slightly better
adapted to growing in warm weather. Early Paris and
Half-early Paris are varieties well suited to summer
conditions. Autumn Giant or Giant Naples is a rather
late sort, which gives good satisfaction in some of our

The hot summers of the United States are not favor-
able for the production of Cauliflower seed, so that,
until quite recently, almost every pound of seed used
here was imported from Europe. Now, however, a con-
siderable portion of it is being grown on the Pacific
coast (Puget sound), and seems superior to the im-
ported in plumpness and vitality. We have always se-
cured especially strong plants from this American-
grown seed. For seed-growing purposes, sow seed dur-
ing July, transplant, and winter the partially-developed
heads over in coldframe or cellar, to be set in open
ground again in early spring, and otherwise to be
handled similarly to early cabbage when grown for seed.
T. Greiner.

CAVAN is Acacia Cavenia.

CEANdTHUS (ancient Greek name). New Jerset
Tea. Hhamndcew. Shrubs or rarely small trees, some-
times spiny: Ivs. alternate, sometimes opposite, serrate
or entire, and usually 3-nerved at the base : fls. perfect,
o-merous, white, blue or purplish, small, but in showy,
often panicled clusters : f r. a 3-celled drupe, dry at length
and separating into 3 stones. Thirty-six species in N.
America, chiefly Pacific coast region. Ornamental, free-
flowering shrubs, some especially valuable for their late
flowering period. Jluny of them are only hardy in the
warmer tern jHiMN n _ -.ii -. I.ur < ' l „.. riranus.C.ovatus,
and C.Feii'l I ' I !•■ thenumerous hy-
brids of ('.. I .. ii i,i liardy,andevenif

protected tiny I . --l i - i i.- ^r-mpl in the north, but

the young sli.i.ns wnl ii-iuiiy liower the same season.
The safest w:i>, Im.i\. \, r, lo have good, free-flowering
plants of thi-sr Im aiii iliil li\ iTids will be, in the north, to
dig them up iji lall, side Ihriu away in a frost-proof pit
or cellar, and to phiut tliuui out again iu spring. Pruning
of the late flowering species will be of advantage; about
one-half of last year's growth may be taken away. They
grow in almost any soil, but best in a light and well drained
one, and most of the Californian species prefer a sunny
position. Prop, by seeds sown iu spring and by cuttings
of mature wood in autumn, inserted in a coldframe or
greenhouse ; softwood cuttings also grow readily if
taken in early spring from forced plants. Sometimes
increased by layers, and the varieties and hybrids by
grafting on roots of C. Amerieaviis under glass in early
spring ; the cions must be fresh and with leaves, taken
from plants kept in the greenhouse during the winter.

A. Irvs. alternate.

B. Margins of Ivs. serrate or crenate.

c. Fls. white.

u. Foliage deciduous.

Americinus, Linn. Fig. 390. Low,e.Tect shrub,to3ft.;
Ivs. uvatc, usually acute, finely and irregularly serrate,
bri^tit L-irrn niid d\ill above, paler and pubescent or
ncarl' 1,1..^.-; 1 - iM-ath, lH-3 in. long: fls. in terminal
anil .' '■■'' I's on slender peduncles, forming

lar '< . , uiicles. July-Sept. From Canada to

S. Lai .liui ; :. I T.-xas. B. M. 1479. - Common in dry
woods ,ind making a profusion of bloom, which, how-
ever, is short-lived. Many hybrids have been raised
from this species iu Eu. (see C. Itybridus). Var. inter-
mSdius, Trel. ( C. infermedius. Pursh ) , has smaller, ovate
or ovate-lanceolate Ivs. and the fls. in small, very slen-
der, pcduncled, short racemes or panicles. Tennessee to
S. Carolina.

ov4tu3, Di-sf. ( r. <)C();is,Bigel.). Low shrub: Ivs. ellip-
tic ti. , lii, II !:iit late, obtuse or acute, crenulate-ser-

rat. . ' : 1., trlossy above, 1-2 in. long: inflores-

ceii' I ; I 1-. but usually smaller. New England

to ( 'oinr,- mi Alabama.

CEANOTHUS

sanguineus, Pursh (C. Oregclmts, Nutt.). Tall shrub,
with purple or reddish glabrous branches : Ivs. orbicular
to ovate or obovate, obtuse, serrate, nearly glabrous,
1-3 in. long: fls. in rather long, narrow panicles, on stout,
leafless peduncles, axillary, from branches of the previous
year. May, Juue. Brit. Columbia to Calif. B.M. 5177.

above, canescent

veliitinuB, Dougl. Tall shrub : Ivs. broadly elliptic,
mostly subcordate, obtuse, serrate, dark green and gla-
brous above, 2-3 in. long : fls. in large, compound pani-
cles at the ends of the branches. June, July. Brit.
Columbia to Colo, and Calif. B.M. 5165.

CO. Fls. blue, pui-plishor pink: Ivs. half ei'ergreen.

hirstltus, Nutt. Shrub or small tree, with villous
branches: Ivs. broadly elliptic or ovate, rounded or cor-
date at the base, obtuse or acute, with glandular teeth,
villous and usually green beneath, %-2 in. long : fls.
deep blue to purplish, in narrow panicles, 1-2 in. long.
April, May. Calif. -Var. 6rcutti, Trel. (C. Orcutti, Tor-
rey). Fls. blue, paler: fr. loosely villous.

thyrsifldrus, Eschsch. Shrub or small tree : Ivs. ob-
long, obtuse, crenate-serrate, nearly glabrous, 1-lKin.
long : fls. blue, rarely white, in narrow panicles, about
3 in. long. May-July. Oregon to Calif. B.R. 30:38.
S.S. 2 : 64. G.C. Ill, 20 : 363. -A very fine, free-flowering
species of beautiful blue color. Probably natural hybrids
of this species are : G. Veitchi&niis, Hook. {C. thyrsi-
flonisxrigidK.i), with deep blue fls. in dense panicled
clusters; B.M. ,'J127; F.S. 13:1383, and C. Lobbkhius,
Hook. {C. thtirsinorii.sxdentatiix), with deep blue fls.,
in oval, pedu'ncled. solitary clusters. B.M. 4810 (4811 by
error). F.S. 10:1016.

CEDRELA

265

390. Ceanothus Americanus (X M).

htbridus, Hort Hybrids of garden origin, chiefly be-
tween C Ameiicaiui^ 01 C utins iiid C thyisiflorus
or C azuieui, mo^n^ I a 1 T, 1 m, ,,es Some
of the most di^tim l u Mtb double

white fls . Atto I I I lue tohige

purple when \onii„ I iik m large

panicles, Olotit t/t I j w ili ii.,'it blue, Hvge

panicles , Glone cle Plantieitb, fls daik blue, in large
panicles Muiie Simon, fls. flesh colored ; Bbseus, fls.
pink. K.H.187o:30.

half I

rgreen.

BB. Margins of Ivs. entire or nearly i

Fendleri, Gray. Low, prostrate and spiny slirub: Ivs.
oval, rounded or nearly acute at both ends, mr in', i-an-ly
finely serrulate, grayish green, minutely toiu. ni.i-. In--
neath, K-1 in. long: fls. white, in short lari m, ,. iii mi-
nal, on short, lateral branchlets. June. -luly. I'ri.iii S,
Dakota to New Mexico and Arizona. — A very graceful
and free-flowering shrub of almost creeping habit, well
adapted for covering dry, sandy banks ; half evergreen
and hardy north.

integerrimus, Hook. & Arn. Tall, erect sbnib.with gla-
bresoent branches : Ivs. broadly elliptic or ovate, spar-
inglv hairv or glabrous, brit'lit green lieneatb, 1-3 in.
long : tls. blue, sometimes white, fragrant, in 3-6-in.
long, narrow panicles. April-June. Washington to Calif,
and S. E. Arizona.

divaricatus, Nutt. Tall, erect shrub, with usually glau-
cous branches and often spiny : Ivs. ovate, obtuse or
nearly acute, glaucous and glabrous or grayish tomen-
tose, ^-1 in. long: fls. pale blue, sometimes whitish, in
2-3-in. long, narrow panicles. April-June. Calif.
AA. Lrs. opposite, persistent.

cuneiltus, Nutt. Tall, much-branched shrub: Ivs.spatu-
late or cuneate-obovate, mostly obtuse, entire, minutely
tomentose beneath, %-l in. long : fls. white, in small
clusters along the branches. March-May. Oregon to
Calif. B.H, 8: IVn.

prostritus, Benth. Procumbent shrub : Ivs. cuneate,
obovate or spatulate, coarsely and pungently toothed,
sometimes only 3-pointed at the apex, often minutely
silky when young, >i.-l in. long : fls. blue, in clusters,
terminal on short branchlets. Spring. Washington to
Calif.

C A/ricdntts. Linn.=Noltea Africans. — O.atrocoerfdens pur-
pureus, see C. hybridus.— G. azitreus, Desf. Low shrub : Ivs.
membrauaeeous, oblong, serrate, pubescent : fls. blue, in large
panicles. Summer. Mexico. L.B.C.2:110. B.E.4:291. P.M.
2:74. Under this name a hybrid of this species with C. Ameri-
canns is often cultivated.— C. Ucolor. HBK.= C. azureus.- O.
cwriiUus. Lag.= C. azureus.- C. dentalus. Torr. & Gray. Low
shnib : Ivs. oblong, penuinei-ved, dentate, glandular papillate
above, loosely hairy : fls. blue, in peduncled clusters. Calif.
F.S.6:,^67,2. B.B.. 3:101.— O.dentatus.vai. floribtindus. Trel.
(C. floribundus. Honk ). Fl clusters numerous, nearly sessile:
Ivs smaller B.M. 4HII0 FS 1(]1)77. I.E. 7:238 BH, 5:129.
O. folidsus, Parrj' Low slmil, ■
glandular-toothed, slightly li.in-,\ , i)
deep blue, in numerous sm.ill dust
Pursh=C. Amerii-iinus, var iiitei in
Tallslind. hs l„o.i,lh ilhi.ti, s.

ully elliptic.

C thyrsirt„rns-C, <.,.

Il..<.k.,se6
s mostly

alternate, rimudish ol„ ^

1. nearly

glabrous, snudl: fls wliil

■ long the

branches. CaUf.- C. i, /■/

;i lIDEB.

CEDRELA (from Cedni-,. the vv

)i)il res.'U

l.ling that

ofCedrus). Meliilceie. Tall trees

with alte

•nate, usu-

ally abruptly pinnate Ivs., without

stipules

Ifts. peti-

oled, entireoi slightly serriite : tls.

inconspic

uous.whit-

limb : fr.

luy

forming the snli:;enus l.Kin.i.iii I, India and Austialia.

only hardy in .S. (':dif. and in the (lulf states, except
O. Sinensis. The wood of some species is known as
cedar wood, and much valued for making furniture and
boxes. They thrive best in rich loam, and are prop, by
seeds or by cuttings of mature wood, and, also, by root-
cuttings, all with bottom heat.

2G6

CEDRELA

A. Lfts. 10-25, quite glabrous.
Sinensis, Juss. Fig. 391. Tree, to 50 ft.: Ivs. long-
petioled, 10-20 in. long ; lfts. 10-22, oblong or oblong-
lanceolate, acuminate, slightly and remotely serrate,
4-8 in. long : fls. white, in very long, pendulous ra-
cemes : fr. oblong or obo-
vate, about 1 in. long. June.
China. K.H. 1891, p. 574-75,
and 1875, p. 87. Gng.4:l.-
Ornamental tree, with large,
feathery foliage; very valu-
able for avenues; similar to
Ailanthus, and nearly of the
same hardiness, but of more
regular and dense growth,
and without the disagreeable
odor when flowering. Ailan-

be

ily di

guished by the few coarse
teeth near the base of the
lfts., each bearing a large
gland beneath (Fig. 391).

serrita, Royle. Tree, to
70 ft.: Ivs. usually odd-pin-
uats, 15-20 in. long; lfts.
1.1-25, ovate-lanceolate or
ovate-acuminate, irregularly
serrate, glaucous beneath:
391. Leaflets of Cedrela and panicles long, pendulous :
Ailanthus. fls. fragrant. Himalayas.—

Cedrela on the right (Xj-a). This is probably the hardi-
est of the tropical species.
Closely allied to this species is C. Toona, Roxb., from
E. India, but Ivs. abruptly pinnate, and lfts. usually
entire.

odorita, Linn. Tree, to 80 ft. : Ivs. 10-20 in. long; lfts.
12-20, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, nearly entire, 4-B in.
long: panicles shorter than the Ivs.: fr. oblong, almost
VA in. long. W. India. — The cedar wood comes mostly
from this species.

AA. Lfts. 6-10, finely ciliate.
Dugfisi.Wats. Tree: Ivs. 10-15 in. long; lfts. cuneate,
ovate-lanceolate, long and slender acuminate, nearly
entire, shining above, 4-6 in. long: panicles rather com-
pact, much shorter than the Ivs. Mexico.

Alfred Rehder.
CEDRONflLLA (a little Cedar, from the odor of C.
tripliiilla, a species from the Canary Islands, sometimes
called "Balm of Gilead"). Labilitm. Eight species of
herbs or shrubs, allied to Dracooephalum. The two na-
tive kinds described below are compact, free-flowering
border perennials, with aiomatic Ivs and numerous
showy, purplish pink fls with blue stamens, and borne
in dense whorls on long racemes oi spikes Thej aie
not quite hardy north, and vhould lino a sheltered,
sunny position, or some w 11 t i p i ii ii

c4na, Hook. Height 2' i 1 ird, squire,

subshrubby: branches nun ll\ itthebiM.,

opposite, lioary with a miiiu | I uppi i hs

small, H-IK in. long, entut ho ii \ i i i is j i tl
fls., ovate; lower hs larger, coi I ii lit

fld.: corolla 1 in. long, limb 5 (.h li tl 1 w til
largest, crenate, revolute June-Uct JIlx a id ^ Alt\

Mexicina, Benth. (Gaiddquia beto»uo\des, Lmril )
Height 1-3 ft.: root cieepmg Ivs 1K-2K m long,
ovate-lanceolate (the lower ones cordite) cremte den
tate, becoming purplish below, peti I d tl ' i like
above, bright pink. Mex , Mts 's \ | i _

Rarer in cult, than above Lvslai^ r

tripIi:^lla,Ma;nch(i>)aooo<?/)7m?»;i i I n 1

Balm OF Gilead. Shrubby leaflet^, ill i „ i i I mceo
late : fls. purple or white, m loose spicatL whorls. Aro
matic plant from Canarj Is Three to 4 ft

J. B. Keller and W. M.

CfiDKUS (Kedros, ancient Greek name). Co7ilfera;.
Cedar. Large evergreen trees, with quadrangular, stiff,
fasciculate Ivs.: fls. monoecious, forming cylindrical cat-
kins: cones ovate, 3-5 in. long, with broad, closely imbri-

CEDRUS

cate bracts, attaining maturity in two or three years ;
seeds winged. Three closely allied species in N. Africa,
Asia Minor and Himalayas. Large ornamental Conifers,
with wide-spreading branches, very distinct in habit
from most other Conifers ; not hardy north, but the
hardiest, C. Atlunticu, may be grown as far north as
New York in sheltered positions, while C. Veodara can
be only grown safely in Calif, and S. states. The very
durable "and fragrant wood of all species is highly
valued. The Cedars prefer well-drained, loamy soil,
and will also grow in sandy clay, if there is no stagnant
moisture. Prop, by seeds, sown in spring ; the varieties
by veneer grafting, in late summer or in fall, on seed-
lings of C. Atlantica; or, in warmer regions, on C.
Veodara ; they grow also from cuttings, if the small
shoots are selected which spring occasionally from the
old wood. Plants of this genus are the true Cedars ;
but trees of other genera are often called Cedar. See
Cham<eci/paris,Ju>iiperiis,a.nd Thuija; also Cedrela.

Branches stiff, not droopi
and often con cure at

es truncate,

Atlintica, Manetti. Fig. 392. Large, pyramidal tree,
to 120 ft., with upright leading shoots : Ivs. mostly less
than 1 in. long, usually thicker than broad, rigid, glau-
cous-green : cones 2-3 in. long, light brown. N. Africa.
Gng.2:163. Q.P.9:417. R.H. 1890, p. .32. Var. glaiica,
Hort. Foliage glaucous, with silvery hue : a very de-
sirable and vigorous form. Var. fastigiita, Carr. Of
upright columnar habit. R.H. 1890, p. 32.

Hb4ni, Barr. Large tree, with wide spreading, hori-
zontal branches, forming a broad head when older, lead-
ing shoot nodding : Ivs. 1 in. or longer, broader than
thick, dark or bright green, sometimes bluish or silvery :
cones 3^ in. long, brown. Lebanon, Taurus, S. Ana-
tolia and N. Africa. GnK.5:G.5. Mn.l:39. G.F.8:335.
Gn. 48, p. 237. Var. argentea, Loud. With blue or sil-
very hue. Var. nina, Loud. Dwarf foim.

•"f^fLpI

392. Cedrus Atlantica.

AA. Branches and leading shoot pendulous :

cones obtuse.

Deod&ra, Loud. Tall tree, of pyramidal habit, to 150

t. : Ivs. 1-2 in. long, dark bluish green, rigid, as thick

s broad : cones 3H-5 in. long, reddish brown. Himal.

CELEEIAC

267

Gng. 2:8. Var. arg^ntea, Hort. Lvs. with silvery liue.
Var. viridis, Hort. Lv.s. bright green. Var. robiista,
Hort. Lts. about 2 in. long, very rigid.

Alfked Rehder.
CEIBA. See Eriodeiidroii.

CELANDINE. See Chehdonium.

CELASIKUS (ffeiasfros.ancientGreekname). Celas-
trAcece. Shrubs, usually climbing, with alternate, peti-
oled, usually deciduous and serrate glabrous lvs.: fls.
polygamous, 5-raerous, inconspicuous, greenish white,
in axillary or terminal panicles or racemes : fr. a cap-
sule, dehiscent into 3 valves, each containing 1 or 2
seeds, enclosed in a fleshy crimson aril. About 26 spe-
cies in S. and E.Asia, Australia and America. Hardy
ornamental shrubs, very effective by their bright-colored
fruit remaining usually throughout the winter ; they
are very valuable for covering trellis-work, trees or
rocks and walls. They grow in almost any soil and
situation, and as well in shaded as in sunny positions.
Prop, by seeds, sown in fall or stratified, and by root-
cuttings or layers ; suckers are freely produced, and
become sometimes a nuisance in nurseries ; they can be
also increased by cuttings of mature and of soft wood.
The species with perfect fls. in axillary cymes and with
evergreen lvs., being rigid and often spiny shrubs, are
now included under Gijinnosporia, which see.

scdndens, Linn. False Bitter Sweet. Fig. 393.
High, climbing to 20 ft.: lvs. cuneate, ovate to ovate-
lanceolate, acuminate, crenate-serrate, glabrous, 2-4 in.
long : fls. in terminal, mauy-fld. panicles or racemes :
fr. about J^in. in diam., orange-yellow, with crimson
seeds. Canada to S. Dakota and N. Mexico. Em. 545.
A.G. 11:29,31. G.F. 5:569. Gne.5:n9.

orbiculitua.Thuulig. i r. ,,,';, -!;,', ..Thunbg.). High
climbing shrub : lvs. ciiih ,i:ii- to oblong or

obovate. acute iir aiMit i' ' -rn-ate, 2-3 in.

long: fr. globular, oraii-.. ., \.,ui nimson seeds.

Japan, China. B.JI. 7.".',)li. (1.1 . o: :...ii. A. F. 9:534. G.
0.111.23:29. Gng. 5: 119. Var. punctatus, Rehder (C.
piinetdtiis, Thunb.). A less vigorous grower, with
smaller, elliptic lvs. C. orbiculatus is of more vigorous
growth than the former species, and fruits very pro-
fusely, but the fruits are hidden by the foliage, and are
not very conspicuous until the lvs. have fallen, while C.
scandens bears its fruits above the lvs.

pamcuUtus, \\ illd (C dephidens,WM.). Branches
with white lenticeK, pendulous: lvs. ovate-oblong or
obovate fls in terminal pendulous panicles. Himalayas.
Not hardy N

C. nutans Hort Reasoner not Rosbg.=Quisqu.ilis Indlea.—
C. Oiiza Sieb *, Zucc =Oiixa Japonica.

Alfred Rehder.

CELERIAC (Apium graveolens, Linn., var. rapA-
cewm, DC). Umbelliterw. Pig. 394. An offshoot of the
celery species, producing an edible root instead of
edible leaves. Just how long Celeriac, or Turnip-rooted
Celery, has been in cultivation is unknown. Its history
as a garden vegetable can be traced definitely as far

back as the middle of the seventeenth century, although
writers for a century or more previous to this time made
references which would seem to relate to this vegetable,
but the identity is obscure. Its origin was probably the
same as that of the common garden celery, of which it

is doubtless a state wherein the root has become en-
larged and edible. This form is supposed to be the one
most remotely removed from the wild state.

Celeriac is very little grown in this country, and to
Americans is almost unknown, but it is much prized in
Europe. It is cultivated chiefly where there is a Ger-
man population. Fifteen or 20 varieties are mentioned
in the seed catalogues, but there is very little difference
in the various sorts, some seedsmen even making no
distinction between varieties, but catalogue the plant
simi'ly as Cekriac.

Ill -riM I 111, 111,. ,11). 111.- i- I 1m -I'lih :i- for .•(.■lery, ex-
• ■•■V ■ ■ ■ ilu'euharged

rii"! ' :, ■ : ■ ; i ^i.w the seed

bly m a hi.jic .ji I<-.~- -Ii.ih, .1 ;..,., ,i,,ii. A .oiiUrame or a
spent hotbed is a good phuu. The sued is slow to ger-
minate, and must be kept well watered. When the
plants are 2 or 3 inches tall, they ought to be trans-
planted ; about 3 inches apart each way is a good dis-
tance to place them at this handling. Later, again
transplant them to the open ground, in rows about 2
feet ap.art and 6 or 8 inches distant in the row. The
soil should be a rich, light loam well supplied with

The seed may be sown where the plants are to remain,
and thinned to the required distance, but stronger,
more stocky plants are obtained by transplanting as

abovo rth-r-ftnd.

Phitifs Tims Treated will be ready for fall and winter
us,-. If ilii\ an- ik-sired for earlier use, the seeds may
bi' sown 111 ;i niijii liotbed and transplanted to the open
a- s, Mill lis till -iiiuiiil is ill siood condition in the spring.
Asiii.. Ti -111 i: - I- 111 1 ,!':il;.-. Celeriac requires but little
atti-iifiiin -i.i ': ^- 1. It is a frequent practice

aiiiuiL.' -I I 1 a little of the earth from

abouT the- pill Ills ,1 11,1 1 111- II lot has become well enlarged,
and to out otf the lateral roots. This tends to make the
main root grow larger, smoother and more symmetrical

For winter use, the plants may be protected with
earth and straw sufficient to keep out frost, or packed
in moist sand and placed in a cool cellar.

The principal use of Celeriac is for the flavoring of
soups and stews, but it is also served in several other

as beets or turnips, or else cut up into small pieces and
used raw ; when boiled, sliced and served with oil and
vinegar, it forms the dish known as "celery salad." An
extract may be obtained from it which is said to have
certain medicinal properties. jj. p. Gould.

CELEEY {Apiiim graveolens, Linn.). TTmhelllferct .
Annual or biennial plants: leaf-stalks G-15 in. long,
bearing 3 pairs and a terminal leaflet, all of
which are coarsely serrate and more or less
ternately lobed or divided: ttower stalk 2-3
ft. high, branched and leafy, bearing nu-
merous rather small compound umbels of
inconspicuous white flowers: fruit small,
flattened on the sides, broader than long.
An ounce contains between 60,000 and
70,000 seeds.

Celery is known in America only as a
garden vegetable, and is cultivated mainly
for the leaf stalks, which are blanched and
eaten raw with salt, made into salads, or
boiled and served like asparagus. Celery
roots, leaves and seeds are also used in fla-
voring soups, meats, etc. The garden form
resembles wild celery, which grows over a
wide range in Europe and Asia, but the
plants are less acrid and pungent and the
leaf-stalks are much larger and more meaty and solid.
Ancient writers left little definite information about this
plant, and it is doubtful if its cultivation as a staple gar-
den vegetable really began until after the Middle Ages.
Previous to that time it does not appear to have been
clearly distinguished from parsley, which was mainly
used at funeral ceremonies, and not at all as a salad
plant. It is supposed that the Selhion mentioned by
Homer in the Odyssey was wild celery, and it has also
been stated that Dioscorides distinguished between the
wild and the cultivated forms of this plant, but later
writers were singularly silent about garden celery until
the seventeenth century. In IC.L'a Parkinson wrote that
"3ellery"was a rarity in England. It seems to have
been introduced there from Italy, where its cultivation
as a garden vegetable probably began. In 1699 John
Evelyn wrote of "sellery"a3 .4/)i'«m Italicum, and de-
scribed it as a hot and more generous form of Mace-
donian parsley or smallage, which, he stated, fo- its
high and grateful taste was ever placed in the middle
of the Grand Sallet at the great men's tables and
PriBtors' Feasts as the grace of the whole board. Dur-
ing the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries celery was
frequently called smalhif/e in England and ache in
France, but now these names have fallen into disuse.
Until about 1850 celery was grown in trenches; later
level culture was gradually adopted. For 20 or 25 years
following 1850 celery wag used almost entirely as a win-
ter vegetable. The plants were only partially blanched

CELERY

The demand for earlier celery increased after 1875 or
1880. The introduction of two new kinds of celery a few
years later, namely the White Plume and the Paris
Golden, both with distinct self-blanching tendencies,
gave a fresh impetus to the cultivation and the con-
sumption of early celery. These new kinds were more
attractive as table decorations, and they were also more
easily grown and blanched than any varieties previously
cultivated. Soon after their introduction boards began
to be used in the place of earth in blanchinf: r-arly

^3

was completed, being taken out from time to time dur-
ing the winter. Celery is reported as naturalized on the
coast of southern California, and as escaped from culti-
vation in southeastern Virginia.

celery. This proved a decided advantage
because the rows could be from 2}-i to 3 feet apart in-
stead of 4 or 5 feet, as was necessary before, and also
less labor was required in caring for the crop and pre-
paring it for market. With the new varieties and im-
proved methods of blanching, early celery began to be
grown on a lai-irc s.-ale after 1885, and now large markets
are siipi !!. 1 .iili i . I. ry throughout the entire year.

Stai. I II ! Ii , \ IS, — Celery seed is usually sown

in finiMi ■ I I i>- is but little artificial heat. The

seed^ L'l III niii.i' -II. .\ Iv. and the seedlings require about
three iii.,i,il,,, uiu-i tlie seed is planted to mature suffi-
ciently to be set in the field. Sowings for the early crop
begin in January, and those for the late crop about the
middle of March in the northern states. The seed is
sown broadcast, and when the plants are large enough
to handle they are transplanted into other frames being
set 2 or 3 inches apirt each way The soil in these
frames, and also where the seed is sown is made very
fertile, to insure a trfng growth .^_ ^

of both roots and foliage Aftei
being transplanted the plant
are allowed to remain in th
frames only long enough t
send out a new set of roots and
leaves. If for an> reason the
plants remain mthe tnmes too
long, they often go to seed pre
matui elv when set in the field
This 13 much more likelv to oc
our with the early thin with the

-C-Jr,

late crops.

Field Cpltl i
peaty soil is r i t

-Mo

1 In I t 1 1 I ilfui 1 ''' The old method

I I II,., ,,11 of Erowine Celery

f Kp,p '" trenches PHnts

rows in '"''''*" time<; stored

'- : '. ." ,„ for winter in such

ri/J laiits lie set ''•«°°1'«^-
i III ' ill li.s to a foot apart in the rows, and the rows
III " ::' J feet apart. Early and late varieties are
nil. II -.■! in alternate rows. Boards are used to blanch
the plants that mature first, and when these are out of
the way there is room to bank the remaining rows with
earth (Fig. 396).

Celery plants are also set 7 or 8 inches apart each way
in beds. This method requires intensive culture. The
plants must be frequently fertilized and cojiiously
watered during their growth. In this case the crowding
of the leaves is sufficient to blanch the stalks of the

side

the

of the beds (Fig. 395). This method is known
"New (lelery Culture," or Niven's method.

Blanching. — When the weather is warm in summer
celery often blanches in two weeks after boards are set
up beside the rows, but later in the fall it takes three or
four weeks, and the winter varieties are often banked
with earth considerably longer than this and then placed
in celery pits, where the blanching process continues.
Hemlock boards an inch thick, a foot wide and 12 feet
long, are largely used for blanching summer celery.
These are placed on edge beside the rows and drawn
nearly together at the top, where they are held by small
wooden cleats. When thus placed the boards enclose
the entire plants, with the exception of ends of scatter-
ing leaves, which project above them. In market gar-
dens these boards are moved from one field to another
after the crops mature, and kept in constant use from
the middle of June until late in November. When freez-
ing weather is expected, the remaining plants of the
early varieties are lifted and set in beds in the field,
where they are enclosed on the sides and covered as
closely as circumstances may require with the boards.

Late celery is blanched mainly by banking with earth,
the earth being thrown up against the plants at two or
three different times; first, the base of the bank is
thrown up about one foot high, the leaves being held
together during the operation to prevent the .soil from
filling in between the stalks. The top of this bank is
left broad and dishing so that the plants can be watered.
Two or three weeks later the bank is raised 8 inches or a
foot higher, and often it is again raised, the top of the
highest banks being about 3 feet above the ditches be-
tween the rows. The plow is used in loosening the soil,
but the banking is mainly done by hand. The old method
of growing celery intrenches (Fig. 397) in order to bleach
it is now entirely obsolete in this country. A well-hilled
field is shown in Fig. 396.

Celery is sometimes blanched by wrapping the plants
in thick paper (Fig. 398), or by placing large pieces of
drain tile over them.

Preparation for Market.— After pulling, the celery
is trimmed, then taken to the packing room, where it is
washed and tied in bunches, the bunches being from 3
to 4 inches in diameter and containing from 2 to 6
"heads" or plants. The root is cut to a point, as shown
in Fig. 399. After bunching, it is packed in cases of
various patterns which hold from 2 to 5 dozen bunches
each. A common style of celery crate, for the marketing
of trimmed plants, is shown in Pig. 400. Sometimes
celery, especially the early crop and for nearby markets,
is not trimmed at the roots ; but the roots are left intact,
the plant washed and stripped of its dead and broken
leaves and then shipped in a tray which holds water.
Fig. 401 shows Niven's tray, used for this purpose. This
tray or crate will hold 24-30 roots. The sides, A A, are
20x40 in.; BB, 14^x40 in.; top pieces, C, l^in. wide by
%in. thick; posts, D, 1x1x12 in. The joints are mitered
and painted before nailing. The inside of the tray is
painted white.

Varieties. — Not less than 50 kinds of celery, which are
more or less distinct, are catalogued bv American seeds-
men. The plants vary in size from the Paris Red Ribbed,
which is scarcely a foot high, to the Giant Pascal, which
is fully three times as tall; and in color of the foliage
from the deep green of the Boston Market to the
golden yellow of the Paris Golden and the almost pure
white of the White Plume. Some kinds are turnip-
rooted (see Celeriac), others have red leafstalks, and
still others are very bitter and pungent; yet all of these
variations seem to have resulted from high cultivation
and, possibly, in some cases, from crossings of the differ-
ent kinds. A half dozen leading types maybe described.

Paris Golden or Golden Self-blanching. — This\nr\ety
was raised by M. Chemin in his market-gardens near
Paris, France, and it was introduced into the United
States about 1885. It was entirely distinct from all
other varieties, and it gained favor among growers rap-
idly. Since 1892 or 1893 it has been the leading summer
kind, and more generally planted in market-gardens
than any other. The plants are stocky, they can be
planted closely, conveniently blanched with boards.

CELERY 269

packed in small space when bunched, the bunches keep
remarkably well, are exceptionally attractive when ex-
posed for sale in the market, and the stalks are never
disagreeably bitter. Leaf-stalks below the lower pair
of leaflets 6 to 8 inches long and from IM to 1% inches
in circumference, generally with 9 distinct ridges and
13 rather small fibrovascular bundles, the latter not im-
bedded in green cells, the ridges flattened and the
furrows between them shallow; leaf-bearing part of the
stalk 12 to 14 inches long, with a decided constriction
where the lower pair of leaflets unite with it; leaflets
thick, sharply serrate, usually wedge shaped at the base
and with characteristic yellow specks, which increase in

^-X

398. Blanching Celery by wrappine

numbers as the plants mature until the entire foliage
appears to be of a light golden hue.

The Paris Bed Ribbed celery is a very dwarf variety,
having thick leaflets with yellow specks in them like the
Paris Golden, but the plants are smaller, not so full in
the centers and the leaf stalks are shaded with red.
Another variety of recent introduction, known as the
Broad Ribbed celery, is evidently nearly related to the
preceding kinds. The foliage shows the yellow specks,
the leaf stalks are large and rounded on the edges, and
the plants mature early, but they are open in the center.
Some strains of this variety have reddish leaf stalks.

iVhite P^iime. -Introduced by Peter Henderson in
1884. For several years this variety was more generally
grown than any other kind. The plants are distinctively

270

CELERY

self-blanching ana beautiful, and it has been claimed
that this variety surpasses all others as a table decora-
tion. Leaf-stalk below the lower pair of leaflets 8 to 10
inches long, 1 to 2 inches in circumference, light green,
becoming pure white when blanched, ridges 9, fibrovas-
cular bundles 13 imbedded in green cells, leaflets large,
borne on slender divisions of the mam stalk, turning
light colored and sometimes nearlj' pure white when the

399. Celery plant trimmed

plants approach maturity. This variety often requires
artificial ripening to reduce the strong flavor, in addition
to what is necessary to whiten the stalks.

The Pink Plume is a nearly related variety, having
reddish stalks but is hardly equal to the preceding kind.

Boston Marlu't. — An old variety, that has been grown
in the vicinity of Boston since about 1850. Plants low and
spreading, very dark green and glossy, forming numer-
ous secondary crowns, leaf-stalks short and stout, ridges
9 or 11 , with shallow furrows between them , flbrovascular
bundles 13 or 15, imbedded in green cells; leaHets thick,
rounded in outline, deeply i-l'ti . n i h nm -IimIIow, each

terminating in a whitish pni 11 1 ii i i nstriction

where the lower pair of lealji ! i. ! ii'' stalk, and

the stalk is lighter colored lirn i hm . I i ,\ here; above
this puiiit the eeiitral stalk tupers i-a|iiilly to the end.

Tlie Iviily Arlington celery is a sub-variety of the

JI,

tioii of the self-blanching va
the background with the (;<■!. l.n
.Solid, Schumacher, Perle le ImmihI
iJose.— A tall, red variety, b.-inr
kind of this class. It was intr."li
Henderson, but it never has been <

-A popular kind before the introduc-

liaii any other
is.si; by Peter
ely grown for

market. Leaf-stalk red or purplish, 10 to 15 inches
long, 1% to 2 inches in circumference, ridges 9, flbro-
vascular bundles VA; leaflets dull green, thin, and the
edges inclined to imn ui. ,:im1; ihe whole plant tall,
slender and rather 1 1 ' li. The young stalks
retain the red C"1mi ■• : . : .i. and are exception-
ally attractive in .■i|i|" m; (.r,i p.aiid have the nutty

flavor that is so hi^,'hl.^ |M]/A-a m elioice celery. It was
formerly supposed that the red varieties of celery kept
better than the others, but the supposition does not seem
to be well founded.

Other varieties of this class are the Crimson Bouquet,
Pink Aromatic, and Convent Garden Rose.

(Jl'i,<! r ..', Tliis variety is peculiarly adapted to

thepr.i! , ,, .! , ! I v^e amount of edible matter. The
stalks ;. I i. : :.~t size, tender, and never pungent,

even In i..i. II i'lanched ; grown both in private

gardens aii.i i.a iii.uket. Leaf-Stalks very large, long
and thick, geiierully with 12 flattened ridges and 16
flbrovascular bundles; leaflets dark green, thick, deeply
cleft and coarsely serrate. Plants with full centers and
usually without secondary crowns.

Although the variety is much, the value and appear-
ance of the plant depend much upon the growing. There
are different ideals in different parts of the country.
In the west, a plant of the type of Fig. 402 is wanted.
About Boston, a broad-based and thick-set plant (ob-
tained by much transplanting and less crowding) is
demanded (Fig. 403).

Fertilizers.— Celery rarely makes satisfactory growth
on land of ordinary fertility; it is a crop that must have
liberal treatment to yield good returns. Organic ferti-
lizers rich in nitrogen are mainly used, although gener-
ally in market-gardens these are supplemented with pot-
ash and other salts. It is customary to apply the organic
fertilizers in a decomposed condition and plow them in
before the plants are set. Later, when the plants are
about half grown, some commercial fertilizer is scattered
along the rows before each hoeing. It is important that
the fertilizers used should not make the land too porous.
They should increase its capacity for holding moisture,
and not hasten evaporation. When coarse, light manures
must be used for this crop, it is better to place them on
the surface as a mulch than to plow thera in.

Diseases. -Of diseases, there are two or three serious
blights or rusts, but there are no widespread and serious
insect depredators. (See Duggar, Bull. 132, Cornell
Exp. Sta., and reports from stations in Conn., N. Y.
(state), N. J., Dept. Agric, etc.) The best general
treatment is to start with healthy seed on land which
has not bred the disease, and then spray early and fre-
quently with Bordeaux mixture, or other fungicide.
The treatment should all be done early in the life of
the crop.

Stoking. -If celery is to be kept for winter use, it
must be cool and moist. It is usually set out again, so
that the roots take sufiicient hold upon the eaith to pre
vent the plant from wilting Foi home use the plants
may be set in an old shoe case, in which there aie a few
inches of earth in the bottom the top tf the b \ being
left uncovered. If the box is a It tl 1 ight of
the Celery, holes should be m i 1 ii tl il t the box
to admit of ventilation The 1 \ i t I k 1 1 in a
cool cellar. Taking simil'
stored in barrels in
the cellar. For mar-
ket. Celery may be
set in trenches, as
shown in Fig. 397.
Two boards are then
leaned over the
plants, to form a ga
ble roof; and as cold
weather approaches,
straw is thrown on
top. In large celery
areas, however, the
crop is now stored in
sheds or cellars made
for the purpose. In
these sheds, the cel-
ery is planted out,
and the temperature
is kept above hard
frost. Full discussion of thii
under Storing. , ^, , .

For further information, see Greiner s "Celery for
Profit"; Vaughan's "Celery Manual"; Van Bochove's
"Kalamazoo Celery"; HoUister's "Livingston's Celery
Book." L. F. Kinney.

CoMMEBPiAL Celery Culture. -The increasing de-
mand for this delicious vegetable has interested both the
gardener and farmer in studying its needs. They have

400. Celery c

be found

CELERY

succeeded 90 well that the quality has been improved
and the length of the market season increased to such
an extent that instead of finding it for sale only during
the fall and winter months, we now have it the greater
part of the year. The greater part of the crop is pre-
pared for shipping by trimming off the

stalks

and roots, washing and tying in bunches of one dozen
roots, and packing in boxes containing from 4 to 8 dozen,
according to the size of the roots. The California and
some of the Michigan and New York growers ship with
the roots on unwashed, and load in refrigerator cars,
with two decks put in and the bunches placed on the
decks. A car contains by this process from 1,200 to 1,.500
dozens, while a car loaded with the boxed product con-
tains fn.iii l.r.no to 2,000 dozens.

The si-cds are very small and slow to germinate. The
first leaves are small and digest food slowly, which
makes it necessary to have plant-food .available at all
times during the growth of the plant, so that nature may
be assisted in her work of building it up and giving to
It a constitution strong enough to resist disease, which
sometimes comes in the shape of a fungus which attacks
the leaves, and, with the plant in its weak condition,
absorbs the sap and destroys the digesting surface of
the leaf to such an extent that the outer stalks, and
sometimes the inner ones as well, dry up, and the crop
is a total loss. Fortunately, the climatic conditions for
the development of the fungi do not remain more than
3 or 4 days at a time, and, with means for irrigation and
with food containing the different materials that the plant
desires, this difficulty is successfully met. In Colorado
and other parts of the west, they expect to demonstrate
that the disease cannot exist, on account of irrigation
keeping the plant well supplied with food, the large
amount of lime the soil contains the bright sunlight,
and cool nights, as all these are to the advantage of the
plant and against the development of fungi

The soils best adapted to the plant aie cranberry bogs
and low marshes failed with a deposit t f decayed vege
table mattt 1 ti m 2 t I 1 t 1 1 « I 1 1 whendriined
by open in i t 1 h n I 1 i I ti and roots,

the surface cut with disk-harrow, smoothed and pulver-
ized with common harrow and roller, are then ready for
a crop of corn or millet the first season. The following
season the surface is treated with a ton of air-slaked
lime to the acre, which is turned under to hasten the
decay of the vegetable matter and correct the accumu-
lated acidity which abounds from the decay of such
large quantities of vegetables. The lime also destroys
fungous growth and tends to strengthen the constitution
of the plant. The surface is then dressed with a ferti-
lizer composed of 1 ton of fine raw bone, 40 bushels of
wood ashes, and 500 pounds of salt to the acre. Where
barnyard manure can be had, the raw bone is reduced
1,(](10 pounds, and 20 loads of manure are applied. In
Florida the amount of bone is increased to 3,000 pounds,
and 200 pounds of high-grade potash added and the ashes
omitted. In Colorado, where the soil contains 10 per
cent of lime, it is not necessary to use lime. With ferti-
lizers containing 10 per cent of potash, 4 per cent of
nitrogen, and 10 percent phosphoric acid, applied at the
rate of 1 ton to the acre, and with the physical conditions
of the land improved by turning under green crops,
such as corn or alfalfa, success is anticipated. Celery
is also raised on sandy loam, but unless 50 loads of
coarse manure is plowed under, and water plentifully
supplied during growth, either by rains or irrigation,
the crop is poor in quality and light in quantity.

In the north and middle states, the early plants are
started on hotbeds March 1, and transplanted in cold-
frames March 10-12, then into the open field after May 10.
For the late or main crop, the see<\ is sown in the open
ground April 1, and by June 1 the plants are large
enough to cut back to the heart leaves. This makes
them stocky and increases the root-growth, and by June
10 they are large enough to be removed to the field,
where they are cultivated frequently by both horse and
hand cultivators. In Florida, plants are all started
under a half shade in August, and transplanted under
another half shade made by setting posts in the ground,
5 feet high and 12 feet apart, on the tops of which a
board is nailed, forming a rest or frame, and 3-inch slats
nailed on 3 inches apart, thus protecting the beds from
the bright sun in day time and cold at night. The plants
are removed to the open field after September, and
planting is continued until about February 1. In Colo-
rado the early plants cannot be grown successfully with
glass close to the plants. The bright sun penetrates the
soil and takes up the moisture so fast that germination
is retarded and takes place very unevenly. By covering
the glass with plant-cloth , tacked on the inside, the light
is Isubdued and success attained For the month of
April, beds co\ered
with plant cloth alone ». ,v .

do very well It is not ^%\ „ Ss
practical to sow late
plants in the open
ground without the

ot"^\. hfM^

^

-^

^..^

402 A good Celery plant of the middle and western states

403 The Boston ideal

272

CELERY

plant-cloth protection against the bright sunlight and
frequent winds that prevail during April and May in
this latitude. Close watching and spraying twice each
day will bring the seed up, and, after the fourth leaf
is well started, the cloth is removed for a few hours
toward night each day until the plants are 2 inches
high; then the cloth is removed during the night after
May 10, and the plants are hardened.

Prom 20,000 to 30,000 plants are set on an acre. In
sixty days plants are large enough to blanch for the
early marltet. Pine boards 1 foot wide, 1 inch thicli, 10
feet long, dressed on both sides, are placed against the
celery on both sides of the plants, and are held in an
upright position by a piece of wire bent at each end so
as to form a double hools. The lumber excludes the
light, inducing the heart of the plant to grow rapidly
and blanch at the same time, and in 15 to 18 days
after the lumber is put up, the celery is ready
market. Lumber in '
is not quite as Hml-
lumber is safer for
the disease conim -!
stalks if earth ix n
up becomes a necrs
appear any niglit a

vth. but the flavor
bhuii'hcil witli earth. The

!'■ attack the
M - i : . ' III. Eai-thing
■ Sc 1-1. lull, I JO, as frost may
date :iui\ damage the crop
phile that with the earth up
to it is protected. The process of earthing up witli a
spade IS seldom seen nowadays, as there are banking
plows with attachments that push the leaves into an
upright position and turn the earth up at the same time,
one horse handling the plow very easily.

In harvesting the crop, leading growers have washing
machinery to clean and cool the stalks, which adds to
its keeping qualities during transit and delivery from
market to tlie consumer. Great pains is taken to sort
and grade the different sized roots, bind them into
bunches, and pack them into neat new packages made
for the purpose. Large quantities are marketed from
September 20 to October 20, u> save the expense of stor-
ing in the winter houses, as the loss in those is liable to
be great from evaporation, disease and consequent de-
cay. California and Florida shipments come in Novem-
ber, and all through the winter months the leading
markets are supplied with this appetizing vegetable.

The popular varieties are: First, the White Plume,
■which is early and makes a very fine appearance, quality
medium; and next the Dwarf Golden Heart, which is a
little later but much hardier than the former, also pos-
sessing much better flavor. The best for winter use are
the old reliable Boston Market and its half brother, the
Giant Pascal. These two, when grown to perfection, are
good keepers and of excellent quality.

E. J. HOLLISTER.

CELOSIA (Greek, kelos. burned ; referring to the
burned look of the fls. in some species). Amaranticew.
Cockscomb. The genus containing the common Cocks-
comb of old-fashioned gardens has about 42 species, all
tropical and mostly annual herlis, with alternate, entire
Ivs. narrowed into a petiole, various in form, and with
fls. borne in dense spikes. There are two main types of
Celosias, the crested form and the feathered or plumy
ones. The crested Coekscoiiib is very stiff, formal and
curious, while the feather. I ii m^ l.ss so, and are
used to some extent in ■! ' '
sorts are grown abroad fur i .

under the name of C. py 1 11/ , i

in America. The crested Cuck^Luml
summer bedding plant than formerly
monly exhibited in pots at small fair
to produce the largest possible crest on the smalle
plant. For garden use, the seeds are sown indoors in
early spring, and the plants set out May 1-15. If the
roots dry out the Ivs. are sure to drop off. The Cocks-
comb is a moisture-loving plant, and may be syringed
often, especially for the red spider, which is its greatest
enemy. A light, rich soil is needed.

A. Spikes crested, monstrous.

cristita, Linn. Cockscomb. Height 9 In. or more ;
stem very glabrous : Ivs. petiolate, ovate or somewhat
cordate-ovate, acute, glabrous, 2-3 in. long, 1 in. wide:
spikes crested, subsessile, often as wide as the plant is
high: seeds small, black, shining, lens-shaped. Tropics.

I -. The plumy
I Kin, especially
. 1 i ' :i small extent
ih less used as a
, but it is still com-
i, the object being

CELTIS

Gn. 13, p. 231. R.H. 1894, p. 58. -There are 8 or 9 well
marked colors in either tall or dwarf forms, the chief
colors being red, purple, violet, crimson, amaranth and
yellow. The forms with variegated Ivs. often have less
dense crests. A. Japoiiira, Mart., little known to bota-
nists, is said to be a distinct garden plant with branch-
ing, pyramidal habit, each branch bearing a rufiled
comb.

AA. Spikes phimy, feathery, or cylindrical.

argintea, Linn. Taller than the above: Ivs. shorter-
stalked, narrower, 2-2Hin. long, 4-6 lines wide, linear-
lanceclate, acute: spikes 1-4 in. long, erect or drooping,
long-peduncled, pyramidal, or cylindrical. India.-This
species is considered by Voss (in Vilmorin's Blumen-
gartnerei), to be the original one from which the crested
forms are derived. He makes 9 botanical forms, to one
of which he refers C. cristata. The range of color is
even greater in the feathered type than in the crested
type, as one form has whitish fls. The spikes are very
various in form and habit. Various forms are shown in
Gn. G, p. 513 ; 9, p. 149 ; 17, p. 331. R.H. 1857, p. 78 and
1890, p. 522.

Huttoni, Mart. Height 1-2 ft.; habit bushy, pyra-
midal : stem sulcate-striate : Ivs. reddish or crimson,
lower ones lanceolate, subsessile : spikes red, cylindri-
cal, oblong, obtuse, 1}^ in. long: perianth segments ob-
long (not lanceolate, as in C. argenlea). Java. G.C.
I.:!2:214. — A foliage plant, and less common than the
two species above. y^_ jj_

CfiLSIA (Olaus Celsius. 1670-1756, a Swedish oriental-
ist). ScrophulariAeea. Herbs, with yellow fls. in termi-
nal racemes or spikes, closely allied to Verbascum, but
has only 4 stamens, and they are of two sorts. There are
many species. Only C. Cr6tica, Linn.f.. is known in
Amer., and that very sparingly. It is a hardy or half-
hardy biennial, with alternate Ivs., of which the lower
are pinnate and the upper toothed and clasping : fls.
large and rotate (nearly 2 in. across), yellowish, with
dark markings in the center and conspicuous deflexed
stamens. Stout, hairy plant, 3-0 ft. high, from Crete.
B.M. 964.

C£LTIS (ancient Latin name). Urticdcew. Nettle
Tree. Trees or shrubs : Its. alternate, petiolate, stipu-
late, deciduous or persistent, usually oblique at the base
and 3-nerved : fls. polygamous-monoecious, inconspicu-
ous, apetalous. 4-5-merous, staminate in small clusters,
pistillate axillary and solitary : fr. a 1-seeded, small
drupe, edible in some species. Sixty species in the tem-
perate and tropical regions of the northern hemisphere,
of which few hardy ornamental species are cultivated;
they are valuable as shade trees or as single specimens
on the lawn, mostly with wide spreading head and light
green foliage, which is rarely seriously injured by insects
or fungi; they thrive in almost any soil and even in dry
situations, they are of vigorous growth when young, and
are easily transplanted. The straight-grained wood is
light and elastic, easily divided, and much used for the
manufacture of small articles and for furniture; that of
C. australis is valued for carving. Prop, by seeds, sown
after maturity; also by layers and cuttings of mature
wood in fall ; rarer kinds are sometimes grafted on
C. occidentalis .

A. Xrvs. entire, or rarely with few teeth. thi)i,
at length jfofti-iKs.

MissiaBippl«nsis,Rosr : C. ?-,;;,}',.. Willd. C. integri-

«;;«, Nutt.). Tree, r.ii ■ ' |ually rounded or

cuneate at the base. "'■■ !.■ or ovate, acumi-
nate, usually falcate, ^ ii -t , 2-4 in. long: fr.

orange-red, nearly globular, Mn, ilnek.on slender pedi-
cel, longer than the petiole. From S. Illinois to Texas
and Florida, west to Missouri. S.S. 7:318. G.F.3:41,
figs. 9-11. Mn. 7: 225. 227.— Var. reticulata, Sarg. Lvs.
smaller, ovate, usually cordate, rough above. S.S. 7:319.
AA. IJvs. serrate.

B. Foliage scabrous above, membranaceous, more or
less pubescent.

occident4Us, Linn. Large tree, occasionally 120 ft. :
lvs. oblique and rounded at the base, ovate, acuminate,
pubescent when young, light green, 2-4 in. long : fr.

CELTIS

orange-red, ^in. long, on slender pedicel, longer than the
petiole. S.S. 7:317. G.F. 3:40, 43. Em. 304. Mn. 7:231,
233. — Very variable species. Var. crassifdlia, C. Koch,
has firm, very rough and large Ivs., to 6 in. long, usually
cordate at base. Slichx. Hist. Arb. 3 : 228. Var. pilmila,
Gray, is a dwarf form with smaller Ivs.

austr41is, Linn. Tree, to 60 ft.: Ivs. oblique, cordate
or rounded at the base, ovate oblong, acuminate, pubes-
cent beneath, 23^-5 in. long : fr. over i4in. long, dark
purple, sweet : pedicels 2-3 times longer than the peti-
oles. Mediter. region to Persia.— Not hardy north.

Sinensis, Pers. ( C. Japdnica, Planch. ). Tree, to 30 ft. :
Ivs. usually rounded or cordate at the base, broadly ovate
to oblong ovate, acuminate, serrate-dentate, pubescent
when young, pale or glaucesoentand prominently reticu-
late beneath, 2-4 in. long : fr. dull orange-red ; pedicels
rather stout, not much longer than the petioles. China,
Japan.— Not hardy north ; often the following is culti-
vated under this name.

Bunge^na, Blume (G. Davidicina, Carr.). Tree: Ivs.
narrow or rounded at the base, ovate or narrow elliptic,
acuminate, crenate-serrate, nearly glabrous when young,
green and shining on both sides, 2-4 in.: fr. purplish
black, small: pedicels 2-3 times longer than the petioles.
N. China. — Hardy, and a very distinct species, with dark
green and glossy foliage.

Kraussi4na, Bernh. Tree : Ivs. oblong ovate, usually
rounded at the base, acuminate, crenate-serrate, pubes-
cent on the veins beneath, semipersistent: ovary toraeu-
tose: fr. mostly pubescent, slender pedicelled. S.Africa
to Abyssinia. -Hardy only south. ^^^^^^ ^^^^^^

CEMETEEY. See Landscape Gardening.

CfiNCHEUS (ancient Greek name). Gramlnea-. An-
nual or perennial grasses, with spreading or erect culms
bearing an indorescence of globular, spiny burs. Spik-
lets 1-fld., 1-4 together, with an ovoid or globular invo-
lucre of rigid, more or less connate bristles, forming
spiny burs, which fall off at maturity. Glumes as in
Panicura, awnless. Species about 12, in the tropical and
warmer temperate regions of both hemispheres.

tribuloldes, Linn. Sand -bur. Bur -grass. Culms
ascending, branching, 1-2 ft. long, with spikes composed
of 10-15 coarse, spiny burs, which readily attach them-
selves to passingobjects. It is one of the worst of annual
weeds wherever it becomes abundast. It is distributed
more or less throughout the United States in sandy dis-
tricts, and said to be perennial in the southern states.
P. B. Kennedy.

CfiNIA (Greek for empty, in allusion to the hollow
receptacle). Compdsitie. Low herbs from South Africa,
with the aspect of Mayweed. Head small and rayed, the
ray fls. pistillate, the disc ils. compressed and 4-toothed,
the receptacle gradually enlarged from the top of the
peduncle, and hollow. C, turbinata, Pers., is a common
weed in Cape Colony, and it is occasionally seen in Amer.
gardens. It is annual, diffusely branched, and a foot or
less high, with finely dissected, soft, almost moss-like
foliage, and long-peduncled, small, yellow heads. Of
easy culture. L_ jj g

CENTAUEfiA (a Centaur, famous for healing).
Compdsitai. Centaury. Dusty Miller. Bachelor's
Button. Corn Flower. Knapweed. Annuals or
half-hardy perennials ; fine for bedding, vases, baskets
and pots, and for borders and edgings. Differs from
Cnicus in having the aohenes obliquely attached by one
side of the base or more laterally. Species about 400,
much confused, mostly in Eu., Asia and N. Afr., 1 in
N. Amer., 3 or 4 in Chile. The involucre is ovoid or
globose, stiff and hard, sometimes prickly. Receptacle
bristly. The marginal florets are usually sterile and
eloneated, making the head look as if rayed. Several
Old World species have become weeds in this country.

The following species of Centaurea are here described,
the synonyms being in italics : Americana. 7 ; argen-
tea, 2 ; atropurpurea, 13 ; Babylonica, 14 ; Senedicta =

CENTAUREA

273

Carbenia benedicta; calocephala, 13; candidissima, 1;
Clementei, 3 ; Cyanus, 4 ; dealbata, 12 ;
flo); -pli')io,i; gymnbcarpa, 2 ; imperialis,
:i. Ill: macrocephala, 8 ; Margaritacea,6;
; iii"iii:uia, 11; moschata, 5; nigra, 9; odor-
splendens, 6 ; siiaveolens, 5; varie-

gata

', 4.

A. Dusty Miller.— TFA!*c-<o»!cn«ose low plants , used
for bedding or for the sake of their foliage.
1. Cineriria, Linn. (C candidissima, Lam.). Pig. 404.
Perennial : sts. erect, 3 ft., branched, the entire plant
white-tomentose : Ivs. almost all bipinnate (except the
earliest), the lower petioled, all the lobes linear-lanceo-
late, obtuse : scales of the ovate involucre appressed,
with a membranous black margin, long-ciliate, the api-
cal bristle thicker than the others: fls. purple. S. Italy,
Sicily, etc. — Much used as
a bedding plant, not being
allowed to bloom. The
first Ivs. of seedlings are
nearly entire (as shown in
Fig. 404), but the subse-
quent ones become more
and more cut. Grown both
from seeds and cuttings.
Seedlings are very apt to
damp off unless care is
taken in wateimc

i04. Lower leaf
from a young
plant of Cen-
taurea Cinera-
ria (X K).

405. Radical leaf of
Centaurea eymnocarpa.

(XM.)

2. gymnociirpa, Moris & DeNot (C. arghitea, Hort.
C.plumdsa, B.oxt.). Fig. 405. Perennial : entire plant
covered with velvety white pubescence : sts. lK-2 ft.
high, erect: Ivs. bipinnatisect; segments linear, entire,
acute : fi. -heads small, in a close panicle, mostly hidden
by the Ivs.: fis. rose-violet or purple. Caprea. — Very
ornamental on account of its velvety finely cut Ivs.
Much used, like the last, for low foliage bedding ; Ivs,
more compound, and usually not so white.

3. Clemfentei, Boiss. Perennial, the entire plant
densely white-woolly : sts. erect, branching, with few
Ivs. : root-lvs. petioled, pinnate, the lobes ovate-trian-
gular, sharp-pointed : st.-lvs. sessile : fl. -heads termi-
nal on the branches, globose : involucre scales with
scarious, ciliate margins, scarcely spiny : fls. yellow.
Spain.

AA. Corn Flower, or Bachelor's Button. — Tall-
growing annual, with very narrow Ivs., grown
for the showy fls.

4. Ctanus,Linn. Bluebottle. Bluet. Bachelor's
Button (see also Gomp/ireiia). Corn Flower. Ragged
Sailor. Fig. 406. Annual, slender, branching, 1-2 ft.

274

CENTAUREA

high, woolly-white when young : Ivs. linear, entire, or
the lower toothed, sometimes pinnatifid : fls. blue, pur-
ple or white, the heads on long, naked stems : involu-
cral bracts rather narrow, fringed with short, scarious
teeth. S.E.Eu. Gt. 38, p. 641; .'SO, p. 537.- One of the
most popular of garden fls. , running into many -warieties.
It is perfectly hardy, blooming until frost and coming
up in the spring from self-sown seed. The following are

406. Centaurea Cyanus (X K).

varieties of this: Pure White; Victoria, a dwarf, for
pots and edgings ; Emperor WiUiam, fine dark blue ;
flore pleno, with the outer disc fls. converted into ray
fls. ; nana compacta, dwarf.

AAA. Sweet Sci^tass. — Straight-growing, smooth an-
nuals or perennials, with dentate Ivs., grown
for the large fragrant heads.
5. mOBCh&ta. Linn. (C. suaveolens, Linn. C. odor&ta,
Hort. C. Amberbdi, Mill. Amberbda moschAta, Less.).

Sweet Sultan. Fig. 407.
branching below, erect : w
green : Irs. pinnatifid, tin- 1'
petioled ; invol. round it "
nermost of the invol. sculr^
white, yellow or purple, f la;
Gn. 54:1195. I. H. 42, p. IOC.

Annual : sts. 2 ft. high,
lolc plant smooth, bright

I. - (1. iiiiiii' : fl.-headslong-
iiir, ^iM...,ih ; only the in-
\ ii li .^ian.ius margins : fls.
rant. Oiieut. Mn.4:149.
ting. 4:147.

Var. Alba, Hort. (C. Margarltce, Hort.). Fls. white.
Gn. 19, p. 337; 54:1195. A.G. 13: 607. This form, known

CENTAUREA

as C. Margaritm, is pure white and very fragrant. It was
int. by an Italian firm in lb91.

Var. rtbra, Hort. Fls. red. Gn. 54: 1195.— A popular,
old-time garden flower, with long-stalked heads j of easy
culture. It does not bear transplanting well.

C. imperiAlis, Hort., is the offspring of C. moschata
and C. Mnrgaritce, int. into the American trade in 1899.
Plants are said to inherit the vigorous, free growth of
C. mosc/infa.beingof the same easy culture and forming
clumps 3-1 ft. high. The fls. resemble C. Maraarit(r, but
ai. I i • - I u u-i and abundantly borne on long stems
fi i ' , ,: 111. St. They range through white, rose,

hi I ) ; 1 I , , are fragrant, and if cut when first open
«ii, ., . i M .1,,,-. e.Jr<}n>, Hort., int. 1899, resembles
C !■. ,■,,! i,... Ijut the fls. open sulfur-yellow, become

AA.\A. (iTtiKU Centauheas of various kinds, occa-
siiinatlji grown in hardy borders for their fls.
ur imposing stature.

B. Foliage green on both sides.
c. Lvs. pinnate or bipinnate.

6. spl^ndens, Linn. (C. margaritdcea, Ten.). Peren-
nial : sts. erect, branched : lvs. smooth, the lowest bi-
pinnate, the upi>er pinnate, all with very narrow, linear,
entire, acute lobes : fi. -heads subglobose ; scales of the
involucre with a rounded, almost entire, rather lax tip ;
Hs. purple. Spain, Italy.

cc. IfVS. entire or dentate, not pinnatisect.

7. Americ&na, Nutt. {Plectocephahis Americdnus,
Don). Basket Flower. Fig. 408. Hardy annual, nearly
smooth : sts. stout, simple, 2-5 ft., thickened under the
naked head : lvs. mostly entire, oblong-lance-sbaped :
involucre Vi-VA in. in diam., its bracts all with fringed,
scarious appendages ; fls. rose or flesh-colored ; disc
1-3 in. diara. ; narrow lobes of the ray
flowers often 1 in. long. Ark. to Ariz.
F. S. 4: 327. S. H. 2: 223. -Very attractive.

8. macroc6phaIa, Puschk. Perennial :
stems simple, erect, swollen below the
flower-head, leafy, 2^-3 ft. high : lvs.
ovate-lanceolate, slightly decurrent, sca-
brous, acute, somewhat serrate, gradually
diminishing upwards to the base of the
single terminal head : head subglobose,
larger than a hen's egg, often 3-4 in. in
diam. ; involucre of 8-12 rows of ap-
pressed, scarious-margined, rusty, fringed
scales : fls. vellow, the marginal and disc
alike. Armenia. B. M. 1248. J. H. Ill,
33:331. -Often grown from seeds.

9. nigra, Linn. Knapweed. Hard
Heads. Perennial, 1-2 ft. high : sts.
branching, rough pubescent: lvs. lance-
shaped and entire or lower
sparingly toothed : invo-
lucral bracts with pecti-
nate-ciliate-frdnged black
appendages: fls. all alike,
the disc and marginal ones
of the same size. Europe.
— Var. variegftta, Hort.
Lvs. edged with creamy
white, tufted. Avery strik-
ing border plant.
BB. Foliage white or to-

mentose, at least be-
neath {often green
above).
0. Stems low, weak,
not strict.

10. leucophyUa.Bieb.lC".
decfinAta, Bieb. ). Peren-
nial : stems short, decum-
bent, with very few lvs. ;
root-lvs. petioled, tomen-
tose-woolly on both sides, pinnate, the ovate lobes un-
dulate, sparsely cut-lobed or sinuate-toothed : fl.-head
with few bracts, solitary, terminal ; scales of the ovate
involucre lanceolate, acuminate, brown, long-ciliate :
fls. purple. Caucasus.

CENTAUREA

11. montina, Linn. Mountain Bluet. Perennial :
sts. low, stoloniferous, unbranched, 12-10 or rarely 20
in. high : Ivs. decurrent, the young ones silvery white,
oval-lance-shaped : involucre of 4 or 5 rows of scales,
black-ciliate along the margins; fls. blue, the marginal
ones 1 in. long, disc-fls. very short, becoming purple.
Europe. B. M. 77. Var. Alba, Hort. Fls. white. Var.
rdsea, Hort. Fls. rose-colored. Var. citrlna, DC. (var.
sulphured. Hort.). Disc-fls. brown, rays yellow. Ar-
menia. B.M. 1175.

cc. Stetns erect, simple or brajiched.

12. dealbata, Willd. Perennial : sts. sub-erect, 8-24
in. hij;h : Ivs. white-villous beneath, glabrous above,

the lower ones 1-1 >2 ft. long, pet-
ioled, pinnate, the obovate lobes
,^.; . coarsely cut-toothed or auricled at

-- .-,>'- the base; steni-lvs. sessile, pinnate,

with oblong-lance lobes : fl.-head
solitary, just above the uppermost
leaf : fls. red, those of the disc
rosy or white : outer scales of the
involucre with lanceolate tips, the
middle rounded, deeply fringed,
ciliate. Asia Minor, Persia.

13. atropurpiirea, Waldst. & Kit.
(C. calociphala, Willd.). Peren-
nial : sts. erect, branched, about
2-3 ft. high, the branches white-
woolly at the summit : Ivs. bipin-
nate, lobes linear-lanceolate, acumi-
nate ; lowest Ivs. petioled, upper-
most pinnatifid: fl. -heads without
bracts ; invol. scales with fringed
ciliate white lanceolate tips, the innermostones rounded,
scarious-margined : fls. black-purple. Hungary.

14. BabyWnioa, Linn. Silvery white perennial : sts.
simple, stout, erect, 6-10 or 12 ft. high : Ivs. long, coria-
ceous, strongly decurrent on the stem, the radical lyrate,
the lower stem-lvs. oval or oblong-acute, entire or undu-
late, the upper lance-acute : fls. yellow, the globular
heads almost sessile in the axils of narrow bract-like
Ivs.; 5^- J^ of the stem flower-bearing: involucre-scales
with ashort, recurved tip. Asia Minor, Syria. Gn. 2,p.73;
8, p. 263. R.H.1859,pp. 540-1. — Tall, stout and striking
P'*°'- Jared G. Smith and L. H. B.

CENTATJElDITTM. See Xanthisma.

CENTEADfiNIA (Greek for toothed gland, alluding to
the anther glands). Melastomdcece. Pour species in
Mexico and Central Amer., grown in warmhouses for
their showy-colored Ivs. and pretty fls. They are herbs
or shrubs, with angled or winged branches, petiolate,
opposite lanceolate or ovate-entire, ribbed Ivs., and fls.
with 4-lobed calyx, 4 petals, 8 stamens, and a 4-loculed
ovary. The blossoms are pink or white, in axillary or
terminal clusters. Prop, by cuttings. Very showy and
desirable plants. Stems often colored. Centradenias
like rich leaf-mold with sharp sand, and brisk heat.
Give a light but shady position. Strong plants are much
benefited by liquid manure, and such applications give
better colors in both flowers and fruit. Monogr. by
Cogniaux, DC, Monographite Phanerogamarum, 7: 116.

grandifolia, Endl. Branches 4-winged : Ivs. ovate-
lanceolate, strongly 3-nerved, brilliant red beneath,
long-pointed and curving at the end: cymes many-fld.,
shorter than the Ivs., the fls. light rose, rotate, the
petals very obtuse, the stamens unequal. B.M. 5228.—
The plant grows 2 ft. high, and blooms in winter. Very
showy. The cut branches hold their color a long time,
making the plant useful for decorations.

iloribiinda. Planch. Branches obscurely angled, pu-
bescent, red: Ivs. narrow-lanceolate, tapering below, 3-
nerved, red-nerved below : fls. pink, in terminal pani-
cles. F.S. 5:453. -Smaller than C. grandifolia.

in8EqmlaterS,Us, G. Don (C. rdscn, Lindl.). Lvs. ovate-
lanceolate, unequal-sided, entire, ciliate, reddish be-
neath: fls. pink, in terminal corymbose racemes: dwarf.

CEPHALANTHUS

275

CENTEANTHUS (Greek, spurred flower). Valerian-
dcew. A few annual and perennial herbs of the Medi-
terranean region, with dense clusters of small red or
white fls. terminating the branches, and opposite entire
or cut lvs.: calyx cut into 5-15 narrow divisions, en-
larging after flowering; corolla slender-tubed. 5-parted,
spurred at the b:ise; stamen 1: fls. with a pappus-like
crest. Of easiest culture.

rtiber, DC. Red Valerian. Jupiter's Beard. Per-
ennial, 1-3 ft., smooth and glaucous, forming a compact
and floriferous, bushy plant : lvs. ovate to lanceolate,
some of them toothed at base: fls. very numerous, deep
crimson.— A very handsome old garden plant, too much
neglected. It blooms all summer. Excellent for cut-
ting. Increased by division; also by seeds. There is a
white-fld. form (var. dlbus}.

macrosiphon, Boiss. Annual, of easy culture in any
good soil: 1-2 ft.: lvs. ovate, glaucous, toothed: fls.
larger than in the last, red. Spain. — There are white-
fld. (var. dlbus) and dwarf (var. ndnus) forms. Excel-
lent for rockeries and borders; also good for lawn vases.
L. H. B.

CENTKOPOGON (Greek kentron. spur, and pogon,
beard, referring to the fringed stigma). Campanu-
lAcew. About 36 tropical Amer. sub-shrubs or shrubs,
often scandent, with alternate, mostly dentate lvs., and
long, tubular fls. which are violet, purple, red, or orange,
and usually borne singly on long peduncles : bracteoles
very small or wanting. Warmhouse perennial, prop, by
cuttings.

Lucyinus, Houllet. Height 1-2 ft. : stem somewhat
woody: Ivs. short-petioled, finely toothed: fls. rose, win-
ter; hemispherical, with lanceolate segments recurved
at the tips. R.H. 1868:290.-Said to be a hybrid of C.
fastuosus and Siphocampylus betul(pformis, but seems
to show little influence of the latter, which has longer
petioles and peduncles, more coarsely toothed lvs.,
longer calyx-segments, and a yellow-tipped corolla.

fastudsus, Scheidw. Lvs. peach-like, oblong, acute,
bordered with glandular teeth, very glabrous, short-
petioled: fls. rose-colored, winter ; calyx hemispherical,
•ith 5 lanceolate, denticulate segments. Mex. R.H.

1853 :18L

W. M.

Mex. B.R. 29::

L. H.

and H. A. Siebrecht.

CENTEOSfiMA (Greek, spurred-sfandard) . Legu-
mindsw. Butterfly Pea. Twining herbs (at least
those in cult.), with pinnate, .3-7-foliolate lvs., and
showy white or reddish fls in the axils. Fl. papiliona-
ceous, the standard spurred on the back, the keel broad,
and the style bearded at the apex. Species nearly 40 in
tropical Amer. and 2 in U. S.

Virginianum, Benth. Roughish, climbing, 2-6 ft.:
Ifts. ovate to linear, shining, stipitate : fls. 1^ in the
axil, 1 in. long, violet and splashed, showy: pod straight
and long-pointed, 4-5 in. long. Md. S., in sandy lands.
A.G. 13:649. — Int. to cult, many years ago, but again in-
troduced in 1892 (as C. grundiflorum) , and much adver-
tised. It is a hardy and desirable perennial vine, bloom-
ing the first season from seed. There is a white-fld. var.
L. H. B.

CENTUEY PLANT. Consult Agave.

CEPHALANTHfiEA (Greek for head and anther).
OrchidAcew, tribe Ifeittiew. About 10 species of small,
temperate-region terrestrial orchids, allied to Epipactis,
Pogonia, etc. Some of them are western N. American,
and others are European. Sepals 3: petals small, ovate:
lip saccate : lvs. (sometimes wanting) lanceolate or
oblong: fls. mostly small (sometimes showy), in an open
Bpike. The species are scarcely known in cult., but two
Japanese species have been offered by importers. These
are E. faloita, Blume, yellow, and E, erScta, Blume,
white.

CEPHALANTHUS (Greek, head and flower; fls. in
heads). Subiacew. Button BusH. Shrubs with oppo-
site or whorled, entire, stipulate lvs. : fls. small, tubu-
lar, white or yellowish, 4-merous, with included stamens
and long, exserted style, in globular heads: fr. dry, sepa-
rating into 2 nutlets. Six species in Amer., Africa and
Asia, of which only the one North American species is

276

CEPHALANTHUS

slinih.

Isome glossy
Ijalls appear-
1 trarden soil,
I. by seeds or
Iso by green-
fly in spring,
long-petioled,

cult. Hardy ornamental

foliage and very attractive xiiili ii :1

ing late in summer. Ittlir

best in a sandy, somewliai i

by cuttings of ripened wm n im. .

wood cuttinffs taken fn.ni toi.'.ril [.lau
oocidentalis, Linn, Slinib, a-12 ft. :
ovate or oval, ariiniiuate, glossy above, glabrous or
slightly puljcsci'iii l„l,,w, 3-6 in. long: heads about 1 in.
in diain., lung-ptiluucled, 3 or more at the end of the
branches. July-Sept. From New Brunswick south,
west to Ontario and Calif . Era. 394. R.H. 1889, p. 280.-
Var. angUBtUblia, Andr6. Lvs. oblong, lanceolate, usu-
ally in 3's. R.H. 1889. p. 281. Alfred Rehder.

CEPHALAKIA (Greek for head, alluding to the capi-
tate flower-clusters). JJipsicew. Coarse annual or per-
ennial herbs of Europe, Africa and Asia, much like
Dipsacus, but the heads less spiny. The heads are ter-
minal and globular, bearing many 4-parted yellowish,
whitish or bluish florets.

lat&rica, Schrad. Perennial, 6 ft., rank, with striate
stems, suited to the rear border, where strong effects are
desired, with showy cream-white flat heads in July and
Aug.: lvs. pinnate, the Ifts. broad-lanceolate and ser-
rate. Grows readily, and Is increased by seed or divid-
ing the clumps. L. H. B.

CEPHALOTAXUS (Greek, ^tead; Taxu.i-\ike plant,
with lis. in heads or clusters). Conlferw, tribe Tax&ced.
Trees or sljiuhs, with evergreen, linear, pointed lvs.
with 2 IiiMnl, : iiii .11, lines beneath, arranged in 2
rows: I1-. I ' iiiiiiiate in 1-8-fld., short-stalked
clustiT,. 1 ' i i I ling of a small cone with sev-
eral brai 1 -. M II I im 2 naked ovules. Seed enclosed

in alle.sli> »- ii> t ioj'*-. u rape -like, about 1 in. long, reddish
or greenish brown. From allied genera it may be easily
distinguished by the resin-canal in the center of the
pith, and by the glaucous lines beneath from Taxus,
which has the lvs. yellowish green beneath, iind from
Torreya by the glaucous lines being broader than the 3
green lines, while in Torreya the glaucous lines are
narrower than the green ones. Six closely allied spe-
cies from llinial. tu .lap. Oriianientiil evergreen shrubs,

in apprar;,!!.-,. i,n 111,,. ;, i , -/, , l,iil ..f iT t.'|-accful

habit. N..: 1 ' ■ I, ■■ I ii. "I . .' .1 -Im lirir.i posi-
tions. 'I'll ■ • ••- i-t I'lil well-

draim-a. -.mim, ,.-:,,,,, .-iMM ,,, , > .na.lr.l Miaali.ms.

Prop, by >.-.-. I..., ^iiaiilif.l ahil >o\wi in .-|.iiun; imported
seeds usually do not germinate until the second year ;
increased also by cuttings in August, under glass, and
by veneer-grafting in summer, on one of the species or

CERASTIUM

A. I/vs. SS in. long : branchUls yellowish green,

pendulous.
Fbrtunei, Hook. Lvs. tapering gradually into a sharp
point, usually falcate, dark green and shining above :
fr. greenish brown, obovate. N. China, Jap. B.M. 4499.
F.S. 6:5.')5. R.H. 1878, p. 117.— This is the most grace-
ful species, with long and slender branches, attaining ia
its native country ,50 ft. in height, in culture usually re-
maining a shrub.

AA. Lvs. 1-2 in. long.

pedunculita, Sieb. & Zucc. With spreading, often

somewhat pendulous branches, dark green when young:

lvs. to 2 in. long, narrowed into a sharp point, shining

and dark green above: fr. ovoid, roundr-d at both ends,

Jirely globulat. Jap.. Cliina. (i.e. 11 1. IS: 7Iii. — In
apan, tree to 25 ft. liiu'li. u-nally slivnl' iji rnltun-. A
remarkable form is var. iastigiata. Car]-. { I'lKhx-.h-pus
Koraihna, Sieb. & Ziicr. i, of .•oluniiiar lial.it, willi up-
right branches and spirally arranged lvs. G.C. II.
21:112. S.H. 2:450. Gng. 2:341.

drup&cea, Sieb. & Zucc. Branches spreading, stiff,
usually light green when young : lvs. about 1 in. long,
abruptly pointed, narrow and straight, often upturned:
fr. usually obovate, narrowed at the base. Jap. G.C.
III. 18:717. -This is the dwarfest species, usually form-
ing a low bush with stiff, spreading branches.

Alfred Rehdeb.
CEPHALdTUS (Greek, in a head, referring to the

stamens). Sa.

Lvs,

inary

ifrag(tcece. On
al, of two kinds, the or
( or elliptic, hairy, and i
nil purple tints and a netted
iri- borne in an interrupted
ihi'y are apetalous, and have

crowded
Australia,
foliage h-
the other.-
and veini
spike, on
a white, I

1-seeded carpels. The species is C. folUculiriB, Labill.
(Fig. 409). It is cult, in coolhouses for its odd insec-
tivorous pitchers, which are 1-3 in. long and beautifully
lined and shaded with purple and green. The plant is
grown in peat and moss, after the manner of Diosera
and Dioniea. Delights in plenty of moisture, nioiuited
on sphagnum moss. Give a cool and shady position.
Prop, by seeds (allow only one seed vessel to mature)
and al.so by division. A most interesting plant. R.B.
23:2,33. I. H. 27:391. J. H. HI. 35:260.

L. H. B. and H. A. Siebrecht.

CERASTIUM

of the podi, '■-
perennials, wiih
lvs. and small \\
shape anil .li lii
petals as inanv . >
able in ro.-k, rir
about 100, ol ».,

Oil. nllnding to the shape
I '. '•iiinbent annuals or
/ ■nis, small, opposit©
.1. ; ir..iii Arenaria in the
. i:..| .-iile: sepals 5 or 4;
; stamens 10 or less. Valu-
ling and borders. Species
ribution.

409 Cepnalot

on Taxus baccata. For cions and cuttings, terminal
shoots should be selected, which form regular plants
with whorled branches like seedlings, while cuttings
from lateral branches grow into irregular, low, spread-
ing shrubs.

Si n 11 1 1 a I h 1 V^r E.xp.Sta., from whirh Fig. 410

!*,i, ;■', i IS adapted — RecomniLndcd as a beddiug plant, for .its
^^'* mat like habit covered with white bloom.
"^O^ AA {Lvs silvery or grayish.

"^Ja B Capsule equaling the calyx.

^i^ grandlfldrum, Waldst & Kit. Creeping perennial :
~~ /^-^ |\s linear aiute the margins reflexed ; inflorescence
^ dichotomous H stems 6-8 in. high : petals oval, 2-

parted transparent white, twice as long as calyx. E.
Luropi

BB, Capsule much longer than the calyx.
Bi^berstelnii, DC. Stems 6 in., creeping, diJuse,
branched : lvs. ovate-lanceolate, tomentose-wool'y ; pe-
duncles erect, dichotomous ; capsule ovate-cylindrical.
Tauria. B.M. 2782. — Like C. tomentosum, bat with,
larger lvs. Fine for edgings.

CEEASTIUM

Boissi^rli, Gren. Low: Ivs. silvery, ovate-lanceolate,
acute, entire, sessile; peduncles 4-12 in. high : inflores-
cence a dichotomous cymt

CERATOZAMIA

277

^^^

3^-./^ -) --=^

410 Cerastu

tomentdsum, Linn. Low, creeping, branched : Ivs. ob-
long, spatulate, grayish woolly, upper Ivs. lanceolate ;
peduncles 6 in. high, erect, dichotomous: capsule cylin-
drical. Eu.- Much used for edgings.

Jared G. Smith.

C^RASITS. Consult Prunus.

CEEATI6LA (Greek, a little horn, referring to the
4-branched, serrate stigma). Empetr&cem. A heath-
like evergreen, much-branched shrub from the sand
barrens of Ga. and S. C. ; rarely cult. N., but not hardy.
Only 1 species.

ericoldes, Michx. Height 2-8 ft. : branches subverti-
cillate, marked with scars of numerous fallen Ivs., the
younger and upper ones only retaining foliage : Ivs.
crowded, almost whorled, K-K in. long, linear, rigid,
shining, pale, rounded above, grooved beneath: fls. in-
conspicuous, dioecious, of peculiar structure : berries
round, orange-yellow. B.M. 2758.

CERAT6L0BUS (Greek for homed pod). Palmdcem.
Spiny Javanese palms, with pinnate Ivs., sometimes
seen in fine collections, but not in the Amer. trade.
The species are C. cdncolor, Blume ; C. glanciscens.
Blume; C. Miclwlitzidnu, 'Bort. Q.C. III. 23:251; C.
FindletjAnus, Hort., A.G. 15:169. Treated the same as
Calamus.

A small genus of warmhouse palms, natives of Java
and Sumatra. The members of this genus are slender-
growing, spiny palms, with pinnate leaves, one of the
best being 0. Micholitziana, which has rather short
pinnte irregularly grouped along the raehis. A shaded
house, with a night temperature of 65° to 70°, a moist
atmosphere, and plenty of water at the root, are the most
essential points in their culture.

L. H. B. and W. H. Taplin.

CEBATONIA (Greek for horn, in reference to the
large pod). Leguminbsw. A tree of the IVIediterranean
basin, belonging to the Cassia tribe. The petals are
wanting; stamens 5 ; pod long, filled with a pulpy sub-
stance. C. Siliqua, Linn., the only species, is now
widelv distributed in warm countries, being grown both
for sluul.- ami t'..r the edible pods. It reaches a height
of 4i)-:.n ft. If is rvergreen. Lvs. pinnate, shining, the
Ifts. .,v:il aii.l .il.ius.-. It thrives well in S. Calif, and S.
Fhi. Thi- pulp al.dut the seeds is sweet and edible, but
the fruit is usi-d chiefly for feeding stock. In Europe
these pods are much prized for the fattening of swine.
The dry pods are occasionally seen in the fruit stands
in northern markets. Var. longlssima differs only in
having very long pods. The Ceratonia is known as AI-
garoba, Carob, Karoub, Caroubier, and St. John's Bread.
The last name records the notion that the seeds and
sweet pulp are respectively the locusts and wild honey
which St. John found in the wilderness. The dry
valves or pods have been supposed to be the husks
which became the subsistence of the prodigal son. See
G.F. 3:318, 323. L. H. B.

CEBATOPTEEIS (Greek, horn tern). Ceratopteri-
dclcece. A genus of aquatic tropical ferns, forming the
type of a distinct family. The plants root in mud, and
the sterile lvs. either float on the surface or are carried
above the surface of the water. The sporophylls are bi-
tripinnate, with pod-like ultimate segments, entirely
unlike the sterile lvs. Only a single species is known.
C. thalictroldes, Brongn. Tropical waters of both hemi-
spheres, rare in Florida. — Useful in ponds and aquaria.
Must be taken indoors on approach of cold weather.
Best grown when planted in loam and leaf -mold topped
with spagnum, and tied in a pan or crib and set into a
tub in medium temperature, with the 'crown on top of
the water. To propagate, pull out several of the center
leaves, and new crowns will form; these can be divided.
L. M. Underwood and H. A. Siebrecht.

CEEATOSTlGMA (Greek, horned stigma). Plumiagi-
nieece. Different from Plumbago in having no glands
on the calyx, stamens adnate to the corolla tube, fls. in
dense clusters rather than spicate, and other technical
characters. There are 3 or 4 species in warm regions of
the Old World. Herbs or sub-shrubs, with alternate, obo-
vate lvs. and blue or rose-red fls.

plumbaginoides, Bunge {Pliimb&go Ldrpentte, Lindl.
Valorddia p!nmbagino\des. Boiss.). Perennial herb,
6-12 in., the stem red and branchy: lvs. entire, strongly
ciliate on the edges : fls. slender-tubed, with a wide-
spreading, deep blue limb, the 5-lobes minutely toothed,
collected in dense heads or umbels. China. B.M. 4487.
F.S. 4: 307. — A hardy bedding plant, producing profusely
of its deep blue fls. late in fall. Very valuable. Needs
covering in winter in the N. l_ jj^ g^

CEBAT0TH£CA {Greek for homed capsule). Pedalid-
cem. Tropical African herbs of 3 or 4 kinds, with usually
opposite lvs. which are ovate. 5-parted calyx, 2-lipped
corolla, fls. solitary in the axils, and a 2-horned capsule.
C. triloba, Meyer, is occasionally grown in S. Fla., and it
may be adapted to glasshouses. It is a tall herb (5 ft.),
with the habit of foxglove, probably biennial, hairy: lvs.
stalked and crenate-dentate: fls. 3 in. long, blue, pubes-
cent, deflexed, the lower lobe prolonged. Handsome.
B.M. 6974.

CEBATOZAUIA (Greek, homed Zamia ; referring to
the homed scales of the cones, which distinguish this
genus from Zamia). Cyeadhcece. Handsome Mexican
foliage plants, with Cycas-like Ivs., but less commonly
cultivated in American palm-houses than Cycas. Best
raised from young imported plants, but rarely prop, by
seeds, or by offsets from the slow-growing trunk. Bum
out the center of the plant with a hot iron, and a num-
ber of offsets will spring from the trunk and the crown;
these may be used for propagation.

Mexicina, Brongn. Trunk thick, short, covered with
the remains of fallen leaf -stalks : lvs. rich, dark green,
pinnate, on prickly petioles 5-6 in. long, which are
shaggy when young ; leaflets very numerous, 6-12 in.

278

CERATOZAMIA

CERCOCAKPUS

long or more, lanceolate : cones produced annually on
separate plants; female cones 9-12 in. long, 4-6 in. thick,
the scales 2-horned ; male cones narrower, longer, on a
hairy stalk, the scales with two small teeth. Mex. Gn. 9,
pp. 308, 309.— An excellent decorative plant, best grown
in sandy loam. Give freely cf wat.r iiiul lifat in spring
and summer, but keep cool'.r :iii.l .liy, r in wiiif. r.

H. A, Sii:i;kd ht al.^ W. M.
CEECIDIPHtLLUM ir, ,,
Ivs. resemble thos.- .'I i ■ i
■with deciduous, \i - 1 ■
nerved Ivs.: fls.di'i '

,-/,■/-'.

Wltb La
folding,
It prefc
young.

Japdnicuii!. ~ ■ ! A

but SOlllrlli

branclii-s :
petiole. 1....

Japan. G.F.'7":llir,. I
-A very desirable

introductions from Japan.

■ n-.-.I plants in early spring,
half -ripened wood in sum-
but not very well.

e, one of the best of the newer

Alfred Eehdek.

Greek name). Legumint>sm.
ihrubs : Ivs. decidu-
Iraately nerved, entire : Hs.
link or red, appearing before
rs or racemes from the old

411. Cercis Canadensis (X )4).

.'j-toothed, red: petals nearly equal, the up-
newl
oblong, narrow-i

seeded. Seven s
to Japan. Very nrnann-nta
some, distinc-t i'..liai.'' ainl a
very eflfectiv)- l'\ ilnii- ili-.
adaped for sbrulilii rir>. i.r

the lawn, and attain rarely
more than 20 or 30 ft. in
height, forming a broad,
irregular head when older.
Only C. Canadensis is
hardy north, while none of
the others can be grown
successfully farther north
than New York. They
grow best in rich, sandy
and somewhat moist loam,
and should bo transplanted

N. America, and from S. Europe

mg, espe-

cially C. CMnensis, which
is the most beautiful of
all. Prop, by seeds, sown
in spring, best with gentle
bottom heat ; sometimes
increased by layer.s, or by
greenwood cuttings from
forced plants in early
spTing;C.Chinensis grows
also from greenwood cut-
tings in summer under
glass.
A. Zivs. abruptly and short

acuminate, usaally

slightly pubescent

near the base beneath.
Canad6nsis, Linn. Fig.
411. Tree, to 40 ft.: Ivs.
roundish or broadly ovate,
usually cordate, 3-5 in.
long : fls. rosy pink, Kin.
long, 4-8 in clusters: pod
2>^-3;-iin.long. From New
Jersey south, west to Mis-
souri and Texas. S. S.
3: 133-34. A. F. 13: 1370.
Gng. 6: 290. F.E. 9: .'■)93.— A very desirable ornamental
tree for the northern states. There is also a variety with
double fls.

Chin6nsis, Bunge(C. JajO(!ntco,Sieb.). Fig. 412. Tree,
fo 50 ft., .shrub in culture: Ivs. deeply cordate, roundish,
with a white, transparent line at the margin, subcoria-
ceous, shining above, 3-5 in. long : fls. 5-8, purplish pink,
%in. long : pod 3-5 in. long, narrow. China, Japan.
P.S. 8:849. Mn. 2:1.'?9. G.P. 6: 47C. — The most beautiful
.species, with the fls. nearly as large as those of C. Sili-
qiiastrum and more abundant.
AA. Jji'S. rounded or emarginate at the apex, usually

broader than long.
occidentilis, Torr. (('. r„lif,',nuen. Torr.). Shrub, to

l.'p I'l, : U - , i^rilidi , imuimIi -li, :'l:i1iiiMj.. alionl 2 in. wide:

Natural :

if.-

cl,,^, I ,,:::.., I ' ■■' .I'l. iiii, I C. Tex-

,Uts,-. ,-.;,■•■-, I, ' ,-,m:k, 1m.' , i •, -, -, n ,.■,,,..,<•,..,,, s, 3-5 in.

wid.-, ^.M.u-uni,.^, ful..-r~,-,-i,i iM-nraili ; (»«! J-4 in. long.
Texas, N. Jlexicu. S. IS. 3:135.

SiliquiBtrum, Linn. Tree, to 40 ft.: Ivs. roundish,
deeply cordate, glabrous, 3-5 in. wide : fls. 3-6, purplish
rose. "4in. long: pod 3-4 in. long. S. Europe, W. Asia.
B.M. 11.38. Gn. 42: 879, and 52, p. 5. -There is a variety
with white fls. Alfred Rehder.

CEKCOCAEPUS (Greek, tail and fruit; the fruit with
a long, hairy tail ) . Ros&cece. Small trees or shrubs, with
alternate, persistent, rather small Ivs. : fls. inconspicu-
ous, apetalous, whitish or reddish, in the axils of fas-
cicled Ivs.: fr. an akene, surmounted by the persistent,

CERCOCARPUS

long and hairy style. Small genus of about i species, in
the Roclty Mts. from Montana south to Mexico; without
decorative value, but probably valuable for covering dry,
rocky or gravelly slopes in arid temperate regions, as
they thrive under very unfavorable conditions. The
very heavy and close-grained wood is manufactured into
small articles, and valued as fuel and for making char-
coal. They may be cultivated in a peaty and sandy, well
drained soil in'sunny positions, and prop, by seeds or by
cuttings of half-ripeiK-d w..,:.d under glass. C. ledifdlius,
Nutt., is the hardi---. :in.l -mhI^ fn.st to zero. It has
narrow, entire Ivs.. ^i h :lii C. iothergilloldes,

HBK., has the Ivs. ;■ :r, serrate and tomen-

tose beneath, and .111-- : .! ,-. C. parviSdllus, Nutt., has
cuneate-obovate, oojr-.^\ v, i rjic- i\ s. D. M. Andrews, of
Colorado, who hanill. si li;x^linil'. writes of it as follows:
"Mountain Mahog;iiiy. i; fc ri. A ii.-arly evergreen rosa-
ceous shrub of peculiar and attrartive habit of growth.
Flowers white, early, fulluwcd by the long, plumose
alsenes, which are 3-5 in. long, strangely curled and
twisted, arranged above and on each side of the slender
branches, so that at a little distance they have an appear-
ance suggestive of ostrich plumes. Easily transplanted,
and thrives anywhere." Alfred Rehder.

CfiEEUS (from the Latin ; some thinlc it comes from
the word for candle, in allusion to the shape of the stem;
others that it comes from the word for plhint). CcccfA-
cem. A genus of varying habit, from stout-columnar to
almost globular, deflexed or creeping or slender-climb-
ing, generally ribbed. The fls. are borne singly on the
side of the stem ; they have a long tube which, with the
ovary below it, is beset with scales or bracts ; petals
numerous and spreading. The sts. bear numerous tuber-
cles or woolly tufts, which bear spines ; these spines
are usually of two kinds or groups,— the interior ones,
or "centrals," which stand at nearly right angles to the
stem, and the outer ones, or "radials," which are vari-
ously spreading. The largest Cacti are Cereuses. A
genus of about 100 species, extending from the arid
regions of southwestern U. S. southward through Mex.
and Cent. Amer. into S. Amer. Formerly the genus was
made to include the numerous species of Echinocereus,
but these are now regarded as forming a distinct genus.
Those who miss well known Cereus forms from the
following list should look under Echinocereus. Not all
of the specific names to be found in the trade cata-
logues can be accounted for at present, but the following
synopsis contains the most important in the Amer.
trade ; and the unidentified names will be found in the
supplementary list. See Cactus.

John M. Coulter.

The Night-blooming Cereuses are the only species
(except C. flagelUformis) which are generally culti-
vated. The sts. of the Night-blooming Cereus are either
cylindrical or angled, and are trailing or climbing in
habit. Some species grow to a great height. They are
excellent for growing against pillars or rafters in the
greenhouse. They grow most luxuriantly where they
receive abundant light and a good circulation of air.
They are not particular about soil, but do well in any
open, porous compost. Great care should be taken that
the drainage is perfect, as stagnation at the roots of
such fleshy succulent plants is sure to prove disastrous.
During the summer months the stems should be syringed
twice a day ; but during the winter they require no syr-
inging and very little water. Good plants can be grown
in pots, using a compost of one-half good fibrous loam
and the other half lime rubbish, broken brick and sand.
The best species are C. gramlUlorus, C. MacDonaldce,
C. nycticaliis, and C. triangularis. At the Harvard
Botanic Garden is a very large plant of C. triangularis,
which has often had as many as 65 to 70 flowers open in
one night. The flowers of all the species open but once.
They collapse when the sun strikes them.

Robert Cameron.

The following Cereuses are here described : Alacri-
portanus, 22; Alamosensis, 8; atropurpureiis, 45;
azureus, 34 ; Baumanni. 27 ; BelieuU, 24 ; Bonplandii,
44; Baxaniensis, I'i; Bridgesii, 33 ; cffisius, 35; can-
delabrum, 24 ; candicans, 4 ; Cavendishii, 29 ; cha-
lybffius, 25; Chilensis, 7; Chiotilla, 10; coccineus, 37 ;

CEREUS

279

■ nui 27 Donkelseri,
I rneus 19, edults,
41 euphorbi-
42 flagelli-
lo geometri-
1 gran Us 42 ;
II It IS 56 Hankea-
28, Jamacuru 23;
lageniformis 33 lampiochlorus 5 Landbecki, 32;
lept 1 hi 4 "\1 1 D naldise 61 macrogonus, 18 ;
Mall > itus 15 Martiamis 53 Mar-

tm 1 Mexicanus 38 monacanthus ,

4r Napoleonis 58 nycticalus, 54 ;

Ol na 3 Pecten aborigmum, 18 ;

P Pemvianus 22 Pitajaya, 42 ;

pi I 1 mceps 43 , Prmglei 1 , prumo-

6 20 Queretarensis 9 Regelii,

5 111 13 toitratus 56 Schrankii,

3 1 utinus 20 6m tint 48 Spaohi-

anus I I 1 u 3" spmulo-

sus, 52 spl II lit phracanthus,

14 Thurlen / lit ituosus 45 tri-

angularis 6(1 urn 1 / / 21 latiabilis,

42 43

A Sts erect, 2 %n or more m diameter

B Wk gtouth green, not piumose (i e not coiered

uith a bloom or glaucum)

c. Bibs of stem 10 or more.

1. gigantfeus, Engelm. Suwarro. Fig. 413. A stout
form, 25-60 ft. high, simple or with a few erect branches
shorter than the main st. : ribs 12-15 below, 18-21 above,
often almost obliterated and spineless on older parts:
spines straight, bulbous at base, white or straw-color, be-
coming ashy or dark, the 6 centrals stout, the 11-17 outer
ones setaceous : fls. yellowish or whitish : fr. oval or
pear-shaped, 2-3 in. long and 1-2 in. in diinn. In rocky
valleys and on mountain sides from Ariz, into Sonora
and L.Calif. B.M. 7222. A.G. 11:451, 528. -The best
known of the tree forms. The young plants are globu-
lar for several years. Forms the cordon forests of the
Sonoran region. Runs into crested or cristate forms.

C. PringUi, Wats., is one of the cordon Cereuses of
N. Mex. Not so tall as O. giganteus, ribs fewer, and
fls. scattered. Not in cult. G.F. 2:65.

2. ThiSrberi, Engelm. Several stems arising from the
same root, becoming 10-15 ft. high, fasciculate-jointed:
ribs 13-16, very slightly prominent: spines 7-16, slender
and rigid or almost setaceous, very unequal in length :
fls. greenish-white : fr. globose, 1-3 in. in diam., olive-
color, with crimson pulp. Southwestern Ariz., through
Sonora and L. Calif.

3. Pasac5,na, Weber. A gigantic species, reaching a
height of 20-30 ft., and sometimes even 50 ft., and a
diam. of 12-16 in. ; sparingly branching above ; in new
growth dark green, becoming gray or bluish : ribs 1&-
20, or in young plants only 9-10: areolse %-Ji in. apart,
large, brown, becoming yellowish and finally gray: ra-
dial spines 10-13, about 1 in. long, the under one or
lowest pair straight, subulate, the others curved ; cen-
trals mostly 4, the under and upper ones the longest,
reaching 2 in. in length, straight or curved; the young
spines are clear brown, often with alternating rings of
light and dark tissue, later gray, bulbose at the base :
fls. from the lateral areolas, about 6 in. long, white.
Argentine Republic. -This is the giant Cereus of the
Argentine desert, as C. giganteus is of the Mojave

4. ctadicans, Gillies. Stems upright, low, cylindri-
cal, bright green, 2K-3 ft. high by 6-8 in. in diam.;
freely branching from the base: ribs 10, obtuse angled:
areolaa %-%in. apart, large, depressed, white, becoming
gray : radial spines 11-14, spreading, at flrst thin,
needle form, later stronger, stiff, straight, about % in.
long ; central solitary or later, 3— i additional ones ap-
pearing above, stronger, reaching a length of IM in.,
sometimes somewhat curved ; all the spines horn-col-
ored, with tips and bases brown, later becoming gray:
fls. long, funnel form, resembling those of Echinopsis,
10 in. long by 6 in. in diam. : fr. spherical to ellipsoidal,
about 3 in. in diam., red, somewhat spiny, flesh white.
Argentine Republic.

2S0 CERi

5. lamprochldrus, Lcm. Re
taller growth, cyliinlric-L!, :; i
in diam., atfirst siiii|.l.-. liiii
in new growth liri^-ht L'r>
10-11 or occasi.iTKilIy I'l,
blunt and but liltl' ■ r. i
Hin. apart, yell"\'. i i
areola two radiiu 1 1
spines 11-14, s],r.

and 1

from t

. di:un.,

curly yellow wool,
10, }4-% in. long,

r V: radial
,Miiuted, about

inu are strong

I'-nu; centrals mostly

I'l deeper colored, with

, ;ib<iut %m. long : fls.

1 ■ I", ih. ;Ll)Out 8-10 in. long by

Art'tntiiie Kcpublic.

6. Spachiinus, Lem. Stems upright, at first simple,
later profusely branching at the base, branches ascend-
ing parallel with the main stem, 2-3 ft. high by 2-2'A in.
in diam., columnar: ribs 10-15, obtuse, rounded : areola
about Kin. apart, large, cove
becoming white : radial spines 8-10,
spreading, stiff, sharp, amber-yellow to brown; central
solitary, stronger and longer; all the spines later be-
coming gray : fls. about 8 in. long by about 6 in. in diam.,
white. Argentine Republic.

7. ClaiUnsiB,Colla{C.Chilo^nsis,DC.). Stems strong,
upright, simple (so far as known), about2J^ ft. high by
3X-5 in. in diam., cylindrical to somewhat clarate,
bright, clear green: ribs 10-12, obtuse: areolse about an
inch apart, large: radial spines straight, sharp, rigid, at
first 9, but later 4 others appear above these; centrals
mostly 4, seldom but a single one, bulbose at the base;
the young spines are brown honey-yellow, becoming
white, with dark tips, and finally gray : fls. from the
upper lateral areolffi, about 6 in. long, white, resembling
those of Echinopsis. Chile.

CO. Bibs of stem 7-9.

8. Alamos^nsis, Coult. Upright columnar, about 2 ft.
high by about 2 in. in diam., several stems arising from

root-crown: ribs 7-9, compressed and slightly
areolae prominent, about 1-13^ in. apart, hemi-
spherical, , densely covered with short, reddish brown
wool: radial spines 15-18, slender but rigid, rather un-
equal, spreading, straight or curved, %-l in. long, ashy
gray; centrals commonly 4, much stouter and longer,
the three upper ones erect or divergent, the lowest (usu-
ally the longest and somewhat flattened), porrect or
deflexed, all more or less angular, sometimes teretish,
lK-2 in. long, when young yellowish, with dark brown
base, finally becoming gray: fls. from the upper lateral
areolae, funnel-form, about 1% in. long, red. Northern
Mexico.

9. Queretarfinsis, Weber. Arborescent, with a trunk
about 3 ft. high by about 14 in. in diam.; the much-
branched crown has a diameter of 12-16 ft., the total
height of a plant being about 20 ft.; branches dark
green, in young growth froquontly of a peculiar violet-
brown: ribs 6-7, si-|i;ir:iti(l liy sharp grooves, which later
become much flattt-tuMl, :iii<l ihr stem consequently more
cylindrical : areoltc ilii>rc'ssi-.l, liark brown : radial
spines 6-9, the lower om-s the longest, about 1% in.
long ; centrals 4 (often but 2), reaching IK in.: fls. nu-
merous from the upper part of the branches, about 4-5
in. long : fr. yellow to red, about 2 in. long, covered with
dark yellow to brown spines, about 1 in. long, and bul-
bose at the base. Mexico.

10. ChiotiUa, Weber. Arborescent, stem reaching a
diameter of 16 in., freely branching from the base up-
ward, the whole plant reaching a height of 16 ft., with a
crown 12-14 ft. in diam., branches 8 in. in diam., dark
green: ribs mostly 7 (seldom 8); areolie elliptical,
pointed above and below, large, gray : radial spines
10-15, straight, very stiff, radiate, H-Vs in. long ; cen-
trals 1-2, rarely 3-4, the under one long and very strong,
about 2 in. long, curved downward, and either to the
right or to the left, the others about half as long ; all
the spines are horn colored ; the narrow groove con-
necting the areolae bears a few bristles : fls. from the
lateral areolie, near the end of the branches, IK-IH in.
long, sulphur-yellow: fr. spherical, little more than an
inch in diameter, scaly, brown-red, with a violet flesh
within. Mexico.

CEREUS

11. atellitus, Pfeiff. (r.D.vcAii.Mart. C.TonelliAnus,
',.■ jn. . Sieins upright, columnar, 10-14 ft. high, light

1 r.iiiches upright, 2-3 in. in diam.: ribs 7-10,
III I : areolte K-1 "i- apart, sunken between adja-
II III !• liiMiisof the rib: radial spines 8-10, about %m.
lung; leiitrals ;i-5, the upper ones upright or divergent,
the under one porrect, about i4-% in. long ; all the
spines bulbose at the base, rigid, white, and sometimes
with dark tips, turning gray with age : fls. forming a
crown at the end of the stem, about 2 in. long, light
pink : fr. spherical, IJ-, in. in diam., red outside and
carmine-red within. Central Mexico. — Fruit edible and
common in the Mexican markets.

12. euphorhioldes. Haw. (f. 6//e»-sti, Otto), ('uhimnar,
simple, 10-lU ft. high by about 4K in. in .liani.. m Mnuig
growth pale green, changing with atre i" ;^i:i\ ^t. i ti :
ribs 8-10, separated by sharp grooves. ^li:n p .mLjl. .1. I.e.
coming flattened in older growth : arenl.e .lIkiui 'sin.
apart, small, white to gray: radial spines tnostly (1, the
under one the longest, reaching a length of over an
inch, strong, yellowish brown to black, the upper ones
shorter and bristle form ; central solitary, in young
plants twice as long as the radials; all the spines finally
become gray: fls. from near the crown. 3K^ in. long,
beautiful flesh-red, remaining open for 24 hours. Brazil.
R.H. 1885,p.279.

13. Boezlii, Haage. Upright, coluninnv, nlvnit :'. in.
in diam.: ribs 9, separated by sharp, - ' — ' ■ • ■ ; ■ n-
tine grooves, obtuse; above the areeln . i lu',
slightly curved grooves form a letter \ . , i- .. -i
in.~ apart, comparatively large, slightly mli i , _\i 11 w-
ish, later gray: radial spines 9-12, radiat<*, nenrly Kin.
long, straight, subulate, tolerably sharp, slightly'thick-
ened at the base, clear brown, with darker stripes; cen-
tral solitary, reaching IK in. in length, straight, porrect,
later somewhat deflexed, clear brown: later all the spines
become gray. Andes of Peru or Equador.

14. tetraointhus. Lab. Upright, arborescent or
busliy, freely branching, young branches leaf-green,
Intel- L'i:i> Liiiii : ribs 8-9, low, arched: areolro me-

dii :i illy sunken, about Kin. apart, white to

gr;i> iii :' i III- 7, radiate, about %in. long, straight,
svilniiiii , -ii.iii , wliite, with brown tips and bases, later
ashy K''a\ i eeiiii.-ils 1-3, under one largest and porrect,
when young yellow and translucent, later gray: fls. re-
semble those of O. tortHosus. Bolivia.

ccc. Kibs of stem S-G.

15. marginitus, DC. (C. ;ieiiii,i,yiis. Zu.e.). Simple
or branching at apex, 2-3 in. in iliiiin.. wiili .*)-6 obtuse
ribs, which are woolly their wlmli l.n^ili: s| lines short-
conical, rigid, 7-9, all nearly nliki-: lis. lirmMiish purple,
about IK in. long : fr. globular and spiny. Mexico.—
Frequently used for hedges in S. Mexico. The stem is
often covered with a woody crust.

16. BumoTtidri, Salm-Dyck. Tall, strong, 6-angled,
columnar stems, much resembling C. marginatiis, but
with the confluent areolte armed with slender, needle-
form, yellow spines: radials about 9-15, radiating, about
%-% in. long ; centrals 1-4, the under one longest,
reaching IK in. in length : fls. numerous, funnel-form,
about 2 in. long, opening to about 1 in. in diam., white.
Mexico.

17. Hanke&nus, Weber. Upright, robust, not branch-
ing (so far as known), young growth bright green, later
dark green, about 2 in. in diameter: ribs 4-5, compressed,
about IK in. high, conspicuously crenate, with an S-forra
line passing from each areolae toward the center of the
stem : areohe '„-l in. apart, horizontally elliptical to
lieai-i li ir I, liinvii, becoming gray below and yellow
iili"\ I III s :i, needle-like, stout, sharp-pointed,
alii'ii iiiilier-colored when young, turning to
bri.wii ; 1. iiMii -.ilitary. Straight, porrect, %in. long,
Ktruniiei- iliau ilie radials, hom-colored ; later all the
spines become gray: fls. 4-5 in. long, white. S. Amer.

BB. N'etv growth blue, white- or gray-jiruinose

(i.e., covered with a bloom).

c. Ribs of stem comparativeh/ broad and low : more or

less triangular in transverse section.

18. macr6gonu3, Otto. Arborescent, sparsely branch-
ing, reaching a heigh of 20 ft. (in cultivation, 6 ft. high

CEREUS

nchf

281

by 3-5 in. in dia
columnar : ribs n\(istlv 7. .^'
dom 8-9, thicli, sl)i;l;ily ui;.l
late, obtuse and with c.nv.
faces, about 1 in. liii.'h, bliiis
green, frequently having a df
pressed line near the areolae
areolae about 3^ in. apart, large
gray: radial spines 6-9, radi
ate or spreading, strong, sub
ulate, Kin. long, horn color
later black ; central spines
1-3, somewhat stronger and
longer than the radials, more
or less conspicuously porrect
fls. from the lateral areolffl
near the end of the branches
2>2-3 in. long, tolerably fleshj
white ; fr. depressed-globose
2 in. in diam. by little more
than 1 in. long. "Brazil.

C. Pic ten - ahorigimn
Wats., is closely allied to the
above. It is Sonoran, but not
known to be in cult. G. F
7:335.

19. ebiimeus, SalmDvck
(C. pruindsus. Otto. C. id
iis, Hort.). Stem simple and
glaucous, with 7-10 ribs
spines subulate, rigid, ivory
white, with black tip (purplish when young)
radials 8-10, central usually soUtary (
times 3^): fls. purplish. W. Ind., Mex.,
Cent Amer.jS.Amer.

20. geomfitrizans.Mart. (C.pMi/toMf/erHS, Lem.). Sim-
ple, 4 in. in diam., with 5-9 obtuse ribs with broad in-
tervals : spines 3-6, unequal, stout and blackish, the
solitary central one (sometimes wanting) very long and
stout : fls. pinkish white, about 1 in. long and 2 in. broad.
Mexico.

21. Cdchal, Orcutt. Stout at base, and repeatedly
forking above, becoming 4-10 ft. high: ribs 4-8, obtuse,
with wide, shallow intervals : spines few and stout, the
solitary central one stoutest: fls. purplish green, 1-1 K
in. long : fr. the size and shape of an olive, not spiny,
red (frequently grayish or yellowish brown). L. Calif.—
The short and stout woody trunk is often 1ft. in diam.,
the long branches 2-8 in. in diam.

cc. Hibs of stem strongly compressed laterally.

22. Peruvianus, Haw. (C monocldnos, 'DC.). Hedge
Cactus. Tall, 30-50 ft., branching freely toward the
base, columnar, 4-8 in. in diam., new growth dark green
and glaucous, becoming a dull green with age, and, in
old stems, becoming corky : ribs 5-8, compressed : are-
olae H-1 in. apart, in new growth covered with con-
spicuous, curly brown wool, becoming gray : radial spines
about 6-7, about %-K in. long ; central solitary, reach-
ing a length of 2% in. ; the number of spines increases
with age to as many as 20. all are rigid, brown : fls.
abundant, from the lower part of the stem, white, noc-
turnal, 6-7 in. long by 5 in. in diam. Fla., W. Ind., Mex.
and S. Amer. G.C.1II,24: 175 (var. monstrosus).

Var. AIacriport4nu3, K. Sch. (C. Alacriportrtnus,
Mart.). Of somewhat weaker growth, low, and less con-
spicuously pruinose in the new growth, which is con-
sequently nearly clear green. S. Brazil.

23. Jamaciru, Salm-Dyck (C j'rfh'iiMS, Haw.). Stems
upright, robust, rigid, 12-16 ft. high by as much as 6 in.
in diam. ; young growth azure-blue, turning dark green
with age, glaucous: ribs 4-6, thin, compressed, crenate:
radial spines 5-7, stiff, needle-like, clear yellow with
brown points, or brown and finally black, about ^^-^in.
long; centrals 2-4, somewhat stronger, porrect, %-3 in.
long: fls. large, 10 in. long by 8 in. in diam., white noc-
turnal. Braz., Venezuela.

24. candelibrum, Weber (C. BeUeuli, Hort.). Tall,
columnar, simple or branching only at the base, dark
green with a faint trace of blue, 30 ft. high by 4 in. in
diam.: ribs 9. blunt, strongly compressed, %\n. high,
slightly crenate : areolae 1-2 In. apart, ovate, large,

,s Eigantc

white: radial spines mostly 9, the under ones longest
and about an inch long, laterally compressed, the upper
ones shorter, round, all bulbose and black at the base,
ivory-white above ; central solitary, very large, 3^ in.
long, dagger-like, laterally compressed and faintly an-
gled, porrect, ivory-white to gray, base black and
strongly bulbose : fls. from the lateral areolse, 3^ in.
long, white: fr. the size of a small orange, covered with
small scales, in the axils of which are wool and bristles
Mexico.

25. chalybsus, Otto. Stems upright, branching above,
arborescent, azure blue and pruinose, later dark green,
\%-i in. in diam.: ribs 6, in young growth very much
compressed, later depressed till the stem is nearly cy-
lindrical : areolae about %in. apart, dark gray-brown ;
radial spines mostly 7, about H in. long; centrals 3-4,
similar but somewhat stronger and a little longer ; all
the spines are pointed, stiff, when young are black,
later brown to gray with black tips, bulbose at the base:
fls. very similar to those of G. carulescens. Argentine
Republic.

AA. Stems erect, less tlian S in. in diam.
B. Sibs of stem 10 or more.

26. serpentinua, DC. Stems columnar, tall, slender,
flexuose, 5-8 ft. high by l-li^in. in diam., tapering at
the point : ribs 10-13, low, obtuse : areola about %in.
apart: radial spines 10-12, slender,needle form, stift,%ln.
long ; centrals 1-4, pink and white when young, later
gray; the number of spines increases by new ones ap-
pearing later : fls. from the upper lateral areolae, slen-
der, green, spiny tube with funnel-shaped corolla, about
6 in. long by 3 in. in diam., white, nocturnal: fr. ovoid,
red, covered with deciduous spines. Cent. Mex. B.M.
3566.

27. Baiimannii, Lem. (C. colubrtnus. Otto). Stems
dark green, slender, flexuose, columnar, reaching a height
of 6 ft. and a diam. of 1-lJ^ in., the few branches ascend-

282

CKREUS

ing slender, parallel with the main stem : ribs 12-16,
rounded: areolae close together, brown; spines fine, slen-
der, very sharp, 15-20, fascicled, white to yellow or dark
brown, about H in. long; sometimes a single one from the
center reaches a length of % in. : fls. numerous, tubular,
zygomorphous, 2}^-3 in. long by about Kin. in diame-
ter throughout, red or sometimes with orange-red petals
and red tube. Uruguay, Paraguay and Argentine Re-
public.

28. is6gonu3, K.Seh. Stem upright. fMinmnnr, n'mnt

l-n-4 in. indiam., in young growth liL'li' - ■ "'W-

grecu, later darker : ribs 15-16: ar. - ■ iir.

white, turning gray: radial spinis , Jo,

spreading, at first <.'lt'ar (»r dark yeHo\' i . ^ wlitif.-,

and finally gray, bri-i I' i -i m , il. - :i..^ - ,: ^ in. long;

centrals 6-8; two .ii i imnger and

stifter, about % ill. I i 1,m ;ir<l and one

downward, yellowi-li iirn-.n i-. (l:iik Iimi,, \ i-olor ; later
gray, as in the radials, S. Aim-r.

29. spl6ndens, Salm-Dyck. Columnar, slender, short,
rigid, more or less branching from the base, reaching a
height of about 2 ft. and about 1-1 '.j in. in diam., light
to yellowish green : ribs aboui In :_'. r.ruiMl.il : areolce
prominent, about ^in.ai.aii. :,i ■ 1h r.ming white,
tomentose : radial spines s i ' i i , i i., yi-llow and
light brown, becoming gra> , r.iiiin, i-:(, scarcely
larger than the radial, yellowi^li ui »liitt.s all the spines
slender, bristle form, about /4-/4 in. long. — This may
be but a lower, stouter form of C. repandns. C. Caven-
dishii has been referred to this species, but with some
question.

BB. Bibs S-10.

30. rep&ndus, Haw. {C. erUphoriis, Pfeiff.). Stem
simple, 20 ft. high, tapering at summit and jointed,
with 8-10 obtuse ribs: spines 9-12, needle-shaped, white
with black tips : large white, funnel form flowers, the
calyx-tube covered with long wool. W. Indies.

31. plattgonuB, Otto. At first upright, later some-
what reclining, branrliinu:, at the baso abrmt ] in. in
diam., tapering in thr inv,- ^-n.wlh : rili^ s, I.iw, arrli,.,!;

gray, subtruded \i\ a Muall ;:-aii;:U'<l hiaci ; radial

% in. long; central solitary, slightly longerand stronger;
all the spines at first yellow-brown, changing to white
or gray with age.

32. caeruUscenB, Salm-Dyck (C. Zdndbecki, Phil.).
Arborescent or shrubby, 3-5 ft. high: .stems 1-1 J^ in. in
diam.: ribs usually 8, obtuse: areola approximate, white
bud soon becoming black : spines rigid ; radials 9-12,
H-% in. long, black ; centrals 4, % in. long, stronger,
black or white : fls. from the side of the stem, slightly
curved, 6-8 in. long by 6 in. in diam., tube bronze-green,
corolla white or occasionally rose-pink: frs. ellipsoidal,
pointed at both ends, about 3 in. long and half that in
diam., bright red, with blue glaucous covering. Argen-
tine Republic. B.M. 3922.

33. Bridgesii, Salm-Dyck. Upright, tall, columnar,
simple or later branching at the base, bright green when
youim-. bcc'i>iiiing bliu' tn gray-gre™, lH-2 in. in diam.:
ril>-i r,-7. viiy lin..i(l and !,,«■ : arnolre %-%m. apart,
yidlnwish !.• :;i'ay: spinrs :;-,",, radiating, the under one,
ors.ddnni tin' upper nnr. tln> lon-c-sf, IK in. long, stiff,
sharp, strais;lit, dark honey ytllow, with brown tips, be-
coming gray with age. Bolivia.

Var. Iagenif6rmis, K. Sch. (C. lagenitdrmis, Forst.).
Spines more numerous, somewhat longer.

34. azilreus, Parni I c'..^'. '■','. ■.■.', l,<Iini,i. si,iii npri-Iit,

tall, slender, cohnnn;.' : I i r-.i ■'.: i, . ilm

young, fresh blui^li . . , i :ty.

black; tlic .
in. long, obi
white. Bra;

I. large, abundantly
ni-,irly alike, about
nrm to bristle-like,
lat longer : fls. 8-12
em, slightly curved,

CEREUS

ful light blue, pruinose ; later, light green to slightly
bluish, about IK in. in diam.: ribs 5-6, separated by
sharp grooves, about K in. high, compressed, faintly
crenate, becoming depressed in older growth : areolse
about % in. apart, small, yellow at first, later becoming
white and finally gray : radial spines 8-10, sometimes
more appear later; radiate, light amber-color, brown at
the base, the lower pair the longest, mostly about K in.
long ; centrals 4-7, like the radials but usually some-
what stronger, longer and darker ; all the spines thin,
needle-form, flexible, sharp ; later, light horn-color,
finally gray. S. Amer. ( !).

36. Gr^ggii, Engelra. Slender and branching, 2-3 tt.
high and %-l in. in diam., from an extraordinarily
large, tuberous root (often G-10 in. long and 4-6 in. in
diam.): ribs 3-6, acute : spines subulate from bulbous
base, very short and sharp, 7-11, 1 or 2 being central:
fls. white or yellowish, 6-8 in. long; fr. ovate, alternate
at base and apex, bright scarlet, fleshy and edible, 1-2
in. long. Southwestern Tex. to Ariz., and south into
Chihuahua and Sonora. Generally in gravelly or hard,
clayey soil.

37. specidsus, K. Sch. {C. cocclneus, Salm-Dyck. C.
Schrdnkii, Zucc. C. specioslssimus, DC). Slender,
much branched from toward the base; stems about 2 ft.
in length by about 1 in. in diam., sometimes having
aerial roots near the young growth: ribs 3-5, serrated:
areolae occupy the short upper side of the serrations,
large, copiously white, woolly : spines fascicled, .5-8,
more in age, spreading, slender, stiff, sharp-pointed, the
under one bristle-form, .about '.. in. long, yellow : fls.
appearing from the old. r -r.'.- mi "i iln- stems ; large,
6 in. in diam., remainini days, purple-red,

with irridescent, blui^li ...id, with a few

scattering scales, 1K-- in. I n- . -M' \. and Cent. Amer.
B.M. 3822. I.H. .32:548. (in. .-,.!. p. l.-,3.-This species is
commonly hybridized with other species of Cereus and
of Phyllocactus, giving rise to numerous horticultural
varieties.

38. Mexioinug, Lem. Said by Lemaire to be a garden
hybrid between C. speciosus and some other species not
mentioned.

AAA. Stems prostrate,

39. fimoryi, Engelm. Prostrate, cylindrical, 2-4 ft.
long, with ascending or erect branches 6-10 In. high and
1-2 in. in diam.: ribs 15, tuberculate : spines slender
and rigid, interlocked, yellow ; radials 40-50, very slen-
der; central usually snlitary, .stnnter and much larger :
fls. greenish yellow, 1-- in. IhmimI : fr. globose, very
spiny, 1-lKin. in diam. l;.lek^ lull.. S. Calif, into L.
Calif, and ad.jacent islands. -( iri.w.s in thick masses,
covering: patches 10-20 ft. s.pi.ire.

40. gummosus. En-elm. i r. iiinnminbsus, Hort.).
Prostrate and assur^ent, 1-4 ft. Iniiir. 'A-i in. in diam.,
dull pnrplisli 1,'reen: ribs |nn ymim; branch) 7-9, tuber-
culate: spines stunt and rigid, black, from a strong,
bulbous base; radials about 12; centrals .3-6, stout and
angled: fls. purple, 4-5 in. long: rt. subglobose, about 3
in. in diam., spiny, bright scarlet with purple pulp
('"color of ripe watermelon"), acid and pleasant. L.
California.

41. ertica, Brandegee. Prostrate and stout, single or
slightlv branched, 2^ ft. long. 3-7 in. in diam., rooting
from tiie nmier surface. L'em-rallv in patches of 20-.30 :

ribs i:; 'I : - [ - ("ni . ,i -bv . i- 1. .eked; centrals 5-8,

stoiitr- Ik. I ' , .i .en! M...,-lvdeflexed: fls.

4-5 in. k. '. I I ■ ' I : , -inbular, 2 in. in

diairi,. - A kill i ,, -lull r. d. w Ilk purple pulp. Sandy

plains, oasts of I,. Calif, tind adjaeent islands. — A plant
of curious and uncouth habit, often in large masses, and
from a distance "looking like a lot of firewood thrown at
random on the ground."

AAAA. Stems weak, clamberinq over rocks or other plants
for support; without aerial roots.

42. Pitajaya, DC. (C. Pernamhiir^nsis \Femambu-
censis], Lem. C. formbsus, Salm-Dv, 1<. r i;fridl,ilis,

Pfeiff.). Stems at first simple, bit. i ki. kue-, ui young

growth light green, turning u'im ub age,

pointed, %-lHin. in diam.: ribs:; i ..ireolse

about 1 in. apart, large, bearing a e..n.|.i,u.Mis amount of

CEREUS

curly hair, about %m. long, in new growth: radial spines
5-7 and a solitary central one, uniform, about •ys-%in.
long, amber color "to brown and finally gray: tls. from the
older growth, large, about 8 in. long, slightly curved,
white, nocturnal. Uruguay, Brazil, Columbia. B.M.408-i.
— C. grand is, Haw., according to Dr. Weber, is but a
larger form of this species.

43. princeps, PfeifE. (C. jBaiani^Msis.Karw. C.varid-
bilis, Engelm.). Erect, 3-10 ft. high, 2 in. in diam., and
3-or 4-angled: spines 4-6, stout and r;i"li;iTit, inirf|ii:il, the
largerl-U^in. long: fls. white, lonu' I''"' i! -!•■ l-nisr:
fr. oval, spiny, 2-3 in. long, scarlet . ;i i - nd
pulp. Lower Rio Grande, on Mv\. I "iini,'

shoots are said to have 8 ribs and iriii m i -i- ^Icii-

der spines, and in cultivated forms the spim/s :ub often
much longer than given above.

44. B6iiplaiidii, Farm. Stems at first upright, later
clambering over rocks and bushes, about 1-lHin. in
diam., branching and spreading, in new growth com-
monly of a bluish or purplish green, later gray-green :
ribs 4-6, sharp, compressed, crenate, separated by broad,
concave faces; later the ribs become much depressed, so
that the stem is sometimes nearly cylindrical ; the ribs
commonly run spirally around the axis of the stem :
areola K-lJ^in. apart, at first considerably depressed,
later shallower, white, becoming gray : radial spines
4-6 (later 1-4 more appear), straight, spreading, the
largest about 14-1 in., stout, subulate, pointed, the under
one needle form and shorter ; central solitary, straight,
stronger, 1 in. long, deflexed or porrect ; the stronger
spines are white, with tips and bases brown, when young
beautiful ruby-red, later all are gray, with black tips and
bulbous bases: fls. from the lateral areolse, about 10 in.
long, white, nocturnal : fr. nearly spherical, about 2 in.
in diam., mammate, dark cannlne-red. Paraguay, Brazil,
and Argentine Republic.

45. tortubsus, Forbes {C. atropurpiireus , Haage).
Stems slender, weak, at first upright, but later reflexed,
reaching a length of 3-4 ft., and 1-lKin. in diam.: ribs
commonly 7, sometimes but 5, rounded, low, separated by
regular serpentine grooves : areolae about 1 in. apart,
large: radial spines 5-8, about %-l in. long: centrals 1-4,
about Ji-l^in. long ; all the spines slender, rigid, red-
brown when young, becoming ashy with age : lis. from

length, trum-

the previous year's growth, about (
pet -shaped, tube olive,- green and
spiny, in the axils of the reddish
green scales ; oiiter petals pale green,
tinted with brown ; inner petals
clear white : fr. spherical, bril
liant red without and white withm,
mammate, bearing a few spines on
the summits of the lower mammas
Argentine Republic.

46. Martinii, Lab. (C. mnnacaii
thus, Hort.). At first upright liter
requiring a support; freeh branch
ing from the base, branches long,
reaching nearly 5 ft., ?i-l in mdiam ,
slightly tapering, dark green ribs
5-6, separated by serpentine grooves
contracted between the areolee some
times the ribs are not evident when
the stem is cylindrical: areolae about
1-lK in. apart, white: radial spines
5-7, reddish, short, bristle-foim with
bulbous bases or short conic il usu
ally about % in. long ; central soli-
tary, mostly deflexed, K-1 in. long
(in young growth, frequently not
longer than the radial), subulate,
robust, light brown or white, with
bases and tips black : fls. from the
older growth stems, 8-9 in. long, clear white,
turnal : fr. spherical (very similar to C. '
pointed, dark carmine-red, about 2 in. in diam., mam-
mate, a few spines on the mammas, toward the base
of the fr. Argentine Republic. R. H. 1860, pp. 658-9.
—This species is commonly sold under the name of
C. platygonus.

CEREUS 283

AAAAA. stems more or less climbing, attaching them-
selves to trees, walls, etc., by means of aerial
roots.

B. Bibs of stem 5 or more.

47. SlagelliSdrmis, Mill. Rat-tail Cactus. Creeping
or pendent, slender and very branching, cylindrical,
K-1 in. in diam., branches 1 ft. long or more : ribs 10-12,
tuberculate : si)inf's short, rather rigid ; radials 8-12,
reddish brown ; centrals 3 or 4, brown, with golden tip:
fls. funnel-form, crimson, 2-3 in. long : fr. globose,
.'.,in. in diam., reddish and bristly, the pulp greenish
yellow I 'with the taste of a prune"). W. Ind., Mex.,
Cent. Amer., S. Amer. — This is commonly hybridized
with other species. It is a very common window plant.

Var. l^ptophis, K. Sch. (C. Uptophis, DC). Of more
handsome appearance : new spines on the growing point
carmine-red : ribs at the most 8: fls. somewhat smaller
and lighter.

48. Mallisoni, Hort. {C. Smithii, Lindl.). This is a
garden hybrid of C. flagelUformis on C. speciosus. Habit
of C. flagelUformis, but stouter : fls. more like those of
C. speciosus. B.M. 3822.

49. Donkelieri, Salm-Dyck. A bushy epiphyte, richly
branching, clinging to the bark of trees by aerial roots,
commonly in company with orchids ; branches very
long and thin, scarcely %in. in diameter, cylindrical or
inconspicuously 6 angled or rarely 7-b angled areolae
vei> close together small white spines 10-15 very
shoit snow white sometimes 2-^ short strcnger
spines appear m the center of each cluster fls resem-
bling those of 6 giandifloi Id Brazil

oO grandiUbrus Mill Fkacrant Night bloojiino
Cekeils ii„ 414 Diffusely creeping with very long
an I rt \u u hiiibing 5-7 angled branches \-l m. in
di nil \Mtli 1 111 h of white bristles associated with the
5-1 h It ] 111 tls white and fragrant 6-8 m broad.
■^ In 1 M \ 1 M «81 -Long cultivated m gardens as
the \i.,ht 1 I niing Cereus and made to vary widely.
C Uianoi Hort is but a form of this species

51 Miynardii Lem (C grandiflbrus var M&ynardii,
Hort ) A garden h>brid of C grandifloiiis on C spe-
ciosus Habit of C giandifloius but red colors of <7.
speciosus

Cereus grandiflorus

ing Cereuses (X %).

52. splnuldsus, DC. Stems slender, climbing, reach-
ing a height of 8-10 ft., %-l m. in diam., branches more
slender : ribs commonly 5, sometimes 6, sharp, becom-
ing obliterated with age : areolte small, about ^in.
apart : radial spines about 8, very short, bristle-form,
brown, becoming gray ; central solitary, somewhat
longer: fls. 5-6 in. long by 3-4 in. in diam.,white, flushed

284 CEREUS

with pink, nocturnal. W. Ind. and Mex.— The plant
much resembles C. grandiflorua , but is easily distin-
guished by its smaller and different colored fls.
53. Marti&nus, Zucc. Of bushy growth, branching.

the-

ft, and more ;

ohf^ M.

1, 4-5 in.
covered

with bri.stles. i^outliern .Mex. B.M. a?
BB. liihs of stem S-5.
54. nyoticWus, Link. Night-blooming Cereus. Sub-
erect, very Ioult -jointed, J-^-l in. in diam. : joints vari-
able, .some r , iin^ii , ,,], ,,iliers 4-6-angled : ribs acute
at first, .ii, II . . ■., Mies 1-4, and very small : fls.

white iiiel !! i r ,11 7 in. long. Max. — The com-

.5.). in^rmis, < ittw. Si ^. branching, climbing, branches
4-5-angled, sh:iri)-\vin;^e(l, yelbiwish green, later darker,
slightly creuate : ure(.he in the depressions, small,
bearing a few bristles wlieu young, but soon naked.
Venezuela.

56. hamitUB, Schcidw. (C rostrdtus, Lem.). Stems
slender, weak, climbing, bright green, less than 1 in. in
diam., reaching a length of 10 ft. : ribs remotely serrate,
the serrations repand, and bearing on their anterior
edge the small areola): spines 5-6, bristle-form, whitish
to brown, very short and partly deciduous : fls. large,
10-16 in. long and nearly the same in diameter, white,
nocturnal. Central Mexico.

CEROPEGIA

58. Napolednis, Oralinm. Suhereet and lone-jointed,
the joints 3-angled ami . itii llM -li- -, IJ in. .'.r ni..:.-
long, %-l in. in diam. : •■ ' i' ilnti , uim i|ii:il.
black; sometimes a fe\', i ., -m .,.. \ m i, ;i, ,

8 in. long and 6 in. br". , : i , i, ana .-['in\ . ;: lt\ i

in. W. Ind., Mex. B.M.:.l.;o.

59. ext§nBU8, Salm-Dyck. Climbing : stems richly
branching, about 3 ft. long by about %m. in diam., dark
green, soon becoming covered with gray-yellow, corky
flakes: 3-angled, angles blunt, later beconiing depressed,
so that the older stems are cylindrical : areolae M-Zyi
in. apart, white, becoming gray: spines 2-4, very short
and strong, straight orvery slightly curved, dark brown,
becoming gray with age : fls. from the sides of the
branches, 8-9 in. long, rose-red. Trinidad. B.M.4066.

60. trianeul4riB, Haw. Stems jointed, long and slen-
der, climbing : ribs 3, compressed, thin, and about 1 in.
or more high, crenate, with a corneous margin connect-
ing the areolse : areolae about 1-1 J^ in. apart : radial
spines 2-4, bristle-form, short, soon deciduous ; centrals
1-3, conical from a bulbous base, dark colored : fls.
large, about 1 ft. long by about the same diameter when
fully nppTi, white, nnrturnal, tube covered with large,
leaf-lilir ^riili ~ : ff. large, covered with the persistent

large .<;,i, -. M,.\ and West Indies. B.M. 1884 Mn.

6:5.- I'lii iniit i- edible and very refreshing, and is
common lu the .M. \iean markets.

BBB. liibs inconspicuous or wholly absent.

61. MacDfinaldiae, Hook. Climbing, and of rapid
growth, richly branching, branches very long, cylindri-
cal or with here and there very obtuse and not continu-
ous angles, dark green : areolae elevated on tubercles
which are arranged spirally on the branches, small :
spine solitary (or rarely 2), short, porrect, brown or
black, inconspicuous : fls. lateral, about 14 in. long, white,

nocturnal Honduras B M 4707

Qebsen C Qitadalupanus O

CEBlNTHE (G:
that, flower
ved that the
for wax)

Bo>

indi

415.

Cerinthi

(XK.)

57. Bfegelii, Hort. This fonn is very common in the
trade; is a very excellent plant, with good, fixed char-
acters ; is a slender climbing plant. Its origin is ob-
scure, but, from its vegetative characters, as well as
floral, it is apparently closely related to either C. Jiama-
tus or 0. MacI)onaldim,viith one of which it may be a
hybrid.

'i-y

About G species of annual or per
lal herbs from Europe and Asia
Minor, w ith alternate, glaucous Ivs. and showj purple
bracts. The best species is C. retorta, which has a unique
appearance in the garden, and is strongly recommended
for more general cultivation. It is a hardy annual of
easy culture. For a garden review of the other Honey-
see Gn. 41, p. 212.

retbrta, Sibth. & Sm. Honeywort. Pig. 415. Height
lX-2 ft. : Ivs. glaucous, often spotted white or red ;
lower Ivs. obovate-spatulate ; upper Ivs. amplexicaul,
with 2 round ears, on the flowering branches gradually
becoming smaller and closer together until they pass into
purple bracts, which form the chief attractive feature of
the plant : fls. when full-blown protruded beyond the
bracts : corolla tubular-club-shaped, yellow, tipped pur-
ple, with 5 small, spreading teeth. Greece. B.M. 5264.
Gn.41:847. w. M.

CEBOPfiGIA (Greek, tfox and fountain, the flowers
having a waxy look). AsclepiadAceiv. Greenhouse vines
of Africa and Asia, not in the Anier. trade. A dozen spe-
cies are known in Old World collections. Many of them
have tuberous roots, and need a season of rest and dry-
ness. Prop, by cuttings. Odd and handsome.

CEROXYLON
CEE6XYL0N NIVEUM, Hort.= Diplothemium.

C6STEUM (old Greek name). Syn., ffabrothdmnus.
Solandcetf. Greenhouse shrubs of many species, in trop-
ical Amer. Some of them have a climbing habit. The
tubular fls. are in axillary or terminal cymes, red. yellow,
greenish or white, often very fragrant. Lvs. alternate
and entire, usually rather narrow. Fruit a berry. Ces-
trums are among the most useful of bright-iiowering,
shrubby, greenhouse plants, and they may be grown
either as pot plants, or planted out against the back wall
or supports of a greenhouse, where, if given a light po-
sition, they will produce an abundance of flowers from
January to April. The Mexican species will do well in
a winter temperature of 45° to 50°, but the species from
Central America require stove temperature. They are
propagated by cuttings taken in February or early in
March, and inserted in sand in a warm temperature,
keeping them somewhat close until rooted, when they
should be potted in a light soil, after which they may be
grown in pots, shiftingon as often as required, or planted

CHAMiEBATIA

285

416. Cestrum elegans (X /2)-

out in the open ground towards the end of May in a sunny
position, where, it kept pinched back to induce a bushy
growth and uttt-ntiou is paid to watering, they will make
fine plants by the first of September. They should then
be lifted and potted in a light, rich soil and kept close
and shaded for a few days, and then transferred to their
winter quarters. After flowering, the plants should be
given a rest for a month or six weeks, gradually reducing
the supply of water to induce the leaves and wood to
ripen, after which they should be cut well back, the old
soil shaken oft", and the roots trimmed back, and then
either potted again or planted out for the summer. While
in the greenhouse, Cestrums are very subject to the
attacks of insects, especially the mealy bug ( Coccus
adonidmn) . To keep these in check they should be given
an occasional spraying of kerosene emulsion. The Ces-
trums are much grown in warm countries, and they
bloom continuously. Following are the only species
known to be in the Amer. trade ;

A. Fls. red.

Elegans, Schlecht. (Babrothdmnus Slegans , Brongn.) .
Fig. 416. Tall and slender, half-climbing, the branches
pubescent: lvs. ovate, lanceolate, long-acuminate, of
medium size, pubescent beneath : fls. red-purple, swollen
near the top of the tube, in loose clusters, which nod at
the ends of the branches, the lobes ciliate. Mex. F.S.
2:82. — One of the commonest and best of greenhouse
shrubs, blooming almost continuously. There is a form
with variegated lvs.

faaciculitum, Miers. Spring bloomer, with larger fls.
than those of C. elegans. and more compact, nearly
globular fl. -clusters, the cluster subtended by small lvs.
as if an involucre :' lvs. ovate. Mex. B.M. 4183 (and
probably the C. elegans, B.M. 5659.)

N^welli, Hort. (fl". Newelli, Veitch). Fls. bright
crimson, larger and more brilliant than those of C. ele-
gans and C. fascicnlatum. Gn. 34: 660.-A free-growing
plant, originating from seed by Mr. Newell, Downham
Market, Eng. Evidently an ofeshoot of one of the pre-
ceding species.

AA. Fls. Orange.

aurantiacum, Lindl. Of half-climbing habit : lvs.
oval to ovate, more or less undulate : fls. sessile, in a
panicle, orange-yellow. Guatemala. K.H. 1858, p. 238.
AAA. Fls. white, greenish, or cream-yellow.

Pdrqui, L'Her. Shrub, half-hardy : lvs. lanceolate,
petioled, short, acuminate: fls. long, tubular, with a wide-
spreading limb, in an open panicle, greenish yellow, very
fragrant at night. Chile. B. M. 1770.

diurnum, Linn. Quick-growing evergreen shrub: lvs.
oblong and short -acute, thickish and glabrous, shining
above : fls. white, very sweet-scented by day, in axillary
long peduncled spikes: fr. white. W. Ind.

noctumum, Linn, Shrub 6-9 ft. ; branches brownish,
very slender or flexuose, glabrous or nearly so : lvs.
thinner, ovate or elliptic, prominently acuminate : fls.
creamy yellow, very fragrant by night. Jamaica.

E. J. Canning and L. H. B.

CH.ffiNACTIS (Greek, gaping ray: the marginal
corollas often ray-like). Compdsitw. West American
herbs or under-shrubs, with alternate and mostly dis-
sected lvs., and yellow, white or flesh-colored fls. on
solitary peduncles or in loose cymes. Florets of one
kind, but the marginal ones with a more or less en-
larged limb: involucre oampanulate: receptacle flat and
generally naked : pappus of scales (wanting in 1 spe-
cies). Three species have been introduced as border
plants, but they are little known to gardeners. Of easy
culture. Prop, by seeds or division.
A. Pappus of entire or nearly entire persistent scales.

tenuiJdlia, Nutt. Small, tufted annual, white pubes-
cent when young but becoming nearly or quite glabrous:
1 ft. : lvs. once or twice pinnately parted, the lobes linear
or filiform: heads Kin. high, lemon-yellow. S.Calif.

Doilglaaii, Hook. & Am. Biennial or perennial, 3-15
in. high, usually white-woolly when young: lvs. broad,
pinnately parted into short and crowded, obtuse lobes:
heads %-%m. high, white or whitish. Mont. S. and W.
— "Variable.

AA. Pappus of fimbriate and deciduous scales, or even
wanting.

artemisisBfdlia, Gray. Tufted annual, 1-2 ft., rusty-
pubescent and somewhat sticky : lvs. 2 or 3, pinnately
parted into short-linear or oblong lobes : heads % in.
high, the involucre viscid, the florets white or cream-
color. S. Calif. L H B

CHa;NOMi;LES. Cydonia.

CH.ffiNOST0MA {gaping mouth, in allusion to the
shape of the corolla). Scrophulariicete. About 30
African herbs or sub-shrubs, with simple lvs. mostly
opposite, and axillary or terminal-racemose, showy fls. ;
stamens 4, in 2's, attached to the throat of the corolla,
more or less asserted: style filiform and club-shaped,
and obtuse at the apex : corolla tubular, swollen in the
throat, with a 5-lobed spreading limb.

Mspidum, Benth. Small perennial, with opposite, oval
or oblong-toothed lvs., and blush-white, star-like fls.
34 in. across, in dense clusters. S. Afr. J. H. IIL 33:636.
—An old and deserving greenhouse or pot plant, but
rarely seen at present. It blooms almost continuously,
the fls. sometimes hiding the foliage. Prop, by seeds or
cuttings, either in fall or spring. Begins to bloom when
4-6 in. high. To be recommended for windows, and for

CHAM.a;BATIA (Greek, dwarf, and bramble, allud-
ing to its bramble-like fls.). Roshcece. Low shrub,
clothed with glandular pubescence: lvs. alternate, stipu-
late, tripinnatifid, persistent ; fls. in terminal corymbs,
white, with 5 petals and numerous stamens : fr. a small
akene. One species in Calif. Ornamental shrub of
agreeable aromatic odor, with graceful foliage and
showy white fls. in June and July ; hardy only in warmer
temperate regions. It thrives best in sandy, well-
drained soil and sunny position. Prop, by seeds sown
in spring and by greenwood cuttings under glass.

286

CHAJI^BATIA

folioldsa, Benth. Two to .1 ft.: I
oval or ovate-oblong, clf>stl\- iii|.ii
lK-2Min. long: fls. wliit,-.' M,,.
corymbs. B.M. 5171.

CHAMffiBATlABIA. See .Snrbnn.

CHAMa;C£EASU8. SeeLonicera.

CHAMiECYPARIS

nearly sessile, ana, are readily increased in this way, while the tvpical

ti ly dissected, forms of C. A'^titkaen.sis, obtnsa and spha-roidea do not

'I. , in 4-8-fld. grow well from cuttings: therefore for most varieties

i;i:i. Rehdek. veneer grafting on seedling stock during the winter in

iuparissos,
Evergreen
rs densely

minjte ^el

b^ thci

dhuil

dincc ( fl ithb-8 bracts each beanng

2 or rii ripemng the first season

Close 1> I which differs by its larger

cones mil I 1 \ ear, the bracts containing

4 or more si Is n 1 1 \ its quadrangular branches and
minutely denticulate hs Five species m N Amer and
Japan all very valuable timber trees lu their native coun
tries Highly ornimental e%crgreen trees of pj-ramidal
habit of which onl\ C sp7i MO((Zire is fully hard\ north,
while the Japanese species are hardy in sheltered
positions north to New England, and C. Lairsotii-
ana only from New York simth. They grow best in
somewhat moist hut w.-ll-.lrnin.-il, s:,i,.lr I<.rmi nii.! in a
partly shaded position -l,ili,r,J :, -1111,1 ,l,\ ■,', imis.

C. Lawsoniana uu'i ' ' ■ ■ . - < .■iirs

more moist situiiii.:: ; ! ^ -.11

even in swamps. l'r..|i. Iiy -.-,1-, -o;iii in -i.tu;- ; in-
creased also by cuttings from mature wood in fall, in-
serted in a sandy soil and kept in a coolframe or green-
house during the winter; if in early spring gentle bottom

418. Chamacyparis pisif<

greenhouse is preferred, but dwarf forms always should
be grown from cuttings, as they often lose their dwarf
habit if grafted. The so-called Retinosporag of the gar-
dens,withlinear, spreading Ivs., are juvenile forms, which
have retained the foliage of the seedling state. There
are similar forms in Thuya. For their distinguishing
characters, see lielinonpora. For the numerous garden
forms, see Beissner, Handb. der Nadelholzk., pp. 64-99.

A. Lvs.ijrt

both sides or paler ben

ath.

heat can be given, it will hasten the development of roots
considerably. All the so-called Retinosporas and the
dwarfer forms, and most of the varieties of C. Lawsoni-

sphaeroidea, Spach (Cuprissiis thuyoWns, Linn.).
White Cedak. Tree, to 70 or 80 ft., with erect, spreading
branches : branchlcts irregularly arranged, spreading,
not pendulous, very thin and slender, flattened : Ivs.
closely imbricate, glaucous or light green, with a con-
spicuous gland on the back, fragrant: cones small, Kin.
in diam., bluish purple, witli g-laui-nns bloom. From
MainetoKl..ri.U^,w(•sttnMi.^^si|.l.i. S.S. 10: 529.- Var.
ericoides, liiissn. \- IIi.rli,i . , 1 ■. , fir,.},i, s, Carr. JRetinds-
porti e)-ii-.>i</c'.s, Hurt. I. I '. .11111:1. 1 viii-iil., of erect, dense
habit: Ivs. liMi-ar-hinc.nhitc, s]inaaiiig, with two glau-
cous lines beneath, coloring in winter usually reddish
brown. Var. Andelyfinsia, Carr. (Jietindspom leptoclAcla,
Hort.). Intermediate form between the former and the
type; bluish green, and of erect growth, with loosely ap-
pressed, lanceolate Ivs. ; often some branchlets with Ivs.
of the type and some with Ivs. of the var. ericoides.
R.H. 1869, p. 32, and 1880, p. 36. Var. glatlca, Endl. (var.
Kewinsis, Hort.). Of compact habit, very glaucous, with
silvery hue. Var. variegita, Hort. Branchlets partially
colored golden yellow.

Nutkainsis, Spach {C\ipr(ssus Nootkatdnsis, Lamb.
Thuydpsis horeclHa , Hoit.) . Yeli^ow Cedar. Tree, to
120 ft., with ascending branches, pendulous at the ex-
tremities : branchlets distichously arranged, slightly
flattened or nearly quadrangular, pendulous: Ivs. densely
imbricate, usually dark green, acute, mostly without
glands : cones subglobose, nearly Kin. in diam., dark
red-brown, with glaucous bloom. From Sitka to Oregon.
S.S.10:,530. R.H.1869,p.48.-Var.glatlca,Hort. With
very glaucous foliage. Var. pindula, Hort. Distinctly
pendulous. There are some forms with variegated Ivs.

CHAM^CTPARIS

Gn. 50, p. G8. C. Nutkaensis is about as hardy as the

Japanese species.

AA. Lvs. with glatteous or whitish ■marks beneath .*

branches with horizontally spreading ramifications.

LawsoniEkna, Pari. {Cuprissus Lawsoniina, Murr.).
Tree, to 200 ft., -with horizontally spreading and usually
pendulous branches : branchlets frond-like arranged,
flattened : lvs. closely appressed, obtuse or somewhat

419 Chamaecyparis pisifera

usually bright green, with a gland on the back :
nate catkins brightjed (yellow in all other species) :
cone globose, about J^in. across, red-brown and often
glaucous. From Oregon to Calif. S.S. 10:531. Gng.2:327.
—This is one of the most beautiful Conifers and very
variable, about 60 garden forms being cultivated in
European nurseries and collections. The following are
some of the best : Var. albo-spica, Hort. Tips of branch-
lets creamy white, of slender habit. Var. Alumi, Hort.
Of columnar habit, foliage very glaucous, with a bluish
metallic hue. The best blue columnar form. Var. ar-
g6ntea, Hort. Of slender habit, with very glaucous,
almost silvery foliage. Var. er^cta vlridis, Hort. Dense,
columnar habit and bright green foliage. One of the most
beautiful varieties, but somewhat tender. Var. er^cta
glaica, Hort._ Similar in habit, but with glaucous foliage.
Var. filifbrmis, Hort. Branches elongated, somewhat
pendulous, with few lateral branchlets, of low, globular
habit. Var. glauca, Hort. Foliage of metallic glaucous
tint. One of the hardier forms. Var. gricilis, Hort.
(var. gracilis pendula, Hort. ) . Elegant light green form,
with graceful, pendulous branchlets. Var. intertfexta,
Hort. Glaucous form, of vigorous growth, with remote,
pendulous branches and distant, thickish branchlets.
Var. Ititea, Hort. Of compact habit, young growth clear
yellow. G.C. 111.20:721. Var. ntaa, Hort. Dwarf , glo-
bose habit ; with some variegated and glaucous forms.
There are also different variegated foi-ms with the habit
of the type.

obtasa, Sieb. & Zucc. {Cuprissus obthsa, Koch. Bet-
indspora obtiisa, Sieb. & Zucc). Hinoki Cypress.
Tree, to 120 ft., with horizontal branches : branchlets
frond-like arranged, iiattened, pendulous : lvs. bright
green and shining above, with whitish lines beneath,
thickish, obtuse, and very closely appressed, with a gland
on the back: cones globose, nearly Kin. in diam., brown.
Japan. S. Z, 121. G.C. II, 5:236. E.H. 1869, p. 97.-

CHAM^DAPHNE 287

Var. abo-aplca, Hort. Tips of branchlets \«hitish. Var.
adrea, Hort. Golden yellow. Var. brevirilmea, Rehder
{O. breitir&mea, Mux. Var. ft/tcoldes, Hort.). Of slow
growth, with short and densely frond-like arranged
branchlets. G.C. II, 5:235. Var. gracilis aiirea, Hort.
Graceful form, foliage bright golden yellow when young,
changing later to greenish yellow. Var. lycopodioldes,
Carr. Low form, of somewhat irregular habit, with
spreading, rigid branches and thick, nearly quadrangu-
lar, dark green branchlets. Var. n&na, Carr. Low form,

gated, thick and thread-like, pendulous, with few distant
branchlets. Var. pygmaea, Carr. Very dwarf form, with
horizontal, almost creeping branches, densely frond-like
branched. Exceedingly interesting form for rockeries.

pisifera, Sieb. & Zucc. (Ciipriissus pisifera, Koch.
Betindspora pisifera, Sieb. & Zucc). Sawaea Cy-
press. Fig. 417. Tree, to 100 ft., with horizontal
branches : branchlets flattened, distichously_arranged
and somewhat pendulous: lvs. ovate-lanceolate, pointed,
shining above, with whitish lines beneath: cones globu-
lar, H-Ys in. in diam., brown. S.Z. 122. G.C. II. 5:237.
— This is, next to ('. sjilm ri'uh'i . the liardiest species, and
some varieties :in' iiiii.-h cultiviiicl. while the type is
less planted. \':ir. aiirea, Il"i-t. ^'illow foliage. Var.
iilifera, Hort. (h;-li>i„spni;, //7//. ,■-/, Hurt. C.obtnsafiU-
/"cra, Hort. ). Branches elongated and slender, thread-
like, gracefully pendulous, with distant branchlets and
lvs. Very decorative forms, G.C. II. 5: 237. Var. plu-
mdsa, Hort. Fig. 418. Of dense, conical habit :
branches almost erect, with slender branchlets of
feathery appearance: lvs. subulate, pointed and slightly
spreading, bright green. Intermediate between the
type and -var. sqiiarrosa. G.C. II. 5:236. Var. plumdsa
argSntea, Hort. Tips of branchlets whitish. Var. plu-
m6sa aiirea, Hort. Y"uiiL;f;rowthof golden yellow color.
A very showy f'lrni. \:\r. squarrdsa, Beissn. & Hochst.
(Betinospora .•i,jinirr.:s,i . Si.h. & Zucc B. leptoclada,
Zucc). Fig. 41",i. l)i-iisc-ly l)ranched, bushy tree or
shrub, with spreading, featliery branchlets: lvs. linear,
spreading, glaucous above, silvery below. A very dis-
tinct and beautiful va-riety. S.Z. 123. R.H. 1869, p. 95,
and 1880, p. 37. Alfred Rehder.

CHAM.ffiDAPHNE (chamai, dwarf, and daphne, the
laurel in ancient Latin, alluding to its dwarf habit and
evergreen lvs.). Syn., Cassandra. UricAcece. Leather
Leaf. Low shrub with evergreen, alternate small lvs. :
fls. nodding in terminal, leafy racemes :
corolla urceolate-oblong, 5-lobed, with
5 included stamens : fr. a capsule. One
species in the colder regions of the
northern hemisphere. Low, hardy,
ornamental shrub, valuable for the
earliness of its pretty white fls. It
thrives best in a peaty and sandy,
moist soil. Prop, by seeds
sown in sandy peat, only
slightly or not covered, and
kept moist and shady ; also
by layers and suckers and
by cuttings from mature
wood in late summer under
glass.

calycuiata, Moench (Cas-
sandra calyculUa, Don).
Fig. 420. Shrub with spread-
ing or horizontal branches,
1-3 ft. : lvs short-petioled,
oblong, obtuse, slightly ser-
rulate and revolute at the
margins, dull green above
and rusty-lepidote beneath :
fls. short-peduncled, nod-
ding; coroUa white, oblong,
about % in. long. B.M. 1286.
L. B. C. 6:530; 15: 1404;
16:1582. Em. 423. - Var.
angrustifdiia. Gray. Lvs. lini

crisped at the margin. Var. n4na. Lodd. One foot <
less high, with horizontal branches. L.B.C. 9:862.

Alfred Rehder.

420. Chamaedaphne
calyculata (X 3.t).
ceolate, undulate and

288 CHAM^DOREA

CHAMffiDOEfiA (Greek, dwarf and gift). PalmAcew,
tribe Ariceie. Spineless, erect, procumbent or rarely
climbing palms, the trunks solitary or cespitose, slen-
der or reed-like. Lvs. simple, bifid at the apex or va-
riously equally-pinnatisect : lobes broad or narrow,
straight or oblique, acuminate, plicate-nerved, usually
callous at the base, the basal margins folded back or
recurved : petiole usually cylindrical ; sheath tubular,
oblique at the throat; spadices among or below the lvs.,

:,li. ;n iii , -Im :iiliiii '-, ,''..'i .' I'l-l, ^plit at the apex, mem-

I : I -istent : pistillate fls.

: I >iH.,se or oblong-obtuse

.■■II |H , . ,-,,r i:m-,mu -I li. -11,. .^iM-L-ies about 60. Mex.

Peat or leaf-mold, loam and sand in equal parts, 'with
a little charcoal added, form the best soil. The species
common in cultivation are quick-growing. They are
well suited for planting out in greenhouse borders.
The sexes are on different plants, therefore several
should be planted in a group if the handsomely colored
fruit is desired. All of the kinds requii'e warm tempera-
ture iB winter. Increased from seeds. Of the many
species, only the following appear in the Amer. trade :
A. 1/vs. simple.

filegans, Mart. Stem strict, 6 ft., closely ringed: lvs.
narrowly lanceolate, acuminate, straight : fr. globose.
Mex. G.C. 1.33:508.

Ernesti-Augusti, Wendl. Stem 3-4 ft., reedy, erect,
radicant at base ; blade obovate, cuneate '.at the base,
deeply bifid, coarsely serrate along the margins; petiole
shorter than blade ; sheath amplexicaul ; sterile spadix
8-9 in., the simple branches 6-8 in., attenuate, slender :
fertile spadix simple : fls. red. Venezuela. B.M. 4837.
G.C. 1.33:508.

AA. Iivs. pinnate.
B. Plant becoming of climbing liabit.

desmoncoides, H. Wendl. Lvs. 2-3 ft. long, with
drooping, narrow Ifts. a foot long, and glaucous
petiole : plant tending to climb after it becomes a few
feet high. Mex.

EB. Plant not climbing.
0. Stem or trunk evident.

Sirtorii, Liebm. Stem 8-14 ft., ringed, clothed above
with leaf -sheaths : lvs. 3-35^ ft. long ; petiole terete,
sulcate, dilated at the base ; sheath, petiole and rachis
white on the back; Ifts. 12 in. long, lK-2 in. wide, alter-
nate, falcate, acuminate, narrowed at the base. Mex.

Tepejildte, Liebm. Stem 4-6 ft. high, closely ringed:
lvs. 4 ft.; Ifts. 1-nerved, close, altern.ite, falcate, acute,
narrowly lanceolate, 13-15 in. long, IH in. wide: rachis
convex on the back, canaliculate above. Mex. B.M.
6030.

glauoif61ia, H. Wendl. Stem 20 ft. : lvs. long, pinnate;
Ifts. narrowed, long and slender, dark green, glaucous.
Guatemala. G.F. 8:507.

Arenbergiina, H. Wendl. {O. latifdlia, Hort.). Stem

slender, 5-6 ft., green : lvs. erect-spreading; Ifts. 10-15

pairs, alternate and drooping, very long-pointed, plicate

and many ribbed. Guatemala. B.M. 6838.

00. Stem, or trunk none.

Pringlei, Wats. Acaulesoent or nearly so ; lvs. erect,
pinnate, 3 ft.; Ifts. 12-15 on each side, linear-lanceo-
late, acuminate, 6-8 in. long, %-ii in. wide ; rachis tri-
angular ; spadix simple, 8 in. long. San Louis Potosi,
Mex ■ Jared G. Smith and G. W. Oliver.

CHAMffiPEtrCE. Now referred to Cnicus.

CHAMa;RANTHEMTJM {dwarf and flower, from the
Greek). Acanthdeeie. Three or 4 Brazilian small herbs,
allied to Eranthemum, but readily distinguished by the
4(insteadof 2) stamens. Lvs. large and membranaceous,
entire, variously marked. Pis. sho-wy, white or yellow,
in bracteate clusters. Grown chiefly for the beautiful
foliage. C. igneum, Kegel (Erdnthemum igneum, Lind. ),
is in the Amer. trade. It is a low, spreading, warmhouse
plant (culture of Eranthemum and Justicia), with dark

ith orange or yel-

CHAH^ROFS (Greek for dwarf bush). Palm&cea,
tribe Cory jiliea . Low, fan-leaved palms, with cespitose
caudices branched from the base and clothed with the
bases of the leaf-slnatii^. L\<. tirminal, rigid, semi
orbicular or cuneate-llai 111 liii', il. . ply hic-iniate, the lobes
narrow, bifid, plicate; n.. ra.-ln^; lii,'ule very short;
petiole slender, bi-cimx r\-. tin- margins smooth or
rough; sheath .split, reticulate, fibrous; spadices short,
erect compressed : branches short, densely flowered :
spathes 2~i, broad, thickly coriaceous, the lower ones
split, the upper entire ; bracts small, subulate; bractlets
none : fls. small, yellow : fr. globose or "v-.vl, :'. ■ i'lod
toward the base, brown or yellow. Sp. i ' "1 ii'i r-
ranean region. The common C. A«»i'/. ■ i!'..

and very variable. Many of the specili' i > i ,i . nf
the L'cniis are forms of this species, in -;■ li ■ n-i ■ ari>
eviiiinil, :1p^ LMiil'-n names 0. arboresetns, at-gi'tttca,
(''III. . . '(, elegans, farinosa, gracilis, litlo-

Fiiir. 11- I. Mill twi. parts, leaf-mold and sand one part,
with gond drainage. Prop, by suckers and by seeds.
These are among the hardiest of all palms, and are well
suited to greenhouses where a high temperature is not
kept up.

hiimilis, Linn. (Pluenix ffanceAna, Hort.). Fig. 421.
Stem 1-lXit. high : lvs. ragged, fibrous ; margins of
the petioles armed with stout, straight or hooked spines;
blade suborbicular, truncate or cuneate at the base,
rigid, palmately multifid ; segments acuminate, bifid.
Mediterranean. B.M. 21!)2. R.H. 1892:84 (showing
habit and a colored plate of the fruit). Reaches 20 ft.

C. Slroo, Sieb.=Livistona rotundifolia.— 0. Birrho, Hort.=
Livistona rotundifolia.— O. excHsa. Tlnmb.=Trachycarpus ex-
celsus.— O. Firtunei, Hook.=Trachycarpus.— C. hilmilia X
Hystrix, Hort. Said to be a "choice garden hybrid of Florida
origin."— O. Histrix, Fras.=Rhapidophyllum Hystrix.— O.
stauracantha, Hort.=Acanthorhiza aculeata.

Jared G. Smith and G. W. Oliver.

CHAMOMILE. Consult Anthemis

CHAPMAN, JONATHAN. See Appleseed, Johnny.

CHAPTALIA (J. A. C. Chaptal, agricultural chemist).
Compdsitoi. American low perennial herbs, with white
or purplish fls. on naked scapes, blooming in spring and
summer. Heads radiate, the ray-fls. pistillate, and the
disk-fls. perfect, but some or all of them sterile: invo-
lucre campanulate or turbinate, of appressed and imbri-
cated bracts: pappus of soft capillary bristles: akenes
oblong or fusiform, narrowed above, 5-nerved. The only
species in the Amer. trade is C. tomentdsa, Vent.,of N.
Car. and S. Of this the scape is 1 ft. or less high, and
the heads are purple-rayed : lvs. spatulate or lanceolate,
entire or nearly so, rather thick, white tomentose be-
neath. Introduced as a border plant.

CHARD (ch pronounced as in charge). A form of the
plant {Beta vulgaris) which has produced the common
beet. Often known to horticulturists as Beta Cycla.

CHARD

See Beet and Beta. The beet plant has given rise to two
general types of varieties : those varieties with thickened
roots (the beet of America, the beet-root of European
literature ) ; and those with large and pulpy or thickened
leaves (but whose roots are small and woody). The lat-

OHEILANTHES

289

ter type is known under the general name of leaf-beets.
These leaf -beets may be ranged into three sub-groups:
( 1 ) common or normal leaf-beets, or spinach beets, in
which the leaf -blade is large and pulpy, and is used as
spinach is; (2) Chard, in which the petiole and midrib
are very broad and thick (Fig. 422); (3) ornamental
beets, of which the foliage is variously colored.

Chard is of the easiest culture. Seed is sown in
spring, as for common beets. The broad petioles, or
Chards, may be gathered from midsummer until frost.
These broad white stalks or ribs are used as a pot-herb;
and, if desired, the leaf -blades may be cooked with them.
The dish is usually more attractive, however, if only the
Chards are cooked. This vegetable is also known as
Sea-kale Beet and Swiss Chard. L. jj. B.

CHARLOCK. Consult Brassica ; also Raphanus.

CHASTE TREE. See Vitex.

CHEAT, or CHESS.

CHECKERBERRY. GauWieria.

CHEESES. Vernacular for Malva rotundUolia .

CHEILANTHES (Greek, lip-flower, alluding to the in-
dusium). Polypodi&cew. Semi-hardy or hothouse ferns
of small size, often hairy or woolly, with the sori termi-
nal on the veins and covered with a roundish indusium.
Some 60 or 70 species are known, nearly a third of
which are natives of the west and southwest, one spe-
cies as far east as Connecticut. They are of easy cul-
ture, enjoying a position near the glass, and disliking
strong, close heat and syringing or watering overhead.

A. Lvs. pentagonal-deltoid, the indusium confined to a
single veinlet.
CaUf6mica. Mett. (Sypdlepis Califirnica, Hook.).
Lvs. densely cespitose from a short creeping rootstock
2-4 in. each way, on stems 4-8 in. long, quadripinnatifid ;
ultimate segments lanceolate, incised or serrate. Calif.

19

meiidlia, D. C. Eaton. Lvs. cespitose, with slender
brown stems 5-7 in. long, the lamina 2-3 in. each way,
3-4-pinnatifld, with finely cut segments 1-10 of an in.
wide. Mex.
AA. Lvs. ternately divided, with dark polished stems.

pedita, A. Br. Lvs. cespitose, onlong (9-12 in. ) stems,
about 6 in. either way, the 3 divisions bipinnatifld ;
sori numerous, placed on both sides of the segments.
Jamaica, Cuba.

AAA. Lvs. lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate.

B. Segments flat : indwsia extending over the apices of

several veinleUjJmt not continuous.

c. Surface of lvs. smooth.

mjcroph^lla, Swz. Lvs. 4-10 in. long, on stems nearly
as long, from a short, creeping rootstock, bi-tripinnate:
stems glossy, rusty-pubescent on the upper side. Fla.
and New Mex. southward.

cc. Surface of lvs. viscid-glandular.

viscida, Davenp. Lvs. 3-5 in. long, on stems of the
same length, tripinnatifld ; segments toothed, every-
where glandular. Calif.

ccc. Surface of lvs. hairy, not woolly.

hlrta, Swz. Lvs. densely cespitose, with short, scaly
stems which are brownish, like the rachides ; pinnae nu-
merous, rather distant bipinnatifld, the segments with
much incurved margins. The lvs. are usually 6-15 in.
long. Cape of Good Hope.— Var. Ellisiina is more com-
monly cult.

landsa, Wats. (C. iTsfWo. Swz.). Fig. 423. Cespitose,
with stems 2-4 in. long, slightly hairy, as are the seg-
ments : lvs. tripiunatiiid, 4-10 in. long, l-2Kin. wide,

ia formed of the

the pinnfe lanceol
ends of round'
lobes. Conn.
Ala. -Hardy.

Codperae,D.C Eaton Lvs
3-8 in. long, bipmnate, the
stems covered with nearly
white hairs, each tipped with
a gland; pinnules roundish
ovate, crenate and incised
Calif, to Mex.
BB. Segments bead hk
nute : indusium
ally continuous

D. Lvs. hairy or uoolly
beneath, but not scaly

gracillima, D. C. Eaton.
Lace Fern. Lvs. cespitose,
1—4 in. long, besides the
nearly equal dark brown
stems, bipinnate ; pinn»
with about nine pinnules,
finally smooth above. Idaho
to Calif. -Hardy.

ClSvelandii, D. C. Eaton.
Lvs. 4-8 in. long, tripinnate.
dark brown beneath, with
closely imbricate, cUiate
scales, which grow on both
the segments and the rach-
ides ; segments nearly
round, the terminal larger.
Calif.

EE. Upper surface of i

tomentdsa, Link. Lvs. 8-15 i
long, everywhere covered with brownish white hairs,
tripinnate ; terminal segments twice as large as the
lateral. Va. to Ariz.
DD. Za)s. covered beneath with scales, but not woolly.

F^ndleri, Hook. Lvs. 3-6 in. long besides the chaffy
stems, rising from tangled, creeping rootstocks, tripin-
nate : rachides with broadly-ovate white-edged scales,
which overlap the subglobose segments. Tex. and
Colo, to Calif.

egments pubescent,
a. long, on stems 4-6 in.

290

CHEILANTHES

DDD. Lis. covered beneath %eilh both scales and wool.
myrioph^lla, Desv. (C. I'legans, Desv.). Lvs. densely
cespitosc from short, erect, scaly rootstocks, 3-9 in.
long, beside tlie cliestnut-cidored scaly stems ; tri-
quadripinnatifld : ultimiite segments minute, innumer-
able. Tex., Ariz, and Trop. Amer.

Another native species worthy of cultivation is ('.
Uucopdda, Link, from Tex., with broadly deltoid-ovate
•paves. L. j£. Underwood.

CHEIKANTHUS I derivation in dispute, but probably
from (h-eek for Inniil and floii . i ) Ci uclfext A dozen
or more Old World herbs, with large purple or yellow

fls., entire lvs., and a strict or upright habit. Lateral
sepals sac-like at the base : valves of the pod with a
strong' iiiiiliM rv. . Mnrli r,,iif,Mniiled with Matthiola, and

the ijriM i:i :iii ih'i ^ u ill > I. ii! I \ .listinct. In Cheiranthus,
theivs,:iir ;h nir, -iimn:i ilrriHT lobcd, pod morc flat-

Chelri, Linn. WMi i i ..\m k. Fig. 424. Perennial,
sliglitlN pnln -,riii . 1 L" II.: ]\s. lanceolate and entire,
acute: IN. Iiiiu-' , nm-i l\ in -liailes of yellow, in long,
terminal rarrun-s. s. Mii. — An old garden favorite,
blooming iu spring. Allhuiigb a woody perennial, it is
best to renew the plants from seed, for they begin to
fail after having bloomed one or two years. Seedlings
should bloom the second year. There are dwarf and

CHENOPODIUM

double-fld. varieties, and innumerable forms in various
shades of yellow, brownish, and even purple. Not
prized so much in Amer. as in Eu. It thrives in any
good garden soil.

C\ dnnuu^. Hort.=Matthiola. but early-blooming forms of
C. t'lieiri seem to pass under this name.— C. Minzieaii, Benth.
* Hook.-Parrya. l, g g

CHELIDONIUM (Greek for the swallow: the fls.
appear wlun the swallow comes >. PirparerAcea-. Cel-
ANDINK. Une or two loi>s,.-._.r"\virL' lirrl.-^, with fl.-buds
nodding, and small \cll..\v h .. -i Mii„.|-like clus-
ters : sepals 2; p-iaN I : :■ i : style very
short, the stigma l'1m1i,,I: |, i :ilvi-d, open-

ing first at the boliom. C. iiiajus, Linn . i^ a ICuropean
plant, now run wild in waste places, and often seen in
old gardens. It is biennial or perennial, with brittle,
hairy stems and pinnately-parted lvs., the lobes rounded
and toothed (or, in var. lacinidtiim again dissected).
The plant has yellow juice. Lvs. light-glaucous under-
neath.

CHELONE (Greek for tortoise or turtle: the corolla
fancied to resemble a reptile's head). Scrophiiliiridce(r.
TuKTLE Head. Several North American perennial herbs,
some of which are now sold by dealers in native plants.
Allied to Pentstemon. Corolla more or less 2-lipped or
gaping, white or red: anthers 4, woolly, and a rudiment
of a fifth stamen : seeds winged: lvs. opposite, serrate:
fls. large and showy. Half-shaded places are preferable
for these easily cultivated plants. Very dry ground should
be avoided, from the fact that they are l)ist in swampy
places. In tin- orclinarv la.nler tlir\ -In.nM Inn . :, \nry
Uberal nmlnl, nf nl,i ,„aimr.. m tin in . i, : 4

thus

A. I'ls. in terminal and axillary close spikes.
B. Lvs. broad-orate, long-petioled.
L^oni, Pursh. Plant, about 2 ft. high : lvs. often cor-
date at Ijase, thin, evenly serrate : fl.-bracts minutely cili-
ate; fls. rose-purple. Mts., N. Car. and S.

BB. Lvs. lanceolate or oblong, short-petioled.
obltqua, Linn. Two ft. or less: lvs. 2-5 in. long, broad-
lanceolate or oblong, very veiny, sharp- or deep-serrate:
•bracts ciliate: fls. deep rose. Damp grounds, 111. and

gl&bra, Linn. {C. obllqua, -v&t. dlba, Hort.). Une-2
more ft. high : lvs. narrower, acuminate, appressed-
rrate, nearly sessile, not very veiny; tt. -l>nicts not
Hate : fis. white or rose-tinged. Wet grounds ■. com-

AA. Fl.i. in a loose thi/rse or panicle.
nemordsa. Dough. Two ft. or less high, of unpleasant
odor : lvs. ovate and acute, sharp-dentate, sessile or
nearly so: fl.-bracts none; corolla 1 in. long, violet-pur-
ple. Calif, and N.
O. barbcita of gardens is Pentstemon barbatus.

J. B. Keller and L. U. B.
CHENILLE PLANT. A proposed name for^on?i/p7ia
Jiisjiithi. bitter known as A. Sanderi.

CHENOPODIUM {goose-foot, alluding to the shape of
the lvs.). Chi'iwpodiAcea'. Widely dispersed weedy
herbs, with very inconspicuous greenish fls. in glonte-
rules or spikes. Spinach, beet, and orach are allied
plants. Fls. perfect: calyx 4-o-parted; petals wanting;
stamens usually :"); styles ■_' or :i. The calvx sometimes
enlarges and becmn. - -.n-nnl. m uml >'.ilMir,[. . nnl.iving

the fr., and the ^■^ n . : . 1 1 n s.

as in the common M l: , * Wns.,

or JS((7!(i» (;a/)(7"/"i.' , 1.11111 n riit-|.i,ini ii.i^ n, , n in-
troduced to the traiie as a pnt -herb. It is an annual of
easiest culture, with hastate-ovate toothed lvs. and
fleshy red glomerules. The common pigweeds are
Chenopodiums of several kinds, the commonest being
O. album, Linn. This species and others are used as
potherbs or greens in tlie country. The Good-King-
Henry is C. Boniis-Henriciis, Linn. It is a perennial,
often cult, for its succulent spring shoots and lvs., which

Plate V. Chen

CHENOPODIUM

are used as greens. In American gardens it is iisually
known as Mercury (the name is sometimes corrupted to
Markery). Lvs. triangular-ovate, with very long, wide-
spreading basal lobes ; margins entire ; plant mealy.
The plant is of the easiest culture; 1-2 ft. high. Other
Chenopodiums of economic interest are the Quinoa (C.
Quinoa, Willd.), of S. Amer., of which the large seeds
are used as food (it is an annual, with aspect of the
common pigweed, 6'. album ; seeds sold by European
dealers. B.M.3641); C. amhrosioides, Linn., Mexican
Tea, affords a medicinal extract ; C. anthelminticiim,
Linn., Wormseed, affords a vermifuge. The Feather
Geranium or Jerusalem Oak of florists is C. Botrys,
Linn. It is annual, glandular-pubescent and aromatic,
1-3 ft. high, with pinnatifid lvs. and long, feather-like,
enduring spikes, for which it is used in vases and
baskets. Pretty. L H B

CHERRY

291

CHERIMOYA, CHEBIMOYEK (Anona CherimoUa,
Mill. ). Fig. 425. The Cherimoya is considered by many
to be the finest of the subtropical fruits, and that not
only by the natives of the countries where it grows, but
also by Europeans. It is somewhat like the Sweet Sop
{A. squamosa); both are excellent when grown in cli-
mates that suit them; but the Cherimoya has a decided
acidity, which is most agreeable and grateful to the taste.
See A}i<>na. The fruit is'rounded, but irregular in shape,
weii;liiii:4 fniiii 3 to 5 lbs., and even double that under
<Mili; ^: II. Till re- i's a thin, greenish rind, marked off
li) I i-i-d lines into pentagonal or hexagonal

>|| I ' ii i> a white pulp, embedded in which are

ilii i. I ,. -I II-. lacliating from an internal central stalk.
The ^Viiiie jialp is the edible portion ; it is of the con-
sisteucB of a corn-flour pudding. If picked when full-
grown, they will ripen gradually, and can be kept 7 or
S days before eating.

The tree is from 15 to 30 feet in height, with a broad
spreading head and pendent branches. The leaves are
oblong, with velvety down on the iinder surface. The
flowers have 3 outer petals, which are oblong-linear
in shape, and keeled on- the inner side ; the 3 inner
petals are minute, alternate with the outer. It is found
growiiii,' spontaneously at certain elevations in Central
Aiueriea, and western South America, as far south as
Chile, Imt it is quite uncertain where it is truly wild in
all this region. De Candolle, in his "Origin of Cultivated
Plants," considers it most probable that it is indigenous
in Equador, and perhaps in the neighboring part of
Peru. It was introduced into .Jamaica in 1786 by Mr.
Hinton East, and is now of spontaneous growth in a
limited area at a certain elevation on the southern slopes
of the Blue mountains, corresponding fairly well with
the district in which the far-famed Blue Mountain coffee
is cultivated. The altitude at which it is found is be-
tween 2,500 and 5,000 feet. In Madeira, the Cherimoya
has taken the place of the grape vine on many of the
estates on the warm southern slopes of the island. The

cultivation is systematic. The 2-year-old seedlings
are grafted. The trees are pruned and trained, and
manure is regularly supplied. The result of careful
selection is that there are varieties with scarcely any
seeds, and weighing 12 to 16 lbs. Ordinary fruits,
weighing 3 to 8 lbs., are sold in the London market at
$1.50 ; large ones are sold at $2.50, and even $3.

W. Fawcett.

CHERRY. Cultivated tree Cherries have probably
sprang from two European species, Pruntis Avium,
Linn., and Primus C'crasuSf Linn. The domesticated
forms of Prunits Avium are charac-
terized by a tall, erect growth (Fig.
426); reddish brown, glossy bark,
which separates in rings ; flowers
generally in clusters on lateral spurs,
appearing with the limp, gradually
taper-pointed leaves ; fruit red, yel-
low, or black, generally sweet, spher-
ical, heart shaped, or pointed ; flesh
soft or firm Sour Cherries are low-
headed and spreading (Fig. 427);
flowers m clusters from lateral buds,
appearing before the hard,stiff,rather
abruptly pointed light or grayish
green leaves The following is the
latest classification (Bailey, Bull. 98,
Cornell Exp bta )

Putjtus iintm has four represent-
itives lu the United States :

1 Thf "\Iizzards, or inferior seed-
linics: fruit of various shapes and
rnl.ii-s; CI. inraon along roadsides. In
The luiiiiUe Atlantic states, the wild
.^Iazzar'l trees often attain great age
and size, particularly in the Dela-
ware-Chesapeake peninsula (Fig.
428).

II. The Hearts, or heart-shaped, ^„, „ ,, ,
soft, sweet Cherries, light or dark, "»'*• Tall, erect growth
represented by Black Tartarian and <>' Sweet Cherry.
Governor Wood.

III. The Bigarreaus, or heart-shaped, firm-fleshed,
sweet Cherries, like the Napoleon and Windsor.

IV. The Dukes ; light-colored, somewhat acid flesh,
such as May Duke and Beine Hortense.

From Prunus Cerasus two classes have sprung:

I. The Amarelles, or
light - colored sour
Cherries, with color-
less juice, represented,
by Early Richmond
and Montmorency.

II. The Morellos, or
dark-colored sour Cher-
ries, with dark-colored
.I'uice, like the English
Morello and Louis
Philippe.

The following spe-
cies also have horticul-
tural value : Prunus
MahaUb, an Old World
type, hardier and
smaller, on which other
Cherries are largely
worked; Prioius Pciiii-
sylraiiit-a, the native
se iKU'diness may adapt
i; I'rinnix Hi ^xeiji and
"I- .luai'f ( lirrries, the
|iri.\e.l Hwai-f Rocky-

wild red, pin, or liird ( 'herry, wlinse liar
it as a stock fill' I ill. I 'I un ~ -i.^iiis ; /',■„

Pnmus puwil- . .' . - n 1 ,,,■ ,l„

former repre-i • • ' hii|iri.\ ■■.

Mountain Clu-n . . >> i / 'r>n,ii.-:.

The Cherry is n.it euUnainl as a leadins; industry east
of the Rocky mountains, except in western New York,
where the sour varieties are grown for canning. The
sweet Cherry is confined mostly to door-yard and fence-
corner plantings. Sour kinds are found in orchard blocks
in New York, New Jersey. I •riiiisvlvaiiia, Ohio, Michigan,
Indiana, Illinois, Kansas ami X. Inaska. Sweet Cherry
culture, however, is adapted to the states between the

292 CHERRY

39th and 44th degrees of latitude and the 68th and S6th
degrees of longitude, and to contiguous areas having
similar climatic conditions. Spontaneous forms of it
attain great size on the Chesapeake peninsula ( Fig. 428 ) .
The sour Cherry may be grown with profit between the
35th and 45th degree's of latitude and the 68th and 100th
degrees of longitude.

the Mazzard is the best stock for both sweet and sour
Cherries in the east. The Mahaleb is more widely used
for the sour kinds, however, as it is easier to bud, and
it is free from leaf blight in the nursery. The Mazzard
forms a better root system, stronger union, a longer
lived tree, and is sufficiently hardy. For the Plains
states the hardier Mahaleb stocks should be used.

The Cherry likes an elevated, naturally light, dry,
loamy, retentive soil. The sour kinds need more mois-
ture, and will thrive In heavier land. A soil not natur-
ally dry may be .■urrect.-d by nnd.r-draiuing, and on

light, dry knolls, iIm i-mn . :,i.:i. ii. may be increased

by green maiiui. ^ i i . : ; i

The sweet (Ih ,. : '^ f.et to RO feet

apart each win : il. "., ,, ni . , , . . i, li, tV-et to 18 feet.
The trees are f," I" -■ -' i-" w..i.- from the bud.

The sweet kimU :.-.■ ^i:,<u.\ with :i to 5 main arms,
with no central I, aM. r. ali mt :!>o feet high, and the
branches are i.ru.nM i.. m.I. liu.ls for a few years to in-
duce a spreailiiiL'. ralln r llian a s|.iri--like term. 1 lie

CHERRY

largely on the personality of the grower, and on his skill
as a salesman. The range of profit for the sour Cherry
is from $30 to $100 per acre, and from $50 to $300 or
more for the sweet.

The varieties adapt themselves to a wide range of
territory. An impfratire riprii. however, is the develop-
ment of varieties with -trikin- f.atiires for local adapta-
tion. In the prairir ^tat. - au.l tli.- extreme north, the

hardier Amarelles aial M.ir. 11,,^ nprise the profitable

kinds. Pcymally tli.- .lark-.-,,l.,r.cl, more acid Morellos
were most sought after; now the milder Amarelles are
demanded by both canners and consumers. In the fol-
lowing lists, the varieties are named more for the pur-
pose of illustrating the different types than for recom-
mending specific varieties.

Amongst Amarelles, the Early Richmond and Mont-
morency are the leading types.

Early Eichmniid (.Vig. 429).— Size mediumt pit large: light
red; poor quaUty; rtgorous growth. Ripens June 20 in New
York.

Montmorency.— hurge, broad, flattened ; pit medium; light
red ; flesh nearly colorless : juice moderately sour ; vigorous
growth ; generally productive. Two weeks after Early Rich-
mond. Most valuable Amarelle for the east.

and Cultivair H . . : ■■ ..f ; , . r . i

the mill. Ih- ..f .lui r lU. ilc-t -i .liii- . >■ ■ -l ai Hm m-i

cultivation with a winter eoyf-r-erop ^tinmlat.- tlie
trees with leguminous cover-crops when needed. Out
the sweet Cherry is a gross feeder and a rapid grower,
and undue stimulation must be avoided. Keep the
orchard in sod and pasture it with sheep, along the
southern and western limits of profitable sweet Cherry
culture, and withhold nitrogenous manures.

Nitrogen, potash, and phosphoric acid are the three
essentia] fertilizers. Nitrogen may be supplied in legu-
minous crops'; potash as muriate, at 150 lbs. to 300 lbs.;
and phosphoric acid in dissolved rock, at 300 lbs. to
500 lbs per acre.

Cherries should be picked by the stems into small
baskets a few days before ripe. Sort out all stemless,
small and imperfect fruits. Face the perfect Cherries
in small, attractive boxes or baskets, and pack these m
small cases or crates. The choicer the fruit, the more
strikingly it should be displayed. Guard against break-
ing the fruit spurs in picking the sweet Cherries. Fruit
for canning is less laboriously packed, but may be as
carefully picked.

The profits depend on the varieties and markets, but

#P^ ^f^/(,

'Wf-^'-

4*0 u a owe I cherry tree on the Che

oaad. a.i.l. >L iiauil lli-sh d;irk. Rather shy hearer iu the

English MorfUo. —T^vo weeks later than Montmorency; more
pen, drooping habit: fruit medium, roundish; red-black: very
our, slightly astringent : flesh and juice dark, purpUsh

Among the sweet Cherries, the firm-fleshed red or
black Bigarreaus are the most profitable. The light
Bigarreaus and Hearts are more susceptible to the fruit-
rot, and sell less readily. Representative types of
Heart and light Bigarreau Cherries are the following;

Black Tartarian. — The most valuable Heart Cherrj'. Produc-
tive ; vigorous, hardy, early ; large ; dark red or black ; flesh
dark purphsh; very juicy, sweet.

Napoleon (Fig. 431).— One of the best hght Bigarreaus. Fruit
large ; flesh hard, brittle, colorless; Ught lemon yellow, with
reddish cheek: heavy bearer; rots if not picked before ripe;
spUts iu wet weather. A week before Black Tartarian.

From the dark Bigarreaus the following are among the
best types :

Robert's Red iTeori.— Bright, dark red, with an under mot-
tling- IS large as N%poleon- flesh pinkish: juice nearly color-
less subacid he-iw regular bearer in Hudson river valley.
Ripens with Napoleon

Mezel —Large heart shaped obtuse, flattened at both sides;
uneven skm dark red to black firm, but heart-like ; juicy ;
very sweet stem long and tortuous ; hea\-y bearer locally.
Ripens with Napoleon

Windsor —Lurge roundish oblong ; firm; juicy: mottled
dark red flesh pinkish white stem medium, set in slight,
broad depression heivy beirer vigorous, upright. Ripens
two weeks if ter \ ipoleon \ ery profitable.

Jhke7nan — Lirge heart shaped obtuse, flattened on one side:
black with extremtU tirm reddish flesh!: subacid, reddish
]uice stem medium in a slight broad depression ; -vigorous.
Ripens three weeks or moie after Windsor. A variety of great

Diseases and insects —The brown rot (Monilia
fmctigena] which attacks the fruit at the ripening
period, and particularlj during sultry weather, can be
largely avoided by picking the fruit a few days before
ripe It may also fatally attack the flowers,
leaves and twigs In localities wehre the
'' Cherry blooms but does not fruit, the trees

hould be sprayed with Bordeaux mixture be-
fore the buds unfold again when the fruit is
et and two or three times thereafter, with a
colorless fungicide

Black knot {Plounghtia morbosa, Sacc).
See under Plum
Leaf blight {Cyhndrosporitim Padi, Karst).

. See under Plum

,1a Powdery mildew {Podosphara oxycantha.

■asi. Ijinn.l appears in the early
le young shoots, the leaves, the
stems, and less frequently on
the body of the fruit of the sweet
Cherries. It excretes honey-dew
abundantly. The leaves curl up-
ward and inward. Spray with
kerosene emulsion, 1 part to 6
of water; or with flsh-oil soap,
1 pound to 6 galloiSs of water,
before the leaves curl.

The curculio (Conotraehelus
nenuphar). See same on Plum.

Climatic injukies. — Siiii-
sciild and bursting of the. bark.
— The sweet Cherry is liable to
a fatal injury from sun-scald in
the south and prairie states.
The trouble occurs in the spring,
when the rays of the sun cause
Cherry I \ ' ) alternate freezing and thawing

of the growing tissues on the
south and west sides. In these localities, the bark
of the tree frequently bursts open, and large quantities
of gum exude. A rich garden loam, a summer drought
followed by fall rain, excessive wood stimulation, violent
changes of temperature in the winter, or other factors
unfavorable to the maturing of the wood, aggravate the
difficulty. The bursting of the bark is probably caused
by the freezing and thawing of the tissues under these
unfavorable conditions. Both troubles are more injuri-
ous to trees with exposed trunks. A low-headed and
spreading top, soils not too rich, and cultural methods
which favor the early maturity of the wood, lessen the
danger. The trunks may also be protected by a board,
matting, or screen of some kind on the sunny side dur-
ing the spring months. G. Harold Powell.

