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CYCLOPEDIA OF AMERICAN HORTICULTURE

f^yi?^o-

Cyclopedia of
American Horticulture

COMPRISING SUGGESTIONS FOR CULTIVATION OF HORTI-
CULTURAL PLANTS, DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SPECIES OF
FRUITS, VEGETABLES, FLOWERS AND ORNAMENTAL PLANTS
SOLD IN THE UNITED STATES AND CANADA, TOGETHER
WITH GEOGRAPHICAL AND BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES

L. H. BAILEY

Professor of HorlicuUure in Cornell University
Assisted bv

WILHELM MILLER, Ph.D.

AND MANY EXPERT CULTIVATORS AND BOTANISTS

JllustratrJi toitf) obcc
i:tDo '?irf)ousanti ©riirinal Ccniirabinffss

In Four Volumes
E-M

THE MACMILLAN COMPANY

LOXDON: MACMILLAN & CO., Ltd.

1900

The rights of reproduction and of translation are strictly reserved

COPTniGHT, 1000,

MAOIILLAN rOMPAXY

^ount IJSIcaeant JPtintcr;

■3^

^\^

COLLABORATORS

I. PARTIAL LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS TO TEE CYCLOPEDIA

Adams, Geo. E., Asst. Horticulturist, R. I. Exp.
Sta., Kingston, E. I. (Rhode Island. )

*Ames, Oakes, Asst. Dir. Botanic Garden, and
Instructor in Botany in Harvard Univ., Cam-
bridge, Mass. (Several genera of Orchids.\

*Archdeacon & Co., Commission merchants. New

York, N. Y. (Mushroom.)
Arnold, Jr., Geo., Florist, Rochester, N. Y.

(China Aster.)
Arthur, Prof. J. C, Purdue Univ., Lafayette,
lud. (Physiology of Plants.)

* Atkinson, Geo. F., Prof, of Botany, Cornell Univ.,
Ithaca, N. Y. (ilusliroom.)
Balmer, Prof. J. A., Horticulturist, Wash. Exp.
Sta., Pullman, Wash. ( Washington.)

*Barclat, F. W., Gardener, Haverford, Pa. (Her-
bnceous Perennials, Aster, Erynginin, etc.)

*Barnes, Charles R., Prof, of Plant Physiology,
Univ. of Chicago, Chicago, 111. (Fertilization.
Flower.)

*Barnes, William H., Secretary Kans. Hort. Soc,
Topeka, Kans. (Kan.ms. )

*BAyERSDORFER, H., Dealer in florists' supplies,
Philadelphia, Pa. (Everlasting flowers.)
Beach, Prof. S. A., Horticulturist, N. Y. Exp.

Sta., Geneva, N. Y'. (Corn. Thinning.)
Beadle, C. D. , Botanist and horticulturist, Bilt-
more, N C. (Bamboo.)

*Beal, Prof. W. J., Mich. Agric. College, Agri-
cultural College, Mich. ( Grass. Has read
proofs of many genera of grasses.)
Beckebt, Theo. F., Florist, Allegheny City, Pa.
(Bougainvillcea.)

*Berckmans, p. J., Pomologist and nurseryman,
Augusta, Ga. ^Lainis for the South. Mag-
nolia. Melia. Michelia. Has read proof of
many groups of importance in the South.)

*BLAiR, Prof. J. C, Horticulturist, 111. Exp. Sta.,
Champaign, 111. (Greenhouse Glass. Illinois.)

*Brandegee, Mrs. Katharine, Botanist, editor of
Zoe, San Diego, Calif. (Mammillaria, Melo-
cactus, and other cacti. )

*Bruckner, Nichol N., Dreer's Nursery, River-
ton, N. J. (Tlie article " Ferns." Many groups
of tender ferns. )

Buffum, Prof. B. C, Horticulturist, Wyo. Exp.
Sta., Laramie, Wyo. (ITyoming.)

*Burnette, Prof. F. H., Horticulturist, La. Exp.
Sta., Baton Rouge, La. (Louisiana.)
Butz, Prof. Geo. C, Asst. Horticulturist, Pa.
Exp. Sta., State College, Pa. (Carnation.
Pennsylvania.)

*Cameron, Robert, Gardener, Botanic Garden of
Harvard Univ. ( Various articles and much
help on rare plants. Alpinia, Campanula, Ech-
inocactus, etc.)

*Canning, Edward J., Gardener, Smith College,
Botanic Gardens, Northampton, Mass. {Many
articles and much help on rare and difficult
plants. Anthurium, Echinocactus, Epiphyllum,
Glo.riiiia, etc.)

*Card, Prof. Fred W., Horticulturist, R. I. Exp.
Sta., Kingston, R.I. (Xrl'msk,,. I!,,l,i„yand
culture of bush-fruits, as Amrlmirlurr. llnheris,
Blackberry, BuffaloBerry, Currunl. J.iH/,,„h,rry.)

*Clineaberry, Henry T., Gardener, Trenton,
N J. (Certain orchids, as Lwlia.)
Cook, O. F., Div. of Botany, Section of Seed and
Plant Introduction, Dept. of Agric, Washing-
ton, D. C. (Coffee.)
Corbett, Prof. L. C, Horticulturist, W. Va. Exp.
Sta., Morgantown, W. Va. ( West Virginia. )

*CouLSTON, Mrs. M. B., Formerly assistant editor
of Garden and Forest, Ithaca, N. Y. (Mitchella,
and some other native plants.)

*Coulter, John M., Professor and Head of the
Dept. of Botany, Univ. of Chicago, Chicago,
Illinois. (Echinocactus.)

*Cowen, J. H., formerly Assistant in Horticulture,
Colo. Exp. Sta., Ithaca, N. Y. (Certain Colo-
rado plants, as Lepachys, Leucocrimim .)

*Cbaig, Prof. John, Horticulturist, la. Exp. Sta.,
Ames, la. (Canada. Gooseberry. Kale. Kohl-
rabi.)
Cr-AIG, Robert, Florist, Philadelphia, Pa. (Arau-
caria. Ardisia. Codioeum.)

*Craig, W. N., Gardener, North Easton, Mass.
(Mushroom.)
Crandall, Prof. C. S., Horticulturist, Colo. Exp.
Sta., Fort Collins, Colo. (Colorado.)

^u

A.d^

^^OPEFtTYOF

COLLABORATORS

*CUSHMAN, E. H., Gladiolus specialist, Euclid,

Ohio. {Gladiolus.)
*Dari,inoton, H. D., Wholesale florist, specialis
iu hfuths and hard-wooded plants. {Epacris.
Leiiliisjtermnm. Has read proof of many articles
on hard-wooded plants.)
*Davis, K. C, Science teacher, Ithaca, X. Y.
{ Genera in Banunculacece, )

*DAvy, J. BURTT, Asst. Botanist, Univ. of Calif.
E.xp. Sta., Berkeley, Calif. {Acacia. Euca-
lyptus. Maytenus. Myrtacca:. )

*Deane, Walter, Botanist, Cambridge, Mass.
(Herbarium. Has helped on various botanical
problems.)

*Dewet, Lyster J., Div. of Botany, Dept. of
Agrie., Washington, D. C. (Mentha.)
Corner, Fred, Carnation specialist, Lafayette

Ind. (Carnation.)
DoRSETT,P.H., Associate Physiologist and Patholo
gist, Dept. of Agric, Washington, D.C. { Violet.)

*Douglas, Thos. H., of R. Douglas & Sons, nur-
serymen and specialists in conifers, Waukegan,
IU. (Larix.)
DuGOAR, B. M., Asst. Cryptogamic Botanist, Cor-
nell E.xp. Sta., Ithaca, N. Y. d'ollen.)

*DuNNiNG, D. M., Amateur, Auburn, N. Y. ( Grapes
under Glass.)

*DupuY, Louis, Wholesale florist and specialist in
hard-wooded plants, College Point, L. I.
(Erica. Has read other articles on heath-like
j)lants.)
Earle, Prof. F. S., Horticulturist, Ala. Poly-
technic Institute, Auburn, Ala. (Alabama. )
Earle, Parker, Horticulturist, Roswell, N. M.
(Neie Mexico.)

*Egan, W. C, Amateur, Highland Park, 111.

(Eremurus. Has helped on hardy 2^lanls.)
ElSELE, J. D., Foreman Dreer's Nursery, River-
ton, N. J. (Cordyline.)
Elliott, William H., Florist, Brighton, Mass.
( Asparagus plumosus. )

*Emery, S. M., Director Mont. Exp. Sta., Boze-
man, Mont. (Montana.)

*Endicott, John, Bulb-grower, Canton, Mass.
(Littonia.)

*Endicott, W. E., Teacher, Canton, Mass. (Achim-
cnes. Acidanthera. Ixia. Has made important
corrections in many articles on bulbs.)
Evans, Walter H., Office of E.xp. Stations, Dept.
of Agric, Washington, D. C. (Alaska.)

*Fawcett, Wm., Dir. Dept. Public Gardens and
Plantations, Kingston, Jamaica. (Tropical
fruits, as Cherimoya, Marmalade Plum, E</i/
Fruit, Mango, Mangosteen, Nutmeg. )

*Fernow, Prof. B. E., Dir. College of Forestry,
Cornell Univ., Ithaca, N. Y. (Conifers. For-
estry. )

Finlav.son, Kenneth, Gardener, Brookline, Mass.
(Diosma.)

*Fletcher, S. W., Horticulturist, Ithaca, X. Y.
(Ipoma:a and other Convolvulacece. Helianthus
and related genera.)

*Fkanceschi, Dr. F., Manager S. Calif. Acclima-
tizing Ass'n, Santa Barbara, Calif. (Hare
plants of S. Calif., as Dasylirion, Flacourtia,
Fouquiera, Furcra'a, Hazardia, etc. Has read
many proofs and made numerous corrections. )

*Gallowav, B. T. , Chief Div. Veg. Phys. and Path.,
Dept. of Agric, Washington, D. C. (Floricul-
ture. Has read articles on fungi. )

*Garfield, C. W., Horticulturist, Grand Rapids,
Mich. (Michigan.)

*Gerard, J. N., Amateur, Elizabeth, N. J. (Many
articles, especially on bulbous plants, as Crocus,
Iris, Muscari, Xarcissus. )

*GlLLETT, Edward, Nurseryman, Southwick, Mass.
(Hardy Ferns. Liparis. Has read numerous
proofs on native plants.)
GOFF, Prof. E. S., Horticulturist, Wis. Exp. Sta.,

Madison, Wis. ( msconsin. )
Gould, H. P., Asst. Entomologist and Horticul-
turist, Md. Exp. Sta., College Park, Md.
(Brussels Sprouts. Celeriac.)

*Green, Prof. S. B., Horticulturist, Minnesota Exp.
Sta., St. Anthony Park, Minn. (Minnesota.)

*Green, Wm. J., Horticulturist, Ohio Exp. Sta.,
Wooster, Ohio. (Ohio. Greenhouse sub-irriga-
tion.)

*Greenlee, Miss Lennie, Bulb-grower, Garden
City,N.C. (Ixia.)

*Greiner, T., Specialist in vegetables. La Salle,
N. Y. ( Garden vegetables, as Artichoke, Aspara-
gus, Bean, Cress, Corn Salad, Kohlrabi, Lettuce.)

*Grey, Robert M., Gardener, North Easton, Mass.
(Xumcrous important orchid groups, as Cypripe-
dium, Epidendrum , Lycasic, Maxillaria, Masdc-
vallia. )

*Groff, II. H., Gladiolus specialist, Simcoe, Out.
(Gladiolus.)
GuRNEY, James, Gardener, Mo. Botanical Garden,

St. Louis, Mo. (Cacti.)
Hale, J. H., Nurseryman and pomologist. South
Glastonbury, Conn. (Connecticut.)

*Hal.sted, Prof. B. D., Rutgers College, New
Brunswick, N. J. (Diseases. Fungus.)

*Hansen, Geo., Landscape architect and botanist,
Berkeley, Calif. (Epidendrum.)
Hansen, Prof. N. E., Horticulturist, S. Dak. Exp.
Sta., Brookings, S. Dak. (South Dakota.)

*Harris,F. L., Gardener, Wellesley, Mass. (Lis-
ianthus. Medinilla .)

*Harris, W., Acting Dir., Dept. Public Gardens
and Plantations, Kingston, Jamaica. (Ma
Apple and some other tropical fruits.)

COLLABOKATORS

♦Harris, W. K., Florist, Philadelphia, Pa. [Ficus
elastica. Help on Liliiim Harrhsii.)

*Hasselbring, Heinrich, Asst. in Botany, Cornell
Univ., Ithaca, N. Y. {Iris and most orchids
from Gongora to Masdevallia.)

♦Hastings, G. T., Asst. in Botany, Cornell Univ.,
Ithaea, N. Y. [Some tropical ptants, (is Berria,
BerthoUetia. A few grasses, as Rierochloe, Hol-
es, Enrdeum.)

*Hatfieli., T. 1)., OanlHUur, Wellesley, Mass.
{Xiiiinfini.^ lUiil ruriiit <-initnhiiti(ni>:. (IS Gcsiiera,
Glo.n„i,i, Lnrl,ai,il„i. I.rm. .\[,u-n,:nmia.)

*Hedeick, U. p., Asst. Prof, of Horticulture, Agri-
cultural College, Mich. {Eraporatioh of Fruit.)

♦Henderson & Co., Peter, Seedsmen, 37 Cort-
landt St., New York, N. Y. ( Bulbs. Eccniuo-
carpiis.)

♦Herrington, A., Gardeuer, Florham Farms, Madi-
son, N. J. (Chrysanthemum cocciueuiii. Bolhj-
hock. )

♦Hexamer, Dr. F. M., Editor American Agricul-
turist, New York, N. Y. {Several htvyrdpliica
sketches, as Fuller, Harris.)
Hicks, G. H., late of Dept. of Agric, Washington,
D.C. {Seed-testing.)

*HiCKS, Henry, Nurseryman, Westport, L. I. {Li-
gustrum. )

♦Higgins, J. E., Horticulturist and teacher, Hono-
lulu , H . I . { Havaiian Islands. )
Hill, E. G., Florist, Richmond, Ind. {Begonia.)

♦Hitchcock, A. S., Prof . of Botany, Kansas State
Agric. College, Manhattan, Kans. {Most of the
genera of grasses in the second volume.)

♦HooPES, JosiAH, Nurseryman, West Chester, Pa.
(Hedges. )

♦HORsroHD, Fred. H., Nurseryman and specialist in
Lilies, Charlotte, Vt. {Alpine Gardens. Lilium.
Has read proof of many articles on natire plants. )

♦HuNN. Charles E., Gardener, Cornell E.-cp. Sta.,
Ithaca, N. Y. (Forcing of Vegetables. Mign-
onette.)

♦Huntley, Prof. F. A., Idaho E.xp. Sta., Moscow,
Idaho. (Idaho.)
HuTCHiNS, Rev. W. T., Sweet Pea specialist, In-
dian Orchard, Mass. {Sweet Pea. )

♦Irish, H. C, Horticulturist, Mo. Botanical Garden,
St. Louis, Mo. (Capsicum. Lactuca.)
Jackson & Perkins Co , Nurserymen and spe-
cialists in Clematis, Newark, N. Y. {Clematis. )

♦Jeffers, A., Editor "Cornucopia," Norfolk, Va.
(Kale.)
Jordan, A. T., Asst. Horticulturist, New Bruns-
wick, N. J. (Xew Jersey.)

♦Kains, M. G., Div. of Botany, Dept. of Agric,
Washington, D. C. (Minor vegetables, as Horse-
Radish. Herbs, as Hyssopus ; also Ginseng
and Giycyrrhiza.)

♦Kearney, Jr., T. H., Div. of Botany, Dept. of
Agric, Washington, D.C. {Three orchid gen-
era, Grammangis, Grammatophyllum, Habcna-
ria.)

♦Keller, J.B., Florist, Rochester, N. Y. (Many
groups of hardy herbaceous perennials. Article
on "Herbaceous Perennials."}

♦Kelsey, Harlan P., Landscape architect, Boston,
Mass. (]forth Carolina plants, as Galax and
Leucothoe.)
Kennedy, P, Beveridge, Horticulturist, Nev.
Exp. Sta., Reno, Nev. (Many genera of grasses.
Begonia. )

♦Kerb, J. W., Nurseryman, Denton, Md. (Mary-
land.)
KiFT, Robert, Florist, Philadelphia, Pa. {Cut-.

fUm-ers.)
KiNNEV, L. F., Horticulturist, Kingston, R. I.

(Celery.)
Lager & Hurrell, Orchid cultivators, Summit,

N.J. (Cattleya.)
Lake, Prof.E. R., Horticulturist, Ore. Exp. Sta.,
Corvallis, Ore. (Oregon.)

♦Landreth, Burnet, Seedsman, Philadelphia,
Pa. (David Landreth.)

♦Lau.man, G. N., Instructor in Horticulture, Cor-
nell Univ., Ithaea, N. Y. (Geranium. Impa-
tiens. Pelargonium.)
LoNSiiALE, Edwin, Florist, Chestnut Hill, Phila-
delphia, Pa. (Conservatory.)

♦Lord & Burnham Co., Horticultural architects
and builders, Irvington-on-Hudson, N. Y.
(Greenltouse Construction . )
Lothrop & HiGGiNS, Dahlia specialists. East
Bridgewater, Mass. { Dahlia )

♦MacPherson, J.^jies, Landscape gardener, Tren-
ton, N. J. {Euphorbia. Has read proof of sev-
eral orchid genera.)

♦Manning, J. Woodward, Horticultural expert
and purcliasiiifx :iL,'fnt, Boston, Mass. (Pyre-
thrum. Hiirihi hfihs. Has read proof of many
groujis if III rhiiiiinis perennials.)

♦M.A.NNING, Warren H., Landscape architect,
Boston, Mass. (Article, "Herbaceous Peren-
nials.")

♦Mason, Prof. S. C, Berea, Ky. (Labeling. Lay-
ering . )

♦Massey, Prof. W. F., Horticulturist, N. C. Exp.
Sta., Raleigh, N. C. {Figs. North Carolina.)
Mathews, F. Schuyler, Artist, 2 Morley St.,
Boston, Mass. (Color.)

♦MATtiEV 3, Prof. C. W., Horticulturist, Ky. Exp.
Sta., Lexington, Ky. {Kentucky.)

♦Mathews, Wm., Florist and orchid grower, Utica,
N. Y. (Various rare and important orchids,
as Gongora, Grammatophyllum, lonojisis, Lima-
todes, Miltonia.)

COLLABORATORS

*MAyNARD, Prof. S. T., Horticulturist, Mass.

Hatch Exp. Sta., Amherst, Mass. (ilasm-

vhusetts. )
McDowell, Prof. R. H., Reno, Xev. {Xevada.)
McFarland, J. Horace, Horticultural printer

and expert in photography, Harrisburg, Pa.

(Border.)
*McMiLLEN, Robert, Wholesale grower of migno-
nette, Pearl River, X. Y. { Mig))otielle.)
*McWiLLiAM, Geo., Gardener, Whitinsville, Mass.

{TMpladenia. Luculia.)
Mead, T. L., Horticulturist, Oviedo, Fla. (Cri-

num. Has helped in matlcrs of extreme southern

horticulture. )
*Meehan, Joseph, Nurseryman, Germantown,

Philadelphia, Pa. (Idesia.)
*Mereditb, a. p., Gardener, South Lancaster,

Mass. (Humea.)
Moon, Samuel C, Nurseryman, Morrisville, Pa.

I Trees for ornament.)
*M0RRIS, O. M., Asst. Horticulturist, Okla. Exp.

Sta., Stillwater, Okla. (Iinlian Territory.

Oklahoma. )
*MuNSON, T. v.. Nurseryman and grape hybridist,

Denison, Tex. (Grape cultiirciu the South.)
*MuNsoN, Prof. W. M., Horticulturist, Me. Exp.

Sta., Orono, Me. {.Maine.)
Newell, A. J., Gardener, Wellesley, Mass.

( Certain orchids. )
*N0RTON, J. B. S., Botanical Assistant, Mo. Botan-
ical Garden, St. Louis, Mo. (Euphorhiarew.

Manihot. Several botanical puzcles, as Lithrwa.)
Ogston, Colin, Gardener and orchid cultivator,

Kimball Conservatories, Rochester, N. Y.

(Dcndrohium.)
*Oliver, G. W., Gardener, U. S. Botanic Gardens,

Washington, D. C. [Mauij nrlifhs on j»ilms,

aroids, succulents and rare phiuls, mul wurh help

on proofs. Alstrcemeria. AiiKinjIlis.)
Orpet, Edward O., Gardener, So. Lancaster,

Mass. {Many articles. Border. Cyclamen.

Dianthus, and certain orchids.)
*Parsons, Jr., Samuel, Landscape architect. New

York, N. Y. {Laini.)
Peacock, Lawrence K., Dahlia specialist, Atco,

N.J. {Dahlia.)
Powell, Prof. G. Harold, Horticulturist, Del.

Exp. Sta., Newark, Del. {Cherry. Delaware.)
Price, Prof. R. H., Horticulturist, Tex. Exp.

Sta., College Station, Tex. {Te.vas.)
*PuRDY, Carl, Specialist in California bulbs,

Ukiah, Calif. (California native plants, us

Brodicea, Calochortus, Erythronium, Fritillaria.)
Rane, Prof. F. W., Horticulturist, N. H. Exp.

Sta., Durham, N. H. (Sew Hampshire.)
*Rawson, Grove P., Florist, Elmira, N. Y. (Laii-

*Rawson, W. W., Seedsman and market- gardener,

Boston, Mass. (Cucumber. Lettuce.)
*ReasoNer, E. N. , Nurseryman and horticulturist,

Oneco, Fla. (Many articles, and much help on

extreme southern horticulture. Cwsalpinia. Cocos.

Guava. Kumquat. Lemon. Lime. Mango.)
*Rehder, Alfred, Specialist in hardy trees

and shrubs, Jamaica Plain, Mass. (Botany

and culture of most of the hardy trees and

shrubs.)
*Roberts, Prof. I. P., Dir. College of Agric,

Cornell Univ., Ithaca, N.Y'. (Drainage. Fer-
tility. Manure. Potato.)
*R0Lrs, Prof. P. H., Botanist, S. C. Exp. Sta ,

Clemson College, S. C. (Eggplant. Florida.)
Rose, J. N., Asst. Curator, U. S. Nat. Herb.,

Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C.

(Agave.)
Rose, N. Jonsson, Landscape Gardener to New

York City Parks, New York, N. Y. ( Carious

exotics. )
*R0TH, FiLlBERT, Asst. Prof. of Forestry, N. Y.

State College of Forestry, Cornell Univ.,

Ithaca, N. Y. (Fagus.)
*Rowlee, Prof. W. "W., Asst. Prof, of Botany,

Cornell Univ., Ithaca, N. Y. (Definitions. Lia-

tris. yympha;a. Salix.)
Sargent, Prof. C. S., Dir. ArnoLl Arboretum,

Jamaica Plain, Mass. (Abies.)
*ScoTT, Wm., Florist, Buffalo, N. Y. (Important

florists' plants and flowers, as Acacia, Con-

vallaria, Cyclamen, Cytisus, Smilax, Metrosid-

eros, etc.)
Scott, Wm., Gardener, Tarrytown, N. Y'. (Berto-

lonia and other dwarf lender foliage plants.)
Semple, James, Specialist in China Asters, Belle-

vue. Pa. (Aster.)
*Seston, Joseph, Founder of the pampas grass

industry, Goleta, Calif. (Gynerium.)
*Shinn, Charles H., Inspector of Experiment

Stations, Univ. of Calif., Berkeley, Calif.

{.California, Fig, Loganberry, e(c.l
*Shore, Robert, Gardener, Botanical Dept., Cor-
■ ncU Univ., Ithaca, N. Y'. (Various articles, as

Acalypha, Bedding, Dichorisandra, Episcea, Fit-

tonia, Hymenophyllum. i
*SiEBRECHT, Henry A., Florist and nurseryman.

New Y'ork and Rose Hill Nurseries, New Ro-

chelle, N. Y. [Much help on rare greenhouse

plants, particularly orchids and palms. Dracana.

Ficus. Fuchsia. Gardenia. Ixora. Lapageria.

Laurus.)
♦Simonds, O. C, Supt. Graceland Cemetery, Buena

Ave., Chicago, 111. (Landscape Cemeteries.)
*Slingerland, Prof. M.V., Asst. Prof. Economic

Entomology, Cornell Univ., Ithaca, N. Y.

{Insecticides. Insects.)

COLLABORATORS

Smith, A. W., Cosmos cultivator, Amerieus, Ga.

(Cosmos.)
Smith, Elmer D., Chrysanthemum specialist,
Adrian, Mich. (Clirysanthcmum.)

*Smith, Jared G., Div. of Botany, Dept. of Agric,
Washington, D. C. (Xeaiiy all palms. Va-
rious genera, as Centaurea, Cfrasliiiiii, Cotyle-
don.)

*Spencer, John W., Fruit-grower, Westfield, Chau-
tauqua Co., N. Y. [Grapes in the yorth. Help
0)1 important fruits.)

"Starnes, Prof. Hugh N., Horticulturist, Ga. E.xp.
St., Athens, Ga. (Georgia.)
Stixsox, Prof. John T., Dir. Mo. Fruit E.>:p. Sta.,
Mountain Grove, Mo. (Arkansas.)

*Strong, Wm. C, Nurseryman, Waban, Mass.
(Eenrick.)

*Taft, Prof. L. R., Horticulturist, Mich. Agric.
College, Agricultural College, Mich. (Green-
house Heating. Hotbeds.)

*Taplin, W. H., Specialist in palms and ferns,
Holmesburg, Philadelphia, Pa. (Culture of
many palms, ferns and foliage plants.)

*Taylor, Wm. a , Asst. Pomologist, Div. of Po-
mology, Dept. of Agric, Washington, D. C.
( Various articles on nuts, as Hickory.)

*THiLOvr, J. Otto, of H. A. Dreer, Inc., Phila-
delphia, Pa. (Leek. Muskmelon.)

*Thompson, C. H., formerly Asst. Botanist, Mo.
Botanical Garden, St. Louis, Mo. (Some genera
of cacti, as Echinocerus, EpiphyUum.)

*Thohburn & Co., J. M., Seedsmen, New York,
N. Y. [Hyacinth . Hare read many jtroofs of
hulhs, annuals, vegetables, herbs, etc.)
TofMEY, Prof. J. W., Biologist, Ariz. Exp. Sta.,
Tucson, Ariz. (Arizona. Date. Opuntia.)

*Tracy, S. M., Horticulturist, Biloxi, Miss. (Mis-
sissippi.)

*Tr.\cy, Prof. W. W., Seedsman, Detroit, Mich.
(Cabbage. Lettuce. Michigan.)

*Trelease, Dr. WM.,Dir. Mo. Botanical Garden,
St. Louis, Mo. (Certain desert plants of the
lily family, as Aloe, Apicra, Gasteria, Hawor-
thia.)

*Tricker, Wm., Specialist in aquatics, Dreer's
Nnvsfry, RivertoTi, N. .T. (Aquarium. Most
Ailil.llirs. <,s Inini.iHllnminil, l.nln

^yyii

i„, r,

*Troop, Prof. James, Horticulturist, Ind. Exp.
Sta., Lafayette, Ind. (Indiana.)

*TuRNER, Wm., Gardener, Tarrytown-on-Hudson,
N. Y. (Forcing of Fruits. Mushroom.)
Tuttle, H. B., Cranberry-grower, Valley Junc-
tion, Wis. (Cranberry.)

*Underwood, Prof. L. M.; Columbia University,
New York, N. Y. (Botany of all ferns.)

Van Deman, H. E., Pomologist, Parksley, Va.
(Dale.)

*Vaughan, J. C, Seedsman and florist, Chicago,
111. (.Christmas Greens.)

*ViCK, James, Editor "Vick's Magazine," Roches-
ter, X. Y'. (Malrariscus. Melothria.)

*VooRHEES, Prof. Edward B., Dir. N. J. Exp. Sta.,
New Brunswick, N. J. ( Fertilizers.)
Waldron, Prof. C. B., Horticulturist, N. Dak.
Exp. Sta., Fargo, N. Dak. (North Dakota.)

*Walker, Ernest, Horticulturist, Ark. Exp. Sta.,
Fayetteville, Ark. (Annuals. Basket Plants.
Heliotrope. Watering.)

*Watrous, C. L., Nurserj-man and pomologist,
Des Moines, la. (loxca.)

*Watson, B. M., Instructor in Horticulture, Bus-

sey Inst., Jamaica Plain, Mass. (Colchicum.

Cuttage. Forcing Hardy Plants. House Plants.)

Watts, R. L., Horticulturist, Tenn. Exp. Sta.,

Knoxville, Tenn. (Tennessee.)

*Waugh, Prof. F. A , Horticulturist, Vt. Exp. Sta.,
Burlington, Vt. (Beet. Carrot. Cucumber.
Greens. Lilium. Pentstemon. Salad Plants.
Vermont .)

*Webber, H. J., In charge of Plant Breeding Lab-
oratory, Div. of Veg. Phys. and Path., Dept.
of Agric, Washington, D. C. (Ciirns. Mur-
raya and other citrous genera. )

*Wellhouse, Col. Fred, Fruit-grower, Fair-
mount, Kans. (Eansas.)

*Wheeler, H. J., Dir. R. I. Exp. Sta., Kingston,
R. I. (Lime.)

*WHiTNEr, Milton, Chief, Div. of Soils, Dept. of
Agric, Washington, D. C. (Irrigation. Soils.)

*Whitten, Prof. J. C, Horticulturist, Mo. Exp.
Sta., Columbia, Mo. (Missouri.)

*Whyte, R. B., Amateur, Ottawa, Ont. (Hemero-
callis. Lilium.)

*WicKSON, Edward J., Prof, of Agricultural Prac-
tice, Univ. of Calif., and Horticulturist, Calif.
Exp. Sta., Berkeley, Calif. (Almond, Apricot,
Cherry, Grape, Lemon, Lime, etc., in California.)

*WooLSON, G. C, Niirporymrin, specialist in hardy
herbaceous pci'mniiils, l':is^;iic, N, J. (Mer-
tensia. Has rvml iiinin rons pi-nufs.)

*\Yoi;tmax, S. W , Mushroom-grower, Iselin, N. J.

(Mllshrnn,,,.,

*Wie(;anii, K. M., Instructor in Botany, Cornell
Univ., Ithaca, N. Y. (Coreopsis. Cordyline.
Cyperus. Draccena. Juncus. Lysimaehia.
Musa. Myosotis).

*Wymak, a. p.. Asst. to Olmsted Bros., Landscape
Architects, Brookline, Mass. (Dirca, Epigcea,
Exochorda, Halesia, Hypericum, Eerria, Liquid-
amhar, and other hardy trees and slirubs. Also
Lathyrus, Lupinus.)

COLLABORATORS

//. PAHTIJL LIST OF THOSE WHO HAVE ASSISTED BY UEADIXG PROOF,
AXD IX OTHER WAYS.

Andrews, D. M., Nurseryman, Boulder, Colo.
(Nat'we western plants, especially new liaidi) cadi.)

Ball, C. D., Wholesale florist, Holmesburg, Phila-
delphia, Pa. ( Ferns. F diaj^ Plants. Palms. )

Barker, JIichael, Editor "American Florist,"
Chieapo, 111. (.Many suggestions.)

Bassett & Son, Wm. F., Nurserymen, Hammon-
ton, N. J. {Xalii'e plants, as Hihiscus. j

Berger & Co., H. H., New York, N. Y. (Japa-
nese and Californiun plants.)

Eessey, Chas. E., Prof, of Botany, Univ. of Neb.,
Lincoln, Neb. [Native plants, particularly
grasses. )

Betscher Bros , Florists, nurserymen and seeds-
men, Canal Dover, Ohio. {Gladiolus.)

Blanc, A., Seedsman and plantsman, Philadel-
phia, Pa. (Cacti. Xorelties.)

Boaedman, S. L., Sec. Maine Hort. Soc, Augusta,
Me. {.Maine. )

Brackett, Col.G.B., Pomologist, Dept. of Agric,
Washington, D. C. (Hicoria. Hickory. Juglans.)

Braunton, Ernest, Gardener, Los Angeles, Calif.
{Many valuable notes on plants cult, in Calif.)

Breck & Sons, Joseph, Seedsmen, Boston, Mass.
{Portrait of Joseph Breck. )

Budd, Prof. J. L., Horticultural author, Ames,
Iowa, iloiva. Important fruits.)

Budlong Bros., Pickle-makers, Providence, K. I.
t Cucumber. Martijnia.)

Burbank, Luther, Hybridist, Santa Rosa, Calif.
( Gladiolus. )

Bush & Sons & Meissner, Bushberg, Mo.
(Grapes.)

Caldwell, Geo. C, Prof, of Agric. Chemistry,
Cornell Univ., Ithaca, N. Y. {Fertilily. Ferti-
lizers. Lime. )

Clark, Miss Josephine A., Asst. Librarian, Dept.
of Agric, Washington, D. C. {Information as
to species after the date of Index Kewensis.)

Clinton, L. A., Asst. Agriculturist, Cornell E.xp.
Sta., Ithaca, N. Y. {Lime.)

Coates, Leonard, Napa City, Calif. {Fruit Cul-
ture in California.)

Coville, Frederick v., Botanist, Dept. of Agric,
Washington, D. C. (Juniperus. Suggestions in
various matters.)

Cranefield, Fred, Asst. Horticulturist, Wis. Exp.
Sta., Madison, Wis. (Irrigation.)

Dailledouze Bros., Wholesale florists, Flatbush,
Brooklyn, N. Y. ( Mignonette. )

Dandridge, Mrs. Danske, Amateur, Shepherds-
town, W. Va. (Hardy plants.)

Davenport, Geo. E., Botanist, specialist in ferns,
Medford, Mass. (Several genera of ferns.)

Day, Miss Marv A., Librarian, Gray Herbarium

of Harvard Univ., Cambridge, Mass. {Hare

hooks. )
Devron, Dr. G., Amateur in bamboos, New Or-
leans, La. (Bamboo.)
Dock, Miss M. L., Harrisburg, Pa. (Bartram.)
Downer's Sons, J. S., Fairport, Ky. (Kentucky. )
Dreer, H. a. (Inc.), Seedsmen and plantsmen,

Philadelphia, Pa. (Many and varied services,

especially in aquatics, ferns, foliage plants and

rare annuals.)
Elliott, J. Wilkinson, Landscape architect,

Pittsburg, Pa. (Kochia, and some herbaceous

perennials. )
Ellwanger & Barry, Nurserymen, Rochester,

N. Y. {Hardy plants.)
Fisher, Jabez, Fruit-grower, Fitehburg, Mass.

(Massachusetts.)
Ganong, W. F., Prof, of Botany, Smith College,

Northampton, Mass. (Cacti.)
Goodman, L. A., Fruit-groner, Westport, Mo.

(Missouri. )
Halliday Bros., Florists, Baltimore, Md.

(Azalea. Camellia.)
Harris, J. S., Fruit-grower, La Crescent, Minn.

(Minnesota.)
Heiss, J. B., Florist, Dayton, Ohio. (Palms.)
Hutt, R. L., Prof, of Horticulture, Ont. Agric.

College, Guelph, Ont. (Kale. Kohlrabi.)
Jones, Rev. C. J. K., Los Angeles, Calif.

( Various Californian plants.)
Jordan, Dr. W. H., Dir., N. Y. E.xp. Sta.,

Geneva, N. Y. (Fertility. Fertilizers.)
Kedzie, Dr. R. C, Prof, of Chemistry, Mich.

Agric College, Agricultural College, Mieh.

(Fertility. Fertilizers. Lime.)
*KlNG, F. H., Prof, of Agricultural Physics, Madi-
son, Wis. (Irrigation, Mulching, etc.)
Latham, A. W., Secretary Minn. Hort. Soc,

Minneapolis, Minn. (Minnesota.)
Lupton, J. M., Market-gardener, Gregory, h. I.

( Cabbage. )
Mackenzie, R. R., Manager bulb departine:i»,

J. M. Thorburn & Co., New York, X. V.

(Many important bulbs.)
Makepeace, A. D., Cranberry-grower, West Barn-
stable, Mass. (Cranberry.)
Manda, W. a.. Nurseryman, South Orange, N. J.

(Orchid pictures. )
Manning, Jacob W., Nurseryman, Reading, Mass.

(Dried specimens of herbaceous perennial

plants.)
Manning, Robert, Sec Mass. Hort. Soc, Boston,

Mass. (Biographical sketches. Horticulture.)

COLLABORATORS

XI

Mat, John N., Florist, Summit, N. J. {Florists'

Flowers. )
Meehan, Thos., Nurseryman, Germantown, Pa.

(The article "Horticulture.")
Miller, E. S., Specialist in bulbs, Floral Park,

L. I. (Many articles on bulbs. )
MUDGE, W. S., Hartland, N. Y. (iliiskmeUm.)
Nanz & Neunek, Florists and seedsmen, Louis-
ville, Ky. (Eeutiickij.)
Nash Geo. V., Asst. N. Y. Bot. Garden, Bronx

Park, N. Y. ( Genera of grasses. )
Parsons, Samuel, Nurseryman, Flusliing, L. I.

( Ihe article " Horticulture.")
Pendergast, W. W., Pres. Minn. Hort. Soc,

Hutchinson, Minn. (Minnesota.)
Pierson, F. R., Nurseryman, Tarrytown-on-

Hudson, N. Y. (Bulbs.)
Powell, Geo. T., Pomologist, Ghent, N. Y.

(Important fruits.)
Raqan, W. H., Div. of Pomology, Dept. of Agric,

Washington, D. C. (Indiana.)
Rider, Prof. A. J., Trenton, N. J. (Cranberry.)
Robinson, Dr. B. L., Curator Gray Herbarium of

Harvard Univ., Cambridge, Mass. (Various

articles on native plants.)
Robinson, John, Author of " Ferns in their Homes

and Ours," Salem, Mass. (Several articles on

ferns.)
Sander & Co. (A. Dimmoek, Agent), New York,

N. Y. (Recent importations, particularly orchids

and palms. )
Schultheis, Anton, Nurseryman and florist. Col-
lege Point, N. Y. ( Woody plants from Atis-

tralia and the Cape, as Erica . )
ScooN, C. K., Fruit-grower, Geneva, N. Y.

(Cherry.)
SCRIBNER, F. Lampson, Agrostologist, Dept. of

Agric. , Washington, D. C. { Genera of grasses. )
Sears, Prof. F. C, School of Horticulture, Wolf-

ville. Nova Scotia. (Canada.)

Seavey, Mrs. Fannie Copley, Landscape
gardener, Brighton, 111. (Landscape Garden-
ing.)

Shady Hill Nursery Co., Boston, Mass. (Her-
baceous perennials. )

Shaw, Thos., Prof, of Agric, Univ. of Minn.,
Minneapolis, Minn. (Medtcago. Melilotus.)

Slat.maker, A. W., Fruit-grower, Camden, Del.
(Delaware. )

Smith, Irving C, Market-gardener, Green Bay,
Wis. (Kohlrabi.)

Stanton, Geo., Ginseng specialist. Summit,
N.J. (Ginseng.)

Stores & Harrison, Nurserymen, Painesville,
Ohio. (Various plants.)

Suzuki & Iida, Yokohama Nursery Co., New York,
N. Y. (Japanese plants.)

Todd, Frederick G., Landscape architect, Mon-
treal, P. Q. (Hardy trees and shrubs.)

Vice's Sons, James, Seedsmen, Rochester, N. Y.
{ Various plants. )

Ward, C. W., Wholesale florist and carnation
specialist. Cottage Gardens, Queens, L. I.
(Carnation. )

Webb, Prof. Wesley, Dover, Del. (Delaware.)

Wedge, Clarence, Fruit-grower, Albert Lea,
Minn. (Minnesota.)

Wheeler, C. F., Prof, of Botany, Mich. Agric.
College, Agricultural College, Mich. (Hyperi-
cum. Mimulus.)

White, J. J., Cranberry-grower, New Lisbon,
N. J. (Cranberry. )

WiLLARD, S. D., Nurseryman, Geneva, N. Y.
(Important fruits, as Cherry.)

Wittbold, Geo., Florist, Chicago, 111. (Palms
and ferns. )

Wright, Charles, Horticulturist, Seaford, Del.
(Delaware.)

Yeomans, L. T., Fruit-grower, Walworth, N. Y.
(Evaporation of fruits.)

ABBREVIATIONS

/. OF GENERAL EXPIiESSIOXS

ciijt cultivated, etc.

(Vaiii diameter.

E east.

// feet.

in inches

y nortli.

S south.

trop tropics, tropical.

n' west.

II. OF BOTANICAL TERMS

fl flower.

Us flowers.

ftd flowered.

fr. fruit.

h height.

//. leaf.

//( leaflet.

Ivs leaves.

St. stem.

sts stems.

sijn synonym.

var variety.

///. OF BOOKS AND PERIODICALS

To aid the student in the verification of the
work, and to introduce him to the literature of the
various subjects, citations are made to the por-
traits of plants in the leading periodicals to
which the American is most likely to have access.
These references to pictures have been verified as
far as possible, both in the MS. and in the proof.
A uniform method of citation is much to be de-
sired, but is extremely difScult, because periodi-
cals rarely agree in methods. With great reluc-
tance it was decided to omit the year in most
cases, because of the pressure for space, but the
student who lacks access to the original volumes
may generally ascertain the year by consulting the
bibliographical notes below.

An arbitrary and brief method of citation has
been chosen. At the outset it seemed best to indi-
cate whether the cited picture is colored or not.
This accounts for the two ways of citing certain
publications containing both kinds of pictures,
as The Garden, Revue Horticole, and Garteuflora.

The figures given below explain the method of
citation, and incidentally give some hints as to
the number of volumes to date, and of the number
of pages or plates in one of the latest volumes.

A few works of the greatest importance are
mentioned elsewhere by way of acknowledgment
(p. xv). The standard works on the bibliography
of botany are Pritzel's Thesaurus and Jackson's
Guide to the Literature of Botany; also, Jackson's
Catalogue of the Library of the Royal Botanic
Gardens, Kew.

A.F. . . . The American Florist. Chicago. A trade
paper founded August 15, 1885. The vol-
umes end with July. Many pictures re-
peated iu"Gnf,'." ( li:l.j24=vol. and paf,'e.)

A.G. . . . American CMf'i.niTi:' \i w ^^ ik 1:. i.r.-i nrs
14extii,rih-rii,. : ■ .[-

ing Tl„. A,-M -I. ,■ 1-- ■-■ ,

Founded IST'J: '; .lii:>\". -...;. :ii,.; puj. .1

B The Botanist. Edited by MmhihI, Nh y. :,is

on title pages. Foundi'.l ls.;'.i. s v.i!s.,
50 colored . plates in eacli \.il. |M)(i(I =
vol. and col. plate.) CuiiadatiN'i- iudix.

B.B. . . . Britton & Brown. An illustrated Flora of
the Northern U. S., etc. New York.
1896-1898. (3:588=vol. and page.)

B.F. . . . See F.

B.H. ... La Belgique Horticole. Ghent. 35 vols.
(ISol-lSSo.)

B.M. . . . Curtis' Botanical Magazine. London.
Founded 1787. The oldest current yieri-
odlcal devoted to garden plants. Tlie
vol. for 1899 is vol. 125 of the whole
work. Index to first 107 volumes by E.
Tonks. London. (7C90=col. plate.)

B.R. . . . Botanical Register (1815-1847). Vols. 1-14
edited by Edwards: vols. 15-33 by Lind-
ley. In vols. 1-23 the plates are num-
bered from 1-2014. In vols. 24-33 they
are numbered independently in each vol.
There are (188 plates in vols. 24-33. "An
Appendix to the First Twenty-three Vol-
umes" (bound spparatelv or with the

25th

the

23 vols. An index to vol-,. Jt-ltl may be
found in vol. 31. (il,! :7n =vol. and col.
plate.)

D Dana. How to Know the Wild Flowers.

New York. 1893. (298=page.)

Em. . . . Emerson, G. B. Trees and Shrubs of Mas-
sachusetts. Boston. 2 vols. U9 plates.

F The Florist. London. IslO-lssl. il>s4:

192=yearand page pp. oul. |i|;iie, i i:.lii..rs!
and title pages cham,-. d inmiv lim.-;.
Known a^ the Fb.rist. I'l^ri^t s .Journal
and Flori-t m.hI l'-i,i.,l..,.,-t. Sometimes
improijerly r.ill.il r.riti^h I'lorUt.

P.C. . . . Floral Cabinet. Kiiowl.-c ,v \V,-teott. Lon-
don. 18;i7-lb4U. (:;:l:;7 vol. and col.
plate).

The Florists' Exchange. New York. A
trade i>aper, whose pictures sometimes
are repeated in "A.G." Founded Dec. 8,
1.SS8. (ll:1298=vol. and page.)

XIV

F.E.

F.J. . . . .See F.

F.M. . . . Floral Magazine. London. Series I. IStil-

1871, 8vo. Series II. 1872-1881, 4to.

(1881:450=year aud col. plate.)
F.P. . . . SeeF.
F.R. . . . Florists' Review. Chicago. A trade paper.

Vol. 1, Dec. 2, 1897, to May 2(J, 1898. Two

vols, a year. (4:6G0=vol. aud page.)

F. S. . . .Flore des Serres. Ghent. (1845-1880.)

Inconsistent in numbering, but the plate
numbers are always found on the plate
itself or on the page opposite. Valuable
but perplexing indexes in vols. 15 and 19.
(23:2481= vol. and col. plate.)

G. C. . . . The Gardeners' Chronicle. London. Se-

ries I. (1841-1873) is cited by year and
page. Series II. or "Xew Series" (1874-
1886), is cited thus: II. 26:824=series,
volume and page. Series III. is cited
thus: III. 26:41B. Two vols, a year, be-
ginning 1874. A select index is scattered
through 1879 and 1880. Consult II.
12:viii (1879), and similar places in sub-
sequent vols.

G. F. . . . Garden and Forest. New York. 1888-1897.
(10: 518= vol. and page.)

G.M. . . . Gardeners" Magazine. London. Ed. by
Shirley Hibberd. Pounded 1860. Vols.
31-42 are cited. (42:872=vol. and page.)

Gn. . . . The Garden. London. Founded 1871. Two
vols, a year. (56:1254=vol. and col.
plate. 56, p. 458=vol. and page contain-
ing black figure.) An Index of the first
20 vols, was separately published. Com-
plete Index of Colored Plates to end of
1888 in vol. 54, p. 334.

Gng. . . . Gardening. Chicago. Pounded Sept. 15,
1892. Vols, end Sept. 1. (7:384= vol.
aud page.)

Gt Gartenflora. Berlin. Founded 1852. (Gt..

4.S:1470=vol. and col. plate. Gt. 4S. p.
(170=vol. and page containing black
figure.)

G.W.F. . . Gnodale's Wild Flowers of America. Bos-
tun, 1886. (50=col. plate.)

HBK. . . nuniboldt, Bonpland & Kunth. Nova
(ienera et Species, etc. Paris. 181.5-25.
7 vols. Folio.

I. H. . . . L'lllustrationHorticoIe. Ghent. (1854-1896.)
( 4:i : 72= vol. and col. plate. ) The volumes
were numbered continuously, but there
were 6 series. Series I.=1854-63. Se-
ries II. =1864-69. Series III.=1870-8O.
Series IV. = 1881-86. Series V. = 1887-
93. Series VI. =1894-96. The plates
were numbered continuously in the first
16 vols, from 1 to 614: in vols. 17-33
they run from 1 to 619: in series V. from
1 to 190: in Series VI. they begin anew
with each vol. Valuable indexes in vols.
10 and 20. Series V. in 4to, the rest 8vo.

J.H. . . . Journal of Horticulture. London. Founded
in 1848 as The Cottage Gardener. Series
111. only is cited, beginning 1880. (III.
39:504=series, vol., page.)

ABBREVIATIONS

K.\V.

L. .

Lind.
M. .

. See F. C.

. In vol. 1 of this work, sometimes means
Lindenia, sometimes Lowe's Beautiful
Leaved Plants. See " Lind. " and " Lowe. "
. The Botanical Cabinet. Loddiges. 1817-
33. 100 plates in each vol. Complete
index in last vol. (20:2000=vol. and col.
plate.)
. Lindenia, Ghent. Pounded 1885. Folio.

Devoted to orchids.
. Beautiful Leaved Plant?;. E. .T. Lowe and
Howard. Loiidim. Isnt. i i;ii = .-nl. plate.)
. A. B. Freeman-Mitl. ii! TIm I ;:iinl.c)o Gar-
den. London. ] >;iii. jj) |.;iiri-.)

M.D.G. . . Moller'sDeutscbiiiiirtiuM /.Mtuiii.-. Erfurt.
Founded 1880. ( 1897 :42."i=ycar aud page.)

Mn. . . . Meehan's Monthly. Germantown, Phila-
delphia. Founded 1891. (9:192 = vol.
and page opposite col. plate.)

N Nicholson. Dictionarv of Gardening. Vols.

1-4 (1884-1887). Vo'l. 5 in preparation.

P.F.G. . . Lindley & Paxton. Flower Garden. Lon-
don. 1851-53. 3 vols. 4tc).

P.G. . . . Popular Gardening. Buffalo. Ib.s.VOO.
(5:270=vol. and page.)

P.M. . . . Paxton's Magazine of Botany. London.
1834-49. (16:376 = vol. and page oppo-
site col. plate.) Vol. 15 has index of first
15 vols.

R Reichenbachia. Ed. bv Pred. Sander. Lon-
don. Founded 1886". Polio.

R.B. . . . Revue de I'Horticulture Beige et EtrangJre
Ghent. Founded 1875'! (23:2S8=vol. and
page opposite col. plate.) In tbi' first vol. of
the Cyclopedia "R.B." sorin'timcs means

Belgique Horticole, but tl onCusii.u is

corrected in later vols., whi-ri' Bi-l^riiiiie
Horticole is abbreviated to "B.H."

R.H. . . . Revue Horticole. Dates from 1826, but
is now considered to have been founded in
1829. ( 1 899 : .'>9fi=year and page opposite
col. plate. 1899. p. 596=year and page
opposite black figure.)

S Schneider. The Book of Choice Ferns.

London. In 3 vols. Vol. 1, 1892. Vol.2,
1893.

S.B.F.G. . Sweet British Flower Garden. London.
Series I., 182.3-29, 3 vols. Scries 11..
1831-38, 4 vols.
. . S, inline ll.irticolp. Ghent. Founded 1897.

(:;:.".l,s=-viar and page.)
. . Siniaiiie Ilnrtii'ole. Erroneously cited in

this I'asliiun a few times in first vol.
. . Sargent. The Silva of North America.
13 vols. Vol. 1, 1891. Vol. 12, 1898.
(12;020=vol. aud plate, not colored.)
. . Siebold & Zuccarini. Flora Japonica. Vol.
1. 183.5^4. Vol. 2 by Miquel, 1870.
(2:150=vol. and plate.)
,M. Vick's Magazine. Rochester, N. Y. Founded
1878. Vols. numbered continuously
through the 3 series. Vols, begin with
Nov. (23.2.i0=vol. and page.) Some-
times cited as "Vlck."

S.H.
S.M.

Achli

a I ubbr

■ and

ei-p.

H-iU In- found ill llir iiitrodiiclon/ pages of Vot. I.

Cyclopedia of American Horticulture

EARTH NUT, EARTH PEA. English names for the
Peanut, or Goober, Arachis hypogaea. Also Apios.

EATdNIA (Amos Eaton, American botanist, 1770-
1842; author of popular Manual of Botany of the United
States, which was for a long time the (inly general work
available for American students). Grnminew. A
North American genus of 4 or 5 species of tufted per
ennial grasses. Three kinds have been catalogued by
Wilfred Brotherton, Rochester, Mich.

A. Panicle dense, spike-tike, strict.

0btus4ta, Gray. Spikelets crowded on the short,
erect panicle-branches : upper empty glume rounded
obovate, very obtuse. Dry soil.

AA. Panicte more toose and slender.

PennsylvAnica, Gray. Lvs. 3-G in. long : panicle-
branchc lax nodding Moist woods and meado s

Dudleyi \ asev Lvs I'm long panicle 1 rtnche-,
spre diug lu tlowering time afterwards ere t

\ S Hitch o k

EBONY n o ijio!, Eb i

ECB ALLIUM (Preek to tl

n ntt)

SyllKTIN ( I IMBER The S

|U rt g t

of the most amu ng an! d

oncerting

Few if any c iltivated riant fa

e tl e r b

such startling 11 1

t 1

nual trail ng I

ripe the bl

slightest tou 1

the grounl 1

girl wl 1 I 111
the ol 1 1 1 1 111

Anotl 1 1 1

1 1

ful c tl It 1

has 1 1 t

\

it IS St 11 U tie 1 u^ t r

/ 1

Ecball im has only ne spec

anl 1

to the imj rt ut genera (_ i u

m ai 1 t

them It 1 ffers fro i Mom rd

ca m lad

scales wh h close the 1 ttom

cf tie

neric character are \r tr

ate leil

hairj lvs heart h\\e\ i ore

or le 1

wanting fl \elbw tie t mi

nate i r

usialh from the a ne a\il

w th the

caljx ocut It s a ti e f

the n 11

Mediterranean reg e \ ec

alh 1 cl

Sims intheBotv cal Ma.'a? r

e tl

erallj con dered an 1

1 It t tl

the situati n heltere 1 1

11

three winters a 1 tl ] 1

11 i

spread farther tl tl 1

Elatferium A R 1 i 1/

/ / /

SqIIRTNU Cl IMBER F^

44 De

B M 1914

W M

ECCREMOCABPUS (Greek, pendent fruits). Big-
nonidcem. Three to five species of tall, somewhat woody
plants from Peru and Chile, climbing by branched ten-
drils at the end of the twice pinnate leaves, and having
very distinct flowers of somewhat tubular shape, which
are colored yellow, orange or scarlet. The species men-
tioned below is doubtless perennial in southern Califor-
nia, where it is said to show best when climbing over
shrubbery, but in the East it is treated as a tender an-
nual and is perhaps usually trained to a trellis or south
wall. It bears flowers and fruits at the same time, and
the orange flowers make an effective contrast with the
pale green foliage. The genus belongs to an order fa-
mous for its superb tropical climbers, but in its own

that small T
2 celled ovarv
Eccremo, u pu-

scaber K n i^ Pav (Cnldmpelis scdber, D Don)
A.lth ii_li tilt s| . ihc name means rough, the wild plant
IS uuU ^piiiiii^h puberulous, and m cultivation entirely
glabrous. About 10 ft. high: lvs. bipmnate; Ifts. ob-
liquely cordate, entire or saw-toothed : fls. 1 in. long,
orange, in racemes. July, Aug. Chile. B.R. 11:939.
Peter Henderson & Co.
ECHEVfiRIA A.1I referred to Cotjledon
ECHINACEA r ek c 7 n he Igeho" all 1 1 n" ti

g feature f P 1 nv e Th i k i onl

tirst but bee me egg I ape 1 and the recei

1 while R 1 11 eckia has a greater lange tl c

n globose to col iiunar and the receptacle from

744. Ecballium Elaterium (X >^)

conical to cylindrical. Echinaceas and Rudbeckias are
stout, and perhaps a little coarse in appearance, but
their flowers, sometimes 6 in. across, are \erj attractive,
and borne in succession for two months or more of late
summer. With the growing appreciation o hardy bor-
ders and of native jilauts. it should be possible to
procure 4 or 5 distinct colors in the flower, associated
with low, medium and tall-growing habits. They do well

33

(511)

fROKRTY UBtAMY

512

ECHINACEA

ECHINOCACTUS

in ordinary soils, and may In- um-i1 tii liclp cover unusu- of a greenhouse with a southern exposure, in a mound
ally dry and exposed s|i.ii.. I h. i. i .ml well to rich of fine gravel about eight or ten inches deep. Insert
soil, especially sandy lo;iiii, ! ■ : i arm and sunny the base of the plants in the gravel and syringe them
sites. They are perenni;.' m-. Prop, by overhead once a day on bright days. The gravel gets

division, though not too fnijih III 1 ; - mim tunes by seeds. very hot with the sun, and in this they root freely in
The roots are black, pungciit-ta^UMi, and are said to be three or four weeks. When well rooted they can be
used in popular medicine under the name of Black placed in pots. A good compost consists of six parts
Sampson. Bentham & Hooker refer Echinacea to of good fibrous loam, one part sand and one part brick
Rudbcckia. rubble, i'ots should be just large enough to hold the

purpirea, Mcench. Commonly not hairy, typically P'"''^'^ "'"' •'l'""!'' 'w drained about one-fifth of their
taller tlian E. anqmtiloUa, 2 ft. or more high : Ivs. d.-i.tli. I r.,iii Mi.i-.ti to May is a good tmie to pot e.stab-
ovato-lanceolate, or the lower ones broadly ovate, often ''-I"' l' '"' ■ I"" if the soil is good and the drainage
5-nprvo.l,<-nmmonlydenticulateorsharply serrate, most ='!' "^''" "" > ' '" 'imam in the same pots for two or
of tlicin :iipni|itlv Contracted into a margined petiole: tlin i \,,fi.,

i:r , : I ii, I :, M inch long and broadish, later often 2 in. ' '" I I""' I '"M I'rnv.. ,,11 lli.- sunlight possible at

. Ail h the same color range as £. a"Sf«.s/i- all tn,,. - -i 1 1,. - . n , i 'iini.L- th. winter they should
/ ,1 I \- almost white. Rich or deep soil. Va. '"' "''"'I >■') ; :it m-l , l.ut li, spring and summer

ani liui" 1- III. and La. *'">" ''■'" '" '■■''''''I ir...|s- an.l svringed overhead on

Var. ser6tina, Nutt. (E. inUrmidia, Lindl.). The J",'^''', ' ! , ^i ,",,',',' '^-^o 'to''-' u'^'iSir'* Ind"'the*at'}Jios'
varietal name means late-flowering, but the chief point ', " ;' , ,, ,,, n'.,'.'t><-'tlv drv- PronkWion is efTecteri

is the hairy or bristly character of the plant. L.B.C. ' , , „'LhA; ^"P^^at'on >s effected

]G:1539. P.M. 15:79.-J.B.Kellersays "this is, perhaps, ^'^ - and grafting. Robert Camehon.

the best form of the genus for garden purposes, the Tli.^ .Iiv. i -ii\ m| fMiin oxiiibited in the genus Echino-

rays being much brighter colored, broader and not roll- cartas sin'-i- tin- u*-- inia A~trophytum and Lophophora
ing at the edges." aiv ii..\v iialii.l.'i. tnak.', tiiis one of the most interest-

angustifftlia, DC. Bristly, either sparsely or densely: j."- "*' ""' ."';"'' ,' '■';_'"; •■""•'>■• j'"'''^'".";"''* K'"^"l«f
Ivs. narrower than in E. purpurea, irom broadly Ian- 1'"''"- ' ' ■'■ ' ' ' '^ ""' f'>^"nlv r"''"''''''' """''«;

ceolate to nearly linear, entire, 3-nerved, all narrowed en-, i: ' ' ■ i ;^ i-- - • - >■■ - ■■< ^ i' ■ ii-

gradually to the base, the lower into slender petioles: jV i i - ,,t

flower-heads nearly as large as in E. purpurea, but I'^'in' ' ' ' , ,,, ' ' i i

sometimes much smaller. Prairies and barrens, Saskat- gi-nimtai a- I'.i. -.,■ -.■.■. \- ,,\ .. i, r i-i.ini -. j.tMi ni, d
chewan and Neb. to Tex., east to 111., Tenn. and Ala. V'^i' '''i^"'? b.-.-n allmvial t.j rip.-n i.n.iiorly lir-lm-c gtitlier-
B.M. 5281. G.W.P. 2r>.-This species has several forms, ^^^ and carefully dried afterward.s. From the experi-
which approach and run into E. purpurea, l H B ence of the writer, who has raised some hundreds of

^- "• "• seedling Cacti and sown them every month in the year,

he has found the months of May and June to be by far
the most favorable for germination. Seeds of Echino-
cactus will then germinate in five or six days, while
rturins the wintor months it takes almost as many weeks.
I'l.i.titin ■ v.-ill L-c-niiiiiati- in even less than s'ix days.

'!'■ - '■ ' • ! r lily of all the Cactaceae, and

II I I - while Mammillarias are the

: ^i"W the slowest afterwards.

I'll' .1 . . Im ~.,;v[i in well-drained 4-inch pots

in a liti. ly -iin ,1 mixture of one part leaf-mold, one

part Inaiii anil imi- ]tart charcoal dust and silver sand.

Tlic- surf: slhini.i be made very smooth, and the seeds

pri'ssicl li-htly into the soil with the bottom of a flower-
pot and then covered with about three-eighths of an inch
of fine silver sand. This allows the seedlings to push
through readily and prevents the soil from crusting on
the surface of the pots, as they usually have to stay in
their seedlinfT rnt< at loa-st nnn year. T'a- iift- ■,)■ ,,,1(1
be placed in ;i •.-r.-riili..ns,. wh.-rc tln-y v- ■ r :, 'ax-
of light but ii"! llir.lir.rl s!||,|i-lit. loi , . ( li

are natives ,.l' cl,-s,rt r.-inns. the wm- i I - i. . : in

ECHINOCACTXIS (Greek, sp

lureeK, spine and cactus). Cac-
Kirge genus of globular, strongly ribbed,
iny forms. Sometimes they become very

scales wliich are naked or woolly in the uxils, and the
fruit is either succulent or dry. The genus is well
developed within the United States, about forty species
having been recognized, but its extreme northern limit
is the southern borders of Colorado, Utah, and Nevada,
apparently having spread from the great arid plateau
regions of Mexico proper and Lower California. The
genus extends tlirougbout Mexico and Central America,
and is w.ll r. pn s, nnal in the drier regions of South
America. Tla l. n. la Astrophytum and Lophophora
are her*- iaihal. .1, all liMii;;h they seem to be very differ-
ent from I 111. U|.i.,,l i.,rmsof Echinocactus. It is im-

ific

in some- '■ . , ; u i i hai a n; .iriiiiiKiUy applied

toonr.f.... ..... ,! . I I., a li.r. The following

synopsis t ; i! r. , ill I he. -king up the

properap] I i .. i. . i. tii..|\- i Inis leave some

of the r..i |...ri. - .,i 111., iia.l.. iMiaia-aunted for.

No attempt is made to f;fonp the species according to
relationships, but a more easily handled artificial ar-
rangement, based chiefly upon spine characters, is used.
It must be remembered that the species are exceedingly
variable, espeeially nmler cultivation, and large allow-
ance must he made f. ir the characters given in the key
and in tie- s| iih- desei-iptions.

Echiiii<r,i,liix r.is< 1./, riiiiius, A. Dietr., proves to be
Mammillitriii Hchctrii. The following horticultural
names have not been identified: E.chrysanthus {chri/s-
acanthus f), Drcegeanus trifurcatus.

John M. Coulter.

When startiTi=: with newly cnlloetprl plants of Echino-
cactus the mutilate, I r,„.ts sleiuhi ]„■ well ,.|,t leiek to

plants are pro, aire,] in eari\ sumimr. tli,- l.ist way to

at 1, a-i, ill, s, ,.,iii,i^-s should be kept in a temperature
of not 1, -s than 1,11' and carefuUv looked over every day

to as.iitain ih, ndition of the soil, for, althmif,'h they

should he kept on the dry side, they mu-i tn • , i i > al-
lowed to become quite dry during th, . . i .. i . , .
When about a year old they may h, i . . r i"

shallow pans not more than 6 inches in a i i, ami

prepared with the same mixture as f.i ■,,,iiiii- pots.
These pans will be found hett, r than -mall |.ots, be-
cause the soil may be kept moi, ,\, nly moist and the
seedlings do better in conseipi, n, , .

When grown from 2 to 3 inclies in diameter, seedling
Echinocactus may be transferred to pots, using sizes
only just large enough to accommodate them, as they
make but few roots. Pot them in a mixture of two
parts fibrous loam, one part leaf-moid and one part
pounded brick and silver sand. During the spring and
summer months, established plants may be given a lib-
eral supply of water, but must be studiously watered
during the fall and winter months. During the winter
they should be given a light position in a dry green-
house, with a night temperature of 45° to 50°, and a
rise of 10° by day. For the summer, they may be either
kept in an airy greenhouse or placed in some conve-
nient position outside, plunging the pots in the soil or

ECHINOCACTUS

ECHIXOCACTUS

4 'Wishzpni Fii^

513

\ liM Iru al "ipecies
I III 1 kinds not

II 1 i< f Cattacese
jittn be an ad van

r growing species

) makes an excel

stock plants of rea

, known as 'wedge

Ccieits Baumu,

lent stock to gi itt i\ n

sonable size lud hi i^,lit 11

grattmg is peihips best tor the purpose and the e irly

spiing months or lust is the growing season lb about

to commence is the best time for grafting

If plants ot EthinOLactub cin b, ki | t m n h Mh^
condition thev ire not mni h troul Ii 1 \\iTb m ' I f
mealy bug IS their woi St enelu^ in 1 li ul I I i m \ I

and led ii n 1 tl
long the { ii| 1 I t

neled above 1 Ii 1
sometimes red twot

nil 1 tliui aid one titth in
th lower one longest (some
! Mrj robust (flit and chin
« iiw ird flowers j ellow o

ind three fifths m lon„ Fron

southern Ltah to northern Mexico and Lower Cihfornia
CC ]SoHe of the tpnu-, aiuiulati
o brevihamatus Fu^flm ( 1 bo e r-s iti Aer^ dirk

amateuis tli x\
nil, 1

It 1 hi t uu 1 tl

1

setlbpn, 1 I

/ 11

1 i / II

Ed«

iPD I Canmn

INDEX

Anhalomum o\

Lecontei 42

polyancistms 1

leuiai iuthus 18

recurx-Ub 2h

Astrophytum oO

Lewimi o2

Rmconensis 10

bicolor 35

longihamatus 3

robustus 33

brevih.imatus 5

Lophophora 51

Saltillensis 45

»;apncorms Id

lophothele 32

Scopa 46

coptonoeonus 13

setispmus 27

cornigeras 9

Majiumllana

Sderi 43

crisp vtus 30

Mirbelh 19

Simpsoni 48

cyhndnceus 2

Mon%nllii 11

Echidne -3

multieostatus 14

Texensis 24

electi acanthus 22

myuostigma 50

Treaihanus 6

Emoryi 2d

obvallatus 29

turb.nifrrm.s

flavovirms 36

Orcuttii 38

uncinitus 1 7

Grusom 44

omitus 19

Vantlti I III i

helophorus 28

orthicanthus 36

vmdes ens 41

hexffihophorus 31

Ottonis 34

r,S7,ao<, .0

horizonthalomus

Pfeiffen 12

Whipplei 8

ingens 20 [21

phylHcanthus 17

Wdhamsu 51

intertextus 37

pilosus 47

Wisliwni 4

Johnsoni 39

polycephalus 40

Wiightn 1

A Spn

e r, ,ime if tl,t„

hooletl

B Cmt.aUpnu s^hhuij

1 Wrlghtu (£ loiiuittiis Tir ^)Uihlii Engelra )
Oval J-b in high Z-3'^ in m dmu radial spines s
arranged as m uncinitus central spine solitarj angled
flexuous and hooked elongated (2-6 m ) erect stnw
color, with dark tip flowers l-lj^ in long dark pur
pie Texas and northern Mexico

EB Central spines 4
c Some oi alt of the "ipines annulate

2 cylindra.ceus Engelm Plobn o to ovite or ovite

upper edge of ireola 1-2 in 1 ii„ tin 1 wi
and shorter and much hooked centrals 4 ■\ er^
4-angled about 2 m long ind one tweltth to ^a
the uppermost broadest and almost straight
the lowest decurved flowers -yellow bouthw
United btates and Lower Cihfornia

longihamatus ttal '^ubglobose <

be. (11

cui\cd or tnistid the Ion ci ont, stuutci cluu^ated
(3-8 in ) flexuous and more or less hooked flowers
yellow tinged with red 2i4-3hi m lonfe Texas and

%=>l^^

745 Echinocacti

514 ECHINOCACTUS

.t upper and .1 lower purplisli brown and straightish (the
lower ones sometimes more or less hooked), four-fifths
to I in. long, the 2-6 laterals more slender, longer (1 to
one and two-flfths in.), often flattened, puberulent and
whitish, sometimes fle.\uous or hooked; central. spines
4, puberulent, yellowish (or purplish variegated), the 3
upper ones slender, flattened or subangled, erect and
generally straight (rarely hooked), one and three-fifths
to 2 in. Inn?, the lowest one much stouter, flattened or
even I'liniiu-l..!, -trMw-color, fle.tuous, more or less
hook'-.i . ,,,,,, I ir..ii;ht), 2-4 in. long: flowers yel-
low, "J ■ 1 ,:is. Arizona, and northern Mexico.
7. uiiciu itiio, ' ' I ;i;uicescent, globose to oblong:
ribs i:;, ., ■ ,'- t< ulutc-interrupted: radial spines
Tor s, I _' 111. Inn--, 111.' ii|i|,cr 4 (.r 5 straw-color, straight,
il:iii.ii.-.i, 111.' I..\Mi- :; |.iir|.li-h. tiTete and hooked; cen-

«|ii'.\: Uuwers brownish purple. Northern Mexico.

8. Whipplei, Engelm. Globose-ovate, 3-5 in. high,
2-4 in. in diam.: ribs 13-15 (often oblique), compressed
and tubon-ulately interrupted: radi.tl spines usually 7,
<-(iiii|in^...-.l, ^ti:iiL;lit or slightly recurved, }4 to three-
liftlis ill. |.,ii^-. |.,u, 1- ..nes shorter than the others, all
wliitr 1 \. . |.i nil.' 111. two darker lowest laterals; central
spiiii^ 4. unl.ly .1 u ir:,'int. the uppermost one flattened,
stniifilit ami whitii, 1 to one and three-fifths in. long,
turned upward in the plane of the radials (completing
the circle of radials), the others a little shorter, quad-
rangular-compressed, dark brown or black, becoming
reddish and finally ashy, the 2 laterals straight, the
lowest one stouter and sharply hooked downward:
flower greenish red. Northern Arizona.
BBB. Central spines 5 to S.

0. cornigerus, UC. Cloho-^e or depressed - crlobose,
10-16 in. in dlMiii ni. ,ii...iii Jl . vn-y anito iin.l wavy
(not tubercuiiii. I ■' m, .i.: r.i.lial .^|.iii.^ (1-10,
■white and com|., 11 . 1. i . ..r wantinL': .-ontrals

red and very i iir..--..!, wiih long,

sharp, horny ti|. , I ': i|, . ..i ■ i .. i.ling, 1-1.'.^ in.
long, the lower _' ; 'lie central one

longer, more riLi ' i : ■ .ml (one-fifth to

one-third in.) an. 1 i i,.i .;.. . ll^^ ,.i .i ; ilowers purple,

1-lX in. long. Me.Mtu ami Ceiilrai America.

10. polyanolBtrus, Engelm. & Bigel. Ovate or at
length subcylindric, becoming 4-10 in. high and 3-4 in.
in diam.: ribs 13-17, obtuse, tuberculately interrupted;
radial spines 20 or more, compressed and white, the up-
permost wanting, the 4 upper ones broader and longer
(1-2 in.) and dusky-tipped, the laterals shorter (four-
fifths to one in.), the lowest very short (J^ in.) and sub-
setaceous; central spines of several forms, the upper-
most one (rarely a second similar but smaller one above
or beside it) compressed-quadrangular, elongated (3-5
in.), white with dusky tip, curved upward, the other
■■S-IO teretish or subangled, bright purple-brown; upper
ones long (2-4 in.) and mostly straight, the others gradu-
ally shortening (to about 1 in.) downward and sharply
hooked: flowers red or yellow, 2 to two and two-flfths
in. long and wide. Nevada and southeastern.California.

AA. Spines not hooked.
B. Central spines none or indistinct.

11. Monvillii, Lem. Stout, globose and bright green:
ribs 13-17, tuberculate, broadest toward the base, undu-
late; tubercles somewhat hexagonal, strongly dilated
below: radial spines 9-12, the lower ones somewhat
longer, very stout, spreading, yellowish translucent,
reddish at base; central wanting: flowers varying from
white to yellow and red. Paraguay.

12. Ffelfferi, Zuce. Oblong-globose, becoming 1-2 ft.
high and 1 ft. in diam.: ribs 11-13, compressed and
somewhat acute: spines G, about equal, rigid, straight,
divergent or erect, pale transparent yellow with a
lirowiii-h base; very rarely a solitary central spine.

i:s. copton6gonuB, Lem.. var. mijor, S.ilm-nyck. De-
pri'sscii, from a large imiurated naked napiform base,
2-4 in. a.r..-s til,. to|.: ril.s Hi-].-,, a.ut.- from abroad base.

ECHINOCACTUS

gray: upper spine stoutest, erect and straight, or
slightly curved upward, flattened and keeled, and oeca--
sionally twisted, VA-'iM in. long; the two laterals erect-
divergent, straight or slightly curved, terete above and
somewhat qua<lrangular below. 1-1 J.^ in. long; all from
an abruptly enlarged base: flowers not seen, but said
to be .small and white, with purplish median lines.
Mexico.

14. nmlticostitUB, Hildmann. Dopressed-glnbnse: rilis
very numerous, i)0 to 120, eompn.-^. .1 int., tliin j.ln. <

which run vertically or are t\vi-t..l n !■. ..n:

spines exceedingly variable, in ..ni. . n-

tirely, in others 3 or 4, short, n^-nl, ;iii I :,:. ,. .1

low; in others more numerous, largur, .iii'l ..1 1, n il.LMi..|i;
in still other cases very long and flat, interlacing all over
the plant; no centrals: flower white, with a broad pur-
ple stripe.

15. capTic6nu8, A. Dietr. GIobo.se: ribs about 11,
broad, spotted all over with white dots : clusters of
spines distant, usually seen only near the apex; spines
5-10, long and flexuous; centrals not distinct: flowers
large, yellow. Mexico.

16. Eincon^nsis, Pos, ];:. Cylindrical, covered with
ivory white s|.im s « In. Ii ai.- ii|.|.. .1 with crimson; spines
3, with noeeniraU: il..«.r laiL'. . i.iu-ple-crimson, darker
at base. Nortlieru .'Mi xno.

17. phyllac4nthus. Mart. Prom globose to cylindrical,
Willi ilopre^s, .1 V. Ill \. simple or proliferous, two and
one-tliir.l to ihne and tliree-fifths in. broad: ribs 40-55
(sometimes as fiw as :i(l|, very much crowded and com-
pressed, thin, .leute, very wavy, continuous or somewhat
interrupted: radial spines 5 (sometimes 6 or 71, straight
and spreading, the 2 lowest ones white, rigid, one si.xih
to one-fourth in. long, half as long as the 2 darker,
angled, larger laterals, the uppermost spine thin and
broad, channeled above, faintly annulate, flexible, gray-
ish pink, three-fifths to 1 in. long; central spines none:
flowers small, dirty white. Mexico.

BB. Central spine solitary {sometimes 2^ in E. cris-
patits, helopJiorus, and setispinns, or wanlinij in
lophothele).

c. Ribs less than IS.

18. leucacinthuB, Zucc. Somewhat clavate-cylindrical,
pale: ribs 8-10, thick, obtuse, strongly tuberculate, the
areolffi with strong wool : radial spines 7 or 8, similar,
straight, finely pubescent, at first yellowish, at length
white; central s(iine solitary, more or less erect, rarely
wanting: flowers light yellow. Mexico.

19. ornitus, Dr. i /■'. .VirMlli, Lem.). Subglobose:
ribs 8, broad, eomiinssed, vertical, thickly covered with
close-set white woolly .spots, making the whole plant
almost white: radial spines 7, straight, stout, yellowish
or becoming gray ; central spine solitary. Mex'ico.

20. Ingens, Zucc. {E. Visnctr/a, Mook.). Very largo
(sometimes as nmeh as 10 ft. high and as much in cir-
camr. r. 11.11. LiL.lioseor oblong, purplish toward the top:
ril.- s. ..i.iu-. . iiilierculate: areolee large, distant, with
Very ...|.i..ii~ Mllowish wool: radial spines 8 or more;
ei-ntral spinr solitary; all the spines shaded yellow and
red or brownish, straight, rigid, and interwoven: flow-
ers bright yellow, about 3 in. broad. Mexico.

21. horizonthaldniuB, Lem. Glaucous, depressed-glo-
bose or at length ovate or even cylindrie with age, 2-8
in. Iiiijli. -' ; in. in diam.: ribs 8-10 (fewer in very

y.i 11. often spirally arranged, the tubercles

SI I ly inconspicuous transverse grooves:

s|Hn. 1. 1. 1. lit mpressed, reddish (at length ashy),

reeurM-d or sonu-times almost straight, nearly equal,
four-fifths to 1>2 in. long (sometimes long and slender
and almost terete, sometimes short, stout and broad):
radials .5-8, upper ones weaker, lowest wanting; a single
stouter deeurved central (sometimes wanting): flowers
pale rose-purple, 23-^ in. long ormore. New Mexico and
northern Mexico.

cc. liibs 13-S7.

22. electracinthus, Lem. Globose or thick cylindrical,
becoming 2 ft. high and 1 ft. in diam.: ribs "about 15:
radial spines about 8, equal, rigid, spreading, yellowish,
about 1 in. long; the central one solitary, red at base:
flowers clear yellow. Mexico.

ECHINOCACTUS

ECHINOCACTUS

515

Lem.). Depressed-
i^'h: ribs 13, acute:
my;, yellowish, 1 in.

and scarcely longer

23. Edudne, DC. ( ?:. v ■
globose, 5-7 in. in .! -
radial spines 7, bi":i
or more long; ceiitr:: ,
than the others: tl"' ■ i-
long. Mexico.

24. TexSnsis, Hopf. Mostly depressed (sometimes
globose), 8-12 in. in diam., 4-0 in. high, simple: ribs
mostly 21 (sometimes 2.. and in smaller specimens 13
or 14) and uudulatt- : -^j-inr^ ^rout ami tasciculate, red-
dish, compressed : x\\i- ■ stcriMi- i; ,,]■ 7 raihaiit. straight-
ish or curved, unequal. ' _. t^ l..ui- lililis in. h.ng in some
cases, one and one-Ht'th tn 2 in. in i.tli.r-^. nuiidi shorter
tlian the solitary and stout recurved central, which is
sometimes oue-sixth to H in. broad : flowers about one-
fifth in. long, parti-colored (scarlet and orange below
to white above). Texas and northeastern Mexico.

25. Imoryi, Engelm., var. reotispinus, Eugelra. Fig.
74.5. Globose, at length cylindrical: ribs 13-21, obtuse
and strongly tuberculate: radial spines 7-9, very unequal,
the 3 upper ones 4-5 in. long, the lower lH-3 in. long
and paler; the central very long (12-13 in.), straight or
slightly decurved. Southwestern United States and
northern Mexico.

26. recdrvas, Link & Otto. Subglobose and very stout:
ribs about 15, covered with broad, darli red spines, the
radials spreading, the central one recurved and very
.stout. Mexico ( ;)•

27. setisplnus, Engelra. Subglobose, 2 to three and
one-fifth in. in diam. : ribs 13, more or less oblique,
often undulate or somewhat interrupted: radial spines
14-10, setiform and flexible, two-flfths to four-fifths in.
long, the uppermost (the longest) and lowest ones yel-
lowish brown, the laterals white; central spines i-3,
setiform and flexuous, dark, 1 to one and one-fifth in.
long: flowers funnelform, one and three-fifths tu 3 in.
long, yellow, scarlet within. Texas .and Mexico.

28. heWphorus, Lem. Depressed globose, light green,
with pui-ple-red veins: ribs about 20, compressed, ob-
tuse: radial spines 9-12, very stout and porrect; central
spines I— 1, stronger and annulate; all the spines pearl-
gray. Mexico.

29. obvallatus,
very numerous, v
the apex, unequa

•I "ise, depressed: ribs
i"st abundant towards
ut. whitish; the 3 up-
rong, the others (cspe
: purple, with whitish
suggested by the ap-
:)f flowers surrounded

cially the lowest) small
margin. Mexico. -The r
pearance of the terminal
by a fortification of !-troii

30. crispatuB, Dr. ( Z:.'. 'ir,//, „-. Link). Globose, 5 in.
or more high: ribs :;(i-i;n. rwnipr.-^.-d and sharp, more
or less unduIate-cris|iH.l: spin, s 7-11, widely .spreading,
more or less fl.attened. the upper larger and brown at
tip. the lower shorter and white, or all of them brown:
flowers purple, or white with purple stripes. Mexico
and Central America.

cccf. Tiihereuhite. us i„ .Voun.nll.i r!a.

31. hexaedrdphorus, Lem. .'\|..r. •;■ i, -, -l.ilmlar, dark
gray: ril)B deeply tuberculatr. L-niiiu' th.' a|i].earance of
a Wajnmillaria, with hexagonal tnl..r.l, s : ra<lial spines

longer; all the spines annulate, reddish brown: flowers
white, tinted with rose. Mexico.

32. lopothele, .Salm-Dy.-k. Globose, strongly tubercu-
late, after tin- ]iiaiiih r ■■i' !\f jiiiini Jl.iria: tubercles quad-
rangular, bi .niiii.' , I i-i ; . ' - 1 iiM.re or less porrect,
long, rigid, aiiil r,, ..I ,i ■ ml solitary or want-

BBB. Cenlral spines 4 | ..' nr -i in tiileri and sometimes
ii ill Scopa ).
c. Bibs less than IS.
.33. robustus, Otto. Clavate and stout: ribs about 8,
compressed, vertical- radial >|.in.s ab.iut 14, the upper
ones slender, the l..\vi -t :; st.-..n-.r: .rntial spines 4,
4-angled at base, tran-v.i-.lv -iTiair. tlic lowest one
largest; all the spin.-s pinpl.-red, V..-.: in. long: flow-
ers golden yellow. .Mexico.

34. Ottdnis, Link i- Otto. r)ri.,vsv,.,l-globoseorovate,
3-4 in. liigh: rilw iii-Vj, ,,l,tii-,-: radial spines 10-18,
slender. ytll.i\vi>li, na.!-.- ..i- i.~s ^tiai-lit and spreading,
about '., m. l..n-; .■.•ntral ^ynn-. 1. dusky red, stronger,
the uppermost very .-.bort. the two laterals horizontal,
the lowest longest (1 in. ) and defiexed : flowers lemon-
yellow, becoming 2-3 in. in diameter. Mexico.

35. bicolor. Gal. Globose-ovate, stout, 114-4 in. in
diam., sometimes becoming 8 in. hiirh : rilis 8. oblique
and obtuse, compressed, tuliii-.-u],[ti-nii.rru|.|(il : lower
radials and centrals varii :.Mt,, I i.,l .mil \vliii,.: radials
9-17, spreading and rei-iiiv i .1. ^l.n.h r ami lailic-r rigid,
the lowest one %-l in. |..nu-. il,.' l.n.aaK I - in. long
and about equaling tin' L'- 1 llai iIiaimh, :t-},v h|,|ht

ones; centrals 4, fi,at .and il x i~. ]'.-:: in, hm:;, ilic

uppermost thin and not Imh:.--..,- i han ilM'<ia<'t ami n-id
laterals, the lowest very sti.m. |H.riaM-i and vmy Innir:
flowers funnelform, bright purple, 2-3 in. lung. >;orth-
ern Mexico.

oc. Mibs 13-27.

36. orthacfinthus, Link & Otto. {E. flnvovlrens,
Scheidw.). Globose, yellowish green: ribs 12 or 13,
vertical, acute: radial spines 14, unequal, straight and
spreading; central spines 4, stronger, the lowest the
largest; all the spines rigid, annulate, and grayish
white. Mexico.

37. intert§xtus, Engelra. Ovate-globose, 1-4 in. high:
ribs 13, acute, .somewhat oblique, tuberculate-inter-
rupted, the tubercles with a woolly groove : spines
short and rigid, reddish from a whitish base and with
dusky tips; radial 10-25, closely appressed and inter-
woven, the upper 5 to 9 setaceous and white, straight,
one-fifth to K in. long, the laterals more rigid and a

mynostigma

little longer, the lowest stout and short, a little re-
curved; central'^ 4, the 3 upper ones turned upward and
exceeding the raditds and interwoven with them, the
lower one very short, stout and porrect: flowers about
1 in. long and wide, purplish. Texas and northern
Mexico.

38. 6rcuttii, Engelm. Cylindrical. 2-3M ft. high, 1 ft.

rarely decumbent: ribs !'■-_'_'. ..It. n ..Mniue: spines ex-
tremely variable, anglr.l t.. n It ',-; m. wide; radials
11-13, unequal, lowest an.l ^. \ . ? .1 I ii. i iN tlnnnest ; cen-
trals 4: flowers about '_' 1 1 I i ' n in .-.-nter,

bordered by light gret III 1 . i..inia.

39. Jbhnsoni, Parry ' i ■ 17-21,
low, rounded, tubercul .i i . I . . -. t. often
oblique, denseh .'..v.!..! \ iili -i iun-li i.-d.lish gray
spines: r.adial -|nn. ^ l"-n iln.. lili h^ tn one and one-
third in. loni:. tin ui.].. i l.'n,- -i . ntrtds 4, stouter,
recurved, .abnnt I ' in L.n. tl i - J tn two and three-
fifths in. l.,iig ,111.1 \M.I. . li..in .1. . |. 1. .1 t.. pink. Utah,
Neva.la, (■aht..inia.

40. polycephalus, Tn

516

KCHIXOCACTU:

ECHINOCACTC!

diam.), profusely branched at base: ribs 13-21 (occa-
sionally 10) : spines B-15, very stout and compressed,
more or less recurved and reddish; radiaU 4-11, com-
paratively slender (the uppermost the most slender),
1-2 in. long; the 4 centrals much stouter and longer
( 1 X to two and four-fifths in. ) , very unequal, the upper-
most one usually broadest and curved upward, the low-
est one usually the longest and deeurved: flowers yel-
low. From Utah to northeni Mixii...

41. viridfisoens, Nutt. i.l. .'-.-.■ -r ^L pr 1. Mniplr

or branching at base, 1-1 liun.;

ribs 13-21 (fewer when >'.!- ■ i.i;.

tuberculate: spines miM--- <.i n -^ . u i \ > u .i [in -mii* i mmis
twisted, reddish below, sliailiim mi./ i;i.-<-iii»h ui >elluw-
ish above; radials 9-20, two-lifllis to four-tifths in. long,
the lowest shortest, robust, and deeurved; centrals 4,
cruciate, much stouter, compressed and 4-angled, four-
fifths to one and two-fifths in. long, the lowest broadest,
longest and straightest: flowers yellowish green, about
one and three-flfths in. long. Southern California.

42. Lec6lltei, Engelra. Resembles Wislizeni, but
often somewhat taller (sometimes becoming 8 ft. high
and 2 ft. in diam.), usually more slender, and at last
clavate from a slender base: ribs somewhat more inter-
rupted and more obtuse: lower central spine more flat-
tened and broader, curved (rather than hoolsed) or
twisted, usually not at all hoolted, sometimes as much
as B in. long: flower rather smaller. From the Great
Basin to Mexico and Lower California.

43. SUeri, Engelm. Globose : ribs 13, prominent,
densely crowded, with short rhombic-angled tubercles:
radial spines 11-13, white; centrals 3. black, with pale
base, three-flfths in. long, the upper one slightly longer:
flower scarcely 1 in. long, straw-colored. Utah.

41. GrtiBonl,

ildn

r.],.

by.

of

the plant the appi-:iraiH
4, curved; flowers red :unl \i
— From illustrations it is l\
are somewhat numerous nm
the centrals are prominent i

45. SaltilMnsiB, Poselg. Very stout, globose : ribs
15-19, compressed, dark green: spines very prominent,
.5-7 in a cluster, stout and porrect, sometimes becoming
Gin. long; centrals 4. Mexico. — Schumann makes this a
variety of E. ingens.

ccc. Bibs 30 or
4fi. Sodpa, Link & Otto. More <

' less cylindrical, 1 ft.
or more high, 2-1 in. in diameter, at length branching
above : ribs 30-30, nearly vertical, tuberculate ; radial
spines 30-40, setaceous, white ; central spines 3 or 4,
purple, erect ; sometimes all the spines are white: flow-
ers yellow. Brazil.— The species is exceedingly plastic
in form, branching variously or passing into the cris-
tate condition.

BBOB. Central spines 5-10.
47. piWsus, Gal. Globose, G-18 in. high : ribs 13-18,
conipresseil, little if at all interrupted : radial spines
rcpresfiitcd by 3 slender ones at the lowest part of tlio
pulvilhis t,r wHTiTing; centrals G, very stout, at first pur-
jilish. I. .r.. mini,' piUe yellow, the 3 upper ones erect, the
3 Inwc r ic . ui\ .(Ispreading: flowers unknown. North-

IS. Simpsoni, Engelra. Subgloboseordepressed,turbi-
n;(i' :ii Im-i . ^Mri|ili'. often clustered, three and one-fifth
t" li . . III. iM ili:nii. : ribs 8-13, only indicated by the spiral
arrani^^Mi' Ht *>f the prominent tubercles, which are %
to three-tifths in. long, somewhat quadrangular at base
and cylindric above : exterior spines 20-30, slender,
rigid, straight, whitish, %-% in. long, with 2-5 addi-
tional short setaceous ones above; interior spines 8-10,
stouter, yellowish and reddish brown or black above,
erect-spreading, two-fifths to three-flfths in. long ; no
truly central spine: flowers three-flfths to four-fifths in.
long and nearly as broad, yellowish-green to pale pur-
ple. Mountains of Colorado, Utah and Nevada.
AAA. Spines entirely wanting.

49. turbiniJfirmis, Pfeiff. Depressed-globose, grayish

gre(.

ith 12-14

-V..1

■s, gr

ne pi

L-ry cha

50. myrioBtigma, Salm-Dyck {Asfrophi)tum myrio-
.iliijmti, Lcm.). Fig. 740. Depressed-globose, 5 in. in
diam.: ribs 5 or 6, very broad, covered with numerous
somewhat pilose white spots, and with deep obtuse sin-
uses: spines none: flowers large, pale yellow. Mexico.

51. Wniiamsii, Lem. {Anhalbnium Wll-
liamsii, Lem. Lophipliora WiUiamsii.
Coult. ). Hemispherical, from a very thick
root, often densely proliferous, transversely
lined below by the remains of withered tuber-
flrs : rilts usually 8 {in young specimens
nficn I'll. VI ry broad, gradually merging above
into the (li^rinrt nascent tubercles, which are
ciowni il with somewhat delicate pencillate
tufts, whiil] l.ici.mn rather inconspicuous pul-
villi 111] till- fills: Hnwcrs small, whitish to rose.
■Pi-N.-is :nnl Jlrxiiii.-Thc well-known "mescal
buttun," ns.il l.y thv Indians in religious rites.

52. Lewinii, Ilrnnincrs {Anlinlfinium Lew-
iiin, llcniiin(;s. /...phniihonl I., irii,ii,CmM.) .
I.ik.' K. Willniws.i. lint ;i mn.h more robust

prominent tufts. Along
John M. Gov
UPS of Echinocaoti mny b
Echinocereus and Muiin
IS and Mammillaria ni<-
clly by the way in which
-terminal on the tubercle
Mary to tubercles or

th Echinoeacti.

former,

the latter. In external
very similar. Some spi
to either genus or to
mieromeris (Pig. 302) i-
to be an Echinocactus
blances between these
seen by comparing the
745 and 740 with the Mai
See, also. Figs. 1355-7 v

ECHINOCEBEUS

ECHINOCEREUS

517

ECHINOCfiEEITS (s

short funuel-form; M\:iry anl iuIm' i'..\.riil \\;Tli l>rarts,
from the axils of whi.li ;iii' |.r"Mu>'r(l t., a :;r,ai.i-..r li-ss
extent wool, bri^tl-s ainl s|'iiii-^: !r. L^ltilm-r tn ellip-
soidal, corered with spines until ripe. The senns is so
closely allied to Cereus, and merges so gradually into it,
that it seems impossible to draw a sharp line of dis-
tinction between them, and, indeed, by some authors
they are combined under Cereus. For culture, see
Cactus, Cereus, and Echinocactns.

adustus. 24. Engelinannii. l.*^. profwuibens

Berlandieri, 3. enneaeanthus, 0. rigiilissimus

Blankii, 4. Fcnilleri, 12. Rojtteri, 11.

csBSpitosus, 24. gonaeanthus. 9. mtispinus, 2

chloranthus, 20. lougisetus, 10. Scheeri, 2.

chrysocentnis, 13. Merkeri, 8.

viriditlorus, 21.

Mojavensis, 16. triglochidii

conglomeratus, 14. paueispinus, 9.
conoideus, 17. pectinatus, 24.

ctenoides, 23. phoemceus, 17.

dasyacanthiis, 22.

A. Stems small, slender, cylindrical, much resembling
Cereus.

1. tuberdens, Biimpl. {Cereus tuberdstis, Poselg. ).
Stems cylindrical, upright, or later re<liiiiiit.'. .hi^t.red,
from a number of more or less glol.uhir nr . Ili|i-.ii<lal
tuberous roots, the lower part wooily an'l .ilniut tin- size
of a lead pencil, the upper part more Heshx . aliui '_.in.
in diam., reaching a length of 1-2 ft.: ril.s alii.iii ,s,
straight, low, rounded : areolfe very close tou-cilier : ra-
dial spines 9-12, horizontally spreading, striuL-lit, white.
thin subulate, Tery short ; central solitary, Mil.uhit.-.
from a tuberous base, about twice the leut;tli i>( thu
radials, white or brownish, with darker brown or black
tips, directed upward, appressed: fls. from the end of
the stem, about 2 in. long, tube covered with an abun-
dance of white wool intermingled with bristles, rose-red
to purplish : fr. ovoid, green, covered with the white
wool and bristles. Tex. and northern Mex.

AA. Stems prostrate, sometimes the brandies upright
when young, mostly less than 1 in. in diam.

2. Scheeri, Lem. (Ceretis Scheeri, Salm-Dyck).
Branching freely from the base of the stem and forming
dense clusters ; branches upright or ascending, about
8 in. long by 1 in. in diam., slightly tapering toward the
apex, dark green: ribs 8-9, straight or sometimes in-
clined to spiral, separated above by sharp grooves, which
become flattened toward the base, low arched: areolae
little more than Min. apart, round, yellowish white: ra-
dial spines 7-9, spreading, needle-like, the under pair
the longest, about H-Ve in. long, white with yellowish
bases; centrals 3, the lower the longest, about Vaia.,
red with brown bases ; later all the spines become gray :
fl. red, from the upper part of the stem, about 5 in.
long: ovary and tube bracteate and furnished

abundance of wool and s
3. Berlandiferi, Lim. (
Stems prostrate, re h!
ters, the branche- ., r
longer by X-J4 in :
young growth often jun
as many straight er si-i
conical, pointed :

Mex.

Birlandieri. Engelm.).
11:,'. forming dense clus-
eiiding, 2-3 in. long or
J ' 1 1 ( »r dark green, and in
111 IS 5-6, broken up into
s u£ tubercles, ttil.creles
iipart,

straight, thin, white or the upper ones carmine-red
when young, later reddish brown; central solitary, por
rect, later deflesed, 1-1 M in. long, white or brownish,
black when young : fls. from near the crown, 2K-3 in.
long, purple-red to violet. Mex. R.H. 1865:90.

5. procumbens, Lem. (Cereus procumbens, Engelm.).
Branching from the lower part of the stem, and so form-
ing clusters : branches procumbent or ascending, an-
gled, at the base tapering into cylindrical, lK-5 in.
long by H-H in. iu diam. : ribs mostly 5, rarely 4,
straight or spiral, on tie- ii]i]ier ]"irti.iii ,.i' tlu- l.raiiek
almost divided into tiiliei-rle^ : aieel.e ', \. iie apart,
round, sparingly wliiti- eurlv «. I,. Ill , ,,„,e nal^e,! : ra-
dial spines 4-6. sutmhite, siitV. Mi-amlii. ^Iia]|i, in m.uii in-
growth bro-ivnish, then wliile, ai ilie l.a-e ,,11, u x.'ilew-
ish and the tip brownish, htirizontalls s[eeailinL: , the
upper the longest, reaching M in. in hiiLih: . .ntr.il
solitary, or absent on the lower iireel.e. seiiewhat
stronger, ? 8-5-8 in. long, darker : lis. lateral, Iruin je.st
below the crown, 3-4 in. long, carmine-red to violet,
with white or yellowish throat: fr. ellipsoidal, green,
% in. long. Mex.

ally, soon naked: radial spines fi-S, stitf bristle-term,
thin, horizontally spreading, white, about '» in. leiiLr,
the upper one sometimes light brown and semewliat
stronger ; central solitary, yellowish brown, sometimes
reaching % in. in length : fls. from the upper lateral
areolae, 2-3 in. long, red to light pink: fr. ovoid, green,
bristly. Southern Tex. and northern Mex.

4. BlAnkii, Palm. {Cereus Blankii, Poselg.1. Branch-
ing freely from the base and thus forming clusters;
stems columnar, tapering above, about 6 in. long by
1 in. in diam., dark green: ribs 5-6 (rarely 7), straight,
almost divided into tubercles: areolfe about % in. apart,
round, white curly-woolly, later naked ; radial spines
mostly 8, horizontally spreading, the under pair the
longest, reaching about % in. in length, all stiff.

6. enneacinthus, Ehl-

Engelm.). Free!, leaiel

thus formiti-^ ,1

cending, usui::
green or sonieTme - r. .i.
divided by transverse 1
spicuous tubercles : areolfe \

(Cereus enneacdnthus,
the base of the stem, and
clusters : branches as-

ribs 8-10, straight, often
5 into more or less con-
apart, round, white

curly- woolly, soon naked: radial spines 7-12 (mostly 8),
horizontally spreading, needle-form, straight, stiff,
translucent white, base bttlbose, the under one longest,
reaeliiiiix alioiit 'jiii.. tlie upper one very short; central
Military, ur seMnni with two additional upper ones,
straiL'lit. ]i.irre(t ur deiliMil. round or angled, whitish to
straw-yellow or darker, U-l'i in. long; later all the
spines' are gray : fls. lateral, from near the crown or
lower, 15^-2 i4 in. long, red to purplish : fr. spherical,
green to red, spiny, %-l in. long. Tex. and northern
Mex.

Stems 1

7. diibius, Rilmpl.
erably thickly cluste
cylindrical or elong;
lyi-iM in. in diam.
in. apart, round. 00%
later naked: radials

»i,.,v Ihan 1 ill.

lials .'j-b, siiljulate, hurizuntally spread-
er faintly angled, the lower ones
u'est, about 1 in. long, the upper ones
iini.', or sometimes absent, transparent
1-4, stronger ami longer, bulbose at the

J in. long, rose-red
|inrple-red, covered
Tex. and northern

base, straight or curve,]. 1
lowest one longest, - ■
upper ones spreading
to violet: fr. spherieal. jv
with bundles of deciduous
Mex.

8. Mferkeri, Hildm. Stems at first upright, columnar,
later reclining, and by branching at the base forming
clusters, in new growth Iiriglit green, later gray to gray-
brown and corky: ribs 5-9, undulate to more or less tu-
berculate : areolie ?-iin. and more apart, round, white
velvety, later naked : radial spines 6-9, the iipper ones
the longest, reaching IJi in. in length, somewhat eon-
fluent with the centrals, subulate, spreading, straight;
'•entrals 1-2, stronger, reaching a length of 2in. ; all the
spines are white, nearly transparent, with^ red-tinted
bulbose base. Northern Mex.

9. paueispinus, Rilmpl. (Cereus paueispinus,
Engelm.). Clustered in irregular bunches : stems cy-
lindrical to ovoid, 4-7 in. high by l?4-3 in. in diam. :
ribs 5-7, undulate : areola} %-■;» in. apart, round, white
woolly, later naked: radial spin, s :;-i\. spreading, subu-
late, straight or curved, rouml, liiiliiiise ,ti tlie base, the
lowest one longest, reaching 1 in., liLlit eulered, the
upper ones reaching to about 'j in., reil.lisli or brown-
ish : central solitary or none, reaching about 1% in. in
length, somewhat angled, bromi-black, porrect or up-
riglit : Later all the spines blackish: fls. 2 in. or more
long, dark scarlet to yellowish. Tex. and Colo.

il8

IINOCEREUS

Var. triglochidiatus, K.
didtus, EriKelm. Cereii.i
Radial spines usually 3, si>
angled, base bulbosc, str:
long, soon ash-pray. Tex.

Var. gonacantlius, K,
thus, Li-m. <:,. .

is triglochi-
Engelm.).
IS 6, strong,
about 1 in.

v-oU, oft

>■■ IIS gonacdn-

-I and Bigel.).

iikI sometimes

- iM arly 3 in. in

.w II tips ; central

Mattened, 3 in. or

Radial si.in.s ,s,

twisted, the il|i|" r i i.'iiL

length, light or .laik wll
always present, ilfuply gn
more long. Colo.

EB. J?ils of stem about 9-13.

10. longis^tus, Lcm. {Crreus longisitus, Engelm.).
Stems clustered, cylindrical, covered with long, dirty
white spines, about 8 in. high by 2 in. in dianu, light
green: ribs 11-U. straiijlit, niidulntp: radial spines 18-
20, straight, coniiir.-^-.-l , l':.^.- tlii.'k..i,.<l. ^iiKnhitf. flcx-

UOSe, usually lion.-iiiinill'. ^[-r. mIiH", ml, , I,„.|, ,,il' with

adjacent clusters, i , , . ,i u , j,,, _. , Hash-

ing %m. in lenr'li , i : i ■ • i ■ i <l tlio

shortest, all Whiti- : ■■miMmI- :. 7, l^inj.r. r. ihIhhl' L"^

in., stronger, the uppir oni's si-arcely lunger than the
longest radials ; all are bulbose at tlie base ; the three
lower ones the longest and deflexed, spreading and
sometimes curved : fls. red. Mex.

11. BtBtteri, RUrapl. (Cerens Soetteri, Engelm.).
Loosely open clustered: stems upright, 4-6 in. high, 2-
3 in. in diam., cylindrical or ovoid: ribs 10-13, straight:
radial spines 8-15, subulate, thickened at the base, stiff,
sharp, straight or slightly curved, the laterals longest,
about % in., the upper ones shortest, reddish with
darker tips ; centrals 2-5, stouter, bulbose at base, M-
9^ in. long, the lower ones the longest; later all the spines
are gray: fls. lateral, from near the crown, 2K-3 in.
long, porple-red to violet: fr. short ellipsoidal, spiny,
green, J'4in. long. Tex. to Ariz, and northern Mex.

12. FSndleri, Rumpl. (Cereus FlndUri, Engelm.)
Irregularly clustered : stem cylindrical or rarely ovoid
or even globose, sparingly branching, 3-7 in. high by
'i%-2)4 inch in diam. : ribs 9-12, straight or slightly
spiral, undulate : radial spines 7-10, subulate, straight
or curved, the lowest or the two lower laterals the
longest, about 1 in., stronger, quadrangular, white; the
two next higher brownish; the upper ones round, white
and much shorter; all are bulbose at the base ; central
solitary (or in old plants 3^), very strongly thickened
at the base, round, black, sometimes with a lighter col-
ored tip, curved upward, reaching a length of \% in.:
lis. lateral, from near the crown, 2-3J^ In. long, dark
carmine-red to purple and violet: fr. ellipsoidal, spiny,
green to purple-red. about 1 in. long. Colo., Utah and
south to northern Mex. B.M. C533.

1.3. £ngelmaniiii, Lem. (Cereus Engelmannii,
Parry). Stems clustered, cylindrical to ovoid, 4-10 in.
high, l'%-2'4 in. in diam., light green : ribs 11-13, un-
dulate : radial spines 11-13, somewhat angled, stiff,
sharp, straight or somewhat curved, horizontally spread-
ing, the lowest or lower laterals the longest, about J^
in., the upper ones the shortest, whitish with brown
tips; centrals 4, stiff, straight, angled, stout, the lowest
one deflexed, white to dark-colored, reaching a length of
2Hin., the upper ones about K as long, spreading,
brown : fls. lateral, from. just below the crown, 1K-2K
in. long, purple-red : fr. ovoid, green to purple-red,
spiny, later naked, about 1 in. in diam.; pulp purple-
red. Calif, to Utah and south into Mex.

Var. chrysocfintrus, Engelm. and Bigel. The three
upper centrals golden yellow, the lowest" white. Moiave
desert, Calif.

Var. variegitus, Engelm. and Bigel. The three up-
per centrals curved, horn-colored and mottled with
black. Utah, Nev. and Calif.

14. conglomeritus, Forst. Stems clustered, colum-
nar, B jmewhat tapering above, reaching a height of 1 ft.
and 2 in. in diam., light green: ribs 12-13, strongly un-
dulate, tubercled above: radial spines fl-in, trlnssy,
spreading, the lower pair the l.m^'.st. liaM' vi-llo\v: cen-
trals 1-4, the lowest straii;lit. pinirrt. r.-a. lini;.- a lintcth
of IV2 in. and more, soiuewliat vi n.i,-, r tlian tin- rest.
Northern Mex.

ECHIKOCEREUS

15. BtramineuB, Riimpl. (Cereiis stranitiieus, Engel-
mannl. Clustered in thick, irregular bunches : stems
ovoid to cylindrical, 4-8 in. long, lii-2'A in. in diam.: ribs
11-13: radial spines 7-10 (usually 8), horizontally radi-
ate, straight or slightly curved, subulate, sharp, round
or the long lower ones angled, transparent white, toler-
ably equal in length, about i4-% in. or the lower ones
sometimes longer and reaching a length of 1% in.; cen-
trals 3-4, much longer, stronger, twisted, angled, straw

■4* f> -? .*f

■%

f

yellow to brownish, when young reddish transparent,
the upper ones shortest and spreading upward, the
lower ones porrect or depressed : fls. lateral, 2}^-3J^ in.
long, bright purple-red or deep dark red to scarlet: fr.
ellipsoidal, about IK in. long, covered with numerous
spines, purple-red. Tex. to Ariz, and northern Mex.

16. MojaTinsis, RUrapl. {Cereus Mojav(nsls, Engelm.
and Bigel.). Stems clustered, ovoid, reaching 3 in. in
height by 2 in. in diam.: ribs 8-12, conspicuously undu-
late : radial spines 5-8, the lowest pair the longest,
reaching about 2!^ in. in length ; all are white with
brown tips, subulate, straight or curved, strongly bul-
bose at the base; central solitary, or sometimes absent,
stronger and somewhat longer and darker colored;
later all the .spines become gray: fls. 2-3 in. long, deep
carmine: fr. ellipsoidal, about 1 in. long. Mojave des-
ert of Ariz., Nev. and C.-ilif.

17. phceniceus, I.i m
Engelm. Cereus plf: .
larly clustered, ellip^^
high by 1K-2M in.
spines bristle-form, sti
K-K in. long, upper
stouter, white to yello'

;!«<

r 1.1. Stems irregu-

ylindrical, 2-4 in.
ill, nl.s 8-11, Straight:
., louii.l. ludials 8-12, white,
;s shortest ; centrals 1-4,
brown, with bulbose base:
fls. from upper lateral areolae scarlet-red, with the co-
rolla throat yellow. Colo, to Ariz.

ECHINOCEREU!

Var. conoideus, Eugelm. lErhinocereus conoideits,
Riimpl. Cereus conoideus, Engelm.). Central spine
long and robust : fls. large, red. Southern Calif, and
northwest Mex.

18. polyac&nthns, Engelm. (Cereits polyacdntlnis,
Engelm.). Stems clustert-d, fniniing tliick masses, cy-
lindrical to ellipsoidal: ril.- '.i-l.i : la.lial spines 8-12,
robust, subulate, stiff and v1kii]i. mi.l. r "iif the longest,
nearly 1 In., upper ones s.;,n-.ly ' ■. in., white to red-
dish gray with dark tips : r, ntral- :;-t, Inilbose base,
stronger, about the length "t tli' railiaU "i- the lowest
sometimes reaching 2 ii... li"riir,.|.,, .-1 ; later all the
spines become grav: fls. lati lal. al. mt I '4-"-'4 in. long,
dark scarlet to blood-red: fr. spin riral, al.ont 1 in. long,
greenish red, spiny. Tex. to Calif, and northern Mex.

19. 4cifer, Lem. {Cereiis dcifer. Otto). Stems
thickly clustered, 0-8 in. high by lK-2 in. in diam.,
becoming grav and c.rky with age : ribs 9-11, usually
10: radial ^|iin.- ii-iiall> il, spreading, under pair long-
est, abi.ut ' ,. )ii.. Ill i.iin'ig growth white, later horn-col-
ored to -ia\. 111.- n]i|ii 1- lines brownish; central soli-
tary, strai:;lit, ]"iiriri. at first ruby red, later brown, 1
in. long: fls. lateral. 2 in. and more long, clear scarlet-
red, with a yellow throat and sometimes a carmine bor-
der. Northern Mex.

BBB. Bibs of stem IS or more.

20. chlorAnthus, Eiimpl. {Cereus clilordnihus,
Engelm.). Fig. 747. Stems in small clusters, cylindri-
cal, slightly tapering above, 4-9 in. high by 2-2}4 in. in
diam. : ribs 13-18, straight or rarely spiral : radial
spines 12-20, horizontally spreading and appressed,
sharp, the shortest one about %in. long and %vhite, the
lower laterals a little longer and have purple tips; cen-
trals 3-5, or in young pLints absent, bulbose at the base,
the upper ones shortest, about the length of the radials,
and darker colored, with purplish tips, the lower ones
stouter, about 1 in. long, deflexed, white: frequently all
the spines are white: fls. lateral, little more than 1 in.
long: ovary and tube white bristly; petals green : fr.
ellipsoidal, about J^in. long, spiny. Texas and New
Mexico.

21. viridiSldrus, Engelm. (Cerena viridiflM-iis,
Engelm.). Stems solitary or onlv in age forming -imall,
loose clusters, cylindrical "i- .•l.mi.'ai. ,| , lli|,v,,iiial. :;-7
in. high by 1-2 in. in diam.: iil.-l,;: i iHiial -piii.- IJ-
18, horizontally radiate, pirtinat.-. -irai^lit .-r -om. v> liat
curved, subulate, the lower lati ral-; tin- JMiiizi-^r. aln.iit
^ in., translucent ruby red, the others white ; centrals
usually absent, rarely 1, strong, about % in. long,
curved upward, red with brown point: fls. lateral, from
just below the crown, broad funnel-form, little more
than 1 in. long: ovary and tube spiny: corolla green, with
a broad darker olive green to pink stripe down the mid-
dle of each petal : fr. ellipsoidal, about }4 in. long,
gr«enish. Wyo. and Kans. to Tex. and New Mex.

22. dasyac^nthus, Engelm. {Cereus dasi/acdnthus,
Engelm.). Stems solitary or sometimes forming open
clusters, ellipsoidal to short cylindrical: ribs 15-21,
straight or sometimes slightly spiral, obtuse : radial
spines 20-30. straight or sometimes sliErlitly curved,
subulate, stiff, sharp, pectinate, wliit.- witii ml or
brown tips, later gray, the laterals ].iii-'~'. 'I in., the
upper ones shortest, about % in., tli.i-r mI nm riuster
interlocking with those of the adjaci-nt cliiNtcr^ : ..ntrals
3-8, the lower one longest, white witli colured tips,
mostly with bulbose bases: fls. from near the crown of
the stem, large, 2/^-3 in. long: ovary and short tube
covered with white, reddish tipped stiff bristles ; co-
rolla yellow: fr. 1-lK in. long, ellipsoidal, spiny, green
to reddish. Tex.

23. ctenoldes, Lem. {Cereus ctenoldes, Engelm.).
Stems solitary or rarely branching, cylindrical to elon-
gated ovoid, reaching a height of 6 in. and a diam. of
2H in.: ribs 15-16, usually straight : radial spines 13-
22, horizontally radiate, pectinate, subulate, bases bul-
bose and laterally compressed, stiff, straight or often
slightly curved, the laterals longest and about % in.,
the upper ones very short, white or sometimes with
brownish tips ; centrals 2-3 or rarely 4, superposed,
coarser, bulbose at the base, short and conical to % in.
long, reddish ; later all the spines are gray: fls. lateral,

ECHINOCYSTIS

519

central usuallv ab-

from near the crown, 2K-3 in. long: ovary and short
tube white bristly: corolla yellow, with greenish throat.
Tex. and northern Mex.

24. pectinituB, Engelm. {Cereus pecfitiAtus,
Engelm.). Clustered stems evlindrical or ovoid, reach-
ing a height of 10 in. by 3 in. diam.: ribs 13-23,
straight: radial spines l()-30, pectinate, horizontally
spreading and appressed, straight or curved, the laterals
longest, round, hardly -'^in

perposed. wlilli , -. ,1|, m- .■iml li.i-. - \:,ri,,ii-li c,i!,,r..,l

lateral, from n. :•■'.. ■• ■ , .' ;:■,:.-.: . ■. : ' ni-
berculate ami ^i'in\ , li^hi i" '\:n-k v^'-< umI <.f ijri'ly
white: fr. globose, spiny, green to reddish green. Mex.

Var. adiistus, K. Sch. {Cereus adtistus, 'Engelm.).
Like the type, but with black-brown to chestnut-brown
spines. Mex.

Var. rigidlssimus, Engelm. {Cereus cdndicans,
Hort. C.riijidissimus, Hort.). Rainbow Cactus. Fig.
748. Stems comparatively shorter and thicker: radial
spines 16-20, coarser and stiffer, straight or very little
curved; base thickened, white, yellow or red to brown.

IP

these colors commonly ananged m alternating bands
around the plant, the spines of adjacent clusters inter
locking, centrals absent T(\ to \riz ind noithem
Mex

\ ar caespitosus 1 ~ i / <

Engelm ( , u , I I II

curved (1 a « Int I

Mex

Var rufisplnus, K Sch Of more robust growth ra
dial spines curved, red Mex

Horticultural names uniileiitihed B polveephalus —E
santiutneiis —E lehii—E I'-ininkii—E jiaucupina no
doubt a mutdition of paucibpmu^ —E Si-hhiu=E Stheen ^
C H Thompsov

ECHINOCtSTIS {(,■>., k lull

with weak pm kh
children who Lit
quickest growinc
in hiding nn-.i_t
shrubberT i _ 1 1
gourd famil

\\ 1

plant the

the refill

e u^. ful

ic slowtr

growing

st review

er of the

on Phan

vol i.

md this

~econd section, or

520

ECHIXOCYSTIS

true Echinocystis, because its juicy fruit bursts irregu-
larly at the top, and contains 2 cells, each with 2 Hat-
tish seeds.

lobita, Torr. & Gray. Lvs. wider than long, deeply
5-lobed, slightly eraarginate at the base : tendrils :t-4-
branched: staminate Hs. small, in raany-dd. panicles
longer than the lvs. ; calyx glabrous : fr. egg-shaped,
sparsely covered with prickles. Saskatchewan to Win-
nepeg, south to Va. and Ky., west to Colo. A.G. 14:
161. R.H. 1«9.">, p. 9. G.C. III., 22:271. Sometimes be-
comes a weed. W. JI.

ECHlNOPS (Greek, like a hedgehog; alluding to the
spiny involucral scales). Coiup6sitfr. Or.onK Thistle.
A large genus of thistle-like ]>l:in*", >.vitii Mm- -t whit-
ish flowers in globose mus-^.s. 'I'ln^ ii t nc of

has one all-embracing invulnm-, ,\ii"Hm r \\:i\ mI say-
ing the same thing is "heads 1-fld., cniwiU-d into liead-
like glomes." More or less white-woolly herbs: lvs. al-
ternate, pinnate-dentate or twice or thrice pinnatisect,
the lobes and teeth prickly.

Globe Thistles are coarse-growing plants of the easi-
est culture, and are suitable for naturalizing in wild
gardens and shrubberies. An English gardener with
an eye for the pirturfsqun (\V. Goldrinir) recommends
massing them atT'iin-^^t m l.n'-l:L-rr.mi.| of Tincconia cor-
dnto, or with sui-ii i i n, ,,,_ , ii.,w- or white-
flowered plants :i- // . . . •■!■ Helianthus
multiflorus. The I.. ' ; :> : /,. U.<' :'■ nicus. A few
scattered individual- "t •.•-], -|h , ., , ;,,, not nearly so
effective as a condensed mass or group of one kind. E.
Huthenieus flowers in midsummer and for several
weeks thereafter. The silvery white stems and hand-
somely cut iirickly foliaLreof Globe Thistles are interest-
ing feiit in-.-. TIm 1 iii;il,c excellent companions for the
blue-st<-iin ; 1 I-. All these plants are attrac-
tive to Ih . /■;. ea:o»a?KS, which has con-
sideral>li- I; aai..! |.laiit. Globe Thistles are some-
times used ai.iuu.l ioi i.irpetual bouquets.

A. Leaves not pubescent nor setulose above.

BitTO, Linn. Tall, thistle-like plant, with pinnate-
lobed lvs., which (like the. stems) are tomentose be-
neath, the lobes lanceolate or linear and cut, but not
spiny: involucre scales setiform, the inner ones much
shorter: fls. blue, very variable. Var. tenuifdlius, DC.
{&'. RutMnicus, Hort. ) has the lower leaves more nar-
rowly cut, more or less spine-tipped. Gn. 4.5:9.51. — Per-
ennials of S. Eu., growing 2-3 ft. high. They bloom all
summer. Lvs. sometimes loosely webby above.
AA. Leaves pubescent or setulose above.

BannAticus, Rochel. Lvs. hairy-pubescent above,
tomentose beneath (as also the stems), the lower ones
deeply pinnately parted, the upper pinnatifld, spiny:
fls. blue. Hungary. R.H. lS.jS, p. 319.

exaltitus, Schra.l, 'r:il! M. nnial, the stem nearly

simple and ylan ; ilie lvs. pmnatitid,

scarcely spiny: il , ! i. L , -ia. B.M. 2457 as E
strictus, Fisch. i>r i lu n ip i ;.v its simple, erect stem
The garden E. cumiiiniiittis may be the same a', this

sphaerocfiphalus, Linn. Tall (5-7 ft.) perennial lvs
pinnatifld, viscose-pubescent above, tomentose below
the teeth of the broad lobes yellow-spined: fls white oi
bluish. S. Eu. B.B. 5:350. L H B

ECniS6V8IS (Greek, hedgeJiog-Uke). Caetdeeo' kE\
UKCHiN Cactus. Stems spherical to ellipsoidal or rartl\
columnar : ribs prominent and usually sharp angled
fls. usually long trumpet-shaped, ovary and tube covered
with linear-lanceolate, cuspidate bracts which become
longer toward the outer end of the tube, where thej pass
gradually into the outer petals, in their axils bearing
long, silky, wavy hairs and usually a few rather rigid
bristles. This is a well marked genus, though by som.
authors combined with Cereus, confined entirely to
South America. Culture as for Cereus.
A. Bibs of stem divided into more or less eiident
tubercles.

F^ntlandii, Salm-Dyck. Stem simple, later branch
Ing, spherical or ellipsoidal, reaching 6 in. in diam. :

ECHIXOPSIS

rilis 12-15, divided between the areolte into oblique com-
pressed tubercles : radial spines 9-12, spreading,
straight or slightly curved, yellowish brown, the upper
the longest and strongest, reaching %-V/i in.; central
solitary, or seldom in pairs, porrect, curved, 1-lK in.,
rarely 3 in. long : fls. lateral, 2-2)^ in. long, yellow,
orange, pink to scarlet-red : fr. spherical, green, '% in.
in diam. Peru. B.M. 4124.

AA. Bibs of stem not divided.
B. Fluu-trs rid or pink.

multiplex, Zucc. Stems at first rather clavate, later
globose to ellipsoidal, abundantly branching, (>-12 in. in
diam. and the same in height, or ran-Iy taller, litrht
green toyellowish: ribs 12-11. Il:>iL'l^ - .[..I, mnln-
late: radial spines about I",

toyellowish brown, with dark' : , m

length, very unequal, horizoiii;. jn.MiUL. ..nii.ils

mostly4, of these the lowest i- il,, u-n^. -i. i. athim- r,
in., somewhat porrect at lir-t. lat- r rur\ ed and dellexed,
darker colored than tin- i.ili.is: 11-. rare, lateral, 11-15
in., rose-red. S. Bruz. i;.."\I. .;7.-:'.

Var. cristata, Hort. St. i,i- ilat and spreadins in

growth, like an open fan ij- tlic ilo\\rr -talk "f il m-

mon garden cockseomK. -j.inr- r.-lia-. .1 i,. lii,.', -liir
bristles. Thisismen-ly a jiaini jm-ii;. <.f tla -ji..!,-.

oz^gona, Zucc. Stems at lir.st sinipk'. nearly .spheri-
cal or rarely clavate, becoming short columnar, reaching
IK ft. in height and 1 ft. in diam., gray-green, darker
above: ribs 13-15, straight or wavy at the base : radial
spines 5-15, horizontally spreading, very unequal, reach-
ing % in., subulate, obliquely upright ; centrals 2-5,
somewhat longer, straight, porrect or deflexed, dark
horn-colored, with black tips: fls. commonly many to-
gether, lateral, reaching 13 in. in length, pink to car-
mine-red, the inner petals lighter than the outer ones.
S. Braz.

triumphans, Jacobi. This is a hybrid between E. Ey-
riesii and oxijgona, with pink double flowers.

Eyri^sii, Zucc. St-: i ■ .minonly branching

.it.r short to rather
tall columnar, reacliiiiL- a 1m ijlii -f _' ft. and a diam. of

749 Echmopsis eemmata.

, dark green ribs 11-18, straight, undulate,

ECHINOPSIS

gemmita, K. Sch. (-B. turbinAta, Zucc). Fig. 749.
Stem simple or sometimes branching, at first low
spherical or short columnar, later more top-shaped,
reaching 1 ft. in height by 4-6 in. in diam., dark green:
ribs 13-14, rarely more, straight or sometimes slightly
spiral with sharp or obtuse margins, which are but lit-
tle or not at all undulate; central spines appear first,
about 3-6 in number, very short, stiff, black ; later the
radials appear, about 10-14, longer, horizontally spread-
ing, at first yellowish bromi, later horn-colored : fls.
lateral or from the upper areolae, 9-10 in. long, clear
white, with a pale greenish midline in the petals. S.
Braz.

tubiUdra, Zucc. (A'. DiivdUi. Hort. S. Zuecnriiiii,
Pfeitf.). Stems spherical to ellipsoidal, at first simple
but later more .n- Iis^ l.iaiirhing, reaching 10 in. in
height by 8 in. in ilinin., ,tark green: ribs 11-12,
straight, with iiiarL-m- iiM<.ii-]ii.-uously undulate: radial
spines numerous, ^'iim tjin. ^ a.s many as 20, unequal,
horizontally or ubliquuly .spreading, yellowish white
with brown tips, sometimes darker ; centrals 3—1, the
lowest the longe.st, reaching %in., later dt-Hexed: Hs.
lateral, about 14 in. long, white with pale green midline
in the petals. S. Braz. and Uruguay. B.M. 3r]27.

Echinopsis Mullen is a horticultural name only.

C. H. Thompson.

ECHINOSTACHYS {sph,,/ head, from the Greek). A
bromeliaceous genus, now referred by Mez to .Echmea,
which see. Three species have been offered in the
Amer. trade: E. Hystrix, Wittm., for which see p. 28.
E. FinellEina, Wittm., which is yE. Pineli()iiii, Baker:
2-3 ft.: peduncle and bracts brilliant red: Ivs. banded,
spine-edged: spike dense. 2 in. long, spiny: petals
yellow, the tips fringed and incurved. Brazil. B.M. 5321.
E. Van Houtteana, Van Houtte, is ^S. ran Eoutteina,
Mez (Qiies)ielia ITin Soutteaua, Morr.). Lvs. many,
strong spined, sometimes white-banded beneath : fls.
white, blue-tipped, in a crowded spike: 1-2 ft. Brazil.
L. H. B.

ECHlTES (Greek, viper; possibly from its poisonous
milky juice or from its twining hal»it ) . Apocijutleetv. A
large genus of tropical American twiners related to
Dipladenia. and of similar culture. Differs technically
from Dipladenia in the 5-lobed disk and the glandular
or 5-soaled calyx.

Andrewsii, Cliapraan (E. subericta, And.). Lvs. \%-2
in. l.in^'. .Icjsr tnir.-ther, oval or oblong, mucronate, acute
or rounded at tin- liase. margins revolute: peduncles
axillary. S-J-tl.l., •~\w\>-v than the lvs.: tl>. yellow;
corolla tube 1 in. I'iiil'. '_.in. wiil'. imn-Ii <lil.it<-'i ala've
the insertion of th.- -taiii.n^, li.ll-~lia|..M. -rar.a-lv l..iif;,r
than the lobes; aiitlu-r.s taiitrin-- int" ;i Ion;;-, lui^tlc-like
awn: glands of the neutary :., roumleil. a.s lung as the
ovaries. Sandy shores, S. Fla. W. Indies.

palnddsa, Vahl. Lvs. oblong, oval-oblong, or lanceo-
late-oblong, rounded toward the mucronate top: calyx
segments glandular, devoid of an interior scale, oblong,
mucronate-blunt, spreading; corolla tube funnel-shaped
above a cylindrical base ; anthers oblong-lanceolate,
acuminate, rounded-cordate at the base, hirsute on the
back above.

UTnbeliata, Jacq. Lvs. ovate or ovate-roundish, mucro-
nate: fls. greenish white; calyx segments glandular,
devoid of an interior scale; corolla tube cylindrical, en-
larged below the middle, tapering again above; anthers
rigid, tapering from a hastate base, glabrous. W. Indies.
W. JI.