The Cherry in California.— In commercial impor-
tance, the Cherry is least of the fruits of the temperate
zone grown in California on a commercial scale. This is not
because the finest Cherries cannot be grown, but because
the avenues for the disposition of the product are not as
wide as for other leading fruits. Recently there are
indications that these avenues will be widened, for last
year (1898) about 300 car loads were profitably shipped
In a fresh state to eastern markets, and a product of
150,000 cases of canned Cherries was disposed of to ad-
vantage; but until it is demon-strated that such distant
demands will increase, present plantations will not be
largely extended. Cherries are costly in picking and
packing, and to incur
the chances of a local
market, over supplied
when ever the trees do
their fuU duty, the
grower does not enjov.
Cherry drying has
never seemed war-
ranted on a large scale,
because of the large
amount of labor re-
quired to the pound
of product ; and the ,
grower has had n
course when the canner
and local consi]
would only pay the cost
of picking and boxing.
A good shipping de-
mand seems, therefore,
the measure of the ex-
tension of California's Cherry interest, and the early
ripening of the fruit, which permits its sale during the
blooming season of eastern Cherry trees, is the leading
surety of such demand. On several occasions early va-
rieties have been shipped from the Vacaville district
overland, on March 31, but the u.sual opening date is
about two weeks later, and thence onward later varieties,
and from later regions, may be shipped until July, if
found profitable.

430. Ostheim Cherry I

CHERRY 293

But, though there is plenty of good land upon which
to multiply the present total of half a million trees, the
Cherry regions of California are restricted. It is one of
the most exacting of all trees, and is only profitable when
its requirements are respected. About one-half of the
present acreage lies in valleys opening upon the bay of
San Francisco, where deep and moist, but well drained
alluvial soil fosters strong and sound root-growth, and
modified atmospheric aridity favors leaf and fruiting.
On similar deep and moist soils, however, the tree enters
the hot interior valleys to certain limits, chiefly along
the river bottoms. It abhors dry plains. In dry air it
usually refuses to fruit, although if the soil be moist,
it may make stalwart tree growth. In foot-hill valleys
it sometimes does admirably, both in growth and fruit-
ing, and in mountain valleys, above an elevation of 2,000
feet, on good soil, and in the greater rainfall, and even
with the snow flurries, which are experienced every year
at proper elevations, the tree becomes very thrifty and
profitable to the limits of local markets. The tree seems
to have no geographical limitations in California; where-
ever suitable soil and weather conditions occur, it accepts
the situation— the Dukes and Morellos succeeding under
conditions too trying for the Hearts and Bigarreaus, but
the latter comprise all the varieties that are of commer-
cial account.

Cherry trees are grown by budding upon Mazzard and
Mahaleb seedlings— the latter chiefly imported. It iscus-

\\rj5;

ternary to plant out in orchards at the end of the first
year's growth from the bud, though 2-year-old Cherry
trees can be more successfully handled than other 2-
year-olds. The trees are headed at 1 to 2 feet from
the ground, cut back to promote low branching for two
years, and then allowed to make long branches, and
not usually shortened-in, so long as thrifty and healthy.
The tree, in a good environment, is, however, a very
hardy tree, and will endure pruning to almost any
degree. We have many trees which have made a very
broad but not usually high growth, bearing 1,000 lbs. of
fruit to the tree, and a few others which have even
doubled that figure, while others have been dwarfed and
trained en espalier. The commercial orchards are, how-
ever, uniformly of low trees, approximately of vase
form in exterior outline, and with branches curving
outward without shortening.

The Cherry is very readily grafted over by the usual
top-grafting methods, and large orchards have been thus
transformed into varieties more acceptable for canning
or shipping. Conipai:ilivrly few varieties are grown.
Early Purple Guii;ih . i iuii.'iH' ^lailire,and Knight's Early
Black are gr..\vn in ,:,ilv ri]i.iiiug localities. Black
Tartarian and Iji-wclliii',' ar.- tlie main stay for black
Cherries. The Napoleon Bigarreau (locally known as
Royal Ann) is the ideal for a' white Cherry, and almost
excludes all others, though the Rockport Bigarreau has
some standing. Of all the varieties grown, the Black
Tartarian and Napoleon Bigarreau, constitute 70 per
cent of the crop, and probably 90 per cent of the amount
marketed.

California-grown Cherries attain large size; the can-
ner's requirement for fancy fruit is a diameter not less
than Vb of an inch, and for No. 1, not less than % of an
inch. Wholesale prices usually range from $40 to $60
per ton for black and $80 to $120 for white, but this

294 CHERRY

year (1899) canners have paid as high as $160 per ton
for white Cherries. The higher rates can only be ex-
pected during years of short crops.

Edward J. Wickson.

CHEBVIL. A term applied to two umbelliferous plants
which produce edible parts, neither of which is well
known in America. The name is sometimes applied, also,
tothe sweet cicely.

Salad Chervil or Leaf Chervil is Scandix cere folium ,
Linn., a native of S.Eu. It is annual. The neat and
aromatic Ivs. are used like parsley, which they much
resemble. The Ivs. are decompound, with oval cut leaf-
lets; and there are varieties with much cut and curled
foliage. The cultivation of Salad Chervil presents no
difficulties. Leaves are ready to use in 6 to 10 weeks
fromsccil s.uviiicr, mid iinygood garden soil is congenial.
Itthrivi - I f 111 III. r.M.lcr and raoister part of the year.

TuIh r I IV .1 .ted Chervil is CJuerophylltim

hutbosiur.i I'.ii. It is biennial or plur-annual,

like tlic Mill! h iiihI 1 iiirot. The roots are like small
carrots in shape (4-") in. long), but are gray or blackish,
and the flesh is of different flavor. The roots are eaten
as carrots are, either boiled or in stews. The one diffi-
culty in the growing of Tul.i-rons Chervil is the fact that
the seeds t'' I'minut, v. rv tindily, or even not at all, if
kept dry i.vir ,. n: ■ I- ■ riiiary, therefore, to sow

spring. II III,, :,,, i,!, I, , 1 1 ,cl for spring growing,
they should hu .,>u.dillrd ^ .m u .^'c t (Zaf/e ) or kept in sand.
In four or five months after germination, the roots are
fit to use, although they improve in quality by being
left in the ground.

L. H. B.
CHESS, or CHEAT. Bromus.

CHESTNUT. Three species of tree or true Chestnuts
are cultivated in this country for fruit, — the European
Castanea saliva, the American Casianea Americana,
the Japanese Castanea crenata. (See Castanea). The
horticultural characters which distinguish these three
types arc as follows:

£;ilrniir,iri t'hr-ti,,,'-. -Trr-r- lire-f . -.vith n •-■pronding

but com I'.' • ' ' - '-mI • , -, Ill I,;,, I ,..| , ,, 1... :,,,,! large

glossy I, , , , ■ ■ , ■ i |, ., , , ,,l,long-

lanceidiii, ,,,■;!■■. i- i, ,, .i', , .,.-i' ,• ,,!■!, i imrs in-
curved ^, rr:,1|,,,|., Il,i- I, ;,li,l |,:i,l' i . !:'"i |',ul.fS-

mature. Burs very lart,^r. w it h |,,ii-. Lr.-in-hiiiL' >i,mi,'^.
and a thick, velvety linini.'. Nui Iiul', r i Imn AiiMiiriiii
Chestnut, sometimes very lar^r. sIhII dai-k iiiali,.i.'aii\
brown, pubescent at tip, thick, tough and leathery: ker-
nel enclosed in a thin, tough and astringent skin :
quality variable from insipid, astringent to moderately

432. Native wild Chestnuts. Nearly natural s

sweet. The leaves remain on the trees until late in
autumn, but are more susceptible to the attacks of fungi
than the American and Japanese species. At least one
variegated and one cut-leaved variety are grown as orna-
mentals. This species is variously known as European,
French, Spanish and Italian Chestnut ( Castanea sativa ) ,

CHESTNUT

and Sweet Chestnut of English writers. It is an inhabi-
tant of mountain forests in the temperate regions of
western Asia, Europe and north Afri<'a. Esteemed for
its nuts in Spain, Frann, and Italy, wliere they have con-
stituted an important arti.l,, ,,f f,,...l since an early day.
Introduced to the Unit. ,i Stat, s l.y Ir.-m'e Dupont, at Wil-
mington, Del., in lMi:i. tli,.iiL:li r.-./orded by Jefferson,
under the designation " I-"renc-h Chestnut," as grafted by
him on native Chestnut near Charlottesville ( Monticello ) ,
Va., in 177.3.

American Chestnut (C. Americana).— ¥'\g. 4?2. Atall,
straight, columnar tree, in forests reaching a height of
100 ft. and a diameter of 3 to 4 ft. ; when grown in the

433 Japanese

tX^)

open, forming a low, round-topped head of slightly pen-
dulous branches. Leaves thinner than in Casianea sal-
iva, oblong-lanceolate, acute, long pointed at the apex,
coarsely serrate except toward the wedge-shaped base,
green and glabrous on both surfaces, changing to
bright, clear yellow late in autumn. The staminato
flowers open in June or July, after leaves have attained
full size, and exhale a sweet, heavy odor, disagreeable
I., many jicrsons, and sometimes causing symptoms of
111, I, \.r. The 2- or 3-flowered involucres of pistil-
iai., tl,,«.rs are on short, stout peduncles at the bases
(if ati.if,ig\-nous aments which bear toward their tips
scalti-red clusters of staminate flowers. Burs smaller
and spines sharper than in C. sativa. The nuts, usually
2 or 3, rarely 5 to 7, are usually broader than long,
and much compressed by crowding, though some-
times nearly oblong and approaching cylindrical. They
are of a bright brown color, covered at the apex with
thick, pale tomentum, which sometimes extends nearly
to the base of the nut. The nuts are sweet and agree-
able in flavor, the best among Chestnuts, and are
marketed in large quantities from the forests of the
Appalachian region, eastern North America, Me. to
Ga., westward to Michigan, Mississippi and Louisiana.
Grailutilly ri-ia'ding from its southern areas from causes
n.ii ■ ' I nil '- I i,„..l. A few selected forms have been
l.f,,;,,i ■, i' '. -i-afting.

./ ' ',ii(t {C. crenala). — Fig. i33. A dwarf-

i^li.,;. , 1,1 , I, .1 t fee of slender growth, said to attain

with shallow, shar]!'[ , .

tose beneath, pale iri, , n :,i,, , ■ , . i, - - n , -i i n) ''V

fungi than other spci'ies. Burs small, with a thin, pa-
pery lining and short, widely branching spines. Nuts
large to very large, glossy, usually 3, sometimes 5 or
7 in a bur, usually infi-ri..r to flu- other Chestnuts
in quality, il,.,irjli :.- I v.' ■,,,,1,, ,1,

eties 1

cultura
I'd State

Aside fn.ni Un.-i. iI.hl r, |.. .>. ihi r. ai. ii rtain dwarl
and small-fruited Castaiicas known as Chinquapins. The
two native Chinquapins may be contrasted as follows :

CHESTNUT

Common or Tree Chinquapin {Castanea pumila).—
Fig. 434. A shrub 4 or 5 feet tall, rarely a tree, at-
taining a height of 50 feet, with slender branchlets
marked with numerous minute lenticels, and coated
with a pale tomentum, which disappears during the first
winter. Leaves oblong, acute and coarsely serrate at
apex, bright yellowish green, changing to dull yellow
before falling in autumn. Flowers strong-smelling, the
catkins of staminate ones appearing with the unfolding
leaves in May or June, the spicate, androgynous aments
later, with pistillate flowers in spiny involucres, produc-
ing solitary, cylindrical nuts 5^ to 1 inch in length and
>3 inch in diameter, with sweet seeds. This species oc-
curs in dry lands from southern Pennsylvania to Florida
and Texas, and its nuts, which ripen earlier than the
American Chestnut, are esteemed for food and marketed
in considerable quantities. Apparent intermediates be-
tween this species and the American Chestnut, probably
of hybrid origin, are reported from several localities
in Virginia and Tennessee. This species attains truly
arborescent proportions in southern Arkansas and east-
ern Texas. The shrub foi-m is sparingly introduced to
cultivation, and is being somewhat used in its native
regions as a stock on which to graft improved Chestnuts.
It promises to become useful for this purpose, but has
the troublesome habit of throwing up numerous suckers
or stolons. One n.imed variety, the Fuller, has been
published. Fig. 434 is adapted" from the Xut Culture
bulletin of the U. S. Dept. of Agric.

Bush Chinquapin {Castanea a!nifolia). — A shrub,
rarely more than 3 ft. in height, forming small thickets,
by means of stolons, in sandy barrens. South Atlantic
states, westward to Lousiana and Arkansas. Distin-
guished from C. ptmiila by larger, oval-lanceolate,
mostly obtuse leaves, which are but slightly tomentose
beneath, and by its larger nuts, which ripen earlier.

The cultural range of Castanea in America is not well
defined, but extends from Florida and Texas to Massa-
chusetts and Wisconsin, and on the Pacific slope. The
3 species cultivated in America thrive best on dry,
rocky or gravelly ridges or silicious uplands, failing on
heavy clays and on limestone soils unless deep, dry
and rich.

Propagation of species is by seeds. Certain types re-
produce their striking characteristics in their seedlings,
but varieties are perpetuated by grafting; occasionally
by budding. Seeds for planting should be free from in-
sect larvee, and should not be allowed to dry out before
planting. They may be planted in drills in fall on deep
and well-drained loam, or, to avoid damage by rodents,
may be stratified in damp sand until spring. Nuts held
in cold storage at 15° F. from October to April have
germinated well at Washington, D. C. Young trees des-
tined for removal to orchard should be transplanted in
nursery at one year old, to promote symmetrical develop-
ment of root system. Grafting may be done on any of
the species of Castanea, and on some of the oaks,
notably the Chestnut Oak, Quercus Prinus , though the
d iiablitj of grifts on the oak i-i questional le Where
the Chestiut is indigenous bearing orchards of im
pioved var etie are quicklj secured b> cutting down
an 1 removii g tl e timber and grafting the j oung sprouts
wl 1 I 1 11 1 ittl ( 1 t t t I

(1 >

djeaioU 1 louts ol bi^uhes Top wolkll g ot old
trees is uncertain an 1 onl> practiced m speciil cases
Cions should be dormant, and ^ork may be done at any
tipe after freezing ceases, but in trunk and branch
grafting best results are obtained by most grafters if
work is done alter leaves begin to unfold. Two- or
3-bud cions are preferred. The fitting of cion to cleft
or splice and the waxing should be carefully done.
If strips of waxed muslin are wrapped about the stubs
the danger of loss by summer cracking of wax is
lessened. In cleft-grafting young sprouts or seedlings,
the stub should be cut 2 or 3 inches above the depar-
ture of a branch, to prevent too deep splitting of
cleft. Two or three weeks after growth begins the wax-
ing should be inspected and repaired if cracked. If

CHESTNUT

295

grafts make rank and brittle growth they should be
checked by pinching, and if in exposed situations, tied
to stakes to prevent breaking out of cions. Budding
is sometimes practiced, usually by use of dormant buds
inserted in shoots of previous year, when the bark
"slips " after growth has begun in' spring.

The Chestnut is admirably adapted to ornamental
planting, either singly or iri groups on suitable soils.
The native species is successfully used as a roadside
tree in many sections outside of its natural range. It re-
quires a space of at least 40 feet for development when
thus used ; the European species 30 feet and the
Japanese 20 feet. If in orchard, the last mentioned may
be planted as close as 20 feet, and thinned when the
trees begin to crowd, thus securing several crops of
nuts from land otherwise unoccupied.

Cake op Orchards. — Planted orchards are yet few in
America, most of the extensive commercial efforts hav-
ing consisted in the grafting of sprouts on rough lands
where the American Chestnut is indigenous. On such
lands no cultivation is attempted, the brambles and un-
desired sprouts being held in check by occasional cut-
ting in summer, or by pasturing with sheep. Much care
is necessary to protect against damage of the sprouts by
fire on such land. Clean cultivation, at least during the

first few years, is probably best in planted orchards,
though heavy mulching may be found a satisfactory
substitute. The Japanese aiid some of the American
varieties of the Europt .tn vp, i i. s n ijuire thinning of
the burs on young tn. s t.. i i 1 ■ ' ■ i h.-aring, with its
consequent injury to tin \iiilii "\ Mi- tree.

Leaf diseases are appmiitU ^iilijict to control by
Bordeaux mixture, but tor the wtHMls, which dam-
age the nuts previous to maturity, no satisfactory rem-
edy has yet been discovered.

296 CHESTNUT

The varieties of the three species though possessing
many points in common differ sufficiently in important
characteristics to justif) separate grouping for cultural
discussion As Chestnut culture is new in this country
it seems best to append descriptions of all the ^ aneties

CHESTNUT

rons are -eported to succeed in California and Oregon Among
the more imjwrtant \ aneties of the European group in America
are tne following

A iderao I —Hushing N J Bur medium to small nnts of
medi im s ze bright reddi&h brown pube ent at the tip and
halt t the nut Tree a strong grower with meduun to

smalt leatl c

Bart a -

th ckly pul

small nut medium

ganj color 3 in a

I ility good Tree

bale) —France A large and handsome

t with hut httle tomentum at tip usu

t 1 m a bur Somewhat grown in Call

trodueed from Fr mce about 18 0

ith Meeting Pa Bur large with thin husk

illy 3 in a bur lark Mown n Iged hea\-ily

quahty very good Tree\igorous spreading

1 n D law r Bur medium nut medium to
entose usually 3 i \ \
I ading productive a se II ^

\\ I Bur medium to small t

1 ur dark distinctlj t \ 1
t, od Tree vigorous One of

: of Ri Igely B ir me

1 indsome variety from ceu
ery productive mi valuable
I enn^ylv ima and California

. 11 PI 14 ) Bm med im
i in 1 bur brigt t I ro vi
1 quaUty Tree ton p t i I

which are in the American trade. For fuller discussion
of cultivated Chestnuts, see Nut Culture in the United
States (Bull. Div. of Pomology, U. S. Dept. of Agric),
from which Fig. 434 is adapted ; Nut Culturist, A. S.
Fuller, 1896 ; European and Japanese Chestnuts in
Eastern U. S., G. Harold Powell (Bull. Del. Exp. Sta-
tion), 1898; Nut Culture for Profit, Jno. R. Parry, 1897.
American Group.— Though the wild nuts exhibit wide varia-
tions in size, form, quality, productiveiiosv. ;iml snasnn of rirf^ii-
ing, but few varieties have been dij,"iiti''i ''> nnn.-; ■.\^\'\ i>r'>iKr
gated. Solitary trees are frequently sIitiI-, ili.>u-ii i-nMlunnj,'
both staminate and pistillate rtowt-rs, ,i i.p.i i ini ly i .iinli in^;
cross-fertilization to insure fi-uitfulnoss. Tin-, is . >i,.ri;illy (m'«
of planted trees of this species on the Piu-jii.- slop*- , whint* pro-
ductive trees are reported to be roje. The susi^eptibility of the

the injury to i
tensive cult. IT

Thefnllr,v,-r

J by larvffi of ^

Mich.

Quercy (syu..

Jii'Iaei't t > I ,
nut medium t-

im. slightly
vn. slightly
liroductive;

i>tf/er.—rom-oTdvHk\ Pa. Bur meuiniii : iiui nuMlium pointed,
dark brown, striped, toraentose at tip, 1 tu 3 iu a bur. Tree
very vigorous, upright, with large, dark green leaves free from
disease.

colored, hnct-t Jjut. iuiunailj iH.-.lu'tnt-, ii'-qia-n
7 nuts to the bur.

iLe(c/tajn.— Mountainville, N. Y. Above medii
long, tomentose, sweet. Tree productive a
sod at 50 years of age.

Jfurre?;.— Coleman's Falls, Va. A large, high flavored nut,
bearing 3 nuts to the bur.

OKo.— Otto, Teun. Large, oblong, very downy at tip. very
sweet, and rich.

Wat8n)}.~y:iy,Va. Medium to Large, slightly downy, com-
pressed, vrry ^'riod,

JIUKO,., ■,-, .,■ ,.■ [■ !■ . ■■-: ■■'■ -- t '' '1' ■■! .-irin- the

Delaware, ami Alaryland, however, and these form the basis of
the culture of the species east of the continental divide. West
of the Rocky mountains, several of the choice French "Mar-

Chestnut '111
important \<' ■ ■■■■ i ■ ■
named varii in

Alpha.— ''■< !■
generally :; in .. i
Treeupri^lii.

Beta.-'S'-^v -I'l' '■>
smooth, slightly toni<

Biddle.—'Sevr Jersey. First fruited iu Maryland. Bur me-
dium; nut large, bright brown, broad, rather thickly tomen-
tose, 2 to 5 in a bur ; of medium season and fair quality.
Tree regular, round-headed, vigorous.

Black (syn.. Dr. Black).- New Jersey. First fruited in
Maryland. Bur large ; nut medium to large ; 3 to 7 in a
bur, consequently irregular iu shape ; dark brown, slightly

ir quality, ripening very early.
; productive.

;(11; nut medium, light brown,
tip: good; ripening just after

CHESTNUT

6, very early and of good quality. Tree round,
close-headed, vigorous, productive.

Co«.— California. A large, very sweet variety, but re-
cently disseminated. Tree upright, somewhat spread-

Felton.—tfew .Jersey. First fruited in Delaware. Bur
small: nut mp.lium, dark brown, slightly tomentose,
ratliev caii.v ;in.I of excellent Quality. Tree round-

lir,Mh>l ;iiiil l.i'i 1,\- i.roduetive.

(, ' .\ trade name, under which a nnm-

li. I . ,)\fbeen imported from Japan. See

J/<;/. -m: i: u'lit.fii Months).— California. Anewly
introduced variety, having a large, dark brown nut of
excellent quality. Very precocious.

Kent (syn., Extra Early). -New Jersey. First fruited
in Delaware. Bur small; nut medium to large, dark,
usually 3 in a bur; very early, of good quality. Tree
round-headed, precocious, productive.

Eerr.—yiew Jersey. First fi-uited in Maryland. Bur
small; nut medium to large, dark brown, broad, 3 in
a bur, early, and of excellent quality. Tr
symmetrical, round-headed, very productive.

Killeji.—'i^ew Jersey. First fruited in Delaware.

very large; nut very large, broad, light 1

- - " ■■ ality, ■■

open, spreading, moderately v

ridged, of excellent i

slightly

spreadiiiL:, i
McFarhu,^

ing, very proiU
variety of great promise.
Parry.— Japan. Bur very large

iv(s Vigorous, open,

P.nrvery large: nut
< :n-iy. Tree spread-
newly disseminated

large, 1 to 3 in a bur, broad, with apex s
times depressed; dark brown, ridged, of fair
<iuality. Tree moderately vigorous, open,spread-
ing, with large leaves. One of the largest and
most beautiful of this group. Selected for prop-
agation as the best of 1,000 imported grafted
Japanese Chestnuts. (Fig. 13, PI. 14.)

Prolific. — Japan. Bur small ; nut medium,
rather long, striped, 3 in a bur : early. Tree
vigorous, compact, with small narrow leaves.

i?*'?ia/iC('.— New Jersey. Bur medium : nut
medium to large, rather long, light brown,
ridged; midseason, and of fair quality. Tree
dwarfish, spreading, drooping, very precocious
and productive; inclined to overbear, and needs
thinning. Seedling of Parry.

Success.— New Jersey. Bur very Large; nut
Tery large, usually 3 in a bur ; midseason ; of
rather poor quality until cooked. Seedling of
Parry. Tree upright, productive.

Superb (syn., Pan-y's Superb).— New Jersey.
Bur large: nut large, broad, brown, usually 3 in
a bur, early, and of f.air quality. Tree vigorous
and very productive. -^7, A. TatlOE.

CHEVALlfiRA, CHEVALlfiBIA,
CHEVALLIfiEA, CHEVALLIfiEIA. The

species in the American trade are ^ch-
meas.

CHICK-PEA. SeeCicer.

See Cerastiii

and

CHICORY, or SUCCORY ( Ciclwrium In-
tjjbiis, Linn.), t'oiwpdsitiv. Fig. 436. A
native of Europe, naturalized in America
and familiar to many as a weed, is a pot-
herb, a salad, and the leading adulterant of
coffee. It has come prominently before
the public since 1897 as an American farm
crop. Prior to that year, its cultivation as
an adulterant and substitute for coffee
■was largely prevented by the prejudice of
the principal consumers, our foreign-bom
population, who insisted that American
was inferior to European root, and also by
the low tariff, which allowed the root to
enter duty free, or with a very small im-
post. During 1898 and 1899 advantage has
been taken of a protective duty, and sev- 436. Flow

CHICORY 297

era! factories have been erected, for which farm-
ers have shown a willingness to grow the roots.
It is probable that within the next few years our
home market will be fully supplied from Ameri-
can fields, in which development reliance is placed
in the substitution of horse-power for manual
labor, improved plows and cultivating implements
for crude ones, machine-digging of the roots for
hand-digging, efficient slicing machines, and im-
proved evaporating kilns.

Chicory will probably succeed wherever the
sugar beet is grown in this country, the climatic
requirements being similar. In general, it may
be said to thrive upon all stone-free soils that
will produce paying staple crops, except clays,
lightest sands and mucks. The fii-st are too hard,
the second too dry, the third too rich in nitrogen
and too sour. The surface layer of soil should be
deep, the subsoil open and well drained. If the
water supply be sufficient, high land is as good
as low land of the same texture, though if too
dry for profitable grain growing, the former may
yet be made to produce paying crops of Chicory;
but if too wet for cereals, the latter will generally
be found unsuitable for this root. The fertilizing
of the land should be the same as for other root
crops, nitrogen being used sparingly, potash and
phosphoric aoid rather freely— 134 to IK
times as much of the former and 2K times
the latter as has been removed by the pre-
ceding crop. It is best to apply these
fertilizers to preceding crops that do not
make heavy demands upon them. In rota-
tion,Chicory is classed with root crops, and
should be preceded by a small grain, since
this is harvested in time for fall plowing.
Clover should not ijumediately precede,
since it leaves too much nitrogen in the
soil. The ground being warm, fairly moist,
thoroughly prepared by deep plowing, har-
rowing and scarifying with a weeder, the
seed, which must be fresh and clean, is
sown rather thickly but covered thinly, in
^S^^ drills 18 inches apart.
*> There are but few well-defined varieties

of this plant used for field culture, and
even the garden sorts are not as stable as
could be desired. Of the former group,
Magdeburg, Brunswick and Schlesische
are the principal; of the latter, Witloof
(so-called). Red Italian, Broad-leaved,
Improved Variegated and Curled-leaved
are best known. Witloof and Barbe de
Capucin can be produced from any va-
riety, the difference being brought about
by the method of growing.

Chicory has no specific enemies in this
country, and is troubled by only a few of
the general-feeding insects, such as cut-
worms and wire- worms.

Prom 6 to 10 tons is the general crop per
acre, though with good management. 15
tons miy be produced. The cost of grow-
ing and the returns are abotit as follows:
Rent, wear of tools, etc., $5 ; preparation
of land, $4.50; seed, 75 cents; cultivating
and tending, $15; harvesting and deliver-
ing, $12 ; total, $37.25. Average price per
ton, $7.

Prom a purely horticultural standpoint,
C^iieory is of interest as a root, a pot-herb,
and a salad plant. The young, tender roots
are occasionally boiled and served with
butter, pepper and salt, like young car-
rots, but they have never become widely
popular in this form. As a pot-herb, the
young leaves are equal to those of dande-
lion. They are cut when 6 or 8 inches long,
boiled in two waters to remove the bitter
flavor, and served like spinach. As a
salad, Chicory is famous in three forms:
Common Blanched, Barbe de Capucin and
: K). Witloof. Barbe de Capucin is comprised

is the
ih re-

iirhed, the

'J98 CHICORY

of small, blanched leaves. Witloof is a more solid
head. The pink, red and curled varieties make a very
pretty appearance, and if well grown and served fresh
are delicious, there being only a slightly bitter flavor.
The method of growing is the same as for endive.

For Barbe and Witloof, well grown roots are dug in
October, trimmed of unnecessary roots and of all but an
inch of top. For Barbe, the roots are laid horizontally
in tiers in moist earth, the whole forming a sloping heap,
the crowns of the roots protruding ar ' '
darkness is essential, a warm \r_v
usual place selected to grow tln-
quires 3 or 4 weeks to prodiir.
These are cut when about 6 indn-^ i^n
boiled like kale or cut up like slaw,
roots wUl continue to produce for some time. The most
rapid way to produce Witloof is to plunge the roots
(shortened to 5 inches) in spent tan bark, or such ma-
terial, and cover with 2 ff-et or morp of manure, the
space under a LrrfrnlnMi^r h. im*1i L.-inM- used. In about
2 weeks, head^ i-,-. mMiii- ,■>.. li i tii. ,■ may be dug up,
boiled like Bni^-. U ,,,, ..m - , ,,,■ ~. t,..| :,s salad. If the
roots be left in phi... [.iMt,,!,,! ir,.iii the light, but un-
covered, a crop of leaves rf'seml)ling Barbe may be gath-
ered. Sowing and other cultural management is the same
as for other garden roots, as beets and carrots. It is a
pity that these vegetables are so little known in this
country.

Chicory has run wild along roadsides and in dry fields
in many parts of the country, and is considered to be a
bad weed. However, the handsome sky-blue flowers
(Fig. 436), which open only in sunshine, are very at-
tractive. M. G. Kains.

CHtLDSIA WfiECKLEI. See Sidahjoa.

CHILIANTHUS {a thousand flowers). LoganiAcece.
Four or 5 South African trees or shrubs, very closely
allied to Buddleia, from which it differs in having sta-
mens exserted from the short tube: Ivs. opposite, entire
or dentate: fls.vcry numerous, in dense, terminal cymes
or panicles, rnkuown to the Amer. trade. The plants
known as BuddUia sulivifuliit , -Jacq., and B, saiigna,
Willd.,are Chiliaitthii.': nrboniis, Benth. (which is prob-
ably identical with C. oleuceus, Burch.).

CHIL6PSIS (ttreek, lip -like). Bignonidcew. One
shruli or h'w tree, C, saligTia, Don (known also as C.
lini'i'iri.- I" ! ■■:■,, v.ri III 'hv districts from S. Texas to
Calif...' M I I "in-row-lanceolate or linear

Ivs., it I ' I' I U . I liiw; also called Flowering

WilliiwiiiMl 'iliiiiiii. Ii i^ ; iitinuous-blooming plant,

valuable Jnr our t-xtrrme southern districts. It grows
from 10 to 20 ft., bearing slender branches, opposite or
verticillate lower Ivs., and handsome, Bignonia-like fls.
in a short, terminal raceme. The corolla is 1-2 in. long,
5-lobed and crimped, the tube and throat lilac, and two
yellow stripes inside. Anthers 4 ; rudiment of a fifth
stamen. L. h. B.

CHIMAPHILA (Greek,

friend; green in
If shrubby or her-
baceous, with creeping stem : Ivs. evergreen, serrate, in
irregular whorls: tls. nodding, forming a terminal, few-
fld. umbel, on a long, naked peduncle; petals 5, spread-
ing; stamens 10: fr. a dehiscent, 5-celled capsule. Four
species in N. America, Europe, and N. Asia to Japan;
formerly united with Pyrola. '
with pretty white or reildisli Ih
, light

3vergreen plants.
They grow
best in a light. Mimh -.il. mi .nl with peat or leaf -mold,

and prefer a hill I i Prop, by division of the

creeping root ^lii i : i » ild borders.

umbell&ta, Nm; " ,- ' .sn, Pursh). Five-S in.:

Ivs. .S-6 in a whorl, sliort-petiuled, cuneate-lanceolate,
sharply serrate, dark green and shining above, 1-2 in.
long: fls.4-7, white or reddish, M-%in. wide. N. Amer.,
from Canada to Mexico, Europe, Japan. B.M.778. L.B.C.
5:463. Mn. 7:161.

macuUta, Pursh. Fig. 437. Lower and less branched
than the foregoing : Ivs. usually in 3's, ovate or oblong-
lanceolate, sparsely and sharply serrate, variegated with

CHIOCOCCA

white along the nerves, 1-2 in. long: fls. 2-5, white, %m.
wide. From Canada to Georgia and Mississippi. B.M.
897. Mn. 9:1.

Alfred Rehoeb.

CHIMONANTHUS is Calycanthus.
CHINESE LANTERN PLANT. See Physalis.
CHINESE SACRED LILY. Consult A'arcissus.

CHIOCCCCA. Bubidcece. Snowberry (which the
name means in Greek). Shrubs, mostly climbing, of
tropical Amer., and one in extreme S. Fla. Fls. in axil-
lary panicles, the corolla funnel-form and 5-parted ; sta-
mens 5, inserted on the base of the corolla, the filaments
cohering at base; styh> lilifonn, ihc stigma club-shaped:
ovary 2-3-loculed. Iinoniini.' :i >inall, globular drupe.
C. raoemdsa, Linn., lit ihi i.l.inin Keys and S., is some-
times cult, in hothousLs fur it.s panicles of yellowish

CHIOCOCCA

white fls. and the white frs. Lvs. ovate to lanceolate,
thick and shining, entire ; drupes Hin. in diam. Twin-
ing ; glabrous. L. H. B.

CHIdGENES (Greek, snow, offspring; referring to
the snow-white berries). £ricdcece. Trailing evergreen,
with small alternate lvs. and inconspicuous axillary fls. ;
corolla 4-cleft ; stamens 8, included : berry white, hir-
sute. Two species in the colder regions of N. Amer. and
Japan. Slender trailing evergreens, in appearance much
like the cranberry, rarely cultivated. Thriving best in
moist and peaty soil, in a shaded position, creeping
amongst growing moss. Prop, by seeds, by division or
by cuttings in August under glass. The American spe-
cies, C. Mspidula.Torr. & Gray ( C. serpijlUfdlia, Salisb.),
has hirsute branches and ovate, Ji-Jsin.-long ciliate
lvs. and greenish white fls. Alfred Rehder.

CHIONANTHUS (Greek for show and flower: allud-
ing t" the abundance of snow-white fls.). OUAcew.
Fkimu; Tkee. Shrubs or low trees, with deciduous, op-
positi- ;iii.l entire lvs.: fls. in loose panicles from lateral
Innls ;it :lie nul of last year's branches, white ; corolla
divi.lnl n.-arly to the base in 4 narrow petals ; stamens
2, short : fr. a 1-seeded oval drupe. Two species in E.
N. Amer. and China. Ornamental shrubs, with large,
dark green foliage, and very showy white fls. in early
summer. The American species is almost hardy north,
but requiring a somewhat sheltered position ; thet^'hinese
may be more tender, but it thrives in W. New York.
They thrive best in a somewhat moist and sandy loam,
and in a sunny position. Prop, by seeds sown in fall
or stratified ; increased also by layers and by grafting
under glass or budding in the open air on ash seedlings
(in Europe Friixinus Ornus is preferred); sometimes
by cuttings from forced plants in early spring.

Virginica, t.inii. Fi'i-. 138. Large shrub or .slender
tree, to :;ii u !^- . :il or oblong, acuminate, pubes-
cent belli :; ML', mostly glabrous at length,
4-8 in. ]'•].-■ I i; in. long, pendulous ; petals
1 in. long : II. in;, i ill . oval, 1 in. long. May, June.
FromPenn. toFla. andTex. L.B.C. 13: 1264. Gt. 16:564.
Mn. 2:154. G.F. 7: 325. -Variable in shape and pubes-
cence of the lvs., and several varieties have been dis-
tinguished, but none of
them sufRciently distinct
for horticultural uses.
Handsome shrubs.

C. retma. Lin(U.(C. Chinen-
sis, Max.). Lvs. obovate, ob-
tuse or acute, sometimes
emarginate : petals shorter
and broader, oblong: panicles
more compact, shorter and

CHIONODOXA

299

tone of blue and without the white markings of the petals.
There are two varieties of this, one with white and
the other with black stamens. Chiouodosas hybridize

A.G.13;374. Mn. 2:157. G.F,
7:327? A.&. 20:107.

Alfred Rehder.

CHI0N0B6XA (Greek,
snow a.nA glory). LiUAcew.
A small gen-us of hardy
bulbous plants. Natives
of Crete and Asia Minor
(Mt. Taurus). Very closely
allied to Scilla, but differs,
among other characters, in
having a short tube to the
corolla. Fls. small and
blue ( running into white and red forms ) , with recurved-
spreading acute segments, dilated filaments, and small
or capitate stigma. These a^e among the best of early-
flowering plants, blooming in February, March and April,
according to the locality, with the early Snowdrops and
Scillas. Since their introduction to cultivation by Mr.Maw
in 1877, they have been widely cultivated under the
popular name of "Glory of the Snow," in allusion to their
early blooming habit. C. ZruciliCR is the most widely
cultivated species. This varies much in color, the type
having fls. whose petals are more or less deeply tipped
with blue, shading to white at their bases. C.'huciliw
also occurs with pure white fis., and in reddish and
pink forms. C, Sardensis has smaller fls. of a deeper

439. Chionodoxa Lucili:E (X !^).

with ScUla, and the hybrids are sometimes known as
Chionoscillas.

Chionodoxas thrive in any fertile soil, well drained
and not too heavy, and in any exposure, the main requi-
site for growth being that they have light and an ade-
quate supply of moisture while growing and till the
foliage is ripened. The bulbs should be planted about
3 inches deep, and closely, say an inch or two apart. Lift
and replant about third year. They need no winter
covering. Tlipy Hower well in pots in winter in a cool-
house tempentinn-. ;\lii^t tn- forced only gently, and
given abundiiiii I ..f nji. Ij^r^ht and moisture. They are
increased by nit-, i- innl sn-ds, which they produce

freely. Under f:iviii:ilil mlit ions, they increase rapidly

by self-sown seeds. Preferably, seeds should be sown
in a frame, and may be expected to germinate the follow-
ing winter. C. Tmolusi, Hort., is a late-blooming form,
bright blue and white.

Lucilise, Boiss. Glory of the Snow. Pig. 439. Bulb
ovoid, brown-coated : lvs. long and narrow, two or three
with each stem : scape 3-6 in. high, bearing a dozen or
less liright blue, more or less hanging, white-centered
fls. A-i;i Mini. 1- anil Crete. B.M. 6433. Gn. 28, p. 179.-
Run^ inii. -I \ . r.tl f.irms, one of which has white fls. C.
f/i./'/;./ I. II. .It., i- evidently a larger form of it, distinct
in Iniliit. ('. ,ii;i ihlifldra, Hort., is the same.

Sardensis, Hort. Fls. smaller, much darker blue, with
no white in the eye. Sardis. Gn. 28: 505.-Probablv a
form of the preceding.

300

CHIONODOXA

Crttica, Boiss. & Held. Slender : fls. smaller and
fewer (1-2 on a scape) than C. Ducilia, white orrery
pale blue. Crete. -Of little horticultural value.

^Alleni, Hort. (Cliionoscllla
Alleni, Hort.). Perianth seg-
ments cut to the base : habit of
C. iMcilke, but the white eye
is indistinct. Supposed natu-
ral hybrid of Scilla bifolia and
Chionodoxa Liicilia. G.C. HI.
21:191.

J. N. Gerard and L. H. B.

CHLOROGALUM

these usually several together, and digitate at the apex
of the culm. "Species about 40, widely distributed through
the warmer countries of the world. Several are culti-
vated for ornament.

«legans, HRK. {C. dUia . VresX) . Fig. 440. An erect
perennial 2-3 ft. high, with slightly inflated sheaths.

CHIONOSClLLA.

Chionodoxa.

Consult

CHINA ASTEE. See Aster.

CHIBITA (Hindostani name). Oesnerdcecs.
Plants much like Gloxinias and Streptocar-
puses ; none of them in the Amer. trade. They
are natives of eastern Asia. Pis. in shades
of purple and blue, tubular, in clusters on
the tops of short scapes.

CHIVES. Sie CI

tlowmngin advance of the Ivs. Allied to
Fls yellow, in a small umbel, terminat-
mga solid scape. long-tubed, with
wide-spreading segments : Ivs,
long and strap-shaped. C. fr4.-
grans, Herb., is the species in
cult. It bears fragrant fls. 3-4 in.
long, in summer, on scapes 15-18
m. high. It is increased by off-
sets or by seeds. The bulbs
should be kept dry and cool dur-
ing winter and in spring started
m a moderately warm house.
After flowering, care must be
taken to have the bulbs make
their annual growth. They may
either be grown in pots plunged
m ashes, or planted out where
they can be watered occasionally
during dry weather. Like other
lar plants, they will benefit by a
mulching of spent hops or rotted ma-
nure (J. w. Oliver and L. H. B.

CHLOKANTHUS (green flower). Chlo-
tanthdeew. The type genus of a small
family (25 species) of tropical herbs,
shrubs or trees. Chloranthus has about

species. They are perennial herbs or
evergreen shrubs, with .iointed stems,
opposite, simple Ivs., and small, incon-
spicuous fls., ill sli iMi. 1,1 h.il spikes.

Perianth repn>< i-lr scale,

in the axil of ii i , 1 loculed

ovary, and 3 iinii^^l iMnn,. itlu' side
stamens sometiniiMilisiilctci. C. braohy-
staohys, Blumc, from Ind. and China, is
in the Amer. trade. It is a shrub used
for ])ot-growing, reaching a height of
1-2 ft., bearing glossy foliage and small,
yellow berries There is a variegated-
leaved form. L^ jj. B.

CHLOBIS (Greek for green). Gra-
mlnece. Pinoek Grass. Usually peren-
nial grasses, with flat Ivs. and attractive inflorescence:
spikelets 1-fld., awned, sessile in two rows along one
side of a continuous rachis, forming unilateral spikes.

nd 8-12 silky-bearded

[iikL- I metered or umbellate at

le ipe\ottheculms.-Incult. as

Annual in

till noithern states.

trunc4ta, R Br. (C. barbdta
vim, Hon.). Pig. 441. A peren-
nial with jointed, creeping culms :
sheaths compressed and hairy at
the apex : inflorescence consist-
ing of digitate spikes, widely
spreading ; the spikelets 2-flow-
ered and long-awned. Austral.—
cult, as an ornaments'
verticill4ta, Nutt. WindmilI/
Finger Grass. A low, spread-
ing perennial with upright culms
6-20 in. high. The dark brown,
iged OD
slender spikes, which are in
whorls near the summit of the
culm. Both fl. -glumes and empty
lumes awned. — It is a good
turf-former, and is spoken of by
a good grazing grass,
and one not easily trampled out. The arrangement of
the spikes gives it an odd and pleasing appearance
making it useful as an ornamental species for gardens.
The cult, form is an improvement on the type.
O. poltidnftula, Swartz. A W. Indi.in species wliich has been

found in SdutluTIl Klu., i-; ilttr.ictivc. 1U].1 Ikis 1.,]i.;:iii,1 t;mcpful

anotluT -; ' ' / ' 'ni'a,

Swartz, 1- , I ■.,!■..■,.. ;,v iit-

tractiv.' ,1 : ■ ' ' , ■ ,:iiiien-

440. Chloris

marshes and along the borders of cypress s

CHLOEOCODON (Greek for green
to the How.Tsl. AxrlrpUlditrrir. Onr
Afr., C. Whiteii, Hook. f. H..M. .vi-

It is new riili. ill S. Fla. iiiKl S, 1 -

ovate nil.; i. I ■• !• II !■■■ I-' ' ■

long-ii"i''i . --i- .1 , ;. ■■

Stigmil. 'I'iM' r>"'l - :in' u-i-l iiM-lir

the name of .Miiiidi. Tlio jiLint is
house climber, but not handsome.

CHLOEOGALUM (green and milk, from the Greek,
referring to the juice of the plant 1 f,. I. ,),■,•„._ Three
species of California, allied to Ciuiii-' ■ ' / ■ i'llniii,
Bi),ker = Camassia lieichtUnii). I'.ni ; i hiii- or
pink, in a panicle terminating a h;. I i ntsof

pericnth 3-nerved, at length twistin- .i\ r iln .ivary;
style long and deciduous: Ivs. with wavy mar^'ins. Plants
of easy culture, to be treated like Camassias or Orni-
thogalums. Monogr. by Baker, Journ. Linn, Soc. 13 : 29] ;
Watson, Proo. Amer. Acad. 14: 242.

wing in brackish
B. Kennedy.
id hrU. alluding

I i' , and bearing
■ ■ ir the capitate

II in Natal, under
interesting green-

L. H. B.

CHLOROGALUM

A. Pedicels nearly as long as the fls.: segments
spreading from near the base.
pomeridi&niun, Kunth. Soap-plant. Amole. Stem
reaching 3 ft., many -branched, from a very large bulb:
fls. small (1 in. or less long)
and star-like, numerous,
white, with purple veins, on
spreading pedicels, opening
in the afternoon. — Bulb used
by Indians and Mexicans
for soap-making.

AA. Pedicels very short;
segments spreading
from above the base.

parvifldrum, Wats. Bulb
small (1 in. in diam.) : stem
1-3 ft., slender - branched :
Ivs. narrow and grass-like:
fls. pinkish, Min. long: ovary
broad and acute.

angustifolium, Kellogg.
Low, about 1 ft. Resembles
the last, but fls. white and
green-lined and somewhat
larger, the ovary acute
above. l. h. B.

CHLOEOPHtTtJM (name
means, in Greek, green
plant). LiliAcew. Very
closely allied to Antheri-
442. Chorizema ilicifolium. cum, but differing in the
(X 1^ ) thickened filaments of the

stamens and the 3-angled or
3-winged capsule ; inflorescence often denser ; Its.
broader, often oblanceolate and petiolate: seed disk-
like. About 40 species, in Asia, Africa, and S. Amer.
Consult Anthericum and Paradisea.

el4tum, R. Br. {Anthericum variegAtum, vittAtum,pic-
tur&tum, Williamsii, Hort. ) . Root fleshy and white : Ivs.
freely produced from the crown, often 1 in. wide, flatfish
and bright green, or in the garden varieties with white
lines along the margins, and often (var. picturatum) also
with a yellow band down the center : scape terete and
glabrous, 2-3 ft. high, branched : fls. white, Kin. long,
with revolute, oblanceolate segments, which are ob-
scurely 3-nerved on the back. S.Africa. F.S. 21: 2240-1.
—A valuable and common plant for vases and pots, and
sometimes used in summer borders. Anthericum Call-
fornicum, Hort., is perhaps a form of it. l_ jj_ g,

CHL0E6PSIS BLANCHABDIANA. See Triehloris.

CHOCOLATE. See Theobroma.

CHOISYA (J. D. Choisy, Swiss botanist, 1799-1859).
Mutdcew. One Mexican shrub, C. teni4ta, HBK., grown
in S. Calif, and S. Fla., and sometimes under glass. It
grows 4-8 ft. high, making a compact, free-blooming
bush, with opposite, temate Ivs., the Ifts. lance-obovate
or oblong, thick and entire, with pellucid dots: fls. in a
terminal, forking cluster, white, fragrant, orange-like
(whence the vernacular name Mexican Orange), 1 in.
across. R.H. 1869:330. Gn. 50, p. 203. J.H. III. 34: 253.
— A handsome shrub, worthy of greater popularity. It
will endure several degrees of frost, and should succeed
in the open in many of the southern states. Blossoms

CHRYSALIDOCABPUS

301

CHOKE CHEEKY is Prumcs demissa and P. Vir-
ginia iia.

CHONDEORtNCHA {cartilage and beak). Orchidd-
cea, tribe I'dndeie. Three species of S. Amer. epiphytal
orchids. Cult, as ior Odontoglossumcrispum. They are
practically unknown in the Amer. trade. They are short-
stemmed herbs without pseudobulbs, and oblong, plicate,
petioled Ivs., the simple scape bearing a single large,
odd, yellowish flower. C. Chistertoni, Reichb. f., C.
fimbricita, Reichb. f., and C. rbaea, Lindl., are the spe-
cies. Keep cool and moist.

CHOBtSIA (Greek, separate or distinct). Malvctcem.
A very few spiny trees, of tropical America. Lvs. al-
ternate, digitate, of 5-7 leaflets : fls. large, with linear or
oblong petals, the peduncles axillary or racemose: ovary
5-loculed and many-ovuled. C. specidsa, St. Hil., of Bra-
zil, the "Floss Silk Tree," is cult, in S. Calif., and is
adapted to \v;inii L'l:l^s^l,ulses. It is a medium-sized
tree, allied to i:i iM.l.h.lron :iii(l Bombax. Lfts. lanceolate,
acuminate, d. nt.ti, ; rjh \ irngular, shining outside, but
silky inside: ini^ils ..l.iii^c-. yellowish and brown-striped
at the base, pubescent on the back. £,_ jj_ g

CHOBIZfiMA (fanciful Greek name). Sometimes
spelled Chorozema. Leguviinosw. Fifteen to 20 Aus-
tralian shrubs, of a diffuse or half-climbing habit, with
thick and shining simple evergreen lvs. and pea-like
red or yellow fls. : ovary villous. Handsome plants for
the cool greenhouse, less popular in this country than
abroad. When not grown too soft, they will stand slight
frost at times. Grown in the oiieu in S. ( 'alif. and S.
Fla. They are grown in a ratln r i . :ii\ -,,il. after the
manner of Azaleas. Usually re^trd in ih, c.|h n in sum-
mer. They are excellent for trainuiL: on pillars and raf-
ters. Prop, easily by cuttings; al.^u Liy seeds.

T&rium, Benth. Lvs. roundish or round-ovate, some-
what cordate, spiny-toothed : fls. orange and red, in
erect racemes.— The commonest species. Runs into
many forms, of which C. Chdndleri and C. grandi-
fldrum, Hort., are examples.

ilioiSdlium, Labill. Fig. 442. Lvs. ovate or lance-ovate,
deeply repand-spiny-toothed : fls. yellow and red.

macrophyllum, Hort. Dwarf : fls. red. l, g_ b_

CHOBOGI. See Stuehys.

CHBYSALIDOCAEPUS (Greek for golden fruit).
Palmdci'ir, tribe Arece(e. Spineless, stoloniferous
palms, with medium, fasciculate, ringed stems; lvs. pin-

ion

segments about 100, bittd
at the apex, the lateral
nerves remote from the
midrib. Species 2, one
of them being a popular
florist's plant. Mada-
gascar.

Iut6scens, H. Wendl.
(Hyophdrbe Indica,
Gaertn. H. Commerson-
idnn, Mart. Areca lutis-
cens, Bory). Figs. 443,
444. Stem 30 ft. high,
4-6 in. in diam., cylin-
drical, smooth, thickened
at the base ; lvs. very
long ; segments almost
opposite, lanceolate, 2 ft.
long, 2H in. wide, acute,
with 3 prominent pri-
mary nerves, which are
convex below and acutely
2-faced above. Bourbon.
A.G. 13:141. A.F. 4:566.
-Fig. 443 is from Mar-
tins' Natural History of
Palms. In growing Chry-
salidocarpus {or Areca)
lutescens in quantity, it
will be found a good plan
to sow the seeds either
on a bench, in boxes or
seed-pans, so prepared
that the seedlings will -
remain in the soil in
which they germinate
until they have made
two or more leaves.
The first leaf made abov

2%J^

443. Chrysalidocarpus lutescens.

lil is small, and if
plants are potted off at this stage they must be very

302

CHRYSALIDOCARPUS

carefully watered in order not to sour the soil. In the
preparation of the receptacles for the seed, a little gravel
in the bottom will be found good, as the roots work very
freely through it, and when the time comes to separate
the plants previous to potting, it is an easy matter to

disentangle the loots without Ijruismg them Probably
the plan which woiks best is to wash the soil ind gia\el
entirely from among the lootb Pot in soil not too drv,
and for the next few days keep the house eitia warm
and humid, and the plants shaded fiora the sun without
any moisture applied to the soil for the first few days.
Jaked G. Smith and G. W. Oliver.
(•). Includ
s of herba-

cr.ii.s';,,,,! suli sliru-'.- -I I!" i„o,ilv l,:,nlv, and tvpi-
c:illv with wh.i. ,,. , : - 1 ;, Kill tilt- more "im

p,,i-ia,,t kiiiils -!• ,n' I . ' . . ii; I .1111 niiil color. Ben
tham and Hnuk.r hi:!.. _'-' - ii>-i tn m (i>f which about
6 include the garden forms 1, lias,-d chiefly on the man-
ner in which the seeds are ribbed, cornered, or winged,
and the form of the pappus. The garden Pyrethrums

cannot be kept distinct from Chrysan- _ , ,

themums by garden characters Ti ^
garden conception of Pyrethruni
a group of hardy herbaceous pi uit
with mostly single flowers as j

posed to the florists' or autumn Chi \
santhemums, which reach perfection
only under glass, and the familiar
annual kinds, which are commonly
called Summer Chrysanthemums
When the gardener speaks of 'Pyrf
thrums, "he usually means P losenw
Many of the species described below
have lieen called Pyrethrums at % i
iHiii, I UN. -, I. lit they all have tli
^ line under the genu

( ij. except the mo t

iiii[i..i mill ..I nil ^'arden Pyrethrums
viz.. I'. n,.,,_-iii,i. which is C iociui
eum. The Feverfew and Golden
Feather are still sold as Pyrethrums
and the only other species of impor
tance is P. tiliginosum.

CHRYSANTHEMUM

The insect powder known as"P3rrethrura, "is produced
from the dried flowers of C. cinerariafolium and C.
coccineum. The former species grows wild in Dalmatia,
a long, narrow, mountainous tract of the Austrian em-
pire. "Dalmatian Insect I'owiler'Ms one of the com-
monest insecticides, e-|.. . i:.7, f. .r li. .11-1 )ii. 1.1 ]iests. C.
cinemricefoliitm is \:tv' : . - I i n I r m. . . 6^. coc-

c/ii<!H»i is cult, in t'tili' : - ■ ; 1, 1 1- known as

Buhach. See Lodemaii. I i.. -[ i i . iii_- ..i I'kiuts, and
Rep. U. S. Cora. Agr. le.sl-U, f. ,(..

There are over one hundred books about the Chrysan-
themuni, and its magazine literature is probably ex-
ceeded in bulk only by that of the rose. It is the flower
of the east, as the rose is the flower of the west. Aside
from oriental literature, there were 83 books mentioned
bj C Haiman Pajne, m the Catalogue of the National
C'hr\ santhemum Society for 189C Most of these are
cheap culturil guides < ii iil it( 1 b\ tli< d. tins Tlio
botany of til i 1 i [II

by W B II I

III , vol 0 1 i I

the Royal II n - ill it

reposltoiRs ol ml imiti u n ,, udiug tue hi^l l\ .1 llio
Chr> santhemum, tioiu the gaidtu point of view, uie the
scattered writings ot C Harman Payne, his Short His-
tory of the ( hr\ santhemum London, 1885, and the older
books I t 1 W HuibnUe and .lolm Salter For infonna-

Ituit for America, b) James Mor-
are a number of rather expensive
h one of the most delightful is the
s iiithi iiiiim ( dited by P Schuyler

Chnsmtliimum Soi i, t\ of Engl ind

The words "types," "races," and "sections," have
always been used by horticulturists to express much
the same thing, but types can ah\ i\s la < h uh defined,
while sections cannot, and tli. i 1 i Imuld be

restricted to cultivated van. t '

character by seed, which is in-i

types, and e-
the beginne:
arbitrary, be
tors at exhi
fashions. The present cl

the large-
^planation
1 I I h the main
\ I 111-^ that confuse
s. I mtis tire wholly
1 1 nil II. I of competi-
.■haiu-mg with the
u IS based wholly on
the form of the flower, as each type
can be had in any color found in

CHRYSANTHEMUM

rles aroii
relative t
series of i
of effect. All

/' /''//)i-. — Pig. 445. Pis. about 2 in.
1 1 the rays arranged in one se-
'!isk. "Single," however, is a
in I i:;. 445 there are really several
III- y do not destroy the " singleness "
are either single, semi-double, or
double, but all the intermediate forms between the two
extremes of singleness and doublenc-ss tend to disap-
pear, as people usually do not like tl

2. TJie Large Single Type -
Like Pig. 445, but the fls. 4 m
or more across, and fewer. The
difference between the large
and small single types is ad
mirably shown m Gn 37 7jG
These types are practically
never grown outdoors and
are best suited for pot cul
ture, each specimen bear
ing 20-80 fls

high and ^
B. Fls. smaU, i

CHRYSANTHEMUM dUd

single forms, they are less popular than the double

kinds, and the varieties are, therefore, less numerous

and more subject to the caprices of fashion.

BB. Fls. large, fewer, regular.

4 The Large Anemone Type. -Fig. 447. Fls. 4 in. or

and fewer. Gn. 9, p. 33.

BBB. Fls. large, feu-,

5. The Japanese
Anemone Type. — Figs.
448, 449. Fls. 4 in. or
more across, and irreg-
ular in outline. H.
Rider Haggard is an
eicellent example. Gn.
47, p. 161; 31:601.

AAA. Boitble-fld. forms:
rays in -many se-
ries: disk absent or
nearly so.
B Pis. small: rays
short.

6. TJie Pompon Type.
-Fig. 450. Fls. 1-2 in.
across. The outdoor
kinds are likely to be
small, flat and button-
like, while those cult,
indoors are usually

larger and nearly globular. Fig.

450 shows the former condition.

It IS from one of the old hardy

kinds long cultivated in the gar-
dens as "Chinese" or "small floweitd ' Chrysanthemums,
and generally supposed to be the product of C.~[n-
dicum, as opposed to the "Japanese" or "large-flow-
ered" kinds introduced in 18G2, which marked a new
era by being less formal and more fanciful than any of
the precedintr kin.ls. I'ciiipons are little cult, under
glass in Am.r. Iln 1'm.,.|m„, section of the N.C. S. Cat.
1896 refers to iinlM,,i- ix|"s, iinil a separate section was
made for theoutd""!- 1\ ]"s under the name of "Earlies,"
with two subgroups, "I'ompons" and "Japanese," refer-
ring to the old small-flowered, hardy race, and the new
large-flowered Japanese kinds, which are grown to per-
fection only under glass, but are sometimes grown out-
doors though they are usually less hardy

ilai

3 The Small Anemone
Type — Commonly called
"Pompon Anemone." Fig.
446. Fls. 2 or 3 inches
across, and usually more
numerous than in the large
anemone type. All the anemone
forms are essentially single, but
the raised disk, with its elon-
gated, tubular fls., usually yel-
low but often of other colors,
gives them a distinct artistic
effect, and they are, therefore,
treated as intermediates in
character between the single
and double forms, liike the

304

CHRYSANTHEMUM

BB. Fls. large.
C. Blossomn hairy.

7. The Hairy Ti/pe.— Also called "Ostrich Plume
and "Japanese Hairy." The famous prototype is the
variety Mrs. Alpheus Hardy, pictured in Gn tip 307
which was sold for $1,500 in 1888, and started the
American craze. White fi.s. with long hairs are \ erj dcli
cate and pretty, but the hairs are often minute and on
many of the colored fls. they are considered more cu
rious and interesting than beautiful. So far nearly all
hairy Chrysanthemums are of the Japanese Incurred
type.

00. Slossoms not hairy.
D. Bays reflexed.

8. The Beflexed Type. -Also called ' Ktcur\cd
Fig. 451. The reflexed forms can be easily brok( n iii
into three types, (a) the .small and regular (1) ti
large and regular, and (c) the large and irregular i
Lately the irregular kinds have been removed 1

N. C. S. from a section called "Japanese Retl
into the "Japanese " section, which section, as expl
under No. 11, means little more than "miscellaneou
DD. Says incurved.
E. Form absolutely regular.

9. The Incurved Type. — Fig.i52 shows the gtnt r il idc a
but such a flower would hardly win a prize it m 1 ng
lish show, where anything short of absohitt io^ularit\
is relegated to the "Japanese Incurved" sr t n (No
10). This type is by far the most rlr^irciit 1 I nnj
of these types, and for many yi:ii'^ tlii- i tho
florists has so completely dominat' ^l iIm i;i 1 n
santhemum shows that the incurv 1 1 1 - . . t i .. 1 1 to
be known there as the "exhibition " •■v ">]>'■ In
Amer. the Japanese types, which are less t ini 1 ind
fanciful, prevail, but in England this is the mo'-t im
portant section of all. The N.C.S. Cat. for 180b sivs
"The distinguishing characteristics of the in<urv(d va

■ ! the globular form and regular outline ot the

CHRYSANTHEMUM
round at the tip, and of sufficient length to form a

450. Type ol Pompon
Chrysanthemum.

;rown outdoors, with i
special care.

blooms. The incurved bloom should be as nearly a
globe as possible, as ' depth ' is an important point in es-
timating its value; the florets should be broad, smooth.

.11 -N'v

451. The reflexed types :^

of Chrysanthemum. ^

Small and regular; large and regula

egula

prominent eve is a serious defect as also are a rough-
ness m the blooms or unevenness in outline, and a
«ant of frc hnt s in the outer florets." A perfect pic-
ture of thi ide il of the fliri ts niiy be seen in Gn. 9, p.
MJ or \ 1 J ^u( h 1 1 m are dressed" with tweezers
so th it th I \ 11 \ il I lie another in perfect order.
Euhflw I I 1 I 1 1 .tely without foliage, while
tht prev ulii \i ) Il i m exhibition is a mass

effect with i\ t 1 i mire long-stemmed fls., usu-

lUy of the same vine t\

EE Iioim moie ot less irregular.

10 The Japaneit Incut led Type. — Fig. 452 would
be referred to thi t\ pe b\ the English florists, together
with all of the mau\ ithir forms that are not globular
and entireh ret,ulir This stction and the next are the
most important in Ameriia There are many variations
of this tjpe. It often ha]i.pen.s that the outer 4 or 5 se-
ries of rays gradually become reflexed, but if most of
the rays are incurved, the variety may be exhibited in
this section.

DDD. Bays of various shapes: forms various.

11. The Jajxniese Types. -Plate VI. The word"Japa-
nese" was originally used to designate the large-fld.
fantastic kinds, introduced by Robert Fortune from
Japan in 18112. It has never been restricted to varieties
imported directly from Japan, but has always included
seedlings raised in the western world. Before 18112, all
florists' fls. in England were relatively formal and
small. The informal, loose, fantastic, Japanese Chry-
santhemums, introduced by Fortune in 1862, broke up
the formal era, and the craze for large specimen blooms
which resulted in flower-shows all over the world
reached America in 1889. The "Japanese '^section" of
the National Chrysanthemum Society now means little
more than miscellaneous. The 10 types previously
mentioned can be rather accurately defined, bat the
Japanese section is purposely left undefined to include
everything else. All the tubular and quilled sorts are
now included in it, though formerly kept distinct.

CHRYSANTHEMUM

Marked forms are Laciniatum, Lillian B. Bird, Mill-
brook, Mrs. W. H. Kand, A. H. Wood, Shavings, North-
em Lights.

Relative Importance and Uses of the Types.— In
general, the large-fld. forms are more popular than the
small-fld. forms, especially at exhibitions, where great
size is often the greatest factor in prize-winning.
Types 9, 10 and 11 are the most important in America,
es'pecially the Japanese section. The fls. of types 9 and
10 are likely to be more compact and globular, and hence
better for long shipments than the looser and more fan-
ciful types. Types 9, 10 and 11 are the ones to which
most care is given, especially in disbudding and train-
ing. They are the ones most commonly grown by the
florists for cut-fls. and whenever one large fl. on a long
stem is desired. The anemone-flowered forms are all
usually considered as curiosities, especially the Japa-
nese Anemones, which are often exhibited as freaks
and oddities. The single and anemone-flowered forms
are used chiefly for specimens in pots with many small
Hs., but all the other types are used for the same pur-
pose. For outdoor culture, the hardy Pompons, with
their numerous small fls., are usually better than the
large-flowering or Japanese kinds. In America, the
Chrysanthemum ranks fourth in economic importance,
although its season is practically only six weeks, while
the season of the florists' roses, carnations and violets
is from six to nine months. If one were to put a guess
in the form of figures, it might be said that possibly
60 per cent of all American Chrysanthemums are raised
for cut-fls., 30 per cent for potted plants, while 10 per
cent are hardy old-fashioned Pompons cultivated out-
doors. W. M.

SECTION I.- CULTURE OF THE LARGE-FLOWERED
CHRYS-OJTHEMUIIS GROWN UNDER GL.\SS ((?.
Indicum X morifotium) .
lilt, -oi! net ion and General Piuicipl * -The first step
towards success is good, healthy

CHRYSANTHEMUM

305

should be moderately soft. If the stock plants are al-
lowed to become excessively dry, the cuttings are likely
to harden, and thus be very slow in producing roots.
Single-eye cuttings may be used of new and scarce va-
rieties w"hen necessary. These are fastened to a tooth-
pick with fine stemming-wire, allowing half of the tooth-
pick to extend below the end of the cutting, and when
inserted in the cutting-bed the end of the cutting should
rest upon the sand. It requires more time to produce
good plants by this system than where fair-sized cut-
tings can be taken, but it is often of service where stock
is limited. The propagating house should be well
aired, and it is advisable to change the sand after the
second or third batch of cuttings has been removed, to
avoid what is termed cutting-bench fungus. The cuttings
should never be allowed to wilt, and this is avoided by
giving abundance of air, and when the temperature
reaches over 70° from sun heat, by shading with some
material, either cloth or paper.

2. Planting . — Cxittin^Si should not be allowed to re-
main in the cutting-bench after the roots are K in. in
length, or they will become hardened, which will check
the growth. As soon as rooted, they should be potted
into 2-in. or 2l4-va. pots, using good, mellow soil with a
slight admixture of decomposed manure. Most of the
large fls. are produced under glass, and the bench sys-
tem is generally employed, which consists of 4 or 5 in.
of soil placed upon benches. In these benches the
small plants are planted 8-12 in. apart each way, from
the latter part of May to the middle of July. Those
planted at the first date generallv give the best results.
The soil should be pounded rather firm either before
planting or .iftrr the plants have become established.

3. S"il.-'\'h'-r>- an- many ideas as to what soil is best
suited f..r tin- i liiv-aiithemum, but good blooms may be
grown .111 ,lav (.r li-lit, sandy loam, provided the culti-
vator is a closu observer and considers the condition of
the soil m which they are growing Clay soil being
more retentive of moisture will require less water and

tings, and as they become establi hed
plants thev should receive geneious cul
ture throughout their entire growing
season. This requires close attention to
watering, airing, repotting, and a liberal
supply of nutriment.

Chrysanthemums are propagated m
four ways. — by cuttings, division seed
and grafting. 'By far the most important
is the flrst, because it is the most rapid
It is the method of the florists. In locali
ties where the plants can remain out
doors over winter without injury they
may be increased by division. This sys
tem is practiced more by amateurs than
florists, being the easiest method for the
home garden but not rapid enough foi
the florist. Propagation by seeds is re
sorted to only to produce new varieties
and is discussed at length under sul sec
tion IV. Grafting is very rare Skilful
gardeners sometimes graft a dozen or
more varieties on a large plant -xn
the sight of many different colored H
on the same plant is always interestin
at exhibitions.

Subsection I. -Culture of Clirjiai

'f.#r?

This is the method chiefly emplojt
by florists, the plants being grown i
benches.

1. Propagation by Cuttings — Plii
of the preceding year afford stock fi
which to propagate the following sea
They produce quantities of stools
suckers, which form excellent mater
for the cuttings. These are genei I
taken from 1-2^ in. in length, the 1 \\
Ivs. removed, also the tips of the hr 1
Ivs., then placed in propagating bed 1 e together
where they are kept continually wet until rooted To in
sure a large percentage, the condition of the cuttmgs

feeling than soil of a m re p rous nature The Chry
santhemum is a gross feeder an 1 therefore the fertility
of the soil IS very important m the production of fine

306

CHRYSANTHEMUM

blooms. Each expert has a way of his own in preparing

the soil, but as equally good results have been obtained

under varied conditions, it is safe to conclude that the

method of preparing the soil has little to do with the

results, provided there is sufficient food within their

^^^ reach. All concede that fresh cut sod,

^H^ piled late the preceding fall or in early

4HPa^ spring, with K to % its bulk of half-

iMffl' decomposed manure, forms an excellent

VBT compost. Manyiisi' 1 ..r '2 in. of miinure

It as a mulch after 1 III iLm - lin ^ l.ii-ome

established. t.>ili' in<-h of

* half-decomposed n iH.ttom

of the bench. TIusMm i-.t-Hn,! as soon

as they require it. (iood blooms have

been grown by planting on decomposed

sod and relying on liquid applications of

chemicals.

4. Feedinr/.—l^o definite rule can be
given for this work, as so much de-
pends on the amount of food incorporated
in the soil. If the soil be very rich, the
™' , liquid applications should be only occa-
One kind ot gional and very dilute. There is more
Chrysanthemum danger of overfeeding by the use of
cuitmE. liquids than by using excessively rich

soil. Each grower must depend on his own judgment as
to the requirements, being guided bv the appearance of
the plants When the Ivs become dark colored and veiy
brittle, it is safe to consider that the limit m feeding has
been reached Some virieties ref us< to Tmd w In ii overfed
making i mass of Ivs instead Otli is sb w \ , i \ con
torted petals giving a rou^h iiiilini li ill in btiU
others, partuularly the red % ui ti u lil I \ to be
ruined b\ decomposition of tht j i il ill I I inning,
espeeialU if the atmosphere is iii I i i me hot
and stuff> The same result will i ither,

or when the nights become coi I i t the

house is allowed to fall upon th i i i such

conditions the ventilation should i n ii n i \ night,
or heat be turned in iccordingto tin iit nk tt uipcruture

CHRYSANTHEMUM

ger of overwatering as long as the foliage is bright
green. A little shading at planting time is not objec-
tionable, but it should be removed as soon as the plants
are established. It is often necessary to shade the pink

455. Crown bud of Chrysanthemum at a later stage.

Showing how its strength is sapped by the shoots beneath,
which are just showing clusters of terminul buds.

and red flowers if the weather continues bright for some
time, to prevent their fading.

6. Tniinimi. ^\Vhr-n the plants are 8 in. high, they
should be tiid riilitr u> stakes or to jute twine. In the
former sysi. m. u-.' ..m' horizontal wire over each row,
tying till' stiik.' {., i!ii^ after the bottom has been in-
serted into tlu; ground. Two wires will be necessary
where twine is used, one above the plants and the other
a few inches above the soil. From the tirst of August
until the flowers are in color all lateral gron-ths should
be renioved as soon as they appear, allowing only the
shoots iiitiii.Ird for flowers to remain. The above re-
marks rot. 1 to the training of benched Chrysanthemums
-flowers. Other kinds of

■ists for

■ibed 1

idor ,Si,^s,

//.

begin t
after, a
before Oe

10. Til.

5. Watering. — liet the foliage be the index to water-
ing. If it appears yellow and sickly, use less water, and
see that the drainage is perfect. There is but little dan-

small buds and retaining the best is to .
whole energy of the plant and thereby increase the size
of the flower. There are two forms of buds, crowns and
teniiiiials. A crown bud is formed first, never comes
Willi other flower-buds, and is provided witli lateral
f,nowtlis which, if allowed to remain, wUl continue their
growtli and produce terminal buds later. Terminal buds
come later, always in clusters, are never associated with
lateral growths, and terminate the plant's growth for
that season. If the crown bud is to be saved, remove
the lateral growths a.s shown by the dotted lines in Fig.
454, and the operation is complete. If the terminal bud
is desired, remove the crown and allow 1, 2 or 3 (accord-
ing to the vigor of the plant) of the growths to remain.
In a few weeks these will show a cluster of buds, and,
when well advanced, it will be noticed that the largest
Is at the apex of the growth (the one saved, if perfect,
as it usually is), and one at each of the leaf axils (see
Fig. 4.56). The rejected buds are easiest and safest re-
moved with the thumb and forefinger. Should the bud
appear to be one-sided or otli. i . i . inii' i f. ot. remove it
and retain the next best. In i ' lonls, begin at

the top and work down. I L. re are buds

in reserve, in case the besi i io ;,. rideiitally be

broken, while if the reverse cooum aih taken, and the
best bud broken at the conipktiou of the work, all the
labor would be lost. A few hours' disbudding will teach
the operator how far the buds should be advanced to
disbud easily. Early and late in the day, when the

CHRYSANTHEMUM

growths are brittle, are the best times for the work.
Some growers speak of first, second and third buds.
The first is a crown, and generally appears on early
propagated plants from July 15 to August 15 If re-

CHRYSANTHEMUM

307

r^¥

1 the large

The hot
e a detri-

moved, the lateral growths push forward, forming an-
other bud. In many cases where the crowns are removed
early, the next bud is not a terminal, but a second crown,
which is teniied the second bud. Remove this, and the
third bud will he the terminal. Plants propagated in
May and June generally give the second and third bud,
not forming the typical crown. Those struck in July
and planted late give the terminal only. Most of the
best blooms are from second crown and terminal. Pink,
bronze and red ilowers from first crowns are much
lighter in color than those from later buds. They are
large, but very often abnormal to such an extent as to
be decidedly inferior. This is doubtless due (
amount of food utilized in their constructior
the long time consumed in development,
weather of September and October must ha
mental effect upon the color. Consult Figs. 454-457.

8. £nemies. — Green and black aphis are the most
destructive insects. Through the summer months to-
bacco dust broadcasted over the plants is an effective
remedy. At the approach of cool weather it is best to
resort to light fumigations of tobacco. Grasshoppers are
sometimes very destructive. Handpicking is conceded
to be the best method, although if there are quantities
of small ones a weak solution of Paris green may be re-
sorted to.
Subsection II. — Culture of Chrysanthemums in pots.

The same principles are employed in pot culture as
when planted upon the bench, with the exception that
the plants are generally allowed to produce more blooms.
The most popular type of pot plant for home growing,
or for sale by florists and intended for home use, is a
compact, bushy plant, 1^-2 ft. high, branched at the
base, and bearing from 4-20 fls. averaging ,3^ in. across.
They are here called "market plants." "Single-stem
plants" are also popular. Great quantities of large fls.
(say 20-100) are rarely grown on a potted plant, except
for exhibitions. Such plants are commonly called "speci-
mens," and the three leading forms are the bush, the
standard and the pyramid.

1. Market jP/rtw/s. — Dwarf plants of symmetrical
form, with foliage down to the pots, are the most salable,
and, when thu.s grown, require constant attention as

to watering and stopping, allowing each pLint plenty of
room to keep the lower leaves in a healthy condition.
Cuttings taken June 1 and grown in pots, planted on
old carnation benches or in spent hotbeds (light soil
preferable), and lifted by August 15, will make very
nice plants 1-lK ft. high. Th<i reason for lifting early
is to have them well established in their flowering pots
before the buds are formed.

2. Single-stem. P/rt»(fs. — Same culture as market
plants, except th.at they are restricted to one stem and
flower. Those from 1-2 ft. in liiiirlit are more effective
and useful th;iii f;ill .m. <. I'mi- tlii ^ ic;ison many prefer

plunging the p"t- ■;,< ■■( .! s mI,, r, fl,,.y have the full

benefit of the miij and an-, inakinu' them more dwarf
than when groHn nii.l. i- t;hiss.

3. Pot Plants for C'h/'/Ymhu-.s-. — Culture same as for
specimen plants, except that the nippiug should be dis-
continued July 1 to give sufBcient length to the
stems. If large flowers are desired, restrict the plants
to 8 or 10 growths. Such plants can be accommodated
in less space than specimens, where the chief object is
symmetry.

4. i?».s-7i Plants. — For large bush plants, the cuttings
should be struck early in February, and grown along in
a cool, airy house, giving attention to repotting as often
as necessary. The final potting into 10- or 12-inch pots
generally takes place in Jniip. Thev are potted moder-
ately firm, and ^-itorr.1 ■^Tvirin-ly until well rooted. As
soon as the j.!:!!'-- i- '. ■ •■ i. m. iii;;li the tips should be
pinched out. tM ■ ! -i-..\vtlis to start. As the
season advai}. . ■ i i.'ut< make rapid growth,
pinchiugmu^t i. .:■ i- i .. \.i-v .lav up to the latter
part of July, t" ^r- a- manx l.i. ak^ as possible and
keep them in -yinna iraai I. inn. l;\ tlie middle of Au-
gust (if not pri\ loii-h all! la li. I tMi. ^taking and getting
the plants in sliai.c « HI 1..- a v. i y hii|...rtant detail. If
stakes are used, they must lie continually tied-out, as
the stems soon begin to harden, and this work can be
best accomplished by looking them over daily. Light

457. Terminal I

later stage.

The top one is usually the strongest, and being re-
tained, is called "the terminal bud." The others
should have been removed long before they were
as large as here shown.

stakes of any material may be used. Many other meth-
ods are in use, such as wire hoops and wire frame-work,
to which the growths are securely tied.

!l!"'luVl'u,,ouyel

low, or

1 .„■ Nrllnw-give

orange

. '1 ,i»-rator i

.,■ l,,n-,M,.h..

sturiii-

308 CHRYSANTHEMUM

5. Standards differ from bush plants in having ono
stout, self-supporting stem, instead of many stems.
They require the same culture as bush plants, with the
exception that they are not stopped, but allowed to
make one continuous growth until 3, 4 or 5 ft. high, and
are then treated the same as bush plants. They will
require the same attention as to stopping and tying to
secure symmetrical heads.

6. Pyramids are only another form of bush plants,
and it is optional with the grower which form he prefers.

Subsection III. -Culture of Chrysanthemums for the

production of new varieties.
The object of seed-saving is the improvement of exist-
ing varieties. It is not conclusive, however, that all seed-
lings will be improvements ; in fact, it is far from this,
as the greater portion are inferior to their antecedents.
Onlythuso who give tht- most c-art-ful consideration to
CrOSS-f.T.iI;.:.li..li:H. r,rl:M,i..f rnnrk. -1.i-<-r-,^., Hand-
hybri.l,,..: ,,.! ■.. . ■..!. --■- , i .;..:./ardly

fertili/-i ^. ■• .'Ml .-' ■ ' ''li'- de-
greed' ''<-■ '■' 1 ■■■''■ '•.-.■ ;-iri-ntS.

What tlii; 1. ■.>..' : . . - ulized

with a yellow -n. ■ ; ■'' tue

outset. It may I" . i - ■ ' : i. . i . ..i:iti', or

partake of soil 1 1 .i :. ■ > ' i ! i J™™

either. Irapr.iv n. ■■ -. '.i.hm. <! "lUy by

the union of 01. 1-1 , I" 11 111^- II'
in uniting two ti. iimki ili, ih
vice-versa, may i 111 111- 1 iv iIm' m
or bronze, as iiatiin may h. r i'
certain of improving along otl
ness or dwarfness of growth, cailnM - m- luiim-ss ol
bloom, or doubleness of flowers. 'I'Ih -i liiii.m nf those
most perfect in these particulars i- m ly mii. t,.i give
similar or improved results. Always kctp a n-curd of
this work showing the parents of a seedling. The satis-
faction of knowing how a meritorious variety was pro-
duced more than pays for the trouble, and may lead to
further improvements in certain liiii'S. Tin- nperation
begins when the flower is half oi" n. ■ 'iinn^ Hh petals
off close to their base with a pail I , until the

style is exposed. Shouldthe flown i; i •' i liaring

disk or staminate florets, remove- tin i \\ un im |.,.iiits of
the scissors and thus avoid seU-tVrtilizatjuM. W hen the
styles are fully grown and developed, the upper sur-
face or stigma is in condition to receive the pollen. By
pushing aside (with the thumb) the ray florets of the
flower desired for pollen, thp disk florfts which produce
the pollen will become vi-il.:.-. TIh- i".lleu may be col-
lected on a camel's-hnir i" mil •■<■ imtliiiick and applied
to the stigma of the llnw. r |,nM..u-ly prepared. If a
toothiiii'k lie used iic\' r n-i ii i-r iim'Ti- than one kind
of p„ll,.„. \'.: '■.Ih'-. in:.' iK. '.II- ; 'i 'ii- pencil to Stand

inan^n.. ' i i ■ i ■. moments after

„gi„,, ,1 |, ,, :. 1,11 .1, I , iiiHin another va-

riet.v"\viil 1 liiiri'i' il" I. .ni ii. Inrmer operation

affecting the pri-sf-nt. < . in .June and July

and grown to single 1.1 ;...ts are the most

convenient for seeding'.
much feed, are more nai
pollen, as well as being
blooms produced for the exhibition table. The pollenizing
should be done on bright, sunny days, and as early m the
day as possible. As soon as the seed plants are trimmed,
they should be placed by themselves to avoid fertiliza-
tion by insects, and should the " — "

CHRYSANTHEMUM

ties that have stood the test for several years; such as
Ivory, 1889 ; W. H. Lincoln and Minnie Wanamaker,
'90; Mrs. J. G. Whilldin, '91; Mrs. Jerome Jones, Col.
W. B. Smith, Mrs. A. J. Drexel, Margaret Jeffords, Jos.
H.White, Geo. W. Childs, Merry Monarch, '92 ; Niveus,
Maud Dean, The Queen, Golden Wedding, H. L. Sunder-
bruch. Good Gracious, Pres. W. R. Smith, '9;). There
are many other varieties that have stood the test for i
or .T years.

Tt i- 11. .t f)i.. j.nri...^.- ..f tin's nrf i.-le to recommend varie-

tir- ..! I iir^ ^i.i.ii II,. i.iit III., fcllowing list includes

ti,,. I,, I .,. :i: ii.. I, ..III. Til.- list will be valuable

abundance of

are ripe. Keep the plants rather on the dry side, and
give abundance of air. Seeds, which ripen in 5 to 6
weeks, should be saved without delay, and carefully la-

I remain until the seeds

Is. thiv should be covered very
lire of 60°. When the seed-
1.1 le easily, remove to small
art in shallow boxes. Chry-
season from seed.

belled. In sow
lightly and kept
lings are large
pots, ortranspl;
santhemums flt

Subsection I V.- Varieties.
Of the long list of new varieties sent out each year,
but few are retained after the second year's trial. This
is probably due to the fact that most American growers
are more interested in the commercial value of the flower
than the curious forms or striking colors they present.
Exhibitions have not reached the hearts of the people
here as in England and France. There are a few varie-

'.'/;■•

(1) Jnr.n

Mrs. T.I).
Mrs.L.r.

(2) Japan
Wed

Ma

Friend, Black Hawk, Niveus, Viviand Morel, Yanoma.
(3) Japanese Incurred: Nyanza, Mrs. W. C. Egan, Eu-
gene Daillodf.uzp. Goorgiana Pitcher, Good Gracious,
Jennie Fall m r -M.- Urn. West, Philadelphia, The

Queen, :Mr i ■ ■ ' -. Western King, {i) Bairy :

Goldenllaii I. i i ;. i m,,-. Mrs. A. Hardy, R. M. Grey,
White Swan, ' • I : lines. (5) Beflexed : Culling-

fordii, D.ji ilii I . i. i , . .1.1 .Standard, Miss Elma O'Far-
rell, Tuxedo,' Parthenia. (6) Large Anemone: Ada
Strickland, Descartes, Falcon, Junon, Marcia Jones,
Thorpe, Jr. ^7) Japanese Anemone: Condor, Enterprise,
Mrs. F. Gordon Dexter, San Joaquin, Surprise, Satisfac-
tion. iS) Pompon: Black Douglass, Golden Mile. Mar-
the. Mile. Marthe, Mrs. Bateman, Snowdrop, Wra. Ken-
nedy. (9) Pompon Anemone: Antonius, Emily Rowbot-
tom, Marie Stuart, Mme. Chalonge, Mme. Sentir, Queen
of Anemones. (10) Early Hardy Pompons: Bronze
Bride, Flora, Frederick Marronet, Mme. Jolivart, Mr.
Selley, Miss Davis, Mrs. CuUingford, Mile. Elise Dor-
dan, Illustration, St. Mary. (11) Single : Mizpah, Fram-
field Beauty.

Selection of varieties based upon color. -^\ hile —
Ivory, Mrs. M. A. Ryerson, Mrs. H. Weeks, Mrs. Henry
Robinson, Mutual Friend, Niveus. Pink — 'M.erwhi. Mme.
F. Perrin. Helen Bloodgood, Harry Balsley. T..ra, Aiitunm
GL.rv l,ii.,r,n,lh.I'ni-pl,.h r , 1/ ,. . ., ....'■ Il,e

i\ll"

Hick

/,■. d

old.

■,Golden Wedding,

Edwin ,\, I-. ■ I '.■■"•, .

Telloic-M'' I... i I. ■■ '.' 1'.

Thomdi-ii. .M.i.i..i I- i.i' n. I.. I liy.

Selecliuh ../ ..(/..,'.... ;-./,....' .i/.'.ii special uses. — Bush
Plants : White - Mutual Friend, Jos. H. White ; Yel-
low-W. H. Lincoln, C. Chalfant ; Pink- Viviand Morel,
lora ; Bronze-Col. W. B. Smith, Hicks Arnold ; Crim-
son - Geo. W. Childs, J. Shrimpton. Single Stem Pot
Plants: White - Mrs. H. Robinson, Merza ; Yellow-
Maior Bonnaffon, H. L. Sunderbruch ; Pink -Mme. F.
Perrin, Merula ; Bronze — Boule d'Or, Rinaldo ; Crim-
son - Geo. W. Childs, John Shrimpton. Exhibition
Blooms: White-Frank Hardy, Fee do Cliampsaiir, Mme.
Carnot, Western King; Pink-Vivian. 1 M..ri 1. I.ira, Cuid
Gracious; Yellow-Modesto, Golden W...1. Inn.', I-iiyi-ne
Dailledouze, 0. J.Wnrrcn; Brnnze-1 has. Davis, Kus-
tique,Nvan:atrrii.i-.n-Geo.W.Chil.ls.Slnl..wa. Black

Hawk;'Mi ■■ " . Lit... v.-U.iwish bronze ; Lady

Hanha'ni. ; i i . Mi-, ino. West, rosy purple.

Comniiifi /. ' I . Ill lip.. 11 qualitv, and easeof cul-
ture : Whii. iM.m , Ml-. Il.iirv Kobinson, Mrs. Jerome
Jones; Pink-Mrs.S. T. Murdoek, Mme. F. Perrin, Glory
of Pacific; Yellow-MarionHenderson,Major Bonnaffon,
Yellow Mrs. Jerome Jones ; Crimson - Geo. W. Childs,
Shilowa, Black Hawk. Odd Varieties : Lillian B. Bird,
Mrs.W. H. Rand, Heron's Plume, Pitcher &Manda. Best
Early: White-Mme. F. Bergmann, Ivory, Midge. Geo. S.
Kalb; Pink -Glory of Pacific, Pink Ivory, Merula. Lady
Playfair; Yellow-Harry Hurrell, H. L. Sunderbruch,
Marion Henderson, Golden Trophy. Best Late : White-
Mrs. Jerome Jones, Yanoma, Wm. H. Chadwick, Merry
Christmas; Pink-Francis B.Hayes, Harry Balsley,Mrs.
S. T. Murdoek, Maud Dean. Yellow-W. H. Lincoln, H.
W. Rieman, Liberty, Yellow Mrs. Jerome Jones.

Plate VI. Chrysanthemums, mainly Japanese type

CHRYSANTHEMUM

Many of the midseason varieties are good for Thanks-
giving and after if planted late. Elmer D. Smith.
Subsection V. — Culture of Chrysanthemums for
JUxhihition.
This branch of cultivation naturally requires more
care than any other, and the cultural side counts for
very little compared with the personal qualities of the
e\hibitor after the fls are dehveied at the exhibition
hill Piiz. wniiim., IS 111 ,ic hki l.usnuss tinii fioueul

It 1 i| Us but

s 111 1 Many

tc «n I 1 1 I 1 li " but a

CliMsuiili iiiu 11 I, i\ Hi 111^ a 111 11 1 11(5, er and
more spti 1 tliZL (I th ui \\ ith .*n\ uthei tiuwci -Vs soon is
the schedule of piizes ib published the competitor
should pick out the classes he intends to try foi The
impiiit iiK 1 i>t stiiiui, stock can hardlv be overstated
N \ I III 1 l\ foiced plants aie more likeh to

^i\ I 111 selected stock carefullj grown by

til It ><e\t to a general coniprehen

SI II I I II II I iiiiiiu culture perhaps the two most
impuit int t 1 f IS 111 successare the quality of stock and
the choKe cit 1 1111 1\ In the biggest exhibitions no^ el
ties iipflassfd h\ themselves One of the commonest

upon novt Itif s tor f^f ni ral pif It i 1 ii i) 1 t *

chin,e\isits with other ^i ^ i t i I I i il

CHRYSANTHEMUM

309

^\

W M

SECTION II -CULTrRE OF MARGUERITES INDOORS
There are t\\< t\ jn s nf "\1 u^ueutes the common one,
or Pans Dm i ti i i i ii foliage and the

gl UK ous "M ^Uucous foliage

The toiii. 1 I tor cut flowers

Thelattii ( I I \ better for large

specimens Mu^iuii a i i ail plants with flo

nsts and lu the luuscin itoiies ot amateurs being of
eas> culture and remarkably free from enemies They
are cultivated for two distinct pui poses —for cut flow
eis aud for specimm pliuts \uung plants being used
for the foiiii, 1 piii| . ml l.U r ones for the lat
ter tor ut 11 w i tli iittiii_ uh looted in spring,
and the Hoi 1 t ii ii ill I | I'l j 1 mts in pots all sum
mer outdo is th n..li tin isn t n s a\ toi amateurs
and lis aic produced (luim, th. 1 II niii.. w inter It is
sometimes said that Maigueiitis 1 n t hit « , n m the
fall ittti beint. planted out ill sunnii i m th garden
and thit uiuestiicted root roc iii in ik s th, |)lints too
1 irge toi the best production ot < ut lii w ei s The prm
ciples undeihmg the matter are as follows m turning
plants out of pots into the open giound in
spring a plant that has tilled its pot well
with loots tends to make a much more t. "" v ^

compact root system m the garden than the i
plant th it had but a few roots m its pot
and the foimer jilmt is easily lifted m the

rather small. If the

year. 1
foliage,
liage; e-

sufficient demand it could
to have fls. in every month of the
]iity to cut Marguerites without any
- that all fls. look best with some fo-
1 ir i.wn. With a little forethought,
■;in be secured, and they will look
much prettier and last longer. There are very few con-
servatories without some Marguerites. An excellent
pi m IS to have a number of plants m 6-inch pots from
cuttings struck the previous spring A plant looks
bail at hrst when the fls have been removed on sprays
a foot long, but in a short time tbe-s are ready for cut-
ting again With a little management a succession of
fls can be maintained without making all the plants
thm or unsightly Such spra> s will last a week or two
in water and the opening of the larger buds is an addi-
tional feature of beauty which is lost if fls. are cut with
short stems and without foliage Robert Shore.

if the outdoor types are the Pompons

h I hue from 40-100 buttons an inch

1 1 md regular rays. Such plants

I « inter A selection of these old-

1 I 11 on page 308 under head of "(8)

Pumpnn

I outdoors but with poor results. The green-
5 not so hardy In the north they are
likely to be killed b\ the winter Their fls. usually lack
in size depth and symmetry largely because there are
more of thim on a pi mt than a florist allows for his best
blooms but chiefl\ because they do not get as much care
in general as is gn en to plants under glass, where
space IS precious For the very best results. Chrysan-
themums must be flowered under glass, and they need
the greatest care and forethought practically all the
year round Hilfwav measures are unsatisfactory.
Thus It Ii 1] I lis til it till T 1] aic se varieties are usually
unsatist I t IX lit II 1 III 1 the Pompons are chosen
by thi sH wh in _i\ x i liitle care to plants and
would 1 itlii 1 h u 111 iii\ sill ill lis than a few large ones.
This also]) iith 1 \pl ails wh-, uu two dealers recommend
anything like the same list ot Japanese varieties for
outdoor culture Neveitheless it is possible to grow ex-
cellent fls i and 5 or even b in ac-oss outdoors, but it
requires staking disbudding and some kind of tem-
porary protection, as of a tent or glass, during frosty
weather Pig 458 shows a cheap and simple structure
of coldframe sashes resting on a temporary framework.
In severe weather a canvas curtain can be dropped in
front and the wmdon of a warm cellar in the rear
opened to temper the iir Fig 458 is taken from Gar-
den and Forest 1 52 1 where J N Gerard has left a de-
tailed and delightful account of his success, which is
sure to rouse the enthusiasm of e\pcrt amateurs. For
general outdoor culture, however, where no special care

fill

summer tho

rl( n th, fls slmnld not be
if tlu 111 iin obiect IS high

lie unht for further use m
m-\s be turned out m sum
iiiish scattering bloom all
the fls are likely to be

«tl||lj,-W

458 Suggestion

bloom outdoors

310

CHRYSANTHEMtTM

CHRYSANTHEMUM

is givi-n to the plants, the ..

Japanese kinds are usually

lesssati.fii. ■!.--■. Il,;i,, .1,. I',.,

Mi"!]^. These Pompons are

a much ,n .

rise of the large-flow-

eredJapin,. ^ : ■ -

!• unlike anything else

I.I and sometimes too

artiflci:.! • , ,

.M.ilihii; else- at Thanks-

giving t

■) .Ti_- :,n.l commanding

thatth,.., I,,:. .. 1,. . , ,,„

•• tlirrnsrivcs. It is not

uncomii,.:!, 1 1 i.. :1 : ' .

- 1 r,„„litiMn even after

: ! !■ ■. M,:.v I..- considered

the most^'rcsi.stiint to tr.. i

1 :.i. : ::-l.n herbs. In

fact, their peculiar merit i ~ i -

- ■ : 1 II.. -landscape

is completely desolated h^

::-is. The fl.s.

are not ruined untU th. ir

..t and then

frozen stiff. They are .-

' II n.iss effects of

color, and great size is )!■ i

il. Masses of

brown and masses of vi II-

ill . make rich

combinations. The who'h- ii i

'" "1 III,,, ..,,,. amaranths,

pinks, and the like, should

l.c kept l.y themselves, be-

cause their colors are rariab

le iiud because they make a

violent contrast with yellow,

which few persons can ren-

der agreeable.

The pr.T,.,linL- v.-mnrks h:

ties of r. /„./ :,„„ , . „

,, , , ,,,' ; ,,,„ -I'll, ,.,|I;,;|', ,,|'

allthf.illi. 1 -r :....i ;..:•:.

1.... . : 1.. 1,. , .1 : 1, i ,1

known :i- /■,(,■.•■/,,..„,,■...,,.„., ImiIh .-mi r, .m-.h .-I .,!•
namental plants in general, ami of hanly, herliaccous
plants in particular, few cases are so striking as the
great popularity of Pyrethriim rosenm in the Old World,
and the feeble and uncertain hold that it has in America.
W. M.
SECTION IV.-CULTURE OF PYKETHRUM ROSETJM.

attribut.'il i-- iii. -.i, ni ;,,:_!, .i ,,i 1,:,, ,|y flowers that
prevails ill iir - 1 j.ni j i ..n . ,, i!-, uM-own flower,
hardy euoii;4h i. v.uh umd .,ui' -.MLi.rx. As repre-
sented to-day in the hundreds of \;iiirn,s e\t:iiit. it
should command attention. These vjn. ih ^ liav. , \ ny-
thing to recommend them. First ami f'n ihm-i , iti, \ ,irr
easy to grow. Any good garden s.iil will sullin'- Pa-
them, bill ilii\ ,11, rich feeders, and therefore the
ground -]■ i i -i i Iv dug and liberally enriched
' iiti'ist root-run is most conducive

vith

to their il.- - n m • , , imI ;, -
(andbvi-i ",■■" ■ !■
they ar. i

anythim.' ' :. i i ■ ..
is best |. . : •m,.. .' i-, .
may be li ■ ' li. 'i: v,' '1 .
separatel; "r |i|:iiiii il in
frame, ami in ;i Irw «,•,
They can 111 .. Im. ,:,p„ll
which, s.iu n in s|,riim', \
the following year. Un
very fine varieties, seedl
ment; and, in any case,
and variety of form and .
nalnr.l var'irties of to-,hr
vein-, i.f i.,-,liriit lalM.ral

iITi

; Apol-
Oliver
rincess
; Stan-

lyon, bright

Marie, pure ■. I ,

ley, deep cai' r.... i|.ir, IIhiim'I-h. -in '/ling crim-

.son ; lanthe. rose; i >chn>leuca, sul|iluir. and Devon-
shire Creanj, cream color. A. Herrington.

Pyrelliriim rosea in in its numerous varieties possibly
may never become as popular in America as in England,
owing to the fact that it is not hardy under all soil and
exposure conditions in the climate of northern United
States. With the proper soil conditions and such atten-
tion as may be necessary,
it is possible to raise Pyre-
thrums to the best advant-
age and with splendid flow-
ering results. The ideal
soil for Pyrethrums is a
rich, sandy loam that is
suflciently porous to pre-
vent stagnant moisture
accumulating about the
n-. i-vn - I f the plants. This
I ' ' ' :-t and principal

I 111 the culture of

I . : .1 .111-'. While they
ha. I, L" u grown to com-
paratively good advantage
in soils of a clayey nature,
yet unless extreme care is
taken to prevent this ac-
cumulation of moisture
about the crowns, sad
havoc is frequently made
during severe winters,
and especially during un-
usually abundant rains in
the fail. While it is pos-
sible to grow Pvrethrums

ey soil, yet in such instances,
aiile to depending upon the
under ordinary conditions.

preciation ■
remedied I
the grounil

t and air to the center of
healthy growth. In late
lot be a successful treat-
I From a commercial

1 11. 11 ^' the most difficult
. ' lii-er of crown rot,
■ III loss in shipping
III difficult plants to
II -land importation by
li> -lii|inient of the plants
; 11 i~ also essential that

To seleil :i.. i.. I
easy, win n Hi- h I

named x n. ;. i , ,i
and donlili ilr. ,., i .
day is certain t.. I"
A few, however, ii
carmine-red ; rrn:
white; Alfred II. im
way, clear rose ; I'l
petals of pale pink ;

' - iliiiii a ili-.iade hence.
ire : i.onl Koseberry,
i'lw ; Aphrodite, pure
I puipl.- ; Leonard Kel-
n\it yellow, with guard
Ultra, white, and very
large; Melton, deep crimson; Solfaterre, cream; Prin-
cess Beatrice, bright pink ; King Oscar, crimson, and
Captain Nares, red. These are all double, In singles, a

names of the varieties oft'ered by American nurserymen
is due to the inordinate desire on the part of the Euro-
pean dealers to produce a long list of varieties, many of
which are very similar in all outward characteristics.
Some of the leading dealers publish a list of from 50
to 100 varieties, and others in still greater number.
At the present time, over 400 varieties of Pyrethrums
are catalogued, which, while it illustrates the great inter-
est taken in this i.ardinlai- plant in Kiin.p.-, is .vi.leiice
that raanvvarietie- n.n-l l.e verv -ilniiar wli. r.- tin- raiij.'e
of color ext.-niN i..il> fnin, im.-e uliit,. Iliniiiel, ^hail.-i.f
scarlet to purpl.-, ami wilh ..nlj a f.w. variel i.s that are
in any way a satisfactory yellow shade. The yellow-
flowered forms at best are hardly deeper than a rich
buff or light lemon, and while these shades are distinctly
yellow in their effect, still there is no clear golden yellow-
yet offered in the trade. j. Woodward Manning.

CHRYSANTHEMUM

Alphabetical list o£ species of Chrysanthemums de-
scribed below (many of these names :\n- moiv familiar
as Pvrethrums): C. achillea?folium, 1: an. 1111^.1111111, 'J ;
atrosinigiiiiieiim, 10; au,rHni,i; HaNaimia, IL' ; liiir-
ridi/miiitm, 5 ; carinatum, 5 ; cineraria iiilinin, II; n.o-
cineum, 10; coronarium, 7; corymboMim. J ; Iht h 1,. Iti .')-.
fcenieHlaceum,9; frutescens, 8; hybriihiiH. Id; hi.liiiiiii,
19; Japonicum, 19 ; lacustre, 15 ; Uilif'ihtun. 1,1: L.u-
canthemum, 18; maximum, 16; moril.iliuni, 2m; nnilti-
caule, 14; parthenifolium, i ; Partheniuni. :i ; pra^altum,
4; P.roseum, 10; C. segetum, 13; tihieiise, 20; tri-
color, 5 ; Tchihatchewii, 6; uliglnosum, 17; venustum, 5.

A. iis. cut to the midrib or nearly so.

B. Fls.borne in corymbs, i.e., flat-topped, dense clusters.

c. Hftys ifcllow.

1. acMlIeaefdlium, DC. {Achillea aiimi. Lam.). Per-
ennial, 2 ft. high: stem usually unbrauched, except along
the creeping and rooting base : stems and Ivs. covered
with fine, soft, grayish white hairs, oblong in outline,
about 1 in. long, >iin. wide, finely cut: rays 7-8, short, a
little longer than the involucre. Siberia, Caucusus.—
Rare in cult. Less popular than the Achilleas with larger
flower clusters.

cc. J^ays white.
D. Stems tjrooved, striate, or angled.

2. corymbdsum, Linn. Robust perennial, 1-1 ft. high;
stem branched at the apex : Ivs. sometinirs r. in, long.
3 in. wide, widest at middle and tapi-riim l"iili ways, cut
to the very midrib, the segments alhriiaiiim aluiiLT tlic
midrib. Eu., N. Africa, Caucasus. 1 .. c. 1 1. 2ii : Linl. -
Rare in cult. Segments may be coarsely ur tiucly cut,
and Ivs. glabrous or villous beneath.

3. Parthenium, Bernh. Feverfew. Glabrous per-
ennial, 1-3 ft. high : stem usually branched, especially
toward the top: flower cluster sometimes very open and
loose, especially in cultivation: fls. %\ii. across, whitish :
rays twice as long as the involucre : pappus a minute
ci'own. Naturalized from Eu. and escaped from old gar-
dens in Atlantic states.— The single form cult, in old
physic gardens, and the full double white form com-
monly cult, for ornament. Foliage has a strong, bitter
odor. The foliage plants commonly advertised under
this specific name belong to No. 4.

DD. Stems not grooved or striated,
i. praeiltum. Vent. {P. parnienifdUnm,^]!^.). Per-
ennial, 6 in, high or more : pubescent, or becoming

CERYS ANTHEM UM

nearly smooth: rays thrice as long as the involucre. Asii
Minor, Persia. Var. aiureum, Hort. (P. a»(r»wi,Hort.
the Golden Feather commonly used for
carpet bedding. It has yellow foliage,
which becomes green later in the season,
especially if flowers are allowed to form.

It is used toi edgmgs Fig 459 Var afireum crispum,
Hort , IS dwarf, compact, with foliage culled like parsley.
Var selaginoldes and var lacimitum, Hort , are distinct
horticultural forms "S ni glaucum Hort , has dusty
white foliage and d 1 s n 1 II w 1 iiitil the second year.
Int. by Damman & < I Ml il se varieties are

prop by seeds— This 1 1 n 1 kied not distinct

from No 3 by Voss m \ iliii m i luraengartnerei.
BB Fh boine smglij, on the blanches 01 stems.
c Disk da-}k purple

5. cannatum, Scho
Glabr us innuil 2 ft
rathii H sh\ tl^ il

fii l» \n(\ ) Fig. 460.
t I 1 1 h branched : Ivs.
nil tvpically white
rays in I i\ell « lu 1 mer These two

coloi t , till 1 \Mtli il lisk gave rise to

the name tiictl 1 II 1 |i 1 1 uu mtioduced into
EngUnd from Moroi_L in 1 Is ,\ i pictured m B.M. 508
(li99) Bv IS06 signs rf doubling appeared (F. S.
11:1099) In 18 jb shades ot red m the rays appeared in
a strain introduced by F K Buiiidge, of Colchester,
Eng , and known as C Bio 1 id(ji()rnim, Hort (see B.M.
5095, which shows the ring of red on the rays, adding
a fourth coloi to this remarkably brilliant and varied
flower and F S 13 1313 which Us sb hs r rinustum,
Hort , in which the ravs an 1 1 1
original yellow ciicle at the b 1
is another name for the kinds \\ 1
maroon or purple (R H 1869 i
is the name of another seed gi \ 1 I
full double forms in yellow mai^^intd
margined red the fls 3 in acioss (see
See, also, Gn 2b p 440 10, p 213 and 21
p. 412 S H 2 477 -The commonest and gaudiest of
annual Chrysanthemums, easily distinguished by the
keeled or ridged scales of involucre and the dark purple
disk 'Carinatum means "keeled '
cc DtsL uellou
D fftK/ht leis than 1 ft
6. Tchihitchewii, Hort Turfivo Daisy Densely
tufted plant for carpeting dry, waste places. Height 2-9

x.ipt the

.„.Hort.,

..isofred.

;-■,. Hort.,

rUere are

1 ll

mil white.

K 11

1874:410).

!1<)

R.H. 1874,

312

CHRYSANTHEMUM

in.: stems numerous, rooting at the base: foliage dark
green, finely cut: fls. borne profusely for several weeks
in midsummer : ravs white. Siberia or Asia Minor ?
R.H. 18C9. p. 380 and 1897, p. 470. Gn. 26, p. 443. -Prop,
by division of roots or simply by cutting the rooted
stems, but chiefly by seeds. This has never been fully
described, and it is possible that the Ivs. may not be cut
to the midrib or near it.

DD. HeiijU more than 1 ft.
E. Planls annual.

7. COTOnltrium, Linn. (Antkemis corondria, Hort.).
Height 3-4 ft.: Ivs. bipinnately parted, somewhat clasp-
ing or eared at the base, glabrous, fli" ^.o-iii.-nt-; .-inupr
together than in C. cari«ari«»i.- inv.iiu. rii -i.,lr- i im;i(1,
scarious : rays lemon colored or i h i i i I \-
Sept. Mediterranean. Gn.26:4r,7. ' M r- il.'-

The full double forms,with rays refii\r,i j,i,i ,i i. -m,-,!,

are more popular than the single forms. This and C.
carinatwm are the common "summer Chrysanthemums."
I'his is common in old gardens, and is also slightly used
for bedding and for pot culture.

EE. Plants perennial.

r. Greenhouse plants, shrubby at the base : stems

branched at the top: rays white or lemon.

G. Foliage not (jlaucons,

8. frut6BcenB, Linn. Marguerite. Paris Daisy.
Pig. 461. Usually glabrous, 3 ft. high : Ivs. fleshy,
green : fls. numerous, always single : rays typically
white, with a lemon-colored (never pure yellow or
golden) form. Canaries. G.C. II. 13:561. Gn. 12. p.
255; 17, p. 5, and 26, p. 445. -Int. into Eng. 1699. This
is the i«.p«lar florists' Mar^ai.rifc. wliioh can be had in
n..'A,.,- Mm ,. ;,r r-innl. 1.1,: i . ^|.. ■■:,■, II\' grown for
wr.i. I- '.'..■■ , W- u riiniiifl.ir'nn, I : ■• - tin:- large-fld.

li I ntirely dis-
liujut a century,
ely in the Amer.

Foliage gla

iim, Steud.

9. anethifdiium, Brouss. i ( '. ;
P. fmnicuMceum, var. bij)iini<i! n-.h, >,, . In. i. Glaucous
Marguerite. Pig. 462. Rmiv r m mii. ilun] Xo. 8 (which
see), but distinguished by it^ ^'laii.nu^ line and by the
way in which the Ivs. are cut. The segments of No. 9
are narrower, more deeply cut, and more distant. The
Ivs. are shorter petioled. Canaries.— The dried speci-
men in the Garden Herbarium of Cornell University

462. Leaves of common and glaucous IWarguerites {Chry-
santhemum frutescens and anethifoliuin).
Showing the difference. Glaucous kind on the right.

Experiment Station from a plant long cultivated in
Sage conservatories was identified by L. H. B. with the
picture in Andrews' Botanical Register 272, published

CHRYSANTHEMUM

early in the century, since when the plant has almost
never been mentioned in garden literature. This spe-
cies is doubtless cult, in Amer. greenhouses as C. fru-
tescens. A lemon-fld. form
is shown in R.H. 1845:61
but erroneously called O.
frutescens.

FF. Hardy herbs: stems

usually tinbranched :

rays white or red,

yellow,

a. Foliage not glaucous:

fls. sometimes double.

10 coccineum, Willd.

{Pili.ilninn ,.>^,»»l. Bieb.

Pill If t r 4r ( 1 Ir s 1-2 ft. high:
s II II 11 1 ed at the top :

1111 ill ens dark brown :

nil! 1 rays white or

re 1 II rose, lilac, and

cr u 0 i It never wholly

yellow C Gn 26, pp. 440,

44J G g I 1 NotB.M.

1080 wh 1 It rst picture of a

f 11 lo 1 le t K H 1 4 1 -Tl s species is the

mo t po tant and variable of all the hardy herba-
ceo k 1 There have been perhaps 600 named horti-
cultural varieties. There is an anemone-fld. form with
a high disk. The species is also cult, in Calif, and
France for insect powder. C. afrosangulneum, Hort., is
said to be a good horticultural variety with dark crlm-

!.- fls.

■ double.

GG. Foliage glauc
cinerarisefdlium, Vis. Glaucous, slender, 12-15 in.

: stems unbrnnohed. with a few short, scattered

i„.i,,,,. (1,,. (I . iv-. i.>,iL'-f tiolf.,], silky beneath,

'I-' 'I - I''- ".>■' •■■•' .-'■ales scarious and

. I- . .:■ . !. M. 11781. -The chief

I I ' : I :■ i IJarely cult, as a

CHRYSANTHEMUM

B. Fls. home in flat-topped clusters.
12. Balsimita, Willd. {Tanacetiim Balsdmita, hinn.).

CHRYSANTHEMUM

313

tuse, margined with blunt or sharp teeth, lower ones
petioled, upper ones almost sessile, the largest Ivs. 5-U
in. long, lK-2 in. wide. W. Asia. — Typically with short
white rays, but when they are absent the plant is var.
tanacetoides, Boiss. Costmart. Mint Geranium, fig.
464. Also erroneously known as lavender. This has es-
caped in a few places from old gardens.

BB. Fls. home singly on the hranches or stems.

c. Plants annual : foliage glaucous : rays golden
yellow.

l.S. segStum, Linn. Corn Marigold. Annual, 1-lKft.
high : Ivs. sparse, clasping, very variable, incisions
coarse or fine, deep or shallow, but usually only coai-sely
serrate, with few and distant teeth. June-Aug. Eu.,
N. Afr., W. Asia. Gn. 18, p. 19r.. R.H. 1895, pp. 448,
449.-V;\r. grandiflorum, Hort., is a larcf-r-Hd. form of
this weed, which is coramou in the Enirlish Rrain fields.
The var. Cloth of Gold, J.H. III. 12:44.',, is prnbably the
best. This species is much less popular than P. carina-
tum and coronarium. It is also forced to a slight extent
for winter bloom. " Segetum" means " of the corn fields."

14. multicaMe, Desf. Glabrous and glaucous annual,
6-12 in. high ; stems numerous, simple or branched,
stout, terete : Ivs. fleshy, variable, usually linear-
spatulate, 1-3 in. long and ys-^i in. broad, very coarsely
toothed or lobed, sometunes shorter, with few narrow-
linear, acute, entire segments about I line broad : rays
much shorter and rounder than in No. 13. Algeria.
B.M. 6930. -Rarer in cult, than No. 13. Said to be use-
less as a cut-flower.

OC. Plants perennial : foVaije not glaucous {except in
n-ild f..ni,.< nf X.i.^'O).

D. Bays always

15. lacustre, Brot. {C. latifuliu,,:. nr.i. ¥\^. 4(i5.
This is endlessly confused with <'. i" / -n m,* m '^-.w-
dens, and the two species are very ^ I ; 1. ult

to distinguish. The fls. cannot be t-ill :; ■ ' W/v

is a taller and much more vigorous j,l;i,,i, .uni iiii.--
times it is branched at the top, be.irin;^: :j lis., ^v!lile ('.
maximum is always 1-fld. Height 3-6 ft. : stem sparsely
branched : Ivs. partly clasping, ovate-lanceolate, with
coarse, hard teeth: fls. not distinguishable from No. IG:
rays about 1 in. long ; pappus of the ray 2-3-earcd.
Portugal, along rivers, swamps and lakes. R.H. IS.'iT,
p. 456.— According to R. Irwin Lynch, in Gn. 26, p. 441,
C. lacustre has coriaceous, oval Ivs, about 3 times as

long as broad, while in C. maximum the Ivs. are 5 times
as long as broad. H. Cannell, Swanley, Eng., says that
C. lacustre is 2 ft. high and blooms 3 weeks before C.
maximum. With Woolson, Passaic, N. J., it grows 4-5
ft. high. The rays in Fig. 405 are rather shorter than
usual.

16. m&ziintun, Ramond. Fig. 466. This species has
narrower Ivs. than No. 15, and they are narrowed at the
base. Height 1 ft. : stem more angled than the above
simple or branched at the very base, always 1-fld. anc
leafless for 3-^ in. below the fl. : lower Ivs. petioled
wedge-shaped at the base, lanceolate, dentate from the
middle to the apes; stem-lvs. sessile, wide- or narrow-
ianceolate, typically serrate throughout their whole
length, but variable, as in Fig. 46G : pappus none :
volucral scales narrower and longer, whitish-trans
rent at the margin, while those of C. lacustre are
broader, more rounded at the apex, and with a light
brown, scarious margin. Pyrenees. — For other pictures
of these two species, see J.H. III. 5 :25, and Gn. 26, p. 437.
Var. Jilif6rmis,*Hort., "with long, narrow, thread-like
petals." Int. 1899. Var. Triumph has "fls. 4 in. across,
with broad, overlapping petals."

17. \Higm(>s\un,PeTS.{P.uUgin&sum,WaUst.). Giant
Daisy. Stout, erect bush, 4-5 ft. high, with light green
foliage: stem nearly glabrous, striate, branching above,
rather deeply serrate, rougbish : fls. 2-3 in. across.
Hun-arv. B.M. 2706. A.F. 4: .")2:i and 8: 813. Gng.2:375
anda:is3. A.G.19:40:i. IMl. Is'.ll. j.. 82. Gt. 46, p. 103.
G. C. II. 10: 493. Gn. 2r,, p. 442 aii.l :;,s. p. 523. -Next to C.
coccineuyii. this is the most popubir of the hardy herba-
ceous kinds. In A. F. 4:465 Wm. Falconer shows a 2-
year-old plant 6 ft. high, 17 ft. in circumference at a
point 4 ft. from the ground, and carrying thousands of
flowers. It blooms the first year from seed or division,
and has been forced for Easter somewhat as Hydrangea

data can be treated. Excellent for cut-fls. The

dnuhle : practically

after opening, as the disks
arken with age. The plant needs a rich, moist soil,
nd deserves a greater popularity. ".Uliginosum " means
iuhabitiug swampy places."

314

CHRYSANTHEMUM

18. Leuc4nthemum, Linn. Ox-eve Daisv. White-
weed. Fig. 467- Glabrous weed, 1-2 ft. high : root-lvs.
long-petioled, with a large, oval blade and coarse,
rounded notches; stem-
Ivs. lanceolate, becom-
ing narrower toward
the top, serrate, with
few distant and sharp-
er teeth. .Tnno. .Tuly.
Eu.. V- A-i;i -On- of

The daisies are never
cultivated, but they
are often gathered for
decoration, and make
excellent cut-flowers.
See, also, Daisy.

DD. Mays many-col-
ored : fls. often
double: the com-
mon "Chrysanthe-
m>ims " of the flo-

19. Indioum, Linn.
{V. JujUnicum ,
Thunb.l. The wild
plants native to China
and Japan are dwarfer
than 6 morifohum,
with Ivs thinner more
sharplj cut and green
on both sides not glau
cous involucial scales
with wider and more

chafT fls smaller nu
> Leucanthemum ) merous, and with rays
alwa\ s vellow and

Neitl

ithci
fortun t

sections ^ I
often used lu Ueiiuau^
Smensi
20 monfdhnm Rimit mlln (r" '^ nfn

scariou
cies w

ide souse luclu iing

r od')rnm Linii =Matr:

; inodora

W M

CHRYSOGONTM

rather moist soil. Strong clumps, 4-ij years old, are
then at 111. ir Im-.i and are very excellent plants. After
that tlir\ -liMuM 1" divided. Prop, by division or seed.
Blo.ii.i- )., .iwii. an.l .luly. J. B. Keller and L. H. B.

CHRYS0BALANU8 {golden acorn, from the Greek,
referring to the fruit). JSosdcea. Two species in the
warm parts of Amer. and Afr. The Cocoa Plum, C.
loico, Linn., grows on coasts and along streams in S.
Fla., in south to S. Amer., and also in Afr. It is some-
times planted in the extreme south (and in the tropics)
as an ornamental shrub and for its sweetish but insipid
and dry plum-shaped fruits. The Cocoa Plum is a mere
bush on the northern limits of its distribution, but in
extreme S. Fla. it rea.ln - a 1m i^hi -.1 j:, ::ii It. It has
glossy, thick obovatc n. i , ... i.ii-. Ivs.: fls.

small and white, in :iM!i ■ i . n . ..r cymes;

calyx 5-cleft, pubesi-riii ; |,. iii ,, ; ::iiii. n- aljout20:
fr. 1-seeded, often 1 in. in diatn., varyme irom nearly
white to almost black. It is best propagated by seeds,
but may also be had from cuttings of half -ripened wood.
L. H. B.
aly species

CHRYSOBACTKON igolden wand, from the Greek).
LilidceiP. Two New Zealand bulbs, bearing many small
yellow fls. in a long raceme on the top of an (.'long,.itpd
scape. Plant often dia-cious. Very closely allied to
Anthericum, with which Baker unites it, whereas
Bentham ,V- Hook.-.- r.tfr it to Bulbinella. C. Hofikeri,
Colens<., I- III riili. Ill I his countrv. It is a hardy plant
2-3ft. hiLi I I lik,. foILnge. B.M. 4602. -Cult.

in the (in I i i i .md treated like the Asphodel,

they do w, 11, imi m. \ a^tly improved in rich, deep and

^.(t^^ f^ /4.,

468 The famous

One of the epoch making lirt,
flowering forms of C monfol
From the original picture in J
Botanical Magazine for Feb
1,96, plate 327.

CHRYSdDIUM

CHEYS6G0NUM (Greek-made -aame, golden knee or
joint). Compdsitw. C. Virginiinum, Linn., is a peren-
nial yellow-fld. plant of S. Penn. and south, which is
sometimes cult, as a border plant. It blooms in spring
or early summer on stems which become 1 ft. high, the

CHRYSOGONUM

heads being solitary and peduncled in the axils. Lys.
ovate and mostly obtuse, crenate. Prop, by creeping
rootstocks and runners. Of little merit horticulturally.

CHEYSOPHt'LLUM (Greek, golden leaf, in reference
to the color of the under surface of the handsome leaves ) .
SapotAcea. Many species of trees, with milky juice,
widely distributed in the tropics. Fls. small, solitary at
the nodes or in fascicles; calj-x mostly 5-parted; corolla
tubular-campanulate, usually 5-lobed or -parted ; sta-
mens 5, standing on the corolla tube : fr. usually fleshy,
sometimes edible. C. Cainlto, Linn., is the Star Apple,
Pig. 409. The fruit is the size of an apple, symmetrically

globular and smooth. A cross-section shows the star-
shaped core, whence the common name. It varies from
white to purple in color of skin and also of flesh. The
pulp is drlii-ious (usc-d uiiconkrd I if thf fniit is allowed

like sc.mIs. 'i'l
very iiuiMitini
I.H.32;oG7. -
the Amer. trr
smaller West
Lvs. like thos
nito 8-10-cren
blackish, iusipn

It is

Th.

C. oliviiorme, Lam,, is also in
:n, ..iiiaiTiental plant. It is a
I i . also in extreme S. Fla.
- Ilia 5-crenate (in C. Cai-
i| iiiluiig and small, 1-seeded,
allied to the Sapodillo

species of Chrysophyllura have beautiful
broad green leaves.with under surfaces of a silky texture,
varying in color from a silvery white, through golden, to
a russi't l.rnwu. and are well' worth a place in the con-
servatiiry as ,.i-nanii-ntal trees. By giving them suflicient
room. tli'-\' will lii-ar fruit in the course of a few years,
under yla'ss. whi.h in the case of C. Cahiitn. the Star
Apple of tlje We.st Indies, is edible, and well liked even
by peojile of a temperate clime. All sp, i-j.n ar-- strictly
tropical, and cannot be grown wln-n i i,,~iv ,,r,iii' unless
properly protected. Propagation i- iir.|iii:iiil\ < nVcted
by seeds, which readily germinate if jilantc-.l wli. n fresh,
and it is stated that all species may be grown from cut-
tings of well-ripened shoots placed in strong, moist heat.
The soil most suited for their growth is of a sandy char-
acter, and if not of a good quality should be well manured,
using a considerable proportion of potash in the fertilizer
for fruiting specimens. They seem to do well on a
great variety of soils, however, that are sufficiently well
drained, wet land not agreeing with them.

E. N. Reasoner and L. H. B.
CHBYSOPOGON (golden beard), iframinem. Very
like Andropogon, with which some authors unite it :
differs in having spikelets in pairs (or sometimes in 3's),
the lateral ones stalked and sterile or often reduced to
mere pedicels, only the middle or terminal one fertile.
C. nitans, Benth. {Andropdgon avendceus, Michx.), is in
the trade. It is native on dry soils in the eastern U. S.,
growing 2-5 ft. high : perennial : culm unbranched,
terete: lvs. glaucous and narrow, short: panicle narrow,
with nodding, shining yellowish spikelets. Useful for
the wild border. L. H. B.

315

CHKYS6PSIS [golden appearance, 'trom the heads).
Compdsitce. Allied to Solidago and Erigeron; N. Ameri-
can. Heads of medium size and many-fld., usually with
numerous yellow rays ; involucre bell-shaped or hemi-
spherical, of imbricated bracts : akenes compressed,
bearing a pappus of numerous hair-like bristles. C. vil-
losa, Nutt., is the only species in the trade. It is widely
di.stributed from 111. W., N. and S. : 1-2 ft., grayish
pubescent : lvs, oblong to lanceolate, entire or few-
toothed : heads usually at the ends of leafy branches,
aster-like in shape. Extremely variable, and has several
named forms. Mn. 7:101. Var. Riitteri, Rothr., is larger
and later. Of value as a border plant. Cult, the same
as Aster. Perennials, but bloom the first year from
seed, if sown early. l. h. B.

CHRYSOSPLfiNIUM AMEEICANUM, Schw. (name
from r/oldun and spleen, referring to some old medicinal
tradition). StiJ-ifragdceo'. A native plant creeping
in mud, which is sold for bog-planting. Stems fork-
ing, bearing roundish or cordate small mostly opposite
lvs., with very small, nearly sessile, greenish, incon-
spicuous fls. Scarcely known in cult.

CHEYStEUS CYHOSUEOiDES. See Lamarckia.

CHUFA. The edilile subterranean tubers of Cyperus

LSfiih iii,(s. Linn., mni-li prized in the S. They are eaten
raw.ir liak. .1, mi- us.mI for ilu- making of coffee. The plant
i^ s,,i,i, tiiiM - .lilt, ill till- .\.. hut it will not withstand the
wiiitn-. Till iiiIh Ts art- nliking, ^i-% in. long, cylindri-
cal, hard. The plant is grass-like, and in the N. does
not flower. Nuts are planted in the spring, and the new
crop is ready for digging in the fall.

chids foui
Pseudobull
the base, Ic
conspiciniii

lis. Ilvsh

few

lateral srp: ; , . i , ,,: .■.-luitni ; hiiirllnin .i-

lobed, Willi ". V -.1 ., -Ml. - II. ai- i1m^ hasr. The

species blooni in .^i-t in^ au.l » ai i v summer, liandsume
orchids, requiring tropical treatment ; not largely
grown in American collections. Remove to a lower or
intermediate temperature when resting. Grown in pots
or baskets, in peat and moss.

adrea, Lindl. About 1 ft. high : lvs. about 5, 10-15 in.
long: fls. 2 in. in diam.; petals and sepals oval-oblong,
reddish yellow, pale yellow at the base: lateral lobes of
labellum incurved, niidlobe roundish, spotted with red
and yellow. S. Amer. B.M. 36I7.-There is a var.
mactil&ta.

hractescens, Lindl. Sepals and petals cuneate-oblong,
concave; labellum white outside, yellow, streaked and
stained with red inside: fls. 3 in. in diam. From Mex.,
found at an altitude of 1,500 ft. B.M. 5186. R.H. 1859,
pp. 294,295. I. H. 27:398. J.H. III. 28:263.-One of the
most showy orchids.

laevis, Lindl. More robust than the preceding: lvs.
shorter than the pseudobulbs : racemes 9-10-ad., from
among sheathing scales of new growth ; fls. 2H in. in
diam.; sepals bright yellow, upper one linear-oblong,
lateral ones acuminate, about 1 in. long; petals yellow,
falcate ; labellum yellow with streaks and dots of
orange. Mex., 1840.

Limminghei, Lind. & Reichb. f. Stems short : ra-
cemes about 5-fld. ; sepals and petals oblong-lanceolate,
blush-white tipped with rosy mauve ; lateral lobes of
labellum obtuse, yellow streaked with crimson, mid-
lobe large, pink-lilac striped with rose-mauve. From
Mex., near the sea-coast. B.M. 5265.

Chelsoni, Hort. (C. bractescens x C. Iwvis). Pseudo-
bulbs narrow : raceme 6 in. long and curved, with 5-6
yellow and purple-blotched fls.

Sedeni, Hort. ( C. Limminghei x C. bractescens). Fls.
much like those of C. bractescens but smaller, white,
petals with mauve streaks ; lip more ^^^^ ""'t ^^ "•
Limminghei, yeUow or whitish. Oakes Ames.

316

CIBOTIUM

CIBOTIUM (Greek, o liItU seed-vessel). Cyathe&cetr.
A small genus of tree-ferns from Mexico and Polynesia,
with copious, bivalved, coriaceous indusia, differing from
Dicksonia in having the outer valve entirely distinct
from the leaf. For culture, see Dicksonia.

C. Barometz is the plant that gave rise to the wonder-
ful stories of the Barometz or Scythian Lamb (Pig. 470),
which, according to Bauhin, 1650, had wool, flesh and

470. The Scythian Lamb.

blood, and a root attached to the navel. The plant %vas
said to resemble a lamb in every respect, but grew on a
stalk about a yard high, and turning about and bending
to the herbage, consumed the foliage within reach, and
then pined away with the failure of the food until it
died. Wolves sought it and ate it as if it were a true
lamb. In 1725 Breyne, of Dantzig, declared that the
Barometz was only the root of a large fern, covered with
its natural yellow down and accompanied by stems,
which had been placed in nmseums in an inverted posi-
tion, the better to represent the appearance of the legs
and horns of a quadruped. A.G. 12: 258.

A. Outer valve of the indusiwm larger, or the valves
siibequal.

glaiioum, Hook. & Am. Lvs. ovatf-buicpolutc. ti-ii.iii-

Barometz, .J. Sm. Scytipw I.\mi:. '\ -n-l \< - . : I-,,.
scented, tripinnate, the lowi-r pinii;e ovutc-hnu-eolatc ;
pinnules short-stalked, 4-6 in. long, with falcate seg-
ments : valves of the indusium nearly equal : veins
prominent, rarely forked. China.

AA. Outer valve of the indusium smaller than
the inner.

Schifedei, Hook. Caudex 10-15 ft. high : Ivs. oblong-
deltoid, tripinnate, with pinnsB 1-2 ft. long ; segments
falcate, sharp-pointed: sori sparse: veins forked, on the
lowest pinnate. Mexico.

regile, Linden. Caudex 10-12 ft. high : Ivs. oblong-
deltoid, tripinnate, with pinnae 18-24 in. long ; pinnules
sessile, with close, falcate, deeply incised segments :
veins pinnate in the lobes. Mes. l_ ji_ Undekwood.

CIBOULE. Co
ClCCA. Xowc

iult Oil

with PhijUanthu

CIC£R '"''1 (.''tin n-niif tnr )Im' \ (-tfn 1 , f.i niDin imstr.

Pea-lik- " .<■■ ■ "', ' l.:,.;.-l .■:-l. ,. ...O.;,.: ti,r-;-|

2-seedi-'l ; • :• •. .'i. ' , .... m ••::■• I - .

andtoc.ilr : . I , 1 ,.■■■. I

Asian r:ti'. ■ <' . .' ■ !'■! '•i'i:ii, L'.n ,.!■■ ■ I'l' ■ I 'r . i - ■!.'■-

times ruh .!•,.• ■ ..-i. i,- i.>i ilp ■ .IM.'.- ri|"- -rc-N'.

It is iUI :m,.. 'I '•.::■. Mm- :>- lill-l, Im :„,-.

Withstal).! '.' . ..I. I!. II -■r.i«--ri.li:^li, iiKii.in-

abushy,li::ii' i-hni, \a-.v.<i\, Muall, ruu,Hli-.|i Ic^il.t-:
fls. white or rfiliUsli, simill, axillary. Seed roundislj, but
flattened on the sides, with a px-ojection on one side.
Little known in Amer., but much cult, in S. Eu. and Asia.
L. H. B.

CICHdKIUM (Arabic Tiamel
Old World herbs, witli li. V,,
scales to the involu'i I

CIENK6WSKIA. See Ka-mpferia.

CIMICIFUGA, Linn, {cimex, a bug ; fugere, to drive
away). Ji'miunculAcem. Bugbane. Allied to Acliea.
Tall, liartly, herbaceous perennials, ornamental, but bad-
smcUing, suited for the back of borders or for partially
shailed jilaces in the wild garden. About 10 species, na-
tives of the north temperate zone. Lvs. large, decom-
pound : fls. white, in racemes ; sepals 2-5, petaloid, de-
ciduous; petals 1-8, small, clawed, 2-lobed or none: fol-
licles 1-8, many-seeded, sessile or stalked ; stigma
broad or minute! Half shady or open places ; any good
garden soil. Prop, by seeds and division of roots in fall
or early sprinfr.

Americana, Ai i 'Ir,. .,■'■'""'.'/'/"''•■•'■;,"', 1""' ,. --"I.'imIit,

of Alleghanies.

{(Etida, Linn. Lvs. bipinnate, terminal 1ft. 3-lobed :
petals of the white fls. often tipped with anthers ; no
staminodia : follicles 3-5 ; seeds very chaffy. Summer.
Siberia. —Following var. only is cult.

Var. simplex, Reg. (C simplex, Wormsk.). Tall and
handsome : fls. short-pedicelled, forming a fine, dense
raceme, and at first pubescent : follicles short-stalked.
Kamtschatka.

racem6sa, Nutt. {C. serpentAria, Pursh). Fig. 471.
Stem :;-» ft, high : lvs. 2-3 times 3-4-parted ; Ifts.
ui.i-sih civatr, lirni texture: racemes few, rigidly tn-ct,
of'liii III rMiiiiiiL' J ft. long- follicles rather shorter than
thr |H In > 1, In n Iv ' ., in. long, short .style' abruptly re-
(■iii\ I i, \ . r A |; ' !iy in fr.,with its two rows of ova! ful-
li. I i! I I : nding upward from the latL-ral

■ I! i. I . •':i'j. Georgia to Canada and westward.
!i ' I It:!. Gn. 46, p. 269. G.C. 11. 10:557.

I ' i iiiL'st in gardens.

\.a. tlioSucta,, la-ay (C. spicdta, Hort.). Lvs. more
cumpouud than the type: small white fls. closely packed
on lateral and terminal branches. Lasting until Sept.
Del. and S. Pcnn. J.H. 111. 33:381.

r^ I,rv,;,., I>„v.l. T,vs v,.rv l.rn.iillv mate or orbicular.

\; M . . . \ :ii ' IM •:'.' I'Ki -h \r-ta'aCimicif-

■ . .]..! I :;7.- C.Ja-

,, : - I s ■.'■J;2363(as

I'l,,,. , , . , .,,,, - . ,.., ■ ,, M,. i, ■. Trautvet-

ti'.i.i I ..;....,..!.. .... \ .1... K. C. Davis.

CINCHdNA (from Countess Chinchon). liuhidcea.
This genus of plants contains, according to Index
Kewensis, 07 species, some of which yield bark con-
taining quinine. The species grow isolated in various
districts of the Andes, at elevations ranging from 2,300
to 9,000 ft., and between 22° S. and 10° N. latitude.
Some of the species are lofty trees, others are mere
shrubs. The lvs. are opposite, with deciduous stip-
ules. The fls. are fragrant, much frequented by hum-
ming birds, white and pink in color, growing in ter-
minal panicle'^. The calvx is small. 5-toothed, and
p..i-«i-t.-i,t. T\tf r-,r.,lli IrV, :, I..11- tnl.r- with 5 short,
,. ,. .1. -.1.. !..'.., ^, 1. '■■. ;,, iL . ,,,.,,..,;,,-. The sta-

... 1 , ,.\

ary is 2-

• n linear

,,-,ii,. .1,

..,,- ...|,i,..|,l

11 V from

Th
with

a wing.

ar<- small, n

umerous,

lona

bark is

known unde

r the fol-

"Loxa,'

(11- " Pale bark

" yielded

ili.i

and its

varii-lii's C<iii

himinea,

CINCHONA

and its vaxieties Ledgeriana and verde ; "Carthagena
bark," from C. lancifolia ; "Columbian bark," from C.
cordifoJia and C. lancifolia; "Gray bark," from C.
micrantha, C. nitida and C. Peruviana.

Certain alkaloids, namely, quinine, quinidine, cincho-
nine and cinchonidine, occur in these barks in varying
quantities in different species. These alkaloids possess
powerful antiperiodic, tonic and antiseptic properties.
in the barks there are also quinovic and other acids,
and other substances possessing astringent properties
which render them useful in certain oases, where the
alkaloids have failed to give r.li. f.

The bark was introduced into |-,nn.|M- in KUO, by the
Countess of Chinchon, witV "f ili- \ii( rnv of Peru;
hence it was called Count.-ss- ].,,«. U-r aDd Peruvian
bark, and nNo .T(snit=;' Iiark, I'rMin the knowledge of it made
spread by tliat rc]iLri"UK order. The word quinine is de-
rived from till- n.iiih- li\- wliich it was known in Peru,
quinaquina . <>r "liaik of Iiarks."

Dr. Ainslii-, at thij tinl of the eighteenth century, and
Dr. Forbes Royle, in his work on Himalayan botany in
1839, advocated the introduction of the trees into India.
At length, in 1859, Clements Markham was entrusted by
the government of India with, the task of collecting
plants and seeds on the Andes, and establishing them
in India. In his book "Peruvian Bark : a popular ac-
count of the introduction of Cinchona cultivation into
British India," Markham recounts the difficulties in S.

CINCHONA

317

^J/

Amer. and his final success. The object of the govern-
ment was to put it withm the power of the poorest na-
tive to purchase a dose, and this aim has been accom-
plished. At any post office in India, a 5-grain dose may
be bought for" three pice (IK farthings). The gov-
ernment not only uses bark from its own plantations,
but buys bark from Cinchona planters at a good price.

and is now extending its own cultivation with seed
procured from Jamaica. In Ceylon the cultivation was
altogether in private hands, and has been abandoned for
tea. In Java, the Dutch have been most successful, as
the variety Ledgeriana, which is very rich in quinine,
is particularly well suited to the climate. In Jamaica,
the government plantations had realized by sales from
1880 to 1887, £17,000 (about $85,000), and then the price
of bark fell considerably and no more has since been
exported. C. officinalis has become thoroughly natur-
alized, and is reproducing itself, as if it were in its na-
tive home.

ChWi(«.— The seedlings mayberai-sed either in boxes
or in beds. The boxes should not be more than 3 or 4
in. deep. Three-quarter-inch drainage holes should bo
the bottom, about 6 in. apart. Whitewash the
boxes or dust them inside with lime. Put pieces of
broken flower-pots over the drainage holes, and cover
the bottonl with gravel to a depth of 1 in. The soil
should be made up of one-third leaf-mold, one-third
good soil and one-third fine river gravel. These should
be thoroughly mixed and passed through a quarter-
inch sieve. Pill the boxes to within one-quarter of
an inch of the top, and slightly water. Sow the seed
evenly, and sprinkle over it some of the sifted soil, only
just covering it. The boxes should be under shade,
sheltered from rain, and watered every day with a very
fine spray from a watering can. The seedlings will ap-
pear above the ground in 3 or 4 weeks. If the seeds are
sown in beds, they require the protection of a roof slop-
ing south, and supported by posts 4 ft. 6 in. high on the
north, and 3 ft. 3 in. on the south side. The sides may
also have to be covered in. The breadth of the beds is

3 ft., and these should be made up of soil as for the
boxes. The roof projects beyond the south posts suffi-
ciently to keep off direct sunlight, and in the summer
time, at any rate, a narrow north roof must be added at
right angles. If the sheds are built under the shade of
tall trees that keep off direct sunlight, the roof is only
needed for shelter from rain, and can be constructed
solely for that purpose. The shed may run as far as
convenient east and west, and others may be added
2K-3 ft. on either side.

When the seedlings are V/i-2 in. high, they should be
transplanted into nursery beds, made up in the same
way as for seeds. In transplanting, use a wooden peg

4 or 5 in. long, 'ii in. thick at one end and tapering to a
dull point. A seedling is picked up with the left hand
from a bundle brought from the seed-beds, a hole is
made with the peg in the right hand, big enough to re-
ceive the roots without bending or crashing them. The

then pressed closely over the rootlets with the
lieg. Two inches between each plant is enough
room. At first the plants should be shaded, but when
" ["e or thrice as high as when transplanted,
the shading may be gradually removed to harden
/ tliem for putting out in their permanent positions.

The soil and subsoil should be free and open to

/■ insure good drainage; newly cleared forest land on a

' liillside is the best for Cinchona trees. In Jamaica,

Cinchona officinalis flourishes best at an elevation of

about 5,500 ft., with a mean annual temperature of

about 60° F., ranging from a minimum of 46° to a

maximum of 75°, and with a total annual rainfall of

120 to 150 inches.

The distance when planted out in their permanent
positions is 3 ft. by 3, and as soon as they begin to in-
terfere with each other's growth, they should be thinned
out just sufficiently at first to prevent this. The bark of
those cut down may be worth stripping if the price of
bark is high.

In taking the bark from the trees, there are several
methods that have been used. In S. Amer. the tree is
uprooted, and the whole of the bark may be taken from
both root and stem. A second plan is" used if shoots
spring from the root ; the trunk is cut through above
the ground, the bark stripped, and the stump left to
coppice, one or two of the shoots being allowed to grow.
The third method is to make the same tree yield bark
in successive seasons ; for this purpose longitudinal
layers of the bark are removed from the trunk, and the
exposed surface is sometimes covered with moss; the
bark renews itself , and the " renewed bark" is as rich or

318

CINCHONA

richer in alkaloifls than the original. In this way, by
tailing successive strips of bark in different years, the
tree yields

Cinchonas are sometimes seen in collections of eco-
nomic plants, but only one of them seems to be regu-
larly in the trade at this time. This is C. officinalis,
var. Condnminea, which Franeeschi says is "probably
the least delicate and more easily grown of all Cinchonas. "
L. H. B.

CINEKAKIA (ash-colored, from the Latin, referring
D the Knv foliage). Coinp6sitw. Herbs or under-shrubs,
losclv alii, a f. Scuii'i". from \vhi(-h they are separated

hi,-iK K ■'•■',' ,1 . li .lii.'irrs 111' til.- ak.iir. 'I'lir genus
3 vai'M , M I-. .li.Vrn III anlliM,-. \ , limited

.Iii|,ri rs aliMal _':, .South
aaa; l ,n|. li CliLniria be-

: I . I 111.' llorists (Fig.

II. -n. There are

! : hat it is a direct

, ., ..tluT that it is a

( // ,.■;.■.•.. I' . pnpwli-

|,.,.i.:.ai', I 1. .1.1, ,1. These

iliscnssion re-
1, see Nature,
■U G C III

by ll, a
Afri.-a
com. -

['',

two M-

hybrid, in
folia, and
are all ntit
clined to

iierhaps olh
ives of the
hpliere thii

CINERARIA

least pot -bound, or suffer in anv way during the season
of growth. The ?<.!! ta.iiM .-..-i^i-t ..f half l-af mold

and half fine fibi - ' ■■ ai, : i .,a,,a,:l,aa ..i -il-

ver sand, until th-' ; : ; ■ : i ; : , i a. i :- 1 1 a v. - . a.a |i..is,
when the soil sli. a', i . ; a ', a. : !,. a , ami

one part well-decay .; ' .■ -a .a .■ jnU . a a . a -li. .-p-

manure. About the lirst of O.-tobi-r the plants slu.uld
all be removed to the greenhouse, where the atmosphere
should be kept cool and moist, but not stagnant. If a
rainy spell should set in, a little artilli-ial heat should
be given to cause a circulaiin . f ila a- iii..-iihere, and
as the fall advances the i. , -iM he kept

about 45° at night, with u i . ...s by .lay.

Liquid stimulants should i il the ll..\ver

buds begin to appear, whiai I l.inetited by

an occasional watering ii a - or sheep-

manure water. Cineraria ii.j.ct to the

attacks of green-fly. To k. . a a k. the hcmse

in which tbev are e-rowii --k a , i..! with to-

bacco ah. .a . ...a' la I. a .1 . . < ■ ■ -'■ aa j.ki.-t-d

among th.' , ■ i ; > a - ■ , ■■ ■ i ...a. , • ......

Doublr Ik. ■ '• ■' . .a ,. a, - , : I , . a a, aa laa a.,m-
monly gr..\Mi. n. llh.-r ar.- ll..;. a- li.aiil.r.:! a- ik.' .-lliglo

varieties. They may be pniprigatcd l,y s<-i.<l or by cut-
tings, the latter being the best method, as a large per-
centage of seedlings are stire to turn out single, which
will be Inferior m size of flower as compared with the
best single varieties. Double-flowering varieties must
be propagated each year to obtain the best restilts. As
soon as the pi mts have finished blossoming the flower
stalks should be cut awa\ to induce the plants to make

The single hjbrid Cmerarias are among the most use
tul and beautiful of all greenhouse flowering pl-vnts
The ease with which thej can be raised, the little heat
required, togethtr with their tree blooming qualities,
brilliant and various colored floweis, which last for a
considerable time m blnssnn make them popular with
most people ^ i" > " "'^ ' ^'" dl

greenhouse I ' ' i ' • ' ' 1 1 1 1 . ^

character an 1 i I '

or divisKm . 1 i

areTiest trc it. 1 i .imn .1 i

them from sttd en h ^^ar md
throwing away the plants after flow
ering Though anyone may save
one's oT\Ti scid tin ( 1114 iirn like

most hybrids \ 1

1 1 11 , 1 1 th ^^^^

m size and , •

1 11 ».i .d^f*^

after one 01 1

less th.y u 1

1 hi. tore unless ^

one f\T t 1.

1 1 «ii plmts It IS jM

best t 1 III '

k 11. n. s.me re ^J^^

'1 .1. Ik 1, 1 1 1, mhy "^ai

biidi 1 ' . . 11

M 1 11 , ^^ll , a sue ^W

n «.i is ,,,|i,n.d, two ^^

sowings ot SI ( il

slu uld be made , the first about the

middle of August

and the second a month later The

seed should be sc

)wn in pans or shallow boxes one foot

square tin si s

h ul.l In nUl dinntd, and the soil

sh.iul i ill

1 1 1 II lu 1 .III one part leaf

mi.1.1

1 1 s md The sur

fac. '

1 1 . d down evenly

Th.

II 1 nth. 1 thinlj.

anil

' '. , It of an

all sti„i.iiii 111! I 1 11 I I

fully watLred ^^ith i hm k's. uhI tin 11 pi u . .1 111 some
cool, shaded place, suth as a frame placed on sifted coal
ashes on the north side of a wall or building, where they
will germinate in about a week or ten days. As soon as
large enough to conveniently handle, the seedlings
should be potted into thumb-pots and grown on as
rapidly as possible, shifting on into larger size pots as
often as required, never allowing them to become the

472 The florists Cmeraria-C

fresh growth, which, as soon as large enough for cut-
tings, should be taken off and inserted in an ordinary
propagating bed, where they will soon root, after which
they should be potted and shifted on as often as re-
quired, growing them during the hottest months in as

CINERARIA

cool and shaded a position as can be provided. Of the
different species of Cineraria from S. Europe, C. mari-

timn is |i. rliii.s tin li. st. It is of dwarf habit, with
tiiiin iit^i- -il M- ]iinii itifid leaves, and is a most use-
till,, limit. .-.q.i.'i.iU must be treated as an annual,

s,,,Mii4 th. s, ,.is L.iilN in March in the t'reenb..use.

then

The

species 1 - .Mill ni.l . 1st. m

be treated as tender annual's. ]il.iiiti.i„' th. m in tli.- hi r-
baceous borders for the summer. The s])e..ies frcnn the
Cape of Good Hope require irreenhouse treatment, the
culture being the same as for the common Cineraria,
tbouifh, from an ornamental point of view, they would
hardly pay for the room they would occupy.

Edward J. Canning.
ClNNA (old Greek substantive). Graminew. Peren-
nial wo. ids grasses allied to Agrostis and Calamagrostis,
with 1 Hd., mticli flattened spikelets, 1-nerved palet, 1
sttiiii.ii. an. I :> l.i.ise open panicle. The two northern
sp.'.i.-s ar.. .itf. i-.-.l by collectors: C. arvindinacea, Linn.,
with the l.niii.lies of the panicle ascending or erect ;
C. pendula, Triii., with the branches very slender and
drooping. These grasses (growing 3-7 ft.) are useful in
wild borders.

CINNAMdMUM (the ancient Greek name). Laiird-
f«f. Fifty ..) .1,-1. Ir..- iiii.l -Ill-Ill. s ..f Asia, mostly
tropical, ..f ■ ' ■' _' '. '■ -i i !..■ .'xtrerae south-

ern U.^. i' I !, m.'-tly oi^posite:

Hs.usuall\| 1111.11- ill :', rows and

a cup-like .,il>\ : I.ii.l- 11. -t -.al^,. 'I'll.' Cinnamon of
commerce i- iii..-tlv tli.- Lark ..f C. Zeylanicum, Nees ;
and this is -|,i,ni,-lv .ult. in S. Fhi. i.n.l S.Calif. It is
cult, in Ceyl.in ami ..tli.r ..rii-nlal .•..nntries. It is a
small tree, with ovate-oblong, shining, ,'J-,")-nerved Ivs.,
and small, yellow-white fls., in terminal, loose clusters.
It is native to E. Ind. and Malaya. C. Camphdra, T.
Nees and Eberm., is the Camphor tree. By some it is
retained in the genus Camphora, and it will be found
there in this book. C, Cassia, Blume, of Burma and
China, furnishes Cassia bark or "Cassia lignea" of com-
merce. It is hardier than the C. Zeylanicum. It is a
handsome tree, with stiff, long-oblong, acutish, 3-ribbed
shining Ivs., and small :fls. in tomentose terminal or
axillary panicles. The bark is thicker and coarser than
that of C. Zeyltniicum, and is used to adulterate Cin-
namon. The unexpanded, clove-like fiower-buds are
often sold as Cassia buds. C. Louriirii, Nees. A mid-
dle-sized tree of Cochin China, is rarely sold as a glass-
house plant. It has an aromatic odor. Lvs. opposite or
alternate, rigid, elliptic or oblong. Petiole %-%. in. long.
There is a form with variegated lvs. C. pedunculattun,
Presl, from Japan, is also sold as a glasshouse subject.
It is a glabrous tree, with thick, petioled, oblong-lanceo-
late, 3-nerved lvs., which are shining above. Petiole
)-i-yi in. long.

The genus embraces tropical and semi-tropical shrubs
and trees, which are mostly of economic value, and in
one or more cases are valuable shade trees for lawn
and street planting. The lvs. are evergreen, usually of
a rich, shining green, and in C. ('.//).///i..r./ have a
silvery blue coloron the under surfa.-.s. (\ r.n, ././..././,
the Camphor tree, is hardy in the low.r ( iiilt siai.s, ami
is now being extensively planted, Ijoth f..r slia.le ami
extraction of gum (see Camphora). C Cassia is not
quite so hardy, but withstands a temperature of 20° Pahr.
without injury, and has been planted in Florida for
manufacture of its various products, -oil. gum, buds and
cinnamon bark. The true Cinnamon of commerce is
prepared from the bark of C. Zojhnil.HM . a tiMjiical
species, likely to be extensively gmwn in M.\i... and
the West Indies. The various species ai.- usually |.r.i]ia-
gated by seeds, which are sown as .soon as rip.- in a shaded
bed, the seedlings being transplanted when very small
into pots and kept thus growing until permanent plant-
ing out. The species, without exception, are very diffi-
cult to transplant from the open ground, and hence pot-
grown plants are almost a necessity. Cuttings of half-
ripened wood of some species may be rooted in the
spring in moderate heat, following the usual method of

CISSAMPELOS 319

preparation, and planting in coarse sand. The soil best
suited to Cinnamomums in general, and C. Camphora
in particular, is sandy loam, although a heavy loam,
where well prepared, answers fairly well. The sandy
soil of Florida, when moderately manured, suits all spe-
cies so far tried admirably.

E. N. Reasoner and L. H. B.
CINNAMON VINE. A name for species of Dioscorea.

ClNQTJEFOIL. A species of PotentiUa.

ir, A few

CIRC.EA (Circe, the

species of low woods h. ri.- i.i X. Am.r. ami Ku., two
of which are in the trail.' t-.r Lrr..>\ in ; in -ha.ly j. laces and
about garden bogs. Th.-y an- inf. f.stm- littl.' plants,
but not showy. Of easy culture in sliady, damp spots.
Lvs. opposite and stalked: fls. perfect, small, and white,
in terminal and lateral racemes ; calyx tube hairy : fr. a
small, bristly bur.

tutetlina, Linn. Erect and branching, 1-2 ft. , the stem
swollen at the nodes: lvs. ovate-acuminate, more or less
rounded at the base: pedicels slender, reflexed in fruit:
fr. 2-celled. Woods, E.

PaciHca, Asch. & Mag. Prom 6-12 in. ; smaller than
the above, lvs. less acuminate, fls. smaller, fr. 1-celled
and less bristly. Col., N. and W. -[^ jj_ b_

CIBEHOPfiTALUM (tendril petal, alluding to the nar-
row lateral sepals). OrchidAcece, tribe lSpid4ndre<E.
Nearly 50 Old World tropical orchids, none of which are
in the American trade. The tail-like lateral sepals give
the fls. an odd appearance. Allied to Bulbophyllum.
Thev are .-luiilivtes, aiel i r.- :;r. 'a n m l.a-kets or on blocks
in a wirui!i,,u-e. I.. . 1 - in-: C. Cumingii,

Lin.ll. I K..M. r.i'.iiii; ('. 1/ '!■!:. H.M. 4977. I.H.

39:l.'it. (t.C. hi. -JI: J. ; r. :.,/.,,,,/„»,, Lodd. (B.M.
681)21; ('. /i»/./,i;-,». N. 1-;. Hr.uvii ,1.H. 33:608. A. P.
6:00!1|; ('. 77m.m,N(/, Liudl. (B.M. i237). C. Sinense

' Beinl'of'raniM
rhopetalums shou

access of air to the roots, which
Liberal allowance must be made for drainage, which
should consist of either broken |.i.tsliir.ls ..r charcoal,
the latter being preferable, as it is li-lii. .iiini'il.- and con-
tains nothing detrimental. Tw. i-t 1 1 1 1 . 1 s , ,- m u m la , or other
clean fiber, and one-third choppe.l liv.- sphairnuni moss,
well mixed together, afford a good com|iost ; and after
this has been carefully tucked in about the roots and
interstices, the plant should be held firm with brass or
copper wire until reestablished. The compost should be
used rather sparingly to prevent over-watering. Many
of the small, i-gi-.iwing species do very well on orchid
blocks, lirmly at ta.-li.-il, with a small quantity of compost
ben.-atli till 111. During the winter months, little or no
shade is ii-(piir..l. The temperature mav range from
58° to 6.1° F. l.y niulit.with al.i.ut lit' ri-.". tiinuigh the

day, or even a liti 1.- 1 -..w Ith sun li.at,\\ ill .1.. m. injury.

No' artificial Ii.-at is ,,.■.■. s.ai-v in sumui.T. rv.-.|it in ex-
treme cold or wet \v..atli..r. l.iit a shaii.-.l, imiist location
sli.iul.l be selected, such as is attorded in the cattleya
..!■ |ialui il.partment. When the plants are dormant,
li-lit syriiiunng overhead will keep the compost moist
ami ihe iiliuits in healthy condition, but as the growing
season advances, a liberal quantity of water and copious
syringing in bright weather will be necessary. The stock
is increased by division, the most judicious method
being to cut nearly through the rhizome with a sharp
knife, about three pseudobulbs behind the lead, just be-
fore growth action, allowing tlie part to remain until the
dormant eyes start t.i gmw, wheu it may be removed and
treated as" an estahlish.-.l plant. A little extra heat and
moisture at this period will prove beneficial with the
weak plants. All are of moderately easy culture.

Robt. M. Ghet.
ClESIUM. Refer to Cnicus.

CISSAMPELOS (Greek for ivy and vine). Menisper-
mAceif. Vines : fls. in axillary racemes or clusters, the
plant dioecious ; sterile fls. with 4 or 2 sepals and as many

320 CISSAMPELOS

petals united, the anthers 2-4, on a staminal column ;
fertile Hs. with 2 united fleshy sepals, subtended by a
sepal-like bract, and solitary ovary, with 3 styles : fr. a
sub}rlol"Jsi> rlriipe, with a flattened and tuberculate stone.
M un I i r distinct forms in tropical regions but
m m\ t fl III are evidentK ffrms of the widely dis
tributt IC Parelra Lmn Un Unit i 6 heferophijlla
DC and under other ii i -^ Fla and the

tropics It IS known i ind Pareira

Brava It IS an excel 1 with downy

round cordate or peltat I 1 1 i I tls in stalked

corymbs and the fertile in 1 ii.,(_ br u te 1 racemes and a
hairj nearly globular red fruit It occurs m all tropical
countries L H B

CiSSUS Mil r I IV like

-r ,^v:i^'^

grapher (Plauchon, DC. Monogr.
Phimer. 5) recognizes 212 species. Foli-
age often fleshy, but in most of the cult,
species usually thin and handsomely
colored or variegated. The species of
Cissus are handsome, tall-clirabing,
tendril-bearing vines, of easy cultiva-
tion.

A. Ia'S. fleshxj, S-Iobed or S-foUolate.
icida, Linn. Low climber, with slender and striate
somewhat fleshy glabrous branches : Ifts. or leaf-divi-
sions rather small, broad-cuneate and sharply toothed
near the apex : fls. small, in corymb-like or umbel-like
clusters : fr. an ovoid and mucronate dark purple berry,
with 1 or 2 large seeds, the pedicel being recurved at
maturity. Key West and S.; also, in Ariz, and S.—
Sometimes planted.

incisa, Desm. (C. Mochedna, Planchon). Climbing
20-30 ft., the stems very fleshy and the tendrils root-

CISTUS

like : Ivs. pale green, very fleshy ; Ifts. or divisions
wedge-ovate, notched on both sides and top, the middle
one sometimes again lobed : inflorescence umbel like:
fr. an obovoid blackish berry, with 1 or 2 seeds, the
pedictl being stronglj recurved Fla to Ark and Tex
K H 1884 pp 272-T -Often planted m the extreme b
Sometimes called Marme Ivj

aa Li •< not fleshy, not lobed

i ig 473 Lvs oblong ovate acumi

serrite red lish beneath,

lite

nate cordatt it bas
velvety yr

both lvs 11 1 t 1 1 r 1 1 11 I ti 1 I I nil m re or
less an;,! I H i N i I \ II \m I n 1 i and -i cry
short axill i \ i i i i l I M I IMPS

8 804-j -Oil t 111 1 t I II I f liaf,o

plants Lasilj (,ro\\n li i M t h n ( a

Miason of rest usually in i n mtr If

wanted for winter growth i lie about

7o° Known to some as Ti I 1 m

Antirctica \ ent (0 Baiidiiuana Br u s ) Kanga
Roo \ iNE Lvs rather thick glossy ovate to oblong,
ver\ short acuminate rounded at base mostly strongly
t th I r notched green fls green m few fld axillary
111 fr a globular berry Austral B M 2488 —

\ I t r cool greenhouses but does not \\ itlistand

I I \\s well on walls in darkish and neglected

Am izonica linden Lvs glabrou" and glaucous o^al
II I md narrower reddish beneath and silvery
\ 1 1 I ^e Brazil —Warmhouse cUniber

41bo nitens Hort Lvs oblong acuminate more or
less r( rd ite at base silverv white and shining over the
upper surface Brazil —Warmhouse climber

Bicyoldes Lmn Branches terete or compressed tu
bcr ul t 1 111 th stuate lvs ovati i 1 1 lit, i ften

I 1 1 I 111 irgm more or 1 \ n

II inflorescence c i i

II I mall and varMii i I t >
^^ll I 1 I li h fr an 1- V I I i \
\l^^^^lll\ li ii ibuted m tr j \i i i „1y
variable Uue form (var J I I in in
S Fin but IS not m the ti I l 'it h< r
ticulturists IS var ovita II .,1 il r us
ovate or o\ ate oblong rem I 1 nitwhat
glaucous hs C illed feea n \ in in ti pi

O Daiidi (itaCiir is t 'S itis (which see) —C ilndeiii AndrA
(I H 1/ 1 isperhtps in ffshoot of C sicjoides It h is large
ovate crrdate sihei 1 1 till —( /(/ / \\ ill 1 Her

baeeous glabrous I i i i I ^ i '

fls greenish cyni ' I Iv

species hardy nortl i I i r

(which see) — C f i i i

rens Hort ) Low In i li

late with euneate ol I iii. lit n te I tl i i l il Us

yellowish in many lid ivnies Chile fe Biaz Ln elul small

CtSTUS (ancientOreekname). Cisfr,^.., I;. .< k i;m..k.
Shnilis, usually with villous and trlim i . i hmji,

iiniiiiMlic: lvs. opposite, mostly persi-t. I . i ■:•• .i].-
posiic petioles connate at the base: tls. \\iyj. . m n i iiuthiI
and axillary cymes at the end of the bramdirs. rarely
solitary, white to purple ; petals 5 ; stamens numerous ;
capsule many-seeded, splitting into 5 valves. About 30
species in the Mediterranean region. Ornamental, free-
flowering shrubs, usually only a few feet high, with very
showy purple or white fls., similar to a small single rose,
appearing in early summer. They are only hardy in
warmer temperate regions, but many of them will stand
in° ,.f fr.' t iriiliniit injury, and C. Inurifnlhi- i-v.-n more.

|ir. I . MHO soil, and in a ^m ; i the

(Iw: I , :iri- well adapted for rill ■ ■ I iiili-

s|"-i-ir^ \ i.l.l lii.li.iiiiiii. ;i ri^iii. ii-i il in perfumery. Prop.
by viriN --iiw-n in ^prinic in p.in- nr boxes and the young
siT.lliiiu"- sliaiiiil; inrnii^r.l iiNn by layers and cuttings
in spring or late summer, inserted in sandy peat under
glass. Illustrated monograph: R. Sweet. Cistineae (S.C.
of the following pages). In the Old World, the Cistuses

CISTUS

are important garden plants, but they are little known
in America.

A. Fls. purple or red.
B. Fls. lyi-Z in. wide; petals imbricate.

villdsus, Linn. (C. incdnus, Linn.). Erect shrub, 3-4
ft., villous or tomentose ; Ivs. penninerved, roundish-
ovate or oblong, nnrn'-.vi ■! i-it.) :i v.rj- short pftiole,
rugose above and un-^'-'' ^..,,1, t.^Mi.-iitMv,. ,,r \i)l,>us
beneath, 1-2 in. loii:; .: n.dniMlrd. r, iMish

purple, 2 in. wide ; p- ',.-!■ Mlli.w i-li ;it ihe

base. May,June. M. .^. ,. r ^ :..;,. U.M. !:;. S.r. lli.
-A very variable sin-.ii s. \ar. Creticus, Boiss. Lvs.
smaller, more spatulate at the Ijiise : tis. purple, tl.
Grseca5:49o. S.C. 112. Var. canescens, Nichols. Lvs.
elliptic-oblong or narrow-olilong, obtuse : fls. dark purple.
S.C. 45. Var. rotundifolius, L.uid. Dwarfer, with more
roundish lvs. .S.r.T."). \';tj-. undulktus,Willk. Lvs. linear-
oblong, acute, uuihikite : lis. .sulitary. S.C. OJ.

crispus, Linn. Compact shrub, to 2 ft., villous : lvs.
sessile, 3-nerved, linear-lanceolate or oblong-elliptic, un-
dulate, rugose above, villous beneath : fls. 3-4, nearly
sessile, l'-o-2 in. wide, deep rose-colored. June-August.
S.W.Europe. S.C. 22.

heterophyllus, Desf. Erect, to 2 ft. : lvs. short -peti-

oled elhftic 01 oval lanceolate green on both sides and

slightiv hairj }<; 1 m long fls 1-3 2 m wide petals

re 1 -Mllowat the base N \fiica 's C b-Moretendei

II Fl 1 1 t

CITRON

321

CITEON {Citrus Medica,vaT. genulna). See Citrus.
Fig. 474. —A large, thick-rinded, lemon-like fr., some-
what cult, in Flor. and Calif. The rind is used in the
making of preserves and confections.

The Citron is propagated by cuttings, layers, budding,
and grafting. The usual method of propagating is by
budding on a vigorous stock, in Florida preferably the

S net led

r ft glutmous lvs
1 us tomeutose be
I blotched purple

\hitish

petils 1 le r se vellow at the 1 i Tin bieece

Crete S C 14

AA J' ?s iihite

Cypnus, Lam Erect 1 r i
oblong lanceolate I
neath fls 0-" nn
at the base June

ladaniferus Lmi ^
petioled lanceolat
tomentose beneath 1
long pedunLled H
June S W Eur j
Petals with a dark I lu 1
B M 112 Gn 30 o5..
ful of all Cistus

launldlius Lmn Shrub to 6 ft lvs petioled ovate
or o\ate linteolate glabrtus al ove whitish or brownish
tomentc se I eneith 1 2V m 1 ng fls 3-8 2 3 m wide
pet lis with \ ell w blotch June \ugust 's W Europe
Gn '"t I HI Sf ^12 -The hardiest SI ecies

s- ( \ maculatus Sweet

1 1 I s 1 I t a u\ e the base

St 1 Piobably the most beauti

t s lo 1501
Rehdeh

CITKON A form of Watermelon
21

rough lemon ("French lemon " or " oranged loomie"),
but also on the sour orange. Grafting is so uncertain,
owing to the prevailing high temperature, that it is sel-
dom attempted. Cuttings of ripe wood root readily,
both m the open ground and the propagating house.
For open ground, select wood thoroughly ripe in De-
cember and cut in lengths about 6 to 10 inches ; clip
off all but the top leaf, and insert in rows in well-drained
soil leaving the top bud exposed to the air. Watering
must he thoroughly kept up until the succeeding rainy
season A shade of lath or brush should be provided
the rows of cuttings. By Novmil'ir nt' tin' following
year the >ouug plants Jwill be sullici. iitl\ «ill rooted
to transplant. By making short cuitln-v. o ^j. 3
inches long of ripe wood, and ins, run- in iho moist

sand of the propagating.^ !i ^u < . 1^ I 1~ n. crssary

and a higher percentai,'i ■ • ' ; : i '■ -nit in a

shorter period. These ■ , ; 1 .1 :it any

time of year but winti-r ji.., . .,1 : . -jui,^,,!. ji.lrrable.
The ^ oung rooted plaut» luaj Lu ^'"v.a int.. I.uge size
in the nursery, until wanted for orchard setting. Layers
are easil> rooted by pegging down low branches of the
Citron during the rainy season. They do not make such
sMum til al trees as those grown from cuttings, or by

1 1 ir the Citron orchard should be on well-

1 1 1. either naturally, or otherwise, of the best

1 1 lar to that selected for the lemon In or-

chai 1 i-lantmg, the trees should be set about 15x24
feet apait (although this is not arbitrary), as sufficient
room should be allowed for cultivation, hauling ferti-
lizer and fiuit, and plenty of sunlight and air. An
abundance of sunshine and breezes are the greatest aids
m keeping lown insect pests and fungous troubles. The
Litr n Is lather low-growing and inclined to hiake long
Ixteril 1 1 inches, which, if not cut back occasionally,
touch the gr mud and form roots, rendering cultivation
and fruit githering difficult. Cultivation is essentially
the same as for the orange and lemon: shallow plowing
in December at the time of applying fertilizer, followed
by thorough harrowing every two or three weeks until
the latter part of June. This keeps the top soil loose,
conserving the moisture, and keeping down weeds and
glass during the dry season. After the rains set in

322 CITRON

during the summer all cultivation is stopped, and grass,
beggar-weed, or field-peas allowed to cover the ground,
preventing sunburning and providing a source of
humus so necessary in keeping up proper fertility and
texture of the sandy soil of Florida.

E. N. Reasoneb.

CITEtfLLUS (from Citrus). CucurbMcem. The ge-
nus which includes the Watermelon. Cogniaux, the
latest monographer (DC. Monogr. Phaner. 3), recog-
nizes throe species, all of the Old World, with the larg-

Colccynthis, S.-hr.-ul., is tin- (_'o|,.r .
fruit of which furnishes awell-kn
It is native to the Mediterranc:M
Africa. The fruit is small and ;j
smooth and partly colored, the He
deeply divided.

listed in trade catidugues undt-r thi' nanies Lim'.iini Iri-
foliala and Triphania anraiiiiola. These are tender.

small trees, nn
less winged i
(appearing as
shown liv Hm-

Fig. 47:^ '

calyx .'ii . li ,:
thick, -I >'i.iii
meroiis, _'ii iM.
less united ;
composed of i
style and stigi:
in each cariiil
long or |H .11 I
numeriiii

contain 1 11 ' ■■

aubtn.ui^Ml A

. with a single
' Mta; ovules 4-8
fr. a round, ob-
rind, containing
pulp : seeds
cry coats, frequently
vative of tropical and
,,... ,.,:t,.n«iv,.1yculti-

cells cl,-\r|,,|iii,- 1,1 II, ,. ■r. ■ . ;: '■ ._'l,i-, l,.inf< an

Lime, Oranije, Ponwlo.

A. PSEnDO-.a:GLE.— ivs. trifoliolate, deciduous, with
elliptical, dentate or crenate Ifts.: fls. white, 1-2 in
the axil of each leaf, opening before the !vs. appear
ill spring ; petals spatulate: ovary and disk

trifohata

Lii

m. (C. t

riptera

, Desf.

^gle sepiHria,

D( 1

Tui

l.\TE Or.

\snK.

Fi^'s. 4-

77, 478, 479. A

smill

tr>r :i

n,i,

■■1 wirli V,

HL'. stitr

thorns, 1-IK in.

lon„'

fr. -.,

lili'

,1 V.llwW,

;ii,Miil 1

!,,■ si/.,' ,

,f a walnut, cov-

Jap ''

•iti, -1
md .-,

lit.

lia.rs; 1,
wi,l,-lv in

111], l-al

th,- r.

mu!\"i-

sour and bitter.
U.S. R.H. 1809.

p 15

1877

|,

7.-) ; "188.-

,:r)lfi;

is.m;. p.

:,:::.. lin. tii:!isii

and p

273.

Mn

.3:101.-

The fr.

. i,f 111,''

rriiM|i„,,.|>,T,,iL,-c

be

ifused with the

AA. KvciTRVS. — lJvs. \inifoliolate, evergreen : petals

oblong: ovary and disk glabrous.
Aurdntium, Linn. {O. vn'iifli-is, Rissm. Oeanoe.
Figs. 476,480. A small tree ,,r ii,i,li: \..nirs slmots light
green, glabrous : Ivs. elli|,ii< :il 1 , ■ ,!■ ,iii'. obtuse,
or acuminate; petiole narr,,\,; ,: AiiiLred: fls.

hermaphrodite, pure white: ti . iiil,! -i'li, ii,':il or ellip-
tical, not mamillate.

Var. am4ra, Linn. (C. BigarMia, Duham.). Sour,
Bitter, or Seville Okange. Lvs. deep green, ovate,
pointed, '-err aroniatio ; pi'ti.,!,- broadly wing-mar-
' ■ jund, dark orange,

■matic; rind some-
Southeastern Asia,
regions throughout
ivated sorts of this
United States, and

gined:

frequent I > , m ,

what roiml, : in p • ,.

and cult, in t,,,|ii.Ml :iii

the world.- riu-re are

variety or subspecies

of these only the two following are well krown : Sour

{"sour orange"): Fr. deep orange or orange-red ; pulp

very sour. This is grown very extensively as a stock on

\vlii,-l. To bud varieties of the sweet orange, lemon,

l-,,,,,, 1>,. I'tc. Very valuable as a stock because resistant

to 111, ^.rious disease mal-di-gomma or foot-rot. — Bitter

S«, I I : I'r. ,,f s.iim- ixtiriial aiipearance as the Sour

, ,,,,,,. i.l.l ,,,ll,||, :,r;,| ;,|„| |,h :,^;,|,t tothctaStO. Cultl-

! ' i I , , M . >"ur Orange was evi-

' . ; . ■: i: .' I > early by the Span-

mg

lab-

Lchout the

is worthless as a whole, but is sometimes used for pre-
serves. The plant is largely used for hedges, for which
it is well adapted, forming a close, compact growth that
nothing can penetrate. It is also used as a hardy stock
on which to bud certain oranges and lemons, particu-
larly the Satsuma and Kumquat. It is said to have the
effect of somewhat dwarfing the more robust orange va-

I,;ii_'i' r|ii:,,i, ,, I, - Ml,.;! i,ir perfume are manufactured
fr,in, il,, li-, ,,i --nil,, II, France. The fr. is used for
niannalii,!,'. ami nialifs a very refreshing drink known in
Florida as "orangeade."

Var. Bergimia, Wight. & Am. Bergamot Orange.
A bush or small tree : lvs. oblong ; petiole wing-mar-

CITRUS

jrined, of medium width : fls. small, white, sweet-smell-
ing: fr. medium size, pear-shaped, smooth, light yellow,
pulp subacid, greenish yellow. Cult, in Eu. since the
seventeenth century. Only rarely cult, in the United
States. B.M. 7194. — Bergamot oil is manufactured from
the rind of this subspecies.

Var. Sinensis, Engler. (C. Aurdiitium, var. dtilcis,
Linn. C. Tahitensis, B.ort.). Common Sweet Orange,
including the Malta or Portugal Orange. Tree, 20-35
ft.: young branches pale green, angular, glabrous: Ivs.
■oblong-ovate, pointed ; petiole narrowly winged : fls.
large, white: fr. mainly round, occasionally elliptical or
ovate, orange or yellowish ; pulp when ripe sweet or
slightly acid. India. Cultivated extensively in all tropi-
cal and subtropical regions of the world. — The Sweet
Orange is vahud nKiiuly f..r its sweet, delicious fruit,
which is eaten raw or made ini,, inaniialades, wine, etc.
The rind is sweet an.! arematie. an.l is used forculinary
purposes. Tlie extensive .nltivatic.ii of the orange has

led

the

70 varieties being cultivated in the United States.
Some of these forms are propagated fairly true to seed,
hut the majority are not, and must be propagated by
budding or grafting. The following is a list of some of
the most highly prized of the cultural forms : Bahia
( also known as Washington Navel and Riverside Navel ) :
Fig. 47G. Fr. large, solid and heavy, seedless, with
prominent navel mark at apex; pulp .iuicy and of tine
texture. Introduced from Brazil. The most popular
variety cultivated in California, where it bears heavily.
In Florida it is a shy bearer. — Boone (Boone Early) :
Fr. round, medium size, fair ciuality; very early. Florida.
— Centennial : Fr. round, medium size, early medium,
quality excellent. Florida. — Du Roi : Fr. round, small
or medium size, late medium; seeds ribbed: thorns few.
An excellent fruit in Florida, but has not given satis-
faction in Cal. Foreign. — Hart Late (Tardive, Excel-

sior) Fr oval medmm
size, solid pde yellow
One of the best late sorts
holding on tiee m Florid i
until May Foreign —Ho
mosassa Fi round of
good qualit} midseason
Florida -Jafta Fr
round heavy juicy and
of very best quality mid
season skin thin tree
nearly thomless Foieigr
small of excellent qmht-s
Fr. o\al medium si t
the best late sorts i i
Majoica Fr roui 1 ;
skin smooth and tl n
of the very best 1 it i i 1
Fr. oval small orange i 1
quality pulp reddish

-/h

^

iked with red midse

Foreign Mediteiranean Sweet Fr large rval of good
quality late Foreign — Pai son (Parson Brown) Fr.
round medium size of fair quality ver> early Fkrula.
Very extensively planted as an early variety m Florida.
—Ruby Fr medium size, round, of excellent qualitj ;

pulp reddish or streaked with red. Foreign.- St.
Michael : Pr. round, medium size, quality fair, midsea-
son. Foreign. — St. Michael Blood: Fr. round, medium

^A-X, I

size, quality the very l>est ; jnilp reddish or streaked
with red. Foreign. This Orange seems to the writer
superior in flavor to any he has ever tested, though
there is but little noticeable difl'erence between any of
the best sorts, much, doubtless, depending on the con-
ditions under which the fruit is grown. — Valencia
(Valencia Late) : Fr. large, oval, light orange, of good
quality, very late. Foreign. One of the most highly
prized varieties in California.

The so-ealle<l ntalieite i)vn}\ix'- {<'■ Anranfium, var.
Oiajfense, Risso A: I'eil.) is ].i<.l.al)l\' to be considered a
variety of C. A iinintiitni. vai-. Simnsis. Reasoner
thinks it is Gallesie's ■• ( •. .1 »,„„/,„,„ Sinnise pumilum.
fructu cliilci." The f..li.i-e le-rmlilrs tliat ..f a lemon,
and the flowers are pinlii-.li. 'I'le- tiuit is vmall. slightly
flattened, rough, and re'lili-li <.r ;nmi' m e..li>r ; pulp
mainly sweetish, sometimes senr. It nniy he a hybrid of
orange and lemon. It is used extensively as a dwarf
pot plant, for which it is well suited.

ndbilis, Lour. Mandarin, or Kid-glove Orange.
Shrubs or very small trees, with dense foliage : Ivs.
small, lanceolate,weakly crenate; petioles short, scarcely

winged : fls. small, white,
slightly united: fr. comi.re.

tasei,.le,l : lilameiits only

.-ed, spbelieal, . , ,■ s,,mewhat

pyriform, 5-6 cm. in diane

■ler; iilal ...-an-e-Nellow or

reddish, loose. Ijaggv.aml ea

-ilvvemeve.l;se;;nu-uts9-10-.

lunsely a,ll,er,.nt : pnl,. -.,

el ; seeds ovate or oblong.

ives, twigs, fruit, etc., very

el,araet.'l-i-tir in all xaririi

es and easily recognizable.

C.icllin CliHia .a- CliMla.

(nltivatcd extensively in

the teihiHin-: . itnia ( " .Mah.lanii." " \Vi I lew-leaved
Maudann, ■ele.,: l-'r. small, li- In .iraime, early medium,
excellent quality: Ivs. small, m\ ii le-like. Foreign.—
Dancy Tangerine : Lvs. lai-ei-. mai iy the size of those
of the common orange: fr. dai k eran;;e or reddish, early
medium, quality excellent. Florida. The most prized
of any of the Mandarin Oranges cultivated in the United
States. — King : Fr. large and rough, dark orange, late:
young twigs blackish. A good late sort. Foreign. -
Satsuma (Oonshiu): Fr. medium size, flattened at the
ends, orange, early, quality fair. Foreign. A much
valued early ripening sort, which is somewhat more
hardy than the common sweet orange, particularly when

324 CITRUS

budded on the hardy trifoliata orange stock. — Tan-
gerine : Fr. very early, light orange, medium size.
Foreign.

Decumina, Linn (C. Pomel&nui, Hort ) Pomelo,
PuMELo, Shaddock. Grape frdit. Pompelmos, etc Tree

late

479 Citrus trifoliata

CITRUS

Fr. late medium, size medium. Florida.—

. l;,r<r.., !ntc nu-linm, fpiality good; prolific.

■1 Ir Lit,. KMiiiiiin. large, of very good

M ' I Mil ', Si-i-(lless) : Fr. with

: I ■ I - : Muality and prolific,

I'lmiila. I'l liiMiil.ui-o: Prolific: fr.

luiin-i short. .South .Vnierica. — Royal: Pr.

small, early medium, only slightly bitter ; 'prolific.

Florida — Tresca Pulp rose-colored, said to be of ex-

lama Islands. -Triumph: Fr. small,

■, M >■■. L- I. I'lmiila. W.-ilter: Fr.

, i.f : I ■ ' • !•! ]' ■■ ■}:i. Pear-

l:, ... I . ::,,u'e; pulp

■11. i, ..I Ml) .(,.....;.. M moth: Fr.

l.r.i.ji.L.ai. .i.jiUai ,-..-. Forbidden

jrange-cuiorud, (if fair quality. The

so tailed "Bell Grape-fruit" is probably identical with

this

Japbmca, Thunb. Kitsiqiat, Kiv-Kw Kin-Ktts. <>tc.

Fig 481 Alow bush, with si ih. ,mi_i: :ir iiiiiirli.^:

s small, linear lanceolate. -I:- ir

blunt. w..iL'. ' |.. .. ■ !i.' i.i-i' ;

ovate, oOlong or spberical. orange-
colored, o-6-celled ; pulp sour; rind
sweet. Cochin China or China. Cul-
tivated extensively in Japan, Florida
and California. R. H. 1875, p. 209.
The following are the two cultivated
varieties commonly gro\vn in the
United States: Marumi (Round Kum-
quat): Fr. round, small, J^-IH in.
in diam.: tree slightly thorny. -Na-
gami (oval or oblong Kumquat) : Fr.
ovate or oblong, %-l in. in diam. and
lK-2in. long: tn;- th.irnl.ss.-The
fruit of the Kuni.|ii,ii ;i - ;i i- innst
died in \| I I . . i.iii-

and IS also used fresh to I'onsi.li i -i.:. Hie

sweet rind, as well as the pulp, I., lu^; . ,iu ii. Uuth
the round and the oval sorts havu buautiful
dense, dark green foliage, and form excellent
orange trees of dwarf habit for pot culture. They
are commonly budded or grafted on trifoliata or
sweet orange stocks.
M6dica, Linn, (named for the country Media). Fig.

474. CiTKON, in the broadest sense, including citron,

lemon and lime. Bush or small tree : young shoots

glabrous, mostly reddish or purplish, in some yellowish

green : Ivs. smooth, oblong, acute : "

or frequently unisexual,

mostly reddish or tinged

with red without : fr.

spherical

often mamillate at apex.

India. — A verv variable

spc.'ifs, muoh modified bv

phrodite

small, 25-30 feet high young shoots slightly pubescent,
finally becoming smooth Ivs large ovate or ovate-
ohlong, obtuse frequently emarginate petiole broadly
winged: fls large white stamens 16-24 fr. pale lemon-
yellow, or m some cases reddish or flesh colored, globose
or pyriform ver> large m hort \ ars reaching 6-7 in. in
diameter and weighing 8-12 lbs rind smooth, thick,
very bitter pulp pale yellow in some reddish, sweet or
acid. Malayan and Pohnesian Islands Extensively
cultivated m India Floiida and California and in most
tropical and subtropical countries A G 11 717. Mn.9:47.
— The I'omelo is an excellent dessert fruit and is being
very extensively planted pirticularly m Florida. The
majority of the horticultural a arieties cultivated in
America have originated in Florida though some valu-
able sorts have been introduced The round-fruited
sorts, commonly called Pomelos or Giape fruits, are the
most valuable comraercialh The pear shaped sorts, or
Shaddocks, are cultivated more as curiosities, and are
seldom found in the markets. Jiound varieties— Pomelos:

480. Oranee
(XJ^.)'

tionship of the different
forms.

Var. genolna, Engler.
CiTKON proper. Lvs. ob-
long, serrate or crenate ;
petiole short, wingless :
fr. large, frequently 3-4 in.
in diam. and 6-7 in. long,
mostly ovate-oblong, mam-
illate ; rind very thick,
tender, aromatic, more or

less rough and warted (rugose); pulp but slightly
di'Vclui"il. drv (laoking in juice), acid or sub-acid.—
TIm ('jii-i.ii i^ riiltivated to some extent in Florida and
('aliiiiriiia. l,ui nut so extensively as in Italy and the
Ml iliii rraijiau rugion. All varieties are very tender,

CITRUS

probably being the most easily injured by cold of any
of the citrous fruits. It is prop, by seeds, cuttings, lay-
ering, etc. The cultivated varieties do not propagate
true to seed, and must be budded or grafted. The fr. is
prized for the thick, tender, aromatic rind, which is pre-
served or candied, and used extensively for culinary
and confectionary puriioses. Many forms and horticul-
tural varieties are grown in Florida and California, but
none have thus far proved of noteworthy commercial
value. The Corsican, a variety recently introduced by
the U. S. Department of Agriculture from Corsica, has
given evidence of being a desirable commercial sort for
cultivation in this country.

Var. Limon, Linn. Lemon. Small, spreading trees
or shrubs: young brahches smooth, yellowish green:
Ivs. ovate-oblong, crenate or serrate; petiole short, mar-
ginless or slightlv wiri-ed : fr. i-ic.limii «i7..d. vfllow,
round, ovate or eliiptiriil, iM.-ti' . ii...- liii.i tliiii.

Cultivated exten'sivrlv' III':,: ■ . : - n I.Tri.|'i'-ai

from cuttings,
p. by budding or grafting,
)t come true to seed. The
irtant horticultural varie-
peil. blunt. Foreign. — Eu-
1 r. i iliiirnless. Foreign.—
V :il, nearly seedless:
:n.— Lisbon: Fr. me-

481 Kumquat — Citrus Japo

ity excellent nnd smooth thm seeds few or none
One of the finest Lemons grown —The so called Fmgered
Citron or Lemon v« digltata Ris o (or %ar ijuia
cirpa), in which the mdnidml tupels of the fruit

are separated above, is
strosity. f See Fig. 482
fruit known locally a;
Rough Lemon, or sim

GIVE 325

m interesting and striking mon-
which is taken from a Japanese
the Bushiukan.) The Florida
Rough Lemon," as it is called,

is a fruit of doubtful relationship. Its appearance sug-
gests that it may be a hybrid between the Citron and
Lemon. It is a strong, vigorous grower, and forms an
excellent stock, in warm localities, for the various
orange varieties. It is the best stock for the Bahia
navel orange usually increasmg its fruitfulness

Var dcida Hook (6 Medica var Limitta of trade
catalogues etc ) Lime A bush or small tree, 10-20 ft.
high Ivs oval or elliptical small crenate or serrate;
petiole wmg margined, but not as broadlj so as in the
sour orange and pomelo fls small white or with a
slight pinkish tinge -nithout petals normall> 5 but
often 4 fr simll si.hm il \ iti, or elliptical nnd
thin light leui n \ II I i i j '| \erv sour and

somewhat bitt i lui ^ ' I mlj cultiiated

in the West In li it has escaped

from cultivati n nl i wild frequently

forming den i tin I i I M i 4 1 he horticultural

varieties
are Mexn u
Escaped from
Indies Supi i
Persian Fi 1
excellent quah
CUandarin Lin
in havm;^ easil

\ iilii 11 1 m tht, Inited States
A I ill h m) Fr small oblong.
\ iti 11 111 s utb Florida and the West
t h i\ I 1 u introduced from Mex —
; tb m in the preceding said to be of

Intioduced tiom Persia —Rangpur

Fr lesembling a mandarin orange

no\ iblc imd lud sep liable segments

1 f \ I II lit iiiilit\ Introduced
1 I 1 In., . lll^ II uh see Hess,

e 111 ah th ml n Ii(i( Intro-

bighly

had been Usui iii
which had b< m
citric acid R i
at the soda t out
use IS so rapidh
doulitless make L

the Lii
meju

and
\er\ popular
itr\ and this
r vais It will
It industry

H ^ \\EBBER

CIVE (written also Chive) AUiiim bikonioptasum,
Lmn a perennial plant native to Euiope and the north-
em borders of the U S and northward See Allium.
The leaves of Cive are used green as seasoning m soups,
•ialads and stews but like other vegetables of this class,
it IS little known in Ameiica Cive grows 6 to 8 inches
high, making dense mats of narrow hollow leaves and

326 CiVE

blooming freely in violet-colored heads, which scarcely
overtop the foliage. The plant makes an excellent per-
mrtTH-TiT <'-iL'iTv_', and is worth growing for this purpose

■il h I • -ily propagated by dividing the clumps;

li I . I tufted plants, it profits by having the

I I and replanted every few years. Itrarely

>.i<l- li 1 iM.i^ in any garden soil. The leaves may be
cut fnaly. Im,- th. y .luil'kly gi'ow again. l. h. B.

CLADANTHUS (linak. klados, branch, and anthos,
flower; allu.lin- i.,il,,. linni<-liiuK, wliifh distinKuishes

thism011.it;, 1-1.- :•.,.,;- Ir..in VnllHhn.t, f\,n>r''"''"- Au

annual, \'rl!..'' i , . .: ' . : . : ■ .,i , h, ,! (, i!,, 1,,, ,. in a

forkinKin:iiM - ■ ■•. ■' n: :.:i . ■■ .M'l. IT',,,. L, •,. h.-re-

upon tw.. ii> >» I.I il. - - 1 1 ..111 .1,1. ill;. ... h. Mill tliu

and so on. A freu-tluweriug, hardy annual, requiring no
special care.

proliferus, DC. [Anthemis Ardbica, Linn.). Annual:
glabrous, 2-3K ft. high ; Ivs. alternate, pinnately parted ;
lobes linear trifld : fls solitary, bracted. N. Africa not
Aribia y^ jyj

many virgate
tls pink ten
base or u il

tinctona I

Ml h\ 1

1 1

Itt

kdll t

1

long 1

fragra

e

andN (

Soft/

1

head ai

J

the la

yields

Amure

to 40 tt

at the 1

fld oft

h

about

Iih \
Maxim frc

■\I

has the Ivs

\ ir Bufirgen

m Japan

pubes

cent 1 eue tl

Alfred Rehder

CLARKIA (

'aiitain Wn

. Clark

companion

of Lewis

explorer ..f tl,

l(....|iv Ml

region

).

Onaqrdc

eie.

Herbs

of westt-ni \

\lll.f..\Mtl

altern

ite, mostly

ent

re Ivs

and showv IK.

III th.. il|.|ir

■ tixils

n terminal racemes

Fls. regultir. i

.■ •■:,]'. \ til

illar. 1

'i.-

lalals 4

11 a

niw at

the base tl till i

. 1 , 'A 1 .