ECHIUM (Greek, meaning unknown) . Borraqhidrea.
Viper's Buuloss. Coarse herbs and shrubs, with spikes
of blue, violet, red or white flowers. Their nearest ally
of garden value is Cerinthe. but they are very distinct
in general appearance. E. fastiioxtim, for instance, has
dark blue, 5-lobed flowers about half an inch across, in
spikes 6 inches long and 2 inrb.s wiil. . jierhaps as manv
as 200 fls. in a spike, (inat ina-M s.if stamens are thrust
out and add to the intiT.st, an.l tli.> vuung flower-buds
look like pink 5-pointed stars, rhr,-,- kinds are cult, out-

EGGPLANT

doors in California
experience with tl
ing points are f;l,a
In rich soil th.v
the flowers aiv,„-

a. There being no]
leir.-ulfivatioii un.h
ne.Ifn.m The (i,.r.!

seed is s>.»,, .. -

greenbotis.

of spikes ,: , ,,

away again
at will." 1 .

good pot-i

green (vs.. .s.i, .,•,., I xvni, -■■<- ■. ■ ,, ■■, ,,i a

says, Eohiuius ar.- i.|„inri,i,> -..,i..i .-i mi,, ila.s-.aiid
need good drainage. E. mlyu/L i.s a c-iuiuuii weed in
the East.

A. Fls. dark blue.

c4ndicans, Linn, f (E. fasfiilixum, .Jacq. f., not Ait.).
Forms a Imsli :; ft. hi-h. but tlnwers at 3 ft., and its
foliage is ^-i-r.'H wh.ii frrsli, li.iary wliiti- when dry.
Branches tlu^k. Icily i.iwanl th.' tips: Us. lanceolate,
the ujiprr unrs si.iallir. rn.wded and iiarrowfr: panicles
much looser tliau tin- spikes of i'. ftistuosiim: fls. ses-
sile, pale blue, the buds reddish purple. Madeira. B.M.
6868. B.R. 1:44.-The fls. are sometimes said to be
streaked with white or all white.

AA. Fls. pale blue.

fastudsum, Ait., not Jacq. This has darker blue fls.
in a dense spike and perhaps less hoary foliage than E.
caiidicaiis. This was Hooker's conception in 1886 of the
relation of the two species, but De CandoUe formerly held
the opposite opinion. Canaries. R.H. 1876:10. Gn. 10:50.

AAA. Fls. white.
simplex, DC. Woody but biennial and not branched:
lvs. ample, oval-lanceolate: panicle very long, cylindri-
cal, spike-like, the spikelets 2-fld., pedicelled: stigmas
simple. -nr. jj.

EDELWEISS. See Leontopodium .

EDGE'WdETHIA (after M. P. Edgeworth, English
botanist in E. Indies, and his sister Maria). Deciduous
sliruli. with sti.ut branches: lvs. alternate, entire, short-
l'<-Tii>l,-il.rr"\\'i«Ml at the end of the branches : fls. in dense,
p.Mluiii'lu.l In ads, axillary, on branches of the previous
vi'ar. witii iir lie tore the lvs., apetalous; perianth tubular.
i-lulied. densely pubescent outside; stamens 8, in 2 rows;
stigma elongated: fr. a dry drupe. One species from
Hinial. to Japan, the bark of which is used for paper-
making. Ornamental shrub, with handsome foliage and
yellow, fragrant fls. Hardy only South, thriving in any
good, well-drained garden soil; if grown in pots a sandy
compost of peat and loam, with sufficient drainage given,
will suit them. Prop, by greenwood cuttings in spring
under glass; also by seeds, obtained from dealers in
Japanese plants.

Gdrdneri, Meissn. {E. papyrlfera , Zucc. F. chry-
sdntha, Liudl.). Lvs. elliptic or oblong-lanceolate, ap-
pressed pubescent when young, glabrous above at length ,
3-8 in. long: fls. about 1 in. long, densely clothed with
yellowish silky hairs outside, in dense heads about 2 in.
in diam. B.M. 7180. B.R. 33:48. F.S. 3:289. -Cannot
withstand the long, dry summers .South.

Alfred Rehder.

EDEAIANTHTTS. See WaMenbergia.

EDWAEDSIA. The leguminous genus of this name
is now included in Sophora.

EEL-GEASS. ValUsneria spiralis.

EGGPLANT (SnlAnuni Melongena. Linn.). SolanA-
Cf'. (!iiNF.-\ S.,.i ASH. .VuBERGiNE of the French. This
l.laiil is a iiaii\r "f tli. trnpics, probably from the East
liali. s. i„it its iiativr land is not known. It is cultivated
t.> a f.'rtat. r ..r I.s, , m. ut throughout the entire tropical

OlZ EOGPLAXr

reRions. The first reports of its use as u vegetable come
from Iiulia, hi-nc^e the above assumption. In the United
States it is cultivated as a vegetable as far north as New-
York, but it usually grows to greater perfection in the
southern states. The demands for it during the
early months of tlie vear have not been fully supplied.
Its cultivati<m deniands as much a speeialist as
eitlu'r celi-rv or tobacco, while the siieeialization must
be in a different direction from that "f eitlier one of
tins,-. N,;ulv all of tUe

pollination. Non - polli-
nated fruits will grow
for a time, but always
remain small (Fig. 750).
(Cf. Bailev, Forcing-
Book.)

Soil. - Eggplant will
grow on almost anv soil
in the South, but it .h-
velops to greater |i.r-
750. Non-pollinated fruit. fection on a ri.h. .1. , ]„
loamy soil fi-ro ffum .l<-
bris. In the clay districts this is not easil\- nht.iiu.d, I nil
there are often small fields that are sulli.i.nil) >\r\ ami
yet contain enough sand to make Ei.'i.'|il:iiii ltchi iii;;
protitable. No matter whether clay land. h>:Mn ..i- ^.in.ly
land be employed for raising this crop, ii will In m r, n-
sary to ]ilow deeply and thoroughly. Tlii> I ukI v|i,,iiM k..
drierthan that required by cabbage or b. . i~. In I.m i, it
will stand a greater drought than the ciidiiiMV \ . ir.
tables. On the other hand, we should umi mi, iii|,( to
grow a crop on land that is composed of l.n u-. |i:iii ii l.s.
sueli lands as are ordinarily called thirsiy in ilir v. -i-
table-growing sections of Florida.

/■'.■/■/(Vijfc. -There is considerable diftercnre in vari-
ous sections of tlie conntrv as to whetlier manure niav
be applied or not. In tlie s.iutli Atlantic and (lulf states
it is not advisable to use stable manure. If this form of
fertilizer is at hand, the gardener should make it up in
the form of compost, when it will be found to be a very
useful material. There have been no experiments per-
formed to indicate which forms of chemical fertilizers
are the best. In the absence of such work, we can only
give general dini-tiims in regard to what may be used.
The foUowin;; f..riiiiilu will be found fairly well bal-
anced for E^'u'pbinl in tlir South. If the soil contains a
great deal of hiiinns. bss nitrogen may be used. If the
soil is poor in this eioment, nitrogen, a greater amount
of nitrogen may be used. On moderately fertile land 500
to 1,000 pounds will be sufficient, while on poor lands
as much as 2,500 to 3,000 pounds per acre may be
employed.

FERTILIZER POEMUI.A.

Nitroeeu 4*

Potash n«

Available phosphoric acid oS

The following table of fertilizers will suggest useful
amounts of the different elements when we wish to em-
ploy 'illO pounds of the above formula to the acre (par-
ticularly for the South)-

fl-ifllbs cotton seel meal or
Nitrogen. ' f !' j'''- dried blood or

^ 1 )() lbs nitrite of sod I oi

1 100 lbs sulphate of j
poo lbs kiniit rr
Potash... .'IIIll I

Phosphoric atid

EGGPLANT

Propagating the Seedlinr/s. — The time required to
bring plants into bearing from seeds varies w-ith the
conditions of the soil and temperature. During cool
weather the plants grow very slowly, but during hot
weather they grow rapidly ami mature fruit in much
less tinii-. T!h>-' ■l" \\\-h ii. !i:i,' .:irly fruit and are
able ti. M-c lii.ii,, .: , , . . : ^ . i-es should sow

the seed lL_'ii 1" l..'i ,; . I,,:.. I ' .. I ! iii IS wanted. Pre-
pare tin li.,i i.^ .; - . I ' . J . ;ui(l sow in rows

a few ilirli,, :i|:;,r; , \\;i>i,ll,, -, .n, i .. :.• ilillilll.' t(^ shoW
their Ie;ars,,,r „1,,.|, il,,- -, ,.,llin-- ,ii-, l,.L-inninL- to look

crowd one aiinth
transferred agaii
size of 6 inches.

r..r.'...l mil dtbe plants
when they should be
lints have attained the
here will permit, they

size, just taken from a llower put and nad) u. In shifted
to a larger one. By shifting until (Mnrb ].,it- an n ached,
the Eggplant may be forced abniu' wiilnrui injury to
blooming size or even to a size win n fniit is bi-^-inning
to set, and then set out in the field without injury to the
plants or crop.

Eggplant growers should bear in mind constantly that
from the time of sprouting the seeds to the harvesting

"Ck

s.'Vi-nly ..I ll,.' si k aii.i II..' '. < ■■ , : ' . ,lnnng

wliirb til.' plant ,i,i,l.n--...s ll,.- ,1, ,■ „ i, ...ndi-

ti..ns. If it I in.s ,„■.■.. ssary t.. liirl.,, m. idanlsoff

b.t'i.re setting them to the field, this should be done
era.lually.

Ciltiire in the Field. -After the field has been
th. .roughly prepared in the way of plowing and fertiliz-
ing, which should have 1... n .1 11. .1 !■ i-t two weeks be-
fore the plants were set . ,1 ■ I li.aild be laid off

from 3 to 4 feet apart. 'Ih i.. set from 2 to

4 feet apart in the row. \ ai , m^ , ,i varieties to be

used and the soil. Tillac. .^In.nl.l 1*. eoiitinned, and
varied according to the coudilious of the weather. Dur-

751. Pot-grown plant ready for sett

the fi<

ing a wet season it is well to cultivate the land as deeply
as possible, while during dry weather cultivation
should be shallow, simply sufficient to keep the weeds
from growing, to keep the soil well aired, and to keep a
mulching of dry soil on the land. Under ordinary cir-
cunistaiic-es it does not jiay to prune or pinch out the
buds, but where the season is short this may be re-
resorted to with some advantage. If it is desirable to

EGGPLANT

the fruit attain a certain size before frost one miv
to pinch out the blossoms and new growth about
weeks before its usual occurrence This sinie

-- \^

EGGPLANT

523

752 Field

Ne

Imp oved Et.e

process will be of advantage where the fruit is to be
brought into marlcet at a certain time.

Market i II ij.— As a rule, it is better to cut the fruit
from the plant than to breali it, especially if the work is
done by careless laborers. Aft.-r cutting, it may be
placed in large market ba^kri^ mtkI li;iiilfd to the pack-
ing house. For distant ni.nk. f. tli, truits should be
wrapped separately in heavy Ihv.wti ]ia|..-r. The proper
crate for this vegetable is the barrel crate. As this is
considered one of the staple vegetables, we do not gain
much by using fancy wrappers or packing it in fine
crates, hence we may use such material as may be left
over from shipping fancy vegetables. It also stands
shipment to distant markets, so that, if there is no dan-
ger of reduction in price, it is quite as well to ship by
freight as by express.

Variet ies . — There are only a few varieties offered in
the market. The New York Improved Spineless nia
tures a little earlier than the Black Pekm. The Ne«
York Purple (Fig. 752), Black Pekin, and the New
York Spineless are excellent for shipping purposes
The above varieties are the black-fruited, and the most
popular in the United States, while the white fruitf il
sorts are said to be the most popular in Europe. For
home use, the white-fruited varieties are preferable, but
as these make poor sellers in the United States, we
must raise the purple sorts for market. For home gar-
dens, the early and small Early Dwarf Purple {Fig.
754), is useful. It is particularly recommended fur
northern climates. There are three nniii tvpes of Egg-
plants, as follows (Bailey, Bull. 2l, < ..,„. II 1 xj. Sf , i
The commoner garden varieties, s limmt I/,/ »i;. m;,
var. esctcl^nfum, Bailey (Figs. 7'' ' 7' ) tin I 'ii.:
fruited or "serpent" varieties, S. 1/. / '»<;< "". \ n ^' i
pent'iinim., Bailey; the Early Dwarf Purple tjpe, var
deprissum, Bailey (Fig. 754). See Snianum. The so-
called Chinese Eggplant is a different species, for
which consult Solanura.

&'ced-;/roiC(H//. — This is by no means a difficult opera
tion,and may be done protltably in certain sections of
the South. For this purpose ail defectne or dwarfid
plants in the field should be cut out. By a little att<_n
tion one will be able to know when the seeds have ma
tured sufficiently for gathering. At this time the eggs
usually turn a lighter color or even somewhat yellow.
The fruit should be gathered and carried to the packing
house, where it may be left in a pile for 2 or 3 days, as
there is very little danger from rotting. When a suffi-
cient number have been collected the laborers may be
set to paring otf the extra amount of meat on the out-
side of the seed. The remaining core may then be cut

Im^itulmilh into (|u liters or eighths using a dull
knit t nil uttii ^ til seed After a quantity of
til I \ 1 n I I I thtj may be placed in a barrel
I 1 \ 1 I "itli u It r The barrel should not be
111 1 1 1 I tl 1 t\\ tliirds full In a day or two fer-
111 lit II u II t ill ind the meaty portion will
1 1 t 1 1 I 1 1 1 The seed may then be

I 1 t 1 tl 1 1 il 1 it bj means of sieves, using
111 T ill I 1 1 1 1 remove the meat and then
111 1 1 h 1 T t leen out the seed from the
hner 1 uli Thi i c 1 hould m t be allowed to stand
\ nure th m 2 or 3 days in the maceiiting barrel, as
the belt e^ol^ed bj fermentation and the heat of
the summer is liable to cause them to germinate.
After separating the seed from the pulp, it should be
^ dried m the shade and wrapped m secure packages.
) By covering with tm foil or oil paper, the atmos-
pheric moisture will be kept out and molding pre-
^ |i vented

Difeatei —The most destructive of diseases in

-T,. the lower South is a blight fungus which attacks the

4\ plant lu t beneath the surface of the ground, caus-

V ing the sifter tl ne it thi point to lot off and the

v3 ] Hnt t li 111 tuii„us IS not able to penetr.ate

J th hill 1 ] iti 1 t the stein consequently the

* I 1 1 Hit liii.. r 1 I , t I wieks after being attacked.

\ nuiul 1 t itt il 1 t h ne been made to causethis

I luht fun„u t II ihuc fruiting organs so that it

could be cla ihed but up to the present this has

proved futile In in h cases as this we have no rem

ed^ After the plant 1 attacked it is usualh di i med

Much however tan be done m the wa\ of pre

venting the spread of this fungus If all plants are

destio>ed as soon as found to be affected the fungus

cannot perfect its si lerotia or rusting st ite and thus its

propagating is prt minted Thf norm il home of this

753 Lone 'White Eggplant

fungus is 1

will do 11
present te

It therefore,

Il in being
IS Lau Celeste

I'L.A

EICHHORNIA

or potassium sulphkle, ni;iy lio sprayeil about the roots
of the plants to good advantage. Practice rotation of
crops.

A second form of blight is caused by Bacillus solana-
cearitm, Smith. This disease has its uri^'iii i)f iiift-ction
in the leaves, and is intro.liir,.! l,y iii.,iii- .f m .-.•ts
which have fed upon disc-;i~i M |.l m' i ! i tin-
infection to the well ones. 'I'L.- li < ' .I'lly

down the tissues, and causes ili,,i,;iiii d i-,, l- :ii and
finally of the whole plant. Thi- only n-inc.ly tor ihis is
to destroy all plants that are affected with the disease
as soon as detected, and kill olT all insects. When this dis-
ease is known to be present in a section, it is best to
set the plants as far apart as practicable. In this way
the danger of infection from insects is somewhat re-
duced. When the disease is known to be present in a
field it should not be planted to this crop.

Insect Enemies.— Among the most annoying of the
insect enemies we must place the cut-worm (larvag of

754 Sprays of Early Dwarf Purple Eecplant

Noctudi*). These i„s,.,.ts.-,n- .-.linM-

toniiiii-n-sriit. and

when nearly full Rrown .nv 1,^1,1,- t..

.■lit oiv |,|aiits tliat

are 4 or .5 inches hi^'lu It is i„,i .-..n.

in. Ill fur (iiH- insi..-t

to cut off more tliau a si,,-],. ,,i:,,,i

. Iiiit in urdinarily

fertile soil then- an- .,,,,,, ljI, ,,,1

w.iniis present to

destroy the enfirt- li- 1 I, Sc, iliat. .,i

1 till- whole, it be-

comes very annoyi.n-, \\]„r.- Up ..

. iiisr.-ts are quite

destructive, it is i..issii,|,. i,, kill i!

II .11 with poisoned

bran or poisoned cotton-seed men

d, sweetened with

syrup or sugar.

Another insect that does more or

less damage is the

cotton-boll worm (Ileliothis armiqcrn

). This insect does

its damage by boring a hole into' the

sti-nisurth,- frnit.

In tlip latter case it causes it to rot 1

or pi.ssibly in transit. As the fruit b.

iii.s lal-u'.l-tli.Ti-

is l.ss danger of attack from this

insri-t. M, that i1h-

nuiiu trouble occurs in the parlior si

ai;rs ,,f its L.-n.wth.

Tlio Eggplant aphis ( .S',/);,,.,,,,,,;,..,

., ,•„,•,.,■?.,/„ 1 is inif.

cd in the course of «

s the lower surface of the leav

■ticli the pest with insecticides,

The

at-

for prev

Phnm.

hotbed.

es, making it difficult
but persistent efforts
(■(1 with a fine nozzle,
I. 1...-. .' t:hirisporium
1.1 this crop,
' ,1 Ills. "It m.ay
. .1 i .; - in the fruit,
.i. la ., liurdered with
ud to good advantage

iiiination

u-round

. 1!

.d beds,

n-.'wh,

-nd.

ann.i

ng-off is

tLtmospl

lere anil

surface

as possi

ible,

, foil

owed by

P.

H. ROLFS.

affected wit
off by some-
miserable <■>
will reveal
level. The
and then avi
detected in
soil should
one applicat

EGYPTIAN LOTUS. See Numplum Lotus; also ye

EHRfillA (G. D. Ehret, botanical painter, born in
German\, 17(IH, died m LngHnd, 1770) BonagtnAcece.
\bout ill species of tender trees and shrubs, found in
the w-vimcr regions of the world Two species are cult,
outdoors in S Calif and 2 others in European green-
houses Plants w ith or without rough shoit hiirs Ivs.
alt( rn ite, saw toothed ornot fls small, often white in
cMnts curjmbs, terminal panicles or rarely all borne
m ill u| 1 I r axils The2speciis d(scrib(d below are
^ 1.1 n t.(ts in S Cahf , attaining a height of 30 ft.
•-- I ni i\ be obtained through dealers in Japanese

A Li t laii toothed

B Foliage hairy

macrophylla, \\ ill Lvs ovate, acute, sharply

1 ihi_d with louf, harsh rigid hairs abo\e and soft

I 111 I s( Clue beneath p micle terminal pubescent calyx

1 iliatt fr globose, obscurely 4 groo^ ed Himalayas

Trcip Asia and \ust —"Drupes red, the si/e of a pea;
said to be edible E Jf Eeasonei , Oneco, Fla
AA. Lth. tisually not toothed.
elliptica, no. Tree, 15-50 ft. high: lvs. oval or ob-
Icinu', si.iiii. limes saw-toothed, nearly hairless, or with
ininuii- hairs and very rough above: fr. a yelk>w glo-
bose drupe-, the size of a small pea, with edible thin
pulp. Tex., Mex. Yf_ ^i

EICHH6RNIA (after J. A. F. Eichhom, a Prussian).
Ponlcderiilrea;. This genus includes the Water Hya-
cinth (see Pig. 755), the famous "million dollar weed"
that obstructs navigation in the St. John's river,
Florida, and is a source of wonder and delight in every
collection of tender aquaties in the North. The curious
l.Iadd.-rs made by tin- inflation of the petioles help the
plant t.) th.at frrclv. -Mi.Mit flowering time the plant
s.ihIs .l.iwn aiich<priii^' r.i.its which, if the water be only
:! .ir 4 iiH-lirs d.r)., |..ni tratt- the soil. The tree Hya-
cinths billing in ail allied order ; the Pickerel-weed, in
the allied genus Ponteeleria, the ovary of which by
abortion is 1-celled, and each cell 1-ovuled, while Eich-
homia is 3-celled and many-ovuled.

The plants of this order have been greatly confused
by botanists, partly because the fugacious, membranous
flowers are not well preserved in dried specimens,
and partly because of variation in form of leaves,
depending upon whether the plants grow in deep or
shallow water, or in mud. The common Water Hya-
cinth sends out two kinds of roots, the horizontal ones
often thick and fleshy, and apparently for reproductive
purposes, the vertical ones long, slender, and clothed
with innumerable small, horizontal fibers. Water Hya;-
cinths are of easy culture and are propagated by divi-
sion or seed. If grown in about 3 in. of water, so that
the roots may reach the soil, the petioles become elon-
gated and the plant becomes weedy and unsatisfactory.

EICHHORXIA

Leaf-staV;t

influtcd:

•X, dil-

ated.

specidsa, Kunth {E. crdssipes, Solms. Pontederia
crdssipes. Mart.). Fig. 755. Lvs. in tufts, all con
stricted at the middle, bladder-like below, sheathed
many-nerved : =c3i'e 1 ft. l.'!"j-. with wavy-margined
sheaths nt and al'"V. tI . i., ,M !, : tl-;. about 8 in a loose
spike, pall- vii'l. I. i> " r lobe larger and ha\

ingalarj^f j-anh i ! mI. long or pear-shaped

spot of brii.'ht V. Il"\i i,i ili. ii;i>;.|l.': stamens 3 long and
3 short, all eurvt-d iipwar.ls towards the tip. Braz
B.M. 2932, erroneously, as Pontederia aznrea. I.H. 34
14. A. F. 5:511. Var. major, Hort., has rosy lilac flowers
Var. aiirea, Hort., has yellowish flowers.
AA. Leaf-stalks not inflated: inner perianth-segments
beautifully serrate.

aziirea, Kunth. Lvs. on long or .ihort not-inflated
petioles, very variable in size and shape: scape often as
stout as the leaf-stalk, gradually dilated into a hooded
spathe: fls. scattered or crowded in pairs along a stout
hairy, sessile rachis ; perianth bright pale blue, hain
outside, inner segments beautifully toothed, the uppei a
trifle larger, with a heart-shaped spot of yellow, which
is margined with white. Braz. B.M. 6487. G.C. II
25:17. I.H. 34:20. E.H. 1890:540.-One plant will be
come 5 or 6 ft. across in one season.

Wm. Trickeb and W. M.

ELffiAGNUS (ancient Greek name, meaning a kind of
willow; from elaios, olive). Elwagudcew. Shrubs or
small trees : lvs. alternate, deciduous or persistent, en
tire or nearly so clothed more or less with silvery or
brownish sciles fls ax Uary solitary or m clusters
apetalous per anth companulate or tul uKr 4 lol ed
stamens 4 ncl ded on verv 1 rt fil ei ts fr a
1-seelel Irupe \1 1 j s F j e \. ■» an 1

N. Ame c H 1 1 II 1 1 1 ne

foliage and nil lie

spicuous 1 ut m 1 1 t I d duo s

species as E / I a I

bellata are 1 a 1 \ 1 111 y on ire

hardy only Soutl \ I of son e spec es as

E.argentea anq I / is the consp cu

ous s Ivery hue ot 1 t I \ \e E lo j i es M, the

most ornamental nf tfl f,w alot any well
drained s 1 also n 1 nest ne » 1 a 1 ] refer sunny
pos t on Prop 1 y seed and 1 v cutt (. of mature and
half r pened wood al o s etime r a e 1 1 y layers

and by root cutt ngs vai et e a 1 arer k ds can be
grafted on seedl ngs of v o-oro s g ow g i ee es

Index of names (va et es an! synon n tal cs)

angust fol a 1 Japn a "> p rv ol t

argentea 6 lon^ipes o p ge s 8

aureo var egata 8 maeropl ylH 7 r tl xa S

edulw 5 na la a 8 S o 8

Fredenci vaneyata mul flora 4 umbell^ita 3

8. or e al s 1 anegata 8

hortensis 1

A i II

B. S a el lets a 1 1 I 1 ! / 1 t II t

Jl I

1. angustifdha h n (E 1 F 1 ) O e tep

Shrul or small t ee t t 1 1

lance late or ol long lane 1 I I

above 3 n long fls 1 | I II I I II

on the lower fart f tl e 1 I | I |

late tul e I 1 Ir rant

.style at tl I 111 I tr oval

yellow c 1 1 1 I rope W

el.i:acm.s

h witl in fi f

525

ih so

55 E chhorn a spec osa C\ 1 0)

lit tl reddish or yellow, isl broui scales
I I erj bes des I s s I erj (.lite

II ft tl (e V bro vn scales

tdlkel 1 the Iw 1 1 1

g late fall wl I I ]

m 1 earl er Ma I I | II

18J9 ob9
4 multifldra Th mbg Spread ng shr 1 to 8 ft
1 1 ele branchlets re 1 lish 1 r n lvs ell pt c or

o at 1 1 n 1% th ale or tell te ha rs above often
gl 1 11 11 111 rown scales be

II 1 11 1 1 on short lat

11 II 1 I I 1 ml fr ac d

the f 11 n ng
5 16ngipes C

long eiect
g ripening

I nga or soi
M D e 189

the former ai

ital

.sra;ll LI 14 1 1 1 11 11

2. pamfdha K vl IE J ] Hort ) SI rub or

small tree to ''0 ft w 1 e t ns and sj n i rea 1
ing branches Iv lift te or ol long lanceolate

crisped at hem II 1 stellate ha rs above

glalrousatl 11 1 1 1/ 3 in long fls

axillary, usualh cinwded on slioit lateral branchlets,
short pedicelled; perianth narrow, tube longer than

or on short 1 ranchlets
as long as the 1 ml fr
I scarlet n slender pe

I 1 I tr fr w tl 1 rown scales

v^\ or T 1 f aTeeable

I 1 1 -^1 V T I H na BM

41 / ) I 1 4J9 C C 18 3 1014

Cn 1

cc Er rati er 1 j s I ei j t 1 te

(). argtatea, Pursh. Erect shrub, to 12 ft., spineless.

stoloniferous, with reddish brown branchlets: lvs. ovate

526 EL.EAGXUS

or obloni^-lanceolate, silvery on both sides, often with
scattered brown scales beneath, 1-3 in. long: fls. 1-3,
axillary, yellow within, fragrant: fr. oval or roundish
oval, densely clothed with silvery scales, short-pedi-
celled, l^-%m. long. May, June. Canada, south to
Quebec, Minnesota.'rtah. B.B. 2:407.

'm:h

756. Elxagnus longipcs

AA. Lfs. evergreen : usuall!/ Howerimj in fall.

7. macrophylla, Thunbg. Spineless shrub, to 6 ft.,
witli silvery white branchlets : Ivs. broad-ovate or
broad-elliptic, on stout and rather long petioles, scaly
above, usually glabrous at length, silvery white beneath:
fls. axillary, with silvery and brownish scales outside;
tube companulate, abruptly narrowed at the base, as
long as limb. Japan.

8. piingens, Tliuiili;;. Spreading shrub, to G ft., mostly
spiny, Willi hmwii l.nmchlets: Ivs. oval or oblong, undu-
late and ..ft.iic-r.niil:ite at the margin, at length glabrous
above, silvery liem^iith, more or less interspersed with
brown .scales, 2-4 in. long; fls. in axillary clusters; tube
cylindrical, slightly narrowed at the base, longer than
the limb : fr. short-stalked, about %m. long, with
silvery and brown scales. Japan. Var. Frfiderioi varie-
gd.ta, Hort. Lv>^. with yellow center and green margin.
Var. maculita, H'lrt. With l.-irf;e vellow blotches. A.
G. K!:lL'2. V:ir. Simoni, II. .it. Lvs. rather large, ob-
long-elliptii-, with f.w l.r.jwii scales beneath or nearly
without. Viir. Simoni tricolor, Hort. Lvs. like the
former, l.ut vari.i;:it..l with yellowish and pinkish white.
Var. reilexa, Il..rt, Branches spineless, elongated and
flexile: Ivs.wiili s.-.ittered brown scales beneath. Var.
variegita, llert. Lvs. margined yellowish white. Var.
aiireo-variegita, Hort., probably belongs here.

E. ferruffinea, A. Rich. Spineless evergreen shrub, with
spreading brown branches : lvs. with yellowish and brown
scales beneath ; ii.-ri.iiilli with .in.iilranKular, abruptly con-

ELECTRO - HORTICri.TrRE

much of it, except in collections. It does best in a
warm temperature, although it will thrive in an inter-
mediate house. Seeds are always obtainable from sev-
eral of the large European houses. It is but little grown
as a commercial palm, as young plants do not show their
full character. Given same treatment as Arern Itttes-
ccns, will grow well. This treatment includes night tem-
perature of 6.">° and plenty of water.

Jared G. Smith, G. W. Oliver and W. H. Taplin.

EL.aEOCAEPUS (Creek, o;i|.«-^)-Hi7). Tilidcea: This
genus iiiehiiles a tender evergreen flowering shrub of
very distinct iq.i.earanee. The iTeainv white petals,
charmingly fringed, the hri-Iit r. .1 -. | .ili ami pedicels,
and the mass of vellow stai. ■ . ■' hi. ( features.

The racemes coiitain 2-.". I" i-. which are

about half an inch across, a.,., ,;, _; ,,;, . liiis plant was
once advertised by Pitcher aii.l .M.iu.ia. and may exist
in a few choice collections. The genus has about 50
species, all from tropical Asia, Australia and the Pa-
cific isles. In the tropics they are trees, with alternate,
rarely opposite lvs., which are entire or saw-toothed,
and in some species sparingly spotted with black be-
neath : tls. a.xillary, in racemes ; petals glabrous or
silky: drupes oblong or globose.

granditldrus, James Smith. A much-branched shrub,
about 7 ft. high under glass : lvs. considerably clustered
at the ends of branches, 3-6 In. long, broadly lanceolate;
petiole a fourth to 1 in. long, with a few distant saw-
teeth, or more or less round-toothed or wavy-margined:
sepals 5, red outside, white inside ; petals .^. Java.
B.M. 4680.-LVS. rather leathery, dark green above,
paler beneath. Warnihouse. Prop, by cuttings of nearly
ripened wood. Not common.

EL.a;oc6ccA

ELa:OD£NDRON ((ireek for o^U'C tree, from the re-
senililaii,.-,.! 111.' Iruii 1.. that of the olive). Celastrdceie.
Perhaps 4U spe.'ies ...f shrubs or small trees in tropical
countries, chiefly in the Old World tropics. Lvs. simple,
entire or crenate, opposite or alternate, thickish, fre-
quently evergreen : fls. inconspicuous, greenish or white,
in axillary clusters; calyx 4-5-parted; petals 4-5, and
exceeding the calyx; stamens 4-5: ovary single, sur-
rounded by a fleshy ring: fruit a small fleshy drupe.
Certain plants which, before they had bloomed, were
referred to Aralia, are now known to belong to this
genus, representing a distinct natural family. Culture
of Aralia.

orient&Ie, Jacq. (ArAlia Chahriiri, Hort.). A most
graceful and handsome plant, with linear-lanceolate
alternate, shinintr.ilrnnpini,' leaves. 10-12 in. long, and
with a r.'.l.lish l-il.. Ma.la-as.-ar, .Alauritiiis. K.II. IWtl.
I..'J'_M. A.F. 10:1011. -II. .l.N lis h.w.T f..lia;.'.' well...r

ELffilS (Greek, olive). Palmdceie, tribe Cocolnem.
Tropical spineless palms with pinnate foliage, of which
the best known is the Oil Palm of western Africa,
whose red fruits, borne in large clusters, yield the palm
oil of commerce, which is used in making candles and
soap. Young plants are grown for ornament in .S. Calif.,
and under glass North. The other 6 species are from
tropical S. America. The genus is separated from Cocos
by the 1-3-seeded fruits, with 3 pores above the miihlle.

GnineSnBlB, Jacq. Oil Palm. Stems stout, 20-30 ft..
coarsely and deeply ringed: leaves 10-15 ft.; peth.le
spiny- serrate; leaflets linear-lam-eelate, acute, the same
color above an.l l..l..\v. I'.S. 1 ( : 1 toj. — AV(Ci'« Guineen-
sis, from an .i.i I) -i,,l'.- in L'r..ntli, is one of the most
ornamental [.alni-. intil it r. a. h. s several feet in
height it is a s|..\v giv.w.r, .■..ns.-.iuently we do not see

i: . ' I M i.:ii' I ...inpound lvs., but what were taken for

' ,[|y Ivs. still a rare and choice plant in

i :i Thrives in either an intermediate or a

V :.i IN I...U-. . I'r.ip. by single-eye cuttings in small pots,
kejit rather warm. See, also, p. 87.

austraie, Vent. Int. into S. Calif, from Australia, and
prized for its holly-like foliage. In its native habitat it
is a tree 30-40 feet high, producing useful close-grained
wood. L. H. B.

ELAPHOGLdSSHM. See ^cros^ic7ii(m.

ELDER an.l ELDEKBEREY. See Sambucus.

ELECAMPANE. Iiinla nelenium.

ELECTRO-HORTICULTURE is a term used by
Siemens to designate the application of the electri.-
light to the growing of plants. The term is an unfor-
tunate one, since the use of electr.c light is not an ap-
plication of electricity itself to plant-growing, but is
merely a device for securing illumination. Any strong

ELECTRO - HORTICULTURE

LLEUSINE

527

ind tliereb\ eau-f
1 lactital questicii
^pense of using tl

of carbo i pi is that of certain gases ii I
bustion The sjectrum of the arc h 1 t
which he bi^ nil the hmimuub p it
are verj injuiious t i tilt 11

ultri violet pirt (_f tl I t 1

plain gliss so th-it -v 1 i I 1 lit

by a globe, or when tl 1 1 t i 1
the greenhouse the luiurit a il 1 i It
Long continued espeiiments it Cornell Lu
shown that each kind of plant behaveb in
in the presence of electric li^ht It is ni
propnes% what the results in i\ 1 e in a ^,n t
fewplints ast rait ts En_l 1 i I

, el sit) ha\e
Its own way
possible to
species A

1 t list so 1 u, ThL lest resu
! -,ht Is ipfheil to the f laiits wli
1 neirl} cr quite then full statui
ah in thoir growth tlie\ ten!
Ml Utoie the plant has -ittiine 1 sulh if
tljri ultiire therefore the chiet ] r i ti il ^ il
ectrie irc light seems to I e its nifl i n e
? the fljweringof certain j lints in Ink
- when plints must be had t i i lehnite s(
• mstin e It the light is applied to Eisttr lili
nth 1 ef re their normal bl nuing tnne t
1 lo* m ma> be hastened from f ur ti ttn d n
2 his shown greater beneticial results fi m t
n of the ekctiic light than an) fth r il
ch careful experiments have been mi 1 I
li recenes li„'ht frrm the ire limp f r 1 It

fei-t The incandescent 1
but n t s 1 marked The ii
light is also capable of hi

gmia
ELE(5CHAEIS|Gif(k

rersit) ind of West \ i
L H B

ill It 1 tji I nged beyond the

1 I I ugh more have

irdamomum M t ii affords the

1 1 ire the dried

t \ 111 The

I \ tl ose of

iring
^ fls

s il lu thiee (.1 four jtars jl 11 crops,

but they become more or less \1 111 earing

three or four crops Prop i)\ 1 1 1 ts and

by seeds Under glass, handle 1 tl Xlj mia

L H B
ELEUSlNE (Greek, J!,leusi$ the town where Ceres,
the goddess of harvests was worshipped) &>amlne(F
CrabGeass \ardGkass I I sH tiftel annuals with
the stout unilitml i I tl ij e\ f the

Lulni Sjikelets si\ 1 m t^^ rows

ilongonesule fie 1 ill i ntuulite

iboie the emj t% glui tli uijertne

stammate grain looseh ei 1 sh 1 1 a the fl glume ind
palet Species 5 or 6 in tropical regions <f the Old

World Some are valued as
1 Africa India and

some other

tries For E ^gyptiaca,

see Dacfijloelenium
Indica, Gfertn Dor s

T\IJ T\lKE(,R4ss Fll. - -

borders (
Torr. "a

R. Br.
ovata.

bose o:

iuz. Three
squisetoides,
iliiis •_'-:; ft.

acicul4ris,
. mats. E.

lower down : spikelets 3-6-
fld. Blooms from June to
October.- A very common
grass in cultivated fields
and dooryards in the South,
often troublesome as a weed

1 : head glo-
L. H. B.

coracina, (4fprtii. Afri-
can Mil i ; r, li -,::-. Ki-ect,

for Begonias. The

ELEPHANT'S EAR is

Elephant-Ear Caladium is

ELEPHANT'S FOOT. Tesludinaria.

ELETTARIA (native name). Scitamindcem. Differs
frniii Amonium in technical characters, as in the slender
tube of the perianth, the presence of internal lobes in

2-4 It _- I. luted to and much resembling .ff.

Jii'Ji''< I II -iinguished from it by its stouter

habit, -li i;.r, IiHl.r and larger spikes. — Cult, in
India. China and .Tapau for the grain. Beer is brewed
from the grain in Abyssinia. In cult, in America as
an ornamental grass. Coracana means "of the crows."

BarcinonSnsis, Costa. Culms tufted, 6 in. to 1 ft.
high: leaf -blades short, about one-sixteenth of an in.

528 ELEUSIXE

wide, obtuse at the apex: spikes broad, 2-4, digitate,
1-1 J^ in. long; spilselets closely imbricate, 5-fld.— Int.
into Amer. on ballast, and in cult, as an ornamental
Plaot. p. B. Kesxedt.

ELEUTHEROCOCCUS (Greek, eleutheros. free, and
kokl.-ns, kiincl; tin.' seeds are easily detached from
the tli-sU). ^1 (■((/(.!<■«('. Ornamental hardy shrub's, -with
numerous erect, .spiny stems, rather
large, digitate Ivs., inconspicuous
greenish fls., and black berries in
umbels. They prefer a somewhat
moist and rich soil, and are well
adapted as single specimens on the
lawn or in borders of shrubberies
for the handsome bright green foli-
age. Prop, by seeds and root-cut-
tings. Three species in E. Asia,
with alternate, long-petioled, digi-
tate Ivs. : fls. small, greenish, polyg-
amous-dioecious, 5-merous, pedi-
celled, in terminal, peduncled um-
bels: berry roundish oval, black,
shining, 5-seeded.

sentiodBUS, Maxim. Shrub, to 15
ft., the branches densely covered
with slender spines: If ts. 5, rarely
3, oblong, usually narrowed at the
base, acute, sharply and doubly ser-
rate, sparingly hispid above, with
bristly hairs on the veins beneath,
4-6 in. long: fr. about % in. high. July. N. China. Gt.
12:393. Alfred Rehder.

ELIOT, JABED, author of the iirst American book on
agriculture, was born November 7, 1C85, and died April
22, 1763. He was the grandson of John Eliot, the "apos-
tle of the Indians," and was pastor at Killingworth,
Conn., from October 26, 1709, until his death. He was a
botanist, and the leading consulting physician in New
England. He introduced the mulberry tree into Con-
necticut, wrote an essay upon the silkworm, and dis-
covered a process of extracting iron from ferrugineous
sands. His "Essays upon Field-Husbandry," begun in
1748, formed the first American book devoted exclu-
sively to agriculture. It is now extremely rare. He was
a high-minded, progressive and useful citizen. Many
of his sermons were separately reprinted. Jared Eliot
and Samuel Deane were among the few agricultural
writers of note in the period before American horticul-
ture was considered distinct from agriculture, \y_ ji.

ELLI6TTIA (after Stephen Elliott, South Carolina's
early and excellent botanist. For a fine portrait and
sketch of him, see G.F. 7:204-206). Erklicnu. A genus
allied to Rhododendron and Ledum, with tlinc species,
of which the mo.st interesting is :im i xinnrly r:ire na-
tive southern .shrub, with delic;it. wliitr i1..wi-rs, an
Inch in diameter, composed of 4 skmlir jic tals, and
borne in racemes 6-10 in. long. John Saul once adver-
tised it, and P. J. Berckmans, of Augusta, Ga., still culti-
vates it. The two Asiatic species are inferior in size
and beauty of flowers. Important generic characters
which distinguish this genus from Leiophyllum and
Cladothamnus are : flowers terminal, racemose; petals
3-5, entire: anthers 4-10, opening by irregular cracks:
ovary 3-5-celled.

Tacemdsa, Muhl. Shrub, 4-10 ft. high, branches slen-
der: Ivs. alternate, oblong, acute at both ends, glandu-
lar-mucronate, entire, thin, membranous, 3-4 in. long,
1-lH in. wide; petioles slender, grooved, hairy, about 1
in. long: calyx lobes 4, short, rounded: stamens 8 : fr.
unknown. Wet, sandy woods of S. C. and Ga. G.F. 7:
205. W. M.

The plants formerly offered by John Saul were incor-
rectly named, and he refunded whatever amount had
been charged for all plants sold by him. They proved
to be Styrax grciHcUflora. The only plants now known
to exist are a few specimens collected by the writer, in
company with Dr. Asa Gray in 1873, in a patch in
Columbia county, Ga., which covered an area of about

3 acres. This w:i
of EUiottia renia
Edgefield count)
but all niv effort
The only plant-

ELSHOLTZIA

i ri'rt r-rr' - •■], arod, and not a vestige
t: \ ' I'iit.-h is said to exist in

^ ' ' '-ity of Augusta, Ga.,

I . :;: : , . railed.

\' hi' ii i!!'_ Mi'i rlias ever beenableto
(ini suckers. A few of these were sent
oretum and to Kew Gardens. No seed
duced upon our specimens, which are
P. J. Berckjians.

ELM. See Llmus.

ELODfiA (Greek, mnrs/ii/). Hitdrocharidctcew. This
genus contains perhaps 9 species of aquatic herbs, in-
cluding the Ditch-moss, an interesting hardy perennial
plant found in slow streams and ponds nearly through-
out North America, except the extreme north. It is
particularly desirable for home and school aquaria. It
is a slender, wholly submerged plant, with branching
stems 4 in. to 3 ft. long, according to the depth of the
water. The pistillate fls. are raised to the surface by
their long calyx tubes, and float there. The minute
staminate fls., which are rarely seen, commonly break
off below, rise to the surface, float about, open, and
shed their pollen. The fruit ripens below the surface,
and the seeds rise. This plant is now found abundantly
in Europe, being sometimes known in England as
"Babington's Curse," from the man who introduced it.
It reached England in 1841 anil choked up many canals
and waterways, notably the Cam. It was very abundant
in 1852 and 1853, but declined in the next few years.
Ducks, geese and swans are fond of it, and render great
service in getting rid of it. It can be used for manure
where it grows in sufficient quantities. Like many other
water plants, it makes heavy buds in the fall ( Fig. 759) ,
which drop to the bottom and grow in the spring.

Canadensis, Mich. {Andcharis Cnyiadinsis, Planch.
A. AlsiiidstrHm, Bab.). Water-weed. Ditch-moss.
Water Thyme. Water Pest. Lvs. in whorls of 3 or 4,
or the I..wrr(,n,s .,],]„, site, linear, minutely toothed or
not, 2-7 liii. - inn-. ' -L' lines wide: fls. white ; calyx
tube of tlir i-i-iill.itr iU. '_'-r2 in. long; spathes .5-7 lines
long. B.H. l:;i:!. W'. M. Thicker and W. M.

ELdDES. See JJijpericiim.

ELSHOLTZIA (John Sigismund Elsholtz, author of
an unpublished Flora Marcica, the MS. of which is in
the Royal Library, Berlin) Labitltce. Herbs or under-
shrubs, in temperate and tropical Asia, with fls. in
spikes : calyx tubular, 5-toothed ; corolla oblique or 2-
lipped, the upper lip 4-toothed in the typical species
(described below), the lower longer and entire or some-
what crenulate ; stamens 4, separated. One is in the
Amer. trade.

%.. I.,.

M a

cristata.Willd. Fig. 760. Twelve to 18 in. high, with
opposite, petioled, ovate-oblong toothed lvs. and small,
light blue fls. in crowded, more or less 1-sided spikes:
calyx enlarging in fr. Asia. B.M. 2560.-Hardy annual,
with very aromatic foliage and attractive, upright
habit. Said to be a good bee plant. l. h. B.

ELTJIUS ^

fiLYMUS (Greek, rolled up or enveloped). Gra-
minete. Lyme Grass. Wild Rye. Erect perennial
grasses, ivith fl.at oreouYolute Ivs. and elosely-fld. termi-
nal spikes: spikelets 2-G-fld., often long-awned, the up-
permost imperfect, sessile, in pairs (rarely inS's or 4's),
at the alternate notches of the continuous or articulate
rachis, forming terminal spikes; empty glumes acute
or awn-pointed, persistent and subtending the fls.
like an involucre. Species about 20, in the temperate
regions of Eu., Asia and N. Amer. For £. Etjstrix, see
AspefeUa.

arenirius, Linn. Se\ Lyme Gkass Stout coarse
perennial, 2-8 ft. high, with strong creeping rootstocks
Its. long, rigid, smooth spikes dense terminal (>-l' in
long; spikelets about 1 m long and S-t fll — One f thi
best grasses known for binding the li ttini, u 1 f
our Atlantic and Pacific coasts especnlh when m
bined with Beach Grass (see^m»i07)Ai?a «rt» ? i) The
seed is also used by the Digger Indians for food

Canadensis, Linn. Caxada Lyme Grass Terrel
Grass. Rather stout smooth perenni il 3 ft 1 igh
with broad, flat Ivs. 6-12 m long spikes 4-9 in Irng
exserted, nodding ; spikelets very rigid, 3-5 fld fl
glumes long-awned. Com
mon in low thickets and
along streams in rich, open
woods throughout the
country. — Cult, as an
ornamental plant. ^ ar
glauciJolius, Gray (E
glaiicifdiins, Hort.), is
pale and glaucous through
out, with usually more
slender awns. Cult, as an
ornamental grass.

condensitiis,Presl. Giant
Rye Grass. The large t
of the native Rve Grasses

tufts, stout : spikes 8 m
to IK ft. long, very ran
able, compact or inter
rupted, bearing branching
clusters of spikelets at
each .ioint. Common lu
the Rocky mountain re
gions and the Pacific slope.
—Useful for binding the
loose sands on railway
banks. Cult, as an orna-
mental grass.

glatlcus, Regel. A glau
cous-leaved, dense, cespi
tose, hardy perennial grass
3-4 ft. high, with very
short, smooth Ivs. and
erect, elongated spikes
spikelets in 2's, erect,
usually 5-fld., densely vil-
lous - pubescent, short
awned. Turkestan. — Rare
ly in cult, as an omamen
tal grass, p. b. Kennedy.

EMILIA (perhaps a per-
sonal name). Compdsitce.
Herbs, perennial or an-
nual : related to Senecio, i, fi-r^r^fii^ifiTi.".
but always without rays: '^^'-

heads rather small, the in- ygi. Emilia flammea

volucre very simple and Separate head X %.

cup-shaped, with no small

outer scales: akenes with 5 acute ciliate angles : florets
all perfect. A dozen or more species have been de-
scribed from Africa, tropical Asia and Polynesia. One
species in common cult.

flimmea, Cass. iE. sar/ittAta, DC. E. sonchiftlia,
Hort., not DC. E. sonchifolia, Linn., var. sagittMa,
Clarke. Cnc&Ua coecinea, Sims, B.M. 564. C. son-
chifdlia, Hort., not Linn. C. sagittita, Vahl. Se-

EXCEPHALARTOS

529

,r ^J,

Flower. Flora's
lual, erect, 1-2 ft.,
stt'ius terminated
V .How in the form

n^cio sagitttltus, Hoffm.). Tasse
Paint Brush. Fi^-. T'.l. A n.at
glabrous or spar^i ly ]i;iiT-\ , Tlir I.
by clusters of siii:ill -.■.nl. t i-^M.
called CacAlia IhI.„. II. nt.) li.;,.N

ovate-lanceolate, tla.-,|.iiig tliu ^tc-.. .,

dentate: involucre scales much shorter than the florets.
E. Ind., Philippines.— This much-named annual is one
of the commonest garden flowers. It is of the easiest
culture in any good soil. Blooms from July until frost,
if sown as soon as weather is settled.

E. purpurea, Cass. (E. sonehifoha, DC, not Hort. Cactilia
soncMfclia, Linn. Senecio sonchifolia, Moench). Radical Ivs.
often more or less lyrate, stem Ivs. broader and clasping, the
he.ids fewer in the cluster and the involucre scales nearly as
long as the florets. Apparently not in cult, in this country.
L. H. B.

ENCfiLIA (meaning obscure). Compdsitte. About 20
species of American herbs, chiefly western, often woody
at base. The following was introduced by Franceschi,
Santa Barbara, Calif., and has fls. 2K in. across, with
yellow rays and a black disk. Has probably never been
tried in the East.

Califfirnica, Nutt. Woody at base, 2-i ft. high,
strong-scented, rather hoary, or becoming green : Ivs.
1-2 in. long, ovate to broadly lanceolate, usually entire,
indistinctly 3-ribbed from the base, abruptly stalked:
rays numerous, 2-4-toothed : seeds obovate, with long,
silky hairs on the callous margins and a shallow notch
at the tip.

EMMENANTHE (Greek, enduring floiver; the per-
sistent corollas retain their shape when dry like ever-
lasting flowers) HydtophijUAceoe Half a dozen an-
nual herbs from western North Ameiica, of which the
most interesting spe< les wis introduced to cultivition
in 1892, under the name of Calif nm\\ ellow oi Golden
Bells It grows 9-12 in ln„'h, lormiiig bush\ plants,
each branch lo ided with bro idh bell sh iped pendulous,
unwitherin^ flowtrs about half an inch long, of creamy
yellow The geneial effect of a branch suggests the
hlv of the Tillei, but the f diage is pmnatihd The
lasting char k ter of the fl distinguished the genus from
Its allies the ne irest ot an^ tr ii leu mIu, lime Pha-
ceha CondKlibesT stamens I he spe-

cies named below belongs t tuns,

with cahx 1 .bes l>roidi i d lwll^ i itted

seids All the others have thi I i I In up-

wards and the seeds more or less « rmkled ti ins\ ersely.

pendulifldra, Benth California Yellow or
(t )lden Bells Somewhat sticky, with long or short,
s ft hairs, hs. pmnatifid, lobes numerous, short,
somewhat toothed or sharply cut: ovules about 16:
seeds 1 line long. Calif. G.C. III. 11:339. w. M.

EMPfiTRUM (Greek, pn, in, petrm:, rock ; growing
often on rocks). Empetn'fr-i . ch.iwhfrry. Evergreen,
hardy, prostrate or cr.'
small, crowded Ivs., in
globose, red or black, » .1
moist, sandy or peaty s. .
for rockeries. Prop, n-
ened wood in late suiin
through the northern li
arctic regions, also in S
ear, thick, alternate : tl^
nearly sessile, 3-merous

nigrum, Linn. Lvs. li
or nearly so, entire. %

black, about one-fifth in. in diam. Var. purpdreum, DC.
Fr red. Arctic and boreal N. Am. Var. rfibnim, DC. (j&'.
rubruin, Vahl). Young branches and margins of lvs.
villous, hence the plant grayish green: fr. red. Antarc-
tic S. Am. B.R. 21:1783. ALFKrn Rehder.

ENCEPHALAETOS (Greek, .;», witliin, ;,,/./..,/,. head,
and artos, bread; alluding t.j tin.- In-. ;i.l-lik. mtirior of
the trunk). Cyeaddceie. Grand ..v.a.ls fnnii tr..pical and
southern Africa, grown chii-tly f..r tlicir splendid ever-
green foliage. Nineteen or less species. The finest pic-
ture of au Euoephalartos in any American periodical is
probably that in Garden and Forest 4:209, accompany-

shrubs
.lish fl:

;, with
5., and
best in

ally hai

idsome

'■■;■;■

ilv rip-
species
■us and

LBciiiUs. small, 1-3 axillary,
. a G-lO-seeded drupe,
r to linear-oblong, glabrous
in. long : fls. purplish: "

530 ENCEPHALAKTOS

ing an article from William Watson, of Kew, whose re-
marks are here condensed. These plants are speciallj'
suited for large conservatories, the fronds being nut
easily injured. They should succeed outdoors South.
borne of the Kew specininns niii^t: In- nearly a century
old. The trunks of soim- km. I- -ni-.v Miily a few inches
in many years. The spi .im. n )llti,t r.itid had a stem 5
ft. in circumference, ii.;,rl\ :; ii. l,i.-li, and crowned by
107 leaves, each 3 ft. l"n-, ;,n.l riyi'l. A whorl of new
leaves is produced each year, the latest one having 3-1
full sized leaves. The whole head was about 7K feet in
diameter. Most kinds prefer a sunny, tropical house,
but E. brachyphyllus and iiirhaps ethers may be grown
in a cool greenhouse if I. i ^ :< lini. .!iy in winter. The
cones are always inter'- ' ' : n M-ry decorative.

Those of £. rillosus ar. as a pineapple,

orange-yellow, half-ri-vciimL' im ~r ^i. t fruits.

Cycads are propagati-.l I.) .-.t-.-ila, al^.o by offsets or
suckers. They are slow-growing, except in very warm
houses. They like a strong, loamy soil. While making
new growth they need plenty of water. See Cycas. The
woollinessof the stem and leaf -segments varies with the
age of the plants and of the leaves.

The pith and central portion of the cones of some
species form an article of food among the Kaffirs, hence
the common name of KafBr Bread. The most widely
known species in cultivation are E. vlUosus, E. Alien-
steinii and E. pungens. Though very handsome Cycads,
they are by no means popular.

Some other Cycads frequently produce seed in con-
servatories, but Encephalartos seldom does, and plants
are, therefore, usually imported. Dry trunks, weighing
frequently from 50-75 pounds, have been received from
South Africa. They often remain dormant for a year or
more, and do not make ornamental specimens for two or
more years.

In the following descriptions "rachis" refers to the
midrib of the leaf on which the leaflets or segments are
borne, and "petiole" means the portion of the leaf be-
low where the leaflets begin.

A. Leaflets toothed {sometimes entire in No. 1).

B. Petiole 4-angled : foliage glaucous, i. e., covered with

plum-like "bloom."

1. WrridUB, Lehm. Trunk woolly or not: leaflets op-
posite or alternate, lanceolate, mostly entire, sometimes
toothed. Var. glaiioa is presumably more glaucous than
the type. B.M. 5371.

BB. Petiole sub-cylindrical : foliage not glaucous.
c. Leaves dark green : trunk no f woolly.

2. Altensteinii, Lehm. Leaflets mostly opposite, lan-
ceolate. B.M. 7162-3. G.C. II. 6:392, 393, 397; III.
2:281; 12:489-93.

Cf. Leaves light green: trunk woolly.

3. villdsus, Lehm. Leaflets opposite or alternate,
linear-lanceolate. B.M. 6654. K.H. 1897:36. O.C. II.
1:.',13; 3:400; 7:21; 13:181.

and 9, and also i

B. foliage glaucous.

4. L6hmanni, Lehm.(Ci?ca.'!£^7i»«onKi,Hort. |. Trunk
not woolly : rachis and petiole obtusely 4-angled ; leaf-
lets nearly opposite, narrowly or broadly lanceolate,
rarely 1-toothed. Gt. 1805:477.

BB. Foliage not glaucous,
c. Apejr of leaflets mostly obtuse, pointless.

5. longiSdlius, Lehm. Trunk not woolly, at length

tall:

chis

lowest leaflets oftfii 1-:; > '■■ i m, ,!■-., , - ....],:.< r.v,,-

lute: wool soon vaiii^liiii ■••i' i i. ; . ■ n: !• :iili ts.
Var. revoiatus, Jliq,. Ii ■ ' itnrtly

revolute. Var. angustifolius li:f- n:iii-"'/. .r, ilni l.aili-ts.
Var. Hodkeri, DC, has narn.wly lanceolate learicts, not
glaucous but intense green, and rachis not woolly. B.M.
4903, erroneously named E. Caffer, is referred to this
place by a recent specialist, though the leaflets are dis-
tinctly pointed in the picture.

cc. Apex of leaflets always strong-pointed.

i>. Form of leaflets linear.

E. Margin of leaflets revolute.

4:209.

7. piingene, Lehm. {Z,-iii,i„ i.uu.j. ,^s. Ait. I. Rachis
and petiole glabrous: Icall.t- |.iiii..-liii, ;,r. .lark green,
rigid, fiat, striated beneath. \:a-. glauca is also sold.

Dii. Form of leaflets huiceulate.
E. liachis glabrous.

8. Cifier, .Miq. {E. Cdffra, Hort.). Petiole 3-angled:
leaflets alternate, narrower at the base, twisted, the
younger ones with 1 or 2 teeth. R.H. 1869, p. 233. Not
B.M. 4903, which is E. longifolius, var. Bookeri.

EE. Jiachis spidery -pubescent.

9. C4fier, var. brachyphJllUB, DC. {E. brachyphyllus,
Lehm.). liachis and blades of the lower leaflets spidery-
pubescent : male cones sessile instead of peduncled.
The pinnfe are erect, and longer anil narrower than in

E. Caffer.

M.,P. J. Bekckma

; and W. II. Taplin.

ENCHOLlEIUM. Consult nilandsla.

ENDIVE {Cichdrium Endlvia). Comp6sit,r. See
Cichorium. During summer and fall, well-blanched
heads of Endive may be found in all our large city
markets, and are appreciated to some extent, especially
among the foreign part of our population. We seldom
see Endive in American home gardens, or in small
local markets. In the absence of lettuce during the lat-
ter part of the season, Endive serves as an acceptable

salad, and is well worthy of greater attention than it re-
ceives, especially as it is of easy culture. Select any
ordinary good garden soil. Sow seed thinly in drills,
\\\n< li ni I d li'M t" m»\f than a foot apart, but thin the

])I nils jiiuiiiiiil\ Im ilti iiT the same distance in the rows,
ami Ivi ■ I' ti'i ti.'iri \\. . .Is, and also well cultivated and
li.i.il WiMiitli. ] 1 nit ~ Irivc attained nearly their full

..r mail Ml I , - i~ iii - .11. i tins st ..,-,■ of

development. Tlic blanidiing may also be done by
slipping a large-sized but short tile or piece of tile over
each plant, after the leaves are gathered up and held
closely together.
The varietal differences are slight, and consist mostly

ENDIVE

In variations of form of leaves. The standard variety
grown in America is called Green Curled. In European
catalogues we find a number of varieties listed and de-
scribed. Among them Moss Curled, Rouen, and Broad-
leaved are the most popular. t. Gkeiner.

ENEMIES. This word is found increasingly useful
to include the work of Insects and Diseases, which see.
Also consult Spraying and Tools.

ENKIANTHUS (Greek words, referring to shape of
the Andromeda-like flowers). Also written Enkyan-
thus. Ericice<B. A genus of 5 species of shrubs, allied
to our familiar Andromeda, Zenobia and Pieris (the
last of which it most resembles in habit), and dis-
tinguished from these genera by the obtuse anthers, 2-
horned at the top on the back, and long pores : seeds
3-o-winged. China, Japan and Him:day:is. E.Jupnnicns
is very showy in autumn, wit)i ir- 1,i-;!': .^,r y. ll.-\v foli-
age more or less marked witi: ■ I.: I ■■ •l..|l„'lv rnn-
trasting black berries, lu':'- _ i.-i- ihmhit-

ous umbels of Andromeda h,.' ,: , !■ . _!.inii plants
are obtained through deak-r.-^ lu JapauL l (iaiit.s. The
species is hardy as far north as Washington, D. C. and
perhaps farther. Enkianthus is a genus of glabrous
shrubs: branchlets somewhat whorled: buds furnished,
with deciduous bracts: Ivs. stalked, leathery and ever-
green or membranuus ami ilfcidu.ius, entire or minutely
toothed: fls. in teriiiinal umli-N. white, rosy or scarlet,
drooping or merely nculilinu'; calyx small, 5-cut; corolla
urceolate or broadly tH.-ll-^liapcd, with 5 spreading or
reflexed lobes ; stamens lu: ovary 5-celled. Pour kinds
are grown abroad under glass. Equal parts of loam and
peat, and careful potting, are advised. Prop, by cuttings
of ripe wood, inserted under glass in spring without
heat; also, by layering out of doors.

Jap6nicus, Hook. Lvs. crowded at the ends of branch-
lets, IM-Z in. long, short-stalked, obovate when young,
ovate when older, acute, serrulate, deciduous : tls. droop-
ing, pure white ; pedicels 8 lines long, glabrous; corolla
globose, with 5 sacs at the base, a contracted mouth, and
5 small, revolute lobes : capsule narrow, erect. Japan.
B.M. 5822. B.H. 1877, p. 467. G.C. III. 21:357.

E. campanulAtiis, Nicholson. Fls. axillary, drooping, in
short racemes, dark red throughout, without sacs at the base;
pedicels sometimes minutely hairj',6-9 lines long ; corolla 4
lines across, with 5 erect lobes. In the forests of Jap.iu some-
times 30 ft. high. Has brilliant foliage. Northern Jap. B.M.
7059.-£. Himalaicus, Hook. Lvs. 2-3 in. long, narrower above
the middle and more tapering than in E. Japonicus, and .aouter
at the base, pubescent beneath when young; fls. drooping, 6-14
inan umbel; pedicels hairy; corolla dull yellowish red, streaked
brighter Bed, without sacs at the base, and erect lobes. B.M.
6460. R. H. 1888, p. 512. The bright red petioles and leaf-mar-
gins are possessed to a lesser degree in the ne.xt species, but
this has yellowish pedicels and the next species red ones. —
E. quinqueflbrus, Lowe. Lvs. longer petioled than in the rest,
oval, and more abruptly pointed; calyx colored like the corolla
instead of green, as in the other kinds: fls. drooping, scarlet,
sometimes white at tips, with 5 Stics. which are shorter than in
E. Japonicus. R.H. 1849:321. B.M. 1649. 6.0.111.21:357. B.R.
11:884-5. The buds are particularly interesting. W. M.

ENTADA (a Malabar name). Legum!iids„j. A seuus
of 13 speciesof tropical, woody, spineless cliinl.crs. with
bipinnate lvs. White fls., in spike-like r;i.'.-in.s. ( ine
kind has lately been introduced from the West Indiis to
the southern states. It makes a quick growth. IV-tals
free or slightly cohering, valvate : stamens 10, free, ex-
serted: anthers crowned with a deciduous small gland:
ovary many -ovuled. The lvs. often bear tendrils. Some
of the species yield "Sea Beans" (G. F. 7:503).

polystilchya, DC. At length tendril-bearing : pinnse
in 4-6 pairs: Ifts. in 6-8 pairs, oblong, rounded at apex:
racemes in tenninal panicles: pod oblong, straightish.
Trop. Amer.

ENTELfiA (Greek, complete; the stamens all fertile,
a distinguishing feature). Tilihcea. Perhaps 3 species
of trees from New Zealand and Tahiti. The following is
said to be an extremely fast grower in S. Calif., and is
cult, abroad under glass, but, from the picture cited, it
seems not worth the space in northern greenhouses.
Lvs. 5-nerved, stellate-pubescent: fls. white, in terminal

EPACRIS

531

cymes; sepals 4-5; petals 4-5; stamens numerous, free:
ovary 4-6-celled; cells man j'-ovuled: style simple.

arborfescens, R.Br. Attaining 30 ft.: the heart-shaped
outline of the leaf broken on each side, about two-thii-ds
of the way toward the tip, by a projection Kin. long or
nearly as long as the tip of the leaf: lvs. 6 in. long, 4 in.
wide, doubly serrate. New Zeal. B.M. 2480.— Int. by
Franeeschi.

ENTEROLOBIUM (meaning not obvious). Legu-
mindsce. Six species of tropical trees, of which 2 have
been introduced into S. Calif. Unarmed: lvs. bipinnate:
Hs. greenish, in large heads or clusters; corolla 5-
toothed; stamens any number up to 10, purple or white.
A. Pod bent back in a complete circle.

cycIoc4rpum, Griseb. Pinnae in 4-9 pairs: Ifts. In
20-30 pairs, unequal-sided, oblong, pointed. Cuba,
Jamaica, Venezuela.

AA. Pod forming Jialf or two-thirds of a circle.

Timboilva, Mart. "A truly magnificent tree, with
shining bark and spreading head, sure to become popu-
lar in the South. Hardy at Naples, Italy."— Franeeschi.

EOMfiCON (Greek, eastern poppy). PapaverAcem.
A rare, hardy herbaceous perennial plant with white
fls., destined to no great popularity, but interesting to
lovers of hardy borders. Hooker writes: "A beautiful
monotypic genus, intermediate between Stylophorum
and Sanguinaria, differing from both in the scapose
habit, racemose fls. and sepals confluent in a mem-
branous, boat-shaped spathe, and further from Stylo-
phorum in the form of the lvs. and color of the fls., and
from Sanguinaria in the'four petals and elongate style."
The plant is hardy with Woolson at Passaic, N. J.

chiondntha, Hance. Rootstock creeping, ascending,
full of yellow sap: lvs. all from the root ; stalks twice
as long as the blades; blades 3-6 in. long, heart-shaped,
concave, broadly sinuate, rounded at the apex, bright
pale green above, almost glaucous beneath: scape 1 ft.
high, reddish: fls. 2 in. across, white; petals 4. Spring.
China, not Japan. B.M. 6871. yx jj

EOPfiPON. See Trichosanthes.

£FACRIS (Greek-made name, upon the summit;
referring to their habitat). Epacridilcece. About 25-30
heath-like shrubs of Australia, New Zealand, etc., of
which half a dozen or less are grown as cool green-
house pot-plants. Lvs. small and entire, usually sharp-
pointed, sessile or short-stalked, scattered or sub-oppo-
site : fls. small and axillary, short-stalked, the flowering
stems being elongated leafy spikes. The fls. are regu-
lar and perfect ; calyx bracteate ; corolla tubular, 5-
toothed, white or shades of purple and red ; stamens
5: ovary 5-loculed, ripening into either a fleshy or cap-
sular fruit. Distinguished from Ericas by the bracteate
or scaly calyx, and the anthers opening by slits rather
than pores. In the Old World, Epacrises are prized by
those who grow heaths, and many good varieties are
known. They bloom in early spring or late winter. The
varieties of E. impressa may be flowered for Christmas;
perhaps others may be so treated. A carnation house,
50^-55°, suits them well. There are double-fld. forms.
The most important to the horticulturist are:

imprfissa, L.abin. Three ft., erect, twiggy, downy;'
lvs. horizontal or deflexcd. narrow-l:nn-,-ul;itt' and sluirp:
fls. rather large (often '.j in. loiii;), tuliuhir. iH-n.li-nt. .in
very short stalks, red or wliiic l'..M. ;:;i)7. Tin r- :(ie
many forms: var. parviilora, Lin.ll., U.K. 2.5:l'.i; E.
campanulAta, Lodd.,v,'ith broader fls.. L. B.C. 20:1925;
E. cerwflbra, Grab., B.M. 3243; E. iiivdlis, Lodd.,
snow white, L.B.C. 19:1821, B.R. 18:1531; E. varidb-
ilis. Lodd., blush, L.B.C. 19:1816; longiSldra, Cav.
{E. miniAta, Lindl. E. grandifldra, Willd.). Stems
woolly, straggling : lvs. ovate-pointed or cordate-
pointed, sessile or nearly so, many-rerved : fls. long
(nearly 1 in.), red at base and white at the limb, cylin-
drical. B.M. 982. B.R. 31:5. -Handsome. Var. spl§n-
dens, Hort., has brighter colors.

acuminita, Benth. Lvs. ovate, acumin.ate, clasping,
ascending: fls. small, red, the corolla tube not much
exceeding the calyx.

532 EPACRIS

purpuriBcena, R. Br. Lvs. ovate-acuminate, trough-
shaped, tipped with a long curved point or spine : fls.
short, the calyx nearly equaling the corolla, white or
pinkish. There is a doublc-t)d. form. L.B.C. 3:237.
G.C. II. 5: 340. -Probably identical with E. pidchella,
Cav.

obtusiidlia, Smith. Lvs. small, elliptic or linear, thick
and obtuse : fls. small, white, the spikes more or less
one-sided. L.B.C. 3:292.

Other trade names aro /•; ,.,,;-,,/, < IK ,iiiii-.nn, ;;.

hyacinthiflbra, v;ir. cartili'i'^ ■■':■ .imI v ;n /"^

gma,vink.—E.hubridasiii'r : ,:.,-u. ich-h l..r

mixed kinds of Epacris.-/. '' -' I I III i-hl r.a. -y,, .f"(-
miinea. L. 11. U.

The genus EiKicri< iilini-li i.rrhaps not as well known
as the Ericas, Willi wlu'li ili.v are usually grown, re-
quiring the saiiii-.iiliur. I tiniiishL-s the Cool greenhouse
with some of thr III. iM In :i,,i iiul hard-wooded flowering
plants known, iIh i1 . . mln .irini,' a good range of color.
Where a goo.l \iiiiitv "( iln-^i- plants is grown, the
flowering period rxi. ii,U Ir.iu the end of Januaryto the
end of April. Atlir lluw. rint', the upright or bushy
species should receive whatever pruning may be neces-
sary to secure a well-shaped plant, while the pendulous
Tarieties will require the shortening of only the strong-
est branches to induce a more even growth. If neces-
sary, potting should be done at this timr. and tlm^i-
which do not need repotting should have tli. .hainiL'.
of their pots made perfect, as a water-lot;L'i d r.niditiMii
of the soil is fatal to these plants. The sml l">t ^-uii. d
to them is two parts good fibrous peat, one part k-al-
mold, and one part silver sand. In potting, small
shifts should be given and the soil pressed as firmly as
possible in the pots. After potting and pruning, the
plants should be placed in a temperature of 60-65°, and
syringed on all fine days to encourage fresh growth.
During the summer they should be placed outside, in a
position where they would receive some shade during
the hottest part of the day, and tlie pots should be
plunged in ashes or i.ili> r in.ii i.ndnriing niatirial.

Careful watering is ni_T. h : s witli tli.sr

plants. If allowed t" li will l"^'- tin ii-

lower lvs., which spoils liin . ;. , ■ ; nt tlir -imii'

time a saturated condition i,i iln i ; fivil t i i!i m.
Though they may be propagute<l 1. , , , , i . .

tings of the young growth is in-i. r >

should be about I inch in len^'ili ; i i ■
the young growths. They may l" nir.d r: n

pans of sharp silver sand, with a lI.i-- Ik II inr idn.. d
over them to keep them close. 'I'lir inni-; sIhmiM lir
plunged in the propagating bed and tin- cuitinir^ rarr-

fully watered and shaded till i tid. TIi.' iii"i~iiin.

which collects in the ludl-Jar- slii.nld lii' \vi|i.d "iii tw.i
or three times a day, and a Imli- \ .■iiiil:iii..ii f:"iM ilic
bottom admitted after al..iui ihr iliird ,]:ty. r.iiM.vinu'
the bell-jars altogether as lin- .ntiiiiL'- lucn'ii. i,,..i.d,
which usually takes two or tlini- wr, i,^. win n iia.iv
rooted, they should be potted sinuly int.. ilimnli pmI -
and grown "along, pinching when n. rrs-.ny t" indue, a
bushy habit. T'l.w ai-m d. i'anmni,.

It is a good plan t.. idunj,'!' ]Mits .ii' I',]. arris in an open
position and cnvrr Ihr iduuls dnrinu' dimr and .luly with
lath racks. AImhiI Aiiuusi. hr-in u. ithmiv.- the racks
a few hours enidi day iinlil the niiddl.- nt Scpti-mber.
Then remove the racks altogether. This practice
hardens the wood and insures the setting of buds. A
top dressing is a great help to Epacris and all hard-
wooded plants. Hay or straw, run through a hay cutter,
makes the best dressing. It can be put on quickly and
evenly; it protects from the sun; It is light; it dries
quickly, and has no bad effects, as manure does in the
case of some hard-wooded plants. The writer has found
the following sorts do well : Diadem, Eclipse, Her
Majesty, Model, Rose Perfection, hyacinthiflora and
vars. candidissima and fulgens, impressa alba, miniata
vars. superba and splendens, rubra superba.

H. D. Darlington.
EPHfiDEA (ancient Greek name, used by Pliny for
the Horse-tail). Oiietdcea. Generally low, much-
branched shrubs, often procumbent and sometimes
climbing, the green branches resembling much those of

EPIDEXDRUM

Equisetum, bearing minute, scale-like, sheathing lvs. in
distant pairs or whorls : fls. inconspicuous, but fr. in
some species decorative, berry-like and scarlet. They
are but rarely grown, and most of them are tender: half
hardy North are £. distuchya, foliafa, yei-adoisis,
trifu'rca. They can be used for covering dry. sandy
banks or rocky slopes, and are prop, by seeds or by
suckers and layers. About 30 species from S. Europe,
N. Africa. Asia and in extra trop. Amc-r. Fls. din-
idi.iis.in small anunr^, fnrniiiii' n -md'v r-d'iii.-l. d i.-iil-

Latest monograph by O. Stapf, in Denkschr. Akad.
Wissensch., Wien, Vol. 56 (1889), (in German and

Latin! .

bright or bluish green : lvs. Vs"!-!** in- i
clustered, ovate: stamlnate-ovate fls.wii
late2-fld.: fr. berry-like. W. Asia.— £

connate, about H in. louB : ameiits solitary ; pistillate 1-tUi
fr. dry, the roundish bracts \nth transparent marKins. Ai
zona to Colorado. Alpreh REnnER.

EPIDfiNDRUM (»/'"" ''■" . .'iii.iM.., 1.. 1 - . nndi;

column, the blade spreading and usually di-cply hihed:

poUinia 4, 2 in each anther cell, separated. Nearly 500

species discovered and described from central America.

Epidciidrnms are noted as the rankest weeds amongst

liii iiliid nil"-. The remarkable success in the rais-
i !. 1.1 ■ it in the genus itself, or with the
: I '1 :iiid Ln?lia, has opened a wide field for
I i Ii . 1.1 iii-i. iipidendnim seedlings grow freely; the
iiiii.- r,-.|uu.d lu bring them to the flowering stage is
little compared with other orchids, ami it is imt n i|ncs-
tinn of a short time till the blood c.f ili.. I'.idil. ii.lniins
will be infused into the weaker but in. .it ;;..i ;;<"US
tbiwers of cenera more difficult to grow. It is also the
loir.: -I I 111 and the grace of the racemes of the Epiclendra,
;i, ..M 1! ir- till- odor of some of their species, whith the
li.l.ii.ji-i will try to blend with the largeness of short-
si, niiiu .1 iloworsi of Cattleyas for instance. Wetherefore
give liolow a list of the species but rarely found under
cultivation, but the value of which will call for and
justify large importations of their kind before long.
Geokoe Hansen.
It is s.'ar.Tly ]...ssil.l,. to api.lv any one rule for the
cultivation of tins ^^l.l.•l\ dn.r-ini iiihl large genus,

which imdil.l... ni.nn Imn.] n-.l- . . t v:i n;i 1 .1. ■ individtlals

geographic. ilh' disi rilmt. .1 all ..\rr tn.idcal America.
For convenience they are treated under their several
separate sections.

Section 7.— Barkeria embraces several deciduous,
small-growing spiidcs which generally deteriorate
sooner or In or nn.l. r . lUivation. They succeed best in
small li.i-l ... . ,1 from the roof in rough, loose
material.- ' ; .at fiber, with a small quantity

of live. Ili. Ill moss added to la-tain niois-

tiib plant.s have matured growth they should be removed
to a rather sunny location and be' syringed overhead
often enough to keep them in sound condition until they
start new action. While resting during winter the tem-

EPIDENDRUM

perature may range from 50° to 55° Fahr. at night, and
a few degrees higher during the day. They are increased
by division. This should take place as the plants start
growth action in early spring, allowing at least three
pseudobulbs to each piece.

Section //.— Encyclium, of which E. atropurpnrettm,
E. Hemorale and E . prismatocarpum are good examples,
may be grown either in pots or baskets in equal parts
clean peat fiber and lire chopped sphagnum, with a
liberal amount of drainage, and exceptiiif^ E. rifrUiiium,
which must be grown cool, they rci|inr. :i ;., ; i. -uiiiiy
location with a winter temperature <'\' "- ' '' I'llir.
by night and several degrees adv;iii. . : iiy.

In February and March, many spi-rii - .; , m, i .1 i.r
growth action; such a<i nped it sh.mM ;i;. ;; i. i. [...tti/d
or top-dressed, as or.M^i..n r.M|iiin,. The' iii;!,!, inture
should be increast-'l scv.r.'il il-^fr,'-<. nn.l :< l'i .Mter
amount of water ]>c allnwa with ii-c>|iiriit .>> . ilu-ad
syringing on bright days. Vciitilafitin sIimuM Im' driven
whenever the weather will permit, to keep the yuung
growths from damping-off and the atmosphere active;
at this time the plants will need light shading to pre-
vent sun-burning. The stock is increased by cutting
nearly through the rhizome 3 or 4 bulbs behind the lead,
when starting action ; this will generally cause the
latent eyes to grow, but the pieces should not be re-
moved until the new growth is well advanced.

Section ///.— Aulizeum includes such species as E.
citiare, E. cochleattim, etc., the several requirements
being identical with the preceding.

Section /F.— Euepidendrum. These are mostly tall
growing reed-like species, of which E. enxtinn and
E. radicans afford good illustrations. They are best
adapted for pot culture. The pots should be two-thirds
filled with drainage and the compost— consisting of
about equal parts peat fiber and liv.. s|i)ia'rMiim, well

mixed — pressed in firmly about the r - !■ th

surface raised a little above the rim i' n 11

finished, to shed off surplus water. W I no

growing they require a shaded, nmi-i I > ::ii 1 1\

temperature of about 75° Fahr., with 5 er ID d _iees
less at night. They should not be kept too -s^ et at the
s, but overhead syringing in bright weather is very

EPIDENDRUM

533

beneficial. While
should be modifie.l 11 ^1-
tion be given, wiTh 1
to keep the canes , r 1^
Young plants of ten i^'i u
and on the old flower »;e;
plants remain until they
they can be more safely 1

the temperatur
a more sunnj loca
iiiging, enough only
m sound condition
. .jf the upper leaves
St to let these young
r second growth, as
; that time.

and green fls., crimson spotted, fragrant. Mexico to
New Granada. B.M. 4759. G.C. III. 17: 055.

AA. Inflorescence terminal.

B. Stems witliout bulbs: leaves distichous t alternate :

only top of column free from lip. {Euepidendrum.)

2. Catillus, Reichb. f. (i?. impcrd^or, Hort.). Fls. cin-
nabar red. New Granada. I.H. 21:162.

3. cinnabarinum, Salzmann. Stems 3^ ft. : fls. orange-
red, 2 in. in diam., lobes of lip deeply fringed. Beauti-
ful species. Braz. B.R. 28:25.

i. ebiimeum, Reiehb. f. Stems terete, 2-3 ft.: fls. 3-4
in. in diam., yellowish green; lip ivory white, with yel-
low calli. Panama, in swamps. B.M. 5643.

5. ellipticum, Graham {E. crassifdliinn, Hook.). Fls.
on long scapes, clustered, rose or purple, Kin. in diam.
Braz. B.M. 3543.

6. findresii, Reiehb. f. Stems 6-9 in. : racemes 9-12-
flowered: fls. 1 in. in diam., pure white; lip and column
spotted purple. Costa Rica. G.C. II. 23:504.

7. ev§ctuin. Hook. Stems 3-5 ft. : peduncles nodding,
2 ft. : fls. rich purple, lip deeply fringed. New Granada.
B.M. 5902.

8. leucochilum.KIotzsch (i'. »»;)cr()(or, Hort.). Stems
2 ft.: fls. 5-9, on long pedicels, greenish vellow, lip pure
white. New Granada, 6,000-9,000 ft.

9. panicuiatum, Ruiz & Pav. Stems 3-4 ft. : fls. % in.
across, lilac-purple, lip whitish yellow. Venezuela to
Peru, high altitudes. Most free-flowering and best of
paniculate species. B.M. 5731. I.H. 22:211.

10. radicans, Pavon(.B.Wi!Z(5p7)r)r!(m,Batem.). Stems
semi-scandent, up to 5 ft. long, long white roots from
opposite the leaves: fls. up to 2 in. in diam., numerous;
most brilliant of the red-flowering species. Guatemala,
amongst heavy grass Gn 24-412

BB Stems thickened into pseudnhulh
c P^emlohulbs 2-4 leaded labellum admil U s than

Section T'.— Fsilanthemum contains but one species,
E. Stamfordianum, which requires the same general
treatment as those in Section II. Robert M Grey

half If him

11 ^leg-ans 1 it'
Westc ) St I

purple blot h 1 1 1 I

12 Skinneri Exteman (Enl
Lvs ovate oblong sheathing th I 11
terminal bearing rose lilac fl >\ t
petals and sepaK nearly equal 1 1 1
base as to present dorsal surface t
bellum ovate with 3 raised lines
22 18bl PM lo 1 (var majoi)

,a,Uua )
f rn^ Knowles &
24 in fls 5-7
lip whitish with
b M 47b4
' n, M Paxt )
1 1 III 1 eduucle

Ut 1 111 IClOSS

t«i ted at the

atropurpureum, 15. Lindleyaniim, 13,
aurantiacum, 27. maculatum, 21.
bicornutum and bi- macrochilum. 16.

cinnabaimi
coehleatum
crassifohun

elhpticiun, 5.
Endresu, 6.
falcatum, 25.
fragrans, 26
Qodseffianum, '
imperator, 2, 8
leucochiltmi, 8.

A. Inflorescence radical.

{ Fsilanthemum. }

1. Stamfordi£lnnm, Batem.

Stems fusiform, 12 m. long: Ivs.

7-9 in.: large panicles of yellow

Arbutus or Mayflower. (See Epigiea, page 535.)

EPIDEXDRUM

across, r..s,-|,ur|. I. ; In i^Mliiiu v, ii I, ;, v, h ii.- i i -1. ; iM'tals
broader than lln' -i-ji:!!-. ' ' u'rnl Am' rp m, 1- :i'.

U. Bpectabile, K.iclil,. i. [ll-i,l:; riu .y„ .tdbiUs,
Batem.). Flok he Isabal. Stems tutted, cylindrical,
4-5 in. high: Ivs. 2: raceme about 6-fld.: fls. 3-4 in.
across, bright lilac ; sepals linear-lauceolate ; petals
ovate-lanceolate; labellura white at base, red-spotted.
Guatemala.

cc. Pseudobulbs J-S-, rarely S-leaved, laheUum
at base, or not up to the middle, coin
whujed. [EnryHtum.)
1."). atropurpireum

wt

liit-'h

iroeiaium, Hook.).
s. lanceolate, 12-15
mcle G-lO-fld.; fls.
u greenish ground;
toVene-

stripes. Mi

als purplish,
pear-shaped :

2!^ in. in diam., purplish br
lip yellowish white, with c
zuela. B.M. 3534. A.F. 6:bu».

var. rdseum, Keichb. f. Sipals
lip bright rosy. Guatemala. V.M.

IC. BrassdvolaB, Reichli. I. I'-m
Ivs. 6-9 in.: racemes Is-LH in., t'l-'.i IM. : lis. 4 in. across,
sepals and petals narrow. x.-IImwIsIi l.r..\vn; lip trowel-
shaped, purple, white and greuu. Jlcx. to Guatemala,
8,000 ft. B.M. 5G64.

17. dichrdmum, Lindl. Fls. white, lip rose-colored,
yellow and downy at base. Brazil.

18. nemoraie, Lindl. Pseudobulbs sub-globose, 3-4 in.
high : Ivs. 9-12 in. : peduncles 2 ft. long, covered with
warts : fls. 3^ in. in diam., rose-colored ; lip rosy
mauve, streaked with purple. Mex. B.M. 4600, G.C.
II. 24:332. A.P. 0:633.

19. OBminthum, Rodrigues (JE. GodseffiAnum, Rolfe.
E. Capartidnmn, LimU.). Fls. 1% in. across, in large
panicles, light green, suffused with brown; lip white,
lined with rose-purple, fragrant. Braz. — One of the
handsomest species.

20. prismatooirpuin, Reichb. f. (E. maculdtum,
Hort.). Pseudobulbs ovoid, tapering, 4-5 in.: Ivs. 12-15
in. : fls. IK in. across, pale yellow-green, with purplish
black spots; lip pale purple, with yellow tip and white
border. Cent. Amer., 5,000 ft. B.M. 5336.

21. vitelllnum, Lindl, Pseudobulbs ovoid, 2 in. long:
Ivs. 6-9 in.: peduncles 15-18 in., 10-15-flowered : fls.
cinnabar-red; lipand column orange. Mex., 6,000-9,000
ft. B.M. 4107. G.C. III. 10:141.

Var. mijus, Veitch. Pseudobulbs shorter : racemes
denser: fls. larger and more brilliant. G.C. III. 12:1.59.
—Very superior to the species; type no longer imported.

ccc. Pseudobulbs 1-2-, rarely S-leaved: Up adnafe up
to apex of column. {Aulizeum.)

22. vendsum, Lindl. Butterfly Okchid. Scape 1 ft.,
with white sheaths : Ivs. 3, 4-G in. long, linear-lanceo-
late: scape tumid at base, 5-7-fld.; fls. pink, chocolate
and green, about 1 in. long, lasting a long time. On
oaks, etc., Mex. — Of easy culture. The Florida repre-
sentative of this species is H. Tampense, Lindl. See
9th Rept. Mo. Bot. Gard. 137, plates 38, 39.

23. ciliire, Linn. Pseudobulbs clavate, 4-6 in. : Ivs.
4-6 in., springing from sheathing bract: peduncles 5-7-
flowered : fls. yellowish green ; lip white. Tropical
America, between 5th and 20th parallel of north latitude.
B.R. 10:784. — Plant resembles a Cattleya. Introduced
to cult, in 1790.

24. coclileft.tuin, Linn. Pseudobulbs 3^ in. : Ivs. 6 in. :
racemes 4-7-flowercd : fls. 3-4 in. across, greenish
white; lip deep purple beneath, light green above, with
maroon blotch on each side, column white. Trop. Amer.
from Fla. to New Granada. B.M. 572.— Introduced 1787,
first epiphytical orchid to flower in England.

25. faloitum, Lindl. (E. Parkinsonltlnum, Hook.).
Pseudobulbs thin, raising from runiiintr rhiznmi>s,
monophyllous : Ivs. 6-12 in., fleshy, .•lianiick'.l f.n ..in-
side : peduncles 2-5, sheathed, l-ll.)\v.-r.-.] : Hs. ."i in.
across, greenish yellow ; lip whitu, fjre.-nisli at aj.. x.
Mex. to Guatemala. B.M. 3778.-l'luut3 gruw iuvurtcd.

EPIG.EA

2G. Ir^grans, Swartz. Pseudobulbs fusiform, mo-
nophyllous, 3-4 in.: Ivs. 8-12 in.: fls. inverted, 2 in. in
diam., very fragrant, pale greenish or whitish ; lip crim-
son streaked. Guatemala, through the West Indies to
northern Brazil. B.M. 16«9.

27. aurantlacum, Batem. Once classed in the sepa-
rate group of Epicladium, now often accepted as a spe-
cies of Cattleva, where it was first referred bv Don.
The plant ^r^Avs with, and mu.-h rcsen.bl.-s Callle<ja
Shhin. ,■;. ri.. V : i.,, :,.T..--, ..i-iinL'. -r. .', Ci.^.t. n.,.l;,.

Andr*. Sts. 4-5 ft.:
mgo calli. New Gra-
■<nn, Lindl. Sts. 4-6
1.', brown and yellow.
\:,\y—E. candpaeum, R.
i.k : fls. green, tinged
..lute, the petals nar-
■ iTered by Rcasoner.—
IN. yellow-green : lip
UMi, Rolfe. Fls. car-
-E. fiilaeiis. Bn.iign.

fr.igrant. ' - i
Br. Scar*- t. ^v n. ;i
with purple, tin? s.:-i.:ii
rower and obtuse, s
E, Cooperiiiniim, B.-ii-
bright purple. Bi-.-.?

1.:- ground. Xow Gra-
as terminal racemes.

yi'llow, veined brown ;
Brazil.— U. alt'itum,
green ; lip yellowish.

H.'.:. -!--.- '■-;.' '■ '.;•; •' l-ii.'l' -.■,i|-:inl..7ft. lligU:

Ueobge Hansen.
EPIGJEA (Greek, epi, upon, gaia, earth; in reference
to its trailing growth). EricAcea. This genus includes
our charming Trailing Arbutus, which in New England
at least is the most popular of all our wild flowers.
Creeping, branching, slightly woody, more or less rough
hairy shrubs: Ivs. alternate and entire, petiolate, leath-
ery and evergreen : fls. monopetalous, perfect, large,
dimorphous or dioecious, sessile in axillary or terminal
clusters; sepals 5; corolla salver-shaped, with 5-parted
spreading border ; stamens 10, attached to the base of
the corolla ; style columnar ; stigma 5-lobed : ovary
ovoid, 5-celled, many-ovuled ; capsule depressed-glo-
bose, encircled by the persistent calj-x. Two si.c-.-iis,
N. E. America and Japan. The E. cordifoliu (iu..fi-d in
Index Kewensis as South American is probably not
of tills ffrnus. It seems tn be known only from the old

1.- 'I'railing Arbutus, especially in
^ l..-en exterminated by ruthless
always attracts interest. Only

EPIG-EA

a brief epitome is here en n F r fuller details
consult GF 0 ^0^ anl s 1 I II \ irsery Book

which gives the eiper 1 t Occuis in

sandy and ^oek^ woo 1 rgreen trees

in earliest spring Th i id soil and

shady situations, Trin i Ity When

a too greit shock is re i 1 f t ex

posure, change of terapeiiture t 1 1 "i ur

3 years, if established it all 'sni U ] I 1 ro

cured, removed -n ith ut hirm n tl 1 ] 1 iti- 1

under the same con lit i f 1 1 i 1 tht

greatest care The-s hits i1 I 1 ] I ■"• 1

tember or Octol-ir new 1 1 II lie

or coldframe wmteiel i Ml t i 1 utc 1

■until the second spimg L t u th i ith 1 f i
hill, in light sandy soil miie 1 with k if m 11 Once
established it spreads rapidly Prop by d ^ ision of
old plants layers or cuttings Seeds aie rarel} to md
but when found may be used though slow to de\ elop
rSpena, Linn. Trailing Arbutus,. GROtrvD Lalrel
Mayflower. (The Mayflower of English history and
literature is the Hawthorn.) Fig. 763. Spreading on the
ground in large patches, with hirsute branches 6-15 in.
long just beneath the Ivs., sending out roots and leaf-
aud flower-bearing stalks every 2-3 in.: Ivs. oval or
nearly orbicular, thick, acute or obtuse, cordate or
rounded at the base, glabrous above, hirsute below,
green on both sides, 1-3 in. long, petioles hairy: fls. spicy-
fragrant, few or several crowded in clusters, practically

EPIMEDIUM

535

Bithe

being

rtive, the
and rosy.

female fls. larger and whiter, the i

Em. 431. G.W.F. 37. Mn. 3:17. Gn. io, p. i;t.i. -New-
foundland to N. W. Terr., south to Fla., Ky. and Mich.,
chiefly east. The vernacular name is pronounced Ai-'-
bu-tus, not Ar-bu'-tus. a. Phelps Wtman.

EFILOBIUM (Greek, upon the pod; the flower and pod
appearing together). Onagrclcece. This genus includes
hardy herbaceous perennial plants, thriving in any soil,
with willow-like foliage, and large, showy spikes of deep
pink or rosy crimson fls. borne from June to Augu.st. They
are particularly suited for naturalizing in meadows for
mass effects. A genus of about 65 species, widely scat-
tered in temperate and frigid regions: herbs, or sub-
shrubs, erect, sprawling or creeping: Ivs. alternate and
opposite, toothed or not: fls. axillary or terminal, soli-
tary or in spikes or racemes, rosy purple or flesh-colored,
very rarely yellow; calyx tube scarcely, if at all, pro-
duced beyond the ovary; petals 4, obovate or obcordate,
erect or spreading; stamens 8: ovary 4-celled; seeds

The taller species, like B. angustifolium and Idr-
sufiim, make very rank growth in moist places, and are
therefore especially adapted for the wild garden or for
naturalizing along the water's edge and in lowmeadows.
The underground runners travel great distances, and
the plants spread fast when not kept in bounds. Prop,
■by division or seeds.

angustiJdlium, Linn. (A'. sjiicAtum, Lam.). Great
"Willow Herb. Fire Weed. In cult, mostly branched
and 3-5 ft. high ; in the wild simple or branched, 2-8 ft.
high : Ivs. alternate, very short-petioled, lanceolate,
entire or minutely toothed, 2-6 in. long, 4-12 lines wide,
pale beneath, acute, narrowed at bases: fls. spreading.
In long, terminal spike-like racemes, petals rounded at
tip; stigma 4-lobed: capsules 2-3 in. long. Eu., Asia,
N. Amer. B.B. 2:481. Var. 41ba, Hort., has pure white
flowers suitable for cutting; also occurs wild. This va-
riety was perfected in England. It forms a compact
bush.

hirsilitum, Linn. Stout, 2—4 ft. high, with short but
conspicuous soft hairs: Ivs. oblong-lanceolate, usually
opposite, sessile and often clasping, with many small,
sharp teeth, 1-3 in. long, pubescent on both sides: fls.
erect, axillary, about 1 in. across; petals notched. Bal-
last Weed from Europe. English names are Codlins and
Cream, Fiddle Grass.

EPIMfiDIUM (Greek, UTce Mediox. a plant said to
grow in Media ; a name from Dioscorides, retained by

Linnaeus). Berberiditcece. This genus contains some of
the daintiest and most interesting plants that can be
grown in the hardy border, and £. maeraiithum, particu-
larly, is as distinct, complicated and fascinating as many
of the rare, tender and costly orchids. The whole
tribe to which it belongs is exceptionally interesting,
and is one of the ni(i-.t strikiiiL' i>{ those rare cases in
which the cultural, ImI^liu. m1 and artistic points of view
have much incomm"ii. A wall -imwu collection of these
plants in pots would aliii.ist la rtainly win high praises
and prizes. Of the 111 K'lU'ia "f this tribe, only Ber-
beris and Nandina are shrubs, all the rest being herbs,
with creeping, underground stems, and all small, choice,
curious, and cultivated to a sliijht extent, except Bon-
gardia and Leontice. Podophvlluni contains our man-
drake; Cauloplivlluni tlif quaint l.lur ,a,ln,sh ; and tlie
others are Ar.ranilius, Arl.ly-. 1 )ipliyllrna. .T.-ftY.rsnnia
andVancouvrria. A r,,ll,.ai i,,n .if all ili.s.- i.laiits shnuld
make a charminf,' stndy. What aiiprar t.i be petals in
JE'. macranthnm are really the inner row of sepals, col-
ored like petals, and performing their functions, while
the long spurs or nectaries are supposed to be highly

specialized petals. Epimedium has 8 sepals and 4
petals, which are mostly small and in the fonu of nec-
taries: stamens 4: capsule opening by a valve on the
back : Ivs. pinnately twice or thrice dissected. They
grow a foot or two high. For E. diphyUum, see Acer-
(7)i»n(.s, which is distinguished by its Hat. not nectary-
like petals, and its Ivs. with a pair of Irall.ts ..n .a.h of
the 2 forks of the petiole. Of their oulinrr .1. i;. Keller
writes, "They thrive best in partial slia.l. . and ar- par-
ticularly well suited for rockeries and the mar-ins of
shrubberies. Almost any soil will answer for them.
The peculiar bronzy tints of the young foliage contrast
well with the variously colored flowers. Prop, by divi-
sion." These plants are suitable for pot-culture and for
forcing. The Garden 48, p, 486, shows what a charming
picture can be made of the foliage alone when cut and
placed in a bowl. The plants retain their foliage all
winter, especially in sheltered spots under trees.

ntOFEKTT UUAMT
N. C. State CtUeM

536 EPIMEDU

A. Spurs conspicuous, oflm 1 ;,
as long as the sln<ii-ii
macT&nthum, Morr. & I).- in ■.
ternate ; leaflets corduti-'A aii-
sharply toothed; petiolt"^ \\itl
spicuous hairs : outer se|i:iU ><
red, remaining after the huvr. r .
fl. have fallen: inner srpal- i
spurs white. Japan. B.K. 'I'l:
Gn. 40:984, which is E. pinnni

[E. nlveum, Hort.), has pure white fls. Var. roseum,
Voss {E. rbseum, Hort. E. nlveum, var. rbsemn, Hort. ),
has fls. white, tinged with pink or pale rosy red. Var.
violioeum, Voss (E. violAeeum, Morr. & Decne.), has
violet spurs, shorter than in E. macranthum, but much
larger than in the other species. B.M. 3751. B.E.
26:43. P.M. 4:123. -A very interesting species.

EPIPHYLLUM

sometimes twice
■ P'tls.

lit. Lvs. thrice
:t\ .It the base,
v|preading, con-
- colored bright
.1 i.r parts of the
iK.-olate, violet:
'.M. 5:151. Not
nlveum, Voss

Spu

edium-si.

lo.uj

the

B. Inner septtis bright red.

alplnum, var. rdbrum, Hook. (E. riibrum, Morren).
Pig. 764. Lvs. biternate (but Hooker's picture shows a
tendency to the thrice ternate condition), minutely
toothed : spurs white, marked with red, as in Fig. 764,
which shows the very distinct appearance of the flower.
Japan. B.M. 5671. R.B. 3, p. 33, t. 6 (1853). Hooker
says thi.s differs in no way from E. alpinnm, except in
the larger and red fls., while the type which grows wild
in England (though probably not native) has dull red-
dish yellow fls., and, though advertised, is probably not
in cultivation.

BB. Inner sepals ivhitish or pale yelloir.

MusBohiinum, Morr. & Depne. I.r-. "tiIv owv ter-
nate, sharply toothed, as in E. mar,' ". ,. .n iloi-al
parts whitish or pale yellow. Jaiin i ■ The

least showy kind, but worth growing ::. ; li 'ii. its
spurs having an individuality dilliuuli lu ■.{•■zeru v. Var.
riibrum, of Pitcher & Manda's catalogue, is prt-sum-
ably an error, as a red-fld. form would be very unex-
pected.

AAA. Spurs much shorter than the inner sepals, being,
in fact, mereh/ sm.ill ii.ri,, r-./hnids.

pinn^tum, Fisch. Fig. 7iU. Lvs. usually biternate,
with 5 leaflets, 3 above and 1 on each .-iide; leaflets with
a deeper and narrower basal cut than in E. macranthum:
fls. typically bright yellow; nectaries red, a third or
fourth as long as the inner sepals. Shady mountain
woods of Persia and Caucasus. B.M. 4456. Gn. 46:984,
erroneously as E. macranthum. Gn. 48, p. 486.

Var. 61egans, Hort., presumably has larger, brighter
and more numerous fls. E. sulphureum of European
catalogues is regarded by J. W. Manning and J. B.
Keller as a pale yellow-fld. form of E. pinnatum, but
by Voss as a variety of E. macranthum. A yellow
form of the violet-fld. E. macranthum would be very
surprising.

Var. Colcliicum, Hort. {E. C6lchicum, Hort.), has
brilliant golden yellow fls. and nectaries 1-1>^ lines long.

BB. I/vs. always once ternate.

FerraldeTii.iium, Cosson. This is the African repre-
sentative of E. pinnatum, from which it differs in the
key characters and also in the much more strongly cili-
ate-toothed leaflets. Its flowers are a "paler yellow than
tlio ty|.ic:il A', jiinnatum. It is far from improbable that

s|H ( i' 11^ roiiuecting them will be found in southern

F,un.|„. ,r „ot in Africa." Algeria.'* B.M. 6509.-Lvs.
rt'iiiaiu all winter. Less desirable than E. pinnatum.

E. diphiillum, Lodd. See Aceranthus diphyllus.— £. nfceum
is catalogued by Van Tubergen as a synonym of Musschianum,
but the chances are that all the plants .idvertised as E. nivenm
are E. macranthum, var. nivenm. The spurs are so obviously
longer in E. macranthum that there is no excuse for confusion.
W. M.

EPIPAtTIS (Greek, epipegnuo; it coagulates milk).
OrchidAcew. Hardy terrestrial orchids of minor value.
The first mentioned may be obtained through dealers in

native western and Jai
in the American cdiii
orchids with creeping' i
lvs. ovate or lanceohitt
brown, nearly white

ts; the second is listed
utch catalogue. Leafy
iTi'l uubranched stems:
1.(1 veins: fls. purplish
.1; lower bracts often

longerthan the fls. ; sepals free, spreading.nearly as large
as the petals; lip free, deeply concave at base, without
callosities, narrowly constricted and somewhat jointed
in the middle, the upper portion dilated, pctaloid.

Eoyle4na, Lindl. (A'. ," '" , T. .:ijl, . S;.,ut. 1-4 ft.

high: lvs. from ovatr i. ImIc above,

3-8 in. long: fls. :i- 1' . immI with

purple. June, July, w :i n. i^ ^n.i;! li f^rasttoS.

Utah and W.Tex., ;>iil.ai,kr,oi.sUvaiu:.. Al-o Himalayas.
Int. by Pringle and Hursford, 1SS3. JIu. 8:145.

atrdrubens, Schult. ((£. nibigindsa, Crantzl. Lvs.
often reddish : fls. and ovary dark purple ; lip oval,
acute, or slightly notched: bracts equaling the fls. or
rarely longer. Jiily-Sep. Eu.. W.Asia.

EPIPHRONiTIS is a bigoniric orchid hybrid of Epi-
dendrum and Sophrouitis, fur a charming picture of
which see R.H. 1896:476. It has about 10 fls., chiefly a
brilliant scarlet, set off with bright yellow. Gt. 46, p.
555.

EPIPHtLLUM {on a leaf: v f. n;,,- : . iIi- leaf-like
branches on which the fls. ^ ' -' . Ckab

Cactus. This genus isconjii r -o far as

known, where the plants gmi' '- >; i^^ npon the

trees, along with orchids. trn.M hik in km,'' . lusiers on
the branches: stems flat and juiuted, becoming rounded

/m

^^^%^

' I

if

V

765. Epiphyllum truncatum.

with ago, hearing areol.-p only on the margins and more
or less truncated ends, from which grow the new
branches and fls.: fls. more or less conspicuously
zygomorphous : ovary devoid of bracts, and those of
the tube conii)arativi.|v large and colored as tlir prtals.
The genus i. rl.,-, N Mli-.I i- n,;, II -.-i-'Im-, :,i:.;, ii,,li . .1,
the last t\\.' I ' i' I ■ ' '• • .' ' ■ lo

that genus, i ■ : • : lo-

duced throiiL'ii ii\ io'.m i,-:j. i-n i.i'i .-, '■•■ii i, i , ■ i,i -|i.--

cies and with l'li.\ llucaclu., an. I Cir^n.^. so iL.a lyi.jcal
plants are rarely met with. c. H. Thompson.

Epiphyllums are among the most useful as decorative
plants of all the Cactaceffi. Their brilliant colored blos-
soms, together with the profusion with which they are
usually borne, makes them worthy of a place in every
collection of plants. They are propagated by cuttings,
which root readily when inserted in an ordinary propa-
gating bed. Being low-growin? or pendent-habited
plants, they are very useful snl.j.-.-ts for hanging
baskets. I.,ike most of the Ca.tu^ imiily. they may be
grafted readily upon other Ca.ti. Wli. n lt.iwu as pot-
plants, they are often grafted to elevate them above

better advantage
la /'. BUo are the
tiut; Eiiiplivllums

EPIPHYLLUM

the pots, so as to show them off tc
when in flower. Pereskia acuUata a
stock most commonly used for gra:
upon, though some gardeners prt-fi-r trrattin;; upon
Cereus triangularis, taking clean. lK-alrh\' pii-c-s about
1 foot in length, first rooting them and cstaljlishing
them in pots, then grafting when actire growth of the
Epiphyllums commences in spring. It is said by
some gardeners that Epiphylhims do better and may be
brought into flower earlier l.)y grafting on Cereus tri-
amjularis. Other species of Cereus may also be used
as stock plants for grafting upon, especially the upright-
growing species, as C. coluhriinis. The system known
as wedge-grafting is the best method.

When grown upon their own roots, the soil best
suited to them is two-thirds fibrous loam and one-third
leaf-mold, with a fair proportion of silver sand and
pounded brick added to keep the soil porous, as they are
very impatient of too much moisture at the roots. The
pots or pans in which they are grown must also be well
drained. They require careful watering at all times, but
during the fall and early winter they should receive
only enough to keep them from shriveling. They are
best kept in the greenhouse the whole year round, giv-
ing them an abundance of air durinir Tlir sunmitr to in-
sure well ripened growth. A teiuiHratur.- i.f 4.j-50°
during winter will be sufficient, tlniui.'li a hiirlur tem-
perature may be given after January 1 if wanted in
flower earlier. Edward J. Canning.

truncitum, Haw. Crab Cactds. Christmas Cactus.
Fig. 765. Stems much branched and hanging in large
bunches from the trees : joints obovate to oblong, with
strongly truncate apex, lSi-2 in. long by about %-l in.
broad, bright green, margins coarsely serrate, with 1-3
large, acute teeth on each side, the 2 upper ones form-
ing more or less incurved horns on either side of the
truncation: areola bearing a few short, yellowish or
dark colored bristles, or sometimes none : fls. horizontal,
growing from the truncated end of the younger
joints, strongly irregular, 2K-3K in. long, in va-
rious shades of red: fr. pear-shaped, red, about
"am Braz. B.M. 2562. C4.C. III. 19:9.
— Most of the forms in cultivation are
hybrids between this species and some
other of the genus or with Cereus. Pig.
766 A common basket and rafter plant.
Kussellianum, Hook. Stems more
upright with pendent branches : joints
%-lW m. long by ?s-/4 in. broad,
oblong or elliptical to obovate, light
green margins crenate, with 2-4
areolae on either side, bearing a few
ver\ short dark gray bristles : fls. from
the end of the youngest joints, red,
\%-2M m. long : fr. red, 4-angled or
narrow winged. Braz. B.M. 3717.

EQUISETUM

537

Gaertneri, K. Sch. (E. Snssel-
hdnum, var. Ghrtneri, Reg.).
E \sTER Cactus. Stems of more
u[- right habit, with drooping
branches: joints long-oblong or
elliptical to obovate, %~2^ in.
long by K-1 in. broad, dark
green, margins crenate,with

r~^'AsiiiB'^Bi»-^'-'~>-, about 5 areolaa on either
jR|y% ^.^ side, bearing 6-12 rather
- -- ^\*W ^<^^^ stiff, long, yellow or brown

bristles, and are especially
conspicuous on the trun-
cated apex, where they form
a considerable beard : fls.
from the apex of the young-
est joints, 2M-3 in. long,
scarlet-red: fr. red. Braz.
B.M. 7201.

EpiphyJhtm Oucdfneyi, Houl-
let=Pliyllocactus sp.

C. H. Thompson.
EPIPHYTES, or air plants, grow on trees or other
plants without robbing them of food. Orchids are the
most famous examples among garden plants. Some or-

chids, however, grow in the soil, and others are true
parasites. Plants that live on decaying organic matter,
and have lost more or less of their leaf-green, are called
saprophytes. Many
mosses are Epiphytes.

EPlSCEA (Greek,
shady ; they grow wild
in shady places). Ges-
nerticece. Probably the
best garden form of this
genus is the refined and
elegant basket plant, £.

eupr

i-ith

767. Episcea

coppery colored, softly
hairy leaves, shown in
Fig. 767. The genus has
perhaps 30 species, all

HltI.s with Iniii.-. short
or 11. i linirs : St. Ill from
a crc-ipiii^' r.M.t.liranched
or not : Ivs. <.]ipusite,
equal or not in size :
fls. pedicelled, axillary,
solitary or clustered ;
corollas mostly scarlet,
rarely whitish or pur-
plish ; tube straight or
curved, more or less
spurred at the base;

eqiKil, |..i.. - :,. - in. ading, rounded.

/, ./ is one of the standard

k.t ] ■ , , . lallv for the

require so close an :iiin..^|.l..r.' ;. the Fittonias,
it can be grown in s..iii.. Inin:,' r....uis and per-
haps outdoors in sumin. i- in a ^li:..h- place. Its
chief charms are tli.- si. ii.l. r. ii.nling habit, the
soft hairiness of tlir ii:i\<^, tin .■<,])pery hue,
which is often laid ..i. hi;.' |.:iiiii in two broad bauds
skirting the midrib, an.l th.. lar. i- and perhaps finer
metallic bluish luster of which <Mii occasionally gets a
glimpse in a finely grown specimen. Give very rich,
fibrous loam, and in summer partial shade.

a. Fis. irhile.

Chontalfinsis, Hook (Cyifodelra Clionfal n'<is,
Seem.). Stems stout, more or less ascending dirk red
dish purple 6-10 in long hs opposite and iiiegu
larly whorled, 3-4 in long rl 1 n_ \ itn eienate ob
tuse, rounded at the bast I u bith

sides of the midrib and bet k ■\ eins

margins recurved green ii 1 i juifle

patches, which adv«ice fi i I t \e n the

veins toward the milrib and m n le i 1 s II ug
fls. in I's and 2 s , corolla tube with a sac it the 1 ase
the limb oblique, l'^'i-2 m acioss with small and itgu
lar but conspicuous and beautiful teeth Ch ntales
region of Nicaragua B M 5925 R B 22 241 F '5 18
1924.

aa Fls scarlet

oupre^ta, Hanst ( L km n i cupudta Hook ) Fig
767. Stems slend r | 1 1 r tii g it the

joints, with a mm t i t \ ni hes

which bears the tl 1 1\ s i { er

colored above fls 1 scaikt with a

small sac an i denti 111 1 il s ngua BM 4312
Var. viridlSoha, Hoik has gieen toliage and larger fls ,
1 in. across B M 0115

cocclnea, Benth. & Hook. (Cyrtodelra cocclnea, Hort.,
B. S. Williams). Lvs. dark metallic green, 3-4 in. long,
2K-3 in. wide. Free-flowering.

Robert Shore and W. M.

EQUISfiTTTM contains the weed known as Horse-tails,
or Scouring-rushes. They are suitable for naturalizing
in waste and wettish places. They hold sandy banks.
The following have been advertised by dealers in native

EQUISETUM

?. arvinse, hiemciU (Fig. 708), limdsum, pra-
biistum, scirpoUles, sylvdticum, variegdtum.

For descriptions, consult the manuals. They

grow usually in moist or swale-like places.

They are flowerless plants, allied to ferns and

club-mosses.

ERAGBOSTIS (Greek, lore and grass).
Oramiiiew. Love Gra.ss. Annual or peren-
iii;d grasses, with herbaceous stems of various
haliits, and from G in. to several feet tall.
I ulins simple or often branched. Inflores-
I'fiii-e composed of very v.iriable puiiicli-s,

either close and narrow, r.r I -. rm.! -ri.l. Iv

spreading: spikelcts 2-iii i ■' i i , ■;■.■ ,-
most imperfect. Closely I . . i ,

which it can be distingui h ; :-. , . ini.i i
fl. -glumes, which are dustiitUu i.i: any v.'j'lli
ness. The species are very variable and their
limits hard to define. About 100 species oc-
cur in the warm and temperate regions of
both hemispheres, few of which are of any
agricultural or horticultural value. The fol-
lowing are cult, as "ornamental grasses" in
flower gardens.

AhyBslnlca, Link. A branching, leafy an-
nual, 2-4 ft. high, with widely spreading cap-
illary panicles of many spikelets: Ivs. 12-U
in. long, rough on the upper side, ligule a
mere ring : panicles slender, gracefully
drooping, grayish when in full bloom : spike-
lets 5-7-fld., one-fifth of an inch long. Africa.
— In cult, as an ornamental grass for bou-
quets. Grain used as food in Africa. By
some referred to Poa.

amibiliB, Wight & Am. {Pda amdbilis,
Linn.). An erect grass G in. to 1 ft. high,
with inconspicuous linear -lanceolate Ivs.,
ciliate at the base: spikelets very large and
broad, closely resembling quaking - grass
(Briza), 16-24-fld. India.-In cult, as an orna-
mental grass.

filegans, Nees. Feather Love-Grass. An
erect grass 1-2 ft. high, with smooth culms
and rough Ivs.: panicles closely contracted,
dense: spikelets very small, 4-7-fld., numer-
ous, and presenting a feather-like appear-
ance in mass. S. Amer.— In cult, as an orna-
768. mental grass.
Equisetum mdxima, Baker. Large Love-Grass. A
hyemalc- tall, robust plant, 2-3 ft. high, with lanceolate
Common acuminate Ivs., cordate at the base: panicles
ru"h"^" "'^'^y ''''' '^^'^ '"'°'«i' '^^ •"• '°°S= spikelets
oblong, flattened, very large, K-}^ in. long.
Madagascar. — One of the most ornamental species of
the genus.

colllna, Trin. {E. suaveolens, Becker). 'Fig. 7G9. An
erect, leafy annual, 1-3 ft. high, with densely fld., spread-
ing panicles: spikelets G-13-fid., numerous, one-flfth in.
long : pedicels of spikelets and branches of panicle
rough: Ivs. smooth beneath, rough above. Asia. — The
species is very variable under cult., many different
forms being found. In cult, as an ornamental grass for
bouquets.

ERANTHE.MUM

rarely coarsely toothed: fls. white, lilac, rosy or red,
borne in various ways ; bracts and bractlets narrow,
small ; corolla tube long, slender, cylindrical throughout
or rarely with a short throat ; limb 5-parted ; stamens
2 : ovules 2 in each cell : seeds i or fewer. The genus
Dsedalacanthus, although in a different tribe, is separated
only by a combination of technical characters, but the
garden forms of both genera described in this work are
all distinguishable at a glance. For culture, see Jus-
ticia. Consult Dcedalacaiithiis.

A. Fls. purple.

laxifldrum, Gray. Height 2-1 ft. : Ivs. on the same

Iilant varyiiia; trreatly in size and .shape, those near the

(■ 111 I !iL ^-1.) lines wide; petioles 2-6 lines long,

iiliove the middle, more or less ovate-

I i"wed at the base: fls. in cymes;

>iiiii. I) J, ]M iir, I. sharp-pointed. Fiji. B.M. 6336.

AA. Fls. pure white.

E. mdjor, Host. Stisk Grass.

Ac

ommon

species,

growing

chiefly in cultivated or waste ground.

When

fresh it

emits I

strong, unpleasant odor.— Intr

from Eu

—E. pectinacea.

Nees. Meadow OoMn(,ii.vss. .V

verj

M-.-tty

1 Brass,

with showy colore,] .,:' !i- \

-.uth-

em and middle stnl. !• i >>■

Should be int. int..,

The seed sent cit i

-m five

different sjiecies i /

and Pmi ,i„n^i;ii:.) ■• , ,.

thing: _vi.' /; ■ :

, -i,.,,'i.

ancTals.'.'.'. , , , i

'.l''lh''e

EHANTHEMUM M;,..k, /

r.l

;■.',..,

■ rl. A

.-.nitJiA-

tuberculatum. Hook.

ily told while growing by
the many small roundish ami rough elevations on the
branches: Ivs. =iii!.ll, '^--••■: in. wide, rarely if ever 1 in.
long, broad I V . :: :,im,:.i, .i.tuse or notched, almost ses-
sile: fls. iiiit. I -iiigly in the axils, in sum-
mer; cor..ll I i_'and slender, 1}^ in. long;
limb 1 in. a.i. i li.ri- scarcely exerted. Habitat
unknown. B.:\l. .540.5.

AAA. Fls. white, speckled with red-purple.
B. Foliage netted with yellow.
Teticul&tum, Hort. {F. Sch6mburgkii, Linden).
Height 4 ft. : upper Ivs. 2-7 in. long, ovate-lanceolate,
characteristically netted with yellow ; lower Ivs. 6-10
in. long, not netted, but the veins prominent and yel-
low : fls. racemose ; corolla speckled with blood-red at
the mouth ; anthers reddish brown, exserted. Possibly
Australia. B.M. 7480. I.H. 26:349.

769. Eraerosti

(XM).

BB. Foliage not netted with yellow.

Andersoni, Mast. Lvs. lanceolate or elliptic, narrowed
into a short stalk: fls. in a spike G in. long; lower mid-
dle lobe of the corolla larger and speckled with purple.
Trinidad. Gn. 45:943.

The following trade names belong to plants grown chiefly for

the r fol age Probal
—E albo a g t
irregula ly uff 1 i

EBANTHEMUM

d kw I pi 11 k h

t Ik d It 1 tl h

L h mng th k 1 p n

& W 11 y

The following t a 1
E gn See eh

ch It See Dasdal

loth g n
W M

ERANTHIS (Greek, er, spring, and anthos, a flower;
from the early opening of the flowers). Banunculdcece .
Winter Aconite. Low perennial herbs, with tuberous
rootstock: basal Ivs. palmately dissected, one stem-leaf
sessile or amplexicaul just beneath the large yellow
fl. : sepals 5-8, petal -like; petals small, 2-lipped necta-
ries ; stamens numerous ; carpels few, stalked, many-
OTuled, becoming follicles. About 7 species, natives of
Europe and Asia. Very hardy, and at home in half-
shady places.

(^/3.

ot the very early,
bright fls. Prop, by
division of roots. The
place where the tubers
are planted should be
marked during the
mer, when the foliage

The earliest genei

Hill's British Herb;
p. 47, pi. 7 (17561,
51 years before Sal
bury made thi
A'ranthis.

hyemilis, Salis
(Heiyborus lujemdl
Linn.). Fig. 77 "

petioled : involucre 12-
15-parted. the bright „(,_ ira^this'hyrmalis.

yellow-fls. always ses-
sile; anthers oblong. Jan.-March. Naturalized from
Eu. B.M. 3. Mn. 8:43. G.C. U. 11:245.

Var. Cilicica, Huth. (E. Cillcica, Schott & Kotschy).
Much like the above. Involucre of deeper and more
numerous lobes: anthers ovate instead of oblong; se-
pals broader, beine about i4 in. across; follicles always
straight. Season a few weeks later. — The steins, when
grown in gardens, said to be red-brown. Roots of this
were first sent to England from its native home near
Smyrna in 1892. Rare in Amer. G.C. III. 13:266. Gn.
45, p. 192 (note).

Sibirica, DC. Much dwarf er, seldom over 3-4 in.
high: fls. bright yellow, a little smaller than those of i'.
htfenialis, 5-sepaled. Siberia.

J. B. Eelleh and K. C. Davis.

ESEMtlEUS (Greek name, probably referring to their
tall and striking aspect in solitary and desert places).
LiliAcew. These hardy desert plants When in flower,
with their great flower-stalks taller than a man, and
crowned with a spike of fls. from 1-4 ft. long, are
amongst the most striking spectacles in the choicer
gardens of the North and East. Their roots are clusters
of fleshy fibers : their Ivs. all from the root, in dense
rosettes, long and linear: fls. white, yellow or rosy;
perianth bell-shaped or more widely spreading, wither-
ing and persisting or finally dropping away; segments
distinct or very slightly united at the base; stamens 6:
ovary 3-celled; seeds 1-4 in each cell, 3-angled.

W. M.

E. robustus and-B. Himalaicus are probably the hardi-

ERIANTHUS Ody

est of all the tall, desert-inhabiting plants of the Lily
familv-a family including the Poker Plant, the Aloes,
the Yuccas, and many others that are not so tall and strik-
ing in appearance or else too tender to grow outdoors in
the North. Large specimens ot E. robitstns will annually
produce a flower-stalk 8 ft. or more high, with racemes
4 ft. long, remaining in bloom for a month. After flow-
ering the Ivs. disappear entirely, but early in spring
they reappear, and should then be covered with a box
or barrel, to protect the forming flower-stalk from late
frosts. A mound of ashes over the crown in winter is
advisable, or a box with water-tight top filled with dry
leaves. Both species like a rich soil, moist but well
drained, and plenty of water in the flowerine period,
but none afterwards. Prop, by division, or slowly by
seeds. Large plants are expensive, but they can some-
times be obtained large enough to flower within a year
or so of purchase. It tries one's patience to wait for
seedlings to reach flowering size. The flowers look like
small stars. w. C. Egan.

A. Flowers rosy.
B. Lvs. linear-Ugtdate.

robiistuB, Regel. Root-flbers thick and fleshy: lvs.
glaucous, glabrous, linear-ligulate, 2 ft. long, lH-2 in.
wide, roughish on the margin, with minute recurved
teeth: raceme 4-4K in. wide: stamens about as long as
the perianth. Turkestan. B.M. 6726. Gng. 6:52, 324.
Gn. 46, p. 335. Mn. 8:123. J.H. III. 29:267.
BB. Lvs, ovdie-UtnceoJatf.

filwesil, Micheli (i'. Ehvesitinus. Hort.). Lvs. light
irreen, ovate-lanceolate, obtuse, flat, not at all rough at
the margin, shorter than in £. rohiislus, nearly trian-
gular, even more glaucous, and beginning to decay at
the time of flowering: perianth segments with a band of
deeper color down the middle. Habitat? R.H. 1897:280.
Gn. 54, p. 99. G.C. HI. 24:137.-Int. by Leichtlin as D.
robustus, var. Elwesii.

AA. Flowers white.

HimalMcua, Baker. Boot-fibers thick and fleshy : lvs.
9-12, ligulate, firm, persistent, 1-lK ft. long, 6-15 lines
wide above the middle: raceme 3-3K in. wide: stamens
about as long as the perianth. Himal. B.M. 7076. Gn.
49, p. 131. G.C. II. 16:49.

AAA. Fls. some shade of yellow,
B. Color light yellow.

Bpect4bilis, Bieb. Root-fibers thick and fleshy: lvs.
6-15. lorate, slightly glaucous. 12-18 in. long, 6-12 lines
wide above the middle, noticeably narrowed at the base:
raceme 1-lH ft. long, 2 in. wide : stamens orange,
finally twice as long as the perianth. Asia Minor,
Persia. B.M. 4870.

BB. Color pure yellow or orange,

Biingei, Baker. Lvs. contemporary with the fls.,

linear, 1 ft. long, less than 3 lines wide: raceme 4-5 in.

long, 2 in. wide : stamens finally twice as long as the

perianth. Persia. — Var. perf^ctus, Hort., is sold.

BBB. Color orange,

aurantlacuB, Baker. Closely allied to E, Sungei, but
live plants have less acutely keeled lvs. : root-flbers
tapering upwards, and orange fls. and stamens. Bokhara,
Turkestan. B.M. 7113. W. M.

EEIANTHUS (Greek, u'oolly flower), Graminece.
Woolly Beard Grass. Plume Grass. Tall and stout
reed-like perennials, with the spikes crowded in a pani-
cle and clothed with long, silky hairs, especially in a
tuft around the base of each spikelet. Spikelets in pairs,
one sessile, the other pedicellate. Glumes 4, the fourth
enclosing a hermaphrodite flower and awned. Species
about 18, in the warmer regions of both hemispheres.

Eriuiithus J?'n-fiiii<r is the lirst hardy substitute for
the pampas L-ra-s. whic h is tin- in"st famous of all tall,
pluioy gr:ivs. s. For L'rm i;il inir|ioses and for aqu,atic
groups -111.1 iM-.ldini; it lias m. jm , is in the North except
AruiiJo Vouitx aud a few tall l.ainl.oos. These latter,
however, are grown for their folia-.- (-lTe,-ts, and while
the plumes of Arundo are liiu-lily ..rii.-iin.-iital, they aie
only an incident in the North, where frost often cuts dov n

540

the plants before

ERIAXTHUS

of

iithii

Tlio penf

appe

like character of it. li . a . :■ r I,,,- i.

Eav6nnaB, Benin-. . x ;. . ;..,, "„i /;
WoolGkass. I'l.riti: (ii: \~s. Ka\i:\n\ ih,\--.
hardy grass, 4-7 ft. high, very ornamental, either ;
alone or in company with other grasses: Its. vei
linear, pointed, band-like, sometimes violet, with a strong

vhite rib in the center. The foliapre forms graceful
clumps, from \vlii.-h rise !"Ti!r iivl li-ui'Noiiie plumes,

.s,,utli.in l:iu-M|"^ l;,n/l-' . ' : r-t. p. 490.-

simiiy siluatinn is pi-f.-raM.-. .\l:i: 1- ir-jKigated by
division or by seed. It is exquisite fnr lawns, and flowers
the first season if sown very early. The plumes are fine
fur winter use when dried.

P. B. Kennedy and W. M.

EBtCA (practically meaningless; probably not from
ereikn, to break, as commonly stated). UricAcece.
Heath. This is the genus that the gardener usually
means by "Heath." The Heath or heather of English
literature and history belongs to the closely allied genus
Calluna. The next most important group of cultivated
"Heaths" is Epacris, which, however, belongs to a dif-
ferent order. Ericas are low-growing, evergreen, much
br.inrh.d shrubs, with needle-like Ivs. in whorls of 3-6,
and !,-riat iiiniil..rs of small rosy, white, or rarely yellow
tls., .if \\l)icli till' most important types are the bell-
shap'ii. till' tuliulur, and the ventricose, the last being
swL-lkd at the base, and then tapering to a narrow neck
just below the 4 spreading lobes. Erica is an enormous
genus, and the hybrids are past reckoning.

Only a few of the European Heaths are hardy in
America, and we have no native Heaths at all in this
hemisphere. Of about 14 kinds of Erica grown outdoors
in Europe to produce large showy masses, only 3 are
hardy here, and it is safest to cover these with ever-
green boughs in winter. Tsvo others (H. Meditermnea
and E. Lnsil'niii-.i) iv.- grow under glass somewhat.
The tree H. atli ..f -i.utli.rn Europe (£. arbnrea) will
probnblv iHv. r b.- a feat hit of our southern landscapes.