S.thealt.Tiiiit.

..11. Il..ll

,',' ,'l",,|,

long or liti.ar

1 -I.I. .1. .

; II 1, r

,il- ,.t

easy cult. 'I'ii.

y llifi\ i ill

1

III -i.il

III

1- ftillv

exposed to the

tirtitil

,h

Vic. Us,

ful

or low

CLARKLA

A. Petals entire, or at least not lobed.

ilegaia, Dough (C.neriifdlia, Hort.). Fig. 483. Prom
1-3 ft. high in cult., glabrous or nearly so, the stems
reddish and glaucous, simple or sparingly branched :
Ivs. broad -ovate to linear, remote-dentate: fls. purple or
rose-colored, running into white vars. ; double forms
in cult. : claw of the petal about a.^ L.to' n« its rhom-
boidallimb: capsule sessile. It M i .'i ' I.' Il.l«45:385.
Mn. 1:22. — One of the oomm.iii.

rhomboidea, Dougl. Not >.. i i. -lender:

Ivs. thin, lance-oblong or u\at. ..Itl.iii;^. . niiru : claw
often toothed, shorter than the rhumbuidal limb: capsule
stalked. R.H. 1864: 1511 -Perhaps not in cult.
AA. Petals deeply S-lobed.

piUch^lla, Pursh. Fig. 484. One ft. to 18 in. high,
branchy, often tufted and dwarf, the stems mostly pu-
berulent : Ivs. narrowly lance-oblong to linear, narrowed

into a petiole, entire: fls. lilac, running into white vars.
capsule stalked. B. M. 2918. R. H. 1845:385 ; 1886, p
557. — Common in cult. There are semi-double forms.

327

CLAKY. The dried Ivs. of Salvia Sclarea, which are
used for seasoning. Other species of Salvia have been
used fo" the same purpose. See Salvia.

C

:&. (after .Tolm Clayton, of Virginia, one of
Liiiiriiriu l.,itaiiists. Prom his collections
liteil the Flora Virginica). Portitlai-dcew.
Spring BE.iUTV. Small, liardy, glabrous, succulent,
perennial herbs, with slender, 2-leaved stems from a
deep, globular corm, and loose racemes of white or rose-
colored fls. with deeper veins, appearing among the first
wild fls. and lasting only a few days. The genus has
about 25 species, mostly N. Amer., and is characterized
by its oval, persistent sepals and 5 stamens. Plants can
be obtained from dealers in native plants. They can be
naturalized in moist places, and do well in half -shady
spots at the bottom of a rockery. For C.parvifolia,
parviflora &nd perfoliata, see Montia.

Virginica, Linn. Plant 4-8 in. long, often forcing an
irregular way through the leaf-mold of damp, rich
woods : Ivs. linear-lanceolate or linear. 2-6 ft. long, in-
cludint; the gradually taperiim- Ikim' : tls. larger and
more numerous than in ('. < ',i r..l, i:i.nia . Colo, to At-
lantic and S. to Gulf. B.M.'.ill. I.. 111'. 7:1, Hi. D. 33.

Carolini&na, Michx. Lower arnl f.werll.l. : Ivs. 1-2 in.
long, oblong, oblong-lanceolate, or somewhat spatulate,
with a blade 1-2 in. long, abruptly contracted into a
marginal petiole. Minn, to Atlantic and S. to Mts. of
North Carolina.

lanceoUta, Pursh. About 4 in. high : Ivs. oblong or
lanceolate, K-l^in. long, sessile, the base broad or
narrow: raceme short-peduncled ; petals emarginate or
almost obcordate. Utah and Calif. -^^ jj^

CLEISOSTOMA (Greek, closed month, referring to the
structure of the spur). Orchiddcece, tribe Tdndem.
Epiphytes : stems leafy : Ivs. coriaceous, flat or nearly
terete: sepals and petals adnate to the column, spread-
ing; labellum with a large saccate spur; column short,
thick J poUinia 2. From eastern Asia and Austral. A
genus comprising in this neighborhood 40 species,
which suggest Saccolabium. The plants are little
known in Amer. The leading species are C. crassifo-
lium, Lindl., and C. rinffens, Reichb. f. C Dawsonia-

C. nmltifloTum,
Oakes Ames.

ClfiMATIS (Greek name of a climbing plant). Ra-
nunculAcece. Climbing vines, or erect or ascending per-
ennial herbs, more or less woody : Ivs. opposite, slen-
der petioled, pinnately compound, lobed, or in some
species entire; sepals usually 4 or 5, .sometimes more,
valvate in the bud, petaloid ; petal.s none (or small in
Atragene section) ; stamens many; pistils many; akenes
in a head, 1-seeded ; style persistent, long, plumose,
silky or naked. Fig. 492. About 150 species of very
wide geographical distribution, most abundant in tem-
perate regions. About 20 species found native in
North America. — Les Clematites, Alphonse LavalWe,
Paris, 1884 ; referred to below by "Lav."— The Clema-
tis as a Garden Flower, Thomas Moore and George
Jackman, London, 1872 ; referred to below by "M. & J."
-Clematises, Dr. Jules le Bele, in Bull, de la Societe
d'Hort. de la Sarthe ; republished in The Garden (vol.
53), June-Oct. 1898. — O. Kimtze, Monogr. der Gattung
Clematis in Verh. Bot. Ver. Brandenb. 26 (1885). -A.
Gray, Fl.N. Am. 1:4-9, 1895.

A rich soil of a light, loamy character is the best for
Clematises, and a little mixture of lime will make it
better. The soil must lie well .h-aiiied. and must be kept
rich by at least annual a|.|.li.aii"H^ I't hcrse- or cow-ma-
nure. On dry, li"t ^mjIs r,.\\ niainirn i-i best, while on
heavy soils a tlinri>iiL;li dressing' <it' rich leaf-mold
would best serve the purpose. Jlnl.liiii^' with h.alf-rot-
ted manure on the approach of wiiit.r trnds t.i increase
the strength of the plants and the ^'r/.i- ..f the tlowers.
In dry seasons, spraying is always helpful chiring the
growing season.

Clematises belonging to the Montana, Caarulea, Florida,
and Lanuginosa types should be pruned in February or
March, by cutting away all weak, straggling and over-
crowded branches. The first three mentioned flower
from the ripened wood ; it is essential, therefore, that
in order'to secure blossoms, enough of the strong one-
year-old wood should be retained. Viticella, Jack-
shoots.
sh.Hil.l l.n |.runn.l ^•rv little,
■.M-al.pn:nn>l.lix s 1 n I ] i i V tHm-
alid see,l-l..>ann- l.n.luucles.
usflimbing varieties are used
walls, root fences, mounds,
small buildings, and, in fact,
-nious gardener will think of.
.nli,,iis.. and for conservatory
■ n, - :,n h, -r suited. All the
, I - ' i rulea and Lanu-
- I .< forms of Jack-
ill- n^i . :i~ well as for out-
■fer and nn.re bushy species
o some extent, but are found
on large rockeries. Of the
"Their flowers are not so
ii-f of the climbers, yet they
' ir garden, being prolific
riliuarily rich, deep gar-

tid Laiiugino

should

ously

say :

in many places to cover
arbfirs, balconies, trellises
many other places the ing
For pot culture in the L're,
walls, the less \ irnnm^ m
many varieties an-l h\iii
ginosa types, iii.'linlin- 1 1

door purposes. The

blooi
howe

. this class

.,|n.ia;;.i .,n.. hitherto have done so
much for the climbers, .muht >.. ,lir. it their efforts now
to the long-neglected bush i leinai is.s. A noble begin-
ning has been made, result inn i" '!"' large-flowering
C. integrifolia, var. Diiniiuli, hut we expect more of
them in the future." See special notes on culture and
hybrid-forming qualities after the descriptions of some
of the species and varieties.

The most common method of propagation is by graft-
ing. Roots of C. Flaiiiiiii,h, nr ('. VltUella are used;
the cions are taken fmni |ilaiit-. that have been grown
under glass, and are used hifuri tlie wood is entirely
ripe. Cions taken from ]ilauts tiinwu in the garden in
summer are rarely sma-essful. The grafts, in pots or
trays, are grown in a moist coolhouse, over gentle bot-
tom heat. Another method of propagation, involving
less labor but usually successful, is to take cuttings of
nearly ripe wood, grown under glass, aiid treat them as
the cions first above mentioned, without the roots. The
latter method is practiced preferably in summer in

328

CLEMATIS

gentle hotbeds ; shading, spraying, and later on airing,
must be strictly attended to. Layering is practiced
where large old stools are at hand. The knife is not used
in the operation, but a twist of the stem will split the
inner bark lengthwise. Every other joint is thus treated,

pegged down, and coverf

.dwith soil. It is best to leave

the layers undisturbed un

til til,- f„ll..wi..L- spring. Many

of the SI ,.•, .in. ..fun

|.i..i..i._.,ii. .i 1.., ......1. and many

new vari. 1 1.^ ]r.,\ ■■ i Im .

' 1 Ti..- number of

hybrids i -: ; i r,,,,nM.

. ..mt areeare-

fully re.-. M-.I.M :ill ih..s.- ii

. il.. .\iiM I ;..,.ti i|.:iilewhich are

traceable to their orJ!,'in.

The Clematis is subject

s to a very serious disease, duo

to the depredations of a

nematode worm in the roots.

This trouble is most seri.

rrns utidor frlnss and al..nKsido

buildini.'s ,vl„rr- tl.r. -r...,

■,,1, !,.,..: „..rf,.,,--,.,._,p,^The

parasit.' i- ,,.-,,i..,i,'. .......

pot-gn.ui, , . 11

..'.... ;i •_. Kills

the par,. ; 1 .. i .

:..! ... ...i, for

aflfecte.l |.',.i,' . i ,,, ..,

bo 1

among i

,. ; I . I... (..-..payator. k. C. Davis.
I ( 'lematis, commonly known as
' 1 ~ . are, when successfully grown,
. . I. III. il of hardy climbing plants. The
|.ai;atiiin and growing of most of the
large flow r ;, ar et es 1 owe er is attende I w th so
many d fficult es and d nj po ntmeuts that it has never
been ver t. 11

ntl
1 It

sential characteristics,— vigorous habit of growth and

abuiidmu-c of bl,„,iii. Chmafis JdrTimavi. purple.

a', "ii' III"' "' iy li.i-u. I ... I . .1 .,1a truly

criTiiN.... -Ii:..li.. It IS ..!' iiili. , i .iiit as the

•la.-k...:.tii. :.!i'l .1 ^ il.i\v.-]-v ;i), ' ! , ..I, though

not i.r.i.hi.-...l ii. .|.nt.. vii,.ii itm; , .; .h i i, i., ,iis Madame
Baron Veillard is another new ami distiiu-t variety that
promises to prove a valuable acauisition. It is of ex-
ceedingly vigorous habit, and the Mowers are quite
freely produced, though, being more dispersed over the
plant, they do not make .so iini.-l. ..f a -I..i« a> do varie-
ties whose flowers are closely i.i,...-. .i. I'li. iluwers are
of very large size and of a li'.'hi i.-. ...I. i , -l.a.led with
lilac. Of white varieties, H.-ni) i. M.-. .....rue Jack-
man and Lanuginosa Candida, all ..i tin m introduced
long ago, still remain about the most desirable ones
known. Raiiiona, deep sky-blue, is a variety which
originated on our grounds some ten years ago. It is of
extra large size, often 9 to 10 inches across, of very
vigorous habit and free-flowering.

Of double flowered var et es Duchess of Ed 1 urgh

wh te is the best known in th s cou trj 1 al out the

1111 1

mgCl
Eu

roi
whose
V goro
ent rel

to the r

tent that 1
to g ve p o
The p I
us ally ff
oldw
grow

of Clemat s throughout Euroj e
f f^ 1 f pened j

of flowers s nc
g ow ng wood
on lera I

the comparat ve (wh te)

\ tcella

from

ven f

1 f,o d show

t te 1 they bloom fro n th oung

lei tl ey need to bo pruned 1 aok

t n luce a free gro th of oung

f tl e Patens an 1 i lor la t pes

r Id wood a se ere fr ez ng

would de troy tl e croi of flowers for

rn vir et es CU ts ja lata
t ' I n has proved a won lerfully

pi nt I
metl 0
between
our exper
t on by c
count

It his been
ence that propaga
tt ngs s m th s

plant

throw

and f n 1 1

informed a al

runn ng out
grafted in

Clen
readih I
vaneti
rlous
list I
been d
places
nursei
of lai„ 1
that 1

.iblu

\t pioM 1

as to secure permanent places

for themselves in popular

demand can almost 1 e counte 1

There are many varieties piss t 1 t I

shades and variations of coloring that fail to attain

popularity, chiefly on account of dehciency in two es

n tl 1 country and has already

\ 1 h popular It is of remarkably

i igorous habit often making a growth of 20 to 2o feet

n a season. It seems thus far to be entirely free from

CLEMATIS

disease, is delightfully fragrant, and so floriferous that
the blossoms form a dense sheet of bloom, remaining in
full beauty for sereral weeks. The foliage is very thick
and heavy, thus making it very desirable for covering
porches and arbors.

Crispa (blue) and Coccinea (red) are varieties with
very pretty, bi-ll-sluiped flowers. Tbey are easily grown

I I , 1 1, tii-s of Clematis are

1,1, . .1 ; > :i 1 ,1 : .ding well in all ordi-

ii:i:\ - i I ! iii:i: r ■ :i !:• 'i -Mow of bloom at their

ll,.>vrr:,^ - :, Im>mi,:i!,:, -niiinalHl RfOta (white)

ari- al> iiii i.n- hr^t kii.wu and iii.'st dfsii-alile varieties

CLEMATIS

329

'I-., .'.-.rv

l^ii'^ot^::

i':'''

:z'!

''::'

f':tr

illx, ;liiv should be
nil a lair supply of
i:M.i..iiu-liIy distrib-

uf.ed thr-,

•,

>, . :':, 1, the plants

s-hould li.

r. :| III ..

VI. <■ i.i obtain the

greatest i,

.,f r ,

-..il,!. , ;■.',■

ih., i.iaiits are very

susceptibL

B til ii

ijury 1

ly .1

iMimlit. _'

1 i 1' "f great im-

portance,

espcc

ially

in <

■ai-iiii;: I'M

:■ li.'wiy set

plants, is

to provide a

.fin,

11 Mlppnrl

'"'■ 'll''"! to *'55^

climb upn

11. A

solid

.1(11 ..!■ Ill

Hal mHisis "^

preferaldi

■i iMii

t ' 1 : ; ,1 1

|.n.v,.„(s the ■

plants froi

V Ur- winds, whicii

often re.n

laiks iii,ta)„.ve the

ground "i-

r liark ..f the stalks

and reu.lr

til,, atlacks of lu-

sects an.l

1 . ,.l

ll- ilir vines upon

Strings, Ml

: 1, is not to be

advised 1.

[ ■■• _.

: tl,e hybrid

varieties

].. .•ii

. h'.l 1

>M|!|

1 i ■,■ .■ 11 1 1 1 1

I1-- Mi.l by grafts.

All of the

type 1

rarieti

L-S ii

row r.-ailil

y from seed.

J.iUKSON & Perkins Co.

Index: alpina,

32; a

ristata,9; arc

.raatica, 29: azurea,

1-1, bicoloi

r, -20 ;

brevi,

•aud

ata, 6 ; casrulea, 14 ; Califor-

nica, 8 ; c-.

n|..r:,.

1 1 ;

.-■andida.

U t atcsbvana 7 ,

cirrhosa, I

Jl ;

(Jolumbiana, 31 ; crassifolia,

9.- crispa,

.-.; Dougla

>si,26; Drummondi,

3, urrt,,.

i , ■

IS; exi-els

lior, 12 ; Flammula,

•2 : florii-

iin i'^n; Premonti,

I-:::.

'" ';;

irrnlens, 11;

, J:.; Hookeri,

' :..ii.l2; Ker-

A. True petals noni-: sepiilx pvtaloid. Clematis proper.

B. Styles of fruit very long and plumose {Fig. 49S).
O. Fls. on the new growth, numerous, small, appear-
ing in the last half of the season, often in pani-
cles. Flammula section.

D. Herbaceous, nearly erect.

1. rtota, Lmn. (C. ericta, Linn.). Herb.aceous, some-

wliat tuft.al. ■_'-:! ft. long :

piiiiiai.' . Ifts. stalked,

.■.aniiiiinaf, entire: fls.

Woody or half-woody,
430. climbing.

Flower of e. Fls. usually perfect,

Clematis panlculata. nearly white.

Natural size. 2. FlAmmuIa, Linn. (C.

Pdllasi, 3. F. Grael.). A
slender but vigorous climber, reaching 10-15 ft. : dark
green Ivs., remaining fresh till midwinter; Ifts. vari-
able but usually bipinnate, small, ovate, oblong or

linear : fls. small, numerous in axillary and terminal
panicles; sepals 4, linear-oblong white; stamens white;
fr. bearing white plumes. Aug.-Oct. Mediterranean
Gn. 52, p. 499. — Must have a sunny expo-sure ;
very beautiful.

Var rubella,
Bele (C iiibelta,
Pers , not Hort ).
Differs from the
tvpe in having the
Hs red outside.

3. Dnimmondi, Torr
Gray. Allied to C. Flan
mula : stem and Ivs. asb
pubescent ; Ivs. finely pin '
nate : fls. white, much less
abundant ; styles becoming
2-3 in. long. Sept. Dry ground, Tex. to Ariz.

4. Vit41ba, Linn. In Europe called Traveller's Joy.
The most vigorous climber of the genus, ascending 20-
30 ft. : Ivs. pinnate ; Ifts. ovate-lanceolate, acuminate,
cordate at the base, partly cut: fls. numerous, in axillary
panicles, dull white, % in. across, with a faint odor of
almonds: styles of fr. long and feathery, from which it
is given the name Old Man's Beard. July-Sept. Eu.,
N. Afr., Caucasus region. Gn. 53, p. 546. S.H. 2:540.

5. panicul&ta, Thunb. Figs. 485 486. A vigorous
climber: Ifts. 3-5, often lobed, acuminate, 1-4 in. long,
ff' ,1 broil s : fls. fragranf. 1-"'iii. a.TixJs, in axillary and

Japan.

JIn.7:ll

bloo

Thr

bes

sunny situations.— Will stand severe pruning in winter.
0. brevicaudita, DC. ((7. 6rei>i>or<Z(}to, Hort.). Climb-
ing vigorously : Ivs. pinnate to bipinnate ; segments
ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, coarsely toothed, nearly gla-
brous : Hs. in axillary panicles, white. Aug.-Oct. China.
G. F. 5: 139. -Very little used.

Fls.

,h:tish.

7. Virginiina, Linn. Fig. 4S7
Ivs.ternate; Ifts. glabrous, cut-t
date : fl-s. white, in leafy panicl

styles 1 in. or more in length. .1
tu t7a., westward to Kans. G.V.'.t'.

Var. Catesbyina, Brit
Lvs. somewhat pubescen
Fl. 736 (1814). Int. 1883.

8. ligusticifdlia, Nutt.
having 5-7 Ifts., of firmi
cent, variable in form and margin
coarsely toothed: fls. white, %m.
axillary panicles ; styles densely
long, straight hairs. Aug.

Brit. Columbia. Int. 1881. Vaj-. Califfimica, Wa
no marked difference : lvs. usually smaller and i
more tomentose.

texto

I'iilllhi

t.i 15 ft.:

nl!|,..l. 1

ften cor-

1. .xpal

x:r

•<-ious or
■a Scotia

iitemat!

inhia. Pursh).
e. S.E. states.

to C. Virglni
re, rather moi
. but usually 3

silky-pubeso.
louri to N. Me

ana, but
■e pubes-
-lobed or
linal .and
ent, with
■xico and

330 CLEMATIS

9. craBsifblia, Benth. Climbing : Ivs. coriaceous,
3-parted; segments nearly entire, ovate-acuminate, witli
bases cuneate: fls. in small, axillary panicles; sepals 4,
spreading, dull or white ; anthers shorter than the fila-
ments. Late summer. China. — Suitable for greenhouse
use, but not yet well introduced. C. aristata, of B. R.
3:238. is a fair representation of this plant.

488. Clematis Henryi.

10. Meyeni4na, Walp. Climbing rapidly, more hardy
than O. crasslfolia ; Ivs. much the same, but with the
segments obtuse or cordate at the base : fls. much as m
that species, but with the anthers longer than the flla
ments. Late summer. China.

EEE. Fls. perfect, yellow, and more spreading than
the preceding.

11. orientalis, Linn. {O. graveolens, Lindl.). A rapid
climber, reaching 12-15 ft. : Ivs. thin, glaucous and shiny,
twice or thrice ternate ; Ifts. 3-pnrted or -lobed, with
f„„.i!l nv-f... fiitirP"r<-iit-t....tl..-.l ,livivi,,,i< : fl-^. s.ilitRrv.

CLEMATIS

China. P.S. 8:811. I.E. 1:14. Lav. 1. M. &J. 4.-Itis
to this species, more than to any other, that the beauty
and popularity of the garden varieties and hybrids are
due. The finest hybrids, including <7.,/acA-»iani audits
section, and C Henryi, contain more or less of the blood
of C. lanuginosa.

Lemoine (C. cdndida, Hort. ). Like the
tvpe, except that the simple Ivs and Ifts of the compound
Ivs are much larger and the tls are larger, bemg 7-8 in.
across —Perhaps a hybrid of C ctfrulea

Vir mvea, Lemoine {C nnea Hort ) Sepals 6-8,
narrowish pure white anthers pale brown —Thought to
be of the same origin as the above var
nih 1 t im i)t C lanusjinosa&TO

I I \ II n Lady C irolme 4}eMll Hort ) Pis.

1 1 n( iirly whitp with mauve colored
i h &n 40 p 33 —One of the finest

I I 1 r t luTp Hort ) Resembles the

1 i and darker m shade

n like the type but with

the more certain hybrids of this group some of which are
seh ilhed to f liiiiiiiin m is t be i onsi iered varieties of
' tollowmj lie tlu hist in the \merif in trade

E Fl^ Khitt 01 ulnttih
I d \t Jiih /I ( 11 i ( (lerulei var plena) Plant.
1 I 1 1 ger fls sepals 0-8 white

I 1 Ida var Fortunei) Fig 488,
imy white becoming fully
111 oi undei glass Aug -I>ov.

< riilei) Lvs leathery simple

I II ^,1 ijish white sometimes be-

I f I I 1 1 anthers brownish

ire (( 1 \ 11 palhdaX 0 cternlea).

Ifts broad and woollj fls 8-9 in.

Itts

(X C. Viticella, var. atrorubens).
immate or sometimes ovate-laneeo-
purple ; stamens greenish. F.S.
■ Wales, Hort., has fls. of

10 1(j30 F \I lb b
lighter tint

La Fiance Hort (X C Jackmani). Lvs. smooth: buds
woolly: sepals deep cobalt-blue, pointed, with wavy edges.

Heine des Bleues, Boisselot (same cross as the last). Fls. large,
blue, with broad, recurved sepals.

DcBomrasis, Hort. (same cross). Fls. 8-9 in. across ; sepalsS,
delicate lavender-blue. Gn. 9, p. 563 (note).

Symesidna, Anderson-Henry (XC. florida, var. Fortunei).
Fls. 7 in. across; sepals 6-8, pale mauve; a profuse bloomer.

Gem, Baker (XC.'Standishi). Lvs. 3-parted or simple; fls.

like C.

uKin

1 form; ffr.ayish bin

TT.

D. Climbing plants.
12. lanugindsa, Lindl. (including var. pallida, Hort.).
Climbing only 5 or 6 ft.: Iv.s. simple or of 3 Ifts., cordate-
acuminate, woolly beneath: fls. erect, woolly in the bud,
the largest of the wild species, being 6 in. across; sepals
5 or 6, broadly ovate, leathery, rather flat, overlapping,
lavender or bluish gray; center of stamens pale reddish
brown; styles plumose. Summer. Native near Ningpo,

I piu-plL', resembling

11 I, '1- . |. violet. V&T.AIex-
rt t. redilish violet. Var. S(ar

Hort.), 5 in. across, purple,
'.<, Cripps (C.Tunbridgensls,

light blue. Var. maanifica.

CLEMATIS

331

Jackman (C. magniflpii, Hort.), rich purple, shaded with cri
son i bars of red in each sepal Var Madame Grange Ho
(C Midime Grange Hint 1 tpil rm connie pun'lt i-u

Hort )
alb "

DD HeibaceouSy eie
13 SWnleyi, Hook [C Stanlei/in
robust herbb 3 tt hi^li hs biterir
petioled variable in i un i

across white to I'lnl 1

panded stimens \ i i

white Juh-0,t li ,1 1

3'1 7S0 ( F 1 1 I 111 ^

greenho

northern

iims^eij plumose
> B M 71(* Un
27 — buitable for
t IS apt to

Fl

th

7 H On,l

ippeai

D Siimhmoii' I'

14 caerillea Lmdl {C i n I \ \> ,„ C asii

tea Hort e\ Tun/ i I : 1 iiiler and

Ifts smaller ind i, m i i -« fls

spreading: sepals il li ite lilac,

stamens purple ^| i i I I 1 ni JI <S. J

3 Lav > and 3 11 I i i j 1 3 121) —

Should be grown on i u >rini r ii i \| suii h. preserve the
color of the tlowers It i& almost hs j loliiiL is t himtqi
Jiosa in producing garden virieties ind h-s brids ind it
i» the most likelj of all to produce double flow ered forms

\ -ir grandifldra Hook (C azuten,viT qiamlifloia
Holt ) Fib larger than the type B JL 3983

\ar StAndishi Moore (C '^tancli'^hi Hort) Fh
about 5 in atrctss sepils light purple of metallic
luster —A tine variety from Japanese gardens

The following other garden varieties

Mr<i James Baker {C Mrs James Baker Hon) Sepals

ith.

Hort ) Fls 1

sepils deep i
21 2341

r down the c

Amalia Siebold (C Amalii Hort 1 Sepils 6 or more oblong
lanceolite hght lilac From Japanese gudens F & lU lOol

Lo}d Lanesborough Noble (C Lord Lanesborough Hort )
Sep lis hluish 111 11. e II h with a met lib pniple 1 ir — V good \ a
rieti to „i iduillj toice to blossom m the gieenhouse b-\ March

Lafii/ Lnmsboioufjh Noble (C La h Lanesb irnugh Hort )
Sepils sihei gra> the b ir Iiem., li^htel coloied —It \m11 bios
som m Much in the gieenhouse

5n-Loius (C Mane Hort ) FU darker than

the I

Til ijmtn. Tai^kraan (C.The Queen, Hort.)
pact, the sepals being broader than the tj-pe.

John Murray, Jackman (C. John Murray, Hort.). Habit and
foliage bolder than the type; fls. somewhat later. Gn. 40: 970.

Fair Rosamond, Jackman ( C. Fail- Rosamond, Hort. ) . Sepals
apieulate, broader than the type, and of the same color. F.S.
22: 2342.

Countess of Lovelace, Jackman (C. Countess of Lovelace,
Hort.). Fls. double. blue-TO>let ; sepals much imbricated. In
the second crop of blooms the fls. are single, as is often the case
in other double varieties.

.1 Ib.'rt Victor, Noble (C. Albert Victor, Hort.). Fls. much like
th.- t.vii.-. but large and more compact.— Suitable for forcing

Diirhr.is of Edinturgh, Jackman (C. Duchess of Edinburgh,
Hort. ) . Fls. double, white, strongly imbricated.

Louis van Houtte, Hort. (C. Louis van Houtte, Hort.). Semi-
double, rosy white.

Testa, Endlicher (C. Vesta, Hort.). Sepals gray; anthers red.
Gt. 39:1333. Gn.9:18.

Seiena, Siebold (C.Helena, Hort.'
low stamens. F.S. 11:1117. I.H.1;2:

monstrosa. Van Houtte (C. monstrosa, Hort.). Fls. semi*
double pure white F S 9 960

Sophia Siebold (C Sophia Hort ) Sepals deep lilac purple
on the edges with hght green bars F b 8 8d3 1 H 1 21.
BH 97

DD Sepah 4

15 montina Such Ham (C odoidta, Hort, not
Wall ) A vigorous climber often reaching a height of
1-1-20 ft Ivb ternate,with oblonj.. icummate cut toothed
Ifts fls several m each axil following each other in
succession of time, resembling white anemone blossoms,
sweet scented , sepals 4, elliptic oblong, I in long,
spreading becoming pink stamens conspicuous yel-
low May Himalaya region B R 26 53 M & J 8.
Gn 49, p i9 il p 349 A G 19 391 R H 1856 161 -
The species prefers a mild climate The section of
Clematises to which it belongs includes the evergieen
forms such as V em hdta, Lmn , of the Mediterr mean
region

\ ar ffrandi'lbra, Hort Fls 3-4 m across B M 4061.

16 Pierdti, Miq Closelv allied to the last Ivs and
Iftb shaggv hairy much toothed, veins prominent fls.
small Earlj summer Japan

r-^'^

Fls. pure white, with yel-

17. indivisa,Willd. Much like t' montana fls White;
requires cool greenhouse culture, and is then very beau-
tiful ; Ivs. evergreen G F b 167 A F 13 879 Gn.
53, p. 'Ad. — Indiv'im var lobita Hook , differs very
little from the type. B M 4398 R H 1853 241 Gn. 53
p. 547. F.S. 4:402.

66Z CLEMATIS

BB. Styles of fr. usually rather short, often becoming
plumose, but not so much as in B.— Viticella
Section.

c. Climbing plants,
u. Fts. large, expanded when mature.

18. Viticella, Linn. Climbinfr 8-12 ft.: Ivs. some
times entire, but ii-ii:illv riiri.ir ri i^tn :'. nearly entirt
Ifts.: fls. l%-2 in. :■! ■'.'■■■■■■ . - ■ ■: -' i':L-Iy on pedun
cles; sepals 4, Mi , ; i| ■ : 'I'le, obovate

pointed, rpflexpfl : im - ■ ih rather short

tails, di^viiid nl' |ili.! . inn. ,Vi„. >.Eu. to Persia

R.H. iMiH. n. I- ;. i-jll^i; l,s71l::i.")iM vars.). B.M. 505
Lav. 7.~i: ' ' I"- iif one of the leading groups

of ganl 11 ' ml is one of the parents of the

Jaekmani im i li..iiri.ls.

The four tVilluwing are g.irden varieties :

Kermeshius, Hort. (C. Kermesinus, Hort.). Fls. of bright
wine red color, purple being absent. Gn. 33:787.

IJIinnafhiritninda, Hort. (C. lilicina-floribunda, Hort. C.

II ih.l.i, M'.ii I. Fls. pale gi-ay-lilae, conspicuously veined.

I 1 1 1 n 1 , —An abundant bloomer. ^Produced in an

(0.

dy Bovill, Hort,). Fls. cup-
I little or not at all recurved
blue: stamens

490. Clematis florida, var. bicolor.

Uodesta. Modeste-Gu^rin (=C. V.X C. lanuginosa). Fls. well
expanded, large, bright blue, bars deeper colored.

Fulgens, Simon-Louis (=C. V..var grandiflora'X C. lanugi-
nosa). Sepals 5-6, rather narrow, dark purple to blackish crim-
son, velvety, edges somewhat serrate.

Bo»ioop. Hort. (C. Boskoop Seedling. Hort. =C.V.XC.in-
t -strifolia). A new race in 1«1)2: growing 3-5 ft.: fls. blue, lav-
ender, rose or reddish rose,

19. campanilldra, Brot. Climbing 10-15 ft.: fls. re-
flexed and bell-shaped as in the above type or more so;
purple or whitish. June, Julv. Native of Portugal.
L.B.C. 111:987. Lav. «.- This has been called C. Viti-
cella because of its close resemblance in flower, fruit
and leaf; but the Ivs. are often twice temate, and the
plant is much more slender in habit.

20. Jlbrida.Thunb. A slen-
der plant, climbing 9-12 ft.:
Ivs. variable, more or less
ternate or hitemate; Ifts.
small, ov:,to-lanceolate: fls.
2-4 iTi. :ifri.«, fl.it wh.-n ex-

June. Japan. B. M. 834.
R.H. 1856:41.

Var. bicolor, .Steud. (€.
Sieboldi, n. Dun I. Fiir. 490.
Like the typ.-, but «iili the-
purple stii - -1.1,1. wliat

petal-like, :il|.| l-riinliL- ;i

dense, pur|ii' h. :iil in tin
center. F. S. .'i : 487. Lav.
5. M.&J. 16. B.K. 24:25.
P.M. 4:147. Gn. 22:349. R.
H. 1856:401.

Var. Fdrtun
F6rtunei. H..,
pals creamy

M.

M.&J. 13.

Tt.), A hybrid form:

1 1, Hort, C. Veitchii,
I r. Fortune!, except in
irdens. F.S.18;18-5-fi.

DD. Fls. smaller, pitcher-shaped or tubular.

21. Viama, Linn. Fig. 491. Climbing 8-10 ft.: Ivs.
not glaucous nor coriaceous ; Ifts. subcordate-ovate to
ovate-lanceolate, slightly reticulated : fls. solitary, on
long peduncles, pitcher-shaped ; sepals 4, 1 in. long,
variable in color, often dull purple, thick and leathery,
tips often recurved ; styles plumose when mature.
June-Aug. Penn. to Alabama and westward. Lav. 17.

Var. coccinea, A. Gray {C. cocclnea, Engelm.). Lvs.
glaucous, subcoriaceous; Ifts. broader than the type,
often obtuse or refuse : .se|j;ils carmine or scarlet.
Trxii-. T,;iN.|n ,.,',7',,,, , , ?..^r. r„-:.|. Cn. 19:275.
Ci • -■ l;. 1 1 1 -:- . '■ 1 - - - .'1^. ".I , ;. Miperior to

til.. ■ ;.. I . , , . . ■ i.. , ,1 ,■ , ■'..,. . -. ^,,nie of the

i;,iri|. II i,.i III- ..1 1 1,1- > iii-ii 1 ;. . >Mii.-ii liii\ . iM-li:ilply been

found under the names: Countess of Ohs/oic, deep scar-
let. G.C. III. 16:9; Countess of York, white, tinted with
pink ; Duches.i of A Ihany, clear pink, Gn. .52:1140.

'1-2 crisr:l, T.Wn;, A .l,...,l..r r!i-„l..v, re:>..l.i,r,- 'I- I ft.:

Vii

o Te

B. n.

Lav. 14. -This and the allied species are fragrant.

23. reticulata, Walt. A slender climber, allied to the
last : lvs. much reticulated and very coriaceous : fls.
solitary in the axils of the lvs., nodding, bell-shaped;
sepals recurved, crispy at the margin: mature fr. with
plumose tails. June, Julv. S. Car. to Ala. and Fla.
B.M. 6574; 1892 (as C.crispa); 1816 (as C.cordata).
Lav. 16.

24. Pitcheri, Torr. & Gray. Lvs. of 3-4 pairs of Ifts.
and a terminal 1ft. reduced almost to a midrib; Ifts.
coarsely reticulated : fls. 1 in. long and ?iin. in diam.,
with swollen base ; sepals dull purple, recurved at the
tips : akenes pubescent, styles not plumose. June-Aug.
S. Ind. to Mo., southward to Mex. Lav. 15.

CLEMATIS

(C. Sargent.

CLEKODENDRON

333

Hort.). FIs.

nub'

Var. Sirgenti, Lavall
smaller. Lav. 18.

cc. Berbaceous, erect, or somewhat climbing in case of

C. aromatica.

D. Sepals some shade of blue.

25. heracleaefdlia, DC. ((7. tiibuldsa. Hook.). Stout
erect wootlv only at the base : Ivs. ternate, large, bright
<ri-ooT; • Ifts mueronatelv toothed : fls. numerous in
eiVher axillary or terminal, tubular in form,
Sht blue sepali. becoming reflexed ; Peduncles
and pedicels downy ; recurved st.gmas club-shaped.
Au-.-Sept. China. M. & J. 17. B. M. 4269 ; 6801(a9
y^vHMeri). P.M. U:3L F.S. 3:195.-Prop. by root
division.

Var. Davidl^na, Bean {C. DavidiAva. Decne.l. About
4 ft. high, hardly strong enough to stand witliout sup-
port ■ Ivs larger than any other cultivated Clematis :
Hs. in clustered heads, (>^15 together and «!>"> f'°K'y
or clustered in the leaf axils. R.H. 18G7, p. 90. bn. 49,
p. 99. „ ^

Var. 8t4n3, Hook. (C. stdns, Sieb. & Zucc). Herba-
ceous, non-climbing, 4-5 ft. long : Ivs. pubescent : fls.
less dense than the above variety, in terminal panicles
and in close clusters in the leaf-axils, tubular in form;
the blue sepals revolute from near the middle. Sept -
Oct Jap. B.M. G810.-Used chiefly because of the
striking foliage and its late-blooming qualities.

26. Doiiglasi, Hook. Has habit of C. integrifolia,
about 2 ft. high: stem and petioles angled and ribbed:
Ivs. twice pinnately or ternately compound; Ifts. naiTOW-
linear or lanceolate: fls. tubular oi
long; sepals recurved, deep purple

irsely
leath.
itEers

bell-shaped,
within, paler with-

^_ ^. .n Mts., Montana' to N. Mex. -Int. 1881.

"'•'7 Fremonti, Watson. Closely allied to C. ocft)o(«i(cn,
but with Ivs. 3-4 in. long, nearly sessUe, either entire or
with a few coarse teeth : fls. often drooping ; sepals
thick, purple, nearly glabrous, except the tomentose
ed^es- styles when young downy rather than feathery.
JuTy-Aug". Mo.toCilo. G.F. 3:381.

28 integriJaiia, Linn. Herbaceous, erect, becoming
2 ft' high- Ivs. rather broad, entire, ovate-lanceolate:
fls. solitary, nodding; sepals 4, rather narrow, blue cori-
aceous, 1-2 in. long. June-Aug. Eu and Asia B.M 65.
Var. diversifdiia, Hort. Lvs. sometmies divided. \ ar.
Burundi, Hort. ( C. integrifoUaxlamtginosa) TMeTa^d
fls.larnerthaninthetype; sepals recurved. Gn.49.105^.
Gii" o"276.— Very beautiful.

29! aromatica, Lenn^ & C. Koch (C. c<erulea, var.
odordta, Hort.). Slender, herbaceous or somewhat
climbing, reaching 6 ft. high if supported : lvs. of 3-7
ovate, nearly entire Ifts.: fls. solitary terminal, very
' ■' - fragrant, 1^-2 in. across; se-

pals 4, spreading, reflexed,
reddish violet; stamens white.
Julv->^ept. Nativity, perhaps,
S. France. It is thought by
some to be an old garden hy-
brid of the Vitioella type, or
C. integrifolia x C. recta, or C.
Flammula x integrifolia. E.
H, 1877, p. 15.

DD. Sepals yelloiv.
30. oohroleiica, Ait. Herba-
ceous, 1-2 ft. high, silky-pu-
bescent, becoming glabrate :
lvs. ovate, entire : fls. erect,
solitary, terminal; sepals yel-
low outside, cream-colored
within: styles becoming some-
what plumose. Julv-Aug.
Dry grounds, N. Y. to Ga.
L.B.C. 7:661. -Int. 1883.
Ill, spatulate; sepals petaloid ;
none. Atragene section.
31. verticillaris.DC. Fig. 492. Trailing or sometimes
climbing, 8-10 ft.: usually 4 trifoliate lvs. from each
node ; Ifts. thin, ovate, a^ute, toothed or entire, some-
what cordate : fls. solitary, blue or purple, nodding at

True pet.

first, 2-4 in. broad when expanded ; 4 thin sepals, silky
along the margins and veins ; petals J^-% in. long.
May^une. Woodlands, Va.
Minn. B.M. 887 (as Atrage:

Var. Columbiana, Gray. Sepals narrower and more
pointed than in the type." Rocky Mts.

32. alplna, Mill. (^(»o!;enea7pina, Linn.). Stems 3-5
ft., slender, with prominent joints becoming swollen
with age: lvs. once or twice ternate, with ovate or ovate-
lanceolate Ifts., serrate or incised : many petal-like sta-
mens, which are devoid of anthers : sepals 4, bright blue.
Soring Northwestern N. Amer., Siberia to south and
central En. B.M. .^30 ( as var. Anstriaca ) . Gn. 46 :982. -
A very hardy climber, preferring a northern exposure.
Var. 6,lba, Hort. (Atragene Siblrica, Linn.). Fls.

white or nearly so. B.M. 1951.
Var. occidentaiis, Gray. Petal-like stamens very few,

and often bearing rudimentary anthers. Rocky Mts.
The following are well worthy of cviltivati.m Init are not at

present found i.i tlu \ mm ,,- .n n :m1.- ' 1 w,^ -. ,, , P.ritton.

More bushy au.l !. ' ' ' ^ ^ '' ' '.l'-.?:r

C cettiuscefblia. Tn' i ■

E.H.1869, p. 10. 1; ; ■

DC. AlUedtoCViiL

incisely-serrate. "*

Japan. Graceful -]

from C. montriii:i

region. R.H. Is:.- ;. . r 1 1 '■ : - , ' ■ ' •'-""»».

Liun. Allied t.. r iii-ni.rM li , ^,v,.v ,- 1 -- ,! . ■^ .llow, or

red, bell-shaped. iJii. 4.'., p. ;:iii. L. B. «. lu: Isiio ; ,-.:,.0(asC.

calyeina). B.M. 1070:95a (as (J. calycma). K.C.DAVIS.

CLEMATIS, MOCK. Agdestls clematidea, which is

cult, in S. Calif, and S. Fla.

CLEOME (meaning unknown). CapparidAcea. A
large and mostly tropical genus of sub-shrubs or annual
herbs, simple or branched, glabrous or glandular, with
simple lvs. or 3-7 Ifts., and white, yellow or purplish
fls. borne singly or in racemes. The genus is dis-
tinguished from Gynandropsis by its short torus, which
oftfn bears an a,.p..ndnge. an,l by the 4-6, rarely 10,

stamens. Tlir --m "•■ - ■■" ' 'I'l.lly uitrrestmg

for their louL', ] ; ' ' ""I -'^""X '"''de-

colored petals, i . ...... -,mN aiMl sunny

situations, and .;. u-,.| i,i„ ...-u,, ,.,l j.h„,ts to fill

up large gaps in a border. (.'. .v;../.".^.( is the best, ana
has lately been planted considerably in public parks
amongst shrubbery. Prop, by seeds, which are produced
freely in long, slender pods borne on long stalks. *or
C. speciosa, see Gynandropsis.

apinosa, Jacq. (C. puBffens, Willd.). Giant Spider
Plant. Claramv, strong-scented, 3-4 ft. high : Ifts.
usually 5, sometimes 7, oblong-lanceolate, with a pair of
short, stipular spines under the petioles of most of the
lvs and in the tropics some little prickles on the petioles
also: fls. rose-purple, varying to white ; petals 4, obo-
vate, clawed, H in. long; stamens 2-3 in. long, blue or
purple. N. C. to La. (nat. from Trop. Amer.) and es-
caped from gardens. B.M. 1640.-A tender biennial
north, but annual in the tropics.

integriJolia, Torr. & Gray. Rocky Mountain Bee-
plant. Glabrous, 2-3 or even 6-ft. high: Ift^. 3, lanceo-
late to obovate-oblong. entire, or rarely with a few mi-
nute teeth: bracts much narrower than in C. spinosa;
petals rose, rarely white, 3-toothed: receptacle with a
flat, conspicuous appendage. Along streams m saline
soils of prairies. -In cult, about 20 years as a bee plant,
specioslsaima, Deppe. Annual or half-shrubby, some-
times 5 ft. high : stems strongly hairy; Ifts. 5-7, lanceo-
late, dentate, narrowed at the base, conspicuously hairy
on both sides: fls. light purple or purplish rose. July
to fall. — Said to be the showiest of Cleomes. Under
this name a very different plant is passing, the Ifts. of
which have only minute hairs but rather numerous
spines. W. M.

CLEEODfiNDBON (Greek, chance and tree: of no sig-
nificance). Includes Siphonantha and Volkameria.
Verben&cea;. Many species in the tropics, and also in
China and Jap. Some of them are greenhouse climbers;
others are hardy shrubs ; others are almost herbaceous.

334 CLEEODENDRON

Calyx campanulate or rarely tubular, 5-toothed or 5-
lobed: corolla tube usually slender and cylindrical, the
limb 5-parted and spreading : stamens 4, affixed on the
corolla-tube, long-exserted and curved : style exserted,
2-cleft at the end : orary 4-loeuled : f r. a drupe enclosed
in the calyx. Lvs. opposite or in 3's, usually entire,
never compound.

A. Climbing shrubs.
Th6mpsonae, Balfour (C. Bdlfotiri. Hort.). Fig. 493.
Tall, twining, glabrous evergreen: lvs. opposite, oblong-
ovate and acuminate, strongly several-
nerved: fls, in axillary and terminal fork-
ing panicles ; calyx strongly angled, nar-
rowed at the apex, ■white ; corolla-limb
red and spreading. W. Afr. B.M. 5313.
K. H. 1867:310. — A warmhouse plant of
great merit, and the most popular of the
tender species. Blooms profusely on the
young wood. Var. delictum, Hort. {C.
delictum and C. deUcdtum, Hort.). Pani-

Erect shrubs t

CLERODENDRON

fls. in few-fld. opposite, forking cymes, the calyx not en-
larged, the slim corolla-tube loiig-exserted (3-4 times

fragrans, Vent. ( C.
half shrubby, will; :mi:

ovate, with truiM

toothed: fls. wlii:

drangea-like ci.r\

B.M. 1834.-Very cirs
coolhouse. Hardy in

viscdsum.Vent. He

branches
toothr.i: 1
flesh-.-.i,:
the 1—
1805. I
n4tum, (i:

■iff, Hort. ?). Pubescent,

:M,_-hM i...ui.-hcs,3-5ft.: lvs. broadly

' I I.; li I i.'ise, acuminate, coarsely

' I ! Ill terminal, compact, hy-

11 ii:u;\ (l.iuble. China, Japan,

desirable ;uicl fragrant plant for the
in Fla. Lvs. ill-scented.
Height 5-7 ft., pubescent, with square
pjiosite and stalked, cordate-ovate,
! — e terminal panicle, white, with a
'■ M:iring, the tube projecting beyond
."i-angled calj-x. E. Ind. B.M.
. iiied. Greenhouse. C. infortu-
.-;ii.l to be the same species (and the
t it has scarlet fls. — perhaps a result
Even if the same species, it is better
separate for horticultural purposes.

'' §^>:, ^P^.

^?*"-.vv|ui''-t

trich6tomum. Tin

x,.,;',t !„„,„. Carr. Volka-

mlria .l.n^.,nr.,. ii..ri . n.-i r ..i. I'ii,-. 494. Slender

buter.' I I . 4-10 ft. high or

even In i i i i ■ , i - r... nit and flaccid,
ovate :i.' I ■' I ,' ii:in, very closely ser-

rate er .1 1. . with a reddish bro^wn

calyx, i.n ; I ' i ■ i ! i I i-li peduncles, the corolla-

tube Ml !, ,, the calyx. Japan. B.M.

65G1. (.11, 1.;: i.iii; .1. |., .;;ii. ,K,. H. 1867, p. 351. -A very
handsome, hardy sliriili. in tUe N. it kills to the ground,
but sprouts up if the crown is protected.

BB. Corolla-tube fJimoe or more longer than the

small call) I.

c. Fls. ivMte.

tomentdaum, R. Br. Shrubby and erect, pubescent,

3-5 ft. and more, often purplish: lvs. opposite and peti-

oled ovate oblong entire or sparingly toothed pubes

oent on hrth sides but thickly so on the under side

493. Clerodendron

ichotomum (XX).

length of calyx), and the clear white corolla-lobes re-
flexedcurled ; anthers yellow. Austral. B.M. 1518.—
Cult, in S. Calif.

macrosiphon Hook f Elegant erect shrub, finely
pubescent lvs opposite oblanceolate oblong, acumi-
nate notched fl in a nearlj sessile terminal (■vine,
pure white cih\j,rpen very small ; corolla-tube
v( r% niirow 4--i in long hairy the limb 1-sided.
/aii7il 1 I "M 1 1 I —Warmhouse plant of merit.

Siphon4nthu3 1 li {'^iphonanthus Indica,lj\nn.).
Tlik riii^N s,i„,ib 2-6 ft high: fls. long-
tubtd md wilt ii \ i\ lirge terminal racemes,
but smiU and ill \ \ fi i verv showy, red and
purple berr% w 1 i 1 i i i t lonf, time, and for
which the pi lilt ■ I i ih i wn E. Ind. — Hardy
mFla

C( n I I o, dntinctly Ulac.
squamitum \ i\\\ {C Kwmpfeii Sieb.). Grows
I -Id ft hull ] ube (<nt lvs opposite round-cordate
iiitire abruptly pointed : inflores
cence and fls brilliant scarlet; fls
with small red ( alyx and reflexed
spreading, unequal corolla - lobes

CLEilODEXDRON

China. R.B. 22:253. Gn. 42: 889.- Very showy. Cult, in

warm greenho ise= or n the open m S Calif a d b Fla

foBtidum Bunge ( 6 ijt je bteud ) Ore v J 6 ft

I lak ng a bu 1 pubescent sp ny Ivs opposite broad
o te a 1 a n nate stalked coarsely toothed fls

II p I le tul e 3-4 times as long ab cal x n a lense
ip tat r ml 4-8 n aero s Ch na B M 4880 Cn

— Co 1 K eenh i e H rdy n mi i lie and southern
tate K lie 1 to tl e r u 1 the lat tu le of Ph ladel

phibt ]r t iilllnm Blooms in August

Fl t feet 1 b t e o- V n 1 ecause of the odor of

thebr eUvs S[ II 1 r t

V Ika a olo (^ er tride s a cl mb

g C lero len 1 o ts is a bushv Ca -y

op (C Will 1 e recht b. Wldley

not a T e a 1 hi grows f om 4

ft 1 gh w 1 o 1 1 orpn te 1 1

C uadalo re ItsntnwnleAn ut de

L H B

CI£THBA (anc ent Greek name of the AlU trans
ferre 1 to th genu t f the n 1 1 nc of

the \\s] E \ \\ \ 11

trees 1 s alter
s tent 11 wl

petals ere t i

valve manj e 1 1 V 1

As a Made ra Onlj a t 1 1} 1 I |

generally c 1 vate 1 val al le for tl 1 i I f

white fragrant fls aj, pe i ng lat 1 1 y

grow bet amt^e I Iljly

seeds | i I

and by 1 t

taken f 111

sight I ] I I

div s on ot larfc \\M HI I 111

glass

K li s dee I 0 t> sta e s x te 1

alnifdha L nn S eet Pepperbi: sh '^l r 1 ''10 ft

CLIDEMIA

335

laceme \ ar tome t sa

B y J 43

acunnnata M chx Tall hrub or small tree to 15 ft
Iv s pet oled o-i al or oblong acuminate sharplj serrate
almost glahrou , 3-7 in long racemes i s allj solitarj ,
nodding. July-Sept. Alleghany Mts. Virginia to Georgia.
L. B.C. 15:1427.

can^scens, Reinw. (C. harUnirvis, Sieb. & Zucc).
Shrub or tree, to 30 ft.: Ivs. petioled, cuneate, obovate
or fllifitic, nfiiniinate, sharply dentate-serrate, pubescent
bciiiMih. ::-i; in. long : racemes panicled ; fls. fragrant;
lit a^i long as the fls. July-Sept. E. Asia,

Phi

Gt. 19:6,54.

-.7.(7.

arbdrea, Aii. >: : i ::i .:.. jn ft.: Ivs.

cuneate. iiariuw I n I I -, - : i . almost gla-
brous, sliiiiiii^' al ,:;-! HI ;.i,j: i:,, ans panicled;

fls. fragrant. Aug.-ii.t. Maiteira. b.M. Iu57. -It stands
only a few degrees of frost.

O. 9W^r«y6iia, Schleeht. Shrub: Ivs. obovate-oblong. tomen-
tose beneath: racemes panicled. Mexico. B.R. 28:23. — C. (int-
fblia, Swartz. Shrub: Ivs. oblong, entire, tomentose beneath:
racemes panicled. Jamaica. These two only hardy in subtropi-
cal regions. Alfred Rehder.

CLEYfiBA (after Andrew Cleyer, Dutch physician of
the seventeenth century). Ternstromideew. C.oehnueea
is a tender shrub rarely cult, in northern greenhouses.

s glossy foliage,
borne in June,
red heir es which last all w nter. The genus has
lit n ne species and is 1 st ng shed by its petals
free or scarcely coalesced t p lose anthers, numerous
ovules and scarcely bracted flowers Sepals 5, with 2

braetlets petals 5
ochnacea I

stigma

tncolor H it 1 Ik

It g and a marg n of wh te an 1

I e n" more br 11 ant n younger Iv

erries 2-3-celled.
1 eb & Zucc). Height
te at both ends, veined
Jap6iuca was distin-
ol long-lanceolate Ivs.,
errate at the apex. Var.
:s with greyish mark-
e, the variegation

W. M.
). Glory Pea.
nnsrp. About five
\\ itli large, showy

the soil, followed by

whe

plants w 11 not bear transplant ng. Even when they
are gro n m p ts tsar sky piece of work to shift
f rom s 1 all pot nto larger ones C pionVcKS is an old-
fashioned o-reenl ouse plai t giown sometimes to cover
rafters or trell s work b it more frequently trained
around sticks placed around the edge of the pot. The
flowers not ver unl ke tho e of tl e common Erythrina,
are fr 1 i 1 I n I a lusters. Cuttings

ro t 1 I I II iiiiii L'. Mid-sized

pi I 1 \ . Ill spar-

t II 1 1 I I I In l.,,r III,. g'?0Wth

I eg n \ h p I k 1 II kept tor the red

edy for

^ Cunn Glor\ Pe\ Pig. 495. Height
glaucous anl hoar witl I'uig whitish
:ems si ghtl

J I ugmgs be ng the only i

r ch er ms n or ca let
with a handsome velvet
purple black area on the
raised center. Austral
B.M. 5051. R.H. 1868 iC
Gt. 48, p. 272. Gn. 20 '94
—Var. Germ&nicus, Hort
is also sold, and is prol a
bly var. margin4tus,Hort
which has one petal wh te
margined scarlet. See Gn
37:746 and p. 299 for an ac
count of grafting this spe
cies on stocks ot C p i

495 Cl anthus Damp <
(X'S)

puniceus, Banks & Suland. Parrot's Bill. Height

about :! ft. : plant lilalmnis : Ifts. 19-21, each with a very
short iirtii.li-, altiTiiaIr (at li-ast towards the end of the
leaf I, liliiiit .ir ^li-liiiy iintrlR-d: fls. 8 or more in a ra-
ceme, rrini^Mii. failin:; Willi age. New Zealand. B.M.
35S4.-Cult. ill lastcru grecuhouses, and a favorite Cali-
fomiaii outdoor shrub. Blooms all winter in Golden
Gate Park, San Francisco, g. w. Oliver and W. M.

CLIDfiMIA (old Greek name). ilelastomAcea;. An
unimportant group in a family famous for its foliage
plants. C. vittita, Linden and Andr#, once offered by

John Saul, has large, oval, pointed Ivs. with 5 strong
nerves, and a narrow band of white down each side of
the midrib. I.H. 22:219. R.H. 1876, p. 233.

CLIFF BEAKE. See Pelliea.

CLIMBERS are distinguished from twiners by having
some means of attachment, as tendrils or other special
devices, while twiners rise by twisting their stems round
their support. In a wider sense the word is often used
synonymously with "vines." By "trailers,"nurserymen
commonly im-au low-growing vines, and by "climbers,"

talle

See n

CLIMBING FERN. See Li/fiodium. Climbing Fumi-
tory is Ailiiimia rirrlinsii. Climbing Hempweed, iI/"iA-a-
nia scuiiili i(s. Climbing Lily, Gloriosa superba.

CLINOSTlGMA((ir<xk, inclined stigma). PalmAceie,
tribe Areenr. Spiiifless, with low or tall, prominently
or obscurely ringed trunks: Ivs. terminal, equally pin-
natisect ; segments somewhat falcate-lanceolate, broad
at the base, plicate, acuminate, the apex bifid or obliquely
truncate and dentate, the thick margins scarcely re-
curved at the base ; rachis scaly, convex on the back,
obtusely keeled above : spadix long : fertile branches
long, thick, the floral areas distant : spathes 2-3: fr.
globose or subglobose, small, red at maturity. Species
3. Australasia and Samoa.

This graceful and recent palm resembles Howea For-
steriana somewhat in habit of growth, but its arching
Ivs. spread wider, and its stems are dark purplish, and
its pinnae tough and leathery. The palm is free and
clean in growth.

Mooreinum, F. Muell. (Kintia Moorecina, F. Muell.).
Dwarf palm, 3-t ft. high : Ivs. 3-4 ft. long ; segments
about 1 ft. long, longitudinally plicate when young.
New South Wales.

Jaeed G. Smith and H. A. Siebrecht.

CLINTdNIA (after DeWitt Clinton, the famous Gov-
ernor of New York and promoter of the Erie canal).
LiliAcem. A small genus of low-growing, hardy, herba-
ceous plants with a few, tufted, dark green, broad, shin-
ing Ivs., and usually umbels of fls. They grow in cool,
moist woods, and fanciers can obtain them from some
dealers in native plants. It is diificult to tell the species
apart by the Ivs. S. Watson, in Proc. Am. Acad. 14:271
(1879). For C. pulchella and other species of the aban.
doned genus Clintonia of Douglass, see Vowningia
A. Scape bearing an umbel of fls.
B. Fls. greenish yellow.

boreilis, R;if. Hnight 1-2 ft. : fls. 3-fi. nnrtrling, green,
margined yellow. I.-<l.rn.l"r t" \ViTiiiii>i-.„- r^iKl -^oiitli to

N. C. D. 123. I'. M ll'i::' ^'"'' v-.,-</. -This

is one of the cl m i 'i:- : known

to plant lovers ,1 i. ! i n ,ri > : .if lilue

berries found in :iuiii;iiii, .■. In-li m- l.^iiii' ■.<lu,\-(. the

large, dark green, shining Ivs, The commonest species.

BB. Fls. white, with green spots.

umbellilta, Torr. Pis. 10-20 or more, smaller than in
C. boreatis, erect or nearly so, white with a green or
purplish spot at the tip of each segment. Allegheny
Mts. from N. Y. to Ga. B.M. 1155. -This species has
the smallest fls. of the group, and is the only one that
has but a single pair of ovules in each cell of the ovary.
EBB. Fls. deep rose.

Andrewsiina, Torr. Fls. 20 or more, nearly erect.
California, in deep, cool woods, in clayey soil rich in
mold. B.M. 7092. -The showiest of the group. Cult, by
C. Purdy, Ukiah, Calif.

AA. Scape bearing 1 tvhite flower.

unifWra, Kunth. The only species in which the scape
is shorter than the Ivs. : fi. nearly erect. Barely there
are 2 fls. Calif, to Brit. Columb. w. M.

• CLITdRIA (derivation recondite). Legumindsm.
Butterfly Pea. A wide-spread and variable genus al-
lied to Centrosema, and characterized by the calyx tube
being cylindrical and longer than the lobes ; standard

CLIVIA

narrowed at the base, not appendaged on the back :
style often bearded. The most important garden plant
is C. Tematea, a warmhouse annual twiner, reaching
15 ft., and requiring no special' culture. It has very
showy blue fls., and lately interest in it has revived.
A. Leaflets 5.

Temat6a, Linn. {C. ecrriilea, Hort. ). Annual warm-
house climber : Ifts. 5, oblong, obtuse, short-petioled :
fls. 1 in. or more long, rich blue, with beautiful and va-
riable markings, especially on the standard. B.!!*. 1542.
Gn. 38:765. P.M. 7:147 and 13:79. -Name fromTemate,
one of the Molucca Islands, and not from temaite. mean-
ing 3-Ieafleted. Prop, by seeds. C. (//fcn, Hort.. is a
white form. More or less double forms have been known
for over a century.

AA. Leaflets S.

Mariana, Linn. Hardy, perennial, smooth, erect, or
slightly twining, 1-3 ft. high: Ifts. 3, obovate or ovate-
lanceolate: Hs. light blue, 2 in. long, on short peduncles:
pod straight, few-seeded. Summer. Dry banks, N. Y.
to Pla. and west to Mo. Also India and Burma. — Rarely
sold by dealers in native plants. w. M.

CIilVIA (after a Duchess of Northumberland and
member of the Clive family). Syn., Imaiitophyltum.
Amari/lliddcew. A genus of 3 species of tender,
bulbous plants from South Afric:i. with handsome ever-
green foliage and showy, bri^-tii I..1 1, in III ;,-i- umbels.
C. miniata is the best spirn I i - !, i[i^ a dozen

varieties and hybrids of it li i i i I at various

times. The genus is distiu;;ui. Ill ., n i - imit being a
berry, its several ovules, ami uiiptiKd bulb. J. G,
Baker, AmaryllideiB, p. 61. Clivias make excellent
house plants, but, like Amaryllis, they are too costly to
be very popular. They have the advantage over
Amaryllis of having attractive foliage all the year
round, and are more certain to bloom well. They have
thick, fleshy roots, like an Agapanthus.

All of the species are well worth growing, because of
their handsome umbels of flowers, produced during the
spring and early summer months. They are evergreen
plants of the Amaryllis family, with thick, leathery,
strap-shaped leaves. Olivia miniata is the species most
commonly grown. There are several distinct forms of

CLOVES

337

this, with larger and deeper colored flowers. Established
plants may be grown in the same pots for several years,
if the plants are fed during the growing period with
anure. In potting, the soil given should
be of a lasting nature, not easily
soured, nor apt to become sodden. In
arranging the drainage, place one
large piece, concave side down, over
the hole, and around this arrange
several smaller pieces. Over these
place one or two handfuls of pieces
small enough to go through a No. 2
sieve. The best time to pot is after
the flowers have been produced.
The plants should then be kept for
some time in a humid atmosphere
to encourage gi-owth, receiving an
abundance of water after they are
well started. Aftergrowth has been
completed, they will winter safely
in an ordinarv greenhouse tempera-
ture (not under 40°), if kept rather
dry at the root. For propag.ation,
select old plants which have become
crowded in their pots, so that the
entire plant can be pulled to pieces.
After trimming the roots, put the
growths in small pots and keep in
heat, to encourage root action. Oliv-
ias are well suited for planting per-
manently in the front part of green-
house borders. The .soil for this pur-
pose should be rich and well firmed
about the roots. Withhold water as
nmch as possible during the resting
period, or the plants will produce
leaves at the expense of the flowers.
Trifolium pratense. A. Fts. erect ; perianth broadly

Root-system. (unnel-shaped.

miniita, Kegel {Imantqph^Uum
minidtnm, Hook.). Fig. 496. Lvs. 1&-20, in a tuft,
sword-shaped, tapering to a point, IKft. long, lK-2 in.
broad : fls. 12-20, in an umbel ; perianth erect, bright
scarlet, with a yellow throat ; tube broadly funnel-
shaped, longer than O. nobilis ; segments about 2 in.
long, the inner ones broader than the outer ; stamens
shorter than the segments; style not exscrt.ed : berries
ovoid, bright red, 1 in. long. N.atal. B.M. 478:). R.H.
1859, pp. 126, 127. F.S. 9:949; 23:2373. I. H. 2fi:,S43;
36:80; 37:102; 40:177. R.H. 1809:250, and 1894, p.572.-
/. cyrtanthifldnm, Van Houtte (F.S. 18:1877), is a
hybrid between this species and the next.
AA. Fls. pendulous ; perianth narrowly funnel-shaped.
ndbilis, Lindl. {Imantophyllum Aitoni, Hook.). Lvs.
about 12, strap-shaped, very obtuse, with a roughish
edge : fls. 40-60, in an umbel ; perianth curved and droop-
ing ; tube narrowly funnel-shaped, shorter than in C.
miniata ; segments tipped with green, about 1 in. long;
stamens as long as the segments; style exserted. Cape
Colony. B.M. 2856. L.B.C. 20:1906. Int. to cult. 1828.
I.cyrtanthifldrum,Van Houtte (F.S. 18:1877), said to
be a hybrid between this and the above, shows little if
any influence of C. miniata. It has the narrow-tubed,
pendulous fls. and the greenish tinge of C. nobilis.
R.H. 1894, p. 573.

497.

G. W. OLr\'EE and W. M.

CLOUDBEKEY. See Biibus.

CLOVE PINK. The Camati(
phy!l„s.

CLOVER. Species of Trifblium (Leguminosse), par-
ticularly those which are useful in agriculture. The
word is also applied to species of related genera, as
Medicago. The Sweet Clover is Melilotus. Bush and
Japan Clover are Lespedezas. Prairie Clover is a
Petalosteraon.

Of Trifolium there have been described about 300
species. These are widely dispersed in temperate cli-
mates. The fls. are papilionaceous but small, and are
disposed in dense heads or spikes. Lvs. are digitately

22

or palmately 3-foliolate. The common Red Clover is T.
prate'use, Linn., now thoroughly naturalized in N.
America, but supposed not to be native here. It is Eu-
ropean. It is valuable both for stock feed (as pastur-
age and hay), and also as a green manure. As a manure
crop, it is particularly valuable because of its deep root-
system and its power (in common with other leguminous
plants) of fixing the nitrogen of the air by means
of its subterranean parts. Fig. 497 illustrates the root-
system. Fig. 498 shows the root of a 15-months' old
plant which grew in hard clay soil. It is 22 inches long,
and some of the root was left in the ground. The Mam-
moth Red Clovfv ( 7'. ,i,r<liiiM, Linn.), is probably an off-
shoot of '/'. I'rnt. //.s, . Ii is iisii;iUy a larger plant, with
zigzag stiiii. riiiir.' aii.l s|i.ittr(l Ifts. and longer-stalked
head." White ('l..v.r, ,,r Shanirnok, is T. ripens, Linn.,
intr. from Europe, and supposed to be native to N.
America as well. Alsike Clover, T. hi/bridum, Linn., is
of European nativity. The Crimson or Scarlet Clover
(Fig. 499), an annual from S. Eu., is now much grown
as a catch- or cover-crop in or-
chards. See Cover-crops. It is
also highly ornamental, and is
worthy the attention of the florist.
L. H. B.

CLOVES are the dried flowfr-l.n.ls (Fig. 500) of a hand-
some tree of the myrtle family. /•,'»,/. i,;,/ raryophyllata,
better known as Caryopliiilhm a ,;,iii:iin-:,s, a native of
the Spice Islands, but now .iiltiviii.il in t lie West Indies
and elsewhere. Caryophyllus, the ancient name of the
Clove, means nut-leaf. The carnation, or "clove pink,"
was named Dianthus Caryophyllus because of Its clove-

hke odor, and it has become the type of the great order
Caryophyllaceffi which however is far removed botani
callj from the M\rtapea? The word giUiHower is a
corruption of carvoph\llu'! and until 'Shakespeare s time

was a pamphlet entited Observations on Dr Priestly s
EmiKration a bitter ittick on the French Revolution
He took til 1 \ ill t nip m \Tiuri inprlitus and is re
Kardtd i Hi t mil r t th \im n iti ] ^rt^ press

Pliilad. Itli) t I 111 1 \ t ni.hiiut 1 bleeding

for^clldw t \ I I uli 1 m i 111 1 iiit nid damages
of $)000 which nearh rumed Cobbett and sent him to
England in June 1800 In 1802 he began Cobbett s
Weekly Political Register which he edited toi 3 1 \ ears,
and until his death except during an interval of im
Ills niiicnt and a second withdrawal to •Vmerica His
1 il « il was domestic reform and the circulation and
iiillu II of his journal were immense In 1801-2 he
I I Ml I ill! \mpricin writinjrs m 12 vnlnmos entitled

1 II 111 I 111 t Hi h

h ictdrmidlhj .11 I his w.rl n I httinf,l\
li\ a place in Parliament but he was then

I much damage and he died withm three ji
t I Cobbett s faults are all obvious his etot
„ ibove the rest and barely falling short of s

He was not a genius but his talents wi re ( \
\ ind his versatility amazing His Ent,

II (London 18181 written fn m Long I 1 ini
1,1 of letters to his lo %ear <,ld n x\ i n 1

500 Clove

Spray of leaves and flowers ( 1 ) ; an unopened bud or clove (3) ,
the expanded flower (2).

and after, was applied to the carnation, but now-a-days
it usually refers to several cruciferous plants of the
genus Cheiranthus and Matthiola.

CliUB MOSS. See Lycopodium.

CNlCUS (Greek, knhein, to injure). Compdsita.
Thistle. A genus of perhaps 200 species, containing
many much -hated weeds, especially the common Thistle,
C. lanceolatus, and the Canada Thistle, C. arvensis, Fig.
501. About a dozen species have been slightly culti
vated in rookeries and wild gardens. The genus Chamas
pence, now referred to Cnicus, contains 3 plants slightlj
used abroad in subtropical and carpet bedding: C. A fer,
O. Casabonce, and C. Diacantha, which are cult, fo
their rosettes of prickly Ivs. The fls. appear the secon
year. C. benedictus is an old name of the Blessed This
tie, for which see Garbenia.

COBBETT, WILLIAM (1762-1835). The once
famous English author had two periods of en-
forced residence in America, and wrote "The
American Gardener," which is one of the spiciest
books in the whole history of American horti-
culture. Plate II. He was of thorough Saxon
ancestry, and while a gardener's lad and during
eight years of military service, made strenuous efforts at
self-education. In 1792 his personal liberty was endan-
gered by the publication of "The Soldier's Friend" (an
appeal for an increase of pay), and he came to Phila-
delphia in the autumn of that year, His first success

Hiilitt dcclircd thit it i i int i iin_ i a
k md \ltred A\cis in In i limi II Im n

Ilk 188)) declares that it i |i I il i\ tli in st
„rtmmar ever written, and that tm purpost-s of

I ition it IS unrivalled (For a list of Cobbett s
see Edward Smith s excellent sketch in the

account 111 II II I 1 II I \ 1 itii I IK

in the ti \ Im I ( n II I I l i ly

year 180 I i imii I i II ni n 1 I li i i Hi
bates) nor ( 1 hi tt s Complete ( 11 ti ii i t Stite
Trials ( ifter«ards known as Howell s) nor manv other
works which he either edited translated or published
The anti Cobbett literature is exceeilni..I> Mihmiinous
and almost every charge has been nrii. :i„,iii:-i ilio
man, except that of being uniutir. iin;;

to Henry Cabot Lodge (whose masfi i i n m

"Studies in History" [Boston, 1885]. >liii i .n-uli.d

by the student immediately after dirt-ci c.nui.i with
Cohbett's writings), Cobbett's true value is understood
by his thoroughly representative character as a type
of his time and people. As historical documents, his
works are indispensable.

Cobbett's horticultural writings of chief interest to us
are "Cottage Economy," "A Year's Residence in the
United States of America, and, most of all "The Ameri-
can Gardener" (1821), which was reproduced with con-
siderable modifications as "The English Gardener," in

501. Leaf of Canada Thistle (

London, 1827. The American edition of Wm. Forsyth's
excellent "Treatise on the Culture and Management of
Fruit Trees." was published at New York and Phila-
delphia in 1802, and in Albany in 1803, and was one of
the most influential books on fruit growing in the

COBBETT

period before orcharding over large areas gave rise to
essentially American horticultural writings. Unfortu-
tunately for horticulturists of the present day, Cobbett's
thunder seems forever silenced. He has the fatal
faults of being old and amusing. Yet, to the discrimi-
nating mind. Cobbett's horticultural writings, especially
"The American Gardener" (which is still not uncommon
in second-hand book stores), are full of suggestiveness
and refreshment. W. M.

COB(£A (after Father Pobo Spanish Jesu:t of the
seventeenth centur\ i t ii di t n 1 it sulent of America
for many years ) P I \ _i uus of 6 tropical

American climbers til / » s a tender per

ennial plant, is am i ^ t tl 1 i in st popular vines
commonly treated as innuiK This is the onlj genus of
climbers in the order Prop by seeds, which should be
placed in moist earth, edge down It is a rapid grower

i/iiiiiiSiiiiJiiiit;':;

502. Coboea scandens l-\ ,'«).

scdndenB, Cav. Figs. 502, 503, 504. Height 10-20 ft. :
Ifts. in 2 or 3 pairs, the lowest close to the stem, and
more or less eared : fls. bell-shaped, 1-lK in. across,
light violet or greenish purple, with protruding style
and stamens: tendrils branched. Mex. B.M.S51. There
is a white-fld. form ( C. alba , Hort. ) , and one with varie-
gated Ivs., var. variegita, Hort. — The terminal 1ft. is
represented by a tendril (Fig. 502). Sometimes there
are indications of tendrils on other Ifts. (Fig. 504), mak-
ing the plant an interesting one for students of mor-
phology.

macrost^mma, Pav. Taller, later-flowering, the stems
and foliage not purple-tinged : fls. yellow-green, with

W. M.

exserted stamens. Guatemala.

COBNUT. Consult Cortjhis.

COBCKGIA. See Stenomesson.

COCA, The Ivs. of Erythroxylon Coca, used in
medicine. Sold chiefly as a fluid extract. Cocaine is the
famous local ansesthetic.

COCCOLOBA 66\)

COCClNEA (Latin, scarlet; referring to the orna-
mental gourds). Cucurbitctcem. Thirteen species of
tender perennial vines, from the tropics of Asia and
Africa, usually with tuberous roots. Lvs. angled or

503 Normal leaf of Cobcea scandens.

lobed, sometimes glandular fls. white or yellowish,
large fr a small, scarlet gourd, sometimes marbled,
with an insipid pulp -V Coigneaux in DC, Mon. Phan.
3 528 C cordifoUa is treated as a tender annual, re-
quiring an early start and no special culture.

A. Tendrils simple : male fls . solitary : lvs. small.

cordiidlia, Cogn. ( C. I'ndica, Wight & Am.). Height
about 10 ft.: lvs. small, 1-2 in. long, glossy, ivy-like,
short-petioled, obtusely 5-angled : fls. white, bell-sliaped:
fr. roundish at both ends, about 2 in. long, 1 in. thick.
India.

AA. Tendrils bifid: male fls. in racemes: lvs. large.

palmita, Cogn. {Cephaldndra palm&ta,Loni.). At-
taining 30 ft. : lvs. large, 3-4 in. long and wide, long-
petioled, palmately 5-lobed : fls. yellowish : fr. ovate,
acute. Natal. Int. by P. Henderson & Co.. 1890. -A rare
greenhouse plant. w. jj.

C0CC6L0BA (Greek, lobed berry; referring to the
ends of the pear-shaped fr.). PolygonAceas. This genus,
which contains the 2 interesting fruits described below,
consists of about 80 tropical trees and shrubs, some-
times tall climbers, with alternate, usually leathery, en-
tire lvs., which are sometimes very large, sometimes
very small: sheath or ocrea various: fls. in racemes, on
short pedicels between small, ocrea-like bracts. For C.
platyclada, see Mtiehlenbeckia.

504. Monstrous or abnormal leaf of Cobcea.

Coccoloba is a genus of tropical evergreen shrubs and
trees, mostly of an ornamental character. C. uvifera,
the Sea-grape or Shore-grape of the West Indies, bears
an edible fruit, and has particulary beautiful foliage.
This species is the most important of the genus, and is

340

COCCOLOBA

worthy of a place among ornamental plants under glass.
As it will withstand but slight frost, its cultivation out-
doors in the United States is limited to warmer parts of
Florida and California, but it may be bedded outdoors
durmg the summer, in temperate latitudes forming a

505. Coccoloba

fine addition to the list of plants more commonly em-
ployed. All species are easily propagated by seeds,
which germinate freely when not too old. Some species
may be quickly increased by cuttings of ripe wood,
which root readily in sand under usual conditions, in a
frame or propagating house. Layering may also be em-
ployed to increase a stock. The various species grow
naturally in both clayey and sandy soils, revelling in
moist, rich earth and a high temperature. C. nvifera
frequents the seashore, and is found growing in sand
and broken shells, apparently lacking altogether in
plant-food. Rich, sandy soil of a light character seems
to be the best for all species so far known. Plants are
readily transplanted from open ground, but pot-grown
plants" are to be preferred. Cult, by E. N. Reasoner.
uvilera, Linn. Sea-grape. Shore-grape. Fig. 505.
Tree, reaching 20 ft. or more, with many flexuous
branches : Ivs. large, often 5 in. long by 7 in. wide,
broadly heart-shaped, wavy margined, glossy, leathery,
midrib red at the base; petioles short, with sheathing

COCHLEARIA

stipules at the base : racemes 6 in. long, erect, in fl.
nodding in fr. : fls. 114 in. across, white, fragrant ; pet-
als 5; stamens 8; styles 3: berries 9 or more in a ra-
ceme, small, about Kin. long, pear-shaped, reddish pur-
ple, dotted green, sweetish acid: nut roundish, with a
short, sharp point on top, and vertical wrinkles.
Sandy seashores of Trop. Anier., especially S.
Fla. and West Indies. B.M. 3130. -The wood
is used in cabinet work, and, when boiled,
gives a red color. .

Florid&na, ^li i II. Pi.^eon Ploi.
Tree, 2.'.-:." ! 1 ' :: in. long.
1. wi'l ' :i|itical. nar-
rowed at 1 i . Hi, -'i!ii>,-, margin

slightly re. lii , . .1. i., m, ■, .^mall, J-ain.
long, pear-.shapi-d, udible, but not
marketable. S. Fla. -This has lately
been considered a synonym of C.
laiirifolia, but the two species are
well distinguished in DC. Prod.
U:165. w. M.

C6CCULUS (diminutive of kokkos,
berry; the fr. being berry -like).
{C'ebatha.) Menisperm&cem. Twin-
ing or erect shrubs: Ivs. alternate,
petioled, entire or lobed, with entire
margin, deciduous or persistent,
palniinerved: fls. inconspicuous, dioe-
cious, in axillary panicles or racemes,
sometimes terminal ; sepals, petals
ud stamens 6: carpels 3-6, distinct, developing into
berry-like, 1-seeded drupes ; seed renifomi. About
25 species in America, Asia, Africa and Australia,
chiefly in trop. and subtrop. regions. Only a few spe-
(les are cultivated, thriving in almost any somewhat
moist soil ; the evergreen kinds are sometimes grown
in pots, in a sandy compost of peat and loam. Prop.
by seeds or by cuttings of half-ripened wood in summer,
unili r fjlass, with bottom heat.

I ilu~ Iiiili.iis"is the trade name of the berries

', I ,11, se in catching fish. The berries con-

I , I ;^,in, which intoxicates or stuns the fish
I , I ,,!, i,,' caught. The berries are imported

I I I I, ,1,1 la. lies to adulterate porter, and"Cocculu.s
In li li^ ' is a trade name with druggists, not a botanical
. Ill lust as "Cassia lignea"is a trade name of a kind of
C nni Liiion bark, derived, not from a Cassia, but from a
sue. 11 s of Cinnamomum. The name " Cocculus Indicus "

given by Bauhin, but binomial nomenclature began
later, with LinniBus, in 1753. The plant which produces
the berries is Anamirta Cocculus.

Carolinus, DC. A rapid-growing, twining shrub, at-
taining 12 ft., with pubescent branches: Ivs. long-peti-
oled, usually ovate, sometimes cordate, obtuse, entire or
3-, rarely 5-lobed, pubescent, glabrous above at length,
lK-3 in. long : fr. red, Min. in diam. Along streams,
from Va. and 111. to Fla. and Tex. -Decorative in fall,
with its bright red fr. Not hardy N. of New York.

O. Japdiiicus, DC.=Stephaiiia hemandifolia.— C laurifhlius,
DC. Erect shrub, to 15 ft., glabrous: Ivs. evergreen, oblong,
acute at both ends. Hlmal. Decorative, with its bright green,
shining foliage. Only hardy in subtropical regions,— O. Thiin-
bergi, DC. Similar to C. Carolinus, but fr. bluish black. Har-
dier. Japan. Alfred Rehdek.

COCHLEABIA (Latin, cochlear, a spoon; referring to
the Ivs.). Ci-uclfercc. This genus, which includes the
Horse Radish and Scurvy Grass, is composed of glabrous
herbs, mostly perennial, of various habit, with Ivs. alter-
nate or in rosettes : fls. mostly white, racemose, bractless :
pods various, but never winged. The word cochlear is
a technical term used in describing alstivation, and refers
to one piece which is larger than the others, hollow like
a bowl or helmet, and including the rest, as in Aconitum.

Armor&cia, Linn. (Kashirtium ArmorAcia, Fries).
Horse Radish. Hardy perennial, 2 ft. high: roots large
and fleshy, furnishing the familiar condiment: root-lvs.
very large, more or less cordate or oblong ; stem-lvs.
lanceolate, uppermost linear, entire : fls. white. May.
Naturalized from Eu. and escaped.— It flowers fre-
quently, and very rarely perfects any seeds. For cul-
ture, see Horse Jiadish.

COCHLEARIA

officinilis, Linn. Scurvy Grass. Hardy biennial,
2-12 in. high, but cult, as an annual : root-lvs. petioled,
cordate; stem-lvs. sessile, oblong, more or less toothed:
fls. early spring; calyx lobes erect. Arctic regions. Vil-
morin, Veg. Gard. 515.- Prop, by seed, which is small,
oval, slightly angular, rough-skinned, reddish brown.
The germinating power lasts 4 years. The green parts
of the plant are strongly acrid, and have a tarry flavor.
The seed is sown in a cool, shady position, where the
plants are to stand. The Ivs. are rarely eaten as salad,
but the plant is mostly grown for its anti-scorbutic
properties. W. M.

COCHLIODA (Greek for spiral, in reference to the
structure of the lip). OrchidAeece, tribe I'dndew. A
small genus of orchids found at high elevations in South
America. Pseudobulbous. Flowers bright rose-color or
scarlet. Some of the species are retained by various
authors in Odontoglossum and Mesopinidium. Culture
of Odontoglossums.

Noetzliilna, Rolfe. Pseudobulbs ovate-oblong, com-
pressed, about 2 in. long, mouodiphyllous : Ivs. linear,
peduncles arcuate : fls. numerous, in graceful racemes,
orange-scarlet, about 1 in. across; sepals oblong; petals
rather ovate ; labellum 3-lobed, disk yellow, otherwise
similar in color to the petals. Andes. B.M. 7474. Gt.
43:1403. G.C. III. 16:71.

rdsea, Hort. Plants similar to C. Noetzliana : fls. rose
color. Peru. B.M. 6084. I.E. 18: 66.

vulcinica, Benth. & Hook. Peduncles more or less
erect : fls. larger than in the preceding, bright rose-color;
labellum 3-lobed, provided with 4 ridges. Peru. B.M. 6001.
Oakes Ames.

COCHLIOSTfiMA (Greek, sp»>a; stamens). Commeli-
ndcew. A genus of 2 species, which are among the
most curious and gorgeous plants cultivated under glass.
They are epiphytes, with the habit of Billbergia and
great axillary panicles of large flowers of peculiar struc-
ture and beauty. They are stemless herbs from Equa-
dor, with large, oblong-lanceolate Ivs., sheathing at the
base, and fls. which individually last only a short time,
although a succession is kept up for several weeks;
sepals 3, oblong, obtuse, concave; petals 3, nearly equal,
wider than the sepals, margined with long hairs; stami-
nodes 3, villous, 2 erect, linear, the third short, plumose;
staminal column hooded, with incurved margins, enclos-
ing 3 spirally twisted anthers ; style slender, curved.
For an interesting theory of the peculiar starainodes,
see G.C, 1808:323,264.

Cochliostemas are handsome stove-flowering perennial
plants, closely related to the Commelinas, and are of
comparatively easy culture, thriving well in ordinary
stove temperature in a mixture of 2 parts loam and 1
part' fibrous peat, with a little well-decayed cow- or sheep-
manure added when potting mature plants. They like a
copious supply of water at the roots during the summer
months, and at no season must they be allowed to become
dry. Propagation is effected by division of the plants in
early spring, or by seeds, to obtain which the flowers
must be artificially fertilized. The seeds should be sown
as soon as ripe in shallow pans of light, peaty soil, and
placed in a warm, close atmosphere until germinated.
As soon as the seedlings are large enough, they should
be potted singly into thumb-pots, and shifted on as
often as they require it, when they will flower in about 12
months. The chief reason why Cochliostemas are grown
in America so little is, probably, that we have to keep a
much more humid atmosphere in stove-houses here than
in England, and that is very much against all stove-
» flowering plants, causing the season of blossoming to be
very short.

A. Zivs, red beneath: panicle hairy : fls. very fragrant,
odoratissimum, Lemaire. Lvs. lighter green above than
in C.Jueobianum, and deep purplish red beneath, nar-
rower, and with a similar margin : fls. very numerous;
sepals more leaf-like, hairy, green, with a reddish tip.
I.H. 6 : 217. R. H. 1869, p. 170. —Not advertised at present,
but fully as interesting as the next.
AA. Lvs. green beneath : panicle not hairy : fls. less

fragrant.
Jacobi&num, C. Koch and Linden. Height 1-3 ft. : lvs.

in a rosette, spreading or recurved, dilated and sheath-

cocos

341

ing at the base, margined brown or purplish, 3-4 ft. long,
6 in. broad at the base, 4 in. broad at the middle : pe-
duncles stout, white, tinged purple, 1 ft. long : bracts
large, opposite and whorled, 3-1 in. long, acuminate,
concave: panicle branches 4-6 in. long: fls. 2-2J4 in.
across ; sepals purplish ; petals violet-blue. Autumn.
B.M. 5705. R. H. 1868:71.

Edward J. Canning and W. M.
Cochliostema odoratissimum is much like C. Jacobi-
anum. Is a very interesting plant of rapid growth and
easy culture. It is raised from seed. It seeds freely
when fertilized at tlie pn.pir time. Only a few of the
stronger or lari,'ir flowiTs slicnild be allowed to bear seed.
Sometimes a siniplf shiikini; of the flower stalk will ac-
complish the uecMssary work of fertilizing, but it is
safer to employ the regular method to insure thorough
impregnation. The seeds ripen within 6 weeks' time, and
they can be sown soon thereafter. In 5 or 6 months from
seed the plants will bloom. The flowers, while not very
showy, are fragrant and interesting. The plant itself is
ornamental by reason of its curiously marked, striped
and veined leaves. The plant thrives best in rich, light,
loamy soil. First sow in boxes or seed pans in light,
sandy soil ; then transplant into small pots ; keep the
young plants in a wann, moist place and repot before
the pot is filled with roots, never allowing the plant to
get "hard," as it is called, but keep it growing continu-
ously, and when in 6- or 7-inch pots, allow the plant to
get somewhat pot-bound and give more air, and it will
soon set flower buds. Then place a mulch of old cow- or
sheep-manure on the top of the pot, or use liquid manure
once or twice a week, keeping the plant in a cool posi-
tion. The above treatment will secure numerous flowers
over a long period. Fall and winter. H. A. Siebeecht.

COCKSCOMB. See Celosia.

COCOA. Seeds of Theobroma Cacao.
COCOA PLUM. Chrysobalanus Icaco.

COCOS (Portuguese, monkey, from the nut, which sug-
gests a monkey's face). Palm&cece, tribe Cocolnece.
This genus includes the Cocoanut tree, C nucifera, and
a few palms that are cultivated for ornament in the
north under glass, and in S. Fla. and S. Calif, as ave-
nue and ornamental trees. Of the species cult, for or-
nament, C. Wfihh llinnn i« by far the most important.
It is sold in rnni (piiuit iti.s from 3- and 4-inch pots
when the plant- aiv IJ-l.'i iii. liigh. They are favorite
house-plants, a- tlnii- . iilmn- is easy, and they grow
slowly and retain tiii ir l.iauty a long while. They are
much used in fern dislies. As a house-plant, C. Wed-
deJliana is probably the most popular species of all the
smaller palms. It is especially suitable for table deco-
ration. The genus is allied to Maximiliana and Attalea,
and distinguished by its male fls. having lanceolate
petals, 6 included stamens, and a 1-seeded fruit.

Low or tall spineless palms, with slender or robust
ringed trunks, often clothed with the bases of the lvs.
Lvs. terminal, pinnatisect ; segments ensiform or lanceo-
late, equidistant or in groups, 1- to many-nerved, entire
at the apex, or with 1 lateral tooth, or more or less
deeply lobed,-the margins smooth, recurved at the
base: rachis 3-sided, acute above, convex on the back:
petiole concave above, smooth or spiny on the margins:
sheath short, open, fibrous ; spadices erect, at length
drooping, the branches erect or drooping; spathes 2, the
lower one the shorter, split at the apex, the upper one
fusiform or clavate, woody, furrowed on the back ;
bracts variable ; fls. white or yellow : fr. large or me-
dium, ovoid or ellipsoidal, terete or obtusely 3-angled.
Species about 30. Tropical and sub-tropical S.Amer.,
1 in the tropics around the world.

J. G. Smith and W. M.

The Cocoanut Palm naturally grows on the seashore,
or in its immediate vicinity, and does not bear well
when at a great distance from salt water, although its
growth may be strong. In cultivation, this fact is kept

342

cocos

in mind and plantations are laid out on sandy or shelly
tracts of land bordering the sea, where it is almost im-
possible to raise anything else of value. This soil con-
sists of coarse sand, brolien shells and litter of the sea,
and is apparently very poor in quality, yet the Cocoanut
thrives on it and bears abundantly. Propagation is by
seeds only. These are selected from the most desired
strains, as the nuts vary greatly in size, shape, and
quantity and quality of the meat. They must be per-
fectly ripe before planting, which is usually done with-
out removing the outer husk. A shallow trench is
scooped out of the sand, the nuts are laid in thickly on
their sides and then the sand is thrown back over them
to a depth of from 4-10 in., according to the moisture of
the soil. After some months, when they have germi-
nated and the seed leaf is well developed, they are usu-
ally dug and planted out permanently about 20 ft. apart.
The young palms are kept free from weeds and en-
croaching beach creepers for 3 or 4 years, until ^they
reach a consideralilc ■^i/.-, nfti-r w):':-], thfv f^cMom •r'-t
any cultivation. \ iii;i '.L i u ..i -, , ■ . . .1 ■umI ..tliiT v.l'-
etable matter I )r'i . • i ■. n a- iln' j.n.iit

Is so small in (■" ■ ■! .' ■ - •• , ii nKuinrin?,' i^

not attempted. (' innil I'Um- m.- ..| U'.il.i.'al i,'n.wtll.

yet may be grown cmtsiik- tlie Impii's to a sliglit extent,
as in southern Florida, where occasional light frosts
occur. E. N. Reasoner.

As a decorative subject under glass, Vocos nucifera
is but little grown, owing to its large size, but when
given an abundance of water, a rich, loamy soil, and a
night temperature of 70°, it is not especially difficult to
manage, and while the young plants do not give a proper
idea of the mature Cocoanut Palm, their development
is interesting to watch.

The most valuable Cocos to the florist is the Dwarf
Cocoanut, C. Weddelliana, the seeds of which are sent
from Brazil to the large American and European palm
growers by the million each season. These seeds are
about half an inch thick. They usually arrive in the
spring, and should be sown at once in a warm green-
house and kept continually moist, and if they are in
good condition and kept at a temperature of about 75°,
they frequently begin to germinate in 6 to 8 weeks.

A light and rather open soil is preferable for Cocos
seeds, some growers using pure peat for this purpose
with good r.viiii^. w !m n iL, ^rr.I lings are making their
second I'.ii iIh N mi i- iMii^d ..ft', and this is one of

the criti.-:.l |.. ri I ..iln.n-of C. Weddelliana,

the youii^' r.>i.is i,. ini: >.. vuii an.i brittle that much care
is needed to get thi-iii into a 2- or 2!^-inch pot, and if
the main root is broken the seedling seldom recovers.

Deep pots are, therefore, best for this purpose. The
seedlings should be kept rather close during the day for
the first few weeks after potting, and then may be aired
quite liberally, and also syringed freely. A night tem-
perature of 65-70° will answer very well for the young
plants, and they should never be allowed to become
very dry, or a yellow and unhealthy condition is liable
to follow. Through the summer the plants may be re-
potted as they may need it, but it is not wise to disttirb
the roots after the middle of October, the root action of
these plants being rather sluggish during the winter
months.

Soil should be well-drained, rather sandy in texture,
and may be enriched with some dry cow-dung, or a
moderate quantity of bone dust.

Cult, by W. H. Taplik.

The Cocoanut is the example most commonly cited of
dispersal of seeds by water. Its buoyant, impervious,
boat-shaped husk enables it to cross an ocean without
losing its germinating power. Its structure is interest-
ing and at first puzzling. Although it is a dry, indehis-
cent, 1 -seeded fruit, it seems very unlike an akene, as
for instance, in the Compositse. Structurally, it is more
like a drupe, for the fibrous Iinsk is f.irniid fr..m the
outer part of the pericar|i, ;iii.l ih.- Ikh-.I ^li. 11 .ii.-l..sine
the meat from the inner. In -il.. i- w.mU ih. I.iisk is
exocarp and the shell en.l...:n p. 11.. millv ..1 ili. Coc-aa-
nut is unsolidified endosp.-i-iii. In iln- .-..r.-al ;,'r;.iiis it is
the endosperm which affords most of the material used
for human food. Only a part of the liquid matter of the
Cocoanut solidifies, and the milk is left in the center.

COCOS

The eyes of the Cocoanut (Fig. 506) mark the positions
of the micropyles, and germination takes place only
through the larger one. Palm pistils are 3-carpelIed and
each carpel in Cocos has 1 ovule. The marks of the 3
carpels are seen in Fig. 50G, but only 1 ovule develops

^\

into a seed. Pig. 507 tells the story of the growth of a
Cocoanut. In a, the young nut is enveloped by 3 petals
and 3 sepals. At 6, the pericarp has far outgrown the
sepals and petals. The floral envelopes remain upon the
tree when the nut is picked. Cocoanuts, like many other
fruits, often grow to a_considerable size without pollina-
tion, and then perish.'

In distinguishing tropical from subtropical regions,
the Cocoanut is an excellent guide. It flourishes best
where frost is never known. The oil extracted from the
nuts is an important article of commerce. The fiber re-
fuse is much used by florists and gardeners. Being
open, spongy, very retentive of moisture, clean and
easily handled, it is a favorite material in which to root
bedding plants and to start very small seeds ; but it is
not used for permanent potting. l H. B.

A. Filaments present on the rachis.

eriospitha, Mart. Stem 9-15 ft. high, 10-14 in. thick,
capitately thickened with the persistent bases of the
petioles; Ivs. ample, glaucous, finely pectinate: margins
of the rachis with excurrent filaments; segments about
1 in. apart, the lower elongated, linear, 20-24 in. long,
very long-acuminate, the upper narrowly linear, sliort,
attenuate, 1 ft. long, 2 lines wide, all rigid, faintly ner-
vose-striate. S. Braz.— "The hardiest of the genus and
one of the hardiest palms in southern Calif. Fronds
bluish: fr. pulp tastes like tipricots/^—F. Franceschif
Santa Barbara. Rather coarse for cultivation under
glass.

AA. Flaments absent.

flexuosa. Mart. Stem 9-12 ft. high, 2-3K in. in diam.,
arcuate-ascending, naked just above the base, thence
densely clothed with dead petiole bases; Ivs. lax, :i-(; ft.
long: petiole flat above, arcuate, at first tomentose. later
smooth: rachis abruptly narrowed above the iusertiou
of the lowest leaf-seL-in.nt, tlirnrf. liuear-flliform at the

apex, excurrent ; sil"- .'- 7 ''i. each side, rigid in

opposite groups, tli. . i i : .n. long, Hin. wide,
the upper 4 in. Ion, i;, 1 I- i '.a/,. — Cult, in north-
ern greenhouses. An n. i... in S. Fla. and S.

Calif. "Similar in habit to ^■. ;)?i(wosff, but with more
flnely cut Ivs., and in S. Eu. considered to stand more
frost."— Franceschi.

cocos

EB. Bachis not abruptly contracted.

c. Leaflets flaccid.

D. Form of Ifts. linear.

E. Arrangement of Ifts. equidistant.

WeddelUina, H. Wendl. Fig. 508. Stem 4-7 ft. high,
IMin. indiam., densely covered with persistent sheaths:
Its. equally pectinate-plnnatisect, 3-3J4 ft. long: petiole
8-20 in. : sheath coriaceous-fibrous, glabrous or tomen-
tose, with slender brown hairs, at length evanescent :
blade 2-3 ft. : segments about 50 on each side, widely
spreading, the middle 5 in. long, 2 lines wide, subequi-
distant. glaucous beneath : rachis iiliform at the apex,
brown-scalv. Trop. Braz. R. H. 1879, p. 434. I.H.
22:220. A. G. 16:345. -The most important of small or-
namental palms for the north,

EE. Arrangement of Ifts. in grotips of 2-4.

plumosa. Hook. Stem 30-36 ft. high, 10-12 in. thick,
ringed at intervals of a foot, clothed near the apex with
remnants of the dead petioles ; Ivs. erect-spreading, 12-
15 ft. long, recurving : petiole %-% as long as the
blade : segments linear acuminate, sparse, solitary or
mostly in groups of 2-1, 1% ft. long, deflexed near the
apex. Cent. Braz. B.M. 5180. — The chief avenue palm
of the genus. A quick-grower, ultimately 50 ft. high in
S. Fla. and Calif.

CC. Leaflets rigid.

butyricea, Linn. Stems very tall, naked : Ivs. pin-
nate : Ifts. simple ; spathe cylindrical-oblong, 4-6 ft.
Venezuela. — Rare and perhaps confused with Scheelea
butyracea. Little known.

D. Form of Ifts. sword-shaped.

Bomanzoifi&na, Cham. Stems 30-40 ft. high, some-
what fusiform above: Ivs. about half as long as the cau-
dex, the withered ones deflexed, pendent, the upper
spreading, incurved, segments conduplicate at the base,
ensiform. S. Braz., near the sea.
DD. Form of Ifts. linear: apex obtuse: petiole glaucous.

auBtrilis, Mart. Pindo Palm. Height 8 ft.: stim
erect, columnar, equal, strongly annular above ; petiole
naked ; segrnents line.ir, glaucous, rather rigid : fr. as
large as a pigeon's egg. outer pulp sweet, edible, seed
oily. Paraguay. G.C. III. 18:739. A. F. 5, 515, and 7:805.
R.H. 1876, p. 155. — A slow grower. Cult, under glass
and outdoors in Fla. and Calif.

nucifera, Linn. Csco Palm. Cocoanut Tree. Figs.
507, 508. Caudes 40-100 ft. high, flexuous, thickened at
the base: Ivs. 12-18 ft. long ; Ifts. linear-lanceolate, 2-3
ft coriaceous, flaccid petiole 3-5 ft , stout Seashores
within the tropici Indigenous to Cocos or Keeling
Islands of the Indian
ocean R H 1805

GF 7 15 -Produ r-
the cocoanuts of c < nt
nierce Rarely cult
111 northern green
houses

COCOS 343

the mouth; petiole 1% ft. long, spinose-serrate ; seg-
ments 50-60 on a side, crowded below, then equidistant,
linear-lanceolate, the uppermost long-setaceous filiform.

DDD. Form of Ifts. narrowly lanceolate.
E, Lvs. long, 6-15 ft. in mature specimens.
p. Petiole spinose-serrate: segments of leaf less
numerous.
Yatiy, Mart. Stem 12-15 ft. high, over 1 ft. in diam.,
naked below, covered with dead sheaths above: lvs. re-
curved, spreading 6-9 ft. ; sheath 1 ft. long, fibrous at

508 Cocos Weddelhana

the middle ones 2>^ ft. long,
in. long, 54in. wide, all rigid,
Argentina.

FF. Petiole not spinose-serrate : segments of leaf
very numerous.

Datil, Drude & Griseb. Stem 30 ft. high, 8-12 In. diam. :
lvs. 12-15 ft. long; sheath about 16 in. long; petiole \yi
ft. long. 1^3 in.wide, %in. thick; segments linear-acumi-
nate, glaucous, densely crowded in groups of 3 or 4,
150-160 on each side, the lowest 2 ft., middle 2]/^ ft. and
apical 1 ft., the uppermost filiform, all narrow, stiff and
rigid, the dried lvs. glaucous green or whitish. Argen-
tina; islands and river banks. The fruits are edible,
resembling those of the date palm. Hardier in S. Calif,
than C . plumosa, flexuosa , and Bomamoffiana.

coronata, Mart. Trunk at length 18-30 ft. high, 8 in.
in diam., erect, deeply ringrd: lvs. erect-spreading, 6-9
ft. long, short-pitiolcd, arranged in a close, 5-ranked
spiral, the loni; |.. asi^tint lias.s of the petioles forming
a spiral-twisted ■■i.liiinu l.i l.nv the crown; leaf-segments
in groups of 2 or :'., 1'oI.IimI together from the base (con-
duplicate), linear lanceolate, .acute, coriaceous, densely
crowded, about 100 on each side; midrib 4-sided below,
3-sided above. Brazil.

EE. Lvs. shorter. 8-4% ft. in mature specimens.
F. Apex of Ifts. obtuse.

camp^stris. Mart. Stem 8-10 ft. high, thickened, scaly :
lvs. spreading-recurved, rigid, 3-4^^ ft. long: rachis ele-
vated, triangular above, convex below : segments nar-
rowly lanceolate, 30-40 on each side, obtuse at the apex
and shortly cordate-acuminate. Brazil. — Hardier than
C. nucifera.

FF. Apex of Ifts. acuminate.

lnslffms,Mart. (G?aji<>TO ujsfjni.s, Hort.). Stem3-6ft.
high, 1>^ in. indiam.: lvs.4M-6 ft. long; sheath densely

344

cocos

brown • lanate ; petiole shorter than or equaling the
sheath, a fourth or fifth as long as the rachis; segments
equidistant, 50 on eat'h side, narrowly lanceolate.obliquely
acuminate and caudate, silvery glaucous beneath. Braz.

The following are obscure trade names of rare plants not
sufficiently described : C. Alphontei, O. Bonneti, O. Gaertneri,
O. Maximilidna and O. Turumagnas.

Jared G. Smith and W. M.

CODI^UM (Malayan name). EuphorUAcece. Croton
of florists. Four or 5 Malayan species of shrubs or
trees. Plants moncecious : racemes axillary, long and
slender: pistillate fls. with small 5-lobed calyx and no
petals, the ovary 3-loculed : stamens 15-30, surrounded
by calyx and 5-fi small petals: Ivs. alternate and petio-
late, normally entire, thick, more or less Aueuba-like.
Differs from Croton in the absence of petals from the
pistillate fls., and in technical characters of stamens.

The CodiiBums of gardens are of many widely differ-
ent kinds, and ninny of tlipse forms have Latin-made
names. They aiv all ,lrii\ cd, liow.vn-. from one poly-
morphous natural L'n'iip, wliirli .1. Miiller, the latest
monographer ( I >i . I'lch. i:.:|.t._'. 1 1 1'.i i. fonsiders to be
one species (('./■://-,,/,(/(. v. i. I'ln- iilant is widely dis-
tributed in tlir Mala-,: ,ai, aial is <a.lllln(illly

planted in the .M^'liaa-a^ ■■ i • ; i- -. Tin- CnitMUs

or CodisBums of limiaaiii , , ■ ■■. tin-. ,. L:r,,u]is.—

those with ovate, slmri >iaji i .1 u ... i h--.' witli iiai-niwrr
and spatulate Ivs,, and tliose witli very narrow and often
twisted Ivs. These correspond with Miiller's three nat-
ural divisions :

variegitum, Linn., var. pictum, Miiller (C. plctiim,
Hook.). Fig. 509. Lvs. .short-petioled, ovate or ovate-
lanceolate, more or less cordate at the base, lM-3 times
longer than wide, beautifully and variously marked with
red, yellow and green. L.B.C. 9:870. B.M. 3051.

Var. MoIuccd,nuin, MuUer. Fig. 510. Lvs. long- or
short-petioled, widely or narrowly spatulate, acute at
base, and short-acuminate.

Rothschild (var. pictv

Var. genulnum, Muller {Crdton rarieg&tus, Linn.).
Figs. 511, 512. Lvs. broad- or narrow-lanceolate, equally
narrowed at both ends, acutish or obtuse, never cordate
at base.

The CodisBums of gardens are prized chiefly for the
varied and brilliant markings of the lvs. The colors are
In shades of red, yellow, orange and purple, and the
markings often run into white. The plants have been

CODLECM

modified almost endlessly by domestication. Some of
the modiflcation is the result of crossing. The Codiseums
are prized both as indoor foliage plants and as subjects
for massing in the open. In the open air they develop
most brilliant colors in our bright, hot summers. The
plants will not stand frost. Specimens which are be-
coming too large for the greenhouse may be placed in
the center of the bed for summer and thrown away after
frost. With Crotons it is especially desirable to have
the ball of roots well developed. The smallest sized
plants, which naturally form the outer ring in the sum-
mer bed, may be plunged in their pots into the soil, and
are easily removed in the fall to the greenhouse. Such
plants, when taken up in the fall and brought indoors,
should be cut back at the time of potting. They do not
make the best subjects for winter decoration, although
good results may be got from them by the exercise of
care. L. H. B.

CodisBiuns (or Crotons, as they are popularly known
in America) are beautifiil plants, with many forms of
handsome and odd foliage of the most brilliant coloring.
The colors range from almost pure white to light and
deep yellow, orange, pink, red and crimson, in the most
rhamiin,::: cnml)iiiatiniis. In some oasc,: one color pre-
(I.iiiiitiat.-s, as in Carrii-rci ivi-IIowi. I'zar Alexander
III. ,.-rii„sM„i, liawk.'ni ilii.-li't %.-II..H-i. These varie-
tirs .,[ .liMiiiat ,a,l,„aiii; luakr Ijiamtifiil specimen plants
for jardinieres; and tlieir beauty is enhanced when used
in jardinieres of appropriate color. As exhibition plants
they are very effective, and may be grown to specimens
5 or 6 feet high, or even larger. In smaller sizes,
Codi£Bums are much used as table plants, for which
purpose well colored tops are rooted and grown on until
they are from 12 to 15 inches high. The narrow-leaved
varieties are most used for this purpose. Codiseums
are also very attractive in vases and window boxes
and for mantel and table decorations. They are also
very valuable as bedding plants. Planted in clumps or
masses, the effect of the combination of rich colors is
charming. They should be planted in only good, rich,
not too heavy soil, and regularly syringed to keep down
re 1 s] 1 1 r They color best when fully expose 1 tc tl e
VI u 1 should not be planted out until abo it tl e lOth
ot 1 11 m the ntif,hborhood of New \ork ui 1 11 ila
d III I If s luttlmgisntLlel t m kc the 1 1 1 1 k

ttr t il I tl t 1 I I I to ilmt

1 \| I 1 It t il.itthe

(1 's t tl f 1 1 It 1 R edii

\ll 11 1 t tl 1 1 1 1 1 1 t I uin m the

extreineh h tw ithtr 1 ut ntirh all the sorts do well
bedded out Among the very best for this purpose are
Queen \ ictoria Daysprmg Baron Rothschild An
dreanum Lad> Zetland Cam^rei, Barryi Hawkeni,
Fasciatum, Anietumense.

The house culture of Codisums is very simple. It is
necessary that a night temperature be maintained of 70°
to 75°, and that the air be kept moist by frequent
syringings. Cuttings of half-ripened wood may be
easily rooted at any time from October until j'une, a
l)Ottom heat of 80° being just what they need. When
very fine specimens are desired, root strong and shapely
tops by making an incision in the stem and tying
moss around the wounded part; it will be rooted ready
to pot in about three weeks. By this method all the foli-
age may be retained, and a perfect plant be the result.
The more light the plant gets, the better will be the
color; but with some kinds of glass it is necessary to
shade lightly to prevent burning of the leaves. They
may be grown finely in a house glazed with ground
glass, which admits the light and does not require
shading. It is well to syringe two or three times a week
with tobacco water, to kill mealy bug and red spider.
Little's Antipest, or any emulsion of coal-oil, is a good
insecticide for Codiseums. New varieties from seed (the
result of crossing existing sorts) are continually being
raised. Seed ripens freely under glass in North
America, and there is no doubt that the list of about
eighty choice varieties now in cultivation will be largely
extended in the near future.

The following horticultiual varieties are in the American
trade :

Aigberth Gew. «

CODI^UM

Albicans. Lvs. broad-lanceolate, 18 in. or less long, shining
green, variegated ivory-white, tinted crimson beneath : dense

Andreanum. Lvs. broad-oblong, deep green, with yellow and
crimson vein-markings. R.H. 1876, p. 23C I.H. 22. 201.

510. Codiaeum Disraeli (v

Angiistissimum (angustifoliam). Lvs. 1-1^ ft. long, linear,
drooping, yellow-margined and -ribbed.
Anietumense.
Aucubcefolium. Lvs. short and broad, green, blotched with

Aureo-maculatum. Lvs. long and narrow, yellow-spotted.

Aureum. Lvs. beautifuily and symmetrically marked with
rich yellow.

Baron Adolph SeillQre. Strong and robust growth. Large,
brilliant green lvs., with pale yellow nerves, which soon become
ivory-white, the contrast of color producing a striking effect.

Baronne de Rothschild (Fig. 509). Lvs. broad, olive-green
and yellow, changing to crimson.

Barryi.

Beauty. Lvs. lanceolate, profusely and strikingly variegated
with golden yellow on a rich green ground ; as they attain age
the green ground color gradually becomes a deep bronze, while
the yellow variegation develops into a rich, rosy crimson.

Bergviani. Lvs. short, broad-oblong, cream-yeUow, with green
blotches. I.H. 27; 389.

Brilliantissimum.

Burtonii. Lvs. lanceolate, 16 in. or less, shining green, mar-
bled with golden yellow.

Carri^rei.

Ohallenger (Imperator). Long lvs.: midribs at first creamy
white, suffused with red, deepening to bright carmine. One of
the best.

Okelsonii. Lvs. narrow and drooping, more or less twisted,
salmon-tinted and -blotched.

Ohrysophyllum, Lvs. small, yellow-tinted.

Compte de Genniny.

Oooperii. Lvs. yellow-veined and -blotched, changing to red.

Oomutum. Lvs. oblong and obtuse, lobed, rounded at the
base, wavy-margined, dark, shining green and mottled with yel-
low, the midrib projecting at the tip.

Cronstadtii. Lvs. lanceolate, twisted and crisped, tapering to
a shai-p point, glossy green, variegated with light golden yellow.

Crown Prince. Lvs. lanceolate and acuminate, 18 in. or less
long, shining green, with golden veins.

Czar Alexander III,

CODI^UM 345

Vayspring. Orange-yellow, edged green and tinged red.

Delight. Lvs. oblong acute, bright yellow, margined with
green, the veins cream-color, the bright central variegation
changing to clear ivory-white, with here and there a few dots of
the same color scattered through the margin of the leaf.

Disraeli (Fig. 510). Lvs. rather narrow, variously lobed, dark
green, with yellow veins, changing to crimson.

Dodgsonce. Lvs. lance-linear, 1 ft. or less long, sometimes
twisted, green, with golden rib and margins.

Earlscourt.

Elegans. Lvs. linear -lanceolate, but short (about 6 in.), green
above, with yeUow or crimson rib and margins, dull green and
mottled purple beneath.

Elegantissimum. Lvs. narrow.of considerable length; variega-
tion of a rich, bright golden color, which contrasts strongly with
the bright red tint of the petioles, producing a very pretty effect.

Evansianum. Lvs. 3-lobed, veined with yellow and mottled
with yellow, bronze and orange.

Excelsior.

Fasciatum. Deep green, with yellow veins.

Flatnbeau.

Flamingo.

Qloriosum (Prince of Wales). Lvs. long, narrow and droop-
ing, variously spotted with creamy yellow.

Golden Ring.

Goldiei. Lvs. spatulate, 3-lobed, 12 in. or less long, olive-green,
with golden veins.

Grande. Dark green.'with yellow spots.

Sanhuryanum. Lvs. oblong, 18 in. or less, olive-green, with
golden and rose markings.

Hanvoodianum (Triumphans Harwoodianum). Lvs. oblong,
ribbed with gold and crimson.

Hawkerii. Lvs. broad-lanceolate, J^ft. long, light yellow, with
green margins.

Henryanum. Lvs. ovate-oblong and pointed, 10 in., mottled
or overspread with golden yellow.

Hilleanum. Lvs. broad-oblong or spatulate, 9 in. or less, wavy-
margined, purplish green, marked with crimson.

HookeHanum. Lvs. lance-ovate, dark, shining green, with
golden blotches.

niustris. Lvs. with 3 narrow-oblong lobes, golden barred and
variegated.

Imperator. See Challenger.

Interruptum (Fig. 511). Lvs. very narrow, with notched
places, twisted, with crimson. rib.

Irregulare. Lvs. oblong and tapering at base, contracted be-
low the middle, acute at apex, shining green, with yellow spots
and ribs.

Jamesii. Lvs. ovate. 10 in. or less, dark green, irregularly
blotched with whitish and yellow.

Johannis. Lvs. linear-lanceolate, tapering at each end, chan-
nelled above, ribbed and margined yellow. A.F. 13: 1070.

Eatoni. Lvs. lanceolate, bright green, with circular yellow
spots.

Lady Zetland. Graceful habit.

Lord Derby,

Macfarlanei. Lvs. linear-lanceolate, drooping, 1 ft. long, green
and yellow blotched, but becoming bright crimson.

Magnolifolium.

346 CODIiEUM

Majeaticum. Lvs. narrow and long, mottled green and yellow,
and shaded with crimson.
Marquis de Oastellane.
Mortfortiense.

Mrs. Ohas. Heine.

Mrs. Dnrmaii. Lvs. linear-lanceolate, 1 ft., with scarlet rib
and green margins.

Mrs. H. F. Watson. Large-lvd. : green, but as they mature the
green deepens and changes to a bright, bronzy crimson, striped,
spotted and blotched with rich golden yeUow and edged with
salmon, the midribs and veins bright red-

Mrs. Swan. Lvs. broad-lanceolate and acuminate, golden yel-
low in the center and on the margins and petiole.

Multicolor. Lvs. like Irregulare, but blotched and veined with
yellow, changing to orange and crimson.

Musaicum. Lvs. oblong-janceolate^ wavy , acuminate, green,
crimson and c

ogmg t

l-color. R.H. 1883; 240.

Nestor. Lvs. large, lanceolate, with a broad crimson midrib,
spotted margin, and bright yellow central variegation.

Nevillice. Lvs. oblong-lanceolate, barred and marked yellow,
changing to orange and metallic crimson.

Nobile.

Orvilla.

Ovalifolium.

Pictum. Lvs. broad-oblong and acuminate, less than 10 in.
long, crimson, with irregular blotches of green and blackish.
Old but good. B.M. 3051.

Picturatum. Lvs. similar to Interniptum, highly colored.

Pilgrimii. Lvs. ovate and pointed, 10 in., green, overspread
with pink, golden-blotched.

Prince of Wales. See Gloriosum.

Princeps. Lvs. broad-linear, with yellow rib and margins, the
green becoming bronze and the yellow becoming crimson.

Princess Matilda.

Punctatum.

Queen Victoria. Lvs. oblong-lanceolate, 12 in. or less, golden '■
yellow blotched and magenta ribs.

Kecurvifolium. Lvs. broad and heavy, reeurved,'veined with
crimson and yellow, and handsomely blotched.

Boseo-pictum.

Ruberrimum. Lvs. crimson,
creamy white.
Rubro-lineatum.
Bubro-striatum.

, drooping, marked with

CCELOGYNE

Senitzianum.

Sollerii.

Spirale (Fig. .512). Lvs. long. ;
and marked with yellow, cl

Stewartii. Lvs. obovate, blunt at base, olive green, with red-
dish rib and petiole and orange bands and margin.

Sunbeam. Dark, bronzy lvs., from 9 to 10 in. long and about
2 in. wide, in the young stat« freely blotched with yellow, gradu-
ally ciianging into rosy crimson, which in turn, as the leaf ar-
rives at maturity, becomes of a rich blood^red.

Superbit

Thompsonii.

Tricolor. Lvs. oblong-spatulate, very acute, gradually tapering
from the upper third to the base : margin sinuous : upper sur-
face dark, sliining green, central part and midrib golden yellow,
lower surface dull, reddish green.

Triuiniihnns. Lvs. oblong, deep green and crimson, changing

r,i.li,l,iiun, T.' I M. ,.I I.I.I iMHg, undulated or crimped, with

Vcitchii. Lvs. l.inc.-oljloiig, rounded at base, bright green,
mottled yellow and crimson. R.H. 18G7, p. 190.

Volutum. Lvs. broad, roUed at tip, golden veined.

Warrenii. Lvs. linear-lanceolate, 2-1 ft. long, twisted, droop-
ing, overspread and mottled with orange and crimson, changing

Weisnianii. Lvs. lance-linear, 12 in. or less long, very acute at
tip, more or less undulate-margined, sliining green and golden-
blotched.

Williainsii. Lvs. ovate-oblong, \% ft. or less long and 4 in. or
less broad, undulated, magenta, crimson and yellow.

Wilsonii. Lvs. linear-lanceolate, 1-2 ft., drooping, bright
green, overspread with yellow.

Youngii. Lvs. long, nearly 1 in. wide, dark green, irregularly
blotched with yellow and rose-red. Robert Craiq.

CODLIN, or CODLING. Used in England to mean a
small, green, half-wild, inferior apple. It is used in dis-
tinction from grafted or de.ssert fr. It is about equiva-
lent to our use of the word "crab."

CIELIA (Greek, koilos, hollow: referring to the pol-
len masses). Orchidclcea, trihe VdndeiE. Six species of
central and South American epiphytic orchids, divided
into 2 strongly marked group^s with widely different
kinds o£ inflorescence. V. macrostachya is a type of
the first section, with long racemes of numerous small,
horizontal fls., which are much exceeded by the lonff
spreading bracts, and the base of the column short.
C. bella is typical of the second section, with the fls.
few, larger, erect, in groups of about 3, longer than their
bracts, and the base of the column produced to twice its
own length, which gives the fls. a tubular appearance.
Ctelias are of minor importance. They grow best in
pots of ]ieat and sphagnum, with a little charcoal.

A. Fls. rosi/ red, numerous, small, in a long raceme.
macrostichya, Lindl. Pseudobulbs 2% in. long, almost
round, with brown scales at the base: lvs, about 3, from
the top of the pseudobulb, 1 ft. or more long, lanceolate,
arching, broader than in C. bella, and not channeled:
sepals red; petals white. Mexico. R.H. 1878: 210. B.M.
4712 shows a dense raceme 8 in. long, with more thaa

AA. Fls. white, tipped purple, fetv, large.
hilla, Reichb. f. Pseudobulbs smaller and more con-
stricted at the top : lvs. 6-10 in. long, narrower, chan-
neled above, arching : fls. 2 in. long, erect, 3 or 4 in
number, with the midlobe of the lip orange-colored.
Guatemala. B.M. C«28.

CCEL6GYNE iliullow pistil). Orcliiddcece. tribe Epi-
diUiilrrii . A i,'.iiiiis iif useful plants, all pseudobulbous,
finniil in lro|iii!il .\sia growing on trees and on rocks.
Sepals :incl pi-tuls lut-rabranaceous, labellum large, cucul-
late witli 2, ;( uv mure longitudinal ridges; column erect,
winged, niembranaceously margined at and toward the
apex; pollinia 4. The botanical details of Ctrjojrj/He spe-
ciosa are shown in Fig. 513. At the top is a general

CCELOGYNE

view of the flower. Below, on the left, is the column,
front and side view. In the center is the lip, with the
column lying along its top. Below the lip, on the left,
is the stigma. To the right, on the bottom row, are the
pollinia, front and back view; and at the right center
are separate pollen masses.

Ccelogynes may be grown in pots, pans or baskets,
but it is hardly advisable to undertake growing them on

CCELOGYNE

347

513. Details of Coelogyne speciosa.

blocks, as they are a thirsty class of plants when grow-
ing, and, in fact, when at rest should not be allowed to
become very dry. Coelogynes, as a rule, do not care to
be disturbed; therefore, it is a good plan not to repot
until the plants have outgrown the pots or baskets, or
the old compost has become exhausted. They should be
potted then in a compost consisting of equal parts fresh
sphagnum moss and fibrous peat, to which maybe added
a little broken charcoal. The pots or baskets to be used
should have a good supply of crocks, so that the water
may pass away freely, otherwise the compost woiild soon
become sour. A good time to repot or top-dress is just
after the flowering season. When repotted, the plants
should be kept in a rather moist, shady place until the
new roots commence to take hold of the fresh compost.
They may then be put in their growing quarters and
given a good supply of water all through the growing
season ; but after the growth is completed they will re-
quire only enough water to keep the bulbs in a plump
condition. Manure water applied once a week when
growing will be found beneficial, but should be given in
a weak form to begin with.

There are about 50 kinds of Coelogynes, a number of
which are well worth a place in the most select collec-
tions. One of the most beautiful species is C. cristata,
with its varieties hololeuca, Chatsworthii, Lemoniana
and maxima. To insure a good crop of fls., the above
should all have a good supply of light and air when
growing, only a very light shading being necessary.
They also may be ssTinged overhead once or twice a day
in bright weather to keep down red spider and other in-
sect pests. In the winter they may be rested in any cool
greenhouse in which the temperature does not fall be-
low 40°. O. corrngata, C. tlacmda, C. ocellata and C.
Massaiigeana will all do nicely in an intermediate house,
while C. Daijana and C. Sanderiana should be grown in
a warmhouse where the night temperature in winter is
not below 60°. Ca?logynes may be propagated by divid-
ing the plants, always being careful to get one or more
leading growths with each piece.

Cult, by Albert J. Newell.
A. Eacemes pendulous or drooping.
B. Fls. green or yellow.

pandur^ta, Lindl. Fls. large: sepals and petals green;
labellum fiddle-shaped, with black veins and stains on a

yellowish green ground ; central disk 3-ribbed; pseudo-
bulbs oval oblong, 4 in. long ; Ivs. rather oblong, 15 or
more in. in length: racemes manv-fld. Borneo. B.M.
5084. F. 8.20:2139. J. H. III. 30:377. A. F. 6:633.

Day&na, Reichb. f. Pseudobulbs pyriform, cylindric,
about 6 in. long: Ivs. oblong-lanceolate: fls. numerous;
sepals and petals pale yellow, margins reflexed; petals
much narrower than sepals ; labellum with 6 erect
ridges fringed with brown: racemes 2 ft. or more long.
Borneo. 0.0.111.15:095.

Hassange&na, Reichb. f . Pseudobulbs pyriform, about
3K-i in. long, Ivs. elliptical, large, tapering toward the
base ; the long racemes many-fld. ; sepals and petals
equal, pale yellow, lateral lobes of labellum brownish
within, lined or streaked with yellow ; mid-lobe with a
verrucose brown and yellow disk : raceme sometimes 2
ft. long. Assam. B.M. C979.

BE. Fls. white or cream-colored.

cristita, Lindl. A free - flowering species, with
large white flowers : sepals and petals lanceolate-ob-
long, undulate ; lateral lobes of labellum slightly in-
curved ; mid-lobe provided at the center with 5 bright
yellow fringes and 3 ridges. Nepal. J.H. III. 31:349.
P.O. 1:55. A. G. 14:331 ; 15:513. A.F. 4:497 ; 6:87;
9:1111; 13:1133. F.E.9:331. Gng.2:393; 4:225.-Var.
hololetica, Hort. (var. alba), has white fls., labellum
without yellow. Var. Lemoniftna, Hort., has citron-yel-
low fringes. Var. Chdtsworthi, Hort., has large pseudo-
bulbs and large fls. of good substance. Var. maxima,
Hort,, has very large fls. Cmlogijne cristata is one of
the best and most popular of orchids. It is one of the
easiest to grow. Can be grown with Cattleyas.

Q&ccida, Lindl. Pseudobulbs ovate, angulate, 2-3
in. long Ivs. lanceolate, about 8 in. long: raceme 7-10-
fld., often more; fls. IJ^in. across : sepals and petals
whitish: labellum with Bridges, bright yellow blotch on
the disk. Nepal. B.M, 3318.

Gardneriina, Lindl. Pseudobulbs long and tapering,
flask-shaped : Ivs. 2, thin, 18 in. or less long : raceme
many-fld. : fls. large, long-petaled, pure white except the
lemon-yellow lip, not opening wide. Ind. P.M. 6:73.

asperita, Lindl. (C. L6wii, Past.). Large species
<18-24 in. high) : pseudobulbs large and oblong, each
bearing a pair of broad, dull green Ivs. : raceme 1 ft.
long, many-fld. : fls. 3 in. across, cream-colored, but the
lip with an orange crest and radiating brown and yellow
streaks. Borneo. P.M. 16:227.

Sanderiana, Reichb. f. Pseudobulbs ovate and
wrinkled or costate, 2 in. long, each bearing a pair of
Ivs. a foot long : fls. about 6 in a raceme, 3 in. across,
snow-white; sepals narrow and pointed, keeled; petals
broader; lip 3-lobed, the side lobes striped with brown
and the middle lobe blotched with yellow. E. Ind.—
Distinct and handsome. C. Sinderae, Kriinzlln (G.C.
111.13:301. J.H. III. 35:451), is probably the same. It
is described as having the "disk of the lip deep orange
in front, much paler behind, and with three parallel
keels, covered with long dark hairs" (G.C. III. 13,
p. 392).

AA. Macemes erect.

barbata, Griffith. Pseudobulbs about 2 in. long, ovate:
Ivs. broadly lanceolate, about 1 ft. long: fls. large, petals
linear, whitish; sepals ovate-oblong, white ; mid-lobe of
labellum brownish inside, curiously fringed with brown;
crests 3. Khasia hills.

ocelUta, Lindl. Pseudobulbs pyriform or nearly so:
Ivs. about 1 ft. long, narrowly lanceolate; racemes 6 in.
long : fls. large, white, with two bright orange-yellow
spots on each of the lateral lobes of the labellum, and
two smaller spots at the base of the midlobe ; also
brown lateral streaks ; column bordered with yellow.
E. Ind. Found at an elevation of 7,000 feet. B.M. 3767.

specidsa, Lindl. Pseudobulbs ovoid, distinctly angled,
2 or 3 In. long, monophyllous ; racemes short: fls. 1, 2 or
3, on short peduncles, which emerge from imbricated
scales directly below the fls.; sepals oblong-ovate,
translucent, dull salmon-pink; petals linear reflexed;
lateral lobes of labellum erect, slightly incurved, reticu-
lated, with dull copper-brown on a blush-salmon groimd,
midlobe roundish, partly broad-margined with white ;

348

CCELOGYNE

disk with two fringed ridges and umber-brown marlt-
ings. Inner surface of column brownish. Java. B.M.
4889. Gn. 49, p. 62.

corrug&ta, Wight. Pseudobulbs ovate-pointed, in
tufts, with lvs.3 in. long: racemes 3-6-fld. : fls. white ;
sepals and petals nearly equal, oblong and acute; lip ^-
lobed, the lateral lobes smaller and blunter than the
central one. E. Ind. B.M. 5001.

Pirlshii, Hook. f. Like C. pandurata, but racemes
not drooping, the pseudobulb 4-angled and narrow,
bearing a pair of stout broad Ivs., the fls. about (i, and
smaller. A small species. Burma. B.M. 5323.

FtferBtermanni, Reichb. f. Pseudobulbs cylindrical or
fusiform, producing I- or 2-shcathort peduncles from the
side: fls. large, snow-whitr: si|);ils nml jn-tals lanceo-
late, the former kril..<i ,,ut>i(l,-; li], .; lul.r.l. the middle
lobe rounded and iniiiiiu^ i.ointcd, the side h,ljts njiindcd,
the disk marked with yullowish brown : Ivs 3-4 in.
wide and 18 in. long, very short-stalked. E. Ind.

Oakes Aires.

COFFfeA (from the Arabian name for the drink, itself
conjecturally derived from Caffa, a district in southern
Abyssinia). BiibiAcew. A genus of about 20 Old World
species, mostly natives of tropical Africa. Shrubs or
small trees, usually glabrous, with slender branches :
Ivs. elliptical, pointed, glossy, coriaceous, mostly oppo-
site, rarely in whorls of 3: fls. creamy white, tuberose-
like, delicately fragrant, subsessile, clustered in the
axils of the Ivs. The genus is technically distinguished
by the short calyx limb : corolla throat villous or gla-
brous : style branches 2, linear. The fr. is a berry con-
taining 2 horny seeds, which afford the Coffee of com-
merce. For Coffee production, two species, C. Arabica
and C. Lihericn, are now extensively cultivated through-
out the tropics, and are occasionally to be found in con-
servatories; also in gardens in Florida and California.

The Coffee of commerce consists of the seeds of these
two species of Coffea, C Arabica and C. Liberica, the
cultivation of which is one of the most important agri-
cultural industries of the tropics, the annual production
reaching 1,500,000,000 pounds, valued at $150,000,000.
Of this amount, Brazil furnishes over 70 per cent. A
new Coffee from the Congo is receiving much attention
in Europe,— C. Maragogipe. It is very vigorous grow-
ing, and is said to be entirely resistant to the Coffee
rust.

Climate and so«.— Although C. Arabica will endure
alow temperature, and has, with slight protection, sur-
vived the winter in Germany, successful commercial
culture requires a rainfall of from 100-150 in. and an
equable temperature, having an average minimum of
not less than C0°. The Liberian species is at home uu-
der thoroughly tropical conditions, and endures expo-
sure to the sun at low elevations, where for O. Arabica
shade trees are commonly supplied. Coffee thrives in a
great variety of soils, but those containing a large
amount of humus are preferable and volcanic deposits
are also excellent. The use of fertilizers is increasing,
but the requirements of particular localities must be
carefully considered.

Cultivation. — The seed germinates in from 4 to G
weeks after ripening, and will endure only partial dry-
ing. Seedlings are raised in sh:»le<l seed-beds or flower-
pots, whence they are transplanted at the beginning of
the rainy season, preferably when 2 years old, to their
permanent places. The distance between trees is deter-
mined by the soil and climatic conditions, varying from
6 ft. for C. Arabica, under circumstances unfavorable
to the growth of wood, to 15 ft. or more for C. Liberica
in fertile ground. For the reception of the seedlings,
large holes are dug in order to insure loose soil and avoid
injuring or bending the long tap-root. Subsequent cul-
ture consists largely in the frequent removal of all
weeds, by means of hoes or other implements, which
also .stir the surface soil. Trees are headed or pruned
to a height of from 3-fi ft. in order to keep the berries
within easy reach, and after each harvest the old twigs
are removed, also the epiphytes and parasites. Spray-
ing with fungicides and insecticides is also practiced
when necessary.

Sarvest. — Production begins, under favorable circum-

COFFEA

the second or third year from transplanting-
imt a paying crop can scarcely be expected before the
fifth or sixth year. The berries ripen unevenly, requir-
ing two or more visits to each tree. The yield is esti-
mated in general at 1 pound of dry Coffee per tree, but
careful methods increase this to 3 or 4 pounds, while in
exceptional cases from 6 to 12 and even 25 pounds have
been reported. The life of the Coffee tree has been
stated at 20 or HO years, but with good care production
may be maintained for 50 years or more. The berries
may be dried as picked and the seeds afterward ex-
tracted by machines called "hullers;" or, by means of a
"pulper," the outer fleshy material is removed before
drying. For the latter process, running water, cisterns,
buildings and machinery are necessary. After being
"pulped, "the Coffee is fermented in order to further dis-
integrate the saccharine matter of the external coat ;
it is then dried in the sun or by artificial heat, after
which the tough inner integument, the so-called "parch-
ment,"is removed by other machines and the "beans"
are polished, graded and sent to the market.

In all of the recently acquired tropical territories of
the United States, Coffee culture may become an im-
portant industry, the excellence of the Porto Rican prod-
uct being already well known. From the agricultural
standpoint, little has been attempted in the selection of
superior seed or the application of scientific methods of
propagation. Grafting has recently been accomplished

iJooi-.i.- Coffee, Its Culture and Commerce, edited
by C. G. Warnford Loch, 204 pages, 1888, contains a
compilation of nearly all the literature then existing,
but the article in German in Semler's Tropische Agri-
kultur contains more recent and original matter. A
French work. Culture du Caf^ier, by C. Raoul, Paris,
1897, is the latest important contribution to the subject.
O. P. Cook.
A. Corolla 6-partedy sometimes 4-parted.
Segments of corolla narrow: Ivs. oblong, i-5 in. long.

1%:

Aribica, Linn. Common or Arabian Coppee. Pig.
514. Lvs. 3-6 in. long, rather thin, oblong, nearly three
times as long as broad, more or less abruptly contracted
near the apex to a point about % in. long: fls. in axillary
clusters of 3-5; segments of corolla four times as long
as wide: fr. a 2-seeded, deep crimson berry, but the "ber-
ries " or beans of commerce are the seeds. The commer-
cial varieties of Coffee are based largely on the size,
shape, color and flavor of the seeds, and hence the fr. is
very variable, but the typical fr. may be considered to
be oval and half an inch long. Indigenous in Abyssinia,
Mozambique and Angola; supposed
to have been introduced in early
Mohammedan times from Abys-
sinia to Arabia, whence it became

known to Europeans in the sixteenth century. This
species furnished until recently the entire commercial
product. B.M. 1303. Gng. 6:55. — As it grows wild in
Afr. it is a small tree 10-15 ft. high, with the trunk 9-12
in. thick at the base, and with horizontal or even nod-
ding branches, which in old age become one-sided.
Often cult, under glass in the north for its economic
interest, and in S. Calif, it is a good outdoor orna-
mental shrub, esteemed for its shining lvs., fragrant
white fls., and red berries.

COFFEA

BB. Segments of corolla wide: Ivs. ovate.
Bengalfensis, Roxb. Bengal Coffee. Lvs. ovate,
barely twice as long as broad, acute, but not having a
long, abrupt point : fls. in 2's or 3's ; segments of co-
rolla barely twice as long as wide. E. Ind., Malaya.
B.M. 4917. -This has much showier fls. than C. Arabica.
A small shrub with glabrous, dichotomous branches. A
native of the mountains of northeastern India, whence
it was brought to Calcutta and much cult, there for a
time. It is now neglected, the berries being of inferior
quality and the plants not productive enough.
AA. Corolla 0-, 7-, or 8-parted.

B. Fls. in dense clusters or glomes : lvs. short-pointed,

6-12 in. long.
Lib^rica, Hiern. Liberian Coffee. Lvs. longer than
in C. Arabica. and wider above the middle, with a pro-
portionately shorter and less abruptly contracted point:
fls. 15 or more in a dense cluster; corolla segments usu-
ally 7. Trop. Afr. Trans. Linn. Soc. II. 1:171 (1876).
G.C. II. 6:105. R.H. 1890, pp. 104, 105. -Said to be more
robust and productive than C. Arabica, with berries
larger and of finer flavor. It is a more tropical plant
than the common Coffee, and can be grown at much
lower levels. "It is a small tree, similar in general to

C. Arabica, but of more vigorous and upright habit, and
larger in all its parts. Lvs. 6-12 in. long: corolla 6-8-
parted: berries dull crimson, larger, more numerous,
and more nearly spherical than those of most forms of
C. Arabica. In its native forests in W. Afr. it attains
a height of 30 ft. or more, and flourishes near sea level.
Owing to its greater size, vigor and productiveness, it
is now being extensively planted in coffee-growing re-
gions, particularly in the E. Ind., where it has been
found resistant to a rust fungus, Hemileia vastatrix,
which had destroyed the plantations of C. Arabica. In
cultivation, both species are pruned low to facilitate
the picking of the berries."— 0. F. Cook.

BB. Fls. solitary or in 3's ; lvs. long-pointed, S%-S in.
long.
stenophJUa, G. Don. Lvs. 4-6 in. long, 1-lK in. broad,
narrower than in C. Arabica, with a relatively longer
and more tapering point : corolla segments usually 9.
W. Afr. B.M. 7475. -This is said to yield berries of
even finer flavor than the Liberian Coffee, and quite as
freely, but the bush is longer in coming into bearing.
This is a promising rival to the C. Arabica of com-
merce. Seeds have been distributed by British botani-
cal gardens, but are not known to be for sale at present
in America. \y, jj,

COFFEE. SeeCoffea.

COHOSH. See Actcea. The Blue Cohosh is a Caulo-
phyllum.

CdIX (old Greek name). Gramlnea. A genus some-
what closely related to Indian Corn, and similar to it in
leaf structure. A hardy annual, 2-3 ft. high, with broad
lvs. and a curious nodding inflorescence. The female
fls. are inclosed in a nearly globular, capsule-like cover-
ing, which is very hard. This capsule (or involucre) is
at first green, then a jet black, becoming nearly white
with age. Southern Asia.

Ldcryma-J6bi, Linn. .Job's Tears. Tear-gkass.
Corn-beads. Pig. 515. So called from the resemblance of
the inflorescence to a tear-drop. In cult, as an ornament
or as a curiosity. In India it is cultivated for food by some
of the hill tribes of that country. Var. ailrea zebrlna,

COLAX

349

Hort., has yello

lvs.

P. B. Kennedy.

COLA (native name). Stercnlidcea. Cola. Also
called Kola, Korra, Gorra. This genus of perhaps
14 species of tropical African trees is chiefly interesting
for the Cola nuts, which are said to sustain the natives
in great feats of endurance. The tree grows on the east

coast of Africa, but is very abundant on the west coast,
and is now cultivated in the West Indies. Within the
tropics the trade in this nut is said to be immense. It
has lately become famous in the U. S. through many
preparations for medicinal purposes and summer drinks.
The seeds are about the size and appearance of a horse
chestnut, and have a bitter taste. Although repeatedly
introduced to Kew, England, the plant never flowered
there until 1868. Consult Stewart's Monograph on Kola.
Colas are tropical African trees, requiring a rich, well-
drained soil. Those introduced into West Indies and
other parts of America, especially C. acuminata, thrive
best on a sandy loam. The trees are grown from seeds,
which are large and fleshy, keeping well for some weeks
after ripening. As the tree is difiicult to transplant, the
seeds may be planted singly in small pots, and the young

trees kept growing thus until wanted for permanent
planting. Propagation may also be effected by cuttings
of ripe wood, which should be placed in bottom heat, and
treated in the usual way.

acuminata, Schott and Endl. About 40 ft. high in
Africa, resembling an apple tree : lvs. alternate; petiole
%-6 in. long; blade 4-6 in. long, leathery, with promi-
nent ribs below ; older lvs. entire, obovate, acute ;
younger lvs. often once or twice cut near the base about
half way to the midrib: fls. yellow, 15 or more in a clus-
ter, about 1 in. across, with a slender green tube and a
showy yellow, 6- or 5-cut limb, which is a part of the
calyx, as the petals are absent in the tribe Sterculiffi.
BM. 5699. E. N. Reasoner and W. M.

COLAX, Now referred to Lycaste.

350

COLCHICUM

COLCHICUH (from Colchis, a country in Asia Minor).
Liliilcew. Meadow Saffron. Autumn Crocus. A
tribe of fall- (rarely spring-) blooming bulbous plants.
Perianth crocus-like but much larger, long and tubular,
varying from rosy purple to white, with one yellow-
flowered species: Ivs. long and broad, appearing in
early spring and dying down in June: stamens six;
styles three and very long ; ovary a round, 3-celled
pod : corm long, solid, with a brittle skin. "Colchicum
root "and seed are employed in gout and rheumatism.
They are narcotic poisons. Colchicums are natives of
Europe and the Mediterranean region. They are most
charming and interesting plants of easy culture. The
bloom comes in August and September, at a season
when the herbaceous beds begin to lose their freshness,
and, although individual flowers are fugacious, others
follow in quick succession, thus prolonging the time of
flowering. Opening, as they do, without foliage, some
help is required from the greenery of other plants; for
this purpose any low-growing, not too dense kind, can
be used, such as the dwarf Artemesias, Sedums, Phlox
subulala, etc. Colchicums are most effective in masses,
which can be established by thick planting, or as the re-
sult of many years' growth. They can be grown in rock-
work, in beds, or in grass which is not too thick nor too
often mown; they will thrive in partial shade, but suc-
ceed best in an open, sunny bonier. They shoulil be
planted in August or early S'eptember, in deep, well-en-
riched soil, a light, sandy loam, with the tip of the long
bulbs 2 to 3 inches below the surface ; some protection
should 1)6 given in winter. They remain in good condition
for many years, and should not be disturbed unless they
show signs of deterioration, fewer flowers and poor
foliage. Then they should be lifted and separated, just
after the leaves die, end of June or early July. This
is the usual method of propagation, but they can
also be increased from seeds, sown just after ripening,
Juue-July ; the seedlings may not appear until the
following spring. Seedlings bloom when 3 to 5 years
old. The bulbs are obtainable from the Dutch growers
at moderate prices, and they must be imported early;
otherwise they are apt to bloom in the cases. C antum-
nale, with rosy purple flowers, is a well-known and the
most commonly cultivated species. There are numerous
varieties, of which the best are the white, the double
white and the double purple. Belonging to this same
group and not differing much except in size and shad-
ing of the flower, are C. Byzanthmm, C. moiitntnim,
and 0. umhroavm. C. speciosiim, a native of the Cau-
casus, is the finest in every way of the genus. The
flowers are much larger and of better shape, and the
color, a rosy pink, is much more delicate; the habit of
growth is robust, and the plant is most easily handled.

C. Parkinsoni (a form of C. variegatnm) is distinct
from the above varieties inasmuch as the flowers are
tessellated, purple and white, giving a curious checker-
hoard appearance which is imique; the leaves are ranch
smaller nnH nrf wnvv, r, Anqripinum, C. Bivoncp,
C. Cili'" '"" ■•■■•'> '■ >'/'.. . :ire other species having

checkrn t ' ! - similar to Parkinsoni.

C.Iliili, , I. mum. Monograph bv

J. G. B.'.k.r ,,, .l,M,r, 1,11111. Siir.,vol. 17(1880).

B. M. Watson.

Alphabetical list of species described below; Aggripi-
num, 5 ; alpinum, 13 ; autumnale, 10 ; BrrtoJonii, 1 ;
Bivonas, 6 ; Byzantinum, 9 ; CiUcicum.9 ; luteum, 3 ;
montanum, 1; Parkinsoni, i; Sibthorpi, 7; speciosum,8;
Steveni, 2; Troodi, 11; umbrosum, 12; variegatum, 4.

A. Blooming in spring : 7vs. appearing with the fis.

B. Color rosy lilac : size of anthers small.

c. Anthers oblong, ptirple.

1. montinum, Linn. {C. Berlolbnii, Stev.). An im-
portant and variable species, with many synonyms and
variations. Baker makes 7 forms. Corm ovoid, 1-K in.
thick, the tunics brown, membranaceous, the inner
ones produced to a point 2-4 in. above the neck : Ivs. 2-3,
rarely 4-6, linear or lanceolate, about 2-3 in. long at the
time of flowering, finally 6-9 in. long: fls. 1-4, in spring
and autumn. Oct.-June. Mediterranean region, from
Spain to Persia. B.M. 6443. -It appears in early spring
with the snowdrops and crocuses.

COLCHICUM

cc. Anthers linear, yellow.

2. StAveni, Kunth. Corm narrower than in No. 1,
about K-?iin. thick : Ivs. at length 4-5 in. long : fls.
Oct. -Jan. Svria, Arabia, Persia. — Less popular than
No. 1.

BB. Color yellow : size of anthers large.

3. mteum, Baker. This is the only yellow-flowered
form in the genus, all the others ranging from purple
to white. Although it belongs to the Jliditiriunean
group, with Ivs. and fls. produced at tin -mi. liin.'and
in spring, it is a native of western In. 1 1 .: -icii
of 7,000-8,000 ft. Corm tunics dark 1.1. -: .i,.i,i„.s
almost black: Ivs. 3 or 4, wider and 1.--- i.|.iiii_ ii.iui
in No. 1, at the time of flowering 3-4 in. luut;, liuullj o-7
in. long. B. M. 6153.— Notadvertised iuAmurican trade,
but very desirable.

AA. Blooming in autumn : Ivs. appearing after the fls.

B. Perianth tessellated or checkered.

c. Tessellation distinct.

D. Jyvs. spreading or prostrate.

4. variegatum, Linn. Lvs. 2-3, lanceolate, about 6 in.
long, 12-15 lines wide, lying flat on the ground; margins
wavy : fls. 2-3 from each spathe, 4 in. across, with a
white tube. Islands of the Levant and Asia Minor.
B. M. 1028.

C. Pirldnsoni, Hook. f. (B.M. 6090), is the best of all
the tessellated forms, the tessellation beingmore sharply
defined and more delicate than the type. It is a smaller
plant, and has shorter and more strongly undulated lvs.,
which lie closer to the ground. Of this plant Parkinson
said in his Paradisus Terrestris, 1629: "This most
beautiful saffron flower riseth up with his flowers in
the Autumn, as the others before specified do, although
not of so large a size, yet far more pleasant and delight-
ful in the thick, deep blew or purple-colored beautiful
spots therein, which make it excel all others whatsoever.
The leaves rise up in the Spring, being smaller than the
former, for the most part 3 in number, and of a paler
or fresher green colour, lying close upon the ground,
broad at the bottom, a little pointed at the end, and
twining and folding themselves in and out at the edges
as if they were indented. I have not seen any seed it
hath borne. The root is like unto the others of this kinds,
but small and long, and not so great ; it flowreth later
for the most part than any of the other, even not until
November, and is very hard to be preserved with us, in
that for the most part the root waxeth lesse and lesse
every year, our cold country being so contrary unto his
natural that it will scarce shew his flower; yet when it
flowereth anything earlie, that it may have any comfort
of a warm Sun, it is the glory of all these kindes."

DD. Lvs. ascending.

E. Margin of lvs. wavy.

5. Aggriplnum, Baker (C.<esse;j<5^H»i,Hort.). Corms
a trifle thicker than in No. 4: lvs. 3-4, 0-9 in. long, 12-15
lines wide, margin wavy: fls. 2-4 from each spathe.
F.S. 11: I153.-This is a marked form of C. variegatum,
of garden origin, which has similar fls., but a more ro-
bust habit and more nearly erect lvs.

EE. Margin of lvs. flat, not wavy.

6. Bivdnae, Guss. Lvs. 6-9, nearly 1 ft. long, 9-15
lines wide, rather hooded at the apex, margin flat, not
wavy: fls. 1-6 from each spathe. Sicily.

cc. Tessellation less distinct.

7. Sibthorpi, Baker. Easily distinguished from Nos.
4, 5, and 6 by the much broader segments of the peri-
anth, and by the Ivs., which are nearly erect, obtuse,
and not at all wavy; Ivs. 5-6, dull green finally 1 ft. or
mpre long, 1J^-2M wide, narrowed gradually to the base;
spathe striped with green, and tinged with lilac at the
tip : fls. 1-5 from each spathe ; perianth tube often
6 in. long. Mts. of Greece. B.M. 7181. -A large, cup-
shaped flower, showing no open spaces between the
broad, overlapping segments. Very handsome.

COLCHICUM

BB. Perianth not tessellated.

c. Size of fls. large, S in. or more across.

T>. Ia}S. Iroad, S^ in. wide.

E. No. of fls. 1-i.

8. specidsum, Steven. Corm 2 In. thick, the largest of
the genus: stem 1 ft. high: Ivs. 4-5, 12-15 In. long, 3-4
in. wide, narrowed from the middle to the base, shining
green: fls. 1-t from each spathe, violet, with a white
eye, but varving almost to pure pink, often 6 in. across.
Caucasus. B.M.6078. F. S. 2.3: 2385. P. M. 1876: 235.
Gn. 11: 80. -Generally considered the finest species of
the genus.

EE. yo. of fls. 12-20.

9. Byzantlnum, Ker-Gawl. Closely allied to the above,
but with wider Ivs., smaller and paler fls., and broad,
short anthers : stem G in. high : Ivs. 5-6, oblong, dark
green, striate, 9-12 in. long, 3-4 in. wide: fls. smaller
than in No. 8, usually 3-t in. across, lilac-purple, and
often 12-20 from each spathe. Transylvania and Con-
stantinople. B.M. 1122. C. CJh'cicKHi, Hort., has rosy
fls., somewhat tessellated. G.C. III. 23: 35.

DD. Lvs. narrow, 1-2 in. wide.

10. autumnille, Linn. Fig. 51G. Stem 3-4 in. high:
lvs. .3-4, rarely 5-6, 9-12 in. long, VA-2 in. wide: fls. 1-1,
rarely 5-0, from each spathe, purple, with a white va-

riety, about 4 in. across: perianth veined. Europe and
N. Africa. B.M. 2673, as C. croci«o»-«»H.- Possibly the
commonest in the American trade. It has beautiful
double forms in purple and pure white. F.S. 19: 1936.

cc. Size of fls. small, about 2 in. across.

D. No. of fls. from each spathe more than 1 or 2.

E. Perianth segments acute.

11. Tro6di, Kotschy. Corm medium-sized: lvs. 3-4,
6-12 in. long, 9-12 lines wide, dark green above: fls.
4-5 or even 12, lilac-purple, about 2 in. across; perianth
segments lanceolate-acute. Cyprus. B.M. 6901 shows a
pure white variety.

EE. Perianth segments obtuse.

12. umbrdaum, Steven. Corm small : lvs. 4-5, 6-9 in.
long, 9-12 lines wide: fls. 1-5 from each spathe, lilac,
about 2 in. across; perianth segments oblanceolate, ob-
tuse, with 8-12 veins. Caucasus.

DD. .To. of fls. from each spathe 1 or 2.

13. alpinum, DC. Lvs. 2, rarely 3, nearly erect or
preading, 4-8 in. long, 3-6 lines wide, obtuse, chan-

^^

.?>

^-

517. Coleus cutting.

COLEUS 351

neled, shining green, narrowed from the middle to the
base: fls. 1 or 2 from each spathe, about 2 In. across,
lilac ; segments oblanceolate, obtuse, 3-4 lines wide, with
10-15 veins. Mts. of France and Switzerland. ■^. ]yi.

CdLEUS (Greek for s7ie<i»i, referring to the mona-
delphous stamens). Labidttf.
Trop. Afr. and Asia, some of ■
very showy colored foli-
age. The culti va t ed
kinds are herbs, but
some of the wild species
are shrubs. Lvs. oppo-
site, dentate or serrate :
stem 4-angled : fls. in a
terminal spike-like ra-
ceme, small and usually
bluish, the 5 -toothed
calyx deflexed in fr. ; co-
rolla bilabiate, the lower
lobes longer and con-
cave, and inclosing the
essential organs.

Coleuses are of most easy culture. They root readily
from short cuttings, cut either to a joint or in the middle
of an internode (Fig. 517). No plant is more easy to
root than this. They may be rooted at any time of the
year when new wood is to be obtained. Formerly
Coleuses were much used for bedding, but the introduc-
tion of better plants for this purpose has lessened their
popularity. They require a long season; they are apt
to burn in the hot summers of the interior country;
they have a weedy habit. However, they withstand
shearing and are, therefore, useful for carpet-bedding.
The leading variety for this purpose is still the old

Golden Bedder, whose golden y

filling for fancy designs. Coleus
plants make excellent speci-
mens for the window-garden
and conservatory. Best results
are obtained when new pi
are started from cuttings e
spring. The old plants beco
leggy, lose their lvs., and
brightness of color. They are
very subject to mealy - bug.
They are also liable to root-
gall (the work of a nematode
worm), as shown in Fig. 518.
When plants are thus affected,
take cuttings and burn the old
plants, and either bake or
freeze the soil in which they
grew.

The garden varieties of Cu-
leus are legion. These
are the issue of C.
Bltlinei, Benth.,of Java
(B.M. 4754. l.H. 27:377;
35: 46; 39: 164. F. S.
22: 2287-8). This is a
soft perennial herb
growing 2-3 ft. high, little
branched: lvs. ovate, narrowed
or broad at base
acuminate, sharply and nearly
regularly toothed, variously
colored with yellow, dull red
and purplish. An extreme form
of this is var. VerschaH^ltii,
Lem. (C. Verschaffeltii, Lem.),
Fig. 519, which is more robust
and branchy, the
bi-illiantly colored, acute but
not acuminate, truncate or even
cordate at base, and irregularly
cut-dentate, with rounded teeth,
giving the margin a crispy ef-
fect (I. H. 8: 293). In some
forms, the lvs. are laciniate. by root-galls.

0. thyrsoldetts. Hook., is a recent novelty , but is not yet in the
Amer. trade. Unlike the other well known species, its foliage is
not brilliantly colored and its flowers are conspicuous. Tender

518. A Coleus attacked

352

shrub, 2-3 ft. high: stems pubescent: Ivs. cordate, coarsely cre-
nate, lower ones 7 in. long: fls. blue, in racemes which contain as
many as 18 forking cymes with about 10 fis. in each. B.M.76T2.
L. H. B.

...mm

■^y.^-^-

s

L-

519. Coleus Blumei, var. Verschaffeltii.
COLIC-KOOT. AUlris farinosa.

COLLARDS. A kind of kale. In the south, a form of
the plant known as Georgia CoUards is much grown for
domestic use and the southern market. The plant grows
to 2-3 ft. high and forms no head, but the central Ivs.
often form a kind of loose rosette. These tender Its.
are eaten as a pot-herb, as all other kales are. Fig. 295,
page 199, shows a Georgia CoUard, although the rosette
is not well marked. The seeds may be started in a
frame under glass, or in a seed-bed in the open. As far
south as the orange-belt, they are usually started in
February and March, in order that the plants may ma-
ture before the dry, hot weather. Farther north they are
started in July or August, and the plants are ready for
use before cold weather. Transplant to rows 3K-1 ft.
apart, and 3 ft. apart in the row. Till as for cabbage.

Young cabbage plants are sometimes eaten as " greens "
under the name of CoUards ; and cabbage seeds are sown
for this specific purpose. In the north, where heading
cabbages can be raised, CoUards of whatever kind are
not greatly prized. L. jj. B.

COLLtNSIA (after Zaccheus Collins, American phi-
lanthropist and promoter of science, Philadelphia, 17ti4-
1831). ScrophitlariUcea'. About 18 species of hardy an-
nuals from California and western North America, not
far removed botanically from Pentstemon and Chelone.
They are free-flowering and of the easiest culture.
They may be sown outdoors in the fall in well-drained
soil, and will bloom earlier than if sown in spring.
Their fls., borne in midsummer, range in color from
white through lilac and rose to violet, with clear, bright
blue also, at least on one lip of the fl. There is no yel-
low. All those described below have fls. in whorls.
Lvs. opposite, rarely in whorls of 3, entire, or toothed,
the lower lvs. rarely 3-cut.

A. Fl.-stalks very short, giving the clusters a dense

appearance.

B, Corolla strongly declined ; throat as wide as long .

bfcolOT, Benth. Fig. 520. Height 1 ft., hairy, glabrous,
or sticky : stems weak and bending : lvs. more or less
toothed, and oblong or lanceolate, sessile, opposite or in
3's : fls. typically purple and white, with 5 or 6 well
marked color varieties. Var. Alba, Hort. (Fig. 521), has
pure white fls., or the lower lip greenish or yellowish.
Var. multicolor, Voss. (C. multicolor, Lindl. & Past.),
has variegated fls., the same fl. being white, lilac, rose
or violet on either lip or both. Var. jnulticolor marmo-
r4ta, Hort., has the lower lip white, suffused lilac, and
upper lip light lilac, spotted and striped carmine.
Calif. B.M. 3488. P.M. 3:195. -This is the most widely
distributed and variable species, and the one on which
the genus was founded. California, mostly in moist
ground.

COLLOMIA

BB. Corolla less strongly declined; throat much longer
than broad.

bartBiaeJdUa, Benth. Height IMft. : sticky and some-
what glandular, rarely hairy: lvs. from ovate-oblong to
linear : fls. purplish or whitish : seeds not wrinkled.
Calif.

AA. Fl.-stalks % in. long or more, giving the clusters
a looser look.

v6ma, Nutt. Height about G in. : lvs. ovate or oblong,
or the lowest rounded and slender-stalked, and the up-
per ovate-lanceolate and partly clasping: whorls about
6-fld.: fl.-stalks longer than the fls. : throat of the co-
rolla as long as the calyx lobes ; lower lip bright blue;
upper lip white or purplish: seeds thick, not flattened,
oblong, arched. Moist woods, western New York and
Penna. to Wis. and Ky. B.M. 4927.

grandifldra, Dougl. Height 4-12 in. : lvs. thickish, the
lowest roundish and stalked; whorls 3-9-fld. : fl.-stalks
about as long as the fls. : lower lip deep blue or violet;
upper lip white or purple : throat of the corolla sac-like,
as broad as long, or as long as the upper lip : seeds
roundish, smooth. Shady hills of Calif. Yf. M.

COLLINSdNIA (after Peter Collinson, the friend of
Linnaeus and John Bartram, a most interesting man).
Lubidtie. Horse-balm. Horse-weed. Stone-root.
A genus of 4 species confined to Atlantic N. Amer.
Hardy perennial herbs with large, odorous, ovate, ser-
rate, mostly long-stalked lvs., thick roots, and simple or
panicled, naked, terminal racemes of yellow or whitish
fls. The following is of the easiest culture and may be
obtained from dealers

Canadensis, Linn.
Height 2-4 ft. : lvs. 4-9
in. long, broadly ovate to
oblong ; racemes pani-
cled : calyx in fl. 1 line,
in fr. 4 or 5 lines long:
corolla lemon- yellow,
lemon - scented, K in.
long. Rich woods, Can-
ada to Wis., and south to
Florida.

Collinsia bicolor. v

COLLdMIA. This genus is included by Gray in Gilia,
which see. CoUomia is derived from kolla, glue, from
the large quantity of mucus in the outer covering of
the seed. When these seeds are placed in water, the
mucous matter dissolves and forms a cloud about them.
This cloud, according to Lindley, "depends upon the
presence of an infinite multitude of exceedingly delicate
and minute spiral vessels lying coiled up, spire within
spire, on the outside of the testa, and the instant water

COLOR

353

is applied they dart forward at right angles with the
testa, each carrj-ing with it a sheath of mucus, in which
it for a long time remains enveloped in a membranous

COLOCASIA (old Greek substantive name). Ardidea.
Perennial herbs with cordate-peltate Ivs., which are
often handsomely colored in cultivation. Differs from
Alocasia and Caladium in floral characters : spadU ter-
minating in a club-shaped or subulate appendage desti-
tute of stamens. SpeciesS. Tropics. Monogr. by Engler,
DC. I'haner. Monogr. 2 : 490.

Colooasia includes the plants known as CaUulium es-
eiilentum. which are much grown for subtropical bed-
diug. C.otlorala ( which is au Alocasia) has very large,
thick stems, which may be wintered over safely without
Ivs., or at most with 1 or 2, the stems, to save space,
being placed cl.ise together in boxes. C. esculenta rests
during the winter and is kept under a greenhouse bench
or anywhere out of the reach of frost or damp. Rich,
damp ground suits both kinds. Of easy culture. Con-
sult Caladium for treatment.

Colocasias furnish the much-cultivated Taro of the
Pacific tropics, this edible product being the large,
starchy roots. From it is made the Poi of Hawaii. In
Japan and other countries the tubers of Colocasias are
much cultivated, and are handled and eaten much as we
use potatoes (see Georgeson, A.G. 1892:81). The young
Ivs. of some kinds are boiled and eaten.

antiqudmm, Sohott. Lvs. peltate-ovate : basal lobes
half as long as the apical one, connate 7s-% their length,
separated by a broad, triangular, obtusish sinus. India.
B.M.736i.

Var. euchldra, Schott (C.euchUra, C. Koch). Petioles
violet ; blade black-green, with violet margins.

Var. F6ntanesii, Schott (AJoedsia violdcea, Hort.
C'alddiiim viohh-eiim. Hort. C. albo-vioMcenm, Hort.?).
Petioles violet ; blade dull green, with violet margins.

Var. illustris, Engl. {CiUilsfris, Hort.). Petioles vio-
let ; blade more oblong-ovate, with black-green spots
between the primary veins.

Var. esculenta, Sohott (Calddhim escuUntum, Vent.
Co/ofi).s-i« escuUnta, Schott). Elephant's Ear. Pig.
522. Spadis with an appendage half as long as the
staminate inflorescence ; lvs. bright green, often 3 ft.
or more long, nearly as wide. Hawaii and Fiji.

afiinis, Schott. Blade thin, membranaceous, rounded-
ovate or ovate, the apical lobe scarcely H or ^3 longer
than wide ; basal lobes connate nearly their entire
length, bright green above, glaucous beneath blade
only 4-6 in. long. Himalaya.

Var. J^nningsii, Engl. (Alocdsia Jeniiingsii \eitch)
Petiole purplish, with transverse purple lines blade
cordate, emarjrinati-, with large, oblong or triangular
black-green or blai-k-violet spots between the primary
lateral veins. I.H. li',: 5SJ. F.S. 17:1818-19.

Neo-Guin§nsis, Lind. Remarkable for its tufted habit,
the shortness of the leaf-stalks, its short-stalked
inflorescence, and the beautiful green tone of its
smooth and shiny lvs., spotted with creamy white
New Guinea. I.H. 27:380.

MArchalli, Engler {Alocdsia MdrchaUi, Hort
A. hiihrida. Bull). Hybrid, probably of C.affinii.
and C. antiquorum. Larger in all parts than C
affiiiis, the petioles pale green, very slightly
emarginate, with large, confluent spots.

C. Batariensis — Alocasia Bataviensis ? - C. Cnra
casana. Engler = Xanthosoma.— C. Jari'tnira. H* rt

= !-€'. Mafaf/a. Hort.=Xantliosoma -' -. -

Hort.-Cala.linmbi.-.iIor.-r.oiW™. Broils-
odnra, K..(h. Tii-i-hke. the stem or can.U
iu. in diain.; Iv^. green, cordate, stalk*-. i 1- 1 , _
duncles in pairs in their axils, E. Asm I: \l
— C odorata, Hort. ^Alocasia macrorrhiza.

Jaked G. Smith and G. W. Oliver.

COLOCYNTH. See CUrullus.

COLOR. The range of simple colors common
among flowers is not a very extensive one. It
comprises yellow, gold-yellow, orange, scarlet, {Calad.

red, crimson, magenta, purple, violet, and ultramarine
blue. The variation of these hues is, however, mani-
fold. Diluted with white, or mixed with one another,
colors assume an infinite number of phases not easily
described (Fig.523). Butthe generic character of flower
colors is certainly comprehended in the few names
given above. Color-names are of little consequence so
long as the color is identified. Unfortunately, scien-
tists and artists have not yet established a standard no-
menclature of color, so that the name of a particular hue
is largely .determined by popular opinion, and that, of
course, is not always unanimous.

It is, therefore, necessary to accept both popular and
scientific estimates of color if colors are to be considered
in relation to flowers. The scientific definition of a color
like scarlet, magenta, or violet amounts to its identifica-
tion with certain lines in the spectrum. Such definitions
are properly given in the Century Dictionary. They are
satisfactory so far as they go, but the relation of colors
in the spectrum to flower petals or artists' pigments is
not so satisfactorily determined. Apparently the stan-
dard of the spectrum must be supplemented by another of
a more tangible nature-that is, a standard "of pigment
color. But it is just as well to substitute a flower petal
for a pigment, and if this is done, the result would be
about this :

Yellow.— Evening primrose.

Gold -yellow.— Pure gold calendula or deep yellow
calendula.

Orange.— Deep-hued eschscholtzia and orange nas-

id pfeony.

Scarlet.— Mme. Crozy canna.

Red. — Portia carnation.

Crimson. -Deep-hued sweet-william 1

Magenta. — Deep purplish red cineraria.

Purple. — Deep-toned larkspur, aster, and cineraria.

Violet. -Deep-toned English violets.

Ultramarine blue. — New compact blue delphinium.

Pure green is best represented by the artists' pigment
called emerald-green; it is rarely present in foliage, ex-
cept perhaps in spring.

If the simple colors, yellow, orange, red, purple, blue,
and green, are arranged iu a circle (Fig. 524), the colors
opposite each other harmonize by reason of absolute
contrast. ,

If these simple colors are si
intermediate hues (Fig. 525),

354 COLOR

three of the latter lie between the six original colors, the
result will be a circle of twenty-four divisions, having
the effect of a rainbow. This will perfectly illustrate the
principle of color harmony and color discord. Besides

W.THBI.ftCK

WITH WHITE

CLEAR COLOR

OLD GOLD

SULPHUR

YELLOW

OCHRE

STRAW Y.

COLD Y.

eURNT
ORANGE

SALMON

ORANCE.

TERRA
COTTA

5HR1MPP.

SCARLET

CARDINAL

PINl^

Red

MAROON

C.PINK

CKIMSON

PLUM

P.LI LAC

MACENT/\

DARK

B. PLUM

LILAC

PUF^PLE

LOGWOOD
VIOLET

B. LI LAC

VIOLET

INDICO

V. BLUE.

ULTRAM?

523. Color phases i

1 flovi

the opposing colors which harmonize by contrast, there
are neighboring colors which harmonize by analogy or
harmony. For instance, any four or live colors lying
side by side in the circle are bound together harmoni-
ously by reason of their near relationship. Therefore,
all these four or five colors may be combined — and na-
ture does combine them — with aesthetic results. But
skip over four of the colors and attempt a combination
of the first and sixth, and the result will prove a discord,
the bond of relationship is broken, and the eye is dis-
turbed by the aggressiveness of two colors between
which there is evidently no bond of sympathy. It would
be safe to say, therefore, that the circle demonstrates the
fact that its colors situated at right angles with each
other are discordant, and those lying nearly parallel
with each other are harmonious.

This is the theoretical side of color harmony. The
practical side is scarcely different ; it simply modifies the
theory. Brilliant blue and orange, which are theoretically
harmonious, are scarcely as agreeable in each other's
company as the rule would imply. The trouble, however,
lies with the brilliancy. The golden calendula and the
deep blue-purple aster in association are rather violent

524. Harmony by contrast.

and aggressive. Remove the one or the other and sub-
stitute a pale-tinted flower of either hue, and the result
will be a harmonious one.
Flower families are very apt to sustain harmonies of

COLORADO

analo?y; hyacinths, sweet peas, and nasturtiums repre-
spiit fnmilifi- with mo.st extraordinarily near-related
(■I'll. I - Id. 1 . i , :i predominating force of crimson in the
' ■ predominating force of orange in the

ii:i I I rather a nice bit of color adjustment

ill • i! I,i I iiiiiil;, I., choose flowers which excel in'harraonv
of colc.r thi_- cureless grouping together of flowers picked
at random.

But the theory that analogous colors harmonize is cor-
rect only if it is not carried to excess. Attempts to force
deep-hued flowers into harmony often lead to contrary
results, A range of color from crims^)n to ultramarine
depends for its harmony upon the simplicity or the deli-
cacy o( the hues. Such colors, in full force, would do
violence to each other. It is tempting the hardness of a
diamond to pound it with a sledge hammer. It is taxing
crimson too heavily to expect it to show its strength in
the presence of strong violet ! If the effort ig to merge
the personality of the crimson flower into the purple one,
and effect a play of color between the two, the combina-
tion of strong hues thus is justifiable.

The theory that colors at right angles on the wheel are
discnrilant is ;ils<i subject to some modification. 'Rela-
liv.l. Ill, lii'IiT iinirled colors must be crude and strong
I" iilect the eye. Yellow and red in the

1" I i'le color combination. Yellow and red

(l.iiiii I- ri ,,, , h -1 iot;ether are abominably harsh under a

A couutiy bouquet of asters, marigolds, fuchsias and
dahlias is bad, because the country garden is not a part
of it. A few feet of air and space and a stretch of green
foliage make a world of difference.

It is wisest to try the effect of one color upon another
before allowing two or three strong hues to wage war

The intermediate hues.

with each other. It will be quickly found that white is a
peacemaker, and green is an invaluable mediator. With
these colors at command, the chances of color discord
are reduced to a minimum. Everything also depends
upon simplicity in color combinations. It is questionable
whether a combination of more than two colors can ever
be ajsthetically a success. Theadjustmentot many colors
needs the hand of an expert, p. Schuyler Mathews.

COLORADO, HORTICULTURE IN. The state of
Colorado includes tin- tciriti.ry lying between the par-
allels :i7^ and 41"iiciilli l.itiiuMr. :uid between the me-
ridians 1112^ and lO'.i \vi ^t Inii-iimli-. Its surface is di-
ver.sified by mountains, lii^'li laUlc lauds, plains and val-
leys, with a range aOuve lidu-water uf from 3,400 feet on
the eastern border to over 14,000 feet in many snow-clad
peaks. It is traversed from north to south by the great
Rocky mountain range, and thus divided into two well
marked though unequal divisions. The main "conti-
nental divide" is supplemented by several well-defined
ranges, and by numerous mountain spurs, between
which, and at altitudes ranging from 7,000 to 10,000 feet,
lie the four large and several smaller parks or valleys,

COLORADO

which are in great part utilized as hay ranches and for
stock ranges. The following figures regarding acreage
are from the report of the state engineer for the year
1890. The total is given as approximately 66,560,000
acres. East of the continental divide lie 40,800,000
acres, and on the west 25,760,000 acres. Of the area east
of the divide, one-third, or 10,200,000 acres, lies within
tue mountains and the remainder, 30,000,000 acres, con-
sists of plain and valley
lands. On the western slope
the proportion of mountain
and plain is reversed, there
being 16,360,000 acres within
the mountains and about
9,400,000 acres of plain and
■valley lands.

For the western slope the
rainfall is given as 33 inches
for the mountains and 10.7
for the plains and valleys,
and for the eastern slope as
30 inches for the mountains
and 15 inches for the plains.
The tillable lands of the
state are in the main out-
side the mountains, and
the average annual rainfall
on these lauds is near 13
Inches for the whol
This rainfall comes mainly
in the months of April, May [_
and June, the precipitation ; '-v_

for the other months being . y-" ] ^

usually very small. It fol- • ~^ ^ I

lows,fromthesmallrainfall, |_,

that crops can only be sue- j

cessfully grown by irriga- ^ j^-alc ,

tion, and it is this idea that ■ / or.,~.iLU I

has dominated the agricul- j i' - - - - j

ture and horticulture of the ^ •' — ^ — —

COLORADO 355

torn lands along Clear creek, between Denver and
Golden, planted a number of apple trees which he
hauled in a wagon from Iowa City, la. In the fall of the
same year, Messrs. Perrin and Wolff, of Denver, hauled
a load of trees from Des Moines, la., and such as sur-
vived the journey were planted on ranches about Den-
ver. In 1866, a representative of a Kansas nursery sold
trees and plants to many of the farmers along the St.

; V-

TCnj MAP j

^ COLOiRADOJ

state ever since the begin
ning, nearly forty years ago,

Irrigation being a necessity, the lands useful for ag-
ricultural purposes would be those reasonably level
tracts bordering the streams, and extending back only
as far as the water can be carried. The first ditches
were constructed cheaply, and for the irrigation of first
bottom lands only. A little later the idea of utilizing
the higher mesas gave rise to canal systems of great
magnitude, that have made productive vast tracts of
fertile soil. The period of canal construction east of
the continental divide has about ended, there being now
as many ditches as the streams can supply, or possibly
more. On the western slope, where the water supply
is greater, additional systems may yet be constructed.
The present most pressing problem on the eastern slope
is the conservation of the available water. Attention is
being given to the construction of reservoirs, and this,
coupled with that economy in the use of water which
■experience is gradually teaching, will go far toward
solving the problem, and it may yet be possible to con-
siderably extend the area now irrigated. Owing to dif-
ferences in latitude, altitude, and climatic conditions,
the irrigable regions of the state are naturally separable
into three divisions, and in considering the horticultural
features, it is best to recognize these divisions because
they differ in the range of horticultural productions.
The divisions are :

1. The Northern, which embraces the drainage basin
of the South Platte and its tributaries. Clear creek,
Boulder creek, St. Vrain, Little Thompson, and Cache
la Poudre.

2. The Southern, embracing the valley of the Arkan-
sas and its tributaries.

3. The Western, embracing all the cultivated valleys
of the western s.ope lying along the Uncompahgre,
Gunnison, and Grand rivers and their branches, and
being mainly in the counties of Montrose, Delta and
Mesa.

The Northern District. -From such statistical in-
formation as is at hand, it appears that the commence-
ment of fruit planting in Colorado dates from 1863. In
that year William Lee, who owned a ranch on the bot-

526. To show horticultural regions of Colorado.

Vrain, and about the same time a few trees were
planted on the ranches along the Thompson. These
early attempts to start fruit culture in the northern
district were practically failures, for very few of the
trees lived. The long journey from the nursery to
the farm, Improper preparation of the ground, lack of
care in the application of water, and in protecting from
stock, and the sentiment commonly expressed by the
majority of the inhabitants, that fruit could not be
grown in Colorado, were obstacles hard to overcome. A
few of the early settlers, however, having hope of ulti-
mate success, made a second attempt in 1870, and from
the plantings of that year have grown the many fine
orchards that dot the northern valleys. In the most
northern valley, that of the Cache la Poudre, planting
did not commence until about 1873, and except with
small fruits, very little was done in the 10 or 12 years
following, or until the success of the pioneers in plant-
ing demonstrated that the hardier fruits could be grown.
During the past 5 years the area in fruit has increased
rapidly, until now the farm without its orchard is the
exception. The apple is here, as in the other fruit dis-
tricts, the principal fruit, covering the greatest number
of acres and receiving more attention than all other
fruits. All standard varieties are grown, and the pro-
duct meets a ready sale. Plums are successfully grown,
and prove profitable, but the range of varieties is re-
stricted to those derived iroxa. Prnnns Americana and
a few of the hardier varieties of Primus domestica.
Cherries of the Morello class are very productive, and
the demand for the fruit is encouraging growers to
plant freely. Throughout the district much attention is
given to the growing of small fruits and vegetables.
AH kinds of berries find a ready market in the cities
and mountain towns, and the staple vegetables, such as
onions, cabbages and celery, are shipped in large quan-
tities to southern points.

The Southern District.— Here the counties most
prominent in fruit culture are Fremont, Pueblo and
Otero. The first planting was done in Fremont county,
and the following concerning the circumstances I quote

356

COLORADO

from an address by Judge W. B. Felton before the
State Horticultural Society, as published in the report
for 1887-8 : "The first fruit trees were set out in Fre-
mont county in 1867. W. C. Catlin went to Pueblo
for an invoice of trees which had been ordered by him-
self and by Governor Anson Rudd, W. A. Helm and
Jesse Frazier. They had been brought across the
plains in a wagon to Pueblo, and Mr. Catlin brought
them to Canon, something over $500 worth of trees oc-
cupying a small space in his wagon. A few of these
trees, and only a few, are still living. After his first at-
tempt, which was almost a total failure, Jesse Frazier
procured several thou.saud root grafts and set them out
in nursery rows. When they became large enough he
transplanted them into his orchard." By the year 1879,
Mr. Frazier had an orchard of 15 acres, the older portion
of which produced 3,000 bushels of apples. Since 1880,
the yearly additions to the orchard area of this county
have steadily increased, and fruit-growing is now recog-
nized as one of the le.ading industries of the county.
As in the other districts, the apple receives the most at-
tention, but pears, plums, and the small fruits are grown
in quantity. Peaches have been raised, but are not a
sure crop, owing to the liability to late spring frosts.
Farther down the Arkansas valley, in Otero county.

the first fruit trees were planted about 1882, but general
interest in orchard planting did not develop until
some years later. During the past 5 years the area
planted has rapidly increased, and the county now

COLQUHOUNIA

stands about fourth in orchard acreage. The growing
of melons has within a few years brought this county
into prominence. Started in a small way by farmers
near the town of Rocky Ford, the business has spread
into a great industry, and Rocky Ford melons and can-
taloupes have found their way into all the large markets
of the country.

The Western District. -The vallevs constituting
this were included in the Ute Reservation, which was first
opened for white settlement in the fall of 1881. The
first fruit trees were planted the next sprmg by Messrs.
Hotchkiss and Wade, on their ranches lying along the
North Fork of the Gunnison in Delta county. In the
spring of 1883 W. S. Coburn began planting what is now
one of tlie linest orchards in the state ; others followed,
an. I ..on ii... I :inn- of the "North Fork" as a fruit region

" .ml served as a stimulus to planting in

iii:. It was not, however, until 188G that

pn ... ^'nneral. In that year orchard planting

:ti . i ! ,n. -lion, in Mesa county, began in earnest,

an. . . time the farmers of Montrose turned

i! '■ in tlie same direction. The development

ni .. .n.;.i ... fjaim 1886 dowu to the present time has
Ijtiu |.linuuiiiniial. There appears to be no limit to the
successful culture of all temperate region fruits. On
the low bottom lands along the streams, the earlier
blooming varieties have occasionally been subjected to
injury from late frosts, but on the mesas this trouble is
never experienced, and here the tender varieties of Eu-
ropean grapes are successfully grown without winter
protection. The "peach belt" of the state lies within
this western dLstrict in the three counties— Montrose,
Delta and Mesa. The experimental stages of culture
have been passed, success is assured, and the business
of growing this fruit is in a fair way to become a large

The number of acres planted with orchard and small
fruits that received water from the ditches during the
year 1896 is given in the report of the state engineer as
follows: Northern district, 15,025 acres; Southern dis-
trict, 8,456 acres ; Western district, 22,102 acres. The
State Horticultural Society, which was organized in
September, 1880, has done much by its meetings and
exhibits to advance the horticultural interests of the
state, and its work has been supplemented by several
county societies.

From the present state of advancement, which has
been reached within a comparatively short time, it seems
that the fruit industry of the state has before
it a promising future. c. S. Crandall.

COLTSFOOT. SeeTussUago Farfara. Sweet Colts-
foot is Petasites, formerly called Nardosma.

See AquiUgia.

COLQCHOtTNIA (after Sir Robert
Colquhoun). Labidtw. Tender plants
with dense whorls of gaping fls. an
inch long or more, colored scarlet and
yellow. The genus has 5 species, all
from the Himalayas and Burma.
Erect or twining shrubs, woolly in
all parts when young : Ivs. large,
crenate : whorls few-fid., axillary or
crowded into a terminal spike.

coccinea, Wall. Tall climber, with
very long branches : Ivs. stalked,
nate, .3-5 in. long, crenate, dark green above,
roughish tjpically with scarcely any woolliness except
whenjrmng corolla twice as long as the calyx. B. M.
i)\i C ^oHioifAsn, Houll., is probably identical. The
dense woolliness is probably temporary. R.H. 1873:130
show s a hanclsome terminal spike in addition to axillary
clusters continiing about 20 fls,— Not advertised, but
probably as worthy as the next.

vestita, Wall. Very similar to C. coccinea, except
that it is a low-growing, erect plant, and more densely
and permanently woolly on the stem, calyx and under
side of Ivs. Cult, outdoors at Santa Barbara, Calif., but
not promising. \y_ jj_

COLUMN. A solid central body formed of stamens
and styles grown together, as in orchids.

COLtMNfiA (after Columnaor Colonna, Italian writer
on plants, sixteenth century). GesnerAcew. Tropical
American shrubs and climbers, with widely gaping,
showy fls. often 2 in. long: Ivs. opposite, nearly equal or
widelyunlike: fls. solitary ornumerous, axillary, stalked
or not, without bracts or with bracts in an involucre ;
corollas scarlet, carmine or yellowish. Half a dozen
species, mostly red or orange-fld., are cult, abroad and
may be known to a few fanciers at home, but none are
advertised by the dealers.

COIjOTEA (Koloutea, ancient Greek name). PapUi-
otidcece. Bladder Senna. Deciduous shrubs, with al-
ternate, odd-pinnate Ivs.; Ifts. many, rather small: fls.
papilionaceous, in axillary, few-fld., long-peduncled ra-
cemes, yellow to brownish red : pod inflated, bladder-
like, many-seeded. About 8 species in the Mediterra-
nean region to Himal. Ornamental free-flowering shrubs
of rapid growth, with pale green or glaucous foliage and
yellow or brownish red fls. during summer, followed by
large, usually reddish-coloring and decorative pods.
They grow in almost any soil, but prefer a tolerably dry
and sunny position ; not quite hardy north. Prop, by
seeds sown in spring or by cuttings of mature wood in-
serted in fall in sandy soil; rarer species and varieties
are sometimes grafted on C. arborescens in spring un-
der glass.

A. Fls. yellow: pod closed at (he apex.

arborfiscena, Linn. Pig. 527. Shrub, to 15 ft. : Ifts. 9-
13, elliptic, dull green, mucronulate, usually slightly
pubescent beneath, %-l in. long : fls. 3-8, about % in.
long; wings nearly as long as the keel, flat. June-Sept.
S. Eu., N. Afr., N. B.M. 81.— Var. crispa, Hort. Dwarf,
with crisped Ivs.

AA. Fls. orange-yellow or brownish red; wings shorter
than the keel.

media, Willd. Shrub, to 10 ft.: Ifts. 7-13, obovate,
grayish green or glaucous, yi-Ys in. long, nearly gla-
brous: fls. 3-6, orange or reddish yellow: pod closed at
the apex. June-Sept. Probably hybrid of garden ori-
gin between the former and the following, often cult,
under the names of the following species:

orientalis, Mill. (C. enUnta, Ait.). Shrub, to 6 ft.:
Ifts. 7-11, obovate, glaucous, thickish, %-)'i'm. long,
nearly glabrous : fls. 3-5, reddish yellow or brownish
red ; pod open at the apex. June-Sept. S. E. Eu.,
Orient. — Often cult, under the name of C. Halepica or
C. I stria.

O.HaMpirnJ.nm '<■ T.tri-.Miin To 4 ft.: Ifts. glaucous,

small ami 111 i"ii. !K v. 11,, t Iv 1 ia. long; wing longer

than the k^,.: ■ i raelanocalyx, Hort.,

not Boiss- 1 , ^ ' wiugs longer than the

keel. G.O.III h. i,..i.. m, i ,. i> \ - C. iVepaicnsis, Hook.

Similar to C.;,rboix,„.un.. r..ciiu... druouiiig. B.M. 2622. B.R.
20:1727. Tender. ALFRED ReHDER.

COLVlLLEA (after Sir Charles Colville, governor of
Mauritius). Leguminbsm. The gorgeous fls. of this
tropical tree are a worthy rival of the Royal Poinciana,
which is closely allied, but easily distinguished. It has
drooping racemes Witt, long, densely crowded with
perhaps 200 fls. of curious shape and of a splendid
scarlet. The fls. open at the stem-end of the pendent
dense raceme, and display masses of long, showy, yellow
stamens. Theunopened fls. are aboutthe size and shape
of a filbert, and these are gradually smaller towards
tlie end of the raceme. The genus has only this one spe-
cies, and is characterized by its large, oblique, colored
calyx, having 4 segments, the standard being the small-
est instead of the largest part; the wings very long,
narrow, erect, obovate, the pod 2-valved. Supposed to
be a native of E. Afr., but discovered in 1821 by Bojer
on the west coast of Madagascar, where a single tree
was cult, by the natives. It flowered there in April or
May. Its culture is similar to that of Cffisalpinia. Prop,
in the south only by seeds.

racemdsa, Boj. Tree, 40-50 ft. high, with the general
as]>ect of Poinciana regia but with a thicker trunk and
ampler foliage: branches very long and spreading: Ivs.
about 3 ft. long, alternate, remote, twice pinnate, with

COMMELINA 357

20-30 pairs of pinniB which are opposite, 4 in. long, and
have 20-28 pairs of Ifts., each Y^in. long : keel very
small, almost covered by the wings: free stamens 10, 3
inserted below the standard, 2 under the wings, 1 under
the keel, and 4 under the ovary. B.M. 3325-6.

W. M.

COMAROSTAPHYLIS is included with Arcto-
staphylos.

COMABUM (an old Greek name). BosAcece. One
species allied to Potentilla, and often referred to that
genus C. paliistre, Linn., the Marsh Cinquefoil, is a
decumbent herb growing in swales in the N. states (also
in the Old World), with pinnate, 3-7-foliolate Ivs. (Ifts.
dentate), and solitary or cymose purple fls. 1 in. across:
petals shorter thau the calyx lobes, acute ; stamens nu-
merous. Au odd and interesting but not showy plant,
sometimes planted in bogs. Mn. 3:97. — The fr. some-
what resembles a strawberry, but is spongy instead of
juicy. In some parts of Scotland, it is said, they are
called Cowberries, and are rubbed on the inside of milk
pails to thicken the milk.

COMBRfiTUM (old Latin name). Combretdcem. Many
tropical shrubs and trees in Asia, Africa and America,
particularly in S. Africa. Many of them are climbers, by
means of the persistent leaf-stalks. Lvs. mostly opposite,
entire : fls. in spikes, polygamous ; calyx bell-shaped ;
petals usually 4; stamens usually 8: fr. winged and in-
dehiscent, 1-seeded. The Combretums are warmhouse
plants, little known in this country.. Prop, by cuttings of
firm wood. One climbing species is in the Amer. trade :
C. coccineum, Lam. (C. purpiireum, Vahl. Poivrea coc-
cinea,DC.), from Mada-
gascar. Lvs. oblong-Ian
ceolate, acuminate, ever
green: fls. small, brilliant
red, with long-exserted
stamens, the handsome
loose spikes often in pan

6: 563. -Handsome.
COMFREY. SeeSy

COMMELINA (to the early Dutch botanists, J. and
K. Commelin. A third brother published nothing. Lin-
naeus is said to have meant to designate the two authors
by the fully developed petals, and the third by the small
petal). Also written Comraelyna. CnmmelinAcea'. About
100 widely dispersed perennial herbs, of which a very

358

COMMELINA

few are cult, fortheir interesting flowers. Fls. irregular,
the calyx often colored, with unequal sepals ; petals 3,
the 2 lateral ones rounded or reniforni and long-clawed;
stamens 6, 3 shorter; capsule 3-loculed. There are sev-
eral native tradescantia-like species, some erect and
others creeping. These are not in the trade. The cult,
species are erect warmhouse plants. Some are tuberous-
rooted. In the Amer. trade, only C. coelfiBtis, Willd., is
offered. Fig. 528. It grows 10-18 in, high, branching,
with clasping, long, broad-lanceolate pointed Ivs. and
blue fls. (2-10 together) on elongating axillary pedun-
cles. Var. Alba, Hort., has white fls. Var. variegita,
Hort., has fls. blue and white. Mex. Prop, by seed,
cuttings and tubers. The native C. nudifldra, Linn, (as
C. SeUowiitia, Schlecht. ) , is in cult. It ranges all around
the world. It is a creeping plant, rooting at the joints,
with lanceolate Ivs., and small irregular blue fls. in the
axils. Commelina is monographed by C. B. Clarke in
DC. Monogr. Phaner. 3.

Commelinas are mostly of easy culture, thriving
well in any light, rich soil. The evergreen stove and
greenhouse species are readily propagated in March or
April by cuttings inserted in an ordinary propagating

compost heap

bed and kept close for a few days ; while the tuberous-
rooted half-hardy herbaceous species may be propagated
either by division of the tubers or by seeds sown in a
frame early in April and afterwards transplanting the
seedlings in the herbaceous border. In the fall, they
should be lifted and the tubers stored away in the same
manner as Dahlias. Of the tuberous-rooted species, C.
ccelestis is perhaps the best, its bright blue flowers being
very effective, especially when planted in masses.