The lialiM.n .lavs ..f tli.' Ileathswere from about 1806
(wlieu tlie Eugli.sh to..k the Cape of Good Hope) until
the middle of the century. Andrews' colored engrav-
ings of Heaths (1809) marks the first flu.sh of their popu-
larity. Practically, if not absolutely, all the Heaths that
are grown on a large scale have been developed from
tlie South African species. The old English gardeners
still lament the glorious days when the hard-wooded
plants of Australia and the Cape formed the chief fea-
ture of European indoor horticulture. They complain
that the present generation is not willing to give them
the care they deserve. This is especially true of
America. Nevertheless, according to William AVatson,
of Kew (in Garden and Forest, 1892, p. 1.10), Heaths are
still grown in surprising quantities. Speaking of E.
hiiemii/is, he says: "It may be said with truth that no
oilier plant is grown in such enormous quantities for the
London market. At least a dozen nurserymen might be
named whose annual output of this one Heath amounts
to from 20,000 to 30,000 plants each." He pictures a
plant in a 5-inch pot, with about 1.5 shoots a foot high,
and loaded with perhaps 1,000 flowers. Such plants
sell at Christmas for about 30 cents. "The flowers re-
main fresh for at least a month. The popularity of this
Heath is thus easily accounted for: it is cheap, very
pretty when in flower, and lasts just long enough to
satisfy the masses who like window-plants and change.
The plants perish almost as soon as the flowers— that is,
all those which find their way into the window of a
house, or into a small greenhouse. And this accounts
for the enormous number disposed of every year. In
England A'. In/emalis is certainly one of the most valu-
able plants ever introduced." (In America Heaths are
of minor iiiiiiortance, even at Easter, and the kind grown
ni.ist extiiisivily for Christmas seems to be E. me-
Iniilhi-rn.) Watson ad.ls:"It is strange that a plant
which has enjoyeil an -m i |.i Iniil |.i.|mlarity in England
for something lik. I' ■ iiM never have been

figured in any Eiii-'i I ' ' n- work until now. I

have not been able in iiu . iii,_ unyiu of the plant, nor

ERICA

find any picture of it in any book to which I have access
here. Nor can any of those who have paid attention to
garden Heaths assist me."

The great trouble with Heaths is the immense amount
of care they need. Few, if any, classes of plants require
more attention. Hence the growing of Heaths for the
market is , xtr. ni. ly sjieeialized, and there is not a re-
tail cataliiL-ii. in ili. country that offers more than one
speci.s. X. V. rill. I. ss. all the kinds described below are
grown .iiiiDii. 1. jall^. aii.l are of the first importance
inthuL-! - Til :.,:,,. lar^Tly iin|.ort.-.l fn.ra Eng-
lan.l. .1 ■■ II ill -It iif \aHiti<-s, and

Fraliii i: ,.', : : I !.■ ar.i f.w i-a-.s among

cultivaliil iiiaiLl- -liiiiiiiL' Ml L-l-rat a .lirtVr.iii.ie in the
three countries. The risks of nnjiortation are consider-
able, and the tendencies tuward American independence
in this line seem to be gaining.

Another difficulty in Heath culture is the poor quality
of peat obtainable in America. In England the peat ia

771, Erica hyemalis.

400,000 plants of this Heath are sold in Lou-

more fibrous, and has been formed in past ages largely by
the decay of the native heather.

The soft-wooded kinds are the ones most grown. The
hard-wooded s..it- riiiuir. a I.. nger period of growth and
more thorougli ii].. ninu' oi ili.- wood.

Apparently mil) mir v llow-Hd. Heath is cult, in
America, A', (.'./.i ..i/.s/n ...i. I'liless otherwise stated,
the species describe. 1 Ii.Ihh rninr fi-.nii the Cape.

In general the Ericas .1 i -mw w. II in this climate

on account of the extr.in.' Ii.at ..i iIh' summer months,
but some varieties pn.w an. I ll..w. r even better here
than in Europe. Thech..i.a of the .soil is very important.
A light peat, mixed with sharp, coarse sand is about the
best we can get here. After flowering, the plants should
always be cut down to keep them bushy at the base and
well shaped. They will then receive a good repotting,
using always very clean pots and plenty of drainage.
Cuttings are made from December to April, preferably
from young plants, the tender shoots, about 1 inch in
length, being best. These are planted firmly in a pan
filled with clean, fine sand, and covered with a bell-glass,
or in a box covered tightlv with a pane of glass. Bottom
heat is not necessary. When rooted, the cuttings should
be potted in small pots, and when well started should be

ERICA

given as much air as possible. It is well to bring the
Ericas out of the greenhouse as early in the spring as
possible. The pots should be plunged in a good situation,
where plenty of air and sunlight can be had. They should
be wintered in a greenhouse extremely well ventilated,
and a temperature not higher than from 40° to 45° F.
When in bud the plants should not be allowed to dry out
too much. Once would be enough to cause the loss of
all the buds. Very often the Heaths are attacked by a
disease similar to mildew, caused by an excess of hu-
midity in the air. As this disease is very contagious, it is
well, as soon as noticed, to use sulphur in powder or sul-
phate of copper in solution until the plants are rid of it.

Index of species described below:
assurgens, 13. gracihs, 7. prsestans, 6.

Bothwelliana, 17. herbacea, 1. regerminans, 3.

Caffra, 13. hiemalis, 5. Tetralix, 4.

camea, 1. hyemalis, 5. translucens, 18.

Cavendishiana, 11. Lusitanica, 14. vagaus. 2.

Cavendishii, 11. Mediterriinea, 16. veutricosa, IT.

codonodes, 14. melanthera. 8. Vilmoreana, WU-

cnpressina, 15. Parmentierii. 6. moreana and Wil-

cylindriea, 12. persoluta, 13. morei, 10.

±ragrans, 9.

A. Hardy Heaths.
B. Sprinri-blooming 1. camea

BB. Summer- and fall-blooming.

c. Inflorescence lateral 2. vagans

CC. Inflorescence terminal.

D. Orari/ densely covered with

long, rough hairs 3. stricta

DD. Ovary with short, soft hairs. 4. Tetralix
AA. Tender Heaths.
B. Fall-blooming.

0. Corolla club-shaped or funnel-
shaped 5. hyemalia

CC. Corolla icidrst at base, faper-

;>,,,i.-.., ii,>i.-h rnnstrictednecTi. 6. praestans
ccc. <'../■"/'■" ,;/../,.,s-, , ilie lobes very

7. gracilis

BB. I'll I ' .';/.

c. f'iir"<lij /..'--, i'!hj and spread-
ing 8. melanthera

CC. Corolla lobes long and revolute 9. fragrans
ccc. Corolla lobes short and rather

erect 10. Wilmorei

BBB. A'.lx/. / 7,?n, -,„;,„,,

c. /■ 11. Cavendishiana

I'. ' .,.,,(,• 12. cylindrica

DD. C'n.ilia ,llul,.jsi'.

. E. Zi-s. in threes.

T. Fls. ivhite 13. persoluta

FF. Fls. rosy 14. Lusitanica

EE. Lrs. in fours 15. cupressina

DDD. Corolla urn-shaped, i. e.,
longer than dd, and more

constricted at the neck 16. Mediterranea

dddd: Corolla ventrieose, i. e.,
swelled at the base, and
tapering slowly to a nar-
row neck 17. ventricosa

18. translucens

1. c4mea, Linn. (E. herbd.cea,lAnr)..). Height 6 in.:
Ivs. in 4's : inflorescence lateral : corolla broadly bell-
shaped: anthers exserted: ovary glabrous. Mar.-May.
Alps. L.B.C. 15:1452. B.M. 11. Gn. 54:1177 (a charm-
ing picture). TliH l.ri-ht n.sv-rl.l. form is the best and
most striking. Th.r.- ar.- ]i:ii:- r.^l ainl imrL- white varie-
ties. The most iH'iMihir iif all hanlv Ilrii-as, Very easily
prop, by division. Wi- shmiM try A'. .V< ■literranea.var.
hyhrida, Hort., said to be a cross with i'. camea, and in
Eiifrlnnil thriving almost as well in loam as in peat. See
Gn. 55, p. 125, and 54, p. 262.

2. v&gans. Linn. Cornish Heath. Lvs. in4's or 5's:
sepals small, ovate, obtuse ; corolla ovate-bell-shaped;
anthers ovate-oblong, 2-parted, exserted : ovary not
hairy. W. Eu. and jMedit. - Fls. pale purplish red.
Grows 3-4 ft. in England; 1 ft. with J. W. JIannine,
Beading, Mass. Var. tilba has white fls. Var. capit^ta,
grows 1-2 ft. high with Meehan at Germantown, Pa.,
and has "small whitish fls. with a purplish tip."

ERICA 541

3. stricta, Don. Cobsican Heath. Lvs. in 4's, a little
more erect than in Nos. 3 and 5 : sepals lanceolate, ob-
tusp: i>r,r..lln nvfii,l-nbl..nL', iiarrriwod at the throat; an-

thi-r- :i-\! -l.:,iM'.! c.r :r.\f.:\. i 1 1.' I :i. I, ■,] : ovary densely
civ. ■ :^ifa.— Attains 4 ft.

in I.' - ith Meehan, at Ger-

4. Tetralix, Linn. Bell Heather. Ckoss-leaved
Heath. Lvs. in 4's, margin folded back: fls. rosy; se-
pals ovate-lanceolate, ciliate ; anthers awl-shaped or
awned, included : ovary with short, soft hairs. W. Eu.
— Foliage grayish. Height in England 6-12 in. With
Manning, at Reading, Mass., about 8 in.

5. hyemaiis, Hort. Fig. 771. Written also hiemalis.
Watson thinks it may be a winter-flowering form of E.
perspi'ciia, figured in L.B.C. 2:102 and 1«:177S as E.
Linnceana. Fls. rosy pink, tipi.fd whiti-. Var. dlba has
white fls. With L. Dupuy, Whit.-stont', L. I., it flowers
in Sept. G.F. 5:137. Gn. 41:850. H. D. Dariington
says it is very distinct from E. perspiciia.

6. praestans, And. (j;. Parwen^ieWi, Loddiges). Lvs.
in 4's, somewhat incurved: bracts crowded : fls. nearly
sessile, white, faintly flushed pink at base, in terminal
groups of 4 or more ; sepals ovate, rough -margined; an-
thers scarcely acute. Sep. Varieties are pictured under
various names in L.B.C, plates 154, 1695, 197 and 1804.

7. gracilis, Salisb. Lvs. in 4's, somewhat erect:
bracts remote : sepals smaller, lanceolated ; anthers
with a short, sharp point. L.B.C. 3:244 (pale violet).
"Fls. purplish red." Var. autumnUis, Hort. Fls. Sep.
Var. vemills, fls. in Oct. and Nov.

8. melanthera, Linn. Fig. 772. Lvs. in 3's, obtuse,
grooved on the back, younger ones often rough, with
glands; bracts mostly crowded: fls. rosy; sepals obo-

vate, keeled, colored ; anthers black: ovary villous.
Not L.B.C. 9:867, which may be a form of E. nigrita.
Flowers in Dec. and Jan. A.F. 11:1133 and 12:579.
F.E. 9:333.

9. fr&grans, And., not Salisb. Lvs. opposite, erect-
appressed, acute, always glabrous : bracts loose, sepal-
like: fls. in 2's ; sepals ovate, keeled, green: ovary
glabrous or slightly bristly at the tip. Habitat? B.M.
2181. L.B.C. 3:'288.

10. Wilmorei, Knowles &Westc. {A. WihnoreHna and
rUmorrana, Hort.). Hybrid: corolla tuljular, bulged
below the lobes, slightly velvetv-hairy : lis. in rs-3's,
rosy, tipped white. R.H. 1892, p'. 202. A.F. 4:251. G.C.
III. 19:201. -Var. glaiica, Carr., has nearly glaucous
foliage. Var. calyculita, Carr., has a large additional
calyx. R.H. 1892, p. 203. In England flowers in spring.

542

EKICA

ndisliii, Hort.).

Wendl. or Thunb.

11. Cavendlshiana, Hort. {E. Cdv
Hybrid of £. depressa x £. Palersonii. Lvs. in 4's,
margins revolute : fls. in 2-4's ; corolla tubular ; sta-
mens included; anthers awned. P.M. 13:3. G.C. 1845,
p.435. F.S.2:142. A.F. 12:1143. Gng. 5:331. G.C. II.
18:213 and 20:597.

12. cylindrical And. and Hort.
Important hybrid of un-
Isnown parentage, cult, since
1800. Lvs. in 4's: fls. nearly
sessile ; corolla 1 in. long,
brilliant rosy red, with a
faint circle of dull blue
about two-thirds of the way
from the base ; anthers
awned, included: ovarv gla-
brous. L.B.C. 18:17:i4."R.H.
1839, p. 42. -Fls. very showy
and unusually long. The
oldest £. eijlindrica. That
of Wendland is a yellow-fld.
species unknown to cult.

13. persoldta, Linn. Fig.
773. Essentially a white-fld.
and very variable species,
particularly as regards hairi-
ness. Lvs. erect or spread-
ing, hirsute or glabrous :
corolla small, originally IK
lines long; lobes ovate, 2-3
times shorter than the tube,
the sinuses acute, narrow.
S. Afr. The numerous va-
rieties Bentham found im-
possible to separate either in the wild or in cultivation.
Var. hiBpidula, Benth. Slightly hirsute: lvs. 2K-3 lines
long, rough: anthers subovate. Var. laevifl, Benth. Lvs.
shorter, blunter, often appressed, glabrous ; anthers
subglobose. Var. Bubc4mea, Benth., has the corolla
lobes more evident. To this last variety Bentham seems
to refer most of the horticultural varieties cult, under
the name of £. j'ursolitta. £). assArrjens, Link., he re-
fers to the first variety; E. Cdffra of Linnaeus to the
first, but of L.B.C. 2:190 (and the trade?) to the second.
A', regirminans of Linnseus is a distinct species ( figured
in L.B.C. 17:1614 as E. Smithiana) ; of the trade = £.
persoluta, var. hispldula ; of L.B.C. 18:1728 = ii'.
persoluta, var subcarnea. Flowers in February and
March, while the other species, numbered from 12-18,
mostly flower in March and April.

14. LuBittlnica, Rudolph (£.
codonddes, Lindl.). Spanish
He.ith. Branches tomentose-
pubescent : lvs. glabrous and
ovarv glabrous. W. Eu. B.R.
2n:lij98. G.C. II. 7:463; III.
19:487. I.H. 43, p. 321. Gn. 54:
1190; 55, p. 125. -Hardy in Eng-
land, but not here.

l.'i. cupresBina, Forbes (E.
lurn.nra. .S„lisl,.). Lvs. gla-
ljr<iii -. - iit"ili:i; ■ "1- naked : in-
il"i- •■ . : ,:iii:,I: fls. pedi-

.'. I i ' lacts remote:

s''i.;il- litiiill;,' •-< il.-.\-ed; sinuses
of till- c-i.riiila acute, narrow.
Probably a hybrid cult, since
1802. F.E. 9:333.

IG. Mediterr&nea, Linn. {E.

r,!nu,i, var. occ identdlis,

Hentli.l. Fig. 774. This is con-

siili-red bv Bentham a i

' (No.

,ller

Mediterrane

of iUL-Iudcd. A'. Mcdit,rr,n<,„
of the trade is hardy iu England, and perhaps second
only to E. cariiea in popularity there. In America it
seems to be cult, only under glass. B.M. 471. Gn. 54:
1190; 55, p. 403.

17. ventrlc6aa, Thunb. Lv;
ing, with pilose margins: iiitlnnscence
keeled; anthers witli -'r. -li.it v.,
eluded: ovary glabri.n ! I I..

gxandifldra, with tui.. n

The following varit-Ii-^ '.n-' > .iii. n\ 1
ml! iinta, brevi flora, <arm<i rus,a. <■;»
magnified , superba, tricolvr. See R.H
1880:.50. Gn. 45, p. 87. A.F. 10:1111.

ncurved to spread-

e terminal : sepals

ars, or awned, in-

..B.C. 5:431. Var.

1L-. L.B.C. 10:945.

L. Dupuy: Both-

a, hirsuta alba,

1858, p. 450 and

F.E. 9:333.

18. transliicens, Andr. Perhaps the first of all the
garden hybrids between E. Iiiblflora and E. rentricosa.
Lvs. rigid, with or without long, soft, red hairs: fls. in
n 1 el like 1 ca Is bracts ren ote corolla ros 8 J hues
lo g tube narro lv \ entr cose pubescent 1 i 1 short
iradi^ o\ar\s \ I II 1 Jo B ntl am

ns lers tl s a Ai Ir II atl

Sthultl e s sa f,r i a ] oor

pr pagator but g to r ot

B \1 JUJ J b L 0 Uo 11 -La htaa A 1
(ji she 1 b> tl e long br stle vhich ends the 1 s
fls 4 s sepals keeled with red corolla

Ho si s u4s \
sepals sh n 1 1: grce
\nd L B C 18 1 81.
H -E elata \n 1
k A All el t L

II 1 ll L B

j4 11 Ire k proi unc at on ot tl e rl s Er ge la

1,_ _a„e, e_r ., J analogy varr_nt tL_ of

Erigenia. L. H. B.

ERlGEEON (Greek, old man in spring; the young
|ilaiits are somewhat hoary). Compdsitcn. Fleabane.
The [.'ardeu Fleabanes are hardy border plants, sug-
gesting our native asters, but blooming much earlier,
and growing in tufts like the English daisy, though
usually from 9 in. to 2 ft. high. The genus has per-
haps ioO species scattered over the world, particularly

ERIGERON

in temperate and mountainous regions. Stem-lvs. en-
tire or toothed : tls. solitary, or in corj-mbs or panicles :
rays in 2 or more series, mostly rose, violet or purple,
rarely cream-colored or white, and one kind has splendid
orange flowers.

The garden Fleabanes are practically all perennials.
A few annuals are harmless and pretty weeds. Some
species have roots that are liirimial. Init thoy increase
by offsets, and make larger .liiini.- t'lcni v.ar tn yiar.
They are of easy culture. .1. I'.. K.ll, r limN tliat tliey
do best when somewhat sha.lnl i'miM th.- iin.lilay sun.
They are easily prop, by st■^:d-^ ur <livi>iMn. aud doubt-
less by cuttings, if there were sufficient demand. Small,
divided plants set out in early spring produce good-
sized flowering plants the first year. A good show of
bloom may be had from seeds sown outdoors as early as
possible in spring. Some fine masses (.f tlir^,- |i|aiits in
the hardy border or wild garden arc jiimli iii..n di sir-
able than an isolated specimen or two of.a.li kimi, 'I'lie
most popular species is E. specioan. of whj.li dcailile-
and white-fld. forms should appear before long. At
present it is the best kind, that has the rich, soft colors,
from rose to violet aud purple. £. aurantiacus has
dazzling orange fls., and is unique in the genus.

A. Fls. orange.

aurantiacus, Regel. More or less velvety: height 9
in. : Ivs. oval-oblong, clasping at the base, more or less
twisted : heads one on a stem : involucral scales loose,
reflexed. July. Aug. Turkestan. R.H. 1882:78. Gn.
52. p. 485. — Perhaps the showiest of the genus. Sold as
"Double Orange Daisy."

AA. Fls. creamy or white.

B. Lrs. linear.

ochroleticua, Xutt. Height 9-18 in.: stems mostly not
branched : Ivs. rather rigid : rays 40-00, white or pur-
plish, never yellow. Gravelly hills and plains N. Wyo.
and Mont, to Utah.— This and the next are rare kinds,
sold by collectors and dealers in native plants, and not
cult, abroad.

BB. Lvs. hroader, lanceolate to ovate, or obovaie.

Hbwellii, Gray. Height about 1 ft. : root-lvs. obovate:

lines

stem-lvs. ovate, half-clasping : rays 30-35,
wide, white. Cascade Mts., Oregon.

mucronatus, DC. Lvs. lanceolate, narrowed at base,
ciliate, mostlv entire, often with a long, callous mucro.
Mex. J. B. Keller cultivates a lilac-fld. plant from the
Himalayas as F. mucronatus. which he says is the same
as Vittadenia triloba, which see.

AAA. Fls. rosy, violet or purple.

B. Says 100 or more, mostly narroiv: lvs. entire.

c. Flower-heads large.

D. Involucre hairy.

E. Height about 2 ft.: stems several-fid.

Sfecibaus, TIC. {Sfendcfis specidsa, Uml].). Height

H2-2 ft.: hairs few, loose : stem very leafy at top:

root-lvs. more or less sp.atulate : stem-lvs. lanceolate,

acute, half-clasping. B. C. to (ire. near the coast. B.M.

360G. B.R. 19:1577. Gn. 52:1149. Var. sup6rbus, Hort.,

sold abroad, has lighter colored and more numerous fls.

Var. mijor, Hort., has broader rays and brighter colors.

EE. ffeight 9-15 in.: stems usually 1-fld.
glaiicus, Ker-Gawl. Lvs. slightly glaucous : root-lvs.
rarely 2-3-toothed. Pacific coast, where it flowers most
of the year. B.R. 1:10. Gn. 52, p. 484.

DD. In

not hai

macrintliua, Nutt. Height 10-20 in. : hairs numerous
and long or short, sometimes nearly absent: lvs. lanceo-
late to ovate. Rocky Mts. Wyo. to New Mex. and S. W.
Utah. Gn. 52, p. 484. -A good species. Blooms later
than the eastern species. Violet. Hardy.

cc. Flower-heads (or disk) small.

glab§llus, Nutt. Height 6-20 in.: root-lvs. spatulate:

stem-lvs. lanceolate, gradually narrowing into bracts:

involucre bristly, or at least pubescent : rays violet-

ERIOBOTRYA O-iS

purple or white. Minn, to Rockies. Gn. 52, p. 485. B.M-
2923. B.B. 3:385. L.B.C. 17:1631.-Cult. by D. M.
Andrews, Boulder, Colo. Much cult, abroad.

BE. Says 70 or less, wider: lvs. entire or toothed.

c. livs. almost or quite entire.

D. Stems with several fls. in a corymb.

Villarsii, Bell. Root biennial : height 1 ft. : lvs. with
3 or 5 nerves, roughish : fls. corymbose. Eu. B.R.
7:583. L.B.C. 14:1390. Not cult., but in l.H. 43, p. 301,
said to be a parent with F. aurantiacus of F. hybridus
rosea.'!. Hort.. Haage & Schmidt. This is said to re-
semble F. I'illiirsii in habit, and F. aurantiacus in
form of fls. but not in color. Said to bloom freely from
May to autumn.

DD. Stems mostly 1-fld.

salsugindsus, Gray. Height 12-20 in.: upper stem-
lvs. with a characteristic mucro. The slightly viscid
character of the involucre is particularly designative.
Wet ground, on hitrher mountains, Alaska to Calif, and
New Mix. B.M. 4942.

CO. Lis. f ■"ust?!/ toothed above the middle,

bellidi£61ius, Muhl. Poor Robin's Plantain. Makes
new rosettes by offsets from underground stems :
height 2 ft. : root-lvs. wider above the middle than in
most species: stem-lvs. fewer: fls. spring. Damp bor-
ders of woods. Canada to 111. and La. B.M. 2402. B.B.
3:388. D. 237.— "Fls. clear blue, on long stems."—
J". W. Manning. Weedy.

E. purpiireum, Hort.. according to H. A. Dreer, "rarely
exceeds 10 in. in height, and has medium-sized fls. of soft,
rosy purple, borne in graceful, spreading panicles." Form
of E. macranthus ? ■^. JJ,

EBtNUS (a name derived from Diosoorides). Seroph-
ularidcece. The most popular species of this small
genus is a hardy, tufted plant 3 or 4 in. high, suited for
steep sides of alpine gardens, where it produces in
spring its racemes of small purple, rosy or white fls.
Eoot-lvs. crowded, opposite: stem-lvs. alternate, oblong-
spatulate, with a few coarse, rounded teeth : corolla
lobes 5, obovate, the 2 upper ones slightly smaller :
stamens 4, in two groups, included.

The secret of success in alpine irardens is said to be a
constant supply of moisture with j.. 1 fret drainage. As
a class, alpines are iin|i:(iiriit ■■( -tending water, and
Erinus, which is a faM.nt.. i.,nti.ularlv so. J. B.
Keller writes that Erinus sl„,„i,| l„- planted in steep
parts of the rockerj- where water cannot lodge on rainy
days or in the winter and spring months. He adds that
they need slight shade from midday sun. Divided
plants are chiefly sold in America, but the amateur can
soon produce a good carpet by the use of seeds. When
well established, the seeds are self-sown and the off-
spring gain in hardiness. It may be safest to keep a
pot or two in a coldframe over winter, until the plant
can take care of itself. In England, seeds can be sown
in earthy holes of brick walls, and Gn. 45, p. 134, shows
a charming picture made by informal masses of flower-
ing Erinus naturalized on some old stone steps.

alplnus, Linn. Lvs. hairy: racemes 2K in. long: fls.
i4 in. across, purple. April-June. Mountains of W. Eu.
B.M. 310. — Vars. 41bus and carmineuB, Hort., have
white and crimson fls. respectively.

The following trade names are accounted for in
Zaluzi.auskia : F. duplex, gracilis, Paxtoniana and
speciosa. •^\-_ji.

luster). Sosdcew.
Asian, have been
tliors restrict it to

EEIOBOTKYA (Greek, :
Ten or twelve species, nioi
referred to this genus. }'\\r

the one species describi il in l..u . an-l otliers refer all the
species to Photinia. Fi-. lari,^-.. wliitt.-. fragrant, in a
terminal rusty-woolly clustir; calyx thick, 5-toothed;
petals 5, crenulate: ovary 3-5-loculed, each locule 1-
ovuled.

Japdnica, Lindl. {Photinia Jap6nica, Gray). Lo-
QUAT. Japan Pluji and Medlar (erroneously).
Small tree, 10-20 ft., with thick, evergreen, oval-oblong
remotely -toothed lvs. near the summits of the branches,

544

ERIOBOTRYA

the under surface rusty-tomentose: fr. a pear-shaped
yellow pome (Fig. 775|, with large seeds and an agree-
able acid flavor. B.K. 5:3G5. A.G. 12:19. — The Loquat
is native to China and Japan, but is much planted in the
Gulf states and westward. It blooms from Aug. until
the approach of winter, and ripens its clustered fr. in
very early spring. The fruit is often seen in northern
markets. It is a profuse bearer in congenial climates.

775. LoQuat {X%).

Loquat is an excellent decorative plant, either as an
evergreen lawn tree south of Charleston, or as a pot-
plant in the North. Grown from seeds, it is a most satis-
factory conservatory subject, resisting uncongenial con-
ditions. L. H. B.
EBIOCNfiUA. Consult Bertolonia.

EEIODfiNDRON (Greek j(onllii ttee alluding to the
woolly fiber insule the fiuit calle I reibo and"pochote"
by the Mexicans in 1 u 1 1 \ tl im for stuffing pillows).
Malc&cece Tei i i 1 tiees thorny or not:

Ivs. digitate 1 It sjlita,ry or clustered,

large or medi 1 tish petals oblong,

pubescent or w II mens with 5 branches

at the top ei h ^ _ n thtrs E. occidentMe,

G. Don, is cult bj liauceschi, banta Barbara, Calif.,
as Cetba occideutahs

EEI6G0NUM (Greek, MiooHi/ joints). PolygoncLcece.
About 100 species, chiefly northwest American herbs,
tufted subshrubsj or slender annuals, mostly densely
woolly: Ivs. crowded at the base of the stem, alternate,
entire, .fir. co»!p<J?!h<wi,Diiu..'I , pi ihijisthebest known,
has countless minute G 1"1" i\ ii^ iitnl . "1 n il fis . dull
whitetorosy, borne in Cdiii] Mill. 1 mill . Is ( in .]i.[iand
broad. The following li n . I . mi .h iti 1 Imt are
practically unknown in our ihImi^ / n> i nntlutiinif
compiisitiim fifioiiii h t I ' I I nil, inuiolhe-

ciim \a\ /III IN I I ilium, splice-

rociphiil I I I I sc kinds have

been .i.h i I i H I i Mer, Colo., E.

GiUett s itlnM I M I II II t lid, Charlotte,

Vt. Consult \i I iii.l H.iias, and Proc.

Am. Acad., vol ^li mid these attain any

garden impoit u i . \ lewed man annual

continuation ot 111 I ~| i s are usually found on

calcareous soils \y_ ji,

EKI6PH0BUM {uKnl-henrinq. from the Greek ; allud-
ing to the heads of fruit I Ciiperfti up Perennial rush-
like plants, giowim,' in sw ih s Us in (it use heads, the
bristles very nun 1 i i I ii il iin^' greatly elon-

gated in fruit. \ 111 ( ult , but the

following haM I E aJplnum,

limn.; a.cypKi II I / Hi nth.&Hook.;

II. poJi/stAehiimi I 111! / iiiiiitinii Lmn ; A'. Vir-
glnicum, Linn All tli. si urc w iM m the northern states.
Useful for bog g.udLUs. Avui 1 late fall planting.

ERIOSTEMOX

ERIOPHVLLUM (Greek, wooUy-Jeaved). Compdsita.
Perhaps a dnzen species, all from western N. Araer.
One kind cult, in a few hardy borders is a low, tufted,
herbaceous perennial, with much divided Ivs., covered
with wool Iieneath (each stem bearing about 5), and 8-
rayed, yellow heads, 2 in. across, borne in a loosely fork-
ing fashion on peduncles 3-7 in. long. The genus was
included in Bahia by Bentham and Hooker, but is now
kept distinct largely because of the permanently erect
involucral bracts: seeds mostly 4-angled, and pappus of
nerveless .and mostly iioiutless, colorless portions.

caespitosum. I'- m.I, ■ \iiiiiflla hinhfa, Pursh, not
Nutt. liiili' I '1 , described above, has been

lulvci-tisnl I. I 1 I li. li;H67is badly drawn as

ERI6PSIS iLrnk. hkr Efia. an orchid of the Epi-
(li-nitrmii trilii-, \\liii-li ir rest-mbles when not in flower).
Orrhiili'ti-iir. Five IV-ruviau orchids of the Vanda tribe
allied to Acacallis and Warrea. Lvs. plicate; racemes
2 or 3, basal : fls. open, small, maxillaria-like, together:
lip 3-lobed, the lateral lobes broad and erect. Cool
house orchids, requiring the treatment of Cattleya.

blloba, Lindl. Pseudobulbs 3 inches long: Ivs. lan-
ceolate: fls. 1 in. across; sepals and petals yellow, with
orange-red margins; labellum yellow spotted with
brown. Colombia. B.R. 33:18.

, with deeper colored
mary:iiis: lalielluni white, with purple spots. Antioquia,
in exposed positions on the steins of palms. Peru. B.M.
44.-i7.

H61enae, Kranzlin. Said to be "the finest in this small
and rare genus. It differs greatly in habit from the
otlitT nu-nil»ers: the bulbs somewhat resemble those of

are oninge-colort-il, margined with purple, the lip simi-
lar, but with a yellow blotch, spotted with purple at the
hs.ie."— Sander tt Co., 1899. Oakes Ames.

EBIOSTfiMON (ilrprk, ir:..-,7/i, fitnmens). Eutcice(B.
Coolhouse I'viru'i-i 1 M -linilis fri.ni Australia, with starry,
5-petaled lis. :iii inrli \ii.ir. m1 white or blush pink.
Practically iiukii.iw ii in Amn irn, l,ut abroad considered
amongst the tiuest ul hurd-wuMlL-d winter or spring-
blooming Australian plants. The nurserymen mostly
graft them on stocks of Correa, an allied genus, which
has tubular fls. instead of free petals. Lvs. alternate,
entire, glandular-dotted : stamens 8-10, free, shorter
than the petals; anthers pointed. Much care is needed
to produce well-trained specimens. With the growth of
wealth in America, more of the Australian hard -wooded
plants will be grown by skilled gardeners in our finer
establishments. The following kinds can be imported
from Europe.

A. Foliage linear or narrowly lanceolate.
B. Lvs. linear.
sciber. Past. Lvs. covered with minute roughnesses:
petals white, tipped pink. P.M. 13:127.

BB. Lvs. narrowly lanceolate.
linifdliuB, Seghers. Lvs. broadest at middle, tapering
lintli ways. R.B.20:97.-Probably an old garden form
of some well-known species.

AA. Foliage conspicuously u'ider.

B. Lvs. 10-12 times as long as broad.

c. Apex abruptly pointed.

myoporoldes, DC. Lvs. widest at the middle, tapering

evenlv both ways: petals white, glandular on the back.

B.M. 3180.

cc. Apex blunt.
salicifdlius, Sin. This willow-leaved species has per-
haps the handsomest foliage. Lvs. widest above the
middle, tapering more gradually to the base than to the
apex; petals bright, soft pink. B.M. 2854.

ERIOSTEMON

BB. Li'S. 3-i times as long as broad.

interm«diu8. Hook. Lvs. 9-18 lines long, elliptical,
abruptly pointed: petals lanceolate, white, but tipped
■with pink outside in the bud like the rest: ovary placed
on a flat disk and not ringed at the base. Probably of
garden origin. Intermediati- lictwi-.n K. myoporoides
and buxifolitis. B.M. 4439.

buzifdlius, Sm. Lvs. as in /.'. :,>'■ mi'^Uus, though
perhaps smaller: petals olmvaii-. wliitc, tipped pink:
ovarv sunk into a double disk of 2 rings. B.M. 4101.—
A', deymif/dmin, Seghers., R.B. 20:1)7, looks like a pro-
lific horticultural variety of this species. y7. M.

ERdDITJM (Greek, a heron; alluding to the beaked

fruit). Geraniiiceie. Heeok's Bill or Stork's Bill.
This genus contains a few Inw ijn.nini.', liardy herba-
ceous perennial plants, witli lin.Iv rut f.ili;i!je and fls.
suggesting our wild and hanly ( i. tmiiiuhi^, from which
they differ in having only .') iii-i.:ul.ji In ;u]tUer-bearing
stamens, the other 5 being ivduced Ui scales; also the
tails of the carpels hairy inside. The common Gera-
niums of our home windows and summer flower-beds
are the blended product of Pelnrqonlum zonale and

ERTNGIUM

545

P.inqu
tinctly smaller tl
wild Pelargonium
Erodium and the

stipuled, toothe

front row of the
where they thrive
ny spots, and may
tion, being chiefly
m of bloom from June

lad the 2 upper petals dis-
ir :; i.i-,vri- I. lies, as do the other

I tij.' > I] f Good Hope, while

-' IIII-. I .■ I iniiiiin, of which a few
i.iir liMily i)orders, have all ^
- i'li'V al-so have small

-. which are absent
II alidut 50 widely scat-

Ill } ■ ; 1 1 1 \\ 1 1 at woody or tufted :
lU.-, ..!„; utien smaller than its
, lobed or dissected: fls. mostly
in umbels, of various shades, from crimson-pink to
purple, with darker blotches on the 2 upper petals and
the venation outlined in darker shades.

These plants an- lii
hardy borders ami ■
In a gritty loam. Tli
be trusted with a ■■ n-
valued for their steady
to August. Divided plants are chiefly sold here, but the
species are easily prop, by seeds. Of E. mosehatnm
only seeds are sold, and tliese are sown annually, the
species not being hardy. Xn- 1 nrid 1 nrr not native to
America, being essentially A ■: -i ' ■■' '' ltow wild in
California and to some ext.' idcs. Some

Erodiuras can be grown in n ■. Imt not £.

Maneseai-i, which is tin- -ii i j. • l;i. lu^', showiest
and best kind.

1. cicutirium, L'H-Tii. Tnfi.d, lower and more slen-
der than No. 4. Ic-s -liiidiil:.!-. nft./n with coarse, soft,
short hairs: lvs. cldonL-, 1-2-inniiat.-; Ifts. small, nearly
sessile, the uppermost confluent, more sharply and
deeply cut and with narrower lobes : stipules small,
acute: sepals with 1 or 2 terminal bristles: filaments
not toothed. Mediterranean regions, Asia. Mn. 7, p. 127.

2. macraddnium, L'Hi5rit. Remarkable for the great
length of the roots when twisting among rocks, and
strong odor of the foliage. Lvs. hairy, glandular.l ^-2 in.
long, oblong, pinnate; segments pinnatifid, rachis with
a toothed wing : fls. light purple, the 2 upper petals a
shade darker, and the spots nearly black. Pyrenees.
B.M. 5065.

3. Hanesc&vi, Coss. Height 10-18 in. : lvs. attaining
6 in. long, 2H in. wide; segments alternate, ovate, short-
stalked, dentate, with sometimes a deeper cut : fls. at
best 2 in. across, strong rosy purple, the spots of the
upper petals only a shade or two darker. Pyrenees.
Gn. .55:1220.— Colors stronger and more uniform than
No. 3.

4. moschitum. L'H^rit. Mostly stout and glandu-
lar: Ifts. large, short-stalked, ovate to elliptical, serrate,
broad-lobed : stipules large, rather obtuse : sepals not
terminated by bristles: filaments 2-toothed. Mediterra-
nean, Orient. ^ jj

EBPfiTION. All referred to Viola.

ER0CA (etymology in dispute ; probably from the
Latin to burn, in allusion to the hot seeds). Crueifera.
Perhaps half a dozen herbs of Eu. and W. Asia, annual
or biennial. Allied to Brassica : differs in the .shorter,
more turgid silique, with keeled valves ; style elon-
gated; seeds in two rows. E, sativa. Mill., Roquette or
Tira, is the only species cult, in this country. It is a
weedy, hispid annual, resembling a Mustard, 2-3 ft.
high, with lyrate-pinnatifld lvs. and creamy yellow fls.
See Roquette. £. H. B.

EB'^NGIUM (a name used by Theophrastus for
some sort of thistle). Umbetliferce. Sea Holly. The
Sea Hollies are among the most bizarre of garden
plants, and are chiefly valued for tin- stci I blue or
purplish cast of their rigid stiin^. iniridy foliage and
teasel-like heads. They look liko tln-il.^. .md do not
suggest any relation to tlie uiuljelliferous family of
which the tl.ii '> ovi '

carrot are ;

100 species

All those d

The Se:,

fl<nvered

The genus has perhaps
i's. The petals are white,
aula"

I !'"j .inrer and strikiii!? to lie iisprt

asel.oiMii;. II st restful and n:(tnr:d lioni.' pi.--

ture-, r '■, ' ■.i|ier place is the liardv Inn-.', r, li.e
natui I -r :dl sorts of curioiiv thiiiL- llrr,.

they 1- i].i iiiiiir, rli.dh-nge one's curiosity and inrnvst.
There are two very distinct groups of them, one with
much-cut foliage, as shown in Fig. 776, the other the

776. Eryngium amethystim

Pandanns group." with long, undivided leaves. A
ery different list of species is cult, abroad, but the
lain " !• ■ '" I. re now, and a collection of kinds is
"t I' 11 massed groups of a single kind.

lie' i-d in subtropical bedding. The

ried -tern- r. tam their color, and are sometimes hung

546 EKYXGIUM

up in living-rooms. The plants mostly grow from 2-3
ft. high and head out in July and Sep. J. B. Keller ad-
vises a light soil and sunny situation. E. amethi/stinum
is probably the favorite. Meehan savs that A', planum
is much visited by bees. The weak point r.f Eryngiums
is that they are slow to recover tVi>iii lin- >]iM(k ut' divi-
sion. This makes it difficult to w^.i L ii|. n -hk i, at home
sufficient to make an effective f,'i"U|.. I>. I >. .\ ,ir, in his
garden monograph uf tin- groii|i, i m h., i . .'iJi', says that
the only safe \v-i\ i., in. r.-a -.■ lin - i ll-!li.- i- Kv seed.

"Sow the SCi-,1 I-, 1 :, : . n ,!. aial place in

a coldframe. Tli' ■<<''■ ■ :il j. rmi' :n.- in tli.' spring,

and if properly iiiaiia-i-.l will lni.a'lx lo ].laiit iput the

following year. ' It is s:ud tlial iii:iiiy of the species are

less showy and satisfactory here than in England.

A. I^vs. divided into radiating si'fjmentn.

B. Bracts longer than the heads.

c. Ifiimber of bracts 10-20.

i>. lioot-lv.'i. deeply notched at the base and merely

toothed at the margin.

1. alpinum, Linn. Bracts 10-20, a little longer than the
oblong heads. Alps. R.H. 1876, p. 113. B.M. 922. (Sn.
4C:9a3. -There is a white variety.

DD. Eoiil-lvs. lets deeply notched at the base, elsewhere
more dissected.

2. Oliveriinum, Laroch. Bracts 10-12, more rigid and
fewer-toothed than in £. alpinum: heads ovate.
Orient. Gn. 45, p. 223.

cc. IVumber of bracts 0-9.
D. Hoot-lvs. deeply cut.

3. amethjstinum, Linn. Fig. 77G. Root-lvs. pinnatifld :
bracts 7-8, few-toothed at the base, much longer than
the globose heads. Eu. Gn. 46, p. 522, and 55, p. 454. E.
coelestinum, a trade name unknown to our botanies, is
the same thing, according to J. B. Keller.

DD. Root-lvs. merely crenate-dentate.

4. gigant^um, Bieb. Root-lvs. deeply cordate: bracts
8-9: head ovate. Armenia. Gn. 46, p. 523.

BB. Briii-ls as long as or shorter than the heads.
c. Upper stem-lvs. 5-parted.

5. pl4num, Linn. Middle stem-lvs. stalkless, undi-
vided: bracts 6-7: head rotund. Eu., N. Asia.

cc. Upper stem-lvs. about 8-parted.

G. Lfiavenworthii, Torr. & Gray. Height 1-3 ft. : stem-
lvs. stalkless, somewhat clasping : heads ovoid-oblong.
Kans. to Te.\., Mex. B.B. 2:r)22.

x\. Lvs. undiridi-d, long and linear.

7. aquAticum, Linn. (£. i/i(ccrt'«iiH»H, Michx.). Height
2-6 ft.: stem striate, unbranched or branched above:
lvs. mostly clasping, finely parallel-veined, lower some-
times 3 ft. long, lii in. wide, all bristly margined:
heads globose-ovoid. U. S. B.R. 5:372. -^ jj

Y . In No. 1 the involucre

\ f\( / (/ is a deeper blue th.an

■^- \V^'' -nNos ' 5 -nNo " he

olucre s note lorel

and the fls are h te

sJ^. or pale No 1 nee is

IV , 1 , 1 1 I rt 1

all, infer
general p
earlier-l)li
70-100 sp
long, soft
or oblong

ERY81.MUM

tnir- wallflowers (Cheiranthus) for
id two lower-growing and perhaps
k Lranlen plants. The genus has
I iiiiiul and perennial herbs, with
, L'-i'arted hairs: lvs. narrow, linear
variously toothed: fls. orange or

style

yellow, rarely purple, often fragrant ; petals
persistent.

Although the two most popular kinds are biennials,
the gardeners think of them as annuals. Their seeds can

\i:r

778. Erysimum i

iX%).

be sown in the fall and produce earlier bloom than if
sown in spring. Fig. 777 shows the last flowers open at
the top of the pyramid, while the seed pods are swelling
below.

The rockery kinds, J, B. Keller writes, do well also in
the front row of the border and on dry banks. They like
full exposure to sunlight, and in the spring months are
completely covered with bright flowers. Divided plants
only, not seeds, are offered by American dealers. In
Gn. 24, p. 462, it is said that E. ochroleucum on level
ground is likely to lose its lower lvs. and to perish on
heavy soils in hard winters. It thrives be.st when fre-
quently divided, and may be prop, by cuttings.
A. Plants biennial: height 12-18 in.
B. Fls. yellow.
Asperum DC (A 1 / ) Nutt ) F gs

8 He t,l 1 1 J ft n tl e 1 1 1 18 n n fear lens 1 s
1 tite or ent re n r ne i ostlj entire fls ^ n
1 r p 1 ro fel 1 2-4 n long 4 s le 1 nearl erect

1^/4/ s merel} a western and broa ler

tl

BB

ris

PeroSskiinum i 1

<i M

i r

the

thealo e a 1

f

3 0

not so St ff an 1

:iA i-i 3-1

stjle Caucisu

P %\ B K

LA\

—There are t

EEVSIMUM

(poss

&Co fr 1
ngs (/ /

' '

Iraw

i I

C f

Of

re ' 1 11 1

K. to

g &

777. Erysimum aspcr

11 ant

jellow an 1 range
pr ng an 1 mmer
blooming, hardy "an-
nuals," scarcely, if at

p 194
>)

rup6stre, DC (A
woody at base : lvs. somewhat dentate
the hairs short, dense, 2-3-parted

l 1 git ostlj 4-6 ock

de } la ts

IcUU ,J Cay) "^tem rather
tem-lvs. oblong,
ia Minor. R.H.

EETSIMUM

1880, p. 412.— Woolson, Passaic, N. J., keeps the names
separate. His plants of E. riipestre have "citron-yellow
tJs." E. ruprestre is "more spreading."

ochroleftcum, DC. {E. Bhceticum. DC). Height 4-12
in.: stems yellowish, creeping: Ivs. entire or the upper
with a few short, sharp teeth. Spain. J. W. Manning's
plants of E. Wtceticum he considers same as E. ptil-
chellum. They "grow G in. high, and have bright yellow
fls. in May." Woolson's plants of jP. ochroleucum,"irom
the Alps of Jura," have pale yellow fls. -w, jj_

EEYTHfiA (one of the Hesperides, Daughter of Even-
ing). Palmdceie.trihe Cor^phece. Spineless palms with
solitary robust caudices, ringed at the base, clothed
above with dead leaf-sheaths. Leaves terminal, the
younger ones tomentose, orbicular, flabellately many-
parted, the lobes lacerated at the apex, intermingled
with libers, infolded; rachis short; ligule long; petiole
stout, smooth or spiny along the margins; spadices
long, white tomentose: branches stout; spathes many,
sheathing the peduncle, thick-coriaceous, densely to-
mentose; bracts and bractlets distinct; fls. pale: fruit
globose, small. Species 2. Southern California.

This small group of American palms includes two
species only, as far as known at present, these being E.
aniuila, wlilch is known locally as the "Blue Palm, "and
E. edulis, the latter commonly known as the "Guada-
lupe Palm," from the fact that it has only been found in
a wild state on the island of Guadalupe, off the coast of
southern California. The plants in question belong to
the fan-leaved section of palms, and bear much resem-
blance to Brahea, the segments of the leaves being
adorned with whitish filaments. In the gardens of Santa
Barbara, California, the Erytheas are planted out, and
in a few years form very handsome trees, but in less
favored latitudes they may be cultivated in the same
manner as Kentias or Latanias, flourishing in a night
temperature of 60° when grown in a rich and open soil
and abundantly supplied with water.

armAta, Wats. (Brahea armdta, Wats.). Blue Palm.
Tall and slender, 40 ft. high : Ivs. very glaucous; peti-
ole narrow, deeply channeled, margined with numerous
stout, more or less hooked, slightly spreading spines;
segments 30-40, sub-lacerate at the apex, slightly fllif-
erous. Lower California. G.C. HI. 20:425.

6duli3, S.Wats. {Brahea e'dulis, yVendh). Stem 30 ft.
high, 1,3 in. thick, with thick, corky bark; sheaths tibrous,
at length glabrous ; petioles stout, 1 in. wide, plano-
convex, unarmed on the acute margins, fibrous-pubes-
cent or glabrate above ; ligule 2-3 in. long, densely
silky-tomentose ; blade 3 ft. ; segments 70-80, at first
tomentose, lacerate at the apex and fibrous on the edges.
California. R.H. 1893. p. 297. and 1897, p. 77. G.C. III.
13:507; 22:157. Jakee. G. Smith and W. H. Taplin.

ERYTHSaiA (Greek, r.,1: ullu.ling to the fls. of .some
species). GentlanCtcr.v. Tliis includes two hardy plants
with bright, deep rose fls., one of which is a rockery
plant from the Azores, the other a Californian annual
which deserves general cultivation. The flowers have
slender green tubes an inch long, and a spreading limb
of 5 oblong lobes, each half an inch long. The style of
E. veniista is curious. Though longer than the stamens,
it does not stand above them, but bends down and stands
off at one side. The genus has possibly 30 widely scat-
tered species, and no near allies of garden value. These
plants bloom in summer and autumn.

Of E. diffusa. J. B. Keller writes: "A light, sandy
loam, in a protected nook of the rockery, witli parti.-il
sliade, is required for this charming little alpine plant.
It must be planted in a well sheltered position, and re-
quires protection from sun and severe frost in winter,
but the little plant is well worth all the extra care we
may have to expend on it in winter. Prop, by cuttings,

Massoni, Sweet (E. diffusa, Woods). Height 4 in.:
stems ascending, tufted, not branched above, 1-3-fld.-
fls. lateral. Azores. Annuals in Azores, biennial in
western Europe. — The plant cult, under this name is
considered perennial by our nurserjTnen.

veniista, Gray. Height 6-10 in. : stems erect, 4-angled,
cymosely branched, as many as 14-fld. : Ivs. K-1 in.

ERTTHRINA 547

long, oblong or ovate oblong, very blunt: corolla lobes
said to be vellow at the base, but in the picture the fls.
have a white eye. Calif. B.M. 6396. — The largest flow-
ered species.

EBYTHKtNA (from Greek for red). Legmninbsm.
CoKAL Tree. Herbs, shrubs or trees, with large and
showy papilionaceous fls., represented by 25-30 species
in tropical countries. Lvs. pinnately 3-follolate, with
glanduliform stipules. Fls. mostly red and in dense ra-
cemes; calyx 2-lipped; standard free or very nearly so;
tenth stamen free, or united only half its length: fr. a
slender, more or less twisted pod. Plants usually spiny;
very rapid growers. Erythrinas are much prized gar-
den plants. Some of them, particularly the herbaceous
kinds, are frequently planted out in the summer. In
the house they demand an intermediate temperature.
Give rich soil and frequent waterings. In the woody
species, aim to have well-ripened wood for flowering,
for the bloom is produced on wood of the preceding
year. The herbaceous species are propagated by di-
vision of the rootstock; also by cuttings from shoots
springing from the old roots. Woody species prop, by
cuttings of growing wood. All species prop, by seeds,
whenever these are obtainable.

A. RerbaceoHS species {or treated as such). These die
down at the end of the season, and the roots may
be stored after the manner of Dahlias. It is best
to start the roots before planting them out, particu-
larly in the N. In their native countries, these
species are more or less woody.

Criata-gdlli, Linn. {E. laurifdlia, Jacq.). Common
Coral Tree. Bushy and woody, sometimes developing
a very short trunk, but the flowering branches dying
back after blooming, the stronger branches coming an-
nually or periodically from near the root : stem and
petioles somewhat spiny: Ifts. ovate-oblong or lance-
oblong, acuminate, entire: fls. large, brilliant crimson,
the keel nearly as long as the down-folding standard,
the wings rudimentary. Braz. B.M. 2161.— Runs into
many forms, varying in the shade ■■f n-d, souir of them
with variegated lvs. South of Wasliin-ion, si.niils out
of doors if protected. In the North tli, il, sliy roots are
taken up and stored. Valuable for mihiiimi' l.looui. Fls.
in large, terminal racemes. Madame Bclauger is a popu-
lar garden form.

compicta, Bull. Of very compact habit : fls. rich
crimson. Probably a form of the last.

specidsa, Andr. Bush-like, reaching 8-12 ft., but usu-
ally ctit back as E. Crista -cjalli is : stems and Its.
prickly: Ifts. broad and more or less 3-lobed, pointed,
veiny: fls. in pubescent racemes, rich crimson. W. Ind.
B.R. 9:750.- Stem green, very prickly.

herbicea, Linn. Stems several and herbaceous, from
a very thick root, 2-1 ft. high, the flowering ones nearly
leafless : Ifts. ovate to hastate : petioles long, more or
less prickly: fls. 2 in. long and very slender, deep scar-
let, in loose racemes 1-2 ft. long: seeds scarlet. N. Car.
to W. Ind. Common on Gulf coast of Ala. and Miss.
B.M. 877.-E. Bidwillii, Lindl., is a beautiful hybrid of
this species and E. Crista-yalli (the latter the pollen
parent), with herbaceous shoots and an ascending vex-
illum. B.R. 33:9.

AA. Woadij or tree-like species. Greenhouse plants, or
planted in the open in S. Calif, and S. Fla.

Hume^na, Spreng. {E. Cdffra, Hort.). Often tree-
like and 30 ft. or more, the stem and petioles very spiny:
petioles long: Ifts. rhomboid-ovate, acuminate: pedun-
cles axillary and strictly erect, longer than the lvs.,
white-warty: fls. verticillate-spiked on the ends of the
peduncles, long and slender, deflexed, brilliant scarlet
f:iding to purple. S. Afr. B.M. 2431. B.R. 9:736.

Corallod^ndron, Linn. Coral Tree. Tree, prickly:
Ifts. ovate-rhomboid: calyx teeth obsolete; standard
erect, linear-oblong, scarlet: seeds scarlet, usually with
a black spot. W. Ind.

Other Ei-ythrinas have been introduced into S. Calif. :
E. Bogotinsis, said to grow 50 ft. high, from Colombia;
E. insignis. Todaro, of unknown habitat, 100 ft.; E.
vidriim, Todaro, 100 ft., of unknown habitat.

L. H. B.

ERYTHROCH.ETE

EHYTHROCHfflTE,

ERYTHHOCHSTON. See kept back

EEYTHEONIUM (from the Greek word for red).
LUi&eew. Dog's-Tooth Violet. Adder's Tongue.
Handsome plants of the north temperate zone. Four
belong to the Old World, four to eastern N. America,
one is found in the Rocky mountains, while in the cool
woods and high mountains from northern California to
the British possessions the genus is represented by
nine species and a number of well marked varieties.
Erythroniums have bulbs standing erect and from ob-
long to linear in form, two radical leaves, which in most
species are handsomely mottled : scape slender and
leafless, producing from one to many flowers. The peri-
anth consists of six similar divisions, usually recurved,
six stamens and a single S lobed st\le The species
are confused and are much in nted of revision See

Watson, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts & Sci. l-4:2r,0 ; 22-A7H.
Baker, Journ. Linn. Soe. 14:29G. Weathers, U.C, III.
20:301.

The Erythroiiimn- :.v m--! ihi.i'i ^:ii,- --lii,-- ilnw-
ers. They suecci ■: I' ' l! ■•' : ' ' :i par-

tial shade. In r^.i . ^ .1 : nials,

especially those ■. m. ; 1 i ,■ -. iln-y

profit bv a wintir im.jI. I. ..1 I, ,,,. > ..1 ini.-r. TK,- west-
ern Erythroniums :ul- all pliuits uf the cmuI woodlands,
except a few whifh grow at sucli altitiulc-s as to reach
like conditions. They tlirivi- best in shade, a thoroughly
drained soil, moist and rich in mold, a surface cover-
ing of half rotten leaves tending to equalize condi-
tions. Any good fibrous material, as fibrous peat, cocoa-
nut fiber or spent tan bark, or even well rotted sod, will
answer the purpose to lighten the soil and give that
abundance of mold they delight in. Pockets in shaded
rockwork give ideal situations. They will thrive nat-
uralized on cool, wooded slopes, and where the drainage
is good will thrive in gr.".ss. The loaves ripen before
the grass is cut and tlio rftNrf j- vm- fine. Simply
planted in boxes in a Ini--^ ■■'' ri 1 i ■ mold, and left
year after year in a sli.nl' "luetimes give

splendid bloom. £. Um-i :< : ' . .ry early, and

stands more heat and ilrym ^ il-.m :iuy other variety.
E. pitrpurascens and E. miiiitiiinnii, from high altitudes,
tend to throw up their growth very late, and are on that
account rather diflicult to cult. E. grandiflortim flowers
very early, and must be given a cool situation and be

ERYTHROXIfM

re any length of stalk. All of the other
species are very satisfactory garden plants.
The propagation of E. Dens-Cunia and varieties, the
eastern American species and E. Martwegii, is by
offsets. All of the other western species can be in-
creased only by seeds. The eastern species should be
planted at least 5 in. deep.

A. Fls. always solitary, and without a crest near
base of inner petals: leaves handsomely mot-
tled: offsets /«ic.— Old World species.

Dens-C&nis, Linn. The European species : in the
type fls, are rosy purple or lilac : stem 4-0 in. high.
Variations are white, rose-colored or flesh-colored. Var.
longifoUum, Hort., varies in its narrower leaves and
larger flowers Var Sibiricum Hort., from the Altai
Mts is taller —Little known in \mer. gardens.
vv El solitary nitlait aoi fen inner petals : pro-
du ntq ff t —El tern \uierican species.

Amencinum "^imth C ini n Adder's Tongue. Fig.

• L\ mettle 1 H ^ ellow the segments recurved:
111! with 1 ng off hoot Ea tern V. S. and Canada,
t 111 and \rk Runs into miny forms. The follow-
11 11 111 belong with it E lunceoldtum, Pursh;
A 1)1 IK Ilium Rnf £ 6»ac(e(»H»i, Boott.

Albidum \utt Lvs not mottled, narrow: fls. white,
\ II w t 1 ase segments recurved. Ont. and N. Y. to

propullans Grav Lvs small green or slightly mot-
1 I II rose colored with jellow base: offsets pro-
u 1 turn the stem sheath Southern Ontario and

AAi Fls S^ sometimes mote {rarely only 1-fld.).-
West American species The lvs. are richly
mottled, except in E. grandiflonim. The
corms do not produce offsets, except in E.
Bartwegii. Inner petals with auricles except
in E. Howellii. All except E. purpurascens
have large and showy fls.
B. Style S-eleft.
grandifldrum, Pursh {E. ninanthim, Liiidl.). Lvs.
unmottled: stem slender, 1-o-fld. : fls. very bright yel-
low; petals recurved; anthers yellow.

Var. tLlbum, Hort. (E. montdnum, Hort.). Like the
type, except the fls. are white, yellowish at center, and
with a slight greenish cast.
Var. minor, Morren. is smaller.

Nuttalliinum, Si-hiilt. Like A', r/rdiidiflornm, and per-
haps a variety of it, but has red anthers.

HArtwegii, Wats. Bulb-bearing offsets : lvs. mottled :
tis. l-i'i. iiiostlv in a sessile umbel, large, light yellow-
orauLTe at center. Foothills of the Sierra Nevada
mountains in California. G.C. HI. 20:361.

revoliitum, Smith. Lvs. 1-4, mottled in white and
light brown: fls. nearly always 1 or 2; petals
and curved;
late (awl-shaped) 1

arge and stout; filaments fro
3 deltoid, opening from white tluslied
rith pink to pinkish purple, liecoming purple. J.H.
111.35:523.

Var. BoUnderii, Hoit. (E. grandiflditim , var. Smithii,
Hook.). Differing from the type in having white fls.,
tardily becoming purple, and in being smaller.

Var. Jdlinsoni, Purdy (A'. ./■-' - . 1 -luMlrr). Very
similar to the type, but lvs. Ill i.rown and

looking as if coated in variii-li ' 1 rose with

orange center. Gn. 51:1100. 1..1 , Mi, ii .p.i; 25:2,5:1.

Var. praecox, Purdy. Lvs. mottled in mahogany, the
most beautifully in any Erythronium : the fls., usually
2-4, are creamy "white with orange center.

Var. Wdtsoni, Purdy. Differs in having a full, creamy
white fl., orange at center, and usually banded with
brown above the base; in foggy weather the fl. is bell-
shaped: lvs. mottled in brown.— One of the finest of
Erythroniums.

ERYTHRONIUM

Var. albifldrum, Hort. (E. gigitnfeum, vnr.albindrum.
Hort. H.grandifldrum, var. aibiflorum, Hook.). This
differs from rar. Watsoni onlv in being pure white,
with a delicate greenish cast. B.M. 5714. F.S. 20:211..
G.C. III. 3:550; 15:021.

BB. Style not divided.

citrintun, Wats. Lvs. mottled: stem 1-3-fld.: petals
broad, strongly recurved, light yellow, orange at center,
the tips becoming pink.

Hfindersonii, Wats. Lvs. mottled in dark brown :
petals strongly recurved, pale purple, with a very dark
purple, almost black, center. G.F, 1:317. G.C. III.
3:053; 15:623. B.M. 7017.

purpuriscens, Wats. Lvs. not mottled but shaded in
dark iiit-TiiIlif tints: small, spreading fls. crowded in a
r:ir, HI,-, li^lit viUow (almost white), center orange, be-
conihi- i.uii.li-h.-The smallest of our Erythroniums.
Pr..iiurly au ciliaue.

H6we'llii, Wats. Lvs. mottled: scape 1-3-fld. : fls. pale
yellow with orange b.ase, becoming pinkish. — Of the
Pacihc coast Erythroniums, this alone is destitute of
the ear-shaped appendages at inner base of petal.

Carl PrRDV.

ERYTHR6XYHJM (Greek, «f? wood: true of some
species). LiHitcete. Vorx. The Cocoa plant, the lvs. of
which are of vast imriortam'p in nii-diciiM-. i-:in l>p ltcpwu

rarely cult, undt-i- u ■ - i i ' .ini.'

slender branches, ciii t1i- ■ \' [• hk i i; ~ -i v, 1iv!i i i. lvs.

are borne. Below the Iv

year, which is reddish,

fls. a quarter of an inch across

tion of the small scales that 1

which are colored like the bark. Tlir in^ii'. r ini-ry ..f

theCoeabeingstilluncertain, itism >■' : , ,, , ,,,,,^

of description to take as the type th. ' i;!..m1

form, which happens to be a Peru\ i; ; .i.a liy

Lamarck Erythroxj/ljim Coca, aud linun .i m .lii Lut:ciii-
cal Magazine 1894, plate 7334. The lvs. of this form are
about "2V^in. long, oblong-Obovate, tapering toa short
stalk, rounded at the apes, the midrib extending beyond
into a short, sharp point.

Cocoa is grown commercially on a large scale through-
out South America. Peru produces fifteen million
pounds of the dried leaf every year, Bolivia half as
much, and the rest of South America very much more.
The lvs. are chewed to prevent hunger and fatigue.
Dr. H. H. Rusby, of New York, in the Therapeutic
Gazette, says, "The effects of Cocaine as a nerve stimu-
lus applied to intellectual and emotional activity are

:Ii,,w,..Ml,.f the [.ri-cedillg
rs of 3-5 yellow 5-lobed
spring from the protec-

tions of liK"-" '■ -^1 ■' I' "■•'. !• II- \v:i^t.- diiriiiL' <-xer-

and trav.l. I ^ I ' ■ • ' ;i.' lia- ii.i MiiipLi-ting

or nourisliihL' [•"■•. - r v, ii:i'i ■, • r, hikI its cs^nitial a''tion
is enfeebling. Every attempt made to support by it
athletic competition has resulted in failure or even
disaster." Cocaine is an excellent anaesthetic, and is
particularly useful in operations on the eye. Coca
should not be confused with Cocoa and Cacao, which
are discussed under Theobroma. The literature of
Coca, from every point of view down to the year 1889, is
reviewed in the Kew bulletin for that year. \y, jj,

ESCALLONIA (Escallon was a Spanish traveler in
S. Amer. ). SuxifragitcecB. About 40 South American
evergreen shrubs or trees, with scattered entire or ser-
rate, ovate or lanceolate lvs , viscid branches, strong-
odorous fls. in terminal racemes or panicles: petals 5,
linear-spatulate ; stamens 5 ; anthers ovate-oblong ;
style simple, the stigma capitate aud 2-3-lobed: ovary
2-3-loculed. A few species have been introduced in the
S., chiefly in S. Calif. They are of easy culture; rapid
growers. Some of them will no doubt prove half hardy
as far north as Washington. Spring and summer.

Uonte-vid^nsis, DC. (E. floribilnda, Hort.). Nearly
erect bush, branches cylindrical : lvs. 2-4 in. long, elliptic
or linear-oblong, obtuse or nearly so, narrowed into a
distinct petiole, minutely dentate : fls. white, }4 in.

ESCHSCHOLZIA

across, in a large, terminal panicle-like cyme
0404. B.R. 17:1407.
pulvenil^nta, Pers. i A'. ri:rl,rir,„<i . DC. I.

549

.Mast

virg4ta, Pers. {E. IVni>
var. PhUippidna, Engl.). Half-hardy shrub south of
Washington, with rod-like light brown branches : lvs.
nearly sessile, not glandular nor odorous, linear or
oblon'g-spatulate, serrate : fls. white, small, in dense
racemes terminating the branchlets.

Organtasis, Gardn. Half hardy S., 2-5 ft., branches
red and angled: lvs. elliptic or oblong, crowded, serrate,
glossy : lis. pink, in close, terminal clusters. B.M. 4274.
-Excellent.

rilbra, Pers. Twiggy shrub, glandular-pubescent: lvs.
rather small, obovate-lanceolate, sharp-toothed : fls.
long-tubular, red, in short, terminal clusters. B.M. 2890
L. H. B.

ESCHSCHOLZIA (J. F. Eschscholz, of Kotzebue's
scientific expedition). Papaveracete. About a dozen
low, pale or glaucotis herbs, anntial or perennial, with
dissected, altr-mnf.- Iv--,. rm.) InvL-i'. slmwv vellow or
whitish fls.: -!■;■!- _' •.'■■■'- 4: .u,u«-u~ nnnierous;
stigmas 4-i'.: . ■ _ -.; -l.ml.r iik.' a silique,

1-loculed. Til- . :. \ ■ ^1 1 'Alii-h 1^ liushed off

over the bud a- tl;i p. t il — •■ I'aial | v,.,. , I, -tail at the left
in Pig. 780). The torus or rec.-ptacle (from which the
capsule arises) is prominentlv widened or dilated.
Monogr. in Gray, Syn. Fl. N. Amer. 1 :90-92. Commonly
spelled Eschscholtzia.

Eschscholzia Cahfornica (XK)

Calif6rmca, Cham. California Poppy. Fig. 780.
Perennial, but cult, as an annual, 10-20 in. high, form-
ing mats: lvs. petioled and divided into linear parts:

550

ESCHSCHOLZIA

fl. saucer-shaped, opening in sunshine, 2-3 in. across,
yellow or orange or cream-colored : pod 3—4 in. long,
strong-ribbed : torus largo and funnel-shape. Calif,
and Ore., mostly along the coast. B.M. 2887. B.R.
14:]1«8. R.H. 1894, p. .-iSL-Oin- of the most popular
garden fls. It is tmitr.l ,i- :, li n-lv :iiiiiii:il. Seeds may
be sown very crii-l !• * -.i '> rat.lo cold, and

blooms after th. i i h . ! ;wteeted, plants

of one season'.-. ; ! ; ■ '- ,, inter and give

some bloom thr _, I' "inPtimes self-

sows. Veryattr:!' _.ii;_-, inr.'in^,- ,,f its in-

teresting bluisli I . : . ■ I" .ir.' .|..ulil.-iM. forms.
Very variable, :ni. ■ ■! i \:init\ cf iiani.-s. as

C.maritima,lhT< m-t i,i. . n. .. r. r,),i„. H"rt. (trade
name for mixed varii-ti.'s). ('. itui-anlluca, Hort., and
C. (ilba, Hort. The so-called white varieties are not yet
pure white. Do not bear transplanting well.

Var. crdcea, Hort. ( /■;. r,vV,.„, Benth.). Fls. deep
orange: torus \. i , in i. . |.:iii.lcd: calyx bud long-

Var. DoCiglasii. ( ' . / / .//.(.si;, Benth.). Rather
more slf-niliT. aTiiI M i imIki-: (Is. pure yellow.

tenuifdlia, Hook. Low.r, with finer-cut and denser
foliage, the long divisions being almost capillary: fls.
small (1 in. across), light yellow, overtopping the Ivs.r
torus less prominent. Calif. B.M. 4812. l_ jj. g.

ESTEAGON.

Artetnisia Dracunculus.

EUCALYPTUS (Greek, eu, well; kalypto, to cover as

with a lid till

( ilw limb covering the flower before

anthtsix 1 1

111 n in the form of a lid or cover).

Myri;

1 Mostly trees, frequently of im-

1 .ilpme and sub-alpme species

shrulii

..tu, {Tx^ 7S1), in the seed-

Imgs 11 1

, 1 Iionzontal, op-

posit.

istly vertical

(ocoas, 1

I .te and vary-

ingfi.in

iiiiiate .indfal-

cate, thi. U 1 lU,

11 il I ii_ui, 1 tiiiiULiuid, glabrous.

except rarely in the young shoots, sometimes covered
with a glaucous wax : umbels solitary and axillary or
paniculate, near the ends of the branchlets, usually
white: fls. in umbels of 3 to many, rarely solitary ; ca-
lyx tube obconical campanulate or oblong, adnate to the
ovary at the base ; lobes connate, forming a lid which
separates by a circumscissile dehiscence ; petals wanting

EUCALYPTUS

(or ;iiln.-iti' to tlic calyx-lid I; stamens numerous, in
iiiaii>, I'i'.^. -. ii.iiali-,- I'ri'i', fr. Muc III ly inflexed in bud;
iinil i' iiu.r than broad and
op. I ,,. :,, 11 -. often almost kid-
iirj ■ n:ir.-i aiMi i-ii. iiiii_' I.;. ■ 1 1 N . a la 1 1 1 longitudinal slits,
or iMui...i._- iiii.l oi„-i,ii,K liv u-niiihul pores ; style undi-
vided; fr. a capsule, opening at the top by 3-G valves;
seeds numerous, mostly angular, only a few fertile.
For structure of fruit and calyptra, see Figs. 782-788.
A genus of about 140 species, all Australasian, except-
ing perhaps 5 found in the East Indies. Valuable hard-
wood trees, mostly of rapid growth : the timber is ex-
ceedingly durable and largely used in Australia by ship-
builders, railroad engineers, inijiU-nieiit iiKikers, and for
Imil.lir.i,' iiur|".M-s. Falliiii.' far : i-laaiM 1„. effected

of tin

lid

hausting I
from the
contain •\

iM-aii M I'V v,i,l, |., ,l:.iiala,n,| .a,,aMla- a I . .1 . 1 hroUgh the

persi-vfring efforts of the hiti- Biiron Von riliu-ller; it is
frequently planted in the malarial regions of warm cli-
mates, as at the Campagna at Rome, with very benefi-
cial effect. (Sanitarians will be interested in "Eucalyp-
tus in Algeria and Tunisia, from an hygienic and cli-
raatological point of view," by Dr. Edward Pepper,
Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. 35:39-56.) In England the same
species is grown extensively for subtropical gardoning,
on account of its distinntivr- L'lniii-ons Inn- nii.l sviiinict-
rical growth, but in Ilia 1 ainaai. n laaai ;!,,■ ii.aa.iion
of glass in winter. \'. i :iil\ ;

most of them, howa \ a i i m

California and count 111 - iai.aina -muair ahhaa, ,

For ready detei-mination of spci'iias in this iTiii.-iil ge-
nus, it is necessary to have adult leaves, mature buds,
flowers, and mature fruit : immature fruits are often
very misleading. ^Monographed in part by Baron von
Mufllrr in lii- fiiaalrifrarraphia (cited here as F.v. M.
lanral.i. in ■ ' ■ ■' I' ■ -ias are carefully illustrated.
H.iiiliani lii , a. .ies (almost the whole ge-

nu-1 ill III I aii-.is.VnI. 3. The following

k( \ lias I. , 111 Liiflinuiiin's Dichotomous

a.quently

thinlv

v raised

These

t, sandy

vhen in-

I through

soil, and placed in a little )h at /
tended to be used for subtro]ih
on H liiwn, is be.st sown in Ana
the winter, for use the follow n, a .a
nini-li larger and better phiiii> niii.\ I..- ol.iiiined than
wliiii sowing is deferred to the spring. It is best to
raise new plants each year, as lifted specimens do not
regain their beauty of the preceding season. Being
fast-growing plants, consideralile space must be al-
lowed when they beeonie e-ial.lislieil. either in the open
ground or in pots. .\ nith. r ri.h -oil. composed of loam
and decayed manure, with tie- n.l.lition of some char.

flV;a.../ ,a, 1- , I I- ii- l a' |.a _ :,a , a a' ill potS in the COn-

sei , a rendering it a gen-

species ue a rare or select one, in wood boxes or seed
pans) germinate quickly ; when about hand-high the
seedlings should be transplanted in the nursery, to
check the downward growth of the roots and to promote
the formation of lateral rootlets, fit to retain some soil
while moving such seedlings to places of permanency.
The operation of transplanting should be carried out in

EUCALYPTUS

the cool season, best under a cloudy sky, and the seed-
lings ought not to get dried up in any way during the
process of removal, regular daily watering for some
time afterwards being requisite. Eucalyptus seedlings
for shipment to places only a few days' distance may be
simply packed in closed cases without much soil ; for
transmittal to longer distances, they must be well es-
tablished in pots or bamboo pieces. In this respect
Eucalypts should be treated like most pines and other
coniferous trees, and, like them, cannot be transplanted
when they have attained any size, even when provided
with a good ball of earth. But their distribution by
means of seeds is the easiest method, on account of the
durability and small size of the latter. (F. v. Mueller:
adapted).

EUCALYPTUS

551

acmenioides, 31.

gomphocephala, 33,

piperita, 10.
Planchouiana, 17.
platypus, 39.

albeus,3.
alpiua, 35.

goniooalyx, 41.
r«mnii. 45.

amygdalina, 47.

ha^m.-istouKi. 4G.

polyanthemos, 3.

angustifolia,47.

punctata, 29.

Baileyana,42.

regnans. 47.

buprestium, 15.

resinlfera, 26.

ealophylla, 5.

Risdoni, 32.

citriodora, 1.

robusta, 24.

coeeif era, 44.

m.wiltita, 1."

rosea, 14.

coluss,-a. 11.

marginata, 25.

coriaeea, 10.

megacarpa, 40.

rudi™52'.

cornuta, 37.

melanopbloia, 20.

saligna, 27.

corymbosa, 4.

meUiodora, 19.

siderophloia, 21.

eorynoealyx, 8.

microeorys, 28.

sideroxylou, 14.

crebra, 23.

obcordata.Si.

splachnicariJii.5.

diversicolor, 11.

obliqua.lS.

doratoiylon. a.

oceidentalis, 38.

tereticornis, 51.

drepanophylla, 23.

pallens, 14.

triantha. 31.

ficifolia, 6.

panlculata, 7.

uncinata, 43.

fissilis.18.

pauciflora, 10.

undulata,45.

globulus, 34.

piliUaris, 30.

viminaUs,48.

A. Fruit-valves

quite enelonerl in the rnpsnle (see also

No. So, M.

marqinntii: friiil m

'nxl he quite mature

in order to determiiii- tli,.< jmhh

1 1.

B. Fls. mostly

in terminal .-,• /„

1. e,il panicles, not

simple nnv

beU {nernsi.nnlllil II

■„ n.fl..re,reneen'ill

appear Ir,

'■el,,, II |!1! ,llx,,. OW-

ill,] In Ihe

iaIhiKi ../■/ "/ //,.

l,,i,',s. ..., il,„l it is

jifCi s.i,ini

,1-seai; ,1, ,.l.,eing

douhtlul' sp.einuHS): les. srai

'len,J. pel,., late (ex-

cept somefi

mes in seedliurjs ai

<ul robust shoots).

J). Fruit at least % in. in diameter, more or less
iireenlate: fls. and fruits pedicellate.

1. macalata. Hook. Spotted Gum. Handsome tree,
150 ft high 1 irk smooth whitish or reddish grav mot
tied w th 1 I ish white or blown reddish pots Ivs Ian
ceolate veins feather\ sprea ling anther'^ oj en ng 1
parallel longitudm il lits ) 1 loul le F \ Al E cil
3:4 Hook Icon 019 -Timber \alual le for hip lull lei
wheelwright's and coopers and for blocks for btreet
pa% ing

Var citrioddra Bailey (J7 c t oddia Hook ) Lemon
SCENTED Ci I H 1 t t ! lenler laik

smooth white til 111

Ivs very long I 1 I

scented fls c

mental tree of ] 111

fomia subject t 1 I 1 t j le in 1

gilders volatile oil ise I i jeit ueiy tie >omg
plants useful for wmdo v or cool gieenhouse culture

DD Finite

elj<

Red Box teee Well
less to 150 ft high 1 ark
t roighi h hs fiom
V1X 1 leen on b th

gra^ ler i
orl lOuHr to ovate d ill
sides lid depressed i i 111 j 1 en 1 in 1

faintly pointed fls sn 11 1 I j -in 1 le

scribed as resembling 1 1 t u i uette

outer stamens sterile f 1 1 u ate 1 open

in" by terminal pores F v ]\I F c 1 ^ 9 Hook Icon
87 1 —Fairly lapid gro vei Timl er extremely haid anl
durable, unsurpassed for fuel, and much used m Aus

tralia for ties and wheelwrights' work. Very useful for
bees, flowering iu Jan. and Feb.

3. hemiphldia, P. v. M. Australian Bos-tkee. Tree,
90 ft. or less high; bark of trunk persistent, solid, gray-
ish and somewhat wrinkled; of br;inches deciduous, in
flakes or long strips : Ivs. from lanceolate-falcate to
ovHti Iiiiir, ,,I:,|, . iliick and rigid, often ashy gray;
bit. I ' ' ruing at a very acute angle: lid

c-i.iii v.ry minute, globular, opening by

hitri,„. j,.i,.,,,., apertures. F. v. M. Eucal. 5:5.—
Tiuil.i I liiuU aail tuugh, valued in Australia for rail-
road tiLS. telegraph poles, shafts, spokes, etc.; also
makes excellent fuel.

Var. 41bens, Moore {E. dlbens, Miq.). White Box-
tree. Bark dull green, persistent: Ivs. glaucous or
mealy white: fls. chalk-white.

cc. IJvs. paler beneath than above: branchlets glabrous.

d. Fruit urceolate [urn-shaped] over Vi in. long: lid
of calyx not broader than the tube, tearing off
along an irregular suture: anthers distinctly
longer than broad, opening by almost parallel
longitudinal slits.

e. Si2e of fruit under 1 in. in diameter.

and pedicels long, ^'. i I, ' -' ■ , !!. i i -, Ma-
grant: lid depress, cl ir.

large, oval-urn-shaj.. .:. ,,,^ I' i, , I .,..:,:.:. -J.

— Timber very hard \\li._n '.h;. . iIui.lI.Iu uiaUi' ;^'ruiiiRl,
and much used in Australia for feuce posts, rails, rail-
road ties, and rough building purposes: b,ark yields
about 28 per cent tannic acid; dried Ivs. about 18 per

ee. Size of fruit exceeding 1 in. in diameter: Ivs. turn'
ing the surface more than the edge, to the zenith;
veins feathery-spreading .

5. ealophylla. R Br. iM—linm-sized, iimbrnerpous tree:
bark persisfciii, .lark, .l..|.h i iiri-.i\v..l : h >. broad- or
lanceolate -..\ , : ,,,.;,,, ly stalked:

fls. large, «li . . .-: lid thin,

patellar: fr. L.tl-.. - ih. .,\ ,ii. urn -li,.i...l. border

compressed; seeds very large, black, not winged. July-
Oct. B.M. 4036 (as E. splachnicarpa). F. v. M. Eucal.
10:2. G.C. III. 20:661.— Ornamental tree, but of rather
slow growth and subject to frost. Fruits polished and
sold for pipe 1 owls good shade tree for avenues valu

1 le f r 1 ee flowering late into the
fill 1 irk conta ns tannin

b ficiSdlia F 'M ( 1 \ Fi. w j iji
eked El 1

Han 1 on
tall shii 1

mder groun i valuable for railroa 1 ties fencing and
building purposes.

552

EUCALYPTUS

BB. yis. in simple, axillary umbels: fr. with 3 or more

cells J and not exceeding 1 in. in length. [See

also a. paniculata, No. 7.)
c. Zid projecting beyond the rim of the calyx tube :

anthers distinctly longer than broad, opening by

almnst pariiUcl Inngitxtdinal slits.
8. corynocalyx, K. v, :\I. Sugar Gum. Tree, 120 ft.
high ; hnrk sir]o..tli: Ivs. elongate-lanceolate, slightly
curved, sunn-what pnlcr lu-iieath: lid almost hemispheri-
cal : fr. uru-shiiped-ellipsoid, longitudinally streaked.
June-Sept. F. v. M. Eucal. 2:2.— The best drought-re-
sisting tree for desert regions (Mueller); the foliage
contains but little oil, is sweetish, and is browsed by
stock. Needs protection from sea breeze when planted
along the coast. An ornamental tree used for roadside
planting in southern California. Timber hard, strong,
durable; useful for railroad ties and fence posts. Said
to be the quickest-growing shade tree for regions ex-
posed to hot, bleak winds; will stand 18° F.

783. Eucal

CC. Lid not projiriing heyoiid the rim of the calyx-tube.

D. Li'S. opposite: anthers minute, not longer than

broad (nearly oval), opening by longitudinal slits.

9. dorat6xylon, P. t. M. Spi:.\n-wnnD. A pretty,
small tree or tall shrub: bnr'- -i-khi'Ii, ■_-r. rTij,), — hitp;

Ivs. stalked, narrow, lancenliiii ■ ^ .i . ' i . . . ,i ■ ;tril,

on recurved, slender, coni] 11 . ' imi-

nating in a beak-like poin'. , i i,.,,;., . iii,-.

F.v.M. Eucal. 4:4.-Gracffiil ii , ■>] -l,n4Lr hal.it:

tiiul)er firm and elastic.

DD. it's, scattered.

E. Leaf-veins several, longitudinal, almost parallel

with the midrib.

10. coriacea,Cunn.(jE.'.pa!(C«7M™,Sieb.). White Gum.
Handsome tree : branches spreading ; branchlets slen-
der and more or less drooping: bark smooth, whitish
gray: Ivs. broad, elongated, thick: lid hemispherical,
twice or thrice shorter than the tube, usually quite
blunt: anthers almost kidney-shaped, opening by very
divergent, longitudinal slits : fr. shortly-pedicelled.
Nov. -Feb. F. v. M. Eucal. 3:G.-An alpine tree, and one
of the hardiest species. Cattle browse on the foliage
in seasons of drought. Timber used for fuel, fences
and building purposes; sometimes badly affected with
scale.

EE. Leaf-veins all more or less diverging from the
midrib.
p. Foliage muc/i paler beneath {see also No. 25, E
marginata): anthers almost heart-shaped, optning
by longitudinal slits.

11. diversicolor, F. v. M. (E. coUssea, F. v. M. E. di-
versicolor, var. colossea, Hort.). Kabri. Very tall,
symmetrical tree, attaining 12 ft. in diameter : bark
smooth, white: Ivs. scarcely inequilateral, dark green
and shining above; veins feathery-spreading, fine : lid
nearly hemispherical : fls. white, in heavy clusters ;
stamens all fertile. March-May, and again in Novem.

F. V. M. Eucal. 5:4.— A rapid grower, profuse bloomer,
and considered a good tree for bees. Timber elastic,
valued for building purposes, shafts, masts and fence
rails.

Fr. Foliage of equal color on both sides, or nearly so.
G. Pedicels elongated : lid conical.

12. longifdlia, Link. TN'oollybutt. Tall tree: bark
persistent, gray, rough nr wrinkled, somewhat fibrous:
Ivs. elongated; veins virv j-r. n.liiiL': lirl broadly conical,
acute, pale : stamens a'l i.'ti!. anrlu-rs cuneate- or
oblong-oval, opening' i ! -lits : stigma not
dilated: fr. rather lar i i :. stmiovate, angu-
lar: margin outwardly i In,,. 1. v. M. Eucal. 2:4.
— Flowering almost coiitimiou^Iy. ^'ahlable for bees.

13. leuc6z;Ion, F. v. M. White Ikonbark. Tall tree,
usually branching below : bark mostly deciduous,
smooth, pale : Ivs. narrow-lanceolate, grayish or dull
green: fls. usually in 3's, white or rarely pink: lid semi-
ovate, pointed: outer stamens sterile; anthers truncated,
opening by apical pores ; stigma much dilated : fr.

making an excellent honey. Timber superior to that of
almost any other Eucalypt for certain purposes. Val-
ued for hardness and durability; used by wagon- and
ship-builders, also for railroad ties and underground
work, for axe handles and for turning. Will grow on
stony ridges not adapted to ordinary cultural purposes.

14. siderixylon, Cunn. {E.leucSxylon, var. siderdxy-
;o)i, Authors). Ked Ikonbark. Perhaps not specific-ally
distinct from E. leucoxylon: usually not branched be-
low: bark persistent, rough, dark red: Ivs. green: fls.
white or yellowish.

Var. rdsea, Hort. {E. leucdxylon, var. risen, Hort.).
Lvs. green: fls. rose-colored. March, Apr.— A handsome
form and profuse bloomer.

Var. pollens, Auct. [E. leuc6xylon, var. pdllens,
Bcuth. E. leuc6xyloH,r&T. pdllida, Hort. E. siderdxy-
lon, Tar. piillida, Sort.). Lvs. silvery gray: fls. red.—
A profuse bloomer.

GO. Pedicels short or none : fertile seeds not winged.
H. Fr. much contracted at the orifice, nearly globular:
outer anthers kidney-shaped, opening by divergent
slits.

15. buprfiBtium, F. v. M. Shrub, 10 ft. high : lvs.
about 2 in. long, narrow; oil-dm inu ii . . m . nl, ,1 : ils.
small, almost pear-shaped in i;. |ii.iiial,
pointed: Inner anthers optnn, : . r.iuinli-li
pores: fr. nearly 1 in. in di.uM , 1 1 un. air L'i.,l.ular,
grayish; margin compressed. July.Aui;. 1'. v. Al. Eucal.
0:1.— Valuable for bees.

10. piperita, Smith. Peppermint Strinqt-bark.
Tall tree: bark persistent, gray, rough and fibrous: oil-
dots copious, transparent: lid broad -conical, acute: fr.
about H in. in diam. F. v. M. Eucal. 3:S.

HH. Fr. but slightly or not at all contracted.
I. Diameter of fr. nearly 1 inch.

17. Planchoniana, F. v. JI. Tree, 100 ft. high: pedun-
cles erect, broadly compressed : pedicels very short or
almost none : lid ntirrow-oonical, from a semi-ovate
base, about n<! 1"iil' a-^ tlm calyx-tube, both longitu-
dinally stri-alo .1 : nnliii- ..rate Or roundish ovate,
opening byliM i Inly. F. v. M. Eucal. 4:6.

— A profusf 11 . r lieavy, hard and durable;

well adapted 1' r -a., !i,_, inii lait ea.sy to split.

II. Diameter of fr. rarely exceeding K in.
J. Calyx-tube and lid granular, rough.

18. obllqua, L'Her. (E. fissilis, F.v.M.). Steingt-
BARK. Tall tree: bark persistent, grayish, very fibrous,
but rather soft and fragile : lvs. very inequilateral at
base : peduncles nearly terete, mostly slender : calyx
tube terete : lid hemispherical, depressed or scarcely
pointed. March-May. F. v. M. Eucal. 3:5. -Much val-
ued in Australia for bees. Will grow on poor, dry soil,
but subject to frost in California. Wood useful only for
cheap, rough work.

EUCALYPTUS

j,T. Calyx-tube and lid smooth.

19. melliodora, Cunn. Honey-scented Gl'm. Spread-
ing tree, 120 ft. high: bark mor.- or h-^^ p.-rsistiut be-
low, roughish, brownish trray witln.iit, \ .IImw i-h within:
fls. small: lid conic-hemis|.h,ri.Ml ; "ut^ r -laiiirii-i ster-
ile; anthers minute, trun.Mt.-.l. ..iMiiiiiL,' by terminal
pores : fr. truncate-globular, not e.xceeiiing Ja in. in
diara., mostlj- 4,-eelled. Peb.-Apr.-F.v.M. Eueal. 2:5.
—Timber used bv wheelwrights and ship-builders ;
makes excellent fiiel : fls. particularly rich in nectar,
and much sought by bees.

AA. Fniil-nili'es either quite exserted or the points
niieliinii the level of the rim. (Fruit must be
fully mature in order to render this point de-
terminable.)
B. Fls. ijenrrallij panieled ; anthers renate-cordate ,
opeiiiini by longitudinal slits: Ivs. of equal color
on both sides.

r. T.r.i. nppnxHe, more or less ovate.

20. melanophloia. F.v.M. Sii^ver-leaved Ikonbaek.
Small tn-r: li:irk |iri-istent, deeply furrowed, blackish:
Ivs. ghuic.u^ ..V nuuly white, sessile, from cordate-
ovate or orbicular tu uvate-Ianceolate, obtuse or acute:
peduncles 3- to 8-flowered : anthers very small and
globular; cells parallel and distinct: fr. truncate-globu-
lar, 2 or 3 lines long.

cc. I/^vs. scattered, lanceolate.

21. Biderophldia, Benth. Large-leaved Ikonbark.
Tree, 150 ft. high : bark wholly persistent, deeply and
somewhat anastomosingly furrowed ; furrows yellowish
or dark brown: Ivs. elongated : lid conical, very acute,
about 3 lines long: outer filaments straight in bud; an-
thers very minute, roundish ; stigma not dilated.
October. F.v.M. Eucal. -4:8.— Timber verystrong, hard
and durable; used for railroad ties, wharf piles, spokes

EUCALYPTUS

553

22. drepaaophylla,
ribbed, .kn-k -ray:

. M. Low, stunted tree ; bark
thin, often over 0 in. long;
allel and very diverging: um-
large; calyx- lid about as long
as the tube (not exceeding 2 lines long): fr. 3 to 4
lines in diameter; valves level with or hardly project-
ing beyond the rim. Said to be near F. crebra, differing
mainly in the large flowers and in the larger, harder
and more globular fruit.

Var. leptophlSba, Luehm. (E. leptophleba, F.v.M.),
is said to be chiefly distinguished by the Ivs. being
thicker and the veins more oblique. Timber strong,
hard and very durable ; used for bridges, mine props
and fence posts.

23. crebra, F. V. M. Narrow-leaved Ironbark. Tall
tree: bark persistent throughout, dark, almost blackish,
ridged and deeply furrowed, solid: Ivs. narrow. linear-
lanceolate, thin: lid semiovate-eoni.al, iiMt i \r,.,MUng
2 lines long: filaments inflexed in bu<l : -ri^rma <lil;ited:
fruit-valves level with or hardly pro.ic-i-tiii!,' layond the
rim, not exceeding 2 lines in diameter. F. v. Jl. Eucal.
5:3. — Timber heavy, hard, elastic and durable; used for
railroad ties, piles, fence posts, and in the construction
of bridges and wagons; also suitable for splitting into
palings.
BB. Fls. mostly iit slmplr 'i.rHhiry umbels: fruits not

eath.

D. CaUjptra lid broader than the calyx-tube.
21. robiista, Smith. Swamp-mahogany Gum.
78-1. Handsome, symmetrically
branching tree, lo'o ft. high:
bark of trunk persistent,
rough, dark brown; of the
branches reddish : Ivs. large,
oval-lanceolate, long-pointed, dark
green, coriaceous ; the veins al-
most horizontally spreading :
peduncles broadly flattened: fls.
large, creamy white : calyx jtale ;
lid hemispherical below, cylin-
dric-conical pointed above ; an-
thers oblong - oval, opening by 784. Fruit and i
parallel longitudinal slits. Fine E. robusta (>

avenue tree ; profuse bloomer, especially valuable for
bees. Dec.-Feb. F.v.M. Eucal. 7:8. -Timber remark-
ably durable ; used for ship-building, wheelwrights'
work, mallets, etc. : seems to thrive well in low, sour,
swampy ground near the seacoast.
DD. Calypira lid not broader than the calyx-tube.
E. Fruit M in. or more in diameter.

loilU'ltU.ii:;: I ■ I ' - O.alv or not

at all .-x- ri. . , .■ , ., 'I, i , '1, i... : , 7::,. -Valu-
able har.lw I ir.- , ri .;i.;rinL' a x>ani, .■limalo: timber

not attacked by tt-ri-di) ; used for wliarf ]n\es, under-
ground work, telegraph poles, railroad ties, floorings,
rafters, shingles and furniture ; it is easily worked,
makes a fine finish, takes a good polish ; used in Eng-
land for street paving.

EE. Fruit under % in. in diameter.
F. Length of lid usually twice or thrice that of the

calyx tube.
26. resiniiera, Smith. Kino Eucalypt. Tall tree:
bark of trunk persistent, rough, of branches deciduous:
leaf-veins pinnately spreading : oil-dots pellucid, more
or Ies« obliterateri: lid conical : stamens all fertile, in-
flexicl in tliH l.n.l ; anther.s longer than broad, opening
by iiarall.l |..nL'itudinal slits. F.v.M. Eucal. 1:9.-
Timl.' r valiii-a lor its strength and durability; particu-
larly good for fu./l; used in Sydney for street paving.
FP. Length of lid shorter than or equaling that of the
calyx-tube.

2i. saligna, Smith. Tall tree: bark gray and smooth :
leaf-veins feathery-spreading : oil-dots numerous but
much concealed: peduncles broadly compressed; pedi-
ccN \M\ li'i' or none: lid hemispherical, short
poii, - ail fertile: anthers longer than broad,

o|M I, : . :i,l longitudinal slits. Nov. F.v.M.

Eiicai._ -, ^::.] I. , be hardier tha,ii F. globulus ; pre-

28. microcorys, F.v.M. Tallow-wood Gltm. Tall tree:
bark persistent throughout, wrinkled : Ivs. thin, of al-
most paperv consistence, copiously dotted with pellucid
oil-glands, j.al-r roi.l •.i.n.pie beneath; veins spreading:
pedicels il"ii- - i '■''•■• liaped, almost continuous with
the calyx I . -n ssed-hemispherical, hardly

jointed: ai nnute, almost heart-shaped,

opening liY lira r_-.;' -ii-. F.v.M. Eucal. 2:6. — Timber
hard, durable, laMlv work.-.l ; used preferably for
wood bricks; also for railroad 1ifs. knees and breast-
hooks in ship-buildinir. and rclri^'ruph poles.

,i,,illi,the lateral veins not

3. Foliage xh'(ilifhi

H. Frui,

Ion

'idinal slits.

r(/, opening by parallel

29. punctata, DC. Leather-jacket. Hickory Gum.
Beautiful spreading tree, 100 ft. or more high: bark
smooth and dark, thick, nnjst of the outer deciduous:
Ivs. thin; ^ainv rli \ cr^-ontly spreading: peduncles
broad, stroni.'lv ia.]ni.n-^sr<l : pedicels angular, thick:
lid bluntly (a.nical. F.v.:\l. Eucal. 6:7.-Timber hard,
tough and very durable, suitable for fence posts, rail-
road ties, wheelwrights' and ship-builders' work.

HH. Fruit contracted at the

He seeds

III

fertih : .'n,/;.. , ''.',-: I'li^d, opening by di-
verg.,,1 h...,,:' ' ' ' ' •
30. piluliris, Sioiii, !.i i i. Tree, 300 ft. or less

high: bark of trunk i^- rM-i.m. Mackish gray outside,
somewhat fibrous and brownish Inside; of branches
smooth, gray or whitish: Ivs. rather less shining below
than above: peduncles strongly compressed: lid attenu-

554

EUCALYPTUS

ate, from a broadly conical base: fr. about 4 lines in
diameter; rim thick. F.v.BI. Eucal. 3:7. — Timber suit-
able for floor boards,
railroad ties, telesraph
poles, and wood bricks
for street paving.

785. Eucalyptus
globulus.

786. Eucalyptus

globulus.

Showing spray of t .

' - age {X%

and two leaves o:

sucker foliage.

31. acmenioides, Schau. {E. tridntha, Linn.
liris, var. oc mf iiioif/t.s, Benth.). White Ma
Gu.M. Tall tree: bark of trunk persistent below, fibrous:
peduncles not njuch ciiinprcssed. slender: lid hemi-
spherical, pointed at tin' suiiiTnit: fruit not exceeding; 3

lines indiameter; rim thin. I " ' "• "

heavy, strong and dur:il.lr; .
boards, etc.

CO. Lvs. of equal color on Iwlh mJ. s
D. Mostly opposite lvs.,not connate (..;../'
ill No. S2, E. Bisdoni); munjii, .nt,
rarely exceeding % in. in diutiutrr,
ovate.

32. Bisdoni, Hook. Drooping Gum. Small i
sized tree: bark deciduous, smooth: branch

E. am inula t,
DD. Mostly

E. Zi>l milrh In

ilyx-tut,(

33. gomphoc^phala, DC. Tuuaut Tree. Tree, 120 ft.
or less high: bark persistent, rough but not stringy,
rather dark on old trunks, smooth and grayish on
younger trees and branches: Ivs. thick, narrowly acumi-
nate, pale green: peduncles broadly flattened; pedicels
wanting: lid almost hemispherical: fr. large, top-shaped;
border broad, convex. Nov. F. v. M. Eucal. 7:1.— A very
distinct species, easily distinguishable by the broad
lid. Timber tough, heavy and rigid, texture close,
grain twisted, shrinks but little and does not split while
seasoning ; suitable for large scantlings where great
strength is needed, also in ship-building and for bridge
supports. One of tbo strongest woods known.

EUCALYPTUS

EE. Lid not or only slightly hroadtr than the calyx-tube.

F. Calyx-tuhp and lid warty; anthers larger than broad/

ojiening by nearly parallel longitudinal slits.

34. gWbuluB, Labill. BLfE GcM. Figs. 781, 785, 786.
Tree, 300 ft. or less high: bark grayish or bluish white,
smooth except at the base of the trunk: Ivs. lanceolate,
thick : calyx-tube and lid covered with bluish white wax:
fr. large, angular. Dec.-Feb. F.v.M. Eucal. 6:2. G.C. II.
l."):G01; Iir. 2:7.sl: 10:7:17. -Very attractive to bees, but

til.' tir 1,1 :i ir-n:- ,11 '1 unpleasant odor. In Cali-

r.iiiii . : li a than any other Gum,

aiHl I , "limtary seedlings. Will

.siainl jii ..;(,,.;>. I i,i ;,, ..iilniut irrigation in a region

of ouly .T u. Ill 11,1 111 .. .iiiiiu.a rainfall (Franceschi). The
most rapid-growing species. Timber used in Australia
by ship-builders for planking and keels; also for fence
rails, telegraph poles, railroad tir-s, shafts and spokes.
It has been recomnnnded for wine casks. Will tolerate
19° F. Ii-. 7s.'i ^iMiiv^ the stamens (.">) and the structure
of tin- I "il. X" I I :ire % nat. size; 5 is on a larger
scale. .\". I i :i ' i it'in of a bud.

35. alplna. Limn. Slmib, 12 ft. high: Ivs. inequilater-
ally half-ovate, blunt, acute on young shoots, leathery:
fls. sessile in the leaf axils, solitary or few: fr. large, 8
lines wide, almost hemispherical, not angular. Sept.-
Nov. F.v.M. Eucal. 2:1.— A very rare and interesting
alpine species, possibly suitable for street planting.

FF. Ciilyr-tithe and lid smooth or rough, but not warty:

It's, much exceeding 1 in. in length.
o. Sl'tm,„s nnt hillrrfd in the bud (see also No. 51, E.
^; '..-,: !' ■/uncles broadly flattened : calyx
/. 'r'lrnl, obtuse; anthers ellipsoid,

17 hi longitudinal slits.

3G. Luliuiaiim, Irnss. Tall shrub or small tree: bark
coming oil' in irregular sheets, roughish and reddish:
fls. greenish yellow; calyx lid often IX in. long: ovary
convex at the top : f r. half immersed in the receptacle,
about 3^ in. in diameter; valves connivent into a cone,
tapering into the persistent base of the style. July-
Sept.— Valuable ornamental tree.

37. oornilta, Labill. Yate Tree. Large tree : calyx
lid 1-1J4 in. long: filaments yellow: ovary almost on a
level with the calyx rim, the top flat or at length slightly
convex; style thickened at the base: fr. free (not im-
mersed in the receptacle). July-Sept. F.v. M. Eucal.
9:1. — Closely related to the preceding. Used success-
in ^Mulln-rn California; adapted
li ] itiuL' alkaline and saline soils
:i -iiiM what humid soil. Timber
. ■.iiii.il.k- for shafts and frames
111' tarts, and considered equal
to ordinary ash wood. B. M.
0140.

38. occidentiliB. Endlich.
Flat-topped Yate. Fig. 787.
Tall tree: bark deciduous,
mostly smooth : Ivs. narrow-
lanceolate : calyx lid %-% in.
long; filaments yellowish: fruit-
valves only half exserted, awl-
shaped, free. F. v. M. Eucal.
787. Fruits and buds of 6:5.— Individuals show great
diversity in time of flowering,
so that specimens may be found
in blossom at any time between August and April.

39. pUtypufl, Hook. (E. obcnrd(1la. Turcz.). Tall
shrub, 30 ft. or less high: bark smooth, grayish: Ivs.
petiolate, leathery, broad-obovate, blunt, shining: pedun-
cles flattened and winged, bent downwards: fls. sessile,
dull red or yellowish white, not conspicuous : calj-x-
tube prominently angular, much broader than the conic-
cylindrical lid : fr. truncate-ovate, very angular, border
compressed; flowering almost continuously, but never
much at a time. F.v. M. Eucal. 7:6. Hook. Icon. 849.

ntalis 0

GO.

nfle.

'. the bud: frui

%tol in.

40. megacirpa, F.v. M. Tree, 100 ft. or less high:
bark deciduous, smooth, grayish white : peduncles
sharply 2-edged and dilated upwards : fls. 1-2 or 3, ses>

EUCALYPTUS

sile; anthers with a large dorsal gland near the apex:
fr. large, slightly angular-streaked; valves thick, con-
vergent, emersed; border broad, depressed. F.v. M.
Euoal. 6:3.

GGG. Stamens inflexed in the tiuds: fruits mostly under
}4in. in diameter: It's, lanceolate, rarely lin-
ear: calyx-tube and lid not ribbed.
J. Calyx-tube angular: pedicels flattened.
41. goniocilyx, F. v. M. Bastabd Box Tree. Tall
tree : peduncles compressed : pedicels very short and

angular or wanting; calyx-tulu n^^piruously angular:

lid pyramidal-hemisphorir ; tr. :nmular: valves deltoid,
almost enclosed. August. F. v. :M. laical. 1 :3. — Ascends
to 4,000 ft. elevation. Tiniln-r fs].i-cially esteemed for
wheelwrights' work; also used for house-building, fence
rails; etc. ; excellent for fuel.

J. Frs. urceolate {i.e., urn-shaped).

42. Baileyina, F. v. M. Tall tree : bark persistent
throughiMit, Hl.rniis: foliage dense and shady : Ivs. much
dotted: antlicrs liroadly cordate, opening by divergent
slits: fr. ratlin- lari.'.-, globular-um-shaped, 3-celled ;
valves .l.ltMi.l. sli-lith- f.xs€-rtp.l. F. v. M. Eucal. 3:1.-
Will gn.w wll nn .an.ly ^..i]. Tii.il.^r .|.lif. .-asily, is

JJ. Frs, nu.stl^i n,;,l, .tr,iu.;,t.:. „, r, r „r,;.,/„t, : prdicels
shurl: r„l,i.r-l„l hrnnsi>heriml, mostly blunt and
Shurtir than the tube.
K. Liiif'i;:iii.s fine, numerous, very divergent.

43. uncinita, Turcz. Shnib, branching from near the
base with several thin stems: bark deciduous, smooth
and grayish or reddish: Ivs. firm, very light green, nar-
row: fls. small; stamens remaining bent inward in an-
thesis; anthers very minute, almost globular, opening
by terminal pores: fr. very small. F. v. M. Eucal. 4:10.
—A very hardy species.

KK. Leaf-veins not numerous, very oblique.

44. ooccifera, Hook. Small, glaucous tree : Ivs. thick
and shining, under 3 in. long ; peduncles short, thick
and much flattened upwards: calyx-tube narrow-tur-
binate, tapering at the base, prominently angled: lid
short, broad, flat or depressed, rugose: anthers kidney-
shaped, opening by divergent, longitudinal slits : fr.
almost flat on the top. Tasmania, 3.000-4,000 ft. eleva-
tion. B.M. 4G37. G.C. II. 12:113 ; 13:395; 111.2:787,
789; 3:799,801; 9: 109. -Perhaps only a sub-alpine form
of M. amyydalinu.

43. Gunnii, Hook. Cider Guji. Small, often scrubby
tree: Ivs. thick, shining, less than 3 in. long: calyx-lid
shining, hemispherical, short-pointed: anthers almost
oval, opening by parallel longitudinal slits : capsule
somewhat sunk below the narrow rim of the calyx-tube.
A very hardy species. Cattle and sheep readily browse
on the foliage, as it lacks the peculiarly pungent Euca-
lyptus odor. May, June. G.C. II. 19:437; III. 2:781 ;
11:787.

Var. unduiata, (E. Gunnii, F.v.M. Eucal. 4:5., not of
Hook. H. unduldta, Luehm., not of F.v.M.). Swamp
Gdm. Tall tree: Ivs. longer (over 3 in.), broad and
somewhat undulate : fr. top-shaped.— Yields a great deal
of nectar, and flowers earlier than M. viminalis. Tim-
ber strong and useful.

JJJ. Frs. ovate or globose, truncate : rim rather hroad
and flat; anthers broaihr tlnni Inn:/ almost
kidney-shaped, opening li/i <Iiri r.jiiit lomilfudi-
nal slits: Ivs. green: hm-l; nf tnmJ; smooth
or fibrous.

46. haemastdma. Smith. White Gum. Tree : Ivs.
broad; veins spreading, prominent: outer stamens ster-
ile : fr. short, ovate-truncate, with a reddish apex.
F.v.M. Eucal. 2:3. — Will grow on poor, sandy land.
Timber of inferior quality.

47. amygdalina, Labill. Peppermint Gmr. Tall tree:
bark persistent on trunk and lower branches, fibrous:

EUCALYPTUS 555

Ivs rather small, narrow lanceolate attenuate into the

\ Lther species tested
GiM Veiy tall tree,
Liallj smooth, whitish,
uge, broad lanceolate,

moic \oUtilL oil than th it U
\ai r^gnans, F v M Gp
(415 ft or less high) bark
fibrous only near the base Iv
oil dots verj fine, numerous

Var. angustifdlia, F. v. M. Graceful, spreading tree:
branchlets drooping : Ivs. very narrow : fls. very nu-
merous in the umbel. Jan.-Apl., and more or less
throughout the year.

II. Capsule raised above the rim of the calyx-tube:
Ivs. mostly large, inequilateral; veins very di-
verging: stems of young plants nearly terete: an-
thers longer than broad, opening by parallel
longitudinal slits.

J. Flowers mostly three in an umbel.
48. viminilis, Labill. Manna Gum. Fig. 788. Tall
and graceful, Spreading tree, 300 ft. or less high : bark
persistent, roughish and
dark-colored (never fibrous ) ,
or deciduous, very smooth
and grayish white: seedling
leaves lanceolate : pedicels
.almost none or very short:
lid semi-ovate, mostly short-
pointed. F. V. M. Euoal.
10:10. G.C. III. 4:597.-A
liaid-\ sp. ( II s withstanding

ployed for shingles, fence i ul 1 1 I

purposes. Sheep will feed mi thi )

bee tree. Growing readily in California from voluntary

seedlings. Seed said to retain its vitality ten years-

.ntly em^
aluable

Flo

tlia

49. Stuartiina, F
branching tree, with
related to F. run mi
latter when ii lias i
by the flbn.us I, ail
eels almost H'Hm
shortly and l<lunrl\ i

thrte in an )
Apple-si estid

•lb, I.

. Tall,
use, dioiiping tuliagi' , closely
and distinguishable from the
than 3 flowers m an umbel,
mmidish seedling leaves pedi-
\ Iiil almost hemispherical or
d March-May. F.v.M Eucal.
4:9. — One of the hardiest species: timber used mostly
for fencing and fuel.

50. rostrita, Schlecht. Red Gum. Tree, 200 ft. or less
high: bark early deciduous, smooth, ashy gray or whit-
ish: pedicels conspicuous: calyx-lid acuminate, usually
ending in a beak (occasionally blunt). Apl., May.
F.v.M. Eucal. 4:7. — Useful for bees. Prefers a moist
soil with a clayey subsoil ; thrives in ground periodi-
cally inundated for a considerable time, and even in
slightly saline places: stands 22° F. in Itah. Tiiulier
hard, heavy, strong and extremely diiral.N . i iiln r almvo
or under ground or in water ; suitaMi- I'-r iVnci' pMsts,
piles and railroad ties; also extenslvily usiil in ship-
building and for wood bricks for street paving; said to
make a better fuel than wood of F. globulus. Some-
what hardier than E. globulus.

51. teretiodmis, Smith. Flooded Gum. Tall tree:
bark smooth: peduncles elongated: pedicels conspicu-
ous: calyx-lid conical, not beaked, often much elon-
gated: fr. almost globose through the broad, ascending
rim. Apr., May. P. v. M. Eucal. 9:8. -Closely related to
E.rostrata. Will thrive on undrained ground. Tim-
ber used by wheelwrights.

52. rildis, Endl. Tr.-e. m ft. high, or less : bark per-
sistent, rough: peduncles .^i-1 iu. long: pedicels short:
calyx-lid conical, not beaked ; commissural line be-
tween calyx tube and lid prominent : rim of fr. only
slightly ascending. Sep.-Nov. F. v. M. Eucal. 10:8.—
Stands drought better than many others, and promises

EUCALYPTUS

556

to make a beautiful avenue tree ; young growth of a
deep copper color ; adapted to the lemon belt ( Fran-
ceschi).

E. botryoldet. Smith. Placed next after E. robusta in the
key. Tiilltn'i.: li.l not Ijro.iilor tlmu tlio aiiauhir calyx tube.
F. X M F.ii-.d I ■: -|'i, III, ..,■ ...iliiicl.!. -r. . ■;?,;., J'.m. Hook.=

all' I I. . i. ! ■ I.' . 'I - . ■■ ■■ jh : caly.x tube

mmI ■" ' ■■[■■:■ :■■• ■ . !■ ■• I 'II "f the calyx

-e than 3 in an
row, the valves
.M. Eucal. V)>

■ WUl live in
Ills, hut will
iriiportionof

EUCHARIS

patient of disturbance. Shading from full .sunshine is
required, except during the winter months, and a night
temperature of Ki-TO^ is best for these plants. By dry-
ing off the Eucharis to some extent for a few weeks, a
crop of flowers may be had at almost any season, pro-
viding the bulbs ari- >l mill.' and Iifaltliv.but thev should
U'-li ail. -iv,' tliat' all the foliage is

never be di

lost, else tl

Good re;

• aNii had In. Hi |ihinting out the

ment being much the same as for pot-grown specimens.
The only insects liable to give much trouble in connec-
tion with these plants are mealy bugs and thrips, and
these may be controlled by thorough svringing.

W. H. Taplin.
A. Cup Itinlhed and protruded from the perianth-tube.
grandiflbra, Planch. {E. Amaz6nica, hind.), Amazon
Lily. Star op Bethlehem (a name also applied to
Ornithogalum). Fig. 789. Bulb globular, 2 in. in diam. :
Ivs. 2-t to each stem : scape 1-2K ft., bearing an um-
bel of 2-4 large (4 in. across), very fragrant star-like
fls. on pedicels nearly or quite 1 in. long; the segments
oblong and obtuse ; cup forming a distinct projecting
tube. F.S. 9:957; 12:1216-17. B.M. 4971. Gn. 48, p.
217. G.C. IIL 7:193; IG: 0U5. A.P. 5:363; 8:445. F.E.
8:1000. F.R. 1:11; 2:364.

I a winter tempei-:i i
work, etc.— £. in,,
thfkov. Pli. in si!'

.1' ■ ' h' I Milium, Fisc-h. &

.M' '■ ' '.' , I , . ; ;, 'I' , ', i. a graceful

broils : Ivs. small, olih.iig, petioh-d. entire : fls. rose-
colored, nearly or quite an inch across; calyx tube fili
form, an inch or more long ; filaments filiform; petals
3-lobed. Of easy culture in any garden soil. B.R.
23:1902. B.M. 3389. R.H. 1846:81; 1857, p. 299. E.
Br^weri, Gray, is an annual 1 ft. high. Lvs. 1 in. or more
long, narrow-lanceolate: petals large, obcordate, with a
narrow lobe in the deep terminal sinus : filaments club-
shaped. L. h. B.

EOCHAEIS (very graceful, frnni thi Cnrk). Ama-
TyUidHcete. Perianth tube siraii;lit m- i-iir\ nl. the throat
dilated; se^nients bn.ad ami -in , ailin- : |.i'rianth cup
either entiri IT I'-'ilii ,1 I" i",i ' n liii' illiiiniiiis: ovules 2
to many ill ' ' ' ' ■'. ' ' , , in uiiiliels,
very silo \i ' : lvs. broad-
ovate, nan -','"' I ' -. .-,\ or eight

handsiuiH' v|h'',i . iiniii rwluiiil.i.i. lunH.^un-k short and
biilli likr. Till species are cuufuscd. £'. yriindiflnra,
K. ..(/I'/ii/'i 1111.1 E. subedentata are the well-marked
typ. s. Till lis. in Fig. 789, adapted from authentic
Iilat.'«, will (lisiiiiguish the types. Hybridizes with Ur-
ceolina (see U i-ceocharis) , Monogr. by Baker, Ama-
ryllidero. L. h. r.

The Amazon Lilies, as Eucharis are popularly called,
are among the most desirable of warmhouse bulbous
plants, being not only very beautiful but also very free
in the production of flowers.

When grown in pots, they require a coarse, fibrous
soil, composed chiefly of rotted sod, and enriched with
about one-fourth of dry cow manure and a sprinkling of
bone dust. The pots should be well drained, for much
water is needed during the growing season, but fre-
quent potting should be avoided, as the roots are im-

<^

aalle

Eucharis.

mill lis. of (a) subedentata,
an.iitl.ira. (d) cnudida,

, 1..' expected to appear in the

1!. r, r.iunder and thicker lvs.

ip lined with yellow.

11. u smaller: scape 1 ft.

' lis. in the umbel, the perl-

-pr. ailing and shgrter than in

lallow frilled or notched col-

Possibly a hybrid of

MAstersii, l; :
high, beariiiL' _

anth segment- I '. I'l' mi'l -pr.ai
the last: cup toniiing a shallow
lar. B.M. 1)831. G.C. II. 24:721
E. grandiflora and E. Sanderi.
AA. Cup almost entirely joined or adnnte to the

perianth-tube (the winged filaments may project).

oindida, Planch. Fig. 789, d. Bulb globose, bearing
stolons, 2 in. in diam. : scape somewhat flattened, glau-
cous, 1-1 K ft. high, bearing 6-10 short-pedicelled fls.

in an umbel : segments oblong, acute, more or less re-
flexed : winged yellow filaments projecting, united at
the base only. P.S. 8:788.— Smaller-fid. than E. graii-

Sdnderi, Baker. Fig.
diam. : scape terete. 1
white fls.: «.-L-m.-nr.. ..vnt.>. 1 i„, r,,- m.,.-.. |..n-i vt-ll.nr.

ish cup. V. r\- ii.in-.i',,-, llk>. ,■! .'..M;,!- ..|- run. ;r,.| I., .-irini;

the short. :■ '■ . : 'I .... i ■ ' I . i.ii.i;.

G.C. II. ]:' . I '. ':.... -^ . ., . ,.•;.■ , i /:.

grandifl"!,' :iii.| /...i. .■'./.' . \:~r. multiSl,;r:i, I'.^ikn-.
Fls. smaller, -1-0, .striped grt-t-ii. B.M. «S31.

subedentata, Benth. (CalUphriirla subdentdla,
Baker). Fig. 789 a. Bulb oroid, 1% in. in diam. : scape
slender, 1 ft.: fls. 6-8, on pedicels 1 in. or less long;
tube 1 in. Jong, funnel-shaped above; segments oblong,
ascending, 1 in. long; cup wanting, or represented only
by obscure teeth on the filaments. I.H. 28:415. B.M.
6289. -A small-fid. species.

E. Bakeridym.'S.E.BT. Hm< lii. ,- i i.ui li "f K. grandiflora
ami stameus of E. canai.l.T : ■' ' i -. jiure white:

tube uot eul.irgint: emyhjiti'-.i: i ..np projecting

from the b.ises of the sejjm.ni . , i. .M. 71M. G.C.

in. 7:417; 12:2119. -£. Ehn.ln, ., - ,■ ,i. r llvliri.l of E. Sau-

3..Suuderi. G.C.

4, \% in. across,
teeth, the perianth

E.Lbwii. Baker.

deri and E. Ki-.indirto:
in. i6:-Uf:-E.Lilin.
the spre,iding corona
segments spreading c

reflexed

:1300

wide and the 3 inner ones in(.'nr\ '.; r.iii:!; ,i i::;] i! Iivt^rid
of E. grandiflora and E. Saii^I' i '.^ :'I 1 ■ ![ in.

28:111.-.E. SWtiensi. N. E. I'.i ! .E.

Sanderi, and a garden hybrid ■■ : ! ::.l:i.

J.H. III. 30:253. Gn.46:9--4. i;r 111 i: ;,, , L. U. Ij.

EUCNtDE (Greek-made word, referring to the sharp,
nettle-like hairs). Loasdcea. Three western American
herbs, by some authors referred to Mentzelia. Fls. yel-
low; calyx-tube oblong, the limb persistent, 5-lobed; pet-
als 5, united at the base and inserted on the throat of
the calyx; stamens numerous, the filaments Hliform:
ovary I-loculed, bearing a 5-cleft style. E. bartoni-
Oldes, Zucc. {Mentsilia barfonioldes, Benth. and Hook.),
is sometimes cult. It is a pretty summer-flowering an-
nual, thriving in warm garden soil. Stems about 1 ft.,
more or less decumbent, hispid-hairy: Ivs. alternate,
petioled, broad-ovate and toothed-lobed : fls.large.on long
pedicels, the petals ovate-pointed, the numerous yellow
hair-like stamens projecting and bru.sh-like. It is half
succulent. Mex. and Tex. B.M. 4491, as Microsperma
bartonioldes, Walp. L_ jj_ g_

EUCODONIA is now referred to Achimenes.

EUC6MIS (Greek, beautiful hair). LiUAcece. Cape
bulbs, half liardy, producing great radical rosettes of
long leaves and a strong, leafy-topped spike of greenish
flowers from the center. Fls. regular, 6-parted, rotate;
stamens 6 : ovary broad and short, obtusely :i-aiigled.
Prop, by offsets. The bulbs may remain in the oiien if
in a warm place and well protected. Will .s^t.md con-
siderable frost. Of easy culture. Lit tlir Imllis r.inain
where planted. In the N. treated as -l;issli,,u^,. plants.

Tindiiliita, {JE. regia, L'Her.j. Rov.vi, Cit.iwx. Lrs.
long-oblong, spreading or recurving, undulate: scape
2 ft., bearing very numerous green or yellow-green fls.
underneath a crown or canopy of Ivs.: bulb ovate.
B.M. 1083.

punctata, L'Her. Pineapple Flower. Lvs. erect-
spreading, long and narrow, channeled, undulate,
brown spotted beneath: scape 2 ft., spotted: fls. green,
the ovary brown. B.M. 913. F.S. 22:2307. A form with
lvs. striped beneath with brown is var. stricUa, Sims.
(B.M. 1539.)

bicolor, Baker. Stamens and margins of perianth
segments bright purple, otherwise close to £. punctata,
but lvs. unspotted (said to be a spotted var.). Foreign

deale

> offer var. >

EUCBtPHIA (Greek for well covered). Bosdcew.
Three or four southern hemisphere resinous trees or
shrubs, with opposite, evergreen simple or pinnate lvs.
and showy white fls. E. pinnatifdlia. Gay, is a shrub
hardy in parts of England, with large white hyperioum-

EULOPHIELLA 557

like 4-petaled fls. and rose-lilse foliage. B.M. 7067. G.C.
II. 14:337; III. 9:613; 10:217; 15:109; 23:15 (fr.). E.
cordi folia, Cav., has 5 petals and simple serrate lvs.
G.C. III. 22:247. -Neither of these is in the American
trade. Worthy of trial in the South.

EUGfiNIA I named in honor of Prince Eugene of
Savoy I. J{i/rt'h'' fi . Trees or shrubs: lvs. evergreen,
o|i|M,Mtr, mostly finely penniveined : fls. white or
ci>:iiii\ : fi . :i cl'i u|it'-like berry, usually globular and
l-si-i-il,il. Habit anil inflorescence of Myrtus. For cult.
and prop., see Mi/rtus. See Myrtus, also, for E. Ugni.

A. Fls. solitary on, axillary peduncles : petals free.

Michelii, Lam. Cayenne, or Surinam Cherry.
PiTANGA. Shrub, 20 ft.: Ivs. ovate-lanceolate, glabrous:
peduncles .shorter than the glossy lvs.: berry cherry-
like, ribbed, about 1 in. in diam., edible, with a delight-
ful spicv, acid flavor. Ripe in May and June. Brazil.
Hardy in southern Fla. and southern Calif. R.H. 1889,
p. 532.— Much esteemed for jellies, and in great de-
mand. Useful, also, as a pot-plant, freely producing its
showy red fruits.

Brasili^nsis, Lam. Grusiichama of Brazil. Shrub,
6 ft, : lvs. oval or obovate-oblong, bluntish, scale-like
along the branches, 3 in. long, \]/i in. broad : fr. edible,
scarlet, the size of a cherry. April. B.M. 4526. R.H.
1845:425.

AA. Fls. in S-forking panicles or cymes ; petals free
and spreading.

myrtiJdIia, Sims {E. austrilis, Wendl.). Brush
Cherry. Shrub. 6-12 ft. : lvs. petiolate. 2-3 in. long,
obovate to nearly lanceolate, rather thick, dark and
glossy green: peduncles 3-5-fld. : fr. edible, red or vio-
let, about 8 lines in diam., crowned by the persistent
calyx lobes. Austral. Hardy in the South. A. G. 11:756.
B.M. 2'Joi). — ( 'hi.tlv grown for ornament. Used for
hedg,.s iu Ctilit.

Jdmbos, Linn. Rose Apple. .Tamrobade. Jambos.
Tree, 20-30 ft.: Ivs. uarrow-laiice..l:i,tH, acnniinate, long,
thick and shining, resemblin:,' tl)o.. oi im oloander: fr.
1^-2 in. thick, white or yello« I i i... if blush-

pink on one side, edible, rosi- . : i flavored.

E.Indies. Stove. B.M. 1690.- \:iho^l t.r |o|iy making.

AAA. Fls. in S-forking panicles or cymes; petals

united into a culyptra.

Jambol4na, Lam. Jambolan, or Jambolan Plum.

Tall shrub or tree : lvs. obtuse or shortly acuminate,

4-6 in. long, 2-3 iu. broad : berry edible, varying from

the size of a cherry to that of a pigeon's egg. E. Indies.

E. apiculata, DC, Chile, has oval apiculate lvs. and 3-fid.

axillary peduncles. Perhaps a Myrtus. j, BuRTT Davv

EULALIA. Treated under Jfis
EULAEIA. Misprint for Eitlalia.

nthus.

EULdPHIA (Greek, handsome crest). Orchiddce(e,
tribe i'dudeo'. Terrestrial herbs with membranaceous
lvs. and conspicuous pseudobulhs; scape basal, several-
fld.: sepals and pet:ils s|.r(:i.liim, similar, ascending;
labellum 3-lobed ; pollini:i J.-Tlir .nilture of Calanthe
will apply to this genus.

maoulita, Reichb. f. Ps.inlobnibs ovate, compressed:
lvs. ovate, spotted or blotched: Hs. small; upper sepal
hood-shaped, lateral ones acuminate, reddish brown;
petals broader, white or pale rose; labelhim cordate,
with two crimson spots, triangular in outline, near the
base, otherwise white. Braz. B.R. 8:618 (Angrsecum).

scripta, Lindl. Lvs. linear, subdistichous: fls. purple
and yellow; sepals and petals linear-oblong ; labellum
3-lobed, lateral lobes rotund at the apices. Madagascar.
Oakes Ames.

EULOPHIfiLLA (diminutive of Eulophia). Orchid-
Acew, tribe Vdndece. Pseudobulhs fusiform, elongated:
lvs. elliptic, plicate: raceme from the base of young
growths, with violet rachis : fls. white, fleshy; labellum
articulate with the base of the column. Two epiphytes,
from Madagascar.

558

EULOPHI

Elisabeths, Lind. & Rolfe. Fls. 2-2K in. across, usu-
ally 2-i in the drooping cluster; sepals and petals ovate;
labelhim oscillatory; anterior lobe yellow. B.M. 7387.
E.B. 21:181. l.H. 40:173.

Peetersiana, Kriinz. [GnimmatophyUum Soempleri-
niiHJHjReichb. f.). Lvs. 2-4 ft. long: scape 3-4 ft. long:
~ ■ n. across: sepals bright purple and blotched

p. 379. (.See G.C. III. 26:353). Oakes AjiES.

En6NYMUS (iinri.nt Greek name). Syn., Evonymus.

C<-liish:)r,,i . Si-iM.i,].; Tree. Buknino Bvsh. Stbaw-
BEKKV I'.isii. ( iriiiiiiicntal, deciduous or evergreen

sliriili^ "I' iipriLjlit ..r viiiii-tinios procumbent or creeping

")■ ,:-, , . .| u ;i-., -.iMAvmt; ilir hrmlit nruuge

- ■ :-. ■■; ," u.ii;;, aiul witli the spk-uUid tall e-uluring

■.vliirli 111. r .<i ihu species assume, especially £. uhiliis,
E. //>n,iiir>„Hiiiiis, Huropmua and atropurpureua.
Tin S|iin.|l. Trees grow in almost any soil, and are
well .Kl.ii.t. (1 tor shrubberies. Most of the cultivated
deciduous species, except tli..sc from Himalayas, are
hardy North, while of tlie • \ . r-r. • n in.s only E. radi-
eans is fairly hardy, nml. mi arr, .unt of its greater
hardiness, is often useil N..iili ii^ a viil.vtitute of the ivy

usually !,tiatiliud and sown iu sprint,-, or by cuttings of
ripened wood in fall. The evergreen species grow
readily from cuttings of half-ripened wood under glass
in fall or during the winter in the greenhouse. Varie-
ties are sometimes grafted or budded on stoclc of their
typical species. About 40 species are known in the
northern hemisphere, extending also from S. Asia to
Australia. Shrubs or small trees, with usually more or
less quadrangular branches and opposite, usually gla-
brous and serrate Ivs.: fls. small, in axillary cymes,
4-5-merous, generally perfect; style and stamens short,
the latter inserted on a disk: fr. a 3-5-lobed, somewhat
fleshy capsule, each dehiscent valve containing 1 or 2
seeds enclosed in a generally orantre-colorfd nril; the
seed itself is usually white. The w....(l is trnmli. il.isf-
grained and light-colored, often aliiM-t whit,, ami iisi-d,
especially in Europe, for the manutaiiun <'i small ar-
ticles. The bark of the American sptci.s lias midical
properties.