Edward J. Canning and L. H. B.

COMPABfiTTIA (Andreas Comparetti, 1746-1811,
Italian botanist). Orchiddcete, tribe Viindem. A small
genus of graceful epiphytes, found in equatorial Amer-
ica. Pseudobulbs monophyllous, racemes simple or
branched: fls. small, lateral sepals united in a single
piece, lengthened at the base into a conspicuous horn ;
lateral petals converging; labellum large, produced into
a double spur, which is hidden in the horn made by the
sepals ; column free, semi-terete, erect ; pollinia 2.
Grown on blocks or in baskets in a light intermediate
or warmhouse.

cocclnea, Lindl. Pseudobulbs small, bearing lanceo-
late, coriaceous ivs., purple beneath ; racemes several-
fld., fls. 2 in. across; petals and sepals yellowish, label-
lum large, broader than long, crimson. Braz.

falcata, Poep. et Endl. (C. rdsea, Lindl.). Similar in
habit to C. coccinea: fls. deep crimson; labellum broad ;
racemes pendent. Peru. B.M. 4980. A.F. G:609.

macroplSctron, Reichb. f. Fls. 10 or more, dorsal se-
pal whitish, often spotted with purple ; midlobe of la-
bellum cleft, suborbicular, magenta-rose, dotted at the
angled base; spurs conspicuous. New Grenada. B.M.
6679. L. H. B.

COMPASS PLANT. Celebrated by Longfellow. It
tend'! to turn the edges of its root-lvs. north and south
Rosin Weed is the prairie name for it. See Silphium. '

COMPOST. Mixed and rotted vegetable matter, par-
ticularly manure and litter. The mixture of bulky fer-
tilizing materials, known as compost, while of little im-
portance to the general farmer, plays an important part
in garden practices. Many of the garden crops must be
made in a very short time, or are of delicate feeding
habits. Their food, therefore, must be easily assimilable.
It is good practice to pile all coarse manures, sods,
weeds, or any rubbish available for the purpose, in big
flat heaps (Fig. 529), to ferment and rot before being
applied to the garden soil. If desired, chemical manures,
especially superphosphate (dissolved bone or South
Carolina rock) and potash (muriate or kainit), may be
added to make the compost the richer. By spading or
forking the heaps over a few times at reasonable inter-
vals, a homogeneous mass is easily obtained, which can
be applied in greatest liberality without fear, or more
sparingly, in accordance with the needs of the particu-
lar crop. Of equal, if not still greater importance, is
the compost heap which gives soil for greenhouse
benches, flats, hotbeds and coldframes. This compost
is principally made of sods shaved off a rich pasture or
meadow and piled in alternate layers with stable ma-
nure, more of the latter being used for forcing succu-
lent crops, and less in growing plants which should be
short and stocky, like cabbage or tomato plants. Garden
litter may be added to the pile, as leaves and trimmings.
All compost heaps, during dry weather, need frequent
and thorough moistening with water, or, better, with
liquid manure. Turn several times during the year, to
ensure thorough rotting of the materials.

T. Greiner.

COMPTdNIA (after Henry Compton, Bishop of Lon-
don, patron of horticulture, d. 1713). Mi/ricAcea'. One
species, by some authors united with Myrica, from which
it differs in the pinnatifid, stipulate Ivs. and 8 linear,
persistent bractlets subtending the ovary. C. aspleni-
fdlia, Giertn. {G. peregrhia, Coulter. Myr\ca aspleni-
rdlia, Linn.), the Sweet Fern, grows in dry, sterile soil
in the eastern U. S., and is also in the trade. It is an
attractive undershrub (1-3 ft.) with fern-like, scented
foliage and brownish, axillary heads of imperfect fls.
Lvs. linear, pinnatifid: roots long and cord-liko. Useful
for foliage masses on rocky or barren places.

L. H. B.

CONE-FLOWEE. The genvs Sudbeckia. The Purple
Cone-flower, however, belongs to the allied genus
Echinacea.

CONANDRON (cone-shaped anther). Gesnerdcem.
C. ramondioldes, Sieb. & Zucc, of Japanese mountains,
is the only species. It is an interesting little tuberous-
rooted herb, with oblong, rugose, serrate root-lvs. and
scapes bearing 6-12 white or purple, nodding Dodo-
catheon-like fls. It is one of several groups of rare and
widely scattered herbs, of which Ramondia, Haberlea,
Wulfenia, Didymocarpus, Shortia and Schizocodon are
examples. Conandron is adapted to growing in shady
rockeries. Scapes less than 1 ft. high. Little known in
cult., but is in the trade. B.M. 6484.

CONIFERS. The cone-bearing trees {Coniferm) are
decidedly the most important order of forest trees in
the economy of civilized man. They have furnished the
bulk of the material of which our civilization is built.
The remarkable combination of strength and stiffness
with the smallest weight compatible, and the abundance
and gregariousness of their occurrence, gives them this
important position. From the standpoint of the horti-
culturist, they also take a prominent place among the
materials for landscape gardening effects, and, in the
more practical use. as windbreaks. Tlic-ir evergreen
habit— for all except tlio larch and ginkgo tribes are ever-

green-and their conical f..nii, .-^i \-aUv in earlier

periods of life, with abraii.li - ■■ ' i i" r isting to the

base for a long time, are tl ■ li make them

desirable. To these gracr^ m li .1 tlie peculiar

form and striking coloring if tliLir l.iliage, which, in

CONIFERS

combination with deciduous trees or in clumps, by them-
selves or in single specimens, offer striiiing effects.

There are two types of natural or native beauty in the
Conifers— the symmetrical and verdurous beauty of the
young specimen (Figs. 530, 531 ; Fig. 1, p. 1), and the
picturesque and rugged beauty of the old and time-
worn tree (Figs. 532, 533). Aside from these, there are
also odd, grotesque and formal cultivated varieties,
as typified in the weeping spruce (Fig. 534), the colum-
nar junipers (Fig. 535), and the various dwarf pines and
spruces (Fig. 53C).

The majority of the species belonging to this group,
as well as their greatest numerical development, is
found in the temperate zones, only a few belonging to
subtropical or tropical countries, among which are the
Araucarias, from South America; the Dammara, Dacryd-
ium, and Phyllocladus, from Australia, etc.

The order Coniferse comprises nearly 40 genera, and
about 300 species. Our own native flora, with 15 genera
and not less than 100 species and subspecies, is among
the richest, the bulk of these being found on the
Pacific coast. The Atlantic side offers 28 species, repre-
senting the genus Finns with 12 species out of 39; 1
Larix out of 3; 3 Piceas out of 7; 2 Tsugas out of 5; 2
Abies out of 12; 1 Taxodium; 1 Thuja out of 2; 1
ChamiBcyparis out of 3; 3 Juniperusout of 11; 1 Tumion
(Torreya) out of 2; 1 arborescent Taxus out of 2: being
without representatives of the genus Pseudotsuga, Se-
quoia, Libocedrus, and Cupressus. There are to be
added a large number (not less than 400) of nursery-
men's varieties, which have been enumerated in Bull.
17 of the Division of Forestry, U. S. Dept. of Agricul-
ture.

There are also a number of exotic Conifers which
promise satisfactory results if used in suitable locali-
ties, climate and soil. The Norway Spruce {Picea ex-
celsa) recommends itself by its elegant gothic form,
often with pendulous branchlets, its very rapid growth,
and its wide adaptation to soils and climates, together
with its ease of propagation and cheapness. It excels
in form and rapidity of growth most of the American
spruces. Like all Conifers, after the 25th to 40th year it
must pass through a period of change in form, during
which it loses, for a time, its shapeliness. The Scotch
Pine (Pinus sylvestris) has nothing to recommend it
which may not be found in native species, except, per-
haps, adaptation to the dry climate of the west, and
cheapness. The Austrian Pine, on the other hand, is an

CONIFERS

359

acquisition by its stout growth in its youth, although the
Red Pine (Pinus resinosa) would probably do as well;
so far, its small cones and seed have made the latter ex-
pensive. The European Larch outgrows the native nor-
thern one easily, but Larix occidenialis ,iiomthe interior

Eood spn

basin, will probably do as well or better. There is no
particular commendation for the Europe Fir, but the
Nordmann Fir, from the Caucasus, is a most decided
aquisition, by its beauty and adaptation; so is the most
graceful of all
spruces, Picea orien-
tal is, while the Span-
ish Abies Pinsapo
will always attract at-
tention by its pecu-
liar shape andfoliage.

Of other ornamen-
tal forms which are
without representa-
tives in the U.S., and
hence fill vacancies,
may be mentioned, as
capable of adapta-
tion, and, more or
less in use, from
South America, the
Araucarias ; from
Africa and Eastern
Asia, Cedrus Deo-
dara, Libani, Atlan-
tica, Abies Appoli-
nisundCilicica; from
Korea, the promis-
ing, more densely fo-
liaged White Pine, P.
Ko raiensis ; from
China, Cunnlng-
hamia. Biota, Glyp-
tostrobus, Cephalo-
taxus, Podocarpus,
Pseudolarix, and,
above all, that inter-
esting remnant of
former ages, the
Maidenhair-tree,
Gingko biloba, which

will maintain itself anywhere along the Atlantic coast if
propagated from seed of the proper localities. Japan
has furnished a number of additions, especially Reti-
nosporas, Torreyas, Taxus, various Pinus, Piceas and
Tsugas, with the peculiar Sciadopitys verticillaia, the
Umbrella Pine, and, the most acceptable of all, the
graceful Gryptomeria Japonica.

As with all introductions from one country to another,
nay, from one climatic region to another, caution is ad-
vised, so it may be laid down as a rule, that exotics
should be used with great discretion, and, until their
adaptation is amply demonstrated, only in a subordinate
manner. If it is in general true that perennial plants
can only be transplanted with permanent success into
similar climatic conditions, it must be especially true
with the conifers, which do not lose their foliage, and
hence must be able to bear summer as well as winter con-
ditions. The Long-leaf Pine of the south, most striking
of our pines, may, therefore, not be transplanted far be-
yond its northern limit, and, if we desire to utilize any
of the Pacific coast species in the east, we will have to
secure them at least from the highest and driest alti-
tudes and exposures or, if, as in the case of some spe-
cies, like the Douglas Fir and Engelmann Spruce, their
field of distribution covers the dry slopes of the Rocky
mountains as well as the moist slopes of the coast
ranges, we may be successful if we chx)Ose our plant
material from these drier slopes.

Of the many native species, we may discard a num-
ber that are not of any particular value, although the
distinction could be more readily accomplished from
the economic point of view than from the standpoint of
the horticulturist and landscape gardener, for almost
every one has a distinctive feature of either form or
adaptation to soil or other interest. For each climatic
region the choice must be different; hence it would be
impossible to give, in the brief space of an article, in-
telligent advice as to best selections. In general, be-
sides climatic limitations, the following considerations
may serve in the choice of native species. The pines,
as a rule, are not to be placed on compact, clay soil, and,
on account of their taproot, not on shallow soils, on

360

CONIFERS

which they soon become spindly, they thrive best on
loose, sandy soils, and can endure dry soils, the White
Pine adapting itself perhaps best to the clay soils with-
out detriment to its development. On wet soils pines
are, as a rule, docidodlv out of place, although the Red
Pine IP. r ■•...■', 1, r,f Hie north, and the Loblolly {P.

Ttedi:). :■- '. ' In r southern species are capable of

suppiniii htions. For such situations here,

howevn. I 1 1 itir furnishes better material, — the

Cham:i_-v;, I'.ir I-, 1 iiii\:is and Taxodium. These trees of
the bog and swamp are, however— it should not be over-
looked—capable of thriving even better on drier soils.
They are merely indifferent to moisture conditions at
the foot.

The shallow-rooted spruces are trees of the higher
mountain ranges, and are, therefore, more adapted to

field pine

moist and cool situations, although some of them, the
Norway Spruce, the Blue Spruce of Colorado and the
northern White Spruce will— the former, at least, during
its juvenile period— endure more droughty situations.
The firs, too, are rather more species of northern
climates and high altitudes, the Red Fir, so-called
{Pseuclotsuga tuj:ifoUa), which is not a fir proper, be-
ing, perhaps, best capable of supporting drier and hot-
ter situations. Tlin most ornamental, and, in many re-
spects, most sprvi.(:il.li- ..I' i|]i- lirs, Abies iVordmanni-
ana, from the (_':in.:isii-., ilrv.l,i|is its magnificent dense
and dark green l"Ii;i-i n, ii,, warm but moist climate of
Washington, while our must ornamental AMes concolor

CONIFERS

from Colorado will thrive even in our drier atmos>
pheres of the Middle states. The fine firs of the Pacific
coast will probably not thrive anywhere in our drier and
hotter eastern climates for any length of time, unless
placed in cool and shady situations.

The Douglas Fir {PseiKh'Isn ■„ >,.,■!'.,!:. ,\ is. perhaps,
most readily acclimated if >■■•! r- i iTiHiithedry

slopes of Colorado. The La ■ ' ihamwejip-

nris /iawsonmna), with its isr-.. ■'■.{■■ . . .us branches

and foliage, and the pyrami'hil / ' ". ■!■' tirrens are

unquestionably desirable additions to our ornamental
stock, while the Sequoias, especially Waahingtoniann,
the Big Tree, has shown itself capable of thriving in the
latitu.l,- ,,( Koi-lu-ster.

.-.•.ling of all, ami will perish soon if
ide of any other trees. All species,
ble of more shade-endurance when
moist soil. Their relative shade-en-

ni nditions remains, however, the

ulii il in the forest by observing the

I lii.il crowns, the capacity of maln-

lia-e under the shade of different

young plants to persist in

density of th.' in.liM-lu;

species, and especially
such shade.

Propagation.— Most Conifers ripen their fruit in the
fall, September to November, and are best gathered soon
after or before ripeiii!ii' 'I'le- i.i'M->^ t-ike t..o\-.i!i- t.. ma-
ture their cones, ^\'llll- I'm , - i n,, ,, i , ,,ii n, : i,, e, . i two

weeks of September n .: ili.-

seeds at once, the en I ].: : . ., !i . ■•. '• ■ n.^.

The

of

Is from time to time, opening and
ring. Some pines, like Pi mis pun-

am :•,, •,. .. • :•. , . ' ;. ,• -, n specially

eon- - . >i / . ■,- , , ■ -,irii .< , ,1 ~ I i.i !!<■ carefullv

in,).,', 1,4.;,- ii -,.1,1. ,1,,,,., Millei., ii.,iu iuiproper use of
the heat.

The propoition ,,i L'ermin.ating seeds, and the vitality,
i. e., the aluliiN --f r-iaining germinative power, varies
greatly not only witli tlie seasons in the same species,
but from species to species.

The lowest germination percentage and vitality is found
in firs and larch, which show rarely more than 50 per
cent of good seed, and soon lose their vitality, while
spni.. Mi.l |.iiii , ,■ Im II 11, 1 i rely fresh, may .show as much
;i- ' : ' : I illation, and retain vitality for

■2 t ■ 'i year a proportion, Norway

.•siii I N . n ..hi ~ i;i\ iiig 10 per cent germination.

Ill iia.le.il Keciiiiiiaiioii percentage for spruce of 75 to
80; piue, 70 to 7j; fir, ^0 to 50; larch, 20 to 40, should be
acceptable.

Seeds are best kept in a dry, cool garret in tight bags
or boxes, excluding the air as much as possible.

All seeds require a short rest or atter-i-ipening of two
to four weeks before they are ready to germinate, and
some, like the Taxus and Juniper, lie over, even in nature,
for a year or more before they germinate. The latter
should be prepared for sowing by macerating them, and
removing the pulp in hot water, then mixing with sharp
sand in bags, and by friction freeing the seed from the
pulp.

In the seed-bed somewhat more care is required than
with most other species of trees. A thoroughly mellow,
well pulverized seed-bed of light, loamy sand, possibly
enriched with well decomposed manure (cow-dung better
than horse-dung), is required, the covering of the seed
varying, according to size, from a mere sprinkling for
larch to one-quarter inch for the heavy-seeded pines.
They may be sown as soon as the weather is settled, in
northern latitudes the second or third week in May, best

CONIFERS

in rows not more than 6 inches apart, and preferably in
dry weather, when the soil does not clog, which some-
times present seeds from germinating, and can be rolled
over them. Mulch between
the rows with pine needles
or sphagnum moss, or other
fine mulch, to reduce ne
cessity of watermg and
weeding Conifer seeds need
very little
nation The seeedli:

CONIFERS

361

533, Picturesq

hemlock spruces.

the other hand, for the first three months, until they
have made their crown bud, need to be either kept well
watered or else protected against the drying effects of
sun and wind by shading, for which purpose lath screens
are best. These latter must be lifted for airing after the
sun is gone, especially in muggy weather, to avoid " damp-
ing-off." For wintering, a covering with conifer branches
or very clean meadow hay is advisable (the latter is apt
to bring in weeds ) .

For growing small quantities, the use of boxes, as
described by Jackson Dawson, of the Arnold Arbore-
tum, in Proceedings of the Massachusetts Horticultural
Society, is highly commendable. In well drained boxes,
sow the seed soon after gathering, pile four or five deep
in a pit or sheltered place, cover with boards, and when
cold weather comes, cover up with leaves or hay. About
the middle of April, move them into a place where they
get the early morning sun. Keep the seedlings well
watered and free from weeds, and shaded as described.
Winter the seedlings in same manner as the seed-boxes,
well covered up. They are ready for transplanting next
spriYig, when they are making their first or second set
of rough leaves.

Since pine and spruce seedlings take about 7 to 10
pounds of phosphoric acid, 10 to 20 pounds of potash
and 15 to 30 pounds of lime, besides 20 pounds of ni-
trogen, per acre from the soil, for continuously used
nurseries the addition of mineral materials in the shape
of bone-meal and wood-ashes may become desirable.

A large number of seedlings may be grown in a small
space; thus 30,000 Norway spruce may be grown on a
square rod, requiring about 2 pounds of seed. The
quantity of seed sown depends, in part, upon the length
of time it is expected to leave seedlings in the seed-bed,
besides size and quality of seed ; the quantities vary from
H to X pound per 100 square feet if sown in drills, and

the yield of seedlings will vary from 200 to 15,000 seed-
lings, according to species and seasons.

Conifers, like any other trees, may be transplanted at
any time of the year, provided the necessary care is
taken in moving the plant. This care is least required,
as with other trees, in the fall and early spring, when
activities of root and foliage are, if not at rest, at least
reduced. Which of these seasons is preferable depends
on the locality, and the dependent character of the sea-
son. On the whole, spring planting will probably be
preferable in most parts of the United States which do
not suffer from dry spring winds. In localities of the
southwest, which have commonly a dry spring followed
by a rainy season in July, this latter time should be
chosen. There is a belief that planting in August is
specially favorable. We see no reason for this belief,
unless favorable weather (a rainy season) follows.

Conifers may be transplanted later than deciduous
trees, even after the buds have started, excepting the
larch, which buds out very early; with this species, fall
planting may be recommended. Cloudy weather, rather
than rainy or very dry, should be chosen, especially
when transplanting into nursery rows.

Young trees are naturally more readily and success-
fully transplanted than older ones, with which there is
more difficulty in securing the whole root-system when
taking them up. Since, however, the seedlings develop
slowly for the first one or two to three years, they should
be left in the seed-bed for that length of time, root-pruned,
and then transplanted into nursery rows. Although
those with a shallow root-system, like spruces and firs,
may be moved even when 30—40 feet in height, it is best,
even for ornamental purposes, not to take them more
than 3-1 feet in height. In forestry, 1- to 4-year-old
plants, according to species, from 2-12 or 15 inches in
height, are preferred for reasons of economy.

eping Norway spruce.

Much greater care than with deciduous trees is nec-
essary, when transplanting without an earth-ball, in
keeping the root fibers from drying out; a large amount

362

CONIFERS

of loss in transplanting is explained from neglect in
this respect. As soon as talien up, the roots should be
immersed into a loam-puddle and kept protected by wet
sphagnum moss or canvas until set into their new
place.

The question of trimming when transplanting must be
considered with more care than is necessary with broad-
leaved trees, which possess much greater recuperative
power. It should be confined to the smallest amount,
smoothing bruised roots, and if for proper proportion-
ing pruning at the top becomes absolutely necessary,
shortening the leader rather than branches. Larch will
stand more severe pruning than most other Conifers.
From the artistic as well as physiological point of view,
it is barbarism to remove the lower branches, which the
tree needs to shade its trunk and standing room, and of-
ten, when deprived of the same, will replace first tn-fore
starting again in its height growth. Attention should,
however, be especially paid to preventingdouble leaders,
which are detrimental to future form-development; cut
them out as early as possible, preferably in the bud.
Laterals may be somewhat shortened-in while standing
in the nursery, to lengthen the time during which the
lower branches are to persist. Breaking out buds is, as
with all trees, the best method, provided the pruner has
an eye for his business. Even in after-life, when prun-
ing is done to keep the tree shapely, the minimum use
of the pruning-knife should be the rule.

There are three marked periods in the development of
Conifers— the juvenile period, when the entire tree is a
crown, branched symmetrically to the base, the perfec-
tion of symmetry ; then follows the adolescent stage,
when the lower branches die out, a period of unshape-
liness; followed by the virile
stage, when the straight, cylin-
drical shaft bears the crown at
one-third or one-half of the up-
per length of the bole. The
aing during the adolescent
stage requires most considera-
tion. It is, in most cases, best
only to take off the lowest, dy-
ing or dead branches, as it be-
)s necessary.

pruning, cut as closely as
)ossible to the trunk, even cut-
ing into the bark, also remov-
ng the swelled portion on
vhich the branches are usually

CONIFERS

inserted, wh«n the callusing will be more rapid and
satisfactory in shape.

It at this stage or at any time the trees show trouble
at the top by drying (becoming "stag-headed"), it is a
sign that they suffer at the root from lack of moisture.

535. Pyramidal evergreens. Ji

Trimming off a few tiers of lower branches, loosening
the soil as far as the ambitus of the crown, and mulch-
ing will largely correct this. When used for hedges, the
treatment is, of course, different. For such a purpose
the shade-enduring species, spruces and hemlocks, are
best, since they are capable of preserving a dense inte-
rior foliage, while the pines are bound to thin out.

There are a number of dangers and damage from in-
sects to which Conifers are exposed. Drought and frost
are most dangerous to seedlings in the seed-bed. These
are obviated by proper location of the seed-bed (protec-
tion against sun and wind), by covering with a mulch of
pine-straw or the like (which also prevents
the heaving out by frost and the washing out by rain,
to which the young seeds are liable). By shading and
%vatering the danger of drought is overcome, although
at the same time that of "damping-off " is invited. The
cause of this disease, consisting i'n the reddening of the
needles and their falling off, is as yet undiscovered, a.
fungus being held responsible by some. Birds may be
kept away from the seeds by mixing them with red
oxide of lead, by lath screens, and the usual methods,
fungi and insects, too many to mention, some
polyphagous, more or less specific, are at work dur-
ing the various stages of development. A host of leaf-
■"■ ? and caterpillars destroy the foliage.

536. Dwarf conilers. of horticultural origin. Pines

CONIFERS

and weevils sap the young shoots. Bostrichi, or bark-
beetles, mine under the bark, mostly of trees which are
sickly from other causes; borers enter the wood of the
boles. Tortrices bore into the base of leaders and cause
them to break off. The best remedies against most of
these are preventives, namely: providing the trees with
such chances of vigorous growth, or satisfactory soil
conditions, that they are able to ward off or overcome
the enemies. Otherwise, watching and destroying the
enemies in time, and the usual remedies to kill them,
may be employed. Literature: Veitch, Manual of Coni-
fers ; Carriers, Traits dea Conif^res ; Beissner, Hand-
buch der Nadelholzkunde. g ^ Perkow.

CONtUM maculitum, Linn. UmhelUferm. The
Poison Hemlock, "by which," as Gray writes, "crimi-
nals and philosophers were put to death at Athens."
It is a rank, much-brauched European herb which has
run wild in eastern N. America, and which is offered in
the trade as a border plant. It is biennial, rank-smell-
ing, and poisonous, and is scarcely worth cultivating,
although the finely cut dark foliage is highly ornamen-
tal. It grows from 2-4 ft. high, and has large umbels of
small white fls. An extract is sold in drug stores for a
sedative. For this purpose the fruit is gathered while
green.

CONNECTICUT, HORTICULTURE IN. Fig. 537.
While one of the smallest states and covering but
one degree of latitude (41 to 42), owing to the great
diversity of soil and varying elevations from the sea
level, along the whole southern border, to 900 and 1,200
feet in sections of Tolland county, and 1,200 and 1,500 in
portions of Litchfield, Connecticut is adapted to as wide

a range of horticultural productions as any state out-
side of the semi-tropic fruit belt. The " season " of many
of the quick-maturing species and varieties of fruits,
flowers and vegetables is often entirely over on the
light soil in the Connecticut valley and along the Sound
shore when like species and varieties are but just be-
ginning to ripen on the cooler, moist soils of the hills
of Tolland and Litchfield counties. Strawberries and
green peas from East Hartford and Glastonbury supply
the Hartford market, while on the Bolton hills, only 12
miles away, the blooming vines give promise of the crop
that is to come after the valley season is entirely over;
so that "home-grown" strawberries are usually to be
had in the Hartford market for a period of six or seven
weeks. The Sound shore. Housatonic valley and Litch-
field hills supply New Haven, Bridgeport and other
cities of the state through equally long seasons.

From the earliest settlement of the state, fruit-grow-
ing for the family home-supply has been a prominent
feature of Connecticut agriculture, the apple being
a main reliance. The old seedling trees scattered
over all our farms to-day are plain evidence that our
ancestors took their apple juice through the spigot of
the cider barrel rather than fresh from the pulp of the
ripe fruit of some finer variety. A hundred years ago

CONNECTICUT 6b6

every farm-house cellar wintered from 30 to 50 barrels
of cider, while to-day it is hardly respectable to have
any, and probably not one family in ten now has even
one single barrel on tap as a beverage. Yet in quantity
and variety the family fruit supply has wonderfully in-
creased and a daily supply of fresh home-grown fruit is
the rule rather than the exception in most farm homes,
— small fruits in variety, apples, pears, peaches, plums
(both European and Japan), cherries and quinces, in
all the best standard varieties, coming to their highest
perfection in every section of the state where rational
methods of culture are followed. The topography of the
state is such, and soil.'! are so varied within short dis-
tances, that it is difficult to district the state, except in the
most general way. Aside from the alluvial, most of the
light sandy and sandy loam lands are along the river val-
leys and the Sound shore; while in "the hill towns" and
along the ridges the soils are heavier, with more or less
mixtures of clay, and many of the hilltops are moist and
springy. Rocks are very abundant nearly all over the
state except in the valleys, while the natural timber
and semi-abandoned farm and pasture lands, growing
up to brush and timber, cover fully one-half the acreage
of the state. Acting at present as wind-breaks and cli-
matic equalizers, they will in the future furnish the
"new lands" for extensive horticultural enterprises.
Lying midway between New York and Boston, — the
greatest horticultural markets of America — Connecticut
is better situated than any other state in the Union to
realize quick cash returns from her horticulture. Every
farm is within driving distance of some one or more
of her own busy manufacturing towns and villages,
whose people are appreciative of choice fruits and are
able to pay for them.

District No. 3.— This comprises the Connecticut river
valley and adjacent hills, along the Northampton branch
and the main line of railroad from Hartford to New
Haven, and all of the shore towns. This district con-
tains most of the sandy plain lands of the state, and the
loams and clay most free from rocks and stones. On
the hills back from the river, on the ridges either side
of the railroads, and a few miles back from the Sound
shore, there are many places where soil and topograph-
ical conditions are much the same as in districts Nos.
2 and 3; but, having much larger tracts of easily culti-
vated lands and being better located as to market con-
ditions, this district is more highly developed horticul-
turally than either of the others. Here are the great
market-gardens and small-fruit farms, peach orchards,
vineyards and melon fields.

District No. «.- This district comprises Tolland and
Windham counties and all of Middlesex and New London
counties except Cromwell and the shore towns, and is
particularly well suited to apple and peach culture, ow-
ing to the rolling condition of the country and natural
fertility of many of the hills. Every few miles are lit-
tle valleys and pockets suited to the production of small
fruits and vegetables in variety. A few townships in
the northeast grow apples quite extensively, while in
the west and southwest commercial peach orchards are
found to considerable extent.

District No. 3. — This district comprises western Hart-
ford, northwestern New Haven, northern Fairfield, and
all of Litchfield counties, and is somewhat similar to
district No. 2, except that the soil is generally heavier,
with rather more mixture of clay and the hills are
more abrupt and rocky. Some sections of Litchfield
county are too cold and bleak for any but the most hardy
fruits.

Apples grow freely everywhere, and, while always of
good quality, the brightest colors, firmest texture and
highest quality of fruit is produced on the rocky hills,
at an elevation of from 400 to 1,000 feet. Baldwin, Rhode
Island Greening. Roxbury Russet and Spy are the lead-
ing varieties, although all the varieties that thrive well
in the northeastern U. S. grow to perfection here when
properly cared for. Old commercial orchards have al-
ways been profitable, and just at this time large plant-
ings are being made, the largest orchard in the state
containing about 4,000 trees.

Peach culture on an extended scale is a recent devel-
opment. Eighteen years ago the only commercial orchard
in the state contained about 2,000 trees, and probably

364

CONNECTICUT

5,000 trees would be a liberal estimate for the state;
now upwards of 2,000,000 peach trees are in the state-
many orchards of 5,000 and 6,000 trees, quite a number
with 10,000 to 15,000 trees, and at least one with nearly
50,000. While many varieties are grown to some extent,
the main plantings are of Mountain Rose, Oldmixon,
Crawford Early, Crawford Late and Stump. More re-
cently, however, Waddell, Carman, Champion and Kl-
berta have been heavily planted. High culture, close
pruning and a tliiniiit);.- of the fruit are generally prac-
ticed, and fruit cif l.n-hi(><t .-cilor, largest size and high
quality is thus s.-nu. .i. Ii, the markets of this and
neighboring statis. "i liiincrliciit peaches" usually sell
at a much higlier yv'x-u tliaii those from any other sec-
tion. The only serious drawback is the winter-killing
of the fruit-buds in the valleys, this happening proba-
bly three years out of five, while on many hillsides and
hilltops at least two crops out of three are assured; but
there are many favorable localities where annual crops
are almost a certainty.

Japanese plums were early planted in this state, and
so quickly proved their adaptability to soil and climate
that they are now planted in a small way in every sec-
tion of the state, fruiting almost as freely as the apple,
for family supply, while in a commercial way they are
being quite largely planted in district No. 1. Several
orchards have from 2,000 to 4,000 trees each. Of varie-
ties longest tested, Burbank, Abundance and Chabot
are most satisfactory and- profitable. Red June and
Satsuma are rapidly growing in favor, the latter com-
manding extremely fancy prices for canning purposes.

Raspberries, blackberries, currants and gooseberries
grow and produce freely all over the state, and all local
markets are abundantly supplied in season.

Grapes can be grown successfully all over the state,
except on the highest and coldest hills ; and on the
sandy plains and warm, rocky hillsides all the best
standard varieties can be produced in perfection. There
are a number of small vineyards in district No. 1, and
home-grown grapes sell for double the price of those
coming from the outside ; yet, on the whole, the grape
industry is but lightly thought of.

Pears thrive and fruit well except on the lighter
lands, and nearly every home garden has from one to
half a dozen trees. There are a few small commercial
orchards in district No. 1, Bartlett and Clapp being
most largely grown at Hartford and the adjoining
towns. On the west side of the river the Bosc is pro-
duced in its highest perfection.

Cherries have been steadily failing in the state for
twenty-five years past. Not enough for home supply
are grown. Newly planted trees soon die out, and there
is a general discouragement. They seem to do best in
tlie vicinity of Middletown and Meriden, and the few
commercial orchards there are quite profitable.

Quinces are grown all over the state for home supply,
but thrive best along the Sound shore, where there are
a large number of small commercial orchards.

Strawberries are very largely grown, both for home
and outside markets, mostly in medium matted rows,
with an average yield of 80 to 90 bushels per acre.
Some cultivators, who follow the hill system or grow in
narrow, thinly matted rows, secure 150 or more bushels
per acre. A number of the berry farmers have systems
of irrigafon wh'ch adl greatlj to the rety of the
crop, besides ncreas ng tl e s zp i 1 ippe ri ce of the
fruit. The roll ng chara ter of tl c an 1 ist

number of small streams abu la tl lll^l 'h

water make t poss ble at mo ler te e\\ en e to rr t,ite
many tho sa d of ac es n th s tate an 1 the t ne s
not far d sta t I tl c tr a s of Connect c t w 11
be more valuable t lei ultur sts than they e er

were to her m ta tl e old days of ma y

small facto el 11

Almost f o I I I ent mall local n ir

series ha e an 1 are here to lay

to the nu ut e general nurserj at

NewCanaa 1 tl I est of

any in New F I alty

nursery at S Is

tributes pla At

Cromwell I\I I 1 1 I al

lishment wh 1 h i I I 1 est

CONOCLINIUM

area under glass of any such establishment in America,
and surpasses all others in the annual production of
superb roses.

The late Judge A. J. Coe, of Meriden, was one of the
first men in America to take up the new chestnut cul-
ture by the importation of the best foreign varieties and
the selection of the best natives and their crosses. He
commenced the grafting on native sprouts and seed-
lings, and stimulated quite a general chestnut grafting,
so that a goodly number of chestnut orchards are being
established on laud too rough for cultivation, yet
strong in its ability to grow the chestnut tree and nut
to perfection.

At Wethersfield, in Hartfnr.l .-.mntv, Orange and Mil-
ford, in New iluv, II iiifN , .ii„l s,,ufhport, in Fairfield

county, an- mam ,1 to seed-growing.

Onion seeil uml ^ . , i:r-i-at specialties, but

a great variefv ..f ..i li. i -r, ,1 - a, ■ niso grown, especially
at Wethersfleld and draiiKe.

Market-gardening is carried on quite extensively by
specialists near all large towns and cities, while, with
so many good markets always close at hand, vegetables
and fruits are sold in moderate quantities from nearly
every farm. The largest general market -garden f.arm is
at New Haven, where over 400 acres are under annual
cultivation with vegetables and small fruits. At South-
port, Fairfield and Westport there are many farms,
both large and small, devoted entirely to the production
of onions. "Southport onions "are famous for fine ap-
pearance and quality, and nowhere in America is the
annual yield so great or price received so high as in this
district. Marketing is done in sailing vessels direct
from the farms to the dock markets in New York, where
the onions are sold direct to retail dealers, boat captains
acting as salesmen without commission for the sake of
carrying the freight.

Trolley car lines are widely extended through many
farming sections of the state, and, running express cars
at certain hours of the day with freight movements at
night, they are proving quite a factor in the distribution
of horticultural products. The Hale peach farms, at South
Glastonbury, -n-ere the first in America to use this new
electric power in the marketing of their products. Fruit
is loaded at the farm side-track as gathered during the
day, and transported to market at night, after passenger
service has closed for the day. It is unloaded in the
city from the main-line tracks directly in front of the
stores in the early morning hours before the tracks are
again required for passenger service, and the empty
cars are returned to the farm side-track before a new
day's work in the orchard has begun.

The Connecticut Pomological Society, organized some
ten years ago, is a prominent feature in the lively fruit
interests of the state. It has a large, active nn'mber-
ship, and, aside from its annual winter meeting, it
holds each summer three or more "field meetings." on
fruit farms in different sections of the state, and there,
around tree, plant and vine, the members meet and
discuss the live topics of the hour, gathering inspira-
tion which, carried to their homes, is pushing Con-
necticut into the very front rank of horticultural states.
J. H. Hale.

CONOCfiPHALUS (Greek, cone head). One of the
liverworts (Marchantiacete), with broad, flat, forking
evergreen thallus, growing on moist banks, like a moss,
Dumort., is offered by collectors as a plant

for

CONOCLfNIUM (Greek, cone and bed). Composite^.
Differs from Eupatorium in having a conical receptacle
and the somewhat imbricated involucral scales nearly
equal. Most authors now unite the species with Eupa-
torium (which see).

coelestlnum, DC. (JEupatdrium ecelesthutm, Linn.).
Mist Flower. Perennial, 1-2 ft. high, somewhat pubes-
cent : Ivs. opposite, stalked, triangular-ovate and some-
what cordate, coarse-toothed : heads in compact cymes,
many-fld., blue or violet. Mich, and 111., to N. J.andS.—
Late-blooming heliotrope-fid. plant, very useful for low
borders.

Lasseiuxii, Dur. (Ar/eriyttim LasseHuxii. Carr. ).
Spreading pubescent perennial, with habit of Aijera-

CONOCLINIUJI

turn conyzoides : Ivs. lance-elliptic, obtuse-toothed,
long-attenuate, short-stalked or somewhat decurrent :
heads numerous, handsome rose-color. Uruguay. R.H.
1870:90. -Handsome plant for bedding. Grows 1-2 ft.

COXVALLARIA

365

high. Not hardy.

L. H.

CONOPHALLUS Kanjak, Schott, is AmorphophaJ-
lus Hiviiri, var Konjac, Engler. The great tuber is
much growu in Japan forthe makingof flour ( see George-
son, A.G. 13:79). Amorphophalhis Mcrieri is figured
on p. 59 ; also in R.H. 1871, p. 573 ; and in B.M. 6195
(as Proteinophullus Bevieri). Konjak is offered by im-
porters of Japanese plants.

CONSERVATOKY. Literally, a place in which things
are kept or preserved. Used to designate a glass house
in which plants are kept for display, rather than for
propagating or growing.

Every well-ordered private establishment should have
a conservatory wherein to display to the best advantage
the plants which have been brought to their attractive
state in the greenhouses and hothouses thereon, and the
nearer it is located to the residence, all other things
being equal, the better. It would be best if it were a
part of it. Many architects, in preparing plans and ar-
ranging for the erection of conservatories, look more to
the architectural beauty of the structure rather than to
the well-being of the plants to be grown therein. One
of the worst faults hitherto has been inadequate ventila-
tion. A practical grower of plants should always be
consulted upon this essential point before definite ar-
rangements for building are made. In addition to a
generous opening in the roof, which should, in all cases,
be operated by one of the most approved lifters to be
had, the sides also should have door openings that
may be easily manipulated. The foundations may
be made of any substantial material, either of stone,
brick or concrete, and the wall should extend 2 ft. G in.
or 3 ft. high above the ground-line and up to where the
glass begins. Hollow brick walls are considered the
most satisfactory, if the house to which the conserva-
tory is to be attached be built of stone or brick, being
less amenable to the winter extremes in temperature,
when outside the thermometer may register zero, and in-
side 55° or 60°. The glass from the wall to the eaves
should be of good quality, and as transparent as possi-
ble, but that on the roof should be the translucent,
"frosted" or ground glass. Contrary to the general be-
lief, rose blooms of as fine quality have been produced
under ground glass in the climate of the United States
as have been grown under glass of the clearest trans-
parency, and that fact is here stated so that the glass
recommended may, without hesitation, be used ; besides,
it is better for nearly all plants grown for their foliage ;

servatory, should be high enough to give a pleasing
general effect and yet such that each individual plant
may be examined at pleasure; and at the same time the
table should be low euough that the pots in which the
plants are growing may not be seen through the glass
from the outside.

Some large plants may find a permanent home in the
conservatory, such as vines, to be trained on the rafters
and girders, if the size and style of the building will
allow of their training and proper care. Other large
plants, as palms of the various species and varieties,
can also be used to advantage. The great trouble with
many of the vines and other plants growing permanently
herein, is their proneness to insects in such structures,
and the methods generally in use for their extermina-
tion, put Into operation in a conservatory attached to a
residence, are out of the question in most cases. We re-
fer principally to the old style method of fumigation by
burning tobacco for the destruction of aphis. Experi-
ment.? are being made in the uses of different gases,
and by vaporizing insecticides, which may allow of this
part of the cultivation of flowers and plants under glass
to be made less disagreeable for the operators and for
the owners of conservatories in the future than it has
been in the past. For the destruction of the various
scale insects and mealy bug, sponging by hand is gener-
ally resorted to, but it is a slow and tedious process.
Syringing with a weak solution of tobacco water once or
twice a week will kill the scale, and aid in keeping down
mealy bug, especially if a strong pressure of water,
when syringing, can be brought into requisition. The
aphis, before referred to, or what is generally called
"green-fly," affects only what are termed soft-wooded
plants, and as they are only brought in when at their
best, should be entirely free from that pest before they
leave the greenhouse, in which they have been brought
to their most interesting aud showy stage. Sometimes,
however, no matter how much care has been exercised,
some of these pests will be found on the plants, and as
they increase very rapidly, some means will have to be
resorted to for their extermination. Fumigation, by
burning tobacco stems, is out of the question, but to-
bacco dust, —the sweepings of a cigar factory,— when
burning is not at all disagreeable, leaving little more
smell than the burning of a good cigar. Liquid tobacco
extract is often used with good effect by evaporation,
using hot irons in the liquid. This has its objections,
being somewhat clumsy to operate. Evaporating pans
attached to the heating pipes, in which the liquid, some-
what diluted, is placed, are effective, and are not at all
disagreeable. Cleanliness and neatness are the great es-
sentials in a conservatory with interesting plants well
grown, to make it a source of pleasure to the owners,
and must at all times be kept in view. For further inf or-
'. Glasshouses. Edwin Lonsdale.

and the beauty of flowering plants in bloom may be con-
served much longer than it is reasonable to expect they
would be under the more or less glaring unobstructed
sunlight.

The interior arrangement of a conservatory is a ques-
tion to be decided largely by the owner and gardener in
charge, and is largely a matter of taste, although
convenience in operating must never be lost sight
of. The former depends upon the individuality of
those most interested, and the latter must, in all cases,
be provided for, if the best success in plant-growing is
to be achieved. The table or stage along what might be
termed the front, or nearest to the outside of the con-

valley (XJ-

CONVALLARIA (old Latin name, derived ultimately
from couvaZ/Js, a valley). LiUicece. Lily-of-the-Val-
LEY. Fig. 538. One dainty herb in temperate Europe
and Asia, and native also in the high mountains from
Va. to S. Car. Lvs. radical, from an upright rootstock
or pip (Fig. 539): fls. white (sometimes pink-tinged),
small and tubular, nodding, in a short, radical raceme
(Fig. 540), the stamens 6 and style 1 (Fig. 541). Much
prized for its delicate, sweet-scented fls. The rhizome
aud roots are sold in drug stores. They are poisonous
in large doses ; in small doses used as a heart tonic.
The piant is popularly supposed to be the one referred
to in the Sermon on the Mount, but this is not to be

dbb CONVALLARIA

determined. It is essentially a shade-loving plant.
The species is C. majilis, Linn. R.H. 1886:84. Gn. 47,
p. 179; 52:1134 and p. :!19 (the latter in fruit). A.F.
13:402. Gng 5:56-7. F.R. 2:4. G.C. III. 23:149 (var.
grandiflonii. Lowe, 42 (var. variegata).

Lily-of-the-Valley is hardy, and is easily grown in
partially shaded places and moderately rich ground.
Old beds are liable to run
out. The roots and runners
become crowded, and few
good flower-stems are pro-
duced. It is best to replant
the beds every few years
with vigorous, fresh clumps.

540. Raceme of

Lily-of-the -valley.

Natural size.

which have been grown for the purpose in some
out-of-the-way place. Five or 6 strong pips,
with their side growths, planted close together,
will form a good clump in two years if not al-
lowed to spread too much. The mats of clean
foliage make attractive carpets under trees and
in other shady places. If the bed is made rich
and top-dressed every fall, it may give good re-
sults for 4 or 5 years ; and plants in such beds thrive
in full sunshine. One form has prettily striped foliage,
very ornamental in the early part of the season. Lilies-
of-tlie-valley bloom early in spring. They run wild in
many old yards, in cemeteries, and along shady road-
sides. There are double-fld. forms; also one (var. pro-
lificans) with racemes 2 ft. long.

J. B. Keller and L. H. B.
Pew cultivated plants give so much satisfaction at so
little cost as the Lily-of-the-Valley. It is one of our
earliest spring flowers. Its time of blooming is always
a subject of note to the household. It succeeds best "in
partial shade, and may be planted in the wild garden
with good effect. It is especially appropriate for plant-
ing in irregular patches along the borders of wooded
drives. The Lilyof-the-Valley is one of the few flowers
we seldom tire of. In and out of season, there is always
a demand for its flowers. Hundreds of thousands of
crowns are specially grown and matured in France,
Germany and Holland for early forcing. They are de-
tached from the clumps, grown separately for two
years, sorted before shipment, and known as "pips."
Berlin pips are considered best for early forcing. They
usually come in bundles of 25, and to have them
force evenly it is considered essential to freeze them
for a week or two. This may be effected by leaving

CONVALLARIA

them in the packing case, moss and all, in some open
shed, taking them out as required. They are often
placed in ice-houses, and frequently kept in cold stor-
age for summer use. In forcing, no new roots are
made. An ordinary propagating bed, with bottom heat,
answers the purpose, and sand or sphagnum moss is
the plunging medium in most general use. The bundles
of crowns are given time to thaw out, the pips separa-
ted, and the crowns set in as thickly as possible. The
frsime is covered to e.xclude light until growth com-
raBuces. The crowns are often put at once into a strong
bottom heat of 8.')" F. or thereabouts, but a better way
is to start with 50° and gradually increase the tempera-
ture. Batches intended for Christmas and New Year's
Day often fail because there has not been sufficient
pri'|iar;Uion for the final high temperature. It is seldom
th:it any leaves appear, even if the flowers come. In
such I'Hscs, it is customary to put in a few leaf-eyes
ti-.iiii til.- clumps. Later and more carefully prepared
li:ii. Im II iii;i, '.iri'' well and with abundanceof leaves,
uiii 'I 1 1 ■ I'niwers lose half their charm. Bun-

(11* ■ 1 I'l- often potted in 6- or 7-inch pots,

fi.r l.ii 'i r iili -. As the natural season approaches,
less preparation is required. The pots are usually set
under greenhouse benches, with a sprinkling of moss
over them, away from heating pipes, until some
growth is made, and afterwards finished in better light,
l)ut not bright sunlight. Clumps are potted and treated
in tlie same way. As there is a large percentage of non-
bluoining buds in the clumps, they lose in effectiveness.
There are rose-colored varieties," double varieties, and
varieties with foliage striped with white.

T. D. Hatfield.

Millions of the single crowns, commercially called
"pips," are grown on the European continent and ex-
ported for forcing. One English firm alone forces dur-
\tv^ the year upwards of seven millions. We usually
receive the pips during the early part of November.
Thi-y sliould be unpacked at once, the best pips selected
for the earliest forcing, and the smallest kept for the
latest forcing. The pips are tied in bundles of 25. If
one forces a limited number, say 500 to 1;000 per week,
then put the bundles in 8- or 10-inch deep boxes, in
any quantity he may choose, place a little soil between the
bundles, and give them a good soaking. Then place
the boxes in a coldframe or some place where the rains
can be kept off— this is important— cover the tops of
pips with a few inches of hay or straw. Frost does not
hurt the pips in the least, but it is not essential. Never
try to force the newly imported pips before New Year's.
The cold storage pips are much best for the December
crop. In keeping them in cold storage they should be
removed from the frames and put into cold storage be-
fore there is the slightest movement of growth in the
spring. The boxes
should be covered
with slats, so that
one box can be
put on another,
or charge for stor
age will be exces
sive. The tem
perature should '
be from 28° to 30°
Fahr.

The principal
thing in forcing
Lilyofthe Valley
is to obtain a
strong bottom
heat with a cool
atmosphere. So,
to obtain this, the
bed for forcing
should have a
slate bottom with
6 inches of sand on it and be over some hot water
or steam pipes. The temperature of the sand should
be 80° to 90° and the atmosphere 50°. As spring ap-
proaches less bottom heat will be needed. A copious
watering should be given the sand daily, but when the
bells are showing color they should not be wet. Keep a
covering of boards or cloth over the pips for the first 10

CONVALLARIA

days ; after that admit the light gradually, and when
in full flower give them the full light, but never much
sunlight, and avoid draughts. A dozen or 20 pips can
be forced the same way in a 5- or 6-inch pot. The
flowers should be cut about 2-1 hours before using, and
placed in jars of cold water. This prevents wilting
■when used. William Scott.

C0NV6LVULUS (Latin, conroZvo, to entwine) Gonial
vuldcece. Includes Calystegia. Bindweed A genu^
of about 175 species, widely distributed
intemperate and tropical regions. Annual
or perennial herbs, sometimes suffrutes
■cent, twining, trailing, erect or ascend
Ing, with filiform, creeping rootstocks
Ivs. petiolate, entire, toothed or lobed
generally cordate or sagittate : fls. axil
lary, solitary or loosely cymose, niostlj
opening only in early morning ; corolla
«ampanulate or funnel-form, the limb
plaited, 5-angled, 5-lobed or entire. The
botanical distinction between Convolvulus <
and Calystegia is not sufiiciently well ^
marked to warrant retaining the latter as t.
a separate genus. When the Hs. of C or
■cidentalls are borne singly, the calvs
bracts are broad and Calystegia - like
"when borne in clusters the bracts are y, j ^'

greatly reduced. g. w. Fletcher

The species thrive in a variety of soils
■without especial care. The greenhouse
species do best in a soil with considerable
fiber. The hardy perennials are usually
prop, by dividing the roots, otherwise by
cuttings or seeds, the tender species pre
ferably by cuttings. C tricolor is the most
Important of the-hardy annuals. It may also be starteil
in the greenhouse, and makes an excellent plant for
the hanging basket. All are vigorous growers, and
may become troublesome weeds in some places if not
kept within bounds. C. Japonicus and C. Sepium
should be used with caution. This is the chief reason
why the hardy perennials are not often found in -well-
kept gardens, except along wire fences or lattice
screens, where the turf is laid up close so as to allow
only a narrow border for the roots. The double-flowered
form of C. Japonicus is seen to best advantage in half-
■wild places, or on rocky banks, where shrubs make but
a stunted growth. Here it will grow luxuriantly, form-
ing graceful festoons from branch to branch, and cover-
ing the ground with a pretty mantle of green.

Cult, by J. B. Keller.

A. Calyx with i membranaceous bracts at the base:

peduncles usually l-fld. (Calystegia.)

B. Stem prostrate, 8 in. to 2 ft. hioh : peduncle usually

shorter than the h-s.

villdsus, Gray (Calystegia vitlosa, Kellogg). Plant
densely white-villose throughout : stem prostrate,
scarcely twining : Ivs. slender-petioled, reniform-has-
tate to sagittate, the upper acuminate, 1 in. or less
long, the basal lobes often coarsely toothed : bracts oval
or ovate, completely enclosing the calyx: fls. cream-yel-
low, 1 in. long. Calif. Perennial.
EB. Stem twining or trailing, 3-10 ft. high; peduncle
exceeding the Ivs.

Japbnicus, Thunb. (Calystegia pubSseens, Lindl.).
California Rose. Fig. 542. Hardy perennial, herba-
ceous twiner: growth very vigorous, often 20 ft. : whole
plant more or less densely and minutely pubescent:
Ivs. hastate, lanceolate, obtuse or broadly acute, with
angular or rounded lobes at the base ; variable, oc-
casionally without lobes, rarely sharp lanceolate : fls.
bright pink, 1-2 in. broad, produced freely during the
summer months aud remaining expanded tor several
days. Japan and E. Asia. The double form is now
naturalized from southeastern N. Y. to D. C. and
Mo. P. M. 13 : 243. F. S. 2 : 172. B. R. 32 : 42.-
The double form is completely sterile, with narrow,
wavy petals, irregularly arranged, the outer somewhat
lacerate. A valuable decorative plant for covering

CONVOLVULUS

367

stumps and walls. In rich soil the roots spread rapidly,
and will smother out all other plants unless confined in
tubs. The Calystegia pubescens of Lindley has been
wrongly referred to Ipomcea hederacea, but the two
plants are very different, the former being perennial
and the latter annual. See Journ. Hort. Soc. 1:70(1846).
The plant is commonly confounded with C. Sepium.

occidentilis, (jray. Hardy perennial, herbaceous or
with suffrutescent base stem twining, several ft. high,
gli1 rons or mmutelv pubescent Ivs. from angulate-

cordate, with a deep and narrow sinus,
to lanceolate - hastate, the posterior
lobes often 1-2-toothed : peduncle l-fld.
or proliferously '2-3-fld.: bracts
or lanceolate, usually completely enclosing the calyx,
variable : corolla white or pinkish, 1-2 in. long; stig-
mas linear. Dry hills, Calif.-lnt. 1881, by Gillett. An
admirable plant for rockeries.

SSpium, Linn. (Calystegia Sepium, R.Bt.}. Rutland
Beautv. Fig. 543. Perennial trailer, 3-10 ft. long, gla-
brous or minutely pubescent: Ivs. round-cordate to del-
toid-hastate, the basal lobes divaricate, entire or angu-
late: fls. white, rose or pink, with white stripes. P.S.
8:826. B.M.732. A. G. 12:638. Gn. 50: 1098. -A very
variable species. Cosmopolitan in temperate regions.
An insidious weed in moist soil.

B. Stem prostrate, trailing, glabrous or minutely
pubescent.
MauritAnicus, Boiss. Strong perennial roots: stem her-
baceous, slender, prostrate, rarely branched, minutely
villose: Ivs. alternate, round-ovate, obtuse, short-peti-
oled: fls. blue to violet-purple, with a lighter throat,
1-2 in. across, very handsome. Africa. B.M. 5243. P.S.
21:2183. Gn. 39:788. -A free bloomer through the sum-
mer. On dry banks each plant forms a dense tuft which
throws up many graceful shoots. Not hardy north of
Phila.

db» CONVOLVULUS

Scammdnia, Linn. Hardy perennial trailer, decidu-
ous : stem angular, glabrous : Ivs. cordate-sagittate,
grey-green, the lobes entire or dentate: sepals glabrous,
ovate, obtuse; corolla white, creamy or light pink. Asia
Minor. — The large tap-roots supply the resinous cathar-
tic drug scammony.

BB. Stem erect or ascending, silky.

Cnedrum, Linn. Stem shrubby, half-hardy, 1-i ft.
high : Ivs. persistent, lanceolate or spatulate, silky grey :
inflorescence a loose panicle, 1-6-fld.: lis. white or
tinged with pink, borne freely during the summer. S.
Eu.— Valuable as a pot-plant for greenhouse or window
decoration, or trained to a warm wall. Confused with
C. oleceMius.

oleaefdlius, Desr. Tender perennial: Ivs. linear-lanceo-
late, acute, slightly villose: fls. bright pink, borne freely
in loose, umbellate panicles in the summer. Gref r.
B.M. 289 (as C. linearis). -M&iiy plants now passing .-i,
C. olecefolius are C. Cneorum. The latter may be di-
tinguished by its broader, blunter, silvery-villose h -
and lighter colored blossoms.

tricolor, Linn. (C. minor, Hort.). Fig. 544. HarMv
annual: stem trailing, ascending 0-12 in., angulair
densely covered with long brownish hairs: ivs. lini:i!
oblong or subspatulate, obtuse or rounded at the a\>i \
usually pubescent but sometimes glabrous, the marL-i
ciliate towards the base: peduncle 3-fld., exceeding tin
Ivs.: sepals oratp, Iniicciilatc, villose, acute: limb of tbi-
corolla aziirr-bliir, ilndat vcllow, margined with white.
S. Eu. B.31.J7. -Our ..f the best annuals for the home
border. Earh plant i'..\ iivs a ground space of 2 ft., and
blooms eoutiiiuuusly thi-uughout the summer. Flowers
remain open all day during pleasant weather. There
are many variously striped and spotted forms of this
popular annual, none of which surpasses the type in
beauty. A variety with pure white fls. is attractive.
Other well marked horticultural forms are : Var. vit-
t4ta, prettily striped with blue and white. F.S. 3:298.

R.H. 1848:121. Var. compActus. Dwarf, and valuable
for pot culture. Gt. 47, p. 635. A 5-petaled form is also
recorded. F.S. 8; 116.

COOPERIA

from seed : stem trailing or twining, 4-5 ft. long : fls.
golden. Valuable as a greenhouse climber and for
hanging baskets.— Not sufficiently described for identi-
fication.

C. althaoliUs. Linn. {C. Italicus. Roem. & Schidt.). Stem
prostrate, scarcely twining: upper Ivs. pedatifld; lower ovate-

»f

544. Convolvulus tricolor.

cordate, crenate, silverj-
region. B.M.359. r.S.llil
O. onicnsis, Linn. Sleml

Hort., not li
Stove evergri-i
reddish purpi'

Medit
R.H. 1864:111.—
1-3 ft. long, gla-

COONTIE of 1

Fla

i Zat.

C00F£RIA (after Joseph Cooper, English gardener).
AmarxiUid&ceai. A genus of only two or three species
of tender, bulbous plants from Texas, with the habit of
Zephyranthes but night-blooming (which is anomalous
in the order), and with erect anthers, while tliose of the
latter are versatile. The fls. are fragrant, solitary, 2 in.
or more across, waxy-white, tinged red outside, and
more or less green within. The Ivs. appear with the fls.
in summer. They are long, narrow, flat and twisted.
The bulbs should be taken up in autumn and stored
during the winter in dry soil. Culture easy and like
Zephyranthes. Lately a new and little-known plant
has been offered by the trade, C. Obenvetteri, with
"bright green" fls.

A. JVeck of bulb short: perianth tube long.
Drummondli, Herb. Evenino Star. Bulb roundish,
1 in. thick, with a short neck : Ivs. narmwly linear,
erect, 1 ft. long : peduncle sleml.i. IimliI.. hnll.iw J^-1
ft. long; spathe lK-2 in. Ion-, i! . i .i tin- tip:

perianth tube 3-5 In. long; limt , i n I iu. white,
tinged with red outside: segiiMn - "M^hl'. . uspidate.
Var. chlorosdlen, Baker, has a perianth tube stouter and

tinged with (

ittle broader.

lib longer and less wheel-shaped :
5.M. 3482.

AA. Neck of bulb long: perianth tube short.
peduncnl&ta, Herb. Giant Faiby Lily. More robust
than C. Dnimmoyidli : bulb with a longer neck, 2-3 in.
long: Ivs. about 6, 1 ft. long, % in. broad : peduncle
about 1 ft. long : spathe 1-2-valved at the tip: perianth
tube shorter, IKin. long : limb nearlv as long as the
tube, tinged red outside. B.M. 3727. R.H. 1853: 401.—
The best species. Fls. larger, of purer color, and remain-
ing open a day or two longer. sx, jx.

C0PR6SMA (Greek Tiamo rpffrring to the fetid odor
of the plants). Jfiii.i)r. ,, . SI, rul.-^ or small trees, often
trailing, of New Z.al.m.l. A,,-t,alia and Hawaii. Cult,
for their pretty fr. mi- v;ui.-:ii.cl Ivs. Lvs. opposite,
mostly small. Fls. small, ^olitai-y i.r fascicled, white or
greenish, polygamous dioecious; corolla-limb 4-6-lobed,
the lobes revolute ; stamens 4-6 : fr. an ovoid or globose
drupe. Coprosmas are greenhouse plants in the north,
but they are rarely cult. In S. Calif. 2 species are cult.
in the open. Prop, by hardened cuttings. The soil
which is found among Kalmia roots, mixed with good
loam and sand, if necessary, will suit these plants.
Cuttings should be rooted in moderate heat in spring,
before growth commences. If placed under a handlight
or propagating frame, care must be taken to prevent
damping, to which the cuttings are liable.
Baileri, Endl. (C. Baueriinu, Hook. f.
C. Stiickii, Hort.). Trailing plant, with
oval-obtuse or rounded entire lvs., which
are oddly blotched with yellow and whit-
ish or even almost wholly yellow. New
Zealand.— With age it forms a compact
shrub. Vars. picturAta, Hort., and varie-
gata, Hort., are the common forms.

acerosa, A. Cunn. Low and spreading,
with minute lvs., small white lis., and
pretty sky-b!ue drupes or berries. New
Zealand. (j. -^v. Oliver and L. H. B.

COPTIS (Greek, to cut, from the cut
leaves). Hanuncittctcea'. Eight species of
hardy perennial herbs of the cooler parts
of the northern hemisphere. Low, stem-
less plants, with slender rootstocks : lvs.
radical, compound or divided, lasting
over winter : fls. white or yellow, sea-
sepals 5-7, petal-like ; petals 5-6,
small, linear, hood-like ; stamens numer-
ous: carpels stalked, few, becoming an
umbel of follicles. The bitter roots yield
medicine known as "gold thread;"
also a yellow dye. The plants should have
peaty "soil, with a little sand, and prefer
shade in damp situations. They require
protection in winter, as in a cold
pit. Prop, by root division and seed.

trlfdlia, Salisb. No stem : rootstock
yellow : lvs. compound, long-petioled ;
Ifts. broadly obovate, cuneate, obtuse, the
teeth mucronate : fli. -stem slender ; sepals
white, with yellow base ; petals small,
club-shaped : follicles 3-7, spreading,
equaled by their stalk; seeds black. May-
July. Adirondacks and westward. L.B.C.
" Neat and pretty.

vith shi:

K. C. DA\^s.

CORAL BERRY.

phoficarpus vulgar

CORAL DROPS.

CORALLORHiZA(Greek

545. Corallorhiza multiflora. for coral-root). Orchidil-
(X %.) cea, tribe EpUUndrea.

Coral Root. Low native
orchids, growing in woods and parasitic on roots, des-
titute of green foliage, the plant usually brownish or
yellowish and inconspicuous. Fl. small, somewhat 2-

24

CORDYLINE 369

lipped, usually obscurely spurred at the base ; sepals
and petals nearly alike ; lip small, slightly adherent to
the base of the column ; pollinia 4. Species few, in N.
Amer., Eu. and Asia. The Coral-roots have little merit
as garden plants, although very interesting to the stu-
dent. They may be grown in rich, shady borders. Two
species have been offered by dealers in native plants :
C. multiflbra, Nutt. (Fig. 545), is purplish, l^^ft. or less
high, 10-30-fld., lip deeply 3-lobed: grows in dry woods
in northern states; C. MertensUna, Bong., scape raany-
fld., 8-15 in. high, the lip entire and broadly oblong:
occurs in Brit. Col. and N. to Alaska. l H. B.

CORAL-ROOT. Corallorhisa.

CORAL-TREE. Enjtlirimi.

C6RCH0RUS Japbnicua. See Kerria. The genus
contains the two plants that furnish Jute, C. capsularis
(which yields most) and C. olUorius. They are annual
plants, natives of Asia but cultivated throughout the
tropics, growing 10 or 12 ft. high, with a straight stem
as thick as the little finger and branched only at the top.
The young shoots of both are used as pot herbs. C. oli-
torius is much grown for this purpose in Egypt, and is
known as Jews' Mallow. They belong to the Tiliace(e.

C6RDIA (an early German botanist, Valerius Cordus).
Borragindcece. Warm-climate trees or shrubs, mostly
American. Calyx tubular or campanulate, toothed or
lobed : corolla tubular, lobed, the parts and the stamens
4 or more: style 2-lobed: fr. a drupe which is 4-loculed
and usually 4-seeded : lvs. entire or toothed. The
Cordias are greenhouse plants with showy fls., of easy
cult. Grown in the open in the extreme S. Prop, by
cuttings of firm wood and by seeds.

Sebest^na, Linn. ((7. specidsa, WiUd.). Geiger Tree.
Tall shrub or small tree, hairy, with rough, broad-ovate,
large-stalked lvs.: fls. 1-2 in. long, scarlet, stalked, in
large, open, terminal clusters, the crumpled corolla-
lobes and stamens 5-12 : drupe enclosed in the hazel-
like husk formed by the persistent calyx. Keys of Fla.
and S. B.M. 794.

vhite.

Other Cordias. of which there are many, are likely to come
into eiilt. in the southern country. C. Oreggii. Torr.. var. Pdl-
meri. Wats. («.F. 2:3:i:i). of Mexico, "in the size and beauty of
its tls. equ.ils the C. Sebestena."— C. il/jwa. Linn., from trop.

«..• J ....»_., : ? of the best woods for kindling fire by

many other ways. l H. B.

CpRDYLiNE {club-like: referring to the fleshy roots).
Lili&cece. Drac^na. A genus of greenhouse plants
closely related to Dracaena, but the ovary contains sev-
eral ovules in each cell, and the solitary pedicels are
provided with a 3-braeted involucre : stem tall, often
woody, bearing large, crowded lvs., to the striking varie-
gation of which the group owes its value: fls. panicled;
stamens 6 : pedicels articulated : perianth 6-parted :
ovary 3-celled : fr. a berry. Cultivated for the orna-
mental foliage. The horticultural forms and names have
become very numerous. The various species are in the
trade under Draceena, which see for a key to the species
of both genera combined. In the following paragraphs,
the initial D indicates that the plant in question is
known in the trade as a Dracaena, and C that it is known as
a Cordyline ( see Dracrena ) . For a monograph, see Baker,
Journ. Linn. Soc. 14 : 538 ( 1875 ) . k. M. Wiegand.

Of Cordylines or Dracsena, propagation is generally
effected by cutting the ripened stems or trunks, from
which all lvs. have been removed, into pieces from 2-4
in. long. These are laid either in very light soil or in
sand in the propagating bed. where they receive a bot-
tom heat of about 80° , being barely covered with sand
or moss (Fig. 546). The eyes soon start into growth,
and, as soon as they have attained a height of 3-4 in.,
are cut off with a small heel and again placed in the
propagating bed until rooted, after which they are
potted off into small pots in light soil, kept close until
they become established. Thev are then shifted on into
larger pots as soon as well rooted. They delight in a
mixture of 3 parts good, turfy loam and 1 part well-

frietion. and is useful i

370

decayed cow-manure
sand. A warm, jnois
growing, but towai.l
gradually exposiM
phere, which dtv. I

The kinds enun,. i
grown in large qu^iu

CORDYLIXE

CORDTLIXE

liberal sprinkling of sharp be large enough for G-in. pots by the end of the follow-

, l'iu-1i..1 iiliiiii- iiiii-i 1..' /),'../„' A'..' ■ • '-'". f. ^ ■iir,-n, f, ■!:.!, I). Linilenii and

. ! .. ,•' , ,'■ ,:i:. - /I 1/ ■ ■ .. ,; ■ - M,r' I,, .t ili-corative plants

I . .; I .; ■ . , . /' /i , . ,< /. :/ anil the two varie-

.... ;,i, -;,>•;, ,, - ;ii i , i ', L' . ; /'. , •• :ii-i' TMiPicd froni cuttings

i:il.; 11 in/iu In ii'U a lail. I'l.uiL-. lu propagating C. c«n-
mtfulia, whL-u scud cannot be obtained, old plants
should be mossed so as to produce roots before the top
is taken oft, as it is a shy-rooting species from cuttings.
J). Goldieana should be topjied and rooted

546. Stem-cuttine of Cordyli

are sold principally during the winter months, especially
during the holiday season, when plants with bright
colored foliage are always in strong demand : Cordyline
<imabilis.—A strontr-fjruwiiiK spci-ies with broad fireen
foliage, which is pv. nil\ \ a ru :::•<• <\ '.villi ■■. lub himI 'loop

rose. Oneof thc-1 ■ i . ; , :;.:,:. : ni.iiis

in winter or for oil 'I u .niinir.

C. imperialis. — Aii' r i -i ; ; . . .. wifli

deep olive-green !■ > ' ■ t ■ i '" ■>■ • p in^o

with white edge. /' v . 'i ■ i ■ :. .n -pi .n- ^^ itti

broad, massive, ill ' ■ -i i i. i' ' nmki Pi..

decorative plaiit.x, ■ n.. .:..|,.' .. ■ .i. ini" -pi.i
mens from 6-8 ft. lii;;li. li l"ii:ii;i i- ■ i In :i\y tixtun-,
making it a useful pliint for tin- dry .itinosphere of a
living-room. Two handsomely variegated forms of the
above are D. Lindeni and D. Massangeana, both very
desirable varieties. O. termitialis. -This is the most
popular variety, and is grown in immense quantities.
The foliage on well- matured plants is of an intense
rich crimson marked with lighter shadings. C. australis
(commonly called C. indivisa).-Used principally as an
outdoor decorative plant in summer, but extensively used
for furnishing vases, window-boxes, etc. It succeeds best
when planted out in the open border during summer,
potted in the fall and stored during winter in a cool
greenhouse. It is propagated almost exclusively from
seed, which germinates freely if sown during the early
spring months in sandy soil, in a temperature of 60 to
65°, growing them on during the first season in small
pots. These, if planted in the open border the second
season, make fine plants for 6- or 7-inch pots. There
are a number of varieties of Indivisa, among them sev-
eral handsomely variegated forms, which, however, are
but little distributed yet.

Among the principal varieties and species besides the
above which are grown to some extent in a commercial
way are : Baptistii, Cooperi, Porphyrophylla, Shep-
herdi, Stricta grandis, Youngi, Goldieana, Congesta,
Bruanti, Marginata and Lord Wolseley, the latter a most
beautiful, graceful, high-colored variety, undoubtedly
the most distinct and useful commercial sort yet intro-
duced and which, as soon as it becomes more plentiful,
is certain to be very popular. j. p. Eisele.

Cordyline australis and its allied forms are easily
raised from seed, which is readily obtainable in a fresh
state. The seed should be sown rather thinly in a light,
sandy soil, and, as there is little danger of the seedlings
damping off, they may be allowed to grow in the recep-
tacles in which they are sown until large enough to go
Into 3-in. pots. If sown early in spring, the plants will

bottom heat, and the s
to be put in pots when tP, -I
instead of cutting oft' th. ^Ih
Oodseffiana and D. i„.:ri,i,,
same section; every liitl. P
sharp sand. Long sti m- .i
havii, when cut in siitmii-. >
leaves kept on, will rout ,pi
stock plants. C. Bra.-<iluiis
broad green Ivs., is best \>
method practiced on the colo
terminnlis is perhaps the
consi.sts of cutting up the s

•es small enough
if sufScient length,

rooting afresh. D.
I ntlv belong to the
f these will root in
'i.'lla and I). Bar-

1 to 0 in., with the

seimrated fri

-iiiiiil, with a brisk bottom htat. Small
|i il in a short time, which will fre-
II have small roots at their bases, but
I 0^1' for the sul)sequent nutriment of
iiu shoot, when I.ttk-i- nnoiiirb. should be
the piece of stiiu ami in-i rtcd in the
bed, where it will develop thii-k li-iiiiii^ roots.
Afterwards they are potted ami ki pt in a warm, moist
atmosphere. Cuttings may be put in at any time when
bottom heat is at command. The soil used should be

A. Foliage of sessile, thich, sword-shaped Ivs.
B. I/vs. glaucous beneath, broad.
indivisa, Kunth. Arborescent, 10-20 ft. high : Ivs.
dark green, densely crowded, 2^ ft. long, 4-5 in. broad
at the miilrtle, VA-2 in. at the base, rigid, coriaceous ;
niiili ill ^tiint, colored red and white, veins on each side
III il Pi ."ill: panicle nodding: pedicels .,5-1 line long;
luiH ii ill s lanceolate, 3-4 lines long, membranous; peri-
aiiih L!-i lines long, white; tube very short, campanu-

late ; segments equal, spreading : ovules 5-6 in each
cell. New Zealand. Gn.49,p.86. Lowe,52.-Coolhouse ;
valuable for vases. Rare in cult.

BB. Jjvs. green on both sides, narrower.

Btricta, Endl. (V. congesta, Bort.). Slender, 6-12 ft.

high : Ivs. less crowded than in the next, acuminate, 1-2 ft.

CORDYLINE

long, 9-15 lines wide, base 3-6 lines wide, scarcely costate ;
veins scarcely oblique, margins obscurely dentate : pani-
cle terminal and lateral, erect or cemuous : pedicels
.3-1 line long ; lower bracteoles lanceolate ; perianth
lUac, 3-4 lines long, campauulate. interior segments
longer than the outer : ovules G-IO m e.ich cell. Aus-
tralia. B.M.2575. W.C. III. 17 207 (/).<o»<7fi^/ ).- Cool-
house ; vases, etc. Var. grindis, Hort. Large, highly
colored. Var. discolor, Hort. Like var. grandis, but
with foliage dark bronzy purple.

anstrilis, Hook. (D. indivisa, Hort. V. calocdma.
Wend.). Fig. 547. Arborescent, 20-30 ft. high : Ivs.
densely rosulate,3— 4 ft. long, 12-18 lines wide; babe 6-9
lines wide, acuminate, green ; midrib firm, prominent,
nerves on each side of it 12-20, scarcely oblique : panicle
erect, terminal, ample: pedicels very short ; bracteoles
deltoid, .5 line long ; perianth white, 3—4 lines long ;
tube short, campanulate, segments nearly equal, spread-
ing: mature seeds often snhtarv. New Zealand. B.M.5636.

CORDYLINE

371

O.C. III. 23:1,53.
Boi.cetHna

47

p. 197

l.H. 35.40 (var
/' ' ,i>,)iu); 40:190
^ M. 1, p. 487,
Var. ailrea-
i I'll a number of
es Vai. atropurpdrea.

{lineAta, var. /-

f. 189.-Coolh<.n

Striata, Hort. '

longitudinal yell

Hort. Base of leaf and under

purple. Var. lineita, Hort. Lvs. broader, tin

sheathing base stained with purple. Var. Veitchi:

(Z>. VHtchii, Hort.). Base of leaf and under

midrib bright crimson. C. Hodkeri, Hort., is a

form.

AA. Foliage of petioled Ivs.
B. Lvs. oblani-eolate ; petioles broad.

rilbra, Hugel. Slender, 10-15 ft. high : lvs. contigu-
ous, ascending, 12-15 in. long, 18-21 lines wide above
the middle, thick, dull green both sides, distinctly cos-
tate ; veins oblique ; petiole liroid, .1. , [ilv grooved, 4-6
in. long: panicle lateral. nci'Iilni_ ]h d\ (Is very short;
bracteoles small, deltoid, iMumtli lil „ . 4.5-5 lines
long, inner segments longi i tli m th. ..un r : ovules 6-8.
Country unknown. G.C. III. 2J Jbj — Cuulhouse; vases,
etc. D. Bruinti, Hort., is a garden form. R.H. 1897,
pp. 514, 515. G.C. III. 22:285.

BB. it>s. lanceolate; petioles narrow, nearly terete.

Haageina, Koch (C. ilurehisonice, P.Muell.). Slen-
der and small : lvs. contiguous, ascending, oblong-fal-
cate, 4-8 in. long, 2-2 i^ m. wide at the middle, acute,
base rounded or deltoid, thick, dull green throughout,
distinctly costate ; veins slender, oblique ; petiole 3-4
in. long, deeply channelled : panicle lateral : pedicels
1.5-2 lines long ; perianth 4-4.5 lines long, tinged with
lilac ; segments spreading : ovules 6-8 in each cell :
berry with a dry pericarp. Australia.

terminilis, Kunth {C. canncefdlia, F. Muell.). Low
and slender, stem 3-6 lines thick : Ivs.contiguous, ascend-
ing, green or rarely colored, 12-18 m. long, 2-3H in. wide,
acute, thickish, distinctly costate ; veins frequently
unequal, strongly oblique ; petiole 4-6 in. long, deeply
channelled : pedicels very short or none ; bracteoles
deltoid, membranous ; perianth 5-6 lines long, white,
lilac or reddish, segments short : ovules 6-10 : berry
large, red. East Indies. A.G. 16:361. B.R. 21 :1749.-The
varieties in cultivation are almost innumerable. Those
in the American trade are the following (all stove
plants), usually considered as horticultural species :
am&bilis. Lvs. broad, shining deep green, in age be-
coming spotted and suffused with rose and white. Am-
boy6nsis. Lvs. oblong-lanceolate, recurved, deep bronze-
green edged with rose-carmine below ; petioles tinged
with purple. AnerliSnsis. Lvs. very broad, deep bronze-
red, with some white. B4ptistii. Fig. 548. Lvs. broad,
recurved, deep green, with some pink and yellow stripes ;
stem also variegated. l.H. 26:334. BatlBei. Lvs. broad,
dark green, with some white. b^Ua. Lvs. small, pur-
plish marked with red. Braailifensis, Schult. Lvs.
broad. G&ntrelli. Lvs. dark metallic crimson, young
ones bright carmine. Codperi. Lvs. deep wine-red,
gracefully recurved : common in cult. Krrea, Baker.
Lvs. narrow and somewhat oblanceolate, 5-7, bright or
dark crimson ; petiole short. Lowe 3 (var. versicolor] ;
29. B.M.2053. L.B.C. 13:1224. Friseri. Lvs. somewhat

erect, broad, oblong, abruptly acute, blackish purple
with bloom, margin below with a deep rosy lake stripe
extending down the petiole. GUdstonei. Lvs. broad,
brilliant crimson. Guilfoylei. Lvs. long and narrow,
tapering both ways, recurved, striped with red, pink or
white, white on lower part of leaf and margin of peti-

ole. l.H. 19, p. 249. hybrida. Lvs. broad, variegated,
deep green margined with rose, in age deep rose, creamy
white m young lvs. imperialis. Lvs. arching or elect,
oblong, thick, deep metallic green, rayed all o\ el with
bright crimson or pink, handsome. Jardiniere {ttr-
mnmhi alha v Guili..,,l, , | Lvs. very small and com-
pact, n ni.. i , I 1 li |\ margined with white, me-
tallica [ _ (iblong, when young uni-

fi'iiu ml] 111 age dark purple-bronze;

petiol. s s ui . I I I- _ _t nlgro-rdbra. Lvs. narrow,
lineai-laut e,,i.i(, , .i.iik i,i«,\sn with rosy crimson cen-
ters, young often eutiielj ruse. Norwoodifinsis. Lvs.
striped with yellow, green and crimson, last color prin-
cipally confined to the margin ; petioles brilliant. Re-
gina. A broad-lvd. form. Kobinsoniina. Lvs. long,
lanceolate-acuminate, arched, light green, striped with
bronze-green and brownish crimson. l.H. 26:342.
Schiildii. Lvs. broad, variegated. F.E. 7:961. Scfittii.
Lvs. broad, arching, deep green, crimson edged ; said to
beahybrid. Yotingii. Lvs. broad, spreading, when young
bright green streaked with deep red and tinged with
rose, in age bright bronze. Youngii, var. rdsea, Hort.
Green, tinged with pink, white or carmine. Yotingii,
var. Alba, Hort. Variegated with white instead of red.
Crosses with Scottii are known as Stricta, Albo-lineata,
Mrs. George Pullman, Mrs. Terry; with Norwoodiensis,
as Little Gem.

List of synonyms,

7. angiista. Hort. (C

dull dark green

'^ angustifbli'

ifir,1

Hort.'=?

pinkish stripes.— C H" '

lanceolate. 3-5 ft. lout; ' t

beneath ; veins cons],i.

Hort.=?— O. Cassaii.K

of C. terminalis). L\^ i n j^ _

becoming suffused and e-U-^-i >■

compdcta, Hort. (C. termmalii

dull green, with bronze and rose stripes i

? names and others :
Iteneath. A slender

>nzy, with white and
^ very long, Unear-
il.-d. green, glaucous
■ (il3.— O. Berhileyi,
li.'Isuni, Hort. (form
tjreen, almost black,
11. l.H. 19. p. 90.— C.
vs. recurved, broad,
-O. Dennisoni,

Hort. (C. terminaUs f orm) . Dwarf: lvs. broad, bronzy purple.

372 CORDYLINE

— ( Elizabeth ce Hon = —C EtchschoUz Ana Mirt =

COREOPSIS
n k llo ro'ie p rpl

•ler S uth
V 7> u ;

L S

o\'.

=C terminalis — C
len e si ort o ate
rm ne - C 7 eld

' ^-a,--. X.. ... w,,.»A.v..

C0BE6PSIS (Greek, signifying bug-like, from the
fruit). Gomp6sita>. Tickseed. Annual or perennial
herbs, flowering in summer and autumn. Nearly all na-
tives of eastern N. Amer. Lvs. cither opposite or alter-
nate : heads pedunculate and radiate ; the broad in-
volucre with bracts of two l<inds, the outer narrower and
greener, receptacle chaffy ; rays very showy, yellow
particolored or rarely rose, neutral : disk fls. yellow,
brown or dark. The genus differs from Bidens only in
the broad, flat and winged akenes, with short or obso-
lete pappus. Many of the species are in the trade under
the name Calliopsis. All the kinds are of easiest cul-
ture. The perennials are hardy border plants. The an-
nuals are raised in any garden soil, and bloom freely
with little care. They are all showv plants.

Index: angustifolia, 2 ; aristosa, 16; aurea, 17; auricu-
lata, 6; bieolor, 4; cardaminefolia, 3; coronata, 8; del-
phinifolia, 13; Drummondii, 5; elegans, 4; grandiflora,
9; lanceolata, 7 ; major, 10; marmorata, 4; palmata, 12;
pubescens, 6; rosea, 1; tinctorla, 4; trichosperma, 15;
tripteris, 11; vertieillata, 14.

I c e lark p }le rnji yello c or

J t t I d elje I 1 1 nl 1 bed

B O tr t er I br els X rj 1 ort tnang tlar

2 angustiidha \ t I rcnn al str ct ai 1 tall 1-3

ft higl glibroi I ir h Irii cl e 1 at tl c sun n it :

Ks alternate ent r( thi k h b al f e ^ or * ng,

lower c lulii e elliptical on long petioles, ij . r i arrowly

spatulate, sessile or reduced to bracts : heads 1-1.5 in.

broad; rays entirely yellow: akene with lacerate wings

and setiform awns. Southern U. S.

3. drdaminefdlia, Torr. & Gray. Annual : low and
diffusely much branched from the base, (>-18 in. high,
glabrous : basal lvs. numerous-petioled, pinnatifid, di-
visions narrowly elliptical, becoming linear in tlie upper
lvs. : heads as in the next, but smaller, and often en-
tirely dark : akenes winged, smooth ; pappus none.
Southern U. S.

4. tinctdria, Nutt. (C. blcolor, Reich. C (legans,
Hort. Cnlli6psismar»iorAta,'iioTt.). Fig. 549. Annual:
stem strict, 1-3 ft. high, branched only at the summit^
glabrous: basal lvs. wanting, cauline opposite, sessile,
pinnatifid, divisions all long and narrowly linear: heads;
%-\%m. broad, small ; rays with dark purple base :
akenes oblong, wingless, smooth. Cent. U. S. B.M.
2512. B.R. 10:846. Mn.l:85. — Acommon garden annual;
showy and good. Var. n&.na, Hort. Dwarf, low and com-
pact. Tom Thumb varieties.

Var. atropurptlrea, Hook. (C. nigra, Hort,). Rays al-
most entirely dark. B.M. 3511.

BB. Outer involncral bracts narrowly linear,
equalling the inner.

5. Drummondii, Torr. & Gray (C. diversifdlia, Hook.
C. plfla,iioTt.). Golden Wave. Annual: stem strict,
branched above, 10-18 in. high, sparsely hirsute below:
basal lvs. wanting, cauline petioled, pinnatifid, divisions
short, broadly elliptical, those of the upper lvs. linear:
heads 1-2 in. broad, large ; rays usually dark at the
base: akene oval, thick, wingless, smooth; pappusnone.
Tex. B.M. 3474. S.B.P.G. II. 4; 315.

AAA. Disk yellow or brown: rays entirely yellow

{except rarely Ifo. 8).

B. Rays wedge-shaped, lobed at the apex: peduncles

6-16 in. long, naked.
c. Lvs. all entire or with a few basal lobes : large.

6. pub§scen3, Ell. (C. auricuUta, Schk. and Hort.).
Perennial: tall, 1-4 ft. high, branched above, pubescent
or nearly glabrous, more leafy than the following species :
lvs. thickish, basal wanting, obovate-oval to oblong-
lanceolate, very acute, petioled or nearly sessile, entire
or with small, acute, lateral lobes; outer involncral
bracts lanceolate, nearly as long as the inner : akenes
similar to those of the next species. Southern U. S.

7. lanceol4ta, Linn. Fig. 550. Perennial : low, 1-2
ft. high, sparingly branched, glabrous or nearly so: lvs.
few, opposite, mostly near the base, oblong-spatulate to
linear, petioled, mostly obtuse, entire (rarely with a few
lateral lobes): heads 1.5-2.5 in. broad ; peduncles very
long, outer involucre equaling the inner: akenes orbic-
ular, papillose, broadly winged; pappus minute or obso-
lete. Eastern U. S.-Used extensively for cut fls.

Var. angnstiSdlia, Torr. & Gray. Low : stems seapl-
form: lvs. narrow and crowded, 2-4 lines wide.

Var. vill6sa, Michx. Lvs. spatulate-obovate to ob-
long, villous, as is also the .stem, with jointed hairs.
cc. Lvs. mostly pinnatifid, small.

8. coronita. Hook. Annual: low and often weak, 12-
18 in. high, much branched from the base, sparsely hir-
sute: lvs. opposite, basal numerous petioled, pinnatifid,
divisions ovate, lateral much smaller ; cauline few, re-

COREOPSIS

duced, spatulate, often entire : heads 1.5-2 in. broad;
rays often with a few dark spots above the orange base ;
outer involucre ^ shorter than the inner : alsene orbic-
•ular, broadly winged ; pappus very minute. Tex. B.M.
3460. S.H. 1:270.

COEIABIA

373

Coreopsis lanceotata. Single flower natural size.

9. gn^andifldra, Nutt. ( C. Ungipes, Hook. ) . Perennial :
simple or few-fld., glabrous, 1-2 ft. high: Ivs. opposite,
basal wanting, lower cauline spatulate or lanceolate, en-
tire, upper divided into several linear entire divisions :
heads 1-2.5 in. broad: akene orbicular, papillose, broadly
winged ; pappus paleaceous. Southern U. S. Sweet,
B.F.G. 175. B.M. 3586. Gn. 47:995. Mn. 5:201.

BB. Bays elliptical, entire or nearly so.

0. Lk^af divisions entire.

D. Vivisions lanceolate, large.

10. major, Walt. (C. senifblia, Michx.). Perennial:
tall and stout, 2-3 ft. high, pubescent, much branched
above : Ivs. opposite, basal wanting, lower cauline
small, upper sessile, 2-3 in. long, palraately 3-divided,
divisions equal, broadly lanceolate, acute : heads lM-2 in.
broad : akenes obovate-elliptical, winged, summit 2-
toothed. Southeastern U. S.

Var. (Emleri, Britton. Smooth, leaf-divisions more
attenuate at the base. B.M. 3484 as C. senifolia.

Var. linearis. Small. Smooth : leaf-divisions narrow,
2-i lines wide.

11. tripteris, Linn. Perennial : very large and stout,
4-8 ft. high, branched above, glabrous : Ivs. opposite,
petioled, 4-6 in. long, pinnatifld, divisions broadly or
narrowly lanceolate : heads medium, pale : akene ob-
long, narrowly winged; pappus wanting. Cent. U. S.

DD. Divisions broadly linear to filiform.

12. palm&ta, Nutt. (C. prwcox, Fres.). Perennial :
tall and stout, lK-3 ft. high, sparingly branched at the
summit : Ivs. opposite, thick, cuneate, 2.5 in. long, 3-
cleft to the middle, divisions broadly linear, midrib 3-
nerved below: heads lK-2Hin. broad : akenes oblong,
narrowly winged ; pappus minute or obsolete. Cent.
U.S. R.H. 1845:265.

13. delphiniifilia, Lam. Perennial: glabrous, branched
above, 1-3 ft. high : Ivs. opposite, sessile, 2-3 in. long,
the basal wanting, pinnatifld, divisions 3-7, broadly
linear ; disk dark brown : akene obovate, narrowly
winged; pappus teeth short. Southeastern U. S.

14. verticillita, Linn. (C. tenuifdlia, Ehrh.). Peren-
nial: sparingly branched, 1-3 ft. high: basal Ivs. want-
ing, cauline opposite, sessile, 1-2-ternately divided, di-
visions linear-filiform : heads 1-lJ^ in. broad : akenes
obovate-wedge-shaped, narrowly winged; pappus nearly
obsolete. E.-istern U. S.

cc. Leaf-divisions coarsely serrate or incised.

15. triohoBp6rma, Michx. Annual : tall, 2-5 ft. high,
branched near the summit, glabrous: Ivs. 2^ in. long,
the lower wanting, pinnatifld, on very short petioles,
divisions narrowly lanceolate, acute, serrate or incised;
rays pale : akene 4 lines long, cuneate, flat, wingless,
ciliate and hairy; awns 2, very short. Eastern U. S.

Var. tenuiloba, Gray. Leaf -segments linear.

16. aristdsa, Michx. Annual : like the last, but Ivs.
slightly pubescent beneath : akenes broader, with slen-
der awns as long as the body. Cent. U. S. B.M. 6462.
R.H. 1869:72.

17. aiirea, Ait. Annual: glabrous, 1-3 ft. high: Ivs.
pinnatifld, the upper sometimes simple; divisions from
lanceolate to linear, sparingly incised; outer involucral
bracts narrowly linear, inner black-punctate : akenes
broadly cuneate, very small (1-2 lines long), nearly
glabrous ; pappus of two blunt, chaffy, very short teeth.
Southeastern U. S. — Very variable.

C. aristdsa. Michx., C. involucrata, Nutt.. and C. tncho-
spC^rma, Mielix., are now usually placed under Bidens.— C. At-
kiiisnniana, Dougl., differs from C. tinctoria in its larger size
and winged akenes. Annual. Western U. S.— C. auriculdta,
Linn. Perennial : low, stoloniferous, hirsute : Ivs. petioled,
short, oval, mostly entire: heads large, very long, pedunoled:
probably not in the trade. Southern U. S.— C. involucrata,
Nutt. Annual : like C. aristosa. but heads larger, involucral
bracts more numerous, awns shorter. Cent. U. S.— C. Leavcn-
wortfiii, Torr. & Gray. Annual: leaf -divisions linear-spatulate:
rays cuneate, Inberl, yellow: awns 2, slender: akene winged.
Soutliern V. S.— C. nurlala, Nutt. Perennial : rush-like, Ivs.
mostly basal, Inne, filiform ; r.iys rose-colored; wing of akene

C. argtita, Pursh=C. aurea. Ait.— G. atropurpitrea, Hort.=
Thelesperma, sp.— C Boykinidna, Nutt.=C. grandiflora.— O.
dichdtoma, Michx.=C. angustifolia.— C. divernfblia. DC.=C.
auriculata.— 0. linifdlia. Nutt.=C. angustifolia. — 0. marmo-
rata, Hort.=C. tinctoria.— O. oblongifdlia. Nutt.=C. lanceolata.

K. M. WiEGAND.

COBIANDEB is the seed-like fruit of Coriandrum
sativum, Linn., an umbelliferous annual of S. Europe.
The plant grows 2-3 ft. high, glabrous, strong-smelling,
with Ivs. divided into almost thread-like divisions, and
small-white fls. The plant is easily grown in garden
soil. It occasionally becomes spontaneous about old
yards. The seeds (or fruits) are used as seasoning and
flavoring in pastries, confections and liquors, although
they are less known in this country than caraway. The
plant is occasionally cultivated in Amer. gardens along
with sweet herbs.

COEIANDEUM. See Coriander.

COBIABIA (eorium, skin, leather ; as frutex coria-
rius, a shrub used for tanning leather, was described by
Pliny). Coriaridceo!. Shrubs or perennial herbs :
Ivs. deciduous, entire, ,3-9-nerved, opposite and disti-
chous ; fls. polygamous-moncecious in slender racemes,
small; petals and sepals 5; stamens 10: fr. berry-like,
consisting of 5 1-seeded nutlets enclosed by the en-
larged and colored petals. About 8 species in Himal.
and E. Asia, Mediterranean region, N. Zealand and S.
Amer. Ornamental shrubs or herbs, with slender, arch

374 CORIARIA

ing branches imitating pinnate Ivs., and witli very
showy yellow, red or black fr. The Ivs. of some species
are used for tanning leather ; the frs. are poisonous.
C. Japinica has proved hardy with slight protection in
Massachusetts, and C. termlnalis seems to be of the
same hardiness ; the other species are more tender.
They grow in almost any good garden soil, and prefer
sunny position. Prop, reatlily by seeds and greenwood
cuttings in summer under glass ; also by suckers and
layers.

Jap6mca, Gray. Shrub, 2-3, sometimes to 10 ft.:
branches quadrangular : Ivs. nearly sessile, ovate or
ovate-lanceolate, 3 nerved, smooth, 2-4 in. long : lis. in
axillary racemes from the branches of last year: fr. be-
coming bright red in"summer, changing to violet-black
when ripe. Jap. B.M.7509. G.F. 10:343.

terminilis, Hemsl. Herbaceous or suffruticose, 2-3
ft.; branches quadrangular : Ivs. nearly 'sessile, broad-
ovate to ovate-lanceoluto, 5-9-nerved, scabrous on the
veins beneath, 1-3 in.: fls. in terminal racemes on
shoots of the current year : fr. bright yellow. Sikkim,
China. — A very ornamental plant, keeping its yellow fr.
from July until late in fall ; being herbaceous, it is
easier to protect from frost than the former. Recently
introduced into cult, as G. NepaUnsis.

O myrtitdlia. lAim. Shrub. 4-10 ft.: Ivs Snerved, glabrous:
fls. greemsli tToin ilu' olii wo. il tr l)\,ic k i...ismious Mcdi
terranean i _ i 'i ill < ^ ^^ ''

\.LFREri Rfmiifh

COBS is the name applied to the outer impervious
part of the bark in plants. In A'uonijmus Thtinbenji-
anus, the English maple, the corky barked elm, and
other trees'and shrubs, it forms wings on the branches.
The cork of commerce comes from the bark of Quercus

logues, Phellodendron Amurense, is a curious tree, cult,
solely for ornament. t^_ ^. Rowlee.

CORN, MAIZE (SWEET and POP). A tender annual,
cultivated in Aiin-ricii t'ri>m prehistoric times. The
word Maizi-, .Siiiiiiisli Jhuz. is derived from the name
Mahiz, which Columbus adopted for this cereal from the
Haytians. Maize has not yet been found truly wild.
Its close relation to Teosinthe, Euchlana Mexicana,
Schrad., is indicated by the known fertile hybrids, or

CORN

cross-breeds between Teosinthe and Maize. Teosinthe
and the only other species which show close botanical
relationship to Maize are indigenous to Mexico. Bota-
nists now almost unanimously concede that Maize origi-
nated in America, and it is probable that it is indige-
nous to Mexico. See Xki.

The white settlers ru,\y 1. iiii.l fr.m the American
Indians the use of Mai if food. Several

Indian names for r. . inins which they

adopted or adapted, li ■ ilie language of

the American people. '■■ -^umi., hominy,

succotash. Theycultiv i n i miile field

crop and in the garden ■ i i iiaiiCorn,

which name, or the sill.; ;' i ams to the

present time its alniiisi i\.iii n. il- i_haiaii through-
out the English-speakint; portions of the continent. It
now holds first rank among the agricultural products of
the United States in the area devoted to its cultivation,
and in the value of the annual crop. The kinds now
commonly fotind in garden culture are sweet Corns and
pop Corns. The other kinds, which are more strictly
agricultural, are called field Corns, but in some locali-
ties sweet Corn and pop Corn are also found under field
culture, the former either as a truck crop or for can-
neries, the latter to supply the comparatively limited
demand in domestic markets. Sweet Corn and Pop
Corn only will receive special attention in this article.
HiiT(No \i *'! vssiFicATiON. — Zea almost uniformly
ill n iM 1 I \ liotanists a monotvpic genus, its one
I . But Maize is an extremely vari-
Inii; groups which are separated by
cl I I I 1 I II -Ills. As a working classification,
that projiosf d t)v sturtevant is the best which has yet
appeared. He describes 7 " agricultural species."
These are ^ea titnicata, the pod Corns ; Z.
evei-l'i. the Poi, Corns fFi:; .T>1 ) , Z iiuTiinitii,

n ' !• I ;- ' ■ ■ ti ri I I '• II

oi I, I - 1 or murL, solid, lh it,

I ' I M , terminated by a panicle

ol -t t issel) ; internodes grooved

on on I i II In s ear-bearing or obsolete:
ivs. Ion:;, lpn):iil, eh:inneled, tapering to the pen-
dulous tips, with short, hyaline ligules and
open, embracing sheaths: fls. monoecious, awn-
less, usually proterandrous ; staminate fls. in
clusters of 2 to 4, often overlapping ; one fl.
usually pcdiceled, the other sessile or all ses-
sile: glumes herbaceous; palea membranaceous;
anthers :i. linear. The ear contains the pistillate
tis. on M h iial. tliiekened, cylindrical spike or
s]ia.li\ I , .1, « In, I, ,s enclosed in many spatha-
la. a- I 1 ; spikelets closely sessile,

in It, as. paired in alveoli with

haiil. n. a,, inaia'iu; 2 fls. On a splkclct, the

lower aliortivi- ; flumes membranaceous; style
single, filiform, very long (silk) ; ovary usually
sessile. Ear variable in length and size, often
distichous; :;rnin variable in shape, size and

S»i : I I 'a saccharata, Sturt. Figs.
.'i.'il.a, \ ,; a lined species-group, charac-
teri/, a I ,,i, , i, ai, or less crinkled, wrinkled
or shrivelial I i I ' a -emi-transparent or trans-
lucent appeaia - 1,1 11. i-'i|i lists 61 distinct
varieties. 11. t" Sweet Corn re-

corded in .\ii lieing introduced

into the rcKMii : i i'U aih, M.a-s., from the In-
dians of the S«s,,iK-liaimii in ITTii. S.lien.k. in 1854,
knew two varieties. It appears, ili. n fon. tli.it the dis-
tribution of Sweet Corn into cultivation niaile little pro-
gress prior to the last half of tlie nineteenth century,
green field Corn Iniving largely occupied its place prior

to that laiiiiii.

Sweet Coin is jireeminently a garden vegetable, al-
though tlie lai;;e kinds are sometimes grown for silage
or stover. As a garden vegetable, it is used when it has
reached the "roasting ear" stage, the kernel then being
well filled and plump but soft, and "in the milk." The
kernel is the only part used for human food. When

CORN

Sweet Corn is used as a fresh vegetable it is often cooked
and served on the cob. In preparing it for canning or
drying, it is always cut from the cob. Dried Sweet Corn,
though never an article of commerce, was formerly much
used, especially by the rural population. It is gradually
being abandoned for canned Corn, for other cereal prep-
arations, or for other vegetables. It is practically un-
known as human food outside North America.

Canned Sweet Com has come to be an important
article of domestic commerce in the United States and
Canada. A considerable amount goes to Alaska, but at
the present time very little is exported. The American
Grocer states that the annual Com pack for the United
States and Canada for the year 1898 was 4,:ffl8,563
cases, each containing 2 dozen 2-pound tins. New York
leads with the production of 1,410, 5U9 cases. Maine,
Illinois and Iowa follow in rank in the order named.
These four states now pack 80 per cent of the Corn
which is canned in the United States and Canada.
While these figures are not strictly accurate, they are
the best obtainable, and give a general idea of the ex-
tent and distribution of this industry. No better canned
Corn is put on the market than that produced in Maine,
where it is largely grown in localities having a season
too short to mature the seed. ,

As a rule. Sweet Corn is grown for the canneries un-
der contract. The canning company supplies the seed,
guaranteeing it to be good and true to name. The
farmer agrees to grow a certain number of acres and
deliver the whole crop to the cannery at a stipulated
price. The price now paid in western New York is
about $10 per ton of good ears, after deducting the as-
certained average percentage of husks and rejected ears.
Three tons per acre of good ears is considered a good
yield. The ears are snapped from the stalks with the
husks on and hauled in deep wagon boxes to the can-
neries. The stalks, when preserved either as ensilage
or as stover, make excellent fodder. The overripe and
inferior ears, being unmarketable, are left on the stalks
and materially increase their value as a food for stock.
The stover keeps best in loose shocks. It is liable to
heat or mold when closely packed in large stacks or
bays.

As a field crop. Corn is grown most extensively on
medium heavy loams. It luxuriates in rich, warm soils.
The crop rotation should be planned so as to use the
coarse manures with the Corn, which is a gross feeder.
On the more fertile lands of the central plain, nitroge-
nous manures may not always be used to advantage
with Corn, but in the eastern and southern states, where
the soil has lost more of its original fertility, stable
manure may often be used profitably with this crop at
the rate of from 8 to 10 cords per acre, or possibly more.

Plowing. — In the northern part of the Com belt in
the central and western states, that is to say north of
the Ohio and Missouri rivers, deep fall plowing of Corn
land is generally favored, but in experiments at the
Illinois and Indiana experiment stations, the depth of
plowing has had little influence on the crop. In sections
of the eastern states, shallow plowing late in spring is
favored, especially if the land be in sod. In warmer,
drier regions, as in parts of Nebraska and Kansas, list-
ing has been much practiced on stubble ground. The
listing plow, having a double mold-board, throws the
soil into alternate furrows and ridges, the furrows being
8 or 9 inches deeper than the tops of the ridges. The
Corn is planted in the bottom of the furrow, either by
means of a 1-horse Corn-drill or by a Corn-drill attach-
ment to the lister plow, consisting of a subsoil plow,
through the hollow leg of which the Com is dropped.

Great care should be used to secure seed-corn having
high vitality as a precaution against the rotting of the
seed in the soil should the season be cold and wet after
planting. Select ears for seed as soon as the Corn is
well ripened. Dry them at once by artificial heat so that
the seed may better withstand unfavorable conditions
of temperature or moisture. In many localities so-called
kiln-dried seed is much in favor. In selecting seed for
a field crop, seek systematically for stalks having little
or no growth of stools and bearing single large ears.
For garden use, seed from more productive stalks is de-
sirable, even though the ears be smaller.

In the north, Sweet Corn should be planted as early as

CORN

375

can be done without involving great risk of loss from
frosts or from rotting of seed in the soil. In New York,
field -planting is generally done from May 10 to May 20;
in central Minnesota from May 10 to May 30. The
ground having been plowed and prepared so as to make
a seed-bed of fine, loose soil 3 inches deep, the seed
should ho planfprl to a depth of from 1 to 3 inches. The
drier mid lou^.r tin- soil the greater should be the depth
of planrin::. In ]>lanting small fields, the ground may
be ni:iik.-.l in .h, , k rows so that the hills planted at the
intersi-cTioii of tlo- rows will stand about .3V2 feet apart
each way, and the Corn planted by a hand-planter.

which drops the desired number of kernels each time it
is thrust into the ground. For large fields, the check-
row type of planter may be used. These planters drop
and cover the seed in hills at uniform distances apart,
planting two rows at one trip across the field. Field
Com is often planted in drills by machines adapted to
this purpose, but Sweet Corn should be grown under in-
tensive culture, and should be in hills, so that the sur-
face of the ground may be kept loose and entirely free
from weeds.

Till for the purpose of retaining soil moisture as well
as to kill weeds. This requires frequent shallow tillage,
pulverizing the surface of the soil so that it will act as
a mulch and retard the evaporation of soil moisture.
Begin tillage as soon as the planting is done, using the
slanting-tooth harrow and Breed's weeder types of im-
plements till the Corn is 6 inches high, after which use
spring-tooth cultivators or 2-horse cultivators of the
type having several shovels on each side. These are
preferable to the double-shovel type, formerly much
used. The type having revolving disks, which throw the
earth towards the Corn, is objectionable because the
center of the furrow is left bare of loose soil, which
should cover all the ground as a mulch.

Till at intervals of from 7 to 10 days. At first the cul-
tivator may run from 2 inches deep near the plant to i
inches deep midway between the rows. Each successive
cultivation should gradually increase in depth between
the rows; throw a half inch or more of earth towards the
Corn and cover the weeds. At the last cultivation the
cultivator may be kept a little farther from the Corn.
It should leave the soil pulverized to n tlcpfh of from
2 to 3 inches over the entire H.-l.l. 'I'l aiiirr cultiva-
tion may be deepened, if necessar\. lo kill \m cds, even
though some Corn roots are si\rn.|, km .-mting the
by deep cultivation late in tin- s.asoii is to be es-
" avoided. Till the soil until the Corn gets so
large as to prevent the use of a 2-horse cultivator. Oc-
casionally a later cultivation, witli a 1-borse cultivator,
may be necessary if heavy rains leave the surface soil
hard and start the weeds. Often catch crops for late
pasturage, cover-crops or crops of winter wheat or rye
are sown in the cornfield and cultivated in with the
last cultivation. The seed is covered deeply by culti-
vating it in because the weather is apt to be dry at this
period. The lower part of the furrow-slice is thus left
compact, furnishing a compact seed-bed, in which small
grains delight.

The cultivation of Sweet Com in the garden should
follow the general lines advocated for field culture, but
stable manure and commercial fertilizers may be used
more liberally. It is well to put a small amount of a com-

pecially
large as :

376

CORN

plete commercial fertilizer in each hill, and mix it well
with the soil before planting the Com. A fertilizer which
has a large amount of nitrogen in quickly availalile form
should be chosen for this purpose. Dwarf early maturing
Tarieties may be planted, for early use, as soon as the
ground is sufficiently dry and warm. A little later, when
the ground is warmer, the second early main crop and

plants.

Corn is not grown commercially as a forcipg crop.
Attempts to force it in winter have not given encourag-
ing results, but it may be successfully forced in spring,
following any of the crops of vegetables which are grown
under glass, providing the houses are piped so as to
maintain the night temperature at 65° P. Provide good
drainage. Give a liberal application of stable manure,
and thoroughly mix it with the soil. In the latitude of
New York the planting may be made as early as the 1st
of March. As soon as the first leaf has unfolded the
temperature may be allowed to run high in the sun, if
the air is kept moist by wetting the floors and walls. The
glass need not be shaded. Keep night temperature close
to 65° P., not lower and not much higher. After the silk
appears, jar the stalks every two or three days, when the
atmosphere is drj-, and thus insure abundant pollination.
Early maturing varieties, like Cory, give edible Com in
about 60 days when thus treated. Corn may be forced
In the same house with tomatoes, egg-plant, and other
vegetables which require similar range of temperature.

VARIETIES. — Some of the desirable varieties for the
garden, the market and for canning are listed below.
These varieties are named for the pm-pnso of showing
the range of variation and of iiidifaiini: Hk- l-;uling
groups ortypes, not to recommend tins, |,;,rti.Ml:ir kinds.
New varieties are continually supplanrniL,^ ili<> "M.

For the home j/ariJen. — Extra-early : Euilv 3Iarl)khfad
(Pig. 552), Burbank Early. Second Early : Crosby Early.
Main Crop: Large Eight -Rowed, Hiekox Improved,
Stowell Evergreen. Late : Black Mexican, Country
Gentleman.

/"or mocfcef.— Extra-early: Earlyr,.ri, I'. ir\ Ihluiil;
Extra-early Adams, though not a s\\. - ■ il'. ly

grown for early use. Second Eail - I nlv.

Crosby Early; Early Adams is gi""" - in-i' ■ ly l..r
market, though not a sweet Com. Main ( r.ip and ijute :
Mammoth, Stowell Evergreep, Egyptian, Country
Gentleman.

For canning. Sickox Improved, Crosliy Early, Potter
Excelsior, Country Gentleman, Egyptian, Old Colony,
Stowell Evergreen.

Diseases and Pests. — The most widespread and de-
structive disease of Com in the United States is the
smut produced by the parasitic smut-fungus, Ustilago
Zea. The sorghum -head smut, Ustilago Heiliana,
also attacks Maize. Smut causes most injury when it
attacks the ears. The grains are transformed into a
mass of dark-colored smut spores, and become ex-
ceedingly swollen and distorted out of all semblance
to their normal outlines. Infection may take place at
any growing point of the plant from early till late in the
season, hence treatment of seed Com by fungicides is of
no value as a remedy for Corn smut. The destruction
of smutted parts of the plants, and taking especial care
that the smut does not become mixed with manure which
is used for the Corn crop, are measures which may be
expected to lessen the prevalence of the disease. No
remedy is known.

The only other disease of Sweet Com which is known
to be of economic importance in the United States is the
bacterial blight caused by Pseudomonas Stewarti. It has
been found in New York, New Jersey and Michigan, but
thus far has been seriously destructive only on Long
Island on early dwarf varieties of Sweet Corn. It is char-
acterized by wilting and complete drying of the whole
plant, as if affected by drought, except that the leaves do
not roll up. The fibro-vascular bundles become distinctly
yellow, and are very noticeable when the stalk is cut
open. The disease attacks the plant at any period of
growth, but is most destructive about the time the silk
appears. No remedy is known.

Over 200 species of insects are known to be injurious
to Com, either to some part of the growing plant or to

CORNUS

the stored product. The Com worm is also known south
as the cotton-boll worm. It is destraetive to Sweet Corn
especially, for it burrows into the ear anl f. , 1- .in ih.j
tender green Com, rendering the ear ni, a r

at canneries or in market. Itisknownii u

age as far north as western New York. I (,. i.. ,; i mi

method of fighting this insect is the bn .li.ii.g ,,1 iLu
pupsB cells in the earth by shallow fall plowing, which,
at best, is but a partial remedy. Wire-worms, northern
corn-root worms, white gmbs, and certain other grass
insects attack ('()m plants. One of the best preventive
measnr. - i- tu plan the rotation .so that Corn does not
imni ahah :■, i.ll.m any cereal or grass crop.

p..i. ( ■.ii.N , z- f . i; rta, Sturt.).- Characterized by the
ex<'(--ix,' |.r.,|M,i lii.n of the corneous endosperm, and
the small si/.' "I tip. kirnrls and ear. The kernel split

laterally si,..\vs tl hit and .-omeous matter enveloping,

and in s.ini.- .as. s a tin. , stan-hy line. The small size of
the k.i-n.l an. I tin- |.n.|,.-i I y .>f popping makes identifica-
tion certain. Tliis spccius-group extends throughout
North and South America, and has claims for prehis-
toric culture.

The preparation of soil, planting, and tillage recom-
mended for Sweet Com apply equally well to Pop Com.

y-arieties. -Sturtevant, in 1899, describes 25 varieties.
The following kinds are popular:

Dwarf Golden. — Ear 1 to 3 inches long. An early -ma-
turing sort, with broad, golden yellow kemds.

Rice, White Rice.- Ear 4 to 8 inches long. This vigor-
ous late variety is widely cultivated. This and other
Rice Corns are characterized by deep, tapering, beaked

Pearl. — Ear 4 to 8 inches long. Matures somewhat
earlier than Rice and later than Dwarf Golden. Kernels'
rounded and silvery white. g^ j^^ Beach.

CORN, BROOM. See Sorglitim.

CORN COCKLE. Lychnis Githago.

CORNEL, CORNELIAN CHEKEY. See Camus Mas.

CORN FLAG. Gladiolus.

CORNFLOWER. Centaurea Ci/anus.

CORN, INDIAN. The .
CORN, KAFFIR. See Sorghu

ime for 2ea Mays,
ilgare, var. Durra.

CORN POPPY of Europe is the weed of the grain

fields tr.>in whi.h s.iin.' ..f the garden poppies have been
raise.l. I'ui,.n;r i;ir,„.<.

CORN SALAD ( \-,il.,;.n„'Ua olitoria, PaU.). Valeri-
andceie. Known also as Lamb's Lettuce, Petticus, and
Vetticost. It is a native of Europe. Sow the seed in
early spring, at the time of the first sowing of lettuce,
and make successional plantings as often as desired. For
very early salads the seeds are planted in September,
and the young plants are covered with a light mulch and
wintered exactly as spinach is often managed. Sow in
drills a foot or i8 inches apart and cover lightly. Work
the ground thoroughly, and give an abundance of water.
The leaves may be blanched, but are usually eaten green.
It matures in 60-65 days during good spring weather.
Only one variety is offered by most American seedsmen,
but several sorts are known to European gardeners. It is
sometimes used for a pot-herb, being served like spinach,
but is chiefly valuable for salads. It is rather tasteless,
and is not so popular: as cress or lettuce on that
account, but persons who prefer a very mild salad, or
who would rather taste the salad dressing, will doubtless
fancy (5orn Salad. It is best served in mixture with
other herbs, as lettuce, water cress or white mustard. It
is easy to grow. There are no special enemies.

P. A. Waugh.

CbBNTJS (ancient Latin name of Cornus Mas). Comet-
cem. Dogwood. Shrubs or trees, rarely herbs: Ivs. op-
posite, rarely alternate or whorled, deciduous, entire :
fls. small, 4-merous, usually white, in terminal cymes
(Fig. 553) or heads: fr. a drape, with 2-celled stone. Over
30 species in the temperate regions of the northern
hemisphere and one in Peru. Hardy ornamental shrubs

CORN us

-with handsome foliage, often assuming a brilliant fall
coloring, and with attractive lis. and frs. Nearly all are
very desirable for planting in shrubberies. They grow
nearly as well in shady places
under large trees as in sunny
exposed situations, and thrive in
almost any soil. One of the most
beautiful in bloom is G. florida.

CORN US

377

and tei-minal
flower-clusters. Cor-
nus Baileyi.

554. Cuttine of Cornus.

•with extremely showy fls. in spring. C candidissima is
one of the best for shrubberies, blooming profusely in
June. The red-branched species, as C. alba, C.Amomum,
C. Baileyi, C. sanguinea, are very attractive in winter.
Prop, by seeds, which usually do not germinate until the
second year. The species with willow-like soft wood, as
C. alba and its allies, grow readily from cuttings of ma-
ture wood, while the others are sometimes increased by
layers. Horticultural varieties are mostly budded in sum-
mer on seedlings of the type, or grafted in early spring
In the propagating house. They are often grown in this
country from nearly ripened cuttings (Fig. 554), handled
in frames in summer.

Various species of Cornus have many interesting uses.
Our native C. florida, which in flower is the showiest
member of the genus, furnishes a useful substitute for
quinine. The bark of all parts contains the same sub-
stances found in C'inchona, but in different proportions.
It is inferior in effectiveness and more difficult to obtain
in large quantities. It is sometimes possible to ward off
fevers by merely chewing the twigs. The powdered bark
makes a good tooth-powder, and the fresh twigs can be
used for the same purpose. The bark mixed with sul-
fate of iron makes a good black ink. The bark of the
roots yields a scarlet dye. The wood, being hard, heavy,
and close-grained, is good for tool handles. The Cornelian
Cherry has piUpy fruits resembling cornelian in color
and about the size and shape of olives, for which they
can be substituted. The ripe fruits are soft and rather

sweet. The name Dogwood comes from the fact that a
decoction of the bark of C sancfuinea was used in Eng-
land to wash mangy dogs. The small red berriee of U.
Siiei-ica (not in the trade) are eaten by the Esquimaux.

Index: alba, 3 and 4 ; alternifolia, 1; Amomum, 7;
Baileyi, 5; brachypoda, 2 and suppl.; Canadensis, 17;
candidissima, 9 ; capitata. IC ; circinata, 6 ; ccenilea, 7;
fastiffiatii, 10: U-niiit'i . lit; florida, 13; Japonica, 15;
Ei)usa, 15 ; iiKi.Topli) lla. _' : Mas, 11; mascula, 11; Nut-
talli, U ; ohloiKjala . '.I : i.tlicinalis, 12 ; panictilata, 9 ;
sanguinea, «; x,-rir,ii . 7; 8ibirica, 4; stolonffera, 3;
stricta, 10; TaUirica, 4.

A. Shrubs or trees.

B. Fls. in cymes or panicles without involucre.

c. Foliage alternate : fls. in umbel-like cymes,

cream-colored.

1. altemiJdlia, Linn. Fig. 555. Shrub or small tree, to
25 ft.: Ivs. slender-petioled, elliptic or ovate, usually
cuneate, acuminate, nearly glabrous above, pale or whit-
ish beneath and appresssd pubescent, 3-5 in. long: cymes
l^^-2>2 in. wide: fr. dark blue, globular, 3^in. across, on
red peduncles. May, June. N. Brunswick to Georgia and
Alabama, west to Minnesota. S.S. 5: 216. Em. 463. -Of
very distinct habit, the branches being arranged in
irregular whorls, forming flat, horizontally spreading
tiers, as in the picture. A variety which shows this
habit more distinctly than the common form is var.
umbracuUSera, Dieck. Var. arg^ntea, Hort., is a form
with white-marked foliage.

2. macrophylla, Wall. ( C. brachypoda, Auth., not C. A.
Mey. ). Tree, to 60 ft.: Ivs. slender-petioled, broadly
ovate or elliptic ovate, usually rounded at the base,
abruptly acuminate, whitish and slightly hairy beneath,
3-5 in. long: cymes 3^ in. wide: fr. bluish black. June.
Himalayas to Japan. — With the habit of the former, but
of more vigorous growth; not hardv north. Var. varie-
gita, Hort. Lvs. edged white. Gng. 3:67.

cc. Foliage opposite.

D. Fls. in umbel-like, flat cymes.

E. Zivs. whitish and with straight oppressed hairs

beneath : fr. ichite or light bluish.

3. Btolonifera, Michx. (C. dlba, Wangh). Red-Osieb
Dogwood. Pig. 556. Shrub, to 8 ft., usually with dark
blood-red branches and prostrate stem, stoloniferous :
lvs. obtuse at the base, ovate or oblong-lanceolate, acumi-
nate, 2-5 in. long: cymes dense, 1-2 in. wide; disk usually
red : fr. white, with the stone broader than high. May,
June. Prom Brit. N. Amer. to Illinois and California.
B.B. 2:545. G.C. II. 8:679.-Var. flavir4mea, Spath.
Branches yellow. There are also varieties with varie-
gated lvs. Habit bush-like, as in the picture.

^^^v^iL

555. Cornus alternifolia.

378

CORNUS

4. 41ba, Linn. (C. Tatdrica. Mill.). Shrub, to 10 ft.,
with usually erect stem and bright blood-red branches,
mostly with glaucous bloom when young: Its. obtuse at
the base, ovate or elliptic, somewhat buUate or rugose
above, acute, i%-3l4 in. long: cymes dense, small; disk

CORN US

DD. J'?5. in short panifhx : fr. white or pole blue.

9. candidlssima, Jl.-ir-i' if ,;.•,-■.,':.',., i/H.'rit. C.

obtongdta, 'Hort.). Shru' ' ! m >'! :■■! tiranches:

Ivs. cuneate, ovate-l:ii ., . . iimiuatc,

appressed-pubescent -^ :; iM-iieath,

I'A-i in. long: petals « In:. I hm^ .|,i-. ! r ,-. I.ne. May,
June. Maine to N. (.'aniliiin. west to :Miiin<s<.ta and Ne-
braska B B 2*54t — Pree-flowering ; very handsome
when in bloom and with its white fruits on red pedun-

cles I

fall

(^ii.

.H>^, .

Comus stolonifera

yellow: fr. light bluish, sometimes whitish; stone usually
higher than broad, flat. Siberia, N. China. — Var. tiTgin-
teo-margin4ta, Hort. Lvs. edged white. Var. Spsthi,
Hort. Lvs. broadly edged yellow. Var. Sibfrica, Lodd.
Branches bright coral-red. There are also some other
varieties with variegated lvs.

EE. Lvs. with

F. Fruit white.

5. BMleyi, Coult. & Evans. Fig. 553. Erect shrub,
with reddish branches lvs ovate to lanceolate acute or
acuminate white beneath with wooUv and with appresstd
hairs, 2-5 in long fls in small rather compact
cymes stone of the fniit much broader than high com
pressed an 1 fl it t y j < ! I <i ti Mimi and \\ coming
G.F 3 4( - \ \ M I .11 1 in I I till luht growth
withdirkr ili i I II n ir n iih 11 mnnier and
of a di tin I 1 1 |[ li 1 In I th li^hth upward
curled h s I li I ill I i ( t f li i^ in 1 winttr coloi of
twigs arc unniuiled Not as )tt in the trade Well
adapted for sandj soil

FF Fr bltuk blue or bluish 0)
greenifh uhite

6. oircmita L H^rit Shrub "t-lO ft
the young branches green blotched
purple older ones purplish lvs or
bicularor broadlj ovate acute or short
acuminate slightly pubescent above pale and densely
pubescent beneath 2-6 in long cymes rather dense fr
light blue or greenish white May June Em •164

7. Amdmum Mill (C ferU n I inn ( t mil n I ini )
Shrub i-10 ft withpurjli li n In h i mil I i

10 stncta I Rent (C fastigidta,Uichx. C.famina,
Mill ) shrub to 1) ft with purplish branches: lvs.
o\ ate or ovate 1 iiii eolate sparingly and minutely ap-
pre ed pubt tent f,rcen on both side.s, \%-i in. long :
petals white ovate lanceolate: fr. pale blue. April, May.
Virginia to Georgia and 1< lorida. B.B. 2: 546.-Tender

^ north Closely allied to the former, and perhaps only

^ variety

> BB Fl in dense heads or umbels, with an involucre.

c, c i li yellou mtolucre yellowish, not

jf exceeding the fls.

11 Mas Lmn {C mdscula, Hort.). Cornelian
^.(Cherrt Fig 5o7 Shrub or small tree, to 20 ft.: lvs.
...ovate or elliptic, acute, appressed-pubescent, and green
; on both sides, VA-'i}^ in. long: fls. in sessile opposite

umbels, before the lvs. ; pedicels not exceeding the invo-
lucre: fr. oblong, scarlet, J^ in. long.edible. March, April.
S. Eu., Orient. Mn. 5:192.— Handsome shrub of dense
growth with glossy foliage, very attractive in early
spring with its yellow fls., and again in fall with its
shining scarlet frs. There are varieties with variegated
lvs. and with yellow fr.

12. officinWs, Sieb. & Zucc. Shrub or small tree, to
15 ft. : lvs. elliptic, acuminate, pale green beneath and
with large tufts of dark brown hairs in the axils of the
reins : fls. like those of the former ; pedicels longer than
the involucre : fr. gcarlet, oblong. Japan, China. S.Z. 50.
— Very similar to the last.

cc. Fls. greenish yellow, sessile, with a showy white in-
volucre,much exceeding the fls.
D. Frs. in dense clusters, but individually distinct.

(Benthamidia.)

13 Hdrida Linn Flowering Dogwood Fig ^iS.

Shrub or small tree with spreading branches 10-15 ft..

tlhi

dark gi t ( n a

beneath usualh with bro\Mii 1 li ii i li \ i I m

long <_vme compitt fr bluf ir 1 liii h whir Inn
July N Brunswick to Florida -im t t I \i ml Di
kota Em 4bb RH 1888 444(isr I I mi i i \ -\ tr
variegita, Hort. Lvs. variegated with yrllnwish white.

8. sanguinea, Linn. Shrub, to 12 ft., with purple or
dark blood-red branches : lvs. broad-elliptic or ovate,
rounded or narrowed at the base, usually pubescent on
both sides, pale green beneath, IK-S^in. long: fls. green-
ish white, in dense cymes: fr. black. May, June. Eu.,
Orient. - Var. varieg4ta, Hort. Lvs. variegated with
yellowish white. Var. viridlssima, Dieck. With green
branches and green fruit.

J^'

W

557. Cornus Mas (sprays Xj^).

rarely to 40 ft. : lvs. oval or ovate, acute, dark green and
glabrous above, glaucous or whitish beneath, usually
only pubescent on the veins, 3-6 in. long : involucre white

^

COENUS

or pinkish, 3-4 in. wide ; bracts 4, obovate, emarginate:
fr. Min. long, scarlet. May. Massachusetts to Florida,
west to Ontario and Texas, also E. and S. Mexico. S.S.
5:112-13. Em. 468. G.P.3:431. B.M. 526. Gn. 52, p. 177;
53, p. 222. J.H. III. 28: 453. -One of the most beautiful
American ilowering trees ; hardy north. V'ar. p^ndula,
Hort. With pendulous branches.
Var. rdbra, Hort. With pink in-
volucre, but k-ss free fl wering
than the type. R H 1894 500
A.G. 18:441. F. E. 9 o 2 Neither
variety as hardy as the type

14. Niittalli, Aud Tree to 80
ft.: Ivs. ovate or obovate usu
ally pubescent beneath 4-'' in
long: involucre white or t i
with pinli , 4-6 in
across; bracts 4-6, ob -r
long or obovate, some
times roundish, mosth
acute : fr. bright red
ororange, crowned with
the broad, persistent
calyx. Brit. Columbia to '^ i
S.S. 5: 214-15. Gng. 6 2 4-1
species surpasses the f nner
beauty.but is more tender in 1 his not \ t I i
successfully cultivated outside of its u itn (
country, though introduced at several time;
into different American and European gardens

DD. J^rs. connate into a globular fleslti
head. (Benthumia.)

15. Eotksa, Buerg. (iJe«»i«»iia Jap6nica,Sieh.& Zucc.
C. Japdn iea, Koehne. not Thunbg. ) . Shrub or small tree,
to 20 ft.: Ivs. cuneate, elliptic-ovate, acuminate, darli
green above, glaucous and appressed-pubescent beneath,
2-4 in. long : involucre creamy white, 2^-3 in. wide ;
bracts ovate, acute: frs. forming a globular head. J
Japan, China. S.Z. 16. Gn. 43: 898 G.C. III. 19:783.
A.G. 13:674. Gng. 3:149. J.H. III. 35:9. M.D.G.
1899:328-9. — FIs. very showy, appearing after the Ivs. in
June and contrasting well with the bright green foliage ;
hardy as far north as Mass. Sometimes variegated.

16. capitata, Wall. (Benthdmia fragifera, Lindl.).
Tree : Ivs. coriaceous, elliptic-oblong, narrowed at both
ends, appressed-pubescent above and more densely and
whitish beneath, 2-4 in. : involucre about 2K-3 in. wide,
creamy white; bracts ovate, acute: fruit-head over 1 in.
across, scarlet. June. Himalayas. B.R. 19:1579. Gn. 54,
p. 310. G.C. 111. 16:501. J.H. HI. 30: 213.- Evergreen
tree, with showy fls. and frs. ; hardy only south.

AA. Low herbs: fls. in dense heads, jvith a white (or
pinkish) involucre.

17. Canadensis, Linn. Herb, %-% ft. high, with creep-
ing rootstoek : Ivs. whorled, sessile, elliptic or obovate,
glabrous or nearly so, 1-3 in. long: head greenish, long-
peduncled ; involucre white, 1-1^ in. wide: fr. bright
red, globose. May-July. N. Araer., south to Indiana,
Colorado and Calif. B. M. 880.- Handsome plant for
half-shady places.

r risri-rHMia. Jlichx. Shrub, 8-15 ft.; branches reddish
l.rovvn; Ivs luutih above, woolly-pubescent beneath : fr. white.
( iiitin i. .t,, 11,, ri,lH, west to Texas. Q.V.lfl-.Vio.— C.brachypoda,
(_', A M<y slitiit,; Ivs. opposite, glaucous and appressed-pubes-
cent lHii,-;Ltl!: panieles large, loose. See C. maerophylla in the
main list. .Japan, Cliiiia.-r,,;/f(hm'n,Beuth. Shrub, to 10 ft.;
brauc-hes gray : Ivs. small, n<':ni>- ^laln-ous, green and shilling on
both sides; fr. white <'ir^,.ii i,, Calif.— 0. iff'Sset, Koehne.
AlUed to C. alba. Dwai I', ,1, use slinih: Its. crowded, small: fr.
bhiish white. Prol.tihly liMin K .\si:i.— CobUngaMM. Shrub
or tree, to 30 ft.: Ivs. naiiow oblong, nearly glabrous, glaucous
beneath, coriaceous : fls. white, fragrant, in cymose panicles.
Himalayas.— C. pubescens. Nutt. Stirub, to 15 ft., with purple
branches : Ivs. nearly glabrous above, glaucous and wooUy-pu-
beseeut beneath: fr. white. Brit. Columbia to Calif. — O. Su^ci^a,
Linn. Allied to C. Canadensis: Ivs. all opposite: fl. -head purple,
the white involucre 1 in. or less wide. Arctic Amer., N. Eu.,
N. Asia. B.B. 2; 543. ALFRED ReHDER.

COEONA. Same as crown.

COEONlLLA (Latin, a little crown: from the ar-
rangement of the fls.l. Legnyninbsw, tribe ffedysdrew.
Crown Vetch. Perennial shrubs or herbs, with odd-

CORREA

379

pinnate Ivs., and purple or yellow fls. in peduncled
heads or umbels ; pod jointed. Separated from Orni-
thopus by floral and fruit characters. Species 25-30,
Mediterranean region. The shrubby G. Hmerus and C.
glaiica are useful in southern California and the south-
em states. The species are occasionally grown in bor-
ders. C.glauea is sometimes grown under glass
for spring bloom, after the manner of Cytisus.
All are of easy culture

A. Flowers yellow.
B. Serbs.

Cappaddcica, Willd. (C /ftcHcn, Bieb.). Low peren-
nial herb, about 1 ft. high: Ifts. 9-11, obcordate, ciliate:
umbels 7-8-fld. : fls. yellow, large, July-Aug. : stipules
membranaceous, rounded, ciliate-toothed. Asia Minor.
L.B.C. 8:789. B.M. 2646. -A good trailer for rockeries
and the margins of borders.

BB. Shrwbs.

EmSrus, Linn. Scorpion Senna. Dense, symmetrical
shrub, 4-6 ft. high: Ivs. deep, glossy green ; Ifts. 5-7,
obovate ; stipules small : peduncles 3-fld. : fls. large,
yellow, tipped with red. Blooms freely, May and June.
Showy, half-hardy. S. Eu. B.M. 445. Gng. 5:36.-
Evergreen in S. states.

glaiica, Linn. Glabrous shrub 2-4 ft. high : stipules
small, lanceolate : Ifts. 5-7, obovate, very blunt, glau-
cous: fls. 7-8 in each umbel, yellow, fragrant by day but
not at night. S. Eu. B.M. 13. — One of the common
garden shrubs of S. Calif., flowering all the year.
aa. Flowers white and pink.

viminaiia, Salisb. Trailing shrub : stipules soon de-
ciduous, ovate, membranaceous : Ifts. 13-21, obovate,
notched, glaucous: umbels 6-10-fld.: fls. pale red or
white with a red stripe on the banner. Algeria. - Prom-
ising as a florists' plant for cut fls. Fls. all the year in
S. Calif.

va,ria, Linn. Crown-Vetch. Pig. 559. Straggling or
ascending, smooth herb, 1-2 ft. high : Ivs. sessile ; Ifts.
11-25, oblong or obovate, blunt and mucronate, %-% in.
long: peduncles longer than Ivs.: fls. in dense umbels,
K in. long, pinkish white. June to Oct. Eu. B.M. 258.
Gng. 5: 337.— Trailing plant for hardy, herbaceous
border. Jared G. Smith.

COBBfiA (after Jose Francesco Correa de Serra,
Portuguese author, 1750-1823). ButAceai. Seven spe-
cies of tender Australian shrubs, rirely cultivated un-
der glass for their pendulous, tubular fls. an inch or two

380

COKREA

long, usually bright scarlet, but also white or yellow.
Shrubs, usually with dense, minute, stellate hairs: Ivs.
opposite, stallsetl, entire, ami with transparent dots. C.
speciosa is probably the best and most variable species.
It is a native of Imrren, sandy plains, and lielongs to the
large and much-neglected class oJ Australian shrubs.

559. Coronilla varia

Bpecidea, Ait. (C. eardindlis, P. Muell.). Tender
shrub, 2-3 ft. high: branches slender, brown, opposite,
covered with minute rusty hairs: Ivs. opposite, about 1
in. long, elliptic, about a fourth as wide as long, wrinliled,
darli green above, whitish below, margin entire, re-
curved : peduncles opposite, axillary, longer than the
Ivs., 1-fld., with a pair of leafy bracts: fls. IK in. long,
pendent, tubular, bright scarlet, with a very short limb
of 4 spreading, greenish yellow segments ; calyx small,
cup-shaped, with 4 almost obsolete teeth ; stamens 8,
exserted, about K in. B.M. 4912.— There are several
varieties. W. M.

CORTADfiRIA. See Gynerium.

CORTtrSA (named by the herbalist Matthiolus after
his friend Cortusus, professor of botany at Padua).
PrimulAcem. A genus of possibly 4 species of which
C. MutthioU, Linn., from the Swiss Alps, has long been a
choice and delicate but not very popular plant, suited
for shady parts of the rocliery. It was long considered
the only species of the genus. It is an herbaceous

CORYDALIS

perennial, about G in. high, pubescent, rhizomatous,
with a few long-stallti«l. cordate, 7-9-lobed, dentate Ivs.,
and a slender sijp, i,. aiin;.- an umbel of about 7 small,
rosy purple, (lr.ii.|.iii- lU.. wln.u appear in summer. It

has some res(-nii.|;,i r.. I'riimila cortiisioides. The

genus has pi.^^ilil\ 1 -|,.Mi, ~, ;ind is distinguished from
Primula and An-lr-i^ai-,- liy its stamens attached to the
I, and its long-acuminate anthers.
Ktller, its culture is similar to that
as, but it needs winter protection in

base of til

of the har.l
the norther

CORTANTHES (Greek, korys, helmet, and anthos,
flower, referring to the shape of the lip). Orchidicece,
tribe Vdndea. This complex genus, which is closely re-
lated to Stanhopea, is represented by several interesting
species inhabiting tropical America. Sepals spreading,
dilated, flexuose, conduplicate, lateral ones largest, dis-
tinct at the base : petals small, erect : labellum large,
tridentate, basal portion forming a hood, continued into
the column; distal portion bucket or pouch-like: column
pointing downwards, elongated, terete, bicornute at the
base, apex recurved : pollinia 2, compressed, caudicle
linear, arcuate. Pseudobulbous : Ivs. plicate. lanceo-
late, about 1 ft. long. The bucket part of tlie labellum
is provided with a spout-like structure, by means of
which the bucket overflows when about half full of a
ir the
n are

not lasting, the sepals being of such delicate texture
that, though at first they fully expand, they soon collapse
and become unsightly. Although much interest attaches
to the species of Coryanthes, the genus is not generally
cultivated, since the tls. last too short a time and are
not particularly brilliant. For culture, see Stanhopea.

macr&ntlia. Hook. Ground color rich yellow dotted
with red. Hood and part of bucket brownish red : fls.
few, in drooping racemes. Caracas. P.M. 5:31.

maouiata, Hook. Sepals and petals dull, pale yellow,
bucket blotched on the inside with dull red. B.M. 3102.
— Var. punctita has the petals and sepals bright yellow,
speckled with red, the hood yellow, blotched with red-
dish orange, the pouch pale, speckled and spotted with
red. Demerara. Oakes Ames.

CORtDALIS (Greek, lark, the spur of the flower re-
sembling a lark's spur). FmnaridvecB. A large genus
of hardy plants allied to the Dutchman's Breeches, and
with finely cut foliage of a similar character, but weedier
and less delicate than the Dicentras. They are all of
easy culture. They prefer full sunlight but will grow in
half-shade. Prop, by division or seed.
A. Fls. chiefly purple or rose, sometimes tipped yellow.

B. Plant perennial : root tuberous : stem-lvs. few.

bulhdsa, DC. (C.sdiifia, Sw.). Erect, 6 m. high : Ivs.
.'i-t. stalked, biternately cut, segments wedge-shaped or
oblon;;: rn'.t solid: tls. large, purplish. Spring.
BR. Pl,n:l aiiiniiil: root fibrous: stem-lvs. many.

glafica, I'ur^li. Annual, 1-2 ft. high, very glaucous :
lobes of till- Ivs. mostly spatulate : racemes short, pani-
cled at the naked summit of the branches : fls. barely
14 in. long, rose or purple with yellow tips ; spur short
and round : capsule slender, linear; seeds with minute,
transverse wrinkles. Summer. Rocky or sterile ground,
Nova Scotia to Rocky Mts., and even Arctic coast,
south to Texas. B.M. 179.— Not advertised for sale, but
probably worth cult.

AA. Fls. chiefly yellow.

B. Plant perennial ; root tuberous : stem-lvs. few.

ndbills, Pers. Perennial, erect : Ivs. bipinnately cut ;
segments wedge-shaped and lobed at the apex : fls.
white, tipped with yellow, and a dark purple spot; spur
1 in. long. Spring. Siberia. B.M. 1953, as Fumaria
nohilis. G.C.II. 19:725.

BB. Plant annual or biennial : root fibrous : stem-

atirea, Willd. Annual, 6 in. high, commonly low and
spreading : fls. golden yellow, about % in. long, on
rather slender pedicels in a short raceme ; spur barely

CORYDALIS

half the length of the body, somewhat decurved : cap-
sules spreading or pendulous, about 1 in. long ; seeds
10-12, turgid, obtuse at margin, the shining surface ob-
scurely netted. Rocky banks of Lower Canada and N.
New England, northwest to latitude 64°, west to Brit.
Col. and Ore., south to Tex., Ariz, and Mex. ; not Jap.—
The western forms have the spur almost as long as the
body of the corolla and pass into

Var. occidentilis, Engelm. More erect and tufted,
from a stouter and sometimes more enduring root : fls.
larger; spur commonly ascending: capsules thicker;
seeds less turgid, acutish at margins. Colo., New Mex.,
W. Tex., Ariz. Cult, by D.M. Andrews, Boulder, Colo.,
who considers it biennial.

curvislliqua, Engelm. Probably a biennial. Com-
monly more robust than C. a urea, ascending or erect,
1 ft. high or less: fls. golden yellow, over J^ in. long, in
a spike-like raceme ; spur as long as the body, com-
monly ascending ; capsules quadrangular, 114 in. long ;
seeds turgid to lens-shaped, with acute margins densely
and minutely netted. Woods in Tex. Cult, by D. M.
Andrews, Boulder, Colo.

liltea, DC. Erect or spreading, 6-8 in. high, annual, or
forming a tufted stock of several years' duration : Ivs.
delicate, pale green, much divided ; segments ovate or
wedge-shaped, and 2-3-lobed : fls. pale yellow, about
J^ in. long, in short racemes; spur short : pod a fourth
or third of an inch long. Stony places of S. Eu., and
runs wild in Eu.

C.cdva. Sehweigg. & Kort. (probatily a form of C. tuberosa,
DC.) is somewhat Lirger than C. bulbosa, with pretty fls. vary-
ing into purplisli and white. Eu. — 0. ScoAleri. Hook., grows 3
ft., and is cult, in some European gardens. W. Amer.

W. M.

COEYLOPSIS (Coryhis and opsis, likeness; in foliage
resembling the Hazel). HamameUdHcea. Deciduous
shrubs, rarely trees : Ivs. alternate, deciduous, dentate :
fls. in nodding racemes, appearing before the Ivs., yel-
low ; petals and stamens 5 : fr. a 2-celled, dehiscent
capsule, with 2 shining black seeds. Six species in E.
Asia and Himal. Low ornamental shrubs, with slender
branches and pale bluisii green, distinct foliage ; very
attractive in early spring, when covered with yellow,
fragrant fls. Not hardy north of New York. They grow
best in peaty and sandy soil. Prop, by seeds sown in
spring, best with slight bottom heat, and by cuttings of
half-ripened wood in summer under glass; also by lay-
ers, rooting readily in moderately moist, peaty soil.

paucifldra, Sieb. & Zucc. Low, much-branched shrub,
2-3 ft.: Ivs. obliquely cordate, ovate, sinuate-dentate,
ciliate, pubescent and glaucous beneath, 1-2 in. long :
racemes 2-3-fld., M-/i in. long : fls. light yellow. Jap.
S.Z. 20. G.P. 5:342. Gt. 48:1467.

spicilta, Sieb. & Zucc. Shrub, to 4 ft. : Ivs. oblique and
rounded or cordate at the base, roundish ovate or obo-
vate, sinuate-dentate, glaucous beneath and pubescent,
2-3 J^ in. long: racemes 7-10-fld., 1-2 in. long: fls. bright
yellow. Jap. S.Z. 19. B.M. 5458. P.S. 20:2135. R.H.
1869, p. 230; 1878, p. 198. -This species has larger and
handsomer foliage and fls. of a deeper yellow, in longer
racemes, but C. pauciflora flowers more profusely and
is somewhat hardier.

C. Himalayana, Griff. Shrub or small tree, to 20 ft.: Ivs.
cordate-ovate, 4-7 in.: racemes l-2>^ in. long. Himal. B.M.
6779. Tender. Alfred Rehder.

C6RYLUS (ancient Greek name). Cupnllferm, tribe
BetiMceie. Hazel. Filbert. Cobnut. Shrubs, rarely
trees : Ivs. alternate, deciduous, stipulate, petioled, ser-
rate and more or less pubescent : fls. monoecious, ap-
pearing before the Ivs., staminate, in long, pendulous
catkins, formed the previous year, and remaining naked
during the winter (Fig. 560), each bract bearing 4 di-
vided stamens; pistillate included in a small, scaly bud
with only the red styles protruding (Fig. 561) : fr. a nut.
Included or surrounded by a leafy involucre, usually in
clusters at the end of short branches. Eleven species in
N. Amer., Eu. and Asia are described. Numerous va-
rieties are cult, in Eu. for their edible nuts. They are
also valuable for planting shrubberies, and thrive "in al-
most any soil. Prop, by seeds sown in fall, or stratifled

CORYLUS

381

and sown in spring ; the varieties usually by suckers,
or by layers, put down in fall or spring ; they will be
rooted the following fall. Budding in summer is some-
times practiced for growing standard trees, and grafting
in spring in the greenhouse for scarce varieties. They
may also be increased by cuttings of mature wood taken
off in fall, kept during the winter in sand or moss in a
cellar and planted in spring in a warm and sandy soil.
Illustrated monograph of the cultivated varieties by
Franz Goeschke, Die Haselnuss
(1887). See, also, bulletin on Nut-
culture by the U. S. Dept. of Agr.

561. Pistillate

flowers of
Corylus rostrata.

Natural size.

A. Husk or involucre consisting of two distinct bracti
(^sometimes partly connate).

B. Involucre deeply divided into many linear, nearly
entire segmentSj densely beset with glandular
hairs. Tree.

Colilma, Linn. Tree, to 70 ft.: Ivs. deeply cordate,
roundish ovate to ovate-oblong, slightly lobed and
doubly crenate-serrate, at length nearly glabrous above,
pubescent beneath, 3-7 in! long: nut roundish ovate,
4-5 in. long. Prom S. Eu. to Himal.— Ornamental tree,
with regular pyramidal, head, not guite hardy north.
Rarely cult, for the fr. under the name of Filbert of
Constantinople or Constantinople nut,

B. Involucre sparingly glandular, with lanceolate or
triangular-dentate lobes: nut slightly compressed.
Shrubs.

Americana, Walt. Fig. 562. Shrub, 3-8 ft.: Ivs.
slightly cordate or rounded at the base, broadly ovate
or oval, irregularly serrate, sparingly pubescent above,
finely tomentose beneath, 3-6 in. long : involucre com-
pressed, exceeding the nut, the 2 bracts sometimes more
or less connate, with rather short, irregular, toothed
lobes : nut roundish ovate, about H in. high. Prom
Canada to Fla. west to Ontario and Dak. B.B. 1:507.—
Two forms of involucre are shown in Pig. 562. This
figure is adapted from the bulletin of the Dept. of Agr.
on Nut-culture.

Avell&na, Linn. Pigs. 560, 562. Shrub, to 15 ft. : Ivs,
slightly cordate, roundish oval or broadly obovate
doubly serrate and often slightly lobed, at length nearly
glabrous above, pubescent on the veins beneath
volucre shorter than the nut, deeply and irregularly in-
cised: nut roundish ovate, }4-% in. high. Eu., N. Afr.
W. Asia.— Var. aiirea, Hort. Lvs. yellow. Var. Iacini4tai
Hort. (var. heterophylla, Loud.). Lvs. laciniately in-
cised or lobed. Var. p6ndula, Hort. With pendulous
branches. There are also many varieties cultivated for
their fruit.

382 CORYLUS

AA Husk tubular of connafi

B Iniolttcre campanulate, uith
large, dentate, spreading lobes
Pdnttca, Koch Shrub Ivs cor

date roundish m iti or lircidd oval

n I , [ , , finely

COEYLUS

iii\ture hai been suggested as a
M\entnt but recorded success-
iil \iiiiniiiits ire lacking. Ex-
1 nil lit il I 1 iiitiiit;s on the Pacific
1 I III li It _H ittr success with
i"l II 1 Hi/ I thtre than in the
It I lit the \ luve not developed
' TMiiK r lal importance

1 In r luuements of the Hazel in
mil HI I M) fur af known, are:
X rich well drained soil;
f C imencana from vi-
initj , freedom from mild periods
in winter and late frosts in
--pring It IS specially subject
to frost mjurj, as both stami-
iiate and pistillate catkins de-
xelop in fall and quickly swell
md open under the influence of
add weather in winter. The
tammate catkins commonly
first It they are de-
stroyed bv frost, fertilization
can be accomplished by sus-
pending branches from trees
from other localities, even of
other species of Corylus.

( >. . .iiiii-s vary

ill itid tiy buililing, graft-

urkers or layers ; com-

b\ the last two methods.

-iderable supply of well

I suckers can be obtained

tiuiting trees by banking

mmer with rich soil or

manure to promote root

t nil ifi n Stools for layering

should be heavily manured to force

long and slender shoots suitable

f ir bending These should be

st iked down m winter or spring

and covered wifh earth. They may

be removed to nursery rows or

orchard at end of first season.

Planting should be at a distance
of 10 to 20 feet in well prepared soil,
in fall or spring Ground may be
cropped with low growing, culti-
X ated plants while trees are young,
but should be maintained in good
tilth and fertility

Pruning is of special importance
with this nut Trees are usually
headed at height of I or 2 feet,
though often ptimitted to take nat-
ural form w hich is that of a many-
stemmed bush designated a"stool."
Triis an cUssifaed according to

II i^lit f lear trunk into "stan-
1 II 1 li lit standard," and "dwarf

I III i II 1 A short trunk, with
\ 1 I nil head of six or more

III 111 lies IS preferred. Suckers
should be kept down, unless desired
for propagation. Both sexes of blos-
soms are borne on 1-year-old lateral
twigs or spurs March or April,

after flowers of both sexes have

" loomed, is considered best

for pruning, as unneces-

\ sacrifice of polle

ided.
lould

form with l ,
lucre 3 O Ai
closed involucre
branches a£d trunk, without killmg the'root." Borde'aux «m(a°""°" ^' ^

II ami ..111 wood
J ..wt has borne fruit
>J should be removed
annually.

CORYLUS

The nuts should not be gathered until ripe, a condition
indicated by the browning of the edges of the husk. If
left untU fully ripe, many of the nuts will rattle out and
be lost. The highest prices are obtained for freshly
gathered nuts in the husks. To prevent husks from
molding, they should be well dried or slightly sulphured.
Hazelnuts may he held for considerable periods in tight
receptacles, ascasksor jars, by sprinkling salt over them
and storing them in a cool, dry place, or in a refriger-
ated compartment.

Few insects trouble the European Hazelnuts in
America, the nut weevil of Fnvf)..., P.''hn,inH!f micum,
not having yet been naturali/' ! /■' " ' "> sometimes
does considerable injury t.. il,, i, -

I ;iltroad, espe-
ili.r indefinite

^'t-neral, such
.11- fruits are

as long as or

Nuts and Filberts are 1
cially in England, to desiij
forms of C.Avellana and
varieties as have husks ?
termed Nuts, while such
longer than their fruits ar(

But few varieties are known m America, most of the
Hazels grown being seedlings from imported nuts. Va-
rieties of C. Avellana and C. maxima are nof-clearly
distinguishable, but in general those with husks longer
than the nuts are assigned to C. maxima, and those with
short husks to C. AveUniw.

of constricted form of husk.

Known as Avelinier Blanche. Wroth.im Park, etc. Succeeds iu

California.

Cosford (Miss Vomig's, Thin-ilielled). Nut oblong, thin-
shelled, of ex.'i-Ueut uualily ; in a hirsute, laciniated husk, about
the same length as nut.

Crispa (Cape Nut, Frizzled Filbert). Nut thin-shelled, some-
what flattened, late; in husks cxiriously frizzled throughout and
wide open at the mouth. Very productive.

Nut very large, semi-square, thick-

veU filled, of

shorter than i

Dw Ohilly. A fine, large, compressed-cylindrical variety, with
moderately thick shell, and of fine quality. Introduced from
Fra nee by FeUx Gillet, of California. The largest Filbert grown
in America so far as known.

Qrandis (Round Cobnut). Nut large, short, slightly com-
pressed, of good quality when fresh, with a thick and hard shell ;
in a short husk, much frizzled and hairy. One of the best varie-
ties ; considered the true Barcelona nut of commerce. Also
known as Downton, Dwarf Prolific, Great Cob, Pearson's Pro-
lific and Round Cob.

Jones. A short, roundish nut, of medium size.and good quality,
somewhat grown for several years in central Delaware. Bush
hardy and vigorous, producing suckers freely, and thus far free
from disease.

Lambert (Lambert's FUbert, Lambert's Nut, Filbert Cob :
Kentish Cob. erroneously). Nut large, oblong, somewhat com-
pressed: shell rather thick; kernel plump'and of rich flavor; an
excellent keeper. Husk quite smooth, longer than nut and but
slightly cut in margin. Tree productive. Considered the best
variety grown in England, where it has been known since 1812.

Purple-leaved. Nut large and of excellent quality; in a husk
longer than the fruit. Planted for ornament, and productive of
good nuts under proper treatment. The leaves and husks are
of a deep purple' color, which is retained until frost. Thestami-
nate catkins are tender and often injured by frosts in winter,
but when supplied with poUen from some more hardy variety
it yields large crops.

Bed Aveline ( Avelineer Rouge. Red Hazel) . Nut large, ovate,
thin-shelled, with a smooth, red-skinned kernel, and of sweet
nutty flavor. This variety is prized in eastern California as a
productive sort of good quality.

Spanish. Nut very large, oblong, thick-shelled, with a smooth
husk longer th,an the fruit. Sometimes confounded with Gran-
•^s. Tjv. A. Taylor.

C0RYN6STTLIS (Greek, describing the club-shaped
style). ViolAcea. Woody climbers, with alternate Ivs.
and racemes of long-stalked violet-like fls. C. Hybanthus,
Mart. & Zuec. (Calyptrion A ubletii, Ging. ConiiidsttiUs
AubVetii, Hort.), is native of trop. America. The Ivs.
are large, ovate, serrate : fls. white, in short axillary
fascicles, which are contiguous along the stem, long-
spurred, 2 or 3 times as large as a violet. F.S. 21: 2'213.
—A handsome, vigorous warmhouse climber, and cult, in
the open in S. California. Prop, by cuttings and seeds.

COSMIDIUM 6^.i

COEt'PHA (Greek for summit or (op, -where the Ivs.
grow). Palm&cea, tribe Cory phew. Tall, spineless,
monoearpic palms : trunk stout, ringed : Ivs. terminal,
large, orbicular, flabellately divided to the middle into
numerous linear-lanceolate segments ; segments indupll-
cate in the bud; rachis none; ligule small: petiole long,
stout, concave above, spiny on the margins : sheaths
split; spadix solitary,erect, paniculately much branched;
spathes many, tubular, sheathing the peduncle and
branches: fls. green: frs. as large as a cherry, with a
fleshy pericarp. SpeoiesO; tropical Asia and Malay Archi-
pelago. These fMii-|.;iliiis a r^ <-,]Itivated the same as Cham-
aerops and Li\"i-i 'I I IIj. \ :i it- warmhouse plants, prop,
by seeds. Laij i i. lias and tents are made of

the Talipot i'al)i, i - -s of Ceylon.

Coryphas ;ir. 1 . 1 1 : : m:. ^ ■ mi I'ommercially, the growth
of young plants being slnw. Good loam well enriched
with stable manure, a night temperature of 65° and
abundant moisture, are the chief requisites in their cul-
ture, with a moderately shaded house during the

el4ta, Roxb. (C. Gebdnga, Blume). Trunk straight,
60-70 ft. high, 2 ft. in diam. , spirally ridged : Ivs. lunate,
8-10 ft. in diam. : segments 80-100, separated nearly to the
middle, ensiform, obtuse or bifid : petioles 6-12 ft.,
with black margins and curved spines. Bengal and
Burma.

umhraculifera, Linn. Talipot Palm. Pig. 563. Trunk
annulate, 60-80 ft. : Ivs. sub-lunate, 6 ft. long by 13 ft.
wide, palmately pinnatifid, conduplicate above the mid-
obtusely bifid : petiole 7 ft., the spines

t',i^'

563. Corypha umbracuUfera.

along its margins often in pairs. Malabar coast and
Ceylon. A.P.12:313. Gng.5:213. The picture (Fig. 563)
Is adapted from Martins' Natural History of Palms.

O. austrdlis, R. Br. See Livistona.— C macrophyllaMoTt.=1—
C. minor. Jacq. SeeSabal.— C Wdgani, Hort., is a dwarf round-
Ivd. plant. A.G.15:307.

Jared G. Smith, and W. H. Taplin.

COSMANTHUS. All included in Pliacelia.

COSMlDIUM is TJielesperma.

384

COSMOS

C6SM08 (from the Greek word with a root idea of
orderliness; hence an tornaraent or beautiful thing,
which tits the present case; finally and usually the uni-
verse, because of its orderliness"). Compdsitie. A ge-
nus of at most 20 species of annual or perennial herbs,
all tropical American, mostly Mexican, often tall, usu-
ally glabrous: Ivs. opposite, pinnatelycut in the garden
kinds, in some others entire or lobcd: fls. typically
shades of rose, crimson and purple, with one yellow
species, and white horticultural varieties, lontr podun-
cled. solitary or in a louse. I-,, rvinlif.-^riiaiiicli-: akeiies ^rla-
brous: chafTof the reeeptaele'lii C. hii,i,ninlu^ with a long

ape-x. The genus is distiugui^lie-i from Bideiis ehietly
by the seeds, which are beaked in Cosmos but not dis-
tinctly so in Bidens, and by the color of the rays, which
in Cosmos is typically some form of crimson, while in
Bidens the rays are yellow or white.

The "Black Cosmos" [C. diversif^'ln. ., [-. p., Ik, p.,
better known to the trade as a Bidens 1 I ' I i

the dwarf habit and dark red early tls. h

but the akenes are very puzzling. The\ n- ,. n. -,

of Bidens in being 4-angled, and not iii>um*Ll\ in akeil.
They are unlike Bidens, and like Cosmos, in being not
distinctly compressed on the back. They resemble both
genera in having 2 rigid persistent awns, but, unlike
these genera, the awns have no retrorse barbs or prickles.
Tlie akenes are linear, as in Cosmos and all our native
tropical species of Bidens; but, although narrowed at
the ape.x, they are not distinctly beaked, as in most spe-
cies of the genus Cosmos. The plant is, perhaps, near-
est to Bidens.

Among the garden annuals that have come '"to promi-
nence in recent years, the Cosmos has a
most brilliant future. Until 1895 there
were in the two leading species only three
str"ii;,'ly iiiarke.l colors: white, pink and
criiii^i.n. Th.^e and the less clearly de-
fine,! int.. line, linte shades have all "come

COSMOS

attractive and individual. Moreover, these teeth are often
somewhat wavy, giving the whole flower a frilled appear-
ance. The wild Cosmos is a stellate flower ; that is, it has
open spaces between its rays. These rays in cultivation
have broadened and rounded in outline and have over-
lapped, so that the new forms do not show any vacant
spaces between the rays but present a solid unbroken
face. This same tendency
has prevailed in the garden
evolution of many otlier fa-
vorites, notably the "shoul-
dered" Tulips, "rose-pet-
aled Geraniiftns,"and single
Dahlias. The named varie-
ties of Cosmos may al

due

tlv

pr,.ve,| witliiii tlie !:,- , . ■ -till leaves much to

be .1, sired aii.l ..liVis : ^1 |.r -iiif,' field to the plant-
breeder. The two species are still too lat^e in coming into
bloom and too tall and weedy looking in their habit of
growth, but the season is being gradually short-ened, with
dwarfer forms continually coming on, and it is neces-
sary to be patient while this interesting evolution is tak-
ing place. The chief improvement so far has been made
in California and in Georgia. In the east, for best results
it is still necessary to sow seed indoors in April and
transplant outdoors as soon as danger of frost is past.
Seed sown in the open ground often fails to produce
flowers in some northern localities before frost. The
slightest frost kills the typical species, but some of the
new strains are said to resist a degree or two of frost.
At first Cosmos flowers were only an inch or two across.
The best varieties now average 3 inches, and some-
times reach 4 and 5 without thinning or disbudding.
Pure white flowers of Cosmos are rarely if ever found
wild, butsomeof the cultivated varieties are nearly pure.
The group is totally lacking in bright reds. It would be
interesting to try for shades of red by crossing with
the dark blood-red C. diversifoliiis (known as the
Bl.ick Cosmos, Dahlia Zimapani and Bidens airosan-
<l III Ilea), which, however, would be a somewhat violent
cross, as that is a low-growing, early-flowering, tuberous-
rooted perennial. However, Cosmos is closely related to
Dahlia, (.'oreopsis, and Bidens, the flrst two being of
gie.it i:ar,l,u iiji|..irtance and the latter, though weedy,

lia\ in_' I iiiihi lis. The rays of Cosmos bipinnatus are

tyjii, nllv ..i i-,l,ite in outline, narrow at the base, broad

at tlie apex anil with three strongly marked teeth, which,
as in Coreopsis, are a great part of II,, I,:,!;, i, ri-iie
beauty of the flower. In the wild sii, ' !, -,■

teeth are so short that they serve on I. ■,,-

metry of outline, and in the high-breii. ,:,;,,, ,,irj,.-

ties of single Dahlias these teeth are piaiUv.illj u nut
wholly obliterated. This will perhaps never happen to
the Cosmos, at least in America. On the contrary, the
rays of the Cosmos sometimes have an extra number of
teeth, often 6 or 7 altogether, and the effect is very

564. Cosmos bipii
iXYa.)
A cultivated form. The rays
i have only three t ft
they are much more

ties, much as the highest bred single Dahlias always
have 8 rays all exactly alike, while it is a mark of Dah-
lias of low degree to have more than 8 rays or an unsym-
metricr\l arraiisement of them. A new feature, too, is
tin- ;i'iv(iit of :i ilistinct ring of color formed by a dash
of . riiii-.iii iit ilir base of eachray. The wild Cosmos
isiii.t tiMiililrd liy a spot of yellow at the base of each
ray. a^ i^ ih. wild Dahlia. In the case of the single
Dalilia. til.- \ ( IImh- i-olor at the base of the ray never be-
c.Mii. s ill liiiih ; I 111 I conspicuous enough to form an addi-
timial attraitivi- feature, as it does in Chrysanthemum
cirinalniii. Imt it often spoils the unity of eSfect and
fails to harmonize with the chief color of the flower,
especially when the latter is magenta, crimson, rose,
or any allied shade. There are no full double forms of
Cosmos as yet, and, as regards strongly marked types
of doubling, the Cosmos may be decades behind the
China Asters. In the single forms, flat, incurred or
cupping, and reflexed flowers are to be looked for, and
can be ttxed if there is sufficient demand for mainte-
nance of the three types.

It is a mistake to grow Cosmos in too rich soil, as one
gets too vigorous growth and too few flowers, which are
also lute. A saudy soil is to be preferred as being earlier,
and not too rich. It is well to pinch out the leading
shoots of youn^' plants in onbi- tn make them bushy and
symmetrical, inst.ail of tall ami straggling. -v^r. M.

Cosmos hi'j.hiii.rius has many varieties as to shapes,
and its colors run thruuKii wiiite.'' washed" or faded
pinks, and reds. The plants grow 7-10 ft., and bloom
in fall only. A dwarf variety of this species, and start-
ing out with Dawn (white shaded to pink at center) has
developed colors until it now includes white, pink and
crimson. The plants are some 4}4 ft. high, and bloom in
July. The seed is only one-half the length of the typical
C. bipinnatus. This selection was continued until double
blooms were secured, but double blooms perfected^ no
seed.

C. sulphureus is entirely distinct from the above, the
foliage being broad and handsonnly cut. whilst the
flowers vary from sulfur-yellnw of tin- typical species,
to the rich orange-yellow uf Kli.n.lyki . and a tall,
late variety. Cosmos siilr'" " ■ ii v- an inferior
bloom IJ^in. in diameter, im i, i ' i I'.liage, and

grows about 3 ft. high. 'I'li. i- ty has fine,

rich orange fls. 2%-Mi in. in ilinu. ii i . » nh very heavy,
coarse and dense foliage, grows 7-rj ft. high, and
blooms in Georgia after October 15. The Klondyke, a
hybrid of my own from Cosmos sulphureus, and the tall,
late-blooming variety, has rich orange-yellow blooms,
2ii-3}4 in. in diameter, with foliage a happy medium be-
tween its two parents, grows 3}^-4 ft. high, begins to
bloom in Georgia from fleld-grown seed April 1.5. and by
May 15 is a plant 2Kft. tall, covered with blooms from
base to top, which continue without cessation until
killed by frost, when plant is 3 J^ ft. high and of the same
spread. The culture of all varieties is simple, and only
requires well-prepared soil, not too rich, early planting
of seed, and the keeping of young plants free of weeds
until they shade the ground. C. bipinnatus and the tall,
late variety should be planted in rows 6 ft. apart and 4
ft. in a row.

The variety Dawn and its companions in white, pink
and crimson, and Klondyke should be planted in 3-foot
rows, 3 ft. apart. Neither of the above yellow varieties
should be confounded with the worthless Bidens offered
as Cosmos sulphureus. The earlier Cosmos seed is
planted after danger of frost the better, as it germinates
unsatisfactorily when the weather is warm. When cab-
bage seed can be sown in the field with safety. Cosmos
can also be sown. Cult. by A. W. Smith.

A. Bays white, pink or crimson : disk yellow.

bipinnatus, Cav. Pig. 564. Glabrous annual V-10 ft.
high: Ivs. bipinnately cut, lobes linear, remote, entire:
involucral scales ovate-lanceolate, acuminate: fls. white,
pink or crimson : seeds smooth, with an abrupt beak
much shorter than the body. Mex. B.M.1535. Gn. 41:838.
R.H. 1SU2 :372. -The older and commoner species. C. hy-
bridus, Hort., is presumtibly a trade name for mixed
■ ■ ; of C. bipinnatus, but see G.F. 1:475.

25

COTONEASTER 385

AA. Bays yellow: disk yellow.
sulphtireus, Cav. Pubescent, 4-7 ft. high, much
branched: Ivs. often 1 ft. or more long, 2- or 3-pinnately
cut, lobes lanceolate, mucronate, with rachis and midrib
ciliate or hispid; pinnae alternate, entire or 2-3-toothed:
peduncles 7-10 in. long, naked: outer involucral bracts
8, linear, acuminate, green, 2 lines long ; Inner ones
8, oblong, obtuse, scarious, 5 lines long : fls. 2-3 in.
across, pale, pure or golden yellow: rays 8, broadly obo-
vate, strongly 3-toothed at the apex, ribbed beneath:
anthers of the disk exserted, black, with orange tips:
seeds linear, 1 in. long, including the slender beak.
Mex. G.F. 8:485. — Int. 1896: parent of all yellow forms.

AAA. Bai/x '1-rl- r.'lr ,T ! ^1; ,;.,1 .

diversifdlius, Otto I /. .n/.drtg. B.

dahlioides, S-WslU. /' ,l,n./li. Black

Cosmos. Tenderannual, u : ■. .. i, -Mih luht-rsmore
slender, and rerinirin- 11, 1. ...i. ,i. ,, int. r, than those of
common Dahlias: I\-s. jm; ii;iii i\ jiaii.d; Ifts. 5-7, entire
or sli^'htly s, rrai.', iln- iirmiual Ifis. largest: peduncles
each 111 nrin:; I lnatl ii in. urninri' almve foliage: rays
dark vi-lvi-tv rnl. snmi-iimi-s tinirial dark purple. Mex.
-B.M. .illJT. Gt. 1861:347. P. C. 2:47. J. H. III. 33: 403.
Var. sup^rba, Hort., is sold. — Prop, almost exclusively
by seeds. ■^. jf.

COSTTJS (old classical name). Scitaminclcem. Spibal
Flag. About 30 perennial thick-rooted herbs, in the
tropics of America, Africa, Asia and Australia, cult, for
their flowing-limbed showy fls., which are in termi-
nal, bracteate spikes. Corolla tubular, equally cleft, not
showy: one staminodium, enlarged and bell-shaped, usu-
ally with a crispy limb, and forming the showy part of
the flower (called the lip), cleft down the back: ovary
3-loculed : filaments petaloid. More or less fleshy plants,
prized in warinhousfs, and grown in the open in S. Fla.

This interostiiiL- ■j-imis "f trMjiii-al liPi-bs tlirivps in any-
rich, moist s'lii '■!' 1-!^ iiriit, , in ii-.t ,,1 , L' ta\'elly or
sandy chararti I ^ I In- plants

are readily pr. i , I . m- stalks,

into short pin'. - -i -in im li '-r : .1 '. Ill l.'ii^! h. and plant-
ing in sifted peat, or fine moss and sand, covering but
lightly. The roots may also be divided, but this is a slow
means of propagation. Specimen plants require rather
high temperature to bring out the rich colors of the
leaves, which in some species are prettily marked with a
purplish tint, and are usually arranged spirally on the as-
cendingstem. This gives rise to the name, "Spiral Flag."
A. Leaves green and plain.
B. Flower white.

specidsus, Smith. Four-5 ft., stout, erect: Ivs. ovate or
lance-ovate, nearly 1 ft. long, silky beneath: bracts red:
fl. large, with a flowing white limb and pink center,
3-4 in. across, not lasting. E. Ind. I.H.43:56. Gn.
47:1004.

BB. Flower red.

ignens, N. E. Brown. One-3 ft. : Ivs. elliptic-lanceo-
late, 4-6 in. long: bracts not colored nor conspicuous:
fls. clustered, orange-red. Brazil. I. H. 31:511. B.M.6821.

.III.

:11.

AA. Leaves party-colored.
mtlsMcus, Hort. Lvs. obliquely lanceolate, 4-5 in. long,
dark green, marked and tessellated with silvery gray.
W. Africa. — C zebrina is very likely the same.

E. N. Reasoner and L. H. B.
CCTINUS. a section of Bhus.

COTONEASTEB (cotoneum, quince, and aster, simi-
lar; the lvs. of some species resemble those of the
Quince). Bos&eew, subfamily Pdmeos. Shrubs, rarely
small trees: lvs. alternate, deciduous or persistent, short-
petioled, entire, stipulate: fls. solitary or in cymes, ter-
minal, on short lateral branchlets, white or pinkish ;
petals 5 ; stamens about 20 : fr. a black or red pomaceous
drupe, with 2-5 stones. About 25 species, in the tem-
perate regions of Europe and Asia, also in N. Africa, but
none in Japan. Ornamental shrubs, many of them with
decorative frs., remaining usually through the whole

386

COTONEASTEK

ly C. muUiflora and
"US with abundant

rative red frs., C.

rnlgaris are quite
I'l. C. rotitiidi folia,
;ii I'l t ;i-^ far north

attiUKs

August under glass; increased also by
layers, put down in fall, or by grafting on C. fultiaris,
hawthorn, mountain ash or quince. Monogr. by H.
Zabel, Mitteil. Deutsch. Dendrol. Gesellsch., 1897:11-32;

Foliage deciduous

-persi.

ent: lis.

tUy

■CtJH

B. Fls. with erect petals, usually in feiv-fld. cymes.
c. Lvs. whitish tomentose beneath, deciduous.

vulgaris, Lindl. ( C. integirrima,Me<i. ) . Shrub, to 4 ft. :
lvs. ovate or oval, acute or obtuse and raucronulate, gla-
brous and dark green above, whitish and at length
greenish tomentose beneath, %-2 in. long: cymes nod-
ding, 2-lfld. : fls. pale pinki.sh; calyx glabrous outside:
fr. globular, bright red. May, June. Europe, W. Asia,
Siberia.

tomentdsa, Lindl. Shrub, to 6 ft. : lvs. broadly oval,
obtuse, dull green above and pubescent when young,
whitish tomentose beneath, 1-2^2 in. long: fls. 3-12,
white; calyx tomentose outside: fr. bright brick-red.
June. Eu., W. Asia.— Sometimes cult, as C. speciosa,
Hort.

cc. Lvs. green beneath, with oppressed hairs, semi-
persistent ornearly so: calyx appressed-hairy
outside.

acuminata, Lindl. Erect shrub, to 6 ft. : lvs. oblong to
ovate-oblong, acute, appressed-hairy on both sides, dull
above, l^-H in. long: cymes 2-5-fld., nodding: fls. white
or slightly pinkish : fr. deep red, oblong. June. Hima-
layas.' L.B.C. 10:919 (as Meapilus). R.H. 1889:348,
Fig. 5 (as C. yepalensis}.

Simonsi, Bak. Shrub, with spreading branches, to 4 ft.:
lvs. roundish oval, acute, glabrous above, K-1 in. long,
semipersistent: cymes •_'-.-■ ttd. : Hs. white, slightly pink-
ish: fr. briglit red. June. July. Himalayas. — One of the
best red-fruiting species, often under the name C. Si-

horizont^lis, I>.nc. Low shrub; branches almost hori-
zontal anil .Irii^cly distichously branched: lvs. round-
oval, acute at both ends, glabrous above, sparingly
setosely hairy beneath, ii-% in. long : fls. erect, 1-2, pink :
fr. oblong, bright red. June. China. R.H. 1889: 348,
Fig. 1.— One of the most effective fruiting shrubs for
rockeries.

BB. Fls. with spreading petals, in erect, usually

many-fid. cymes, white.
c. Zvs. obtuse or acute, %-!% in. long, deciduous.

nummullria, Fisch. & Mey. Shrub, to 4 ft., with erect
or spreading branches, rarely prostrate: lvs. roundish
or broad ovate, whitish or grayish tomentose beneath,
glabrous above: cymes very short-peduncled, 3-12-fld.:
peduncle and calyx tomentose: fr. red. May, June. From
N.Africa and W. Asia to Himalayas and Turkestan.—
Var. racemifldra, Wenz. (('. Fontanisi, Spach). Lvs.
acute at both ends: cymes 5-12-fld. R.H. 1867: 31. Very
decorative and hardy. Var. orbicularis, Wenz. Low
and divaricate: lvs. roundish or obovate, K-^ in. long:
cymes 3-6-fld.

multiildra, Bunge ( O. refU.ta , Carr. ) . Shrub, to 6 f t. ,
with usually slender, arching branches: lvs. broad ovate,
usually acute, slightly tomentose beneatli. soon li. .-.iniing
glabrous: cymes very numerous, O-.'n il.l. : calyx :in.l
peduncles glabrous: fr. red. May. S|..iin. W. A-ii t"

Himalayas and China. R.H. 1892, p. :ij7.- Vcy .|c a

tive in bloom, and hardy, but less free fruuiug.

COTTON

cc. Lvs. acute, 2-5 in. long, semipersistent.

Irigida, Wall. Large shrub, to 20 ft. : lvs. oblong, acute
at both ends, glabrous above, tomentose beneath when
young: cymes long-peduncled, very many-fld., pubes
cent: fr. scarlet. April, May. Himalayas. B.R. 1,5:1229.
L.B.C. 10: 1512. -One of the most beautiful in fl. and fr.,
but not hardy north.

AA. Foliage persistent, small,}4-%in.,revolute at the
margin : fls. IS, with spreading petals, white.

microphylla. Wall. Low, prostrate shrub, densely
hniiiclH-a : lvs. cuneate oblong or obovate, acute, shining
ab(tvc. densely pubescent beneath: fls. usually solitary;
calvx pubescent: fr. bright red. Mt.-'mim , Himalayas.
B.K. 13:1114. L.B.C. 14:1374. KM 1 - -■ 1 - I ii,'. 3.

buzifdlia, Wall. Lowshrub. sim i i tier: lvs.

elliptic-ovate or broad oval,
pubescent above, tomentose
cymes 1-3-fld.: calyx pubesce
layus. R.H. 1889:348, Fig. 4.

(].unitimia.\.mA\. Allied to C

brighl

-.inietimes
,. ui. long:
red. Hima-

glnl.i

;;:™'^

COTTON belongs to the genus Gossypium (name used
by Pliny), of the Malv&eeif. The species are now much
confused, but it is generaly airn-cl tljiit the Sea Island
Cotton is of the specie- r:. I; ' " . I,inn. The up-

Cotton boll.

Totton is probably derived chiefly or wholly from
. c/.-ic. II III, Linn. The former is native in the West

■^. The nativity of the latter is in dispute, but it
.ilial.ly Asian. The Cotton Bower is mallow-like, with
bieudiug involucre of 3 large heart-shaped bracts.

COTTON

The carpels or cells of the pod are 3-5. These carpels
break oiK-n. and the cotton covering of the seeds makes
a Rlnl.ular mass. -the Cotton boll (Fig. 505). Cotton is
not a liortiiultm-al crop, and is therefore not considered
iu this wcik. Tho reader will find "The Cotton Plant"
(pulilishid by the Dept. of Agr., Bull. 33), a useful
monograph.

COTTONWOOD. Species of Populus.

COTYLEDON (a name used by Pliny). CrassulAcem.
Includes I/cJieveriti . Sticculent herbs or shrubs, rarely
annual: branches and leaves thick and fleshy : Ivs. oppo-
site or alternate, petiolate or sessile: calyx o-parted, as
long as or shorter than the corolla tube; petals 5, erect
or spreading, connate to the middle, longer than the 10
stamens. Differs from Sedum in the connate petals.
Species CO or more. Calif, and Mex., Afr., As. and Eu.
See I.H. 10:70 for an account of many of the species.

Large-growing Cotyledons, such as C. gibbiflora,Y&v.
melaUieii, should be increased by cuttings taken after
the bedding season is over. The best method is to cut
off the top of the plant, dress the l>ottoni part, and place
the cuttings in empty 4-iuch ]>uts, t!ir liuttom leaves
resting on the rim of the pot unt il lin rui li,.als over and
a few small roots are formed. I'lirv inay tlirn be potted
off into suitably sized pots, usiiiir samly loam. No water
will be needed for several days, and when given it must
be only sparingly. The old stems should be placed rather
close together in shallow boxes and kept in a warm, dry
place, where they will form small growths along the
stems; these, when larL'C enough, may be put into boxes
of dry sand, and pottrd in tlminb- or 3-inch pots
when they have nia.lo a sullii-iout quantity of roots.
When it is desired to imroaso tlio low-growing bedding
kinds on a larger scale, thu i>lauts should be lifted before
the ground gets too wet and cold. They may either be
boxed in dry soil and kept in a cool, dry house, or placed
thickly together in a frame, taking care that no drip is
allowed on the plants, and giving no water. The most
convenient time for propagation by leaves is during the
months of November and December, when the fall work
of rooting soft-wooded plants is over. Leaves rooted at
this time will make plants large enough for planting out
the following season. They will take from three to four
weeks to root, according to the kind. The leaves must
be taken from the plant as follows : Grasp each leaf be-
tween the thumb and forefinger, give a gentle twist first
to one side then to the other until the leaf comes off,
taking care that the dormant bud in the axil of the leaf
accompanies it, otherwise the leaf will root but a plant
will not form from it. Make a depression about two
inches deep in the center and four inches wide across
the sand bed, in this lay two rows of leaves with their
bases touching each at the bottom of the depression ;
give no water until the small roots make their appear-
ance, and only slightly afterwards. When the little
plants are large enough they should be boxed, using
sandy loam, and kept in a temperature of not less than
00°F at night.

For bedding purposes the following have been em-
plo\-,..l very siieopssfully: C.atropurpurea, Californica,
cl'i r,f,,i;., _ ,,,,,,i,(i, fascicularis, gibbiflora var. metal-
/' /■ III, Peacockii, rosea, jecnnda, secunda

var 'I nnta, Mexicana, eximia, globosa, glo-

'" - ' ^ ■■•'■■ ■ ' .' '/. Scheideckerii, mucronata, mirabilis,
parrifi'liii. Some of these are not offered in the Ameri-
can trade. Several of the kinds make ver. ornamental
winter flowering plants ; among them are C. gihbiflora
and its forms, C. fulgeus and C cnccinea. For this pur-
pose the large plants should be lifted from the beds and
carefully potted, as they make a much finer growth in
the open ground than when grown iu pots.

Cult, by G. W. Oliver.

A. Zms. crowded in a rosette at the base of the stem.
B. Fls. white, tinged with green.

Mulis, Brewer {Sidum Mule, Nutt.). Stems cespi-
pitose, very short and thick: Ivs. cylindrical or obtusely
3-sided, 3-4 in. long, erect, whitish or glaucous-green,
not mealy: fls. white, resembling those of Sedum, M in.
in diam. , short-pedicelled, along the upper sides of the

COTYLEDON 88 1

flexuous branches of the cymose panicle ; scape 1 ft.
high. SanDiego, Calif. -Int. 1883.

BB. Fls. pale yellow.

Caliiamica, Baker (C. Idxa, B. & H.). Lvs. in a ro-
sette, concave, ligulate, lanceolate, acute, glaucous,
mealy, slightly yellowish, 8 in. long: fls. pale yellow, on
weak lateral flowering stems 1-2 ft. long, with short,
ovate, clasping lvs. or bracts and bi- or trifid racemes.
Calif.

BBB. Fls. pale flesh color.

pulveruWnta, Baker {Echeveria pulveruUnta, Nutt.).
Lvs. in a rosette, silvery green, very mealy, spatulate,
acute, the tips reflexed. the cauline lvs. gradually di-
minishing into broadly cordate, clasping bracts : pani-

566 Cotyledon orbiculata

cles dichotomously branched ; pedicels slightly longer
than the pale flesh-colored fls. Plants 1 ft. In diam.
S. Calif. F.S. 19:1927, 1928. -A fine plant for carpet-
bedding.

BBBB. Fls. red and green or red and yellow.

seciinda, Baker {Echeveria seciinda. Booth). Stem-
less: lvs. in a rosette, crowded, cuneiform, mucronate,
glaucous, curving upward : fls. in a 1-sided, recurved
spike, reddish yellow : peduncle long, 6-12 in. high.
June-Aug. Mex. -Fine for borders or carpet-bedding.
There is a var. glauca, Hort.

lanceolita, B. & H. (Echevh-ia lanceoldta, Nutt.).
Lvs. in a rosette, lanceolate, acuminate, slightly mealy;
stem-lvs. or bracts small, cordate, clasping, distant :
panicle narrow, dichotomous : fls. red and yellow. Calif.

Birbeyi, Schw. Whole plant hoary-white: lvs thick,
fleshy, shovel-shaped : fls. olive-green and red. Flowers
freely in spring and summer. Abyssinia. Gt. 45, p. 465.
—An exquisite plant for carpet-bedding.
AA. I^vs. scattered along the erect or branching stems.

fasciculstris, Soland. Smooth, 1-2 ft. high : lvs. pale
greenish white with a yellowish margin, glaucous, few,

388 COTYLEDON

sessile, cuneate-obovate, thick, flattened, slightly con-
cave, cuspidate ; panicle branches long, scorpioid: fls.
large, 1 in. long, pendent ; calyx lobes short, broadly
OTate-acute; corolla tube much longer than the calyx, yel-
low-green and dull red; corolla-lobes reflexed. S. Afr.
B.M. 5602. .J. II. III.i;'.i:44:!.

orbicuiata. Lmn 1 !_'. r.iic. Erect,2-4 ft. high: Ivs.
opposite. 11 1 itulate, obtuse, mueronate,

glaucousan.il i t . a niargins: fls. large, reddish,

panicled. 11, I --i-i. S. Afr. B.M. 321. R.H.

1857, p. 347.-Ur(iws will from cuttings.

HispSnica, Linn. {Pislorhiia Eispdnica, DC). An-
nual or biennial, branched, G in. high, erect: Ivs. small,
nearly cylindrical, oblong, few, sessUe : fls. erect, in
cymes, reddish; corolla trumpet-shaped, lobes spread-
ing. Spain, Morocco. R.H. 1895, p. 472.

AAA. Lvs. crowded at the ends of the branches.

reticulata, Tliimb. St,.i„s niucb-l.raiiched. fleshy:
lvs. few at til.' .11.1^1.1 ihr I, r:Hplii -.(■'. Iiii'lri..'al, acute,
erect, flesli\ . ■■',■ i -''. n . i. ■ i ■ ■ n i-'liotomous

panicle. 'I'i:- - ' ' i < i.nt and give

it the api"-ar;in-- -t i- <uj ■■ur\..^.;[ ,u a 1.. twnrk. G.C.
III. 21 :2»2.

gibbiJldra, Moc. {Schevfria gibbifldraj DC). Stems
1-2 ft. high: lvs. flat, wedge-shaped, acutely mueronate,
crowded at thecnds of tin- hraiwlies: Hs. sliort-petioled:

panicle brain'lirs I-m.I- .!, -in-. ...lui:.' r.iUa ^'ibbous at

the base liciwr.n ih. ., j.' ■ white, the

tips touchcil Willi r M. I' i; l--'i..

Var. metallica, ILiit. ,/,.;,,--,.. ,„,/.//',.■,<. Hort,).
Lvs. large, obovate-spatuhiti.-, II in. widy by 7 in. long, a
beautiful glaucous purple with metallic reflections: fls.
yellowish with red tips. Mex. Saunders' Ref. Hot. 65.—
An excellent bedding plant.

The following are doubtful ^i" ■ ■■ r. .' ; ;.i l.r r/. './,(/.
Hort. Stems 8-12 in. high : tK i ' . ' n m

Tex. aU winter. Beautiful for '. , ; , h,,,

Hort. Annual, with yellow lis., n ■ i i : ; '

O. atropurpHrea, Baker (E. sjii;::iin. :i II. mi i, .'.ihi r i;-

has red fis. and dark purple spotted lvs.; the latter has yellow-
ish fls. and glaucous green more or less refuse lvs.

Jaked G. Smith.

COUCH GRASS. Agropyrum repens.

COVER- CROPS. The use of cover-crops in orchard-
iuj; marks a si.ii-itic advance brought about by changed
soil conditions. The term is less than 10 years old, hav-
ing been flrst applied in this connection by Bailey, in
Bulletin 61, Cornell (N. Y.) Experiment Station, p. 333,
December, 1893, though cover-crops were used previous
to that date. In the early days of orcharding in this
country, the soil, rich in humus and undepleted of its
natural re.sources, gave satisfaetory crops of fruit with
trees growing in sod. As time went on, the waning
vigor of the trees was stimulated by breaking up the
sod, addiii;; i.:.rn .n.l iii:iiiiire to the soil and giving
thorough .ill 1 .. i::li.,ni tlie season. This sys-
tem gave iin I I I . II II V in many instances, par-
ticularly in III. Ill, ,1- It a|i|. eared to prevent the

trees from ni.eiiiiif; tlieir wood sufficiently to enable
them to endure the winters without frost-injury to the
tips; root-killintc was also noted as being occasionally
severe on soils uncovered with vegetation during the
wiiitiT. Alioiit this time the value of the members of
the ]iea and Lean tril.e. as enrichers of the soil, became
reeo-ni/i .1 nioir fully than formerly through the dis-
covery ot llie nil ro^n n '-oljeetlng agents housed in the
noiliil'es home l.y the roots of legumos. The best or-
chard practice ot' the present day, whether in the peach-
growing areas of the south or the apple districts of
the north, consists in giving the most thorough culti-
vation possible during the wood-producing period of
the year,— that is, till about the time the fruit trees'
terminal buds are formed,— then seeding this thoroughly
pulverized surface with a suitable cover-crop, which
is plowed under early the following spring.

Cover-cropping is the raising of a crop in the orchard
after cultivation should cease (about midsummer), that
will protect the roots of the trees by preventing alternate
freezing and thawing and deep freezing of the ground ;

COWPEA

th.it will add something to the fertility of the soil when
turned under in spring; that will improve the physical
condition of the soil; that will occupy the ground to the
exclusion of weeds. In the south the considerations are
practically identical, except that the contingency of
root injury from frost is not weighed.

There are two classes of cover crojis : the nitroL-enmis

and the non-nitrogenous. Of tie- t'.irni. r. vy\ 1 k-

wheat, oats, millet, corn (maizei. laj.. .in.i iiniiips are
principally u.sed. Theseplantsshoul.l h. s..«n mw. h lai. r
in the season than the clovers, cowpeasoriuo^i nitrogen-
ous covers. They are valuable where the soil is hard and
tough in texture, as advance agents of the legumes which
may be used when an improved physical condition is se-
cured. Buckwheat is particularly useful in ameliorat-
ing hard soils. It should not be sown early enough to
allow seed to form before frost. These add compara-
tively little nitrogen to the soU. Among nitrogenous
cover-crops, crimson clover, red clover, cowpeas, soy-
beans, field pea. and vetch are the most prominent. In
the south, .rimson elover and cowpea (of which there
are many \'aflei ies) aremuch in vogue. Cowpeas are un-
satistaiiory. however, north of the peach belt, owing to
their sensitivemss to light autumn frosts. In apple-
growing sections where the soil is mellow, red clover
does well. A mixture of crimson clover and oats is used
in peach sections in Michigan with success ; 12 quarts
of the former to 3 pecks of the latter per acre are sown
about the middle of Atiu'ust, The Geneva Experiment
Station reconimen.ls a niiMnre of K bushel of buck-
wheat to 1 buslic 1 of tiehl jieas pcr acrc for clay soils.

The question of wljat eover-erops to use is best deter-
mined by an examination of the character of the soil,
and the condition of the orchard trees. If the trees are
growing slowly on mellow and friable soil, it will prob-
ably be advisable to use a nitrogenous cover-crop. If,
on 'the other hand, the trees are making a luxuriant
growth, and the soil is of the heavy order, a member of
the non-nitrogenous group should be tried.
Kinds of Cover-crops.

1. Non-nitrogenous—

a. Rye, two bushels per acre.

b. Buckwheat, H bushel per acre.

c. 0.its, 2% busliels per ,icre.

d. Com, broadcast 1 bushel per acre,
c. Rape or tiu-nips, 3 pounds per acre.

2. Nitrogenous—

a. Crimson clover, 16 pounds per acre.

b. Red clover, 14 bushels per acre.

c. Sand vetch, 1^ bushels per acre.

d. Soy beans, 2 bushels per acre.

e. Cow peas, 2 bushels per acre.

f. Field peas, IX bushels per acre.

3. Mixtures of Nos. 1 and 2—

a. Buekwbeiit, i>.<l,nshpls per acre.

COWBERRY. Usually means Vaccinium Vitis-Idaa.
In parts of Scotland, Comarum palustre.

COW-HEEB. Saponaria Vaccaria.