INDEX.

alatus, 3. EuroptBus, 6. pulchelhts, 12.

albo-niar{iinatu8,12. flaoescrns, 12. pyramidalis, 12.

Amerlcaims. 1, 8. armtlis. T.:. railicins, 13.

anguatifolius,!. Hamiltonirniii^. '.». r<i"ns.\'i.

argenteo • margina- .Jftponiru , ij

EU0NT5IUS

for covering the ground under large trees, or for bor-
ders of shrubberies. Var. variegatus, Hort., has the
Ivs. marked pale yellow.

BB. Capsules smooth: fls. generaUy 4-merous.

C. Fr. divided to the base into 4 or less nearly
separate pods.

3. aUtus, Maxim. (C. TJtunbergiiinus, Blume).
Spreading shrub, to 8 ft.: branches with 2-1 broad,
corky wings : Ivs. elliptic or obovate, acute at both
ends, sharply serrate, 1-2 in. long : fls. 1-3, short-pe-
duncled, yellowish : capsule purplish, small. May,
June. China, Jap.— Var. Bubtrifldnia, Franch. & Sav.
Branches not winged: fls. 1-5.

CC. Fruit more or less S-5-lobed.
D. Branches densely warty.

4. vemicdBUfl, Scop. Erect shrub, to 6 ft. : Ivs. ovate-
lanceolate, crenately serrulate, acuminate, I-2Hin. long:
tls. slender-peduncled, 1-3, brownish: capsule deeply 4-
lobed, yellowish red; seed black, not wholly covered by
the orange aril. Southeastern Europe, W. Asia.

DD. Sranelies smooth.
E. Anthers yellow.

5. nanus, Bieb. Low shrub, to 2 ft., with slender, often
arching or sometimes procumbent and rooting branches :
Ivs. linear or linear-oblong, mucronulate, entire or re-
motely denticulate and revolute at the margins, K-lKin.
long: fls. slender-peduncled, pvirplish: capsule deeply
41obed, pink ; seed brown, not wholly covered by the
orange aril. May, June. W. Asia to W. China.-Hand-
some shrub for rockeries and rocky slopes, forming a
graceful, pendulous, standard tree if grafted liigh on
E. Eiiropmns. Fruit ripens in August, earliest of all
species. E. Kobpmanni is a form of this.

6. EuropfflUB, Linn. Fig. 790. Erect shrub or some-
times small tree, to 20 ft. : Ivs. ovate or oblong-lanceo-
late, acuminate, crenately serrate, 1H-2K in. long : fls.
yellowish, in few-fld. cymes : capsule 4-lobed, usually

argenteo ■
a, 12.

riega- latifi.

12.

arginatvs

atropnrpurens, 6, 8. Maackii. i). Sicboldianus. 0, 10.

aureo - variegatua^ macrophj/llua. 12. aubtri/li'rus, 3.

12. medio-pictua, 12. Thunhergianus, 3.

aureua. 12. microphyllua, 12. variegatus. 2.

Bungeanus, 11. nanus, ft. verrucosus, 4.

Oarrieri. 13. obovatus. 2. vindi'VaHegaina,12.

columnaria, 12. pallena, 12. Yeddoenaia, 10.

A. Foliage deciduous.

B. Capsules tuberculute, depressed-globose: fls.S-
merous.

1. Americ^nuB, Linn. Strawbekrt Bush. Upright
shrub, to 8 f t. : Ivs. ovate-lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate,
usually acute at the base, acuminate, crenately serrate,
15^-3 in. long; peduncle slender, few-fld.: fls. yellowish
or reddish green : fr. pink. June. From southern N.
York south, west to Tex. L.B.C. 14:1322. B.B. 2:394.
—Var. anguatifbliUB, Wood {E. angustifolius, Pursh).
Lvs. lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, half-evergreen South.

2. obov&tus, Nutt. {E. AmericAnus, var. obovAtus,
Torr. & Gray). Procumbent shrub, with rooting stem
and erect branches, to 1 ft. : lvs. obovate or elliptic-obo-
vate, crenately serrate, light green, 1-2 in. long : fls.
purplish: capsule usually 3-celled. May. From Canada
to Indiana and Kentucky. G.F. 9:385.-Xt may be used

790. Euonym

(XK).

pink. May. Europe to E. Asia. B.B. 2:395. -Varying
with narrower and broader lvs. There are also several
varieties with variegated lvs. and some with frs. of dif-
ferent colors, .IS var. friictu atropurpdrec with deep
purple, fructu coccineo with scarbt, and friictu 41bo
(var. leiir:H-in-/'ii. Ibn-t, 1 , with whitish frs. Var. atro-
purpiireus, Arh. Kcw., has rather narrow purplish lvs.

7. latifdlius, Scop. Shrub or small tree, to 20 ft.:
winter buds sleuder, about >^ in. long: lvs. obovatc-ob-
long, acuminate, crenately serrate, 2-4 in. long: fls.
yellowish, often 5-merous, in slender-peduncled, r.ather
many-fld. cvmes : capsule pink, large, with winged
lobes. S. Etirope, W. Asia. B.M. 2.S84. -A very decora-
tive species, with handsome foliage and large frs.

EE. Anthers purple.
F. Fls. purple.

8. atropurptlreuB, Jacq. Burning Bush. Shrub or
small tree, to 20 ft.: lvs. elliptic, acuminate, obtusely
serrate, pubescent beneath, 1^-5 in. long: fls. purple,
in slender-peduncled, many-fld. cymes: capsule deeply
3-4-lobed, scarlet. June. E. N. Amer., westto Montana.
B.B. 2:394. E. Americ&nus, Hort.

EU0NY3IUS

FF. Fls. i/ellowish or tvhitish.

9. Hamiltoniinus, Wall. (J/. Jfff(icit(i',Rupr.). Shrub,
rarely small tree, to 30 ft., with almost terete branches:
Ivs. elliptic to ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, serrulate,
2-5 in. long: fls. in 3-12-fld. cymes: capsule deeply 4-
lobed. with rounded valves, piuk (yellowish in the
Himalayan form); seed UMially nut \Vli..lly (.-..v. r.'il by
the aril, grayish brown. .Tuin-. IIiiii,il;i\ ;i t.. Main-hnria.
Var. semipersistens, Rehdir i /■;. .s,, /.,,/,;;,)„„,<, Ilnrt.,
not Blume). Lvs. elliptii;, Innir-a-uniinar'-. iialf ever-
green, keeping its bright green foliage .Suuth until mid-
winter: fr. bright pink, ripening very late.

10. Sieboldiilnus, Blume (£. Yeddoeiisis, Hort.).
Shrub or small tree, to 25 ft. : lvs. ovute-elliptic orellip-
tic, crenately serrate, shortly and abruptly acuminate,
usually puberulous on the veins beneath when young :
lvs. 3-6 in. long, 1-2K in. broad : cjTnes 5-20-fld. : cap-
sule pink, slightly lobed and 4-angled, with 4 narrow,
thick wings; seed scarlet. June. Jap. -This species is
often confounded with the former, but easily dis-
tinguished by its larger and much broader lvs.

11. Bungeinus, Maxim. Shrub, to 15 ft., with slender
branches: lvs. slender-petioled, ovate-elliptic or ellip-
tic-lanceolate, long-acuminate, finely serrate, 2-4 in.
long: fls. in rather few-fld. but numerous cymes : fr.
deeply 4-lobed and 4-angled, yellowish : seeds white or
pinkish, with orange aril. June. China, Manchuria,
M.D.G. 1899:569. -Very attractive with its rather large,

n ng a long t me on the

EUPATOEIUJI

559

smooth and si (^1

lvs ol ovate to

or obtu e obt I

long fls gree 1

cled o to many fld

smooth I nk J n(

spec e \ ar macrophyllus

Lvs 0 1 1 ge 2 3

Sieb {E I ! I I! H

A. F 1

July

1 1 b to 8 ft w h

str pe i branches

te at the base ac te

above 1/ n

u n slender pe lun

ap ule lepressed globose

S Jap — A. verv var 1 le

^ 1 ( r h t Ho t )

! \ m crophyllus

column&ris C

and marked wh 1
blot hi II w
witl T\l

au eo va egitus Egl L
41bo ma g nitus H t L

\ m^d 0 p ctus

the I c e t

1

II

1 11

1

with wh t sh ve

as

n Ion fl

nl f

1 to

the former but fr g ne

llv of paler

color T

J,

I 1

N. an I M Jap

KH

1 •- 1

I II

~

plo ely all e 1 t

tl f

' 1

1 1

1

Wan tsa IV

1 : \

Ca

Vaiv Low sh

1 1

bran h 1 t

1

1 1

1 1

'

wh 1 ^

a I

enteo marginatus H

L

ImI

\

oseo ma g natus H

t

L s

1, ■ 1

\

ret cuiatus

R 1 ( a

/

t

11

i H

t ( L

rked

fr. gl

15 ft wmt

late rregi 1

lobed. Ote..Ca.\\t.—E.oxyph!lillus.'i.i\<i. Shrub or small tree:
lvs. ovate or obovate, aciiiuin.-»te, rather large, sernilate: fls. 5-
merous, purple or whitish : fr. globose. Jap.-£. pendiihis.
Wall. (E. flmbriatus, Hort.) . Evergreen, small tree, with pen-
dulous branchlets : lvs. oblong-l.-moeolate, sharply serrate
shining, 3-6 in. long: fr. with 4 t.apering wings. P.F.G. 2:55.

F.S. 7,;

Alfred Rehdeb

olncre cylindrical,
ricated bracts in
lieal, naked : co-
akenes 5-angled,
air-like, scabrous

EUPATOEIUM (from au ancient personal name)
Compdsitce. More than 400 species, mostly of warm o:
tropical countries, herbs or shrubs. Heads discoid (ray

less), the florets 3 to many, prr -->-•'-

bell-shaped or hemis].liiri. al
2 or more series: rectpra-li' i
rolla regular, o-toothi-d. -1. n.l
truncate : pappus ;i sin^jlu i
bristles: perennials.

Gardeners know two classes of Eupatoriums, the glass-
house and the hardy kin.ls. The latter are native spe-
cies which only l.ati-'ly have been introduced to the trade
as border plants. The glasshouse species are seen only
in the larger or amateur collections, as a rule, although
some of them are old garden plants. They are confused
as to kinds. These species demand the general treat-
ment of Piqueria (or Stevia),-a cool or intermediate
temperature and pot culture. They are easy to grow.
Prop, readily by cuttings. They are useful for winter
bloom. Of all Eupatoriums the individual heads are
small, but they are aggregated into showy masses. For
S. ccelestinum, see ConocUnium.

rpl £ Igl ly

791. Leaves of elasshouse Eupatoriums (X ^).
a.E.riparium; h,£Jrtsft-\ c.F.glandulosum; d.E. glabraium.

A. Glasshouse or icarm-country species.
B. Meads purplish.

serrulitum, DC. Shrubby: stems pubescent: lvs. op-
posite, very short-stalked, lanceolate or lance-oblong,
the stalk ciliate. t....thed and prominentlv nerved:
heads asrirresjati-d into large purple or rosv tufts. Bra-
zil and Truguav. R.H. 1S94:::I04. Gt. 44, p. 570. G.C.
III. 1S:2U5. -Choice.

atr6rubens, Nicholson {HehecJUiium nMmbens,
Lem.). Lvs. large, ovate-pointed, ciliate and hairy on

560

EUPATORIUM

the reddish veins, opposite, toothed: heads red or pur-
ple, aggregated into a very large red-rayed truss. Mex.

pie,
l.H.

:310.

idnthinum, Herasl. {RebecUnium idHlhimtm, Sook.).
Sub-shrub, but soft-wooded, the terete branches rusty-
pubescent ; Ivs. opposite, long-petioled, cuneate-uviiic

mmal corj-mb Me\ B M 4)4

792. Eupat(

BB. Heads u'hit

glechonoph^llui
Half shrubby: Ivs. ..pposit,., ..val-i...ii.t,-.l or ovate-
lanceolate, nearly glabrous, a-nerveil. toothed, petiolate:
fls. pure white, about 30 in each head. Chile.— Tender
glasshouse perennial ; but it may be flowered in the
open the first year if seeds are sown early.

Tip&iium, Regel. Fig. 791 a. Diffuse, 'becoming
woody at base, 2 ft., the stems thin and usually reddi.sh
and puberulent : Ivs. opposite, lanceolate-acuminate,
narrowed into a long petiole, prominently 3-ribbed, den-
tate or crenate-dentate : heads in rather compact, long-
stalked clusters. S. Amer.— Good winter bloomer. Best
for the florist.

triste, DC. {B.MMe, Hort.). Fig. 7916. Strong
herb (sub-shrub in the wild), with hairy more or less
angled or striate stems : Ivs. long-petioled, ovate or ob-
long-ovate, hairy and rugose (reminding one of elm or
nettle Ivs.), very veiny, crenate-dentate : fls. many,
bright white, in a large, terminal corymb. Mts. of Ja-
maica.—Now becoming popular as :i \\nt subject and for
cut-fiowers.

glanduldBum, HBK. (E. uilm.'iiihorum, Spreng. E.
adenchithum, Hort., not DC. A'. AmerioAnum, Hort.).
Fig. 791 c. Diffuse, at length somewhat decumbent at
base, the branches glandular-hairy : Ivs. deltoid- or
cuneate-ovate, slender-petioled, coarsely and some-
times unevenly crenate-dentate, sparsely pubescent be-
low: heads pure white, ageratum-like, in close clusters.
Mex.

glabritum, HBK. (E. negnns. Hort. E. laliKlium,
Hort. ) . Fig. 791 d. Shrubby, erect, with thin, hard, gla-

EUPHORBIA

brous brown stems : Ivs. thickisli. small, lance-oblong
or ovate-oblong, tapering into a strong petiole, blunt-
acute, undulate or small-toothed: fl.s. (sometimes blush)
in ascending clusters, which combine to form a strong,
terminal panicle. Mex.

AA. Hardy or harder plants.
B. Heads purple.

purpiireum, Linn. .Joe-Pve Weed. Tall, rank plant of
low grounds { reaches b-U ft.) : Ivs. whorled, oblong or lan-
<■<■<, late, acuminate, coarsely serrate and veiny: heads in
large, compound clusters, purple to flesh-color (rarely
almost white). Var. maculitum, Darl. {E. niacuUlum,
Liun.),is mostly lower and roughish pubescent, the
stem purple-marked. Var. amoenum. Gray. Still lower,
(2 ft. high), nearly glabrous, the ivs. often opposite.— A
good species fca* bold effects in a border or against
shrubbery. Common, and widely distributed.
BE. Reads uhite.
c. Lvs. perfoliate (united around the stem).

perfoli&tum, Linn. Boneset. Thoroughwort. Pig.
792. Stout, rank-smelling, pubescent, 3-5 ft. : lvs. lan-
ceolate, rugose and pubescent, finely toothed: heads in
dense white cvmes.— Common in low ground. Much
used in domestic medicine. Excellent for striking
effects, particularly in low grounds.

cc. Lvs. not perfoliate.

altlssimum, Linn. Tall (reaches 7-8 ft. ) , densely pubes-
cent, branchy: lvs. opposite, lanceolate-acuminate, the
petiole very short, remotely dentate or entire: heads
only 5-fld. Open places. Pa. southward.

Album, Linn. One-3 ft., pubescent : lvs. opposite,
nearly or quite sessile, oblong or lance-oblong, coarsely
serrate. Sandy soil, E. states.

ageratoldes, Linn. f. White Snakeroot. Fig. 793.
Neat, glabrous, branchy herb, 3-4 ft. : Ivs. opposite, thin,
ovate with broad base, acuminate, coarsely and sharply
toothed: heads small, in a loose but ample inflorescence.
Kich woods. Can. to La.

arom&ticum, Linn. Resembles the last, but usually
liubescent: lvs. tliickish and blunt or merely acute, the
teeth blunt, later-flowering. Dry soil, E. statr-s.

Var. melissoldes, Gray (£'.
FrAseri and E. cordifblium ,
Hort. ) . Slender and rough-
ish, strict : heads 5-12-fld. :
lvs. subcordate-ovate or ob-
long, obtuse, crenulate-den-
tate, sometimes with coarser
teeth, the petioles very
short. S. E. states.

Various species of the old
genus Hebeclinium may be ex-
pected in amateur collections,
especially E. macropbvtlnin,
Linn. (H. macrophyllum, DC),
with very large subeordate-
toothed lvs., pui-ple heads and
purple-hairy stems. R.H. 1866;
y50. Other glasshouse species
are : E. orandiftbrum, Andre.
with rugose cordate coarse-
toothed lvs. aud reddish heads
(R.H. 1882:384); E. Haagea-
liioH.Rii;.! ,ic K.i rii.withoval-

N.E.

■•sticky (Ij.i

lvs.

r^'p 793. Eupatorium ageratoides.

lvs'.. white heads, and whole plant
■■■■>-H>- L. H. B.

EUPH6RBIA (classical name, said by Pliny to be in
honor of King Juba's physician ; possibly from the
Greek word for fat). EuphorbiAcea'. Spurge is a name
sometimes applied to the genus as a whole, but is, per-
haps, better restricted to one or more species. One of
the largest plant genera, of perhaps a thousand species,
not less than 700, of very diverse habit, and found in

EUPHORBIA

most temperate and tropical regrions. Many are desert
plants, and the greater mmiber grow in dry and sterile
places.

Herbs, shrubs or trees, often fleshy and cactus-like,
or low and prostrate weeds; but all characterized by a
single pedicellate-ristillate flower, with a 3-celled, 3-
seeded ovary, without floral envelopes or with a minute
calyx, suir'un.l' 4 liv numerous stauiinate flowers con-
sisting eai.h "t a ^iiiirli- stamen, the insertion of which is
represent.-. 1 l.y an articulation with the pedicel, the
whole surrounded by a more or less cup-shaped involucre,
with 5 lobes, and bearing 1-5 glands of various shapes
between the lobes. The staminate flowers are usually
subtended by minute bract.s. The glands often bear
petal-like appendages, the whole involucre (or cyathium)
closely simulating a perfect flower (Fig. 794).

Most of the species have abundant milky juice, and
the cactiforra species have been thus distinguished from
cacti, but many cacti also have milky juice. The juice
of most species is acrid poisonous, especially if it comes
in contact with mucous membranes or open sores. The
juice from some of the species is used in medicine as a
purgative.

Monographed by Boissier InDeCandolle's Prodromus,
15, pt. 2 (1862). See local floras and Norton, Rept. Mo.
Bot. Gard. 11, for native species. Works like Nichol-
son's Gard. Diet, and Bois' Diet. d'Hort. describe a
number of cultivated species. See also Fobe, in Monats-
schrift fur Kakteenkunde. 8:42 (1898).

Many of the fleshy species are cultivated by lovers of
succulents for their curious shapes ; and a few are valu-
able for their ornamental foliage. The flowers are usu-
ally too minute to be noticeable. Some, like E. coroHata
(Fig. 794), J7. maculata, E. Criparissias and E.margi-
«a^n, are weeds in America, but not troublesome. The
great majority of the species are insignificant herbs.
The species are remarkably free from injurious insects,
and are rarely attacked by a few fungi.

The fleshy species are grown much the same as cacti
(which see), but the culture is less difficult, and they
do well with warmer treatment. In winter they are kept
in a dry and cool house, 50° to 55° P., with good light
and little water. Drips must be carefully avoided. In
summer the pots should be plunged outdoors in hot, dry
situations, with a moderate supply of water and espe-
cially good drainage. It is better to protect them from
continued rain, but most species do well without this.
The more fleshy specie
vielofonnis, require mc
others. They are propagated by cuttings. Grafting has
not been practiced to a great extent, as with cacti, but
seems possible. They do not require a rich soil, and do
well in a coarse, sandy loam, or some say in any kind
of soil.

The shrubby species, like E. atropurpiirea and E.
dendroides , do well with the treatment of the more fleshy
kinds. See D. A. W. and P. S. Curtis, in Sharon Cactus
Guide, Mar. and May, 1897.

The few hardy species of ornamental value make good
border plants or are suitable for the rockery. They are
mostly propagated by division. The annuais are easily
grown from seeds.

E. pulcherrima and E. fit^i/eHS are good winter-flower-
ing greenhouse plants, and require special treatment.
E. falgens succeeds well in the warmest parts of the
house, in pots, or best planted out like roses and trained
upon the wall or strings. It is propagated from cuttings
taken in June, when the old plants have started to grow,
kept in a warm frame until rooted, and then kept
growing with heat, any transfers being made with as
little root disturbance as possible. If stocky show plants
are wanted, several cuttings may be planted in one pot
and checked two or three times during summer by re-
potting, and kept pinched back freely to secure branches.
They are best kept cooler when in flower, but are very
sensitive to cold or sudden changes in temperature.
After flowering they are kept dry for a few months.
For the cut sprays they are best grown from cuttings
each year. Theylast very well when cut. The culture
of the Poinsettia is very similar. To secure plants
with large heads, the general plan is to grow from cut-
tings annually, but the old plants may be continued.
Old plants tliat have been resting may be introduced

EUPHOKBIA

794. Flowers of Euphorbia

coroUata (X 2).
The pistillate flower is at 8.

to heat and moisture

doors till tsL-ptember, with pleuty of water, light and
sunshine and good drainage. They do well iu rich,
heavy loam in 5-7 in pots Thev are apt to diop their
leai es if exposed to cold
Qfiv.ualilecon-
1 ti 1. In aitumn they
1 ti ni t irt.l to the
_i 1 li 11 \\ith moder-
t in| I itme When
tlie briits begm to ap-

some manure witer to
cipand them ^^ hen in
flower, reduce the tem-
jierature to preserve
them longer After flow-
crmg the pots may be
way m a dry,
■nirm place till sprmg.—
under the benches will
do. When the buds are
cut the great objection is
that they wilt easily. This
may be obviated by dip-
ping the cut ends in boil-
ing twater, or keeping
them in water for a few davs before using. See Grieve.
G.C. III. 9:10G. and Hatfield in Gard. and Forest 9:490.

E. splenilens is another winter bloomer, and may be
treated as the succulents, with more heat and water. It
will do well in living rooms, and bears ^ome flowers
all the year. It bears rough treatment well, and is
propagated by cuttings from the young growth, which
root with the greatest ease. " j. g. g. Xohton.

Culture op Poisse-itza. — Euphorbia pulcherrima
and varieties are fine shrubs, evergreen or deciduous,
according to the climates in which they are grown.
They are found at considerable elevations in Mexico,
and subtropical conditions encourage their highest de-
velopment. The original plants were introduced by a
Dr. Poinsett, of Charleston, S. C, who sold them to the
late Robert Buist, about 1833. Buist was a famous
Scotch nurseryman of Philadelphia, who, during the
early seventies, also distributed the so-called double va-
riety. He sent both forms to Europe, and never quite
forgave the botanists f.ir changing the name which he
gave the ■pia-at — Euphorlia Poinsettiana.

Under natural conditions Poinsettias form large
bushes from 5-10 feet high and 12 or 14 feet in di-
ameter, with woody bases and hollow annual growths.
Flowers small,yellow, surrounded by an involucral crown
of intense crimson leaves, the whole as large as a som-
brero when well developed, varying to the smaller grow-
ing variety with creamy white bracts. Their highest de-
velopment has been noted at Kotergberry, on the Nilgiri
mountains of South India, at an elevation of about 0,000
feet, with a rainfall of 50 inches. The minimum tempera-
ture varies from 51° F. in January to 00° in July and
August, the maximum from 66° F. in January, grad-
ually increasing to 70° in July and August. In
parts of the Mediterranean basin, in southern California
and similar climates, and in many parts of the tropics
at the sea level, the plants are grown, but do not reach
such great perfection, for they become deciduous and
often stunted. The period of flowering in the northern
hemisphere is from late November to March.

There are several ways of managing the plants in
cultivation. They are propagated by single eyes, by
4- or 5-inch cuttings of the one-year-old wood, or by
young shoots with a heel of hard wood about March, or
by the green tops about the end of August. If they are
intended for pot culture as large plants, they simply re-
quire shifting along to 8- or 10-inch pots, with good
drainage and good, turfy soil, with rather more sand
than is commonly used for roses. After these large
plants have bloomed, thev mav be stowed awav to rest
in a dry, light shed with a temperature of not less than
50°. Do not water them, and before the buds wake up

562

EUniORBIA

in sprint.', shake them out, prune them to an eye or two,
cut out thi' ai;;ul parts, repot tliem, and presently they
will start to Kiuw again. They maybe gradually har-
dened, plunged outdoors and grown in the full sun dur-
ing summer; giving them a shift during growth if extra
luxuriance is desired. If bench culture is desirable,
plants may be turned into the ground from 4-inch pots,
or even from the propagating bed, grown until the end
of August or later southward, the leaves stripped from
all the stems but the upper foot or so, lifted, and laid
flat on the benches, with a bushel or so of good soil over
the roots and about an inch over the benches in the
spaces. The next rank of plants may have their tops
laid well over the roots of the first, and so proceed until
all are planted. The ends soon turn up as growth starts,
and the heads are very large and fine with suitable
temperature and attention. Soiiietiiiies mealy bug gets
into the heads. It may be ,lrivc n .nt ^;- n Tn-Urnte

stream of water from a hose. : : • '■ ' . I -itli

one hand to avoid breakiii-' 1 ..

The milkiness produced by ci,; I II... ;,. l i i . . : ly

standing the stems in water. !■ .r it i- -n i ; . -. a:; -. hmI
is disagreeable. For small p<it-plaiit- tie -li en h:\,-i,
about 6 or 8 inches long, may be taken in AuL-u^t. .lib-
bled into well drained -t-in. pots, set .m inilil bottom

795 Euphorbi

arginata (X /^J

heat, or placed in i i itio i huiiuil <quiblc temperature
southward. 'ihe\ mustuot beu\ ei witeied or too densely
shaded, when the> w ill soon strike, form handsome little
plants, often with leaves to the pots and be very useful
for many purposes. For detailed points by professional
growers, see A.F. 11:285,457; 12:.5.S6.

James MacPhekson.
The following is an alphabetical list of the names in
the American trade :
Abyssinica. 20. Cyparissias, 35

alciconiis, 16. dendroides, 31.

(Irupifera, 10.

Beaumcriann

heptagona, 26.
Hermentiana.
heterophylla, 5
HystrLx, 27.
jactjuinitpfiora.
lactea. 12. 15.
Lathyris, 28.
mamillosa, 11.
marginata, 1.
meloformis, 25
Mexicana ?
Slyrsiaites, 37.

Natalensis, 36.
neriifolia. 9.
Pttlmeri, 34.
pandurata, .*>.
pendula, 6.
Ptersdorffii. 21.

EUPHORBIA

Pointettia. 4.
potyffona, 26.
pnlcherrima, 4.
Regis-Jubie, 30.
rhipsaloideSt 7.

sanauinea, 29.
splendens, 8.
TirucaUi, 7.
triangularis. 17.
varifaata, 1.
virosa, 19.

5 petaloid ap-

A. Involucres flo%i'er-Uke , with 4
penduyes

1. marginata, Pursh {£. jvn;»'"-./,, «!,.,« i Snow-

ON-THE-MOVNTAIN. Fig. 795. I'la"' ' n 1 1 i ii . ].ubes-
cent, dichotomously many-bran^ :. i ■ mi.rous,

with stipules, light green, i-3 ill. I - - iiiordate

to oblong-lanceolate, the upper me- mn ^rme.l, with
white or some entirely -white ; involucres in the forks
of the branches, their appendages large, white. July-
Oct. Plains from Dakota to Texas and extending east-
ward. B.M. 1747. Gt. 30:218.— Hardy annual, used for
its white foliage in bedding and mixed borders in sunny

2. coroUata, Linn. Flowerixc. Spurge. Fig. 794.
Plant l'...-;i ft. high, usually glabrous, slender and dif-
fusely branched above: Ivs. without stipules, ovate-ob-
long to lanceolate, 1-2 in. long, those of the inflores-
cence much smaller and opposite ; appendages of the
numerous involucres 5, white, conspicuous for the ge-
nus. July-Oct. Rather dry soil in east U. S. B.M.
2992. L.B.C. 4:390. F.R. 1:909. -A hardy herbaceous
perennial, used like Gypsophila for cutting and as a bed-
der in light soil. Very variable in size and shape of
plant, leaves and inflorescence.

3 fulgens, Karwinsky (E jacquiniwflora. Hook ).
Scarlet PLtiiE Fig 796 Small shrub, with slender,
drooping branches Ivs long petioled, lanceolate bright
green , involucres in small axillary C3rmes, their 5 con-
spicuous bracts bright orange scarlet Mexico B JI.
3673 G C II 19 bib —A handsome winter blooming
plant, used foi cut flowers or for specimen plants

AA Inioluctcs uithout petaloid appendages to their

glandi, but the glands oi subtending btaets

sometimes colored petal like

B blem herbaceous or shrubby, not fleshy upper

leaies colored itipules glandulifoim mflores-

4 pulch^mma, W lUd (E PoinsettiAna, Bmst Potn-
settia puhhinima Grab) Potnsftth Fig 797 A
shrub 2-0 ft high, branched ! iit. .Ihitical to
linceolate, entire, sinuate tooth I'll mduri-
form, 4-6 in long, somewhat ] n in., nar-
rower, more entire and of thi 1 ile n red
above, involucres greenish, vuli i 1 i \cllow
gland Nov -Feb Moist, shaded parts of tio]pi< al Mex-
ico and Cential America BM 3493 GC III 21125,
I'U —Sometimes cut, usually used for specimen plants
lud m masses A gorgeous plant V arieties with white
and Mllon bricts occur \ ar plenlssima, Hort ,has a
(b.iibk SI 111 s of biacts and forms a widti and higher

1 (, ( 111 5 17
heterophylla Luin (E patiiluiatH Ho

' ) Mes-

1 1) Leaf.

\iinual.

tooti 1 I I 1 in 1 in m nil ir or lan-

ceoUte uid .1 111 oiik^ieenth nil ilii.htitdat
the base or oulj the tips treen iii\ in i il ..i mil lor2.
July-Sept Eastern and centni I ^ t 1 iii Mn.
2, p. 53. Gt.39,p. 105. — Easilj t,r muii niiii> [ 1 u es and
also in pots indoors. White and yeib.w variegated forms
are in cultivation in this country.

BB. Stem more or less fleshy or spiny, often caclus-
m-e: leaves small, none or soon deciduous; in-
volucres single or few together.
c. Sranehts short cylindrical, smooth, quill- or rush-
like, slender.

6. pfindula, Boiss. Branchlets many, slender, pendu-
lous: Ivs. very small, opposite. S. Africa ?

7. Tirucilli, Linn. {E. rhipsaloldes, Lem.). A tree,
20 ft. high, with many slender subverticillate ascend-
ing branches ; twigs 4-8 in. long : Ivs. 5-8 lines long,
few, alternate. E. Africa and India.— A striking plant.

EUPHORBIA

CC. Branches flesliij, a spine on each side of every

leaf or leaf-scar^ in a few the leaf transformed

into a third thorn between them.
D. Podaria (the projections bearing leaves and spines)

distinct: branches cylindrical or obsoletely

angled.

8. splfindens, Bojer. Cro\vn of Thorns. Fig. 798.
Stems 3—4 ft. long, 3^-1 in. thick, covered with stout
spines almost an inch long, some-n-hat twining :
branches few : Its. few, on the young growth, obovate
to oblong-spatulate. thin, bright green, 1-2 in. long; in-
volucres in long-peduncled dichotomous cymes, near the
ends of the branches, each closely subtended by two
broadly ovate bright red bracts, filaments forked. Mada-
gascar, floweringall the vear. butniostly in winter. B.M.
2902. L.B.C. 18:17]3.-Coolli..use pbint. The red bracts,
with green leaves on the sinuous sjiiny stems, are strik-
ing. It can be trained into ornamental forms.

9. neriifdlia, Linn. Arborescent or shrubby: stem,
obtusely 5-angled, 3-7 ft. or more high: the small mam-
miform podaria in rows, with short, dark colored, di-
vergent spines : branches numerous, bearing obovate-
oblong, obtuse, thick Ivs., 3-5 in. long at the summit :
small, sessile cymes of greenish involucres in the up-
per axils. June, July. E. Indies. — Large Ivs. persistent
from autumn to spring. Cristate forms are in cult.

. &Thom.(E.grandifdHa.na-K.).
rete : branches obsoletely 4-5

EUPHORBIA

563

angled ; spines f
obtuse or refuse.
duncled: capsule

terminal, obovate-cuneate,
imall cymes axillary, pe-

Gii-

796. Euphoi

^' l■|l^

L fulgens 0

11. mamilldsa, Lem. Low, cespitose: branches less
than an inch in diam. : podaria elongated, conical, in 5
spiral rows: Ivs. and spines small, soon deciduous.
DD. Podaria confluent into ribs: branches more or less

acutely wing-angled.
E. Growths or branches S-angled (sometimes 4-angled,
especially on the main axis, and in E. alcicomis
flat).

12. antign6rum, Linn. (E. Havaninsis, Hort.1 E.
Idctea, SoTt.i). Shrub, 8-10 ft. high : branches erect-
spreading, jointed; angles compressed, repand dentate,
the teeth 1 in. long; spines 1-3 lines long: Ivs. minute,
ovate-spatulate or rotund. India, and naturalized in
other places, notably the W. Indies, where it is used for
hedges. — Cristate forms are in the trade, as E. lactea
monstrosa? and E. Il'ift h. ii.^i.< rristata.

13. gn^andicdmis, inilul. linticose: branches 3 in.
wide; angles broadly win-i ri. ,i,...ply lobed and sinuate;
spines large, 1-2 in. louu'. li^rlit colored. S. Afr. Neu-

bert's Deutsche Garten Mag. 46:201. -A striking plant,
with the widest wings and longest spines of all.

14. Hermentiina, Lem. A shrub, 3-4 ft. high, with
many non-jointed, erect branches, their edges repand-
dentate and broad, slightly concave faces, white-mar-

^<^

' angles c

797. Euphorbia pulcherrima (Xl-5).

bled when young ; spines 2-2J^ lines long : Ivs. lanceo-
late or lanee-spatulate, 3-5 in. long. Gabon river, W.
Afr.— Considered one of the best. .

15. lictea, Haw. A shrub: branches erect; faces 1-3
in. wide, plano-convex, yellow and green striped; edges
subcompressed, repand dentate; spines 2-3 lines long.
East Indies.

IG. grdndidens, Haw. Tree, 20-30 ft. high and as
much as 3 ft. in diam. : branches slender, }i-% in.
wide, numerous, erect-spreading, making a rounded
head in old plants ; faces almost plane ; angles deeply
lobed-dentate; spines .V5 lines long, slender: Ivs. very
small, triangular. S.Afr. G. P. II. 2i;:7'Jl .-E. alcicomis,
Hort., is probably a form of this wifli lint liian.-lies.

17. triangularis, Hort. P.-ir. St. m ::-7 It. hiL'h, trian-
gular: numerous branches eri-rt, with .•■.iiv.x ftices dark
green ; the winged angles sharply toothed and short-
spined. S. Afr.

EE. Growths or branches with 4 o
rarely S-angled.

18. Canari^nsis, Linn. Shrub or tree, 12-20 ft.
with many 4-6-angled suberect
branches, as much as 3 in. thick,
from the base ; angles subentire;
spines 2 lines long, black : Ivs. al-
most none. Canary Islands. Gn.
53, p. 46. G.C. II. 20:629.

19. virbsa, Willd. (E. cceruUs-
Cfiis. Haw.). A shrub as much as
15 ft. hiiili. much branched :branches
4-.'>- or sometimes 3-angled, 1 in.
tliic!^. ttseending ; angles lobed;
epidermis bluish; spines strong,
4-5 lines long, black. S. Afr.

20. Abyssinica, Rausch. Stem
robust, 30-40 ft. high, 9-14 ft. in
greenhouses : branches few. 4-0
in. in diam., dark green; angles
5-8, obtuse but prominent ; edges
undulate; spines short, re-
curved : Ivs. minute, spat-
ulate. Abyssinia. Gn. 52,
p. 106. G."C. III. 20:497.-
Much resembles Cereiis
Peruvianus.

21. Pf^rsdorffii, Hort.
Trunk round, VA-2% in.
thick, 9-ribbed, much
branched when old ; spines
large. 4-S lines long.

22. candelibrum, Trem. & Klotzch. Tree, 20-30 ft.
high, with ahead 60-80 ft. in circumference: trunk short
and thick, densely branched : branches 3^-angled ;

564

EUPHORBIA

spines short. Trop. Afr.-See E. Tinicalli for somo
plants sold under this name.

23. officinimm, Linn. Fruticose: branches 2H-3 in.
thick, 9-13-angled, deeply sulcate; edgesrepand; spines
red, divergent or deflexed, 1-1 J^ lines long: Ivs. minute.
N. Afr. R.H. 1875: 336-37. -E. Beaumeriana, Hook. &
Coss., and £. echinus, Hook. & Coss., are closely re-
lated species from the same region.

CCC. Branches with spines, if any, not stipular, hut in

the place of Ivs. or branches

D. Spines not present.

24. Ciput-MedilssB, Linn. Medusa's Head. Stem
short, obconical, iieshy: branches numornus trnm tli-'
apex, soon declined around the main stem wnli i1m ir
ends erect, J-2 in. or more iudi.ira., G-12 in. I'm^. <ii\ > i ^ 4
with depressed, kiM-li-d tubercles, each be:irini, a small.
linear-bill.', .lat. 1, ,f; -limls nf the involucre wliite,

rather , ■';. ..nt.r lip palmatifid. S. Afr.

L.B.C. II : . .11, an. I rather rare. Var. mijor,

Ait. (/,'.' . „ . , I " . I, is a birge, erect, unbranched
form, perliaj. .iri^^aann- I'r.jm branch cuttings.

25. meloJ6rmis, Ait. Fig. 799. Globose or pyriform,
3-5 in. in diam., deeply 8-10-costate, the ribs obscurely
tuberculate on the almost acute angles, the sides trans-
versely dark and light
green striped or wrinkled
when old: the few small
Ivs. and fls. at the de-
pressed apex : the old
forked branches of the
inflorescence subpersis-
teiit but not spinose. A
tew small branches simi-
lar to the main stem usu-
ally present. S. Afr. L.B.
C. 5:43G. A.G. 11:403. -A
very interesting and rare
plant in Araer. Best grown
only under glass. Often
mistaken for a cactus.

799. Euphorbia mcloformis.

DD. Spini-s formed of the sterile pednncles.

26. cereifbrmis. r.i.n. , /;, , ,..,,/. Will.l.), Erect. 3 ft.
or more high. liiil. ' . i ■ ' . I ..ran.-le-^ .■re.-t. « ith ,S-13

tuberculate rib^ : ' all: iieilumles usually

with only one iin_..i .. ..-.iL. -i.ial e-s f..niiiii;.' dark

colored spines 4-1 iin.-,^ i.-i,;;. S. Afr. L.H.f'. If:i;:;U.—
E. poljgona. Haw., witli more prominent an.l -|iiral
ribs, and E. heptigona. Linn., with 7-8 ril.s ami -iil.i
between them more obtuse, are closely relafi .1 ^..uth
African species.

27. Hystrix, Jacq. A shrub, 2-3 ft. high, not ribbed:
podaria depressed: Ivs. 2-3 in. long, linear ; spines nu-
merous, 1-2 in. long, erect-spreading. S. Afr. Jacfi.
Hort. Schrenb. 207.

EUPHORBIA

30. B^gis-Jubae, Webb. Like the last, but Ivs. nar-
rowly linear and bracts not dark purple ; involucral
gland with 2 short horns. Teneriffe.

31. dendroides, Linn. A large, branching sbruV), more
foliaceous than the two preceding: leaves linear-lanceo-
late, obtuse or acute ; floral leaves yellowish, rhomboid-
orbicular, raucronate, glands truncate or semi-Innate.
Mediterranean region. R.H. 1887:160. Gn. 30, p. 203.

32. Gr4ntii, Oliv. Small shrub with lanneolnte b.aves,
large, long acuminate, ovate bracts ami iiliii.i- L-i.n.is.
E. Africa. This and the E. arborea . I n.-
probably belong in this section, thouL-l. : / I ,',i

of American dealers may possibly 1.. ,s ,,,..;. a. a//(

the

spech

:: . iiithvin'i.l.'s. .Tacq. (E. polijchrbma, Kern.). A
lei . iiial, a foot or more high, with oblong,

liai . ll.iral leaves different shades of yel-

!.■'. :.: il. . III. nine. May. Europe. B.M. 2258. -Grow-
ing in a line, compact clump, uncommon in gardens.

34. robiista, Small, and Pdlmeri, Engelm., are many-
stemmed perennials, the former from the Rocky moun-
tains, the latter from S. Calif., a foot high, more or less,
with small ovate leaves and roughened seeds. They
have been offered for sale, but have little cultural value.

35. CyparlsBias, Linn. Herb, perennial from root buds,
the short plume-like branches covered with spreading,
narrow linear, dark green leaves an inch long: seeds
smooth. Europe. L.B.C. 2:118. G.C. IL 22:469. Rept.
Mo. Bot. Gard. 11, pi. 50.— Cult, in old gardens for its
pioss-like growth. Naturalized and a weed in east U.S.

36. NatalSnais, Bernh. Stems many, K-1 ft. high:
umbel 3-5-rayed, head-like : leaves crowded, narrow
linear-lanceolate, subcoriaceous. S. Africa.

37. Myrsinltes, Linn. Perennial herb : many declined
stems covered with large, fleshy, glaucous, obovate or
ovate-oblong,concave, pointed leaves : umbel 7-12-rayed :
glands and flowers yellow. Europe.— A plant of old
gardens, good for rockeries.

c. Lvs. below the umbel decussate: tall herbs.

28. lAthyris, Linn. Caper Spurge. Mole Plant.
Fig. 800. Annual, 2-3 ft. tall : Ivs. long, lance-linear,
those of the inflorescence ovate-acuminate : glands
short-hoi-ned : capsules somewhat fleshy. Eu., nml
naturalized in eastern U.S. Rept. Mo. Bot. lian'. II,
pi. 11. — Cult, in old gardens. Capsules sunretinies
pickled. Seeds used as a purgative. Snid to drive
moles from its neighborhood (see Cornell Bull. 01:331).
cc. Lvs. usualhj clustered at the ends of the branches:

shrubs.

29. atropurpiirea, Brouss. A shrub, 3-6 ft. high,
branched : the pale, glaucous green, spreading or droop-
ing lvs. crowded at the ends of the branches, 2-3 in.
long ; umbel 5-10-rayed ; involucres surrounded by 2
large, dark purple, broadly ovate, obtuse, connate bracts.
March. Teneriffe. B.M. 3.321. — Plants known as E.
atropurpurea and E. sniiiiuinea in America, and used
for bedding, are in part E. hamatndes, Boiss., a species
of Section A not well known to botanists, and partly a
purplish var. of E. pnlcherrima.

EUPHORBIA

L m E N vul Bu
Boss Lke L n

I ph go a h m Pe u

Lem —E a s ]

Haw —E p s a 4

E serp f nis Bo ss E _scopif orm

I s apel cefo s Hort

ajo a Haw E

Herba e

Don

0 f

-E Cha

L

B he

L

U S oi

t reg

d gs iS

L

F I '

F M U E M n E

or Uhop s Jacq E Pa s H r E h H E

P leta a Hort E Rb H t E T h H E

R chard ana E tahan s s Ro E H

E se p a a Hort E p a Ho E W s

Hort J B S NORTOV

ETJPTfiLEA (Creek e well handsone and p ele
eln T 0 lol drlc le Ornamental hrub or sma 1
trees, with alternate long-petioled, simple hs and
small fls appearing before the foliage resembling some
what the alder in habit and f liage Three species fiom
HimalajastoE isia of whi h the half hardy Japanese
species IS sometimes cultivated it prefers somewhat
moist situ itions and is j i jp by seeds or by giaftmg on
their own loots

polygama bieb & Zucc Shrub or small tiee to 20
ft hs lung petioled usuallj riundish oviti cus] i
date coaisely and irie^ularh dentate sli^hth pul es
cent on the veins beneath 2— t in 1 nj tls in siu ill a\
illary, peduiicled chisteis p h ,;am us liu-ci u ajeti
lous stamens and carpels numerous tr iLnsistingrf
man\ small wmged nutlets, similar to the elm fis Ja
pan, China S Z 72 ^.lfred Rehder

EORYA fr-^k f r ' 1 ' f ii^ a i1 ti n)

Teni /I V la

and-« 1 md

simpl his

ters 1 I I i 1 s 15

or less (in h iil i me 1 t tl 1 t tl i Ua

ovary usually 3 locule 1 The Eun is aic ilhi 1 to
Camellias and le luiie much the s imt tieatiiicnt They
are giown f r f 1 i tl i th l i 1 Dtm md an

interme 1ft I 1 Prop by

cuttm„ II I ts E Ja-

p6nica II the common

species 1
(known m tl
the best gUssl
in shape, usu 1
toothed or not 1
with white fl
ters Japan \ M

1 form of It
f i) IS onr of
hs vaiiable

irregularh
I Iv blotched
xiUarj clus

L H B

One

EUR'fALE (mythological name), ^^mplue()<
species, the Indo-Chinese representative of
Meyiu, from which it ditters in having all the
fertile (in Victoria the inner ones are sterile) and in the
very small flower, and in other technical characters. E.
fSrox, Salisb., is the species. The Ivs. are 1-4 ft. across,
circular, purple and spiny-ribbed beneath, dark green
and uneven above: fls. small, prickly outside, the calyx
reddish inside and the 20-30 purple petals shorter than
the calyx lobes; stamens numerous : fr. a small, many-

EUTERPE 565

seeded, globular berry, bearing the remains of the calyx
on its top ; seeds eilible. B.M. 1447. Long cult, in
China. Treated as an annual. Has attracted little at-
tention since the introduction of Victoria. As far north
as Philadelphia it is hardy, sowing itself every season.
It is ferociously spiny.

E. Amazdnica, Poepp.. still advertised in catalogues, is Vic-
toria Begia. L. H. B. and Wm. Thicker.

EUEt'CLES (Greek-made name, of no particular ap-
plication). Aiiiiir/iHi'I,)'':<r. Two south hemisphere
bulbous plants, alli- (1 xn Hyiiienocallis and Pancratium.
Perianth-tulie e\ iin.liir:il, the segments oblong-lanceo-
late and neaily ei jiial ; stamens inserted in the throat of
the tube: Ivs. bruud and stalked, with prominent curv-
ing veins and interlocking veinlets : fls, white, in um-
bels. Cf. Baker, Amaryllidefe, p. 130. E. sylv^stris,
Salisb. (H. Amboininsis, Loud.). Brisbane Lily.
Scapes 1-2 ft., bearing an umbel of 10-40 handsome,
creamy white fls. (2 in. across), Ivs. rcuml > >.r>i;ni , w ith
a very short, blunt point. B.M. 14l:i. ," m

Amboinense. B.'R. 9:715, as Pancrati it j: i -// ,

Lindl. R.H. 1879, p. 456; p. 457 as /■: I /',.,- .-,,
Loud. Malaya, Philippines, N. Australia, urow in cool-
house, as for Pancratiums. l. h. B.

EITSCAFHIS (Greek, cm and scaphis, vessel; alluding
to the shape and the handsome color of the dehiscent
capsule). Celastrdce(e. Ornamental shrub, with rather
large pinnate, opposite Ivs., small whitish fls. and at-
tractive brownish red frs. in erect panicles, with shin-
ing black seeds. Monotypic genus allied to Staphylea,
but with upright panicles and the capsules divided to
the base into 3 dehiscent, leathery pods. It grows in
almost any good garden soil, but is only half-hardy
North. Prop, by seeds and greenwood cuttings under
glass.

staphyleoldes, Sieb. & Zucc. (E. Japonica, Dipp.).
Shrub, to 10 ft.: Ifts. 7-11, ovate-lanceolate, glabrous,
serrate, 1^2-3 in. long, each with 2 small stipules: fls.
perfect, 5-merous. small, in many-fld. panicles: fr. con-
sisting of 1-3 pods, each with 1-2 seeds. May, June.
Jap. S.Z. 67. Alfred Rehder.

EUSTRfiPHUS (Greek, referring to the climbing
habit). LUiAcetf. One or two Australian plants, bo-
tanically related to L.apageria. but much less showy.
Inhabit, suggestive of smilax [Aspnnitius medeoloides).
E. latifdlius, R. Br., is a tall, half-twining, branchy
herb, more or less woody at the base, bearing alternate,
stiff, linear-lanceolate, short-stalked Ivs. and small, ax-
illary, drooping light blue fls. with spreading, ciliate
perianth segments : fr. a dry berry : Ivs. 2-4 in. long,
sharp-pointed: fls. less than 1 in. across. B.M. 1245.
Of easy culture, either in the glasshouse border or in
pots. Very useful for table decoration and for design
work. L. H. B.

EUTACTA. Found under Araucaria.

EUT£EPE (mythological name). Palmdcet, tribe
Ai-he'e. Slender, cim t, s]. unless p.iliiis, with solitary
or fasciculate, riu..'. .1 1 I i niii il [i II\

pinnatisect; segnn nt I

and gradually acui 1 1 1 1 i - .

plicate, the thickm I n

rachis and petiole . -.el. .1 i • . ii.l H n

the b.ick, concave abo\ e , petiulu tlon i \

long, c} lindrical, entire : spadi\ pain i 1

rachis elongated: branches slendei -
lug above, usually scaly, thick at the I i i i

ing in fl.: spathes 2, coriaceous oi i i mi us.

lanceolate, the lower one the shorter s|.Iit itih. i|i\.
dorsally 2-keeled, the upperone symnn ti i [i ^i lit .1. nn
the ventral side: bracts bordering thi- liiirn\s , in u t-
lets ovate-acute: fls. small, white, sessile in the turrows
of the spadix : fr. like a pea, purple. Species about 8.
Trop. Amer. and W. Indies.

fiduUs, Mast. Para Palm. Assai Palm. Stem, 60-90
ft. high, 8 in. thick, flexuous: Ivs. spreading; sheaths
3-4Kft.; petiole li^ ft.; blade 6-9 ft.; segments linear,
spreading, deflexed, 60-80 on each side, densely crowded,
28-36 in. long, %-l in. wide. Brazil.

566 ECTERPE

olerAcea, Mast. Cabbage Palm. Fig. 801. Stem
60-100 ft., scarcely 1 ft. in diam. at base, attenuate
above, liexuous: Ivs. arcuate-spreading, 4-6 ft. long, the
apex more or less deflexed; segments pendent, linear-
lanceolate, the upper 2 ft. long, 1 in. wide, manv-nerved.
Braz. — Pig. 801 is adapted from Martins' Nat. Hist, of
Palms

801. Euterpe oleracea.

montina, R. Grab. Stem 10 ft. high, swollen at the
base, ringed: lvs.9 ft. long, elliptical-obovate; segments
lanceolate, entire, glabrous, alternate; petiole 2 ft. long,
scaly beneath, unarmed : rachis plano-convex below,
subtriangular towards the apex. Grenada. B.M. 3874.
Jaeed G. Smith.

Euterpes constitute a small group of spineless palms.

said to include 8 or 10 species

in all, but o£ these there

are but :? specit-s ciiuuioulv foi

n(l in cultivation, namely:

H. ediiUs. /;. „-,.„,' , .■.iM

/;. .;,.,,,.,. These are

found uir'. 1 . ,,,,/■

; ' ' i.iial and South

AmeriiM ;-. . ■ ''• ■ ■'

1 M II .•,• species are

valual.lr ;. ' • i -

i. II 1 . 1 "[ those coun-

tries. /;.

i.i.auuursiu the low-

lands of l:, , . :.

Mi as the Assai Palm,

owing t.. :i . ! . , i : ,

arc macerated in water.

and hv iv i , -

1 1 a beverage known as

Assai.' /■:.-!•,- ■. ■

,n,.„-n Cabbage Palm of

the West Indi.--^. "t>.imi)l- i

111,! 1..U lands near the

coast, while .B. )»",./„„., i. il,

Mi.iii,iaii,ral>bage Palm,

and is frequently t'.innil :it ■■,,

-hlr.aiilr altitudes in the

same islands, and (■..iiM-.|u.iit

\ .1.11 s not attain the great

dimensions of £. oleraaa.

The Eutfrpr-«
acuities, l.i-ii.-
a night tt-nip.-i

loam, with tin- i

EVAPORATING

. not piT>ii lit any special cultural dif-
•i-r.i..tJTii.' and rapid-growing palms,
ill- .if 1..)^ F., and abundant moisture,
r .hi.-f r.-.|uireiuents. A good, turfy
iti..ii..f ab.mt one-fifth of stable ma-
nure while in the compost heap, provides a suitable
soil From their habit of forming a tall, slender stem
Without suckenng from the base, the Euterpes are
lial le to 1 Lcome rather leggy specimens. When under

iu„ in 1 1 u h\ pecimen. White scale is one of the

n r t 1 e ts t which these palms are subject, and soon

ru u^ the foliage unless care is taken. Seeds genui-

1 a few weeks if sown in a warm greenhouse, and

ung plants make better progress when moder-

shaded

EUTdCA

W. H. Taplis.

■ referrel to Pliiu-tlii

EVAPORATIHG OF FEOIT. While the domestic
t of Ir m„ tr lit has been practiced ever since
1 k 1 le i th 11 immediate wants and stored
1 f r til e ot 1 tei 1 ed, and while dried fruit has
I rt cl t iinierce, yet until a few dec-

1 1 tl 1 t 1 riiuitive methods were used in

tl I I u 1 the industry, commercially, was

1 red regions in Europe. The mod-

r I ily more than a quarter century

111 1 nceivable growth in America in this

1 t of the industrial phenomena of the

epoch. Spurred into activity by the encroachments of
the American product in their markets, the European
producers, by the adoption of better methods, and by
govenunental encouragement, have increased greatly
their ..utput of dried fruit. And so, from an adjunct to
fniit growing for home use, drying fruit has become,
within recent years, one of the main branches of horti-
culture.

Fruit may be cured in the sun, or it may be cured in
drying machines, called evaporators. That cured in the
sun is called by the producer dried fruit ; that in
evaporators, evaporated fruit. By far the greater part
of the world's product is cured in the sun.

Siin-r!r!ihifi fridt.-ln countries haviiii,' a sufficientlv

ad dr

Turkf

of Fr;

graded.

i-s of

Sp.'iin and western America, fruit is drieil
aim.. St wholly in the sun. The fact that in these favored
localities the drying capacity is limited only by the acre-
age of sunshine, makes it certain that the proportion of
sun-dried fruit will always be vastly greater than that of
evaporated fruit. Drying fruit in the sun is a simple
process, but one hedged in by many little arts and
ineth.ids which facilit:ite the work and improve the prod-
uct In general, the process is as follows : the fruit is
grailed, bleached by sulfur, if a light colored product
is .lesired, in the case of pruTio^ 'lipia 1 or pricked, and
is then spread on trays to b.- .• ' ■ ! •" un. When
the drying process is finishe.l : i
in most cases put through a > . , ,
in various ways, as by dippiu;.- - i y!-

Eimporathxg fruit.— There are lui
evaporators, but all possess in comiu.m a .liainli.r for
the reception of the fruit, through whi. h a .lur.nt of
warm air is forced, or the fruit is f.u-.-. .1 tl.r.inL;li ibe
air, or both, the object being to remove the aqueous
matter from the fruit as quickly as possible, and the
principle being that warm air will absorb more moisture
than cool air. The saturated air must not remain in
contact with the fruit. Siii^e rtifTeroiit fruits exnrt dif-
ferent conditions, on.- slmulil Im- aM.' to .■Ikui!;.' tli.' t.-in-
perajure and velocitv ..f ili.' aii' .•iiia.ni in ilic .Irving
chamber at will. T.. mako ih.' |.r.i.lia[ I..ini.if,-.iir..u3,
current and temperature must be equal in all parts of
the evaporator. It is obvious that simplicity in the ma-
chine and economy in heat and in room are cardinal
virtues in a good evaporator. It is the rule to start the
evaporation of large fruits at a low temperature and
finish at a high one, but with berries the reverse is true.
.Some operators start their apples high and finish at a
low temperature.

The following are definitions of the somewhat tech-
nical terms used in the industry: BUacliiny is the pro-

EVAPORATING

cess of changing the dark color of fruit to a lighter hue,
or of preventing the discoloration ; generally accom-
plished by sulfuring. Bloaters are prunes which in
drying swell up to an abnormal size ; generally pro-
duced by fermentation in over-ripe fruit. Dipping is
the process of cutting the skin ni fresh prunes to
facilitate curing. The oi»i:,-i<.n i- pi I amedby sub-
merging the fruit in boilin.; i ■ fruit is some-
times dipped in one >i{ \ ■ '■<:< as a "fin-
ishing" process. Drip is til' - r ij ;. :, i.i'l which oozes
from prunes in the process ni .v :i|H,r^ii umi ; it generally
characterizes a poor prune ur :i i""'r evaporator. Frogs
are cured prunes having an almunual shape ; a condi-
tion caused by curing uuripi- fruit. Frirkiiig is the pro-
cess of puncturing the cuticle of frcsli prunes. It is
done oy means of a machine, the essential part of which
is a board covered with projecting needles, over which
the prunes must pass. It accomplishes the same end as
lye dipping. Sisrx is .1 term used to indicate the num-
ber of cured prnn. - j- n :.. - t., make a pound. The
"four sizes- knu«!,, r. are COs-TOs, 70s-80s,
80s-90s, 90s-100s. >, , , ., i ,.■ formation of globules
of sugar on tin- i i. . :i i prunes. Sulfuring is
a process .;:', : , \.'.n liirouijh to give it a lighter
color. Till * ;i 'Ird to fumes of burning sul-
fur befoi. .1 to the sun or put in evap-
orators. > ' , .. process ctired fruit is subjected
to before p.a l.;:iu. m .Inch it is put in a room at a high
temperature and allowed to become moist.

Curing different fnti'fs.— Apples and pears are peeled,
cored, cut in rings or quarters, and sulfured, before
being placed upon the drying trays. The time required
for curing is about three days out of doors and six to
twelve hours in the evaporator. There is considerable
trade in apples called "dumplings," which are whole
apples peeled and cored. Double the time is required in
evaporating them, but the price is higher.

Apricots, peaches and nectarines must be fully ripe
before drying and without bruises. They are pitted, and
may or may not be peeled. If peeled, the operation is
done with machines or with he, tliou£.'h the use of the
latter is considered a b.ad pra -tir,.. Tlie fruit is placed
on the trays cup side up. Al.out tliir.- days are re-
quired for drying in the sun ami aiiout .ii^rtit hours are
required for evaporating. The cured product should be
of a translucent amber color.

Berries are seldom sun-dried for the markets. For
evaporating they are placed on trays in qiiantities of
from sixteen to thirty quarts, given a temperature of
about 175 degrees at the start, and are finished in from
four to five hours, at a temperature of about 100 degrees.
After being taken from the evaporator, they are piled
for sweating in a warm, ventilated room.

Figs for drying must be gathered when fully ripe.
Some growers prefer drying in shade rather than in
sun. Evaporators are seldom used. The fruit is not
allowed to dry hard, and before packing must be well
sweated. Usually, for "finishing," they are dipped in
salt water or syrup. The drying process requires from
five to eight days.

Prunes are allowed to ripen until they fall to the
ground. Before being spread on the trays they are
dipped or pricked in orderto thin or crack the skin, that
the moisture may easily escape, and dripping be pre-
vented. Sun-drying requires from one to three weeks,
while from sixteen to thirty hours are required for
evaporation. A thorough sweat prevents the sugaring
so common to this fruit. Before packing they are graded
in sizes. Dipping as a "finishing" process is practiced
by many producers. A good prune is soft, smooth and
meaty, with loose pit, and of an amber, dark red or
golden hue, depending upon the variety.

Grapes for raisins are sun-dried. They must be
picked when fully ripe, the bunches, and the berries on
the bunches, being sorted as tlie picking progresses.
The operation of drying must lie wat.lied with care.
The process requires fromei-ht to fouri' > n days, during
which time the bunches must In- tinii. il at least once. A
sweat is given before packiiiu'. Hai^iu^ are graded into
half a dozen or more brands for the market.

U. P. Hedkick.

EVENING PEIMEOSE. See (Enothera.

EVERLASTING

567

EVERGREEN. Said of plants which do not shed all
their foliage at any one time, thereby remaining green;
or of leaves which persist for two or more years. In all
evergreen plants, the old leaves shed after a time, when
they become so overshadowed or crowded as to be of no
further use to the plant. The leaves of pines and spruces
persist for three to fifteen years.

In the popular mind "Evergreen" and "Conifer" are
the same, but some conifers are deciduous, as the larches
and taxodiums. Moreover, in the tropics most trees and
shrubs are evergreen or nearly so. In the mind of the
gardener, evergreen and conifer are thoroughly dissoci-
ated, and in works on gardening hundreds of greenhouse
plants are called "evergreen," which represents dozens
of families besides the Coniferae. Evergreens other
than conifers are sometimes called "Broad-leaved
Evergreens." See Conifers.

EVERLASTING. A term applied to fiowers or plants
which retain their shape and other characteristics after
being dried. Equivalent to the French word Immortelle
(see Revue Hortieole, 1890, p. 521).

The most important commercially of th'e flowers
which retain their form and color in a dried state are
the French Immortelles, ffelichrysum arenaritim.
These flowers are used very extensively in France in
their natural yellow color, for the manufacture of me-
morial wreaths and crosses, which, being constructed
very compactly, are exceedingly duralile. even in the
severest weather, and are exported in large luinibers to
all parts of the world. The fiowers bleached white, or
bleached and then dyed in various colors, are also
shipped in enormous quantities, either direct to this coun-
try or through some of the large exporting houses of Ger-
many. Approaching the French Immortelles in aggregate
value are the so-called Cape Flowers, BcliclirijsiDn
gruii'hfbirinii. which have reached an enormous sale
in thi« coiiiitry within a few years, and have largely
supiilaiite.l the I muiortelles on account of their silvery
texture and irreater beauty every way. They are natu-
rally white, but require bleaching in tlie sun to give them
the desired luster. They come from the Cape of Good
Hope, and reach this country mainly via Hamburg.