COWPEA. Fig. 567. The American name for Vigna
Citjang, Walp. ( K. Sinensis Endl.), one of the Legu-
minosre allied to Dolichos and Phaseolus. From Phaseo-
lus (the common bean), Vigna differs in not having a
spiral keel, style hairy above, stigma oblique or in-
trorse, and other minor technical eliaraeters. In other
than American lit. r:.iur. , th. (\,\vj.^ :, i-- kmnvn as rbina
Bean and Bin.-' 1' .1 i ■ • . I". "' . ^- ii i- '■oninionly
known as Bhi.l l : i- a h.-m ratio i-

than a pea. 'I'li. i...|.,, ; ,.;:,i ,.;,_', t.mler annual,

native to China ami .l.q..iu. In ilu.- c.-.imtry it is exten-
sively grown in the southern sttites, as a hay crop. It
is also invaluable as a green-manure crop (see Cover-
crop). It is to the south what clover is to the north
and Alfalfa is to the west. It is sown broadcast after
the manner of field peas. From 3 to 5 pecks of seed are
used per acre. See Cowpeas, Farmers' BuU. 89, Dept.
of Agric, by Jared G. Smith, l. h. B.

COWSLIP. The tnie
EiiL'lish ('..wslii) is Pri-
niiil-i ••iffliKilix. The plant wrongly
calhd C.iwsliii ill America is the Marsh
Man^'iiia, <-.:Uhn palitsfris. The
" Aiuericau Cowslip " is a popul
for Dodecatheon Meadia. The Vir-
ginian Cowslip is sometimes used for
Mertensia Virginica.

COXE, WILLIAM, of Burlington,
N. J., was a pioneer pomologist. He
was born in Philadelphia, May 3, 1762,
and died on his farm on the Delaware
river near Burlington, Feb. 23, 1831.
He deserves special remembrance for
his excellent and now scarce book, "A
View of the Cultivation of Fruit T
and the Management of Orchards and
Cider, with accurate descriptions of the
most estimable varieties of native and

foreign apples, pears, peaches, phi;
and cherries cultivated in tlu' Mid*

and cherries cult
States of America
of two hundred kiinU
natural size." Thiswn
lington, and publislird
in 1817. Grapes and s
not included in the SC'
but an article of his i
Farmer for July, 1828,

t I'hllMl.lphll

all fruits -n ere
>e of his book,
the American
ihows that he
acquainted with many varieties of grapes, and had
done much grafting. His book was a standard untU the
time of the Downings, and was freely used by other au-
thors. The illustrations were excellent for their time,
but show only the size and outline of a fruit, and
whether it was dotted, splashed or streaked.

Coxe said, 1817, that he had been "for many years
actively engaged in the rearing, planting and cultivat-
ing of fruit trees on a scale more extensive than has been
attempted by any oThi.-r iiKii^iiliial of tliis cmiiiTN-." He
also had a national rcpiiiai ion fdi- his .-i.lrr :it :iii age
when it was the most faniMU^ ami cliarai'Tfi-i^i i.- h.-ver-
age of the people, and wljiu apple tnts wire cultivated
more for cider than tor a table fruit.

William Coxe belonged to one of the most refined fam-
ilies of Philadelphia. His early education was some-
what meager by reason of the Revolutionary war, but
he became a cultured gentleman. John Jay Smith gives
this pleasant picture of him: "Well do we remember his
extensive library in his fine mansion on the 'Bank' at
Burlington, when as a little boy we were assigned the
duty of bringing away, or taking home, some book or pam-
phlet from his ever open stores of information. • » *
His person was handsome, and his bearing that of the
'old-fashioned' gentleman, improved by mixing in the
best society, but retaining the forms of the greatest po-
liteness and suavity, that modern usages are too rapidly
casting off. An errand to Mr. Coxe's was a cherished
privilege ; never was the opportunity neglected by him
to place in the hand of his visitor some fruit that he so
well knew would be appreciated by a youthful appetite.
The finest Seckel pears we have ever seen were not un-
frequent deposits. He had an especial fondness for the

CRANBERRY doy

Seckel pear, which is certainly among the half dozen
most famous pears of American origin, and which was
pronounced by Downing to be the finest flavored of all
pears." Coxe was made an honorary member of the Hor-
ticultural Society of London for making known the mer-
its of this pear through Dr. Hosack. The city of Bur-
lington has exceptional interest, both natural and his-
("li.'al, and has a beauty of its ..wii. Eith.-r the first
. illciw or the flr.st poplar plant, a tli. r.- is said to have
. lubrought from Halifax in the IkuhI of William Coxe.
II.- planted manv trees to beautifv tin- t..wii and. in par-
ticular, rxf.n.lc.i the front of the "Green Bank." It is
pleasant t.. tliink ..f WUliam Coxe in connection with
the wilL.w frill-. .1 bank of the Delaware. Biographi-
cal d. tails ai.- unfortunately only too meager. A few
other dutails may be gleaned from the Horticulturist,
11:301-307 (ISoGj. W. M.

CBAB'S-EYE VINE. See Abrns.

CRAB -APPLE in its widest sense means a small
apple. The Crab-apples of history are fruits of Pyrus
baceatii. For more restricted uses of the word crab, see
Purus.

CEAMBE (old Greek substantive). Cruciferw. Per-
ennial hardy herbs, with small white, fragrant fls. in
panicled racemes: Ivs. mostly thick and large, more or
less cut or lyrate. Of easy culture. Little known in this
country. C. maritima, Linn. , is the Sea Kale (which
see). C. cordi!61ia, Stev., of the Caucasian region, is
cult, as a border plant. It is an excellent foliage plant,
withstanding the winters in the northern states. Lvs.
very large and heavy, cordate and ovate, toothed, gla-
brous or nearly so: fls. small but very numerous, in great
branchy panicles 5-7 ft. high and nearly as broad. Gn.
50, p. 349. Gng. 4:291. -For the first two years from
seed the plant makes only lvs.; but the third year it
may be expected to bloom, after which the plant usu-
ally becomes weak and dies. l. h. g.

CBANBEBBY. A name applied to trailing species of
the genus Vaccinium (EricAcece). Of the true Cranber-
ries there are two species in North America,— the small
( Vaccinium Oxycoceus), and the large ( V. macrocar-
pon). These are native to swamps, where they trail
their slender stems and little oval evergreen leaves over
the sphagnum and boggy turf. The red, firm berries
ripen late in fall, and often persist on the vines until
spring, when well protected with snow. Each berry is
bornf ..n a sli-ndi-r pedicel ; and the curve of this pedi-
cel in III. Kiii.ii. all species is said to have suggested
the II ' 1 1 V. which is now shortened to Cran-

berr.-, - . i ..."-m.

Th.' 1 iil;. ' i.ii.Im rrv, Vaccinium macrocarpon, is now
cultivati-d on hundreds of acres in the United States;
and this Cranberry culture is one of the most special
and interesting of all pomological pursuits. This Cran-
berry grows only in North America; and North America
is the only country which has a domestic or cultivated
Cranberry. Because Cranberry-growing is such an un-
usual type of horticulture, it is thought advisable to
devote considerable space to it in this Cyclopedia.

Cranberries may be grown on land both low and high;
but it is the general experience that low, boggy lands
are the only ones which give pennanently good results.
In the winter, the natural Cranberry bogs are usually
flooded, and in summer they are free of standing water.
The flowers are often caught by the late frosts of spring,
and the fruit may be injured by the early frosts of fall.
Bogs are often ruined by fire in times of drought. In-
sects and fungi often pliiy havoc with the crop.

The ideal bog for Cranberry culture is the one in
which the natural environments of the plant are most
nearly imitated, and in which the grower can have the
greatest control over the difliculties mentioned above.
It should have the following qualifications : (1) Capa-
bility of being drained of all surface water, so that frea
water does not stand higher than one foot below the

390

CRANBERRY

surface in the growing season. (2) Soil which retains
moisture through the summer, for Cranberries suffer
greatly in drought. (.")) Sufficient water supply to en-
able it to be fliooded. (4) A fairly level or even surface,
so that the flooding will be of approximately uniform
depth over the entire area. (5) Not over-liable to frosts.
Boffs which contain moss or sphagnum and which have
a jieiity or mucky soil are usually chosen. If heath-like
shrubs grow naturally in the bog, the indications are all
the better. The presence of the Cassandra or Leather-
leaf is regarded as a good augury. Black ash, red
maple, swamp huckleberry, and white cedar swamps are
often very satisfactory. Old mill-ponds often give good
results.

Before the Cranberries are planted, the bog must be
cleane 1 of tr es I ushes moss and roots This may
be dme by turhng which is the digging out of the

CRANBERRY

flood in spring or fall, to kill insects or to protect
from frosts. The objects of flooding are as follows: (1)
to protect the plants from heaving in winter; (2) to
avoid late spring and early fall frosts ; (3) to drown in-
sect."; (4) to protect from drought; (5) to guard against
fire. Unless serious contingencies arise, the bog is
flooded only in winter. A flooded bog looks like a lake
(Fig. 568). Good results are obtained now and then in
"dry" or upland bogs, which cannot be flooded; but such
bogs or meadows rarely give uniform results, and they
are less advised than formerly.

There are three centers of Cranberry growing in North
America, — Cape Cod peninsula. New .Tprsey, Wisconsin.
Each has methods peculiar to iisflf. It wns in tb.- I'npB
Cod region that Cranberry culton h. L-an. rii. (iivi :ii-
tempts were made early in till.- iini -i.. WilliiiM i-.. u-
rick, writing in 1832 in this "i in !,,, n i , ~,^,^ tii.r
■ Capt. Henry Hall, of Barnstal.l. . \r.<- . uli i\ ;.!, r| tii,.
Cranberry twenty years;" "Mr. F. A. H;i>ili n, of Lin-
coln, Mass., is stated to have gathered fmin lii- farm in
18M, 400 bushels of Cranberries, which binu-lii liim in
Boston market $C00." In the second and subsc-qui-m t-ili-
tions, Kenricks makes the figure $400. It is not said
whether Mr. Hayden's berries were wild or cultivated.
At the present day, with all the

568. Cranbeiry-picking scene on a Cape Cod boe

In the upiier corner is a. bog in full flood (m winter) In the lower
is the flume or outlet d im

swamp growth, or by "drowuing," which is deeply
flooding the place for a year. The method of preparing
the surface for receiving the plants varies in different
regions. Open ditches are run through the place in
sufficient number to carry off the surface water. They
are usually made 2 to 4 feet deep. If some water stands
in them during the summer, better results are expected.
These ditches usually feed into one main or central
ditch; and this main ditch is preferably the one which,
when dammed at its lower end, floods the bog by back-
ing up the water. Growers prefer, if possible, to divert
a living brook through the bog, or to straighten and
deepen one which may exist there ; but in the absence
of a brook, a reservoir
may be constructed above
the bog. Sufficient water
supply should be had to
cover the entire area from
December until April or
early May, to a depth of at
least one foot. The lower

places will have a deeper

_^s=^^ covering, but 4 or 5 feet

~ * -^ ' in places usually does no

harm in the winter. It

Cranberry hand-picker, also may be necessary to

prices are higher than tho
received by Mr. Hayden.
In the third (1841) and subsequent editions, it is said
that "an acre of Cranberries in full bearing will produce
over 200 bushels ; and the fruit generally sells, in the
markets of Boston, for $1.50 per bushel, and much higher
than in former years." It was as late as 1850, however,
that Cranberry culture gained much prominence. It was
in 1856 that the first treatise appeared : B. Eastwood's
"Complete Manual for the Cultivation of the Cranberry."
About 1845, Cranberry culture began to establish itself
in New Jersey.

In the Cape Cod region, the bogs are "turfed." The
surface covering is cut into small squares and hauled
off. The object is to obtain a uniform surface in order
that all plants may liavc cfiiud opportunity. The bog is
then"sanflrfl •■ i;nt!i' r .-nr . . clean sand is spread over
the ciitiri' an a ! ' ■ ' ; 1 "f about 4 inches. In this
covcriiiL'. Ill' I II I, III. The sand keeps down

weeds anil iln i li .sequent labor; it affords

a moisturu-holilint,' iniili h I'l- the muck; it renders the
plantation easier to be worked in wet weather, and it pre-
vents the too vigorous growth of the vine. Every four
of five years a fresh sanding, to the depth of an inch or
less, is given. This keeps the vines short and close.
Formerly, whole roots or " sods " of Cranberry were used

CRANBERRY

for planting, but now cuttings are employed. These cut-
tings are 6- or 8-inch pieces of rigorous runners, with
the leaves on. They are thrust obliquely through the
sand, only an inch or two of the top remaining un-
covered. They are set about 14 inches apart each way.
In three or four years a full crop is obtained. The bogs
are kept clean by means of hand weeding. At Cape Cod,
it is estimated that the sum of $300 to $500 per acre is
required to fit and plant a bog. A good yield from a
bog in full bearing is 50 barrels to the acre ; but 200
barrels hare been grown.

In New Jersey, the general tendency is to omit the
sanding. The bogs are not cleared so carefully. The
plants are often set directly in
the earth bottom, after the heavy
turf is removed. The bogs — or
meadows, as they are usually
called — are not kept so scrupu
loush clean It is thought
that a rea*^onable quan
titv of grass prevpi 1
scalding of
the berries
If the vines

CRANBERRY

391

by the form of the berry,-the bell-shaped (Fig. 570),
the bugle-shaped (Fig. 571), and the cherry-shaped
(Fig. 572). There are many named varieties in each of
these classes, ilifffrinir in >i/,f. color, firmness, keeping
qualities, proilnrtiv, n, v~. These varieties have been
selected from pl:iiit^ whirh liave appeared naturally in
the bogs. .SfiiM- .if til. Ill liavi- been discovered in wild
bogs. The demauds of thu market, as respects varie-
ties, are constantly changing. In Massachusetts, the fol-
lowing varieties are now popular: Early Black, Howe,
Matthews, McFarlin.

The Cranberry is now a staple article of
food in North America. " Turkey and Cran-
berry sauce" may be said to be the national

dish. The berries
riety of dishes. J
open an Europe:
was sent abroad i
the American Ci
The export trade
importance, and i
Cranberrv c

are shown below, in bushels:

used m great va-
1 made to
nil agent
irpose by

i.ii some

approxi-

[•ries of years

Cranberry,
Natural size.
Type of the Bugle Cranberries

deep, they are mown or burned in order
secure afresh growth from the roots.

The gathering of the crop is done preferably by
hand-picking, particularly in plantations which are
well cared for. In some cases the berries are raked
off with a steel garden rake, but many of them are
lost and bruised, and the vines mav be injured. It
is said by some that the tearing out of the old and
large vines in the raking tends to renew the plants,
and this is undoubtedly true; but there are better
ways of keeping the vines young and short, as by
sanding or mowing. In the East, raking is now
r.'ir.'Iy i-mployed, unless the crop is very poor or
pri.-.-; V. TV l.iw: or unless hard frost is expected,
in whi.ii .^iM' the berries may be raked, the bog
tl in!, iiii.i til.- br-rries caiisht at the flume. Some-

50 cts. abusliel, Thi-fi- ti. f.iiiv Im-lirlv i. .■..iiM.i.'i-.'.l to
be an average day's pickint;, Tii.t-r :ii-.' viiiii.us .i. vices
to facilitate the picking. On ('nji.- ('...i ;i ]i<.|nil:ir im-
plement is the Lumbert picker ( I'ii;. r.i;',i), 'I'li.- nnnbine
is thrust into the vines, and tlie oiierater closes the lid
by bearing down with his thumb; drawing it backward
pulls off the berries. Usually the pickers are"lined-off "
(Fig. 568) by cords stretched across the bog. thus limiting
each one to a particular area, whii-h hf is required to
pick clean. The berries are .i.-nii..! liy ninning them
through a separator, by pa-~iii_' tli.ni ..vi-r a screen,
by floating off the litter by .I.iwhii- tii. m in water, and
by other means. Dowsing usnaiiy n-ilii.-.'s the market
value. They are then marketed in barrels or crates.
Of varieties there are three general types, determined

CRANBEEET

CEOPS, I

N BFSHELS

1877

1878

1879

1880

1881

New England.
New Jersey,,,
The West

250,500
128,700
113,430

160,825
157,014
143,186

Totals

... 400,828

295,760

233,000 .

492,630

461,025

1882

1883

1884

1885

1886

New England,
New Jersey.,.,
The West

„. 193,664
... 78.507
.., 50,000

141,964
118,524
135,507

130,583
124,648
24,783

280,879
198,125
264,432

274,799
234,254
31,396

Totals

., 322,171

395,995

280,014

743,436

540,449

CRANBERRY

1887

1891

NcwKllKland.... 307,503 280,000 350,000 375,000 480,000

NowJorsoy 103,788 225,000 200,000 200,000 2,50,000

ThL.Wcst 140,872 100.000 70.000 225,000 30,000

Totals 812,023 585,000 020,000 800,000 700,000

1892 1893 1894 1895 1890

NowEnnland.... 375,000 575.000 185,000 420,000 000,000

Now Jersey 100,000 325,000 200,000 200,000 200,000

TheWest 83,000 100,000 25,000 10,000 30,000

Totals 000,000 1,000,000 410,000 050,000 830,000

1897 1898 1899

NcwBnelnnd.... 400,000 425,000 425,000

New Jersey 250.000 300.000 175.000

TheWest 50.000 75.000 85.000

Totals 700,000 800.000 885.000

Average prices for Cranberries of good quality now
ranKo from $l,."iO to $6 per barrel. The following table
(by Killer) (,'ivcs ii summary of "opening" and "closing"
prices per bushel for 18 Cranberry seasons:

YEAR OCTOBEB MAY

1877 $2 00 ©$2 50 $4 00 ® »( 50

1878 2 00 IS) 2 25 2 25 rd) 2 50

1879 1 75 la 2 00 5 00 ® 0 00

1880 1 50 ® 2 00 50 ® 1 00

1881 1 50 IS 2 00 2 00 ® 3 00

1882 2 75® 3 00 2 00 ® 3 60

1883 2 75 IB) 3 00 5 25 i® 5 50

1884 2 75 ® 3 00 2 50 13 2 75

1885 1 50 ® 1 70 50® 75

1880 125® 150 3 7.-1® 4 00

1887 175® 2 00 2 7.-. *i> 3 00

1S88 135® 2 00 7.-. .1, 100

1889 '150® 2 00 4 (III '/i .S 00

1890 2 00® 2 25 3 01) w 3 .'.O

1891 1 !)0 ® ? 00 1 25 ® 1 00

1892 125® 1.50 2 00® 3 00

1893 125® 1.50 2 00® 3 00

1894 2 00® 2 !J0 .50® 75

The Low-bush Oranbnrrv, <-r \\'.,innri-v I V. r,7,„-
/(f,TO), is much used in XnV;, s,.' , :,.l .M . i ;.,,• ,,„1
is fjiithori'd and shipiM-d in l:ii . . , i . I n;

but

sidii.ililr. \'\.v . \ainple, between July 24 and Dec. 31,
IK',17. III. i.illMwini,' imports were received (as compiled
by Killer I :
From Novii Scotiu 31,748 qts. lii. i|ll,284

Suoiion jiiid Norway 19,905 qtM. lic 1,014

Newfonndlimd 7,2.50 qls.

I qts.

180

Demuurlt 804 qts, ®

01,273 qts. $2,784

or 1.915 bu.

Tlio Cranberry is suhiect to the attacks of various

insects, for most of wliir-li the lie^t rem.'.lv i« floiiilinir.

although the fruit-w.ohi i- i.i-..ImI,I\ 1,^ i .i.ir..vi(l i,y

spraying with arseiiii. lii :. i;' nil,.

Kor information on nil ir:..'',. ,:i,. i.mI;. im^

of the New Jersey l^pc i siiiii^n •.<!• w,, i,r^i

'I'he best literature on the Cranberry is comprised in
tlie I'ri.i-eedings of the American Cranberry Growers'

"I U-;inbcrrics.' L. H. li.

W isioNSiN Grower. — Cranberries are

11 the states of Miissaehusetts, New Jer-

also good, but, when used uluiie, must liavu a. new coat
of it spread over the ground every few years, as it be-
comes exhausted and tlje vines become woody and cease

CRANBERRY

to l)ear. The ideal soil seems to be a foundation of
])eat, with from 2 to 4 inches of sand spread over it.
It is very desirable that the surface should be level, so
that it can all be kept equally moist. The leveling is
usually done by "scalping,"!, e., taking off the sod and
carrying it away. Tliis also removes the moss and
other foul vet;' f'ti ■'!, -in I nv- - t},. vli,, ;, .liance
to take full y ■ ■..■■' : ;. ,' i ■ i,.,,,^, js

considered ti i ; i,<\ by

flooding in winii I ■ pring ;

but it takes t^^ i n. ;. , .i, , l.,I U !■, l.,l .- ullu'ieutly

to alio" ^lil. I ■, !i. i'liiwing is soiuutimes resorted

to will 1 I iM, or the sods turned upside down

by sone ,'■,.: , I

Tlie Ii. I 111 III, Ciiinberry raising are those which
afford a perfei-t water Miiii'l', rii.n I Ml,, a reser-
voir of water on the uiip. . I ' I,. I if it

is on the north or nortli^ , , , i , as it

will then be more sure 1,1., I,, I,., I, i,,.i,, i,, i m. I, eau
be enipti..! ,,i, t., tie marsli at sliort n..li.-. ; :.i,,i lliere
must III ,, ', ■ , .' ,'r:iiiiag<s to curry it a«ii\ ii.'Oi tin-
marsl. ,, . ., .I.^ired. A level pier. .,| mai-h

whii-li 1, 1 ,l\ growingon it looks II I \ i. ui|,i

ing I" II ,1 1. 1. lit, if it has not a noml water

8upiil\ ,1 l.avo it in the natural .state and

take 11 I, L'low in favorable .seasons, than

rats from doing very 1 1 ,;,,,,! , i , , , i s not

so apt to be washed oni i, i i ,, , i , i.uilt in

a perpendicular wall. 'Ii,, .i.,|, i , i n \,, sand

to build dams or for spn,., I ill h. n. ,i h i i,. haul

it on sleighs in the winter. A iilaHnrni is Iniill on rock-
ers, so that the load may be dumped at one side of the
sleigh ; and two loads in a place on a good peat dam
will make a heavy reservoir dam. The pit from which
sand is taken sli.,iil,l I,. m.II |,r.,i, ,■!, ,1 «iili snow or
sawdust to pre\. I ■ ' i - i i 11 i 'ne ,.1 tin- best
ways of makiiiL i, , , i , i i ,. , iln, .■ juists

lengthwise of tl , , -ii, i. I,., I,, l..,M,,in i',f the

ditch, anil a |,l,,i...,i '1 ,,i I,, I, ,,i,,i ii,., wliole

SCttleil .l.,>x I, :, nil, ,, I 'i . , :l,, ,! .1 , 1^ built

riglil ..tl-' 1 1 • '•' ■■III,,' h I.I.I, and

then III, I, I ■ ;■ ■ II :■■ ■■ , ■ ■ ■: ■ I, ,■■ r.iil.^il up

good plan to have an imtsiile iliti-h, wliieli will carry sur-
plus water around the marsh instead of across it, in wet
seasons.

/•raiiftnjr.-Tliere are several nietboils of jilanting

vines. One wa>- 1 i,, ,,ii ili, \ m. - i.n.i ih. n em tl.. m n|,.
roots and all, in |, ■ , , :i, I, i,,^i !,. in-
ingthemdown il , ',,,1 ■. ,, |,',,, , |,,i 1,1.,,, il,, l,.,,,,,r

end into the (,'!■,, ,■ ,1 ,, ,,i :, -i .,,|, - ii.,||„ .1 iii,.,,,,

paddle; or it JN , i,y a pii,-,, ,,1 iM.n last-

enonod to the 1,, ,, ,, 'riiis nnilii.il leaves

the plants in an II, li| n, .ind lliey <lo not fjn.w so

rapidly as win n , ;i.i , ilie f.'roiinil olilii|iii-lv or

laidontopof the^i, lii.il.a, ili.ir lirst growth i.s to make
runners. Sometimes the vines are cut in a hay cutter,
sown by hand like wheat, and then rolled. A good
method of planting in the west is to take vines without
cutting and drop two or tliree in a iilai-c and step on

them; if put a foot apart, tl.. , ,ill ,,.1 eerthe ground,

and will bear a good i- 1 . . 1 The greatest

care must be taken, wliii. , , that they do not

dry out. for if they .1,. II , . i , ^

itch

the ilii. I, , Il ,, :■ :,, _ ,, :i i^h the

mar.sli ill c ,1 ji.,: I,. .|aiu ,.., , I,,,., i,,,;i Uu 1 . I',, pfmnote
the growth of vines, it is only desired to bold the ditches
about half full, so that the ground may be moist, but if
water is kept up onto vines ot this time they will be

CRANBERRY

drowned and do nothing. When frosty nights come,
after vines have begun to grow, water should be drawn
from the reservoir to cover them, and let off the next
morning. If the ends of the new shoots get frozen, it is
a decided set-back, and especially so when the vines
have reached the bearing age, as then it cuts off the crop
and hurts the prospect for the coming year by taking
the terminal bud. The vines do throw out side shoots,
however, and sometimes the second season's crop does
not seem to be much affected by it. When the plants
are in blossom (which is all through July) the ground
must not get too dry, or thi' blDss.niis will blast. This
trouble was experit-nr. ^I in im:i;i \ ).l m. ~ <lri i iiiir the sum-
mers of '86 and '.S7, -. I I ' •', n.ithingbut
a stream fed by sprin . i i i i -li a supply

of water. Throuf.'li ti, i -i .1. ,,, r. it is best

to keep the writer fi' I i.i .-. lu. li, .. IrIuv. iliu surface,

but before tlie ^luiin,' 1 1 .i,i> are over it is better to keep
it nearly f.. iIm siuI.m, , mi.l if it is a season of drought,
draw water (l.iwii (.\.iilie marsh about once a week.
After the fruit lias set, if (.liliged to flood as a protection
against frost, be sure to draw the water off quickly the
next morning, or the berries will be scalded.

The marsh should not be flooded for winter till quite
late, some time in November, generally, as the fall
frosts do not injure the vines, but help them harden, so
that they will endure the winter's snow and ice without
injury. Sometimes during the late winter, a rain or
thaw will let surplus water on the marsh and this may
lift the ice, and that will take the vines with it, right out
of the ground. This should be guarded against by open-
ing waste-gates and drawing off the extra water. The
flood should be left on the marsh in the spring until the
spring frosts are over ; in Wisconsin the time for draw-
ing off the water is generally about the 20th of May, and
it must be closely watched afterwards, as the vines are
then very tender and will not bear as hard a frost as
they will after they have been uncovered a few weeks.

Berries are gathered in two different ways : one is to
pick them by hand, the other to rake them. The hand-
picking is mostly done by women and children or In-
dians. Every thirty pickers should have an overseer,
whose duty it is to see that the vines are picked clean
and that no refuse is allowe<! u> u;" ini" ilie iiox; also to
give a check for every busliei li"\ lillr.l. and to carry
the full boxes to the wagon, ear nr 1m, ai. The pickers
in the west use shallow peck boxes to pirli in, and when
these are filled they empty them into the bushel box.
The pickers are placed in a row, thirty of them occupy-
ing from 80 to 90 feet, and a rope should be stretched
each side of them to keep them going straight ahead, or
else they are very apt to turn to the right or left for
better picking.

The cheapest way of gathering berries is to rake them
with what is called a "scoop rake" (Pig. 573). It needs
stout men to use these to advantage, at least
those who are not troubled with backache,
they must keep a stooping position almost
stantly. Rakes should
not be used in young

great many runners, as
they would pull them up
i)y the roots too much,
but as the vines get older

stand up out of the way
of the

tween them, ea

being given a space from

one to three rods wide,

and every ten should

have an overseer, who

will also rake most of the time. Rakers are hired by the

day, but hand pickers pick by the box. The rake is

much used in the west.

If the berries can be taken to the warehouse in a boat
along the ditches, it is the best way, as they bruise
easily and should be carefully handled ; but if that is
not practicable, then thev must be taken in wagons

573. The hand scoop rake.

CRASSULA d\)6

which are driven as close to the picking ground as pos,
sible ; or a portable track may be laid onto the marsh-
and a car used. The bushel boxes which are used have
the sides and bottom made of lath, with small spaces
between; and these boxes are used to cure the berries
in, being piled up in tiers, so that the air can circulate be-
tween them. The berry-house should be built with dead
air spaces in thewalls, and windows should be darkened
and building kept closed during the day. See Storage.

Cranberries are generally shipped in barrels, but some
use bushel crates, though in whatever they are packed,
the greatest care should be taken to put them up in
good shape. If picked before they begin to ripen,
and then packed so that when they reach their destina-
tion they are settled from one to three inches in the barrel,
dealers will not want them, and this kind of manage-
ment has much to do with low prices. Before putting
into barrels, the berries are put through a Cranberry
mill, and then, if there are still a few bad berries,
they are put on tables made for the purpose, and the
rest of the bad ones picked out by hand.

The profits of the business depend so much upon the
amount of expense which has been necessary to improve
the marsh that it is impossible to give any exact figures.
The smaller the marsh, the quicker it can be improved
and made to begin to pay a profit. Anyone who under-
takes to improve a large marsh ought not to expect
much from it short of ten or fifteen years, though, if
carefully managed, it may be made to pay cost of im-
proving after three or four years.

There is a small sand marsh in Wisconsin, made after
an attempt to farm the land had utterly failed because
the soil was so poor, which has yielded a better income
for several years than the best farm in the county. It
is a profitable business when honest work and careful
management are united in it, but not otherwise.

H. B. TUTTLE.

CBANBEEKY TREE. Same as High-bush Cran-
berry, ribHrnum Opulus.

CBASSULA (Latin, thickixh; referring to the thick
leaves and stems). CrassulAceie. This genus gives the
name to the order Crassuhieea-, which contains many
cultivated succulent ].Liiit-, umI al i uiliers of widely
different habit, — about in -, iher. The order

is closely related to tli. - 1 . :e, and differs in

having the carpels of tie ..\:ir, . nnn ly free and equal
in number to the petals, Ijut tlie terms pass easily into
the Saxifragacete through B^rancoa and Tetilla, and
back again through Triactina. The genera are ill defined,
and certain species of Sedum cross over the lines of
Crassula, Cotyledon aud Sempervivum, while between
Crassula and Tillsea no good distinction can be made.
For these reasons it seems best to give a key to the
genera of garden importance.

A. Stamens as manxj as the petals.
B. Petals free, or connate only at the base.

1. Crassula. Floral parts in 5's: calyx shorter than

the corolla.
BB. Petals often connate to the middle or beyond.

2. RooHEA. Calyx many times shorter than the tube of

the corolla.

AA. Stamens normally twice as many as the petals
{sometimes equal in number, especiallg in Nos.
S, 6, 8).
B. Petals free, or connate only at the very base.

3. Sedum. Floral parts usually 4-5: scales small.

i. Sempervivum. Floral parts 6 to many (rarely 5):
scales small.

5. Monakthes. Floral parts 6-12 : scales petal-like.
BB. Petals often connate to the middle or beyond.

6. Kalanchoe. Calyx 4-parted.

7. Brvophtllum. Calyx large, inflated, shortly 4-cut.

8. Cotyledon. Cal>-x 5-parted.

The floral parts of Crassula are normally 5, rarely 6-9,

394 CKASSULA

but pultivntion probably changes the number of partR
not infrequently. CraHsulas are herbs or shrubs, rurelv
annuals, usually thick and fleshy: lv>. . |.|... m , r;,i. )\
stalked, often crown together at tbi- In ,',,.., : ^

W. M.

I I ienhouse plants requiring a dry atmos-

|.liiii resting period. While making growth,

lie;, iiir. I" i r:. led like other greenhouse plants in the
way of watiring, placing them in the lightest and airiest
part of the house. The pots must be drained so that any
surplus moisture will easily pass through. The soil
should consist of sand, loam, broken brick, and a rery
small quantity of leaf-soil or thoroughly rotted cow-
nianuro. Propagation is usually from cuttings. Some
of the species, such as C. (alcata, do not give much
material for this purpose, and they should, there-
fore, be headed over and the tops put in dry sand
in the spring, allowing water only when they show
signs of shrivelling. The cut -over plants should
be encouraged to make side shoots, which may bo
rooted after they are largo enough.

Cult, by G. W. Olivkk.
A. Floral parts normnllij in 5's.
B. Lvs. petioled.
cordMa, Solaiid. Height 1-3 ft.: stem shrubby: lvs.
Hat. wide, striked, cordate, obtuse, entire, glabrous,
spiitieil :iliove : c-vmes panicle-like: fls. reddish, some-
times pure white. Winter. -Closely allied to O. spatlnt-
U(t,i.

epathulita, Thunb. Glabrous herb : stem somewhat

shrubby, decumbent, branching: lvs. stalked, roundish,

crenato, glabrous, shining above: corymbs panicle-like:

fls. rosy; petals acute. L. B.

C. 4:. 159 as C. cordaia.-

Not advertised for sale, but

1 C.

BB. Lvs. not petioled.
c. Foliage glaucous.

falcita, Wendl. Height
:!-H ft.: lvs. crown together
at tlie base, tliiek, glaucous,
oblong, falcHte: fls. small,
numerous (.")(! or more), in
a crimson, rarely white,
dense, terminal corjinb :
corolla tube ^ of an in. long,
as long as the limb or
shorter. B.M. 2035.
CO. Foliage not glaucous.

Idctea, Soland. Height 1-2
ft. : stem shrubby, branch-
ing, tortuous below : lvs.
ovate, narrowed and grown
together at the base, gla-
brous, spotted along the
margin: cymes panicle-like,
many-fld. : fls. white, small.
Winter. B.M. 1771. L.B.C.
8: 735.— A free - flowering
window plant of easy cul-
ture. There is a form with
variegated leaves.

AA. Floral parts in 4's.

quadrifida, Baker. Fig.
574. Perennial: lvs. oblong-
spatulate, the upper ones
rounder, decussate; fls. with
their parts in 4's, panicled,
white, tinged red. w. M.

CRAT2IGUS (ancient Greek name, derived from kratos,
strength, on account of the hardiness of the wood ) . Kosei-
cem, suborder Pbmew. Haw. Hawthorn. Shrubs or
small trees, usually spiny: lvs. alternate, deciduous,
stipulate, serrate, often lobed or piunati&d: fls. white, in

CRAT^GUS

some varieties red, in corymbs, rarely solitary; petal-
ami calyx-lobes 5; stamens many, rarely less than 10;
1,1. 1 . I r. a drupe-like pome, with 1-5 1-seeded bony
I lit 70 species, in the temperate regions of

i1m I 1 ;i II liemisphere, most abundant in N. America.
Il..iii>. . riiiiiiieiitiil shrubs and trees, mostly of dense and,
low growtli. «iili I..ii.i!-..ii:. r. ;i:i;'. , iiiining, in most
species, to a l i lull; many have

very decorat i M 1 1 , u, : ,. ' n . lU. Some of tlje

C. J.<

illei,

For the S. states, C. "
hrachyacantha are aiii..i ;i
adapted for hedges im '
C. Crus-galliy C. cordni^i m.-i
thorns grow in almost any s.nl
rich, loamy, somewhat moist on
Prop, by seeds, sown in fall or s
ing, most of the pulp may bo n
in shallow piles and allo^vinc t
are mixed with sand m- ^iH.i
ground or kept in boxe^ in .i -■,
as C.cordatH, C. cocrii,:.i. r, i
first year and are sown in - 1 n 1 1 1
O. Oxyacantha and its hMh^, i
until the second year, iuel mi
the following fall or the s. i .n.i
the seed-beds must bo heii\ ily
summer to prevent drying. 'J'ii
be allowed to remain over one
they form long tap-roots and .■
plant. Varieties and raror l<i

grafted en •■.■eflliT.- 'feel: ,.f

1m st in a

:: m.ii^'clay.

I - iratify-

. . .1 _. ilie frs.

I. in. Iheuthey

111 buried in the

/i, germinate the
'ihers, especially
ly not germinate
t stratified until
If sown at once,
1 during the first

Fh. 1-

'■1>J>

1. unilldra, Moench (Cparviftilia, XH.).-. Dense, low
shrul), with numerous slender spines, rarely spineless,
3-8 ft.: lvs. on short not glandular petioles, cuneate,
obovate or oblong-obovate, irregularly or doubly crenate-
serrate, pubescent on both sides, at length glabrous
above, K-IK in. long: calyx pubescent, with large ser-
rate lobes; fr. pyriform or globose, yellow, J^in. across,
with 2-5 stones. May, June. N. Jersey to Arkansas and
Florida. S.S. 4:191.

2. fliva, Ait. Shrub or small tree, to 25 ft., usually
very spiny: lvs. on short glandular petioles, cuneate,
obovate, glandular-dentate, pubescent, at length glabrous

Bn. Fh. ill G-iiiiiinj-fld. corymbs.
C. Lvs. on .ih ikI. r. nihil [ilinidular petioles, usually

broadh) or.ii, ,iii,l hiinnile at the base, slightly

lobed:' r, I III. I- h'Ifi's il, iitate.
3. coccinea, Linn. Scarlet Thokn. Shrub or tree,
rarely to 25 ft., with short spines: lvs. broadly ovate,
sharply doubly serrate, nearly glabrous beneath, spar-
ingly appressed-pubescent above, 2-3 in. long: corymbs
usually slightly villous: fr. red, globose or oval, X-K in.
across. April, May. Newfoundland to Florida and
Texas,west to Manitoba. S.S. 4:180. Em. 493. B.M. 3432.
—There are a number of allied forms which have been
considered usually as mere varieties, but may be per-
haps distinct species. None of them, however, surpasses
the true C. coccinea in decorative value, and they are
only of botanical interest.

CRATAEGUS

4. m6IIis, Scheele ( C. subvilldsa, Schrad. C. cocchiea,
var. nidlHs, Torr. & Gr.). Pig. 575. Tree, to 30ft., with
short, stout thorns : Ivs. broadly ovate, sharply and
doubly serrate, den.sely pubescent beneath, 3-4 in. long:
corymbs densely villous-pubescent : fls. with red disk : fr.
about % in across usually pear shaped April, May
Quebec to Pa west to Nebraska fe S 4 182 Em 494 (as
C.tomento<sa) &F 5 221 —One of the most decorative
species \Mth larpe bright green foliage and show} fls
and frs ripenmg in September but dropping soon afti r
maturity

Var tihlfdlia Koehne Lvs more pubescent petioles
not glandul n stun n _0

CRAT.EGUS

395

veins beneath when young, 2-3 in. long: corymbs pubes-
cent: fr. red : stones with two furrows on the inner side.
May-June. — Probably hybrid between C. Crus-galli and
C. macracantha. B.E. 22:1868.

7. LavAUei, Herincq. (C. Carri^W, Vauv.). Small tree
to 20 ft with spreading branches, nearly unarmed
when older Ivs elliptic or oblong-obovate, acute, pu
lie I PTit elahrous above at length, irregularly serrate
l-t HI I 11^ corymbs rather few-fld., pubescent ; fls
liT. Willi red disk fr bright orange or brick-red

\ il I .1 hular Am across. May. R.H. 1883:108
II III _1 118 110 -Probably hybrid between O
Crtts qalh and ( V j-i ni i- ..liirinnti-d in France,

^^

5 5 CratsEBus molha (X K) One of the best i

0. Li

oh

t If ) / iiufl ^tout not glandular peti
I I I uaUy entire at the baa and
mo thi 1 1 I II h ,1 I the midile

i t I I II How not shining

E. Habit uf fj Hoddiiuj or pendulous rather hard

F. Color of li s dark green and shining above char

taeeous calyx lobes erect on the fr

5. Crus-g411i,Lmn. Shrub or tree, to 40 ft. ; branches
wide-spreading, rigid, often pendulous, with numerous
slender spines : Ivs. obovate or oblanceolate, irregularly
and sharply sen-ate, quite glabrous, 1-2K in. long, often
serai-persistent: corymbs glabrous : fr. usually globose,
red. Mav-June. Quebec, south to Fla. and Tex. S.S.
4:178. Eni.492. R.B. 1:110. G.P. 7: 295.-A very deco-
rative species of distinct habit, handsome in bloom and
with showy, bright red fr., remaining on the branches
often until spring ; the Ivs. as.sume a brilliant orange
and scarlet color in fall. Var. infirmis, Lf,'i'. Spineless
form. Var. linearis, Ser. Lvs. linear-Ian. Tdlut,-. Var.
nana, Nichols. Dwarf form. Var. ovaliiolia, I.iiidl.
Lvs. elliptic. B.R. 22:1860. Var. pyracanthifolia. Ait.
{var. saticifdlia, Ait.). Lvs. oblanceolate. Var. splSn-
dens, Ait. (var. lucida, Hort.). Lvs. elliptic-oblanceo-
late, very shining.

6. pmnifdiia, Pers. Shrub or tree, to 30 ft. : branches
spreading or somewhat ascending, spiny: lvs. obovate,
or roundish obovate, doubly serrate, pubescent on the

FF Color of lvs dull nbne, with impressed veins,

8 punctata Tacq !• \u ^7b. Tree, to 25 ft. : branches
horizontally spreading, with short, stout spines oi
armed lvs broadly obovate obtuse or acute, narrowed
at the base mto a r-ithei long-margined petiole, irregu
larlj serrate corymbs pubescent : fls. large ; calyx
lobes entire fr pyriform or subglobose, red, dotted,
about % m across May. From Quebec to Out. and
Ga. S.S. 4:184. Var. aUrea, Ait. (var. xanthocdrpa,
Roem.|. Pr. yellow: lvs. sometimes slightly lobed.
EE. Habit of fr. erect, becoming soft: corymbs
many -fid., large.

9. tomentbsa, Linn. (6'. p;/"Wrin, Ait. C . leucophlaeos ,
Moench). Shrub or small tree, to 20 ft., with spreading
branches unarmed or with short spines : lvs. cuneate-
obovate-oblong or elliptic, acute, serrate and often
slightly lobed, pubescent, 2-.3 in. long: corymbs pubes
cent; fls. rather small; calyx lobes serrate: fr. usually
oval, dull or yellowish red, M-K in. across; stones with
2 furrows on the inner side. June. From Hudson Bay
to Ga., west to Mich, and Mo. S.S. 4:183. G.P.2:425,
B.R. 22:1877.— Var. aurantlaca, Lge. Fr. yellow.

DD. Fr. shining, blood-red or scarlet, rarely yellow,
globose, with soft and juicy flesh ; stones with Z
furrows on the inner side (plain in all the fore-
going except Nos. 6 and H).

10. macraoAntlia, Lodd. (C, cocclnea, var. macracdn

396

CRATAEGUS

tha, Dudl.). Fig. 577. Shrub or small tree, to 20 ft., of
dense growth, with numerous long and slender spines :
Ivs. rather slender-petioled, broadly elliptic or ovate,
doubly serrate, glabrous, shining and dark green above,
almost glabrous beneath : corj-mbs more or less vil-

4.*'^..

TK^ ' -^"^^

576 Crataegus punctata

lous; fls. fragrant; calyx-teeth glandular-serrate: fr.
% in. in dlam. May, June. Quebec to Va., west to Mo.
and Dak. S.S. 4:181. B.R. 22:1912. L.B.C. 11:1012 (as
C. glandulosa). A.G. H:509.-Sometimes cultivated
under the name of C. Douglasi. Var. suocul^nta, Rehd.
{C. succuUnta, Schrad.). Lvs. pubescent beneath:
pedicels and calyx densely villous.

11. sangninea, Pall. Shrub or small tree, with up-
right, spreading branches and short spines: lvs. ovate
or broadly ovate, narrowed into the petiole, irregularly
serrate and slightly lobed, more deeply lobed on vigor-
ous shoots, nearly glabrous, lV^-3 in. long : corymbs
pubescent or glabrous; fls. large; stamens 20, with pur-
ple anthers : fr. % in. in diam. Siber., Dahur., Amur-
land. Var. Altiica, Loud. (var. xanthocdrpa, Regel).
Fr. yellow, smaller : anthers whitish: lvs. more deeply
lobed.

DDD. Fr. blacl-, shining ; stones with 2 furrows.

12. Doilglasi, Lindl. (C sangutnea, var. Doiiglasi,
Torr. & Gr. ). Tree, to 40 ft., with slender, often pendu-
lous branches, unarmed or with short spines . lvs. short-
petioled, broadly ovate or oblong-ovate, serrate and
slightly lobed, nearly glabrous, pubescent on the mid-
rib above, chartaceous, 1-4 in. long; corymbs glabrous:
calyx lobes triangular-ovate: fr. ripening in Aug. or
Sept. May. Brit. Columb. to Calif. S.S. 4:175. B.I.
21:KS10.

AA. Foliage distinctly lobed, with veins going fm,,,
the 'midrib to the sinuses (see also No.l); stones
plain on the inner side except No.U.

B. Fr. very smiill, about iiin. across: calyx lobes
separated by a distinct line from the fr. and fall-
ing off at length.

13. cordata, Ait. ( C. acer(«!ia, Mnch. C. popuUfdlia,
Walt.). Washington Thorn. Tree, to .^0 ft., with
slender spines : lvs. slender, petioled. triangular or
broadly ovate, usually truncate at tin l.i-. , :; ", l,,li..i,

sharply serrate, 1 ;-q-2K in. long : • li,,

glabrous: styles 5: fr. depress.. I .: in,

bright coral-red. June. 111. to Ala. ;iii : \ i ^ - i i-i
B.R. 14:1151.-A very desirable spe.-i,->. »h1, h.-uuiUul
fall-coloring and large clusters of bright red f r. remain-
ing a long time on the branches.

14. aplifdlia, Michx. Shrub or small tree, rarely 20 ft.,
with stout R]iinp'5 imd the hrnm-hlets pubescent when
young: lvs. ^1. nil. r, p.iiMlr.l. Im.adly ovate, pinnately
5-7-clett, siii;,t,., ^^l.iKiMii. ,,i- |, nil. scent, %-lK in. long:
corymbs fi-w IM., \ iUmus, |mli.s,, nt; styles 1-3: fr. oval,
1-4-1-5 in. hiKh. Mny. V.u an.l I'la. to Tex. S.S. 4:188.
— A handsome species with gr.aceful foliage and an
abundance of white fls. in spring and small but bright-
colored frs. in fall.

BB. Fr. K in. or more across : calyx not separated.

O. Fr. red or yellow.

D. Branches and lvs, glabrous.

15. Oxyacflntha, Linn. Hawthorn or May of English

CRAT^GUS

literature. Shrub or small tree, to 15 ft., with spreading
branches and stout spines : lvs. short-petioled, oineate
or truncate at the base, roundish or broadly ovate, 3-5-
lobed, with incisely serrate lobes, 1-2 in. long: corymbs
5-10-fld., glabrous: fr. globular or roundish oval, /i-Hin.
high, scarlet; stones 2, with 2 furrows on the inner side.
May. Eu.,N.Afr. B.R. 13:1128 (as C. oxj/ncrt«»ioide«).
Var. xanthocArpa, Roem. Has yellow fr., very distinct
and showj'. — Often confounded with the following, and
less commonly cultivated.

llo

Shrub

ortree, to2i) ft ,
petioles, ovat. ,
apex, 1-2 in. l(.h_ , .
pedicels: fr. u\al, v..
May, June. Eu. and :
den forms are cultivi

Var. pimicea, Hort. Fls. d.cp red. F.S. l.->:i:.iiii. Fig. 1.
L.B.C. 14:1363. Var. TftBea, Hort. Fls. pink, petals with
white claw. With double fls. : Var. &lba plina, Hort.
With white double fls. F.S. 15:1509, Fig. 2. Var. Paidi,
Hort. (var. cocclyiea, Hort. Var. Paul's New Double
Scarlet). Fig. 578. Bright scarlet, one of the most
showy. I. H. 14:536. Var. punlcea pl6na, Hort. Scarlet-
red. R.B. 24:161. Var. riibra plina, Hort. Red. F.S.
15:1509, Fig. 3. Varieties difff-ring in lvs. and habit:
Var. laoini^ta, Loud. Lvs. deeply pinnatiti.l with incised
serrate lobes. Var. ptjridiiolia, L<iud. (var. filirl folia,
Hort.). Similar, but lvs. hiniri-r, witli iiarn.w.r and more
incised lobes. F.S. 20:2076. Var. quercifolia, L..u(l.
Lvs. with broad, rounded andcrenat..- l.tln-s. \'ar. h6rrida,
Carr. Branches with fascicles of nuincn.us stuut si.incs.
F.S. 14:1468. G.C. HI. 24:13. Var. p^ndula, Hort. With
pendulous branches. Var. p6ndula rdsea,Hi>rt. A pen-

dulous form, with pi
pyram iditlis, Hort. ) .
eemperfldrens, Andr.^-
ful shrub, flowering ii
are also some vars. w

a, Loud. (var.
,'ht habit. Var.
.). Low, grace-
, p. 140. There

40

577. Crat^gus macracantha (X '3 1.

17. pinnatiKda, Bunge. Shrub or small tree, to 20 ft. :
lvs. slender-petioled, cuneate, elliptic-ovate, pinnately
.5-9-cleft, incisely serrate: corymbs many-fld., usually
pubescent: £r. globular orpyriform, dark red, punctate,

K-?<in. high; stones 3-5. June. Amurland, N. China,
Japan. Gt. 1862: 366.- Var. m^jor, N. E. Brown. Lvs.
larger, less deeply lobed : fr. oval, 1 in. long. G.C. II.
26:620.

DD. Branclilets and Ivs. pubescent, rarely Ivs. glabrous:
fr. large, often pubescent.
18. Az4rolnB, Linn. (C7.^rtHin, S^r.). Shnib or tree,
to 25 ft. : Ivs. short-petioled, cuneate-obovate, deeply
3-5-lobed, with the lobes nearly entire or incised at the
apex, grayish green, pubescent, l}4-2%in. long: corymbs
few-fid., densely tomentose: fr. orange-red or yellow,
globular or .ovoid, %-l in. across. May. N. Africa,
W. Asia. B.R. 22:1897 (as C. Aronia). R.H. 1856:441.
— Var. Sinilca, Boiss. Lvs. glabrous: fr. smaller, reddish
yellow. B.R. 22:1855 (as C. Maroccana).

578. Paul's Thorn — Crat£egus monoeyna, var. Pauli.

19. orientilis, Pall. (C. odoratlssima, Lindl.). Shrub
or small tree, with spreading, almost unarmed branches:
lvs. short-petioled, cuneate, obovate or oblong, pinnately
3-5-cleft, with the lobes incisely serrate at the apex,
tomentose pubescent, 1-2 in. long: corymb dense, tomen-
tose: calyx lobes entire: fr. depressed globose, brick- or
orange-red, %-l in. across. June. S. E. Eu., W. Asia.
B. M. 2314. B.R. 22:1885 (as C. odoratissima).-V&r.
8ang:ulnea, Schrad. Fr. dark red. B.R. 22:1852.

20. tanacetifdlia, Pers. Shrub or small tree : lvs. cune-
ate, obovate, pinnately 5-7-cleft, with the lobes glandular-
serrate, villous-pubescent, 1-2 in. long: corymb dense,
5-7-fld.: calyx lobes large, deeply glandular serrate: fls.
large: fr. pubescent, yellow, 1 in. or more across, with
laciniate bracts at the base. May, June. W. Asia.
B.R. 22:1884. Gt. 43, p. 215.

CC. Fr. black, shining, globular.

21. nigra, Kit. Shrub or small tree; branches pubes-
cent, with short spines: lvs. short-petioled, ovate or
ovate-elliptic, deeply pinnately 5-9-lobed with serrate
lobes, slightly pubescent above, densely pubescent be-
neath: corymbs dense, 10-15-fld., tomentose; pedicels
short: fls. white, becoming slightly red: fr. Kin. across.
S. E.Eu. L.B.C. 11:1021.

C. acerifblia, Mncb.= C. cordata.- O. acerifblia, Hort.= C.
mollis.— C.CES(iudiis,Torr.& Gray. Tree, to 30 ft.; lvs. cuneate-
oblong, crenate-serrate, pubescent below: corymbs few-fld., gla-
brous: fr. large, red. S.states. S.S. 4:192.— C.apuftiM, Hort.
= 0. orientalis. — G. arborescens, E11.= C. viridis.- O. berben-
fblia, Tovr.Sc Gray . Allied to C.Crus-galli. Lvs. obovate. rounded
at the apes, pubescent as are the corymbs. S.states. S.S. 4:179.
— O. bracluiacdntha. Sarg. & Engelm. Tree, to 50 ft. : Ivs. elliptic

— O. OaZi/or/uVa, Hort.= C. pinnatifida major.— G. Carpdtkica,
Lodd.= C. nigra.— O. Gelsidna, Bose. Shrub : lvs. pinnately
lobed, slightly pubescent bene-ath: corymbs many-fld.i fr. ovoid,
red. Origin unknown.— C. chlorosdrca, Ma-\im. Allied to C.
sanguinea. Lvs. pinnately lobed, glabrous at length: corymbs
many-tld.: fr. black, with green flesh. Manehuria.— G.coccinea,
var. viridis, Torr. & Gray.= C. pniinosa.— C. crenuldta, Roxb.
= Pyracantba crenulata,- C. cunedta, Miq. Low shrub: lvs.
cuneate, obovate-oblong, serrate or slightly lobed : corymbs few-
fld.: fr. Large, red. Japan.— (7. Dafturicrt, Hort.= C.pinnatifida.

— G. Doitglasi. Hort., not Lindl. = C. macracantha.— O. Floren-
tlna, Ziicc.= Pyrus (Mains) eratiegifolia.- G. flbrida, Loud.=
C. uniflora.- G. Fontanesiana. Spach. .allied to C. Crus-g,ani.
Lvs. elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate, almost glabrous, shining
above: corymbs many-fld,. pubescent; fr. red. Probably hybrid
and belonging to C. prunifolia.— G. glabra, Hort., not Thbg.=

C cordata — C gla dulbsa Jlnch (C flava var pubes<
Gray) AUied to C fla a Lvs broader ot firmer texture :
pubescent and glandul r fr subglobo e relorjellow & st
SS 4 190(as(. fla aeUipt a) B R lb90(asC spathid
— C gra d flor Ko I bmall tree 1 Hit rrate i

sligl tly lobed towa d the ipex pi 11 1 1 „(

brown glotose large S pp e 1 tn 1 1 II n

pdus German ca and a Or tT?gi s 11 1 11 1

(asC lobata) - C h t oph Ua T\ 11

Lvs larger

; R 14 1101 ■

bhmb or small tree 1 i
many fid fr pyrrfora
3 1933 —O pop Hold 1
glal rous fr green p 1 1
VU-Gpr rtW II

C sangmnea -( 1
pyr fbl a Alt =
Douglas '!hn 1 I

r fld gl 1 r or 1
o and Fla to Tex

I-athu
eolate
nj fid

CEAT.ffiVA (after Cratevas an obscure writer on
medical plant not as somet me stat 1 at the time of
Hippocrates but at the beginning of the fir t century
B.C., since he named a plant after Mithridates). Cap-
pariddcece. A genus of 14 species of tropical trees and
shrubs: leaflets 3: fls. in corymbs, usually polygamous,
with the odor of garlic : sepals and petals 4 : stamens
8-23: torus elongated: berries ovate-globose, with a slen-
der stripe. The bark of the Garlic Pear, O. gi/nandra,
blisters like Cantharides. C. religiosa, from Malabar
and the Society Islands, is a sacred tree, and is planted
in native graveyards. The bitter, aromatic leaves and
bark are used by them in stomach troubles. The above
and some other species are cultivated in Europe as
ornamental greenhouse shrubs.

religidsa, Forst. f . ( C. JYurvdla , Buch.-Ham. ) . Leaflets
2K to 3 times as long as broad : stamens 20-28. —Cult, by
Franceschi, Santa Barbara, Calif.

CBEAM NUT. See Beriliolletia.

CBEEFING CHABLIE. A children's name for the
fragrant little blue-fiowered weed, Malva rotundifolia,
which bears the "cheeses" dear to boyhood's memory.
The name is hardly dignified enough for most botanies.
This name is sometimes applied to I/ysimachia nummu-
laria.

CB£FIS (the application of this name is obscure).
Compdsitce. This variable genus contains a few hardy
annual and perennial herbs, especially C. Sibirica,
which resembles a sow-thistle in habit, and has corymbs
of reddish blue flowers, about the size of a hawkweed,
or a small dandelion. It is one of the coarser border
plants, and rare. Rather light, sandy soil, and full ex-
posure to the sun are essentials to the welfare of this
plant. It is contented in a rather dry position, either in
the rockery, or in the border. It is prop, by division. A
common plant on the moss of English thatched cot-
tages is C. virens, a yellow-fld. plant, resembling a
dandelion.

Sibirica, Linn. Perennial, 2-3 ft. high, and at least as
wide when in bloom : plant covered with short rough
hairs: root, large, fleshy: lvs. rough, wrinkled, coarsely
dentate, somewhat cordate, 12 in. long, including a pet-
iole half as long: fls. bright yellow: Involucre loose.

398 CREPis

hairy. July, Eu., Asia, Minor, Himalayas. Gn. 53, p.
493. -The tallest and largest-fld. of the genus. Its
white, plumy masses of seeds are also attractive.

0. niVrm. Reichb. Height 1ft.. fls. or.-in-. I iii li Tlie
coiiiinnnest perennial species of thegemi^ li I I. ;> 1 1' Ii

soil,— C. rfi/^ra. Linn. Annual height t?-:; J ii!i.v

.solii.irv. Italy. Greece. Thee

CBESCENTIA (after Crescenzi, thirteenth century
Italian agricultural writer). BignoniUcea. This genus
is chiefly interesting for the Calabash tree, and has no
near allies of horticultural importance. It consists of
tropical trees, glabrous: Irs. alternate, solitary or clus-
tered in nodes : fls. large, tubular, with a fluted 5-cut
limb, yellowish, with red or purple veins : calyx 2-parted
or deeply 5-cut. The Calabash tree is a native of tropi-
cal America, is especially familiar in the West Indies,
and can be grown outdoors in extreme S. Fla., S. Calif.
The outer skin of the fruit is removed, and the seeds
and pulp from within, and the hard, woody shell is
used for water-gourds and for all sorts of domestic ves-
sels, according to size and shape. The growing fruit
can be made to assume various forms by skillful tying.
It is a tree, 20 ft. high, and readily distinguished from
all others by its' peculiar habit of growth, as it bears
large, horizontal, scarcely divided branches, which bear
clusters of leaves at intervals.

Cujfite, Linn. Lvs. 4-6 in. long, broadly lanceolate.taper-
ini; at the base: Hs. solitary, pendulous; calyx 2-parted
ocn.Ua c.ii.tri.tiMl below the middle, and then swelled
ah.ivf, malodorous when decaying; stamens 4, some-
times 5. B.il. 3430.

CBESS. The ordinary garden Cress {Lepidium sati-
vum), sometimes called peppergrass, is still absent in
the majority of American gardens, although its leaves
have the pleasant pungency of the Water Cress, and
might be used more freely as a condiment, to be served
with salads, or for garnishing. The quick sprouting
habit of the seed is proverbial. If Cress is wanted in
its prime continuously, seed must be sown every few
days. The young plants, which may be left thickly in
drills, need 'protection from the flea beetle, as this is as
fond of Cress pungency as any gourmand. For winter
use, garden Cress may be grown in large flower pots,
boxes, or on a bench, in anv IIlIiI im'I i . i-onably warm
place. There are curled anU : ' ' types. Aus-
tralian or Golden Cress is ,i i li-leaved va-
riety. Water Cress (7V«.v/.f ». f; //.|,ahardy

perennial and important luai ki I ciuij, e;ui be grown in
moist soil in the greenhouse, or in almost any ditch,
pool, or shallow water course. Covered with water, it
winters well. To introduce it in any suitable place, all
that is necessary is to scatter seed or a few freshly-cut
branches, and it will soon spread and flourish. "Erfurt
Sweet" is a superior strain. Similar to Water Cress in
form of leaf and in taste is the Upland Cress {Barba-
Tea vxdgaris) , a hardy biennial which can easily be
grown from seed. T. Gbeiner.

CBIMSON FLAG. Schl

styU.

CRtNUM (Greek name for a lily). AmaryUidAceo' .
A rather large and cosmopolitan genus of splendid flow-
ering bulbs, mostly tender, closely allied to Amaryllis,
and distinguished by the longer perianth tube. Lvs.
mostly persistent, usually broad; fls. few or many in an
umbel, often very fragrant and with three types of
coloring, pure white, banded red or purplish down the
center, or flushed with the same colors ; perianth
spreading or funnel shaped; tube straight or curved;
segments linear, lanceolate or oblong.

The species of Crinura require widely different cul-
ture, and their geographical distribution furnishes an
important clue as to their rarity and the degree of
warmth required. There are only two hardy species, C.
longifoHum and C. Moorei, the latter being less hardy
than the former, but with finer flowers. These two

flower, thouu'
showy as tlia
marked color

ing

I others in blooming all summer in-
•t period, and in the greater lasting
r-;. An iiiti-restint; livbrid between

i. l,.,r-li, nl, o, .-.M/:,.,, ;, and the

/ 'Ti. I ■ : hree well

: ■ . > -lO^'Iebulb

''■'■•■■• iiiK bulbs in
i . . .r.,^s can easily be

I ! :i'l^ require a deep,

^ .luringthe grow-
■ 1/ . ., \V. Watson, Lon-
. Ti-l.ieous positions on ter-

II \, 1 1 ere flowers are wanted to
-tatuary for summer effect,

,. The Agapanthus is fre-

.,■:".-.-, i. iT ilii f'rinum is

■ ■■ : . '';■•■ l.ir^-especi-

.1 - . •.■ , I, ,1 ■■ , ■ : . not easily

-■I. - ..I" -ii, ^1 in Hol-

races or lawn-. ■ '

combine with n '

they are of tin

quently gro« o , ; ,

scarcely knou, I ,, li

mens are neiili .

lost." The l.uii I I I

land and in Floii.l.i. TIil..i,I,, naii.. .--(.i .n -, C. JnieW-

canum, the "Swamp Lily of Florida," makes a brilliant

and striking spectacle when seen in dismal places far

from civilization. It is no wonder that it is cherished in

Florida gardens.

Of the greenhouse Crinums some are evergreen, others
decidous; some warmhousc, others coolhouse species.
Like Pancratiums, they require too much space to be as
popular here as in the Old World. Speaking especially
of C. amabile and G. Asiaticum, Robert Cameron says
(G. F. 10: 217) : "Crinums thrive in a compost of turfy
loam, dry cow-manure and a little charcoal. When they
are grown in large pots they do not require annual re-
potting; in fact, our large plants have not been shifted
for the past five years. A top-dressingof good, rich soil
is all that is necessary, and when they are well estab-
lished liquid manure is very beneficial." C. amabile

may be taken as a type of the < Ihouse and C. gigan-

teu'm of the warmhouse kind, i m i'm :.i'i i -i-o.-ies, W.
Watson says (G.F. 4: 221): " l< uly in the

size of its flowers. The erect m : iihcd sev-

eral times a year at varying s.n n-, lii ilowi-rs are
powerfully and deliciously fragrant, ami last about a
week. This species requires plenty of moisture all the
year round, and it is happiest when planted in a large pot
of rich soil, or better still, in a bed under the shade of
palms." w. M.

Among the great family of large-flowering Aniaryllids
I do not recall anv more beautiful in bloom than Crinum
Moorei and its hj'brid C. PoieeUii. The culture of the
former is of the simplest. It requires potting, and is not
fastidious as to soil. It is well to grow it along into a
fair-sized tub with its offsets, of which it is prolific, until
itmakes a good specimen, as it will then be more effective
in the garden when in flower. In late fall it should be
removed to a coolhouse and kept fairly dry till new
leaves appear in midwinter, when it may have more
moisture, the supply being increased on removal out-
doors in spring. C. Powtilii has a shorter necked bulb
and drooping channelled leaves soni,. tines t feet long,
while O. Moorei has spreadini: I'm- 1 1'. . t or more
long. C. PowelUi is especially \:ilii.ili|. lor its hardi-
ness. In a sheltered place at I'.li/ai.i tli, X, J., it is
cut to the ground, but reappears in the spring, being
protected only by a small mound of ashes or earth, which
serves to throw off moisture. , ,.t ^

J. N. Gerard.

Alphabetical list of s)
sinicum, 10 ; aniabilo,
15; Asiaticum, 1; auL i
latum, 15; Capfxse. '.t .
.sifolium, \:<,: I"l . r;i i
ce«.?,HBK..S: I ' ■
flomm, 9; llor
Kirkii, 11 ; A
Eoem., 8 ; limair. 17

Makoyaimm , W ; JI

14 ; pedunculatum. l^ I
Powellii. 18; pratens< ,
19; scabrura, 19; Hrhi'ii
riabile, 13 : Sanderiann
cum, 19 ; Zeylanicum, :

below: C. Abys-
II. 4 ; aqtiaticumf
■ lie, 2; campanu-
olensoi, 10; eras-
Ait., 7 ; erubes-
teum,21; grandi-
I'.i; hybridum, 1;
Kunthianum,
; Mackenii, 10 ;
■.. , 10 ; omattim,
I'llum, Hort., 1 ;
seabro-Capense,
escabrum, 1; va-
iim, 22 ; Virgin!-

segments :

CRINUM

A. Perianth erect, with spreading,
stamens spreading. Sten
B. Color white : tuhe greenish.
1. Asi&ticum, Liun. Bulb i-5 in. thick; neck 0-9 in.
long : Irs. 20-30 to a bulb, 3-t ft. long, 3-A in. broad :
peduncle lK-2 ft. long, 1 in. thick; fls. 20-50 in an um-
bel; spathe valves 2-i in. long ; pedicels ]4-l in. long:
perianth white ; tube erect, tinged ivith green, 3-4 m.
long; segments 2 ' .-'i in. bm^': fllfiment« tmged red. 2
in. long: ovule 1 in ;i c-,-11 Tiop Asi.i. B M. 1U7J.-
Baker gives 5 botanic.il -v.inc ti. s ..t nliich the nm^t im-
portant in the Amem .ai ti i.li is innli.ililv var. Sinicum,
Baker (G.pedunci(!,-itni„. Ihnt , n,,t R.Bt.). St. .Tchn's
Lilt. Bulb 6 in. thick. Is in. long : Ivs. 5 in. broed,
with undulated edges, forming a massive crown 4-5 ft.
high : peduncle 2-3 ft. long: fls. 20 or more : perianth
white. China. The bulb usually divides into two of
equal size, small offsets are rarel}- produced Seedlings
flower in 5 years. Var. declinatum, Baker, has a sloping
instead of erect fl. ; perianth segments tinged red at tip.
SHlet. B.M. 2231. Var. prdcemm, Baker, is larger than
the type, with Ivs. 5 ft. long, G in. wide: perianth tube
and limb 5 in. long, the latter tinged red outside. Ran-
goon. B.M. 2684. Var. andmalum, Baker, is freakish
looking, its Ivs. being expanded into a broad, membra-
nous, striated and plaited wmg. There is nufbim.' like
it in the genus. Var. angustifolium, Ih ii i i ii _ii
high. China. B.M. 2908. C. Eborau I
bridum Todbrce, Hort.). Siinil a t, i i

mentioned, but half the size. (..iid. nh i i d I • • w i
small form of C. Asiatuiim and C. ln,i,i,t„l,„w C.
Eboraci, var. cappedum, Ruscmer {('. ci/ijicrluin, Rea-
soner). Habit much like ('. J^intunm. but Ivs. taper-
ing to a slender point, semi-erect, 4 ft. luirh: fls. about
20, segments 4 in. long, % in. broad, s|iii .iding, ^'iliiti .
sometimes changing to pink. Garden Inlirid b. t\^i(n
C. A^inticum, var. Sinicum and C. hoonfi'hiiiii In
creases both by offsets and splitting of the bull) int..
two. C. Sinico-scdbrum, Hort., hybrid of C. A.~.i<tUi inn
var. crossed vrith O. scabntm, and intermediate in as
pect and fl.

R. Brown (C. austrdle. Herb. I.
thick : neck 6 in. long: Ivs. 25-30 to a bulb:

I ininiil.il; spathe valves 3-4 in. long; pedi-

II I 11 iiith greenish white, not tinged with
ti nil iits short, bright red : style shorter

Inn. lit., ovules 3 in a cell. Austral. B.R.
iD) grows above ground on a large rootstock.
BE. Color purplish red outside: tube purplish red.

3. amibile, Don. Bulb large ; neck 1 ft. or more
long : Ivs. 2.5-30 to a bulb : peduncle 2-3 ft. long : fls.
20-30 in an umbel, very fragrant; spathe valves 4-5 in.
long ; pedicels H-1 in. long : perianth with a crimson
center band, tinged outside bright purplish red ; tube
bright red ; segments 4-5 in. long : stamens an inch
shorter than the segments. Sumatra. B.M. 1005. R.H.
1856:241. — Supposed by Herbert to be a spontaneous
hybrid between C. Asiaticum, var. procerum and C.
Zeijlanicum: fls. sterile, bulb increases by small offsets.
A stilt. ly (.rnain.nt of iii.ist Fl.irida gardens ; often
sold uii.l.T th.- nan,,- ..t ('. „,„i„st„„i. which is a similar
but siinilliM- iKitin-iii liybriii i>r.'siini:ibly between C ferrtc-
tmtiiiii iiii.l ('. Z, ijtiDiicuiii, uii.l has more obtuse Ivs.
than C. ainabile.

AA. Perianth erect, with spreading, lanceolate seg-
ments : stamens spreading. Platyaster.
B. Lvs. feiv, 6-10 to a bulb.

4. Americinum, Linn. Fig. 579. Florida Swamp
Lily. Bulb stoloniferous, ovoid, 3-4 in. thick ; neck
short: lvs. lH-2 in. broad: fls. 3-6, usually 4 ; pedicels
none or very short : perianth creamy white; tube green-
ish. Native in river swamps, Pla. and westward. B.M.
1034.

5. prat^nse, Herb. Bulb ovoid, 4-5 in. thick ; neck
short: lvs. 6-8, lV^-2 ft. long, 1^-2 in. wide, channeled,
margin entire: fls. 6-12; perianth white. Var. 61egans,
Carey, has a longer necked bulb, decumbent peduncle,
and tube an inch shorter than the segments. B.M. 2592.
Var. ventistvun, Carey, has about 30 fls. in an lunbel.
Ind.

399

BB. I/vs. numerous, 20 <

: bulb.

peduncuia.tum.

-The

c. Bulb conical, large, u-ith a long neck.

6. au&ustam, Roxb. {C. amdbile, var. augiistum,

Gawl). Bulb conical, 6 in. thick; neck long: lvs. 20-30,

3— t in. broad: peduncle much compressed: fls. 12-20 ;

pedicels sometimes an inch long ; color strong purplish

lib .

lanceolate segments.
id, S-4 in. thick ; with a short neck.

7. erub6scens, Ait. Bulb ovoid, 3-4 in. thick ; neck
short: lvs. 2-3 in. broad, slightly rough : fls. 4— 12; pedi-
cels none or verv short ; color reddish outside, white
within : tube bright red. Trop. Amer. B. M. 12,S2.
L. B.C. 1:31.

8. Kunthiilnum, Roem. (C. erubiscens, HBK., not
Alton). Lvs. wavy: fls. 4-5 in an umbel; tube longer
than in No. 6, 7-8 in. long ; color pure white. New
Granada. Var. Nicaragu6n8e, Baker, is purple outside,
the segments longer and lvs. longer and narrower.

AAA. Perianth funnel-shaped; tube permanently curved;

segments oblong ascending : stamens and style

contiguous and declined. (Codonocrinum.)

B. JSulbs long-necked.

c. Filaments red.

9. longifdlium, Thunb. (C. Capense, Herb. Amaryl-
lis longifdlia, Linn. C. rip&rium. Herb.). Lvs. 2-3 ft.
long, 2-3 in. wide; margins rough: fls. 6-12, pedicels
1-2 in. long ; perianth tinged red on the back, and some-
times on the face, with a white variety. Cape Colony.
Natal. B.M. 661. Var. Album, Hort. Gn. 52, p. 123. -The
hardiest Crinum, enduring the winter of the middle
states, if protected with litter during cold weather.
Propagation by offsets or seed, which is produced
abundantly. ('. grandiflfinim. Hort.. is a new hybrid
with C. Crireydnum, said to partake of the hardiness of
C, lonijifolium.

400

re. Filaments white or
Margin of Ivs. entire : pedii

'inkish.

cle SS ft. long.

10. Modrei, Hook, f . (C. Makoi/Anum, Carr. C.
Unsoi, V. Mdckenii, and C. ynlalinse, Ilort.
Schmldtii, Regcl]. Fig. 580. Bulb
ovoid, neck 12-18 in. long : Ivs. 2-3 ft.
long, 3-4 in. wide, margin entire, veins
rather distant, distinct; fls. 6-12; ped-
icels li4 to 3 in. long; perianth flushed
with rose on both sides, with a white
varietv ; segments wide. Natal and
Kaffraria. B.M. «113. G.C. 111. 2:499.
R.H. 1877, p. 417. R.H. 1887: 300. R.B.
22: 196; 23:61. Var. Album, Hort. Gt.
1072. Gn. 52, p. 122, and var. platy-
p6talum, Hort., are cultivated. C.
Colensoi has a longer tube, smaller
flower, with apaler and narrower limb.
DD. Murf/in of lua. ciliated; pedunete

IJ-m in. long.

11. KirWi, Baker. Bulb globose, 0-8
in. thick, sometimes 6 in. long : Ivs.
3H-4 ft. long, 4-A% in. wide, margin
rough, veins close: fls. 12-15 ; pedicels
none or very short; color white, with a Quite weaned from
very distinct crimson band down the it s seed and be^n-
center. Zanzibar. B.M. 6512.-Recog- i"ng its own iite.
nized at a glance by its short, very stout peduncle and
very large acuminate Ivs., with a distinctly ciliated
edge.— A warmhouse species.

BB. Bulbs short-necked.
c. Fls. numerous, usually more than 8 in an umbel.

12. ZeyUnicum, Linn. (Amar^jllis ornAta, B. M. 1171).
Bulb globose, 5-6 in. thick : Ivs. 10-12, 2-3 ft. long, 3-4
in. wide, wavy, margin roughish ; peduncle stout, purple :
fls. 10-20 ; perianth bright red outside in the middle

CRINUM

species from Zanzibar, probably not known outside of
one or two botanical gardens.

13. variibile, Herb. (C. crasstVdiium, Herb.). Bulb
ovoid, 3-4 in. thick : Ivs. lK-2 ft. long, 2 in. wide, weak :
fls. 10-12 ; perianth flushed red outside : fllaments red.
Cape Colony.— A rare species.

.CO. Fls. fewer, usually less than 8 in an umbel.

D. Bulbs small.

E. Tube long, 5-6 in.: stamens nearly as long a.i the

perianth segments.

14. Sanderi&num, Baker (C. ontdtum. Bury). Bulb
globose, 2 in. thick ; neck 2-3 in. long : Ivs. 10-12, thin,
1^-2 ft. long, IK in. broad, margin much crisped: fls.
3-6 ; perianth with a distinct band of bright red.
Corisco island. Sierra Leone. Gn. 52: 1131.— Closely
allied to C. scabrum.

EE. Tube short: stamens much shorter than the

segments.

F. iis. S^ ft. long.

15. campanulitum, Herb. (C. ajHa'd'cMiH, Burchell).
Lvs. linear, deeply channelled, 3-4 ft. : fls. 6-8: perianth
rosy red. Cape colony. Kaffraria. B.M.2352.— A very
distinct species.

FF. Lvs. 1-2 ft. long.
G. Pedicels very short or none.

16. Abyssinicum, Hochst. Bulb ovoid, 3 in. thick: Ivs.
about 6, 1 ft. long, H-1 in. wide, veins close, margin
rough : fls. 4-6, pedicels very short or none. Mts. of
Abyssinia.

oo. Pedicels H in. long.

17. Une4re, Linn. f. Lvs. linear, 1)^-2 ft. long, % in.
broad, glaucous, channelled : fls. 5-6 ; pedicels % in.
long ; perianth tinged red outside ; fllaments red.
Cape colony. — Rare.

1)D. Bulbs large.
E. Pedicels 1-1% in. long.
18.' P6wellii, Hort. Fig. 581. Bulb short-necked: lvs.
about 20, spreading, ensiform, acuminate, 3—1 ft. long,
3-4 in broad near the base, margin smooth: fls. about 8:
peiiaiith peach blossom color, with white and purplish
vanities. — Garden hybrid of C. longifolium and C.
Mnnrei. According to Baker, the bulb is globose, but
J. N. Gerard says it is long, like a leek.

Is very short or none.
J F. Margin of h's. rough.

10 BC&bnim, Herb. Lvs. 2-3 ft. long, lM-2 in.
wiiU, I'lii^i K veined, margin scabrous : fls. 4-8: pedi-
cels none or very short :
perianth banded bright red.
Apr., May. Tropical Africa
from Guinea to Abyssinia.
B.M. 2180. F.S. 21:2210. -
Common in Florida gardens,
a very showy and easily cul-
tivated species. C. HArberti,
Sweet (C. scal)rn-C(ipense,
Hort. C. Knnth idnum ,
Hort., notRoem. ). Fls. sim-
ilar to C. scabrum, but color
lighter, the plant taller and
larger. Garden hybrid be-
11 r. ■^rahrnm nnd C.
folniiH. Thi^i--: uht-

Iv'.i

third ; segments oblong lanceolate, 3-4 in. long, 1 in.
broad. Midsummer. Tropical .\sia and Africa.- A
■warmhouse species. The most commonly cultivated
species of the genus. Native throughout tropical Asia
and Africa. Usually sold as C. Kirkii, which is an allied

& Schultes=t'. strictum C.
Virginioum, Garden hybrid,
resembles C. Herberti, but
the plant is smaller and the
flowers larger and brighter
in color. See also No. 22.
20. Kmbriitnlum, Baker. Lvs. as in C. scabrum, but
margins ciliated with small membranous scales : peri-
anth banded red. Angola. Gn. 55, Feb. 11. Allied to
C. scabrum. — A wholly different plant is passing in the'
trade under this name.

CKOCUS

401

FF. Margin of Ivs. smooth.

21. giganttum, And. Bulb 5-6 in. thick : Ivs. 12 or
more, 2-3 ft. long, 3-1 in. broad, narrowed toward the
base; veins distant, with dii*tinct cross veinlets : fls. 4-6,
rarely 8-12 : tube 4-7 in. long ; perianth pure white ; seg-
ments much imbricated. So.Afr. B.M. 923. F.S. 23:2443.
G. F. 4:223. I. H. 33: 617.— A very fragrant species.

22. virgineum, Mart. FnUage a'i inC. giganteum : fls.
about 6 ; tube 3-4 in. ImiL- : ppriaiith pure white. South
Brazil. See also C. \;,;,nn,n,„. under No. 19.

In addition to the alx.vf ^Il.■.•il■^ tin- l..llowing are advertised,
but not sufficiently describud : t'. iwbUc. C. Yememe, and C.
Zanzibaretisc. T. L. MEAD and W. M.

CB0C6SMIA (Greek, odor of saffron, which is perceiv-
able when the dried fls. are placed in warm water). Iri-
dAcea. This genus has only one species, and is not
clearly distinguished by Baker from the closely allied
Tritonia, but according to the author of the genus, it
differs iu the stamens being separated at equal dis-
tances instead of grouped at one side, the form of the
limb, the tube not swelled at the top, and the fruit
3-seeded instead of many-seeded. The name of this
genus is spelled Crocosma by Baker, but it was first
spelled Urocosmia.

Crocosniia aiirea is a showy bulbous autumn bloom-
ing plant, which is hardy south of Washington, D. C,
with slight protection, and in the north is treated like
Gladiolus, the bulbs being set out in the spring, after
danger of frost, and lifted in the fall for winter storage.
It is of easy culture, and is propagated by offsets or by
seeds. Bulbs should be stored in peat or sphagnum to
prevent them from becoming too dry.

atirea, Planch, {rritdiiia aurea,Piippe.) . Height.2 ft.:
bulb globose, emitting offsets from clefts in the side:
scape l!2-2 ft. high, leafy below, naked or only braeted
above, compressed, 2-wi"nged : Ivs. distichous, shorter
than the scape, linear, ensiform, striated, but with a
distinct midrib : fls. sessile in the panicle, perhaps 25
scattered over a long season, with buds, flowers and
seeds at the same time ; perianth bright orange-yellow
toward center; tube slender, curved, 1 in. long; segments
longer than the tube, capsule 3-celled. Trop. and S. Afr.
July-Oct. F.S. 7:702. B. M. 4335. Also interesting as
one parent of a bigeneric cross resulting in Tritonia
crocosmiflora. Var. imperialis, Hort. (Fig. 582), grows
about 4 ft. high. Var. maculata. Baker, has dark
blotches above the base of the 3 inner segments. J.H.
III. 33; 567. J. N. Gerakd and W. M.

CEOCTJS (Greek name of Saffron). Iridclcece. Stem-
less plants (the grass-like Ivs. rising from the ground or
corm), with solid bulbs or corms. Fls. showy, in many
colors, funnel-shaped and erect, with a very long tube
and 6 nearly or quite equal segments. Stamens 3.
Ovary 3-loculed: seeds many, nearly globular. The
flowers open in sunshine. They come in fall or spring,
but the best known species are spring-flowering, which
are amongst the earliest of spring bloom. The new
corm usually grows on top of the old one each year,
so that the plants tend to rise out of the ground. The
corms, therefore, should be lifted and replanted every
three or four years. Crocuses force easily (see Bulb).
A half dozen corms may be planted in a 4-inch pot for
this purpose. The genus Crocus is S. European and
Southwestern Asian. It has about 70 recognized species.
The best account of the Crocuses is G. Maw's superb
Monograph of the Genus Crocus, 1880. A popular ac-
count of the history and species, by Baker, will be found
in Gardeners' Chronicle for 1873, pp. 107, 179, 291, 434,
542, 609, 680, 1402, 1431, 1466, 1533, 1633. A condensed
account is contained in Baker's Handbook of the Iridese,
1892. L. H. B.

Many forms of Crocus are well known in gardens,
where they are justly valued as among the showiest
and brightest of winter and spring flowers. About two-
thirds of the species are classed as vernal and the bal-
ance as autumnal flowering; but the various members of
the tribe would furnish nearly continuous bloom from
August to May were the season open. While there are
j species interesting to a botanist or a collector,

26

practically the best for general cultivation are C. Jm-
perati, C. Susianus (Cloth of Gold Crocus) and the
Dutch hybrids, mostly of C. Mwsiacus. These flower in
about the order named. The rosy flowers of C. Imperati
may be expected with the earliest snowdrops. The
named species, having shorter flower tubes than the
Dutch hybrids, are not as liable to injury by the severe
weather of the carlv vear. The autumnal species are not
satisf:,ri,,rN muii. II |ilinits. tin- fli.w.Ts iiio^tlv appearing

bef.:.

latt

The

_ .i.ii - l.aviuga niLdiciijal reputation, and

beini; a ...m. . .if r..\,.r i saffron). The cultivation of this
spei-iis i< a ^iiiall iii.liistry in France, Spain and Italy.
The coniiv should be planted about 3inches deep,
in a wi-11 n-i.ikrd an. I perfectly drained soil which is free
from clay or the decaying humus of manure, etc. They
should be carefully examined and all bruised and imper-

582. Crocosmia

feet ones rejected, as they are very susceptible to attacks
of fungi, which, gaining a footing on decrepit corms, will
spread to others. The careful gardener will examine all
exotic small bulbs annually, or at least biennally, until
they show by the perfection of their new bulbs that they
have become naturalized, or are suited to their new en-
vironment. In this case they may be allowed to remain
until crowding requires their division. This examina-
tion should take place after the leaves are matured and
dried up. Increase may be had from new corms which
are produced more or less freely in different species over
or on the sides of old corms. Seeds are often produced
freely, but are apt to be overlooked, as they are formed at
the surface of the soil. These germinate readily and
most freely at the growing time of the plant. They
should preferably be germinated in seed pans, which
should be exposed to freezing before the natural germi-

402

CROCUS

nating time. They usually form flowers the third season.
The Crocus, as is well known, is amenable to modern,
forcing. It is also useful for naturalizing in the lawn,
although the grass will run out the plants in a few years,
if the bulbs are not replaced by strong ones.

J. N. Gerard.

Crocuses are scarcely known in the Amer. trade under
their species names. They have been much hybridized
and varied. The common Crocuses of the trade have
descended from C. fernus chiefly, but C. Susianus, C.
Masiacns, C. stellaris, C. biflonis and C. saHnis are
frequent. The Dutch bulb-growers cultivate many
species, and these are offered for sale in their American
lists; the species are therefore included in the following
synopsis.

Index: Ancyrensis, 4; asturieus, 26; atirews, 2; Ban-
aticus, 8; biflorus, 6; Boryi,24; Byzantinus,29; chrysan-
thus, 5, 15 ; etruscus, 13; Hadriaticus, IS; Imppniti, H;
iridiflous, 29; lncieus,2; longiflon.-, L'l': n,..i;u~. 2.-i;
MoBsiacus, 2; nudiflorus, 23; Olivi. ) : '' .;./;.«.

24: pulchellus, 28; reticulatus, VI: > • • :iti-

Tus, 17; serotinus, 21; Sieberi, 11; .[.': ,^, , -ii-l-
laris, 3; Susianus, 1; Suterianus, 15 ; ^,v/ I'/i ii.s, ;i, Tom-
masinianus, 10; Toumeforti, 24 ; veruus, 'J ; versicolor,
7; vitellinus, 16; zonatus, 19.

A. Blooming in spring.

B. Style -branches entire or merely toothed.

c. Fls. yellow, at least inside.

1. Susiinus, Ker. Cloth op Gold Crocps. Conn % in.
in diam.: Ivs. 6-8 in a tuft, reaching to the fl.. narrow-
linear, with revolute edges and a cfiirral hainl ot'.whiir ;
perianth segments IK in. or less lun-'. cianL-'r \ . Il..\\ ,
becoming reflexed, the outer ones bi-owni-h ■']■ ^iri|Mil
on the outside; anthers orange, loiiyer than tlir tila-
ments ; style-branches long and spreading. Crimea.
B.M. 652. — Blooms very early.

2. MoBSiacus, Ker (C. aHrcjis, Sibth. & Sm.). Dutch
Crocus. Later, corm larger: Ivs. 6-8 in a tuft, overtop-
ping the fl., narrow-linear, with reflexed edges and white
central band : segments very obtuse, bright yellow,
IK in. long, K to H the length of the tube : anthers
pale yellow, hastate at the ba.se, somewhat longer than
the filaments ; style-branches overtopped by the an-
thers. Transylvania to Asia Minor. B.M. 2986. -Va-
riable. A sulfur-yellow form is C. snlphiireus , Ker^
B.M. 1384. There is a striped form. B M. 938. A cream-
white form is C. Idcteus, Smith.

3. stelliris, Haw. Supposed to be a hybrid of the
above, and known only in cult. Blooms with No. 2.
Lvs. only 4-6, narrow-linear, reflexed edges, white-
banded : perianth-tube short, the segments 1-lKin.
long, bright orange, the outer ones striped and feath-
ered with brown on the back ; anthers pale orange, a
little longer than the filaments ; style-hranches some-
what overtopping the anthers.

4. Ancyrensis, Maw. Corm % in. in diam. : lvs. 3-4, as
tall as the fl., very nafrow : perianth-tube exserted ;
segments bright orange-yellow, 1 in. or less long, not
striped, nor colored outside ; anthers orange-yellow,
much longer than the filaments ; style-branches red-
orange. Asia Minor. — Blooms early.

5. chrysinthns, Herb, (not B.R. 33:4. Fig. 1, which=
C. Olivieri, var. Suterianus). Corm small: lvs. as
high as the fl., very narrow: perianth-tube 2-3 times as
long as the segments, the latter 1!4 in. or less long, and
plain orange-yellow (varying tinted 'or striped on the
outside, or even nearly white ) ; throat glabrous ; an-
thers orange, twice as long as the roughened filaments;
style-branches red-orange. Macedonia and Asia Minor.

00. Fls. lilac or white.

6. bifldrus, Mill. Scotch Crocus. Corm % in. or less
in diam.: lvs. 4-6, overtopping the fls., very narrow,
with deflexed edges and a white central band : perianth-
tube exserted, the segmenjs 1% in. long, purple tinged,
the outer ones 3-striped down the back, the throat
bearded and yellowish ; anthers orange, exceeding the
filaments ; style-branches orange-red. S. and south-
western Eu. B.M. 845.- Runs into many forms, some
of them almost white

CROCUS

7. versicolor, Ker. Corm 54 in. or less in diam.', lvs.
4-5, as high as the fls., otherwise like the last; perianth-
tube exserted: segments IK in. long, pale or dark pur-
ple, often striped and feathered with dark purple;
throats glabrous, whitish or yellowish; anthers yellow,
twice as long as the filament; st^le-branches, orange-
yellow, equalling or overtopping the anthers. S.
France. B.M. 1110.

8. Baniticus, Heuff. Corm globular, K in. in diam. :
lvs. usually 2, thin and flattish, and becoming % in.
broad, glaucous beneath: perianth-tube scarcely ex-
serted; segments IK in. or less long, bright purple, and
never striped, but often dark-blotched towards the
tip; throat glabrous; anthers orange, a little longer than
the white filaments; style-branches short, orange-yel-
low, somewhat fringed at the tip. Hungary.

9. v6mU8, All. Fig. 583. Corm 1 in. or less in
diam.: lvs. 2-A, as high as the fl., often K in. broad,
glaucous beneath, but green above, with reflexed edges,
and a central white band; perianth segments 1-lK in.

long, lilac, white or purple-striped; throat pubescent,
never yellow; anthers lemon-yellow, exceeding the fila-
ments; style- branches orange-yellow. S. Eu. B.M.
860, 2240. R.H. 1869, p. 331. Gn. 54, p. 79. The com-
monest garden Crocus.

10. Tommasiniinus, Herb. Conn globular, K in. in
diam.: lvs. appearing with the fls., narrow (% in.
broad): perianth-tube little exserted; segments IK in.
or less long, pale red-bluish, sometimes dark blotched
at the tip ; throat glabrous ; anthers pale orange, a
little longer than the white glandular filaments; style-
branches short, orange-yellow. Dalmatia and Servia.—
Distinguished from C. vernns by its glabrous throat.

11. Si*beri, Gay. Corm globular, 5.i in. diam.; lvs. 4-
6, as high as the fl., glaucous l..iiraih, ',. in. l.road: per-
ianth-tube short-exserted ; s.;;ni.ni> l-l . in. long,
color of C. j'ernua; throat yell"v, an. I -hil.r.ii^; anthers
orange, twice as long as lilani.ni^: styli--branches
nearly entire, orange-red. Greece, Crete.

12. reticulitus,Bieb. Corm %in.in diam., covered with
honey-combed fibers: lvs. 3-5, as high as the fl., very
narrow, with reflexed edge and a white band: perianth-
tube nmch exserted ; segments 1-1 K in. long, white to
purple, the three outer ones striped; throat glabrous;
anthers orange, twice the length of the orange filaments;
style-branches scarlet, overtopping the anthers. S. E.
Eu.— Varies to white.

13. Etruscus, Pari. Corm 1 in. or less in diam. : lvs.
about 3, very narrow, as tall as the fl. : perianth-tube
short exserted: segments 1-K in. long, lilac, or the outer

CROCUS

ones cream colored and sometimes purple-feathered
outside; throat yellow, slightly pubescent; anthers or-
ange, twice as long as the glabrous filaments; style-
branches nearly entire, orange. Italy.
BB. Sti/le-branches fimbriate, branched, or cut into very
narrow divisions.

14. Imperiti, Ten. Conn nearly or quite 1 in. in
diam.: Ivs. 4-6, exceeding the fls., very narrow; per-
ianth-tube little exserted; segments 1-1 X in. long, lilac
or even white, the outer ones buff and 3-striped on the
outside; anthers vellow, exceeding the filaments; style-
branches fimbriate. Italy. B.E. 23:1993. Gn. 54, p. 79.

15. Olivi^ri, Gay. Corm nearly globose, K-% in. in
diam. : Ivs. 4-5, as tall as the fl., becoming K in. broad:
perianth tube little exserted ; segments bright orange yel-
low and never striped, iii in. or less long ; throat gla-
brous; anthers orange, twice the length of the roughish
filaments; style-branches orange, slender-forked. Var.
SuteriAnus, Baker (C. chrysdnthus, Hot. Beg.) has nar-
rower and more rolled Ivs. Greece to Asia Minor.

16. vitelllnus, Wahl. (C. Syrlacus, Boiss & Gaill.).
Corm % in. or less in diam. : Ivs. 4-6, as high as the fls.,
narrow-linear; perianth tube short, exserted; segments
1 in. or less long, orange-yellow, the outer brown-tinged
outside ; style-branches divided into many capillary
parts. Asia Minor. B.M. 6416. -Bare in culture.

AA. Blooming in fall.
B. Style-branches entire.

17. satlvus, Linn. Saffron Ckoous. Corm 1 in. or
more in diam.: Its. 6-10, as tall as the fl., very narrow,
ciliate-edged ; perianth-tube little exserted ; segments
oblong and obtuse, bright Iliac or even white; throat
pubescent; anthers yellow, longer than filaments; style-
branches 1 in. or more long, bright red (the source of
saffron). Asia Minor. B. H. 1895, p. 573.— The com-
monest fall-blooming species.

18. Hadri4ticu3, Herb. Much like C.'sativus; usually
smaller-fid. , pure white, the segments pubescent at base ;
anthers bright orange, more than twice longer than the
white or purple filaments. Greece, etc. — Runs into sev-
eral forms,

19. zonitus, Gay. Corm somewhat flattened or de-
flexed, yi-%m. in diam.: Ivs. appearing after the fis.,
narrow-linear: perianth-tube exserted, 2-3 In.; segments
1-2 in. long, rose-lilac, purple-veined and orange-spotted
within ; throat yellow, pubescent ; anthers white, 2-3
times longer than the yellow filaments : style-branches
short and yellow. Cilicia. G.C. III. 23:85.

BB. Style-branches fimbriated or forked at the top.

20. longiildms, Rafin. Corm Kin. diam. : Ivs. 3-4. very
short at flowering time, very narrow : perianth-tube much
exserted; segments oblong and bright lilac, IK In., never
striped ; throat slightly pubescent, yellow ; anthers
orange, more than twice as long as the filaments: style-
branches scarlet, slightly compound. S. Eu. — Not fre-
quent.

21. serdtinus, Salisb. Corm 1 in. or less: Ivs. 4-6, as
high as the fi. , very narrow : perianth-tube little exserted ;
segments oblong, IK in., lilac or purple, indistinctly or
not at all striped ; throat glabrous ; anthers yellow, much
exceeding the filaments: style-branches orange-yellow,
fimbriated. Spain. — Not frequent.

22. Sdlzmaimi, Gay (C. tingifdnus, Herb.). Corm
somewhat depressed, 1 in. in diam. : Ivs. about 6, not
prominent at fiowering time, very narrow: perianth-tube
much exserted; segments IK in. long, plain lilac; throat
pubescen};, yellowish; anthers orange, longer than the
filaments: style-branches slender, orange. Morocco.

BBB. Style-branches capillary-divided.

23. nudifldrus, Smith. Corm very .small, stoloniferous:
Ivs. 3-4, appearing after the fls., very narrow: perianth-
tube much exserted ; segments lK-2 in., lilac : throat
glabrous; anthers lajrge and yellow, twice as long as the
filaments. Mts. S. France and Spain. — Long known in
cult., but not common.

24. Bdryi, Gay. Corm globular, % in. or less in diam. :
Ivs. 3-6, narrow-linear, as high as the fls. : perianth-tube
short-esserted; segments I-lKiu. long, white, sometimes

CROTALABIA

403

lilac-lined at the base outside ; throat yellow, glabrous ;
anthers white, somewhat longer than the orange fila-
ments: style-branches scarlet, divided into many capil-
lary segments. Var. Toumefdrtii, Baker (C. Orphan-
Idis, Hook. f. B.M. 5776) has lilac fls. Greece.

25. m^dius, Balbis. Cormglobular.lln.orlessindiam.:
Ivs. 2-3, appearing in spring, narrow, becoming a ft. or
more high: perianth-tube much exserted; segments IK—
2 in. long, bright lilac ; throat glabrous, whitish; anthers
pale orange, twice the length of the yellow fllaments:
style-branches scarlet, with many capillary divisions.,
S. France, Italy.

26. Astiiricus, Herb. Corm globtJar, % in. or less in
diam. : Ivs. about 3, appearing iu fall but not maturing
till spring : perianth-tube short-protruded ; segments
IK in. long, lilac; throat pubescent; anthers bright yel-
low, longer than the white filaments : style-branches
orange, with many capillary divisions. Spain.

27. specidsus, Bieb. Corm not stoloniferous, 1 in. or
less: Ivs. usually 3, developing after the fls., thin, very
narrow, becomiug 1 ft. long : periauth-tube much ex-
serted; segments lK-2 in., lilac and feathered withdarker
color; anthers very large, bright orange, much exceeding
the filaments. S. E. Eu. and Asia. B.M. 3861. B.B.
25:40.-Handsome.

28. pulch«l!u8, Herb. Corm small, somewhat de-
pressed : Ivs. produced after flowering, maturing in
spring: perianth-tube much exserted; segments 1-1 K in.
long, bright lilac, more or less indistinctly striped;
throat glabrous, bright yellow ; anthers white, longer
than the pubescent yellow filaments : style-branches
orange, with many capillary branches. Greece to Asia
Minor. B.B. 30:3.

29. Byzantlnus, Ker (C. iridifldnis, Heuff.). Corm
K in. in diam. : Ivs. 2-4, developing after the fis. : peri-
anth-tube much exserted; segments 2 in., or less long,
the outer ones dark lilac and acute, the inner ones
shorter and pale lilac or white; anthers orange, longer
than the filaments. S. E. Eu. B.M. 6141. B.R. 33:4.-
An old garden plant, but rarely seen in this country.

L. 1

CKOSNES. See Stachys Sieboldi.

CROSS. The offspring of any two flowers that have
been cross-fertilized. A cross-breed is a cross between
varieties of the same species. Synonyms are half-
breed, mongrel, variety-hybrid. Crossing is the opera-
tion of cross-pollinating. Cross-pollination is the trans-
fer of the poUen of one flower to the pistil of another.

CROSSANDRA (Greek, fringed anthers). Acanthi-
cece. Greenhouse evergreen shrubs of minor impor-
tance, comprising 9 species from India, tropical Africa
and Madagascar. The one in the trade has handsome 4-
sided spikes or scarlet-orange fls. The perianth has 5
segments, the 2 upper ones being smaller. It is culti-
vated south outdoors to a slight extent, and also rarely
in northern greenhouses.

undulsefdlia, Salisb. (C. infundibulifSmns , Nees).
Height 1 ft., rarely 3 ft.: Ivs. often in 4's, especially be-
low, but also opposite, ovate acuminate, stalked: fis.
scarlet-orange, overlapping one another in dense spikes,
2-3 in. long. Ind. B.M. 2186. B.H. 1891:156.

C. flAva, Hook. Unbranehed shrub, 6-8 in. high : stem green,
glabrous: Ivs. opposite, close together, large for the size of the
plant, 6 in. long, obovate hineeolate. dark green above, paler be-
neath, wavy, more obtu.se than in the above: lower Ivs. stalked,
upper ones sessile: spike 4-sided, spiny: fls. yellow; tube
much exserted, iointeil. Trop. W. Afr. B.M. 4710.— C. Gui-
jieensis.'Nees. Height 2-6 in.: stem light red, rusty pubescent;
Ivs. 2-4 pairs, 3-5 in. loug. elliptic, green above, with golden
netted nerves, reddish beneath: spike solitary, terminal, slen-
der, 3-5 in, high; fls. numerous, sm.iU, pale lilac, with 2darker
spots on the 2 smallest segments, and a white eye. Guinea.
B.M. 6346.— A handsome foliage plant.

CROTALARIA (Greek, rattle, Castanet ; from the rat-
tling of the seeds in the pod). Battle-box. A very
large, tropical genus, of which the most interesting

404 CROTALARIA

species is C. retiisn. n l>r'r.!r, v.-!1..'t- fl.!. -nnnnl. which
has been compared t" m iviii ^",,i ; , ■! ii- I. pjst re-
sults, the seed slumlili I alter be-
ing soaked in warm V, : I i I Illy mis-
spelled Crotolaria. (irr. hlMiii ., i,:i,,|, ar. -ui.jc i-t tored
spider. C.juncea, yields the Sunn hemp of India.
A. Lvs. simple.
TetilBB., Linn. Anmial. IM ft. hit,'h: branches few,
short: lvs. entire, very vnri.ni- in -1, ,1,,. Imt typically
obovate with a short inn . , 1 ■',,' n, , , -i •■ ii], short
appressed hairs : -fls. : 1 ,1. , yi-lknv,
streaked or blotched ^^i:l: j.,;r[..i , au.n.n.. rnmidish,
notched. Cosmop. .Jum Au^. hiiiuihn i d Islllj, as a
novelty and called "dwarf j^oldeu yt-Uow-tlowering pea,"
"golden yellow sweet pea," etc. The flowers are mu2h
less fragrant than the true sweet pea.

CRYPTOGAMS

riuse plant, her-
branched, .3 ft.
petioles 114 in.
mucro, glabrous
appressed, gilky
K-r lobes ovate,

AA. Z--S. f,.lh

longirostrata, Hook. iV Am.
baceous or somewhat ^lirulili\,
high: branches long, slrn.hr. -I
long; leaflets 3, oblong; . ^Mtll ,1 1
above, hoary beneath, \miIi vi 1 \
hairs: racemes erect: calyx hhI

the 3 lower ones lance. '.laic : 1I-. a^ inaiiv as 2.5 in a ra-
ceme, yellow with re.l.li-!. Mi i|,i amn- tht- back of the
imopcncil tluwcr; stainiai-ii wnli a- iliaii lunir, retlesed,
notch.-. I. \V. .-il.x.. liuat. I'.M, 7::.ii;. IM(, l:>(i|l.

Capensis. .Ia.a|, Sn,iii. mu.'li In-anah. il -Ill-Ill., i-5 ft.
high; l.rali.-li.-- I. lat.a a|.].|-.---..l [y vilky; stipules when
present |..-ti..iiihii.a ..I...Mit.' an. I l.al'-iike, obsolete or
wanting' ..11 many ]..-ti..l.-- ; l.-all.t- I. r..adly obovate, ob-
tuse i.r nni.'i iat.-, u'lal.r.m- ..r minutely pubescent on

one or l.i.th siiles: ra.aiii.s t.rmii],al or opposite the
lvs., loose, many-fid.: calyx and pod pubescent; wings
transversely wrinkled and pitted. S. Afr. — Cult, in Fla.
by Reasoner Bros. tj^_ 5I_

CEOTON (Greek name of another plant). Euphorbi-
Acew. Some 500 species of trees, shrubs, or herbs,
widely distributed. They are sometimes dicecious, but
commonly the fls. are monoecious and mostly in terminal
spikes or racemes. Calyx of sterile fls. 4-6 (usually 5}
parted, the stamens 5 or more; petals usually present,
but small. Calyx of fertile fls. 5-10 parted, petals none
or mere rudiments, the ovary 3-loculed. Lvs. usually
alternate. A few species are native to the U. S. : they
are mostly annual herbs ..f n.. h..iti.'ultural value. The
Crotons of florists are <'.. ./..!»;/..■.. wlii.h see.

C. Tigrlium, Linn., is th. ly -].. .i. s known to be in

theAmer. trade. The se.als yj.1.1 tli.- Croton oil of com-
merce, one of the most powerful of ptirgatives. It is a
small tree of Southeastern Asia. Lvs. ovate-acumi.
nate, serrate, stalked, varying in hue from metallic green
to bronze and orange. Offered in South tJal. as an oma-
ment.al and curious plant. L, g. b.

CROWFOOT. See Jiaiiu

ilus.

CROWN, or CORONA. Any outgrowth from the throat
of the perianth, as the trumpet of a Narcissus, or the
fringe of a Passion Flower. Crown is also applied to
the top of a bulb, corm, or upright rootstock: also that
part of a plant at the surface of the ground.

CROWN BEARD. Verbesiiia.

CROWN IMPERIAL. FritiUaria Imperialis.

CROWN OF THORNS. Euplwrhia splendens.

CRUCIANfiLLA (Latin, a little cross ; from the ar-
rangement of the lvs.). Hubiicecp. Cross-wort. This
genus contains a hardy rock plant of minor importance.
Not more than 21 speci.-. .1' In iI- ..flin woody at the
base; branches usually I ' I .airnered: upper

lvs. opposite, without . r lvs. or all in

whorls of 3 or more, lin. ar . laie, rarely ovate or

obovate: fls. small; while, i\j~\ lu Ijlue. Natives of the

Mediterranean region and western Asia. The genus is
closely related to Asperula, and is distinguished by the
flowers having bracts, not an involucre, and the style
branches distinctly unequal instead of nearly equal.
The species below has lately been referred to Asperula.
It is of easy culture, preferring light, moderate loam and
partial shade. A delicate plant for the front of borders,
and capital for the rockery. Prop, chiefly by division,
and also by seeds.

styldsa, Trin. (Asperula cilidta, Rochel). Pros-
trate, 6-9 in, high: lvs. in whorls of 8 or 9, lanceolate,
hispid : fls. small, crimson-pink, in round terminal heads
half an inch in diam.; floral parts in 5's; style club-
shaped, long exserted, very shortly twice cut at the top.
June-Aug. Persia. J. B. Keller and W. JI.

CRYPTANTHUS (Greek, for hidden flower: the
flowers concealed beneath the bracts). BromelidceoE .
Brazilian epiphytal Bromeliads, differing from .Slchmea
and Billbergia (which see for culture) in the tubular
calyx and the dense heads of fls. neai-ly sessile amongst
the lvs. Mongr. by Mez (who recognizes 6 species) in
DC Monogr. Phaner. 9 (1896).

A. Lvs. not narrowed or petiolate above the sheath.

acadlis, Beer (TilUndsia acaiilis, Lindl. C. undulA-
tus, Otto & Dietr.). A few inches high, suckering
freely: lvs. sea-green, long-pointed and spreading, weak-
spiny: fls. white, nestling deep in the foliage. B.R.
14:1157.— A very variable plant, of which Mez recog-
nises the following leading types :

Var. genuina, Mez. Stemless or very nearly so : lvs.
sub-elliptic-lanceolate, strongly undulate, gray-scurfy
beneath, scurfy above.

Var. discolor, Mez (C.discoJor, Otto & Dietr.). Stem-
less or nearly so: lvs. elongated, scarcely undulate, sil-
very-scurfy below, glabrous or nearly so above.

Var. rvlher, Mez { C.riiber, Beer). Produces a branch-
ing stem or trunk: lvs. short, strongly undulate, reddish.

Var. bTomelioldes, Mez (C. bromelioldes. Otto &
Dietr.). Stem tall: lvs. much elongated, scarcely undu-
late, remotely spinulose.

Var. diversifdlius, Mez (C.diversifdlitts,Beer). Stem-
bearing: lvs. elongate-Ungulate, deep green above, sil-
very-scurfy beneath.

zonAtus, Beer. Lvs. oblong-lanceolate, the margin
undulate and densely serrate-spinulose, marked with
transverse bands of white: fls. white.

bivittitus, Kegel [Billbirgia UvittMa, Hook. B.
vittclta,lioTt.). Nearly or quite .stemless: lvs. long-ob-
long, curving, long-pointed, somewhat undulate, spiny,
dull brown beneath, green above and with two narrow
buff or reddish bars extending the length of the leaf:
fls. white. B.M. 5270.

AA. Lvs. narrowed or petiolate above the sheath.

Beickeri, Morr. Lvs. 10-20, oblong, pointed, canalicu-
late at base, very finely spiny, brownish green or rosy
and spotted or striped with light green: fls. white.

CRYPTOGAMS are flowerless plants, and they produce
not seeds but spores. The whole vegetable kingdom has
been split into two vast classes, the flowering plants or
phanerogams and the flowerless ones or cryptogams.
Cryptogam means "concealed nuptials," and phanerogam
means "visible nuptials." These names were given when
it was thought that the sexual parts of the flowerless
plants were very minute or even wanting. The word is
now falling into disfavor with botanists. Cryptogams
are of less horticultural interest than the flowering
plants, although they include the Ferns, and some inter-
esting smaller groups, asSelaginellas, Lycopods or Club
Mosses. Two other vast groups are the Seaweeds or
Algfe, and the Fungi, For the edible Fungi, see Mush-
rooms. For parasitic Fungi, see Diseases and Fungus.
For a general sketch of the Ferns and their allies, see
Ferns.

CRYPTOGRAMMA

CRTPTOGEAMMA (Greek, a concealed line, alluding
to the sub-marginal sori). PolypodiAcem. Asmall genus
of subalpine Ferns of both hemispheres. Lvs. of two
sorts, the sporophylls contracted and the sori covered
by the infolded margin of the segments, forming pod-
like bodies. Besides our native species, a second one,
C. crispn, is found in Europe, and a third in the Hima-
layas. Name often incorrectly written Crjrptogramme.
Culture easy.

acrostichoides, R. Br. Rock-Brake. Height about
8 in. : Ivs. 4-6 in. long, on tufted straw-colored stalks,
tri-quadripinnatifid, with toothed or incised segments,
the sporophylls with longer stalks, less divided and with
pod-like segments. Canada to Colorado, California and
northward. L. M. Underwood.

CRYPT61EPIS (Greek, hidden scale). Asclepiadd-
ceie. Glabrous shrubs, erect or twining, of tropical
Asia and Africa. Lvs. opposite. FIs. in a loosely fork-
ing, few-fld. cjTne. i al> \ il< . jilv ,".-|)arted, with 5 scales
at base. Corolla wi:!: - i :' _ limb, the tube short-
cylindrical or cunii' hiUes 5 and linear,
spreading or derirx. .i ^m i i..i-ii4; corona of 5 scales
attached at or ntiu liar niuiillc uf the tube. Follicles
terete and smooth, spreading. Only cult. inS. Calif, and
S. Fla. C. Buch&nani, Roem. & Schult. A twining
shrub with yellow fls., resembling those of an Echites.
C. longifl6ra, Regel. Dwarf and compact, growing with
long lvs. tinted with red; tubular white lis as in JBou
vardia jasminiflora. Both species are from India

CBTPTOMfiRIA (Greek, fcr!/p?os, hidden meros part
meaning doubtful). Coniferce. Large pyramidal tree
with a straight slender trunk, covered with reddish
brown bark and with verticillate spreading branches
ascending at the extremities : lvs. spiraUy arranged
linear-subulate, acute, slightly curved decurrent at the
base: fls.moncecious; staminate oblong yellow forming
short racemes at the end of the branches pistillate
globular, solitary, at the end of short branchlets
globular, with thick, wedge - shaped scales
furnished with a recurved point on the bick
and with pointed lobes at the apex, eich scile
with 3-5 narrow-winged, erect seeds. One spe
cies in China and Japan, extensively plinted
for avenues, and as timber trees in the litter
country, where the light and easily worked 1 iit
durable wood is much used. It is hardy as t n
north as New York, and thrives in sheltei 1
positions even in New England. It seems h \
ever, in cultivation, not to assume the be nil
it possesses in its native country. With u ir
looks best as a young plant, when it much i
seiiiMis the .1 riiiirnria excelsa. It is theretori
.sninrtimrs -rcwn in pots. It thrives best in a
ri'h. l.Miiiy ami niiiist soil and sheltered po i
ti'iii. l'ru|i. Iiy sL-eds or by cuttings of growing
wood, uspueially var. elegans, which grows ver\
readily. The horticultural varieties are al i
sometimes increased by grafting.

Jap6nica, Don. Tree, attaining 125 ft Iv
linrar-snlmhito. compressed and slightly 4 or d
aiiL'li .1. l.lui-li u'reen, K-1 in. long: cone brown

p. :;;i2. '(in-, l :i;i7. F.E. lO: Sio". 'g.F 6 44fa -
Of thi- :,':ir.l. II furiiis, the most desirable is var.
ilegans, I'.i I ! ''-■ .i/'.s.Veitch). Low,dense
tree, with:, ■ Im-s and pendulous branchlets:

lvs. lint-ar, , i , , ,i, s|ireading, longer than in the

type, brii:lii -i i . n, ■ haii-iiig to bronzy red in fall and
winter. Very h.-indsmne when young, but short-living.
Var. araucaroldes, Carr. Of regular pyramidal habit,
with short, thick falcate lvs., resembling AraKcaria
excelsa. Var. compicta, Hort. Of very compact habit,
with bluish green foliage. Var. L6bbl, Carr. Of com-
pact habit, with shorter and more appressed bright and
deep green lvs. Var. nina. Knight. Dwarf and pro-
cumbent, densely branched form; adapted for rockeries.
Var. spirilis, Veitch. Slender shrub, with strongly
falcate lvs., twisted spirally around the branchlets.
S.Z. 124, Fig. 4. Alfred Rehder.

CUCUMBER

405

CKYPTOPt'RUM (Greek, 7ii(/(2e« irheat). Gramineoe.
This genus includes a plant sometimes catalogued with
ornamental grasses, but it is no more ornamental than
a long-awned form of quack-grass would be. C. Blchard-
soni, Schrad. {Agropgrum Michardsoni, Schrad. ) ,is simi-
lar to Agropyron caninum, but has longer awns. It is
leafy, and grows l-VA ft. high. p. g. Kennedy.

CRYPTOSTfiGIA (Greek, krupto, conceal, and stego,
cover; referring to the 5-scaled crown in the corolla tube,
whichisnotexposed to view). Asclejnadctcew. Agenusof
only two species of tropical climbers, one from tropical
Africa and one from Madagascar. The juice of €. gran-
diflora, when exposed to the sunshine, produces caout-
chouc. The plant is cultivated in India for this pur-
pose. It is rarely cultivated in Old World greenhouses
for ornament. It is said to be of easy culture in a warm
house and propagated by cuttings.

grandifldra, R. Br. Stem erect, woody, branches twin-
ing : lvs. opposite, short-stalked, oblong, entire, 3 in.
long, IK in. wide : fls. in a forked raceme, reddish pur-
ple, becoming lilac or pale pink, about 2 in. across,
twisted in the bud. Trop. Afr. B. R. 5: 435. — Once cul-
tivated at Oneco, Fla., by Eeasoner.

CUCKOO FLOWER. Cardan
CUCKOO PINT. See^ram.

: pratensis.

CUCUMBER Plate VIII The common Cucumbers
derived from a South \sian species t
Ciittoins) which has long been kr
The so called West In lia ( heikin
classed with the Cu u i i
Snake or Serpent ( i
melon and should 1 I
Melo var flexuo>,u>, ( I \ i .
Cucumber is Citruwi m h it i 1
IS identical with Concombre
odorifera by Le Potager d

li satnus (see

n knrwn m cultivation.

km which is commonly

Angiiiia The

I loperlj a musk-

1 I illy as Cuctimis

< Ub) The Musk

■t( II>rt Probably this

squ^ referred to Sicana

Curieux known in this

umber ia

Cucumis Sacleuxii, Paill. et Bois. (Pot. d'un Curieux),
but it is not in cultivation in this country. None of these
is of any particular importance except the common types
of Cuciimis sativiis. These are extensively cultivated
in all civilized countries as field and as garden crops.
They come into commerce as pickles packed in bottles
and barrels, and are very extensively used in this
form. Of late, the forcing of Cucumbers under glass
has come to be an important industry in the eastern
states ; and this industry seems to be rapidly in-
creasing.

Cucumbers will thrive in any good soil not extremely
heavy nor sandy. Good com or wheat land, if in garden-
ing condition with respect to tilth and drainage, will

406

CUCUMBER

answer. Or for the earliest crop, a situation with a more
pronouncedly sandy soil may serve best. In most parts
of America the field crop of Cucumbers may be grown
from seed planted in the open ground after danger of
frost is past. Put 6 to 12 seeds in the hill ( having enough
to provide against the ravages of insects) , the hills being
4 by 6 feet apart. The early crop may often be planted

CUCUMBER

stand pretty much In inverse ratio to their size. Vines
on which fruits are allowed to ripen cease bearing
almost immediately. The young fruits may be success-
fully preserved in brine, from which they are soaked out
with fresh water as wanted, and put into vinegar, which
they readily absorb.

There are a great many varieties of Cucumbers in cul-
tivation. This means that the group is variable, the va-
rieties comparatively unstable, and varietal distinctions
somewhat uncertain. Nevertheless, there are certain
dominant types which may be separated, and around
which most of the varieties may be conveniently classi-
fied. The principal types are the following :
Common Cucumhpr. CvcumU satimts.

I,

English

t„rr-ms tv,,B

lv:,r

\„.,lirn^- Fi!-. SB:

;. Large-

leave,l

not suited

to on

l',l....i' '" .'■

. ." ':' ■\

1, usually

ereeii ,

M.S. Tele-

grnpli.

1 -i.'iiil:, 1 1 -

. Hybrid,

Kenj-o

iU, L..111L'. L>:.i

ii!.uii;ii,

II.

Field varieties (Hill oi

r Ridge Cucumbers).

a. Black Spine varie

■ties.

1. :

Netted Russia

m tj-pe :

Small, short-join

ted vines.

bearing moi

^s in oluster«, smnl

1. ellili--o!.

Three prominent varieties of English i
Forci
House; £, Duke of Edinburgh; T, Telegraph.

in the same way, and protected for a time by a sash-
covered frame placed over each hill. Plants are some-
times started in greenhouses or hotbeds, to be set later in
the open ground ; but this method is unsatisfactory unless
great pains be taken. The method outlined by Hender-
son (Gardening for Profit), of starting plants on inverted
sods in hotbeds and greenhouses, has proved successful
with some gardeners, but is not capable of wide use.
Early cultivation should be sufBcient and timely, and ac-
companied by very careful combative operations against
insects, for the first month is the most critical in the
life of the Cucumber plant. When the vines begin to
cover the ground, cultivation may be discontinued.

Cucumbers are often forced in warmhouses (Fig. 584)
in winter and spring. Thr ]:n-^-f KiiL-li«li forcing varie-
ties, as Telegraph and Sion 111- I i ' "'-'!, ;ire preferred
by some growers, but thi- \\ I i i. tii-s are more

popular in America, espc. I, forcing after

lettuce or flowering plants. Ilx i i:ti,i. aif started in
3-inch pots, and transferred directly to the benches at
intervals of 2 ^ to 3 feet. They are then trained on wire
trellises near the roof. The English Cucumbers like a
night temperature of 60° to 65°, and a day temperature
of 70° to 75°. The White Spine varieties are less fastid
ious, and will take a somewhat lower temperature. In
forcing Cucumbers, it is very important that the young
plants should suffer no check from germination to fruit-
age. ( Consult Bailey, Forcing-Book, and Cornell Bull.
31, and Munson, Me. E.\p. Sta. Rept. 1896.)

Cucumbers for pickling should be gathered when
quite small. In fact, their value as pickles seem to

nil "V medium vines; fr.
:in twice as long as thick,

..II. ripening yellow, with
k ^j.ines. Early Cluster,

iitermediate in size of vine
I fr. between the lust iind next ; fr. about twice
as long as thick, green, ripening yellow, with
scattering, large black spines. Nichol's Medium
Green, Chicago Pickle.

4. Long Green type: One of the best fixed types, rep-

resenting, perhaps, one of the more primitive
stages in the evolution of the group. Vines large,
long and free-growing: fr. large and long, green,
ripening yellow, with scattered, large, black
spines. Long Green, Japanese Climbing.
6. White Spme varieties.

5. White Spine type: A strong and important type:

plants mediirm large, vigorous : f r. medium large,
about thrice as long as thick, gi-een, ripening
white, with scattering, large, white spines.
There are many selected strains of White Spine.
Cool and Crisp seems to belong here.

6. Gi.int Pera typi^ : Mostly pi.orly tixd v;,rictics.

usually

spnics

Pera, White Wonder, Long Green China.

Sikkim Cucumber, Cwntviis sativus.'vax, Sikkimensia. Plant
small and stocky, much hke the common Cucnmber: fr.
large, reddish brown marked with yellow. (The Egyp-
tian Hair Cucumber, of Haage & Sclnt.I.lf ..- ^v ■ 1 ,.\..

grown it, is apparently an odd form ..t ' ' .v,

and may belong here. It has a medinn. i.

densely covered with soft, white hair, Tl. ; , i .s

the Sikkim Cucumber.) Not in general .nil

Snake or Serpent Cucumber, Outnimis Melo. var, flcxvnma.
Vines resembhng those of muskmelon : fr. very long,
twisted, ribbed-cylindrical, green, tardily yellowing, covered
with dense, woolly hairs.

586. Staminate flower of Cucumis Me

CUCUMBER

West India Gherkin, Cucumis Anguria : Pigs. 590, 591. Vines
small and slender, somewhat resembling a slender water-
melon plant ; fr. very abundant, small, ellipsoid, covered
with warts and spines, green, tardily whitening. Good for

These varieties are mostly all good for one purpose
or another. The small sorts are natur-
ally preferred for pickling, the nied
sorts for slicing, and the large, late va
rieties for ripe fruits. The Whit
Spine varieties are great favorites fo
slicing, and only less so for pickling.

The unrelenting enemies of the Cucumber
in the field are the Cucumber beetles {Dia-
brotica, spp.) and the squash bug {Atiasii
trisiis). No effectual preventive measures
are known except to cover the young plants
with small wire or hoop frames, over which
fine netting is stretched. If the plants are
kept quite free from attack till these protec-
tors are outgrown, they will usually suffer lit-
tle damage. Plants started in hotbeds or green-
houses ( see above) may usually be kept free at first, and
this is the chief advantage of such practices. The Cu-
cumber beetles are kept away somewhat at times by
strewing tobacco stems thickly under the plants ; and
kerosene emulsion will sometimes discommode the
young squash bugs without killing the vines, but usu-
ally not. "In the greenhouse, Cucumbers are liable to
damage from mite, aphis, root-gall and mildew. Forthe

CUCUMIS 407

bed in which the temperature of the soil is 70 to 80°.
Place them 3 or 4 inches apart. In about ten days they
will be large enough to transplant into pots. Six-inch
pots are preferred, two plants in each. In two weeks

^iv-

mite, syringe the plant and pick off the infested Ivs. ;
for aphis, use tobacco fumigation and pick infested Ivs. ;
for root-gall, use soil which has been thoroughly frozen ;
for mildew, improve the sanitary conditions, and then
use sulfur."— iJai;«j/, Forcing-Book. p_ ^_ Waugh.

Forcing of Cucumbers.— The growing of Cucumbers
under glass has become a large industry. Some years
ago they were forced only in the spring, but to-day they
are grown all the year round. The most difficult time
is in the short days of winter. At such times there is
always a good price for them and a brisk demand, and
the prospect is as good for the future. The house may be
even span and run either way, but many use two-thirds
span, with the long way to the south. When they are
continually grown year after year, it would be best to
have double glass and double thick, but for early fall
and late spring, one thickness of double glass is suffi-
cient. The house may be any length desired. For heat-
ing, steam is the best, with pipes arranged so that they
shall not be over 3% ft, from either side of the house.
Pipes IH in. in diameter are large enough. Larger
pipes give too much heat in one place.

The soU should be good loam, new soil preferred, from
sod land. The plants are started in a box or small bed,
where the temperatxire can be run to about 90°. In
four or five days they will be ready to transplant into a

they will be large enough to set in the house where they
are to grow. The plants are set 3K feet apart in the
row and rows 6 to 7 feet, according to the size of the
house. The vines should bear in four weeks. The crop
depends upon the season. The spring-grown plants will
produce double the crop of the fall- or winter-grown.
The pollinating may be done with bees. One hive in a
house of 24 by 100 feet, or in that proportion, will be
sufficient. In midwinter, hand-poUination may be neces-
sary.

If grown properly, house Cucumbers are not often
troubled with insects, but sometimes the green-fly comes
upon them. lu such eases, spray well with water, and
smoke often. The mildew or spot sometimes appears,
but never if the house has been taken care of properly.
There is no real cure for these fungous diseases but to
pull up the plants and begin again. Radishes or to-
matoes can be grown with Cucumbers. If radishes are
sown or transplanted in the house when the Cucumbers
are set out, they will be off before the Cucumbers begin
to bear; but all crops should be out of the house when
the Cucumbers are bearing.

In this country, the White Spine type of Cucumber is
mostly used for forcing, although the long English kinds
are sometimes grown [particularly for home use).

W. W. Rawson.
Same as Indian Cucumber,

CUCUMBER TREE. See Averrhoa and Magnolia.

CtrCUMIS (old Latin name). CucurbitAcew. Sterile
3s. in clusters, not long stalked, the fertile ones solitary

'"H^^ ^^<£"

^■^'

and mostly short-stalked in the axils : corolla of 5 deep,
acute lobes : stamens not united : stigmas 3, obtuse :
tendrils simple. Herbaceous vines, of nearly 30 tropi-

cal species, mostly African and East Indian. The cult,
species are annual Mono^r b\ Co^^niaux, DC. Monogrr.
Phaner t Si-i , iiN.i, Naudiii, Ann hci Nut. (Bot.) IV.

Lemon. Veoetable Orange. Vine less
that of the MuskniPlon. ami Ivs. sniiillii- : fi
and color of an oriiiiLi "r 1 n, ■, :i I, im m.

iiiilh {not spiny nor tuberculate) at'maturily.
iiui. (C. Mnmfrdiea. Roxl). C. utiUssimus,

ri--:. ■Mi-MCMn,.-.-. I'i-- rsr,5S7. Long-run-
' 'I' •■ ■■■ ' '■■ : ■ ' li.'iped or reni-

M^lo,

Roxb.).
ning, li'
form, M

shapes, i! Ill ; i: 'u;:. ^. Asia.-When

forced immIi r ;;l:i . i Im^ Ix ,. ;ii-. u iuill\ iiioro lobed. See
Melon.

Var.CantalupSnsis, Nivud. Cantaloupe. Rook Melons.
Fruits mostly hiinl-rinded, more or less warty, scaly or
rough, often dee|.ly fin-n>wed or grooved, -Name de-
rived from ( 'aiitalii|i|.i, ii.nr- 1,'miih, :i I . n hm r r,iiintry
seat of tlir l'(.|.e, H liiihi M ii I . . I ,, I ii.iui;lit

from Ann. Tiia, Iji ilie 1. ~ in- ■ , Hen

u.sed as a L'eii.Tir i,:mim' i-i I ,. ■' lui i( I- prop-

erly a iiaiii. ■■ .I' , ii i U , i n. ■ n , i . I . ;i li.iis-the hard
and scaly-rill. l.ii i -.■.■ w .m i . , i i :i.

Var. reticuUtu3, N^iihi. -i . mi, i . i i ted Melons.

almost plain or soi..uili,-( .Hiipn>ie!i ihe common musk-
melons, aside from Cantaloupes.

Var. saccharlnus, Naud. Pineapple Melons. Com-
prising varieties of oblong shape and very sweet flesh.
Not sufficiently distinct from the last.

Var. inoddrus, Naud. Winteu Melons. Lvs. lighter
colored, less hairy, narrower : frs. possessing little or
none of the common muskmelon odor, and keeping long.
The winter muskmolons are little known in this country,
although they aro worthy of popularity. Much cult, in
parts of the Mediterranean region. See Bull. 9C, Cor-
nell Exp. Sta.

Var. flexudBUS, Naud. (C. flexubsus, Linn.). Snake
Melon. Snake Cucumber. Fr. many times longer
than broad, greenish at maturity, variously curved and
furrowed. A. G. 14: 20.3. —Pr. often 2-.'! ft. long, and 1-3
in in diameter Grown
niostl\ as an oddity, but
it IS us( fill for the mak-
ing of conserves Thehard-
" Snake Gourd is a
ni(«huh see).

591. Fruit o

Var. acidulus, Naud. Cucumbeb Melon. Frs. oblong
or cylindrical, mottled or unicolored, the flesh while and
cucumber-flavored. No varieties in the Amer. trade are
of this group, hut they are occasionally seen in botanical
gardens and experimental grounds, which import seeds
of oriental plants.

Var. Chlto, Naud. (C. Clillo, Morr.). Oranoe Melon.
Manoo Melon. Melon Apple. Vine Peach. Garden

tudinal markings of cinnamon-brown
overlying yellow, exceedingly fragrant. — A most hand-
some gourd-like fruit, and highly and deliciously per-
fumed. Not eaten. A nearly odorless and scarlet -rinded
form is separated by Naudin as var. erythraus.
AA. Fruit spiny or iuberctilate.
satlvufl, Linn. Cucumber. Pigs. 588, 589. Long-
running, prickly : Ivs. usually 3-lobed ( or strongly
angled), the middle lobe most prominent and often
pointed: fr. prickly or muricate, at least when young,
but in some varieties becoming smooth, mostly oblong,
the flesh white. S. Asia, See Cue '

592. Young turban Squash, on which the
of the corolla still persist.

The central part of the I'niit is the ovary,

Var. Anglicus. Figs. 584, 585. English or Forcing
Cucumber. A product of cultivation and selection,
within the last century (see Porcing-Book, pp. 192-4),
distinguished from the eomniDii .ir liidd Ciieiimbers as

follows: fruits (an.lMN.i,,. - i m i> Inn:::. ml li 111!- r, hill,.

if any furrowed, sim i i ■ i • ' i ' miy,

nearly or quite giv. -, i , i i . .n ,11 r- . 1. ^^■-

seeded: fls, verv I.-itl'. : 1> . m in iimnil m |.i ■ m mi i n m to
their length, with shallower sumses: vmh^s very vig-
orous, with long and thick tendrils.

Var, Sikkimfinsis, Hook.f., cult, in the Himalayan
Mts,, but n<.l kiii.wn to be iiithis eountry ; has large 7-9-
lol„-d Ivs. 1 i;. liii.lrli il .lull -Ii:ip.--d fr. B.M. G206.

dips^ceiis, 1 1 . , ll"i-t,), DipsACEOus

(IclUHIi, (I ill II I ■ .1 I I IIbdgehoo Goubd.

I'lant iiTi.l I. .11:1:1 Ilk. iiiiii III (', Melo: fls. long-
stalked: tr, 1-J in, liMi};, iil.ioof,' iir nearly spherical,
becoming hard and dry, ileusely beset with long scales
or hairs, and looking like a bur. Arabia, Afr. R.H.
1860, p. 210. Cult, as an ornamental Gourd.

Angi^ria, Linn. (C. r/rossulnrieFfirmis, Hort,), Bur
Cucumber.. West Indian Gherkin. Goosebebbv
GouKi). Figs. 590, .591. Stems slender, hispid : lvs.
deeply cut into 3-5 narrow obovate or spatulate divisions.

CUCUMIS

water-melon like: fis. small, the pistillate long-stalked:
fr. 1-3 in. long, cucumber-like but more spiny. Supposed
to be native to the Amer. tropics. B.M. 5817.-Cult. both
for the oddity of its frts. and for the making of pickles.
The Gherkins of mixed pickles, however, are young
Cucumbers.
C. acutdngulxis, Hort.=Liiffa.-

CUCtTBBITA (classical name). Ci
bitdcea. Gourd. Pumpkin.
like herbs, tendril-bearing,
warm countries. Fls. monoecious, large
yellow, solitary in the axils, the stam
inate long stalked, the pistillate short
stalked ; corolla 5-lobed : stamens 3,
arising from the bottom of the fl., and united in a
column : stigmas 3, but 2-lobed : ovary inferior, en-
closing a hollow receptacle tendrils 2-3 forked. About
10 species. The morphology of the Pepo or Gourd-fruit
may be illustrated b\ the Turban Squash ( Figs. 592, 593,
594.) In this fruit, there is a " squash mside a squash."
The inner part bears the corolla and the styles It is the
ovary. The corolla is ittached about the edge of the

CUCURBITA 409

peduncle very hard and deeply furrowed when mature,
not enlarging next the fr. : the fr. very various in form,
color, season, size. — Probably native to trop. Amer., but
unknown wild. Cult, by the Indians when Amer. was

593. Young Turban Squash, in which the withered
corolla has become detached, but hangs on
the remains of the styles and stiemas.

inner Squash, as the withered remains in Fig. 592 show.
Sometimes the withered corolla becomes detached, but
hangs onto the withered remains of the stigmas, as in
Fig. 593. The longitudinal section of the flower (Fig.
594) explains the structure. The corolla is shown at c d.
The top of the ovary is at O. The stigmas are on the
ovary. The part encircling the ovary (outside of O) is
the hollowed receptacle. Ordinarily the receptacle is
closed at the top, completely confining the ovary; but
in the Turban Squashes the receptacle does not extend
over the top of the ovary, and
|<1 the ovary therefore protrudes.
The older morphologists held
this outer part of the Squash to
l>e adnate calyx, rather than re-
ceptacle. The Cucurbits are
monographed by Cogniaux, DC.
Monogr. Phaner. 3. Also by
Naudin, Ann. Sci. Nat. (Bot.)
IV. vol. 6. See Pumpkin and
Squash.

A. Zivs. lobed : stalks of fruits

strongly ridged.

PSpo, Linn. (C Melopppo,

Linn.). Pumpkin. Figs. 595,

596. Annual : long - running,

prickly on stems and petioles :

Ivs. 3-5-lobed, dark dull green:

corolla-tube widening upwards,

■ing the ovary inside the pointed lobes erect : calyx-

the hoUowed receptacle, lobes narrow, not leaf -like:

ered, in fields of maize. For studies in the nativity
of the Pumpkins and Squashes, see De Candolle, Origin
of Cultivated Plants; Gray and Trumbull, Amer. Joum.
Sci. 25: 370 ; Sturtevant, Amer. Nat. 1890 : 727 ; Witt-
mack, Ber. der Deutsehen Bot. Gesell. 6: 378 (1888).

Var. cond^nsa. Bush Pumpkins. Scallop and StTM-
MER Crookneck Squashes. Plant compact, little or not
at all running. Of horticultural origin.

Var. ovifera. (C. ofiVera, liinn.). Gourd. Fig. 597.
Plant slender, running: Ivs. smaller than in C. Pepo,
usually very prominently lobed: fr. small, hard and in-
edible, egg-shaped, globular, pear-shaped, oblate, often
striped. R.H. 1894, p. 429. -Sold in many vars. by seeds-
men, under the names of C. Pepo vars. pyriformis,
depressa , annulata, etc. See Gourd.

mosch&ta, Duchesne (C. melonafdrmis, Carr.).
CusHAW. China, Canada Crookneck and Winter
Crookneck Squashes. Figs. 598, 599, 600. Anflual :
long-running, less prickly and sometimes soft-hairy:
Ivs. more rounded than those of C. Pepo, but lobed, often
grayish : fl. with a widening tube, and large, erect lobes :
calyx-lobes large, often leaf-like: peduncle becoming
deeply ridged and much enlarged next the fr. Possibly
of East Asian origin.

594. Section of Flower c
Turban Squash.

Showing the ovary inside

596. Stem of Cucurbita Pepo-Early Su^ar Pumpkin.

AA. LfS. not lohed (errept so,,,, hn ,-.-',,,, shoots):

stalks of traits not pr-.i,' • . ' /.

maxima, Duchesne. S<irAsii. I ' ! ' : Annual:
long-running, the stems nearly r> 1 1 1,.: i i. :i[, IimI.- prickly
and often hairy: Ivs. orbicular or kidiu-y-shaped, com-
monly not lobed, the basal sinus wide or narrow, the
margin shallowly apiculate-sinuate : corolla-tube nearly

410 CUCURBITA

the same iliam. at top and bottom (Figs. 602, 6031, the
corolla-lobes large and soft, and wide-spreading or droop-
ing: peduncle at maturity soft and spongy, not ridged

CUNNINGHAMIA

Japanese Crookneck, Dunkard, and Sweet Potato Pump-
kins (or Squashes) are C. moschata. The fruit stem (as
shown in Figs. 596, 599, 604) is a distinguishing charac-
teristic of tht ripe fruits. C. Pepo and C. maxima, and
C > lax mi ai d S'. moschata do not intercross. C. Pepo
an 1 C n osrl il have been crossed, but it is doubtful if
thtj interm x ^ hen left to themselves. In Europe, the
word Gour 1 ( r its equivalent in various languages) is
used ^.tnericallv f or Cucurbitas ; but in this country it is
restr ctt 1 mostly to the small, hard-shelled forms of
( / /o (var 0 ifera) a.ni to Lagenaria vulgaris.

h. H. B.

CUDRANIA ( lerivation unknown). Urticclcea. Trees

r 1 r \ 1 deciduous, alternate, stipulate petioled

la lous, in globular heads : collective fr. globu-

t J SI ecies, in S. and E. Asia and trop. Austr.,

1\ one is sometimes cultivated. It requires

I tl e north, and is usually prop, by green-

gs in simimer under glass.

tr 1 pidita Bureau {Madura tricuspidAta, Carr.).

1 Under, spiny branches: Ivs. elliptic-ovate,

ent rs, sometimes 3-lobed at the apes, nearly

t, 1/ i n. long: fl.- heads axillary, on short pe-

d II 1 s tr globose, about 1 in. across. China. K. H.

1864 I IJO - Much resembling Madura, and of no

spee.al iecor.

value.

597. Cucurbita Pepo. var. ovifera.

nor prominently enlarged next the fr. : fr. very various,
but not light yellow nor warty nor crookneck-shaped,
usually late-ripening, the flesh orange and not stringy.
Probably American.

foetidissima, Kunth {C.perhuiis,
Gray. Ciicumis perinnis, James).
Fig. 605. Perennial: long-running,
scarcely prickly: Ivs. large, cordate-
triangular, grayish pubescent, the
margin shallowly apiculate-cre-
nate : fl. nearly as large as in C.
Pepo and similar in shape, the pis-
tillate on a peduncle 2-3 in. long:
fr. size and shape of an orange,
smooth, green and yellow splashed,
not edible. Sandy, arid wastes,
Neb. and Colo, to Tex. and Mex.
and westward to Calif. R. H. 1855:
61 ; 1857, p. 54. —In its native haunts,
the root is tuberous, 4-7 in. in diam.
and penetrating the earth 4-6 ft.
Roots at the joints. The plant has
a fetid odor. Sold by seedsmen as
a gourd, but the fruit does not often
ripen in the northern states. Use-
ful on arbors and small trees, when coarse vines are
wanted

The terms Squash and Pumpkin are much confused.
In Europe, the large varieties of C'urcubita maxima are
known as Pumpkins, but in this country the fruits of
this species are known usually as Squashes. In America,
the words Pumpkin and Squash are used almost indis-
criminately, some varietips in nil species being known

598. Cucurbita moschata.

Alfred Rehder.
CULM. The stem of a grass.
CULVER'S ROOT. Veronica Vir-

CUMMIH, the seeds of
iiihium ; Black Cumin,
'< ; Sweet Cumin, or

599. Stem of Cucurbita moschata— Large Cheese Pumpkii

by those names. The field or common pie
Pumpkins are C. Pepo ; so are vegetable
marrows ; also the summer Squashes, as
the Scallop, Pattypan and Crookneck va-
The Hubbard, Marblehead, Sibley and Turban
The Cushaws, Canada Crookneck,

CUNlLA (origin unknown). LabiAtce. This genui?
contains a low-growing, tufted, hardy, native perennial
plant, rarely cultivated in borders for its profusion of
small, white or purplish, 2-lipped flowers, which are
borne in corj'mbed cymes or clusters. The genus con-
tains not more than 16 species, 2 North American, 2
Mexican, and the rest Brazilian. They are somewhat
woodv, and usually have small Ivs. : the whorls of flowers
are sometimes loosely corymbose,
sometimes axillary, few-fld., much
sliortiT tlian the Ivs., sometimes many-
IM., in dense spikes or terminal heads;
l3-nerved,5-toothed: perfect

MarlAna, Linn. Maryland Dittany.
Height 1 ft.; Ivs. smooth, ovate, ser-
rate, rounded or heart-shaped at the
base, nearly sessile, dotted, 1 in. long.
Dry hills, southern N. Y. to S. Ind.,
south to Ga. and Ark. J.H. III. 35: 321.
In. 7: 201. See also Dittany.

CUNNINGHAMIA (after J. Cunningham, botanical

i.llr.t..r. wlio discovered this Conifer 1702 in China).
•i.infinr. Trie-, with stout trunk and verticillate,
prtuding branches, pendulous at the extremities: Ivs.

CUNNINGHAMIA

linear-lanceolate, rigid, densely spirally arranged and
2-rowed in direction: lis. moncecious; staminate oblong,
pistillate globose, in small clusters at the end of the
branches : cones roundish-ovate, 1-2 in. long, with round-

CUPHEA

411

600. Fruit of Cucurbita moschata— Tonasu, a Japanese

ish-ovate, serrate and pointed, coriaceous scales, each
with 3 narrow-winged seeds at the base. One species, in
China. A very decorative Conifer for warmer temperate
regions, much resembling the Araucaria Brasiliensis.
It prefers a half-shaded position and sandy and loamy,
humid soil. Prop.' by seeds or cutting of half-hardy
wood in late summer under glass; short sprouts from
the old wood of the trunk or larger branches are the
best; cuttings from lateral branches grow into weak and
one-sided plants.

Sintasis, R. Br. (C. laneeolAta, Lamb.). Tree, attain-
ing 80 ft.: Ivs. linear-lanceolate, with broad, decurrent
base, sharply pointed, finely serrulate, light green and
shining above and with two broad, whitish bands be-
neath, 1K-2K in. long: cones 1-2 in. high. China, cult,
in Japan. B.M.2743. S.Z.104,105. Alfred Eehder.

CUPANIA (after Francis Cupani, Italian monk, author
of HortusCatholicus, died 1710). Sapinddceie. A rather
large and ill-deftned genus of trees and shrubs, the
most important of which is the Akee tree, naturalized in
the West Indies from western Africa, which has rich,
red edible fruits that are much improved by cooking.
The flowers are so fragrant as to deserve distilling. The
tree reaches a height of 30 ft., and is cultivated in Ja-
maica to a height of only 3,000 ft., Imt can endure a
slight frost. It is also cult, in So. Pla. C. sapida is
now referred to Blighia by reason of its long-exserted
stamens and scale longer than the petals. C. tniacardi-
o)dt's, a rapid-Ln-owiiiL' trco with edible fruit, has been
introdui.-i-d iiiic. S, (-.iltr. I'V Frauceschi.

s6pida,\'..i j: / ./. I, Kon.). Akee Tree. Leaf-

lets :.i (.1- 1 p., , , , - -late, veined: fls. whitish.

C. I /t i/n ui /..-■/ N/'i , II-iT., was once advertised by
Pitcher it Jlamhi as an ornamental warmhouse plant
"with handsome leaves and racemes of white flowers."

CtJPHEA ( Greek, curved; referring to the prominent
protuI)enn<.e it thebise of the calyx tube) Lijthrdcece

An exceedingly interesting genus of tropical and sub-
tropical American herbs and shrubby plants, with re-
markable variations in the petals. In C. ignea, per-
haps the most attractive of the group, the petals are en-
tirely absent, and the showy part ,is the brilliantly-
colored calyx tube. At the other extreme is C. hyssopi-
folia with 6 petals (the normal number in the genus),
and all of equal size. Between these two extremes
(shown in Figs. 606 and 608) are at least two well
marked intermediate types. One of these (exemplified
in C. procHtnbens) has 2 large and 4 small petals; the
other, (C Llii rca ), has 2 conspicuous petals, and the
other 4 are completely abortive. These two types are
unique among garden plants. The series of intergra-
dient forms is completed by C. cijanea, in which there
are only 2 petals, and thest- niiiiut.-. and C inicropetalay
in which there are 12 banly vMMr ]i.t:ds, alternating
with and shorter than tin- cah \ tr.ili. The genus is
badly in need of thorough l>..tani.al r. vi>iuu. The plants
are often clammy: Ivs. opposite, rarely whorled or alter-
nate, ovate, lanceolate, or linear, entire. The flowers
are often borne in one-sided racemes, and some of the
species have a very odd look from the bold angle made by
the slender ascending pedicel and the descending calyx
tube, with its queer projection at the base. The purple
stamens add to the interest. Nearly all Cupheas are

601, Cucurbita maxima,

grown from seed and treated as tender annuals, but C.
ignea is chiefly prop, by cuttings. They are of easy cul-
ture, and the whole series is worth growing. In addition
to the species described below, C. Hooheridna. Walp.,
IS cult as C Bcesln, Carr. It has lanceolate Ivs., with
vermilion and orange calyx. R.H. 1877:470.

Is 6, but lery mimde and inconspicuous.

microp^tala, HBK. {C.iminens,
Planch. & Linden). Stem shrub-
by, more or less branched : 1-2
ft. high: branches and calyx sca-
brous : Ivs. oblong - lanceolate,
acute at both ends, but without a dis-
petiole, rigid, scabrous: fls. borne
singly in succession at a point above
the axils, which distinguishes this spe-
cies from all others here described ;
petals 6, minute, borne between the calyx
teeth, and shorter than them ; calyx 12-

412 CUPHEA

toothed, scarlet at the base, yellow towards the top,
greenish at the mouth; stamens and filaments red:
ovary 2-ceIIed, many-seeded. Mex. HBK. Nov. Gen.

p. 209, t. 551. R.H. 1857, p. 151. F.S. 10:994
(1854). -The picture first cited shows a 1-sided raceme,
the second a panicle and the third a common raceme.
In tins species the calyx tube is the attractive portion,
while the petals are inconspicuous. The tube is not 2-
lipped, but almost regular.

AA. Petals G, nil ri'ii.-<iiiri(fiis. hut 2 of them much

prociimbens,

procumbent,
plish hairs: 1

CUPHEA

3 in. long, prradually decreasing in size until they be-
come bract-likf, petiole short: fls. numerous, peduncles
longer tlLi.D tI,. |.. ti..|.~, 2 or 3 times shorter than the
calyx; • :i i purplish at the base, green at the

tip, with I iks, and a pubescence like that

of the SI. 11 ; i- I ii- 1 liic 2 larger ones on the upper lip
of the c;ilvx purple; lilaments included. Mex. B.R.
3:182. 6'. y.«j-/-«rf«, Hort. P. S. 4:412. R.B. 22:85;
said to be a hybrid between C. mi7iiata and C. viscos-
xiina, is probably not distinct.

Petals 6, all of the same size.
hysBopifdlia, HBK. Fig. 606. Stem shrubby; branches
numerous, strigo.se: Ivs. lanceolate, rather acute, obtuse
at the base, glabrous above, strigose-pilose along the
midrib and veins, as may be seen with a hand lens: fls.
nder pedicels scarcely longer than the Ivs.;
glabrous ; petals 6, somewhat unequal, dilute vio-
let; stamens 11 included; fila-
ments villous : ovary 5-6-
seeded. Mex. — C. hi/ssopi-
phylla, Hort., Pitcher &
Manda, is presumably a typo-
graphical error. This is the
least attractive of the species
here described, and is no
longer advertised, but it still
lingers in a few conservato-
ries. It is easily told from its
showier relatives by its much
smaller Ivs. (less than }4 in.
long) and much branched and
very woody appearance.

AAAA. Piliils iwrmiilljj 2,
the other -l almrtire.
B. Sue of petals eery small.
cy^nea, Moc. & Sessp. (C.
striguld.<sa. Hort., nut HBK.).
Stem herbaceous, erect :
bran^hlets hispid: Ivs. oppo-
site, stalked, ovate, cordate,
acuminate, villous on both
sides: peduncles alternate, racemose: calyx slightly
hispid, scarlet at the base, yellow at the top : petals 2,
clawed, spatulate; anthers and petals violet-blue. Mex.
B.K. 32:14 (184G) as C. strigilld.sa, Lindl. F.S. 1:15 &
P.M. 11:241 as /?. shiffiiMsn, but neither of these plates
is the C. striguldsa, HBK., which is a different species,
with a shrubby stem: branches and calyx clammy-his-
pid: Ivs. ovate-oblong, acute at both ends, clammy, gla-
brous above, strigose-seabrous below : petals nearly
equal : ovary about 8-ovuled.

605. Cucurbits fcetidiasima.

CUPHEA

BB. Size of petals larger.
c. Calyx 6-toothed.
Ll&vea, Lindl. Red, White-and-Blue Flower. Fig.
607. Stems numerous, herbaceous, hispid: branches
ascending : Ivs. almost sessile, especially near the top,
ovate-liinceolate, striffose: racemes short, few-fid. : ca-
lyx grei'U on the ventral side, purple on the back and at
tiie obli((ue-li-toothed mouth; petals 2 large, scarlet,
obovate, the other 4 abortive; stamens 11. Guatemala.
B.R. 10:1^80. J.H. III. 31:305.-lt isdoubttul whether
the plant described by Lindley is the same as the Mex-
ican plant originally described by Lexarsa, which was
said to have petals of " dilute scarlet. " Lind-
ley's plant had a green calyx, but the plant
in the trade is colored. Used for baskets
and bedding Often misspelled Llaim
C( CahiT 12 toothed
BroT)-rn ^tera shrubbv rrrct
, few 111 111 l^ (III It 11. Ill

PM

CUPRESSUS

413

linear-subulate and spreading: fls. monceeious, minute,
solitary on short branchlets; staminate ovate or oblong,
yellow; pistillate subglobose: cones globular or nearly
so, consisting of 3-7 pairs of ligneous, peltate scales,
with a mucro or boss on the flattened apex, each bearing

per ones n f |uit i i it
short petiol \ it i m

white silky hill win h in 1
tts sohtaij sub in ili ixiUi
cle idnate to tlu bnnih m
to ajipear between and below
raceme few fld i ne siiled F
14 101 R H 184o 22o R B 22 8) -^ ar
compicta Hort b H 2 43 Gt 4b p 637
This IS referied to C Jjlaiea Lex by Index
Kenensis The above description is from
the ougmal one m P S 2 73 Van Houtte
describes several hybrid varieties in F.S.
5, p. 487, which differ chiefly in size, color,
and marking of petals. Calyx 1 in. long, "
pid, green at the base, purple above, 1
tip: petals 2, scarlet, wavy. The specific name miniata
means cinnabar-red, and refers to the petals.
AAAAA Fetuh none
Ignea, DC. (C plati/e^ntia, Hort , not Benth ). Fig.
608. Branches somewhat angled Ivs petioled, ovate-
lanceolate, acuminate, naironed at the base, lightly
scabrous: flower stalks 2-4 times longer than the leaf
stalks : calyx glabrous shorth 6 toothed, bright red ex-
cept at the tip, which has a dark ring <ind a white mouth :

the

606. Cuphea hyssopifolia (XVn).

petals none: stamen.'! 11 or 12, glabrous. Mes. F.S.
2:180 (1846). P.M. 13:267 (1846). -This is sold only
as C. plafijcentra, although De Candolle corrected the
error in 1849 (F.S. 5:500 C). This is a remarkable in-
stance of the persistence of erroneous trade names.

W. M.

acorn. The oak be-

(ancient Latin name from Greek, Ku-
parissos). Cypress. Trees, rarely shrubs, with aro-
matic evergreen foliage ; branchlets quadrangular or
nearly so: Ivs. opposite, small, scale-like, appressed, mi-
nutely denticulate-eiliate, on young seedling plants

nany or numerous seeds, but
the lower scales usually sterile
and smaller ; they ripen the second year. About
10 species in C. Amer., north to Calif, and Ariz., and
from S. Eu. to S. E. Asia. By some botanists, the allied
genus Chamsecyparis is included. Highly ornamental
evergreen trees, greatly varying in habit, only hardy in
Calif, and the Gulf states. The hardiest seems to be
C. Macnabiana, which will stand many degrees of frost
in a sheltered position; also C. macroearpa, C. Arizo-
nica, C. semperrirens, fiinebris and torulosa are of
greater hardiness than the others. They stand pruning
well, and some species are valuable for hedges, C. mac-
roearpa being especially extensively planted forthis pur-
pose in Calif. The Cupressus seems to be less particu-
lar in regard to soil and situation, but prefers a deep,
sandy-loamy soil. For prop., see Chamifeyparis. The
young plants should be removed several times in the
nursery to secure a firm root-ball, otherwise they will
not bear transplanting well. Monogr. by M. T. Masters
in Journ. of Linn. Soc. 31:312-351 (1895).

Index: Arizonica, 5; Benthami, 6; Corneyana, 7; fas-
tigiata, 1; funebris, 9 ; Goveniana, 4 ; Guadalupensis,
2; horizontalis, 1; Knightiana, 6; Lambertiana, 2 ; Law-
soniana, see Cham^cyparis ; Lindleyi, 6 ; Lusitanica,
8; Macnabiana, 3 ; macroearpa, 2; majestica, 7; sem-
pervirens, 1 ; torulosa, 7.

A. Branches and branchlets erect or spreading; branch-
lets short and usually rather stout.
B. Cones 1-1% in. across, with 8-14 scales.

1. Bempfirvirens, Linn. Tree, to 80 ft., with erect or
horizontal branches and dark green foliage: Ivs. closely

ovate, obtuse,

cones oblong or
nearly globose ; scales 8-14,
with a short boss on the
back. S. Eu., W.Asia. Var.
fastigiata, Beissn. (C tas-
tiyiita, DC). With erect
branches, forming a narrow,

columnar head. The classi- 'P-Lr^ ^A

cal Cypress of the Greek js..<Li^t>^ ^■

and Roman writers, much
planted in S. Eu. Var. hor-
izontalis, Gord. (C horizon-
tdlis, Mill.). Branches
horizontally spreading,
forming a broad, pyramidal
head.

2. macioc&rpa, Hartw.
Monterey Cypress. Tree,

appressed,
glandular :

Cuphea ienea (X H).

414

CUPRESSUS

to 40 ft., occasionally to 70 ft., with horizontnl branolies,
forming a broad, spreading head: bruu. 1,1. i , - in i.,.
rhombic ovate, obtuse, closely appressril, , i .•

glandular, dark or bright green: coin- li

long; scales 8-12, with a short, obtusi- I"'- m link.

Calif., south of Bay of Monterey. S.S. lu..,J.,. l.l .G.
I.,p.l«7. F.S. 7, p. 192(as(;. ^oriaosa). (i.C. III. 22:53.
Gn. 5.3, p. 219. G. P. 7:245. Var. Crippsi, Mast. Lvs.
spreading, light glaucous. A juvenile form. Var. fastigi-
&ta, Knight. Of narrow, pyramidal, fastigiate habit.
Var. GuadalupinsiB, Mast. (C. Guadahtphisis, Wats.).
Branches spreading: lvs. very glaucous : cones subglo-
bose. Guadalupe Isl. G.C. III. 18:C2. Var. Lambertiana,
Mast. (C Lambertiina, Carr. ). Dark green form with
spreading branches. Var. litea, Hort., has yellow
foliage.

BB. Cones 14-1 in. across, with 6-S scales.
3. Macnabiina, Murray. Pig. GOO. Shrub with sev-
eral stems, or small tree, to 20 ft., forming a dense,
pyramidal head : lvs.
ovate, obtuse, thickened
at the apex, glandular,
dark green or glaucous:
cones oblong, %-l in.
high ; scales usually 6,
with prominent conical
and curved bosses on
the back. Calif. S. S.
10:528. R.H. 1870, p. 155.
G.C. III. 9:403.

4. Goveniina, Gord.
Tree, to 50 ft., with slen-
der, erect or spreading
branches, forming a
broad, open or pyramidal
head : branchlets slen-
der : lvs. ovate, acute,
closely appressed, incon-
spicuously glandular :
abundant staminate fls.
in spring : cones sub-
globose or oblong; scales
G-8, with short, blunt
bosses. Calif. S. S.
10:527. Var. comp&cta,
Andr6. Of compact, pyr-
amidal habit. K.H. 1896,
p. 9. Var. glailca, Carr.,
with glaucous, and var.
vlridis, Carr., with bright
green foliage.

5. Ariz6nica, Greene.
Tree,to 40,rarely to 70 ft. ,

with horizontal branches forming a narrow, pyramidal
or broad, open head branchlets stout : lvs. ovate, ob-

6-8, with stout, pointed, often curved bosses. Ariz.,
Calif. S.S. 10:526. G.C. III. 18:63.

6. BSnthami, Endl. Tree, to 70 ft., with horizontal
branches, forming a pyraniid.-il 1m hI: l.r;iii. lil, i ~ ^I, n-
der: lvs. ovate-obtuse or acui. , ' t
thickened at the apex, incons|.ii , It
green: cones globular, K-Ji in ' nh
short- pointed bosses. Mex. \ J.Mi.ilivi, '! ''.
Lindleiji, Klotzsch). Branclili i , r
nearly equal length: cones -i , :
bosses. Var, Knlghtiina, M:i-i i i i ii

larly arranged, fernlike, droniiiiiL-. l i:iii' ,,n - : r,.ip- \\ iih

stout, conical-pointed bosses. «C;.C. 111. 10:069.

AA. Branchlets slender, more or less pendulous: lvs.

usually acute and keeled, not thickened at the

apex: cones about Vain, or less across (see

also C. Benthami).

7. toruldsa, Don. Tall, pyramidal tree, to 150 ft., with
short, horizontal branches, ascending at the extremities:
branchlets slender, drooping: lvs rh.'iiii>i.'-"rtitM. nciite,
appressed or slightly spreailinv i il" ,1,, ,, luiirlit or
bluish green: cones globular, n. ! ii ("Ut 'in.
across; scales8-10, mucronatr. M > ('orneyana.
Mast. (C. Corneijina, Knight). W ith 4i-iiiP ily pLudu-

CURCUMA

lous branches : cones oblong, larger. Var. majfistlca,
Gord. (C. majistica, Knight). Of more vigorous growth,
with drooping branchlets, greyish green.

8. Lusitinica, Mill. Tree, to 50 ft., with spreading
branches and more or less pendulous branchlets: lvs.
ovate, acute, glaucous : cones pedicelled, about % in.
across, covered with glaucous bloom ; scales 6-S, with
conical pointed bosses. Habitat unknown; much cult,
in southwestern Eu. G.C. III. 10:761. -With several

9. funfibris, Endl. Tree, to 60 ft., with wide-spreading,
pendulous branches and branchlets, branchlets slightly
flattened : lvs. deltoid-ovate, acute, light green, often
slightly spreading at the apex: cones short, peduncled,
globose, about K in. across ; scales 8, with a short
mucro. China. P.P.G. I. p. 47, flg. 31. G.C. 1850:439.
F.S. 6, p. 91.

C. Cnhy.'.n'irn r.,rr ='' Oovr-iil-mn— C. Cothmfridna, Hort.
=C. t..rnl" :i - ( ,,,„, i|,,,i I '. Benthami, var. Knighti-

ana.— ' II 1 i-utalis, var. ericoides.— 0.

gland, :i I : . I 1:1-0. glaHca. Lam.= C.

Lusitnii: ' // I r, inacrociirpn.— C Kar-

.■^l.'iuT.V' . . :'.'.,'. ' ,' I' i',' "'"" 'V, ' ..'''.'"-a.

thlini^y. ill;.. ; _. . ..l.long-

a Ihurikra, Auth.=C. Bi-ii'tlui'mi.'"'"'" 'ArFKED'KBUDER!'

CUBCULlGO (Latin, curculio, weevil ; referring to
the beak of the ovary). Amarylliddcece. This genus
contains an uncommon foliage plant with the habit of a
young palm and a curious floral structure. The genus
is closely related to Hypoxis, but differs in its succulent
indehiscent fruit, and because in many species the ovary
has a long beak which looks like a perianth tube, but
this beak is always solid, and bears upon its summit the
style, which is in the center of the perianth. The follow-
ing species is grown south and north, being used by
florists for vases, jardinieres, and general decorative
work, and also used outdoors in summer. It is of easy
culture, but requires perfect drainage, and is prop, by
suckers or division.

tained. To have them looking their best they should, if
possible, be planted out in a bed, where they will attain
a height of 5 feet. Their gracefully arching leaves are
so constructed that they move continually from side to
side with the slightest movement of the air. The va-
riety variegata is one of the best variegated-leaved
plants. While not so robust as the green form, it is
more adapted to pot-culture. The soil should be two
parts loam and another of rotted cow-manure and sand.
Drainage must be carefully arranged, as the plants need
an abundance of water, the green-leaved kind stands
the summers well in the neighborhood of Washington,
if protected from the sun and afforded an abundant sup-
ply of water.

Propagation is by division. The pieces, before pot-
ting, will make new roots rapidly if placed in the sand
bed of a warm propagating house for a few days.

recnrvita, Dryand. Height 2K 'ft. or more : root
tuberous : lvs. from the root, 1-3 ft.' long, 2-0 in. wide,
with a chaniii'lli'd stalk one-third or one-fourth the

I' "-111. ill' li! 111. I "late, recurved, plated : scapes

1 I it -stalks, covered with long, soft

I . I I . 1 . 1 at the end, bearing a head of

• I i'lii- ).ll..>. il- , . acU % in. across : bracts one to

1 a. h 11., iiu.i al.oiit a.^ l"i"g. Trop. Asia, Australia. B.R.
9:770. Var. striata, Hurt., has a central band of white.
Var. varieg4ta, Hort., has longitudinal bars of white.
G. W. Olh-er and W. M.

C0RCUMA (Arabic name). ScitaminAcew. A much
neglected group of curious and showy warmhouse her-
baceous plants with great spikes composed of large con-
cave or hooded bracts, from which the flowers scarcely
protrude their gaping mouths. These fleshy bracts are
perhaps the showiest feature of the plant, the topmost
ones being colored with gorgeous tropical hues. One
species was once advertised by John Saul, but all the
others mentioned below are equally interesting. These

bjects are almost unknown in American eon-
5, but with the spread of private greenhouses

in America they will surely be grown, at least

of the finer fanciers' collection

610. Common Currant— Ribcs rubrum, in bloom (

points are taken from B. M. 4435, where it is said that
these plants are of ornamental appearance, even when
not in flower. In spring the tubers should be deprived
of last year's mold and repotted in a fresh mixture of
light loam, leaf -mold and turfy peat, the pots being well
drained, and placed in a warm pit or frame in bottom
heat. Water should be given sparingly until after the
plant has made some growth. The young roots are soft
and succulent, and are likely to rot if the soil remains
wet for a longtime. After flowering, the le
signs of decay, and water should be gradually with-
drawn. During the resting period the soil should not
be allowed to get dust-dry, or the tubers are likely to
shrivel. The plants are propagated by dividing the
tubers in spring. The flowers of Curcuma are large and
gaping, hooded above, and with a 3-toothed lower lip.
In the throat are seen 2 teeth, which are the tips of the
anthers. Curcumas are essen-
tially tropical plants, and the
great difficulty is said to be to
maintain sufficient heat while al-
lowing them enough air.

cordata, Wall. Lvs. 1 ft. long,
sheathing, ovate-conlate. acumi-
nate, the same color nn botli sides, y
obliquely penniuerved : bracts in J"
a cylindical spike, the upper ^
part forming a sterile portion '
called a coma, which is a rich
violet, with a large blood-colored
spot : fls. yellow, with a pink
hood. Burma. B. M. 4435. -This
is now referred to C . pt^tiolata,
Roxb., but B.M. 5821 seems at
least horticulturally distinct, with
its rose-pink bracts.

C. ttlbinhra. Thwaites, differs from
the others here described in having its
spikes sunk below the lvs.. instead of

CURRANT 41&

standing high above the lvs., and all the bracts have fls., while
the others have a sterile portion of the spike which is brightly
colored. In this species the spike is short and green and
the Hs. are prominent and white. Ce.vlon. B.M.5909.— 0.4KS(ro-
(dsica, Hook. (., has itsupper bracts soft, rosy pink and the tis.
pale yellow. Australia. B. II. .Sli'iO.— C. Ifoscoedna, Wall., has
a long and splendid spike, witli l.ni.is Kr.idually ch.ingiug from
green to the vi\i.If -t ;,,; t,.;,ii_, tl^. pale yellow. Burma.
■'''""•'■' I;. ■ '' !':!> ttie upper bracts white.

B.M.

ithi

■^'ated lvs.. which,
yellow of tlie flow-
■ndor. Himalayas.

CTTBLED LEAVES are often caused by aphids or
plant lice. For reme<lies, see Spraying. The leaf-curl
of the peach is a fungous disease. See Diseases.

CUEMfiEIA. All referred to ffomalomena.

CUEEANT. Pour species of Currant are known to
American gardeners as fruit-bearing plants. Jiibes
nibriim (Fig. 610) includes all the red and white varie-
ties. This species is found wild both in Europe and
North America. Jfibes nigrum (Fig. illll, the European
black Curriint, although well kn.iwn in .\iMiri,a. has
never become generally popular. :i' ' , much

prized by the foreign population. /. i ■titutn

(Fig. 612), more commonly known a /. -ih, is

the wild black Currant of America, li i-\.i> -imilarin
character to the European black t.'uiiaut, an<l i.s now
and then transferred to gardens. 7,'.'.. n inir.ni,, (Fig.
613), oftener grown for ornament, lia-- aUii hi < n planted
for fruit, having been sold from tinu- to tiinu under
various varietal names, the most recent being the Cran-
dall. See Eibes. To the commercial fruit-grower only
the first of these species is of great importance. It is a
native of cool climates, and its profitable culture is con-
fined to northern latitudes. It does not thrive in the Gulf
states and, except under irrigation or in specially favor-
able locations, makes but a partial success in the drier
region of the Plains.

Both experience and the natural habitat of the plant
indicate that a cool, moist soil is best adapted to its
growth. Strong, moist loams, with a considerable ad-
mixture of clay, are preferable. Even a stitt' clay, well
drained and in good tilth, will give good results. In
small supply for the home garden, it may be grown in
almost any soil. A cool northern exposure or partial
shade is always desirable, and the more unfavorable the
soil, or the more nearly does the location approach the
southern range of adaptation, the more important does
this become. For this reason western growers often find
the best results to come from planting in orchards, and

416

CURRANT

the home grower may attain the same end by utilizing
the north side of buildings or fences. Elevation may
aid in offsetting the unfavorable influence of lower lati-
tude. It is an extremely hardy fruit so far as cold is
concerned, but cannot endure continuous high tempera-

'1'Im I iniMiit IM..N a rich soil and an abundance of
[.Ian: I riidure much neglect, but responds

(|\ii' I i ! . i' I I iivaiment. Stable manure, applied in
tin- i:i'(, I- i . . Ill ni. and this maybe supplemented with
appiii-aticiiis of potash, which will Improve the quality
of tlie fruit.

Propagation is best effected by means of long hard-
woiid cuttings (Fig. 614), taken either in fall or spring.
In nursery practice they are commonly taken about Sep-
tember 1, as soon as the leaves fall. The leaves are
sometimes stripped from the plants a week or so before
taking the cuttings, if they have not already fallen. The
cuttings may be tplanted at once, or tied in bundles
and buried upside down, with 2 or 3 inches of soil
over the butts. This is thought to favor the production
of the callus and to aid the formation of roots. At the
approach of cold weather, they may be taken up and
planted in nursery rows and covered with a muK-li of
soil or other material during the winter, this mulch luiiif;
raked away to expose the tips early in spring. Phmiiiif^
may be delayed until spring, the bundles beiuK taki-n
up and stored in sand or moss in the cellar, or being more
deeply covered and allowed to remain where they are.
The commoner practice is to plant the cuttings in nur-
sery rows soon after they are taken. They are said to
root more quickly if packed in damp moss a week or two
before planting. Mulching of some sort is essentia! dur-
ing the winter. Probably nothing surpasses the soil
itself for this purpose, certainly not in the drier climate
of the Plains. If the cuttings are kept until spring,

the climate and the lighter the soil the longer should
the cutting be. In planting, only 1 or 2 buds are
left above the surface, and the soil should be pressed

612. Native Black Currant— Ribes Americanum (X X)-

The fruit is immature.

planting must be done very early, as growth begins at a
low temperature. This makes .spring planting undesir-
able in nursery practice. Cuttings vary in length from
6 to 10 inches, according to soil and climate ; the drier

613. Buffalo Currant (

firmly about the base. Rich, moist soil should be se-
lected. A former practice was to cut out all lower buds
in order to insure a tree form of growth. This is
seldom practiced now, and never for commercial plant-
ing. Single-eye cuttings under glass, greenwood cut-
tings and layers may be employed, but have little to
recommend them. Seeds may be used as a source of
new varieties, and are best sown or stratified as soon as
taken from the pulp.

For the final planting either 1- or 2-year-old plants
may be used, set at distances varying to suit the con-
venience of the cultivator. Four by 6 feet is a con-
venient combination, allowing cross cultivation at inter-
vals. The land should be in fine, mellow tilth as deep
as plowed, and if the underlying layers are hard and
impervious, it should be subsoiled. Setting is most con-
veniently done by marking the land in each direction,
plowing furrows one way and planting at intersections.
The soil should be closely flrmrd about the roots, with a
loose layer left at the surfa<-r ti. n.-i n-^ n mulch. Where
fall planting succeeds it i- I- m ill. . mih'c the Currant
starts so early into growl 1 1 : In many parts

of the country fall planting.- : , i m, while spring

planting, if done early i-n.in,i;!i, i^ al , .r ^ safe.

Subsequent tillage should in- fnM|uciit t)ut shallow, as
the roots run near the surface and are easily injured by
deep cultivation. Good results are obtained by mulch-
ing, which is sometimes more convenient in garden cul-
ture. Refuse material of any sort may be used ; even
coal ashes, especially on heavy soil, give good results.
Mulching is seldom, if ever, desirable in commercial
work.

Prunins is simple, bjit important. Fruit is borne on
both old and yonnt; wood, but the best of it is near the
base of 1 -yi'ai- <'lil shoots and on short 1-year-old
spurs. Tho youn^'cr the wood the finer the fruit, but a
fair supply of old wood nnist be left to insure produc-
tiveness. From 4 to 8 main stems are desirable, and
these should be frequently renewed. No wood over three
years old should be allowed to remain. Superfluous
young shoots should be cut away, though the buds at
their base may be left to develop fruit-bearing spurs.
Shortening-in vigorous, straggling shoots may be called
for, especially with young plants, but the most important
thing is a judicious thinning out of the old wood, and

CURRANT

replacing it with young (Pig. 615). The older plan of
training to a tree form (Fig. 616) gave less productive
plants, more subject to damage from the Currant borer,
with no opportunity for renewal. Experiments in thin-
ning the fruit by clipping off the outer end of the clus-
ters have shown an increase in size and in yield.

The fruit should be picked when dry, taking especial
care to prevent crushing the berries or tearing them
from the stems. If properly picked it stands shipment
well, but if carelessly picked it will quickly spoil. For
shippin? purposes it must be picked while still hard and
tiiiii. tlioiiu'li fi.r liiime use or near market it will be bet-
1 loi
lUMl.rt,..! with

mil autumn. The fruit is commonly marketed

baskets, shipped in crates, like any other ber-

iigh the 9-pound grape basket is now largely

, convenient package, both for the ship-

per

the

lo kppt in bearing for many years
with good lari', lil.( i;il f. .ding and continuous renewing
of the wood, liut ]ir.i. ti.al ^Towers generally find it ad-
visable to ri plant aftc 1- ri;;ht or ten years of fruiting.
The cost uf rtplautin;,- is li^'ht, and is more than repaid
by the advantage of ' young, vigorous plants in fresh
soil. Yields vary greatly. JIany growers doubtless do
not average 50 bushels per acre, while others may secure
as high as 250 bushels. With good care Currants should
yiekffrom 100 to 150 bushels per acre, though even this
amount will be obtained only by good culture and care-
ful attention to details. In gar.ien culture 2 to 4 pounds
per bush may be expected, though many neglected plants
scarcely yield as many ounces. Under favorable condi-
tions thev are usually a profitable crop, though,
like all other fruits, they .are subject to fluctua-
tions in price and market demands.

Red varieties are most profitable. Some of the
white sorts are sweeter, but find little demand
in market. Victoria is one of the most popular
all-round varieties. Cherry and Versailles are
probably more largely grown than any others.
Fay is capricious, succeeding remarkably well in
some locations, but proving unsatisfactory in
others ; its habit of growth is straggling and
undesirable. Red Dutch, though small, is still
highly prized on the Plains ; Prince Albert, a
very productive late variety, is popular with
canners and for jelly. Among newer varieties
Wilder is promising. White Grape and the
ret White Imperial are popular white vari-
!S. Black Currants are little grown in the
United States but are popular in Canada. Black
Naples (Fig. 611) is the most popular kind.

The bestrknown insect enemy is the imported
Currant worm {Pteroiiiis Bibesii), which never
fails to strip the leaves from neglected bushes
throughout the eastern United States, though as
yet unknown on the Plains. It begins feeding
on the clusters of leives close to th« ground

and if taken in time may be poisoned with arsenites,
though powdered hellebore, at the rate of a teaspoon-
ful to a gallon of water, is the common remedy, and
the one which should be used after the fruit sets and

away. The straight :

training of

the insects have scattered over the bushes. The im-
ported and native Currant borers also cause damage.
They can only be controlled by cutting out and destroying
infested canes early in spring, before the perfect insects
emerge. The Currant fly (Epoehra Canadensis) some-
tunes causes serious injury to the fruit, depositing its
egg just beneath the skin, where the presence of the larva
causes the fruit to turn red and fall prematurely. No
practicable remedy has yet been suggested. Among
fungous diseases, there are several which prey upon the
leaves, causing them to fall prematurely, but they all
yield to thorough treatment with fungicides. The Cur-
rant tubercle, a disease which has recently proved inju-
rious m New York and New Jersey, threatens to be a
serious enemy and a difficult one to fight. It
IS first shown by wilting of the leaves and pre-
mature coloring of the fruit. The clusters are
%._, small and straggling, and, together with the
i _^ leaves, soon shrivel and fall, which is followed
4, "* by the death of the canes. Digging and burn-
'^'^ ing affected plants is the only rem-

edy thus far suggested. The dis-
ease may be transmitted in appar-
ently healthy cuttings, so that fields
known to be affected
should not be used as
a source from which
to propagate.

The treatment of
black Currants does
not differ materially
from that of reds, ex-
cept that the plants,
being larger, require
somewhat more room.
The fruit, though pos-
sessing a most un-
pleasant odor and fla-
vor, becomes agree-

418

CURRANT

able if scalded for a few minutes in boiling water, and
then transferred to fresh water for cooking. It is much
esteemed by those who hare learned to use it, and is
credited with medicinal qualities of value in bowel and
throat affections. The plants are exempt from attacks
of the Currant worm. Fred W. Card.

CCSCUTA (origin of name obscure) Conioh uldcere
Dodder. A genus of degenerate parasitic twiners,
l)earing clusters ot sill ill tN 1 In \ lu li illt s inini ils,
with very slemli ill It ill iik

attached to the li i i

The seeds fall t<.tl i n .,

Ass

, the '

root dies and th
find a host, the ] 1
weedy places ^
the Clover Doddi i
mon species (( o
shown in Pig. 617

CUSTAED APPLE Species of l.i «/

CUT-FLOWEE INDUSTRY IN THE UNITED
STATES. Fiftj years ago it would not hive been pos
sible to purchase Cut-flowers during the winter season
in any of the large cities of this country. Today there
is scarcely a village of 2,000 to 3,000 population that does
not boast of its florist, whose revenues are largely aug-
mented by the sale of Cut-flowers. Millions of dollars
are invested in the cultivation and sale of Cut-flowers in
the neighborhood of the large cities of the United States.
The growth and evolution of the business has been very
rapid in the past 25 years. From 1860 to 1875 the ca-
mellia was the most valued of all Cut -flowers, either for
personal adornment or bouquets, as much as $1, $2 and
even $3 having been obtained for a single flower at the
holiday season. At the present time they are almost
forgotten, and are only to be found in private collections
and in the south, where the plants will live out during
the winter season. The principal flowers forced at that
time, in addition to the camellia, were daphne, bou-
vardia, abutilon, nasturtium, callas, sweet alyssum,
poinsettia, carnations and a few LaMarque, Bon Silene
and Safrano jroses. The taste was for set designs. All
flowers were picked with short stems, or none at all, only
the open portions of cluster flowers being taken, and the
buds left to open. These small pieces were bound with
wire to wooden sticks for basket work or to broom corn
straws for making into bouquets. The popular table de-
sign was called a pyramid. It consisted of a number of
bouquets each with one camellia in the center and a
single row of smaller flowers around, backed up with
lycopodium green. The smaller bouquets were then
arranged in a wire frame, the sticks on which they were
made serving to hold them in the desired position. The
top of the pyramid was a bouquet with a calla lily in
the center. These table pieces frequently cost from
$35 to $75, and sometimes $100 was asked for a particu-
larly fine design. The small bouquets were distributed
to the guests at the close of the entertainment.

Only small quantities of roses were forced for winter
cutting at 'this time, a few florists in Boston and New
York being engaged in their cultivation in the same
houses with other flowers. Competition and a demand
for better buds, together with the good prices obtained
for the best, caused growers to give the " queen of flowers"
more attention, and the result was that the rose steadily
grew in favor and people began to wonder what they
saw in the camellia to admire. A demand for larger
roses than the small Teas resulted in a trial of some of the
Hybrid Reraontants. General Jacqueminot was found
to force well and soon became a great favorite, bringing
from $1 to $2 a bud for the first cutting. The beau-
tiful yellow Marechal Niel was also forced. The flow-
ers sold well, but it was scarcely prolific enough to be
profitable, and the advent of the yellow Tea Perle des
Jardins, an Everbloomer, very prolific and of easy culti-
vation, soon drove it from the market. The next rose
sensation, and the most important addition that has been

CUT -FLOWERS

made to American forcing roses even i
was the introduction of the fatlifrii
beautiful variety, which spraiiL- i' ■

jwiththettower-buyingpul.il
able by the growers, who, by < m
incentive of the high prices nali 1

% y^^m^^

617. Dodder,
viningon its host-
Cuscuta Gronovii.

soon elevated the standard of cut roses to a higher level,
and attracted new capital to what had now become a
thriving and lucrative business. While so famous in it-
self. Catherine Mermet wiU, however, probably be longer
remembered as the parent of those truly grand Teas
now so universally grown, the Bride and Bridesmaid,
the standard pink and white roses of to-day. Many vari-
eties for which special claims were made have been in-
troduced from time to time, but, for the most part, they
have proved vexatious and expensive experiments.
Next to the Catherine Mermet in importance is the
Ani' ri -mi T^( :n;tv f^Tine. Ferdinand Jamin),the finest of
allt'i. ' I ■ I .s. The introduction of this variety
1.\ 1 I I: I hirs, of Washington, produced a great

stii- .:. I I . Fine as it appeared at first, how-

evi r, 11: ;il ii 1 .!■ 1 . Inpment surprised even the most san-
guine, anil to-day it stands unrivaled as the most profit-
able and at the same time the most popular with the
wealthy classes of flower-buyers.

While the development of the rose was taking place,
the carnation, ever popular, was receiving tlie attention
of the breeder, and new varieties showing great im-
provement in form, color and productiveness were in-
troduced annually. It was soon found that roses and
carnations did not give best results when grown together
in the same house. They required different treatment.
Roses thrive better in a warmer atmosphere than car-
nations. Different forms of greenhouse structures were
also found necessary. The original means of heating was
by brick furnaces and flues. Hot water and steam gen-
erated in iron boilers and distributed through pipes,
although more expensive to Install, were found much
more efilcient, and withal the most economical plan.

In the early growth of the business the grower was
also the retailer. The rapidly increasing demand, how-
ever, ushered in the middle man or retail florist, who re-
lieved the grower of his stock as soon as it was ready

CUT -FLOWERS

for the market, and enabled him to devote his entire at-
tention to cultivation. From this period, the business
began its most rapid development, as the more con-
venient location of the flower stores in the populous
centers induced a better patronage and consequent love
for flowers, and enabled the grower, by reason of his un-
divided atteiiti'.ii. to I'roilun- more perfect stock and in-
crease the ].i-ih1ii, ti\-,n.>~^ of his plant.

It was S(M.ii I'iMiiMl that l.y giving attention to but one
kind of rtijwri'. Iirih I- rr^ults were obtained, and many

CUT -FLOWERS

419

The success of one grower
to follow his example. Tw
a locality gave rumor to t:
its soil, climate, etc., partii
duction of a c,-rt:.iii H,.w,-r,
ers would somi ~|.,-i,,- up.

eveloped.

Ill men in
iv.ason of
■ the pro-
ich grow-
niwers of
.Madison,
•, Pa. As

the Hudson, in Nrw V.
N. .J.,anathe.-ariiatiM,
the bust

United States, it has been found that it is nut so much
in the locality as in the methods of culture that success
is attained. With the great expansion of the industry,
the handling of the large <|uantities of flowers thrown
on the market became ;i .lillirult pi-olilom. 'I'lio Thiity-
fourth St. cut-flower iiiarkn. in X.w York, oi-ji,-in;,tr.l
from the retail dealers in..iiiiLr ih.^ Loim- l^lmi.l uvw-

ersevery morning ar t he tirrv a ■■ iii\ om-'ut ri-^taiiraiit
opened its doors duii'i_' i;i> I. n. ii .^-hIp r. where for
years a large busitir^. > issnciation

of growers was finall; -iit-d, in an

ad.joining commodious i. i;!;;!!-, :• mi ti,.i , which has
since been very succe^sttii and a great convenience to
both branches of the traile.

The wholesale handling of flowers on commission was
commenced in New York city in 1878, by J. K. Allen. This
plan soon became popular, numerous houses were es-
tablished, and the stock coming to the New York mar-
ket, particularly that of the large growers, is mainly
disposed of through these channels. The excellence of
the flowers supplied and the better market of the large
cities caused a considerable shipping demand, which
provided a mmdi-needed outlet for the immense quanti-
ties of stock that at times were greatly in excess of the
local needs. With the present complete shipping facili-
ties, together with the improved methods of packing.
Cut-flowers are now shipped long distances, arriving at
their destination in a satisfactory condition after jour-
neys of from 36 to 48 hours' duration.

The final distribution of the flowers through the ave-
nues of the retail florist engages a considerable num-
ber of men in all the large cities of the country. Many
■of the establishments compare favorably with the finest
stores of other lines, while the delivery service, with its
fancy wagons and liveried atti-ndaiits, is isi..-cially nota-
ble. Great attention is paid to rho .hcoratn i- features
of these high-class establisliniiiits. Tli.ir show win-
dows contain at all times sanipli-s of tlie fiin-st plants
or flowers in season, or examples of their artistic
arrangement. The evolution of the business during
the past twenty years has been gradual, but has
moved steadily onward. Wire and sticks have almost
entirely, or as much as possible, been displaced by the
Improved and natural stems of the flowers themselves.
The arranged basket of flowers, once so popular as a
gift, has now given way to the box of long-stemmed
roses or cluster arrangement of the same, to which are
added orchids, violets, or other choice tlowrrs. as ])re-
ferred. The custom of sending flowirs to youn^' laily
debutantes, which has become fashiotuihh- th,- |ia-r frw
years, has become an important feature of tin- trade.
and atones in a measure for the discontinuance of the
ball bouquet, once so popular but now almost obsolete.

Christmas and New Year holidays were at one time
equal factors in taxing the florists to the utmost to sup-
ply the demand for their goods, but of late years the
1st day of January has lost this floral feature, and is
no longer considered of importance. The Easter holi-
day trade has grown, however, from scarcely any busi-
ness in the early days, to be the most important event
of the year ; in fact, with many growers it is the great-
est harvest, as almost all their winter season is given
to preparing plants and flowers for the Easter demand.

Since the introduction of the I/ilium Harrisii, or Ber-
muda-grown Lllium loiigiflorum, hundreds of thou-
sands of these bulbs are forced for this festival.
Azaleas are probably next in demand, large quantities
being annually imported for forcing. It would be diffi-
cult to estimate with any accuracy the amount of busi-
ness transacted by the florists of this country for the
Easter festival, but the sum total must be enormous.

The old-time florist was satisfied with one crop from
his greenhouses — that of bedding plants for spring
planting. During the summer the houses stood empty,
and for a large part of the winter contained dormant or
semi-dormant stock. The wide-awake grower of to-day
never allows any portion of his plant to remain idle even
for a week, one crop being arranged to follow another in
close rotation.

As flowers are very perishable articles, and depend
for their existence on certain conditions of light and
heat, there are times when the supply is not sufficient
for the demand; and again when the quantity coming
into the market is more than can be disposed of at the
current rates. Of late years over-production has been
the bugbear of the business. Half of the season the
market has been over-stocked. Consignment follows

consignment, until th nmiission houses are at their

wits' ends to (li~]io., ..i th. m. Here an important fac-
tor was introduee.l. I'h. i,il,;i. .,r street man, became a
customer for joh I .i^ at ]'^\v i-iices. Through him im-
mense quantit ir- of Mow.Ts. t'or wliii-li no other avenue

Their plat- -la-- .a-... ,,, ,lo.,r«-;,vs ,,r by blank walls'
are to he see,, thi-.m-hout the slipping districts filled,
as a rule, wirh good flowers, with few exceptions.

The principal and most popular Cut-flowers grown in
this country are distinctively American. The Bride and
Bridesmaid roses are American sports of the Catherine
Mermet. The American Beantv. as it is grown here, is
vastlvditteient from .-Mm,-. Fenlit,:ni,l .larain of Europe.
The Kaiserhi Anu-iista \'i.io,-i:, a,„l Meteor are Euro-
pean sftfts. The '■;irnatioi,s erown ai-e of an entirely
different type fi-..iu th,- i:,n-o|,.a,, \:,, uties, and are all
American seedlings. Th, ■ 'I,- e li it is taking place
in this flower is wondei-1 n la , I - : i.lartl is being so
constantly raised that va, a : - ■ ; le ,a)nsidered su-

perior ten years ago on lam s, ,,, . ly known. The
American Carnation Society. coin],ose<l largely of com-
mercial carnation specialists, has done much to advance
the quality and general excellence of this superb flower.
Chrysanthemums that produce best results here are
nearly all of American origin, from plants imported
from Japan. New varieties are introduced each year,
some of which show improvement and spur hybridizers
on to renewed efforts.

The demand for palms and decorative foliage plants
has kept pace with that of flowers, if, indeed, it has not
taken the lead. The increase in the greenhouse space
given up to the growth of palms is at least threefold
within the past ten years, and it may be said that the
demand exceeds the supply, although the stock is aug-
mented largely each year by importations from Europe.
Whole houses are given up t,i the production of Ficiis
ehistica, which plant Is a great favorite with the masses.
Great quantities of ferns for table decorations are now
used, the little fernery being considered as indispensa-
ble as the china to the setting.

The public taste at the present day is mostly for loose
arrangements of long-stemmed flowers. Stiff, formal
designs are tabooed. The popular funeral emblem is
forms of the wreath, which is made with a great variety
of flowers, often all of one kind. Loose clusters tied
with ribbons, and palm leaves (sago palms) crossed and
tied with rilihons tm.l flowers, are also favorites. House
decorations ar,- hiiL-ely composed of long-stemmed roses,

carnations. , te., ph ,1 in vases, but few, if any, set

pieces lii-ini: ;ilh,w,if. Table decorations for dinners
are also contined to the use of long-stemmed flowers in
vases, and others arranged on the cloth with ferns.
Churches are trimmed with palms, plants in flower
and long-stemmed flowers in tall vases, all being done,
as in other instances, to show, as far as possible, the
natural grace of the flower. Bridal bouquets are also
arranged loosely, some with shower effect, by means
of flowers tied to narrow ribbons : others tied with

420

broad ribbons

CUT -FLOWERS

16 carried in the hand or over the
Tiin^tlv lived are roses and lilies-of-
' '*. f I III little in the various cities,
III ill III.- lirst-class work. There
I . Ill "1- \M stern flower. With the
.ii -"1111- varieties of carnations, the
rs will be found the same the country
over. In the census of 1890 Cut-flowers were estimated
to make more than one-half of the florist's business.
One good book especially devoted to the business has
been produced,— the late M. A. Hunt's "How to Grow
Cut-flowers." Robert Kift.

CUTICLE. The outer surface of herbaceous parts of
plants. It consists of the outer walls of the epidermal
cells. These walls are much thickened and cutinized.
Minute waxy rods upon the cuticularized surface of
many fruits, such as the grape and plum, give to them
their peculiar bloom. The Cuticle is nearly impervious
to water. The preservation of fruits depends in large
measure upon the retention of moisture by the Cuticle.
Cacti and other desert plants have their epidermis re-
markably cuticularized. ■^_ yy_ Rowlee.

CUTTAGE. The operation and practice of growing
plants from severed parts. A cutting is the gardener's
name for a piece of the stem, root, rootstock or leaf,
which, if cut off and planted under suitable conditions,
will form new roots and buds, reproducing the parent
plant. This term is usually given to parts of the
stem; a part or the whole of the leaf, when so used, is
called a leaf -cutting; a piece of root or rootstock is called
a root-cutting. The scales of some bulbous plants, e. g.,
the lily, can also be used as cuttings. A cion used in
.grafting might be called a cutting which unites and
grows on the roots of another plant. See Graftage.
Plants obtained by division or layering are provided
with roots before they are detached from the parent
plants, and, therefore, are not properly cuttings.

Multiplication by cuttings is a form of bud -propagation
in contradistinction to sexual reproduction, i. e., propa-
gation by seeds. It is acheap and convenient way to obtain
plants. All plants cannot be profitably increased by these
means. Why they differ we do not know; the gardener
learns by experience what species yield a good per-
centage of healthy plants, and acts accordingly.

The following table will show the different ways in
which cuttings are made:

[■ Soft
Growing J e.g., Verbena
wood.. I ■□„„,„„„,,

(1) Cuttings of Growing Wood. — ¥ig. 618. These are
made either of the soft growing tips, as in coleus, salvia,
verbena, etc., or, of the same wood in more mature con-
dition, but by no means ripe, as in tender roses. Azalea
Indica, etc. The cuttings of plants like Euphorbia
pulcherrima, erica, epacris, etc., are used in the soft
growing state, if- a well built propagating house is obtain-
able; but in an ordinary house, a part of which is used
for other purposes. Ilic oMir and liittcr ripened wood
will be more suci-.-sfui. It i^ u.im rally true that cut-
tings of hardem-.l w.ii.il V. ill al\va>v niut, although they
require more tinie and uuij- not luiLke the best plants.

always root. In mi
before they callus,
of rapid growth ani
of the soft growing

that cuttings of the soft wood will

in the right s

lardened wood
long as it con-

The treatment of cuttings in both
classes is practically the same.
They should be planted in sand un-
der glass. Large establishments
have one or more houses sot apart

IColeus.) wlu-re they k-iivc the boiler, and, in

order to secure bottom heat when
needed, the space between the bench and the floor
should be boarded up, having a trap door to open on
cold nights (Pig. 619). Cutting-frames inside a green-
house are also shown in Fig. 620. Side p.artitioiis
should also be provided to box in all the heat from the
pipes under that part of the bench. Good dimeu-
■iHili ''. ff.'t, length 6 feet or
I" 1 1 M tuple to use a hotbed
The depth of the
- iti front and from 12

for such
any multiple of 6, t
sash when confine
frame should be fn
to 15 inches behimi. TIm i...ii.,i,i df the bed may be
either wood, slate or metal and should be well drained:
place a layer of potsherds first, then moss, and from 2 to
3 inches of sand on top. The sand should be clean,
sharp and well compacted : before planting it should be
watered if at all dry. It is sometimes advisable to
have the bed filled with moss (sphagnum), into which
pots or boxes containing cuttings are plunged ; the
moss should be moist, neither too wet nor dry, and well
packed.

In many cases, when large quantities of one sort of
cuttings are to be planted, the ordinary greenhousa

bench covered with sand is sufficient (Fig. 621). Other

forms of propagating beds are shown in Pigs. 622, 623,

624. See, also, Bailey's Nursery Book, 3d ed., pp. i4-53.

The wood for cuttings should be fresh, and precau-

CUTTAGE

421

tions should be taken to prevent wilting during
making and planting: if the weather is hot, sprinkle the
floor and bench of the work room: if they are delicate,
and exposed for an hour or more, lay them between folds

620. Permanent propagating frames

of moistened paper. The average length of these cut-
tings is from 1 to 3 inches, but they can be made longer
or shorter; much depends upon the nature of the plant.
The best growerb prefer short cuttings , the advantage
of a long piece to begin with is more than offset by
greater dinger of wilting and consequtnt rrtrogression
It IS not nee essary to cut to a bud i t tl m „ 1p

in the 111 !(- eisih bindled plants (\ i i i i

bactoustub.i. us rooted plants, hkf 1 I 1 )

and S,l ,, pit ,is inwhi h ainwn i I i

insure tuturi growth Make the cut \\ 1 1 i ili

proper length A part of the leaves h il I 1 i in \ 1
always enough to secure a clean sttui till tiIih^ m 1
as many more as are needed to p
mg this factor vanes j

of leii

In I h
take

geianmiiis fi m tli | i ii ^lound few it any are leit, m
coleus uiil \ il 1 . il lit ne half are lemoved while
luOha ff t ft " Jill It t 2 /a,heith etc , only enough
forplantm., L sl isU up knife, but scissors are handy
for trimming and sometimes for making cuttings of
those small wooded plants which root easily

The cuttings of plants with milky juice
should be w ashed before planting Some
times the low er ends are allowed to dry for
several hours, the tops being protected
agiinst wiltmg Large and succulent cut
tm^s e g , of pineapple, cotyledon, cac
tus etc should be dried before planting
b^ letting them lie on the surface of the
piopagating bed for several days, or they
in i\ be planted m dry sand at first Under
th(-se conditions a callus forms which tends
to prevent decay, but the wood must not
shrivel

Peter Henderson hi
which lb likely

of rooted plants, and which is desirable
slow growing varieties, like the tiicoloi
geraniums He advises that the cutting
should be partly sei ered and allowed to
hang to the paient plant for a few dajs,
this results m a paitial callus, or even roots,
before the cutting is entirely removed

In planting cuttings, use a dibble or open
a V-shaped trench. Never thrust the cut-
ting directly into the soil. Plant deep
enough to hold the cutting upright and no
deeper, making due allowance for the sand
settling ; the distance apart should be just
enough to prevent them from pressing
against each other. It must be remem-
bered that they stay in the bed only until rooted. As
soon as growth begins, they are potted off. When the
cuttings are inserted, the sand should be firmly pressed
about them, and they should be watered with a syringe

or with a fine rose ; the forcible application of water
compacts the sand, thus excluding air, and prevents un-
due wilting.
Give shade immediately, using lath shutters outside,
or paper or cloth screens within, and attend
to this very carefully for the first few days.
Lift the shades early in the afternoon, and
put them on late in the morning, but keep
them on during the middle of the day, thus
gradually accustoming them to full fight.

Cuttings should never suffer from dry-
ness. The sand should always be kept moist
to the verge of wetness. Ventilation should
be given on bright days, but all exposure to
draft avoided. A good temperature for prop-
agating is from 60° to 65° F., increasing
these figures for tropical plants and reduc-
ing them for more hardy kinds. It is de-
batable whether bottom heat and confined
air are advisable for cuttings of growing
wood. The older gardeners employed both,
but now neither is commonly used, except
for tropical plants, like croton, or when a
constant succession of crops of cuttings is
required. There is no doubt that with this
aid cuttings will root more quickly, but
more skill and care are required, neglect
bringing on fungous disease, which results in unhealthy
plants or total loss. If bottom heat is used, the average
temperature of the bed should be 10° or so above that
of the air but less will suffice Indeed, in beds made as
described above in good weather the sand is enough
warmer than the greenhouse atmosphere to answer every
purpose If a confined air is used, ventilation and shad
ing must be carefully looked after, and precautions
taken against the accumulation of condensed moisture
within the beD glass or frame

s uul IS the medium commonlj employed for the root
HU t ( uttings, selecting the coarser kinds for plants
111 _ I iiimms and finer for htaths Brick dust and
] w 1 I 1 h ircoal are sometimes recommended, and
111 hi r IS now on trial Sphagnum is useful in
rooting Jt tius iUtt>tua, the base of the cutting being
wrapped m a ball of moss and plunged m a bed of
moss English n y oleander and other plants can be
struck in water, but this method is cimbersome Peter
Henderson s s lucer method is t iluable m hot weather
the cuttings are planted in sand, kept saturated and

fully exposed to the sun. Large cuttings can be planted
singly in 2- or 3-inch pots, the pots then being plunged
in the cutting bed. In such cases some well rotted leaf-
mold, less than one-half, can be added to the sand.

Although it is tender plants, in the main, which are
propagated by cuttings of growing wood, the above
methods can be practiced advantageously with some
hardy plants. The wood,
which is invariably
successful if hard-
Mcd, is obtained either
inin plants forced for
iis purpose, e. g., spi-
i-a, Deiitzia gracilis,
tc, or it is gathered in
and July out of
doors, e. g., lilac, hy-
drangea, etc. Cuttings of
growing wood should be
potted in 2- or 3-inch
pots, in a rather sandy
soil, when the roots are from K-K inches long. It is
sometimes good economy to box them, i. e., plant them
a few inches apart in flats, when not immediately re-
quired.

(2) Long Cuttings of Ripened Wood in Open Air.—
This method is used to propagate many hardy trees and
shrubs, e. g., willows, currants, grapes, forsythia, etc.
Wood of the current year's growth is gathered in au-
tumn or early winter, before severe frost, and either
stored in a cool cellar, covering with moss or fresh earth
to prevent drying, or immediately made into cuttings.
These (see Fig. 626) should be made 6 inches or more
long and should contain at least 2 buds. It is not neces- •

CUTTAGE

The excrescences, Icnots orknaurs, which are found on
the trunks and the main limbs of olive trees, a

tiiiK - 11 ■<! L- 'uiriiii^s for propagation.

i:: '■' ■ , nf ripened wood [Fig.

OL'T : M- i,'l.-iss with tender or

li:ill II I I :-. with new introduc-

tiim- I 1)1 till- grower is short

of -^^ ■ I -I thi- i.hiut is delicate

ami I 1 should be gathered

bill I :! -I Mii.l the cuttings

mivK ami ilaiiinl cliri.i-tly in October
and XiivenibiT. JIake them from 2-4
inches long (sometimes a single eye only
is used), and plant with a dibble, in ^^...j, i^o^y^x.
pure sand in pots, pans or flats (boxes Cjl^Sf3f%t?r^
about 16 inches square and 3 inches 7;*J^^i5^1§
deep). If a layer of potting soil is placed --*•'<■ >J>V '. .—^
imder the sand, the yoimg plants have 625. Hardened-
something to feed upon and do not need wood cutting
to be potted so soon after rooting ; if ^i dahlia.
this is done, drainage should be given.
It is important to keep them cool until a callus is formed
or roots produced. If the buds start into growth before
this, the cuttings become exhausted and are likely to
die. After rooting,— the time required varies from
one to six months— they can either be potted or tlie

Sic.

sary to cut to a bud at the base, but the upper cut
should be just above one. They should be tied in
bundles with tarred rope, taking care to have them lie
"heads and tails" to facilitate planting, and with the
butts on the same level, to promote callusing. They
should then be buried in sandy soil, with the butts
down and protected against frost. In early spring
they should be firmly planted in V-shaped trenches
in well prepared soil : set an inch or so apart, with
the rows 1 or 1% feet apart. The upper bud should

. they should be dug,
graded and heeled-in for winter. Some varieties will

planted out in well pre-
ne, where they are likely to
1. The weaker kinds can re-
ts, be winterdU in a pit, and
i;;. Some greenhouse plants,
«.<, tender grapes, etc., are
itli cuttings of fully ripened
LIS, dracBPna, etc., with wood

624. Propagrating-box or hood.

require a second or third year's growth in the nursery;
others are ready for permanent planting, as willows
and poplars, which often grow 6 feet the first year.
This is one of the very cheapest ways of propagating,
and will pay where only 25 per cent root. This method
is generally used with deciduous-leaved plants, but
some conifers, e. g., Siberian arborvitae, will strike.
Remove enough twigs to get a clean stem for plant-
ing, and allow 2 or 3 inches of top above, ground.

626. Long cu

strong-growing sorts
pared beds in May oi
make a satisfactory srri
main a yeiir in j'ots ,,
planted out tin u, \i ■
e. g., Ca„„ll,., I..,u,:
propagated in tins w.i
wood, and others, as (

which is much older. They should be giv
described under the head of (1) Cuttings of Growing
Wood, but they nuist not be forced too hard at first.
The tenipc-r:iliirr >Ii..iild bi- regulated by the nature of
the plant. TIm ~:,U-~\ nili to follow is to give a few de-
grees more III at III? I r.i|.:i[.-:iting than the plant received
when the (■niiiii- was n nioved.

(4) liiMt-ctiltinijs I I'lf,'. (JUS) are made of either root
or rootstock and are useful in propa-
gating some plants, either in the
greenhouse or in the open air. Ten-
der plants, like bouvardiM,, and those
which an- hanlv l.nt uf .li-l)r:,t..
growtli, V. jr.. -I '" "'""I ././/..'(I.. K.afii

cuttings arc mailc in autumn or wi
ter, the roots of hardy plants bei:
gathered before severe frost a
either planted directly or kept
moss until spring. This process
storing develops a callus and has
tendency to produce buds. For gre

627. Short

vork, the cuttings are made of ripened wood.

628. Root-cuttine of blackberry [

CUTTAGE

from 1-2 inches long, the larger roots being selected,
although the small ones will grow. They are planted
in pans or flats, in soil composed of equal parts sand
and well rotted leaf -mold. Ordinarily they are set hori-
zontally. If planted vertically, in cuttings from the
true root the end which was nearest the crown should
be uppermost; but if made from the rootstock, that end
should be uppermost which grew farthest from the
crown. In either case they should be covered, as
seeds are covered,
and the whole
made firni. Root-
cuttings of hardy
plants should be
kept cool at first
and broufrht into
heat only when
ready to grow. They
may be kept in a pit or cool cellar. Tender plants
require the same or a little higher temperature than
that in which they thrive.

In sweet potato, the tuber is cut lengthwise and laid,
with the cut side down, on moist sand or mo.'is, the
edges being slightly covered. Buds develop on these
edges and are removed when of proper size aud treated
as cuttings of growing wood, or :ill..\vr.l m remain until
rooted. In dracsena (see Fiu-. '.n;. ii;i.l-. :!70|— and this
applies to stem- as well as rout (iininL-.-tbe buds are
not taken off until rooted ; tin- Miimiuil 'Utting remains
In the sand and sometimes pruduL-<.s a sicuud or even a
third crop. The tuberous rootstock of Arum macula-
tum, and plants of like nature, can be cut into pieces,
remembering that the bud-producing portion of arum is
the top, and each part will grow successfully. Exercise
care in watering and maintain a good temperature.

Root-cuttings for planting in the open ground are
made from i to 6 inches long, and are planted firmly in
V-shaped trenches or furrows in spring, being covered
2 inches or more deep. Roots as large as one's little
finger are chosen, and good results are obtained with
plants of vigorous growth. In plants like lily-of-the-
valley, common lilac, calycanthus, Scotch and moss
roses, etc., unless short of stock, it is better to encour-
age the natural growth of the suckers and propagate by
division, but these can be multiplied as above described.
Variegation, curiously enough, is not always repro-
duced by meaus of root-cuttings.

I.")! /;.(rAi»//;H<7s.— Many leaves are capable of pro-
diiiiiiL' r<i"t-. Snme have the further power of develop-
ill^' IiihN :ift. t rooting, and of
th. ■■*._' last :[ fiw furnish an eco-
nomical means of bud-propaga-
tion,particularly where the stem
growth is insiifficient. In coty-
ledon (echeveria) the whole
leaf is used, thf smaller ones
frniii th.- rt..w.T- stalk being

CYATHEA

423

the

.lie
for a few days

uiul, if

the .'

face of dry sand, but do not let
them shrivel. The treatment,
othewise, is as given above for
cuttings of growing wood. In
gloxinia and other Gesneraceae,
the whole leaf (Fig. 629), half a
leaf, or even a lesser portion,
is used. When enough clear
petiole is obtainable, no further
preparation is needed. When a
part only of the leaf is planted,
some of the blade must be cut
away. As a rule, no bud is de-
veloped the first season : a tuber
is formed, which will grow in
due time.

Begonia Bex is ini-rcastd by
The whole leaf may Ik- ]>l:nitf
the petiole entire or c-uttiim' it
the blade ; or the wli<.k- bat .-a
to the surface of moist sand (1
if the principal

isfd by kaaves m various ways.
l.laiittii as a cutting, keeping

tiim' it (.tr where it unites with
bat c-an be pinned or weighted
sand (Fig. 203, page 142), and,

are severed at intervals of an

inch, a plantlet will appear at every cut. The best way
is to divide the leaf into somewhat triangular pieces
(see Fig. 204, page 142), each part having a strong vein
near the center. Plant in sand, in good temperature,
and treat precisely as if they were cuttings of growing
wood. Roots and buds will soon grow, and a good plant
will result within a reasonable time. Pot off when roots

be used
ad plant

for propagation. Remove the scales intact ai
upright, like seeds, in soil made of equal parts
and rotted leaf -mold (Fig. 6.30) : September and October
are the usual months for this work. If
they are kept in a cool greenhouse, the
young bulblets will appear in the course of
the winter, but top growth wiU come later,
in summer. This is a slow, laborious pro-
cess, and is seldom practiced except in
propagating new varieties. The granular
scales of achimenes and plants of like
nature can be used for propagating, sow-
ing them in a sandy soil as seeds are
sown ; but this method is not a good one
in ordinary cases. The scales of Zamia
horritla have been made to produce new 53
pl.ants. and also the tunieated scales of an Lily
amarylli-. s, r Transactions of Horticul- producing
tural s<K„.,v |l.o,„l,.n],6, p. 501. bublets.

Trur vaii. -ata.ii. that which comes from
lack of cliluri'iihyll matter, is not always reproduced
by leaf-cu!tiugs." The characteristic coloring in the
foliage of Begonia Bex is never lacking in plants ob-
tained by these means.

For further details of Cuttage, consult Lindley's The-
ory and Practice of Horticulture, 2d ed.; Burbidge,
The Propagation and Improvement of Cultivated Plants ;
Peter Henderson's Practical Floriculture ; Bailey's
Nursery Book, 3d ed. 3 jj ^^.,30^,.

CTANOPHtLLUM. Consult Miconia.

CYATHEA (Greek, a oh/), alluding to the indusia).
CyatheAcecE. A large genus of tree ferns found in both
hemispheres, with a globose indusium which ultimately
ruptures at the apex and becomes cup-shaped. All the
species in cultivation have decompound Ivs. Many
other species from Columbia and the West Indies
besides those described below are well worthy of cul-
tivation. L. M. Underwood.

This genus includes some of the most beautiful of all
tree ferns. The species offer a great variety in size of
trunks. Those of temperate regions are mostly stout
and not spiny; the tropical species are more slender and
m many cases densely armed with stout spines. All
species are evergreen. Their culture is simple but ex-
acting. They require an abundance of water at the roots
and the trunks should be kept constantly moist. By
these means only can a vigorous growth and fine heads
of fronds be secured. The foliage lasts longer if it has
been inured to the sun during summer. Like all other
tree ferns, Cyatheas need little pot-room. None of the
species produces adventitious growths along the trunk
or at the base and none is proliferous. The plants are,
tbiTi'fuii-, usually prop, by spores, which are produced
abuiiclaiiily aii'l t;irminate freely, making attractive
yotinu' I'laiits iM two seasons. — .4 6ri(7(/e(Z from Schnei-
"rffc'.s Jl,:<'k Of clinire Ferns.

A. Baeludis unarmed; les. white beneath.

dealbita, Swz. Rachides with pale rusty wool when
young; Ivs. firm. bi-tripinnate,almostpure white beneath.
iSI. Zealand. ('. Siiiithii, Hort., is regarded by some as
a horticultural variety.

AA. Baehides unarmed; Ivs. green beneath.

Biirkel, Hook. Stalks with tubercles near the base
bearing large, glossy rusty scales: Ivs. bipinnate, with
broad pinnules. S. Africa.

merid^nsis, Karst. Figs. 631, 632. Lvs. tripinnati-
fld, with oblong-lanceolate pinnffi and rather narrow
lanceolete pinnules; segments scaly on the ribs beneath.
U. S. Columbia.

AAA. Rachides spiny;
tvs. green beneath.

meduU&riB, Swz. Lvs.
bi-tripinnate, densely scaly
when young, with soft, de-
ciduous hair-like scales ;
segments coarsely serrate
or pinnatifid, on spore-
bearing lvs. N. Zealand.
L. M. Underwood.

CtCAS (classical Greek
name). C'ycad&cea.

Twenty or fewer species of widely distributed tropi-
cal or warm-temperate palm-like plants. Plants dice-
ceous. The fls. appear in a mass in the bosom of
the great crown of lvs. Staminate Us. are anthers
borne beneath a scale ; the pistillate fls. are naked
ovules borne in the angles of rusty-fuzzy, pinnatifid
lvs. They have striking analogies with the gym-
nosperms and ferns. Cycads are popular conserva-
tory plants, for they are of easy culture, and the
crowns of lvs. withstand much neglect, or even
abuse. Cycas stems and leaves are imported in
vast quantities directly from Japan. Staminate
plants are rare in cultivation. For a horticultural
synopsis of the genus, see I. H. 11, undt-r tab. 405.
A running sketch, by W. Watson. U in 1 1. 1 . 4 : I Hi.

Cycads in the various spiM-ii^ ,ir. rm the mnst

popular decorative plants for 1...1I1 Iimi,,, iin.l :,Mnliii.
Their culture is eoraparativilv .-nri|.lc . :is tiny suc-
ceed in varying temperature and any well drained
soil. O. refill Ufa is probably the juost hardy spe-
cies, withstanding the trying climate of the upper
coast of the Gulf of Mexico, where it occasionally
loses its entire crown of leaves during severe
freezes, but is seldom killed outright. It usually
stands well at Savannah. Plants are propagated by
seeds, which keep well for a month or more after
ripening. They should be sown in shallow boxes or
the greenhouse bench, lightly covered with sand,
and, after germination, potted off in small pots of
moderately rich, light soil. The growing plants do
their best in partial shade, where they should have
proper attention in watering and weeding. The old
plants frequently send up suckers around the base of
the trunk, which may be cut ofl" and rooted, if taken
in a dormant state. The leaves, if any have formed,
should be cut off at the time of its removal, as other-
wise they would dry up the sucker before it was es-
tablished. The large stems, or trunks, are safely
shipped from their native home to most distant
countries, after cutting off leaves and roots and pack-
ing in cases in a dry condition. Upon arrival at their
destination, the stems are planted in as small pots
as possible and kept close and moist until new
leaves form, when a cooler and drier air will answer
for them. Their use as decorative specimens for the
home is increasing, although many failures result
from lack of moisture and sunshine. The soil which
suits them best is a sandy or gravelly loam, and
should never be allowed to get quite dry, but be kept
in a moderately moi.st condition at all seasons. When
dormant, they may be placed in the most shaded
positions occasionally, but ought to hai
daily, when possible, for at least an ho
their periodical growth, they should have
of sunshine to insure a

dravm to an unnatural
length, with few pinnae,
ruining their symmetrical
form.

Cult, by E. N. Reasoner.

revoltita, Thunb. Sago
Palm. Figs. 633, 634. Be-
coming 6-10 ft. high, and
then branching : lvs. long
and recurved at the end
(2-7 ft.), the many pinnie
curved downward, narrow.

■■"«^^^

CYCLAMEN

sharp-pointed and stiff,
dark, shining green,
.lapan. B. M. 2963-4.
.I.H. III. 2!)::i79. K.B.
21: 16.!. K, H. 189G, p.
369. A.G. 13:141 ; 18:1;
19:436. Mn. 2:88;
6:134. — The common-
species in cult,
handsome
or crown of out-
vs., which remains in per-
nths and years. The fruit
not often
seen in cultivated plants. Much used at
funerals.'

circinaUs, Unn.lC.Thoudrsii.'R. Br.).
Taller, rarely branching : lvs. twice
those of t\ ,-'■•"!"*"_ L'rM'M.f'iilh- arching,

'or.torl* — I I , I, ,1, ,1 •, I ; r,.,.ti above

noatli. M. , 1: 1 '■. 7, F. S.

ome other spL-cies.

Kiimphii, Miq. Usually low, but said to be tall in
the wild : crown large and full : the lvs. 3-6 ft.
long and 12-18 in. wide ; pinnje pale, thin, lanceo-
late. 12-14 in. long and % in. wide ; petiole spiny.
E. Ind.

Belle{6nti, Lind. & Rod. Stem short, cylindrical
and erect : lvs. long and graceful, recurved, the
linear-lanceolate slightly falcate, sessile pinnffi en-
tire and plane on the border, somewhat glaucous ;
petioles spinulose at the base. China. I.H. 33 : 586.

mftdia, R. Br. Tall ( 10-15 ft. ) , the trunk cylindrical,
bearing a large crown : lvs. curved downwards,
4 ft. or more long, elliptic or lanceolate ; pinnte
numerous, linear and pointed ; petiole convex below,
flat or nearly so on top. Australia. I.H. 26 : 368.

Names which have aiilX'.'irr.I in lli-- Ani.i- t):i.lr ;iT-. :

I, spread-
A Philip-
ike C. cir-
aink much

CtCLAMEN (classical
name, probably from the
Greek word for circle, in
allusion to the spirally
twisted peduncles).
Primiili}ceii\ A dozen or
more species, mostly of
tlie McMlitcrranean re-

Herbaceous and low,
from a fiattish tuber or
corm : fl. single, on a scape,
with usually 5-parted calyx and
corolla (the parts strongly re-
flexed), 5 connivent stamens,
with pointed, sessile anthers,
1 style and stigma, and a5-split-
ting capsule. C. latifoHum is
the source of the standard flo-
rists' Cyclamens. Most of the
other species are grown only
as curiosities in this country;
and they are essentially out-
door plants. Old English name
Sowbread, from the tubers be-
ing sought by swine. Con-

CYCLAMEN

suit Fr. Hildebrand, Die Gattung Cyclamen, Jena,
1898. L. H. B.

All Cyclamens are very beautiful, and would be much
more popular were they hardy in our eastern climate.
On the Pacific slope many of them probably would be
perfectly at home as outdoor plants, producing a great
numberof flowers above the bare soil in the depth of
winter before the leavm are developed. It is, however,
with the Persian C\ i-hmien, which is tender, that florists
have had the greatest success. There is no common
winter-flowering .subject of as much value for duration
in bloom, variety of coloring, or wealth of c<ilor.

It is preferable at all times to 1" ^'iii tli. c\ilnirc of
Persian Cyclamen with seeds, sown in th. , nh winter
months. Grow on without any chii k t<iitli. tclLining
year. They should bloom freely al.wiit nit. . n months
from planting. Old tubers. i>uch as arc ottcre.i in fall
with other florists' bull>s, rarely give any satisfaction as
compared with a jiacket of seeds. It is ii,,t the nature
of the plant to ba\ e all its roots drie.i off, as if it were
a Hyacinth or Tulip. Our summers are rather too warm
to suit Cyclamen perfectly, and it \m11 lie fouml that the
most growth is made in the early autumn. It is best to
give them a little shade in the hot nionths, such as a
frame outdoors near the shade of on rhan^'im; trees at
midday. Thisis Ik m i ili .n _i -. _ ,, mid, r|iainted
glass, as more liL'lii - 'li iil. ntv of

seeds require a l<>ii_
two months. This i
duces a bulb or corn
soon as two leaves a
around the edge of
large enough for a .!
sparingly in the inir
would be fatal at tic
another shift may h
he ready for the i"'t-
6-inch pots, accordu
will always be fouii

CYCLAMEN

named varieties that will reproduce themselves almost

i the

before leaf growth is visible,
e well developed, place the plants
- or 5-inch pots until every one is

nch p'lt The roots are produced

-t lit i;\ tic iiici.llr of summer
-'iMii. iicl m -SI pt.niher all will

I li til. \ an to n.iwer, — 5- or
he vigor of the plants. It
rer, that there will be a cer-
tain percentage that will not grow, no matter how mu.'h
persuasion is used. These may be thrown away to save
time and labor early in the season The Gi'ganteum

grown in partial shade.

strains produce the largest blooms, but at the expense
of quantity. For the average cultivator it is better to
try a good strain that is not gigantic. There is a recent
departure in the form of crested flowers. Cyclamens
come true to color from seeds, and one can now buy

Of recent" years cultivators have had much trouble
with a tiny insect or mite that attacks the plants and
renders them useless for bloom. Its work is done mostly

after the plants are taken
into the greenhouse and
when about to mature into
blooming specimens. If
the first flowers come deformed, or
abnormally streaked with colors
that are darker in shade, it is a
sure indication that the pest is
present. No other treatment can
be recommended but to destroy
the infected plants and keep the
stock clean, for the pest has not yet been
studied carefully.

Cult, by E. O. Orpet.

Cyclamens should be removed to the
greenhouse about the end of September,
or bef..re any danger of frost, " "
lioiis,. they slioiiM iihviiys have the lightest
l"-ii.-li. It is iiiijiossiiil,. to grow them in a
\variii. s),,M]y ]i,,n,,., .M.out 50° at night is the
i.i.al I. inii.ratui-,. win ii iu flower. The soil
best suited to them is a fresh, tufty loam,
with a fourth or fifth of well rotted horse-
manure, to which add some clean sand if the
soil is heavy. At all times, the pots should be
well drained. Greenfly is sure to attack the
plants at all stages of their growth. In the
frames the plants can be plunged in tobacco
stems, and in the greenhouse they must be fumigated
it is better still, vaporized with some of the
: extracts. William Scott.

A. Fall-blooming species.

Afric4num, Boiss. & Rent. The largest of Cyclamens:
tubers often as large as a turnip (4-10 in. across) : Ivs.

.ate-cordate, coarsely toothed, pale beneath, dull and

de green marbled above: calyx pubescent, the lobes

roadly ovate-acuminate: corolla nearly white, faintly
rose- or purple-tinged, the segments 1 in. long and deep
purple at the base. Algeria. B.M. 575S. F.S. 8:841. -
Little known in this country, but sold by the American
agencies of the Dutch bulb houses. The same remark
will apply to most other species, except C. IntifoUiim.
Perhaps a form of the next.

Neapolitanum, Ten. Tuber very large, black, thick-
rinded: Ivs. variable, from hastate to round -reniform,
more or less wavy-plaited on the edges, green or some-
what parti-colored: calyx small: corolla pink or rarely
white, the segments short and twisted and the edges
raised and white-edged at the base. S. Eu. B.R. 24:49.
Gn. 51, p. 37. R.H. 1855: 21. as C. hederce folium.

Europseum, Linn. {C. Cliisii, Lindl.). Lrs. ovate-or-
bicular, entire or nearly so, with a deep and narrow
basal sinus, more or less white-marbled above, purple-
tinted beneath : fls. on scapes 4-5 in. high, bright red and
very fragrant, the corolla-segments oblong-spatulate
(54in. or less long) ; calyx glabrous. Central and S. Eu.
B.R. 12:1013.— Lvs. appearing with the fls. Variable.

Cillcicnm, Boiss. & Heldr. Much like C. Eui-opaum:
fls. white, with purple at the mouth, about twice larger;
calyx puberulent. Sicily G.C. III. 23: 81.

426

CYCLAMEN

AA. Spring-bloominq species
latifdlium, Sibth. & Sm (C J'usi urn ■\Iill | Fig
635. The common greenhouse in 1 i i i < I mi n in
many forms: Ivs. appearing witli i' i n ite

dentate, usually marbled or van fls

on scapes 6-7 in. high, large, m > mi im i iirple

blotched at the mouth, but varMn.; iiiti) ro".! colored.
purple and spotted forms, oblong spatulate m shape, not
eared or lobed at the base.
Greece to Syria.- C. gi- "V^

Syria.- U

Hort., is
common large -fld., im w_
proved form of this spe V^
cies. There are also dou ^

ble-fld. forms (R. H. 1886,
p. 250); also fimbriate or

\

.> <^

latifolium

Showing it flowei of perfect
form and the crested \ ,i
riety(XK).

crested forms, C.PapiZto (I.H. 43:63. G.P. 5:235. G.C.
III. 21:71; 23:173). C. AUppinim, Fisch., is a form of
it. F.S. 22:-::Mr.. Oth.-r i».itrails ,,f r. latifolium are:
l.H. .T,:!:;. i;n, ITiIiik;; 1S:1(i:;ii. .I.H. 111. 34:578. Gt.
II.. !■. Iiil. F.s. L'-:-;!.-,. A.G. 14:390-

17:

Cdum, Mill. TiihiT .smaller than in the last: Ivs. with
the lis., nearly orbicular, entire, firm, not marbled nor
variegated : fls. small, deep red. scentless, half or less
as large as those of the last. S". Eu. B.M. 4. F.S. 22:
2345. -There is a white-fld. form (C album, Hort.).

Ib^ricum, Goldie. Dwarf : Ivs. appearing with the
fls., ovate-orbicular and rounded at the apex, entire or
obscurely undulate, more or less zoned with white
above: fls. red, with a purple mouth. Caucasus. — Per-
haps a geographical form of C. Coum. C. Atkinsli,
Hort., is a form (perhaps a hybrid) with larger white
fls. F.S. 23:2425. ,

C. liedcrauiiuuui. Hort. (and Ait.?), is C. Neapolitanum.— O.
Libandticum, Hild., is a new hardy species from Lebanon, with
"large, rosy fls.. with T-form deep carmine markings at the
base of the petals" (see Bot. Jahrb. 25:477).- C. repdndum,
Hort. (not Sibth. & Sm.)=C. Coum?— C. vemum, Sweet=C.
Coum. L. H. B.

CTCLANTHfiBA (Greek, a»«icr« in (I circic). Ciicur-
biUlceir'. This genus is interesting as a plant with a

CYDONIA

triangular, dark green above, a little paler below;

slightly 3-lobcd : lobes triantriilar or ovatt-oblong, the-
middle one acute, the side I"l" - imn li .li.utrr, obtuse,
acute or almost wanting ; m _-■■■' ith minute,

remote teeth : male fls. inn, m.. few-fld.

racemes, which are usually Nil' ). I ; i ...ii . i.. pL-tioIe: fr.
ovate-reniforra, obtuse, with u iVw .^huii .^piues in the
back; seeds small, black, narrowly winged. New Gran-

CYCLANTHUS (flowers in a circle). Cyclanthcicea:.

A small tropical American genus, giving name to a

small order which is allied to the palms. The species

are not in the Amer. trade. Culture of Carlu-

i^ dovica (which see).

CYCLOBdTHBA (name referring to the iiec-
aries). LiUilrew. A small group of west Amer-
cau plants, now referred to Calochortus (which

luiiruw-linear. Mex.

CYCL0L6MA (Greek for circle and bor-
r. t'r-'in thf fiieircling wing of the calyx).
h, ,ini„.,li,i,,.i . One weedy herb (C. pla-
f>h'iJ/inn. ^I(ni.) of sandy soils from
inn., «■ -t :iiid south, which was once in-
trn.jiKH'd as the Cyclone Plant, since the
plant is a tumble-weed or rolls' before the wind when
it is matured and becomes detached from the soil. The
jilant is annual, 1-2 ft. high, pubescent or nearly gla-
l)rous, with narrow, but flat and sinuate Ivs., and bract-
less fls. in an open panicle. Tin IK. :,,;■ vi-ry small,
perfect or sometimes lackhiL- i1m -unr.^ n- : .-alyx 5-
cleft, the lobes strongly kci 1. .1 :mm! iniiniin^' winged
and inclosing the seed. Plant not il. >h\ n^.r jointed.

CYCNOCHES {swan's neck, from the Greek, referring
to the curved cohimii). Orchiditcece, tribe Vdtidcie.
Swan Okchiu. An interesting genus of deciduous
orchids found in tropical America. Pseudobulbs long,
fusiform: Ivs. lanceolate, plicate, labellum continuous
with column; column arcuate, terete, flattening out and
becoming clavate at the apex; pollinia 2. The flowers
are of different sexes. The sann- plant may produce
male and female llow, |.. i Mm km.] . r iI..\m i- may lie
fragrant,the other I, : - l-An^nsu-
ally smaller than ]■! i pi^tillatp
flowers thickish. hin' i ■■ rou^iliau

Uig

fruit that explod
The plant is a climbing
ture. The seed shouhl
genus is near Echinocy
or more species, all fr.
annual, climbing herbs,
perennial root : Ivs. en
minute, yellow, greenish or

nsiderable

when ripe.
nh- annual of easy cul-
"' n..i..oi-s early. The

I I ■ I "nil, and has 30

I I Am. riea. They are
I- o|. iml.escent, with a
•d or .-)-7 foliolate : fls.
ite, with their parts in

ailreum, Lindl. & Pa\t. IN. ninucrous, large and yel-
low, drooping; sepaU and }n t;ils lanceolate, purple-
dotted, the petals curved; liji small and much divided,
the column purple-dotted. Cent. Amer.

chlorochllon, Lindl. Racemes about 3-flowered: fls.
large, nodding, 5-8 in. across, green; sepals oval-oblong;
petals falcate, slightly larger, labellum subsessile rather
obovate and concave at base, yellowish gi'een except at
the base; column slender, with a wide base, greenish.
Venezuela. I.H.35:65. J.H.m.35: 285. Gn.49,p.403;
51: 1108 and p. 173.

pentadActylon, I,indl. Fls. greenish or white, barred
or blotched with bniwn: labellum partly white, spotted
with crimson: column purple below the anther. Rio de
Janeiro. B.K. IMI: 'JL!.

I by Coigneaux in DC. Mon. Phan.

ezpUdens, Naud. Stem slender, branched, angled or
furrowed, slightly villous, especiallv at the .ioints, 0-8
ft. long ; Ivs. 2X-3 in. long, and about as wide, ovate-

ventricosum

fls. greenish ;
callous spot on

.come (often 2) about .")-fld.
int; lip white, with a blaci
Tuatemala.

Oakes Ames.

CYDONIA (the fruits known to the Romans as mala
Cj/dnniu, apples from Cydon, now Canea. in Crete),
/(■osdcetr, sub-family Pomdcca'. Quince. Shrubs or small

CYDONIA

trees, sometimes spiny : Ivs. petioled, deciduous or
semi-persistent, alternate, stipulate, serrate or entire :
fls. white or red, rather large, solitary or in few-fld.
clusters; petals 5; stamens numerous : fr. aromatic, a
large 5-celled pome, each cell containing many seeds.
Four species in Asia from Turkestan to Jap. Ornamen-
tal shrubs, nearly hardy north except C. Sinensis,

CYMBIDIUM

427

be grown

t^. Ja

ica and Mau-

„^ _. . , ludant as..in

e;uiv'"i"ri'ii;;". viiryiii^' '" -iH ^IkhI'-^ I'<'""i pure white to
d'fi'P ^r'lrirt ari' iTi-liIv .l.T.,rat ivc-, and especially
adai.ti'd f"i- l".r(l.-i's..c"slirnl.l)i-ri.>s and for low ornamen-
tal hedges. The fr. of all species can be made into con-
serves, but usually only C. vuhjaris, a species of less
decorative value, is grown for this purpose. The
Quinces thrive in almost any soil, but require sunny
position to bloom abundantly. Prop, by seeds usually
stratified and sown in spring; C. Japonica and C.
Maulei are readily increased by root-cuttmgs made in
fall or early spring, and rarer kinds or less vigorous-
growing varieties are u'raftc-d in the greenhouse in early
spring, on stock of tin- -lapano^.- or i-onimon ^oinii'e;
they grow also from ninnii;^ of liall-ri|H in-a ..r mariy
matui-e wood, undor uia-s and froni layors. f. mhiaris
(the Quince) is mostly in.Tfaso.l l.y outtll,^'s .d 1-4-
year-old wood, taken in full and stored until spring m
sand or moss in a cellar or frame; also by layers and
budding, or by grafting on vigorous growing varieties.
See Quince.

short leafy tyranchlets , with re-
alyx lobes: stipules small. (Cydo-

FU.

'proper.)

Linn.

vulgaris, Pers. {P)rus Ciidoni:
Fig. tiaO. Shrub or small tno, Willi sl.ndir
branches: Ivs. oval or oblon-. i"Oiid. .1 .-r si
date at the base, acute, eniii., \iI1mii,iiu1i
neath, 2-1 in. long: fls. whito orli-hr pink, li
fr. laryr. vrllow, villous, pyrifonii oi- [^loPn
Cont. and' i:. Asia.-Var. Lusitanica, .Mill., i
v,:;oro,i, -r,,wtli, with larger Ivs. and fr. p.
and rlM.o.l. \'ar. mallf6rmis has applo sliaji.'
pyrii6rmisii.ai-sliapod fr. Var. marmorata,
whitish lin.l yi^Ilow valir-ati'd Ivs. ^.t also

Sinensis, TlioniiM/V,,v,.s Co/Zoii/.'/iMx, Hem,-

at both
when y
across :
China.

ids, sharply and Uuilv senate, villous Uoueam
lug, 2-3 in. long : lis. light pink, about l.^in.
fr. dark yellow, oblong, 4-G in. long. May.
!.R. 11:90.5. R.H. 1889:228. A.G. 12:16. -The
me a scarlet fall coloring. Not hardy north of
Philadelphia, except in favored localities. See Quince.

ovoid, 1^-2 in. high, yellowish green. March, April.
China, Jap. K.B. 1:260. L.B.C. 16:1594. Gn. 50:106.-
Many garden forms in all shades from white to deep
scarlet, and also with double fls. Some of the best are
the following: Var. 41ba, Lodd., fls. white, blushed.
L.B.C. 6:541. Var. atrosanguinea pl6na, deep scarlet,

636. Twig of Common Qu
Cydonia vulgaris {"■■
.Showing where the fruit was borne a

AA. Fls. in leafless clusters, nearly sessile, before or

with the Ivs.: calyx, lobes erect, entire : stipules

large. (Chmnomeles.)

Jap6moa, Pers. (P^rus Japdniea, Thunbg. Chccno-

miles Japdniea, Lindl.). Japan Quince. Japonica.

Fig. 637. Shrub, 3-6 ft., with spreading, spiny branches:

Ivs. ovate or oblong, acute, sharply serrate, glabrous,

glossy above, lH-3 in. long: fls. in 2-6-fld. clusters,

scarlet-red in the type, l>2-2 in. across: fr. globular or

A>M

637. Cydonia Japonica (XK)

double. Var. Candida, pure white. Var. oardinftlis, deep
scarlet. E.H. 1872:330 f. 1. Var. Gaujirdi, salmon-
orange. Var. grandifldra, nearly white, large fls. R.H.

:410. Va
p§ndula, Hr>r
rbsea plena, :

MAUardi, fls. rose, bordered white. Var.
. with sloii.l.r, pendulous branches. Var.
sr, sriiii-.loiiliK-. Var. riibra grandifldra,

criinson. Var. sanguinea pl6na, scarlet,

iibilicata,

and large

frs

bilicat
MaMei, Ni^

'{inix .l/./(W, ;, JIast. Chmnomeles
_ \v slnuli, l-:i ft.: branches spiny,

with short, ron-h ton,, i, mm «h.u young: Ivs. round-
ish oval to oboNate, obtuse or acute, coarsely crenate-
serrate, glabrous, 1-2 in. long: fls. bright orange-scarlet,
1-1% in. across ; fr. yellow, nearly globular, about 114 ^■
across. March, April. Jap. B.M. 6780. G.C. II. 1:757
and 2:741. -A very desirable hardy shrub, with abun-
dant fls. of a peculiar shade of red. Var. alpina, Rehder
iClurnnmeles Japdniea, v&r. iilphia. .Maxim. Ci/ilunia
Siinjcnti. Lem. ). Dwarf spiny shrub, witli procumbent
stems and ascending branches: Ivs. roundish oval, ',_.-l
in. long: flowering and fruiting profusely. Var. sup6rba,
Hort. Pis. deeper red. Var. tricolor, dwarf shrub, with
pink and white variegated Ivs. Alfred Rehder.

CYMBlDIUM {boat, from the Greek, referring to the
shape of the lip). Orchirl<ice<v. tribe fdndeir. Plants
epiphytal, rarely terrestrial, stems pseudobulbous or
not so: leaves coriaceous, long, rarely short, persistent:
sepalsand petals snli-equal, labellum usually tri-lobed,
adn.ate to th.- Las,. ,,f iln- .olumn; column erect; pollinia
2. Species, tr.ipiral, snl. tropical, found on mountains at
high elevations in ,\sia, .V few species are found in Af-
rica and Australia. For horticultural purposes this
genus is of comparatively little value. Qakes Ames.

No difficulty will be experienced in growing the several
species of Cymbidium under one method of treatment.
A shaded p'bsition in the Mexican house or cool end of the
Cattleya department, where the temperature ranges be-
tween 50° and 55° Fahr. at night and about 65° or with sun
heat 70° through the day will be found suitable. During
the warm summer months they must be kept shaded in
a cool, moist atmosphere with a free circulation of air.
As they are robust growing jilants, pot culture will suit
them best, but those with pendulous inflorescence, such
as ('. Findlaysonlannm. C. pendulum, etc., may be
grown in baskets if desired. Repotting and top-dress-
ing should be attended to in spring at the commence-

428 CYMBIDIUM

ment of the growing season, and should be executed with
judgment, so that it will last three or four years, as the
roots dislike being disturbed. The potting soil should
consist of one-half chopped sod, the balance of equal
parts leaf-mold, peat and live chopped sphagnum moss,
well mixed together; about one-third of the pot room
should be devoted to drainage — potsherds or charcoal,
covering the same with a little rough material to keep it
open. When the large, fleshy roots are carefully dis-
tributed the material should be worked in firmly about
them, leaving the base of the plant on a livol with the
rim of the pot when finished. W:ii. t ii:iiiiiL-I\ until
the new growths appear, when a ni'H. I' - 1\ will

be necessary, but never enough i-
stantiy wet, or the new roots are li:ii
fnli.TtrP to become spotted. Stock is
iTi[,'tli.uM i.scudnbulbs, pottingthem
giviiiLT thrill a little more heat and moisture until they
start iiiw u'l'iiwth action, when they may be removed to
tli.il- proper department. Robert M. Grey.

Inflorescence erect
a, Lindl Stems tufted Ivs dis-
tu hous at base, 1 or 2 ft long, hnear or lo-
rate, bifid at apices peduncles not as long as
the Ivs , few flil fls about 3 in across, ivory
white, sometimes tinged with rose , sepals
and petalb oblong lanceolate , labellum 3-

I the
mov-
mall pots s

lobed, with a golden yellow ridge
running down the center. Khasiii
Hills, at an elevation of from 5,000
to 6,000 ft. B.R. 33:67. B.M. 513G.
Gn. 46, p. 398.

AA. Inflorescence arching,

not pendent.

B. Sepals and petals veined with

red, brown or purple.

Lowiitnuin, Reichb. f. Pseudobulbs oblong : Ivs. 2-3
ft. long, linear-acute, recurved : racemes many-fld. : se-
pals and petals oblong-lanceolate (lateral ones sub-fal-
cate ) , greenish yellow marked with brown ; lateral lobes
of labellum yellowish; midlobe reflexed, margined with
yellow, the front blotched with . brown-crimson ; fls.
about 20 in number, several inches across. Burma.
Gn. 48, p. 203. Gng. 5:73.-Var. Mandaianum, Hort.
(C. Mandaid.num, Hort.), has yellow fls. A beautiful
hybrid of C. eburneum and C Lowianum is shown in
Gn. 48:1034.

gigantium. Wall. Fig. 638. Fls. dull purple (brown-
ish, or yellowish green striped with purple) ; sepals and
petalsjoblong, the petals narrow and shorter; midlobe of
labellum reflexed, yellow, spotted with red ; lateral lobes
yellowish green. Nepal. B.M. 4844. P.M. 12:241.

longifblium, Don. Lvs. linear-acuminate : peduncle
stout, sub-erect, then drooping: tts. about 12; sepals
sub-equal, oblong, the upper one broadest and incurved ;
both sepals and petaJs green striped with brownish pur-

CYNODON

pie; disk and midlobe of labellum white, spotted with
purple; lateral lobes with purple lines. Ind.

ensifdliom, Swartz. Lvs. ensiform, acute : peduncle
many-fld. : fls. greenish yellow, veined with purple ;
sepals and petals linear-oblong, acute ; labellum spotted.
Ind., Jap. B.M. 1751.

Hrittonu, Hook, f . Plant about 2 ft. high : fls. 10, in

Java. B.M. 5676.

BB. Sepals and petals not veined with pnrple or brown.

tigrlnum. Parish. Lvs. oblong-lanceolate: peduncles
slender, 3-6-fld. : sepals and petals linear-oblong, acute,
green spotted at base; petals often paler and with more
spots than the sepals; labellum with yellow, red-brown
striped lateral lobes ; midlobe white, transversely
streaked with purple. Burma. B.M. 5457.

Hookeriinum, Reichb. f. Lvs. about 2 ft. long, acute:
peduncle arching above, erect at base : fls. from 6-12,
large; sepals and petals oblong, greenish; labellum yel-
low, spotted with purple. Sikkim. B.M. 5574.

BBB. Sepals and petals whitish.
Mistersil, Griff. [Cyper&rchis Mdstersii, Benth.).
Lvs. linear, acuminate: peduncle stout, longer than the
raceme: sepals and petals sub-equal, r.bliiiiL^-lmuMM.latp,
white, flushed with rose at the a|ii'r Lili. Ilnni mi-
nutely pubescent; laniellEB oran^t - m.
B.R. 31:50. Var. Album, Hort., has v, 1, Calha-
fldra, of Amer. trade, is equivalent to ( . .1/,, a , > , , \ ar.

AAA. Inflorescence pendent.

pendulum, Swartz. The leathery lvs. distichous, 2-3
ft. long, broadly linear: fls. yellowish; side lobes and
midlobe of labellum rose-color; the disk more or less
white with yellow crests; sepals and petals narrowly
oblong, with a purple median line. E. Ind.

Finlaysoniinum, LiikI!. ir phirhihim, Lindl.). Lvs.
tnsiform racemt m v it I i K and petaK linear
nblong, obtuse, dull I i inu s, with a reddish

median line, lati i il I I Hum crimson, mid

lobe white, tipped wit I ni n '\l ila\sia — Var atro-
purpiireum, Hort Lv>~ mimwer noeme^ longer, with
larg:er fls sepals and petals purplish, front lobe of la
bellum white, spotted with purple Borneo

'Sw?

Decne. 1'. .
Plant. P>
ing a some
more or les

CYNANCHUM (Greek, doq poison) Asclepiaddcem
\bc)ut 20 species in fe Eu , Africa, Asia and Australia,
herbaceous or sometimes half woody at the base, twin-
ing. Lvs. opposite, entire. Plant very like Vincetoxi-
cum, but the fls. differ in having a scale or ligule on the
inside of each of the 5 parts of the crown,
acuminatifolium, Hemsl. ( Vincetdxicnm acnminAltnn.
i.Ibirt.). Mosquito Plakt. C'kiki,
la i t .11- nearly so, or the tips slmw-
liiii; habit: the stems grayish and
: Iv -. cipposite, broadly ovate and
j, vtrongly pinnate-veined, en-
. . Iv gray-pubescent beneath:
<■ Accn the lvs.), shorter than
ill ill umbel-like cymes: fr. amilk-
lajian. — In the flowers, mosquitoes
caught, much as they are in other
asclepiadaceous plants. The native Jih.soiiio Taberna-
montana is sometimes sold as this plant, and it has
been figured as such. L. H. B.

CTNARA (involucre spines likened to a dog's tooth).
Comp6sit<e. A half-dozen S. European species, of which
the Artichoke and Cardoon (which see) are cultivated.

CtNODON. See Capriola.

tire, usual I \
fl. -clusters I
the lvs.: fls.
weed-like IV
and other i

CYNOGLOSSUM

CYNOGLOSSUM (Greek, hound's tongue, from the
shape and soft surface of the Ivs. of the commonest
species). Bormgindcea. A large and widely dispersed
group of little horticultural interest, being mostly tall,
coarse, weedy herbs. C. officl-
iiiile, Linn., ;Fig. 639, has a bur
that becomes attached to cloth-
ing and to the fleece of sheep.
It is a biennial weed, natural-
ized from the Old World,
irrows about 2 ft. high in pas-
tures and waste places of the
Atlantic states, and has soft-
l>ul)C'Siu-nt, lanceolate Ivs., and
Willi n-d-purple (sometimes
white) lis. in panicled racemes.
C. ijniiiile, Dougl. Once cult,
from California as a hardy
639. border perennial ; grows about

Bur of Hound's-tongue 2 ft. high, with lower Ivs. ovate-
or Stick-tight. oblong, or somewhat heart-

/w Q \ ' shaped at the base, acute or

acuminate, 4-8 in. long, on mar-
gined petioles of about the same length : upper Ivs.
smaller, ovate to lanceolate, abruptly contracted into
shorter winged petioles: fls. violet or blue. For C. Ap-
peiinlrutm, Linn., see Solenanthus.

CYN6RCHIS (Greek for dog orcJtid). Orchid&eem,
tribe Opliri'idecp. A dozen Habenaria-like African or-
chids, not in the Am. trade. Culture of Bletia. Not to
be confused with Cycnoches.

CYNOStTRUS (Greek, do(/'s tei7). Gramine<e. An-
nual or perennial, cespitose grasses, with flat leaves.
Spikelets of two forms in small fascicles, these forming
a dense somewhat unilateral, spike-like panicle ; termi-
nal spikelets of the fascicles 2-4 fld., hermaphrodite;
lower spikelets sterile, consisting of many empty
glumes: flowering-glumes mucronate or awn-pointed:
stamens 3. Species 4 or 5, in the north temperate re-
gions of the Old World.

crist4tU3, Linn. Ckested Dog's-tail. A slightly
tufted perennial grass, 1-2 ft. high, with narrow Ivs.
and a rather slender, erect, spike-like panicle. Int.
from Europe. — Well adapted for shaded lawns and wood-
lands. Also recommended for mixed pastures, espe-
cially in billy regions. The mature stems are used in the
manufacture of Leghorn hats.

^legans, Desf. Silky-awned Dog's-tail. A pretty
perennial grass varying in height from 6 in.-l K ft. :
Ivs. small and scarce: panicle one-sided and spike-like:
spikelets with long white silky awns 3^-1 in. long. Int.
from Europe. — Handsome for dry bouquets.

P. B. Kennedy.

CYNTHIA. All referred to Krigia.

CYPfiLLA (application obscure). Inddcem. Eight
species of South American bulbs, inferior to Iris for
general culture because not hardy, and also less showy.
The genus differs from Iris and Morffia in its stigmas,
which are neither petal-like nor filiform, but erect, and
in the anthers, which are broad, erect, not sloped, bear-
ing the pollen on their edges, also in the plaited leaves.
C. JTerberti is the only species offered by the American
trade, and the catalogues say it comes from Peru, but,
according to Baker (Iridese, p. 62), the only species from
the western coast of South America is C. Peruviana.
The bulbs should be set out in spring, lifted in fall and
stored over winter. Prop, by offsets or by seed, which
should be sown as soon as ripe. The blue-flowered spe-
cies are presumably equally worthy of culture, though
C. plnmbea, Lindl., from S. Brazil and Argentine, is
shown in B.M. 3710, with dull, lead-colored fls. In P.S.
i: 395 and 14: 1466 the colors are showier, the latter be-
ing a variety with handsome purple streaks. For the
still showier C. cvenilea, Seub., see Marica.

A. Style appendages spur-like.
H^rberti, Herb. Lvs. about 1 ft. long, linear, acumi-
nate, twice plaited, the angles of the plaits winged :
scape 2-3 ft. high, erect, flexuose, glaucous, branched.

CYPEEUS

429

many-fld. : fls. 3 in. across, chiefly yellow, odorless, soon
withering ; outer segments bearing a rather long cusp
or tail. South Brazil. Uruguay. Argentine. B. R.
11 : 949 and B. M. 2599 show utterly distinct colors, but
Baker says there is a lilac variety.

AA. Style appendages petal-like, flat.

Peruviana, Baker. Lvs. 6-9 in. long, linear, narrowed
gradually from the mi.ldN- l...ih ways, glabrous, plaited :
fls. 2-3 in a solitary >i:illM(i .'liivt.r, soon withering,
chiefly yellow ; segment ^ witli a .listinct long claw and
a proportionately shortir ami l.n.aa.-r blade and a shorter
cusp, at the base spotted brown. Peru. B.M. 6213.

W. M.

CYPEE6KCHIS ( Cyperus and OrcUs, from the sedge-
like appearance). Orchiddcece, tribe Vdndew. Very
closely allied to Cymbidium, which see. There are only
three species, of which C. Mdstersii, Benth. ( Cymbidium
Mastersii, Griff., of this work, and G. elegans, Blume
(Cymbidium elegans, Lindl., B.M. 7007) are cult. The
latter does not appear in the Amer. trade.

CYPfiBUS (ancient Greek name). Cyperdcea. A large
genus of the Sedge family, inhabiting both tropical and
temperate regions. The species in cultivation are all
perennials from rootstocks or tubers: leaves grass-like;
stem simple and mostly naked above: flowers perfect,
without perianth, borne in small, compressed spikes,
which are variously aggregated in compound umbels,
the latter surrounded by foliaceous bracts; styles and
stamens 3. A few are cultivated in jardinieres, aquatic
gardens and aquaria. Several others are pests in culti-
vated fields.

A. Basal leaf-sheaths without blades.

alternifdiius, Linn. Umbkella Plant. Umbrella
Palm. Fig. 640. Strict, l}4-3ii ft. high: stem nearly
terete, ribbed, smooth and slender: involucral lvs. very
numerous, spreading or slightly drooping, linear, 8 in.
long, K-K in. broad, dark green, acute, rough-margined:
umbel rays only 1-2 in. long, nearly simple: spikes few,
in a cluster, ovate, very flat, 2 lines long, pale brown:

640. Cyperus alternifoUus

scale acute: rachis winged and pitted. Madagascar.—
Much used for aquaria and jardinieres. Var. variegAtus,
Hort. Stem and lvs. striate, sometimes entirely white.
Var. grAoilis, Hort. Involucral lvs. much
not so spreading.

430

Papyrus, Linr
TIAN Paper-PL.
dark-green: stint ntiri
Ivs. only 3-1(1, -m
acute; primary i
slender, equiU ;.; ,
bracts promincni , lUi)
and sessile, palt i-lic
Palestine. — For aquari
AA. Bn!:al
B. Lower ?r. , ,'. -■ ,
NataUnsU, II-
1-3 leaf-beariii:j
base: involucn- J .; I .
unequal : spikes iiun
lanceolate, acuminate

winged: scales oblong-ovate, obtuse. South Africa. -
Decorative. Not hardy.

Krtilis, Borck. Stem short, slender, 4-5 in. high,
3-angled: Ivs. numerous, thin and broad, 4-9 line.s wide,
C in. long, equaling the stem, linear-lanceolate, folded
below, dotted, mar?in dcnripiilato: nmhol simple, 5-7-
rayed: rays elonL'!it.-.i, ,.,..,. I. iImh-^, ..ft,.i, roMt;,,..- r\t the

apex, 1-2 ft. Ion-- I.I \.,■.u■^. -I, ,,,■!• -,,ii,,,.],.ts

crowded, oblonr I ). -^,-,1,

white. Central \ .:.. I i;. i, ... .imI ihij

for hanging bask, l - ; l 1m- inni" I i ;i\ ~ <•U>■^\ Im ;tr [iLintlfts
instead of flowers.

Iticidus, R. Br. Rather stout: stem 1-2 ft. high, terete
above: Ivs. numerous, large and broad, spongy-thickened
at the base, spinulose-margined : umbel spherical, C-8 in.
in diam.: spikelits dinsr. ilii;itate, long and linear:
scales persistent : axis .•"iitiininus. Australia.

BB. Lower h-s. iniw, i;,i,x. iiiirrow and grass-like,

(Papyrus Anfiquirum,'Willd. ) . Egtp-

;t. Strict, tall and stout. 4-8 ft. high.

tTiut: ra.<his wiuKless. Egypt,
I and damp soil. Not hardy.
hrafJts hUide-hearing.
' / ( '., .M((7 and conduplicate.
I 'ft. high, smooth, with
I '. '-rul leafless ones at the
, - h r I : lays of the umbel short,
1 ciiMgested, nvimerous, linear-
pale brown, 10-12-fld. : rachis

flat (

rim

6Iegan8, Linn. (C. Idxus, Lam. and Hort.). Stem
3-angled, 2-3 ft. high: Ivs. large, broadly linear, numer-
ous, spreading, half as long as the culm : involucre short;
spreading, few-lvd. : rays long and slender, unequal,
compound : spikes small, distant, oblong, greenish brown,
blunt, 6-11-fld.: scales round-elliptic, mucronate. West
Indies, Brazil. G. C. II. 2:99; III. 13:4].- For table
decoration.

stTigdsufl, Linn. Stout, 1-3 ft. high, sharply 3-angled,
base bulbous : Ivs. numerous, long and grass-like,
smooth, 2-A lines wide; involucral similar, 6-12 in. long:
rays very unequal, 6 in. or less long: spikes 4-10-fld.,
awl-shaped, chestnut-brown, densely clustered, at the
spike-like {1-VA in. long) tips of the rays. N. Amer.-
Hardy perennial, used for the borders of aquatic gardens.

esoulfintUB, Linn. Chufa. Much like the last: root-
stock slender and bearing little tubers : spikes pale :
akene obovoid. Tropics.- Sometimes a weed in sandy
flelds; also cult, south for the edible tubers. Not hardy.

ptingens, Borck. Stem verv short and thick, 1-2 in.
long, angled bi-I.. -A : l^-. , -|i,:,l,ii. n,. nin, rigid: umbel
simple, contrai'i. ' . r . ,| ' m. ;, i . , i- linear-lancpo-
late, compressc'.l, ! I :. ,
lucral bracts 2-1. -. :in • i i i ; '
Recently introduci-d. M::;. i ; i ', m riiiL' l.uskuts.

O. compressns. hmn. Vmh,\ r : r, -.-ales

acuminate. Trop. - C. «u/" ' - . i,:!. , \,i,er.

trade. Central Afric.%.— Tall ;i i, ' i .. . , ; ,,.::..(sfor
wickerwork; very ornament, 1 1 m « ii, i : ,, i .1, ,, - i ,h,iitius,
Linn. Nut-gkass. Coco-orass. LikoC.esi-ulfiitus.lmt spikes
darker and akene linear. Weed in cult, flelds. — V. strtctvs,

18-fld.

Hort.= ?

K. M. WiEGAND.

CYPHOMANDHA (from the Gn-ok. nfcrrinir to the
hump-shaped anthers). Solainir.,-. r,,-, ,i,> , ,, s.

American spineless shrubs or sni:.!! :i iially

herbs in culture in the north), d is II, ,, .- s..'

lanum chiefly by the thickened anilii is. Tli. I:ir-r ivs.
are entire, 3-lobed, or pinnatisect.

betioea, Sendt. (SolAnum frdgrans, Hook.). Tree
Tomato. Fig. 641. Cult, occasionally for the egg-
shaped, reddish brown, faintly striped fruits, and un-
der such conditions it becomes a tree-shaped, half-
woody plant 6-10 ft. high : Ivs. large, soft-pubescent,
cordate-ovate; more or less acuminate, entire: fls. small.

pinkish, fragrant, in small axillarv or super-axillary clus-
ters: fr. about 2 in. long, on slender .stalks, 2-loculed
and seedy, musky-acid and tomato-like in flavor, agree-
able to those who like tomatoes. Brazil. B.M. .S684. J.
H. III. 31:470. G.C. IIL 25:105. A.G. 11:409.— Bears

the second and third \e<ir fiom seed under glass (where
it must be grown in the ni rthern states) For further
notes, see Bailey, Porcmg-Book. l_ jj g

CYPHOPHCENIX, {hump and Phoenix, a palm). Pal-
mdca-, trilie .1 )■.■.•.,(. A gi-nus of only 2 sprcies of

palmsofniii-ii.riiiiin.ii.iiM . . ^';,;ii, 1, -- ,,.-,li,i- h Iili :, i.m^
ringed caniii • I .. ■■-'.■■:[.: ■ ',. , ^r.

mentscoriir ■ i,,-

wardtheajH ..:,,. ;,,,., .,,,.. i ■■ . ,1 at

thebase; till (iiijijiii iiMii r , - ■' s .; -i i , .-.aly

beneath: rachis stout, ratlnr i . cmvix on

the back, acute above: spa.lii ■ I;.' branches

long, stout: br.acts short: 1 ' — t'r. dark

brown, medium, long-ovoid or . Ilii-iiiil. hi
cies 2. New Caledonia.

«legans, Benth. & [Hook. {K4ntia (legnns, Brongn.
&Gris.). Rachis convex below, flat above; leaflets
alternate, approximate, scaly along the mid-nerve below:
fr. oblong-elliptical, acute.

fulclta, Benth. & Hook. {Kintia fulclla, Brongn.).
Stem clothed at the base with smooth aerial roots : fr.
ovoid, attenuate above.

CYPHOSPfiRMA (Greek, hump and seed). PalmA-
<■<<!. trill.' J /-,',,,(, Two Australian warmhouse palms,
scan-ilv kiLiwii in this country. C. Viellirdii, Benth.
& 11. ...k.. with pinnatisect Ivs., and long-ensiform cori-
ac-v.>iis s.i.'ni.'iits, is sometimes known asKentia robusta
Culture of Areca and Ptychosperma.

Spe-

irllarili,

CYPRESS.

ChamiFcyparis, Cupressus and Taxo-

CYPRESS VINE. See Ipomoea.

CYPRIPEDIUM

CYPEIPfiDIUM (Tenus' slipper}. Lady's Slipper.
Moccasin Flower. OrcliidcLcece, tribe Cypripediea.
TliesenusCvpripediuTniswidelydistributeci,beingfound
in both S<.nfh niid North AniPrica. Ashi. Enrnpe, Japan,

CYPRIPEDIUM 4di

a week will be found of great assistance to keep the
plants in health. The hygrometer should never register
below 60, nor often above 80, as moisture in excess of 80 is
liable to damp-off the young growths. Ventilation reg-

tha

diate stamen sterile and petaloideous : (.-olumn short, cer-
nuate: apex trifld: lateral lobes anther-bearing: pollen
viscid ormealy, not compound; stigma deltoid, on front
of column beneath the stamens : capsule slender, pubes-
cent: placentation parietal: the lower sepals commonly
coalescent: labellum cup-form, inflated: Ivs. usually lig-
ulate, either tessellated or uniform green. The structure
of the column (or essential organs) of a Cj-pripedium is
shown in Fig. I'i42. The two anthers are :it .. -r T)i<- tliird
stamen is represented by the body, ii. 'I'l" -i i ni.t i- ii r.
The floral envelopes are torn away hi m I a

jority of Cypripediums grow well, and )!. ' in

from year to year. They do not requin a i» i mil nl n st
like species of Cattleya. The hardy species, such as
C. acaule and C. pubescens, are well worthy of a place in
gardens. C. spectablle, for color and form, ranks among
the finest species. It is a valuable orchid for foi-cing in
the greenhouse. As yet, no hybrids have resulted from
the intercrossing of "our native Cypripediums. Inter-
crossing of tropical with hardv species has proved fruit-
less. There is a tcndcncv to 'resolve Cvpripedium into
several •.'eiii-ra For tlie ,,„.■,„,«,.« of this work the

and the like. See. ah
s from Cypripedium
ed ovary. Figs. 0-13
structural points in tht

o,nouUetia.
in having a
md 644 con-

trast soni

The genus Cypripedium is naturally not a large one. Ben-
tham and Hooker think that the species are less than 40.
The species have been much hybridized and modified
by cultivation, however, so that the garden forms are
legion. Most of the names represent horticultural vari-
eties; and these names may be expected to increase. One
section of the genus has been separated recently as a
genus. Paphiopedllum. Monogr. of Cypripedium and
related genera by F. Desbois, Ghent, 1898.

Oakes Ames.
Nearly all Cypripediums are of easy culture and may
be readily grown in one department, by devoting the
cooler portion to C. barbattcm, C. insigne, C.JavanU'um,
C. venustum and the Selenipedium group. The coria-
ceous-leaved evergreen species are all in more or less

active growth the year round; therefore a liberal supply
of water must be given at all seasons, only allowing the
compost to become dry occasionally to prevent stagnation.
Light syringing should be frequent in bright we.ather,
and an application of weak liquid manure once or twice

643. Cypripedium Charlesworthii.

Shows section of ovary; of labellum or lip on the right; stigma
on the left : column on the right below.

ulated according to external conditions is essential at all
times to maintain atmospheric action.

During the winter months the thermometer should
register from 60° F. to 65° F. by night and about 70° F. by
day. With sun heat a few degrees more will do no harm.
On the approach of spring the temperature should be
advanced to prepare the plants for summer heat, and ac-
cordingly decreased on the approach of fall. About the
middle of February a light shading will be necessary to
prevent excessive heat and sunburn, with heavier shad-
' gradually removed i

ing toward midsmii

the fall and entiti ! .! - 1. n^, ii
The greater |.:ii > i

compost of two j. ; I ' i . I

ing sphagnum nil I--, i m i

voted to clean drainage. 'I'he i-'

in rather firmly about the j-oo

convex to discard surplus w.iu

of the plant against decay duri

heads of living moss pricked

give a neat appearance.

Cypripedium insiijne and kindred species should have

one-third chopped sod added to the above mixture (see

note on culture in Veitch's Orchid Manual 2: 34).
letimes suffer under pot cul-
k the base of the plant dur-
Basket culture will obviate
■culation of air through the
'arlslni. (\ Ph il i npiuense

H ith during the winter.
IS grow best in pots in a
to one part chopped liv-
I the pot room being de-

.ni]io>t sliould )■(• pressed
-s, and the surface left
r ami lo niMu-.i the base
n^ dull weiitlier. A few
in over the surface will

C. vill.-is
ture froi
ing sultr

compost. C. Lnwei. C. /'arishn. C.

and allied species, togeth.i- with .-:< l< mji, ,liiim cau-

dafum, are truly epiphytie and jin fi aalily should be

grown in baskets. By this methoii the roots are better

preserved and less liable to decay during the winter

season.

432

CYPRIPEDIUM

The Concolor section requires a warm, moist location
with free access to the air. The species should be erown
in rather small pots, with at least half the space (k-viit.-.i
to drainage of broken charcoal or other free niiit. ii:il.
The potting compost should consist of equal p;u-i--
chopped sod, peat-liber and living sphagnum. Liim -
stone is often recommended as essential in the culture
of this section, Init, the conditions being equal, I have
never noticed an> beneficial results from it (Orchid
Review 4: 45; Veitch's Manual 2 19-20).

The deciduous tropical species, of which C.Irapeanum ,
C.TJiibtticumand SelenipedmmpatmifoUum afford good

The picture shows

examples, require similar treatment to the evergreen
kinds. They have a long dormant period during which
they should be rested in a temperature of 50° P., with
sufficient water to keep the compost moist until growth
starts, when they must be returned to their proper de-
partment and enjoy a liberal supply of water until after
the flowering season, when they must be ripened off
and the water supply gradually withheld.

The hardy species do better planted out in the open
ground or in rockeries, where they should be so situated
as to obtain good drainage and shade. The soil must be
free and porous and consist of three parts chopped turf
and equal parts of peat and sphagnum. They require a
liberal amount of water and frequent syringing over the
foliage while growing, but the supplv should be grad-
ually reduced after tin- tluwii-iii- )Hii...l until only
enough water is given Im k. . |, th, s,,ii ,,i,,i.t. During

the winter the plants si M Ik- piMir.i. ,| «iili Iraves or

pine boughs. C spcrlnhili .-ui.! ( '. i,Hl,.xr,„x ^'i-nw well
under pot culture. A 7-lO-incU put will hold eight or a
dozen crowns, which should be planted 2 inches below
the surface. Two inches of drainage are sufficient. The
pots should be filled with soil (firmly pressed in) to yi
inch below the rim. After a thorough watering they
should be stored in a coldframe and protected with
leaves and boughs. About the middle of February they
may be removed to a coolhouse, where they should re-
main for a week, and then be placed in the cool end of
the Cypripedium house, where they should be watered
sparingly until growth action starts. These plants make
strong growths under this treatment, and the flowers are
a decided improvement over those produced normally
outside.

All Cypripediums are propagated by division.

Robert M. Grey.

Index to species described in the main list: Abbotia-
num, 5; acaule, 40; albens, 25; Amesianum, 25; Apple-
tonianum, 16; Argus, 6; arietinum, 43; Amoldianum,
25; atropurpurenm, 5; aureum. 25; auriculum, 5; bar-
liatum, 1; bellatulum, 20; biflorum, 1; Boxalli, 28;

CYPRIPEDIUM

Breevisianum, 25; Brownii, 25 ; Bullenianum, 15 ; Cal-
ccolns. 48; candidum, 46; Californicum, 52; callosum,

1 : ■audatum is a Selenipedium; Chamberlainianum, 38 ;
I liiTitinii, 25; Charlesworthii, 24; ciliolare, 7; cserules-

■11-. 1 : coloratum, 5 ; concolor, 17 ; corrugatum, 25 j
(■(.iil^uniatuiin. 2."! ; ( 'owperianum, 25; Crossianum, 1;
Curti-^ii. J; 1 riiii_-i inmii, 25; Dayanum, 12; Dominia-
num, J . : li I, 25; Druryi, 27 ; elegans, 41;

Elliotii.ii, ! 'ii.25;Exul,26;Eyermanianum,

25; Fain. uMihi, I: F.i-istermanni, 25; fuscatum, 25;
giganteum. 1. a; (Tiimoreianum, 25; glanduliferum, 35;
UodefroysB, 19; gracUe, 1,25; grandiflorum, 1; grande,
5; guttatum, 25; Haynaldianum, 31; Hendersonianum,
1 ; Himalaicum, 44 ; hirsutissiraum, 22 ; Hookerte, 15 ;
Horsmanianum, 25; Hyeanum, 5; Ulustre, 25; insigue,
25; lrapeanum,54; Javanicum, 13; Japonicum, 42; Kim-
ballianum, 25, 35, 37; Ifflvigatum, 34; Lawrenceanum, 5;
leucochilum, 19; Lindeni,5; longiscpalum,25; Lowei,30;
Lutwycheanum, 25 ; Macfarlanei, 25 ; macranthum, 51 ;
maculatum, 25; magnificum,5; majus, 1; Mandevillea-
num, 25; marmoratum, 5; Mastersianum, 14 ; Maulei,
25; maximum, 25; montanum, 53; Mooreanum, 25; mo-
saicura, 1; Moulmeinense,25; nanum, 1; Neo-Guineense,
35; nigritum, 2; nigrum, 1, 5; Nilssdnii, 25; nitens, 25;
niveum, 18 ; nobile, 1 ; O'Brienianum, 1; Parishii, 32 ;
parviflorum, 49 ; Petri, 12 ; Philippense, 34 ; pietum,
1,5; Pitcherianum, 5, 6; pleioleucum, 5; plumosum, 1;
prtestans, 35; pubescens, 47; pulcherrimum , 1; purpu-
rascens, 5; purpuratum, 3; purpureum, 1; Pynaerti,25;
roseum, 5; Rothschildianum, 37; Sallieri, 29; Sanderse,
4,25; Sanderianum, 36 ; spectabile, 50 ; Spicerianuni,
23; Stonei, 33; Studleyanum, 25; superbiens, 8, 25; su-
perbura, 1, 5; Sylhetense, 25; Thibeticum, 45 ; tonsum,
10; Veitchianum, 8 ; venustum, 11; Victoria-Marie, 39;
villosum, 28; virens, 13; virescens, 5; volonteanum, 15 ;
Warnerianura, 1. Many other names are accounted for
in the supplementary lists.

A. Leaves tesselated {or cJteckered in sqitares).

B. Petals more or less ligulate, smaller than the

upper sepxl.

0. Upper sepal veined with green and p7irple: spots

on the petals marginal.

1. barbitum, Liindl. Lvs. oblong, about 6 in. long, pale
beneath, upper surface dull green with darker green
markings: scape long, reddish brown: ovary slender,
subtended by a small bract; upper sepal orbicular,
evenly reflexed, white, with a green translucent base;
veins green part way, becoming deep purple: petals
green at the base, finely dotted, gradually passing into
brown-pink at the apices, upper margin provided with
several blackish warts ; labellum brown-purple, infolded
portion yellowish or purplish with raised dots; lower
sepal narrow, greenish, veined with green: staminode
pubescent, broadly crescent-shaped. June and July.
Malay Peninsula. B.M. 4234.-Of this useful species
there are many excellent varieties in which the flowers
are larger or more richly colored. The variation in foli-
age is; very remarkable. In general appearance this
species resembles C. Lawrenceanum. Many vars. in
cult.

The following are varieties nf f hnrl.ni,,,,, ■ Pi/I.'.nnn. A
chance variation, due undoul.tnlly in in., t ... i.. v. -.ir See
Crossianum below. — Cffri/Z-.s" n> * mr as

Crossii.— CHssii. Upper s..].,.! \.i. . ... ' i.iilar,
white, veined with green an. I nil. 11. I i . l.iind

of crimson: petals nuif-h .1.11. \. I III . , I n.-.-'iS.

— (?iffan(^«m=nit:rui[i i,,.^, , i, i . i v,.pal

nmisually large.-// i' ..I. .red

and vigorous form - l' \ ' \ .lurk

flower, the labellnm <.i :. \.r\ |. ... \ '. ./*•,—

0'Brientannm,orOiJjiiiu.~i'n:u,„ I i i^not

a permanent variety. It does not m;.!..' ! . i.rsto

which it owes its name.— Pu^cAerni/'i" / - Su-

p^rbum. Almost any good form of It... : . , . .i l..\ this

na.\n9.— Wnrneridnum, or Wamerii. S.-.- . i — i

2. nigritum, Reichb. f. Probably ident^al with ( '. ]>nr-
puratum, var. obscurum. Dorsal sepal resembles that of
C. purpuratum, in other respects very similar to C.
barbafnm.

3. purpuritum, Lindl. Lvs. elliptic-oblong to narrowly
ovate, 4-5 inches long, glaucous, pale green tesselated
with darker dull green, pale beneath : scapes short
(about 5 in. long), purplish : ovary subtended by a

CYPRIPEDIUM

small bract ; upper sepal white, 4-angled, appearing as
if inserted at one of its angles, about 15-nerved, outer
nerves carmine-purple, others metallic green; margins
strongly reflexed ; lower sepal greenish with white mar-
gins, veined with green; petals subspatulate, greenish
at base, dotted, becoming purplish toward the apices,
veined with deep metallic green ; labellum brown-purple,
infolded portion with raised dots ; staminode crescent
shape. Auttimn. China. B. M. 4901. R. H. 1858, p. 182 :
1883, p. 353.

i. calldsum, Eeichb. f. Lvs. ovate-oblong, obscurely
tesselated, pale beneath: scapes reddish brown; upper
sepal about 3 in. across, unevenly reflexed, slightly con-
cave at base, and translucent ; blush ground color
veined with green, upper part white-margined, suffused
with rose mauve ; veins carmine-purple toward the apex;
petals oblique, recurving, pale green at base, pale rose-
mauve at and toward the extremities, upper margin with
several blackish warts, ciliate ; labellum dull reddish
brown, infolded lobes greenish, with red-brown, shiny
warts ; staminodium crescent-shaped. Ft-bruarv and
March ; also at other seasons. Siam. R. H. ISSS; 252.

Var. Sanderse, Hort. An albino form of the species,
with no trace of rose-mauve or purple. The fls. are
white and delicate gieen J H III 28 423

5 Lawrenceanmn Reichb f Lvs oval oblong nearly
1 ft long tes til It 1 witl \ 11 wi b ml duk green
scapes tall r 1 1 Urge
upper sepil iuil_le
veins whi 1 sepal
small ovar\ 1 I etals
purplish at « 1 1 1 1 „icenish
provided with bUck w uts iluu„ the uiu^uis labellum
dull brown pur] le staminode broadly crescent shape
April-Julv Borneo B M 0432 I H 30 478 P b
23 2 i ( ( III 1 ^01

Tl otC Laurmceanim Ablnt a v

Fl n ^ems on the upper sei 1 — .1? o

p u upper sepal ^vith leeply col re \

spa c — t im Av 1 ntl e

large bize ut the tl — hriide —Hu e ne 1

with green petals green labell 1 3 —

lAndeni — Magi tf c tri — Mam —

Pitchenanutn — Pleiolettctnn Lpi nnl\ a
few colored veins — PurpurasceUA — I a — j Ijum —
Virescens

cc Upper sepal lemed with green but shghtlij tf at
alf reined with crimson petals nioie ot Jess
spott d ot dotted

6 Argus Reichb f (C batbatiim var Argui, Hort
C Pit ho lit 11)1 Hort) Lvs oblong lanceolate about
6 m long pale green mottled with deeper green scape
long, reddish brown: ovary subtended by a small bract;
upper sepal broadly ovate, acuminate, dotted at base,
veined with green, the longer veins sometimes purplish:
petals oblong, undulate, deflexed, pale green tinged with
purple at the apices, irregularly spotted with blackish
warts; labellum dull brown-purple, greenish beneath;
infolded lobes purplish, spotted with deeper purple;
staminode crescent - shaped. March, April. Luzon,
Philippines. B.M. 6175. A.F. 3:179.

7. ciliolire, Reichb. f. Lvs. oblong, pale green, tessel-
lated with dark green: scapes tall, reddish brown: ovary
subtended by a small bract; upper sepal broadly ovate,
acuminate, ciliate on the margins, blush white at base,
otherwise white, veined with green; petals ligulate, de-
flexed, recurved, with long marginal hairs, greenish at
base, becoming pale mauve at and toward the extremi-
ties, thickly dotted with blackish warts ; labellum dull
brown-pur|>le; infolded lobes yellowish, with reddish
brown warts; staminode reniform. April^uly and
even later. Philippine Islands. l.H. 31:530. G.C. III.
21:348.

8. sup6rbiens, Reichb. f. (C. T'«i(c7iJ(iKH>rt, Lem.). Lvs.
oval-oblong, about 6 in. in length, yellowish green, mot-
tled with deeper green, pale beneath: scapes tall, green-
ish: ovary subtended by a small bract; upper sepal
broadly ovate, whitish, evenly veined with green; petals
deflexed, almost drooping, ligulate, hairy-margined,
white, suffused with pale rose, tinged with reddish
brown at base, veined with green and copiously dotted

CYPRIPEDIUM

433

form-subrotund, horns straight. June, July. Malay
Peninsula. l.H. 12:429. F.S. 19:1996. A.F. 7:707. R.
H. 1871, p. 596.

9. Curtisii, Reichb. f. Lvs. broadly oval oblong or
narrowly oblong, pale green tessiliati-d with darker
green, pale beneath: scapes about 1 tt . lii^'li. i< it.lish
brown: ovary subtended by a small In act; ii|i|i. r sipal
lisproportionately large, broadly ov;it( . ^n > nish with a
white margin, tinged with brown-purplu at thu base, yreen
veined with brown and green: petals ligulate, deflexed,
dull brown-purple or brownish green at the base, veined
with green, pale along the median vein, and thickly
dotted with red -brown; margins ciliate; labellum large,
dull reddish brown, infolded lobes paler, dotted ; stami-
node reniform. May-July. Sumatra. A.F. 6:557. Gne.
1: 41. — C. ciliolare and C. superbiens are very closely
related.

10. tdnsuin, Reichb. f. Lvs. ,,vat.- mIiIuh;,'. vab- i;reen
conspicuously maculate witli dark mcrn. pair li. m-ath
or spotted toward thebas.-: -r:ii.i > 1 _' ni. <m- nmii liing,
brownish green: ovary pair -r. , n. -ulHrn.li d liy a small
bract ; upper sepal bru;iillv ..l.,,vatc. wiili h i.lr li;isc, ab-
ruptly acuminate, wliitish. ,.ft. 11 with Mush i-Mse suffu-
sion; veins green; iietals bread, deveid ,,t iiiar,i,'iiial luiirs,
oblong ovate or subspaiulate, ttreeii. median nerve paler
green, with a row of large redtlish brown spots, other
veins brownish, giving a tinge of brown to adjacent
tissue ; labellum large, compressed dorsiventrally,
brownish; infolded lobes pale yellowish green, with
raised pale dots; staminode crescent-shaped, the horns
strongly oblique. Autumn. Mountains of Sumatra.

11. venilstum, Wall. Lvs. oblong, dull purple beneath,
upper surface pale green, marbled with dark green:
scapes about 8 in. tall: ovary subtended by a bract
which sheaths it for half its lenirth; dorsal sepal ovate,
white veined willi i;reeii; jHtals green at base, dull
purple toward the exireniities. j.rovided with several
blackish warts ; labelhiin jiale i^reen. conspicuously veined
with emerald-green, infolded lobes paler ; staminode
crescent-shaped. January-March. India. B.M. 2129.
ccc. Upper sepal distinctly veined with green: spots

on the petals, if any, few.

12. Dayinum, Reichb. f. (C. Petri, Reichb. f.). Lvs.
oblong, pale green, remotely cross-veined with dark
green, pale beneath: scapes reddish brown; upper sepal
ovate, acuminate, whitish, veined with green, upper
margin recurved ; petals brownish green at base, salmon-
pink toward the apices, upper margins obscurely spotted,
ciliate with dull crimson hairs ; labellum roughish, dusty-
looking, infolding portion greenish, with dull crimson-
brown warts ; staminode oblong. Borneo. May, June.
F.S. 15: 1527.

13. Jav4mcum, Eeinw. Lvs. oblong, pale, maculate
with dark green: scape greenish, 1-or 2-flowered: ovary
subtended by a small bract ; upper sepal ovate acuminate,
greenish white veined with green, lower margin reflexed ;
petals oblong, greenish, with fine blackish dots, becom-
ing purplish or pale rose color at the apices, ciliate on
the margins; labellum darker green than the petals, in-
folded lobes pale green, but variously dotted; staminode
reniform-subrotund. Java.— Var. vlrens, Hort., is
smaller, the green color more pronounced.

cccc. Upper sepal not distinctly veined with green, but
more or less with purple.

14. Mastersi^num, Reichb. f. Lvs. oblong, remotely
tessellated: scape tall, brown-purple, ovary subtended
by a short bract; upper sepal orbicular, acute, bright
green with a greenish white or yellowish border, veined
with greenish brown; petals spreading, brownish, paler
at and toward the base, and provided with blackish
warts on the upper margin and median vein ; labellum
large, brownish, infolded lobes paler, with dull purple
spots ; staminode crescent-shaped, horns converging.
Java. G.C. III. 15: 593; 25: 274. B.M. 7629, as a Paphio-
pedUum.

15. Hookerae, Reichb. f. Lvs. variegated dull green
and greenish white, pale beneath, ovate oblong: scapes
tall, slender; upper sepal rotund, acuminate, green, with

434

CYPRIPEDIUM

a cream-colored margin; petals subspatulate, purplish
at the apices, with a green stripe toward the base;
lahellura greenish brown, infolded portion greenish,
with a few raised warts; staminode oval Borneo, B.M.
53G2

Var BuUeminttm, Ilort (C BuUeniAnum,Reiehb.t.).
Lvs not so strikinglj mottled fls smaller upper sepal
streaked at the base Borneo.

Var volonte&num, Hort. Fig.
h45 Fls larger than in the
t J pe , petals oblong spatulate,
gieen, except at extremities,
where thev are pale mauve,
median portion richly dotted
th 1 1 I Ircwn Ubellum
I I June and July.

Appktoniinum, Rolfo
w var Apple-
it tt ) Lvs. less
11 1 in the preced-
I im very small,
I 1 1 form IS sorae-
I 1 as a sub variety
/ / H»i Borneo.

645 Cypnpcdium

Hooker^e, var volonte

anum (X %)

\ J f I 1 sipaU nearly

I I 11 fl 1 ,.

1^ cbncolor I if m Lvs.
o^ il 11 11^ II ftl 1 lull pur-
\ le b 11 th s 1] vh rt: up-
per sepal jellow dotted with
purple, similar to the petals;
laDellum yellow, compressed.

Autumn Burma B M 5d13

18. niveum, Reichb. f. Lvs. oval-oblong to oblong,
short, mottled: Hs. white; petals and upper sepal nearly
equal, finely dotted at base with purple, dots variable in
number and distribution. Burma. B.M. 5922.

19. GddefroysB, Leb. Lvs. narrower than in the pre-
ceding: scape short: fls. whitish to pale yellow, spotted
with purple-magenta ; petals deflexed. Early, and as
late as July. Cochin China. B.M. 687B. Gn. 25, p. 39G.

Var. leuoochllum, Hort. Upper sepal white, blotched
with deep purple; labellum white; petals like the upper
sepal, spots smaller. G.C. IIL 15 : 815. J.H. III. 30 : 423.
F.R. 1:371.

20. bell&tulum, Reichb. f. Lvs. broad, rounded at
apices, slate-green, mottled with darker green, thickly
dotted beneath with brownish purple, except in var.
album, when the lvs. are pale beneath : scapes very short:
upper sepal concave, roundish, white, spotted with
brown-purple; lower sepal also spotted; petals orbicu-
lar, tending to be concave, spotted with large, irregu-
lar, brown-purple spots; labellum ovate, finely dotted
with brown -purple. Fls. in summer; also at other
seasons. Shan States. G.C. III. 21:320. J.H. III. .30:513.
A.F.6: 557; 13:77, 622; 14: 675. Gng. 7:129. -Var. Album,
Hort. Has white fls. devoid of spots: lvs. not brown-
purple beneath.

'aa. Li's. coriaceous, ligulate, not tessellated or only

obscurely so.

B. I^ls. not more tlian 2, except in vigorous plants.

c. Staminodium without a protuberance or horn

from its center.

21. Fairie&nam, Lindl. Upper sepal sub-rotund, whit-

green and purple; labellum brownish green, reticulated;
staminodium orbicular, with a pronounced beak or tooth
from the lower margin, white, with green veins. Habitat
unknown, 1857. — The only living records of this species
in America are found in several splendid hybrids, such
as O. X Niobe, C. x vexillarium, C. x Arthurianum, C.
y. Amesiv and C.y.E. Ballantine. There are several
plants in English collections. There are no living plants
in America. The species is not vigorous enough to be
worth the growing.

CYPRIPEDIUM

22. hirsutissimum, Lindl. Lvs. ligulate, uniform
green: scape greenish: ovary and bracts clothed with
shaggy hairs ; upper sepal narrow at base, broailer
toward the summit, nearly ovate, brownish, with a green
margin, finely dotted at base; petals green at base, finely
dotted, becoming purplish; margin sinuate, undulate;
labellum green, finely dotted, downy and ciliate; stami-
node bluntly quadrate or spade-shaped, with 2 white
eyes. March, April and Mav. Java. B.M. 4990. R.H.
1859. pp. 182-3.- Int. at same time as C. Fairieanum
(1857).

23. Spiceri&nam, Reichb. f. Lvs. linear-oblong, dark
green: scape about 8 in. long: ovary subti-iided by a
spotfrd lirai-t; ujiper sepal white, strongly rcflexed so as
t-i Ikp-. n iinn-.nv base and broad, incurved summit,
t' : . ! ir-niine-purple; petals short, wary mar-

1 : li i;reen, with conspicuous mid-veins of

li ;1: ;.i. ,i; labellum green or brownish; stamino-
ihuiii V, lull lii.ujiined, otherwise pale mauve. Oct.-Dec.
Assam. H.M. 6190. I. H. 30:473. Gn. 48, p. 304. A.G.
11:1.59. A.P.3:226. Gng.l:242. P. E. 9: .329. -Habitat
unknown when first plants were introduced. Many
varieties,
cc. Staminodium provided with a protuberance or horn.

24. Chtlrleswortliii, Rolfe. Lvs. ligulate, obscurely
tessellated, heavily spotted beneath throughout or only
at the base: scapes short, spotted like the lvs.: ovary
spotted, subtended by a small, spotted
bract; upper sepal orbicular, white,
mottled and suffused with pale carmine,
purple rose, brownish at base or clear;
petals short, rarely wavy margined,
yellowish or brownish, veined with
brown ; labellum similar in color to the
petals (variable), spread-
iiiir at tlip aperture,

slaiinn..Mr shiny, pii

yellow tipped process
Autumn. E.Indies,
7416. R.B. 20:241. Gn.
47:1009 and p. 425. A. P.
13:430.— A very varia-
ble and beautiful spe-
cies, which should give
rise to interesting hy-
brids.

25. inBigne,Wall. Lvs.
linear-ligulate, uniform
green, usually finely
spotted at the base : scape reddish
brown, about 1 ft. high : upper sepal
oval, arching at the summit,
green, upper margin white, surface
covered with brownish spots ; petals
pale greenish brown, veined with
deeper brown ; labellum also brown-
ish; staminodium longer than broad,
rough and pubescent, with a yellow
projection. Autumn. India. B. M.
3412. G. cm. 18: 763. A. F. 7: 633.
P. E. 9:327. Gng. 1:243. A.U.
19:825.

Var. Chintinii, Hort. Habit as in
type : dorsal sepal larger with larger
spots, broad toward the summit,
mainly green, heavily spotted with
brown, except on the upper portion,
where it is white, with several pale
mauve spots ; labellum colored like
the spots, deep polished brown. R. H.
1878:130.

Var. fimeatii, Hort., is a yellow form with faint spots
on the upper sepal, which lack the characteristic brown
and are called "false spots."

Var. SAndersB, Hort. Fig. 646. Foliage pale to the
base: scape very pale green : upper sepal white above,
otherwise primrose-yellow, with minute reddish brown
dots, which vary in number from season to season, and

Cypripedium

var. Sandcr£e.

(XK.)

tion

CYPRIPEDIUM

the same plant petal<! colored like
luiii w i\\ jellow spreidmg at aper
til in orange \ell>w projec
t 1 eiutitul C\pripedmm

CYPRIPEDIUM

435

petal? pale greenish yellow upper sepal margined with white;
broadly ovate basil miigmis tinely dotted spots largest at the
center petals biown \eined stiminode with a niuero — Stud-
bt/anum ~ iiitperbiens ~ Sylhet n'i Lirgedarlvspot somewhat
confluent in lines along the middle of the upper sepal

Polb

of

ng ire
Ik wish upper sepil bordered
li„ht coloied tound only on the
Lolorottls soft greenish mellow
Fls lather luge ipper
? margin not spotted suttuse 1 with
1 I an Fls Iirger thin m\ ir M 111 ip

pill ! 1 1 \\hitemirgin spots h i r tl i

ishyeUjw h k (.rf 4o \Fbll)-l 111 ll

p lie yellow petils an 1 libt
L pper ser d oblong upper third white
gree

distinctly 1
t pper sepi
Sep ll spotted ii ith

flit refle\eu it tl
h les into the wh:

dominituiB evttnd
disk uppermosi
larger broivnish

647. Cypripedium Rothschildianum"(X H)-

spots l&TQ^.—Mmdmeinhme.— Nilssoni.— Nltens.—liargev than
the type, stronger in growth: fls. very large: upper sepal white,
margined: spots in irregular ro-vvs.~ Pynaerti.— Schrcederi-
dnum. Fls. extremely large; upper sepal nearly orbicular, or

26. Exiil, Rolfe. Lvs. narrower and more rigid than in
the preceding species: upper sepal greenish yellow at
the base, spotted with brown, upper part white ; petals
and labellura' similar to those of C.Druryi. Siam. B.M.
7510. —Considered by some to be a form of C. insigne.

27. Drtiryi, Beddome. Lvs. ligulate, uniform green:
scape about 1 ft. high : ovary subtended by a small
bract ; upper sepal arching at the summit, yellowish
with a dark median band ; petals ligulate, yellow, with
a dark median hand ; labellum yellowish. May, June.
India I.H. 24:265. A.F. 6:555.

28. vill6sum, Lindl. Lvs. linear-ligulate, uniform
green spotted with brown-purple at the base : scapes co-
piously long-hairy : ovary subtended by a bract nearly
as long as itself : upper [sepal narrow at the base,
broader above, brownish at the base, otherwise greenish
yellow, finely margined with white ; petals spatulate,
broad at apices, wavy-margined, oblique, with a con-
spicuous brown midvein, otherwise brownish yellow ;
labellum brownish yellow; staminode large, oblong, yel-
lowish. Jan., Feb. India. I.H. 4:126. A.F. 6:555.

Var. Bdxalli. Hort. (C. Bdialli. Reichb. f.). Upper
sepal spotted with blackish spots, which are more or
less confluent along the median line. Burma. I.H.
26:345.

29. SAIlieri, Godef. Petals somewhat resembling
those of the above; upper sepal large, broad at and to-
ward the summit, yellowish green, spotted with brown,
and provided with a broad white border round the up-
per half. Supposed natural hybrid between C. villosum
and C. insigne.

436

CYPKIPEDIUM

BB. Fls. more than S.
c. Petals spatulate.

30. Ldwei, Lindl. Lvs. ligulate, uniform green: scapes
often more than 3 ft. long, arching, bearing several fls. :
upper sepal yellowish veined with brownish purple at
the base, broadly oval, basal margins revolute ; petals
fully 3 in. long, deflexed, twisted, spatulate, yellowish,
with numerous brown-purple spots at and toward the
base, the spoon-shaped extremities dull crimson-purple;
labellum brown, infolded lobes paler; staminodium ob-
cordate, with ahom-like projection at base. April, May.
Borneo. P.S. 4:375. A. F. 11:1349. R.H. 1857, p. 402;
1883, p. 352; 1885, p. 473.

31. Hajnaldi&num, Reichb. f. Lvs. ligulate, leathery,
uniform green : scapes about 20 in. long, villose, green-
ish brown, 1-5-fld. ; upper sepal oval, lower margins
revolute, cream-white above, purplish at the margins,
the base yellowish, spotted with reddish brown; petals
linear, broad at the extremities, and of a dull purple
color, yellowish from the base about half way, with
several large, reddish brown spots ; labellum green
tinged with dull purple; staminodium similar to that of
preceding, but narrower. Jan.-May. Philippine Isls.

cc. Petals linear, usually drooping and twisted.
32. P4riBhii, Reichb. f. Lvs.coriaceous, thick, ligulate:
scapes arching, pale green, bearing several fls. : upper
sepal yellowish, with green veins, narrowly oval, basal
margins reflexed; petals linear, twisted, obliquely pen-
dent, greenish yellow at and toward the base, with sev-
eral blackish spots and a row of marginal dots ; distal
ends dull, glossy, brownish purple ; labellum dark
green, usually tinged with brown-purple ; staminodium

CYPRIPEDimi

obcordate, with a tooth at base. Autumn. India. B.M.
5791. Gt. 47:25. I.H. 22:214.-Not a free-blooming
species.

33. Stdnei, Hooker. Lvs. ligulate, uniform green, de-
cidedly coriacfuus : .scapes long, greenish brown, 3-5-
fld.: uitpi r -< ji:il fiiail; ^rbicular, white. With 4 crimson-
raageuia -. 2 on each side near the upper
margin. - : with crimson; lower sepal nar-
rower, wiin . .1 II I II ,.ks, similar in color to those on
the upper .■>L-|'al. pii.il- linnnr. rit fir^t spreading, then
drooping, twistLil at iln' . vtr, i,,iti. s. |,:,i, yellow at the
base, becoming di-i.|Mr :ni. I linilk n.lili-li i)n>wn at and
near the apices, sih.h.'.i smiI, ,]iiii-.,ii i.i-,,wii; labellum
calceiform, dull rose lui the fii.nt, paler Ireueath, finely
veined with deeper rose. Autumn. Borneo. B.M. 5349.
—One of the finest in the genus.

34. Philippinfinse, Reichb. f. (C. lcevigdtum,B&tem.).
Lvs. thick, ligulate-oblong, uniform green: scape brown-
ish, bearing from 2-5 fls. : upper sepals whitish, broadly
ovate, striped with crimson-magenta ; lower sepal
striped with green; petals linear, twisted, drooping ob-
liquely, greenish at base, becoming pale brown-purple
toward the extremities; labellum small, yellowish;
staminodium sub-cordiform. April, May. Philippine
Isls.,18G4. B.M. 5508. G.P. 3:309.

35. prtestans, Reichb. f. (C. glandiiHferum, Blume.
G. Neo-Guineinse, Hort.). Lvs. coriaceous, deep green:
peduncle longer than the lvs. : sepals about equal,
broadly ovate, yellowish white, veined with reddish
brown; petals with marginal warts, twisted. yillDwish
green; labellum calceiform, yello^vi li : ^tniiiHuliiim
nearly quadrangular, lateral mar-ie ■■ ' ' Ant'.
NewGuinea. I.H. 34:26. R.H. 1891!. 1 ' ),s,
var. jrimJictiZiOHHm, Hort., isanothi I ; I,,, i- not
to be confounded with U. Kimball iii:iaj; ;.-Lt ^u. :;7).

36. Sanderiinum, Reichb. f. Lvs. ligulate, thick, uni-
form green: scape long, reddish brown, bearing several
fls. : upper sepal narrowly ovate, yellowish, striped with
brown; petals linear, about 18 in. long, yellowish at the
base, marked with reddish brown, the middle part
barred with reddish brown and yellow, purplish brown
at and toward the blunt apices ; labellum brownish.
Feb. -May. Habitat known but not revealed; perhaps
north Borneo. G.C. III. 19:329. Gt. 43:520.

37. BothscMldianum, Reichb. f. Fig. 647. Lvs. thick:
scape reddish brown, bearing several fls. : upper sepal

ovate,
ground oelcr
lique, yeil'iw
purple; lain
yellow, wliii I
beak. Wie-

— c. j;//.i.'

at least n .
6:557; 7:-
ural hybrid e
A.G. 20:7iy,

triped with brownish (almost black) vei:

yellnwi-h ; petals linear, spreading, ob-

~ii, siri|M,l and spotted with dark brown-

Itirn ^Ii|i|ii i--form, brownish, margin pale

li lieiMiili ; staniiiiode with a projecting

iM.'ii r.iriM.i, n.M. 7102. G.P.6:14n.

' ' I II ' I I \ arioty of the above, or

I.H. III. .32:55. A.F.

' /i .. from Borneo, is a nat-

C. !;■ 'ii- • hiid,ai,:iin X C.Bayanum: see

^ig. 18U.

'Uich twisted, not drooping.
Chamberlainiinum, O'Brien. Lvs. dark green.

, aiiiiL' several fls. that open i
i^Iy ribbed; upper se-
■ . with about 12 veins
DMiiM ^neen; margin whitish,
I] \ : peial.-. narrow, spreading,
with lines of numerous red-
ise-pink near the column;
. copiously dotted with deeper
ale green : staminodium oval,
a Pkphiopedilum. R.H. 1892,

ligulate: scape areli in::
succession: orarx i
pal pale green. In
which, brown at lii -i .
ciliate, dorsal v,;,|m .
reflexed. i- •' ! '
brown ^i

labellum |. ; n n i
mauve ; iiit-liii il I"'" -
Sumatr.a. H.:\l. 7.'7^. ;
pp. 104-5. G.F. 5:413.

39. Victdria-Mariae, Rolfe. Similar to the above: la-
bellum dull purple ; petals and upper sepal not lined
with brown .spots. Perhaps only a variety of C. Cham-
berlainianum. Sumatra. B.M. 7573, asaPaphiopedilum.

AAA. Lvs. membranaceous, plicate.
B. Foliage of two lvs. upon the ground, or nearly so.

40. acaille, Ait. Fig. 648. Lvs. ovate, oblong-oval:
scape naked, tall : upper sepal and petals brownish,
lanceolate; labellum pink-purple to white (variable).

CTPEIPEDIUM

with a fissure in front ; staminodium spatulifonn. May
and June. Newfoundland to N. C, west to Ind., Micii.
and Minn. G.W.P. 11. A.G. 13:5U; 14:405. Gng.
4:263. A.P. 11:1049. G.W.F.A. 11.

CYPRIPEnXUM

437

Foil

age

of two Ivs.

41. Slogans, Reiclib. f. Plant about 4 in. liigii: Ivs.
opposite, borne on an elongated annual stem: upper se-
pal narrowly orate, veined witii reddish brown; petals
lanceolate, similar in color to the sepals; labellum brown-
ish, corrugated; staminode elliptic. July. Sikkim.—
Probably not in cultivation in this country.

42. Jap6nicum, Thunb. Lvs. nearly opposite, roundish,
undulately plicate: bract longer than the ovary, fl. ter-
minating the scape: sepals and petals lanceolate, acu-
minate, greenish, dotted with red; labellum white-pink;
staminodium cordate, channeled. April, May. Japan.

BBB. Foliage of several or many lvs. on the stem,
c. Lower sepal divided.

43. arietlnum, R. Brown. Plant about 6 in. high, slen-
der: lvs. lanceolate: fls. small, terminal, solitarj , upper
sepal ovate-lanceolate, brownish green ; petals linear,
labellum tapering at the apex, white veined with red
dish purple, clothed with white, woolly hairs near thn
aperture ; staminodium nearly round. May. Maine to
N. Y., Mich, and Minn., and northward. B M r.i.'l
L.B.C. 13:1240. F.S. 20:2095. -Fls. curiously irreguUi
in shape, resembling a ram's head.

44. HimaUicum, Rolfe. Plant 8-12 in. high • lvs. 3,
elliptic-oblong : upper sepal ovate, brownish, with
deeper colored veins ; petals narrow, oblong, paler than
the upper sepal ; labellum purple-bro^Ti, many nerved,
staminode heart-shape. July. Bhotan. — Probably not
cultivated in this country.

45. TMb6tioum, King. Lvs. 3, close together on the
stem: labellum larger than in the preceding, and not de-
pressed, brown-purple; petals pale brown; staminode
oval-cordate, angled at the base. July. Sikkim. — Prob-
ably not in cultivation.

CC. Lower sepal little or not at all divided.

46. c4ndidum, Muhl. Lvs. oblong-lanceolate: fls. ter-
minal, solitary; sepals broader than the petals, ovate-
lanceolate; petals spreading like the sepals, greenish ;
labellum white, striped inside with purple; staminodium
lanceolate. May and June. N. Y., Penn., Minn., Mo.
and Ky.

47. pubSscens, Willd. Fig. 649. Lvs. oval, acute :
petals usually twisted, much narrower than the ovate-
lanceolate sepals ; labellum pale yellow; staminodium
triangular. Same range as No. '49. May and June.
B.M.dll, as C.parviflorum. A.G. 13:513. Mn. 7:5.

48. Calcedlus, Linn. Fls. usually solitary; labellum
yellow, slightly compressed, shorter than the lower se-
pal; sepals and petals deep, rich brown; staminodium
triangular. Yorkshire and other northern counties of
Eug.,Eu. R.H. 1892. p. 392. R.B. 21:210.

49. parvifldnun, Salisb. Lvs. ovate, acute: fls. smaller
than in C. piibescens: Ubellum flattened from above and
below, not laterally, bright yellow; staminodium trian-
gular. May and June. Newfoundland to Ga., west
to Minn, and E. Kans. A.G. 13:515.

50. spectAbile, Swartz. Fig. 650. Plants stout: lvs.
oval, .acute: sepals ovate, rather roundish, white; petals
obl.Jiiir. white : biljellum white or pale pink-purple ;
st.iiiiiii.i.liiiiii .nnl-eord.<ite. June. Maine, western New
El,-, t,, .Minn, and Mo., mountains of N. Car. R.H.
18i;s:41(t. (In. :",:;. p. 77. R.B. 20, p. 198. A.F. 11:1048.
Gng. 4:262, 327.

51. macrdnthon, Swartz. Lvs. oblong, acute : fls.
purple, not spotted ; upper sepal oblong, acute ; lower
sepal smaller ; petals ovate-lanceolate ; labellum con-
tracted at the aperture. Moist, shady places, northern
Asia, Siberia. R.H. 1877:310.

52. Calilfimicum, Gray. Plants either slender or stout,
varying in height, sometimes exceeding 2 ft. : lvs. ovate-
alternate : floral bracts very large, becoming narrowly
ovate: fls. small, from 6-12 open at the same time, an
inch or more apart on the stem; labellum whitish; se-

pals oval, yellowish green ; petals narrowly oblong, col-
ored like the sepals. Calif. B.M. 7188. G.F. 1:281.

53. mont4num, Dougl. One to 2 ft., leafy, pubescent:
lvs. ovate to broad-lanceolate, 4-6 in. long : fls. 1-3,
short-pedicelled, the wavy-twisted petals brownish, the

650 Cypnpedium spectabile Nitural size.

inch-long lip dull white veined with purple ; capsule
erect or nearly so. Calif, to Wash. B.M. 7319. -Fra-
grant. Grows in clumps. Handsome.

54. Irapeintm, Llare et Lex. Lvs. ovate-lanceolate:
fls. large, several, sepals and petals about equal ; label-
lum very large, much inflated, suggesting the inflated
petal of a Calceolaria. Mex. — This species has not as
yet been successfully cultivated.

Supplementai-y list, coini>risiiiE liybrid CjTripediums (for
catalogues of hybrids, s— '• f Til 1" I'lO ,,n<l A H. 16:118):

.4eis = LawTenceamim ■■ i' > ' ■ \i...\. — tf//as(u5 =

Leeanum X viUosum, \;n i . i i^^'neXMr-

sutissimum.— Ai/red //-; . ■ piuense.—

Ai/ffHia?iujtt=Spicerianiii;i ■ i Mn ii i'n ;;/ lurbatumX
Lawreneeanum. — A7Ha*((//(//( ^ iiisit,'iie .>. Yeniismin. — ^wipsi-
anwjn = villosum X venustum (see ileasure.sianum).— ^i>ieu-
io(«m = barbatumXTillosum. var. Boxallii.— J-rtcmis = Day-
anum X Swanianum. — Arthurianum = insigne X Fairieanum.

CYPRIPEDIUM

CYPRIPEDIUM

= Argua X Curtisii. — Hyhridum = vUlosum X barbatum. —
/no=HayiialdiantunX Jlrs.Cauham.— /nfennedium. See Hy-
bridum. — lo = Lawrenceanum X Argiis. — Javanico - Spiceri'
amtm. See li\xtesce-ns.~ Javanico-sitperbiens.— Joseph F

tissimum.
CAior.
XHookerai.-C7i
tilde Moens^hi-.

Dautin,
viUosui

-Dona

altes'^u

Ewry'litrlnr^
schildiiiuuui.^1
Finetianuiit =
Fitchianum = 1
. grandeX Y

Maiilei.

Harrisianum, v;u-
= Lawrenceanuin
lare.— Harrisian n ,
R.B. 22:148. A. P.
barbatum X vUlosu

Ashburtonre X Spieerianum. — JosephianuTn = Dniryi X Ja-
vanico-superbieus. A.F. 7:707.— ,/M7io=caUosumXf"airieanum.
— KimbaUianitm = Rotbschildianum X Dayanum. — Krameri-

by Veitch. — L
Lncidum—ho^^

batum X villosum. — S. Ballantine — purpuratxun X Fairie-
anum. — Hephcestus = eallosum X ? — Hobaonii = Lawrence-
anum (pistiUate) X Philippense. A.F. 14:1094. Gng. 7:^42.—
Bomianum — Spieerianum X superbiens. — Hurrellianum

CTPRIPEDIUM

liaerum, var. mflyiw = barbatumXPliilippinense. A. F. 11:1349.

— Seegeriaiium = HarrisianumX Spicerianum.— SMperciiiorc =
barbatum X superbiens. — Susan Ames = Leeanum X nitens.

— Svend-Brunn ^howei X Curtisii .— A'Maniaiiunt =Dayauum
Xbarbatum.— Swmiiinici = insigne, var. Maiilei X Argus.—
T. B. ffa.v u'oofZ = Dnirj-i X superbiens. — Tcssrfadim = con-
colorXbarbatum. A. F. 7:707.- Thayerianum='LAvrcenQeo.nxLm
XviUosum, Tar. BosaUii.— 7'/ii()ai((i"aftwm= H:irrisianmnXin-
signe, var. Maulei.— T/toni^ortu^superbiensXiusigue.— Thorn-
tonii. var. Biom()er(;ii=insigneXsuperbiens.— ri(i/;is=Spiceri-
anumXoenanthum.var. superbum. — Tonso-viUosiLm=ionswaiK
villosum.— ritrpe = barbatumXArgus.— T. ir. .Bond=birsutis-
simumXSwanianum.— Cm;ai(«in«i(ni=insigne, var. Chantini
X Lawrenoeanum. — Van i/r>i((,ti;ii(;H. = niveum X Dauthieri.
A.F. 6:-Ml.— Terni.niui =-- .\r-us ■ villosum.— FcxiHariMni =
barbatum XFairieanuiii.— 11-///-. /V/,///(/m = HarrisianumX vil-

Hooker® X Ashbur-

mustum or villosum.

species, is offered by

" irdlophifUuin,

CRYTOMIUM

439

losum. — Wiganiaii

touEe.- WUlinmsii

C. debile, Reiclil

importers of Jap

tbeC.

■ than

yellOTV with a purplish margin.

Oakes Ames.

CYETOCAEPA {Greek, curved fruit). AnaeardUcea:.
Two Mexican trees, of which one bears a small fruit,
likened to a cherry by the natives of Lower Calif. In-
troduced into S. Calif, by F. Franceschl. Santa Bar-
bara.

prdcera, HBK. Very tall tree, with slender, terete,
dark purplibh, resinous branches : Ivs. alternate, odd-
pinnate: leaflets 5-7 or 9, oblong, entire, with a very
slight sDkiness, especially below, very shortly stalked,
1 in. or more long, half as wide: fls. white, inconspic-
uous, in panicles 1-2 in. long; calyx 5-parted, villous,
persistent ; segments roundish ; petals 5, elliptic ; sta-
mens 10; style 1: fr. the size of an olive, edible. Mex.
HBK. 6, t. 009.

CYRTOCHlLUM. Referred to Oncidium.

CYRTODfilKA. See Episcia.

CYRTOMIUM (Greek, a how). Polypodidcece. A
genus of Asiatic half-hardy or greenhouse ferns of
rigid habit, with simply pinnate Ivs., anastomosing
veins and firm indusia fixed by the depressed center.
Culture as for Polystichum, to which It is closely allied.

CYBtLLA. (after Dominico Cyrillo, professor of medi-
cine at Naples, 173Jr-1799). CyriUHcem. Shrub, rarely
tree: Ivs. short-petioled, entire, glabrous, deciduous or
nearly persistent: fls. small, white, in narrow slender
racemes, 5-merous: fr. a small indehiscent 2-celled cap-
sule with 2 seeds. Probably one variable species from
N. Carolina to Florida, west to Texas, and in W. India
and S. America. Ornamental shrub, rarely cultivated,
with handsome bright green foliage, and graceful ra-
cemes of white fls., hardy north to New York.
Thrives best in humid sandy soil and shady position.
Prop, by seeds and cuttings under glass, with slight bot-
tom heat.

raoemiJlfira, Linn. Leatherwood. Shrub, occa-
sionally tree to 30 ft. : Ivs. cuneate, oblong or oblanceo-
late, usually obtuse, reticulate-veined, 2-3 in. long,
bright green, turning orange and scarlet in fall, but in
tropical climates evergreen: racemes 4— Gin. long, erect,
at length nodding. B.M. 2i56. S.S. 2:51. -The variety
from W. India has been described as C. AntiUana ,
Michs., and that of Brazil as C racemifera, Vandelli.
Alfred Eehder.

CYETANTHUS (Greek, curved flou-ers; from their
pendulous habit). Amarylliddcece. Twenty species of
tender bulbs from South Africa, known only in a few
American greenhouses. Their culture is presumably
like that of many other bulbs from the same region.
They are suitable for pot culture, or for planting out in
summer. The following analytical key gives an idea of
the group, and its three subgenera.

A. Fls. many in an umbel, pendulous.
B. Lvs. strap-shaped. ( CyrtantTtus proper. )

obllquus. Ait. Bulb ovoid, 3-1 in. thick: lvs. 10-12,
strap-shaped, distichous, produced after the fls., 1 H-2
ft. long : scape 1-2 ft. long, stout, mottled: fls. 10-12 in
an umbel, entirely drooping, odorless, bright red, with
more or less yellow, and greenish tips 2-3 in. long; pedi-
cels ^-1 in. long; style not exserted. Cape Colony. B.
M. 1133.

BB. I/vs. linear. (Monella.)

MAckenii, Hook. f. Bulb IK in. thick: lvs. 2-6, ap-
pearing with the fls., linear, 1 ft. long: scape slender,
slightlv glaucous: fls. 4-10 in an umbel, pure white,
2 in. long; style exserted. Natal. G.C. I. 29:641. Gn.
50, p. 63.

AA. Fls. sinr/le, or feic in an umbel, erect or slightly
curved duuiia-ard. (Gustronema.)

BangTiineus, Hook. Bulb 2 in. thick: lvs. 3-4, appear-
ing with the fls., lanceolate, petioled, 1 ft. long: scape
slender, 6-9 in. long: fls. 1-3, bright red, 3-4 K in. long,
wider funnel-shaped than in the two preceding species,
with a throat 1 in. across. Caffraria, Natal. B.M. 5218.

O. Hiittoni, Baker, belongs to Cyrtanthns proper, but its lvs.
appear with the fls., and it has 6-8 or even 12 pale red fls. about
1 in. long, and a much shorter style than in 0. obliguus. Cape
Colony. B.M. 7488. Gn. 50:1076. W, M.

A. Margins of pinnm entire or slightly undulate.

falcitum, J. Sm. Pig. 653. Pinna) ovate, falcate ;
the lower rounded or obliquely truncate at the base, 4-6
in. long, 1-2 in. wide. Japan and India. — The large thick,
glossy foliage makes it an excellent fern for decorations.

Fdrtunei, J. Sm. Pinnae lanceolate, opaque, 2-4 in.
long, J.2-1 in. wide. Japan.

B. Margins of pinnce toothed or sometimes lobed.

caryotideum, J. Sm. Pinnte larger, 5-7 in. long, 1%--
2)4 wide, often auricled on both sides at the base,
sharply toothed. India. L. ji. Underwood.

440 CRYTOPERA

CYETOPfiEA. Consult Cyrtopoiliiim Woodfordii.

CYBTOPODIUM (Greek for CKCiied roo^ from the shape
of the lip). OrchidAce(n, tribe. Vdndem. Epiphytes:
stems fusiform, bearing plicate leaves : sepals and petals
equal, free ; column semiterete : polUnia 2, caudicle
short, gland ovate: scapes radical, bearing numerous
flowers, pure yellow or spotted with crimson. Probably
two dozen species, widely distributed in the tropics.
They are large-growing plants, with large and showy
flowers. They need a rich, ttbrous soil with manure.
Grow in a warm or tropical house.

Andersonii, R. Br. Stems 5 ft. high': Ivs. long, lan-
ceolate, sheathing at the base: scape often 3 ft. high,
branching, bearing many yellow flowers: sepals and
petals broad, bright yellow, the labellum brighter, front
lobe slightly concave. Specimens with over 100 fls. have
been recorded. Tropical Amer. B.M. 1800.

punctitum, Lindl. Habit as above: scape from 2-3 ft.
high, branching about midway, dotted with dull purple,
the branches subtended by membranaceous sheathing
bracts, which are lanceolate, undulating, and dotted
with crimson : sepals oblong-lanceolate, undulate,
greenish yellow blotched with crimson; petals similar,
spotted at the base; labellum K In. long, fleshy, bright
yellow, lateral lobes crimson, midlobe spotted and
margined with crimson ; column green. Extensively dis-
tributed through S. Amer. B.M. 3507. F.S. 22: 2352.-
Var. Saintlegeritaum, Hort. (C. Salntlegericinum ,
Reich, f.). Has brighter markings on the bracts and
flowers.

WoddSordii, Sims (Cijrtopira Wobdfordll, Lindl.).

bellum; sepals linear lanceolate; petals oblong. Trinidad,
Martinique. B.M. 1814. Oakes Ames.

CYRTOSPfiRMA (Greek, cxirvul :.■"'). J .-i. ;<•«■.
This genus includes a handsome h .irnili'iu^.' mlnrous
foliage plant, with large, bast.ii.- i.'l \.iii..| leaves,
resembling an Alocasia. Imt (aNiI> .li -i iii:;ui-li. il l.y its
spiny stems. It was intniiliir. .1 ini" mil . in l-sofrom
the Solomon Islands as J/r...r;/-( .l,-lnisl,<i,i , Iml two

years later it flowered, ana it I ,iiih' r\ ident Ihat the

plant was a Cyrtosperma. Tliis plant was ouct adver-
tised by Pitcher & Manda as C'yrtemeria, apparently a
typographical error, as there is no such genus. Cyrto-
sperma has 9 species, remarkably scattered in the tropics.
They are herbs with tubers or long rhizomes : leaf and
flower-stalks often spiny or warty: Ivs. hastate or sagit-
tate; petioles long, sheathing at the base. Culture
presumably same as Alocasia.

J61uistoiu, N. E. Br. (Alocllsia Jihnstoni, Hort.).
Tuberous: petiole 2-2% ft. long, olive green, spotted
rose, covered with fleshy, spine-like warts: Ivs. sagit-
tate, depressed in the middle, iyi-2 ft. long, olive-green,
with prominent and beautiful red veins above. I.H.
27:395.

C. Urox, Lind. & N. E.Br., is a second species of this genus,
figured in I.H. 39:1.53, but not known to be in the Amer. tr,-ide.
It has narrow-sagittate Ivs. on slender, very prickly petioles :
spathe rather large, reflexed, greenish white. Borneo,

CYRT6STACHYS (Greek for areJml spike). Pal-
mAci'ir, tribe Arecere. Three Malayan, spineless, piu-
nate-leavfd palni«, ■■■omptinip« seen in clioice collections.
Theytlirivr .,ri liu- trentm.-nt L'ivrii t,. An-.-aand Chrys-
alidocariiii-. >|i;mIi\ I;mi;i>, I i r,i iir li i n - :ind pendent: fls.
mona'i'i.Hi-, tl,,' iw.. kin^i- in •■<:•■ ~|..mIi\ -each pistillate
accomiMHic .1 l.y two ^tniiiiiiatf^ with ('. stamens. Two
species are offered in tliis country :

R6nda, Blume. Height 25-30 ft. : leaflets linear or
ensiforra, obtuse, unequally 2-toothed, delicate gray be-
neath, the petioles dark, brownish red.

L4kka, Becc. Petioles green : Ivs. broad, boldly
arched, the leaflets unequally 2-toothed.

CYSTACAHTHUS (Greek for bladder Acanthus, be-
cause the flowers are inflated). AcanlhAeete. Five erect,
evergreen herbs of Burma and Cochin China, with
showy, sessile fls. in the axils of bracts, the entire iu-

CYTISUS

florescence more or less crowded into a terminal panicle
orthyrse. Corolla-limb spreading, unequally 5-lobed, the
lobes" short-rotund : stamens 2 : style filiform, the stigma
2-toothed : Ivs. entire. One species is cult, in the Old
World, but is not known to be in the Amer. trade. This
is C.tiirgidii, Nicholson, B.M. 6043 a& Meninia hirgida,
Pua. It comes from Cochin China; 2 ft. or less high,
with prominently jointed stems and opposite, elliptic-
lanceolate Ivs.: fls. white, yellow in the throat and pink-
reticulated on the lobes. Cult, as other warmhouse
Acanthads. {See Aphelandra for example.) Prop, by
cuttings of young wood.

CYST6PTERIS (Greek, bladder-fern). Polypodia-
ceie. A small genus of hardy native ferns, with deli-
cate foliage, and round -ni, ...v. it, I by a delicate indu-
sium which is attach. .1 wnl. r ..n. -i.le and opens at the
other, becoming hn,.il hk. m ,i|i|i.anince and finally
disappearing. The .'. s; ]es all i.-r..\v in the north tem-
perate zone. Of easy culture iu shady, rich borders.

C. bulbifera, Bemh. Lvs. 8-24 in. long, widest at the
base, tripinnatifid, bearing on the under surface of the
rachis a series of bulb-like bodies, which germinate and
propagate new plants. Thrives best on lime-bearing
rocks. Canada to North Carolina.

C. frigilis, Bemh. Fig. 654. Lvs. clus-
tered, 4-8 in. long besides the slender stalks,
tripinnatifid, widest above the base. Widely
distributed over the world at all altitudes.
L. M. Underwood.

CtTISUS (Greek name for
a kind of clover). Legu-
inindsw. Broom. Mostly low
shrubs, rarely small trees :
lvs. trifoliolate, sometimes uni-
foliolate, rather small, alter-
nate, deciduous or persistent,
sometimes few and minute and
branches almost leafless : fls.
papilionaceous, axillary or in
terminal heads or racemes, yel-
low,white or purple; sta-
mens 10, connate ; style
curved : pod flat, dehis-
cent, with few or many
seeds ; seeds with a cal-
lose appendage at the
base. About 45 species
in S. and M. Europe, Ca-
nary Isl., N. Africa and
W. Asia. Ornamental
free - flowering shrubs,
blooming most in early
spring and summer.
Nearlv hardy north are
C. hir'sufus,C. cupUatua,
C. scopariiis, C. nigri-
cans ,0' .leucanfli its , -while
the evergreen species C.
OanariensiSy C. candi-
cans, C. filipes are hardy
only south. Most of the
species are well adapted
for borders of shrubberies, and thrive in almost any
well drained soil and in sunny position; they naturalize
themselves often very quickly in dry, gravelly soil,
where few other plants will grow; C scopariii.i espe-
cially does so. The Cytisus ought to be transplanted
carefnllv ntnl >vhen young, as they do not bear trans-
j.laiiiin ■ iM M ... .. I. ler plants. Some dwarf species like
r. I h ' ^'^'itsiSf glabrescens, purpureus and

/r " \ handsome for rockeries. The ever-

i;r. . n ( . (,,,,,,,. //'.SIS and racemosus are much grown
in til., n.irth as greenhouse shrubs, blooming profusely
in early spring ; also the white-flowering C. albus and
filipes make handsome pot-plants, and may be had
in bloom in February with gentle forcing. For pot-
plants, a light sandy loam with peat ad.led forms a suit-
able compost. After flowerni- th.. plants should be cut
back and repotted as soon as they start into new growth.

CYTISUS

After repotting they are kept close and often syringed
until they are established ; then they ought to have plenty
of air and only slight shade. When the new growth has
been finished they may be put in the open air until frost
is threatening. During the winter they should be kept
in a cool greenhouse with plenty of light and carefully
and moderately watered. From January they may be
transferred gradually in a warmer house for forcing.

CYTISUS

441

^^%

Cuttings started in early spring, transplanted several
times and then gradually hardened off, can be grown into
flowering specimens for the following spring. Prop, by
seeds sown in spring and by greenwood ^'nttintrs under
glass; they are also sometimes incrp.isf.l liy hiyir-^ or by
grafting. As stock C. nigricans is iiinrli us^d. ,,i- l.,i-
btirnum vnlgare for small standard tn > - ; f..r iilaiits
grown In the greenhouse or south, C. ('mmri. iixi.-: is a
good stock. Alfred Kehder.

Of Cytisus, the young growths root readily in Decem-
ber and January in the ordinary way. They should be
shifted on as they grow. Good sized plants can be pro-
duced if shifting and pinching is not neglected. By the
following winter, the winter-propagated plants should
be in 5-in. pots, ia which size they are most useful.
Keep very cool during winter and withhold any forcing.
They flower in March, or, if kept at a night temperature
of 45°, as late as April. Syringe at all times to prevent
red spider. To produce good sized plants in one year,
it is best to keep them plunged on a bench under the
glass the entire summer, with little shade. Older plants
can be plunged out of doors during July, August and
September. William Scott.

Index: albus, 2 ; Andreanus, 1; atropurpureus, 5 ;
Canariensis, 10; candicans, 8; capitatus, 7; carneus, 5 ;
elongatus, 14, and suppl. list ; Everestianus, 11 ; falca-
tus, 6; fllipes, 3; hirsutus, 6 ; incarnatus, 2; Linkii, 2 ;
linifolius, 13; Maderensis,9; nigricans, 14; Palmensis,
3; pendulus, 5; proliferus, 4; purpureus, 5; racemosus,
11, 12; ramosissimus, 10; Schipkaensis (which is oifered
in the trade as this page goes to press) will be found in
the supplementary list under C. leucanthiis; scoparius,
1; stenopetalus, 12. See Laburnum and Adeiwcarpus.
A. Fls^ lateral along the branches.

B. Style very long, spirally incurved at the apex:
fls. large, yellow or partly crimson.

1. scopirius, Link. (Sarothdmnus scopdrius, Wimm.
Spdrtium scopdrium, Linn.). Scotch Broom. Shrub,
to 10 ft., with erect, slender branches : Ivs.short-petioled,
1-3-foliolate ; Ifts. obovate or oblanceolate, sparingly
appressed-pubescent, J4-K in. long: fls. usually solitary,
54 in. long ; calyx and pedicels nearly glabrous : pod
brownish black, glabrous, tUIous only at the margin.
May, June. M. and S. Europe.— Var. Andreinus, Dipp.
(Genista Andrednn. Puissant). Fls. yellow with dark
crimson win i^s. R.H. l.ssi;:373. Gt. 40: 1342. R.B. 19:
129. J.H. 111. :!J:4(;2. Tliere are also varieties with
double and with vt-llowish white fls. and a form with
pendulous brandies. All the vars. are more tender than
the type. — The Scotch Broom, C. scoparinSy has Iiecome
established m this country, as a naturalized plant, in
waste places from Nova Scotia to Virginia; and it is
also reported from Vancouver Island. It is also recom-
mended by landscape gardeners for covering raw and
broken places. Its yellow fls. and nearly bare stems
make a unique combination in the American landscape.

Even when it kills to the ground in winter, it throws
up its stems again in the spring.

BB. Style not or not mttch longer than the keel,

slightly curved.

c. Color of fls. white or purple.

D. Calyx shortcampanulate, not longer than wide:

foliage scarce.

2. 41bus, Link. ( C. Linkii, Janka. Genista alba, Lam. ) .
Shrub, to 3 ft., with slender, erect, grooved branches :
Ivs. short-petioled, 1- to 3-foliolate; Ifts. obovate-oblong
to linear-oblong, H-% in. long, sparingly appressed-
pubescent: fls. axillary, 1-3, white, J^->2 in. long: pod
appressed-pubescent. usually 2-seeded. May, June.
Spain, N. Africa. — Var. incarnatus, Dipp. Fls. white,
slightly blushed. L.B.C. 11:1052 as a Spartina.

3. fllipes, Webb ( Spurtoci/tisus fiIipes,Wehh). Shrub,
with slender, angulate, thread-like branches : Ivs. slen-
der-petioled, 3-foliolate, nearly glabrous ; Ifts. linear-
lanceolate : fls. axillary, 1-2, fragrant, pure white ;
wings much longer than the keel. Feb.-JIay. Tene-
riffa.- As C. Palmensis, Hort., in the Amer. trade.

ilways S-fo-

4. proliferus, Linn. Shrub, to 12 ft.,with longand slen-
der pubescent branches : Ifts. oblanceolate, silky pu-
bescent beneath, green and sparsely pubescent above,
l-l?cj in. long : fls. white, 3-8 on rather long tomentose
pedicels ; calyx tomentose ; standard pubescent outside ;
pod densely toraentose-villous, lH-2 in. long. May,June.
Canary Isl. B.B. 2:121. L.B.C. 8:761. -Recommended
as a fodder plant for California.

5. purptireus. Scop. Procumbent or erect shrub, to 2 ft.,
quite glabrous : Ivs. rather long petioled ; Ifts. oval or
obovate, dark green above, H-1 in. long : fls. 1-3, purple;
calyx reddish : pod black, 1-1 H in. long. May, June.
S.Austria, N. Italy. B.M. 1176. L.B.C. 9:892.-Var.
Albus, Hort. Fls. white. Var. oAmeus, Hort. Pis. light
pink. Var. atropurptireus, Hort. Fls. dark purple. Var.
p6ndulus, with slender, pendulous branches, is some-
times grafted high on Laburnum.

cc. Color ot fls. yellou

6. hirsiltus, Linn. Shrub,
to 3 ft. , with erect or procum
bent, villous.terete branches
Ifts. obovate or obovate ob
long, villous pubescent be
neath, %-% in. long fls
2-3, short,- petioled ; caljx
villous pubescent: pod 1 m
long, villous. May, June
M. and S. Europe, Orient.
B. M. 6819 (leaflets erro-
neously shown as serrate)
L.B.C. 6:520 (as C. falca
tus) B. R. 14:1191 (as C
jnultiflorus).
AA. Fls. in terminal heads,

with bracts at the base.

7. capitatus, Scop. Shrub,
to 3 ft., with erect, terete, .
villous branches: Ifts. ob-
ovate or oblong - obovate,
sparingly appressed pubes-
cent above.villous pubescent
beneath, %-l in. long : fls.
yellow, brownish when fad-
ing, nearlv 1 in. long : pod
villous, l-'iy^ in. long. July,
Aug. M. and S. Europe. L.
B.C. 5:497. I.H. III. 31:161 (X J
(as Genista].

AAA. Jfls. in terminal racemes.
B. Foliage persistent: branches grooved
o. Lvs. distinctly petioled.
D. Racemes rather short and dense .

8. cindicans, Linn. Shrub, to 10 ft. : branches villous-
pubescent when young: lvs. short-petioled, usually gla-

656. Cytisus

■iped

442

CYTISUS

brous above, pubescent beneath; Ifts. obovate or obo-
vate-oblong, mucronulate, %-% in. long: racemes 3-9-
fld., short, leafy at the base; fls. fragrant, bright yellow:
pod rufcus-villous, slightly torulose. May, June. Medi-
terranean region, Canary Isl.

9. Mader6nsis, Voss (Genista MaderSnsis, Webb).
Large shrub or small tree, to 20 ft., closely allied to C.
candicans and chiefly distinguished by the rufous woolly
tomentum covering the young branches, petioles and
pedicels, and by the longer petioles. Lvs. crowded: Ifts.
obovate, acute or mucronulate, often almost glabrous
above, scabby beneath, H-H in. long, about as long as
petioles: racemes 6-12-fld., short: fls. bright yellow,
slightly fragrant: pod 5-7-seeded. May,Juue. Madeira.

10. Canarl^nsis, Linn. Genista of florists. Pifr. C".
Much-branched shrub, to 6 ft., with villous-pul"^'. nt
branches : petioles at least half as long as the Ifts. ; I ii - -
cuneate, obovate or oblong-obovate, pubescent on !• Hi
sides, l4-y4 in. long: racemes usually many-fld., si-t-uiil :
fls. fragrant, bright yellow. May-July. Canary Isl. A.
P. 6:802.— Var. ramoslsslmus, Rehder (C. ramoaissi-
mus, Poir. C. Attleyanus, Hort.). Lfts. very small:
racemes short, but munerous. L.B.C. 13:1201. B.R.

DD. Racemes elongated.

11. racemdsus, Nichols., not Mam. Fig. 656. Shrub, to
6 ft. : branches p\ibi-.sceut: lvs. nitlii-r luiiir in-tiol.il ; lfts.

Oblong-Obovatr, liu|.r.>nul:ili . ' t 111. 1-1 _'. -lll.v |.u

bescent on Kni :

secund and r;ii li' i I ■ I i . ' -i

den origin ami In in uvi in i .< n/,..,., .;,,/,: iin.i i ■

stenopetalus. A.l'. ii:«id ; l.i: I l.ic — i-lpttcr tlnnsis
plant than the last. Var. Everestiinus, Hurt. Fls. of a
deeper shade of yellow, very free-flow
1873:390.

R.H.

12. Btenop6talus, Vos?
to 6 ft., with silky piil
petioled; lfts. cuneate, i
silky pubescent on bo '

>i,r,s„s. Jtam.). Shrub,
liriiiiilii s : lvs. slender
iiiii i"« -.,l)long, obtuse,
ii sill,-,, '. P, in. lung: racemes
many-fld., loose: fls. K^rgu, bn^lit mIIuw. May, June.
Canary Isl. B.R. 26:23 (asGenista ImicleolAfa). -Some-
times cultivated as C. splendens, but less desirable as a
greenhouse plant than the two former.

cc. I/vs. nearly sessile.
13. linifdliuB, Lam. Shrub, to 3 ft., with erect, ap-
pressed-silky tomentose branches: lfts. linear or linear-
lanceolate, acute, revolute at the margin, nearly gla-
brous and shining above, silvery pubescent beneath, %-
1 in. long: racemes short and compact: fls. bright yel-
low: pod torulose. April-June. Spain, N.Afr., Canary
Isl. B.M.442.

CYTISUS

BB. Foliage deciduous; branches quite terete.
14. nlgrricans, Linn. Shrub, 2-4 ft., with erect, ap.
pressed-pubescent branches: lvs. long petioled; lfts.
obovate or oblong-obovate, glabrous above, appressed-
pubescent beneath, %-l in. long: racemes very long and
slender, 3-8 in. long. June, July. Gerraanv, N. Italv,
Hungary. L.B.C. 6:.570. B.R. 10:802. Var. elong&tu's,
Borkh. Blooming again in fall at the top of the elon-
gated fruiting racemes. R.H. 1891, p. 149 (as var.
Carlieri).

glabrous

'1, yellowish, silky hairs, April-
r elongatus. Koi-h. More erect:

L'Herit. ;si : > m, ,

calyx tubu slmil, uu; iiil,.il,i;
der,— (7. versicolor, nipp, (<
shrub, with sparingly villous I
purple. Sometimes cult, as i
Petteria i

Ai.i i;i;u Kehdkr.

D

DABCECIA (after its Irish name St. Dabeoc's Heath).
More commonly spelled Daboecia. iiYn.,Boretta, EricA-
cere. Low evergreen shrub nvith alternate entire Ivs. and
drooping pedicelled tls. in long terminal racemes : corolla
ovoid, contracted at the mouth and shortly 4-lobed, with
recurved lobes ; stamens 8, included ; capsule 4-ceIIed,
dehiscent. One species in western Europe. Very
pretty heath-like shrub, with purple or white fls. in ele-
gant "loose rafr-mr-s, wfll .vlnpfrd fnr rockeries or bor-
ders of t.'V>'VL'V''r]] slirntilHi-irs, lv('i|niri's protection
north duriim- t],r wiiit.r, ainl tlirix.- In^t in a peaty,
sandy soil. rrop. liv -.cd^ iii atc.l hki- those of Erica,
and by cuttinys ui liall-riiH-inal wmal uudt-i- glass.

polifdUa.Don (P. C'uil.U, ,■:,;, . Koch. Memiesia poU-
fdUa,Juss.}. Irish Heath. To J ft. : branchlets glandu-
lar pubescent: Ivs. elliinic. the uppermost narrower,
revolute at the m:iryiu, whitish tomentose beneath,
shining and dark green above, ii-li in. long: racemes
many-fid. : corolla J^-K in. long, purple in the type.
June-Oct. Ireland, W. France, N. Spain. Gn. 52:1142.
Gt. 47:1450. L. B. C. 20: 1907. S. B. F. G. 2: 276. There
are many varieties, as dlba, with white fls.; bicolor.w.ith
white and purple striped fls. ; rdsea, with pink ds. ; gran-
difldra, with larger purple fls. Alfred Eehder.

DACTYLIS ( Greek, finger, from the size of the spikes ) .
Gramlnea. Cock's-Foot. A perennial tufted grass with
flat-keeled or folded leaf -blades, and narrow panicles
which expand when in flower: spikelets several-flowered,
much flattened, sessile, and densely crowded in thick
one-sided clusters. A single species in Eu., Asia and
N. Africa, also naturalized in Australia and N. America.

glomerita, Linn. Orchard Grass. Fig. 657. A some-
what coarse grass forming dense tufts. Culms 2-3 ft.
high, very leafy: Ivs. flat, spreading : spikelets com-
pressed, 3-5 fld.: fl. -glumes lanceolate, very acute or
short awn-pointed, ciliate on the keel above. — One of the
best known and most useful pasture grasses, and useful
for lawns under trees.

Var. variegita, Hort., is a dwarf form of neat, com-
pact habit, with beautifully variegated silver and green
foliage.— Well adapted for forming edgings. It grows
lK-2 ft. high, and is prop, by divisions.

P. B. Kennedy.

DACTYLOCTilNIUM (Greek, daktytos, finger, and
ktenioH, comb). Finger -Comb Grass. This genus
closely resembles Eleusine, from which it differs chiefly
in having the terminal spikes shorter and each tipped
with a sharp prolongation of the axis. Annual, with
culms tufted or creeping, and rooting at the joints. 1%-
2 ft. high. Spikes usually 3-5 in number, digitate, about
2 in. long; spikelets several-fld., crowded in two rows
along one side of a continuous axis. Species 2, one in
Australia, and the other appearing as a weed in all the
warmer coimtries of the world.

a;gyptlacum, Willd. (Eleusine ^gijptica. Cynosurus
uEgyptius, Unn.}. Crow-Foot. Spikelets very closely
packed, spreading at right angles to the rachis, 2 fld.,
with rudiments of two other fls.— An ornamental grass
introduced into N. Amer. from Asia or Africa. Mohave
Indians of S. California use the grain for food. In Africa
a decoction is prepared from the seeds for inflam-
mation of the kidneys. p_ g, Kennedy.

D.SDALACANTHUS (Greek words, meaning an ^con-
thad of curious structure). Acanthdcete. This genus
contains some tender shrubs of difiicult culture under
glass, but great favorites in the tropics, particularly in
India. D. nervosus is a popular winter and spring-
blooming shrub in S. Fla. It has blue flowers, an inch
across, 5-lobed, and shaded purple at the mouth of the
tube. The names are much confused with those of
Eranthemum. The kinds mentioned below are, how-
ever, very distinct, from the garden standpoint, from
any given in this work under Eranthemum by the color

A. Fls. dark blue.
. Anders, {Erdrithemtim pulcJUllum,
Andrews and some dealers, while that of others is E.
bicolor, and of Roxburgh is D purpurascens,' E. ner-
L'dsu>n,R. Bt } Fig 658 Lvs ovate or elliptical, acumi-
nate at both ends, somewhat crenate or entire : spikes
axillary, opposite, overlapping bracts elliptical, acute:
limb of the corolla as wide as the tube is long. India,
B.U.135S asJiistiCKi tienosa Gn. 51:1118. G.C.II.

657. Dactylis elomerata— Orchard Grass (X M).

21 :415.— A very pretty shrub for the warmhouse, its fls.
being of a color that is not very common in winter-
blooming plants. It is an easy subject to manage, re-
quiring a light, rich soil, full sunlight and plenty of
water. Cuttings of young growth root readily in a warm-

AA. Fls. purple.

purpurdscens, T. Anders. (E. purpurdscens , Wight.

E. pulchillum, Roxb., not Hort.). Lvs. broadly ovate.

444 D^DALACANTHUS

cuspidate-acuminate, repand-crenate : spikes as above:
bracts ovate-rhorabic, with a slender bealc, ciliate. In-
serted for contrast. Probably not cult. India.

W. H. Taplin and W. M.

D.SHdNOROPS (p
appearance,

palms, differint,' fv'iii Cahiiiius in thi' dcciihious, cymbi-
form or open sputlns. SiktUs al.out 40. Tropical
Asia. Same culture as Calamus. J>. Draco produces
some of the "Dragon's Blood" of commerce.

calioirpus, Mart. (Calamus calicdrpus, Griff.). Stem
erect or climbing, 1 in. diam. : Irs. 6-8 ft. long, upper
small with long flagella ; Ifts. very many, 12-13 in. long,
i4-% in. wide ; petiole 1 ft., base not gibbous or puck-
ered. Malacca.

Lewisiinus, Mart. {Cdlamus ZewisiAnus , Griff.).
Stem climbing, 1 in. diam.; petiole 1 ft., base much
swollen, armed below with scattered, short, deflexed
spines, and above with straight and hooked spines 1%
in. long ; Ifts. 13-15 in. long, %-l in. wide ; sheath armed
with solitary or seriate flat back spines. Penang.

Palemb4nicU3, Bhnne. Stem erect : Ivs. pinnate,
broadly i.vatc, liriKlit cinnamon-brown when young, and
Ifts. niaiiv, Inii^', narrow ; petioles erect, with stout
spines ..ti' thr hack, wliich are deflexed and not thick-

periacdnthus, ^li^. Height 15 ft. Resembles Z). Pa-
lembaiiiriis. I,ut lli.- y.Miug Ivs. are nearly straw-colored,
and the s|>iii.s an- placed in irregular rings. Sumatra.
—A most graceful species.

melanochaetes, Blume. S<em erect : Ivs. pinnate, the
pinnse long and narrow, dark green and drooping, the
petioles sharp-spined at the sheathing base. Malaya.
—Very decorative. A small form is Var. microc&ipus.

intennfidiuB, Mart. Lvs. long-petioled, 4-6 ft. long :
Ifts. opposite or scattered, 18-20 in. long, 1-lX in. wide,
linear-lanceolate, acuminate, margins and 3-5 costje
bristly above and below; rachis semi-cylindrical, spa-
ringly armed ; petiole 1 ft. long, with flattened spines;
stems at length 15-20 ft. long, Jijin. in diam. Malaya.

plumbsus, Hort. Graceful plume-like lvs., with pinnse
4 ft. or less long, petioles with rigid black spines with
white bases. India. Jared G. Smith.

DAPFODIl. See JVarcissus.

DAHLIA

DAHLIA (named after Professor Andreas Dahl, a
Swedish pupil of Linna?us, and author of Observationes
Botanica?, a work of minor importance). Compdsitte.
Dahlias are amongst the commonest and most im-
portant garden plants. The spelling of the word Dahlia
shows that the a should be given the broad sound, but in

ATieri.a II 1- ..liru L.'ivi,''il,. -lr,rt -,miMl. The long

S.Miinl -r ..' Iii:.|.-. ilH- ,\>.rJ I,,.!' •:, ,;.i ,.i,|,. from the

lri:ii!ii . !!■ i'l •:. riu ~ I ):ii, ;,. I ,-. . ■ h III iiermany

Daiiha- ar, Mill , ,..i !, . • , ., . , I ause in

lHU;i Wiliili'iiew t;a> I ii. ■ : :!■ I iM^e plants

under the mistaken II : I ii i ■ n ilifterent

plants had been pr<'. i li ilia. Prac-

tically all of the nan. . . Iiave come

from one immensely MuiaMi |" e., iiually known
as Z>. variabilis. For garden purposes, however, a
second form of great importance, B. Juarezii. the
parent of the cactus forms, must be kept distinct,
as will be explained later. There are 5 other species
cultivated to a slight extent. The genus has many
names of species, but most of them are synonymous
and ill-understood names. There are perhaps 8 or 9
fairly distinct species altogether, Mexican aluKist ex-
clusively, with a very few in Ci iitml int S..iith
America. It is curious that rl i , , i , . i ,,|,[

be closely related to a conn I.,

of the genus Bidens ; but oiip I , > ; i' :.;,.i\o

leaves whose forms pass gra'luall.v mi" ili"--i ui Unliiis.
Other close allies are Cosmos and Coreopsis. Cosmhjs
flowers are some shade of purple, rarely white in wild
nature, and only one species has yellow fls.; Core-
opsis has yellow fls. only; Bidens yellow or white ; and
none of these genera have |ii...lu.ccl ,j.,iii.h n./.^r.-d

forms of the tirst importaiea, h 1-

ors and more, being far rich, i n , u : i . , i',., :,rU-
ing only sky blue and its clo^ri\ ti inn i| n u- - , a ii h n arc
seen to perfection in the China Asiers. l-ew cuiiivaled
plants have such a wide range of colors as the Dahlia;
even the Chrysanthemum is distinctly inferior in range,
as it lacks the brilliant and vivid scarlet, vermilion, and
other shades of red.

Although Dahlias are popular plants, especially in old
gardens, they are destined to still greater popularity
from the new " Cactus " and " Decorative " types. There
exists a prejudice against Dahlias in many locali-
ties where these new types have never been seen. This
prejudice is part of a reaction against formal and
artificial flowers in general. The oldtime_pahlias ■
as round and hard and stiff as a ball.
Dahlias are flatter,
chrysanthemum-like
old form have been p
new form seem to I..
the Chrysanthemum -
forms of all the gardi

HiSTOKY OK THE DaHLIA. — Of th

variable florists' flowers the Dahlii
to come into cultivation. The first break of considerable
importance in the wild type occurred about 1814. Up to
that time there were perhaps a dozen well-marked colors
in good single-flowered varieties. Dahlias had been eul-

DAHLIA

tivated in Europe since 1789, and it is a curious fact that
they showed signs of doubling the very iirst year of their
European residence ; but it was not until 25 years later
that a marked gain in doubling was made. The Dahlia
seemed to be undeveloped until 1814, when the era of
doubling began. Before another 25 years had passed
the Dahlia had sprung into the front ranks of garden
plants. In 182G there were already 60 varieties cultivated
by the Royal Horticultural Society. In 1841 one English
dealer had over 1 200 varieties Todav it is not uncora
mon for the le ulmg tradesmen to keep 500-1 000 distmct
varieties lu tht ibsence of good records it is conjee
tured th It \ i imo 1 liferent names of varieties have
been pul li li 1 m th it ilogues Most of the varieties
are the Mi nil m \ t\ pes, which are as ipherical and
regular i i ill m 1 differ only m color At farst the
distinction httweeu the two types seems to have been
the sime is that between " self colored and " variegated '
flowers in general the former presenting to the view
only one color, while the latter presents two or more
colors Lately for purpose f e\liil iti n m prize com
petitions, the following iil ifi iv li iin li n has been
adopted A Show Dahli i i 1 1 i i i loi but if

the edges of the rays aiednl i il n n ^numd color
the variety can be exhil it 1 ni t i v| w settion A
Fancy Dahlia always has two or m u i_ 1 rs and if the
rays are striped or if the edges are li,ihter than the
ground color the variety must be exhibited in the Fancy
section Ihe two types reached full pf ifi < tion tertiinly
by 1840, and after that dati til. 11111 I \ in iits made were
mostly in matters of secon.hiiv iiiiii"rt:iiu-e. The im-
mense distance the Dahlia li.ul iiav. Ih il .-an be seen in
Fig. 663. These types heM lull sway until about 1879,
when the first Cactus Dahlia appuarcd in England with
a promise of new and freer forms. Jlost of the longest-
lived varieties belong to the Show and Fancy type.
This form is the one which is perhaps farthest removed
from nature, and it is probably so highly esteemed
largely because the most work has been spent on it.

A reaction against formalism in all departments of
life and thought set in about the time of our own Civil
War. It was in the sixties that the Japanese Chrysan-
themums did much to emancipate the floral world.
With Dahlias the reaction came much later and has pro-
ceeded more slowly, because the new forms did not come
to us ready made, but had to be slowly evolved against
long-standing prejudice. The first Cactus Dahlia was
so called because of its resemblance in form, but chiefly
in color, to the brilliant crimson-flowered Cereus spe-
ciosissimus, a well-known garden plant. The name is
now highly inappropriate because the color range of the
pure Cactus type has been extended to include all of
the important well-defined colors of which the Dahlia
seems capable. The original Cactus Dahlia was named
Dahlia Juarezii, after President Juarez, the "Wash-
ington of Mexico." It was pictured for the first time in
the Gardeners' Chronicle for 1879, and this interesting
picture is here reproduced in a reduced size in Pig. 605.
The type is still cultivated under the same name, and in
all essentials seems to be unchanged.

The origin of the Cactus type, as of all the other
types of Dahlias, is wrapped in uncertainty, and our
efforts to get full and definite information upon some
of the most interesting points may perhaps always be
baffled. A Dutch dealer got a root from Mexico
that produced one plant, which is the parent of all
the Cactus forms. It is not known whether the seed
which may have produced the original root came
from a wild or a cultivated flower. Neither is it
known whether any wild single-flowered Dahlia of
the Juarezii type has been found. To prove that D.
Juarezii is at best only a variety of D. variabilis, it
has been said that seedlings of the former have pro-
duced in cultivation forms approximating the Show
type of B. variabilis. The reverse process is also said
to have taken place, but full, authoritative and convinc-
ing statements are lamentably wanting. In the garden
/>. Juarezii is exceedingly distinct from the florists'
forms of D. variabilis. It is usually a slenderer, taller
and longer jointed plant, with much handsomer and
more delicate foliage, the leaves being narrower than
in the coarse and almost ugly foliage of the old forms.
It has another peculiarity of growth, which is still one

DAHLIA 445

of the most serious defects in the pure Cactus type.
The plants tend to hide some of their flowers beneath
their foliage. This comes about in a curious way. At
a node between 2 young leaves there commonly appear,
at about the same time, 3 new growths. The middle
one develops into a flower with a naked stalk only 2 or
3 inches long, while the side shoots quickly overtop it
and repeat the same 3-fold story indefinitely. The other
most serious objection to the pure Cactus type is that it

does not stand shipment well, and does not last as long
as a cut-flower as the Show Dahlias.

The Decorative or Cactus Hybrid types are numerous,
and their popularity comparatively recent. They have
been largely seedlings from Show fls. Their rays are
rarely, if ever, recurved at the margins. All the other
types of Dahlias are well defined, and a single picture of
each one will represent its type with sufBcient exactness.
No one picture, however, can give any conception of the
great variety of forms included in this horticultural sec-
tion. The name Cactus Hybrids means practically "mis-
cellaneous," and is analogous to the "Japanese" section of
Chrysanthemums, which is purposely left by the National
Chrysanthemum Society as vague and undefined as pos-
sible. It is on this section, and the pure Cactus type that
the greatest hopes for the future of the Dahlia are based.

The Pompon tyjie is a small brother of the Show and
Fancy types. It has the same colors and the same form,
but the flowers are smaller and more abundant. As
a rule the smaller the flowers the prettier and more
individual they are. The larger they are, the more they
suffer by comparison with the Show type. Perhaps
their greatest point is their productiveness. When pro-
fusion is the main idea, not great size and quality, the
Pompons are the favorite type of Dahlia for cut-flowers.
The single flowers may be just as freely produced, but
they are not so lasting as cut-flowers.

The Single" type has had many ups and downs. In
the reaction against formalism it came to the front

446

DAHLIA

about 1881, and for several years thereafter several
hundred forms were kept distinct, and they were made
the chief feature of the European shows. It is exceed-
ingly interesting to get seeds of wild Dahlias from
Mexico. They give flowers like the star-shaped one in
Fig. 66.'). When the Dahlia first came into cultivation

i?ly long, slender,

with such wide spaces between

t" give the flower the stellate

iitjii. In the course of the evo-

|.c. the gardeners retained the

Dahlias

■ < II- preserved. The ravs

: I' Hinder, as in Fig. 660,

IS they closed up the

r iH-i-sents to the eye one

■ntrated impression of a

661. A Dahlia of the Single Cactus type (X H).

rose-petaled Geraniums and the shouldered Tulips. In
a high bred single Dahlia there are no minute teeth or
notches at the tips of the ravs.

In the wild Dahlia, no matter what the cnhir of the
T<iy may be, the base Of the ray is ii-'i:ili\ v.ll.i, ; .11111
times this yellow is very objectiiumi ' l' ' '!■ 1 1 1
policies have been pursued in tin n

-and encouragement. Most of the siii^ .. ii.li, ,

pedigree have rays of uniform coKh.uiwu imiIi lu. ... r
■ondary color at the base, but a few have a distiuct ring
of color at the base, often called an "eye or crown,"
which is sometimes yellow and rarely red or some other
■color. Usually the rays of a single Dahlia are spread
out horizontally, soin. tiin.-i tli. y bend back, and rarely
they bend inwards ,iinl liini :i .uii. shaped flower. These
three forms can il.mi.ili , i.i -i|iiirated and fixed dur-
ing those periods win n tin- intm-st in the Single type
warrants it.

Single Dahlias are likely to lose some of their rays
after a day or two in a vase. In cutting them it is well
to select the younger flowers. A vigorous shake often
makes the older ones drop their rays. It is an easy
matter to keep the seeds from forming and save the
strength of the plant for the production of flowers.

DAHLIA

There are three modem types of minor importance,—
the Sintrle Cactus. Pompon Cactus and Tom Thumb.
Tbr SiiiL'lc ( ':i.-tus tv|ic dirtirs frmii the common single

tyi" . Ill liiii ))ij I.I'. N'. nil r. i-ur\ . .1 iiiiu-gins, which give

II f '•''■■ ilii' fls. Instead of

s|.i. :. I i. 1 "1 1 c-n curve inward,

f.ir>iiiii_'., II ii,„rii;i„at,-d with

E. .J. LOHr. ' , . . , |,,,„,i ],., Ti.J.liii-

& Co. abdill ; .!i . n ;. ■ .i :.| 1 -m.

The Singli- ' . . nn,-

and pretty. 1 1 ■ . . . < i m

connect thf .-■'i.i^i. i . 1 ; , ■,.. :li,.

Pompon is iuturiiirili... i. 1 ..ii'i. ^m : i.; - ; . . .v

types. The writer In . 1 1 :i,is

type, "Pompon Cai-iii 1 1:. 1 .: . i 1 , . .•

small fls., with flat, i. il. ■. - il r.r. -. I ii.. r 'Itnnnb

type is a miniature race of round-i-aVL-d single- Dahlias,
which grow from 12-18 inches high, and are used for
bedding. The type originated in England with T. W.
Girdlestone, and was developed and introduced by Cheal

Kg,.,.,

Dahlia can hardly bo called an
it is an interesting abnormal
IS are partially or wholly sup-

fr-:itiii-c of interest is a confused

III u, which

iiiii' « nil the il types
li term, which makes a
rather formal efl'ect.
[rs. A. W. Tait and its
blp foi-ms, and White
.,..,,. ,..,.,„„ tlip notches

I I " \ give the

!■ I - I inlable in a

mum-like t . \'. • 1 - r i..i, , , 1 .. ;, 1 ;. .; , ,.,,-

tion, but is u. • . r'l. 1 ■ .: ■ - 1 n, 1 , 1 ' , i .! i ...mil

Duke AlcM.. II |. iM.ii-irilM Slr.,« I'.;..- ll v,.iI:,t,

but i 1. ll .1 cltissed with the Cactus Hyhnd soc-

tiiiii. I I iisi- it seems advisable to keep the

Sli" I I'l 1 ...I sharply defined of all. It is to be
li..|" -i iiiii> ill 1 .1111 of Grand Duke Alexis can be re-
peat.-.1 m all 111, kiading colors. Grand Duke Alexis is
a very flat lluwur, and the rays are remarkably folded,
leaving a round hole at the top of each. About midway
between Grand Duke Alexis and the show or cupped type
is an interesting form, the "quilled" Dahlia, a name
which is necessary, perhaps, though unfortunate. In
A. D. Livoni (which is one of the most popular of all
Dahlias, and the nearest approach to a pure pink un-
tainted by any suggestion of purple- cli-i-ivatinn 1 the rays
are rather tightly folded for al.-.ul 1 ..-- ilili-l -r iIh ir
length, leaving a round hole III ' < : l-il,.-

Alexis, btit giving a peciili u h

pl.ainly shows the spiral arnm 1 :

le most important
the Dahlia, is the
ts into long, thin,
! produced such
' and have culmi-

China As

charming efliects
nated in the marvelous grace of such Chrysanthemums
as lora. North om Lights and Lillian B. Bird. The Dah-
lia may not 1.. .1, nii-,) ,i--l, possibilities, for in G.C. HI.

20::i:!9 (Ifidii I ' ' '11 was described in which the

quills are n iwo-thirds of their length.

Mav we Imi - Hiking development of this

forin withiu uur -.-iii im i-n !

The main types of Dahlias may perhaps be distin-
guished more clearly by the following scheme :

Plate IX. A modern Dahlia.
le Decorative or C.-ictus H.\l>ri(

DAHLIA

A. Plants not very divarf.
B. Fls. single,
c. Bays Hat, not recurved at the margins.
1. The Single Type. Fig. 660.

cc. Rays with recurred margins.

i. The Single Cactus Type. Fig. 661.

BE. Fts. double.

C. Size of fls. small, 1-2 in. across.

D. Says cupped.

3. The Pompon Type. Fig. 662. Also called "Bouquet"

and "Lilliputian."

DD. Says flat.

4. The Pompon Cactus Type.

cc. Sise of fls. large, 3-5 in. across, averaging 4 in.

D. Says cupped.

E. Colors single, or the edges darker than the ground

color.

5. The Show Type. Fig. 663.

EE. Colors 2 or more, striped, or with edges lighter
than the ground color.

6. The Fancy Type.

DD. Says not cupped, but long and flat, or with re-
curved margins.

7. The Cactus Type. Figs. 665, 66G.

DDD. Says various in form.
S. The Cactus Hybrid Types. Also called "Decora-
tive" Dahlias.

AA. Flants very dwarf.
S. The Tom Thumb Types.

Societies and Shows.— The Dahlia is one of about a
dozen genera of plants whose horticultural value has
been attested by permanently successful special socie-
ties. There are national Dahlia societies in England and
America. Dahlia shows are usually held the second or
third week of September. With the growing interest in
nature-study, attempts are being made to make a per-
manent institution of local fall flower shows, which
siiall come at a sufficient interval before the Chrysan-
themum shows, and in which the children may exhibit
their own products. The Dahlia and China .Aster are
especially suited for such shows.

Garden Evolution of Dahlias.— In the evolution
of Dahlias in general, some of the great changes are
as follows: (1) The growing season has been greatly
shortened and the flowering season lengthened. In
these and in all other particulars Dahlias were wonder-
fully variable even in the first decade of their European
culture, but in general they bloomed for only a few days
before frost. Nowadays, the Dahlia season is in full
force a month and a half or two months before frost
with a good show of blooms in favored localities for In-
dependence Day; and June 15th is a record of extreme
earliness forWm. Agnew, after six weeks' growth from
tubers planted out of doors. (2) The colors of the flow-
ers have been greatly improved, as even the most senti-
mental objector to the idea of "improvement" in flow-
ers would have to acknowledge if confronted with wild
and cultivated plants. The number of colors has been
greatly increased and the vividness of the colors inten-
sified. Most people can distinguish and enjoy from 12
to 30 colors, and these colors have occurred in each type
and been carefully saved, purified and strengthened.
Dull and intermediate shades tend to drop out. (3) Im-
mense numbers of variegated forms are produced.
Broadly speaking, variegation is perhaps later to appear
than pure colors, and is conserved by a formality-loving
class. It is said that the Fancy Dahlia originated later
than the Show Dahlia, and was for many years inferior
in size and outline. It is also said by botanical collectors
in Mexico that wild Dahlias are mostly self-colored,
rarely variegated. Among the bewildering variety of
variegated Dahlias the leading tj^pes of variegation are

DAHLIA 447

perhaps only 5- (a) the "tipped" or "shaded" Dah-
lias, a vers common form m which the upper part

of the riA 1^ 1 VI iih x ' "* ■' "'"' ninther color, the
foimert Mil) 111 11 ' ' ind the latter for
the .ri If 1 It I 'i ) the " edged "
Ddhli i> 1 lilt IN confined to the
sides I t tl 1 i\ 1 I and is usually
a broid stitp i ) tJi 1 ii is, with a very
nairowstiip ot Liiloi ^\1 whuli margin of
theri\s. and(itten„'i\ ii 1 damty effect;
((f) the "stiipi il mil I'll \ ith Iiroid bands
down the nn 1 1 i _ih4 lut" the " edged"
forms, ((|tl Ills V huh are variously
dotted and s| 1 llUJ:nl)^\ to the broad fea-
tures m th . 1 Mil I fiiiuth isthe pro-
dui ti t t , , st' Ills suitable
for I 1 I M tliK k, short

been tin . ii. thin.,' ili.iut i tiiimiio' \ luttj that the
florist has hated most and has most relentlessly sup-
pressed It Is ofttn a sign of poor stock The tempta-
tion to over propagate novelties is almost irresistible, and
the appearance of a disk is usually taken as a symptom
of over-propagation or deficient culture. A yellow center
is considered objectionable by most people when it
occurs with rays of magenta or allied shades, as the
colors conflict. " There is no qnpstion that it breaks the
absohite rt-L'ularity and unity nt' a |.rrfcct sliow flower,
but it is a .lu.-stiiiii, iviirriiiily \iiili wiiite and yeUow-
raved furnis. if tin- \illii\\- -li-k a.Ms not often add a
pleasant variatiun. Asidu fn.iii niatti-rs of taste, it is
probable that no other florists' flower has had more full,
precise and minute rules laid down for its perfect form
than the Show Dahlia. The process of doubling seems
to be associated with a cool climate. Dahlias soon de-
generate to a relatively single condition in our southern
states, and new stock of desired varieties has to be se-
cured from the north. (6) The habit has been vastly im-

662. The
Tliis is really a Fancy v.'iriety, but tlie only distinction is o
size, and compared with Fig. 663 this is a Pompon.

448 DAHLIA

proved. Wild Dahlias, when brought into cultivation,
soon grewtoo tall to be self-supporting. An old-fashioned
unbranched Dahlia tied to a large and ugly stake was
often a hopeless and helpless object. Many varieties of
Dahlias can be made to branch at the ground and be-
come self-supporting by successive early pinchings of

Show Dahlia and its wild proeenitor (X}^).

the leading shoots, but some varieties seem to be too
firmly set in the old tree-like habit to subn)it to pinch-
ing. In the early days the avem^-e lu-isht of plants
may have been 5 ft. Nowadays :i ft. is |>i-rli;qps the
average, but the tendency to ninin i.nlv liu.nt furms
still continues, and the Dahlia lull -I uIumkiIi K li. freed
from stakes. The main thini; i^ i" >.rnir ilir ^-ood
flower first and improve the halMt l;i-.i. ii in^ii.le. It
is to be hoped that the coarser kiinU .■! i.iii:iLr « ill f;ive
way to more gi'aceful and attrai-ti\i iMnn-, Tht "fern-
leaved" type is a much cut and (Iriirnt, kii,,i. Ami
Barillet has handsome dark iiur|>l( . tin- ly cut foliage.
All till- abovi- f.iitiin s i-,.|,r, ,. m -i mral tendencies
whii-li, lii.\vr\ .T, work .mt \ i i\ .lirinrntiy in each im-
portant ilL^. .

Thf |i,ilili,-i li.'is li:i,i Miir .liillniln ^is peculiar to it-
self a-^ !' il' -, i.iM-iiiiL' -1' til. I ■iirniiiii.ii. ortlip differ-
ent vain. .1 -■■..11 iiii.l liriiiiiial laiiK of ( 'li rvsanthe-

This i- ■ , ... . . li.ii 111 till. .-. iilir i.f a l.l.issom

formcil l.\ 111.. 1 • ili\ii|lli-ral l.rarls. wliirli. at that

stage, arc luii^'t-r tlitiii the vmopened rays which they
protect. Oftener still, this "green eye " is followed by a
yellow center. This "green eye "is still considered to
destroy the unity of a flower, and in exhibitions is often

How disk can be cut
1. ritiost rays carefully re-
. .'1 I' . ulty associated with this
. - .^i;.. .\lii(.'h some Dahlias open.
Ill ^1. all. I 111 Fig. 663, where the sue-
1 lowii: the outer ones are the most
iin s a series of cupped rays; then
. folded with two creases, and finally
A poor Show Dahlia opens slowly,
Iiile the outer rays are tumbling out,
withering, or being burned by the sun. A good Show
Dahlia opens its tiers in rapid succession, and shows no
green eye.

Literature.— As in many other cases, the magazine
literature of the Dahlia is the most bulky, and, in some
respects, more important than the books on the subject.

placed,
matter is
The mil..,
cessivo ^
expaii.l..i

DAHLIA

The latest bibliographv is that by C. Harman Payne
in G.C. III. 21:329(1897). There have been about 25
books devoted to the Dahlia, many of them pamphlets

and cheap ctiltural manuals. These I ks won mostlv

published from 1828 to 1857, with noiio at all fo, ih aily
40 years after that date until 1890. wkoi, l.a\M-, n.., K.
Peacock's book. The Dahlia, which is tin h.-t .\iinri.an
book, made its appearance. The first American treatise
was by E. Sayers, published at Boston, 1839, and now
forgotten Many mterestmg facts came out m 1889 the
centenn il year of the Dnhl a \ report of the National
nil f I f the Journal of the

111! but Shirley Hib

I the botany of the

111 1 lev s revision of

11 (1879) which IS the

lat

He git tall tree I le
7 oil g hell si aped
1 H It b-18 ft Stem u allv un
4 1 1 Ivs 2-3 pmn it 1 i rt d

1 fl e base acuminate t fl 1
1 ft ha rs fls no 1 1 >, 4
r I t nged w th blood re 1 espe
r le or pi filiate lanceolate
1 1 at the apex C t 1803 407
II B M M rn 1" n ■)■?

or gmal pi f II 1 I } K 1 f u 1 1 1 or

cultivated s irroundings Tl is species an I tl next
are mostly cultivate 1 under glass the others are ^r wn
outdoors in summer and the roots stored m w nter

BB Fls iiect, not bell shaped, but opening out flat.

exofilsa, Benth {V aibdiea, Kegel) Height Jl) ff. or
more stem tisu ilh iinbnnched gliucotis marked with
horizontil nii -s m i 1 tl t iti li i in ' 1 isc of the
petioles I 11 I ill 1 1 1] innate, as

much Ts II I 11 an as 25,

ovate, fli I'll I it the base,

acumin If t tl I i I ' 1 1 i few short

scattered h iirs rn m lis 4' in i rcss dilute purple,

^^■WL.

;-double form of Dahlia {X%).
■ tlL-it have
perfect the Show and Fancy types.

crimson-pink. Maund, Botanist 2: 88 (1838 ?). G.C. II.
19: 80.- This was described from a cultivated plant with
8 rays in a single row, but with considerably elongated
disk fls. It was almost an anemone-flowered type, and

DAHLIA

449

all the florets were sterile. D. arborea has never been
sufficiently described, but plants hare been cultivated
for many years under this name. The tree forms of
Dahlias are not sufficiently known.
AA. Height medium, averaging S ft., commonly from
2-5 ft., rarely exceeding these extremes.
B. Lvs. once pinnate: stem not branching from the base:
habit erect
c. Stems not glaucous rays fertile
D. Bays of the siiioJ fi t , „,, 1 ,t the margins
of the donhl
r6sea,Cav. {/).!.,
nal of practically al 1 I ii is

larly the Single, I'o i i "-' ' I ' J

types. It is therefori thi i unit t thi \ ist
majority of the horticultural virieties Lvs
typically once pinnate sometmies bipmnate
leaflets ovate, toothed broader and coarser
than in the other species B R 1 55 B M
1885. -This is a wondertullv variable speties
Some plants are densely hairy others scarceh
at all. The lvs. are sometiiiKs liipmmti. m
parts of plants or throughout m ntir jlint
In double forms the rays u i IK 1 \ 1 i
tive pistUs. Many gardin t nii \\ \ In
cous stems. Some auth i h \ ! ul t I
whether this species is di tiULt ti m /'
cinea, but the two types are very distmtt
particularly in the garden although there are
intermediate forms m nature
DD. Bays of the single fls with recurved mar
(jins: of the double fls not cupped, but
Inttij, flat and pointed, and some at
leant irith recurved margins
Juarfizii, Hort. ( /> Tuarfsii Hort ) Figs
665, 666. The parent of the pure Cactus D ih
lias. These all originated from one plant
which was flowered m Europe for the fii t
time in 1864, and first pictured m G C II
12:433 (1879). F.M. 1879 383 Gn 18, p 589
19:283; 50, p. 236.

cc. stems glaucous rays not fertile
coccinea, Cav. Fig 667 see B M 7G2
(1804). Always more slender than Z) roiea,
with narrower leaflets, and m the wild at
least, dwarf er than the D tosea The
color range is much smaller, and does not in-
clude white or any shade of purple or crim-
son. The colors vary from scarlet, through
orange to yellow. There are no double forms,
and it has been frequently said that this spe-
cies will not hybridize with D. rosea. The
named varieties pictured in I.H. 31:515 and
533 (1881), which are emphatically declared to
be varieties of D. coccinea, are probably gar-
den forms of D. rosea. The only characters that cer-
tainly distinguish D. coccinea from V. rosea are the
glaucous stems and infertile rays of the former, but
these characters break down in garden forms. B. M.
762. Gn. 19: 270. G.C. 11. 12: 525.
BB. Jjvs. twice pinnate : stems branched from the base:

habit spreading,
■ MSrckii, Lehm. (Z>. glabrita, Lindl.). Fig. 668;
confer B.M. 3878 (1841). Height 2-3 ft.: roots much
more slender than those of D. rosea : stem and lvs.
wholly devoid of hairs : lvs. bipinnate: floral bracts
lineal-: fls. typically lUac; rays pistillate : outer Involu-
cral bracts linear. B.E. 26: 29 (1840). Gn. 19: 270 (1881).
— This is a very distinct garden plant, and is worth
growing merely as a foliage plant. Seeds of species
gathered from wild plants in Mexico by Pringle have
been grown at the Cornell Experiment Station lately.
The fine-cut character of the foliage makes it vastly
more attractive than the coarse foliage of most of the
varieties of V. rosea. Several of these seedlings had
beautiful dark red or purple foliage. The plants are
much dwarfer and wider spreading than most florists'
Dahlias, and show no stem while growing. The branched
flowering stems are remarkably long, slender and wiry,

often rising 2-3 ft. above the foliage. The rays are very
short and often roundish, with a short sharp point in-
stead of 3 minute teeth. There are no red, yellow or
white forms in nature. The roots of this and J), coccinea,
being slenderer than those of D. rosea, must be pre-
served with greater care during winter.

D. Zimapani. See Cosmos diversifoUus. W.M.

Propagation.— There are four methods by which
Dahlias are propagated by cuttings (an important
commercial method ) , by division of roots ( the amateur's

665. The orierinal Cactus Dahlia CX>^).

Photographed anil reduced from the Gardeners' Chronicle,

where it was first pictured.

method) ; by grafting to perpetuate rare kinds ; and by

seeds, to produce new varieties.

Division of Boots. — This is the easiest and most sat-

iiateurs. As the eyes ayR not pn the

I wbicli tne tubers are at-

that each division has at.

least^onejejeT^therwise the roots will never gfow~It
Is, tlTerefore, best to start the eyes by placing the roots
in a warm, moist place a short time before dividing.
The roots are sometimes placed In a hotbed, and shoots
grown to considerable size, then set out as plants ; but
this plan has many drawbacks, and is not advised.

Cuttings. — This method is used mainly by commercial
growers, and though the amateur may propagate plants
successfully, the attention a few cuttings would require
would be so great that it would be cheaper to buy plants.
The roots are planted closely in benches in the green-
house early in January, and cuttings are made from the

450

DAHLIA

young shoots as fast as they form the third or fourth
set of leaves. These cuttings are carefully trimmed
and placed in pure sand in the propagating bench, using
a dibble, and putting the cuttings in rows about 3 in.
apart and %-l in. between the cuttings.

The propagating bench is made by running a flue, hot
water or steam pipes beneath an ordinary bench, and
boarding up the side to confine the heat. Although
there may be a difference of opinion among propagators,
yet a bottom of sand heat of 65°, with the temperature
of the house from 5-10° less, will give the best practical
results. With this temperature, the cuttings will root
in about two weeks, and will be far stronger than if
rooted in less time with greater heat. As soon as cut-
tings are rooted, they are potted off into small pots and
grown in a cool greenhouse until danger of frost is over,
when they are planted out in the open ground. Cuttings
made too far below a jomt, or too late m summer will
produce flowerme plants but no tubers

Grafting -Thi-
profitable mo I
cut slantmgh i
ward placed i
handj in iti 1 1 I
enou.,h I
and tl

interesting though not

The top of the tubtr is

ittmg slantingly down

I w ith ralHa or anj soft,

1 I nit( 1 in a pot deep

111 I ift with earth,

, I hand glass

I for the pres

DAHLIA

PLANTrac — There is a diversity of opinion as to the
proper time to plant Dahlias, l)ut the writer has always
found it best to plant early, and would advise planting
large, strong roots ut.oiii twn weeks before danger of
frost is over. Tbi- umuM l.i , in tlie vicinity of Phila-
delphia, about April I.'.: ;nMhi^it t:ikes from two to three
weeks forthe plants t..L'et up thmngh the ground, there
will be no danger, while the plants will bloom that much
earlier. It is best, however, not to plant small ro(jts or
green plants until danger of frost isover— in the vieinitv
of Philadelphia, about May 1 to Id, a, rding to tlie sea-
son. A good rule to folic. w . ,. i ,',Ih i, \i,,uld be to
plant small roots and green i ' .- .lunger of

frost isover, and large root- I . .ksearlier.

TiLLAOE.-The first rei|uiMi. ..i i, ^-liil garden

cultivation is to thoroughly sur ilie si>il to eonsiderable
depth and enrich it if it is not already rich, by broad-
casting and plowing or spading in a good coat of well
rotted manure Too much stress cannot be placed upon
the thorough preparation cf the soil as it not onlj allows

ervati

- Jl

tan be saved and will ~-~ v^

new varieties ^eeUs, iie j

desire a mass of Cf lor and

of finely formed blooms

doors and trans] 1 uit 1 t t

masses of col i i

roots of the nj i

give even bett i r season

Position -]) : I i iIn destroyed by high

•winds unless tin \ ir „i\ n a protected position an 1
they need plenty ot air and sunlight for best results In
shaded close, airless quarters the growth is sappj iiid
the flowers are poorly colored

Soil.— The soil is not so imjiortant, except m its
ability to hold moisture durim,' severe droughts. Anj
rich soil that will grow c-oin will also tjrow Dahlias to
perfection, if all ot^her e.ni.liti.ins are favorable. They
will grow equally well in ele.n- saiul, clay or gravel, if
the proper kinds :iimI mhihi id. . ..f plant-food are added

and well and tlei I in. It is, however, un

reasonable to .m ■ i' . ..r any garden plants to

s, easily baked

■ f hull

succeed in a Im
and never tilled

Peedinq. — It is always best to broadcast the manure
and plow or spade it into the soil; thorough spading is
absolutely necessary if the manure is not well decom
posed. On heavy clay or gravelly soils, loose,
manure may be used, but on light or sandy soil
nure should always be fine and well-rotteS.
Commercial fertilizers are also largely used
and are most valuable w)
tion with manure. Any
in ammonia and phcis|ii
liberal amount of potasl., i i .i die

nothing equals i.uie l...ii.> n;. al ami nitrate
of_soda, 4 parts l...ii.> t.. I |.art soda. ^

offered in ^^

Id roots

kinds op [sToi k, - Da III

five forms: lar^'e .hin.!.-. .

pot roots, green |.|iiii .....I . . .1 -, Tli. .lunips

give the best s:.i: : i .- ,.i-. but
are entirely to. . I . .. i. .any-
thing but a lo<- a I : ' . !■ ......ng

amateurs. Tin' . . . ,..■ the

most valuable, a ; afely

handled, and ah' . ..-nits".

Pot roots are l:i!_' .I :' ii ..ailing

trade, and, -n-liile il..;.\vtll ....i ;.l'.\ a;, - -ivc as
good results the lirs'f year, are valuable for
shipping long distances, where larger roots
could not be profitably used owing to heavy
transportation charges. Green plants are
mainly used to make up any deficiency in the
field crops, owing to unfavorable seasons, or
an unusual demand for certain varieties.

DAHLIA

the roots to go down deep after the moisture more readUy
during dry weather, but affords good drainage during
excessive rains. Having prepan-d tlie soil as above,
luarli out rows 4 ft. apart and li to S in. dci]), and plant
Ike roots from 18 in. to 3 ft. apart in tin- r..\v, according
as solid rows or specimen plants an- diMr. il.

During its early stage of dfVL'lupmt.nt, the Dahlia
grows very rapidly, and should be kept thoroughly
tilled. But while deep tillage is beneficial during its
early stages of development, it is almost fatal to the
production of flowers if practiced after the plants come
into bloom. Therefore, when the plants commence to
bloom, cease deep tillage and stir the soil to the depth
of 1 to 3 in. onlv, but stir it often, and never allow the
surface to become hard and baked. This will not only
prevent excessive evaporation of moisture and keep the
under soil cool and moist, but will also prevent the de
struction of immense quantities of feeding roots

As long as the roots supply more nourishment than is
needed to support the plant, both the plant and the
flowers increase in size and beauty; but as the supph
gradually becomes exhausted, the plants cease gi owing
and the flowers become much smaller. This condition is
what is generally called " bloomed out," but what is really
"starved out," and can easily be prevented if the propei
attention is given to the plants. As soon as the flowers
commence to grow smaller, broadcast around each plant
a small handful of pure bone meal and nitrate of soda,
in proportion four parts bone to one part soda, and care-
fully work it into the soil.

Watering. — This is a debatable subject, and, al-
though a judicious application of water during a severe
dry spell is very beneficial, yet in nine cases out of
every ten where water is applied a thorough stirring of
the surface soil would give better results.

Many people believe Dahlias should be watered every
evening, and as soon as they are up commence watering
them daily unless it rains. This practice is very inju-
rious, as it causes a rapid but soft growth, and as the
soil is seldom stirred, the roots become so enfeebled for

and they generally blast before developing into flowers.])
In other cases, as the enthusiasm wears off, watering is
stopped, probably right at the beginning of a severe
drought, and the weak, pampered plants are fortunate
to survive, much less to bloom.

• If large, strong roots are planted and the soil is kept
thoroughly stirred, there will be little need of artificial
watering until after the plants come out in full bloom.
However, if it should become hot and dry after the
Dahlias come into bloom, it would be very beneficial to
give them a thorough watering once each week or ten
days during the continuance of the drought. But care
should be taken to stir the soil to the depth of 1-2 in.
the next day, carefully pulverizing it later, in order to
seal the natural capillary tubes by which the moisture
is evaporated.

^ The best rule to follow is not to allow the plants to
suffer for want of moisture, nor to water them except
where they need it, but to water them thoroughly when
necessary, and not to allow excessive evaporation for
jwant of frequent stirring of the soil.

Training. — In planting the roots or tubers, place
them on their sides with the eye as near the bottom as
possible, and cover only 2-3 in. deep. As soon as the
shoots appear, remove all but the strongest one, and
pinch out the center of that one as soon as two or three
pairs of leaves have formed, thus forcing it to branch
below the level of the ground. As the plants develop,
the soil is filled in gradually by subsequent hoeings. By
this method the entire strength of the root and the soil
is concentrated on the one shoot, causing it to grow
vigorously; while the pinching back not only causes it
to branch below the surface of the soil, and thus brace
it against all storms, but also removes all of those im-
perfect, short-stemmed flowers that appear on some
varieties. If the plants are pinched back low,as described,
there is no danger of the branches splitting down, as the
soil around themwill hold them securely in place. How-
ever, where they branch above ground and are iuclined
to split down, drive a short, -stout stake near the stem
and tie the branches to it. These short stakes are not to

DAHLIA

451

hold the plants up, but to prevent the branches splitting
down where the above directions have not been followed
closely.

The writer was the first to use and advocate this
method of training, and by its practice has grown many
thousands of Dahlia blooms
on stems from 18 in. to 2 ft.
long, selling them to florists
by the thousands for four
e ruling price of
carnations, and higher than
that asked for roses.

Stoeikg the Roots.— As soon as the plants are killed
by frost, lift the roots, and, after removing all the soil
from them possible, allow them to dry in the air for a
few hours, when they should be stored in the cellar or
some other cool place secure from frost. If the cellar is
very dry or is not frost proof, put the roots in a barrel
or box and cover completely with dry sand or some
other suitable and convenient material, such as sawdust
or tanbark, to prevent freezing or loss of vitality by
drying or shriveling.

Varieties.— i''o?-cii(-rto«-«rs, the Decorative or Cactus
hybrid kinds are the most valuable, and the following
are among the very best : Nymphaea, Clifford W.
Bruton, Henry Patrick, Grand Duke Alexis, Wm. Agnew,
Perle de la Tete d'Or, Evadne, Orange King, Sundew,
Mrs. E. C. Monroe. The Cactus Dahlias are beautiful
and artistic, but will not last long after being cut. The
best are : Aiger, Austin Cannell, Strohlein Kronne,
Henry P. Michell, Mrs. Bennett, John W. Roach, Geo.
Marlow, Loreley, Beatrice and Mrs. Peart.

Of the Show Dahlias, among the best are : Miss May
Lomas, A. D. Livoni, Storm King, Emily, Ruby Queen,
Arabella, Constancy, Queen of Yellows, Willie Garrett,
Lady Maud Herbert.

Fancy : Frank Smith, Miss Browning, Penelope,
American Flag, Lottie Eckturd, Uncertainty. Of the
Pompon or Bouquet Dahlias, the best are Snowclad,
Fairy Queen, Daybreak, Elegauta, Little Prince, Le Petit
Jean, Carol, Little Beauty, Yellow Bird and Red Piper.
The Single varieties are especially adapted for cutting,
but should be cut as soon as opened, otherwise the
petals will fall.

For bedding, the plants must be dwarf, of branching
habit, and profuse bloomers. A few desirable kinds are :
Marg. Bruant, Magnificent, Triomphe de Solferino,
Colibre, Snowclad, Sunbeams, Mrs. Dodd and Bloom-
enfalter.

For Massing and Banhing. — Cactus : Aegir, Stroh-
lein Kronne, Mrs. A. Beck, Cyclops, Baron Schroeder.

Decorative: Wm. Agnew, C. W. Bruton, Perle de

DAHLIA

Mrs. E. C. Monroe, Indescent,
Beauty, Grand Duke Alexis,
mge Scarlet.

A. D. Livoni, Model of Perfec-
lonest John, Ernest Krebig,
, Oakfleld, Arabella, La France,
Princess Bonnie,
Queen of Yel-
lows.

Pompon: Klein
Domitea, Snow-
clad, Carol, Fairy
Queen, Catherine,
Sunshine, Little
Beatrice, Ele-
ganta, Elfln, Miss
Lou Kramer, Le
Petit Jean, Bes-
sie, Tom and
Teddy.

Singles are val-
uable for this pur-
pose, e.specially
St. George, Ami
Barrillet, Ada,
John Downic,
Evelyn, Isaac Pit-

Lady,

Pair
Corinne,
Brilliant and

Nance.

For Borders
and Hedges. — ^o
special list of va-
rieties can be re-
commended for
this purpose, as
largely

' 01 tasie.

668. Dahlia Merckii.
See the Botanical Magazine, 1

plate 3878. '" '"

Other Purposes. -Dahlias are used for :
purposes, and are grown in many other form's with
pleasing effect. Some train the tall varieties on trel-
lises in esp.ilicr form ; many train them to tall supports,
while ctlirv-i j.r' :i.| tliem out on the ground and peg
them I:', ' ' i!m' appearance of a bed of large-
flow. im I'Im- latter form is quite unique and
sati^ta '1 , ,..::- of some of the varieties grow un-
usuuUy ^, dl ;iii 1 I bi.jm profusely. The Fancy Dahlia
Uncertainty and Cactus Dahlia Delicata are typical
varieties that seem to do better in this form than any
other.

^Kcmtes.— Dahlias are generally remarkably free from
enemies, but in some localities the tarnished plant bug
(Lygus pratensis) makes success impossible, as there
is no practical remedy. This bug is chiefly responsible
for the blasted buds and one-sided flowers. It pierces
the young buds, shoots, and
sucks the sap. The shoots
curl over, blacken, check the
growth of the plant, and
new side shoots are stimu-
lated which often meet the
same fate. Consult Bulletin
47, Mo. Exp. Sta.

Lawrence K. Peacock.

Varieties recommended
by Lathrop and Higgins :

Fur (reneraf Purposes.—

.SA w, |).,Mi,,K..l,ni Adair,

M M.l ..I \iii, ||,, i\hidam

Am. -, M Ml.,',. Wild-

£W^

A.

L>. Livoni, Mary D.
Halleck, Snow, Bird
of Passage, Cham-
pion Rollo, Dr. J. P.
Kirtland.

Fancy.- Rev C.
W. Bolton, Young
America, Mrs. J.

DAIS

Downie, Rev. J. B. McCamra, John Forbes, Mrs. Brown-
ing, Keystone, Frank Smith.

Pompon: Burning Coal, Eurydice, Daybreak, Phoebe,
Lillian, Purity, Sunbeam, Little Bessie, Brunette, Fash-
ion, Suowclad, Virginale, Rosalie, Hedwig Polwig, Cath-
erine, Guiding Star, Aillet's Imperial, Alewine, Vivid.

Decorative : Grand Duke Alexis, Wm. Agnew, Juno,
Bowery Girl, Josephine, Lyndhurst, Perle de la Tete
d'Or.

Cactus: Matchless, Bertha Mawley, Mrs. Bennett,
Harmony, Edelcactus.

For Eihibition.- Show: Miss Cannell, Wm. Powell,
Duchess of York, Harrison Weir, John Walker, R. T.
Rawlings, Kaiser Wilhelm, Muriel, Pearl, Alice Emily,
James Vick, Emily Edwards, A. D. Livoni, Wm. Faw-
cett, James Service, Madge Wildfire, Mrs. Langtry,
Hector, John Lament, J. T. Saltmarsh.

Fancy: S. Mortimer, Dorothy, Sunset, Young Amer-
ica, Champion Rollo, General Grant, Mrs. J. Downie,
Lottie Eckford, Salamander, Prince Henry, Matthew
Campbell, Duchess of Albany,
Rev. J. B. McCamm, John
Forbes, Frank Smith, Key-

Cuctus : Matchless, Ernest
Glasse, Mrs. Bennett, John
Welch, Harmony, Gloriosa,
Mary Hillier, Beatrice,
Prince of Orange, Mrs. A.
Peart, Starfish, Green's Gem,
John Roach.

Decorative : May Pictor,
Wm. Agnew, Oban, Juno,
Lancelot, Amphion, Bowery
Girl, White Swan,Marchioness
of Bute, Perle de la Tete d'Or,
Rayon d'Or, Wilhelm Miller.

Pompon: Burning Coal, Eu-
rydice ,Phcebe, Eleganta, Min-
nie, Lillian, Hilda Searl, Hen-
rietta, Mars, Purity, Erne.st,
Sunbeam, Mattie Mourey,
Snowclad, Virginale, Rosalie,
lolanthe, Hedwig Polwig, Lit-
tle Hermon, Golden Gem,
Raphael, Alewine, Aillet's Im-
perial.

For Cut-flowers. - Cactus :
Beatrice, Ernest Glasse, John
Roach, Harmony, Matchless,
Edelcactus, Starfish, Green's
Gem.

Decorative: Grand Duke
Alexis, C. W. Bruton, Alpha,
Wm. Agnew, Nymphtea, Jose-
phine, White Swan, Lynd-
hurst, Bowery Girl, Oban,
Perle de la Tete d'Or, Rayon
d'Or, Bennett Goldney.

Pompon : Alewine, Purity,
Eurydice, Sunbeam, Rosalie,
Guiding Star, Phoebe, lolan-
the, Minnie, Lillian, Golden
Gem.

DAIS (Greek, pine torch;
application not obvious).
ThymelaiAcew. This genus
contains a tree that yields a
strong fiber, and is also rarely
cult, for ornament, especially
in Fla. and S. Calif., and pos-
sibly in one or two northern
conservatories. It has Ivs.
resembling the Smoke Tree,
BhusCotim<s,a.n(3. bears long- ■^'

stalked umbel-like heads of
starry pink fls., with floral 670. Ox-Eye Daisy or White
parts in 5's. The genus has Weed-Chrysanthemum
half a dozen species, all from Leucanthemum (X K).

DAIS

S. Africa or Madagascar. Tender deciduous shrubs: Ivs.
opposite, often crowded at the ends of branches : fls. in
terminal heads; perianth tube cylindrical, often curved;
stamens 10, in a double series, the alternate ones shorter,
upper or all exserted ; style esserted. The plants are
prop, by cuttings of half ripened wood.

cotinifdlia, Linn. Lvs. oppo-
site and alternate, oblong or
obovate, acute at both ends : in-
volucre a half shorter than the
fls. : head about 15-fld. : fls. Kin.
across ; fragrant. South Africa.
B. M. 147.

DAISY (i. e., day's eye, in
allusion to the sun-like form of
the flower). A name which
properly belongs to the BeUis
pei-einiis of Europe, a low
early - flowering composite,
which, in its double foims
( Fig. 669 ) . is widely known as
agarden plant (seeieiHs). The
American congener is JB. in-
tegrifolia, Michx., an annual
or biennial very like the Old
World species ranging south

DAMASK VIOLET

453

672 W Id Aster o

Michaelmas Daisy

(XX)

N \

Kent k-\ it IS not domesticated In
r 1 D ipphed to mil v field com-

I 1 II I t I r t 1 low growth

all i 1 I 1 [ 1 ti "l tl id l>3 com-

I 1 1 I ' / " L cattU-

\ I \\ Id i-liut h h has become

u 1 1 ea tern part of the coun-

tr 1 I nly known a» the Oi Ej e

D 1 New England it i known as

AM lei airlieltoJ?<d6fC* a

1 111 U \ed head Kin to

1 / / re the Pans Dai-

I tl tones (see Ory-

\\ \ 1 6 2) are called

1 1 li Ai 1 1 I) s m many parts

ot the uuntij parti 1 ih t t \ w York Spring-

flowering Erigerons al are He 1 Dais es The Swan
River Dai y is Bracl ico I ! f I a (tigs ''oo ''56).
The African Daisy is a species of Lonas. l, g_ g

DALBfiEGIA (N. Dalberg, a Swedish botanist, 1730 to
1820). Jjeguminisce. About 60 species of trees, shrubs,
or climbers, belonging to tropical regions :ill over tiie
world. One species only Introduced to S. Calif., and
most likely to prove of great interest as a timber tree.
Experiments in Egypt have shown its most remarkable
property of standing severe droughts, as well as sub-
mersion for a long period. Lvs. alternate, odd-pinnate,
without stipules: fls. small, numerous, purple, violet or
white, in forking ctou-s or irregular cyme-like panicles.

The Sissoo tree is worth trial in nearly frosMess dis-
tricts, especially along sandy river banks. It improves

sterile lands. The wood is very elastic, seasons well,
does not warp or split, is easily worked, and takes a fine
polish. It is also a durable wood for boats. The tree is
raised easily from seeds or cuttings, and is of quick
growth. The demand is greater than the supply in
India, and the tree is cult, for timber. ( F. von Mueller,
Extra Trop. Plants. ) Other species of Dalbergia are of
economic value.

Sissoo Roxh K o-ood

lvs p nnat 1 fl
rxptlva nun ,1

tuub when

1 tree 80 ft high in India:
1 te stalked obovate ab-

1 neath fls wh te n short,
In 1 a con dered one of the best
I c ty and durabil ty are requ red.
P Frajjcesch and W M
DALECHAMPIA ft rthe French savant Dalechamps,
11 / r Th s genus conta ns a tropi-

il 1 d f r ts howj ro e red bracts.

ill 1 was one of the noblest plants

I H I h the

It

orth

Bou II

and 1 r U u t

E pi 1 1 I 1 a a

tr al n tl e finer en r at r

50 spec es w lely cattered u hrubs,

twiners or tall climbers, some of which ha\ e white bracts.

Cult, in a warm house. Prop, by cuttings.

Eoezliina, Muell. Arg. Erect shrub, 3-4 ft. high, much
branched, leafy : lvs. 6 in. long, sessile, obovate-lanceo-
late, acuminate, entire, or with coarse obtuse teeth above
the middle, narrowed to a cordate base: bracts 2-2^ in.
long, broadly heart-shaped, sessile, toothed, membra-
nous, nerved, rose-red, with other smaller bracts: fls.
small, yellow, clustered. Mex. B.M. 5640. Var. 41ba,
Hort., has white bracts,

DALIBABDA (after Thomas Dalibard, French bota-
nist). RosHcece. A low-growing, native, hardy her-
baceous perennial plant, with foliage resembling a
violet and fls. like those of a strawberry. It is a shy,
modest plant, flowering from June to August in shady
woods. It is rarely cultivated in alpine gardens and
rockeries, being a slow-growing plant, liking a deep
flbrous soil and a sheltered position. Prop, by cuttings.
The genus has lately been referred to Rubus, but it
differs utterly in habit, in the carpels being usually well
defined instead of indefinite and the akenes dry instead
of drupaceous.

rdpens, Linn. (Eiihus DaliMrda, Linn.). Fig. 673.
Tufted, creeping: lvs. heart-shaped, wavy-toothed: fls.
white, 1 or 2 on each scape; calyx 5-6-parted, 3 of the
divisions larger and toothed ; petals 5 ; stamens numer-
ous; pistils 5-10. Common in northern woods. D. 85.
In Fig. 673, a shows the perfect flower; 6, c, akenes of
the cleistogamous fls.

DAMASK ROSE. Eosa Damascena.

DAMASK VIOLET. He

671. Yellow field Daisy, or Brown-eyed Susan— Rudbeck

4o4 DAJIE S ROCKET

DAME'S EOCKET and DAME'S VIOLET, n^speris
matronalis.

DAMMAEA. SeeAgathis.

DAMNACANTHUS (Qvee^, powerful spines). Uubi-
(iceir. Tliis monotypie genus contains a tender, ever-
green, Japanese shrub, chiefly valued for its coral-red
berries, which remain on the bush until the fls. of the
next season are produced. Branches numerous, spiny:
Ivs. small, opposite, leathery, nearly sessile, broadly
ovate. a.uiiMuat.- : lis. small, axillary, in I's or 2'.s,
white. iriiLriiii ; .:il\x tube obovoid, limb l-S-eut; co-
rolla fu I ~li;i|H(i. Crop, by cuttings. This plant may

be olit;iiiM(l I K.iu .1, mIi.ts in Japanese plants.

IndicuB, Uartn. [1). mdjor, Sieb. & Zucc). Described
above. Himalayas and Jap.— Var. BubmltiB is not so
spiny.

DAMPING-OFF. A

trous rotting of i>l:iiit-, •
tings, and gent-nillx ;ii i
usually associati.l \mi!i
and air, with high an^l
times poor light. Such
and allow them to fall

■ for a disas-
ings and cut-
re in the soil

en the plants
prey to the minute parasitic

fungi which live upon the decaying vegetable matter
the soil, and can remain alive for months, even if the
soil is thoroughly dry or frozen. As soon as the disease
is noticed, the healthy plants should be removed to
fresh soil, as the disease spreads rapidly. A whole
bench of cuttings may be ruined in a night. The skill-
ful propagator takes every possible precaution. His
benches have perfect dr.ainage, he uses fresh sharp
sand, and sometimes sterilizes it with steam heat for
several hours. Damping-ofl is one of the most trying
experiences of the beginner, and nothing can prevent it

DANDELION

ing-off and Burning are also used for ruined flowers.
Burning is often caused by sunlight or by imperfections
in glass, but a flower spoiled by dripping cold water, or
by some unknown cause, is said to have a burned look.

One of the commonest occasions of Damping-ofl is the
sudden flooding of a bed or bench after leaving it too
dry for a long time.

DAMSON. See Plum.

DAN.S;A (a personal name). Marattidcew. A small
genus of fern-like plants, with svnMiiiria sessile, ar-
range 1 m rows 1 t r I irface
of the leaf Tht \nicr.

DANDELION

tootl r t
lar f I
nial or 1
Europe 1 \
countries Oi i

part at
stalk a
Dai del

I n tl e 1 ) Tl e -nacu-

Weber a steml peren-

I Cott p6f> to- It 1 I tive to

naturalized m all temperate

k^ Mts and m the hifch north

of corolla
■onstricted

on a long
loon of the

cattering

pecies of

t common.

ijtl ospir.

but a thorough grasp of the principles of Greenhouse
Management in general, and Watering in particular.
(Consult articles on these subjects.) The terms Damp-

1 d Dandelion (T _
eds not reflexed m^ olucral scales,

ranch prized for greens for this

ted in parts of Europe also about

tew other localities in this country.

lull ed la ii,e 1 el ^arieties,

s t tl n 1 forms

^ I'riiig,

1 1 1 1 u h tl V at stand,

although the i lantlets ma> be transplaute 1 The plants
sho lid stand al out 1 foot apart each w ay and a good
crop will cover the land completelj when a \ear old.
Sandy or light loamy soil is preferred. The crop is har-
vested and marketed like spinach. The Ivs. or heads
are often blanched by tying them up, covering with
sand or a flower-pot. The plants are sometimes grown
more closely in beds, and frames are put over them to
force them. Roots are sometimes removed from the
field to the hotbed or house for forcing. When treated
like chicory (which see), the roots will produce a win-

'C

DANDELION

ter salad very like barbe de capucin. Roots dug in

fall and dried are sold for medicinal purposes in drug

stores under the name of Taraxacum. l H. B.

Uts

DAPHNE (Greek name of Laurus nohilis). Thy-
meladcew. Ornamental evergreen or deciduous shrubs,
with handsome foliage and sweet-scented, white, purple,
lilac or rarely greenish fls., which, in warmer climates,
often appear during the winter. Lvs. alternate, rarely
opposite, entire, short-petioled : fls. in clusters, short
racemes or umbels, apetalous, mostly fragrant; perianth
tubular cr campanulate, 4-lobed, corolla-like, usually
clothed with silky hairs outside ; stamens 8, included;
stigma capitate, sessile or nearly so : fr. a fleshy or
leathery 1-seeded drupe. About 40 species in Eu. and
Asia. Only D. Mezereum, with very early lilac, fra-
grant fls. and decorative scarlet fr., and some low ever-
green species, like D. Cneorum and D. Blagaijana, are
hardy north, while most of the evergreen species can be
recommended only for warmer climates D PoH/ica and
D. Laureola, with large evergreen lvs , are hardj as far
north as New York Daphnes thrn e best in a well
drained, light soil and m a partly shaded position, but
some, as D. Cneorum and D Bhiqininna which are ex
ceedingly pretty plants for rockeries, do better in sunny
situations. In the north, D odotu and its varieties are
often grown in pots for their sweet scented and hand
some fls. appearing during the wmtei A sandy com
post of peat and loam in equal proportions will suit them ,
they require a good drainage and careful watering dur
ing the winter, and pots not larger than just necessary
should be given; they ma> also be planted out in a cool
greenhouse and trained as a wall plant D Genkua,
with abundant lilac fls before the lvs , is sometimes
forced. Prop, by seeds, sown after
fled, but germinating very slowly , also bj laj ers
down in spring and taken off the followmg j e
evergreen species may be increased by cuttings of m i
ture wood in fall under glass, and kept m a cool green
house during the wintei If gentle bottom heat can be
given in early spring it will be of advantage to the de-
velopment of the roots softwood cuttings taken from
forced plants may also be used D odoia is often
veneer-grafted on seedling st k f 7) run li mv.in
ter, or on roots of X) 1/ i /> ( i m 1

probably its allies are re-iilil\ in i 1 in i iiiu I \ i

moving the earth aiound tl i 1 ii t i ii „ I «ii tl

branches and tilling with tint i iii[ t iliu t t tl
tops of the branches Next spun,;, if the compost i-.
carefully removed, a large numljtr ot little buds ei Ii
supplied with a white root, ai e found ihm,; the branchts,
they are easily detached and planted in pans or bo\t s

In California, accordmg to Pranceschi, the species
most commonly grown is B odoia, the plants being
mostly imported from Japan Man\ plants are also sent
from Japan for eastern greenhouse culture A decoction
of the bark of D. Me:eniim is sold m drug stores under
the name of Mezereum It is stimulant and diuretic It
is also known as Olive bpurge Alfred Rehder

Although hardy Daphnes are generally recommended
to be planted in partial shade, they invariably succeed
in open, sunny places, and even in dry spots when the
start is made with strong, well-rooted plants. They
grow very freely in a light, open, well drained soil, en-
riched with thoroughly decayed manure. An annual top-
dressing of the same material is of great benefit to the
plants, young or old.

For propagation by cuttings, half-ripened wood is
best. Layers should not be separated until early in the
following spring, and it is advisable to shade the young
plants in their new quarters for a few weeks until the
roots have taken hold in the ground and growth has
started. Cuttings should not be subjected to a very
strong bottom heat before a good callus has formed, as
they are slow to emit roots, and free growth can not be
erpected until the young plants attain the age of 2
years. The commonest of the hardy kinds is £>. Cneo-
rum ; but D. Blagayana, which is still very rare in
America, is a charming species, worthy of greater popu-
larity. Grafts of this species are likely to die without

apparent cause. D. Neapolitana needs a sheltered
position. J. B. Keller.

Alphabetical list of species described below : D. au-
tumnalis, 1; Blagayana, 5; buxifolia, 7; Cneorum, 4;
collina, 6; Daxiphini, 8; Delphini, 8; Fioniana, 7; For-
tiniei,3; Genkwa, 3; Houtteana, 3; hybrida, 8; Indica,
9; Japonica,9; Jenkira, 3; Laureola, 10; Mazeli, 9;
Mezereum, 1, 2; odora, 9; odorata, 9; oleoides, 7; Pon-
tica, 10; sericea, 6; Van Houttei, 2.

A. Jyvs. deciditoits : fls. axillary along the branches of
the previous year, appearing before the lvs.

1. Mezdreum, Linn. Erectshrub, with stout branches,
to 4 ft. : lvs. alternate, cuneate, oblong or oblanceolate,
glabrous, grayish beneath, 1-3 in. long: fls. usually 3,
sessile, silky outside, fragrant, lilac-purple, appearing
much before the lvs.: fr. roundish ovoid, scarlet. Feb.—
Apr. Eu. to Altai and Caucasus. Gn. 29:550. -Var.

676. The Dandelion.

456 DAPHNE

ilba, Ait., has white fls. and yellow fr. 611.29:550.
G.C. III. 21:183, 185. Var. 41ba pWna, Hort., has double
white fls. Gn. 29:550. Var. grandill6ra, Hort. (var.
aiitumndlis, Hort.). With larger, very early fls., some-
times blooming in fall.

2. Houtteana, Plani'h. (D. .V.-.r^xm. yar. atroptirpU-

r<'i, l>i|i|i. ). Slii-ut.. tu 1 ft , , ill t , -t'-iit branches:

1\-. ali^ riiMtr. ,-i}ii.aic, : • ...',ii,-, glabrous,

i-i.ri,'ir',,,ii< :iim1 .iitin |"i ; :.■: i .', lis. appearing

iMt'.'rc llir l\ s.. lil;ir-\ i.,1. 1. _■ .. II, ;,..; : lir.lunclcd ClU9-

tiir.s. Apr. I'.S. il;.'.;iL.'. - i.)i ^.u.li u ..i .^iii. and probably
hybrid between D. Laureola and Mezcieum.

3. QSnkwa, Sieb. & Zucc. (D. Firtunei, Lindl. D.
Jinkvia , Hort. ) . Shrub, to 3 ft. , with slender branches :
Ivs. opposite, oblong-elliptic, appressed-pubescent on
the vcans beneath, 1^-2 in. long: fls. lilac, 3-7, in short-
stalked clusters, scentless, densely silky, vUlous outside.
Mar., Apr. .Tap. S.Z. 75. Gt. 15:499. F.S. 3:208. Gn.
42:868. R.B. 10:73.

AA. ii'.s'. <r, ,,/,,, », .lU.rxnle (see No.t).

B FU.intermhiiil li. .:•!.<, ra ,•■ hi axillary and pinkish.
C. Siibil hnr, jirnr,n,ih, III <,r trailing.

7. Willi 1. '11-, trailing, pu-
.'i> il. iiih, ;ii, , oblanceolate,
iiiiiiV"iiiil,ii.\ finally gla-
l.n.iis, ,l;nk green and
glossy aljove, glaucescent
beneath, K-1 in. long: fls.
in sessile, many-fld. heads,
pink, fragrant. Apr., May,
and often again in sum-
mer. Mts. of JI. Eu. B.
M. 313. L. B. C. 18: 1800.
Gn. 45, p.237.-Var. m4ju8,
Hort. Of more vigorous
growth. Gn. 51, p. .358.
Var. mdximum of Euro-
pean nurseries = D. Ifea-
politana.

5. Blagayina, Freyer.
Hranelu's ofteu ascending,
glabrous : h-s. cuneate,
oI)ovate or oblong, gla-
brous, 1-lKin. long: heads
many-fld.: fls. white or
yellowish white, fragrant,
677. Daphne Cneorum. nearly glabrous outside,
almost 1 in. long. Apr.,

May. Mts. of southeastern Eu. B.M. 7579. F.S. 22:2313.

Gt. 29:1020. Gn. 14:143. G.C. II. 13:245 : 17:505 : III.

11:491.

77-.1

D. Peri
6. sericea, Vn
branches (luljcs
late, oMiis., I
and - 1 11
1-1% i

1-1 ft. Iiigli.
■ iihrxeent outside.

Height 1-3 ft.

purple

lobes, -H in. loiii.'. Sj.riiig. Italy to W. Asia. B.M. i'.
B.E. 24:56. L.B.U. 14:1348.

7. oleoides, Schreb. (Z>. btixifoUa, Vahl). Shrub,
3tt. : branches pubescent: Ivs. obovate-clliptio to ol

'.iM.I-i.-. s..ulbea»leniEu. Ij.H.r. ;i:2!iy. li.M. 1:117.
— \ < !\ \ iirial.le in shape and pubescence of -Ivs. Var.
Fioniana, lli.rt., with obovate-lanceolate, obtuse Ivs. and
lilac- iK., N said to be a hybrid between this species and
the f.n-uier.

8. hybrida, Lindl. (Z>. Dailpliiin. Ilnit. /'. n:irlihil.
Lodd.). Gjirden hybrid of 2). co^i INI ■ .i. /"/.,. Similar
to Z). orfora, but hardier. Erect sin uL. in 1 it . : h ^. . u
neate, oblong-elliptic, dark green and shiniii;; aln'xe.
glabrous or slightly hairy along the veins beneath when
young, 2-3 in. long : fls. reddish purple, very fragrant,
rather large, in few-fld. heads. B.R. 14:1177.

DARLIXGTONIA

i)D. Perianth glabrous outside, or nearly so.

9. oddra, Thunbg. (I). Japdnica, Thuuhg. D.Indica,

Loisel., not Linn.). Shrub, to 4 ft., with glabrous

branches : Ivs. oblong-elliptic, acute at both ends,

bluntly pointed, glabrous, 2-3 in. long : fls. in dense,

11;1.,1, 1..11. l.-....,:ij. llaraierllialilhi r,|u . \ ar. puaC-
t4ta, Heuisl. I'ls. in dense beads, white, spotted out-
side with red. B.M. 1587. Var. margin^ta, Hort. Lvs.
bordered vellow: fls. red. P.M. 8:175. R.H. 1866:251.
Var. riibra, Don. Fls. purple. S.B.F.G. II. 4:320.
G.C. III. 21:173. D. odordta, Hort., is a common mis-
print in catalogues for J), odora. D. odorata, Lam.=
D. Cneorum.

10. Lanrdola, Linn. Shrub, to 4 ft. : lvs. cuneate, obo-
vate-lauceolate, acute, shining and dark green above,
glabrous, 2-3% in. long: fls. in 5-10-fld., nearly sessile
racemes, vellowisli m-. .n, se. utiles : fr. black. Mar.-
May. S."Eu.,W. A-ia. \ ai-. rn-,,;,rea of the Kew
Arboretum = D. ll.^i'ii^ •< i<n .

11. Pdntica, Linn. MhuK. \.. :. n.: lvs. cimeate, obo-
vate or obovatc-lanri i ■" . m - 1 uiru;. L-I,i!.r..ii., l'-:j
in. long: fls. in Ion- ; : ' < ; , ,11.11-
ish yellow, fragraiu. . . . . : 1 ■,. , .. 1, , ,, \].r,,
May. Southeastern l.i: , w. .\ la. l;\l, ij-j, ii.c.
II. 14:209.

DAPHNIDIUM. See Benzoin.

DAPHNIPHtLLUM (Greek, literally a laurel-leal).
Fuphorbidcew. A genus of oriental trees, perhaps 15
species. The following species are very rare in cultiva-
tion, and are obtained through dealers in Japanese
plants. The genus has no near allies of horticultural
value. Tropical glabrous trees: lvs. alternate, entire,
stalked, leathery, usually narrow, feather-veined : ra-
cemes axillary, short : bracts minute or none : fls.
stalked, dioecious, without petals : fr. an olive-shaped
drupe.

macrfipodum, Miq. Lvs. leathery; petiole 2 in. long;
blade aliciut 8 in. long, 2 % in. wide, elliptic-oblong, with
a very short, hard, abrupt point: racemes of female fls.
3 in. long, slender; pedicels distant. Japan.

glauc68oens. Blume. Tree, often 20-30 ft. high, in In-
dia, Java and Corea: petiole three to four-flfths in. long
in the pistillate plant; in the staminate 8-13 tenths of
an ineli Icnif.'; Ivs. obovate-lanceolate, rounded at the
ti]i; blade ;!-Hn. long. 12-16-tenths of an inch wide.
-There is a varie-ated form. w. M.

DARLINGTONIA (after William Darlington, the
American botsinist, to whom we are indebted for the de-
lightful Memorials of Bartram and Marshall). Sarrace-
ni&eeoe. One of the moat interesting and distinct of all

DARLINGTONIA

pitcher plants. There is only one species in this genus.
The plant was first collected near Mt. Shasta Ijy the
Wilkes Exploring Expedition. Indians attacked the
party, and as the explorers retreated to their camp W. D.
Brackenridge grabhed something, which turned out to
be fragments of this exciting plant. The Darlingtonia
grows at an altitude of 5,000 feet on the Sierra Nevadas
of California, in sphagnum bogs along with sundews
and rushes. The pitchers grow in clusters, and are a
foot or two high. The pitcher is slender, erect, .spirally
twisted and rounded at the top, something like a fiddle
head. From this hangs a curious reddish structure
■with two long flaps. Underneath the rounded top is
seen the entrance to the trap, which means death to all
sorts of insects, big and little. How the plaut attracts
them is not obvious, but the tati' of tin insrcts is clear.
They climb down a long, nari..H tui.n. I, Mii.l.-d by nee-
dle-like downward-pointing hui- .\iii\..l at the bot-
tom, the insects find these m t dh ^ iiiimi inus and con-
verging. As they attempt to i-scupe tlii'\ are confronted
by an impassable array of lances. The manner of their
death can be easily imagined. They sink into the bot-
tom in a putrid, sticky mas.s. and the products of de-
composition are presumably absorbed by the plant.

Darlingtonias have been grown outdoors in the east
the year round in a few special localities. Edward Gil-
lett, at Southwick, Mass., grows them in a favored spot
without artificial protection. F. H. H<)rsford can pre-
serve them at Charlotte, Vt., with tho anl ot a wiuU v
mulch.

Califomica, Torr. Fig. 678. Rootstoc k h..ii/oni il h -
forming pitchers as described aboxi- hIu'Ii an- curi-
ously veined, and have a wnii,' on tin \« ntral surface
and a crest on top, green, fliialh 1 niiii^' a pear yel-
low: scape erect, %-\}/^ft. hi^h. < ioih. d with obtuse,
erect, concave, half-clasping l.iict-.tis -ohtary, nod-
ding, 3 in. across; sepals 5, pale green; petals shorter
than the .sepals, about 1 in. long, converging, greenish
yellow, with broad reddish brown veins, contracted
above the middle; stigmas 5; ovary cylindrical below,
dilated into a broad 5-lobed top with a deep depressiofi
in the center, 5-celled : seeds obovate-club-shaped. B.M.
5920. I.H. 18:75. F.S. 14:1440. G.C. III. 7:84, 85;
17:304; 24:339.-Int. to cult, about 1861. -w. M.

As greenhouse plants, Darlingtonias require the same
treatment as their allies, Sarracenias, Dioneas and Uro-
seras. A well grown collection of these plants is not
only very iuteresting and curious, but also very beauti-
ful. To succeed, they must occupy a shaded position,
and never be allowed to become dry. Give a cool, moist,
■even temperature. If possible a glass case should
be provided for them, with provision made for ven-
tilation; a constant moist atmosphere can be more
easily maintained, and at the same time the green-
house in which they are grown may be freely ven-
tilated without injury to these plants. The material
in which they grow best is two-thirds fern root fiber
with the dust shaken out, and one-third chopped sphag-
num moss and silver sand, with a few nodules of char-
coal added. About the first week in July is perhaps the
best time for potting, though one must be guided by the
condition of the plants, choosing a time when they
are the least active. When well established they will
only require potting once in two years. The pots should
be placed in pot saucers as a safeguard against their
ever becoming dry. and all the space between the pots

DASYLIRION

457

should be fill.-
the pots.
a gradua

the

I of

engthe

agnum moss up 1
f 40° to 45° during winter, with
in spring, will suit
they should be
kr-nt ■vrdl li ir!:,l, or iImv may be removed to a well
sli I ! ! ' ' jt-iili-, ill some secluded position free

fi i • iini^. Propagation of these plants is

til. i ' i, I i .11 ..I III,, roots, or by seeds sown on
liv.' .|.'i:ij.i;iii. 1.1 .-< ill ].ans. the moss being made very
even and the pans placed either under a bell jar or glass
case in a cool, moist atmosphere. [For detailed English
experience, see G.C. III. 24:338.]

Edward J. Canning.
Darlingtonia Courtii was named after William Court,
for many years hybridizer and traveler for James
Veitch & Son. Some say it is a hybrid between a

Nepenthes and Darlingluida Califomica. Its Ivs. or
pitchers are shorter and stouter than those of D. Call-
fornica, a,nd more rounded at the mouth. The stalks of
the pitchers bend out almost horizontally from the base
or crown of the plant and then be-
corue erect. The treatment is much
the same as for Z>. Califor
cept that it must be kept indoors in
winter. It thrives well in a house
with OJontoglossum crispum and
Masdtrallia. It is generally sus-
pended like Nepenthes. The writer
has successfully grown it when it
was potted in peat or sphagnum, in a

small pot which was inverted into a larger pot, with a
layer of sphagnum packed in between, and the whole
kept constantly moist. It is an interesting and attrac-
tive plant, and enjoys considerable popularity in Eng-
i^'^^' Henry A. Siebkecht.

DABNEL. LoUum perenne.

DASYLtKION (Greek, <K«e<i Zi72/). Lili&cece. Highly
ornamental plants, well adapted for rockeries, for iso-
lated specimens on lawns, decoration of conservatories,
staircases, etc., and eminently suitable for terraces and
vases, in the formal style of gardening. Trunk short or
missing altogether : Ivs. in large number, inserted in a
symmetrical way, so as to form a dome or globe-shaped,
regular head, more or less serrulated, and in some
species ending in a brush-like tuft of dried fibers. The
tall panicles of numberless whitish green, minute fiow-
ers are also a striking feature. Dasylirions generally
branch after blooming. They are of the easiest pos-
sible culture, and will stand some degrees of frost, par-
ticularly if kept dry. Easily propagated from seeds
and from cuttings of the branches when produced, as
they do not sn..kcr as a rule. Six nr perhaps more
species altogetli. r. Nativi- ..f tin- ari.l nL'iou com-

andnorthern M.'xi.-... Tlo' l'..ll..\viii-- aro i^idw n in south-
em gardens and ill |.ons.rvat.iri..s up n..rtli.but not as
much as they deserve. f. Fkanceschi.

These plants are inferior to Tucca filameiitosa in
hardiness and in showiness and regularity of flowering,
but they have an individuality of their own which should
commend them to amateurs who like things that every-
body doesn't have. They are especially esteemed in
California, where the great flower-stalks, 8 or 10 ft. high,

458

DASYLIRION

give a strong impression of the desert, which contrasts
forcibly with civilized surroundings. The individual
flowers are not highly colored, but the spikes are
several feet long. Three plants sold as Dasylirions be-
long to Nolina, a closely related genus, which is chiefly
distinguished by fruit characters. In Dasylirion the
ovary has .1 ovules, and the fruit is dry and indehiscent,
or splits through the partitions and between the cells.
In Nolina the ovary has 2 ovules, and the fruit is dry,
often 3-winged, and bursts in an irregular fashion. The
latest monograph is in Latin by J. U. Baker in Journ.
Linn. Soc. Vol. 18(1881).

A. Stems 4-angled, square in section.

quadrangulitum, S. Watson. Trunk 3 ft. high ; Ivs.
drooping, dark grH.-n, 2 ft, i.r more long, 2-3 lines broad
at the base, soon li.urow.i- :nnl (fuadrangular, the mar-
gin rough but not, |m,,(1i. a, .M.\. Discovered in 1878.—
This is the only s]i. n, - \^,i\, mtire, not toothed, leaf-
margins. With Fr:uirr,s.lii thr trunk is so short as to
be almost globular ; the Ivs. are 4-6 ft. long, slightly
arching, and not splitting into fibers.

AA Stems not 4-angled.
B. Tips of Ivs. not splitting into fibers.

glaucophtUum, Hook. (Z). glaiicum, Carr.). Recog-
nized by the above character and by the very glaucous,
bluish green Ivs., of which the inner ones are strict and
rigid, not gracefully drooping, the outer ones recurved,
2-3 ft. long, 8-9 lines wide above the base. Mex. B.M.
5041. R. H. 1872, p. 435. G.C. II. 13: 205.;

BB. Tips of Ivs. splitting into fibers.

C. Trunk long, 2-5 ft.

D. Teeth on the leaf-margins yellowish.

Tez&num, Scheele. Lvs. light green, 3-4 ft. long, 5-6
lines wide above the base ; margin serrulate, armed
with hooked teeth 1 line long and 3-6 lines apart;
flower-stalk 8-10 ft. high. Tex. and New Mex.

DD. Teeth on the leaf-margins brown.
Whefeleri, S.Wats. Lvs. very similar to those of D.
Texanum, 7-9 lines wide. The lvs. are shorter than in
D. glaucophyllum, and they usually have a spiral twist,
which gives the plant a remarkable appearance. Ariz
and N. Mex.

CO. Trunk short.

D. Macemes short, densely fid.

E. Length of lvs. S-4 ft.

tipped with 6-8 spreading fibers. Mex. Int. into cult,
about 1835.— This name and D. serralifolium were given
by Zuccarini without description, and are greatly con-
fused in botanical literature and perhaps also in gardens.
EE. Length of lvs. 2S ft.
acrdtrichum, Zmc-. ( D. grdcile, Zucc). Trunk in gar-
<if?i^ iiTii if :iin h' -I , iiti,i:t\ 1-5 ft. high; lvs, 6-8 lines wide,
I .il' L) I I iiirous, splitting at the tip into

■-'" .;n III I ,'i '■ hs. recurved. Mex. B.M. 5030.

iin. Ii'deemes long, loosely fid.
Berratifdlium, Zucc. Lvs. exactly as in D. acrotrichum,
7-8 lines wide above the base. Mex.— Can be distin-
guished only in flower. \y_ jj_

DATE. A palm. Phoenix dactylifera, Linn., native
to N. Africa and Arabia, and extensively planted in
countries under Arabic control. It is also grown to some
extent in southern Asia and southern Europe and in
other tropical and subtropical countries. The pulpy
fruits constitute one of the most important articles of
food of the Arabs; and the leaves and other parts of the
plant afford materials fi<r dwellings and many domestic
uses. Nearly all it:n-ts uC tin- jiiantare utilized in some
way. The Date ikiIhi ]■. arhrs a height of 100 ft., mak-
ing a straight, sh:iL'L'y irunk, nn.l it continues to bear
for one or two cciituii.s. It is (li(reious. See Phoenix.

The Date palm has been grown in parts of the United
States and adjacent Mexico for many years. In Florida,
California, and restricted areas of a few other states.

DATE

it has been grown for decorative purposes for more than
a century. At the missions founded by the Spaniards
at St. Augustine, and ..th.-r i.Iar,-^ in Florida, and that
long line of mission- . \t. iiMinL.- fn.ni far iato Mexico,
northward and westwar^i ThnniL'ti --uuthern New Mexico,
Arizona and California, it i- im.l.alilc that the Date was
planted wherever the climatic cuuditions were favor-
able. Within the borders of the United States the
greater number of these early plantings were in Florida
or along the coast of southern California, regions where
the sum total of summer heat is not sufficient to perfectly
develop the Date fruit. The Date, as a fruit producer,
being indigenous to a desert environment, does not take
kindly to humid regions, even where it is not sufficiently
cold to prohibit the growth of the trt-c For this reason
the t'lTal.TnuniliiTottli.' .'a]■|^ |il,inlli,-- in this country

qnahlv. ,'ili l,oi,,^-li in ^iL'.nv n,^' i . ' ' -' . 'L-rrw luxu-

riantlv an. I to iaia,'.- ,m/.,.. !„ in- oin porti.ins of

LowiT t:t.litui-nia and Suuoia. v.h.i. Ui.ic i.s suflicient
water for irrigation, the early plautiugs have been con-
timicd down to the present time, and Dates of fair
quality have been grown for many years. Moreover,
each year the area devoted to Dates is increasing. Not
only have sufficient Daites been grown in Sonora to sup-
ply the local markets and the markets of the larger
cities, Heriuosillo, Guaymas and Altar, but during the
past year a surplus has been shipped from the state.

The part of the United States suitable for growing
the Date tree, for the profitable production of fruit, is
confined to rather narrow limits; viz., the irrigable por-
tion of southern Arizona below an altitude of 2,500 feet
and the somewhat similar area of southern California-
east of the coast ranges of mountains, where the sum-
mer temperature is not lowered by proximity to the sea.
As a tree, however, it will m^ke excellent growth over
a much larircr area, inchnlintr the semi-arid regions of
central ami -.nu L. in i iM i ma i i\.-r the larger area.
it will ocini 1 , i . aiiior varieties ma-
ture fruit, liii I : larely be sufficient

td bring it t" a linii .!.li. - oi |m i-f,-ction. In recent
years Dates !];»<■ matnrid in favorable localities in
California, in both the San Joaquin and Sacramento
valleys, but it is only east of the mountains in the irri-
gable regions of the Mojave desert that there is sulli-
cient summer he.at to m.tture an animal rrop. In the
strictly desert rei;ions of soutln lai ,\riin.na and sontli-
eastern California the planfinL,- ol -...ilinu' Dates is
rapidly increasing, and the tun. i- n.i lai- .Ijsiant wlien
in this region not a little atteuti.ju will lie t,'iveu to tho
production of this fruit. Among the older trees may be
mentioned those on a ranch owned by Hall Hanlon,
situated on the California side of the Colorado river a
few miles below Yuma. In 1875 Mr. Hanlon received a
box of Dates from La Paz, Lower California, which were
grown at that place, and planted the seed the same year.
From these seeds 12 pistillate and several staminato
trees were raised, the trees beginning to bloom at the
age of 5 years. All the pistillate trees lian- frniteil

abundantly each year sii 7 v.ars ..f .-ii;., :iti.I n.iw xai-v

in height from 2(> t..,',ii l..i. .aeOi tvr |ir...lu. m- x.aily
from 6 to 17 bunches of li uit, llie Imuh-Ii.'- \ai\iii:^ in
weight from 20 to 38 p..unds.

In recent years many seedling ptdms have come into
bearing in southern Arizona, particularly in Salt river
valley. On the Bartlett, Adams & Go's, ranch at Cilen-
dale, several seedling Dates were in bearinj; in the
fall of 1898, at which time one tree. K y,.r^ !i..ni-...l.
bore an estimated crop of more than I i i 'n

a ranch owned by E. L. Arthur, in i , i

Tempe, a dozen or more palms were in i :irin_' m. nn.-
year, several of which bore one or more buneiies ot irmt
the fourth year after planting. In addition to those
cited above, many seedling palms bore during the fall
of ISilH at Phrpnix. Tempe. Olendole. Mesa, Arizola,
Floren.-e, Vnnia, Tneson, an. I other p,,ints in southern

in tin -priiiL- ..r i,-'il ami l-nj, -i 71 r.M.t.M ^n-iiers, 68 of
which were stipposed to have been ttiken from female
trees of approved varieties, while the remaining six were
labeled male. These trees were distributed to various

DATE

points in New Mexico, Arizona and California. Those
planted on the Experiment Station farm at Phoenix
hare made a much better growth and bloomed more
freely than tlie plants sent elsewhere, some of the speci-
5 at this Station, in the fall of 1898, measuring more
than 20 feet to the topmost leaf and
producing 100 to 200 pounds of
fruit to the tree. A sufficient num-
ber of the imported palms have
blossomed to indicate that they
are not true to name, more than
one-half of those blossoming to
date being staminate, while those
that have fruited are inferior to a
number of the choicer seedlings
grown in Arizona. It yet remains
for another importation to be made,
when greater care may be taken
that the import.ed plants are suck-
ers from trees of recognized merit
and apiircvrd varieties.

An .xaiiiiiiiiiiMU (,f specimens of
fniir ir.iiii iii;iii\- of the seedling
Dates i,'ro\vii iii'tli.- United States,
as well as in the state of Sonora,
Mexico, during the season of 1898,
and also an examination of the
fruit of the imported Dates at the
Experiment Station farm at Phoe-
nix, showed considerable variation
in the size, flavor, shape, color, and
general desirability of the differ-
ent specimens. Only about 50 per cent of the trees ex-
amined bore edible Dates, the remainder being astrin-
gent even when fully ripe, and little more than a skin
over a pit. Of the remaining 50 per cent only about
one-fifth were especially desirable and worthy of per-
petuating by growing suckers. It must be remembered
in this connection that Dates, like most other fruits, do
not come true to seed; hence, it is not reasonable to ex-
pect a very large percentage of desirable Dates as a re-
sult of growing seedlings. Some of the best seedling
Dates grown in Arizona in 1898 were light in color and
varied in weight from two-sevenths to one-fourth ounce
to the specimen, with from 10 to H parts in weight of
flesh (mesocarp) to one part of pit. The largest of the
imported Dates ; viz. , the variety labelled " Seewah," pro-
duced Dates averaging nearly one-third ounce to the
specimen. Although this is the largest Date yet pro-
duced in Arizona, and probably in the United States,
the pit is extremely large, there being but 8 parts of
flesh to one of pit. Furthermore, the flesh is covered
with a thick skin (epicarp), and there is a firm papery
covering (endocarp) over the pit. An excessive develop-
ment of either epicarp or endocarp is undesirable.
Choice varieties of Dates should have thin skins and

DATE

459

Date.

agreeable flavor. The Date industry in the United
States is in its infancy. Approved varieties have not as
yet been introduced and the quantity of fruit produced
has not reached sufflcient magnitude to give it a com-
mercial rating.

The Date palm grows upon nearly nil kinds i.f sciil. If
it be sufiiciently irrigated and has th. i, ,|in-itr amount
of heat, the soil .seems to be a sec(iii'lar\ .on^i.lrration.
In general it maybe said, however, that iiaii, saiuly soils
of the desert, with a small percentage of clay and
charged with alkaline salts, are preferable to rich and
heavy soils, suitable for growing ordinary crops. The
question of water is of great importance in the culture
of Dates, as it is necessary that the roots of the Date
palm be in moist earth throughout the year. In general,
the amount of water required for successful culture is
considerable. If sufficient water cannot be supplied by
natural methods, we must resort to irrigation. Water
should be supplied at frequent intervals throughout the
year. However, the most should be supplied in the
spring before blooming, and in the fall prior to the
ripening of the fruit. The amount of water for each
palm depends so much upon soil and local conditions
that an estimate would be worthless. Care should be
taken not to irrigate to excess at the time of blooming

and immediately after, as it will militate against the
successful setting of the fruit. The Date seems not only
to enjoy a high atmospheric temperature, but a high
temperature of the water supplied in irrigation as well.
In irrigating small crops by flooding, it is necessary in
midsummer to irrigate late in the afternoon or at night
in order to prevent scalding. Care should be taken, dur-
ing the warmer portion of the year, that the Date palm
is not subjected to hot water about the roots, rising
above the soil for a considerable length of time, and
later left until the soil becomes exceedingly dry and
baked by the sun. Such extremes may sometimes seri-
ously injure or destroy the tree.

Dates are propagated either by seeds or suckers. As
with the apple and most other fruits. Dates do not come
true to seed, hence the only sure way to obtain good
Dates is to secure a sucker from a tree of established
excellence. Propagation from seed is of little value
when we desire to obtain Dates of the same quality as
those from which the seeds were obtained, or when we
wish a correct proportion of male to female trees.
Again, seedling palms are usually very much later in ma-
turing their fruit, and generally tlie fruit from such
trees have large seeds and little flesh. It is always
preferable to propagate Dates from suckers unless one
desires to originate new varieties, not only on account
of the knowledge of the sex (it being hardly necessary
to state that the sex of a sucker is the same as that of
the plant from which it is taken), but on account of the
ability to make a selection in the variety and quality of
the fruit.

All species belonging to the genus Phcenix are difa-
cult to transplant with uniform success. Frequently as
high as 50 per cent of transplanted Dates die even
when watered daih and given the best of care In plant
ing suckers with the

best of attention
large percentage di
while without care i
one in a hundred w
grow. It IS due nrt
much to the lack of
perience in remo\ i
the suckers as to 1

that so lai
a percentage fail t
grow. Suckers ma\ 1
removed at any tii
during the spring

in the winter if pr |
care be given th
after removal If th
are to be pHnted in tht
open ground it is advis
able to remo\ e them
during the spring or
early summer April
probably being the best
month. In winter when
the plants iie at i
standstill, the suckers

be

ith

comparatively small
loss, if the lulbs U
not less than 4 inches
in diameter and have
a few roots It is nee
essary, when suckers
are removed at this sea
son, to set them in
rather small pots, so
that the earth which
should be gi% en a daily
soaking, may have a
chance to get warm
quickly The pots
should be kept in a greenhouse, or, better yet, imbedded
in a hotbed of manure, covered with the customary
frame and glass. In all cases the leaves should be
cut back to 6 to 12 inches in length. If proper atten-
tion can be given it is best to plant the suckers where

680 Fruit clusters of Date
as grown in Arizona

4bU DATE

they are to remain, as a second chance for loss occurs
when they are planted in a nursery and later moved to
the position that they are finally to occupy. A 2-inch
«hisel, well sharpened, and an appropriate mallet are
the important tools to use in removing suckers. The
leafstalks should be cut away, exposing the bulb of the
sucker, care being taken not to injure the bulb in re-
moving. One should cut in rather deeply at either side,
not being afraid of injuring the old plant, cutting out a
V-shaped portion extending from the base of the bulb
downward for a foot or more, and being careful to se-
cure in iminjiircil condition all the attached roots. If

tin- liMsiii .1 ll]r Mhkrr be not too high above the

KriMHMi 111. \ li.ii"il |i"i lion should be continued down-
wiinl iiiii.ilM -.iil.ihii nil established roots be obtained.

D-\TURA

Nursery Company, and soon became widely distributed
ill '"yellow, white, blue and deep carmine," all double
fiirms. The "yellow" was probably a dull, creamy shade,
and the "blue," a violet. The disseminators assert
that seeds started in January, February or March will
produce 200-300 fragrant flowers in a season.

Daturas lontain strnncr narcotics. Largedoses are poi-
sonn-r, ijirill rlM , ■ Tn''ii'-in:tl. Separate preparations of

Str:iii; :•■ I ':■.- are commonly sold in the

diuL- /' - - .!„ (Fig. 082) is the Thorn

Api I ' - \\ ■■:, the latter name being cor-

ru).ii I V Its foul, rank herbage and

lai-L'i '-'-n in rubbish heaps. At

til. ii! I It in America— Jamestown,

Va.. 1' , I iiiin ate these thorn apples

stem, and general aspect of planl. ! ! ■ tlie

Date palm is very elastic, and whin n i i-ht

of 10 or more feet it is frequently m ilie

growing bunches of Dates securely i- iIm !■ .r Itaf-
stalks, that they be not broken and iiijurt d l)y the wind
before maturity.

For further information, consult Bull. 29, Arizona
Exp. Sta. J. w. TotraiET.

A successful incttiiHl of propagation of Date trees is
to bank up i .irih al».ui tlic_- base of the parent tree and
above the \<:i>f iil tlie suckers, and keep moist by wa-
tering daily to iiicluc- t'oriiiiition of roots. Suckers may be
partially severed from the old stock before the banking
is done, or after the roots have started. When the roots
are well grown, the suckers may be transplanted with
little loss.

For purposes of pollination the Ami- n iil'-, |.l,iii'
about one male tree to 25 female or 1 1 i
In order to secure perfect poUinaiimi,
of male blossoms, when the pollen i> m im ■ -i > -imIi
tion, and tie them to the leaf-stems al...\,. iKu |.i.,iillalo
flowers at the time they are opening. 11 this were dune
in cases where isolated female Date trees are growing
in America, there would be much perfect and delicious
fruit where now there is that which is worthless, be-
cause of the lack of pollination.

In the earlier importations the agents were imposed
upon by either ignorant or designing natives of Egypt,
by sending seedlings instead of rooted suckers, which
were specifically ordered. The varietii-s fnim Algeria
and Arabia were suckers from the best vari'-tics, Imt un-
fortunately, most of them have died. At Last two are
yet living "at the California Experimoiit Station at Tulare.
This year, 1899, the Departnuiit ..f \ -riniltiirf at Wash-
ington has succeeded in ii.i ' >' -li a special

agent sent to Algeria, a n u 1 1 1 1 i rn.mthebest

bearing trees in that country . \ i i ilorts are be-

ing made to secure more pi, mi rimii iIhvc, and from
other famous Date-growing countries.

H. E. Van Deman.

DATE FLUM. Another name of Persimmon.

DATtTRA (Arabic

town Weei
huge tnini
very ]<]>-.,-
species, \\
gions. Ill

e). Ir

genus contains tin
• ■— ' plants (•

en its flowers develo
i til in another. Some-
Acrs are a confused
ill- forms are likely to
.. d below. The Horn

l.,-ii,-s,.l I., l.av.- i.i„i,l„li, |...w.r. Thi- Aral.s ,4 •■.■nlnil
Africa are .said to .suioke parts of the dried plant for
asthma and influenza.

Daturas are of easy culture. Some are treated as
tender annuals. In the north the woody species can be
grown outdoors in summer, and stored in cellars during
the winter; in the south and in S. California they are
almost everblooming. Daturas are sometimes kept
in cool conservatories the year round, in which case
they should be planted in the border, as Daturas rarely
flower well in pots, their roots being large and spread-
ing and requiring a constant supply of moisture. This
method produces great quantities of bloom in spring.
After flowering, the plants should be cut in to the main
limbs, or a very straggling and unsightly growth will
result.

A. Flntre.ra red.

rantriiTicti, Tfni'. ,V I'av, Tn-f.-liV-oslin'l., t-l?ft tii-li:

luncles terminal : fls. pendulous,
1. long; calyx ovate, 5-
illated. Peru. B.R. 20:1739. F.S.
sa\ s it is more erect-growing
I /'. /IK r.o;c?!,«, with smaller, less
lit IN. .VU the other species are
~. il 1 11.111 cuttings, but this is very

America by an orchid collector of the United States

AA. Flowers yellow.
chlor&atha, Hook. Shrub, glabrous throughout: Ivs.
broadly ovate, almost triangular; margin wavy, with
short, rather sharp, very distinct teeth: peduncles axil-
lary, very short: fls. pendulous, yellow; calj-x tubular,
with 5 nearlv uniform, short, triangular teeth. Habitat
unknown. B.M.5128. Gn. 46: 988 and 49, p. 379. -Datura
"Golden Queen" is presumably a horticultural variety
of this species. While this species is horticurally dis-
tinct by reason of its yellow fls., it is a very doubtful

DATURA

species botanically, being founded on a very double
garden form of unknown origin. In Vilmorin's Blumen-
gartnerei it is referred to D. huinilis, Desf., but D. hu-
milis, according to Index Kewensis, is to be referred to
D. fasttiosa.

DAVALLIA

461

682. Pods of Dat

(XX).

AA. Fls. ti'hite, sometimes touched with violet.

B. Plants tall, 7-15 ft. high: blossoms pendulous.
c. Calyx tubular, with 5 obscure teeth.

suavSolens, Humb. & Bonpl. (Z>. Gdrdneri, Hools.).
Angel's Trumpet. This is the plant which is usually
cultivated as D. arborea. It is said to be very distinct
from the true J?, arborea of Linn., but it can be sepa-
rated with certainty only by the calyx. Tree-like shrub,
10-15 ft. high: Ivs. ovate oblong, 6-12 in. long, 2K^ in.
wide, entire, glabrous, petioled, often unequal at the
base: fls. 9-12 in. long; calyx iniiated, angled, glabrous,
with 5 obscure teeth; corolla tube plaited, the limb with
5shortlDhes; anthers crowded together. Mex. G.C. III.
11:593; 23:71. S.H. 2: 433.-Franceschi says it resem-
bles B. cornigera in habit and fls., but the Ivs. and
stems are almost glabrous, and the calyx lacks the char-
acteristic spur-like appendage of D. cornigera. The
ilouble form is much commoner in the gardens than the
single.

CO. Calyx spathe-like, not toothed.

arbdrea, Linn. {Brugmdnsia arbdrea, Steud.).
Angel's Trumpet. Small tree: Ivs. ovate-lanceolate,
margin entire, never wavy or angled, pubescent, in
pairs, one a third shorter than the other; petioles 1 in.
or more long: fls. with a musk-like odor; calyx tubular,
entire, spathe-like, acuminate; corolla tube "terete, the
lobes of the limb very long; anthers distinct, not con-
glomerate. Peru and Chile. G.C. II. 11: 141. -Most of
the plants cult, under this name are presumably D. sua-
veolens. The extent to which the true D. arborea is
cultivated is undetermined.

BB. Plants less tall, only 2-5 ft high.

o. Blossoms erect: calyx not spurred.

D. Corolla 5-tooihed.

faBtudsa, Linn. (Z>. and B. cornucdpia, Hort. ). Fig. 681.
Annual, 4-5 ft. high, herbaceous: Ivs. ovate-lanceolate,
acuminate, acute and unequal at the base, toothed or
wavy, glabrous on both sides, solitary, upper ones in
pairs, one of which is larger, 7-8 in. "long, 2H-3}^ in.
wide; petioles 1X-2K in. long: fls. 6K-7 in. long, violet
outside, whitish within; calyx purple, angled, 2 in. long.

5-toothed, the teeth triangular lanceolate, acuminate, 5
lines long, 2-3 lines wide. Native of India. Naturalized
in the tropics of both worlds. F.S. 14:1457. Gn. 46:978
and I.H. 42: 25.— There is a variety Huheri4na. This is
the commonest of all Daturas in eastern gardens.
DD. Corolla 10-tootlted.
meteloides, DC. (D.Wr\gUii, Hort.). Perennial (cult,
as an annual north ) : branches slender, forked : Ivs.
ovate oblong, almost entire, acuminate, acute at both
ends, not cordate or angled, upper leaves often in pairs,
the larger 2-2 }4 in. long, 8-9 lines wide; petioles thick-
ened at the base, 4r-5 lines wide : calyx tubular, the teeth
large, 5-10 in. long, very acute, unequal; corolla about
4-8 in. long, or twice as long as the calyx, 10-toothed,
the teeth short. California. Gt. 1859:260. R.H. 1857,
p. 571.— Misspelled metalioides, etc. The name m^ans
"like D. Metel" which is a common plant in S. Europe.
"B. meteloides is a perennial, spreading over the ground
in large clumps: Ivs. greyish dull green color: fls. stand-
ing erect, white, delicately tinged with light violet-
purple, not quite as fragrant as B. suareolens. This can
be gron-n also as an annual, easily blooming the first
year from seed. The common statements that this plant
is an annual are incorrect."-_Fra)icesc/!J.

CC. Blossoms pendulous : calyx with a long spur.

cornigera, Hook. (B. and B. KnXglitii, Hort.). Height
3-4 ft., branches downy: Ivs. chiefly at the ends of
branches, ovate, petioled, acuminate, margin entire,
wavy or angled: fls. pendulous, white or creamy white,
very fragrant at night, striated, 5-lobed, the lobes ter-
minated by a long awl-shaped spreading or recurved
point; stamens included. Mex. B.M. 4252. B. Knightii
seems to be only a trade name for the double form. Gn.
45: p. 549. — Cornigerameans horned or spurred, referring
to the character of the calyx, which easily separates this
species. "This and B. suaveolens are known as 'Flori-
pondio' to the Spanish-Americans, perhaps no other
plant being more popular with them."— J^. Franceschi.
W. M.

DAUCITS (ancient Greek name). Umbelliferw. Per-
haps 25 annual and biennial herbs of very wide distribu-
tion. One or 2 species are native to N. Amer., and the
wild Carrot is an abundant old-field weed in the north-
;es. See Carrot.

DAVALLIA (a personal name). Polypodi&cece. A
large genus of mostly tropical ferns, usually with firm,
somewhat finely divided foliage and coriaceous seml-
cylindric indusia, which are attached at both the base
and sides. Some of the smaller species are largely used
for hanging baskets. For B. concinna and B. faenicu-
laeea, see Loxoseaplie ; B. parvula, see Leucostegia ;
B. pldtyphylla, see Microlepia ; B. stricta, see Steno-
loma; B. tenuifolia, see Stenoloma; B. Tyermanni, see
Sumata. L. M. Underwood.

The diverse habits of growth of the many different
species of Davallias, and their good lasting qualities,
peculiarly fit them under ordinary care for decorative
purposes, where delicate and graceful plants are desired.
Among the many species, the following are most often
seen and best adapted for commercial purposes: B. bul-
lata, B. parvula, very dwarf; B. pentiiphylla, young
fronds of a dark bronzy green, and B. Tyeimanni, are
well adapted for hanging baskets. B. disseela and var.
elegans, B. concinna, B. Pijiensis and vars. iihiniosa and
majus, B. fa-niculacea, B. solida, J>. ii,illi<hi i>yn.,
Mooreana) and B. pyxidata are adapted for l;uu'r >]i. ci-
men plants. B.temtifolia and vars. 6'^>*i''^/ ami I'l/tclu-
ana arr- .l,-«iral.lp for fern dishes, because of their
dwarlMi liaMt nf i.-rowth and the ease with which they
may li^ rai^r.l tiMiii spores.

Olil |ilaiits i.r Davallia maybe cut into a number of
smaller uuus with a sharp knife. Planted firmly into
shallow pans and placed in a temperature of 60-65° F.,
they soon develop into sjTnmetrical plants. The rhizomes
should be firmly fastened to soil by strong copper-wire
staples, where they will root in a short time. To gain
a large number of small plants, the rhizomes should be
detached, cleaned from all soil and roots, laid on sand
and thinly covered with moss. Placed in a shaded posi-

462 DAVALLIA

tion in a temperature of 65-70° and kept moderately
moist, a number of mii:iI1 plants will ilevelop from the
dormant eyes, wln-h ni.n i"- -i |i.M-;it.'ly jLitt..! ;.^ soon

as of sufficient H/' - ':■ "■ 1 ':i . :illi:i -'n.nM i- sown

on a fine compo>i . , ;.| ..!■ i" at ;,im1 -:iii.l in

equal parts, an. I i!.--; in ,. 'i.nh.i |.m-,i i.iii i n a t.-m-

Of Davalli:c mil I.' lir.^I .ur.'r--ful if , ■:,,■,■!,■. 1 ..,, during
the spi-ili-r hi>.hll|., \ll I >:i\ :i:il:|. rl,.|rjlil in :i r,.'l[ and
open colli I '>.-! . an alHtii.i,(nr.- i.t Imhl iin.l air. mill iiii'l-ture

syringing every bright day. jf. N. Bkuckker.

A. Lvs. once pinnate, with few linear segments.
pentaphj'lla, Blume. Lvs. scattered from a stout
flbrillose rootstock, with 1 terminal and 4-6 lateral
pinnae, 4-6 in. long, Xin. broad; sori in marginal rows.
Java and Polynesia.

AA. Lvs. tri-qaadri-pinnatifid, deltoid.
B. Length of lvs. usually less than 1 ft.
buI14ta, Wall. Fig. 683. Lts. scattered from a creep-
ing rootstock, which is clothed with light brown fibrillose
scales, often whitish when young ; 8-10 in. long,
4-6 in. wide, quadrl-plnnatifld, with deeply incised seg-
ments; texture firm. India to Java and Japan. P.E.
11:543.

Mftriesii, Moore. Rootstock stout, with brownish

scales, which are lanceolate from a broad dilated base:

lvs. deltoid, 4-6 in. each wav. « itli tlir pniiifn cut .away at

the lower side at base; sc-m. nts sli.,ii liiu-ar, 1-nerved;

sori intramarginal. Japan, li r 111. I i .'i71.

BB. Lrnijth of /rv 1-.' fl.

c. Foliage commonUj iri-pinnatifid.

ilegans, Swz. Rootstock clothed with woolly fibers:

lvs. 9-15 in, wide, with the main rachis slightly winged

DEARBORN

toward the apex ; indusia several to a segment, with the
sharp teeth projecting beyond the cups. Ceylon to Aus-
tralia and Polynesia.

Bblida, Swz. {D. orn&ta. Wall.). Rootstock clothed
with appre-ssed scales or fibers : lvs. 1-2 ft. long, 13-15
in. wide, the center of the apex broad and undivided ;
segments broad and slightly cut ; indusia marginal.
Malaya.

cc. Foliage commonly qnadri-pinnatifid.

pyxidita, Cav. Rootstock clothed with pale brown
linear scales : lvs. tri-quadri-pinnatifid, 6-9 in. broad,
with oblong segments ; sori with a broad space outside,
which is extended into a horn-like projection. Australia.

Fiji^nsie, Hook. Lvs. 6-12 in. broad, with the lower
pinnae deltoid and the segments cut into narrow, linear
divisions J^-^in. long; sori on the dilated apices of
the segments, with no horn. Fiji Islands. A. F. 6:900;
9:233. G.C. III. 23: 323. -One of the finest species, with
numerous varieties.

disB^cta, J. Sm. Rootstock stout, with dense, rusty
scales : lvs. 10-12 in. broad, on straw-colored stalks ;
segments oblong, cuneate at base, with simple or bifid
lobes ; sori minute, often with two projecting horns.
Java.

BBB. Length of lvs. SS ft.

divaricita, Blume (D. pohjdntlia, Hook.). Rootstock
with linear rusty scales : lvs. tri-pinnatifid, sometimes
2 ft. broad, with deltoid segments cut into linear oblong
lobes ; sori at some distance from the edge. India to
Java and Hong Kong.

p41Uda, Mett. (/'. U ■',.., ^r..-i.r-i. ru.otM..ck

stout, with lanceola'i 'I : i\ -. \. iili -ii aw-

toid, stalked segiiinit-. ih. ii;iin niir Ml.o\ai<--ciiiirati',
bearing the sorus on ihr ii|i|"-r si.ii- at tlie liasc. Auei-
teum and Borneo. A. F. 0:901; 9:231. A. G. 13; 143.
L. M. Underwood.
DAY FLOWER. See CommeUna.

DAY LILY. Funkia and Uemerocallis.

DEAD NETTLE. Lamium.

DEANE, KEV, SAMTTEL, poet and agricultural writer,
was born at Dedham, Mass., July ,30, 1733, and died at
Falmouth (now Portland). Maine, Nov. 12, 1814, where
he had been pastor since Oct. 17, 17G4. While vice-presi-
dent of Bowdoin College, he published, in 1790, his " New
England Parmer,orGeorgical Dictionary, "the first Ameri-
can encvclopedic work on agriculture. This had a much
widiT circnliitioii. probably, than Jared Eliot's "Essays
ui"iii Ki.lil-llusliaiiclry.']747. Its iiilliicnce may be traced

fi-rrlv.|iii.iiil l,v l--.i;. |-.>>s.ii.lnnniiVil liis death, in 1837.

The - 11. 1 .■.liticiii. IT.iT. »a- . niitl.-.l The Georgical

Dicti..narv. A thir.l n..ii ^^,l- |.iil.iisbed in 1822.

Deane and Eliot w.i. tin .In. t writers in that early
stage of American li..iii.iiltin. wlnii it was hardly im-
portant enough to 1 nsi.l, n .1 distinct from general

agriculture. For bioijraiilncal details, see Drake's Dic-
tionary of American Biography.

DEARBORN, HENRY ALEXANDER SCAMMELL,

solili. r, ti'i T.nni ami an«li..r (1783-1851), was also an

ar.l. n. I ■ n ii. I!' I 1 II' was a moving spirit in the or-

L-an: ; i . ^itts Horticultural Society,

aim , i.^ident on the 17th of March,

!&:;'._ iin n, J i:iri|\ iii-iniiiiental in the establishment
of au "experimental garden and cemetery at Mount
Auburn," the parent of rural cemeteries. The plan of
the cemetery was largely his (cf. Bigelow). He "devoted
himself to this work most assiduously," writes the
chronicler ..r ilm -.i. i. i \ , ■ - p. inliiiL- ili.' L-r.ati'r part of
the autumn l- I ■ M' -r ■ \ii.,i- i Inl... ring with
handsasK. : . , , ., , ■ , . n n In.iif price."

The Abbe I:, m-. • \l.ni..L'r:iini > . iiiii.-llia was

translated bv Inm, ami [.ublislu-.l lu 11..M..U iii 1838. He
also translated from the French, in 1830, an account of
the since famous Morns mtilticaulis. He left MS.
writings on horticulture. For notes on his horticultural

a verlicimta, HBK.]. Swamp
r downy: stems recurved, 2-8
:ini-eolate, nearly sessile: pet-
ise-purple,Hin. long;
. Swampy grounds. N.
I. -Int. by H. P. Kelsey.

DEARBORN

labors, see "History of the Mass. Horticultural Society,"
1880, which contains a portrait ; also John B. Russel
in Tilton's Journ. Hort. 7:88, 157, 276. Gen. H. A. S.
Dearborn was son of Gen. Henry Dearborn, of Revolu-
tion and later fame. L. H. B.

tinguishfd from I
instead of t>. anc
mostly 6 or 12.

verticiliatus, F.ll
LoosE-SriiU I ^1
It. lonsr. I
als5, CHIP :i -
10, half -1 iiM I.,
Pla.,we^st toilii.ii

DECUMAEIA (Latin, decumus, tenth, referring to the
number of the parts of the fl.). Saxifraijdcece. Shrubs
climbing by aerial rootlets : Ivs. deciduous, opposite,
petioled : fls. in terminal peduncled corymbs, small,
-white, perfect ; sepals and petals 7-10 ; stamens 20-30:
fr. a 5-10-celled ribbed capsule opening between the
ribs, with numerous minute seeds. Two species in E.
N. Amer. and China, of which only the American species
is in cultivation. Ornamental climbing shrub, with
handsome glossy foliage and fragrant white fls., forming
a corymb of feathery appearance, well adapted for cover-
ing walls, rocks, trellis work and trunks of trees, but
not hardy north. Thrives in almost any humid soil.
Prop, by greenwood cuttings in summer under glass,
rarely by seeds.

btlrbara, Linn. {D. sarmentdsa, Bosc). Climbing to
30 ft., but usually less high : Ivs. ovate, obtuse or acute,
remotely denticulate or entire, glabrous and shining
above, 2-4 in. long : corymbs 2-3 in. broad, semiglobose.
May.June. Va.toFla.,westtoLa. B.B. 2:185. Mn.l:41.
Alfred Rehder.

DEERBERKY. Vaecinium stami>uiim.

DEERGRASS. Bhexia.

SELARBREA (after a French naturalist). Araliclcece.
A genus of two species of tall, tender shrubs from New
Caledonia, distinguished from Aralia by the fruits.
Culture same as Aralia.

speotabilis, Linden & And. {Arctliaconclnna, Nichol-
son). Stem ashy grey, with brown, warty spots : Ivs.
odd-pinnate, Ifts. in 8-10 pairs, each 1ft. 3-toothed or
twice cut, sometimes so deeply cut as to make 3 entirely
free segments. New Caledonia. I.H. 25: 314.— Under
the name of Aralia spectabilis, two different plants
have been sold. The English dealer Bull's plant was
Aralia filicifolia. The Belgian dealer Linden's plant
was Delarbrea'spectabilis. (See I.H. 23, p. 72. G.C. II.
5 : 603. ) The two plants can be distinguished at a glance.
The primary division of the leaf in A. filicifolia is long
and narrow, thrice as long as in D, spectabilis, and
tapering to a long point, while in O. spectabilis the pri-
mary division of the leaf is short and has 3 well-marked
segments. In A. filicifolia the secondary divisions are
deeply and irregularly cut; in D. spectabilis they are
merely serrate. The two plants are also immediately
distinguished by the spots on the stem.

DELAWARE, HORTICtTLTURE IN. The state of
Delaware (Fig. 684) is situated close to the largest fruit-
consuming cities of the New World. An emphatic com-
mercial advantage in the development of a diversified
horticulture arises from the modifying climatic influence
of the Delaware and Chesapeake bays ; from a variety of
fertile soils ; and from the ripening of its fruits and vege-
tables between the products of the North and South.
There is probably no area in the United States which, in
its natural commercial advantages, in its climatic en-
vironment, and in the diversity of its soils, is so pre-
eminently fitted for the development of an extensive
and diversified horticulture as the peninsula to which
Delaware belongs.

DELAWARE

463

New Castle, the northern county, is hilly and rolling,
and varies from a dense clay to a clay loam. Horticul-
turally, it is well adapted to plum, pear, apple and bush-
fruit culture, and, in restricted areas, to the cherry,
peach and trucking industries. But the production of

PHILADELPHIA

684. Dela>

to illustrate the horticulture.

hay, grain, and dairy products is the leading feature in
New Castle's rural activities. Kent, the central county,
is gently undulating. The soil varies from a clay loam
in the northern part to a sandy loam along the southern
border. The most diversified horticulture of the state,
including tree fruits, bush fruits, strawberries, grapes,
and vegetable products, has been developed here. In
Sussex, the southern county, which is mostly level, a
sandy soil predominates, although the underlying clay
frequently approaches the surface and forms local areas
of clay loam. The peach, strawberry, and bush fruits
are most prominently developed in Sussex, the horti-
cultural areas lying in the western half of the county.
Delaware horticulture was born in 1832, with the peach
industry, when the first extensive orchard was set near
Delaware City. In a single year the value of its peach
crop was $16,000. Then an era of the most rapid horti-
cultural extension was inaugurated. By 1840, half a
million baskets of peaches were shipped from the county.
But in 1842 the peach-yellows broke out near Delaware
City, and by 1867 more than one-half of the crop of three
million baskets was grown in southern New Castle
county. The orchards of New Castle had largely
disappeared in 1870, and in 1890 it contained less
than 5,000 acres. Kent county, however, in 1890 had
23,000 acres, and Sussex county 20,000 acres. In 1899,
extensive orchards were being planted again in New-
castle county and northern Kent county.

464

DELAWARE

The center of the peach belt in 1890 was along the
southern border of Kent county, where the trees were
comparatively healthy, but in 1890 the yellows had ex-
tended into northern Sussex, where it has remained sta-
tionary for several years. In 1896 the Delaware division
of the Philadelphia, Wilmington & Baltimore railroad
carried over two million baskets of Delaware peaches,
which was over 90 per cent of the total crop, and esti-
mated that there were between four and five million
bearing trfps in the st;itp.

TlK-lH.;,,), •:,ll,.v . 1,,, I„< i,,v-i.c„,^iI,1f.,,,r;iM::r;!.,f->r
the sliiT; i' ■ . •■ 1' . 1 . . 1 ..-■..,,■•.,■. ^■,

ers reraovu trees at the first iudir.ii i. i .-i n i. .; h.n, but
the efforts of a few individuals 1 1,1 t. i i-, ^i.tive
in checking the progress of the' ill ■ ii itimate

remedy for the yellows in Delaw-m lii - in a more
diversified horticulture.

The principal varieties of peaches are : Hale Early,
Foster, Crawford Early, Oldraixon, Moore Favorite,
Mountain Rose, Reeves Favorite, Elberta, Brandywine,
Crawford Late, Stump, and Smock.

Next to the peach in commercial importance are the
small fruit interests, which are most extensively de-
veloped in the southern half of Kent and the western
half of Sussex. There are between 7,000 and 8,000 acres
of strawbcri-ii-s, riisj.tic rrics. and blackberries in these
counties, and in IMu; ilir lidaware Division of the P. W.
& B. K. Iv. carried ;»,.'.oii,iiii() .piarts, or over 90 per cent
of the total ].r(.ilui-t cf tin' stati'. In 1898, this road car-
ried over 24, 000, 000 quarts of berries, and a still larger
quantity in 1899.

Since 1896, the Lucretia dewberry has been set out in
large qTiantitirs in both Kent and Sussex counties, while
the blarl,!., I I > :..■:. iL'. has fallen ofi: in consequence.

Anion I I \arieties of strawberries are Bu-

bach, Ti I I I In-, (iandy, Greenville, Michel and

Havcrlainl. I,,- . il,r-an, Palmer and Mills cnm-

Cuthbert, Lou.N
and Early Har\ ■
In Kent conn
horticultural tv,
riety. Its adajii
precocious boar o
production givo
the state. In tlo
trees were sold

the I

The

1(1 the cheapness of its
orcial value throughout

.re than 40,000 Kieffer
southern Kent countv.

tent in the near future. In

i.noo Kieffer trees under 3 years

' or 3 years old in the state.

■ out of the Kieffer, the Bartlett,

id Anjou were the leading kinds,

in the two u|j|ier countios.

f the Japain -< |.[ \r.>- o|M-ned

..I Hur-

the way to plum culture. Scattorn

bank and Abundance have been sm - nd New

Castle counties, but an extensive do, , l,,|niM ni i- under
way in Kent. In tlio \ ioiniiy of flayton and Smyrna
there were O.Odd ik os in lioaring in 1897, since when
10,000 trees liavo Im on sot. '11 n-re were 32,000 trees in
the state in IsH'.i. 'I'lio ,I:i|i,ino«o phims, as a class, are
woll ad:i|dod to iln Oil,- ['In ;,■ aro dostined to prove

an iiMT, ,, . II,,, I ■■ I ■ , I I I ,, I ,,■■ 'n i !,o horticulture in

I tio In',, ■ 1, I , , I ,,,',■ I ,,,11 in neighbor-

li I , : I II ;,, ' ■ ;, "d to show more

|ii'i'iniin III 1'. . I ;iiri,;inl, , ,\ KniMliin.-. niiil ( )oon havc been
tlie leadin.' varii'tios, and Hod .Tune, Cbabot and Hale

are growing in popularity.

The native plums of the Hortulana and Chickasaw
groups, which ripen before the northern Domestica var
riofi' s. aro rai»idlyattainingdeserved prominence. They
mo lianly. oasily grown, and generally command re-
iniiiiiiiiin. |. rices. Milton, Whitaker, Ne-wman, Smiley
ami Wild loiosc comprise the bearing orchards, but
otiioi' \arioiios are trrowing in favor. The later ripen-
ing nati\ OS aro Hortliloss for Delaware, as the markets
are then suiipliod with Domestica plums.

In the vioiuity ul' .Smyrna and Clayton there are from

DELPHINIUM

150 to 200 acres of grapes, where the history of viticul-
ture began about 1855. Grape culture has been a
profitable industry in this neighborhood, the net income
frequently exceeding $100 per acre. Recently, however,
the profits have been somewhat less on account of the
lower prices and tlie grape diseases. Many of the vine-

yanl III 1 1' Is of intelligent tilling, pruning, sprav-

in I ;. The principal varieties are Niagara,

-^i I ' 'iioord, Brighton, Agawam and Wyom-

is, but also
-. In 1895
s ; peaches

and other fruits, not separately classified. Since 1895,
the amount of the various canned goods has not tiiictu-
ated widi'ly, oxcopt with canned peas, which in 1898 bad

'oiii In '1 In, I -; and with tomatoes, which have

\ I' pioeminently a horticultural

IPK-O

fruit garden. There are several imli " ■' ■• , nhl
be profitably introduced or extended i " ui s.

Apple culture ; plum culture, of the .Jap ;,, , ly

native types: sour cherry culture, ospo,jiai;\ i ,r i an-
ning; nnt . lilini, . ,ni . Inai. land; vegelalih.'' growing,

and glass 1 -- all offer opportunities for a

greater li "II isity. The various fruit inter-

ests arc o,;,,ii,;ipi ,M,n, ling over wider areas, and it
may be expi-ctod tliat Dohiware will not only maintain
its present horticultural prestige, but will be an in-
creasingly potent factor in American horticulture in the
*"*^"'<'- G. Haeold Powell.

DELPHINIUM ICnok. a dolphin, from the resera-
blani'o ol Iln ilioMi), l{,niuucnlAvKi\ Larkspvr. A
gi'inis id' lioaiitilnl Iniidy plants, with large, irregular
thiwoi's. Ai'i.iii nil ~]iocios, native of the north temperate

palmately loin. I or divJdi'l: I1-, in .< .li,,v',\ m or

panicle; sop, I ,", !■, i ' i < ■ :,, ^ , r :■'■■■• ,,i , i r, ',,i ,,-,,d
into a S]iiir; p, | ■ i i, o', ■ i , • , p, ,,,,•, m-s
spurred, tin' m • i ,0 ',,,• - -i ,1 1 , ■ i ■ !' ,, mir-

doni.ii I,.,, II I X oi-y common in a number of the spo-
on , II i, i iL's.085, 086).

1' . ihrive in any good garden soil, but are

ini] III. ' d 1., :i do.'p, rich, sandy loam, exposed to the sun.
Deep propiiration of the soil is very important. The
annuals are propagated from seed, which are very slow
in germinating, and often should be sown in the fall to pro-
duce flowers early the next season. The perennials may be
prop.: (1) By root division in the fall or spring. (2) By
cuttings, about which J. B. Keller says : " Take a few cut-
tings from each plant in early spring, when growth is
about 3 or 4 inches long, or else use the second gro-wth,
which has come after the flower-stems have been re-
moved. Cuttings root readily in a shaded frame, no
bottom heat being required, but an occasional sprinkling
during dry and hot weather is necessary. When rooted

DELPHINIUM

I 1 t' 1 ,1, -M u li II li r

The \iunff seedlin i i i i I \

trail planting is tli I n

giideii h\ June 1 1 I ili

tirst uitumn but tli 1 i ' 1 ' i I i' 1 1 ' "'o

weither ind flowers w ill come the next summer To get
the best results the perenui lis should be transplanted
pverj 2 or 3 jeais Two good cropb of blossoms may
be secured in one season bj cutting awaj the flower
stems of the first crop as soon as the flowers hare
faded of course no seeds will be produced in this way
The Delphiniums nre much grown m the open garden
III 1 I 1 ' I II 1 II t I it vilui for cut flower pur
1 ! I t inn h „rf iter popularity thin

til /' l/i ( uid the perenniils

/' » 111 I /' fonno^xm The

li t il I 1 1 II J 1 illj iiohhc in named Ta

Rocket and Cindelabrum are names used to designate
the forms of inflorescence in the two annual species The
Rocket or spike like form is more commonlj found m
the Ajacis tj pe and the ' (_ andelabnim with a number
of short spike-like heads of ditferent heights, is found
more often in Consolida.— A. Gray, An attempt to dis-
tinguish between the Amer. Delphiniums, Bot. Gaz.
12:4!)-.-i4. 1,HS7. E. Huth, Monngriiphie dcr Gattung
Dell.hinium. in Eiii;. K..t. .T;,hrb. 20 : :;l'J-4II:i. Is;).",.

DELPHINIUM

465

Alpl

num. IH; I ,1 I I i
17; ColuNih
lfi;exaltatini
dum,27; 'S\.\ < I i mi,

13; Prsewalskianu
16; sc<ipulorum,23;
reum, i; ; tricome, :
Zalil, (J.

<i sp

1

m height Ivs 3-5 times deeply parted parts di

into narrow obtuse lobes fls clear yellow or

tipped with blue spur equaling the sepals

densely hairy July Aug Asia Int 1892

f, 6 Zkhl Aitch & Hems

' (D sulphineum Hort D

hybtidum var sulphureum

Hort ) Stem neailj simple

erect 1-2 ft high rather gla

brous or Imoniiiu. so h

f

II : (■heilanthum,24; Chinense,
'-i>lida,2; decorum, 9; elatum,
iii,2j; grandlflorura,17; hybri-
M i-nziesii. 12 ; mesoleucum, 19 ;
; nrridentale, 23; pauciflomni,
Przewalskii, 5; pyramidnle,
lex, 21 : ISinense,\-\ siilphu-
oUiifolium, 20 ; virescens, 18;

A. Annuals: petals only S, united : follicle 1.
-. Ajicis, Linn. Fig. 687. An erect annual, about
18 in. high, with a few spreading branches: Ivs. of stem
sessile, deeply cut into fine, linear segments; root-lvs.
similar, but short-petioled : fls. showy, blue or violet,
varying to white, more numerous than iii X>. Consolida, in
a spieate raceme; petals 2, united; calyx-spur about
equaling the rest of the flower: follicle only 1, pubes-
cent; seeds with wrinkled, broken ridges. May-Aug.
Eu. R.H. 1893, p. 228. Same figure in S.H. 2: 282.

2. Cons61ida, Linn. An erect, hairy annual, 1-lM ft.
high: Ivs. similarto Z>.4jacis.- fls. few. loosely panicled,
pedicels shorter than the bracts, blue ui- vii.Iri ..r wliite;
petals 2, united: follicle 1, glabrous; m.,1, wiiii In,, km,
transverse ridges. June-Aug. Eu. HiiMrr l;i it, l;..i . 4,
t. 297. R.H. f893, p. 228 (var. ornAtnm (',n„l,luhr„m ).
Var. imperialis, Hort. (D.imperialis fl.pL, Hort.). Fls.
double. From the English gardens.

AA. Perennials: petals 4: follicles S-5.
B. Sepals red.

3. nudicaiile, Torr. & Gray. Stem 1-1^ ft. high, gla-
brous, branched, few-lvd.: ivs. rather succulent, 1-3 in.
across, lobed to the middle or farther 3-7 times, the
secondary lobes rounded and often mucronate ; petioles
3-5 in. long, dilated at the base: fls. panicled; sepals
bright orange-red, obtuse, scarcely spreading, shorter
than the stout spur; petals yellow, nearly as long as
sepals: follicles 3, spreading and recurved, soon becom-
ing glabrous; seeds thin-winged. April-July. Along
mountain streams, northern Calif. B.M. 5819. F.S.
19:1949. R.H. 1893, p. 2.59. A good perennial in the E.

4. cardinile, Hook. Stem erect. 2-3'2 ft. high, partly
pubescent: Ivs. smooth, fleshy, dctplv .'i-iiarti-d, the parts
cut into long, linear lobes: r:ir.ni,- cl'i.imatr.l, manv-fld. :
fls. bright re.l, with petal liinl.s m.|1,hv: follicle's gla-
brous, usually 3; seeds smooth. .Tulv, Atitr. Calif. B.M.
4887. Gt. 208. F.S. 11:1105. K.Ii. 0:li)l. Gn. 19:273.

BB. Sepals clear yellow or tipped with blue.

5. PrzewAlskii, Huth. {D. Prseiealskidnum. Hort.).
Nearh glabrous, often branched at base, erect, varying

lowtd ind ribbed seeds with
ti in \ei e hbrtus plates
Tun. Juh Persia Int 1892
B M 7044 Cn DO 1094 54
p 347 GO III 20 247 Seed
lings from tubers and plants
die down as if dead but they
make a second growth after
a short period of rest.

• less.

c. Height iK ft.
D. Petioles dilating at the

base.
7. bicolor, Nutt. Erect,
rather stout, K-1 ft. high,
from fascicled roots : Ivs.
687. Delphinium Ajacis-The small, thick, deeply parted
common annual Larkspur. a°d divisions cleft, except
perhaps in the upper Ivs.;
segments linear and obtuse: raceme rather few fld., the
lower pedicels ascending 1-2 in. : spur and sepals nearly
equal, 14 in. long or more, blue; upper petals pale yel-
low or white, blue-veined ; lower petals blue: follicles
glabrous or becoming so. May-Aug. Dry woods, Colo. ,
west and north to Alaska.

8. Branonianuin, Royle. Musk Larkspur. Stems
erect, Vi-VAtt. high: plant somewhat pubescent: upper
Ivs. 3-parted, lower ones renifonn, 5-parted ; segments
deeply cut, musk-scented : fls. large, light blue with
purple margins, center black ; spur very short ; sepals
1 in. long, membranous and often clinging until the
fr. is mature: follicles 3 or 4, villose. June, July. China.
B.M. 5461. R.B. 1803:34.

9. decorum, Fischer & Meyer. Stem slender and
weak, yi-VA ft. high, smooth or nearly so : Ivs. few,
bright green; upper ones small, 3-5-parted into narrow
lobes; lower and radical ones somewhat reniform in out-
line and deeply 3-5-parted, lobes often differing widely:
fls. in a loose raceme, or somewhat panicled; sepals
blue, K in. long, equaling the spurs ; upper petals at
least tinged with yellow: follicles 3, thickish, glabrous.
Spring. Calif. Int. 1881. B.R. 20:64.

DD. Petioles hardly dilating at the base.
E. Cpper petals never yellow.

10. CashmeriAnum, Royle. Plant pubescent, not very
leafy: stem, simple, erect, sle " --.--■■■•

.in-lSin.high: root-lvs

orbicular, 2-3 in. in diameter, 5-7-l"b'-'l. rMMj--, h', acutely
toothed and cut; petiole 5-8 in. l-", -!■ " '-. short-
petioled, .3-5-lobed, cut like the i:i i I ■ < ili rather
thick, and bright green: inflm. - i.nse, the

branches rather spreading: fls. J m I ij, ,1. . p azure
blue; spur broad, obtuse, inflated. d<'ciir\«(l. little over
h.alf as long as sepals; upper petals almost black, 2-lobed,
lateral ones greenish: follicles 3-5, haii'v. July-Sept.
Himalayas. B.M. 6189. Gt. 1105. Gn. 18:261. R.H.
1893, p. 259. Hardy in Mass., and choice.

Var. Wdlkeri, Hook. Stem very short, leafy, many-
fld. : upper Ivs. less lobed or almost entire, small, long-
petioled: fls. verv large, light blue with yellow petals.
Suited to rockwork. B.M. 0830.

EE. Upper petals yelloxo or striped with yellow.

11. tric6me,Michx. Stem succulent, about 1 ft. high ;
Ivs. 3-5-parted, with 3-5-cleft linear lobes ; petioles

4bb DELPHINIUM

smooth, hardly dilatinir at. tlic has.' : fls. lar^o, Iilue,
rarely whitish; ii]']- r ].. t;.]- -..iin tihi. - \ . ll,,v v ith hlue
veins, lower our. ■ 1:1 f.;i'-.i,,i: . ;. i . ,,.! . .lualing
the spur : foIll< h i , i , , ^rons,

strongly diviim l, , .,,,,tl,fm

states. L.B.C. J:.,-!:. V,.!;, l.n.uuiiul ana ii.u,;li used.
Best for rockwork. The foliage dies down iu midsum-
mer and the plant appears as if dead.

12. MSnziesii, DC. Plant sparineir puliescent : stem
simple, slender, K-l}4 ft. high. tVw-lvd.: Iv« small,
3-5-parted, the divisions mainly c-1. ii mi . Iiim :ii ..i- lan-
ceolate lobes; petioles hardly diiiii n lis. in
simple, conical racemes; sepals Mi. i nhes-
cent outside, nearly equaling tli' -|,ur. m I, ngth;
upper petals yellowish: follicles .S. inilnsi-cnt, or some-
times glabrous; seeds black, winged on the outer angles.
April-June. On hills, Calif, and northward to Alaska.
B.R. 14: 1192.

13. paucifl6rum, Xutt. Roots oblong or fusiform, fas-
ciculati-tul.i iMiis : st.ins slender, nearly glabrous, %-l
ft. hij,'li : ivs. small, ]iarted into narrow, linear lobes;
petioles not ililatiiii,' at base: fls. and fr. similar to those
of D. Meiiiitsii, but on shorter pedicels. May, June.
Colo, to Wash, and Calif. Int. 1892.

CC. Height usually more than 1)4 ft.
D. Seeds tcrinkled or smooth. ■
E. Follicles alu

nged iior scaly.

U.

altiBSimum, Wallich. Plant shaggy -hairy above:

ched: Ivs. palmately 5-parted,
bracts long-lanceolate :
■hing racemes ; spur
ling the sepals; petals
not winged or scaly.

stem tall and .slender,

fls. blue or piirp
straight or sligl It
2-lobed : follir-l,-
Aug., Sept. 11 ii

15. exaltatum, Alton. Stem stout, 2-4 ft. high,
smoothish: Ivs. flat, nearly glabrous, deeply cleft into
3-7 wedge-shaped lobes, which are often trifld; petioles
usually not dilated at the base: fls. blue, with yellow on
the upper petals, medium in size, on long, crowded,
erect, pyramidal racemes ; sepals nearly equaling the
spur in length : follicles 3, pubescent or smooth ; seed
coats irregularly wrinkled. June-Aug. Borders of
woods, Ala. to Minn.

16. eiatum, Linn. {D. alplnum, Waldst. & Kit.
D. pyramldale, Royle). Bee Larkspur. Glabrous,
2-6 ft. high : Ivs. somewhat pubescent, 5-7-parted,
parts rather narrow, cut-lobed ; upper Ivs. .3-5-parted;
petioles not dilated at the base : raceme much like D.
exaltatum or more spike-like: fls. blue, with dark violet
petals ; sepals ovate, glabrous, nearly equaling the
spurs: follicles 3; seeds transversely wrinkled, not
scaly. June-Aug. B.R. 23:19(13. Gt. 736 b. &c. (vars.)
P. 8.12:1287. (var. fl.pl.). R.H. 1859, p. 529; 1893, p. 258
—A polymorphous and complex species of Europe. It is
probable that all or nearly all the plants sold here
under this name should be called D. exaltatum, which
is a closely allied species.

17. grandifldrum, Linn. (D. Sininse, Fischer). Figs.
685-6. Stem rather slender, 2-3 ft. high: Ivs. rather
small, many times parted intu iir.irl\- distinct, nari'OW,
linear lobes: fls. large, Mii. . v :,r\ ttrj' >.• wliit.e, the spur
and lower petalsoften viol. 1. ii|,|„ i |h i:iIs often yellow-
spurs long and taper iioinn d : iMlli.hs :;, pubescent;
seeds triangular, coats wriulvled, u..t .sealv, Julv, Aur.
Siberia. Int. l.'^.sO. B.M. 1680. Gn. 46:991 aiiil'i.. 4,s|.
Var. Album, Iloit, I'Is. pure white. Var. albo-pleno,
Hort. Fls. .iciildr anil pure white. Var. flore-pleuo,
Hort. (var. h,il,rl,l„„i fl.-pL, Hort.). Fls. double, blue,
very pretty. R.H. 1893, p. 259; 1895, p. 379 (same).

Var. Chinfinse, Fischer. Stem very slender, not much
branched : Ivs. and fls. like the type, but fls. more nu-
me'rous. China. L.B.C. 1:71. -A favorite garden form.
The double blue form has been known as I>. Br(ckii,
Hort.

EE. Follicles varying from 3 to B.

18. Carolimd,iium, Walt. {D. azureum, Michx. D.
OTc^sccns, Nutt.). Plant somewhat pubescent : steml}4-
2% ft. high, not much branched: Ivs. 3-5-parted, the di-
visions 3-5-cleft into usually linear lobes: racemes spi-
cate, usually many-fld. ; fls. azure blue, but varying to

DELPHINIUM

whitish or white ; sepals often with a brownish spot:
follicles 3-5, oblong, erect; seeds transversely wrinkled.
July. N. C. to 111., west and south. P.M. 16:258. Var.
Album, Hort. (var. dlbidum, Hort.). Stems 2-3 ft. high:
Ivs. larger than the type and with broader divisions:
fls. creamy white.— The double form of this is not much
used.

Var. vimineum, Gray. Stem 2-4 ft. high, sometimes
branched, broader-lvd., looser-fld.: fls. violet or white.
Tex. B.M. 3,593. B.R. 23:1999 (as X». azKi-eum).

19. mesoledcum. Link. Stem 3 ft. high, pubescent
above: Ivs. .3-5-parted, the segments wedge-shaped and
deeply serrated; petioles somewhat dilated at the base:
fls. blue, with pale yellow or whitish petals : seeds not
seen. June. Nativity not known.

DD. Seed winged.
E. Upper petals \iever yellow.

20. trolliifdlium, Gray. Stem 2-5 ft., leafy, often re-
clining : Ivs. thinnish, large, often reniform at base,
3-7-parted ; lobes wedge-shaped, incised : racemes in
larger plants 1-2 ft. long and very loose: fls. blue, with
upper petals white; spur and sepals each ?i in. long :
follicles glabrous; seeds with thin wing or crown at the
end. Apr. Moist grounds, Columbia river. Int. 1881.

EE. Cpper petals often yelloxv,

21. simplex, Doiu.'!. sic-m nearly simple, 2-3 ft. high,

SOft-pubes.'. 1:1 III) ..'i^l

Ivs. manv i

pals deep blue, ovate,
sparingly pubescent,
shorter than the spur ;
petals blue or upper
ones yellow, lower ones
white - bearded : fol-
licles 3, iiubesoent.

2;>. scopulorum.f iray.
at bast l„ !,,«":' Ivs. ,5-1

or piirpl.:, rarely white,
iipp-r ]M tals often yel-
low ; .spur % in. long,
e<)ualiug the sepals :
follicles 3, pubescent;
seeds large - winged.
Aug., Sept. Moist
ground, west of Rock-
ies.—A polymorjihous
species.

Var. subalplnum,
Gray (i>. occidentiile,
Wats.). A smaller
plant, pubescent above

lf^^%

688. Delphinium

DELPHINIUM

DENDROBIUM

467

Stem erect, simple or
u- or slightly pubescent,
Mil. rritid, and somewhat
IHi- i.i-t;ils sometimes pale

24. cheilinthum, I
branched, 2-3 ft.: Iv
5-parted, the lobes ]
toothed: fls. dark bin
yellow, the lower <>i
rather long, straight or .soimnhat curved: follicles 3,
either glabrous or pubescent ; seeds 3-cornered, 3-
winged, not scaly. June, July. Siberia. B.R. 6:473.
Gt. 13:253. P.M. 16:258 (asU. magnificum).

DDD. Seeds scaly.

25. JormdBum, Boiss. & Hult. Fig. 688. Stem strong,
2-3 ft., hairy below, rather glabrous above : lower Ivs.
5-7-parted, long-petioled ; upper ones 3-5-parted, short-
petioled or sessile, all alternate : racemes many-fld. :
Hs. blue, with indigo margins; spur long, violet, biiid at
the tip: follicles 3, pubescent ; seeds scaly. June, July.
Asia Minor perhaps, but its origin is disputed. F.S.
12:1185. Vick's Mag. 2305. R.H. 1859, p. 528. -The most
permanent form for naturalizing.

2G. Maaokistnum, Kegel. Erect, 3 ft. high, pubescent
or glabrous, branched above : Ivs. pubescent on both
sides, base often truncate or renifomi, 3-5-parted, the
parts serrate; petioles dilated at the base : peduncles
yellow-hairy, with the bracts often inserted above the
base: fls. in loose panicles, sepals blue, K as long as the
spurs; petals dark violet : follicles often glabrous, % in.
long; seeds small, distinctly scaly.
July. Siberia. Gt. 344.

27. hjbridum, Steph. Stem 3-4
ft., pubescent above :
what bulbous : Ivs. 5-many-
parted ; lobes linear ; petioles di-
lated and sheathing at the base :
racemes dense : fls. blue, lower limbs
white-bearded ; spur straight,
longer than the sepals : follicles 3,
hairy; seeds ovate, with transverse
scales. June-Aug. Mountains of
Asia. R.H. 1893, p. 258 ; same cut
in S.H. 2:282.— There are many
double and semi-double vars. of
this type.

Var. Bdrlowi, Past. Very large,
semi-double fls., deep bliie, with
brownish center. A supposed hy-
brid with B. grandiflorum. B. R.
23:1944. Int. 1892.

D. c(srulcsce7is,Freyn. A fine Asiatic
spoi-ios, with single and double forms.
P il. lG:'r.s.-7;. Wheflerii is listed in
tile tr.ide, but is of unknown origin.
K. C. Davis.

DEMAZfiSIA {Dcsmazeria).
Grit tnitKiC. Annuals or peren-
iiiiUs, with narrow, involute leaf-
blades : spikelets peculiarly dis-
tichous on two sides of a 3-sided
rachis, many-fld., sessile, i
of the lower spikelets pedicellate.
Four species known. Mediterra- (X J^S.)

nean and S. African.

sicula, Dum. {Brizopilrum Sicuhtm, Link.). Spike
Grass. Fig. 689. A smooth, erect annual, 8 in. to 1 ft.
high: Ivs. few: panicle spike-like, 2-3 in. long ; spike-
lets ovate to linear, 8-20-fld. Mediterranean.— Fre-
quently used for edging.

DEMERAEA ALMOND. Consult Terminalia.

DENDKOBIUM {tree and life: they are epiphytes).
Orch (ddceo!, tribe Epidindrece. A genus containing many
species of great horticultural merit. Flowers racemose,
fasciculate or solitary : perianth usually spreading;
labellum nrti.-ul.it.- ,.i- .oiiuate with the base of the
column; ccilnniii sli..it, s.iiiiterete; base produced con-
spicuously; iioUiiiia 4: stilus cane-like, in some species
deciduous, so that ilurinu^ tlie ri-sting season the plants
appear like a grouj. of ilmd stirks. The species (more
than 300) are distril.iUr.l tlirmi-ii the tropical countries
of the eastern liiiiiis|ili, ri-, Australia, Japan, China,
India and the Philippine Islands furnishing a large

639. Demazeria Sicula.

number. They are particularly abundant in parts of
India. No species are known in Africa. The term
pseudobulbs has been used throughout this article for
the sake of uniformity, but these members are very
variable in the genus, ranging from very large (several
feet long) to very small and thin. The flowers are of
many sizes, forms and colors. Some of the species re-
semble Epidendrums, Cattleyas, and other genera.
Oakes Ames.

The growing of most of the commercial Dendrobiums
can generally be understood and accomplished in observ-
ing three steps: (1) The season of rain, that produces
the abundance of growth. (2) The season of colder
temperature, to ripen the wood. (3) The dry season, pro-
ducing the flowers.

In the selection of varieties, there are very few that
will not respond to the treatment suggested by this
scheme. D. Ihrijsiflomm, finibriatiim, .chrysotoiiim,
Farmerii, and all varieties of this group, respond most
generously to this treatment in the warm glasshouse.
There are no plants more beautiful in the orchid family.

The soil required is equal parts of clean peat and
moss. Fix the plants very flrmly in pots or baskets.
While growing, an abundance of water must be given,
with syringing on all fine days. When the growth is
well made and developed, then comes the season of rest,
and water can be withheld gradually, until finally none
is given. Commercially speaking, Dendrobiums can be
flowered in any ordinary glasshouse, and with only
partial shade. Another method is to give more shade at
the growing season, and more air at the resting period.

The propagation of these species is by division of
the growths, either in the resting season or the starting
of the growing season. Pruning is not to be practiced,
as, being of slow growth, they require the leaves for the
furnishing of the plant. Shading should be adopted.
With all Dendrobiums, care should be taken not to over-
pot. Grow in small pots or baskets, so as to confine the
roots. D. Dearei may he grown continuously, with-
out rest.

The commoner conservatory Dendrobiums, as D.
Phalcenopsis , D. Aiiisworthii, etc., are propagated by
laying the stems flat on baskets, attaching them firmly
by means of wire. Pruning of these varieties was once
practiced extensively, but when there is plenty of
growth the stem and flowers can be cut at the same
time; this adds more beauty to the flower. Z>. nobile
and i). yf^ardiiinum are easy to grow, only care should
be taken not to be too severe on all classes of this sec-
tion, after the growth is made, until midwinter. They
bloom best when the late autumn sun partially ripens
the stems. See OrcJiids cqlin Ogston.

1; albiflorum,

10; albo sau.,'uiii m Is n i inin is, anosmum, 68;
Aphrodite, 61 i pii iim ii 11 i\ iiin, 10; attreujii,

50; Balleanuin 1 1 il ii m i Inirbatuliim, 19;
Bensoniae, 67 1 i tin, 22, Boxallii,

61; Brymeiiii Cahtnhis, 30;

capilhpes, 41 ilumi, 54, C/lJ!/-

«o<is,27, chr\ III I ( ooksonianum,

43; crassinode oo, up i nticeum, 74, cru-

entum,33, cruinenatum i iii il u mi 2, crystallmum,
65; Dalhousianum, 31. lii\ i mi Is Dearei, 3, densi-
florum, 8; Devoniannni i \ nilnnit 20* Draconis,

37; erythroxantliiini 1 I 1 i ii i rum. in 10;
Findleyanuni ti I i Tree-

mami, 69, fii ni., 2b,

giganteura i.. In mum,

9; heterocaii ui I Mill II i mi 27, in-

fundibulum, 36, JniHsiLiiimi 'I, 7 ipnni. uiii 4(1, Jen-
kinsu, 15, lasioglossum, 52, leucolophotum, 4, Lmawi-
anum,44, lituiflorum,69; Loddigesu,56; longicornu,,34;
Lowii,39, luteolum,50, MacfaiHnei, 20, micioph-yllum,
18, 68, McCarthije,70, xKHi/i^) wf 10 im snh-itum, 30;
nobile. i3, nobilius, 4 . bi itniii . il ituin, 25;

Palpebraj, 5, Paiishii 4 /'i / / i I li ihrnopsis,

23; Pierardi, 7-!, primuliu iiii 7. j I J, II ai 56, rho-
dopterygium, 49, Rutkcii jl, s il,iiliii„ui s, Schroe-
derianum, 23, Schroederi, b, secundum, 1, su.^vissimum,
17; sulcatum, 11, superbiens, 21; superbum, 68, thyrsi-
florum, 7, tortile, 47, transparens, 71; V'eitchiantim, IS;
Wardianum, 59.

DENDBOBIUM

■dhj i

!)•!/

B. Racemes densely flowered.
c. Petals pinkish or purplish.

1. secundum, Wall. Pseudobulbs terete, nearly 2 ft.
long: Ivs. ovate-oblong: fls. all on one side of peduncle,
crowded; petals smaller than sepaLs, rose-mauve; la-
bellum paler, with an apical blotch of orange. Sumatra.

2. cumul&tiun, Lindl. Pseudobulbs tufted, slender,
erect, about 18 in. long: Ivs. oblong: fls. 1 in. across,
purplish, suffused with white; inflorescence globose.
Burma.

cc. Petals white.
?.. D^arei, Reiohb. f. Fig. 690. Pseudobulbs tall: Ivs.
;il"iiit. L' ill. l"ng, oval-oblong: fls. about 2 in. across,
wliitr; ^.[.als lanceolate; petals nearly orbicular; label-
luiii .ilil.nitr. with a pale, yellowish green blotch in the
throat. Philippine Isls. Gn. 54, p. 237. G.C. III. 24:193.

4. leucoloplidtuin, Reiehb. f . Pseudobulbs stout, erect:
racemes many-fld. : fls. white, lateral lobes of labellum
greenish; midlobe narrowly oblong. Malay archipelago.

5. Pdlpebrae, Lindl. Pseudobulbs clavate, 4-angled:
Ivs. oblong-lauceolate ; raceme loosely fld. : fls. white,
with a yellowish disk near the base of the labellum.
Burma.

6. orumenitum, Swartz. Pseudobulbs erect: Ivs. ovate-
oblong: raceme termmal man\ HI sepils and petals
ovate; labellum white Malaj archipelago

7. thyrsilldrum, Reichb f r e 1 1 bulbs terete
jointed: Ivs. oblong nr ] I 1 iple sepals
and petals white ; lal 11 pubescent
Burma. B.M. 5780 I II ["SAP
3:155. F.E. 9:329. J II 1 I! 1 463 -
Much like the next and 1 \ m 1 1 it

^ /■ y^ .. >fr^ J. / i.^_ ,11

^^<T- ^<^

f.

690. Dendrobiu

(X%.)

ccc. Petals yellow.
8. denaiSldnim, Wall. Pseudobulbs jointed, about
in. high: Ivs. oblong : racemes pendulous, ample: fl
lM-2 in. across ; sepals and petals yellow ; labellu
orange-yellow, downy-pubescent. Nepal. B.M. 341
G.C. II. 17:737; III. 14:123 and 24:185.

DEXDROBIUM

Var. Schrdederi, Hort. (var. dlhum, Hort.), has whitish
sepals and petals. A. G. 20:5.

9. Griffithiinum, Lindl. Pseudobulbs clavate : Ivs.
lanceolate-oblong : tls. in drooping, flexuose racemes ;
petals ciliate, yellow. Burma.

10. F4nnerii, Past. Pseudobulbs round, attenuate at
base, thickening above : Ivs. oblong : racemes ample,
pendulous: fls. 2 in. across, tinged with pink; throat of
labellum orange-yellow ; sepals oblong ; petals oval.
Khasia Hills. B.M. 4659. -Var. albillorum, Hort. (var.
(ilium of catalogues), has white fls., the labellum
marked with yellow. F.S. 23:2461. Var. aiireo-flivum,
Hort. [niirea of catalogues %). Fls. golden yellow; disk
of labellum deeper yellow.

11. Bulcitum, Lindl. Pseudobulbs clavate, com-
pressed: Ivs. ovate-oblong: racemes 10 or more fld. : fls.
yellow, crowded. Khasia Hills. B.M. 6962.

12. bicamer&tum, Lindl. (D. brevifldrum of cata-
logues). Pseudobulbs fusiform or clavate, about 18 in.
long: Ivs. elliptic, oblong: fls. yellow, marked with red,
clustered on a short rachis, forming a capitate raceme.
Sikkim.

13. erythroxinthum, Reichb. f. Fls. in dense racemes,
yellowish striped with crimson-purple. Philippine Isls.

BB. Sacemes loosely flotiered.
c. Pseudobulbs one-leaved.

14. aggregatum. Roxb. Lvs. oblong, coriaceous, at the
summits of ovate pseudobulbs : fls. yellow, numerous, in
lateral drooping racemes; sepals ovate; petals broadly
ovate; labellum broader than long, with orange throat;
disk pubescent. Burma. B.M. 3643.-Var. mftjus,
Hort., is a larger-fld. form.

15. JSnldnsii, Wall. Pseudobulbs short, compressed:
lvs. oblong, coriaceous: fls. orange-yellow, solitary; se-
pals oval; petals broadly ovate. Assam. B.R. 25:37.—
Very like I>. aijgngaluni.

CO. Pseiidohulbs leafy at summit.

D. Flowers yellow.
E. Labellum pectinutely fringed.

16. Brymeriintun, Reichb. f. Pscudnbulbs jointed,
slender, about 2)^ ft. high, mum ilm. mihli shorter:
lvs. several, lanceolate: fls. II. ' 'li:\v; upper
sepal oblong; petals and hit. i . -miilar; la-

reflexed at apex, disk i .^ . in n jm provided

with a conspicuously long aud |H 1 1 mai. Uuiki- Burma.
B.M. 6383. A.F.6:609. G.U. II. 11: ITo; 16: 689.

EE. Labellum not pectinately fringed.

17. chrysotdxum, Lindl. Pseudobulbs clavate : lvs.
several, 4 in. long, coriaceous: racemes arching, many-
fld. : petals and sepals about equal, golden yellow ; la-
bellum of similar color, deeper in the throat. Burma.
B.M. 00.53. G. P. 5:533. Gn. 48, p. 239.- Var. BuavlSBi-
mum, Hort. Pseudobulbs stout : fls. delightfully fra-
L-rant; labellum with blotch deeper-colored than in the
type. Burma, 1847.

DD. Flowers greenish.

18. macrophjllum, Rich. (D. Veitchiihuim, Lindl.).
Pseudobulbs clavate, compressed: lvs. oblong: racemes
many-fld.: fls. large; sepals greenish, hairy behind;
petais whitish ; lateral lobes of labellum greenish,
shaded with purple; midlobe greenish, with purple-
dotted lines. I.H.35:57.-Sold as D. Veitchianum, not
D. macrophyllum of gardens (see />. stiperbum). Java.
Day&num, Hort., is said to be a better form than the
type.

ccc. Pseudobulbs more or less leafy to base.
D. Flowers white.

19. FytcMilnum, Batem. (D. barbdtulum, Hort.).
Pseudobulbs slender: lvs. oblong -lanceolate, acute:
racemes 10-15-fld. : fls. white; lateral lobes of the label-
lum tinted with purple. Burma. B.M. 5444.

20. Macf4rlanei, Reichb. f. Fls. several inches across,
white; labellum marked with purple, 3-lobed; sepals
lanceolate; petals narrowly ovate-lanceolate, acuminate.
New Guinea.

DENDROBIUM

DD. Flowers purple.

21. sup^rbiens, Reichb. f . Pseudobulbs eylindric : Ivs.
linear-oblong: racemes remotely fld. : fls. rich magenta-
purple; sepals and petals undulate-margined; labellum
similar in color, 3-lobed, lateral lobes incurved; disk
with raised -white lamellse. North Queensland.

22. bigihbum, Lindl. Pseudobulbs elongated, erect,

1 ft. or more high: Ivs.obiong-lanceolate: racemes sub-
erect: fls. magenta-purple; sepals oblong-lanceolate;
petals spreading, reflexed ; labellum 3-Iobed, lateral lobes
incurved, deeper colored than the petals, with a white
crest. Torres Straits. B.M. 4898. I. H. 30:476.

23. Plial8En6p3is, Fitzg. Pseudobulbs tall, terete : Ivs.
lanceolate: fls. on slender pedicels, pale mauve; sepals
lanceolate, spreading, paler than the petals ; petals
orbicular, spreading ; labellum 3-lobed, lateral lobes
incurved. Australia. B.M. 6817. A.G.20:5. G.F.5:440.
A.P. 13:1224. For var. Schroederianum, see G. C. III.
10:642-3; 15:339. R.B. 23:85. A.F.10:401. For var.
hololetica, see G.C. III. 18: 397. J.H. III. 31 : 149.-One of
the most useful Dendrobiums for cut-flower purposes.
There are many fine varieties, pale in color or even
white.

DDD. Flowers \jellow.
E. Labellum not slipper-like.

24. clavitum, Lindl. Pseudobulbs eylindric, 20 or
more in. long: Ivs. ovate-lanceolate: racemes few-fld. :
fls. orange-yellow ; labellum brighter yellow, with a
maroon blotch, denticulate on the margin. Nepal.
B.M. 6993.

25. Hmbriatum, Hook. Pseudobulbs 2 or more ft. high,
slender: Ivs. lanceolate, dark green: racemes lax, pen-^
dulous: sepals and petals orange-yellow, ciliate; label-
lum yellow, with an orange-yellow throat, margin irregu-
larly fringed. Nepal. G.C. III. 2.'.: nil.-,. V.nv. oculatum,
Hort. (ZJ.i'n'j-^oHi, Past.), has smnll. r il .. iiii a L.-per
coloredblotchonthelabellum. B.M, 1 ! i: I 1 :'.i7.

26. luacitum, Lindl. Pseudobull.- .. ,: i i.. ;aly
so: Ivs. ovate-lanceolate: racemes v.iiL a _i_'.:;i„' r;iihis,
drooping: fls. yellow, with 2 maroon spots on the label-
lum. Sikkim, Himalayas.

27. Hookeriinum, Lindl. (D. Chrysdtis, Reiohb. f.).
Pseudobulbs slender, swollen atthe base: Ivs. lanceolate
to oblong: fls. large, in pendulous racemes, golden yel-
low ; labellum with 2 deep maroon blotches, margin
fringed. Sikkim. B.M. 6013. J.H. HI. 33: 221.

28. Gibsonii, Paxt. Lvs. lanceolate: racemes from the
upper nodes of the stems: fls. 5 or more, yellow, with
maroon spots on the labellum. Khasia Hills.

29. dix4nthum, Reichb. f . Pseudobulbs clavate, about

2 ft. long: lvs. linear-lanceolate: fls. yellow, in racemes
from the upper part of the stems. Burma.

EE. Labellum slipper-like.

30. moschatum. Wall. Pseudobulbs several ft. high,
leafy from the base : lvs. oblong-linear, striate: fl.-stem
radical, longer than the pseudobulbs: racemes pendu-
lous: fls. 2-4 in. across; sepals and petals about equal,
oblong, orange-yellow; labellum inflated, colored like
the petals, with crimson markings at the base. Burma.
B.M. .3837. Var. Calceolaria, Hort. (D. C'alceolus, B.ort.).
Fls. smaller, orange-yellow.

31. Dalhousiinum,Wall. Pseudobulbs elongated, rod-
like, spotted with purple when young: Ivs. clasping,
narrowly ovate : racemes pendulous, lax : fls. large ;
sepals spreading, yellow, tinted with rose ; labellum con-
cave, orbicular, blotched at base with maroon-purple.
Burma. B.R.32:10. I.H.28:423. Gn. 48:1032, p. 223.
G.C. III. 21: 157.

AA. Inflorescence not racemose.

B. Pseudobulbs black-hairy.

C. Leaves deciduous.

32. caiiniferum, Reichb. f . Pseudobulbs subeylindric,
6-9in. long: lvs. narrowly oblong: fls. IJ^in. across, soli-
tary or in 2's or 3's, near apex of stem; sepals lanceo-
late, acute, strongly keeled at back, pale fawn-yellow,
fading to ivory white; petals ovate, white; labellum
3-lobed, spurred at base, side lobes triangular, reddish

DENDROBIUM

469

orange, midlobe spreading, undulate, tufted, with long
woolly hairs along the veins on the upper surface, red-
dish orange at base, usually white at apex. Burma.
B.M. 6715 (var. Wattii).

33. cru6ntum, Reichb. f. Pseudobulbs erect, terete,
1 ft. long, swollen at base: lvs. elliptic-oblong, decidu-
ous: fls. solitary or in pairs, l'.2-2 in. across; sepals tri-
angul.-ir-ovate, keeled at back, pale green, longitudinally
veined with darker gieen; petals linear-acute, colored
like the sepals; labellum 3-Ii.ibed, lateral lobes oblong,
erect, crimson-scarlet, midlobe ovate, apieulate, pale
green, with red border, and a large warty crest, below
which are 5 raised red lines, the 2 outermost being most
developed. Malay Isl. G.C. III. 18: 91.

34. longiobmu, Lindl. Pseudobulbs slender, 8-12 in.
high: lvs. linear-lanceolate, 2-2'2 in. long: fls. solitary
or in 2's or 3's, not fully expanding; sepals and petals
sub-equal, elliptic-oblong, transparent white; labellum
funnel-shaped, anterior portion ttmbriate, white, with a
broad raised orange-red central band, with divergent
lateral streaks of same color; spur slender. Burma.

cc. Lvs. not deciduous.

35. formdBum, Roxb. Pseudobulbs stout, erect: lvs.
ovate-oblong: peduncle from the summit of the stem,
3-o-fld.: fls. 3-4 in. across, white; sepals oblong-lanceo-
late, apieulate; petals nearly orbicular; labellum large,
the small basal lol>ps clasping the column, throat with a
yellow band, wiijili i'.\p:iiids in a large yellow blotch
near the disial iii.l. Kliasia Hills. B.R. 25:64. Var.
gigantdum, Hort. FN. uMa^ure 4-5 in. across. G.C. III.
24:471. Gng. 1: ll.S-',i. F.E. 10:1240.

36. infundibulum, Lindl. Fls. white; sepals spread-
ing, elliptic-oblong; petals broad; labellum large, with
an orange-yellow blotch in the throat; basal lobes infold-
ing the column. Burma. B.M. 5446. I.H. 21:172. Var.
Jamesianum, Hort. Pseudobulbs stouter and more rigid :
labellum of flower differently formed, especially the side
lobes, which are roughened on their inner surface; disk
cinnamon red.

37. Dracdnis, Reichb. f, Pseudobulbs stout, erect,
12-18 in. long: lvs. lanceolate, 3-4 in. long: fls. in fas-
cicles from the uppermost joints of the stem, IK in. in
diam., ivory white, striped with orange-red at base of
labellum; sepals lanceohite, acute; petals oblong-lanceo-
late, reflexed at tips ; labellum 3-lobed, lateral lobes
small, rotund; midlobe oval, oblong, crisped and mi-
nutely toothed on the margin, with 3 longitudinal raised
lines. India. B.M. 5459.

38. scabrllingue, Lindl. Pseudobulbs stout, erect,
slightly attenuated below, 9-12 in. high : lvs. oblong:
fls. I'oin. in diam., in fascicles from the uppermost
joints of the stems; sepals and petals similar, sub-equal,
ovate-lanceolate, ivory white; labellum 3-lobed; lateral
lobes oblong, erect, yellow-green; midlobe oval-oblong,
reflexed, yellow, with 5-7 orange-yellow sunken lines on
disk; spur small, conical. Burma.

39. L6wii, Lindl. Pseudobulbs slender: sepals and
petals pale yellow; labellum marked on the side lobes
and midlobe with crimson. Borneo. B.M. 5303. F.S.
23:2395.

BB. Pseudobulbs not black-hairy, upright.

C. Leaves persistent.

D. Petals and sepals white.

40. Jap6mcum, Lindl. {D. monilifdrme, Swartz).
Pseudobulbs tufted, 6-12 in, long, attenuated below:
lvs. linear-lanceolate, acute: fls. fragrant, IK in. across,
solitary or in pairs, white, dotted or speckled with
mauve at the base of the labellum, S. Jap.

DD. Petals and sepals yellow.

41. capillipes, Reichb. f. Dwarf, tufted plants, with
fusiform pseudobulbs: Ivs. lanceolate: fls. in pairs or
solitary, golden yellow, with a deeper blotch on the
labellum. India.

42. lut^olum, Batem. Pseudobulbs erect, about IK ft.
long: lvs. linear-lanceolate, acute: fls. about 2 in. across,
vellowish or cream-white ; labellum with a few reddish
lines. Burma. J.H. IIL 32:143. G.C, II. 19:340 (var.
chlorocentruvi) ,

470

DENDROBIUM
DDD. Petals and sepals re

43. nAbile, Lindl. Fig. 691. Stems stout: Ivs. oblong:
sepals and petals white, suffused with rose at the apices ;
labellum white, with a blotch of amethyst-purple at dis-
tal end, throat dark crimson. Himal., China. G.C. 11.
11:565:111.23:341. J. H. III. 34:295. R.B. 23:25. A.F.
4:415; 13:620.

Var. nobiliUB, Hort., has larger lis., which are more
intense in color, the sepals and petals pale only at the
base. I.H. 42:36.

Var. Cooksoniinum, Hort., is a pelorian form, the
petals having acquired at the base the rich coloring so
characteristic of the labellum. Gn. 55, p. 445.

Var. Balleilnum, Hort. Sepals and petals white; la-
bellum yellowish, with pale crimson blotches on either
side of the throat. Sikkim.

Dendrobmin noblle.

D. Ainsworthii, Moore, is a beautiful and popular hy-
brid of J>. helerocnrpum and D. nohile. Blossoms in
small, lateral racemes ; sepals and petals white ; lip
with a feathered, purple blotch, white. Gn. 51, p. 338.
G.C. II. 16:624.

44. Linawi4num, Reiehb. f. Stems long, clavate: Ivs.
narrow, several inches long: sepalsoblong; petalsovate,
white at base, otherwise rosy mauve; distal end of la-
bellum pale mauve, anterior portion white, with 2 mauve
spots. China, Jap. B.M. 4153.

DENDROBIUM

45. PArishii, Reichb. f. Stems thick : Ivs. oblong-
lanceolate: sepals and petals rose-mauve; labellum or-
bicular, amethyst-purple, blotched on each side with
maroon. Burma. B.M. 5488.

46. Findleyinum, Parish & Reichb. f. Stems shining,
yellowish, intemodes slender : Ivs. oblong-lanceolate :
Hs. large, in pairs ; lateral sepals and petals overlapping,
pale pink-lilac ; labellum yellow margined with white.
Burma. B.M. 6438. Gn. 49:1070.

47. tbrtile, Lindl. Stems clavate, irregular when old:
Ivs. oblong-lanceolate, about 3 in. long: Us. 3 in. across;
sepals and petals pink-lilac; labellum pale yellow, with
a deep crimson blotch inthethroat. Burma. B.M. 4477.
— Var. rfiseum, Hort. Fls. delicate rose color. The next
is very similar.

cc. Lvs. deciduous.

48. dlbo-sangniineum, Lindl. Stems about 1 ft. high,
stout: Ivs. linear-lanceolate: fls. 2 or 3 together, 2-3 in.
across, whitish; petals streaked with red at the base ;
labellum with 2 blotches in the middle. Burma. A.F.
11:1350. B.M. 5130.

49. rhodopter^gitun, Reichb. f. Pseudobulbs cylin-
■ic, erect, about 1 ft. long : Ivs. linear-lanceolate :
«. about 2 in. across ; sepals oblong-lanceolate ;
petals ovate, both pale purple mottled with white;
labellum crimson-purple, striated, bordered with
white. Burma. — Supposed natural hybrid between
D. Parishn and D. Pierardi.

BBB. Pseudobulbs drooping.
r Li'S. persistent : fls. yellow.
'fi heterocirpuin, Wall. i,0. aitreum,
I 11 '1 I Stems erect, attenuated at base,
I iilvso: Ivs. oblong-lanceolate: sepals
u I I" lals pale yellow; labellum orange-
y [I \ , blotched and streaked with crimson.
Assam, Khasia Hills, Nepal, Philippine
Isls. B.M. 4708.

51. Riickeri, Lindl. Pseudobulbs slender,
about I'A ft. long, attenuated below: Ivs.
linear-lanceolate : fls. either solitary or in
pairs; lateral sepals triangular; sepals and
petals yellowish; labellum with white lateral
lobes streaked with rose, yellow. Philip-
p.nelsls.

52. lasiogWssuin, Reichb. f. Pseudobulbs
about IS tt. long, attenuate above and be-
low: h s. lanceolate : fls. 1>J in. across, in
2'3 or 3's, white ; lateral lobes of labellum
lined with red. Burma.

iqueum, Lindl. Pseudobulbs decumbent: Ivs.
i-obloiig : fls. solitary or in pairs, yellowish
white, with a yellow disk on the labellum; upper
sepal elliptic-oblong, acute; lateral sepals falcate;
petals ovate. Nilghri Hills, India,
cc. Leaves deciduous.
I). Flowers yellow.

54. chrysinthum, Lindl. (i).Pn'x(0)iu, Lindl.). Pseu-
dobulbs slender, tall, flexuose, leafy to the base: Ivs.
ovate-lanceolate : fls. yellow ; sepals oblong ; petals
broader, oval, denticulate; labellum orbicular, fringed,
throat maroon-purple, base infolding the column.

B.R. 15:1299. G.C. III. 15:565.

55. ochreitum, Lindl. Pseudobulbs with swollen
joints : Ivs. narrowly-ovate : fls. in pairs; sepals and
petals about equal, golden yellow ; labellum orbicular-
yellow, with raaroon-purple blotch. India.

B.M. 4450.

i)D. Fls. white or pinkish.
E. Labellum glandular, ciliate,

56. L6ddigesii, Rolfe (D. pulchmuvi.hoM.). Habit
dense, dwarf: stems very slender, 3-4 in. long: Ivs. ob-
long-lanceolate: fls. on slender pedicels, solitary ; se-
pals and petals pale pink or rose-lilac ; labellum with
an orange-yellow disk bordered with rose-lilac. India.
Noti?. pulcheltum, Roxburgh, for which species it often
passes in gardens. B.M. 5037.

57. Devoni&num, Paxt. Stems pendulous, about 3 ft.
long: Ivs. linear-lanceolate: sepals and petals white.

DENDROBIUM

tipped with amethyst-purple ; labellum cordate, with an
amethyst-purple blotch in front, otherwise white, with
2 orange-yellow blotches in the throat, the margin deli-
cately fringed. Khasia Hills. B.M. 4429. J.H. III. 34:
197. G.C. III. 7:680.

E£. Lttbelltimnot glandular, ciliate.

F. Pseudobulbs conspictioitsly nodose,

58. amoBnum, Lindl. Pseudobulbs slender: Ivs. linear-
lanceolate: Hs. usually solitary, otherwise in 'J's or3's;
sepals and petals white, tipped wilb violet-jiurple; la-
bellum violet-purple bordered with white and blotched
with yellow. Nepal. B.M. 6199. G.C. II. 16:625.

59. Wardi4nimi, Warner. Stems 2, 3 or more ft. high,
pendent : Ivs. oblong-lanceolate : fls. usually 2 or 3 to-
gether, 3-4 in. across ; sepals and petals tipped with
rose-mauve (amethyst-purple) ; labellum with an apical
blotch of same color, otherwise yellow shading into
■white at the margin, and blotched with maroon in the
throat. There is a variety in which the apical blotches
are wanting. Burma. B.M. 5U58. I.H. 24:277. F.R.
1:231. Gn. 47, p. 84. R.B. 23:25. J.H. III. 30:J54:
32:237.

60. crassindde, Reichb. f. Stems pendulous or nearly
so, 1-2 ft. long, swollen conspicuously at the contiguous
internodes : Ivs. linear-lanceolate: lis. 2 or 3 together,
about 2 in. across; sepals and petals white, tipped with
rose-mauve: labellum similarly tipped with rose-mauve,
otherwise yellow with a white border. Burma. B.M.
5766. — Var." Barberiinum, Hort., is a stronger-growing
form of the species, with brighter colored fls., the col-
oring at the tips of the petals covering more surface.

61. Bdxallii, Reichb. f. Pseudobulbs pendulous, about
30 in. long: Ivs. linear-lanceolate, acute: fls. 2J^in.
across, usually \n pairs; sepals and petals white, tipped
■with pale mauve ; labellum yellowish, bordered with
■white, tipped with pale mauve. Burma.

62. Filconeri, Hook. Stems slender, knotted, branch-
ing above : Ivs. linear: fls. solitary, about 3 in. across ;
sepals and petals ■n'hite, tinged with rose and tipped
with amethyst-purple; labellum spreading in front, ma-
roon-purple, with 2 deep orange blotches, tipped with
amethyst-purple,bordered with white. India. B.M. 4944.
I.H. 23:243. — Var. gigantdum, Hort., is a stronger-grow-
ing form of the species, with larger fls.

63. Aphrodite, Reichb. f. Pseudobulbs 6-12 in. tall :
Ivs. linear-lanceolate : fls. 2 in. across, ofteu in pairs ;
sepals whitish; petals similarly colored; midlobe of la-
bellum large, yellowish, with 2 maroon blotches at base.
Burma.

FF. Pseudobulbs not conspicuousltf nodose.
a. Zip yelloiv at base.

64. g:rati03iS3imum, Reichb. f. Pseudobulbs slender
at base, thickened above, swollen at the nodes : Ivs.
lanceolate : fls. in 2's or 3's, from the leafless stem,
about 2 in. across; sepals and petals white, tipped with
pale crimson-purple ; labellum white, blotched ■with
crimson-purple at the apex and marked with yellow on
the disk. Burma.

65. crystaUinum, Reichb. f. Stems about 1 ft. long,
slender, striated, nearly pendulous: Ivs. narrow: fls. in
pairs or solitary; sepals and petals white, with amethyst-
purple apices; labellum yellow, with an amethyst blotch
on front, margin whitish. Burma. B.M. 6319.

66. crepiditum, Lindl. Stems 1 ft. long, slender,
striated: Ivs. linear-lanceolate: fls. 2 or 3 in a group,
about 1 in. across, white, tinted with lilac ; labellum
yellow, with a white border. Assam. B.M. 4993.- Var.
rdseum, Hort., occurs in catalogues.

67. B^nsoniae, Reichb. f . Pseudobulbs cylindric : Ivs.
linear: fls. 2^;, in. across, in 2's or 3's, white, disk of
labellum orange-yellow, with 2 maroon spots at base.
British Burma. B.M. 5679. I.H. 35:47. -Var. m4ius,
Hort., is alarger-fld. form.

GG. Lip not yellow at base.

68. sup^rbum, Reichb. f. {D. macropliijllum, Hort,).
Stems stout, pendent : Ivs. ovate : sepals lanceolate ;
petals ovate-lanceolate, delicate rose-mauve ; labellum
of same color, with deep crimson-purple throat. Philip-

DENDROPANAS

471

pine Isls. B.M. 3970.— Var. anfismum, Hort. Fls. scent-
less or nearly so, mostly solitary ; sepals and petals
shorter, not undulate. J.H. III. 28:275 (var. Houttoni).
Var. gigantSum, Hort. Fls. larger.

69. lituifldrum. Lindl. Stems about 2ft. long, grey-
ish: Ivs. linear: fls. in pairs or sometimes 4 or more in
each group, amethyst-purple ; sepals oblong-lanceolate;
petals ovate-oblong; labellum funnel or trumpet-shaped,
deep maroon, anterior portion white. Burma. B.M.
6050.— Var. Fredmanii, Hort. Labellum with a pale yel-
low zone, sepals and petals deeper colored than in the
type. Very similar in habit to Dendi-obium nobile, but
more slender.

70. MacCArthiae, Thwaites. Pis. bell-shaped, rosy
mauve and white; sepals and petals only slightly
spreading; labellum pale mauve, striped and blotched
with purple, a maroon spot on the disk: racemes pendu-
lous. India. B.M. 4886.

71. tranapirens, Wall. Pseudobulbs slender: Ivs. lin-
ear-lanceolate: fls. 1 K in. across, in 2's and 3's; sepals
white, tinted with pale mauve; petals similarly colored;
labellum white with mauve spots, tinted with mauve at
the apex. India. B.M. 4663.

EEE. Labellum cucullate, u-hoUy or in pari, pale sulfur
yeltou:

72. primullnum, Lindl. Stems drooping, slender,
about 1 ft. long, greyish : sepals and petals about equal,
pink-lilac; labellum yellow with deep crimson margin.
Nepal. B.M. 5003 (as Z>. nobile, y&r.).— Var. gigsm-
t§um, Hort. Pseudobulbs longer and more slender: fls.
much larger.

73. PierArdi, Roxb. Stems long, slender, pendulous:
Ivs. ovate-lanceolate : sepals and petals pink-lilac ; la-
bellum yellow, marked with deep crimson at base.
Burma. B.M. 2584. Gn. 55, p. 405.-Var. latifdlium,
Hort., is very similar to this.

74. creticeum, Liudl. Stems about 1 ft. long: Ivs. ob-
long-lanceolate : fls. solitary, whitish, disk of labellum
yellowish, with crimson marking, margin fringed.
Khasia Hills.

Hybrids: D. Ainsworthii = D. heteroearpum XD. nobile (see
No. 42).— D. I>ominianum = D. nobUeXD. Linawianum.— 2).
Cassiope=D. JaponicumXD. nobile, var. albiflorum.— Z>. splen-
didissimum = 'D. aureum X nobile.— Var. grandifloruin^=i>.
aureumXnobile.

D. Jnhannis. Reichb. f., and D. robustum are not in cult, in
the United States, but have appeared in trade catalogues.
Oakes Ames.

DENDROCALAMUS. Consult Bamboo.

DENDKOCHiLFM. Compare Platyclinis.

DENDK0MECON(Greek (ZcHdron, tree; mecon, poppy).
The only genus of PapaverAcew known to have woody
stems. California. Probably only one species. D. rigi-
dum, Benth. Dry, rocky hills of the Coast Range, mainly
in the south : 3-10 ft. high : stems up to 1 in. thick:
bark whitish : branches stiff, erect: Ivs. linear-lanceo-
late, not cut, coriaceous, reticulately veined, very acute
and muoronate : fls. bright yellow, 1-3 in. in diam., on
pedicels 1-4 in. long: capsules linear, nerved, lJi-2%
in. long; seeds black, almost globular. Hardy in some
parts of England. Propagated from seeds, "that take
very long to germinate. B.M. 5134. P.S. 14:1411. Gn.
50:1087. J.H. III. 29:92.-D. HArfordii, Kell., and D.
tlfixile, Greene, from Santa Cruz and Santa Rosa Islands,
are now considered as forms of above, varying mainly
in the habit, more drooping and graceful, and in the
much larger, ovate, more glaucous leaves. These differ-
ent forms occur also in the mountains near Santa Bar-
bara. Considerable variation in size of flowers appears
to depend mostly upon the conditions where plants are
growing. Outdoor shrubs. f. Franceschi.

DENDEOPANAX (Greek, tree Panax). Aralidcew.
A genus of about 20 trees and shrubs from tropical
America aud Asia, also China and Japan. D. JaponicuB,
Seem., may be obtained from dealers in Japanese plants.
The leaves have been compared to Fatsia Japonica, but
are smaller and mostly 3-lobed. The floral parts are in
5's. Berry globose.

472

DENDROPHTLAX

DENDBOPHtLAX (Greek, growing on a tree). Orchi-
dilceo', tribe t'dndeir. Epipbytes : sepals and petals
spreading, labellum 3-lobed, lateral lobes small, angular,
middle one with spreading lobes; spur long, filiform:
column short; poUinia 2. Near Phalaenopsis. The fol-
lowing are introduced into American horticulture:

Lindenii, Reichb. f. Scape leafless, bearing a single
white flower : sepals and petals lanceolate ; divisions
of midlobe of labellum lanceolate: capsule smooth. On
Oreodoxa Begiu, and live oaks, S. B'lorida.

funilis, Hort. [CEcoclAdes funiUs.lAuAX. Angrmcum
fiindle, Lindl.). Leafless, roots numerous, fleshy: pe-
duncles 2-fld.: fls. white; sepals and petals oblong-lan-
ceolate ; labellum 3-lobed, with a long horn. Mts. of
Jamaica. ^

Oakes Ames.

DENNSTaiDTIA (a personal name). Poli/podiAcem.
A genus of hardy or greenhouse ferns of wide distri-
bution, often referred to Dicksonia but belonging to a
different family from the antarctic or southern hemi-
sphere tree ferns of the latter genus. Indusium inferior
cup-shaped. For culture, see Dicksonia

punotil6bula, Moore (Picksdiiia jiilDxius-
ula, Willd.). Figs. GK. r.'Xt. Lvs. light
green, from a slender, ercij.in- icitstook,
-2% ft. long, 5-9 in. wi.l... u-nally tri-
pinnatifid, under surface minutfly ^'hindu-
lar, giving the dried lvs. a .somewhat pleas-
ant fragrance ; sori niinntc, on
small, recurved teeth. Canada to
^^^,^ .^.J^ Tennessee.

^^^

693. Fruitine lobe of
2. Tip of leal of Dcnnstaedtia Dennstaedtia punc-

tilobula.

Smithii, Moore. Lvs. thick, the under surface almost
woolly, glandular, tripinnate ; lower pinnse 9-12 in. long,
3-4 in. wide; sori 2-8 to each segment. Philippines.

diss^cta, from the West Indies, often 6-7 ft. high,
with broad (2-4 ft.) lvs. is sometimes seen in cultivation,
and is well worth a place in the trade.

L. M. Underwood.

DENTAEIA (Latin, dens, tooth ; referring to the
toothed rootstocks). Cructferw. Toothwobt. Dealers
in native plants sometimes cultivate a few of these hardy
herbaceous perennials, which have pleasant tasting root-
stocks, 2 or 3 lvs., mostly with 3 leaflets, and corymbs
or racemes of large white or purplish fls. in spring.
The European and eastern American species are readily
told from Cardamine by habit and many obvious differ-
ences, but the western American of the two genera
converge so that some botanists have merged Dentaria
into Cardamine. (See E. L. Greene, Pittonia, 3:117-124.)
The genus contains no arctic or alpine forms. About 9
species are cultivated in Old World rockeries. They are
of easy culture in light, rich soil and moist, shady posi-
tions. Usually prop, by division, as seeds are not
abundant.

A. Mootstock not tuberous.

dipb^Ua, Michx. Peppeb-hoot. Rootstock several
in. long, often branched, strongly toothed at the many
nodes : stem-lvs. 2, similar to the root-lvs., close to-
gether ; leaflets 3, ovate or oblong-ovate, coarsely cre-

DESCHAMPSIA

nate, the teeth almiptly ai-ute: petals white inside, pale

purple or pinkisli ..ui-i.ie. Nova Scotia to S. C. , west

to Minn, and Ky. B.M. 14C5.— Rootstocks 5-10 in. long,

crisp, tasting like water-cress. Pretty spring flower.

AA. Rootstock tuberous.

B. Lvs. 3-parted, but not into distinct leaflets.

c. Tubers usually not jointed or prominently tubercled.

laciniAta, Muhl. Tubers deep-seated: stem-lvs. 2 or 3,

with lateral segments often 2-lobed, all broadly oblong

cc. Tubers with joints about 1 in. long.

macrocdrpa, Nutt. (C. gemmita, Greene). Lvs. 1-3,
palmately or pinnately 3-5parted or divided, segments
linear to oblong, entire : fls. purple or rose. N. Calif,
to B. C.

BB. Lvs. cut into 3 distinct leaflets.
c. Leaflets linear, entire.

ten«lla, Pursh. Tubers small, irregular: stem-lvs. 1
or 2, nearly sessile, sometimes bulbiferous ; leaflets
linear-oblong or linear, obtuse, entire : petals rose.
Washington.

cc. Leaflets not linear or entire.

Calil6rnica, Nutt. Tubers mostly small: stem %-2 ft.
high : lvs. very variable ; stem-lvs. 2-4, mostly short-
petiolate, and above the middle of the stem, with 3-5
leaflets, rarely simple or lobed; leaflets mostly short-
petiolulate, ovate to lanceolate or linear, entire or
toothed: petals white or rose. Mts. of Calif, and Ore.

maxima, Nutt. Tubers near the surface jointed,
strongly tubercled : stem-lvs. 2 or 3, usually alternate;
leaflets ovate or oblong-ovate, coarsely toothed and
somewhat cleft or lobed. Vt. to western N. Y. and

W. M.

DEODAR. Cedrus Deodara.

DEFAEIA (Greek, depas, a beaker or chalice; refer-
ring to the form of the involucre). A small genus of
Hawaiian an<l South American ferns related to Denn-
sfanltia, rarely seen in cultivation in America. The
sori are marginal and usually on stalked projections
from the margin of the leaf. l. jj. Undeewood.

DfiEEIS (Greek, fl leather covering). Leguminbsw.
A genus of tropical, tall, woody climbers, one of which is
cuit. in S. Calif. About 35 species, mostly Asian. Lvs.
alternate; Ifts. opposite, the odd one distant; stipules
none: lis. violet, purple or white, never yellow.

scindens, Benth. Climbing: Ifts. 9-13, lK-2 in. long,
oblong, obtuse, nuiticous or retuso, glabrous or minutely
pilose beneath : racemes 4-G in. long, nnbranched: fls.
purple: pod long, lanceolateacuteat both ends, narrowly
winged at the base ; ovules C-8. S. Asia and Indian Ar-
chipelago.— It has been offered in this country, but has
not been successfully cultivated. The above description
is made from specimens contributed by Dr. Francesehi,
Santa Barbara, Calif.

DESCHAMFSIA (after Deschamps, a French bota-
nist). Perennial grasses with small, shining spikelets,
like Trisetum and Aira. The plants are usually stouter
and the spikelets longer than in Aira, from which it dif-
fers in the prolongation (>f the rachilla. Lvs. flat or con-
volute: spikelets 2- (rarely .')-) fld., in terminal, usually
spreading panicles : awn slender, twisted below. Spe-
cies about 20, inhabiting cold and temperate regions, a
tew occurring in the high mountains of the tropics.
About 8 species are found in N. America.

csEspitbsa, Beauv. [Ahra ca-spitdsa, Linn.). Tufted
Haik-Grass. Hassock-Gkass. A native perennial hav-
ing a tendency to form tufts or tussocks. Panicle
pyramidal or oblong, 2 in. long; rays slender, bearing
spikelets above the middle; awn variable in length.—
Abundant in the Rocky Mt. region, where the tufts
help to bind the spongy soil and prevent land-slides.
In England it is sometimes used by the farmers to
make door mats. Also used for i

DESCHAMPSIA

flexudsa, Trin. (Alra fUxubsa, Linn.). Wood Hair-
Grass. A slender, perennial grass, 1-2 ft. high, with
numerous very fine root-lvs., and a delicate capillary
panicle. It grows in tufts like the above, and can be
distinguished by the much longer and twisted awn. N.
Amer., Eu. — Valuable for woodland pastures, as it will
grow well in the shade. Also used for ornament.

P. B. Kennedy.

DESIGN, The "design-work" of florists refers to
formal arrangement of material as opposed to informal
arrangement of cut-flowers. Funeral designs are per-
haps the commonest. Dried grasses and everlasting
flowers are used in funeral designs. The term design
is borrowed from the language of art, and can also be
applied to formal styles of bedding as opposed to the
informal border. Design work is less popular in America
than in parts of the Old World, the distinguishing
feature of our floriculture being the general taste for
cut-flowers and for their free arrangement. Many pic-
tures of designs may be seen in the florists' trade
papers.

D£SMAZ£RIA. See Demazeria.

DESMODIUM (Greek, a band or chain; referring to
the jointed pods). By soniQ called Meibomia. Legumi-
ndsw. Tick Trefoil. Mostly herbs, of 1.50 or more
species, in temperate and warm regions of America,
Asia, Africa and Australia. Lvs. pinnate, with 3-5
(rarely 1) leaflets: fls. small and papilionaceous, in ter-
minal or axillary racemes in summer, mostly purple:
pod flat, deeply lobed or jointed, the joints often break-
ing apart and adhering to clothing and to animals by
means of small hooked hairs. Fig. 694. A number of
species are native to N. America, and are sometimes
grown in the hardy border, where they thrive under or-
dinary conditions. One hothouse species, D. gyrans,
is sometimes cult, for its odd moving leaflets. D. pen-
duUflorum and D. Japonicum will be found under Les-
pedeza. Several of the native species are worthy of
cult, but are practicnllv unknown in the trade The
following hi\e been offered In crilecf r^ C mail ii e,
DC. cu!>pihitHni Hock Dili mi Dul Maitlnidi-
cum Boott niidifloum DC ? ni, iihilnm DL p<ii< i-
flonun DC ie!,>,iliflo)um Ton <!k, C rij The Flouda

694. Loments or pods

Beggar-weed is Desmodlum t
Indies. It is coming into pro
forage plant (see Farmers'
Agric).

DEUTZIA 473

gyrans, DC. Telegraph Plant. From 2-3 ft. high,
with 3 oblong or elliptic leaflets, the small lateral ones
(which are almost linear) moving in various directions
when the temperature is congenial, and especially in
the sunshine : fls. purple or violet, in a many-fld.
panicle. S. Asia. Grown occasionally as a curiosity,
particularly in botanical collections. See Darwin's
Power of Movement in Plants, and various botanical
treatises, for fuller accounts.

Desmodium gijnnis is of tolerably easy culture. It
requires stove temperature, and, although a perennial,
it is best treated as an annual. The best method of
propagation is by seeds. These should be sown in Feb-
ruary in a liglit, sandy soil, in 4-in.pots, and placed in a
warm, close atmosphere, where they will soon germi-
nate. The seedlings should be potted singly into small
pots as soon as large enough to handle, and be grown on
as rapidly as possible, using a mixture of good, fibrous
loam and leaf soil in about equal proportions. By mid-
summer they will be bushy plants, and, though not
showy, they will be very interesting.

L. H. B. and Edward J. Canning.

DEtTZIA (named by Thunberg ii
and patron, Johann van der h^ n
Very ornamental shrubs with sli

1 honor of his friend

'. . S > J >! niqclcem,
: ■■ Mush fls.

appearing in spring or early mii: .
opposite, petioled, serrate, usual 1
pubescence : fls. in racemes or cur
times purplish, epigynous; calyx-te

■ 1, .!. «-i(Iu0US,

-nl, r.^Mjl, stellate
eth 5;' petals' 5; sta-

mens 10, rarely more, shorter than the petals; filaments
usually winged and toothed at the apex : capsule 3-5-
celled, with numerous minute seeds. About 15 species in
E.Asia and Himalayas audi in M.xi.'o. /*. j:,: ,r, flora and
D. Lemoinei are the hardiest, but /'. ,s. .,/.,.-, Si.\,:ddiana
and gracilis are also hardy nortli in s..iiu\vliat slieltered
positions or with slight protecliun, while most of the
others are more tender and can not be grown safely
north of New York. The Deutzias thrive in almost any
well drained soil, and are well adapted for borders of
shrubberies. Potted plants forced with a temperature
not exceeding 50° develop into beautiful specimens for
the decoration of greenhouses and conservatories, es-
pecially D. Lemoinei, D. gracilis and discolor. The
same plants cannot be forced again. Prop, readily by
greenwood and hardwood cuttings, also by seeds sown
in pans or boxes in spring.
A. Fls. in racemes or panicles: petals valvafe in
the bud.

Longer filan

itllUI,

rtuosum, DC, of the W.
linence in the south as a
SuU. 102, U. S. Dept. of

Sieboldiana, Maxim. {D. scctbra,Sieh. & Zucc). Low
shrub, to 2 ft. : Ivs. short-petioled, the pair below the
panicle sessile, ovate or ovate-elliptic, rounded or cor-
date at the base, rough and rugose above, stellate-pubes-
cent beneath, light green, 1-2 in. long: panicles erect,
loose, 2-3 in. long: fls. white, rather small, with spread-
ing petals; calyx lobes persistent. June. Japan. S.Z. 7.
-Graceful low shrub, but less showy than the two fol-
lowing species.

BB. All filaments with 3 large teeth below the
anthers.

scftbra, Thunb. Shrub, to 6 ft.: Ivs. all petioled, ovate
to ovate-lanceolate, rounded at the base, crenate-dentate,
with rough pubescence on both sides, dull green, 1-3 in.
long: panicles erect, 2-1 in. long: fls. white or blushed,
with erect petals; calj'x lobes deciduous. June, July.
Japan, China. S.Z. e.B.M. 3838. B.R.20:1718. S.B.F.G.
11.4:393. A.G.18:3.56. Var. angustifdlia, Voss. Branches
reddish brown : Ivs. ovate-lanceolate, rougher. Var.
crenita, Voss {D. creniita, Sieb. & Zucc). Branches
brown: Ivs. ovate or oblong-ovate, less rough. This var.
is less common in cultivation than the former. Var.
marmorata, Hort. Lvs. spotted with yellowish white.
Var. plSna, Maxim. With double fls. R.H. 1867:70. F.S.
17:1799; 18:18,50. I. H. 11:389. -Cult, in different forms
as Candidissima, with pure white double fls. (A.F.
6:263. J.H. III. 34:153. G.C. II. 18:173) ; Pride of Roches-
ter, with very large white double fls.; Purpurea Plena,
double outside purplish ; Watereri, with large double
fls., tinged rose.

474

all hlameuts
Himalayas —D dentata
Hort =D scabra ~D Fir
tunn Hort (D scabraX

croauj —XI rosea Hort
(D gracilis rosea Lemoine)
Hybrid between D discolor
purpuriM ns, ind D gra

gracilis, Sieb & Zucc Fig 605 Shrub, to 3 ft , with
slender, otten arching branches Ivs oblong lanceoUte,
acuminate, sharply serrate, with sparse stellate hairs
above, nearly glabrous beneath, bright green, 1-2 in
long: fls pure white, m racemes, petals eiect or some
what spreading, oblong; stamens much shorter than the
petals; calyx-teeth persistent. May, June. Japan. S.Z.8.
P.P.G. 2,p. 7. P.S. 0:611. R.H. 1891, p.203. Thereare
vars. with yellow and with variegated Ivs.; see, also,
D. rosea (Suppl. list).

AA. Fls. in corymbs.

discolor, Hemsl. Shrub, to 7 ft. : Ivs. oblong-lanceo-
late, denticulate, dark green above, much paler beneath,
coated with stellate hairs, sparingly above, densely be-
neath: corymbs loose, 10-20 fld. : tt.s. white, with spread-
ingpetals, valvate in the bud ; filaments with large teeth.
China. Var. purpurAscens, Pranch. Three-4 ft. : Ivs.
ovate, less stellate-hairy, 1-2 in. long : corymbs rather
few-fld.: petals pinkish outside ; calyx red, with large
teeth. June. China. R.H. 1895:64. G.F. 7:287. G.C.
111.26:45.

Lemdinei, Hort. (D. gracilis x parvifldra). Fig. 696.
Spreading shrub, to 3 ft.: Ivs. elliptic-lanceolate, finely
serrate with appressed teeth, with sparse stellate hairs
above, nearly glabrous beneath, lK-3 in. long: fls. in
large corymbs or broad panicles, pure white ; petals
broadly ovate, spreading, partially valvate and partially
imbricate in the bud; filaments with large teeth. G.F.
9:285. A.P. 11:457. Gt. 44, p. 567 and 46, p. 383. Gng.
4:135. J.H. III. 34:77. G.C. III. 18:389. Gu. 48, p. 317.
— A very desirable shrub, more vigorous and with
showier fls. than X). gracilis. Excellent for forcing.

parvifldra, Bunge. Shrub, to6 ft., with erect branches :
Ivs. ovate or oblong-ovate, finely serrate, with stellate
hairs on both sides, often grayish green beneath, 2-3 in.
long: fls. in many-fld. corymbs; petals roundish obovate,
spreading, imbricate in the bud; longer filaments with-
out teeth. June. N. China, Mongolia. G.F. 1:365. Gt.
11:370; 43, p. 65 and 46, p. 382. R.H. 1892, p. 223. G.C.
III. 14:153.

D. angu3Ufblia,Gip\t.=T>. hemoimi.—D. Brunonidna, R.Br.
=D. staminea var.— X). corymftt/idra, Lem. Shrub, to 4 ft.: Ivs.
ovate-lanceolate, denticulate, pubescent beneath : corymbs
many-fld. : petals spreading. June, -luly. China. R.H. 1897, p.
4«e (as D. corymbosa) and 1898, p. 402. G.C. III. 24:267. A.F.
14:166. Gng. 7:2.— X).cor!/»iMsa, R.Br. Allied to D. parviflora:

Chmv- i) Watso)uaiiilWeUei. Hort =D scabra^ars

Alfked Rehder
DEVIL IN A BUSH JVigella

DEWBERKY. The Dewberry is one of the most recent
acquisitions among garden fruits. As a cultivated fruit,
it is American, aud the varieties are forms of native
species. It is distinguished from the blackberry chiefly
by its low, trailing habit, its method of propagating by
tips instead of suckers, and its few-flowered cymose
clusters. Pour distinct species are found in cultivation.
(1) The northern Dewberry (Bubits villosus, Ait., until

lately known as B. Canailensis). In this species the
leaflets are thin and deciduous, the stems sparsely and
lightly prickly, and the flower-stalk slightly fuzzy but
not glandular. A well marked sub-type has been set off
from this species, comprising the Lucretia Dewberry

(var. roribaceus, Bailey), which is a stronger plant,
with wedge-ovate, jagged leaflets, long flower stalks,
large flowers and leaf-like sepals. Figs. G97, 698. (2)

697. Lucretia Dewberry iK%).

The Battel type (if. invisus, Bailey), with stout, stife
stems, straight, reflexed prickles, large leaflets with
simple teeth, and having the unopened buds surmounted
by a tip formed by the sepals which clasp around it.
(3) The southern Dewberry {B.trifintis. Micbx.). This
has round, shrubby, trailing stems, bearing strongly re-
curred or reflexed prickles, glaudular-tipped hairs and
bristles. The leaves are evergreen, leathery and
smooth, with numerous stout, recurved or reflexed
prickles on the veins and petioles as well as on the
flower-stems. It is represented in cultivation by the
Manatee and a few others. (4) The western Dewberry
{B. vitifoliiis, Cham. & Sohlecht.). This has round,
woody stems, usually weak and trailing but sometimes
upright, the fruiting branches numerous, armed with
slender prickles, often rendering the smaller parts
densely setose. It includes the Skagit Chief and others.
Still another species, better known as the cut-leaved
blackberry, has been long in cultivation, chiefly for or-
nament. Its stems are armed with strong, recurved
prickles and its leaves are much parted and divided.

The culture of the Dewberry is much the same as
that of the blackberry, except in the matter of training,
though it is thought to thrive better on light and
sandy soils than the blackberry. No summer pruning
of the canes is needed, although the old canes may be
removed as soon as done fruiting. Various meth-
ods of training are employed, the object of all be-
ing to keep the bearing canes off the ground, so that
they will not interfere with cultivation and the fruit will
be kept clean. For this purpose the single stake and
the wire trellis methods are best known. Tying the
canes to stakes (Pig. 699) is perhaps the best method.
The fruiting canes are tied to the stake or trellis in
spring, being shortened to from 3 to 5 feet in length.
The young canes are allowed to grow upon the ground
at will, or at most are turned in the direction of the row
if they interfere with cultivation. They remain in this
position during winter, where they can be very con-
veniently protected, and take their place upon the trellis
or stakes the following summer.

The Dewberries have proved successful and profitable
with some and a failure with others. Different varieties
should be planted together to insure proper fecundation
of the blossoms. Their chief value lies in their season
of ripening, which is in advance of the blackberries.
Lucretia and Bartel are the most important varieties.

For history and botany, see Bailey, Evolution of Our

DIANELLA 475

Native Fruits; for culture, see Card's Bush-Fruits, and
Cornell Bulletins 34 and 117. Consult Blackberry, Zo-
ganberrtjand Bubus. Fred W. Card.

DIACBIUM (through and point: the stems are sur-
rounded by sheaths). OrchiclAcece, tribe Epidindrece.
Four tropical Amer. epiphytes, closely allied to Epi-
dendrum, with which they have been included. Differs
from that genus in the fact that the column and lip are
not united. Pis. showy, in loose racemes : Ivs. few,
sheathing : pseudobulbs slender. Culture of Epiden-
drum and Cattleya.

bicomtltuin, Benth. {Epidhidrum bicornutnm,'B.ook.).
Pseudobulbs 1-2 ft. long, hollow, bearing dry sheaths:
Ivs. short and leathery : raceme slender, 3-r2-fld. : the
fls. white, with small crimson spots on the 3-lobed lip,
fragrant. B.M. 3332. G.C. III. 16:337. J. H. III. 33:29.
— A handsome orchid, requiring high temperature.

D. bidentdtuin, Hemsl. {Eptdeiidrum bidentdtum, ^ Lindl.),
of Mexico, h.is been listed in trade catalogues, but it is practi-
cally unknown to cult., and is probably not now in the Amer.
trade. L. H. B.

DIAMOND FLOWEE. See lonopsidium.

DIANfiLLA (diminutive of Diana). Lilidcem. Tender
perennial fibrous-rooted plants, with hard, linear, sheath-
ing, grass-like Ivs., often 2-3 ft. long, large, loose
panicles of blue fls. on delicate, pendent pedicels, and
great numbers of pretty blue berries, which remain at-
tractive for several weeks, and are the chief charm of
the plant. There are about a dozen species of world-
wide disti-ibution. They perhaps succeed best in the
open border of a cool greenhouse. Prop, by divisions,
or by seeds sown in spring in mild heat. A few plants
have lately been imported, but the species are not ad-
vertised. Latest monograph by J. G. Baker, in Journ.
Linn. Soc. 14:574 (1875;.

A. Stems entirely wanting.
B. Anthers 1 line long.
TaBmAnica, Hook. Height 4-5 ft.: Ivs. numerous, in
a rosette, broadly ensiform, 2-4 ft. long, 1*4-1 in. wide,
margined with small reddish brown
spines, that cut the hand if the leaves are
carelessly grasped : panicle very lax, sur-
passing the Ivs. 1-2 ft., with as many as
60 fls.: fls. pale blue, nodding, J<-?4 in.
gments finally reflexed. Tas-
mania and Australia. B.M. 5551.

BB. Anthers 1% lines long.
0, Veins of the outer perianth-segments rather distant.

ijevis, R. Br. Lvs. 1-1J4 ft. long, 6-9 lines wide, less
leathery and palerthan in D. carulea and at first slightly
glaucous: panicle deltoid, the branches more compound
than in D. revoluta; outer segments of the perianth with
5 distant veins, inner ones densely 3-veined in the
middle third. Eastern temperate parts of Australia.
B.K. 9:751. L.B.C. 12:1136.

476 DIANELLA

CC. Veins of the perianth-segments crowded into a
centriil space.

revomta, R. Br. Height 2-3 ft. : Ivs. in a rosette, 1-
"[% £t. long, 3-4 lines wide, dark green, purplish at the
base and margin, not spiny at the margin ; panicle
branches short, ascending : fls. later than £>. cieriitea.
W. and E. Australia in temperate parts. Tasmania.
B.B. 9:734 and 13:1120.

AA. Stems present but short.

caerillea, Sims. Subshrubby, with a short stem in age,
brancliin- : h :Jm.-,i r,, t-lustered at the ends of branches,
9-12 ill. : I ' ' , : - wide, dark green, rough on the
backaiiii:: .!' r ptrianth-segments withodistant

veins, iniM i ..in -a iih ;i closer veins. Eastern temper-
ate Australia. H.iM. 5uri.

ensifdUa, Red. Caulescent herb, 3-6 ft. high, the Ivs.
never in a rosette, numerous, hard, linear, 1-2 ft. long,
9-12 lines wide, lighter colored on the keel and margin:
Hs. blue or greenish white. Trop. Asia, China, Aus-
tralia, Hawaiian Islands. B.M. 1404. -w. jj.

DIANTHUS (Greek for Jove's floicer). CaryophyllA-
cete. Fink. About 200 species of Old World small herbs,
many of them prized for their rich and showy flowers.
Nearly all of them are perennials; they form tufts and
have grass-like Ivs., and jointed stems with terminal
fls. and opposite Ivs. From kindred genera Dianthus
is distinguished by the sepal-like bracts at the
base of a cylindrical calyx (c£. Pigs. 36G, 367); petals
without a crown; styles 2. They are temperate-region
plants. The flowers are usually pink or red, but in
garden forms white and purple are frequent colors.
Most of the cult, species are hardy in the north and are
«asy of culture. The perennial species are excellent
border plants. The chief care required in their cultiva-
tion is to see that the grass does not run them out.
Best results in flowering are obtained usually from 2-
year-old seedling plants. Two weedy species, D. pro-
lifer, Linn., and D. Armeria, Linn., are naturalized in
the eastern states. Monogr. by F. N. Williams, Journ.
Linn. Sec. 29 (1891-3). L_ jj ^

Dianthus is essentially a European genus, there being
but one species found native on this continent (Z>. a /pi «h.«,
found in high northern regions and in Europe), though
others are escapes from gardens, such as D. deltoides
and D. barbattis. Among the gems of the genus are
various pretty little alpine tufted sorts as D. neglectus,
D. glacialis and D. alpinus, all of which are of' dwarf,
close habit, not exceeding 3 in. in height and having
very large single flowers of brightest colors. These are
suited only for rock gardening, as on level ground they
often become smothered with weeds or swamped with
soil after a heavy rain storm, and to these two causes
are attributablethe failures tocultivate them. Dianthuses
like a warm soil, and one that will not become too wet
at any time, especially in winter, where the perennial
kinds are grown, as they are often killpfl imt so miii-h
from cold as from too much ice romiil tlifin. Sn.iwistlip
best possible protection, but ice is ihc umi^t.

All Dianthuses are readily propimnrjl iiom s is

sown in rich soil, but the double kin. Is arc i(|.riiilni..l
from cuttings alone to be sure to liave them true, and in
the fall months cuttings are easily rooted it taken with
a "heel" or a part of the old stem adhering to the
base of the shoot; so that to make cuttings it is best to
strip them off rather than to make them with a knife. It
will be found also that, if cuttings made from plants
growing in the open ground do not root readily but seem
to dry up in the cutting bench, if the plants to be in-
creased are carefully lifted and potted, placed in a tem-
perature of say 50" until young growth shows signs
of starting, every cutting taken off at this stage will
root easily. The transition from outdoors to the propa-
gating house should not be too abrupt. Another method
of propagation is by layering, and with the garden
Pinks, or forms of D. pliimariiis, it is the easiest and
surest. After hot weather is past stir the soil round
the parent plant, take the branches that have a portion
of bare stem, make an incision half way through and
aloiigthe stem for an inch, and peg this down in the soil
■without breaking the shoot off ( Fig. 370) . Roots will be

DIANTHUS

formed and good strong plants be the result before
winter. The layering method is specially suitable to such
species as />. plumariiis, D. CaryophyHus and double
forms of others, such as Sweet William, e. O. Orpet.

Index: alpinus, 11; arromfifn.s, 2; barbatus, 5; ca]ii-
tatus,3; Carthusianorum,2; CaryophyHus, 8; Chinensis,

700. Sweet W

Dianthus barbatus (X K).

I-: I 11 ' 11-. i:i; cinnabarinus, 1; cruentus, 4; del.

i I 'IS, 13; diadematus, 13; glacialis, 12;

II : iivliridus, 13; imperialis, 13; laciniatus,

I:;: 111 1 1-1 IN , II; iiiacrosepalus, 13; plumarius, 6; punc-
tutus. 8 ; semiiirflorens, 13; Sinensis, 12; superbus, 7;
sylvestris, 9; viscordalis, sub 14.

A. Flowers in dense cymes or in heads, the cluster often

subtended by involucre-like Ivs.

B. Petals not bearing hairs or barbs : bracts dry.

1. cinnabarinus, Sprun. A ft. high, woody at base,
perennial, blooming in Aug. and Sept. : Ivs. linear,
sharp-pointed and rigid : petals fiery red above, paler
beneath, glandular: stamens included. Greece. — Hand-
some little species; useful for hardy border or rockery.
BB. Petals with hairs or barbs on the lower part of the

blade. •

2. Carthusiandrum, Linn. {D. atrdrubens, Willd.).
Hardy perennial or biennial, glabrous, scarcely glaucous,
12-18 in. high, the stem angled: ivs. short, linear and
pointed, without prominent nerves when fresh : fls. in
a dense, 6-20-fld. head, in shades of red, the petals
sharply but not deeply toothed, the cluster subtended

DIANTHUS

by very narrower even awl-like
gal and Egypt. B.M. 1775, 2039
known in Amer. gardens.

3. capititus, Balb. Much like the last: plant glaucous,
conspicuously pubescent, taller; petals purple-spotted.
Siberia, Servia.

4. oru6ntus, Griseb. Cespitose, glaucous, glabrous :
stem 1-2 ft., terete, forking: Ivs. linear or lance-linear,
sharp acuminate: fls. deep blood-red, small, numerous
in a contracted cyme ; petals red-hairy towards the
base. July. Greece.

5. barbatus, Linn. Sweet William. Fig. 700. Per-
ennial, but readily grown from seed, and flowering well
the second year, glabrous, the stems 4-angled, 10-18 in.
high: Ivs. broad and flat or conduplicate, 5-uerved: fls.
several to many in a round-topped, dense cyme, in many
colors, the petals not hairy. Russia to China and S. to
the Pyrenees. B.M. 207. -The Sweet William is one of
the oldest garden flowers. It is sure to be found in the
old-fashioned gardens. The cult, forms run into many
colors. Sometimes found along roadsides as an escape.
There are double-ttd. forms. R.H. 1894, p. 277.

AA. Flowers solitary, or in 2's or S^s.

B. Calyx-bracts short and broad, oppressed.

C. Petals fimbriate.

6. plumirius, Linn. Common Grass or Garden Pink.
Scotch Pine. Pheasant's Eve Pink. Low, tufty, 1 ft.,
blooming in spring and early summer, very fragrant:
Ivs. narrow and short, blue-glaucous : fls. medium size,

pink, purplish and white,
the blade of the petal
fringed one-fourth or one-
fifth its depth ; calyx cylin-
drical, with short, broad-
topped mucronate bracts.
Austria, Siberia. — A uni-
versal favorite. Hardy.
Much used in old-fash-
ioned gardens as edging
for beds. There are double-
fld. forms.

7. sup^rbus, Linn. Fig. 701.
Taller, the stems forking, less
tufted, later-fld., broader-lvd. ;
calyx longer: petals lilac, dis-
sected below the middle. Nor-
way to Japan and Spain. Vari-
able. B.M. 297. -A handsome
species, growing 16-24 in.,
fragrant. Perennial.

DIANTHUS 477

distinguished by very long stems and a continuous
blooming habit. Garden varieties of D. Caryophyllus
are numberless, and they often pass under Latinized
names (D.pnnctdtus, Hort., isone of these names). For
studies in the history and evolution of the Carnation,
see Bailey, Survival of the Unlike, Essay 28. See Carrsa-

cc. Petals only dentate {ex-
cept in some garden
forms).
8. Caryophyllus, Linn. Car-
nation. Clove Pink. Pico-
tee. Grenadine. Figs. 366-8,
370-5. Plate IV. Cespitose,
glabrous, 1-3 ft., the stems
hard or almost woody below,
the nodes or joints conspicu-
ous : Ivs. long-linear, very
glaucous: fls. on long stems,
particularly in American cult. ;
calyx - bracts very broad,
abruptly pointed : Vars. soli-
tary, large, very variable in
size, form and color, but origi-
nally pale lilac, fragrant.
B.M. 39 (Bizarre Carnation);
1022 (var. imbricatus); 2744
(Picotees). — Generally sup-
posed to be native to the
Mediterranean region, but
'■""■' Williams gives its geograph-

ical limits as "north and west Normandy" and "south
and east Punj.ib" (northwestern Hindoostan). Long
cultivated. In Europe it is largely grown as an outdoor
Pink, but in this country it is chiefly known as the
greenhouse Carnation. The American forcing type is

701. Dianthus superbu

702. Dianthus Chinensis(X>^).

9. Bylvfistris, Wulf (D. virgineus, Hort.). Slender,
1 ft. high, the stem angular compressed and bearing 1-3
odorless fls.: Ivs. tufted, linear and sharp-pointed,
scabrous on the margins : fls. rather small, red, the
petals obovate and shallow-toothed. Eu. B.M. 1740.—
Pretty perennial border plant.

BB. Calyx-bracts half the length of the calyx, mostly
narrow-pointed: Ivs. short and spreading, the
radical ones obtuse or nearly so.

10. deltoldes, Linn. Maiden Pink. Tufted, 6-10 in.,
blooming in spring and early summer, creeping: stems
ascending, forking, with solitary fls. on the branchlets:
stem Ivs. an inch long, sharp-pointed : fls. small {%-%
in. across), the petals toothed, deep red with a crimson
eye, the petals bearing an inverted V-shaped pocket at
their base (whence the name deltoides}. Scotland to
Norway and Japan. — One of the prettiest border Pinks,
making neat mats of foliage and bearing profusely of
the little bright fls. There is a white-fld. variety.

478

DIANTHUS

, Linn. Very dwarf, the 1-fld. stems rarely
reaching more than 3-4 in. high, more or less prostrate:
foliage dark shining green : fl. 1 in. or more across, deep
rose or purplish and crimson spotted, a darker ring
around the eye. Russia to Greece and Swiss Alps. B.M.
1205. Gn. 26:455; 47, p. 292; 45, p. 53. -One of the choic-
est of alpine and rockwork plants.

BBS. Calyx-braels leafy and spreading

12. glacialia, Hfpnke. Three to 4 in. high, the stems
tufted and usually 1-fld.: Its. green, narrow linear and
puinti-d, somewhat serrulate: fls. small and odoiless
red-i>urple; the petals toothed. Mts. of S. Eu G (. II
21:H(I'.I. — A jiretty species, but difficult to establish
Grown among alpine plants.

13. Chin^nBis, Linn. {D. Sinensis, Rort.) Fig 702
Perennial, cespitose, glabrous, more or less creeping at
base: stem forking, angled and more or less groo\ed
pubescent: Its. broad and nearly flat or slightly trough
shaped, 3-5-nerved: fls. large, solitary or more or less
clustered, pink or lilac; the petals (at least in the wild)
barbed or hairy towards the base; calyx-bracts 4 m
some cult. vars. short. — China and Japan; but recent au
thorities consider a European Pink to be but a form of
it, and thereby extend its range west to Portugal. The
Amoor Pink (Z). dentdsus, Fisch.) is a form known as
■var. macros^palus, Franch.: it is a hardy border plant,
1 ft. high, with brif;ht red ils. and a spot at base of each
petal. D. semp. . ' . . , 1 ' ' "
form, 12-18 in., \Mi I
eyed, fragrant tl-, .' ' ■

beautiful and v.iiiin.i' r < -i : nMfn rinks, var. H6d-
dewigi, Kegel (V'. 7/. n.,, ;. .. Ilnrt l. 'Ph.- (^ ;,rr. ex-
tensively grown from sr, .! , ^'m! .h. i 'ly :in-

nuals, although plants mil i . i uive

a feeble bloom in the s|.i : _ .i, i., i ,.!.,. The
flowers are scarcely oiIom.i;-. 'J iir;, m,- .i\r^\r iind
double, of many vivid colors; and iiKiiiy of tlie garden
forms have bizarre markings. In some forms, var. la-
cini&tUB, Regel (7). laciui&tus, Hort.),the petals are
slashed and cut. D. imperiilis, Hort., is a name applied
to a strain with strong habit and rather tall growth,
mostly double. C. diademitus, Hort., is another garden
strain. D. CincinnituB, Lem., is a red form with
shredded petals. I.H. 11:388. D. hybrlduB, Hort., is

spectabilis— Bleeding He

another set. This name {D. Injbridus) is also applied
to a dentosus-hke form, which some regard as a hybrid
of dentosus and some other species. For portraits of
garden Pinks, see B.M. 5536; F.S. 11:1150; 12:1288-9;

704. Dicentra formosa (

Plants bloom after the first fall frosts. They grow 10-
16 in. lii{;h. and should be planted 6-8 in. apart. They
are very valuable for borders and flower gardens.

14. latifblius, Hort. Perennial, 6-12 in. high, of doubt-
ful origin, but in habit intermediate between I). Chi-
neiisis and D. barhatits. Fls. large, double, in close
clusters or even heads: Ivs. oblong-lanceolate.— A good
border plant.

D. vificorddtis is a name which once was advertised by Man-
iiiiii;, l.ul is not now in the trade. The seed was obtained from
im Knt,'lish firm. It is probably a garden form of some old
^i"<»«- L.H.B.

DICfiNTEA (Greek, dis, kentron, two-spurred, but
originally misprinted Dicl^tra, and then supposed to be
Dh'liilrii). Fumari&cem. A genus of charming hardy
perennial plants with much cut foliage, and rose, white
or yellow fls. of interesting structure. The Squirrel
Corn and Dutchman's Breeches are two of our daintiest
native springtime flowers, and the Bleeding Heart is
one of the choicest memories of old-fa.shioned gardens:
it is also the most widely cultivated of all the plants of
this delightful <>r<l..r. Tiiony-li l"ii'.' known to herbaria,
plants of r.l. ' '■ ■■ i I' I' I " . i ■ 1- I introduced to western
cultivation 1 1 I I I I iirties. Robert For-
tune saw ii I Ill II, where he also got

DiervUlii i;k-,.i iin.liii,' I'lMirli ii i ii k iiig "Chusan Daisy,"
the parent of pom)ioii Clirysinithr-muras. The first live
plants seen in England flowered in May, 1847. It rapidly
sjiread into every garden in the land, and is now rich
in home associations. It is an altogether lovely plant.
There are about 15 species of Dicentra, mostly N.
American. Sepals 2, scale-like : petals united into a
2-spurred or heart-shaped nectariferous corolla: stamens
diadelphous.

Dicentras are easily cultivated in borders and wild gar-
dens. Two kinds can be readily secured from the woods
in the E. Try to reproduce the natural conditions, espe-
cially the degree of shade. They like a rich, light soil.
Prop, by dividing crowns or roots. It is a singular fact
that the forcing of Bleeding Hearts, though practically
unknown in America, is said to be commoner in England
than outdoor culture. According to Nicholson, the fore-

DICENTKA

ing must be very gentle and the plants kept as near the
glass as possible. It is best to have fresh plants each
year, and return the forced ones to the border.

A. Fls. rose-purple.

B. Bacemes simple.

spectibilis, Hem. (DUlytra spectdbilis, G. Don).
Ma Heart. Fig. 703. Height 1-2 ft. : Ivs. and
Ifts. broadest of the
group: fls. largest, deep,
rosy red; corolla heart-
shaped ; inner petals
white, protruding. Late
spring. Jap. F.S. 3:258.

B.M. 4458. R.H. 1847:461. Gn. 40:820.-The white-fld.

variety has a weak growth and sickly appearance.

BB. Sacenies compound.

c. Itiner petals protruded.

eximia, Terr. Fls. deep rose, heart-shaped, tapering

to a neck, which is longer and narrower than in D. for-

mosa, the tips of the outer petals much longer. Rocks

of western N. Y. and Mts. of Va. Var. multipinnita,

Hort.,has Ivs. still more finely cut. "The handsomest

foliaged hardy plant in our entire collection."— J^. W.

cc. Inner petals scarcely protruded.
Jormdsa, Walp. Fig. 704. Fls. pale rose, with a short,
thick neck, the tips of the outer petals shorter than in
D. eximia. According to Gray, Syn. Flora, the fls. are
cordate, but B.M. shows 2 pronounced spurs, with tips
pointing toward each other. Mn. 8:17. B.M. 1335 (as
Fumaria formosa). Calif, north.

DICHORISANDRA 4/9

creamy yellow; crest of the inner petals minute. Nova
Scotia to L. Huron, S. C. to Mo. I. H. 6:215. Mn. 6:41.
A.G. 13:516. D. 35. B.U.im (a.a Fumaria CueuUana).
W. M.
DICHORISANDHA (Greek words referring to the di-
vision of the stamens into two series). Commeli-
nAcea. About 28 species of tropical perennial herbs,
with handsome foliage, often beautifully variegated,
and rich blue fls. borne in thyrse-like panicles. Sepals
distinct, ovate or oblong, green or colored, about equal;
petals distinct, wider than the sepals; stamens 6. C. B.
Clarke in DC. Mon. Phan. 3:272 (1881). The following
are in the trade but not sufficiently described : D.
amoena, D. vnriegaia, D. Zanoni. ^_ m_

Dichorisandra tliyrsiflora is a sat-
isfactory plant of unusual and inter-
esting appearance, which requires lit-
tle attention when once well estab-
lished, and may be relied upon to
flower regularly year after year. It
needs careful repotting every year at
first until a good-sized pot (say 8 in.)
is well filled with roots. It then throws
up a strong shoot each year about 6 ft.
high, unbranched, and with'perhaps 8
or 9 Ivs. near the top. The handsome
thyrse of dark blue fls. gives a color
that is rare in the greenhouse. This
plant may be the only representative
of its Interesting order in a private collection. It is wil-
ling to be crowded into the background, where its bare
stem is hidden, and where the light may be poorest.
The stem dies down in the winter time, when water
should be gradually withdrawn. Water should be given
liberally during the growing season. Of the foliage
plants of this genus, D. mosatca is commonest. It is
dwarfer, and does not flower so regularly.

Cult, by Robert Shore.
A. Foliage not variegated.
thyrsifldra, Mikan. Distinguished by its large Ivs.,
which are lanceolate, narrowed into a distinct petiole,
glabrous, 6-10 in. long, 2 in. wide, green on both sides:
stem about 3 ft. high, scarcely branched, robust, gla-
brous: racemes subpanicled, pubescent: sepals glabrous,
blue or somewhat herbaceous. Braz. B.R. 8:682. L. B.C.
12:1196. P.M. 3:127.

Flou

ellou

chrysAntlia, Walp. Pale and glaucous: inflorescence
thyrsoid-paniculate: fls. numerous, as many as 50 in a
thyrse, erect, golden yellow; corolla deciduous; outer
petals hardly larger than the inner, the tips soon recurv-
ing to below the middle. Dry hills, Calif. F.S. 8:820 (as
Capndrchis chrysdntha} . — Rare In cult.

AAA. Flowers chiefly white.

B. Corolla merely heart-shaped, the spurs being short

and rounded.

Canadensis, Walp. (Diilytra Canadensis, G. Don).
Squirrel Corn, from the scattered tubers resembling
grains of maize. Fig. 705. Lvs. flnely cut : raceme
simple, few-fld.: fls. white, tipped with rose; crest of
the inner petals conspicuous, projecting. Nova .Scotia
to Mich., south to Penn. and Ky., but chiefly northward
in the vegetable mold of rich woods. B.M. 3031.

BB. Corolla not heart-shaped, the spurs longer and
divergent.

Cucullaria, Bern. {Diilytra CucHllAria, G. Don).
Dutchman's Breeches. Fig. 706. Easily told from D.
Canadensis by its loose, granular cluster of tubers: lvs.
finely cut : racemes simple, few-fld. : fls. white, tipped

706. Dicentra Cucullaria— Dutchman's Breeches (X%).

AA. Foliage variegated.
mosMca, Linden (Z). hi iisdica, Koch & Lind.). Dis-
tinguished by its large, broadly elliptical lvs., which are
roundish at the base, sessile, glabrous, about 6 in. long,

480

DICHORISANDBA

3-4 in. wide, with a short, sharp, rather abrupt point:
stem unbranched, robust, spotted : raceme short, densely
thyrsoid: sepals white or greenish. Gt. 18C8:593. F.S.
16:1711.— Its chief beauty is the mosaic appearance of
the foliage, due to numberless short, transverse, whitish
lines, which do not pass by the longitudinal veins of the
leaf. The under side of the Ivs. is a rich purplish color.
Var. gigantfea, Hort., is cult, abroad.

Var. undita (B. nii(!<ita, C. Koch & Linden). Foliage
without any mosaic appearance, the variegation being
entirely lont^itudinal. Each parallel vein lies in the mitl-
dle of a l..n-. whitish band extending the full length of
the leaf. F.S. 17: I7i;:!.-Clarke refers I), uiiilala to D.
mosaica, Imt liortirulturally they are very distinct.

Si^bertii, Ilort. A little known plant with white mid-
rib and margins.

D.acaitlis.Qogn. Stemless: Ivs. in a rosette, almost sessile,
narrowly oblong, wavy, acutish. short-cuneate at the base,
sparsely pilose ou Imtli sides; ii;uurlf*s terminal, sessile, much
shorter than the Ii . T.iii- IH 111' II,;: .1 ..;,;. :y v;.rie-
gated with countli- ' ■ ' ■■ ' ■ /' nf:.}ia,

Lind. &Eod. Stn,, ;. , , . ,:,n,.eo-
late, sessile, glal II i. ,i ■;,• i . ;i • i din.

DICTAMNUS

gradually decreased until winter, when the trunks
should be kept merely moist all the time. Only in the
hottest summer days is slight shade needed. It is a
pity to grow tree ferns in pots, but if this must be done
several principles should be observed. The lapse of a
single day's watering will often cause serious damage.
As a rule, the pots should be of the smallest size con-
sistent with the size of the trunk. Three or four inches
of soil all round the trunks is enough. The above points
are taken from Schneider's Book of Choice Ferns, as
tree ferns are little grown in America.

antirctica, Labill. Scales of the short leaf-stems
dense, dark purplish brown : Ivs. 5-(i ft. long, the central
pinnte 12-18 in. long ; segments oblong, the sterile in-
cised. Australia and Tasmania. G.C. III. 9:81. -Trunk
sometimes 30-35 ft. high. A very useful decorative
plant.

squarrdsa, Swz. Scales of the short leaf -stem flbril-
lose, light colored: Ivs. 3-1 ft. long, the pinnie 9-15 in.
long; segments lanceolate, the sterile toothed, the ribs
scabrous. New Zealand and Chatham Island.

L. M. Underwood and W. M.

i told

• blote

color as tllill .Ml tile under surl.iee, li,-;,7..; Ii.,\1.4760. L.B.t'.
17:1667.— il. tiauiider&i. Hook., differs from all others here de-
scribed in the extreme density of its head-like inflorescence.
Lvs. green on both sides, lanceolate: sepals white, tinged blue.
Braz. B.M. 0105. y{ M.

DICHBOA (Greek, dis, two, and chros, color). In-
cludes Adamia. Saxifragicece.. This genus contains a
rare greenhouse shrub in habit resembling a Hy-
drangea, with violet-blue fls. in a pyramidal panicle a
foot across, and handsome blue berries, instead of the
capsular fruit of Hydrangea. Lvs. persistent, alternate,
stalked, widest at middle, tapering both ways, serrate:
panicles terminal, in:inv flil.: fit. bine, lilnr. or violet;
petals 5 or d. v:ih :,i,. ! stxl,.s :;-,-, ,-hili-sli:i|M-.i. The
genus has only 'J sprcirs. thr niiKniei- an. I iii.tc vari-
able one, J), fi'hrlin:/.!. wlii.'h is Mi^h, ■.,,,«. h.ii,^' found
in the Himabiyas, .M;.l:ij:i, jukI riiiua, Khik- 1>. jinWseens
is native to Malaya only.

febrifiiga, Lour. (Ad&mia versicolor, 'Rort.). Later
writers also include AdHmia cydnea. Wall., which
Lindley distinguished by its smaller Ivs. and fls., 5
petals, and 10 stamens, while A. versicolor had 7, or
sometimes 6 petals, and 20 stamens. Plants are still
cultivated abroad under the name of A. cyanea, but it
cannot be stated here how distinct they are for horti-
cultural purposes. A. versicolor, P.M. 10:322. A. cy-

.M. 304G.

W. M.

DICESONIA (named for James Dickson, an English
botanist, 1738-1822). CyatheAcew. Tree ferns with a
distinctly 2-valved inferior mdusium, the outer valve
formed by the apex of the leaf segment. A small genus,
mostly of the s.mthini hemisphere For D. pilosiiis-
cilia, puiii t,l,,l,„! II 1 s , . , /) I H^tadtia.

Dicks. nil IS u. I I It int tree ferns,

both toi 111. 11 1 , I III ]. lative hardi-

ness. Ill il I n In II I I till m are occa-

sion.iIl\ I I ni.w.nniti/ «/l^^. //. .i li.is |,.

endiii. I I til be grown in coolli.ni-i < n .i

shoul.l I 1 outdoors in shi It. 1. .1 I I 1 . -

Then t, til.rous than those ol lu .si n, ,

ferns, an i h, n i,. ,, letentive of moistuic, so thai
they need kss caie. A good trunk produces 30-40 fronds
a \ear, and retains them until the next set is matured,
unless the trees suffer for moisture in winter. Although
they rest in winter, the fronds soon shrivel up if the
trunks are allowed to get too dry. Dicksonias should
have their trunks thoroughly watered twice a day dur-
ing the growing season. These waterings should be

DICTAMNTTS (old Greek name, supposed to indicate
foliage like the ash : hence Fraxinella, diminutive of the
Latin Fraxinus, an ash). J?K7()ce(e. Gas Plant. Burn-
ing Bush. Fraxinella. Dittany. This genus includes
an old garden favorite which has a strong smell of
lemon, and will sometimes give a flash of lighten sultry
summer evenings when a lighted match is held near
the (lowers. It is also one of the most permanent and
beautiful features of the hardy herbaceous border. In-
stances are known in which it has outlived father, son
and grandson in the same spot. The genus has only
2 species, and is distinguished from allied genera (none
of which have garden value) by the 5 unequal petals,

707. The Gas Plant— Dictam

10 declined ;

ipe.

vhich the

vary

The Gas Plant makes a sturdy, liold, upright growth,
and a clump 3 feet high and as much in thickness makes
a brave sight when in flower. A strong, rather heavy
soil, moderately rich, is best for these plants. They are
not fastidious as to situation, succet ding as well in par-
tial shade as when fully expi. si .1 i.. ih. -un. and drought
will notefeectthem when iiihi I: : : i,hed. Old,

strong clumps are good sn I ji ■ > I specimens

on a lawn, and a large patcli. i.l:.:i:. .i m i h iii.nler, is not
only effective while in full tiow.r. I.iit tlie dark, persis-
tent foliage is ornamental throughout the season. It is
not advisable to disturb the plants very often, as they
improve with age, producing taller flower-stems and
more of them as they grow older. They are excellent for
cutting, especially the white variety. Prop, with diffi-
culty by division, but easily by seeds, which are sown in
the open ground in fall as soon as ripe, and covered an
inch or so. They will germinate the next spring, and,
when two years old, the seedlings may be removed to
their permanent positions, where they will flower the fol-
lowing year.

DICTAMNUS

l/ilbus, Linn. (V. FmxineUa. Pers.)- Fig. 707. A vig-
orous, symmetrical, hardy herb, with glossy, leathery
foliage surmounted by long, showy terminal racemes of
good-sized, fragrant fls. Lvs. alternate, odd-pinnate;
Ifts, orate, serrulate, dotted with oil glands: fls. white.
Eu., N.Asia. Gn. 35:701. A.P.5:328. Gng.5:321. Var.
rilbra, Hort., has rosy purple fls., the veins deeper
colored. Var. gigant6us, Hort. (D. giganteus, Hort.),
was recently introduced. j. B. Keller and W. M.

DICTYOGRAMMA (Greek, »(;«erf lines). PolypodiA-
cece. A genus of a few Japanese and Pacific Island
ferns, with naked sori, which follow the course of the
reticulated veins. The species are sometimes referred
to Gymnogramma. Strong-growing indoor fern, useful
for specimen plants.

Japdnica, F(5e. Lvs. simply pinnate or bipinnate at the
base, l'.,-2 ft. high, the pinnae 6-12 in. long and an inch
wide ; sori extending from the midrib to the edge.
Japan and Formosa. Also known as Gymnogratiima
Japoiiica. An interesting fern of rather strong growth,
and very distinct in appearance. Grows best in a mod-
erate temperature — for example, 55-60° — and requires
an open and well-drained soil of peaty character.

L. M. Underwood and W. H. Taplin.

DICTYOSPfiRMA (Greek, ne«e(J seed). Pulm(}ce<e,
tribe Arecew. This genus of Areca-like palms contains
a few species of considerable commercial importance,
the young plants being used chiefly for house and table
decoration. Slender spineless palms, with a ringed
trunk: lvs. equally pinnatisect; segments linear-lanceo-
late, acuminate or bifld, the apical ones confluent; mar-
gins thickened, recurved at the base; midrib and nerves
prominent, sparsely clothed with persistent scales
beneath, or naked; rachis and petiole slender, scaly,
3-sided, furrowed, sheath elongated, entii-e: spadix on a
short glabrous ortomentose peduncle, the branches erect
or spreading and flexuose, the lower ones with mem-
branaceous bracts at the base : spathes 2, complete, dor-
sally compressed, papery, the lower one 2-crested ;
flower-bearing areas much depressed : bracts and bract-
lets scaly : pistillate fls. rather large, white or yellowish :
fr. scaly, small, olive-shaped or subglobose. Species 2
or 3. Indian Archipelago. Jared G. Smith.

Dictyosperma is a genus of medium-sized palms of
slender habit, and having pinnate leaves. At least two
species of Dictyosperma {rubra and alba) have been
included among commercial palms for some years past,
though not grown in such quantities as the popular
Kentias, Arecas and Latauias. D. aiirea is also occa-
sionally seen in commercial collections.

The cultivation of these palms does not present any
great difiiculties, similar conditions to those required by
Chri/salidocarpus lutescens answering well. These
conditions may be briefly summarized as follows: A soil
consisting of well rotted sod, to which has been added
about one-sixth, in bulk, of good stable manure, firm
potting, and an abundance of water both at the root and
overhead, a night temperature during the winter of 60
to 65° F., and moderate shade on the glass from March 1
to November 1. This treatment applies especially to
young stock, and may be modified somewhat with old
and well established specimens, the latter enduring a
slightly lower temperature without injury, providing
they are not overwatered. Dictyospermas are rather
susceptible to the attacks of some insects, notably red
spider and various scale insects, and, if allowed to be-
come very dry, are liable to lose their lower leaves, the
most satisfactory species being D. rubra. Propagation
by seeds, which germinate in 6 to 8 weeks, when sown in
a warm greenhouse. ^^, H. Taplin.

41ba, Wendl. & Drude (Areca alba, Bory. Ptijeho-
spirma alba, Schaff.). Distinguished by the whitish
petioles and the whitish green veins of the lvs. Caudex
40-50 ft. high, 8-9 in. in diam., dilated at the base: lvs.
8-12 ft. long; petiole 6-18 in. long, grooved down the
face; segments 2!^-3 ft. long, 2-3 in. wide, 7-nerved;
veins and margins green or reddish: branches of the
spadix 6-18 in. long, erect or slightly reflexed, zigzag
when young.

DIDYMOSPERMA

481

aiUrea, Wendl. & Drude (Areca aiirea, Hort.). Dis-
tinguished by the yellow or orange petioles and veins
of young plants. Caudex about 30 ft. high, smaller and
more slender than the preceding: lvs. 4-8 ft. long; -peti-
ole 8 in. long; segments lJ^-2 ft. long, 1 in. wide; sec-
ondary veins scarcely visible: branches of the spadix
rigidly erect, 9-11 in. long.

furfuricea, Wendl. & Drude (Arha furfurAcea,
Hort. I. Like D. rubra, but the petiole and leaf-sheath
of the young plant tomentose.

ribra, Wendl. & Drude (Areca rubra, Hort.). Re-
sembling D. alba, but the lvs. of the young plants
darker green, the primary veins and margins dark red,
the redness disappearing very much in adult plants:
branches of the spadix longer and more reflexed.

Jared G. Smith.

DICtRTA is a gesneraceous genus closely allied to
Achimenes, but with smaller fls. and different anthers.
It has 2 species, both from Guatemala. Z). Candida is
cult, abroad as Achimenes Candida.

DIDtSCTJS. See Trachymene.

DIDYMOCHLffiNA (Greek, tioincloak; alludingtothe
indusium). Polypodi&cew. A small genus of greenhouse
ferns of rather coarse foliage. Indusium elliptical,
emarginate at the base, attached along a central vein,
free all round the margin.

lunul&ta, Desv. (Z). trunculdta, Hort.). Lvs. clustered
from an erect caudex, bipinnate, 3-6 ft. long ; pinnules
almost quadrangular %-l in. broad, entire or slightly sin-
uate, each bearing 2-6 sori. Cuba to Brazil; the same
or an allied species in Madagascar and Malaya.— -D. lu-
nulafa is a very attractive fern while in a small state,
but its articulated pinnules are a drawback as a com-
mercial species, rendering it of little value for house
decoration. l. m. Underwood and W. H. Taplin.

The following points are condensed from Schneider's
admirable work, The Book of Choice Ferns : D. lunulata
is one of the most distinct ferns in cultivation. It looks
like a tree maidenhair, but the stems, instead of being
black and slender, are thick and fleshy and the leaves
are fleshier than any Adiantum. In cult, the trunk is
only a few inches high, but the fronds are 4-6 ft. long
and densely covered with long, brown, chaffy scales.
The metallic color of its young fronds is a fine feature.
This is a warmhouse fern, and may be used for subtropical
bedding. It has a bad trick of d'roppine its pinnules if
allowed to get too dry at the root, but soon rallies under
liberal treatment.

DIDYMOSPfiRMA (Greek, double-seeded). PalmAcew,
tribe Arecece. Low or erect palms with slender trunks.
Leaves terminal, unequally pinnatisect, silvery-scaly be-
low ; segments opposite, alternate, solitary, or the
lower oiH's in groups, cuneate at the base; obovate-ob-
lon- nr ,iliI::iM- -Intr, siiuintc Idbc'd ninl pri'sp, the ter-

miii:il ■ ■ ' " iii.ir-iiis I nrvrd :it the base; mid-

nerv. • • ■ .> ,liilM-ll;iir : shratli ^li..i-t, fibrous:

spuuI'l^ uuu'ii luu,., M),-athing IUl-" spadix: Hs. rather
large; fr. ovoid or oblong. Species 6. India and Malay
Archipelago.

porphyroc4rpon, Wendl. & Drude ( Wallichia por-
phi/rnr.irpa. Mart.). Stems reedy, 3-6 ft.: lvs. 5-8 ft.
louff : l.ail.ts '.1-1.") in. long, distant, narrowly oblong,
lonsiriiii.atr, l.Innr, or sinuately2-3-lobed, truncate, den-
tieulatf, !_Maiii-<Mis iit'neath. Java.

Didyniuspcrma is a genus of East Indian palms of
moderate growth, containing possibly 8 species, most
of which are stemless or else forming but a short trunk,
the pinnate leaves rising from a mass of coarse brown-
ish fibers that surround the base of the plant. The leaf-
lets are of irregular slia]"-, brarim; si.nie resemblance to
those of Caryota, ami tln^ i.lanis I rciiuently throw up
suckers from the basi-. TIh ni. mlu is of this genus are
not very common in cultivat i..n. Tlic species that is most
frequently seen is the ijlant known to the trade as
D. caryotoides, an attractive warmhouse palm thathas
also appeared under the synonym Earina caryotoides.

482

DIDYMOSPERMA

and has lately been referred to Walliehia, which see.
While young, at least, the Didymospermas enjoy a warm
house and moist atmosphere with shading fromfuU sun-
shine, though we are told that one species, D. oblonyi-
folia (or Walliehia), is frequently found in Sikkira at
an elevation of 3,000 feet above the sea. Prop, usually
by seeds; occasionally by suckers, which are kept rathe'r
close for a time after their removal from the parent
P'""*- Jared G. Smith and W. H. Taplin.

DIEFFENBACHIA (Dieffenbach, a German botanist).
A ro)defe. Low. shrubby perennials : stems rather thick,
inclined or creeping at the base, then erect, with a leafy
top: petioles half cylindrical, sheathed to above the mid-
dle, long, cylindrical at the apex ; blade oblong, with a
thick midrib at the base; veins very numerous, the first
and second parallel, ascending, curvingupwnrds at tlieir
ends : peduncle shorter than the Ivs. Differs from
Aglaonema in floral characters. Central and South
America. Perhaps a dozen species. Englcr (in DC.
Monogr. Phaner. vol. 2) recognizes (> species, with many
varieties. Dieffenbachias are popular hothouse plants,
being grown for their handsome and striking foliage.

For Dieffenbachias, similar rooting material to that
mentioned for Anthuriums, combined with a high and
moist atmosphere, will produce a very healthy and
luxuriant growth of foliage, especially after the plants
have made thoir first few li-:ivcs in ordinary light pot-
ting soil. Uiilr..<<s it hv tlip vrrv Ini-L-n Irivr-d kinds, like
triuiiipliniix. ti:>ii;i;x :,,i<] !■■■ ■• •■ i' or four plants

may bo pl:H-,..l Im-ci!,, r m .|.ing the balls

llleit

rthii
for mass-

Leopolilii and churiiul uru all v.ul
ing together in large pots. When above a certain
height, varying in different species, the plants come to
have fewer leaves, and those that remain are small;
they should then be topped, retaining a considerable
piece of the stem, and placed in the sand bed, where
they will throw out thick roots in a week or two.
The remaining part of the stems should then be cut
up into pieces 2 or S inches long, dried for a day or
so, and then put into boxes of sand, where, if kept warm

708. Dieffenbachia picta,

and only slightly moist, every piece will send out
shoot, and from the base of this shoot roots will be pre
duced. These can be potted up as soon as roots hav
formed.

DIEFFENBACHIA

picta, Schott. Blade oblong, or oblong-elliptical, or
oblong-lanceolate, •2i4-4 times longer than wide, rounded
or acute at the base, gradually narrowing to the long
acuminate cuspidate apex, green, with numerous irregu-
lar oblong or linear spots between the veins; veins 15-20
on each side, ascending. L.B.C. 7:008.

709. Dieffenbachia Seeuii

Var. Bailaei, Engl. (Z)./?f<«.se;. Kegel). Fig.708. Blade
nearly or completely yellowish green, with obscurely
green-spotted margins and scattered white spots. I.H.
26:338.

Var. Shuttleworthiina, Engl. {D. SlixittUworthiAna,
Bull). Blade pale green along the midrib.

Se&ulne, Schott. Lvs. green, with white, more or less
conHuent stripes and spots, oblong or ovate oblong,
rounded or slightly cordate or subacute at the base, nar-
rowed toward the apex, short cuspidate; primary veins
9-15, the lower spreading, the upper remote and as-
cending. Lowe 14 (as var. maculata). W. Indies.—
Called "Dumb Plant " because those who chew it some-
times lose the power of speech for several days.

Var.Barraqtunlana,EngI.(2).5acj-rt(7i(i'ni(5«ri,Versch.
& Lem. 6'.^isra»iyfa, Versch.). Petioles and midribs al-
most entirely white; blade with scattered white spots.
I.H. 11:387; 13:470,471.

Var. nftbilis, Engl. (2>.H(5!)t;(;,Hort.). Fig. 709. Blade
elliptical, acute, dull green with dirty green spots.
Brazil.

Var. liturita, Engl. (D. LeopoMii, Bull. D. TTallisi,
Lind. ). Blade dark green, with a rather broad, yellowish
green, ragged-margined stripe along the midrib; spathe
glaucous. I.H. 17:11. S.H. 1, p. 455.

Var. irrorita, Engl. {D. irrorAta, Schott. D. Bait-
?)in»iii, Hort.). Lvs. large and bright green, blotched
and sprinkled with white. Brazil.

The above are the recognized type species! The fol-
lowing are in the Amer. trade. Probably some or all of
them belong to the foregoing species:

Chfilsoni, Bull. Lvs. deep, satiny green, the middle
gray-feathered, and the blade also blotched yellow-green.
Colombia.

Cbrsii, Hort. See D. Parlaforei.

ebiimea, Hort. Compact : lvs. light green, freely
spotted with white, the stems reddish and white-ribbed.
Brazil.

illustris, Hort. See D. late-maculata.

imperitor, Hort. Lvs. 16-18 in. in length, 5-6 in. wide,
olive-green, fantastically blotched, marbled and spotted
with pale yellow and white. Colombia.

inslgnis, Hort. Lvs. dark green, with irregular,
angular blotches of pale yellowish green, 0 or more in.
wide. Colombia.

and white-

DIEPFENBACHIA

late-macuiata, Lind. & Andr^ (D. iUi'istr
Lvs. glaucous-green, profusely white-barred ;
spotted. Brazil. I. H. 23:234.

JSnmani, Veitch. Lvs. rich, bright, glossy green, re-
lieved by a milk-white band at every lateral nerve, and
by a few white spots interspersed between the bands.
Ouiana.

magnlHca, Lind. & Rod. Lvs. ovate-acuminate, large,
dark green, blotched and spotted with white along the

DIERVILLA

483

Venez

.30:482. S.H. 2, p.

, Hor

See P<i rial.

Parlatdrei,

c Andn', var. marmdrea, Andre
{!). mem.jria and moniinm and Corsii, Hort.) . Lvs.
long-oblong, acuminate, the midrib white and the blades
blotched white, the green deep and lustrous. Colombia.
I.H. 24: 291. — Engler refers this plant to the genus
Philodendron.

Reglna, Bull. Lvs. oblong-elliptical, greenish white,
mottled and blotched with alternate light and green
tints. S. Amer.

B^x, Hort. Compact: lvs. oblong-Ianceolate, the two
sides not equal, deep green, but the white angular
blotches and midrib occupying more space than the
green. S. Amer.

Bpl6ndens, Bull. Stem faintly mottled with dark and
light green; lvs. have a thick ivory white midrib, and
the ground color is of a deep, rich, velvety bottle green,
with a resplendent, lustrous surface, freely marked
with whitish striate blotches. Colombia.

triiimphans, Bull. Lvs. dark green, ovate-lanceolate
and acuminate, a ft. long, irregularly marked with angu-
lar yellowish blotches. Colombia.

Jared G. Smith and G. W. Oliver.

DIfiLYTRA, See Dicentra.

DIEEVlLLA (after Dierville, a French surgeon, who
took D. Lonicera to Europe early in the eighteenth
century). Caprifolidceoe. Weigela. Shrubs of spread-
ing habit, with more or less arching branches, and, es-
pecially the Asiatic species, with very showy fls. from
pure white to dark crimson, appearing late in spring.
Lvs. opposite, petioled, serrate : fls. in 1 to several-fld.
axillary cymes, often panicled at the end of the branches,
yellowish white, pink or crimson, epigynous ; calyx 5-
parted; corolla tubular or campanulate, 5-lobed, some-
times slightly 2-lipped ; stamens 5 : fr. a slender, 2-
celled capsule, with numerous minute seeds. About 10
species in E. Asia and N. Amer. They thrive in any
common humid garden soil, the Amer. species pre-
ferring moist and partly shaded positions. The Asiatic
species require protection north during the winter, or
sheltered positions. Prop, readily by greenwood cut-
tings or hardwood cuttings; the Amer. species usually by
suckers and by seeds sown in spring.

Index of species (some of the names in italics were
described under Weigela): amiibilis, 3; arborea, i
urborescevs, 6 ; Canadensis, 1; Coraeensis, 4; florl-
bunda, 6 ; florida, 3 ; grandifiora, 4 ; Groenewegeni, 7
horteHsis.5\ hybrida, 7; .laponica, 5; Lonicera, 1; Mid
dendorfiaua, 8 ; miiUif}nr:i . >;■. rnsea,S\ sessilifolia, 2
SMtzneri,!; trifida . 1; Vn,i n.uitlei,!.

A. Fls. yellow, sUijlitlij 2-Upptd, small, }4-%in. long.
1 iervilla proper.

1. LonicSra, Mill. (D. trifida, M(Bnch. B. CanadHsis.
Willd.). Shrub, to 3 ft.: branchlets nearly terete^
glabrous: lvs. distinctly petioled, ovate-oblong, acumi-
nate, serrate, nearly glabrous, finely ciliate, 3-4 in. long
cymes usually 3-fld.; limb nearly equal to the tube,
June, July. Newfoundland to Saskatschewan, south tc
Ky. and N. C. B.M. 1796. D. 44.

2. sessiliidlia, Buckl. Shrub, to 5 ft. : branchlets quad
rangular : lvs. nearly sessile, ovate-lanceolate, serrate,
nearly glabrous, of firmer texture, 3-6 in. long: cymes
3-7-fld., often crowded into dense, terminal panicles:
limb shorterthan the tube. June, July. Carol, and Tenn.
G.C. III. 22:14.-Hardy in Canada.

AA. Fls. showy, ivhite, pink or crimson, rarely

yellowish.

B. Anthers not connected u'iih each other. {Weigela.)

c. Calyx lobes lanceolate, connate at the base, often to

the middle: stigma 2-lobed: seeds wingless.

3. fidrida, Sieb. & Zucc. ( Weigela rdsea, Lindl. W.
amdbitis, Hort.). Shrub, to 6 ft.: branchlets with 2
hairy stripes : lvs. short-petioled, elliptic or ovate-ob-
long, serrate, glabrous above except at the midrib, to-
mentose on the veins beneath: calyx nearly glabrous:
ovary slightly hairy: fls. 1-3, pale or deep rose, IJ-4 in.
long; corolla broadly funnel-shaped, abruptly narrowed
below the middle. May, June. N. China. B.M. 4396.
F.S. 3:211. B.H. 1:577.-This is one of the most culti-
vated species, verv free-flowering and rather hardy.
Var. Alba. Pis. white, changing to light pink. B.H.
1861:331. Var. Candida. Fls. pure white. Var. Isoline.
Fls. white or slightly pink outside, with yellowish spot
in throat. F.S. 14:144.3. Var. Ko8teri4na variegata.
Dwarf: lvs. bordered yellow : fls. deep rose. Var. Sid-
boldi alba-marginata. Lvs. bordered white : fls. rose.
Var. ntaa varlegAta. Dwarf. Lvs. variegated with
white: fls. nearly white.

cc. Calyx lobes linear, divided to the base: seeds
winged : stigma capitate.
D. Plant nearly glabrous.

4. grandifldra, Sieb. & Zucc. (D. Coraeensis, DC.
D. amdbilis, Carr.). Shrub, 5-10 ft. : lvs. rather large,
obovate or elliptic, abruptly acuminate, crenately ser-
rate, sparingly hairy on the veins beneath and on the
petioles : fls. in 1-3-fld., peduncled cymes ; corolla
broadly funnel form, abruptly narrowed below the mid-
dle, changing from whitish or pale pink to carmine.
May, June. Jap. S.Z. 31. F.S.8:8.55.-Vigorously grow-
ing shrub, with large lvs. and fls., but less free-flower-
ing, and the type not common in cultivation. Var.
arbdrea, Hort. ( ir. arbdrea gramlifldra, Hort.). Fls.
yellowish white, changing to pale rose ; of vigorous
growth.

DD. Plant more or less pubescent : corolla finely
pubescent outside.

5. Jap(5nioa, DC. Shrub, to 6 ft. : lvs. oblong-obovate
or elliptic, acuminate-serrate, sparingly pubescent

above, tomentose beneath: fls. usually in 3-fld., short-
peduncled cymes, often crowded at the end of short
branchlets; corolla broadly funnel form, narrowed below
the middle, whitish at first, changing to carmine; style

484

DIERVILLA

somewhat exserted. May, June. Jap., China. G.F.
9:405. -Var. hortfinsis, Rehder (/>. Iwrtinsis, Sieb. &
Zucc). Lvs. nearly glabrous above, densely grayish
tomentose beneath : cymes usually rather long-pe-
duncled: fls. white or carmine. S.Z.29, 30. More tender
and slower-growing than the type. Offsprings of this
variety are the following: Var. gratissima. Fls. light
pink. Var. nlvea. Pure white fls. Var. Looymdnsi
airea, with yellow lvs. : of slow growth.

fi. floribiinda, Sieb. & Zucc. (2). muUtnira, Lemaire).
Shrub, to 8 ft. : lvs. oblong-ovate or elliptic, acuminate,
serrate, sparingly pubescent above, more densely be-
neath: fls. 1-3, usually sessile, mostly crowded at the
end of short branchlets; corolla rather gradually nar-
rowing toward the base, brownish crimson in the bud,
changing to dark or bright crimson ; lobes about 5 times
shorter than the tube ; style exserted. May, June. Jap.
S.Z. 32. I.H. 10:383. — Vigorously growing shrub, with
rather small but abundant fls. Var. grandifWra, Hort.
{W. arboriscens , Hort.). Fls. rather large, brownish
crimson. Var. Lavillei, Hort. Fls. bright, deep crim-
son, smaller. Var. L6wei, Hort. Fls. dull, purplish
crimson, small. Var. versicdlor, Rehder {D. versicolor,
Sieb. & Zucc). Fls. greenish white at first, changing
to crimson. S.Z. 33.

7. hybrida, Hort. (Fig. 710), may be used as a collec-
tive name for the different hybrids between D. florida,
floribuniht, Japonica and grti n<l i flora , which are now
more commonly cultivated than the typical species.
Some of the best and most distinct are the following:
A. CarriPre, rose-carmine, changing to red, with yellow
spot in throat; Congo, of vigorous (rrowth. with' abun-
dant large, purplish crimson fls.; ('■ni'/n. I. , vnv lar^re,
deep pink fls. — the largest fls. of all xnri. ii. ^; /'. shuisi,
fls. deep rose, abundant; JS. Aii'l,''. II-,. \ . i v .lark,
brownish purple; Jim 1,'alliki', II-. .1. -|i .im inini -red,
erect, very free-lliwriiiL'. i; I;, I' I'--: <. ^^i.ni,
fls. red outside. \v : : i > ■ .j .1 with
yellowish red; '/" 'l , .: !i ' : i - -.In-c-d
white; Mad. ('..k/-.-,,-,, ,-, \ r ii,,(i ).], \-. Ihm-. .■i.:,i,-.i,i^r to
pink; Mud. Li-,,,, •,„,:. wlnu-, «iiU ,lflirau- liliish,

arge white lis., with
e, brownish outside;

P. Ouchartre, fls. deep amaranth, very dark, free;

P4cheur fils, fls. violet-red, abundant; Van Bouttei, fls.

carmine, F.S. 14:1447; Steltzneri, fls. dark red,abundant.

BB. Anthers connected with each other. (Calypiro-
stigma.)

8. Mlddendorfeana, Carr. Shrub, to 3 ft.: lvs. short-
petioled, ovate-oblong or oblong-lanceolate, serrate,
glabrous at length : fls. in 2-3-fld. axillary and terminal
clusters ; corolla campanulate, funnel form, yellowish
white, spotted orange or purplish inside ; calyx-teeth
partially connate. May, June. E. Siber., N. China, Jap.
Gt. 6:183. R.H. 1854:261. F.S. 11:1137. I.H. 4:115.
G.C. III. 7:581.

D. (trMr^d, Hort P f!r,,-iV,,irMl;-i P /.m, nmrn Cnrr 11

florida. — Z>. ^Jropr'i.r-, I .-I.]...!.. \ !i..|) n i, I'k i,.,.,,

pink, with yellow n. : ■ i . i . , i ; i- , i i , ;

Gt. 46:1441. -i>. I-,. .,'■.-..■ , ■ ■■,. .! -.. ! ! '..

Lvs. and,braUChlfIs pul.r-'-nil ll- m hi l;:,-, l. r-nnn.-l |,;iii;, :i .

Goo'-gi'i- .Vr.FiiEt. Kehder.

DifiTES. See Morcea.

DIGITALIS (Latin, digitus, a finger; referring to the
shape of the flowers). ScrophulariiiCffF. Foxglove.
A fine genus, numbering several species and some hy-
brids of hardy or half-hardy herbaceous plants, famous
for their long racemes of inflated flowers, which suggest
spires or towers of bells. They are old-fashioned and
dignified, clean of growth and wholesome company in
the choicest garden. The strong, vertical lines of their
flower-stalks, rising from rich and luxuriant masses of
cauline leaves, give always an appearance of strength to
the rambling outlines of the usual herbaceous border.
The genus is a very distinct one, its nearest ally being
Isoplexis, which contains a few greenhouse plants rarely
cultivated. About 18 species, natives of Europe and
middle and western Asia. The flowers are companulate
or ventricose, 4-5-lobed; calyx 5-parted : seed pod ovate,
2-valved; seeds numerous. For a week or two the Fox-

DIGITALIS

gloves usually dominate the whole border. The com-
monest species in cultivation is D. purpurea, which is
one of the commonest English wild flowers. The name
"Foxglove" is so inappropriate that much ingenious
speculation has been aroused, but its origin is lost in
antiquity. The word "fo.K'Ms ofti-n said to be a corrup-
tion of "folk," mctiiin- tlip "liftl.- f .11: " nr fniri. -. I'm-
fortunately, etymold^'i ■ i- ■:. [■•■'■ ;,-,-;■;-, •.,,,!.
In the drug stores, s. ' ; . . /■ , . .i

are sold. They an- '. .; . 1 -,■

medicinal purposes, tlie 1l.i\ i . l1 ili-j ..l.h.I _\..ii-s
growth are used.

Foxgloves are of the easiest culture. The common
species and hybrids can be grown as biennials from
seed. The perennial species are propagated by seeds or
by division. J. B. Keller says: "A light, well enriched
soil, not too dry, suits them admirably. They succeed
in partial shade or in open places."
A. Middle Jobe of the lower lip longer than the others.
B. Pis. rusty red.

lerruginea, Linn. (X>. aurea, Lindl.). Biennial, 4-6 ft.
high : stems densely leafy : lvs. glabrous or ciliate :
racemes long, dense : fls. rusty yellow, reticulate-
marked, downy outside ; lower lip of corolla ovate, en-
tire, bearded. July. S. Eu. B.M. 1828.

BB. Fls. gray or creamy yellow.

lanMa, Ehrh. Perennial, 2-3 ft. high : lvs. oblong,
ciliate : fls. rather small, 1-1% in. long, grayish or creamy
yellow, sometimes whitish or purplish, downy, in a
den.se, many-fld. raceme, with bracts shorter than the fls.
July, Aug. Danube river and Greece. B.M. 1159 (poor
figure).— A fine species.

711 Digitalis purpurea

gloxinixflora

Siblrica, Lindl. Has the habit of I), ambigua, with fls.
like those of J), lanata. Lvs. downy, ovate-lanceolate:
fls. ventrico.se, villose ; calyx segments linear, villose.
Siberia. — This is a rare tradename, and it is doubtful if
this little known plant is really in cultivation.

DIGITALIS

BBB. Fls. purplish.

Thipsi, Linn. Plant much like D. purpurea. Peren

Dial, 2-4 ft. high: Ivs. oblong, rugose, decurrent: fls

purple, throat paler, marked with red dots. June-Sept

DIMORPHOTHECA

485

■ hardly

B. Fls. yellowish.

ambigua, Murr. (i>. grandiflora, Lam. D. ochro-
leuca, Jacq.). Perennial, 2-3 ft. high: Ivs. ovate-
lanceolate, toothed, sessile, downy below : fls.
large, 2 in. long, yellowish, marked with brown ;
lower bracts about as long as the fls. Eu., W. Asia.
B.R. 1:64.

BB. Fls. white to purple, seldom yellouibh

purpiirea, Linn. (Z>. tomenfdsa, Lmk &
Hoffmgg.). Common Foxglove. The species most
commonly cultivated. Mostly biennial, but some
times perennial. Height 2-3 ft. : Ivs. rugose, some
what downy : fls. large, 2 in. long, ringing from
purple to -white and more or less spotted, rather

obscurely lobed. On. 34: G76. Var. glonmaefldra
{D. glori

Hort.

o)des, Carr. I), glo.
Figs. 711, 712. Of more robust habit
longer racemes, larger fls., which open widti
nearly always strongly spotted, though a sub
\&rietj, gloxiitifpflora alba , in offifved 1> ((/6«and
punctata of the seed trade are presumabh white
and spotted varieties. D. alba, Schrank = Z» pui

much shorter than the pedicels. Spain. B.R. 14:1201.— /). ioroi
fldta, Waldst. & Kit. Perennial, 2-3 ft. high: Ivs. linear-laneeo
late, radical ones obovate-lanceolate; fls. scattered, glabrous
yellow. Danube and Greece.— i>.ilfan'dnrt,Boiss. Lvs. r.-idical
very downy, ovate-oblong: fls. rose: corolla bearded. Spain.—
D. monstrbsa, Hort. An interesting abnormal form of t). pur
purea. P.G. 4:1.11. Monstrosities are common in this genus.-
iJ.purpurdscens, Roth. Biennial: fls. yellower sometimes pur
plish, pale inside, spotted at the mouth; lower lobe of core
short. Eu. p. A. Waugh.

DILIVARIA. See Acanthus.

DILL (AnHhum graveolens, Linn.), an annual or
biennial plant of the Umbelliferoe. Native of S. Eu.,
the seeds of which are used as a seasoning, as seeds of
Caraway and Coriander are. It is of tlie easiest culture
from seeds. It should have a warm position. The plant
grows 2-3 ft. high : the lvs. are cut into thread-like di-
visions: the stem is very smooth: the fls. are small and
yellowish, the little petals falling early. It is a hardy
plant. The foliage is sometimes used in flavoring, and
medicinal preparations are made from the plant. The
seeds are very flat and bitter-flavored.

DILL£NIA (named by Linna?us for J. J. Dillenius,
botanist and professor at Oxford). Diltenidcea>. A ge-
nus of handsome East Indian trees, thought by some to
be as showy as a magnolia. One species is cult, in S.
Fla. and S. Calif., but it takes too ranch room and
flowers too rarely for northern conservatories. It has
gorgeous white fls. fully 9 in. across. Tall tropical trees
from Asia, Indian Archipelago and Australia. Lvs.
large, with pronounced pinnate, parallel venation: fls.
white or yellow, lateral, solitary or clustered. D. Iiidica
is said to be the showiest of the whole order, being at-
tractive in foliage, flower and fruit. Dillenias may be
grown in light, sandy loam. Prop, readily by seeds, but
with difficulty from cuttings.

Indica. Linn. (D. speciosa. Thunb.). Trunk stout
not high: branches numerous, spreading, then ascend
ing: lvs. confined to the ends of branches, on short
bro;id, channelled sheathing petioles, the blade 6-12 in
long, oblong or oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, narrowed
at the base, strongly serrate: sepals 5, thick, fleshy, en
larging and inclosing the fr. ; petals obovate, white; sta
mens very numerous, forming a large yellow globe
crowned by the white, slender, spreading raya of the

712 Border of Foxgloves

DIMOBPHOTHfiCA (( leek tuo fotmed receptacle
the disk florets of two kinds) Cumpdsita Acharraiug
genus of pKnts from the Cape of Ctood Hope which is
almost totall> neglected heie largely because the cli
matic conditions of that wonderful region are not gen-
erally understood. This genus contains about 20 spe-
cies, some of which rival the Paris Daisy and others vie
with Cinerarias. Annual or perennial herbs, or even
somewhat shrubby: lvs alternate or radical, entire,
toothed, or incised, often narrow: heads long-peduncled:
rays yellow, orange, purple or white: disk fls. same
colors except white. The genus is closely allied to Ca-
lendula,but has straight instead of incurved seeds. The
fls. are usually said to close up, like those of Gfazania,
unless they have sunlight. Their backs have as great
a variety of coloring as their faces. The fls. are often 3
in. across, and their long, slender rays (20 or more) give
a distinct and charming effect. A dozen kinds are grown
abroad, representing a wide range of colors and foliage.
They are wintered in coolhouses and flowered in spring,
or else transplanted to the open, where they flower freely
during summer. The shrubby kind, D. Feklonis, has
been grown at Kew as a summer bedding plant, flower-
ing from July to frost, and was a surprising success as
a coolhouse plant, making a much branched plant 3 ft.
high, and flowering freely all spring. Monograph by
Harvey and Sender, Flora Capensis 3:417 (1864-65).
Sometimes called Cape Marigolds.

Annua, Less. (CaUndula pluvidlis, Linn.). This is
the only white-fld. annual kind and the only species
sold in America at present. Erect or diffuse, simple or
branched, rough with jointed and gland-tipped hairs
(seen with a small lens): lvs. narrowly oblong or obo-
vate-oblong, tapering to the base, with a few distant

4»b DIMORPHOTHECA

teeth, pilose, the uppermost smaller and narrower: pe-
duncles terminal, noddiner in fr. : fls. white above, pur-
ple or discolored beneath. Var. ligrulbsa, Voss (VaUn-
(liila PAwjei, Hort.), is a double form-the heads full of
rays— with heads white on upper side and yellow or
violet beneath.

Seven species have been pictured under various
names in the Botanical Magazine — all perennials, and
worth importation.

D. awranrtaco, DO. Lvs. ^Imlrr. r^tirr fltv.i'nir B.M.
408.-Z). Bdrftfria?, Haw. P.-v... ' i', .,,,..::. t... . ,.:,l,.rbe-
neath; disk all purple, with ■ I: i :> !:(7.—

D. chri/santhemifdiia, DC. 1. .1 i , 1 nmm:

fls. yellow, reverse reddisli. 1' ^I i- /' .'/,,, i/'r I m ' Lvs.
strongly cut: fls. scarlet-oriuiKi- I--*' l.>4.v— i>. EcKiums, DC.
Differs from all in its shrubby ^teni ;tud branches, and is per-
haps the most promising of .ill. Pis. white, violet-blue, and
strongly veined on the hack; the disk azure-blue. B.M. 7535.—
D. nudicavlis, var. grammUblia. Harv. & Sond. Fls. white,
with a purple ring at the base, and orange-brown on the back,
the disk purple. B.M. 5252.— £>. Tragus, DC. Lvs. narrower
than in D. Eekionis, linear: fls. white, veined purple, the rays
narrower at the base, reverse orange purplish, the disk pur-
pUsh. B.M. 1981. w M

DIOCLfiA (after Diodes Carytius, said to be second
only to Hippocrates among the ancients for his knowl-
edgeof plants). Legumindsa. About 16 species of tender
shrubby twiners, mostly tropical American, with delicate
trifoliolate leaves and blue, violet, scarlet or white fls.,
sometimes nearly an inch long, and borne in clusters
which have been roughly compared to Wistaria. Calyx
bell-shaped, 4-cut, 2 lobes shorter and narrower, stan-
dard wider than long: ovary nearly sessile; pod wide,
the upper suture thickened or 2-winged. The following
species is cult, in S. Calif., where it has a moderate
growth, shining foliage, and clusters of 10 or more large
fls. of a splendid scarlet.

glycinoldes, DC, from Rio de la Plata basin, is prob-
ably the only species grown in European gardens and
in California. Pis. 1 in. long, bright scarlet, in racemes,
somewhat like Wistaria: will stand some cold. Propa-
gated by seeds, cuttings, or suckers, freely produced
on grown up plants. ("Syn. Cnmptosema rubicundiim,
Hook. & Arn.) p. Franoeschi and W. M.

DION. See Dioon.

DWSMA. (an unusual name for Venus). Broserdcece.
Venos' Fly-trap. This insectivorous plant is one of
the wonders of the vegetable kingdom. See Fig. 713.
It closes its trap with remarkable quickness. The plant
grows wild only in the sandy savannas of North Carolina.
It is a perennial herb, the lvs. all radical and in a rosette,
the spatulate portion being regarded as petiole, and the
trap as the blade: fls. good sized, white, in a bracted
corymb, borne on a leafless scape. It is allied to the
sundews, other famous insectivorous plants which are
also cultivated, but has about 15 stamens, a columnar
style, and seeds at the base of the pod. Many famous
naturalists have studied and written about this plant,
and it has a large special literature. At times it is sold
widely throughout the north, often at high prices, but
the plants are soon "worked to death." It is difficult to
keep it more than a year in the north, but it ought to be
furnished in large quantities at low rates, so that all the
school children may see it. It is mostly grown in con-
servatories associated with botanical institutions.

" It is seldom that this wouderf id little plant is seen in a good
state of cultivation any length of time after removal from its
native h:i.iiiiK lis mil h.ition iu a greenhouse is usually at-
• ■n- I'vs ilitHctdty, owing to unsuitable eondi-

" I li 'liy .air, shade or unfriendly soil. It

^iin~liiiir, with a very humid atmosphere.
' :mi In srcurod and tr.insplanted with con-

delight;
When
siderab

DIOON

plies. If kept in the sun the leaves take on a reddish tinge, but
when grown in the shade they are always green. Flowers will
develop about the middle of June, but they should be nipped otf
as they make their appearance, for they are apt to weaken the

"The Dionaea has been grown successfully in a dwelling
house by a very different method. The plants were in a wide,
shallow dish, without any drainage, and simply placed, not too

713. The Venus' Fly-trap— D

muscipula (XK)*

Some chopped iibrous peat is plaoedabove this, when the plants
are htiilt in, with live sphagnum moss used to fill the spaces
between the clumps. Arranged in this way, it is hardly possible
to give them too much water, and they revel in a

firmly, in loose live sphagnum moss, with a glass covering.
Water was given every other day by filUng the space above the
plants until the dish was filled, and then it was potured off. In
this way the potting material never became sour. From the
luxuriant condition in which these plants remained for years,
I am inclined to think this was a close imitation of the condi-
tions under which they thrive in a wild state. Some ye:.rs ago,
owing to Professor Asa Gray's endeavor to have the Govern-
ment purchase a strip of land on which this plant grows, there
existed a widesi)read idea that it was gradually becoming ex-
tinct. There seems to be little likelihood df this calamity, how-
ever, as Dionaea is found abund.'iTitl,\- in v,,ni.' i,l;ir,'S ;ill the way
from Wilmington to Friv..tt..vin.. ii; \..iti, C;,,-,.!!,,;, Tt« pf-r-

manency is all the nim-.- ;i ■ - ui-. .1 - j 1 l,:ii ; !,.■ i,l;iiil - 1 ln-ive

on soil which is of litr I' - ,, ij-

Oliver, in Qardeii an<i I

muBCfpula, Ellis. Vr-. 7i::, I ).--r,iiM.,i :,\., .-,-,., \'._y[,
785. F.S. 3:280. Mn. I:i3;i.-The genus has only one
species. ^_ ji_

DIdOK (Greek, two and egg; each scale covers two-
ovules and the seeds are in pairs). Cycaddcece. Hand-
some foliage plants suitable for warm or temperate palm
houses. This once powerful order is now nearly extinct,
and the few remaining species are of the greatest scien-
tific interest and also decorative value. J), edule has a.
flat, rigid frond which is more easily kept free from
scale insects than Cijcas revoluta, the commonest species
of the order in cultivation. A specimen at Kew had a
trunk 3^ ft. high and 8-10 in. thick, the crown spread-
ing 8-10 ft. and containing 50 fronds, each 4-5 ft. long
and 6-9 in. wide. Both sexes make cones frequently,
the male cone being 9-12 in. long and the female 7-12 in.
The seeds, which are about the size of Spanish chest-
nuts, are eaten by the Mexicans. Many Cycads yield
arrowroot. This genus is said to be the closest to the
fossil forms of any living representative of the order.
The genus has the cones and twin seeds of Zamia and
Encephalartus, with the flat, woolly scales of Cycas, but
without the marginal seeds and loose inflorescence of
the latter. Prop, by seeds. Culture same as Cycas.

6dule, Lindl. Lvs. pilose when young, finally gla-
brous, 3-5 ft. long, pinnatifid, rigid, narrowly lanceolate
segments, about 100 on each side, linear-lanceolate, sharp-
pointed, widest at the base, rachis flat above, convex

DIOON

lannginftBTUn, Hort., is a very woolly kind. Gt. 48, pp.
154, 155.— A variable species. D. tomeiitdsum, once sold
by Pitcher and Manda, was probably woollier than the
type. J>. spinuldsuyn, Dyer, differs mainly in having the
segments margined witli small .sharp points. Mex. A.F.
7:461. W. M.

DIOSCOB£a (Dioseorides, the Greek naturalist).
Dioscoredceiv. The type genus of a small family (of
about 8 genera) alliedto Liliacese. It contains upwards
of 150 widely dispersed and confused species, most of
them native "to tropical regions. Stems herbaceous and
twining or long-procumbent, usually from a large tuber-
ous root, and sometimes bearing tubers in the axils.
Lvs. broad, ribbed and netted-veined, petiolate, alternate
or opposite, sometimes compound. Dioecious. Fls.
small; calyx G-parted, anthers 6; styles 3, ovary 3-loculed
and calyx adherent to it. Fr. a 3-winged capsule. Seeds
winged. The great subterranean tubers of some species
are eaten in the manner of potatoes. For an inquiry into
the prehistoric cultivation of Dioscoreas in America,
see Gray & Trumbull, Amer. Journ. Sci. 25:250.
A. Stems strongly icinged.

al4ta, Linn. Fig. 714. Stem 4-winged or angular: lvs.
opposite, cordate-oblong or cordate-ovate, with a deep,
basal sinus, glabrous, devoid of pellucid dots, t-
nerved ( sometimes 9-nerved ) , with the outer pair united :
staminate spikes compound, special ones whorled, short,
flexuose : pistillate spikes simple : fls. distant, anthers
subglobose, about as long as the filament : capsule
leathery, elliptical. India and the S. Sea Islands.
— Widely cult, in the tropics under many vernacular
names. Tubers reach a length of 6-8 ft., and some-
times weigh 100 lbs edible The roots continue to
grow for years Variable

DIOSMA

487

AA. Stems terete {cytindrical).
B. Lis. plain green.
divaricata, Blanco. (Z>. BafaVas, Decne.). Yam. Chi-
nese Yam. Chinese Potato. Cinnamon Vine. Verytall
climbing (10-30 ft.), the lvs. 7-9 ribbed, cordate-ovate
and shining, short-petioled, bearing small clusters of
cinnamon-scented white fls. in the axils: root tubers

deep in the ground, 2-3 ft. long, usually larger at the
lower end. Philippines. F.S. 10:971. R.H. 1854, p.
247, 451-2. -This is often grown in the tropics for its
edible tubers, which, however, are difficult to dig. In
this country the word Yam is commonly applied to a
tribe of sweet potatoes (see Sweet Potato). The Yam
is hardy. The root will remain in the ground over
winter in New York, and send up handsome tall, twining
shoots in the spring. The plant bears little tubers in
the leaf -axils, and these are usually planted to produce
the Cinnamon Vine; but it is not until the second year
that plants grown from these tubercles produce the
large or full grown Yams. A form with short and potato-
like tubers is D. Deeaisnethia, Carr. (R.H. 1865:110).

715.

Potato— .(Erial tuber of Dioscorea bulbifera (X )4) .

bulbilera, Linn. Air Potato. Fig. 715. Tall-climbing:
lvs. alternate, cordate-ovate and cuspidate, 7-9-nerved,
the stalks longer than the blade: fls. in long, lax, droop-
ing, axillary racemes. Tropical Asia. G.C. II. 18:49.—
Somewhat cult. S. as an oddity and for the very large
angular axillary tubers (which vary greatly in size and
shape. ) These tubers sometimes weigh several pounds.
They are palatable and potato-like in flavor. The root
tubers are usually small or even none.

villdsa, Linn. Stems slender, from knotted rootstocks:
lvs. cordate-ovate, cuspidate-attenuate, 9-11-ribbed,
somewhat pubescent or downy beneath, alternate, oppo-
site or whorled: fls. greenish, the staminate in drooping
panicles, the pistillate in drooping, simple racemes : cap-
sules very strongly winged. — Common in thickets from
N. Eng. to Fla. Perennial. Twining 8-10 or even 15 ft.
Offered in the trade as a hardy border and arbor plant.
BB. Lvs. variously marked and colored, at least beneath.

discolor, Hort. Lvs. large, cordate-ovate, cuspidate,
with several shades of green, white-banded along the
midrib and purplish beneath : fls. greenish and incon-
spicuous: root tuberous. S. Amer. Lowe 54. — Useful
for the conservatory. Suggestive of Cissns discolor.

multicolor, Lind. & Andr^. Probably only a form of
the last: lvs. variously marked and blotched and veined
with silvery white, rcil, trrceii :iiid salmon. S. Amer.
I.H. 18:53. -Very di.-c"i:,tn , ::l;,--l,Mu.se plant.

Other species are r\)]: :.^'inn. One, with 2-

winged stem and 3-1. .i,.., . fnpie"), is perhaps i>.

triloba. Linn. One witli i.m l;l> ,\ liit-l [ i' ,il stems and opposite
oblong-ovate lvs. may be I). niiiinintUirta, Lam.

X). satlva, Linn., was founded upon a number of tropical cul-
tivated species, and the name should be dropped.— For Japanese
cultivated species, see Georgeson, A. G. 13:81), with illustrations.
L. H. B.

BldSJiA {Greek, divine odor). Siitdcea. Small, ten-
der, heath-like shrubs from southwestern Africa. Of
the 228 species described, barely a dozen now remain in
this genus, the rest being mostly referred to allied
genera, especially Adenandra, Agathosnia and Barosma.
Lvs. alternate or opposite, linear-acute, channeled, ser-
rulate or sometimes ciliate, glandular dotted : fls. white
or reddish, terminal, subsolitary or corymbose, pedicel-
late ; calyx 5-parted; hypogynous disk, 5-sinuate, 5-
plaited; petals 5; style short ; stigma capitate. Latest
monograph in Flora Capensis, vol. 1 ( 1859-60) . t^^ ^_

Diosma ericoides is more or less well known in
America, and is put to various uses in floral decora-
tions, in spray, or branchlets cut to the required length,
and stuck in formal designs as a setting for other flow-

488 DIOSMA

ers in the same manner and for the same purpose as
Stevia is used, to give that necessary grace and artistic
effect to the whole. This species, like most of the genus,
has an agreeable aromatic fragrance in the foliage. It
is a strong grower, loose and heath-like in habit and

DIOSPYROS

and even in a diffi-rent subclass of the Dicotyledons. It
is a heath-like shrub 2-3 ft. high, with erect branches,
and somewhat whorled, mostly clustered branches: Ivs.
spirally arranged, stalkless,overlapping, linear,3-angled,
roughish, with 2 grooves beneath: fls. crimson (accord-
ing'to Flora Capensis), crowded into oblong, spike-like,
teniiiiial heads. Generic characters are calyx adhering
to til.; ovary, .'i-c-left. segments large, overlapping: petals
with a long, 2-keeled claw, and
spreading, roundish limb ;
mens included: ovary half
erior,,')-eelled, cells 2-ovuled :
style IJ-aiifiled, with 3 small,
papilla-like stigmas. This plant
not advertised for sale in America,
ericoides, Linn. Much-branched; branches
d twigs quite glabrous : Ivs. alternate,
owded, recurved-spreading, oblong, obtuse,
eleci, pointless, glabrous : fls. terminal,
2-3 to^'ether, with very short pedicels; calyx
lobes ovHte, obtuse; petals elliptic-oblong, ob-
se. B.M. 2:!:i2 under this name is in realty D. vul-

I). iragrans, Sims. = Adenandra fragrans.— D. vulgaris,

Sclilci-ht.. has narrower Its. than D. ericoides, and they are

acute: branchlets minutely pubescent: Ivs. scattered, rarely

opposite, linear, convex-carinate, subulate-acuminate. There

W. M.

rked botanical

Native Persimmon—

Diospyros Vireinian

foliage, as the specific name indicates ; flowers white and
small, one or more on the points of tiny branchlets. While
Diosmas undoubtedly do best in soil'suitable for heaths,
that is, soil composed largely of fibrous peat, they are not
nearly so exacting in their requirements in this respect,
and can be grown in good fibrous loam and leaf -mold in
equal parts, with considerable clean, sharp sand added
thereto.

The V'laiits should be cut back rather severely after
tVi.\ . riii;' tM k.'.p them lowand bushy; this refers more
I':nth 111:,, ly t,. tlio above species, otlier members of the
{,'. i,o, I., Ill- of more compact growth and needing
very 'il'le lontctive cutting to keep them in shape.
Diosmtt ntpilata (now Ardouinia capitata) is a fine ex-
ample of the latter class, and is a much better one than
D. ericoidiR for exhibition and show purposes; flowers
pinkish lilac, in corymbs of many flowers. The propa-
gation of Diosmas by cuttings is similar to that of
heaths, but much easier with the same amount of care.
The best material for cuttings is young wood, when not
too soft or too hard. Kenneth Finlatson.

The Diosma capitala referred to above was described
by Linnffius, but is now referred to Ardouinin capitata,
Brongn., which belongs in a different order(iJri()iidffn')

DIOSPt'BOS {Dios, Jove's, pyros, grain; alluding to
i edible fruit). £bendce(e. Persimmon. Ebony.
•ees or shrubs, with alternate, rarely opposite, entire
' ■' persistent, without stipules: fls. dioe-

cious or polygamous infew ormany-fld., axillary cymes,
the pistillate often solitary, yellowish or whitish; calyx
and corolla 3-7-, usually 4-lobed ; stamens usually 8-16,
included: fr. a large, juicy berry, 1-10-seeded, bearing
usually the enlarged calyx at the base; seed flat, rather
large. About 1«0 species in the tropics, few in colder
climates. The few cultivated species are ornamental
trees, with handsome, lustrous foliage, rarely attacked
by insects and with decorative and edible fr. The only
species which is tolerably hardy north iaD. \'h-giniana,
while D. Kaki, much cultivated in Japan for its large,
edil>le fruits, is hardy only in the southern states.
Most species have valuable hard and close-grained wood,
and that of some tropical species is known as ebony.
They thrive in almost any soil, but require, in cooler
climates, sheltered and sunny positions. Prop, by seeds
and by cuttings of half-ripened wood or layers ; the

with bottom heat; the fruit-bearing varieties are usually
grafted or budded on seedling stock of V. Virginianu.
Si-e Persimmon.

Virginiina, Linn. Common Persimmon. Fig. 71C.
Tree, to 50 ft., rarely to 100 ft., with round-topped head
and spreading, often pendulous branches: Ivs. ovate or
elliptic, acuminate, shining above, glabrous at length or
pubescent beneath, 3-6 in. long : fls. short-stalked,
greenish yellow, staminate in 3's, J^in. long, with 16
stamens: pistillate solitary, larger, with 4 2-lobed styles,
connate at the base: fr. globose or obovate, plum-like,
with the enlarged calyx at the base, l-l^in. in diam.,
pale orange, often with red cheek, edible, varying in
size, color and flavor. June. Conn, to Fla., west to
Kans. andTex. 8.8.6:252,2,53. G.F. 8:265. Mn. 4:21.

LdtUB, Linn. Round-headed tree, to 40 ft.: Ivs. ellip-
tic oroblong. acuminate, pubescent, often glabrous above
at length, .3-5 in. long: fls. reddish white, staminate in
3'9, with 16 stamens, pistillate solitary: fr. black when
ripe, globular, y.-% in. in diam., edible. June. W. Asia
to China. A.G. 12:460.

K4ki, Linn. f. Kak:. Fig. 717. Tree, to 40 ft., with
round head : Ivs. ovate-elliptic, oblong-ovate or obovate,
acuminate, subcoriaceous, glabrous and shining above,
sparingly hairy or glabrous beneath, 3-7 in. long : fls.
yellowish white, staminate with 16-24 stamens, pistil-
late to ?4 in. long ; styles divided to the base, pubescent :
fr. large, lK-3 in. across, very variable in shape and
size, mostly resembling a tomato. June. Jap., China.
R.H. 1870, pp. 412, 413 ; 1872, pp. 254, 255 (as J). Sox-

DIOSPYROS

burghi). — Vcir. costita, Mast. Fr. large, depressed,
globular, orauge-red, with 4 furrows. R.H. 1870:410.
G.C. 11.4:777; III. 9:171; 13:51. Gn. 49, p. 171. Var.
Ilaz61i, Jlouillef. Fr. orange-yellow, with 8 furrows.
R.H. 1874:70. Other varieties are figured In R.H.
1872, p. 2.")4; 1878:470; 1887;348; 1888:60, and A.G.
12:3.31-8,459-62. A very desirable and beautiful fruit-
bearing tree for the southern states, where a number of
different varieties introduced from Jap. are cultivated,
but the hardier varieties from the north of Jap. and
China, which are likely to be hardy north to New England,
seem hitherto not to have been introduced. Fig. 715 is
from Georgeson's articles in A.G. 1891.

AA. Irfs. small, obtuse or emarginafe : corolla and
cali/x 5-lohed.

Tex^na, Scheele {D. Mexicina, Scheele MS.). Small
tree, intricately branched, rarely to 40 ft. : Ivs. cuneate,
oblong or obovate, pubescent below, 1-2 in. long: fls.
with the Ivs., pubescent, on branches of the previous
year, stamiuate with 16 stamens, pistillate with 4 pu-
bescent stvles, connate at the base: fr. black, M-1 in.
indiam. .Spring. Tex., N. Mex. S.S. 6:254.

D. Ebinum, Koenig. Tree, to 50 ft.: Ivs. eUiptic-oblong,
bluntly acuminate, gl.ibrous: fls. white, staminate, in short ra-
cemes. E. Ind., Ceylon. For cult. In hothouses or tropical cli-
mates. This species is said to yield the best ebony.

Alfred Rehder.

DIPLADENIA

Outer perianth-segn

lied.

longer than the

HlamentdBUm, Medic. (D. vlride, Moench). Lvs. 5-6,
fleshy-herbaceous, narrowly linear, glabrous, 1 ft. long,
lJ^-3 lines wide near the base: scape 1-2 ft. high:
raceme loose, 6-15-fld. : bracts linear-acuminate, 4-6 lines
long: perianth green, 12-15 lines long, outer segments
4-6 lines longer than the inner: capsule sessile. S. Afr.
W. M.

DIPHYLLfilA (Greek, double leaf). £erberidAcece-
Umbrella Leaf. An interesting hardy perennial herb
with thick, creeping, jointed, knotty rootstocks, send-
ing up each either a huge peltate, cut-lobed, umbrella-
like, radical leaf on a stout stalk, or a flowering stem
bearing two similar (but smaller and more 2-cleft) alter-
nate lvs., which are peltate near one margin, and a
terminal cyme of white fls.: sepals 6, fugacious: petals
and stamens 6 : ovules 5 or 6 : berries globose, few-
seeded. This is one of many genera having only 2 spe-
cies, one of which is found in N. E. North America, the
other in Japan. There is a wonderful similarity between
the floras of these 2 regions, and few areas have pro-
duced so many plants esteemed in cullivation.

cymdsa, Michx. Root-lvs. 1-2 ft. across, 2-cleft, each
division 5-7-lobed; lobes toothed: berries blue. May.
Wet or springy places in Alleghanies from Va. south.
B.M. 1666. -Int. into general trade by H. P. Kelsey.
Grows readily in dry soil under cultivation, but is dwarf.

DIPLADfiNIA (Greek double gland, referring to the

glands of the ovary which distinguish this genus

from Echites ) . Ajtocyndcem. A

charming genus of coolhouse twiners,

ostly from Brazil, with large, showy

DIPCADI (meaning uncertain). Liliilcem. Tender
bulbous plants of minor importance, allied to Galtonia,
with radical, thiekish, nanowly linear lvs. and loose
racemes of odd-colored fls. on leafless scapes. About 20
species in southern Europe, tropical and south Africa
and India. During the winter, their resting time, the
bulbs should be kept dry. A compost of light, sandy
loam and leaf -mold has been recommended. Latest mon-
ograph in Latin, 1871, by J. G. Baker, in Journ. Linn.
Soc. 11:395: the South African species in English by
Baker, in Flora Capensis, vol. 6 (1896-7).

a. All perianth-segments equally long. {Tricharis.)
serdtinum. Medic. Lvs. 5-6, fleshy-herbaceous, gla-
brous, narrowly linear, 6-12 in. long, 2-3 lines wide near
the base, channeled on the face: scape 4-12 in. long: ra-
ceme loose, 4-12-fld.: bracts lanceolate, 4-6 lines long,
longer than the pedicels: perianth greenish brown, 5-6
lines long: ovary sessile or subsessile. S. Eu., N. Afr.
B.M. 859.

white or dark red, but especially rich
in rosy shades and with throats often
brilliantly colored with yellow. The
buds too are charming. The genus is
t Ih as interesting as AUamanda,

1 1 h belongs to another tribe of the
] Older. Other allied genera of

I it gvrden interest are Echites,
Oiitadenia, Mandevilla and Urechites.
Some species are naturally erect
bushes at least when young, and
many c m be trained to the bush
form The group is a most tempting
one to the hybridizer. An all-yellow-
flowered kiml is desirable. Many names
appear in European catalogues, but
they are badly mixed, as the genus
greatly needs a complete botanical re-
vision Very many pictures are found
m the Euiopean horticultural periodi-
cals. Several prizes for American seed-
lings have been taken at Boston, by Geo.
MoWilliam, Whitinsville, Mass., who
has given a full account of his cultural
methods in Gardening, 5:18 (1896).

Although Dipladenias are natives of the tropics, they
grow at high altitudes, and it is a mistake to keep them
in close, steaming hothouses, as many gardeners do in
the Old World. The writer has kept them in a house
whose temperature was never above 50° F., and fre-
quently went down to 40° on winter nights. Cuttings
should be rooted in winter, and the young plants planted
outdoors during the summer, being careful not to bury
the crowns deep in the soil. They can endure 5 degrees
of frost without losing their foliage, but even after 7
degrees of frost and complete loss of foliage, the plants
have been lifted, brought into the greenhouse, and
flowered with success. A good specimeu will have
50-80 open fls. at one time. Tufts of fern root are ex-
cellent for potting soil, with some sharp sand added. A
fine specimen may be grown in a pan 2 ft. across and
9 in. deep. Plants never need shading. In late fall, as
the nights get cooler, the water supply may be gradually
reduced until the middle of November, when water is

490 DIPLADENIA

used sparingly until it is desired to start the plants into
fresh growth. For points concerning training and
pruning, consult Gn. 5:18. Qeo. McWilliam.

Few tropical plants excel the Dipladenias as green-
house twining plants, their handsome sprays of flowers
being produced in profusion from May to November,
when well grown. The usual method of propagation is
by 1- or 2-jointed cuttings of the well ripened growths
inserted in sand with brisk bottom heat, when they will
usually root very readily. Seeds are not often produced
in this genus, though occasionally well grown plants
will produce seeds, which should be sown as soon as ripe,
in pans of light, peaty soil, with a goodly proportion of
silver sand mixed with it, and the pans placed in a
warm, moist atmosphere. If given good attention the
seedlings will flower the first year. Dipladenias thrive
best when potted in fernorkalmia root fiber only. The
potting should be attended to in early spring, just before
active growth commences. Care must be taken not to
injure their tuberous roots, as this will result in weak-
ening very materially the vitality of the plants. Great
care must also be exercised in watering until the plants
are in active growth, when they will require an abun-
dance of water at the roots ; they are also greatly bene-
fited by an occasional watering of clear liquid cow- or
sheep-manure water. Frequent spraying of the foliage
will also be necessary to keep down the attacks of in-
sects. Dipladenias do best when grown in full sunlight,
the roof of an unshaded greenhouse being well suited
to them. The pots should be covered with some non-
conducting material, however, such as sphagnum moss,
to prevent injury to the roots by the heat of the sun.
As soon as the season of blossoming is past, the plants
should be cut back, and allowed to rest by gradually
withbokiing the water, keeping them during the winter
almost dry in a temp, of 55°. Edward J. CAtrsma.

The following kinds sold in America are presumably
horticultural varieties which have been insufiiciently
described :

D. amdbilis. Lvs. short-stalked, oblong, acute: fls. rosy crim-
son, 4-5 in. across: eorolhi lobes very round and stiff. See Gn.
51, p. 227. Said to be a hybrid of D. crassinoda and D. splen-
dens.— 1>. Brearleyayia. Lvs. oblong, acute, dark green: fls.
pink at first, changing to rich crimson, very large. Gn. 51.p.
226.— Z). eximia. A recent hybrid.— Z>. hilbmda. Lvs. large,
stout, bright green : fls. flaming crimson red. — D, insiania.
Stout growing: foliage strong: fls. rosy purple.

A. Flu. dark pttrple.
atropurptoea, DC. Glabrous, lvs. ovate, acute: ra-
cemes axillary, '2-fld. : peduncles a little longer than the
lvs.; pedicels twisted, bracted; calyx lobes lanceolate-
acuminate, a little shorter than the pedicel, and a third
as long as the cylindrical part of the corolla; corolla
tube funnel-shaped above the middle ; lobes triangular,
wavy, spreading, shorter than the dilated part of the
tube. Brazil. B.R. 29:27. Gn. 44:937. I. H. 42:33. Gt.
43, p. 548. — Lvs. about 2 in. long, acute at the very base;
petiole % in. long; corolla dark purple inside and out;
tube 2 in. long. None of the pictures cited above show
the fleshy, spreading, scale-like stipules nearly as long
as the petioles which De CandoUe says are characteristic
of the subgenus Micradenia. F.S. 1::!3 is said to be D.
atroviotacea of the subgenus Eudipladenia, in which the
stipules are absent or else small and erect. The plate
shows a strongly ribbed corolla-tube and lvs. cordate at
the base.

DIPLADENIA

Fls.

Fls

■ tin

BoUvi^iisis, Hook. Glabrous: stems slender: lvs. pe-
tioled, 2-3 % in. long, oblong, acuminate, acute at base,
bright green and glossy above, pale beneath; stipules
none: racemes axillary, 3-4-tld. : peduncles much shorter
than the lvs., about as long as petioles and pedicels:
bracts minute at the base of the twisted pedicels: calyx
lobes ovate, acuminate, 3 lines long: corolla almost sal-
ver-shaped, tube and throat slender and cylindrical, the
former K in. long, the latter twice as long and half as
broad again: limb 1 J^ in. across; lobes broadly ovate,
more acuminate than in D. atropurpurea. Bolivia.
B.M. 5783. Qn.:44:922. Gng. 7:342.

spl^ndens, DC. Fig. 718. Stem glabrous; lvs. sub-
sessile, elliptic-acuminate, cordate at the base, wavy,
pubescent, especially beneath, veins elevated, numer-
ous: racemes axillary, longer than the lvs., 4-ti-fld.:
calyx lobes red-tipped, awl-shaped, as long as the cylin-
drical part of the corolla tube, -which Is half the length
of the funnel-shaped portion : Ictbes of the limb rotund,
subacute, almost as long as the tube. Brazil. Lvs. 4-S
in. long, 1 K-3 in. wide, pedicels %-\va. long: corolla
tube 1 K in. long, white outside, lobes rosy, throat
deeper, almost purple. Brazil. B.M. 397G. F.S. 1:34
shows a yellow throated form. Var. profiisa, Rod. (Z>.
prolusa, Hort. ), has larger and brighter rosy fls., lined
with yellow inside, the outside of the tube rosy except

at the base, which is yellow. I.H. 30:491. -Int. by B. S.
Williams. D. amdbilis, Hort., is said to be a hybrid of
D. crassinoda and X). splendens. I.H. 27:396, shows a
12-fld. raceme with exceptionally bright red fls.

Fls.

side and

uroph^lla. Hook. Named for the long, narrow apex of
the leaf. Glabrous, erect bush, not a vine : branches
numerous, swollen at the joints; lvs. ovate-oblong, ob-
tuse at the base, suddenly narrowed at the apex into a
narrow point % in. long; peduncles long, drooping, flex-
uose: racemes axillary, 4-G-fld.: calyx segments awl-
shaped: corolla dull yellow outside, deeper and brighter
yellow within; tube cylindrical in lower third, then
swelling into an almost bell-shaped throat; lobes of the
liml) salmon inclined to purple, acute. Brazil. B.M.
4414. P.M. 16:66. F.S. 5:425.

D. crassinbda. DC. Glabrous: stem much branched, with
many nodes: lvs. lanceolate, acute or almost acuminate, acute

b the base, shining and h-:itli«'r>- on l">tti sidi-s:

lary. about 6-fld

shorter than the rylii 1

times shorter than tin i

the middle; lobes ol)o\ 1 1

description by DeC\-iiHli>

long, 5<4-l in. wide, petiole 2-3 lines Innt;: stipules iiiterpetiolar.

with 4 short cuspidate teeth. The plant pictured in B.R. 30:64

was renamed D. Lindleyi by Lemaire chiefly for its pilose stem

and stellate-lobed stiptiles ' ' "

Mttle
2 or S

Later authorities refer B.R, 30:64

DIPLADENIA

to D. Martiana. P.S. 22:2310 may be the same plant as B.R.
30:64, but with variable Ivs. and stipules. The plant was prized
for its delicate colors, being white at first, then shot with soft
rose like a flame tulip, and finally a deep rose. Only one flower
in a raceme was open at a time, and each lasted 8 or 9 days,
throat orange inside. D. erassinoda is said to be a parent,
with D. splendens, of D. amabilis. (Gn. 44, p. 141.) D. Bar-
risii, Hook.=Odontadenia speciosa. — D. illustris, DC. Gla-
brous or pubescent: Its. oblong or rotund, obtuse or nearly
acute, rounded or subcordate at the base, many ner\-ed ; stipules
none: petiole short: racemes terminal, 4-8-fld.: fls. rosy, throat
yellow inside, purple at the mouth: corolla tube cylindrical to
the middle, then funnel-sh,iped; limb 3-354 in. across, lobes
rosy, orbicular-ovate, obtuse. Br.>izil. F.S. 3:2.56. \'-j.t. glabra.
Muell. Arg. B.M. 7156.— D. Sdnderi. Hems., has flesh-colored
fls. with throat yellow inside, and outside at the base has smaller
Ivs. than D. illustris, and no circle of purple at the mouth of the
H. Gn. 51:1111. W. M.

DIPLAERHfiNA (Greek, two anthers; the third being
imperfect). IridAcem. Only 2 species of tender plants
from Australia and Tasmania. They belong to the same
subtribe with our native Blue-eyed Grass, Sisyrinchium.
Rhizomes short: stems terminal, erect, simple or some-
what branched: Ivs. in a tuft, narrow, rigid, acuminate,
equitant: spatheterminal, rigid, acuminate: fls. whitish;
perianth without any tube over the ovary; segments tin-
equal, inner ones shorter, counivent: upper stamen im-
perfect. This plant is advertised in the American edi-
tion of a Dutch bulb dealer's catalogue.

Moraea, Labill. Stems lJ^-2 ft. long, with a single
terminal cluster, and several sheathing bracts: Ivs. 6-8
in a tuft. 1-m ft. long, Ji-J^ in. wide: spathes cylindri-
cal, 2-3 fld., 2 in. long.

DIPlAZIUM (Greek, doubled). PolypodiAcew. A
genus of rather large, coarse ferns allied to Asplenium,
but with the jndusia often double, extending to both
sides of some of the veins, which are unconnected.
Eighty or more species are found, mostly in the warmer
portions of the world. For culture, see Ji'eriis.
A. Ijvs. simple: low plants.

lAnceum, Thunb. Lvs. 6-9 in. long, 5^-1 in. wide,
narrowed upward and downward, the margin mostly en-
tire; sori reaching nearer to the edge than the midrib.
India, China, Japan.

arbdreum, Willd. Lvs. 12-18 in. long, 6-8 in. wide,
with a distinct auricle or lobe at the base. The habit is
not arboreous, as originally supposed, and as the name
would indicate; quite near the next, but less deeply cut.
West Indies and Venezuela.

Sh^pherdi, Spreng. {Asplenium Sh^pherdi, Spreng.l.
Lvs. 12-18 in. long, 6-9 in. broad, deeply lobed, the lobes
at the base sometimes reaching down to the rachis, some-
what toothed and often ^ in. broad ; sori
long-linear. Cuba and Mexico to Brazil.

latifdlium, Moore {Asplenium latifdlium,
Don). Caudex erect, somewhat arborescent:
lvs. 3-4 ft. long, 12-18 in. wide, with about
12 pinna on either side. India, China and the Philip-
P'l^^s. L. HI. Underwood.

DIPLOTHfiMIUM (Greek, double sheathed). Pal-
mcLcece, tribe Cocoinece. Spineless palms, low or stem-
less, or often with ringed, stout, solitary or fascicled
trunks. Lvs. terminal, pinnatisect; segments crowded,
lanceolate or ensiform, acuminate, glaucous or silvery
beneath, margins recurved at the base,midnerve promi-
nent : rachis 2-faced, strongly laterally compressed ;
petiole concave above :* sheath fibrous, open: spadices
erect, long or short-peduncled, strict, thickish: spathes
2, the lower coriaceous, the upper cvmbiform, beaked,
ventrally dehiscent: bracts short, coriaceous: fls. rather
large, cream colored or yellow* fr. ovoid or obovoid,
small. Species 5. Brazil.

Diplothemium is a small genus of very handsome
palms. In size the members of this genus seem to vary
as much as those included in the Cocos group. D. murit'i-

DIPSACUS

491

»jH»i, which is found along the coast of Brazil, is but 10
feet in height when fully developed. This genus is with-
out spines, the leaves being pinnate, very dark green on
the upper side and usually covered with white tomentum
on the under side, the pinnae being clustered along the
midrib in most instances. In a very young plant of this
genus the ultimate character is not at all apparent from
the fact that the seedling plants have undivided or simple
leaves, this characteristic frequently obtaining in the
case of X>. cuudesc^ns until the plant is strong enough
to produce leaves 4 or ."i feet long. A warm greenhouse,
rich soil and :i ]il'-iitifnl sii]iply of water are among the
chief requi.-^itis f-ir tin- successful culture of Diplothe-
miums. IK .:<nnh ,:c, „.s is the best known of the genus,
and where space may Im- IkhI for its free development it
is one of the hands,. mcsi |.:ilnis in cultivation.

caud6scens, Mart. 1 1 ',•,,;.,,;/,,„ iiir.nm, Hort.). Wax
Palm. Stem 12-20 ft. lui:!], in-i_' in. thick, remotely
ringed, often swollen at the luiiMie: lvs. 9-12 ft., short
petioled; segments 70-90 on each side, ensiform. densely
waxy white below, the middle ones 24-28 in. long, \%
in. wide, the upper and lower ones shorter and narrower,
all obtuse at the apex. Brazil. R.H. 1876, p. 235.

Jared G. Smith and W. H. Taplin.

DtPSACUS [to thirst, from the Greek: the bases of
the connate lvs. in some species hold water). Bipsicew.
Teasel. Perhaps 15 species of tall, stout biennial or

perennial herbs of the Old World. The fls. are small
and in dense heads, like those of compositous plants,
but the anthers are n^t anited (or syngenesious) as they
are in the Compositae. One species, D. si/lvt'slris.
Mill., is an introduced weed along roadsides in the
northeastern states and Ohio valley. It is biennial,
the stem arising the second year and reaching a height
of 5 or 6 ft. It is said to be a good bee plant. The Fuller's
Teasel, P. Piillninini . Linn. (Fig. 719), is probably de-
rived from the former, and differs from it chiefly in the
very strong and hooked floral scales. These scales give
the head its value for the teasing or raising the nap on
woolen cloth , for which no machinery is so efficient. This
plant is grown commercially in a limited area in central

New York.

L. ]

492

DIRCA

DlBCA (Greek, from dirke, a fountain; referring to
the plant as growing in moist places). ThymttwAcew.
Two species of North American shrubs, with tough,
fibrous bark, alternate, thin, short, entire, petiolate, de-
ciduous Ivs., apetalous perfect fls. in peduacled fascicles
of the previous season's growth, the branches develop-
ing subsequently from the same nodes : calyx corolla-like,
yellowish, campanulate, undulately obscurely 4-toothed,
bearing twice as many exserted stamens as its lobes
(usually 8): ovary nearly sessile, free, 1-loculed, witha
single hanging ovule; style exserted, filiform: fr. berry-
like, oval-oblong. Hardy deciduous branching shrubs,
often with the habit of miniature trees. Bark of inter-
laced, strong fibers, and branches so tough and flexible
that they may be bent into hoops and thongs without
breaking. So used by tne Indians and early settlers.
The Leatherwood is not one of the showiest of hardy
shrubs, but its small, yellowish flowers are abundant
enough to make it attractive, and it deserves cultivation
especially for the earliness of its bloom in spring. It is
of slow growth, and, when planted singly, makes a com-
pact miniature tree; planted in masses or under shade
it assumes a straggling habit. It thrives in any moist
loam. Prop, by seeds, which are abundant and germi-
nate readily; al.so by layers.

720. Leatherwood— Dirca palustris (X Ja).

paliiBtris, Linn. Leatherwood. Moosewood. Pig.
720. A shrub, 2-6 ft. high, with numerous branches
having scars which make them appear as if jointed, at
the beginning of each annual growth, and with yellow-
brown glabrous twigs: Ivs. oval or obovate, with obtuse
apex, 2-3 in. long, green and smooth above, whitish and
downy below, becoming smooth, the base of the petiole
covering buds of the next season: fls. yellowish, abun-
dant enough ta be attractive, nearly sessile, J^in. long,
falling as the Ivs. expand: fr. hidden by the abundant
foliage, egg- or top-shaped, ^ in. long, reddish or pale
green. Woods and thickets, mostly in wet soil N. and S.
B.B. 4:292. — Common.

D. occidmtAlis. A. Gray. A similar species found on the Pacific
coast, differs mainly in the deeper calyx-lobes, lower insertion
of the stamens, sessile flowers, and white invohiore. Not in the
trade, but worthy of cult. a. Phelps Wtman.

DtSA (origin of name unknown). Ore?! i'rfricetr, tribe
Ophri/dew. One hundred or more terrestrial orchids,
mostly S. African, of which several are known to fan-
ciers, but only one of which is in the Amer. trade.
Sepals free, spreading, upper one galeate, produced in a
horn or spur at the base; petals inconspicuous, small,
adnate to the base of the column. The species describfil
below is undoubtedly one of the most beautiful of known
orchids, but as yet difficult to manage under artificial
conditions.

grandifldra, Linn. Flower op the Gods. Rootstock
tuberous: stems 1 ft. or more high, unbranched: Ivs.
dark green: fls. several; upper sepal hood-like or gale-
ate, 3 in. long, rose-color, with branching crimson veins ;
lateral sepals slightly shorter, brilliant carmine-red;
petals and labellum orange, inconspicuous. S. Afr.
B.M.4073. G.C.II.I8:521;III.9:3C5. Oakes Ames.

DISEASES

William Watson, in Garden and Forest 9: 284, says of
Disa : "They all require cool-greenhouse treatment,
plenty of water, an open, peaty soil and shade from direct
sunshine. As soon as the plants have flowered, they are
shaken out of the soil, the suckers taken off, and potted
singly in small pots and watered liberally. In November
they are again potted into 3-inch pots, in which they
remain until they flower. They make a display of flowers
for about two months." In G.F. 7: 324, Watson writes of
i». Kewense: "This is a beautiful hybrid, which is as
easily grown as any orchid I know of, and multiplies
itself by means of offsets with all the prodigality of
Couch Grass. Many connoisseurs declare it is the best
of all Disas. * * * D. f'eifcliii is a noble plant, and
almost as free as D. Kewense. I would recommend all
growers of orchids to procure both and propagate them
as rapidly as possible. • • • The Kew plants are in
4-inch pots, and each bears a spike 18 inches high with
from 10 to 20 flowers, each 2 inches across." For portrait
of D. Kewense, see G.C. III. 18: 273.

DISANTHUS (Greek, dis, twice, and anthos, flower;
the fls. being in 2-fld. heads). Ramamelid&cece. Shrub,
with alternate, deciduous, entire, long-petioled Ivs. : fls.
similar to those of Hamamelis, but borne in pairs on
erect axillary peduncles and connate back to back: cap-
sule 2-celled, with several seeds in each cell. The only
species, D, cercidif Alius, Maxim., is a shrub, with slender
branches, 8-10 ft. high: Ivs. roundish-ovate, palmately
nerved, .3—4 in. long: fls. dark purple, in October. G.F.
C: 215. Hardy ornamental shrub of elegant habit, with
distinct, handsome foliage, turning to a beautiful claret-
red or red and orange in fall. Prop, by seeds, germi-
nating very slowly, and by layers ; probably also by
grafting on Hamamelis. Alfred Rehder.

DISEASES of plants are of many classes. The word
disease as applied to plants is commonly associated with
i;ho.se manifestations which are the result of seriously
disturbed nutrition, rather than with mere attacks of
devouring insects. We might classify disrasos. for hor-
ticultural purposes, as those dur It' jKiiM^itic fungi (or
fungous diseases), those due to Ihmi.ti.i m- l-.tths, those
due to nematodes or eel worms. :iuA iljo.- wliicb are as-
sociated with disturbed or iniiiLit't-ct nutrition. To
these four classes we shall now give our attention:

FoNOons Diseases are those that are due to the inva-
sion of tissue by fungi (see Fungus). All crop plants
are more or less subject to the attack of these insidious
foes, and the havoc they bring is rarely fully appre-

The chief lines of treatment with plants subject to
injury from fungi are, first, to reduce the number of
spores to a minimum, and, secondly, to surround the
plants with conditions unfavorable for their develop-
ment and yet not to interfere with the growth of the plant
itself. Fungi as a rule are fond of moisture and, there-
fore, dry wentheris an ally of the cultivator, while a sea-
son Willi liiL'li liiiiiiidity and a large rainfall is asso-

ciati-.l iMili HI niilance of plant diseases. So long,

thfrrf,,!, . ,1^ till- \v.:Ltlier is without man's control there
will It an nn.i riaiu quantity in the problem of plant
healthfiilness.

The growing season for crop plants is practically the
same as that for fungi, and during the winter inactivity
prevails for both host and parasite. In other words,
there are several months ,,f tin- yi:ir when the fungi are
either inactive in the li"-.t plant ..r lying dormant out-
side of it, ready to bo ;.' in th.ir il.-inirtive work. When
the plant is a perennial. !lir fiinLMis may liveover winter
in its tissuf-, risis wr-ll illii^irah-.l in ihc hlacK-knot, Plow-
,;,,/,/,„ ,„f, ■/■.., . I. ,.r 111.- |.!uni anil .■lirrrv. The Swellings
n|H,ii ih.Mwi-^ iiaTi a-.' tr.ini Mar I., vear until the stem
is u'inlli'i 111- "111. i-vvi^r il.-sir.iMil. 'I'll I? fungus is peren-
nial, anil .very kni.t. iinl.-s tli.' hran.-li is dead, is the di-
rect starting point for new growth. Along with this
fact is the equally important one that in the hard, black
crust of the excrescence there are innumerable spheri-
cal pits in which countless spores pass the winter, and
are ready to spread the disease to new, healthy twigs as
the knot breaks up and fresh growth starts in the tree
in spring. In the light of the above facts, there are
many reasons for destroying the knots upon a plum or

DISEASES

cherry tree. The limbs affected are practically worth-
less, and by destroying them the disease is kept from
spreading farther in the branch and the forming spores
are destroyed before they have an opportunity of get-
ting a foothold elsewhere.

If the horticulturist understands the methods of growth
and propagation of a destructive fungus, he is better
able to take the step that may lead to the eradication of
the pest. Let another example
be taken, namely, the apple-
leaf rust, which in some parts
of the country is a serious
menace to the orchardist. It
is recognized as yellow
blotches upon the foliage, fol-
lowed by groups of deep cups
in the under half of the leaf
tissue, where orange-colored
spores are produced in great
abundance. The life cvcle of
this fungus, Giimn,>sp(>r(in-
iliinn i„,i.-n,pu.i, involves two

that is, it li'
stage upon the co

cedar and i

the

afests

the apple tree. Upon the cedar the fungus, forms galls
of a chocolate color half an inch or more in diameter,
which during the spring rains become swollen and have
a gelatinous exterior. In this jelly the spores are pro-
duced that find their way to the apple tree and there
form, after vegetating for a few days, the destructive
rust. It is seen that in a case like this the most impor-
tant thing is to destroy the cedar-galls, for in them the
fungus passes the winter; and this can be done
by picking and burning. To those who do not
set a high value upon their cedar trees, the end
may be accomplished by removing the cedar
trees that stand at all near the infested
orchard.

But there are many destructive fungi
that pass their whole life upon the
same plant, and the method men-
tioned for the apple rust would not
obtain. In many such
use of fungicides has proved ef-
" ■ e. The apple-scab (Fig. 721),
due to a fungus {Fusicla-
dium dei}(lritici(tn),is agood
case in point. It infests both
the leaf and the fruit, caus-
irregular blotches upon

Peaches of last year's crop still hanging on

attacked by monilia (X M).
The branch is dead from the effects of the fungus.

both, and frequently destroying the crop. Many ex-
periments have demonstrated that this scab-produc-
ing fungus can be kept down by the use of the Bordeaux
mixture and various other similar substances. The fuu-

DISEASES ^y*

gus thrives below the skin of the fruit and the epider-
mis of the leaf, producing spores in abundance upon the
surface. The fungicide, when left in a thin fllmupon the
susceptible surface, prevents the germination of the
spores and the extrance of the fungus. It likewise may
kill the spores in the places where they are formed and
before they have been transplanted to another part of
the plant. The fungicide cannot act as a cure in the
sense of replacing the diseased, by healthy tissue, but
may, by destroying the spores, so prevent the spread that
the healthy parts may predominate. In the case of foli-
age, the spraying is chiefly preventive, and should be
particularly directed to the j'ounger leaves, the older
ones, with the fungus already established in them, in
time falling away. With the ordinary fruits there is no

723. Effects of the leaf-curl f

peach foliage (X K).

such succession, and the aim is to have each apple or
pear coated with the fungicide.

As a rule a fungus that attacks the fruit also infests the
leaves, and may likewise thrive in the stems. From this
it is gathered that the spray should be very thoroughly
applied to all parts of the plant, in order that the foliage
may be kept in vigor and make the required food sub-
stances for the growth of the fruit, and the latter saved
from decay due to direct attack of the fungous germs.
But this is not enough. From what has been remarked
concerning the hibernation of fungi, it goes without long
argument that much can be done by thorough sanitation
in the orchard and fruit garden when the crop is off and
the plants are at rest. In short, the foliage of a blighted
orchard or vineyard is too important to be overlooked
in considering the subject of fungous diseases. The pear
leaves, for example, maybe infested with the leaf-spot,
Entomosporium maculatum, and spraying may have kept
them from falling prematurely and a good crop saved
thereby, but the old leaves, as they drop in autumn, are
more or less infested with the disease, and, as far as pos-
sible, should be destroyed before the winds have scat-
tered them. In the sam'e way the black-rot of the grape
[Lcfstadia Bidwellii) maybe carried over in the foli-
age and the mummy berries that are left upon the vines.
Here, again, the spray pumps can.be largely supple-
mented by picking, pruning and burning. In the winter
care of vineyards we can take a lesson from the grape
growers of Europe, where much care is taken to clean
up after every crop. They do not stop with the gather-
ing of the refuse, but spray the leafless vines in win-
ter, and the trellises as well, with Bordeaux or plain
solution of cupric sulfate. The subject of remedies for
fungous diseases would be slighted were not emphatic
words used in this connection. It is folly to delay the

494 DISEASES

use of remedial measures until after the fungi are in
evidence. With many quick-acting diseases it is then
too late, and in fact with some the spray pump, when the
trees are in full leaf and fruit, is of secondary impor-
tance. The fruit-rot or gray mold (MoniUa fntctigena)
of the cherry, plum and peach is of this type. To eradi-
cate this pest, it is not enough to wait until the disease
is in the trees, for then, if the weather is warm and
moist, the crop is destroyed. Here, again, the work of
prevention should begin the winter before; by destroy-
ing all mummy fruit (Pig. 722) and blighted branches
the disease is attacked at its weakest point.

Another point in this connection that must be kept in
mind is the general health of the plant. Every tree or
shrub should bo well nourished and come to its ap-
pointed task in good health. This means the best
form of the plant for the purposes intended, obtained
by the use of the pruning knife or other means. Fungi
do not love the sunshine half as well as the shade, and
an open-topped tree needs less spraying than one with
the branches crowded. This will also obviate in some
measure another point of weakness, namely, overload-
ing. A peach tree attempting to carry a double comple-
ment of fruit will breed more decayed fruit and foliage
than many that are not overloaded. Thinning, in other
words, is often as essential to healthfulness as spraying,
and a congenial soil and situation are more important
than either. Naturally, the question of remedies for fun-
gous diseases comes in only after all the conditions for
the best growth of the plants have been met

The number of fungi injurious to the horticulturist is
large, and space peinut'i of the mention of but a few
under the sevetnl ri j ^I i Ir Aside from the rust

and scab used tl * I illustration, theie are

the ripe rot (6/ / iium), powderj mil-

dew {Poildsplxi i I iiid the fire blight (jSo-

cillus amiihniiiii II ( i I the three grows also

upon the giapf mill in I h^ht ittacks the pear and
the quince, upon 111 i im i i iii_' a seiious enemj Jn
this fare blight » h i\ i I i I j i il disease in plants,
that resides dunii_ th wnili r iii the twigs, and is con-
veyed tofloweislj^ insttts which gather on the ooze of
cracked, blighted stems in spring All such diseased
branches should have been previously removed.
Quinces- The bHckiot ( 9,,h'n„p^i^ maUium) and
rust (Scestilici i tip often destructive.

Plums, in additi i i 1 n .t hi^e le it blight

ICyhndiospo>nif i i i hfii\ h is the shot-

hole" fungus ( ^ , Ti. idics are some-

times much affile ti 1 ihih 1 it Liiil(/ io„M »s (((firm-
ans. Fig 72J), and the sc ili (i g^a^ back (i lado-spo-

DISEASES

The affected trees produce tufts of small branches upon
the older branches, with slender leaves, known as "Pen-
nyroyal sprouts" or "willow shoots." Trees with these
"bushes" are fit subjects for the burn heap.

Of the small fruits, the grape leads in the number of
fungi, the black-rot and ripe-rot previously mentioned
being among the chief, while the anthracnose [Sphace-

rium carpophilum). The most obscure disease of the
peach is the "yellows," a name given to a contagious
disorder that manifests itself in a premature ripening of
thefruit, which takes on an unnatural spotting of red or
purple, with the flesh streaked and the taste insipid.

iiiiipelinum} and downy mildew {Plas
are quite destructive. Hlnckborries ;
suffer from similar dise,-.s,-, (l,r. \,-..,\

opara vin-
d raspber-
g ones be-

;thei

•oot and br;

Pee/,-,
of the

lihiiiis. and the an-
thriiciicisp ((Jlwosporiiim fc/i. ^iwi ) , aniL-uublo to spray-
iiif;. < 'ui rants and gooseberries nro similarly akin, and
h:i\i- iHiiflvthe same fungi, as leaf -spot (6'('/)^orirt liihis,
Ki-. :l'I ) and anthracnose (Glceosporium Hihis), in ad-
iliiinii to which the gooseberry is badly troubled with a
miUlcw { Spharotheca Mors-Uvie), that may be kept off
by sulfide of potassium, one ounce to two gallons of
water, as a spray. Strawberries have the leaf-blight
{SphivrfUa Kragarife, Fig. 725) as the leading fungous
trouble, and this sometimes requires heroic treatment,
even to the burning over of the bed in autumn to de-
stroy the infested leaves and the germs they contain.

Annual Plants. In the previous discussion, peren-
nial crop plants only have been considered. With the
annuals the treatment is in large part the same, except
that there are no live plants in winter to be considered,
no stems and branches to be cleansed, and there is the
very important difference that it is possible to grow the
annuals upon new ground each season. While it is im-
possible to move the vineyard or fruit garden, it should
lie the rule not to grow an annual upon the same piece
of soil continuously. In one sense the grower can move
away from his troubles by practicing a judicious rota-
tion of crops. However, the truck grower and the gar-
dener in a small way should not trust entirely to this
itinerancy, but instead should place the spraying ma-
chine upon the same footing as the plow or planter as a
necessary implement; and as insects compete with fungi
for the possession of his crops he should spray for both,
and usually this can be done at the same time. The

DISEASES

spraying of crops like potatoes, beans, egg-plants and
•celery, can be done with great rapidity with the cart
machines.

With the annual crops the idea of cleaning up and
burning the rubbish should be enforced as thoroughly
as with the tree crops. The burn heap is a successful
ally of the spray pump, and with the rotation suggested,
growers of vegetables and vegetable fruits should hope
to be exempt from serious fungous attaclss, except when
the weather is unusually favorable for the excessive de-
velopment of blights and rots.

Some of the leading fungous enemies upon the vege-
table fruit plants are the anxhracoose (Colletotrichum
Lagemiriiim) and bacteriosis (Bacillus PhaseoU) of the
beau, both held in check by Bordeaux; the leaf-spot
(Ascoc%yta Pisi) and mildew (Erijsiphf Martii) of the
pea; leaf-spot (Stptoria Lycopersii:i),h\i\<!k-vot (Mac-
rosporiwm Tomato) and bacteriosis (JSarillns h^uhince-
arum) of the tomato; leaf-spot (Phyllosticta linrlorum)
and stem-rot (Nectria Iponuea) of the egg-plant; and
anthracnose (ColtetotrichumLagenariiim) of melons and
cucumbers.

Among vegetables strictly so-called, there is the leaf-
blight iCercospora Apii) and bacteriosis of celery; rail-
dew (Peronospora effusa) of spinach; smut ( Urocystis
Cepulm) of onions; rust {Piicciiiia Asparagi) of aspara-
gus; club-root {Pahmodinphnra Brassicm) oica,bba.ge,
and mildew (Bremia Lactuca) of lettuce.

The root crops have their subterranean fungous ene-
mies, and for these a soil treatment is necessary. For
the club-root of turnips and cabbage, named above, and
allied plants, lime is a preventive when added to the
soil, 35 bushels per acre ; while the scab (Oospora
scabies) of the round potato is checked by soaking the
seed in a weak solution of corrosive sublimate, or by
flowers of sulfur added to the soil, 300 pounds per
acre. The same treatment is effective for onion smut
and the fungous diseases of the sweet potato. Use a
new field each year whenever possible. In short, feed
and care for the crops well, so that the plants will be
perfectly at home in the place assigned them, and then
use fungicides as an enlightened judgment dictates,
not forgetting to destroy the autumn rubbish, the win-
ter hiding places of the insidious germs of disease. See
Fungicide.

Bacterial Diseases. — There is much damage done
to higher plants by infesting bacteria. These low or-
ganisms may flourish in leaf, stem or root, and with
some crops they are widespread and destructive. One
of the most prominent of the bacterial diseases is the
fire-blight of the pear, apple and quince, due to the
Bacillus amylovorus, the germs of which multiply in
the nectar of the blooms with great rapidity, and are
carried from one flower to another by insects, and in
this way an orchard may become infected. From the
blossoms the disease extends downward into the
branches or runs in from lateral fruit-spurs and girdles
the limbs. The blight also enters through the tips of
growing branches, as in the nursery when plants are too
young to bear flowers. This is "twig-blight," as dis-
tinguished from "flower-blight," while a third form is
a "body-blight," where the germs attack the main
stem of the tree through the buds that may be found
there. Warm, moist weather, with frequent showers,
favor the spread of the disease, and with opposite con-
ditions the germs may die out, even when in the cam-
bium and protected by the bark. The germs, when they
live over winter in the branch, may reach the surface as
ooze from the blighted parts in spring and be carried
by insects to the flower and other buds. As yet there is
nothing better for a remedy than the removal of the
blighted twigs, cutting well below where the dead ad-
joins the living bark. Trees highly fertilized with ni-
trogenous manures are especially subject to blight and,
therefore, over-stimulation with manure is to be avoided,
and upon very rich soil an orchard may do better in sod.

The above is a fair type of the bacterial diseases of
ligneous plants. Among the many upon herbs, there is
one that is very destructive to tomatoes, the Bacillus
solanacearum, which is recognized by a sudden wilting
of the foliage, followed by a yellow or brown color.
Here, again, the germs are transmitted by insects as
Colorado and flea beetles. One of the chief preventive

495

measures, therefore, is to protect the tomatoes by insec
ticldes, and when any plant is diseased it should be de-
stroyed. Other plants allied to the tomato, as potato,
egg-plant, petunias and the common weeds, as James-
town weed, nightshade and ground cherry, are affected
with the same disease; and, therefore, clean culture is
demanded, and also a wide rotation of crops upon soil
liable to bear infected plants.

A similar bacterial disease is met with in sweet corn,
due to Pseudonionas JSfeu-arti; while other species at-
tack sorghum and a long list of field and garden crops,
particularly the roots like beet, carrot, turnip and simi-
lar plants, as the bean, onion and celery. Sprays do not
seem to materially check these diseases, and the chief
means of combating them are through soil sanitation
and a judicious rotation.

Nematodes. — There are many troubles experienced
by plants that are due to animals. None of these are
more abundant and destructive than the nematodes,
namely, microscopic worms, that infest various parts of
plants, but the roots in particular, when they cause en-
largements known as root-galls. As the conditions of
continued warmth and moisture favor these eel worms,
they are more frequently found in destructive numbers
in the plant house. Roses are particularly subject to
nematodes, which upon their roots cause a multitude
of small swellings. The same is true of violets, with
which they have been very serious at times. Cucumber,
tomato, cyclamen, coleus (see Fig. 518, p. 351), and
other plants are likewise attacked.

It is thought that lime added to the soil has been bene-
ficial, but the most effective method of exterminating
these pests is by heating the soil by steam up to at least
180°-212° F. for one hour or more before being used in
the pots or benches. The nematodes are killed by freez-
ing, and probably on this account the number of these
worms in field crops is kept within bounds at the north,
while they are a menace to field crops at the south. In
greenhouse work, take care that no soil is used which
has not been thoroughly frozen since it bore a crop of
indoor stuff.

Imperfect Nutrition.- There are doubtless many
ills of plants due directly to lack of proper physical con-
ditions. Some are overfed, others are starved, some are

%\

726. Disease of Cucumber leaf (X K).

The dying margui indicates th.it the trouble is due to some

interlerence with the food supply.

drowned, and many perish from protracted thirst. Aside
from all this, plants will sicken even when the ordinary
conditions seem satisfactory. For some reason not
easily assigned, a change will come over the plant, the
activities of growth are checked or cease, and the plant
dies and without any cause that falls under the previous
heads. Some physiological defect is charged with the
cause, and various terms have been used to conceal the
manifest ignorance. The "yellows" of the peach seems

496 DISEASES

to be one of this class, and is as interesting to the vege-
table pathologist as it is destructive to the orchardist.
The latest view of this particular form of disorder is
that of the unorganized ferment, which by causing cer-
tain chemical changes in the substances of the cells brings
about the peculiar and well marked malady of the "yel-
lows." If we start with the premise that there is a cer-
tain small amount of chemical ferment in all plants, it
is only necessary to have this increased to get the re-
sults in question; and how to prevent this augmentation
is the practical point at issue. This ferment in active
form might be communicated from one plant to another
by budding or grafting, and, instead of introducing liv-
ing germs, it is a transmission of a germless ferment
like diastase, that is found in seeds, and does its ap-
pointed work as a solvent, in the period of germination.
There are other disorders that are called " ffidema," or
a dropsical form of disease. The tomato is subject to
this, and pelargoniums likewise. Tumors are formed, or
the leaves bear translucent dots along the veins. This
trouble is most apt to appear with greenhouse plants in
early spring, and may be favored by lack of sun-
shine, especially if tlie warm soil is wet and root action
is excessive. The remedy lies in furnishing, so far as

DISPORUM

possible, the conditions opposite to those above named.

In general, it may be said that diseases which are
due to germs or to malnutrition show the disorder
more or less generally spread over the plant, rather than
confined to local areas. For example, if the foliage
shows a general wilting, it is evident that the trouble
lies farther back than the leaves themselves. If one
leaf begins to die all around the edge (as in Fig. 726), it
is in*ication that the trouble is a cutting off of food
supply in the entire leaf; the trouble may be near the
base of the leaf, or farther back. After a time, the leaf
becomes dry and brittle, and the winds break it. In Fig.
727 it is evident that the trouble is in the whole branch.
Byron D. Halsted.

DISHCLOTH GOUBD. See Luffa. ,

DISPORUM (Greek, double pored). LUiicem. Per-
ennial herbs with the appearance of our much-loved
eastern Bellwort or Uvularia, but distinguished by an
indehiscent ben-y, while Uvularia has a capsule that
splits down the back of each cell. In 1879, Bentham ;ind
Hooker proposed to include Prosartes in this giniis.
The American species of Prosartes are said by S. A\:itMin
to differ from the Asian ones in having tlifirorulis Imng
from the top of the cell instead of as.-.ii.ijn- ficm iho
base, but in one American species, /'. ti;i'l,<i, .i ,■!.■: . ih. y
are fixed on the sides, as they are als<p in "ii. HiiiKila\an
species. The habit of all is said to l.i- aliki. Latest
monograph of both genera by Baker in Journ. Linn. Soc.
14 586, 588 (1875) , of the American species of Prosartes
by S Watson, m Proc Am. Acad. 14:270 (1879).

These plants have been little tried in the eastern
states and are probil h not hardy without some winter
covermg

A Lis

; S-cUft.

B Peiianth iciy 1 1 t ! nml uinquuUii rotmded at
Uh base.

M§nzi8Bii, Nicholson (P. MinziesU, Don). More or
less woolly pubescent stem 2-3 ft. long, forking, arch-
ing above Ivs ovate to ovate-lanceolate, narrowly acu-
minate or the lowest acute, sessile, 2-3 in. long, often
resm dotted fls 1-3 greenish, from the topmost axils,
nodding 7-9 lines long pedicels puberulous; perianth
segments nearly erect, acute, 6-11 lines long; stamens
a third shorter , anthers included, l}^-2 times shorter
than the filaments berry 3-6 seeded: cells 1-2-seeded:
fr oblong obovate, narrowed to a short beak. Calif,
to B C
BB Pcttanth narroH and m")-' ^r. ,ij, ...h., i^. ,] ,,t the ha.^e.

lanugindsum, Nicholson. W ■ "t: Ivs. ob-

long lanceolate, narrowlv acini ■ ' ill --'•ginciits

greenish, linear lanceolate. a.uii;ii):iii . ^pi. a. ling, 6 or 7
lines long, stamens a third sh(»rter; style and narrow
ovary glabrous capsule oblong-ovate, obtusish or with
a very short, stout beak, glabrous ; cells 1-2-seeded.
W N Y to Ga and Tenn. B.M. 1490.-Int. by H. P.

plsev

trachyc&rpuin, Hook & Jack. {P. trachycdrpa ,Wa,ts.) .
M re or less pubescent stem 1-13^ ft. high, forking,
« ith foliage on the upper half: Ivs. ovate to olilong-lan-

I il I 1 1 uitli sc gments whitish, sliulii l\ -i.iiinnn-.

I t ri \ l\ I I tnteolatethan in /'. '/ .i-'.

t I 111 1 1 I ut as long as tin i rv

I i\ II lis 2-6 seeded: fr. bn. mill ., I..., ,in, .ili-

II 1 ithi 1 (liiplj lobed, papillose. Saskati'luwuii to
Idaho, I tih and Colo

AA iis mosHy cordate-clasping.

Oreg4num iP Oiegdna, S. Wats.). More or less

II 1 ii It h s ovate to oblong-lanceolate, long-

I III nth segments spreading, acute, nar-

I I I 1 \ listmctly net-veined, 5-7 lines long,

i 1 1 li rter than the stamens : fr. ovate.

It pubescent; cells 1-2-seeded. Oreg.

1 1 Idaho to B C
I he following kinds

with short,
II. s oblong: perianth
it.ise; cells nsu.illy 2-
more robust form of

DISPORUM

D. lanuginosum, less pubenilous. with Ivs. wider, more deeply
cordate at the base, and clasping the branches.— i). Lesckenanl-
tidnu7n, D. Don, differs from the otliers here described by hav-
ing white fls. India, Ceylon. B.'Sl. mjr,.-D. piiUum, Salisb.
Readily told from American forms by its brown or purplish

DODECATHEON

497

L fls, India, Ja

B.M.

W. M.

DlSTICHLIS (Greek, /ico-raHtoZ). Gramlnece. Salt-
grass. Marsh Spike-grass. B. spicAta, Greene, is an
upright, wiry grass, 10-20 in. high, with strong, exten-
sively creeping rootstocks. A- Salt-grass found on the
coast of both continents, and thrives even in ground
heavily crusted with alkali and other salts. Prospectors
and miners consider its presence a sure sign of water
near the surface. Good grass for binding loose sands or
soils subject to wash. Not cult. P. B. Kennedy.

DISTtLItrM:( Greek, tifo styles). HamamelidAceiv.
An oriental genus of two species of evergreen trees, one
of which has variegated foliage, and is used for hedges
in China and Japan. The genus is very unlike our Witch
Hazel, as it has no petals, a superior ovary and 2-8
stamens. Lvs. alternate, thick, leathery, ovate or oblong-
lanceolate, entire : fls. small, polygamous. Seeds and
young plants of D. racemdsum, Sieb. & Zucc, may be
obtained through dealers in Japanese plants.

noiihs, Britton), another mint. It 1
substitute for tea. and is a gentle a
All these plants yield an oil used as i

DOCK. A name applied to various species of Rumex
(of the PolygonAcew). The commonest species — grow-
ing in fields and yards-are the Curled or Narrow-leaved
Dock(i?. erispus, Linn.), and the Bitter or Broad-leaved

Spinace Dock

Dock.

Dock (Jf. obtHsifoUtts, Linn.). These are introduced
from the Old World. Several species are native.

Various species of Docks and Sorrels have long been
cultivated as pot-herbs. Some of them are very desir-
able additions to the garden because thev yield a pleas-
ant food very early in spring, and, once planted, they
remain for years. The Spinage Dock and the Large

Belleville are amongst the best kinds. The former
(Fig. 728) is the better of the two, perhaps, and it has
the advantage of being a week or 10 days earlier. The
crisp leaves ( blade 1 ft. long) appear early in April, when
there is nothing green to be had in tlie open, and they
can be cut continuously for a moiitli i.r moi-o. This Dock
is the Herb Patience (iJuniex /'r' . -.', .I.inn.). It has
long been an inhabitant of gar. I. ' I'aringly

run wild in some parts of this ("I I I i - native of

Europe. The Belleville (Fig. 7:^' i^ a:-., .t i;uropean
plant, and is really a Sorrel (Ji'iii)nr Antosn, Linn.).
It has also become spontaneous in some of the eastern
portions of the country. It has thinner, lighter green
and longer-stalked leaves than the SpinageDock, with
spear-like lobes at the base. The leaves are very sour,
and will probably not prove to be so generally agreeable
as those of the Spinage Dock ; but they are later, and
afford a succession. In some countries this Sorrel yields
oxalic acid sufficient for commercial purposes. The
round-leaved or true French Sorrel (J?«»i«x scutatus,
Linn.) would probably be preferable to most persons.
All these Docks are hardy perennials, and are very ac-
ceptable plants to those who are fond of early "greens."
least, of the cultivated Docks can be procured

Df American seeds

DOCKMACKIE. Vil

L. H. B.

DODDER.

DODECATHEON {Qreek, twelve gods). PrimulAcea.
Shooting Star. American Cowslip. Hardy herba-
ceous plants, with flowers that are never forgotten after
the first sight. Shooting Star is a capital name. The
flowers have been compared to a diminutive cyclamen,
for they are pendulous and seem to be full of motion
(see Fig. ,30). The stamens in D. Mmdia and all east-
ern species come to a sharp point and seem to be shoot-
ing ahead, while the petals stream behind like the tail
of a comet. The fls. represent every shade from pure
white, through lilac and rnjjp, tn purple, and they all have
a yellow circle in the ini.l.ll.-. i. .■., at the mouth of the
corolla. Dodecatheon i^ a iiin-i ]iii:'./,liiig genus to sys-
tematic botanists. It is found from .Maine to Texas and
from the Atlantic to the I'acitic; and along the Pacific
slope, from the islands of Lower California to those
of Behring straits. In this vast region, it varies
immensely. It is also found in Asia, especially north-
eastward. This wonderful distribution and variability
is all the more remarkable if, as Gray believed, it is
all one species, because monotypic genera are con-
sidered, as a rule, to be comparatively inflexible or
invariable. Dodecatheon belongs to the same order
with Primula and Cyclamen, but in a different tribe
from the latter, while its reflexed corolla lobes dis-
tinguish it from the 10 other genera of its own tribe.
For the honor of American horticulture, it is a
pity that the improvement of these charming Ameri-
can plants should have been left to English and
French horticulturists. An Important era in their
amelioration was probably begun with the introduction
of the D. Jeffreyi from the Rocky Mts., first pictured
about 1866, which was stronger-growing than the com-
mon or Atlantic type, with longer and erect lvs. (not
crowded in a flat rosette), and with larger fls. and more
of them. The improvement of the Shooting Stars is
very recent. Twenty-six horticultural varieties are given
in 1897 in E.H.,p. 380. The best kinds are robust in
habit, with 12-16 large fls., the main colors being white,
lilac, rose, violet, and deep purplish red, with many deli-
cate intermediate shades. After the fls. are gone the
pedicels become erect. Some species have all their
parts in 4's. The best picture of the most advanced
types is R.H. 1898: 5.52. For other pictures, see B.M. 12.
Gn. 10:41 and 21:411. Gng.5:295. Mn.4:65.

Of till ir culture. .T. B. Keller says : "All they require
is an cip. ii.w. II chain..! snil, not too dry, and moderately
rich, an. 1 a ~lia.l\ ..r j.artially sh.idy position. In a sunny
border the lis. ar.- ..f short duration. The rockery with
a nortlieru or eastern aspect suits them to a dot. They
are prop, by division of the crowns, or by seeds, the
latter method being rather slow." J. W. Manning ad-
vises a cool spot in rich loam. The lvs. disappear

498 DODEOATHEON

after flowering and do not appear again until the next
spring. Shooting Stars are said to be easily forced. The
best varieties at present are obtained from Europe.

The genus Dodecatheon is much confused : that is,
it is differently understood by different authors. In
the Synoptical Flora, 1878, Gray accepted hut one spe-
cies, D, Meadia, and referred all the known forms to

DODECATHEON

BBB. Capsule obtuse, thin, more or less cylindrical,

surpassing the calyx, dehiscent by a circum-

scission of the apex.

Hindersoni, Gray. About a foot high : Ivs. small, obo-

vate: fls. like those of D. eUipticum. Idaho to Calif.

A.\. Anthers seemingly sessile, the very short filaments
inserted below the orifice of the corolla.

frlgidum, Cham. & Schlecht. (D. Mladia, var.
frl<liihim. Gray). Lvs. obovate to oblong, very ob-
tuse, mostly entire : calyx-lobes longer than the tube :
.■:i|>sulc iililong. Behring straits to Rockies and Sierras.
B..M.:..s71.

Var. dentitum. Gray {D. dentdfum, Hook. D. Miadia,
var. latilobum. Gray). Larger: lvs. with blade 1^ in.
long, oval or ovate to oblong, repand or sparingly den-
tate, abruptly contracted into long winged petioles.
Utah, west and north.

Following ? mostly Olil W.nM lioi liiultural forms:
D. Lein6i7iei,] -t. Said to l-e a h\l>ii.l 1m1\v..ii D. integri-
tolium and I effreyi, and im.i m.^liiti' m rliaiactcr.— X).

bust and erect, 1 th larger fls.. wliirl, :ur piirplisli rose, circled
with white.— D. maxiifiiiiu. IlnrI lis. n.se. — £>. Miadia, var.
elegans, Hort. ijvs. wi.h r iiii'l slimier; scape shorter:

730. Shooting Star— Dodecatheon paucifl

six varieties of it. Later (Botanical Gazette 11:231) he
revised his view of tlie genus, and recognized five spe-
cies. A synopsis of this latter view is here given, and
it is followed by a conspectus of the latest view of the
genus by Professor Greene. Various garden names are
not accounted for in either sketch, nor is it possible to
refer them to their proper places without studying the
plants themselves ; and these forms are Old World pro-
ductions, and are not known to be in the American trade.
A. Anthers on evident filaments, the latter being in-
serted at the very orifice of the short corolla-tube
and distinctly monadelphous: lvs. with tapering
base.
B. Capsule acute, opening at the apex by valves.
Hiadia, Linn. Cosimon or Eastern Shooting Stab.
Roots fibrous : lvs. 3-9 in. long, crowded on a thickish
crown, spatulate oblong or oblanceolate, entire or nearly
so, sometimes repand obtuse, below tapering into more
or less of a margined petiole: scape 9-24 in. high: fls.
few to many in an umbel. Penna. south and west.— 2).
integrifolium, Nichx. (B.M. 3622) is regarded by Gray as
probably synonymous, but in European horticulture it
seems to be loo.sely used to distinguish an entire-lvd.
from a dentate form.
BB. Capsule obtuse, opening at or from the apex by

valves.
J^ffreyi, Moore. Large : lvs. from narrowly or elon-
gated to obovate-spatulate: capsule oblong or cylindri-
cal, usually much surpassing the calyx. Pacific .coast.
P.S. 16:1602, which represents a strong plant with erect
root^lvs. 1 ft. long, and purplish red fls. twice as large
as any cultivated before 1865-7. The name is sometimes
spelled Jeffmyi and Jeffreyanum. To this species,
Gray provisionally referred his vars. alplnum and
frigidum. The former appears to be the £>. alpinum,
Hort.

elUpticum, Nutt. {D. Meadia, var. brevifdlium, Gray).
Distinguished by its globular or short-ovoid capsule,
barely equaling or slightly surpassing the calyx ; also
by the short and blunt anthers : lvs. short, obovate or
oval, with cuneate base. Gal. and north.

Ho

segments and stamens
very near the apex. >
ern Washington and ( ►]

F. H. Horstord in 1899.

ndia

I cultiv

gigantium,
■s. paler: Us.
-D. Miadia.

.'t of D. Jef^
l.r. Roots,

whole plant

W. M.

.\xoTHER View of Dodecatheon.— The species fall
into two well-marked groups : lowland species, which
flower in winter and rest during the long, dry summer;
and subalpine species, which rest in winter and flower
in the subalpine spring of July and August. Species of
the lowland group propagate by bulblets formed on the
crown of the root. In the following notes, only some of
the leading species of different regions are taken up.
They are not all in commerce.

A. Lvs., roots and scapes from a short, vertical crown.
B. Anthers long, sharp, convergent; capsules valvately
opening from the top.
M6adia, Linn. Lvs. oblanceolate or spatulate-oblong,
6-9 in. long, toothed more or less irregularly, of a light
green: fls. from deep lilac-purple to pinkish. Ranges
from Maine to perhaps Texas, east of the mountains.—
The Allegheny mountain plant is entire-leaved, and is the
J), integrifolium of Michx.

crenitum, Raf. Stouter, and of more fleshy texture
than the last ; foliage deep green, crenate rather than
dentate: fls. more numerous in the umbels, equally va-
riable in color. Inhabits either low prairies or moist
woodland borders of the upper Mississippi prairie
region.

corditum, Raf. Very light green, thin foliage, each
leaf made up of broad, subcordate, crenate blade and
distinct though broad petiole twice the length of the
blade : fls. very few in the umbel, pale pink or white,
but with very dark purple ring at base. Cult, at Phila-
(lelpliia early in the nineteenth century, and named and
,|,.riiiM,l li\ U'atinesque, the habitat not then known,
hi ! Hiwnto inhabit the limestone region of

-. , I , i !^ :ind adjacent Missouri, along with a

ft ..■ In r I (jiiallv rare and local plants. A most distinct
si)ocies hy its loiiage.

BB. Antliers obtuse, forming a column {not convergent) .

c. Capsules opening valvately : alpine species, or at

least subalpine, blooming in summer, resting in

paucifldrum, Greene. Fig. 730. Variable in size, 6-18 in.
high, but slender; hairs objanceolate, entire, suberect,

DODECATHEON

3-5 in. long: fls. often few in the umbel, sometimes many,
half the size of those of D. itfearf/w, usually deep purple:
filaments long, united into a slender tube ; column of
blunt anthers relatively short. Exclusively of the Rocky
mountain region and subalpine.

alplnnm, Greene. Smaller than the last, but with fls.
twice as large and always with parts in -t's; filaments
very short, wholly disconnected : Ivs. narrowly ob-
laneeolate or almost linear: corolla of a rich, dark pur-
ple. Peculiar to the high Sierra Nevada and Cascades.

J6!Jreyi, Moore. Lvs. oblanceolate, erect, entire, mu-
cronate, 5-lOin. long: scape 1-1'.. ft. high: lis. 4-merous;
pedicels and calyx hairy and glandular : segments of
the large corolla dark purple; stamens disconnected,
dark purple : capsule not exceeding the calyx. High
Sierra Nevada and Cascades.

cc. Capsules circuniscissile at top, this part falling off
as a lid. Californian lowland, winter-blooming
species, with broad, depressed lvs. ^xcept in D.
Clevelandi.

H^ndersoni, Gray. Lvs. obovoid, ver ituse, entire,
depressed, thick and glossy: scapes 8-1 m. high: seg-
ments of corolla rose-purple, the base d ^'k maroon en-
circled by a band of yellow: cansule ol long, twice the
length of the calyx. Calif, to Brit. Columbia.

cruoiitum, Greene. Foliage as in the last : scapes
taller, more slender, few-fld. ; parts of fl. in 4's ; corolla
of a darker purple ; anthers more elongated ; capsule
longer. Coast Range of Calif.

pitnlum, Greene. Lvs. as in the foregoing, nearly,
but stout scapes only 3-7 in. high : umbel very many-
fld. : corolla large, with pale creara-colored segments,
sometimes purplish tinged: tube of a dark, velvety ma-
roon-purple : anthers very short and broad, of a deep
blue-purple: capsule subglobose, hardly surpassing the
calyx. Plains of the interior of middle Calif.

These three species have, among other peculiarities,
that of propagating by their roots. Each root, after
flowering time, thickens and shortens, detaches itself
from the ground and forms a bud at the end, thus be-
coming a new plant.

Clevelandi, Greene. Lvs. more elongated, not de-
pressed : scape tall and stout; umbel very many-fld.;
corolla usually rose-purple, with yellow base and soni'
dark velvety Spots next the stamens, these very shmi
and broad, purple. Dry hills of southern Calif. — M<i
beautiful species; winter-blooming like the foregoiii-
but not propagating by root-metamorphosis.
AA. Lvs. and scapes from a horizontal rootstock , th i \
rooting from beneath. Far northwestern species.

dentitum, Hooker. Pale green, white-fld. species.
with broad, subcordate lvs. as in D. cordatum of the
southeastern states, but anthers blunt ; lvs. coarsely
dentate, but the horizontal rootstock must, as well as
the blunt stamens, prevent its being confused with D.
cordatum. Washington and Brit. Columbia.— Appa-
rently rare.

frlgidum, Cham. & Schlecht., is a similarly rbizoma-
tous species, but with purple fls., from the shores of
Behring sea. Is not in cult., nor likely to be.

viviparum, Greene, is a very large and handsome,
purple-fld. species ; subalpine on Mt. Rainier. In the
axils of the lvs., along the thick rootstock, bulblets are
produced, by which it propagates. Its capsule opens by
a lid, as in many far-western species, e. L. Gkeene.

DODON.SA (from the Greek name of a famous oracle
of Jupiter). Sapiiida,-.,, . About fid species of trees and
shrubs, widely sc;iiiir.-^l, lini .■.|..rially uhun.laut in
Australia. Lvs. :ilii . ■■. ■.\\]<n\,-<. -ini|il.- or
abruptly pinnate, in . Iit;ir\ . ^n- in r:ir. mrs,
corymbs or panicln- \:.-.<-.\vr l;r'n.,i ini , Fl:i., in-
troduced D. remotiflnra an.l /'. diria. Switch Sorrrl. from
Australia, In 1889. These names are not found in Index
Kewensis.

DOGBANE is .l;jo(-i/»»»i.

DOG'S-TAIL GRASS. Eleusine Indica.

DOGTOOTH VIOLET. Se

DOGWOOD. Co

specially Cc

DOLICHOS (old Greek name). Zegumindsce. Differs
from Phaseolus in technical characters : keel of the co-
rolla narrow and bent inwards at a right angle, but not
distinctly coiled ; style bearded under the stigma, which
is terminal; stipules small. Tropical twining beans of
perhaps 40-50 species, of which a few forms are in cult.
in this country. D. Japonicus, a most worthy orna-
mental vine, will be found under Pueraria. For the
Velvet or Banana Bean, D. multiflorus, see Mucuna.
For D. nngiiiculatKs, see I'igna.

L^blab, Linn. (I>.c>iltritus,Th.\inh.
D. purpi'ireus, Lindl.). Hyacinth
Be.in. Tall-twining (often reaching
10-20 ft.): leaflets broad-ovate,
rounded below and cuspidate-pointed
at the apex, often crinkly : fls. pur-
ple, rather large, 2— t at the nodes, in
a long, erect raceme : pods small
(2-3 in. long) and flat, usually
oth, conspicuously tipped with
the persistent stvle ; seed black,
small. Tropics. B. M. 896. B. R.
10:830. A. G. 14:84. -Cult, in this
country as an ornamental climbing
bean, but in the tropics the seeds
are eaten. Annual. It is easily
grown in any good garden soil. Like
beans, it will not endure
It is very variable. A form

illus

Hort. A form of verv large growth,
also white-fld., is D. ijiijunthis, Hort.
(Fig. 731). A perennial form (per-
haps a distinct species) is D. lig-
nd.ius, Linn., the Australian Pea.

.M. 380.

Besquipedaiis, Linn. Asparagus

EAN. FREN-c II YlHD-LONG. TaU-

KOK Fig. 194. Long-

ranibhng or twining an-

» nu.il pl.int, with deltoid-

o\ ate or deltoid-oblong

lilunt - pointed leaflets:

ll^. rather large, 1-3 in

tlie axils, the peduncles

s^ ( longating and bearing

,^ , the pods at their sum-

I nuts : pods compressed

or nearly terete, slender

ind VPrv]o.,i.-(ofton2ft.)

731. Dolichos Lablab (form dim-colored.-' S^Amer.-

, , ,1 Cult, as a vegetable gar-

eieanteus). ^X , > (j^^ esculent, the green

pods and dry beans being eaten. As easily grown as

other beans. l, g g

D6MBEYA (after Joseph Dombey, (1742-1793),
French botanist and companion of Ruiz and Pavon in
Peru and Chile). !Stercu!i(ice(e. About 24 species of
shrubs or small trees of minor importance from Africa or
Madagascar: lvs. often cordate, palnijitely nerved: fls.
rosy or white, numerous, in loose axillary or terminal
cymes or crowded into dense heads; calyx 5-parted, per-
sistent ; jietals 5 ; stamens 15-20, 5 sterile, the rest
shorter: ovary 3- 5-celled.

Natalfinsis, Send. Distinguished by its cordate, acute
lvs. and the narrowly awl-shaped leaflets of the invo-
lucre. Lvs. long, petioled, somewhat angular, toothed,
with minute stellate puliesoence, 5-7-ribbed : umbels
4-8-ad. Natal. -Cult, in S. Fla. and north under glass.
" Very rapid growing, foliage poplar-like : fls. pure white,
large, sweet-scented ; a very good winter blooming
plant."— Franceschi,

I. glabrous, heart-shaped,

■tlnr cleft: tls. few. large,

M . Miius. B.M. 2905

" ' fierrard. Lvs.

, ;iik1 2 shallow

r ^', , white, rosy at

500

,Cav. Height 9 ft.:
long-acuminate, serrate, deeply .'i-Ol
pink, in compact, forking r.-r. :i;'
shows a form with entire h^ -/'
pubescent, cordate, but Willi _
ones besides the basal ont': li-
center and along veins; pelal- i . ,
—D. Mdstersii. B.oo^. Slim I. I
shaped, serrate: lis. fragriuii
than in D. Burgessiae; petal- - r
D. vibumiflora, Boj., has v.f.
rower petals than any here <i--' i ii..
cuts not as wide as in D. Buryossui

DOdDIA (after Samuel Doody). Polypodidceie. A

small genus of greenhouse ferns from Ceylon, Malaya

and New Zealand. Sori curved, placed in one or more

rows between the midribs and the margins of the pinnae.

A, Ijvs. pinnatifid.

tlspera, R. Br. Lvs. G-18 in. long, 2-4 in. wide,
pinnatifid, the lower pinnte gradually becoming smaller:
sori in 1 or 2 rows. Australia. Crested varieties occur in
cultivation.

AA, Lvs. pinnate in the lower half,

m«dia, R. Br. Lvs. 12-18 in. long, with pinna) 1-2 in.
long, the lower ones gradually smaller, Australia and
New Zealand. D. Kimthidna, Gaud., from the Hawaiian
Islands, has close central pinn©. I). suph-l/a,Hort.,is
a larger garden form.

caudita, R. Br. Lvs. 6-12 in. long, with pinnae about
an inch long, the spore-hearing ones shorter; ape.i often
terminating in a long point, Australia and New Zealand.

L. M. L^NDERWOOD.

According to Schneider's Book of Choice Perns, all
Doodias, except 1). blerhnoides, are of dwarf habit, and
are useful for fern-cases and for edgings of window
boxes, especially for northern aspects, where flowering
plants do not prosper. Cool and intermediiite tempera-
tures are best. They are excellent for forming an under-
growth in cool houses, as they are seldom infested with
insects, endure fumigation, and do not care whether their
taller neighbors are syringed or not. Schneider recom-
mends 3 parts of peat and one of silver sand. Loam
does not help, but a little chopped sphagnum does. They
are very sensitive to stagnant water, and do not like
full exposure to sunlight. Always prop, by spores, but
division is possible.

In the American Florist 12:142, "A. H." writes; "/).
aspera and its crested variety are most useful, but they
can hardly In- ncdiiiiiicnded as market ferns. They re-
quire siniiliir tri;itiii.nt to the Blechnums, and are seen
at their In >| in h I inrh pot. The young fronds have a
verybrit;lit tint, wliic'h livens up the more somber hue
of the older fronds. They lose the brighttint much more
quickly when allowed to get too dry. Being of slender
growth, care should be taken not to over-pot. They like
plenty of leaf -mold and peat in the compost, and good
drainage."

■WEED. Polyijotui

liar

DORONICUM (Latinized Arabic name). Compisifce.
Leopard's Bane. Hardy herbaceous plants, 1-2 ft.
high, with yellow flowers, mostly one on a stem and 2-3
in. across, borne high above the basal crown of foliage,
from April to June. Prom 10-24 species, natives of
Europe and temperate Asia. Stems little branched or
not at all; lvs. alternate, radical ones long-stalked, stem-
Ivs. distant, often clasping the stem. The genus is al-
lied to Arnioa,and distinguished by the alternate lvs. and
by the style. The plants are of easy culture in rich loam.
The flowers are numerous and good for cutting. Doronl-
cums have been strongly recommended for forcing.
A. Moot-lvs. not notched at the base, oi'ate.

plantaglneum, Linn. Glabrous, but woolly at the neck,
with long, silky hairs: root-lvs, ovate or oval, wavy-
toothed : Ktem-lvs, nearly entire, the lower ones narrowed
into a petiole and not eared, the upper ones sessile, ob-
long, acuminate. .Sandy woods of Eu. Rhizome tuberous,
roundish, or creeping obliquely. Stalk of the root-lvs.
about 3 in, long. Typically about 2 ft, high, G.C. III.

DORSTENIA

17:229. Var. excSlaum, Hort. (O. excUsum, Hort. D.
"Harpttr Crewe," Hort.), is more robust, grows about
5 ft. high and is probably more cult, than any other
kind of Doronicum. Fls. sometimes 4 in. across. Gn.
47, p. 209, and 2«:518. G.C. U, 20;297.

Cliisu, Tausch. Lvs. ovate or oblong; stem-lvs. half
clasping, with distant teeth or many small ones. One
subvariety has long, silky hairs on its lvs., while another
has none. Swiss and Austrian Alps. — " Soft, downy foli-
age," J. W. Manning. "Grows 2 ft. high," Woolson.
"Larger and later fls. than D. Caucasicum," Elhvanger
and Barry.

AA. Boot-lvs. notched at the base, heart-shaped.
B. Hoot tuberous.

FardalidncheB, Linn. Hairy : 1 vs. toothed ; lower stem-
lvs. eared at the base of the stalk, sub-ovate, upper ones
spatulate-cordate, highest ones cordate-clasping, acute.
Woods of lower mts. of Eu. — While all species are typi-
cally 1-fld., any of them may have now and then niore
than 1 fl. on a stem, and this species particularly may
have 1-5 fls.

y BB. Boot not tuberous.

/ Gaac&sicum, Bleb. Glabrous except as noted above:
lvs. crenate-dentate, lower stem-lvs. eared at the base
of the stalk, the blade subcordate, highest ones cordate
to half-clasping. Shady woods of Caucasus, Sicily, etc,
B.M. 3143, which shows stems with 1 fl. and 1 If.-Fls.
2 in. across.

Austrtacum.Jacq. Atrifle hairy; lvs. minutely toothed,
lower stem-lvs. spatulate-ovate, abruptly narrowed at
the base, half-clasping, highest ones cordate-clasping,
lanceolate, Subalpine woods, Eu. -tfj^ ]yi_

Contraierva (XM).

iirly German botanist, Theodor
' (or MoriXccip). Between 40 and
uarkable for the dilated receptacle

DOBSTEJHA

In which the unisexual fls. are borne. The plants are
not in the Amer. trade, but they are often grown in
botanical establishments to illustrate morphology. The
fig is a hollow receptacle; the Dorstenia bears a flattened
or cup-like receptacle, and is an intermediate stage be-
tween the fig and other plants. One of the common spe-
cies is D. Contraj/rva, Linn. (Fig. 732), which is native
to trop. Amer. Both staminate and pistillate fls. are
without perianth ; stamens 1 or 2 : ovary 1-loculed ;
stigma 2-lobed. Dorstenias are easily grown in warm,
shady glasshouses. L. H. B.

DOETANTHES (Greek, spear-flower; the flowering
stem 8-25 ft. high, crowned by a spike of fls. 3 ft. high ) .
Amarylliddcece. A genus of 4 species of gigantic desert
plants from Australia, with 100 or more Ivs. 6 ft. long
when full grown. Franceschi, Santa Barbara, Calif.,
writes, "They are impressive plants for large conserva-
tories, or for open ground in the South, where they will
stand slight frosts." They belong to the same family
with the Century Plants, and are the only ones in the
tribe outside of America. The roots are flbrous and
clustered. The ovules and seeds, though inserted in two
series, are so placed above one anotiier as to form one
row in each cell. The Ivs. have a curious brown tubular
tip, which is especially long iu I>. Palmeri. Franceschi
says, "D. Gnilfoiilei and V. Liirkini, recently described
from Queensland, are yet to be introduced to this coun-
try." A plant of D. Palmeri remained at Kew 16 years
before flowering. Plants of Doryanthes are prop, by
suckers, which are produced only after flowering. The
process is very slow. The young plants must be repotted
for several years until they have attained a large size.
They are said to do best in a compost of loam and leaf-
mold in equal parts.

A. Lvs, not ribbed.

exc^lsa, Correa. Lvs. sword-shaped, smooth, entire,
with a very narrow cartilaginous margin, lower ones re-
curved, others erect: scape clothed with lanceolate lvs.,
which sheath the stem at their base: fls. in a globular
head, deep crimson or maroon inside and out. B.M. 1685.
K.H. 1865, pp. 466, 471; 1891, p. 548. 6.0.11.11:339.
AA. Lvs. slir/htly ribbed.

Pilmeri.W. Hill. Even more gigantic thaDD.excelsa,
lvs. longer and broader, and a longer brown point: fls.
in a thyrsoid panicle, bright scarlet outside, whitish
within. B.M. 6665. F.S. 20:2097. R.H. 1891:548. G.C.
II. 17: 409. -"This has been flowering and fruiting sev-
eral times in southern California."— FraHceso/i;.

W. M.

DOETOPTEEIS (Greek, lance-fern). Polypodi&cea.
A genus of small sagittate or pedate greenhouse ferns,
with continuous marginal sori and copiously anas-
tomosing veins. Sometimes joined to Pteris, which see
for culture. Not to be confused with I>ryopteris.

palmilta, J. Sm. Lvs. 4-9 in. each way, with 5 or more
triangular lobes or the fertile still more divided ; ribs
black. West Indies to Brazil.

n6biU3, J. Sm. Larger: lvs. sometimes 1 ft. long, pe-
dately bipinnatifid; ribs chestnut. South Brazil.

D. dedpims, with lvs. resembling a geraniiim leaf. 3-6 in. each
way, is sometimes cultivated, as is D. decora, with more divided
lvs. Both are natives of the Hawaiian Islands.

L. M. Underwood.

DOSSlNIA (E. P. Dossin, Belgian botanist, 1777-1852).
Orchiddceee. A genus of 2 species of terrestrial orchids,
allied to Anoectochilus, but lacking the bearded fringe
on the lower part of the labellum. The species described
below may possibly be cult, by a few amateurs who
are skilled in the cultivation of dwarf warmhouse foli-
age plants.

Z>. marmorata. C. Morr. (Ancectochilus Lowei, Hort.). Lvs.
golden-veined or marbled. 4-5 in. long, elliptic ; scape pubescent.
10 in. high: spike 5 in. long, with many white, pubescent Hs.
Java. P. S. 4:370.— There is a stronger-growing var., with
foliage better colored.

DOUGLASIA (after David Douglas, the tireless Scotch
botanist, who explored California. Oregon and British
Columbia in 1823 and 1829, introduced many splendid
plants to cultivation, and perished in the Hawaiian

DOWNING 501

Islands, at the age of 34, by falling into a pitfall made for
wild animals). Priimildcece. Five species of tiny prim-
rose-like plants, one of which has yellow fls. and dwells
in the mountains of middle Europe; the rest have rosy
purple fls. and are found in the Rocky mountains and
the shores of the Arctic ocean. The genus is closely
allied to Androsace and Primula, but in those two genera
all the lvs. come from the root, while Douglasia has
branches, though very short ones, which are densely
clothed with lvs. Douglasia has a corolla-tube longer
than the calyx, and the capsule is 1-2-seeded. Androsace
has a corolla tube as long as or shorter than the calyx,
and its capsule may have few or many seeds. Primula
is usually long-tubed, always many-seeded. The secret
in the culture of alpine plants is a steady supply of
moisture. "Like all the hardy Primulacese," writes J. B.
Keller, "Douglasia requires half shade and a certain
amount of moisture during the hot summer months.
Frequent and copious waterings must be administered.
A light mulch will assist in keeping the ground from
drying out too fast. A winter protection of evergreen
boughs is indispensable. The plants are prop, by division
or by seed." Some of the American species can be ob-
tained of foreign dealers.

Vitali4na, Benth. and Hook. {Aretia rifaZidno, Willd.
G-regdria Vitalidna, Duby). Height 2 in. : stems numer-
ous, prostrate, somewhat woody: branches denuded of
lvs. at the base, but at the tips clothed with overlapping,
linear, entire, pilose lvs.: fls. nearly stalkless, solitary,
yellow, rather large; corolla tube 2 or 3 times longer
th an the calyx, not dilated at the throat, the lobes ovate-
lanceolate, obtuse. Alps, Pyrenees.

DOUGLAS SPRUCE. Pseiidotsiiga Poiiglasii.

DOWNING, ANDEEW JACKSON (Plate II), the first
great landscape gardener of America, was born at New-
burg, N. Y., Oct. 30, 1815, and perished by drowning July
28, 1852, at the early age of 37. As a boy, he was quiet,
sensitive, and much alone with himself and nature. The
Catskills, the Hudson, and his father's nursery had much
to do with his development. His "Treatise on the Theory
and Practice of Landscape Gardening," published 1841,
when he was but 26 years old, is, in many respects, a
unique production. It was the first, and is to-day one of
the best American books on the subject, and has exerted a
greater influence upon American horticulture, it is said,
than any other volume. "Cottage Residences," 1841. also
had great popularity. In 1845 appeared simultaneously
in London and New York the first edition of "Fruits and
Fruit Trees of America." and in 1R46 he founded, at Al-
bany, "The Horticulturist," which he edited from his
home at Newburg until his untimely death. His edi-
torials in this excellent periodical (now represented in
succession by American Gardening) were republished
after his death, with a letter to his friends by Frederika
Bremer, and a memoir by George William Curtis, under
the title of "Rural Essays." It was not until 1850 that
he had an opportunity to visit the great estates of Eng-
land, and to see with his own eyes the landscape garden-
ing of Europe. On his return in 1851, he was engaged to
lay out the grounds near the Capitol, White House, and
Smithsonian Institution at Washington. On Julv 28,
1852. he left Newburg on the steamer Henry Clay for New
York. The Clay took fire near Yonkers, while it was
racing, and Downing's life was lost in an attempt to
save others. It would be difficult to overestimate the
influence of Downing. He created American landscape
gardening. His only predecessor, Andr^Parmentier, is
little known, and his influence was not of a national
character. Downing's quickening influence affected
country life in its every aspect. He stood for the simple,
natural, and permanent as opposed to the intricate,
artificial, and ephemeral. He was the first great Ameri-
can practitioner of what is known in polite and technical
literature as the English or natural school of landscape
gardening in distinction from all artificial schools, as
the Italian and Dutch. Downing's pupils are many, and
his spirit still lives. He g.ive inspiration to Frederick
Law Olmsted, our next great erenius in landscape gar-
dening, who, by his early work in Central Park, New
York, aroused that popular enthusiasm which has culmi-
nated in the American idea of great municipal park sys-

502 DOWMIXG

tems, as opposed to the earlier Old World idea of exclu-
sive pleasure grounds and private parks. Downiug's
books have had large sales, and have gone through many
editions. His intellectual successor in his purely pomo-
logical work was his brother Charles, whose modest
labors in the revision of the Fruits and Fruit Trees
of America have brought him little popular fame, but
much sincere admiration from students. Most horti-
cultural writings are, in reality, only records of progress ;
they do not create progress. Few of our horticultural
books are epoch-making. Downing's writings, however,
started a great popular movement in America toward
beautiful homes and home grounds. By many persons,
Andrew Jackson Downing is considered the greatest
single figure in the history of American horticulture,
and one of the few persons who can be said to have had
real genius. An appreciation of Downing's personality
will be found in Frederika Bremer's "Homes of the
New World." (See Downincjiu, for the genus of plants
named after him.) tjij jj^

DOWNING, CHAELES (plate II), distinguished po-
mologlst and elder brother of Andrew Jackson Downing,
the landscape gardener, was born at Newburg, N. Y.,
July 9, 1802. He was educated at the local academy,
and from the age of 13 to 18 worked part of the time in
his father's nursery. At the age of 20 he started in the
nursery business on his own account. From 1834 to
1839 his brother Andrew was a partner in this busi-
ness. About 1850, he sold out his nursery business and
devoted himself to the study of varieties of fruits, on
which subject he was the leading authority until his
death. The Fruits and Fruit Trees of America is the
monumental American work on varieties of fruits. The
book was projected by Andrew, but the great bulk of the
work was done by Charles in continuing and revising it.
His test orchard contained trees and grafts of 1,800 va-
rieties of apples, 1,000 pears, and other fruits in pro-
portion. In 1869 a city street was put through it. Charles
Downing was very modest and retiring. He would never
make a public speech, but he wrote many pomological
articles over the signature "CD." All his work is marked
by conscientious accuracy. He was married, but, like his
brother, had no children. He died Jan. 18, 1885.

W. M.

DOWNINGIA (after Andrew Jackson Downing, of
whom a sketch is given above). LobeliAcem. Three
species of annual herbs, 2 from western America, 1 from
Chile, much branched, dtffuse, with pretty and charac-
teristic fls. Lvs. alternate, entire, passing above into
bracts : fls. blue or violet, marked with yellow and
white; corolla 2-lipped, the upper lobes much narrower
than the 3 lower ones ; tube of stamens free from the co-
rolla: seeds numerous, small, oblong to spindle-shaped.
This genus has no near allies of much garden value. It is
still known to the trade as Clintonia. David Douglas
(see Douglasia) named it after DeWitt Clinton in 1829,
but in 1818 a genus of the lily family had been named
after the celebrated Governor of New York and projector
of the Erie canal.

In 1836 Lindley wrote, in the Botanical Register, of C.
■pulchella: "I figure this little plant more for the sake
of recording its existence than from any expectation
that it will ever become an object of horticultural inter-
est, for since C. elegans, a far hardier and more cultiva-
ble plant, has disappeared, there can be little hope that
this, beautiful as it is, will be preserved." Nevertheless,
pulchella is still cultivated, while elegans is unknown to
the American trade. In Lindley's time, pulchella was
grown in a flower pot and treated as a tender plant.
Nowadays it is considered perfectly hardy, the seed be-
ing sown in the open ground. The credit of simplifying
the culture of this plant is given to Haage & Schmidt,
Erfurt, Germany, who have fixed varieties that are
chiefly blue and chiefly violet, though in each case the 3
lower lobes of the corolla have a 3-lobed spot of white
in the middle, and a 3-lobed spot of yellow at the base.
The plants grow about 6 in. high, and have been recom-
mended for edgings. For culture, see Anmtals.
A. Fls. large, uitli a S-lobed spot of yellow : Us. obtuse,

pulchMla, Torr. (CUntMia puleUlla, Lindl.). The
lower Up more dilated and more deeply 3-lobed. The 2

DRAKA

divisions of the upper lip ovate-lanceolate or oblong and
str.ni-ly.liv.r-ii.L-. Calif. B.K. 22: 1909. R.H. 1861: 171.
R.H. I^!l:l, |,, I'j, ^Im.ws its straggling habit as apot-plant.
Jhuiy ..1 til. l.]:iTirl,,s fall below the top of the pot.
AA. Fh. half as la rije as the above, and no yellow spot :
/is. acute, broader.
ilegans, Torr. (C. Elegans, Doug.). Lvs. ovate to lan-
ceolate; the broad lip moderately 3-lobed; the 2 divisions
of the smaller lip lanceolate, parallel; lower lip with a
white, but no yellow spot. Calif. B.R. 15: 1241.

W.M.
DBABA (Greek, acrid, from the taste of the lvs.).
Cnicifene. Whitlow Gkass. One of the inn«t impnr-
tant groups of spring-flowering plants l'..r tin- al|iiiif
garden. It is a large and widely scaltcTid i,'i iius i,f
tufted, hardy herbs, with stellate hairs: h -. ..|ii ii in a
rosette, mostly uncut: scapes or stems hafy (ir nvt ; ra-
cemes short or long : fls. without bracts, small, white,
yellow, rosy or purple.

Drabas are very pretty, dwarf, compact alpine plants,
with small but numerous fls. ; admirably adapted for the
rockery or front part of a sunny border. They require
a sunny position and an open soil. It is important
that they be well matured by the auttimn sun. The
plant forms a dense little rosette of lvs., and has a neat
appearance at all times. In spring, Drabas are thickly
covered with their little fls., and when planted in masses
are decidedly effective. Prop, chiefly by division; also
by seed, which may be sown in the fall if desired.

Cult, by J. B. Kellkr.
Of the species described below, only the first, second,
fourth and sixth are advertised in Amer. at present.
The rest are worth introduction, and can be procured
abroad under their names or synonyms.
A. Flowers yellow.
B. ii'.v. rigid, keeled, ciliate.
r. Scape not hairy.
D. Style as long as the pod is wide.
aizoldes, Linn. About 2-3 in. high : lvs. lanceolate-
linear : stamens nearly as long as the petals. March.
Eu. B.M. 170.

BD. Style half as long as the pod is wide.
Alzoon, Wahl. About 3 in. high : lvs. linear. ApriU
Europe.

oc. Scape hairy [villous or pubescent).
D. Pod lanceolate, bristly.
cuspidita, Bieb. Lvs. linear ; style a little shorter
than the pod. Asia Mima-.

DD. /''"' oral, inih.srnif.

Ol^mpioa, Sibth. (/'. /-/»-,.-//-./../, Stev.). About 4 in.
high: lvs. linear, a trillu ketlnl: p.tals twice as long as
the calyx and stamens : style very short. June. Greece,
Orient.

BB. Z/vs. not rigid or keeled.
0. Scape not hairy.
hispida, Willd. (D. tridentcita, DC). About 3 in.
higli : lvs. (ihovati-, narrowed Into a long petiole, ob-
scurely ;i toothed at the apex, somewhat bristly: pods
oblong, not hairy. Scotland, Caucasus.

CO. Scape more or less hairy.
D. Hairs long, soft and slender, i.e., pilose.
alpina, Linn. Lvs. lanceolate, flat: pods oblong: style
very short. April. Arctic regions.

DD. Hairs short, soft and downy, i.e., pubescent.
aiirea, Vahl. Doubtfully perennial or biennial: lvs.
ovate-lanceolate, entire or remotely serrate : pods ob-
long-lanceolate. Arctic regions. B.M. 2934.
AA. Flowers white.
B. Plants biennial or annual.
cin*rea, Adams. Lvs. oblong-linear: pods oblong, pu-
bescent, shorter than the pedicel. Early spring. Siberia.
-Closely related to X).co«/Hsn, but has a looser, weaker,
less leafy stem, the stem-lvs. 5-6, scattered, entire.

DRABA

BB. Plants perennial.
C. Leaves rigid.

UtLwii, Hook. Forming low, densely tufted, bright
green patches : stem much branched, densely clothed
with spreading, rosulate Ivs. : Ivs. linear-oblong, ob-
tuse, bristly, with a prominent midrib below : scape very
short, woolly, 2-4-fld., very short-pedicelled : petals
thrice as large as the sepals, obcordate, white: pods el-
lipsoid, compressed. Spain. B.M. 6186.
cc. Lvs. not rigid.

FladnizSnais, Wulf (D. nivalis, DC. V. Lappdnica,
Willd.). Lvs. oblong-linear to lanceolate, ciliate: pods
elliptic-oblong to ovate-lanceolate, not hairy. Arctic re-
gions.—According to De CandoUe, these three names
were distinct species.

AAA. Fls. rose or purple.

PyrenMca, Linn. Height 2-3 in. : lvs. inversely wedge-
shaped, 3-lobed at apex: fls. white at first, changing to
rosy pink. May. Pyrenees. B.M. 713. — Said to be
easily prop, by cuttings.

viold.cea, DC. Lvs. obovate-oblong. obtuse, equally
woolly on both sides : scapes leafy: petals obovate,
dark purple. Andes of Equador at elevations of 13,000-
15,000 ft. B.M. 5650. ^l. M.

DEACaiNA (female dragon; the dried juice supposed
to resemble dragon's blood). Lilidcecr. A genus of
tropical plants of which but few are in cultivation. They
are all woody, often arborescent, with sword-shaped or
broad lvs., mostly crowded at the summit of the stem:
fls. clustered in panicles or heads, greenish white or yel-
lowish ; perianth salver-form or companulate ; lobes
spreading ; stamens 6 : f r. a 3-celled berry. Differs from
Cordyline in having larger fls., and solitary instead of
many ovules in each cell of the ovary. All ornamental
stove plants, frequently with variegated lvs. See Baker,
Journ. Liun. Soc, vol. 14, for a monuKraph of the genus.
Oracana Dmco. of the Canaries, is the Dragon Tree. It
reaches a height of 30-6(1 ft., branching when of great
age. The Dragon Tree of Ten.Tiffe, famous for centuries,
is 70 ft. high, and one of tlic oldest of known trees.

Some American trade names not referable to species

DRACENA

503

Det

sinrtithilis. See Cordy-
1 in this article; also for
i^ Vvohahly Cordyline Neo-

UlizabetJii.r. F,;,h,-
monea, Ahx'nuh in .
line for otlur iKinn-s
culture. /'. .V.'r./-( ■./
CaledoKir,,. Lin.I. ii.

The following is a key to the cultivated species of
both Dracsna and Cordyline, based upon the lvs. :
A. Lvs. long and sword-shaped, sessile.

B. Glaucous beneath, 2-5 in. wide. C.indivisti.
BE. Both faces similar, narrower.

c. Of mature plants quite narrow (6-15 lines
broad). C.stricta.
cc. Of mature plants broader (1-2 in.).
D. Margins green.

Glaucous green, costate, 1^-2 ft.

by 15-21 lines. J). Draco.
Green, costate, undulate below,
2-3V^ft.bvlK-2in. D.tim-
hritenlifera.
Green, costa obscure, .3-4 ft. by
13-18 lines. C. iiti.ttralis.
DD. Margins white-pellucid. V. Hook-

AA. Lvs. oblanceolate, broadly petioled or sessile.

B. 3-4 in. by lH-2 in., opposite or whorled. D.

Godseffiana.

BB. 12-15 in. by 18-21 lines, alternate. C. rubra.

BBB. lK-3 ft. by 2J^-4 in., alternate. D. fragrans.

AAA. Lvs. ovate, lanceolate, or elliptical, petioles narrow.

Lvs. 4-8 in. by 2-2K in., oblong-falcate, green.

C. Haageana.

Lvs. 7-8 in. by 4-5 in., oblong, white-spotted.

D. Goldieana.

Lvs. 7-10 in. by K-IX in., lanceolate, white-
margined. D. Sanderiana.
Lvs. 10-18 in. by 1-3K in., elliptical. C. termi-
nalis.
The following Dracaenas are in the American trade:

Boerhavii, 1; Draco, 1; fragrans, 4; Godseffiana, 7;
Goldieana, 5; Hookeriana, 3; Knerkii, 4; latifolia, 3;
Lindeni, 4; Massangeana, 4; Rothiana, 4; Sanderiana, 6;
luubraculifera, 2.

1. Dr&co, Linn. DRAaoN Tree. Arborescent (60 ft.
high), branched : lvs. very numerous, crowded, sword-
shaped, erect or the outer recurved (lK-2ft.x 15-21 in.),
scarcely narrowed below, long-attenuate at the apex,
glaucous-green: pedicels 3-6 lines long: bracts minute,
lanceolate : perianth 4 lines long, greenish; filaments
flat: berries orange. Canary Isl. B.M. 4571. R.H.
1869, p. 416; 1880, p. 196. G.C. H. 14: 749. -Fine for con-
servatory. D. Boerhavii, Tenore, is a garden form,
with elongated lvs. all recurved.

2. umbraculifera, .TaVq. Arborescent (3-10 ft. high),
sinipir : 1\ s. vcr\- luniierous, crowded, sword-shaped
(2-:i'._. ft.x I '.-■_• ill. I. oiit.r recurved, all green and shin-
ing, iiitfiiiiiiii' III til.- ii|.i\-. scarcely narrowed toward the
conspicuously uiiilulati' liase, costa distinct on both
faces: pedicels 4-6 in. long: bracts minute, deltoid:
perianth large, 2 in. long, white, tmged with red; fila-
ments filiform. Mauritius. L.B.C. 3:289.

3. Hookeri&na, Koch. Trunk 3-6 ft. high, sometimes
branched : lvs. numerous, densely clustered, sword-
shaped (2-2K ft.xlK-2 in.), outer reflexed, all long at-
tenuate at the apex, scarcely narrowed below, margin
white-pellucid, lower face concave, indistinctly costate

pedicels 3-4 in.
long: filaments fili-
Hope. D. latifdlia,
with lvs. 3-3J4 in.
B.M. 4279 as Cordy-

beneath: bracts lK-3 in.
long; perianth greenisli. ]
form: berries orange, (a
Regel, is a horticultural
wide. G.C. 20:305 (var. U
line Rumphii.

4. Jrigraiis,Ker-Gawl. (Aletris fragrans, lArm. San-
seviera frdgranSy Jacq. ). Arborescent (20 ft. high or
more), sometimes branched: lvs. (lK-3 ft.x2H^ in.),
sessile, oblanceolate, lax and spreading or recurved,
flaccid, green and shmmg, acute, indistinctly costate
bracts minute, scanous, deltoid pedicels 1-W in. long

733 Dracaena fragrans var Llndc

fls glomerate , perianth 6-8 m long, yellow : berry
orange red Guinea BM 1081 AG 18:389. F.R.
4:189 —Much used for greenhouse and table decoration.
D. Knfirkii, Hort. Form with glossv light green, less
pendulous lvs. D. Eothiina, Hort. A garden form. LH.
43, p. 97. R.H. 1877, p. (i,s. Var. Lindeni, Hort. (D. Lin-
deni, Hort.). Fig. 7:t.!. Lvs. recurved, traversed from
base to apes by creaniv wliite )iaTiils. Very decorative.
I. H. 27:384. F.R. 4:19i. Var. Massangeina, Hort. (X>.
MassangeAna, Hort.). A broad, yellow stripe along
the center of the leaf throughout its entire length.
F.R. 4:193.

504

5. Goldieina,

])liA(

;na

nuik simple, slender; Ivs. dis-
tant, sprt-u'lini.'. ihi.k .il,l,,iiL,' ( T-S in. X 1-5 in.), cuspi-
dately puin!. >■. i. i . i ■ kmIIv rounded or cordate, glossy
green, cm ir. -spotted and banded, young

Ivs. oftiii; i: petioles erect (2-3 in. long),

deeply ill- ii . un ,wn(?). W. Trop. Afr. B.M.

6630. R.il. l,.,^. p. 1... 1.11.25:300; 42, p. 257. G.C. II.
17:49.-A Hue foliage plant.

6. Sanderi&na, Hort. {D. thaloldes, var. variegAfa,
Hort. ?). Slender: Ivs. distant, alternate, spreading or
recurved (7-10 in. x ^-1% in.), narrowly lanceolate, acu-
minate, on rather broad petioles (1-3 in. long), glossy-
green, broadly margined with white. Congo. A.F. 8:
1281; 11:2.35. I.H. 40:175. G.C. III. 13:445.-Int. by
Sander & Co. in 1893.

7. GodsefIi4na, Hort. Woody, but very slender, rather
diffuse : Ivs. at many nodes small, erect, scale-like and
lanceolate, the others opposite or in whorls of 3, oblong
or obovate, spreading, cuspidate, sessile (3-4 in. x lH-2
in.), Arm, green, with copious white spots: raceme
short-peduncled ; bracts small : fr. globular, greenish
yellow or red, nearly 1 in. in diam. Congo. G.C. III.
21:347. Gn.50, p. 276; 51:1115, and p. 299. A.F. 13:1340.
F.E. 10, supp. 2:12. Gng. 6:294.-Int. by Sander & Co.
Fine for decorative purposes.

D. arbbrea. Link. Lvs. green, sword-shaped, dense, sessile.
Gt. 46. p. 226 and 1438.-Z). BruumfieliU, Hort. J.H. III. :)3i.'')41.
G.C. III. 20:667; •'■M-IW -J>. rmirinnn. Kniith. Lvk. oMaiu'OO-
late, green, purple on tlif ln;iii,'iii. [:i-.-in ii-tiolr.l (tI 44]:lSt>4,

— i>. cx/i*7idrica. Hook. !,\^ linrrn- I.li l;it.or i>lM.\ .tl,' k'ljM-co-

late, bright green, spi-.a^lin^ P.M. ,'.sni — /». , //,yj//r,,, 'rtninl-.
Lvs. sprf.iding, p.-l i,.l, .1, ilil.'ki-l,. .■lliiiti.' kiiK....l.'it.'. ^-k'^^.v.

K. M. WlEGAND.

Dracsenas should be divided into two sections
types for practical purposes :

(1) The Tropical type: This includes the colored fo-
liage sorts and the garden hybrids, all of which can be
propagated from both root and stem-cuttings or joints.
All of them require a stove or warmhouse temperature,
and must be erown quick, and never allowed to get pot-
be allowoil lo u-'t p.. I liMunil. :iii(l with liquid or other
stimulant :hm1 pk iiI\ ..I' lii;lit will cul.ir well.

(2) The Cor.iyliiH- or Subtropical or Australian type:
This embraces the kinds known to gardeners as atts-
trails, indivisa, tineata, sanguinea, aurea -striata,
Doucetlana,unihraculifera,Rumphii. Nearly all of these
are propagated from seeds, and require a cooler tem-
perature.

Following are some popular current Dracaenas: San-
deriana makes not only a perfect center plant for table
jardinieres with small ferns and selaginellas, but it also
makes a fine larffc d r:]tivi' ]il:mt hv puffin!^ from .■!-

4-5 i

bound until ea

then repot, and one II ' i i i ■ ■ ■.. ■ m ;i

short time. Oodanfm .m i- ;, i:,In:,1,|, |,I:iii1 h.r ,, k.MIL'-

Ing basket, easily iiropagatiMl from top .-ihoots. Other
popular kinds are: Norivoodiensis , ulbo-marghiata,
terminalis alba, Gladstonei (one of the most brilliantly
colored of the broad-leaved type), Guilfoylei, Aner-
leyensis, Scnttll, In/brida, metallica, ferrea, Ve-Smet-
iana, Victoria - HegitKV, Sanderiana, Godseffiana,

grorilis. H. A. SlEBRECHT.

DRACOCfiPHALUM (Greek, dragnn's head, from the
wide-open mouths of the flowers). Labiatir. This
genus contains a few hardy herbaceous perenni.'il plants
of the mint family, of ea'sv culture and of minor im-
portance. The whorls of Hs. are distant or crowd..] into
spikes or heads, the colors liliio or some sivole of j.tir-
ple. The genus has altocrctli. r :il.oiit :;o sp.iiov, fn.m
Europe, especially the Mi-.lit.i ];in.:ii; ir-iMii; aN.i .\sia
outside the tropics. All the ^p.vi,'^ ,|, .,i ik, ,1 )i, k,w are

DRACOCEPHALUM

erect, but some others are diffuse : uppermost lvs. like
the lower ones or reduced to bracts. Very closely allied
to Xepeta. Sandy loam, moderately rich, and a rather
moist, partially shaded situation will suit these plants
best. In a sunny, dry border they are never very
showy; the fls. are of short duration, and are seldom at
their best except in very moist seasons. Prop, by di-
vision or seeds.

734. Dracunculus vulgaris ^

A. hvs. entire, not cut in any way.

Ruyschijlna, Linn. Stems slightly pubescent : lvs.
linear-lanceolate, glabrous : bracts ovate-lanceolate, en-
tire; whorls in somewhat interrupted spikes: fls. 1 in.
long, purplish blue or purple; anthers villous. Siberia.
Var. Jap6mca, Hort., has white fls. shaded with blue,
and is a distinct improvement. G.C. II. 12:167. — Ac-
cording to Vilmorin, this species has been sold as £>.
Altaiense (see D. grandiflorum).

KK. Lvs. deeply S-5-cleft.

Austrlacum, Linn., has the habit of the above, and be-
loiii,'s to the s.'iinc subgenus Ruyschiana, but the lvs.
an- .livi.loil ami more distinctly revolute at the margin.
.\lioiit 1-1'... ft. hii;li : fls. blue, IK in. long and more.
.luly, .\ug. Ku., Caucasus.

AAA. Lvs. cut only at the margin, mostly crenate.

B. Whorh crowded together into spikes or heads.

c. Color of fls. blue: lvs. not wrinkled.

grandifldrum, Linn. (D. Altaifnse, Laxm., but plants
in trade under this name are said to be D. Ruyschiana).
About 1 ft. high. Root-lvs. long-stalked, oblong, notches
at base: stem-lvs. few, short-stalked, ovate, not notched
at base, the uppermost still more rounded: whorls in
spikes 2-3 in. long, the lowest whorl usually at some dis-
tance: fls. 2 in. long. June, July. Siberia". B.M. 1009.
P.M. 13:51.

(■('. Color of fls. purple: lvs. wrinkled.

specidsum, Benth. Allied to D. grandiflorum, but
stem pubescent instead of pilose above, root-lvs. more

DEACOCEPHALUM

broadly heart-shaped, and all Ivs. pubescent beneath in-
stead of nearly glabrous: fls. purplish to deep purple.
June, July. Himalayas. B.M. C281.

B. Whorls distant, in long racemes.
C. Flowers erect.

Moldivioa, Linn. Lvs. lanceolate, inciso-crenate, the
floral ones narrower and saw-toothed at the base. Eu.,
N. Asia.

Riiprechtii, Regel. Lvs. ovate-lanceolate, variously
incised and toothed: fls. rosy purple or lilac, about 1 in.
long, in axillary clusters. Turkestan. Gt. 1018.
cc. Fls. somewhat nodding.

niitans, Linn. Lvs. ovate, crenate, the floral ones ob-
long-lanceolate and more nearly entire : fls. blue. May-
July. N.Asia. Mn. 4:137. B.R. 10:841. -Var. alplna,
Hort., is commoner.

D. Tirginidintin, Linn. See Physostegia.— i). Canadense of
Bridgeman's Catalogue is a misprint for D. Cauariense=Ce-
droneUa triphyUa. j. g. Keller and W. M.

DBACONCUITTS (Latin, a little dragon). Ar&cem.
This genus contains the plant pictured in Fig. 734. It
has uncanny, draarou-tin^ered Ivs. and a terrifying odor
when in flower. Its tulji-rs are sold by bulb dealers un-
der the name of ^»-Hm DraruinKlii.s. The latest monog-
rapher of this order (Engler, in DC. Jlon. Phan., vol.
2, 1879) puts this plant into the genus Dracunculus be-
cause the ovules are attached to the base of the ovary,
while in Arum they are attached to the side. The lvs.
of the true Arums are always arrow-shaped, while in Dra-
cunculus they are sometimes cut iuto finger-like lobes.
For culture, see Arum.

There are only 2 species. The common one is an en-
tertaining, not to say exciting, plant. When it flowered
in the forcing-houses at Cornell University, innocent
visitors thought there must be a dead rat under the floor.
It is well worth growing for the experience, though its
stench is not quite as bad as that of a Helicosideros,
sold as Arum crinifum, which makes any house un-
bearable in which it flowers. Nearly all Arums are ill-
smelling.

vulgaris, Schott. Fig. 734. Sheath of lvs. livid, spot-
ted : stalks green : blades with 10 fingers projecting
from a bow-shaped base : tube of spathe streaked with
purple except at the bottom: spathe purple all over and
much darker along the wavy border. Mediterranean
regions. ^. H.

DEAGON PLANTS. The Dragon Arum, Dragon Root
or Green Dragon, is the native Ariscsma Dracontiitm.
The Dragon Plant of Europe is Dracunculus vulgaris.
The Dragon's Head is not an Aroid, but a Dracocepha-
lum, a genus of mints. False Dragon's Head is Physo-
stegia. The Dragon's Blood of commerce is a dark red,

DRAINAGE 505

astringent, resinous secretion of the fruits of a palm,
Damonorops Draco. Other kinds of Dragon's Blood
are produced by Dracwna Draco and Eeastaphyllum
Monetaria. "Sticks," "reeds," "tears" and "lumps" of
Dragon's Blood are known to commerce. The resin is
used in coloring varnishes, dyeing horn in imitation of
tortoise shell, and n the composition of tooth-powders
and various

DBAINA6E. Underground or sub-drains serve to re-
lieve the land of free water, which is harmful to most
plants if left to stagnate in the surface soil or subsoil.
They serve not only to dry the land in early spring, but in-
directly to warm it, for if the water is removed the sun's
heat warms the soil instead of cooling it by evaporating

m^

the surplus water. Tenacious lands devoted to garden-
ing and small fruits are made more productive, warmer
and earlier by sub-drainage. Drains promote nitrifica-
tion, assist in liberating mineral plant-food and cheapen
tillage. They serve not only to remove deleterious stag-
nant water, but they promote aeration as well, and this
hastens beneficial chemical changes in the soil. Drainage
promotes the vigor, healthfulness and fruitfulness of
plants. Tenacious soils are m;
thereby giving easier access
percolation through the soil r
some plant-food, is hastened,
is warmer than the soil; in ni:
the soil: therefore, percolatio
soil in the spring and cools it
Drains serve not only to relie
they impart to it power to hold additional available mois-
ture, which materially benefits plants during droughts.
Drainage is of two kinds, surface and sub-drainage.
On land on which large outlays of money are to be ex-

• fri.ililp by drains,
ph.nt r..Mt., while the
■aiuuai.T, w hii-b carries
v;nii\\;iicr in the spring
uiiiiiiir it is cooler than
>f rainwater warms the
extremely hot weather,
land of free water, but

pended, as in horticultural pla
utmost importnncp that the soil li
depths from stairnant water. Tr

3 of the
siderable
■ubs, and
• into the

subsoil than iii"-t nf th
greater deptli of .Irainc-i
ture the planting may of
10 years, while with nia
lows the plantintr in a ft
loses one crop, an annti;
loss is not great, but if tl
of labor by planting oi

req

lire I

^ T Mnj the effect of lowering the '
of under-draining
On the undramed soil the roots do not penetrite
droughts comj the plant': suffer

horticul-
n i.recidc tin- harvest by 5 to
■ farm crops the harvest fol-
nionths. If the grain raiser
by ]>laiiting on wet land, the
or'chardist loses 15 to 20 years
undrained lands, before the
iscovered, the losses are seri-
ous. Some lands require little more than
to be relieved from surplus surface water
in early spring. This may be accomplished
by forming ridges and open furrows as
far asunder as the rows of trees are to be
placed. But it is only rarely that surface
drainage fully prevents serious damage
from surplus moisture. Surface drainage
may be considered a cheap way of tem-
porarily alleviating undesirable condi-
tions. It does not always eradicate them.
Fig. 735 illustrates how sub-drainage low-
ers the water-table (or the area of stand-
ing water), and thereby ameliorates the

Sub-drainage consists in placing con-
duits of tile or other material in the
ground at depths varying from 2^-4 feet,
and at such distances apart as will serve to
relieve the subsoil of deleterious stagnant
water. When suitable stones are at hand
they are sometimes used instead of tile
for forming drainage conduits. If such
use is made of them, the drains should be
somewhat deeper than tile drains, since
the stones which form the drain occupy

or downwards

506 DRAINAGE

nearly a foot of the depth of the ditch and are more
likely to become obstructed, especially if placed near
the surface, than are tile drains. The throats or open-
ings of stone drains are irregular in size, while those of
tile drains are smooth and uniform in size, and are,
therefore, most desirable. Years ago, various flat-bot-
tomed tiles (Fig. Titi) were used, but the only style in
general use at present is the cylindrical unglazed tile-
shown in Fig. 737.

In some sections drains are placed 200 to 300 feet apart,
and serve their purpose well. In others they should not
be placed farther apart than from 20 to 30 feet. Where-
ever the subsoil is composed of
through which the water moves
with diflBculty, the narrower in-
tervals are necessary. In some
instances the surplus water in
the subsoil is underpressure by
reason of water which finds its
way into it from higher levels,
and if this is not removed, the
water has a constant tendency
to rise to the surface. In many
such cases drains placed at wide
intervals may serve to relieve
the pressure and drain the land.
Since sub-drains are designed
to be permanent, arc expensive
to construct and (lilllrull to re-
pair, the prill. Ml, Ics ,,i' .lr;iinage
should be w.ll iiinli i-rM.Ki, and
the work should Im uml. itakcn
only aftera mu.st r;ii-< lul jiisitcc-
tion of the land luui aftir tin-
fundamental priuciplrs c,f till'
subject have been ni.i>ter(cl.

Mains and sub-mains slji.ulil
be avoided so far as possible,
since they greatly increase cost,
tend to become obstructed, and
are often unnecessary. The
three long mains in i'ig 738 are
not drains, strictly speakmg,

may be more outlets to construct and maintain than is
desirable; if so, the system might be modified by con-
structing a sub-main, one side of which will serve also

tile.

since the land may be as fully drained without them, as
shown in Fig. 739 ; therefore, they only serve to conduct
the water of the drains proper. Tiles of 3 to 4 and 5 inches
diameter should be used when the drains are infrequent
and the flow of water considerable. Smaller ones, 2 to 3
inches in diameter, will suffice when the intervals be-
tween the drains are narrow. Drains should have as
uniform a fall as possible, and no abrupt lateral curves
or sharp angles should occur as are seen in many places
in Pig. 738. If the drain has a rapid fall in its upper
reaches, as is often the case, and but slight fall in the
lower, a silt basin should be constructed at the point
at which the rapid chan^fs into Hip sliL'ht fall, if olistrnot-

should be placed, li' l"r. Ilir |i|aiiliriL' .i.nirs. (Irihanl
lands may be draiii*il in iIm' -■ln■in^^ t;iiln\\ ..J in the sum-
mer, and planted in thr fall nr tlir fclluwiiig .'ipriiig.
Drains placed at frequent intervals because of the te-
nacity of the soil should be comparatively shallow, for
If placed deep or at wide intervals, the water will be too
long reaching them. If drains are placed at wide inter-
vals they should be at least 3K feet deep to be most efli-
cient. If the parallel system is adopted (Fig. 739), there

Improper method of

as a drain, and but one outlet will be required (Fig. 740).
Drains through which water runs for the greater part
of the year are likely to become obstructed by roots, if
water-loving trees, such as the willow, soft maple and
elm, are allowed to grow near them. If floating silt is
present the joints of the tiles should In- jiiMtrrtrd f.ir
two-thirds of their upper circumferenin^ iiv a narmw
strip of tarred building paper, or collars s I m i , i < i i , 1 1 , ,, I .
Stone drains should receive a liberal cov. unu il ,,tiau
before they are filled. i. j.. K,jHtKTs.

DEEEE, HENRY A. Seedsman, and founder of one
of the oiliest American horticultural establishments;
was burn in Philadelphia, Aug. 24, 1818, and died there
Dec. 22, 1873, at the age of fifty-five. His parents were
Frederick Dreer, of Hanover, and Fredericka Augusta
Nolthenius, of Grossakenheim, Germany. They were
married in America. The Nolthenius family emigrated
to the United States in the last decade of the eigh-
teenth century, and were closely connected with the
Lutheran Church. Henry A. Dreer's education was
largely in German, and obtained in Philadelphia. He was
fond of gathering seeds ami plants in the country, and
would bring tin in linmn t.i mltivati-. He was trained in
his father's buMii. ■, ^. Unit. .la. III. in. t -maker. In 1838, at
the solicitati.ni ..f a In. ml, ],<■ L.-traii as a florist in a
small way, m-ar I'n.iit ami ( 'lustir Sts. About 1870 he
removed to Seventh and Chestnut. In 1869 he enjoyed
a 5 months' trip to Europe, where he met business cor-
respondents of 30 years' standing. He w;
.Tune 22. 1847, to Mary Leavenworth, of Re

married

DREER

and had six children. Of the two sons, one died in infancy,
and the other, William F. Dreer, conducts, at 714: Chest-
nut street, the business which is incorporated in the
name of his father. Henry A. Dreer died of a nervous af-
fection of the heart. He was of modest temperament
and frail constitution, and confined himself to business
rather closely. He was liberal in public matters, but
always kept out of political life. He compiled several
small works in connection with the business, and wrote
frequently for the Weekly Saturday Evening Post, of
Philadelphia, and for Godev's Ladies' Magazine.

W. M.

DRYMOPHLCEUS

507

740. Showing how the drains
one when there is only
outlet can be secured.

DB6SEBA (Greek, dew; referring to the dew-like
drops on the glandular leaves). Drosericece. Sundew.
Dew Plant. A very interesting group of insectivorous
plants. About 100 species scattered throughout the
world, except the Pacific islands, and most common in
Australia outside the tropics. Perennial bog herbs with
basal Ivs. clothed with glandular hairs, which secrete a
fluid that holds insects fast. Foliage and inflorescence
differ widely. The 3 species described below may be ob-
tained through dealers in native plants. For culture,
see DarUngtonia.

A. Lvs. thread-like, with no distinct stitHc: j'etats
purple.

Hlifbrmis, Rafln. Lvs. 6-15 in. long, glandular-pubes-
cent throughout, at the very base woolly with brown
hairs: racemes 1-sided, 10-30-fld.:
fls. 4-12 lines broad. July-Sep.
Wet sand near the coast. Mass. to
Fla.

AA. Lvs. with an oblong blade :
petals white.

longitdlia, Linn. Lvs. longpet-
ioled; blade 8-15 lines long, 1 %-2
lines wide, the petiole glabi
Summer. Bogs, north
tic regions.
AAA. Lt'S. with a blade that it

wider than long: petals white.

rotundifdlia, Linn. Fig. 741. Lvs
with a blade 3-6 lines long, glan
dular above, petiole K-2 in. lo:
pubescent but not glandular :
cemes 4-12-fld. : fls. about 2 11
broad, opening in sun-
shine. July, Aug. Bogs,
Labrador to Alaska,
south to Fla. and Ala.,
and in the Sierra Ne-
vada to Calif.

1 of them a
showy than those men-
tioned above. Some of the _,, _
best are as follows: D. ii- '•»!. Sundew-
nita, Labill., of Austral. Drosera rotundifolia (Xj'a).

and N. Zeal., with lvs. deeply parted into 2 long, linear lobes.
Prop, by root-cuttings. B.M. :1082.-X). Caphisie. Linn., of S.
Afr , has linear or strap-shape leaf -blades as long as the petiole,
and large (1 in. in diam.), rosy red fls. Prop, by root-cuttings.
B.M. SoXi. — D dichiitoma, Hort. = D. binata. — i>. linearis,
Goldie, Lake .Superior and W., has linear-obtuse lvs. on naked,
erect petioles, and purple fis.—D. spathulata. Labill., Austral.,
N. Zeal., has short, oblong-spatulate lvs. in a rosette, narrowed
into short petioles, and purpUsh fls. G.C. 1881, 16-.852

DRUPE. A fleshy fruit containing a single seed with
a bony covering or "stone,"
as a plum. Fig. 742. A Drupe
resembles an akene in being
1-sided, and not splitting, but
an akene is dry instead of
pulpy or fleshy. The most
important drupaceous or stone
fruits are peaches, plums,
apricots, cherries and rasp-
berries. Each of the fleshy 742. Young drupes (apri-

cots), cut in two, show-
ing ovules. Nat. size,
n drupes of the genus

parts of a raspberry is a
drupelet.

DEt-AS (Greek, wood-
nymph). JtCosdcea. A genus of
2 or 3 species of dwarf, hardy,
tufted, evergreen, somewhat

shrubby plants with oblong lvs. half an inch long,
recurved at the margins, shining above, snowy white
beneath, and large white or yellow fls. borne singly on
slender scapes: calj'x glandular-hairy: petals 8-9,
broadly obovate: stamens many. The genus is close to
Cieum.'but the species of Geum are herbs with deeply
cut foliage. J. W. Manning recommends a soil well
furnished with peat.

Dryas octopetata requires a well drained, porous soil, a
sunny but not dry position. It is well to shade the foli-
age from bright sun during the winter months with
evergreen branches to prevent the foliage from having a
scorched appearance. A capital plant for the rockery.
Prop, by cuttings, division, or by seed.

octop6tala, Linn. Lvs. oblong, deeply and regularly
crenate, downy beneath: scapes 2-3 in. long: fls. white:
seeds with a feathered awn over 1 in. long. North tem-
perate and arctic regions. j. B. Keller.

DKYMOGLOSSUM. a genus of small ferns from
Japan, with wide creeping rootstalks, and small, entire
leaves : sori resembling those of Polypodiimi. None
are advertised in America. Three or four kinds are
cult, abroad. L. M. Underwood.

ords

trib,

vith

cige-

genus contains a Tri']ii'-:
shaped leaflets and >•
every year. It flowrr>< wln-n i.iil\' -.i frw t>-vt hiKh. and
is suitable for pot culture, (ipim-hss palm, with slender.
medium caudex: lvs. terminal, equally pinnatiseot, the
segments cuneate-oblong or linear, broadly oblique, sub-
membranaceous, 3- to many-nerved, the margins re-
curved at the base: rachis scaly, 3-sided: sheath long:
spadix with a short peduncle and slender branches :
spathes 2 or many, the lower one 2-crested. Species 12.
Australasia and the Paciflc islands.

The chances are that most of the plants now known to
the American trade as D. olivmformis are rf:illy /'. ap-
pendieiilntn. The true D. olivcefurmix is s:ii.l t.> have
been offered by a few dealers as Pty(Jii..y ri„,i i;„u,phii.
D. oppendicn'hita was described and ti:;ui'i d by William
Watson, in Giirden and Forest, erroneously :is />. ,.lii-a:-
forwis. as explained in B.M. 7202. He adds, "Like
all the palms of this section of the order, Drymophloeus
requires a tropical moist house with abundance of water
at all times." The plant figured was about 14 years old,
:! ft. high, with lvs. about 3 ft. long. The plant takes
about six months to mature its fruits.

appendicuUta, Scheff. (Areea gracilis, Griseke, not
Roxb. or Thou.). Leaflets wedge-shaped, raggedly cut,
serrate. Moluccas, New Guinea. B.M. 7202. G.F. 4:331.

D. oUvceformis, Mart., has narrower leaflets than the above,
and the fruit half immersed in the greatly enlarged perianth.
Jaked G. Smith and W. M.

508

DRYNARIA

DEYNAEIA (Greek, nnS--/,/.. -. /v/-// . '?;-)«os. A
genus of 10 or more East Indiun tmn. wiih round naked
sori.allif.l to P..lyi...di.im. but uith a liii.- uet-work of
veins, with fn i. iiiclinl.-d veiulets, and with either a
soparatt' "uk-lik.- l(:it "t- with the lower portion of the
spurlirariii!,' Iraf .1. . |,ly pinnatifid like an oak leaf. D.
quercifblia, wiili tw.. s..iis of Ivs.. the spore-bearing
2-3 ft. long, i.s tlie commonest species. D. rigidula,
S\v. (Z). diversifblia, R. Br.), a similar but larger
species from the same region, also appeared at one time
in the American trade, but the species are seldom seen
in cultivation in this country. J), mttscefdlia is occa-
.sionally seen in fine collections, where it is grown
for its striking, simple foliage, which reminds one
of the Bird's Nest Pern (Thamnopteris). It is really a
I'olypodium, which see for description.

L. M. Underwood.

DEYOPTEBIS (Greek, oak-fern). PdypodiAcetr.
Wood Fern. A widely distributed genus of handsome
ferns with dissected foliage and bearing round sori
<;overed with heart-shaped or reniform indusia, which
are fLxed at the center or along the sinus. The veins
are either wholly free or the lowest united. A consider-
able number of our common wood ferns belong to this
genus. The species have been variously known under
the names Lastrea, Aspidium, and Neph'rodium. Other
species sometimes referred to under this genus may be
found under Polystichum. For X>. acrostichoides, see
Polystichum ; for D. deetirrens, see Sagenia. In North
America, known mostly as Aspidiums* For culture, see
Ferns. Not the same as Doryopteris.

A. Veins entirely free.
B. Pimiie lobed less than one-third to midrib.
hlrtipes, Kuntze [Nephrbdium hirtipes, B.oo\.). Lvs.
2-3 ft. long, 8-16 in. broad, on stalks clothed with dense
black scales ; pinnse with broad, blunt lobes, the lower
ones not reduced in size : sori medial on the lobes. In-
dia.
BB. Pinme cleft nearly to midrib, or lvs. bipinnaie

or tripinnatifid.
o. Texture thin, memhranoxis ; veins simple or once

D. Lower pinnce gradually reduced to mere lobes.

Noveborac6nsis,Gray(jlspMJt(m Noveborac^nse, Sw.).
Lvs. somewhat clustered from creeping rootstocks, pale
green, 1-2 ft. long, tapering both ways from the middle.
Canada to N. C. and Ark.

Fischerl, Mett {Lastrea opclca, Mett). Lvs. 6-8 In.
long, 2-3 in. wide, bipinnatifld, cut into close, entire
lobes, the lowest much reduced; surfaces smooth. Braz.

DD. Lower pinnw scarcely smaller than those above.
E. Veins forked.

Thel:^pteris, Gray (Aspidium Theh/pteris, Sw.).
Marsh Fern. Lvs. scattered on wide creeping black
rootstocks, 1-2 ft. long ; margins of the spore-bearing
liinnie often strongly convolute; sori 10-12 to each seg-
ment. Canada to Fla. and Tex.

EE. Veins simple.

simulilta, Dav. Lvs. scattered from a creeping root-
stock, 8-20 in. long, 2-7 in. wide, with 12-20 pairs of
lanceolate pinnte : sori rather large, somewhat distant,
4-10 to each segment. Native in N. Y. and N. Eng.,
where it is often confused with Z>. Thelypteris. G.F.
11:485.

pAtena, Kuntze. Lvs. clustered at the end of a thick
rootstock, 2-3 ft. long, 4-10 in. wide, soft-hairy be-
neath ; pinnae cut three-fourths to the midrib, the basal
segments usually longer. Fla. to Tex. and Trop. Amer.
A.G. 20:25.

cc Texture firm or subcoriaceous ; veins 2-4 times
forked.

D. Lvs. bipinnatifld or nearly bipinnate: inihisia
large, mostly flat.

cristita, Gray (Aspidium cristiltum, Sw.). Lvs. 1-2
ft. long, with short, triangular pinnae 2-3 in. long, which

DRYOPTERIS

are much wider at base. Var. Clintoni&na is larger,
with pinnse 4-6 in. long, and with the sori rather near
the niidvein. Canada to Ark. ; also in N. Eu. Hybrids
are desiTil.ed with J), marginalis. G.F. 9:445.

Goldieina, f^rav (.l.vpfdiHjB GoMiedniim, Sw.). Lvs.
growiutr iu Ur^r .iL.wns, 2-4 ft. long, 12-18 in. wide, the
pinnffi broadest at the middle : indusia very large.
Canada to Ky. — One of our largest and most stately na-
tive species.

DD. Lvs. mostly bipinnate: indusia convex, rather
firm.

Fllix-ni48. Schott (Asptdiu7n FUix-mds, Sw.). Male
Fern. Lvs. growing in crowns, 1-3 ft. long, sori near
the mid vein. Used as a vermifuge, as is also the next
species. N. Eu., Canada and Colo.

743. Dryopteris mareinalis.

marginalia, Gray (Aspidium margin&le, Sw.). Fig.
743. Lvs. 6 in. to 2 ft. long, growing in crowns, mostly
in rocky places : sori close to the margin. Canada and
southward.— One of our commonest ferns.
DDD. In'S. mostly tripinnatifid ; segments spinulose-
toothed: indusia shriveling at maturity.
E. Leaf-stalks naked, polished.

virid§scen3, Kuntze. Lvs. 18-24 in. long, on stalks
two-third.s as long; lower pinnae largest: sori near the
midribs. Japan.

EE. Leaf-stalks scaly,

spinuldsa, Kuntze (Aspidium spinuldsiim, Sw.).
Lvs. ovate-lanceolate, with a few pale, deciduous scales
at the base : indusia smooth, without marginal glands.
Var. intermedia, Underw., has more persistent scales,
with a brown center, and the margins of the indusia
with stalked glands. One of our commonest wood ferns
in the northern states. -Var. dilatata, Underw., has
similar scales to the last and tripinnate lvs. In woods,
from Canada to Ore. ; also in Europe.

Boattii, Underw. {Asplditim Sodtlii, Tuckm.). Lvs.
elongate-lanceolate, with broadly oblong pinnules : in-
dusia minutely glandular. Canada, N.Y. and N. Eng.
DDDD. Lvs. ample, 4-5-pinnatifid.

elfilsa, Kuntze. Lvs. 3-4 ft. long, 2 ft. or more wide,
with polished stems and short, creeping rootstocks :
sori abundant, scattered, often without indusia. Cuba
to Brazil.

diss^cta, Kuntze (Lastrea membranifdlia, Hort.).
Lvs. 1-5 ft. long, 1-3 ft. wide, membranous, decompound ;
segments broad and blunt; surfaces nearly naked: sori
near the margin, abundant. India and Madagascar to
Australia.

AA. Veins not entirely free, the lower veinlets of adjoin-
ing segments united.

Ot^ria, Kuntze (Lastrea aristdta, Hort.). Lvs. 1 ft.
long, with a long terminal pinnae an inch or more wide,
with lanceolate lolies, and 6-12 similar lateral pinuie;
ti-xture thin ; surfaces naked ; veins united half way
from the midrib to the edge. Ceylon to the Philippines.
— Good for table ferneries, but slow of growth.

DRYOPTERIS

mdllis, Kuntze. Lvs. 1-2 ft. long, 8-12 in. wide, bipin-
natifld, the pinniB cut into blunt lobes; lower pinnae dis-
tant from the others and somewhat shorter ; surfaces
finely villose. Trop. regions of both hemispheres.
Probably several species are confused under this name.

Philippin^nsia, Baker. Lvs. 2-3 ft. long, 12-18 in. wide,
bipinnatifld, smooth, with a naked rachis; lower pinuas
scarcely smaller: sori midway from midrib to margin,
with firm, smooth indusia. Philippines.

L. M. Underwood.

DUCHfiSNEA. See Fragaria.

DUCK-WEED. Lemna.

DUCKWHEAT. Some years ago, as the story goes,
a man in New England shot a wild duck, and in the
crop found strange seeds. These seeds were planted,
ahd the flour from the grain was found to make good
pancakes. He increased his stock to hundreds of
bushels. The grain was offered by seedsmen as Duck-
wheat. It seems not to have had great popularity, and
for the past 2 or :i yiars it ovi.ii-ntly has not appeared
in catalogues. It turns out tliat tliis grain is the India
wheat or Tartarian l.u.'kwii.at, Fugopyrum Tataricum,
an Asian grain, wliicli lias l.ci.u known in this country
for some time. It is earlier than buckwheat, but is very
similar to it. See Buckwheat and Fagopyrum..

DDDAIM MELON. See Cticumis.

DUFOUB, JOHN JAMES. A Swiss vigneron, who was
at the head of a colony to grow the wine grape in Ken-
tucky, and the author of "Vine Dresser's Guide," pub-
lished in Cincinnati in 1826. The Kentucky experiment
failed, and the colouy then settled in southern Indiana,
on the banks of the Ohio river; and this settlement is
now the city of Vevay. Here Dufour died in 1827. This
Indiana experiment brought out the merits of the
Alexander grape, a native, and thereby did much to es-
tablish an American viticulture. For detailed account
of the Dufours and their associates, and the results of
their work, see Bailey, Evolution of our Native Fruits.
DUGUfiTIA (probably made from a personal name) .
AnOHciceas. A dozen South American trees differing
from Anona in technical characters, partictilarly in the
imbricated petals, which are wide-spreading in flower
(in Anona the petals are valvate). D. longiJdlia, Baill.
(Anbna longifdlia, Aubl.), is a small tree: lvs. oblong-
acuminate, mucronate and smooth : fls. axillary and
stalked, the 2 series of petals much alike; inflorescence
lateral; outer stamens sterile and petaloid: fr. ovate-
globose, dotted and reticulated, nearly smooth, flesh-
colored. Guiana and Peru. Recently introduced into
southern Florida as a fruit-plant, but very little known.
L. H. B.
DULlCHIUM (old Latin name). Ci/pericew. One
perennial species (7>. Spathctceum, Pers.), in eastern
N. Amer. Grass-like, with terete leafy culms, 2-3 ft.
tall: grows in ponds and swales. Has been offered by
collectors as a bog plant.

DUBANTA (after Castor Durantes, physician and
botanist, died 1590). VerhenAceie, About 10 species of
tropical American shrubs, of which 2 kinds are culti-
vated outdoors in Florida and California, and in a few
northern greenhouses. The best known kind has long
racemes of blue, 5-lobed fls., followed by yellow berries
which remain aU winter. It is said to be used for orna-
mental hedges in warm regions. Shrubs, glabrous or
woolly, often armed with axillary spines: lvs. opposite
or in whorls, entire or toothed : racemes long and ter-
minal or short and axillary: fls. small, short-pedieelled
in the axis of a small bract; corolla limb of 5 spreading
oblique or equal lobes; stamens -1, didynamous.
A. Stems without prickles.
Pluml^ri, Jacq. Golden Dew Drop. Shrub, 6-15 ft.
high; branches ash-colored, villous: lvs. opposite, ellip-
tic, acute, entire or obtusely and unequally saw-toothed
above the middle: fls. pale blue or lil.-ic, with 2 purple
streaks down the middle of the 2 smaller and narrower
lobes. The above description is from B.R. 3:244, where
it is said that another plant was cultivated which had
long lanceolate lvs., with deep, close saw-teeth and green
branches. There is a white-fld. variety.

DYPSIS OUW

AA. Stems u'ith a feiv prickles or spines.
Elllsia, Jacq. This is at least horticulturally distinct
from the above by reason of the lighter color of its fls.,
but it has been lately referred to J). Plumieri. B.M.
1759 shows the lower half of each lobe white, and a few
short spines on the stem. It adds, "two kinds [of
Duranta], one with thorns and one constantly without,
are * » * cultivated. The lvs. of the smooth are larger
and more coarsely serrated, and the branches more
rounded than in the prickly Duranta." \y. jm.

; also species

DUTCHMAN'S BREECHES. Dicentra Cucullaria.
DUTCHMAN'S FIFE is Aristolochia.
DUVAUA. A synonym of Schinus.

D'i'CEIA (after Prince Salm-Dyck, German botanist,
and author of a great work on succulent plants).
BromelidcecB. About 57 species of succulent plants
from South America, somewhat resembling century
plants, but with smaller spines, as a rule, and flowering-
regularly. They are usually stemless, and the lvs. form
dense rijsettes. For culture, see Agave, They are
rarely cultivated in Florida and California, and in a few
northern collections. The following have showy yellow
fls. Latest monograph in Latin by C. Mez in DC.
Monogr. Phan. vol. 9 (1896).

A. Inflorescence amply branched or panicUd.

altissima, Lindl. Lvs. spiny at the margin : floral
bracts small, all manifestly shorter than the fls. Braz.
Baker's plant of this name is really D. enchoUrioides,
Mez, which is distinguished by the filaments. Beyond
the tube they are free in the tree D. altissima, while in
Baker's plant they are grown together about a twelfth
of an inch. The sepals are obtuse in Lindley's plant, but
acute in Mez' s.

AA. Inflorescence not branched, a raceme or spike.

B. Fls. with scarcely any pedicel; filaments forming

a tube.

rarifldra, Schult. Lvs. with small spines on the mar-
gin, shorter than in D. altissima : sepals not emargi-
nate at the apex : upper sheaths of the scape shorter
than the iuternodes. Braz. B.M. 3449. B.R. 21:1782.

BB. Fls.

c. Fls. loosely disposed, erect.

gemelliria, Morr. This is the plant which Baker calls
I), sulphurea, not Koch's plant.

cc. Fls. more densely disposed, spreading.

sulphtkrea, C. Koch, not Baker. Lvs. with small spine*
at the margin: sheaths of the scape longer than the in-
temodes, the higher ones entire: bracts lanceolate, the
lowest conspicuously longer than the pedicelled fls.:
blades of the petals wide and longer than the stamens.
Brazil.

•W. M.

DYER'S "WEED. Reseda Luteola.

D'tPSIS (obscure name). Palmctcem, tribe Arecew.
Perhaps half a dozen species of Madagascar palms that
have been poorly described and are little known. They
are all small, unarmed palms, with reed-like stems. Lvs.
terminal, entire, bifid at the apex or pinnatisect ; seg-
ments split at the apex or irregularly toothed, the apical
ones confluent: sheath short: spadices long, loosely fld.:
fruit siuall, oblong or ovoid, straight or curved, oblique
at the base.

No species of Dypsis are common in cultivation, as
they possess but little beauty. They are among the
easiest and quickest to germinate. All of Them require
a stove temperature. If. Miulniiascnrieiisix, Nicholson,
is also known as Arcca M,uhui>,x,-an^nsis, Mart. D.
pinnalifrons. Mart. (.1. gracilis, Thou.,, is one of sev-
eral plants that have been known as Areea gracilis. It
is a pretty palm, now grown in large quantities by some
dealers. Jared G. Smith and G. W. Oliver.

nOPEKTT LmURT
N, C. State College

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