The common Everlasting of American and English
country gardens, Betichrysum bracteatum, is the only
one of these everlasting flowers grown to any extent in
America, and more or less extensive cultivation of them,
commercially, has been practiced in this country, but
still a large percentage are imported. They come in
white. .tr:r,v ami lir.eAu eolors iititurttlly, and take read-
ily i • ■ '' iiriiiieial lint,; tliese, together with
Aiii' ' ami the Well known GlobeAmaranth,

G'nif/'i,,. I,:! v ■■■", are 1,'rowii tiii.l used to a consider-
able eiteiii l.y the eouutrv folk iu tlie construction of
the many forms of wreaths, stars, and other Christmas
greens, which they sell in the city markets in large
quantities, but their sale by wholesalers and jobbers
for general consumption is very limited Stat'ce incat a
cultivate 1 or wild from the swamps of southern Europe
and Gypsophila in several species are used to a con
siderable extent and the sale of Statice especially,
wh h 1 I I 1 11 coml mation with Cape Floveis in
m i luite an item w th the dealers in

cial impoitan e Their bea t 1 II ] I p

proathel bj any other hort I I j 1 1

m en rraous quantities for 1 ) i 1 re

an important item f ^ 11 1

ma nly m sun blea I I
often paiti c loiel

the mo t exten iv I i

m stly imp rte 1 fi I I

1 th n t 1 1 1 1 I It 13

1 a lie 1 in the n t 1 J another

po] liar grass i to n i It 1 h u e it hij ped to
Anerica Ph lideli hia being the laig st impoitmg port
B z net I a medium sized grass and iJ( za m nitna,
the flowers of which are as fine as saw-dust, are also

568 EVERLASTINli

handled in tin- snim- manner as Briza maxima, very
littlenttln /;,»',..„' Ik iiiMuseddyedjhowever. Phleiim
prateiis. . ~ . and various kinds of oats have

more or I. : . : il value, being used considerably

in the inaimrn i m r d imitation flowers and straw goods,
but from a Hurisfs standpoint, they are not Important.
The most important commercially of the imported
grasses is the Italian wheat, the quantities used in this
country for the manufacture of sheaves for funeral pur-
poses being enormous, and increasing yearly. It comes
in many grades of fineness and length of stem. In this
country all attempts to cultivate it in competition with
the European product have failed.

Outside of wheat, it is generally true that the use of
dried grasses and flowers in this country is on the de-
cline. The fondness of our people for fresh flowers, and
the abundance in which these are now offered, every-
where, at all seasons, is largely responsible for the de-
cadence of the fancy for dried flowers. Another factor
is the artificial flower Industry, which, in France par-
ticularly, has attained a wonderful perfection, the ma-
terials being principally metal, porcelain, wax or cloth.
In Europe, especially in Germany, the grasses seem to
maintain their popularity, and it is to these foreign-bom
people that a large part of the material imported here
goes.

A number of our native Composites— of the genera
Gnaphalium, Antennaria and Anaphalis — are called
Everlastings, and are often used in home decorations,
particularly in the country; but they have no com-
mercial rating. H. Batersdorfek.

EVODIA (Greek, pfe«saii( odor). RutAcew. Between
20 and 30 trees or shrubs of the Old World tropics, with
opposite, punctate, simple or compound Ivs. and small
fls., in terminal or axillary cymes. Pis. unisexual; se-
pals and petals 4-5; stamens 4-5, inserted at the base of
a cup-shaped disk; stigma 4-Iobed. Warmhouse ever-
greens. Prop, by cuttings of half-ripened wood. E.
Slogans, Hort., from New Guinea, is a new plant re-
sembling Aralia elegantissima. Lvs. prominently 3-
lobed, undulate and crenate. £, formdsa is another new
species int. 1900 by Sander & Co.

£XACUM (classical namt-, nf no significance to these
plants). GcntianAcete. An oneiital K'-m's of about 20
species, including 3 kinds of liert)s, treated either as
annuals or biennials, with 5-lobed fls. of lilac, blue or
dark purplish blue. Cult, in a very few greenhouses.
The genus has no allies in its tribe of garden value.
Herbs, dwarf and annual, or tall and paniculate-branch-

celled or not, in forking cymes ; calyx 4-5-parted, the
segments keeled, winged or fiat and 3-nerved ; corolla
tube short; lobes 4 or 5, ovate or oblong, twisted; sta-
mens 4 or 5, attached to the throat, with very short
filaments.

According to "K.F." in Gng. 6:229, E. affine can be
grown in a greenhouse where the temperature ranges
from 55-60° P. The showier indigo-blue i: . macran-
thum requires a warmer house. The color of the fls. of
E. affine varies according to the treatment. If kept in
bright, sunny quarters they assume a bluish lilac color;
in the shade, blue to deep blue. Plants flower in August.
If specimens in 5-in. pots are desired, sow in March of
the same year ; for larger specimens, sow in August of
the preceding year. The plants must be kept in a cool
but not draughty greenhouse or frame in summer, and
shaded from fierce sunlight. The usual precautions
needed for very small seeds should be observed. They
should receive their moisture from below, as overhead
sprinkling disturbs the sprouting seeds.

A. Lvs. tvith stalks often K in. long.

affine, Balf. Stem cylindrical, 1-2 ft. high, much
branched from the base : lvs. 1-lK in. long, elliptic-
ovate, faintly 3-5-nerved: sepals with a broad wing on
the back; corolla 6-9 lines wide; lobes almost rounded.
Socotra. B.M. 6824. A.F. 13:1104. Gng. 6:229. R.H.
1883, p. 512. Gt. 34:1108. G.C. II. 21:605.

EXHIBITIONS

A. Lvs. ntarlu or quite slaWess.
B. Corolla lobes rounded.

Zeylinicum, Roxb. Annual : stem 4-sided, branched
only above: lvs. becoming 3 in. long, strongly 3-nerved,
elliptic-oblong, acuminate, narrower than in L'. affine,
and tapering: fls. IK in. across, in terminal, leafy
corymbs; sepals broadly winged; corolla lobes obovate,
obtuse. Ceylon. B.M. 4423 (sky-blue, with a dash of
purple). R.H. 1859, p. 238.

BB. Corolla htht's tapering to a point.

macrinthum, Arn. {E. Zeyhinicnm, var. maci-rfn-
thum). Stem cylindrical, slightly branched: lvs. as in
E. Zeylanicum, though perhaps more variable from
base to summit : fls. 2 in. across. In both species there
is a narrow ring of yellow at the mouth, to which the con-
spicuous clusters of stamens are attached. Ceylon.
B.M. 4771 (deep purplish blue). G.C. III. 15:331. -The
best of the genus. The rich, dark blue is worth striving
for. Reintroduced by Sander & Co. 1899. -^^ ji_

EXCffiCABIA sebifera. See Sapium.

EXHIBITIONS of horticultural products may be made
for either of two purposes, — to illustrate the sub.iect or
thing itself, or to illustrate an ideal. As a matter of
fact, all Exhibitions of domesticated products are for the
latter purpose. If an Exhibit were made of what a spe-
cies actually is— whether dahlia, peach or pumpkin-
hostility would be aroused, for in that case the incapa-
bilities'as well as the capabilities of the plant would be
shown. Exhibits are really made up of those selected
forms which most nearly approach an ideal. This ideal
may be a commercial one or an artistic one. The com-
mercial ideal is likely to be held up as the only one. It
is usually held dogmatically, and one who has another
ideal is a heretic. A so-called show plant, as a chrysan-
themum or a dahlia, may represent only one of the
many possibilities of the species: and each of these possi-
bilities may be worth the cultivating. It is a significant
fact that many of the commercial types are not the
most artistic or the most satisfactory ones. They are
usually those which are most certain to give uniformly
protit.able results to the irrciwer. The constant forcing
of these types on the puLii.' aiteiition tends to popu-
larize them. The eliiy^ iMilii niinii Mlniirably illustrates
these remarks: tlie . \ir:i l.u -v -li.nv blooms are less
satisfactory and .agri-iaMi- t.. iih.^t persons than freer,
smaller and more individual hluunis.

The Exhibition ideal in auy fruit or plant has a power-
ful influence on the evolution of the plant. People breed
for that ideal. They discard those forms which contra-
dict the ideal. Persons who care less for the formal

; usually deal with more varied and difficult sub-
jects than the professionals or commercial growers. It
is remarkable how plants have been bred to the Exhibi-
tion standard. The practice of carding and dressing of
the carnation in earlier times has produced the high-
centered, fl.at-bottomed carnation of today. In England,
thi- .•aniati.iii ideal ha-i lic-en an .ntii-e or rose-leaf petal;
in Aiii'Tii'ii, til.' i(li:.l i-- :i iiiiiMiriit.'ly fringed petal. Per-
ha|i^ til.- rtli/i't cif tlic l".\liii,iti..n iciral is nowhere so well

piant'as a whole. Tl,. m- .■ i -:::.ii,' .1;.:: ! m .■..,,! ,■:,-
mellia are examples. 1: ■',-'> i i i ,n-

ing single blooms oi' 1 1 ;r.l

or in sand— like so im;i!;\ h- mN m .-i pill..!-. iiii..r.'.-s
the ideal of the single ll.iwer. Fortunately, this tyj.e of
Exhibition has had little popularity in this country. A
comparison of the pictures of prize Exhibition subjects
in European and American journals would show some
interesting contrasts. It would contrast single-flower
or single-specimen ideals with bouquet ideals in flor-
in general terms, the
than the flower or frni
only the beginning "t 'i-ji,, ']"'.■• !.,, ..i i^lants is a
higher stage. It is j.m i / ' ■ I Wliibitions

plays. TheOld Worll i:\iMl!iti,,.,.. ■ l,il- emphasizing

EXHIBITIONS

the single-flower ideal in florists' plants, are very rich in
displays of speoimtu plants of other kinds.

Erery Exhiliitiuu sli.aild make its motive or animus
clear. The visit.. r sl]..ul.l know whether it is the pur-
pose to sbi.w ri..rist>' i.U-als, amateurs' ideals, or both.
The best Exhibition of any subject is that which shows
all its possiliilities and merits. The tendency is for the
amateur's ideals not to be seen at the shows. There are
fewer prizes for these ideals, and the amateur leaves his
choicest things at home. Yet the amateur is the con-
servator of meritorious plants. He holds interesting and
artistic varieties and species decade after decade, and pre-
vents their loss. It is the amateur who has kept the old
Laciniatum chrysanthemum against the changing moods
of the trade. Consider that the greater number of species
described in this Cyclopedia are known only to the ama-
teur. Our horticulture would be poor indeed if only
commercial ideals should prevail.

A leading value of an Exhibition is to maintain a so-
ciety. The annual or peri..'i il -b... k. .-ps alive in-
terest in the society, and tip ' - Hn- society to
extend its beneficent work, i --: i: ilaysmadeby
the American Poraological .S." i. i > . i i'- > . nty of Ameri-
can Florists, the American Cm ii.iii..u .s... ,,tv, and other

EXPERIMENT STATIONS

569

Exhibi

improvement soc
fall. Invite the
specialties at the
one plant or gro
show; and this p

I I • . make some

iture of each
;: I b- -b.i VII in all its various
forms. Endeavor to interest pei.ple in plants them-
selves, even though they may not show the formal
ideals of the plant-breeder. Good subjects for these
central features are the different fruits and vegetables,
roses, carnations, chrysanthemums, dahlias, gladioli,
spring bulbs, aquatics, bog plants, alpine plants, cacti,
orchids, poppies, sweet peas, violets, ferns, peonies, or-
namental autumn fruits, wild flowers, bloom of hardy
shrubs, foliage or bloom of forest trees, and vines.

Aside from these technical uses of the Exhibition in
illustrating the progress of plant-breeding, the show
also may be made a powerful means of extending and
deepening the love of nature. In this guise it will
appeal tu ,-,. ry i. i i , not to horticulturists only. In

every sol b n once or twice a year should

be made :.i iture-study instruction. Such

an Exhibiri :, -ii-m ! ii.r stop with plants, but include
all natural ..bj.ris. It sbould not be a technical horti-
cultural Exhibit ; and therefore, its further discussion
is not germane to this work. L_ jj, b_

EX0CH6BDA (fromf.ro, external, and clwnle, a cord
or thong; suggested Ijy the free placentary cords sup-
posed to be external to the carpels). Bosctcew. Hardy
shrubs or small trees, remarkable for the structure of
the fr., which is composed of 5 small, bony carpels, ad-
hering around the central axis in a star-like manner.
Allied to Spiraea. Prop, by seeds, cuttings and layers.
Seeds are produced only on old plants; cuttings root
slowly and with difliculty; layering is best. .Seed propa-
gation is advisable when seeds can be obtained.

grandifldra, Lindl. Peael Bush. Pig. 802. Well
known garden shnib, not often over 6-8 ft., but some-
times 15 ft. : Ivs. petiolate, lanceolate-oblong, whitish
below, very strong toothed on strong shoots, but almost
entire upon the older parts, stipuled: fls. appear with
Ivs. in long, terminal racemes of 5 or tj fls., pure white;
calyx deeply 5-cleft; petals 5, narrow, roundish and
clawed; stamens 10-1.5, short: fr. of 5 bony, 2-valved car-
pels joined to a common axis, each with 1 large, flat-
winged seed. Apr., May. Central China. P. S. 9:95i.
Gt. 47:1455. R. H. 189G, pp. 324, 325. J. H. III. 34:483.
B.M.4795. A.F.6:343. Gng.5:97. G.C. II. 1G:73; III.
7:613.— Open habit and with thin, uninteresting foli-
age. Individual fls. of no value. Useful only in bloom,
when it is a dazzling white, the most brilliant shrub of
Its season. Can be kept in shape bv pruning, but better
back of or massed with other shrubs. Thrives in any
good soil.

Albert!, Regel. Of greater vigor, darker foliage,

covered with spikes of pure white fls., 8-10 on a spike.
Becomes G ft. Turkestan. For its garden value, see
Gng. for Oct. 1, 1899. x. Phelps Wyman.

EXOBBHtZA (exo, out, outside, rhiza, root; alluding
to the large aerial roots above the ground). Pahncicem.
High - growing palm, with
straight, smooth stem, sup
ported at the base by larsre
aerial, spinj roots Ivs large,
pinnate. Allied to
Kentia, but distin
guished by the im
bricate sepals of the
sterile fls., the elon
gated, subulate fila
ments of the stamens,
by the roundish ovate
sepals of the pistil
late fls. and bj the
parietal ovule In
Kentia the ovule is
basal and erect

Wendlandiina, Becc {Khitia
exorrhUa, W endl ) Often more
than GO ft. high Ivs 10-12 ft
long: pinnfB alternately arranged,
1-2 in. from each other, becoming
4 ft. long and 2 in. broad, 3-nerved :
spadix appearing below the Ivs.,
enveloped in thick,
boat-shaped spathes. Fiji Islands.

EXPERIMENT STATIONS

exist in all the states and
tories of the United Stales, and
in the Canadian provinces, main-
tained by the general govern-
ments. These constitute the most
extensive series of agricultural
research stations in the world.
In Alabama, Connecticut, New
Jersey and New York there is also
a station maintained in whole or
in part by state funds. The total
number of regular stations in the
United States, to the close of the
fiscal year, June 30, 1898, was 54.
The total income of these stations
was $1,210,921.17. In the work of 802. Exochorda Brandiflora.
administration and inquiry, these (X%.)

stations that year employed 669

persons, of whom 77 were horticulturists. In that year,
these stations published 40G reports and bulletins. The
mailing lists aggregated half a million names. Sum-
maries of all these publications are published by th'e
Ofiice of Experiment Stations. Department of Agricul-
ture, Washington, in the monthly "Experiment Station
Record."

In the Dominion of Canada there are five Experimen-
tal Farms. One of these is known as the Central Experi-
mental Fai-m, and is lu.-at.-d near fb.- ca].ital. Ottawa,
and serves the purpo.s,.-s ..f tin- two larLO- |.r..viiic.-s ..f
Ontario and Quebec. Tb- .-tb. i- I'l.ur are braia-b E\i..n-
mental Farms, sites fur wbi.'li liax -■ I n -^rj.i.-t.'d iu dif-
ferent parts of thecouutry. ti^ lb" - : ' "... it Nappan,
Nova Scotia, which serves i- i ' . - i,, maritime
provinces; a second at Brandon. ■!' i , nb serves

the purposes of that large [.la : r . : a third

at Indian Hea.l, N. W. T., " .: tbe pur-

poses of the i.i"'. i-Miial .h.-!:i-. 1. ill- North-

west Territori. , i , ; n,] ,,. ,i,h jg at

Agassiz, in till • . I. -: . ' i ,. ; . i' b-ri ' < ., . moia, and
meets the ni/if\ ..f t|,,. (a-:.,- i'li;- ir' am i-r. i\ iiK^e. The
grant made for tlie maiuteiuince of the Ave Experimen-
tal Farms has been $7o,00o per annum until 1899, when
this was increased to $80,000. At the Central Farm
there are six officers engaged in research, and two at
each of the branch farms, excepting at Agassiz, B. C. ,
where there is only one. Tlie ptiblications relating to
the work at all the Experimental Farms are issued from
the Central Farm at Ottawa.

FABA. See Vicia.

FABlANA (after Francisco Fabiano, Spanish bota-
nist). SolancLcem. This group is a series of surprises.
It contains 16 species of heath-like shrubs from South
America. They are dwarf, erect, much branched, and E.
imbricata has Ivs. suggesting an arborvitae, being scale-
like, overlapping, and densely crowded. The flowers
resemble a heath in size and profusion, and their cul-
ture is the same as Erica. They belong to the same
family with the potato. The fls. are club- or funnel-
shaped, of 5 semi-cylindrical portions grown together
at the edges and crowned by a limb of 5 short, rounded,
spreading lobes. At present it seems to be cult, only in
S. Calif, and the South. Abroad it is cult, under glass
in winter and put outdoors in summer.

imbricata, Ruiz & Pav. Height 3 ft. : Ivs. scale-like,
imbricated : tis. sessile, white. Spring. Peru, B.H.
25:59.

FAGfiLIA I aftrr Caspar Fagelius). Leguminbsce. A
fast-gr..\\ Mil.', twilling' subshrub from S. Africa, covered
with (•laiiiiiix lii.ii-. and bearing all summer axillary ra-
cemes nf iMU-liki' IN. which are yellow, the keel tipped
violet. Cult, outdoors in S. Calif, and abroad under
glass. The pLint is allied to Cajanus, but is a genus
by itself, chiefly because its seeds are strophioled, pod
swollen, not flattened, and the 2 upper calyx lobes
nearly distinct.

bitumindsa, DC. Leaflets 3. B.R. 3:261, as Glycine,
showing lis. also veined with red.

FAGOP'fRUM (heech wheat, from the likeness of the
fruit to a beech-nut). Polygoniceat. Probably only two
species of Eu. and N. Asia. Quick-growing annuals,
with alternate deltoid or hastate Ivs., small honey-
scented fls. in racemes or panicles, 5-parted calyx, 8
stamens, 1-loculed ovary ripening into a floury, 3-an-
gled akene.

e8cul6ntum, Moench. Buckwheat (which see). Fig.
276, p 186 Lvs large and broad long-petioled • fls
white m panitled or corjmbose racemes akene or
gram with icgular angles

I climates and on
L. H. B.

FAGUS (ancient Latin name). CiipiiUtercE,tti\i& Fa-
gitceie. Beech. Tall, deciduous, hardy trees, of noble,
symmetrical habit, with smooth, light gray bark and

clean dark
sects or f'^
and bLMiit'
every sea

which

rely attacked by in-
le most ornamental
(T, and attractive at
li the young foliage
graceful, drooping
lican and the Euro-
pean species an- nmcli alike, but the first has the bark of a
lighter color, the head is broader and more roumiish,
and the lvs. less shining, but turning clear vcllnw in
fall, while tbo latt.T has a more ,.vate lii^ad an",l sliiiiing

foliage, wlii. li |.,.ri,- i ■.;•:; -'i l.r-'.'. n in failam; r. mains

heads of i

itbe

close-graii
of differoi]

cry

:s aud for fuel; but it is not very dur-
able in the soil. The sweet nuts are edible, and in
Europe an oil is pressed from them, used for cooking
and other purposes. The Beech prefers dryish situations,
and grows best in sandy loam and in limestone soil.
Prop, by seeds sown in fall where there is no danger of
them being eaten by mice, or dried after gathering and
kept mixed with drj* sand until spring. The young
plants should be transplanted every second or third
year; otherwise they make long tap-roots, and cannot
always be transplanted successfully. The varieties are
grafted on seedling stock, usually in the greenhouse in
early spriutr ; trraftiiij; in tlip opfn ir^nally l'ivps not

nearly entire lvs.: tls. ni.inM.M..iis. w nli tia li - . -lami-
nate in slender-peduucled, pendulous he:Hls appearing
at the base of the young shoots ; perianth 5-7-lobed;
stamens 8-13; pistillate with 3 .styles, usually two in an
axillary pednncled involucre ; fr. a brown, ovate, trian-
f,led nut 1 or 2 in a pricklj dehiscent involucre The
species of the southern hemisphere often included un
dtr I-i^us (IS F bttiilnidis and others) form the ge
uus \ ithofagus which see

fernigmea \ir iF \iii n hii '^■x it F atjopu

t ellon ish

led

ith

igh E
N \niHr west to Wis and Texas S S 9 444 Em
is- (1-8 12-> AG 12 711 \aT latifdlia Loud,

with 1 r idcr and larger, strongly toothed Ivs
"^^ sylvitica Linn European Beech Fig 804

^l 1 t sti ft or rarel> 100 ft lvs ovate or
clliiJtic, remotely denticulate, silky beneath and
ciliate wuen young, with 5-9 pairs of veins, dark
green and glossy above, pale beneath, 2-4 in.
long : involucre with mostly upright prickles, about
1 in. high. M. and S. Europe to Caurasus. Fig. 804

a..iitriists the lvs. of the .
ahs, A great number of

■ r which the following an
heteroph;^lla, Loud. (var.

■ Iceplv cut, often almost

I'pean spe-

803. Fagus ferruEinea (XK

Tat&ricum, Gasrtn. 1
(which see). More slende
arrow-shaped, shorter-peti
iah, in small, simple

iiiiilril., into narrow
lobes. A very graceful variety, forming a dense
and low, shrubby tree. Mn. l.p. 61. P.O. 3:103. Var.
p^ndula. Ijodd. With long, pendulous branches, the
lari^er limbs niostlv horizontally spreading. Gn. 55. p.
2i;7. (i.F. 1:32. Var. purpurea. Ait. (var. utrnpurpnrta,
Hort.l. Fig. 805. Lvs. purple. A form with vny dark
purple lvs. and of compact habit is var. purpurea Eiv-
ersi, Hort. There are other forms, differing in the

(570)

FAGUS

shade of purple, and also some with rosy pink varia-
gateil Ivs. Var. purpurea pendula, Hurt., has purple

Ivs. and pendulou- i;, 1m -. i.iit is of slow growth.

Var. Zlatia, Spaiili. i 'liuge. Less important

varieties, but sonn ■ n- the following : Var.

cristtlta, Lodd., wii'i .ii.; i, • !i.-il, curled, small and

clustered Ivs. : of sluw t.'r..\vn]. \ ar. incisa, Hort. Simi-

macrophylla, Il"rt.
1)111,'. Var. quercoides,
luila. Hurt.). With

sinuate, rather nar-
row Ivs. Var. tor-
taosa, Hort. Dwarf
form, with twisted
and conto'rted
branches and small

iiiiiate, crenate, with
9-H pairs of veins :
lower prickles of the
involucre changing into
slender linear or obo-
^ ate oblong lobes W
Asia to Japan

Alfpcd REHDEr
rn U S the Beeih

ucous soil, shuns poor
5U0ft m the Alps, pie
i, enduies much shade
111 iiid produces lii„e

FELICIA a ( i

quiry, gave very fanciful figures and descriptions of it.
* *' * It is destined to be a people's plant, as one-
half inch of the root will grow and form a good plant
the first season. It has survived most winters for the
past five years in Washington, D. C."

As associates in groups of l.ohMial.ilcl plaufs, F. W.

an hour or two in early morning is enough. They
should have a shelter-spot, where the wind will not
wliip their foliage.

A.F.

globose clusters. Formosa. B.M. iS'Ji
(Aug. 5:133. Gn. 45, p. 321.

Jap6nica, Decne. & Planch. (.4 r(}?i'a JapSnica, Thunb.,
not Hort.? A. Sieboldii, Uort.). Lvs. dowuy at first,
finally shmmg green fls m umbels Jtp Ohma —
Abroad are cult forms with white or golden margins
and a form reticulated with gold markings \f jj

FEATHER GERANIUM Chenopodium Botixja

FEIJ6A Sellowiana

nsidered a promising fruit

FAIR MAIDS OF FRANCE D.jubk
nyinilus luoiulif lin

FAIRY LILY Cooperui peiliinctihiUi

FANWORT '5ee Cahomba

FARFUGIUM See Seneew Ka-mpfen

lELICIA (for Herr Felix a German official) Com
I ill Much like 4ster, from which It differs in having
p ippus bustles m one series and in othei technical
characters Fortj to 5U herbs or subshiubs in Afi

the Chu

FATSIA (from a Japanese name) Arahdcew This
genus IS dcubh interesting as producing the famou'
rice papei
castor oil
large hs
species ol

highh

figures of plants and aiamaK and ilso foi i
ficial flowers ITntil about 1850 the sourci
stance was unknown to scientists The Ch

ellodes \oss {CmetAna amelloldes, hmn Astet
Ills Thumb A Capen<<i<<, Less Aquthitii
ass B rotutidifolui, ^ess A ameUotile\

572

FELICIA

sily fru

r. Blue Mabguehite. Fig. 80fi. An
ant, 1-2 ft., with roundisli ovate op-
rge, solitary heads of an exquisite
B.M.249 (as Vinmtria amelloides).
1 :G74. Gng. G: 149.— There is a rarie-
.H. 8:296). Grown
igs. HaniUcd like a'
Cineraria ; or, 'if grown from sjiring
cuttings for winter bloom, like a Chry-
santhemum, but with more heat in tlie
fall. An elegant pot-plant, and useful
for bedding in a pro-
tected place. L_ p[_ g^

FENDL£BA (after
Augustus P e n d 1 e r, a
German naturalist, bo-
tanical explorer of Ni'W
Mexico). Sriritrnif'i-rir.

Low, spn-adiii;_' -I ,

with sniiill, <■]•] ,

greyish I'olia^r. .■..■. ~ . .<
in June alony Hi'' - 1' i
der, arching hrain In <

der glass, (^ne species
from Texas to Mexico ;
allied to Philadelphus.
Fls. usually solitary at
the end of short lateral
branchlets ; calyx lobes
and petals 4 ; stamens 8 :
ovary almost superior:
fr. a 4-celled, dehiscent
capsule, with flat, oblong
seeds.

jnellod

ruploola, Engelm. and Gr. To 4 ft.: Ivs. lincar-laiu'i-o.
late or linear-oblong, 3-nerved, revolute ut the margin,
greyish tomentose beneath, )^-l in. long : fls. milky
white, 1 in. across; petals rhombic ovate, with distinct
claw, spreading ; stamens erect. June. G.F. 2:113.
B.H. 1891,p.42. M.D.G. 1899:231.

Alfred Rehder.

FENNEL. Species of. Famleulum (UmbellifercB), an-
nuals or treated as such, used as salad or condimental
herbs. Nativ ..f S, K.lr..l,.^ The romnion F.-iiiiel ( f.
officindh. Liiin.i i. ..rMni, iiiLslly for its y.iuii;; Ivs.,
which arc i, . • m i , r,.|^.-. ■nni also foi- i'l s amnialir

seeds, l.'-r . ilm raw. Sows i^iiilat.-

fall to niMiiv o;i,l, _orn, illation in spi-iii-, or sow in
early spring. In any good soil, the plant comes to ma-
turity quickly.

The Florence or Sweet Fennel is F. dtilce, DC. The
bases of the crowded Ifaf-stalks an- nuicli tlii.'ki-ncal,

making a bulb-liko.iiI:irL'iii,-:ii .-ii tli.' lt..ui,.1. Tins

thickened base has :r. ':;. . r '■.'.<

ing-up blanches tlir . ' in •! . •:• ., |, , ■ i, , i , ;i i.i ■.! :••■<■
boiling thev are ill • ■-,i':i" \ ■ ! |.i,',,! i,.,;!,,,,,

L. II. B.
FENUGREEK (Trif/oneUa Fcenum-anecun), literally

rrepk hay). An annual legume indigenmis to western

FER\

yellow coloring matter, and G per cent of fixed and
volatile oils. As human food they are used in Egypt,
mixed with wheat flour, to make bread ; in India, with
other condiments, to make curry powder; in Greece,
either boiled or raw, as an addition to honey; in many
oriental .•oiintriis. to give plumpness to the female
human t"iiii. 'I'll. |.lant is used as an esculent in Hin-

dosi:Mi ; ;i oiy fodder in Egypt, Algiers, France,

anloi I r 11 I lordering the Mediterranean. For-

mii t s I clued in medicine; now it is employed

on 1;, 111 1 1 I lion of emollient cataplasms, eneni-

ata. I ! ! [ilasters, never internally. In vet-

crina ;. still esteemed for poultices, con-

11 I s M liic-Ir for ilrugs, and to diminish

■:-i • . ■ •! iiiliiiiiL.' ■■tr.'.'t-, of ynirgatives. It is

' i-ilossy coats upon

lire and vigor; by

I in fattening ani-

; b\ ia.;nai.u 1 11! ■ ' . ■ [. . i : slock foods as a
flavoring ingredient. ! not succeed upon
clays, sands, wet or son I [; . I s most seed upon
well drained loams of in hni i i' and of moderate
fertility; most fodil. i n h ' mN. For seed pro-
duction, potash iiii'l ll 1 aihl shoiiM l.c appliial;

for forage, nni' ii..i mimirrs. I).r|i plowinu' ami
thorough lianii ■!. ' ■ I tial. Ton to 'jn poiinils of

to the clovers, vetch.-
s of this country. It
nitrogen from the air I

FENZLIA. Sec Cilia
FERDINANDA eminens.

.1. OSS-like
ill. with a

caioli ■,..,■,■ ' . ' '.■.■,. 1.

-ingularly

cniiii . 1 r. r . ■ ,• 1 . •!

1 tropical

IV-lii'i • ■■•• ill . ■ 'I'l 1" M ,11.

lost of the

laiorityof

tho,,. II ■ , :, , • 1 . ■ ,

ll rground

ili.ls.clUS-

ternl 111 il"ii- '• IT-'.', a- ■■r in I '" ' ■ ■ -■! ''i-- >

iiig stems

With s.-atliMvd leavos! Tin. I'oni |.l:.iit n ,i

. s,.nts the

asexual phase of growth (.s'/ao- 7././//. i. i.n

inaing its

spores normally in spore cas.s 1 s,...ro.o//'i.

FiL'. 807),

which are borne in masses i.x,u-i . Fiu'. sos 1 0

1 the back

or inaririn of \Uv loaf, or in a few cases

arr -rou|,r.l in s|iikos or panicles, or in

^tm^

rin- .-as,", -.|,r. ail in a layer over the en- 4

?7^

sorus, recog-
iiauy of them heteroge-
I le resemblance in struc-
s. John Smith, relying
■ariation in venation and
have recognized a much

FERN

greater number of genera, ranging from 150 to 250, or
even more. In the very unequal treatment by Diels
in Die Natiirlichen Pflanzenfamilien (Engler-Prantl),
some 120 genera are recognized. A somewhat similar
difference prevails in regard to the number of species.
The Synopsis Filicum of Hooker
and Baker(ll<74i, suiipl.-m.-ntiMl
by Baker's Xrw l-nn- i l:-:ij).

It is"the to. iMhi.'ii I. iMlrnry

emany vn! - ■ : ,,b

have been t\f>^\ ■■ ii

and French 1..,; :,,^: -, ^ j ,

diverse groups of spt-cits from
distant quarters of the world —
nit- from 8 to 10 species not infre-
dot of a Fern. quently appearing as a single

so-called "variable species."
When we add to the number represented by these
two omissions the species recently described, the num-
ber of Ferns will approximate 4,000, and possibly exceed
that number. New forms are constantly coming in from
the less explored parts of the world, and within the
last few years several new species have been described
from the United States, including some from the bet-
ter known portions. Of this number some 200 species
are in occasional cultivation in America, but the spe-
cies that form the bulk of the Fern trade do not exceed
two dozen. In Europe several hundred species have
long been in cultivation. Most of the species thrive best
in the insular regions of the trop-
ics, the island of Jamaica alone
furnishing 500 species and Java
nearly 600. About 165 species
are native in the United States,
representing some 35 genera; our
native species are so widely dis-
tributed that not more than
from 25 to 50 will be found with-
in the limits of one state, and
the common species of the best
locality do not number more
than 20.

The Ferns belong to a group of
spore-bearing plants, with vascu-
lar (woody) tissue in stem and
leaves; this group is technically
known as the Pteridophytes, and
is composed of three orders; viz.,
Vie Equisetales, including the
horsetails and scouring rushes;
the Lycopodiales, including the
selaginellas and the club mosses,
or ground pines ; and the Fili-
cales, including the true Ferns and

573

Prothallus of i

A. Spores of one sort {isosporous).

B. Sporangia u-itli no ring, rising from the interior

tissues of the leaf. (Eusporangiate Ferns.)

1. OphioglossicesB. Adder's-tongtie Ferns. Prothal-
lium subterranean, without chlorophyl; sporangia borne
in si.ike- iir panicles on branches distinct from the
foliage li-avi-s.

2. Marattiaceae. Coarse Ferns with sporangia on the
under surface of the leaf, arranged in circular or boat-
shaped receptacles : prothallium above ground, green.

BE. Sporangia rising' from an epidermal cell, with cm
elastic ring of peculiar cells, which assist in
scattering the spores by rupturing. (Leptospo-
rangiate Ferns.)

c. Leaves filmy.

3. Hymenopliyll4ceaB. Filmy Ferns. Sporangia at-
tached to a thread-like receptacle arising in a cup at the
end of the leaf: ring complete, horizontal or oblique.

I, herbaceous or leathe

cc. Leaves »
D. I?ing incomjjlete or rudimeHfari/: sj

panicles.
4. Osmundiceae. Flowering Fkkns. (
'erns developing copious green -.iiori-s
eason : sporangia in panicles at the apex
je leaf.

r in the
liddle of

DD. icmg apical: sporangia usually single under a
scale, or in panicles.

5. ScliizaeS.cese. Upright or climbing Ferns with ovate
sporangia, which open vertically.

DDD. Sporangia sessile, either single or united in
clusters of 3-6.

6. Gleicheni4ceaB. Terrestrial Ferns with firm texture
and usually dichotomous leaves : sporangia opening
vertically, in clusters of 3-6.

7. Ceratopteridaceae. Aquatic Ferns with succulent
foliage: sporangia scattered, with a broad ring: leaves
of two sorts, the sterile floating.

DDDD. Sporangii

ollected in definite clus-
■!)■

8. Cyatheiceae. Mostly tree Ferns with sessile or
short-stalked sporangia in conspicuous receptacles,
opening obliquely (Fig. 632).

9. PolypodiicesB. Ferns with stalked sporangia (Fig.
807), which burst transversely: sori covered with a
membranous indusium or sometimes naked. This
family contains five-sixths of all the Ferns.

AA. Spores of two sorts: minute microspores and con-
spicuous macrospores. (Heterosporous.) These
spores develop into two sorts of prothalli, the mi-
crospores developing only antherids, and the mac-
rospores only archegones.

10. Uarsili^cese. Small plants rooting in mud, the
leaves either qnadrifoliate or reduced to mere filamen-
tous petioles : sporangia borne in oval conceptacles.
Often aquatic, with the leaves floating on the surface of
wat.-riu pools or lakes.

11. Salviniiceae. Small or minute plants with the
as].fot of liver-worts, floating on the surface of pools:
sporangia in mostly spherical conceptacles.

The literature on the Ferns is very extensive, since
they have ever been attractive plants in cultivation.
Many of the species have been illustrated in elaborate
treatises by Schkuhr, Kunze, Ho.,]., i-, (;i. .i!', . Illume,
F^e, Mettenius, Moore, and othoi- 'i , -|iocies

have been illustrated in the two >
Eaton, "The Ferns of North Am.
marv of the more common Fern
Christ's " Die Famkriiuter der Er

recent structural and morphological treatment is by
Sadebeck, in Engler-Prantl : "Die Natiirlichen Pflan-
zenfamilien." Schneider's "Book of Choice Ferns " is the
most complete treatise on the sp.iics un.l. r cultiva-
tion. A useful American horti.iiltwr.il niHiiual is
Robinson's "Ferns in their Honu-> ;iii.l i iiu-."

L. M. Undekw.j.id.

An excellent little handbook for the wild species of
country is Underwood's "Native Ferns and their
L. H. B.
Feun-s. - Our hardy Ferns fill a place

D.C.

' ( l;i97 ) , and the most

Allies.
GROwrN-

eful

eful

kinds

to require so
tisfaction, and
taste and con-
■m. About 20
.ling the Ore-
f the southern

gon Cliflf-brake and CIn .;
states. They are very (•:.-.% ..t ii
land climate. About 20. like the Maidenhair, that die
down through the winter but have perennial roots, are
also easy to grow. In the general cultivation of these
hardy Ferns, plant them in a moist, shady situation,
with good drainage, and with about one-third leaf -mold.
Go to nature in selecting the Ferns. Yet it is a fact
that some of these Ferns, like Woodwardia Virginica,
found growing so common in wet swamps, will thrive

574 FERN

in our garden soil planted with Pohipodium vuhjure,
whicli nature plants amoiiR the rucks and ou great
boulders well up the nuiuutain side, thus proving to us
that it is not always necessary to plant in the same sit-
uation as we find them in the wild. As a rule, we get the
best rc"-iilts when |.l:iiili(l in sIkiiIc, yet there are some
ex''e|ii I..II . III..' I ii. 1. -.iiii I, ■■■ III- li 1- -:i'li :i i.rniiiinent
fe'ihii ...... ,f I •■ I I .. • . . M.--. Many

(lrr;i[' ■ . . , i I ' .::, ■ ' n ; ,' i . hi- bCaU-

tili.M ■•' .. ■• ,1 I- ..; I • . I . ;.:•-. :.-. I.., other

goM.l -I". I, iT iIm ri IS no drip from the oaves. It i- IhM
to srh ri i.iiiirr Niuiig aud Small clumps wfacu 1 i 11 1 1 1 1 1 1 L'
Fern- m ih- vill. When once established, tins, will

It is much better to move Ferns in early spring or late
autuiiin, when not in growth; but we may wish to plant
them in summer, when they are in full growth. In this
latter ease cut off all the new fronds; this will retard
evaporation, or keep the plant from wilting. Get the
roots into the soil with as little exposure to the air as
possible, and (with a very few exceptions) new fronds
will spring up, giving nearly as good results as if
planted in early spring. No doubt a great majority of
failures from planting when in full growth are due to
not cutting back. Edwakd G:llett.

das, Dicksonia, OiincUa sen-
iborace)ise. When planting
' aation and a heavier
mulch than if planting in shade. A light soil is prefer-
able, but, except for the species with running rootstocks,
is not necessary. The soil may be enriched with any
manure not given to heating. For species native only
of limestone soils, old plaster should be mixed with the
soil. An application of any manure to Ferns growing in
turf is apt to stimulate the grass to the crowding out of
the Ferns.

Following are notes, drawn from experience, on the
cultivation of some of the common native Ferns:

Adiiintum pedatum prefers light, loose, rich soil in
.■on], iimiMt slifide, with yearly mulch of leaves. Soil con-
clitioiis iiT, nM.ie important than shade. Where estab-
li III I Ml ;i « 11. 1 state will endure the full sunshine com-
ih .nil III. removal of trees until soil conditions
iliiii^i Ml- ii IS crowded out by stronger plants.

A.i/n,!,,,,,, <nrnsti,li.,i,i<-s should be given shade both
sunuiM r :uiil w iiiti r i"V best results, and in no case can

sli; in SI, , I, III, , niitted. The plants will endure

sunsliiiic f.ii- a lew ve:irs but will not be thrifty, and will
eventually .lie.

Aspidium Boottl is found in a wild state in moist,
shaded positions, but will grow well in shade in quite

dry positions.

Axpidii

r-fers moist to wet soil in

tii.iisr sunlight.

n I. rs deep, moist, rich soil

a t t
a on

pa t a ha e Ca e
nt b> e a 1 o

ea ed f o It s
e on ank row ng

e n e 0 u on

1

mos tor ten

V go ous The

w th leav

A p d

T e e e

po o

exposure

a na ve of o v g ound

FERN

575

ill slia.lr and sunshine, but will grow eiiually well in

'' ' ' ' ' '//.s- prefers a peaty soil ia very wet,

I , . , , I III partial shade, but will grow as well in

ir :,ii ;i!ii ]i ^i.il is rich and not dry.

/'.<..' 1 ' .../.. 1/7. »)-crt prefers rather dry positions in
lt;utiat >!iaiir, winter and summer, with soil not deficieut
ill Inn.'. It will not endure heavy mulching. Will grow
ill lull suii-liiii,.. hut not to its full size. It may be
ti-:in~|.hiutr.l ar any season.

/'/,, ,/,./,/, , ,x Ihiiopterls prefers good soil in shade not,
i.v. r ni .i~t or ,|ry. Avoid coating of leaves. It is a
l.iauiniil ~|..(M^ and useful for planting on rockwork in

I'll. I'.pi.ris h, >■,/,,..„..,.'-,■( \, .::[-. c,'ood soil in shade.

I'll, ,i..l,l, r,n i'"hi!. . |.|. I, moist, shaded posi-
tions, hut, will i,'r..w ,!, :,l|^ - I soil not too dry. The

fion.ls ,Ub down in laiu ^uu.nur. ^-specially in the drier
]iositions.

Pnhinodinm viiUjare prefers good, light soil in well
draincil but moist situations in shade, with no other plants
trnnviui; with it. It will endure very dry places, but
will he dwarfed. Will also do well in full sunlight if
s til conditions are good. As a native it grows in posi-
tions where it does not receive any yearly coating of
fallen leaves, and, wherever planted, should not be cov-
ered with coarse material. Plant perfectly evergreen ;
height 6-10 in.

P eris aqitilina, to bo grown to perfection, should
have considerable sunlight, with moist, rich soil, kept
i-ool :,„,1 I,,.,.,, vritli a roatiiiR of leaves or ether niate-

mto the headers iniinediately under tlie ventilatmf,' sash.

This V. ,.i, :,■,.., ,i , ; . , . .•, :i •, , . , s,,„npay
for i:^' 1 .:• ■ : .:•■ r 1 i:-.i I )•■ o.'-,. •specially

when L^f'0\ 111^^ \ ,'|-' -111,11 j i |,|-ii^ Ml ii, ,ii-r~, ,.u,'li as have

been liaiisplanie.i In. 1,1 spoii-p„ts ,1,10 ho.ves. Ventila-
tors shoulil lit into a groove in ridge of house and be
hinged to the ridge. When ventilators are so arranged,
air, w'hich is very desirable on a good many warm,
rainy days in the summer, can be given without having
plants in the houses suffering from excessive moisture.
Burning of the foliage will also be avoided, as the plants
will at no time be exposed to the direct rays of the sun.
Ventilators hinged on header and opening on ridge will
always give trouble. No matter what kind of covering
is put over the opening, if it efficiently excludes the
burning sun's rays it will also prevent the ingress of

Propagating room should be provided for ; and in the
case of general trade Ferns raised from spores, it is a
very safe rule to calculate on having from 60 to 70
square inches of room in the propagating frame for
every 1,000 plants desired. The propagating frame
should be 3% feet wide, have sides 9 inches high, and,
to insure an even moisture, its bottom should be cov-
ered to the thickness of 1 inch with fine cinders with
the fine ashes removed, which make very clean and effi-
cient drainage material. The frame should be covered
with light sash constructed with drip-bars, to carry off
condensation.

Shading of Fern houses should have close attention.

It is lH,st < tf, ,-t. .1 Ir.: tl,,, :,ppli,",li,u, ,-,f n =nit;il,l|. wash

of

>■, iiliin liounds. The earliest
l:iio -uuiiiii r, but those of later
, il lio-i. so that with attention

fronds a group will look well

I fall.

iiodwardia angnstifoUa wants a moist situatio
' shade. Does well in moist peat north of a ban
. Will endure full sunlight in positions will ,o it

ted to sunny position. F. W. I'. Me i,\
-|.ti-i;e .it-' Tkxdee Ferns. -To -i-o.v 1 m.

pure white lead and en , ;. , . , proper
thickness (which can m i 1 liy ap-
plying some of it to a pi 1 l' hi-s w lnic .niding the

whitening); thoroughly mix and apply to outside of
glass with a soft brush of the same width as glass.
This shading, by the addition of more or less linseed
oil, may be made to stay on houses up to one year. If

fa<Ui..n runs north and south. Have an even-span roof,
with a fall to root of U inches to the foot. Its benches
should be arranged to be about 7 feet wide, with a 24-
iiieh p.ath on either side. In an 18-foot house this will
permit of having a 7-foot center table, two ,3J^-foot side
bi-nrhrs and two ijlineii jiaths. Benches should not be
niojo tloiii :; till aii..\( the walks, as this will bring
evory part of tin- Imih-Ii w ithin easy reach, and will per-
mit oi' i-v.-i-v pl.-iiit heiny- in constant sight and easily
.arid for. wlihh I a.-t is essential in the profitable culti-
valloii ,,f Ii-ade F.-rns.

Tie- «idtli of liouse is immaterial, but when houses
jtilioiit. a width of 27 feet has been found to be very
sal : 1,1 III . .I- this permits the construction of three 7-
t" 1 i . I o 21-inch paths, and two paths 23^ feet

I ' i-ion should be made for ventilation.

1' ' '. ti eoutinuous row of ventilators of

:ti ' : I hiili liould be provided, with some

I'o ''■'<■ i,,'ii I I, : !■ t,ii-ing same. Heating is the
II' il loH. Either steam or hot wa-

!•■' -' - ■' •ooiii, !■ I results if properly installed.

Tie- safest way lor tin- tiverage grower is to give the
heating contract to some reliable firm. Water taps
should be so arranged that a 25-foot hose attached to
same will easily reach nny part of the house. A 2.^)-font
hose can easily be .■avri.-d' al.oiit without ininnio.' -ither
itself or benches an, i nliiii-: :oi.l ir,,ii mi,., 1 ,,1,,.,!,

half the cost of go... I , i n 1 : ;

a source of great a n 1 , , , i , ,1 ! , . 1 , | 1

by the use of drip-bar-.' 1,-, Inn m , ,1 .inp i-, , . pl. .-.-,.. I

37

feel

Tin

nently constructed of substantial materltil. in ord. r that

a number of pots of diffei-ent sizes can be 1 veni. ml ,

stored, and that potting material can be thrown from
cart or wagon directly onto potting benches. 1-iy an im-
proper arrangement of workshop great expense, loss
of time and material are incurred by having to handle
material repeatedly in small quantities.

Propagation hij Mkih- ■■' S'/. -,. -. 'I',. L-r.w Ferns

pores succe:
on which spores a.
by subjecting it t
steam under a pre
for this purpose a
be provided with 1
larger if an
be grown. It

III. alls of

lis; and
.p should

s feet or
.rus is to

inch Itiflis s|>:i.-eil one inch apart and )ilae.ed 2 inches
from hottoin of the box. This grating may be covered
with burlap, and if a ',,-inch steam pipe is fitted between
bottom of h.ix tmd grating, and connected to highest
point of steam Itoiler (to insure getting iH-rfe.nly .try
steam) we are ready to sterilize the soil. .\ft. i- li;i\ im-

cooled off, the soil is in practically the s ..n.liii.i

as before as far as moisture, friableness. . i.- . ar. . ..n

576

FERN

is impure and full of the spores of low forms of plant
life, which are very (lestruetive to the prothalli of
Ferns. To prevent this, the workshop should be pro-
vided with a receptacle in which the water intended for
use on Ferns while in the prothallus state can be raised
to a boiling temperature, which will effectually destroy
all spores that may be present in the water. This is
best done by leading a 1-inch steam pipe to within 6
inches of the bottom of the receptacle and turning on a
reasonable pressure of steam. If boiled 12 hours before
intended for xise, it will be cool enough to be applied,
anl will !"■ |iinr. A Fi-m workshop should also be pro-
vide.1 «iTli ii ,]r: eloset, having a number of shelves
about U iiirlies :t I i;crt, for storing Fern spores.

or p;ili... I'.Uin IJ llu lu ,-. .MjiKUe ;ili.; I Jli.lu;., .Ivei, ji.

used fur that purpose, as also are the U-iucU common
flower pots. The 12-ineh pans should be supplied with
li4 inches and the 6-inch pots with 3 inches of coal cin-
ders for drainage. Soil for sowing spores on is best
composed of five parts, in the proportions of two parts
good garden soil, two parts of finely screened peat and
one of sharp, clean propagating sand. Leaf-mold may
be used instead of peat, if easier to procure. This soil
should be thoroughly sterilized, as already directed. The
spore pots should be filled with the soil to within )i-inch
of the top; press firmly. The rest of the pots should
be filled with the same composition after it has been
pass.'il tdroiiL'h n .^.Te.-n of nliout M-inch mesh, then
made ,,i, ..'iii, I \ K,.i i'i;r,l\ jiressed and thoroughly
water. I I > ■ r. Three or four hours

aftei- . , . M.; I. i. 1 time to sow spores. The

spore, liHihl I.. i;iiii:\ - .iMered overtUe surface of

of one-
..ne 12-

\VI

kept tightly covered. Being kept in a very closi
humid atmosphere after sowing, the spores shoul
require any watering for one or two weeks, by \
time they will have sufficiently settled not t.j'bi
lodged by a very gentle overhead wat. riui.'. \
should be given whenever soil shows the le;i>t si
being dry. Sterilized water should he n~e,l until
the first fronds have been fornieil. \s ^,.,,11 -^ tin.

little fronds have made their ap|" , " . — ■ -::..i!

taken to weed out all undesiral.l. n ,1 '1,

In transplanting, great ear. >li..ii
cover the remaining juMtlialli. I.
level with the surface of ttie soil.
^ should be kept as loose as possil)!
this will give each individual plantiet a better chan
form the necessary number of rootlets, and it will.

finely screened
exercised not t
have them ,iust
clumps of pi

on, also be easier t

0 separate the plants. Boxes for

tr..i,si,lui,tina I'en.s

are 10. -t .-..nvcnient when i inches

.1-..,,. M ■: e --,

' J' 'r 1.. s long. These boxes

w ill li..! ■ ■

.i.out one inch apart.

A- s,, ,

torme<l two or three

If.. O.I- .

rated and transplanted

.siliylv 1]

:. ,: iared as before, where

tlieV 'nv.r. .-. 11. i:;i .ii

Mi -uliieieiitly strong to be potted

into 2- or ."_,-, ...■li |,..

Times ..f s..«ine 1

111 spores are the first weeks of

March, .lulvatnl (..1.

.I..1-. Wlieu making three sowings

a year, and allowinir

,a siiili.-i.i.llv 1. . lie.. r lime t„,. slower

growing varieties. ;,

-tant -u|.|.iN ..t 1. 1,11, Is ^,n\ be

assured. In caleuhr

Ill.L' ..li tilll.. ..1 S..V, 111- s|„.,.,.s of

i-lass

! ! ' ' I . I- of growth and will consequently have

o. r, in order to be ready for sale at the

, 1. more rapid-growing ones. The follow-

1:1- i |. Ilia: 1 .jinnercial varieties will require from 9 to

10 months between times of sowing and potting. The

names are those which the plants bear in the trade:

Doodia aspera multifida,
turn, " caudata,
eps, Dorj'opteris nobilis

chrysoloba.

Sieboidii.
Lygodium .Taponienm,

scandens,
Kephrodium hirtipes,
Nephrolepis exaltata,

cordata compacta,
Platyloma Brilgesii,

faleata.
Polypodium aurenm,

fraxinifolium.et".,
, Polystit'hum

Tremula Smithiana.

Pteris argyrsea,

Cretica albolineata,
magnitica,
" Majii.
nobilis,
hastata,
" " adiantoides,

internata,
" Sieboidii.
leptophylla.

decorum,
Fergusonii,

Cibotium SLdiiedii,

Cyathea meduUaris,
Cyrtomium cai*yotoideum,

Fortuuii.

falcatum,
Davallia tenuifolia sti-icta.

Veitohia
Dioksonia(Balantium) ant.

Doodia aspera,

The following trade varieties will develop into plants
large enough to be potted in about six iiiontlis after
sowing spores:
Adiantuin pubescens,

hispidulum,
Alsophila australis,
CTymuogramma calomelanos,
*' chi-j'sopbylla,

deeomposita,

Lomaria ciliata,

!! «^!'.'"'' , . . " Oavrkrdii,

plat.vptera, " palniata,

Nephrodium imraersum cris- " serruiata,

Nephrodixim molle corymbif- " " " nana,

ennn, " Tremula.

Ouychium Japonicum, " Wimsettii.

It should also be borne in mind, when calculating time
of sowing, that spores sown in the autumn will require
about four weeks longer for development than those
sown at other times of the year.

Fern spores are borne on the back or under side of
fronds. In some cases they are borne naked on under
surface of frond, while in others they are produced un-
der a scale-like membrane or indusium. In some cases,
as in Pteris, the edge of the pinnae is folded back over
the spores, while in Adiaiitunis a .small part of the leaf-
l..t i- f..M. .1 l..n.-k .-.v.-r . .n.-l, liftl.-. fniit-.lnt to serve as a

ra;a. r '[i-. ..i.;.. .ira.;.'. . ..r :li tl.e ueluiiuiii-l.earing kinds
«h.nll,..' iiei.iMui.i ..r shiel.I b.'gins to open. Spores
sli..iil.l l.e eatii. i-ed on a dark day when the fronds are
sliirliiU' iii..ist, as til. ■>■ will be better retained in that
e.n.litioii. aii.l will n.it be so liable to get mixed when
ilistnrbed. Fronds, or parts of them, should be cut off
entirelv in most cases, put up in tight paper bags and
stored on shelves in a dry closet for a week, by which

FERN

577

■iably

sufficiently dry to ha

■ -[M.r.^^ sin. uM be put up
in uir-tiyiit jars until re-
in This uianupr, perfect

jured, even after keeping

I>rn,„:,j„li.n, hy Other Means. -Some Ferns
littl^• plants at the ends of pinnte and of fronds,
upon attainiui; to sufficient size may l.c d.ta.ln d
parent plants, planted into shallow, w. ll-.liaiinil
pans, and for a week or two left in rli.- ini-iiaL
frame, where they will soon form ro..r~, wii. n lii.

be potted. Among such are Aclianin • ,

JEdgeworthii, A. lunulatum, y&t. i/./ . -
nium Belangerii, A. buliifenim, A . s
nogramma schizophyJJa, rar. ijh'ri . 'r
ilare, yar. proliffi-Km , and many ]n : ,

A very useful deo
lioides, var. fiireans
men plant in a comji
quantities, the old |

T.. ^n

irge

812. AROod

atmosphere causes parts of fronds of a great many
plants to turn black and to rot off, besides inducing the
development of almost incurable fungoid diseases.

In the selection and growing of stock plants, the care-
ful grower should alwaj's be on the watch for types
which are most perfect in shape, in character of indi-
vidual fronds, in coloring, freedom of producing spores,
and exemption from the attacks of insects and fungous
diseases. In a large number of Ferns a great difference
between the different plants of the same species will be
apparent to the careful observer. Some plants of same
species have beautifully developed fronds, but are
carried on long, weak stems, which makes them unfit
for general use. Others may be of compact, sturdy

(i in''h''s ..t' -iiit.i.r < 1 -■ 1 :in'l plaf-d in a house where a
bcttMni III J "I ■' I i i.i; I'l' sii'nred, when they will
siH.n ti.rni i ' ' "!' sli'.rt, strong fronds. At

this tinj.' ihi> iii:i-. 1.1 .|;\ nlrd into a number of small

parent plants. A somewhat slower method is to plant
out a number of plants on a bench into 5 inches of soil,
in which soil the rhizomes, running over the surface,
will form a number of small plants, which may be de-
tached and grown on.

A beautiful Fern is Adiantnm Farleyense, and it de-
servedly ranks as the greatest favorite among Fern-
lovers. It is best propagated by division. From old
plants, cut <5fE all fronds down to the rhizomes, wash off
soil, cut rhizomes into pieces Vj-inch long, insert same
into well-drained Pern boxes about K-inch apart, in
V4 inches of clean, sharp propagating sand. Place same
in in-.i|.a-atin- fraim- in a temperature of 70° F. In this
pi.Mti.ni .ai-h littl,. frai^-nit-nt of rhizome will form two
or thni. litili- fron.K m al)uut 15 or 20 days, when they
may Im- |.ott<-d ■■It sin;;ly into 2-inch pots and kept in a
temperature of 7u'^ F. The soil best adapted to A. Far-
leijense is liuely chopped sod which has been piled for
about six months, with one-flfth well decomposed cow
manure added. To attain perfection in growth and col-
oring, A. Farleyense should be kept in a light, airy and
sunny house, in which every condition of moisture and
atmosphere can be kept under absolute control. In a
_„ house of this kind, the greatly

fl i~ ^ admired and beautifully pinkish

:.^ ' ,' 7 ^■> tint may be easily obtained and

-. fronds will be hardy and of good

^ , substance. A temperature of 70°

^; f-J^ F. is at all times desirable.

n.nrml Bfmnrks „n Fern-

qr.nri,,,,.- Tn srf.'.Y F^Tns such
as ar- u-.-^l f ■ T ianlin)^r.-s and
df.i.i-ativL- w.jrli (FiK. M:Ji. and
nn/nti^^ui-d iu the two i rci^-eding
lists, a temperature of no less
than 5.5° F. should be maintained
at all times at night in coldest
weather, with a rise of temperature in the daytime of 10
or 15°. To keep Perns in a healthy and growinu' ■•■■mli-
tion, to prevent and to kill insect pests ami .li-^ .■■-■ s. a
proper condition of atmosphere should be caret n 1 1 v n la i n -
tained at all times. Extremes in heat, moistun. or ■Iry-
ness should never be allowed. On a warm, dry, sunnv
day, when a great deal of air has to be admitted," much of
the moisture of the house is consequently carried off; it
will be of great benefit then to syringe the Ferns once
or twice a day, also to occasionally dampen floor of
houses. An excessively dry atmosphere induces the de-
velopment of the very troublesome pests, thrips and
red spider. On damp and rainy days a saturated at-
mosphere should be prevented by supplying a little ar-
tificial heat, even if some air has to be admitted at the
same time. This slight expense of heating on damp
days will abundantly pay for itself by causing the
growth of strong, thrifty plants. An excessively moist

habit of gv

home-made Fe

l^iiorly shaped individual
I the coloring will be greatly
superior. H\ mi,' all these points and by

continually s^i^. im^ inin ihe most perfect types of
Ferns from the j^.unt; j.lauts, we can in a few years
work up a very desirabla and superior stock. The same
stock plants of the rapid-growing varieties of Ferns
should not be carried over for more than three or four
years, but young and more desirable plants should con-
tinually be selected ami ^'n^wn to t.aki' their places.

The stock should be >liitt.^l inti. larger pots when-
ever necessary, and pla.ad in a liL^ht, airy house, in
which all necessary comlitions an' under perfect con-
trol, and in which a temperature in coldest weather of
55° F. at night, with a rise of 10 or 15° in daytime, can
always be maintained. The house should be shaded
just enough to prevent fronds from turning yellow.
Proper attention to atmospheric conditions of stock-
house should never be neglected. Stock plants should
not be permitted to remain pot-bound for too long a
period of time, except with a few varieties, such, for
instance, as Al-sophilas, Dicksonias, Cyatheas, Cibo-
tiunis, Pteris Tremitla, P. argyrexpa, some Davallias,
Polystichuni coriaceiim, etc.. which, if given too much
nourishment, will often be very slow in setting spores.

Insects which are most troublesome to Ferns are
thri|is. ri-d spider, srah- and mealy bug. They are
mainly |>ri-s.nr in a Ti.n <lr\- atmosphere. Thrips, red

sphlir and ]ni-aly hnu'ai asily prevented by a prop-

*n-ly nn-isttiifd arnn'splirr*'. also by spraying of foliage
once a week with tiil>acco water. As tobacco greatly
varies in strength, every grower will have to determine
to his own satisfaction how strong to make his solution.
The preparation known as "Rose-leaf tobacco extract,"
has proved very efficient in destroying these insect
pests. To 50 gallons of water add one quart of the ex-
tract, and apply with some good insecticide sprayer and
a force pump. Fifty gallons of this solution will be
enough to spray 100,000 Ferns in 2K-inch pots.

Bearing in mind the foregoing advice, the amateur
Fern-grower may determine the proper way in which to
raise his plants.' H^may not have a Fern house, but he
can have a tight glass box or Wardian case (Pig. 813).

578 FERN

The bottom should be a zinc tray, to prevent drip on
the floor and to prevent too rapid drying out of the soil.
The top or roof of the box should be hinged, so that it
can be raised. In this miniature greenhouse many in-
teresting Ferns can be grown. Lycopodiuras and Selagi
nellas (which see) are treated in much the same way as
Ferns. Nichol N. Bkucknek.

Gbowing Ferns from Spores by the Amateur.—
Ferns may be raised from spores at almost any season
of the year, though the early spring months are best.
The shallow pans 2 in. deep by 6 in diameter, now sold
by pot manufacturers, we have found, after repeated
trials, best to sow Fern spores in. Tliese should be filled
to within half an inch of the top with a mixture of sifted
peat, leaf -mold and silver sand in equal proportions, the
surface being made very fine and even. By sowing the
spores thinly we have found that they are not as liable
to the attacks of fungus during the prothallus stage.
They should not be covered with soil, as in sowing seeds.
Each pan should be placed in a pot-saucer, and all the
water necessary to keep the soil moist should be poured
into the saucer and allowed to soak up through the soil.
This not only prevents the spores lieintc floated into clus-
ters, but probably filters i1m , n. I . I :iriy germs of low
forms of vegetable life w; ii-m- injurious to

the spores during gcrxir i tlie prothallus

stage is passed this pn-.^iii i i- iinn. r.ssary; as soon

as the young Ferns begin lu .l.-»tl..|. Iroiids, they may
be watered freely overhead with a Hue rose. The pans
should be placed in a temperature of 65° to 75°, in a
shaded position. Each pan should be covered with a
pane of glass to keep the surface evenly moist, taking
care to remove the moisture which collects on the
glass at least twice daily; but as soon as the spores have
germinated, which, in most cases will be in about ten
days, these should be gradually removed. A close watch
must be kept for fungus during ili. (.roilKillu^ si;tL'-e. ;iinl
if a pan should show tin- ieii^i sIl-u "I' it, ii ^Ih.hIiI .-it
once be isolated from tin- rr^i ;inil u litile tini' snli'lmr
dusted upon it; if tliis l':iiN t.i .li.rl^ it tlie |.i-..llitdli
should be at nnr.- tr.iT.; ! r ■ ■! ti. ir-sli [.:iiis t.ii' snil,
which usually cIm ■' • 1 ' - lu. r r. ;is,,ns for fungus
are sowing the - 1 . .. a t.n. stagnant atmos-

phere after genu::, i: : :i. .1 ; i 1: 1 1.|; iiig greenhouse roof .
As soon as the yim^ i'l rn-v I" gin tu make fronds, they
may be transplanted. Edward J. Canning.

FEEN BALLS are the dried rhizomes of Ferns, im-
ported from Japan. Dealers start them into growth, and
sell them when the mass is well covered with its deli-
cate vegetation. To start them into growth, the balls
are drenched in a tub of water and then hung in a
warmhouse, not in direct sunlight. When the plants are
well started, gradually expose them to more light and
to a cooler air. Give liquid manure if they do not grow
satisfactorily. The species are mostly Dava'Uias, oftenest
apparently D, bullata and D, Maritsii. \j^ 0_ g^

FERNS, POPULAR NAMES OF. Adder's Tongue F.,
OpIiioiilnssKiii i-nhiatum. Beech F., l'hr„i<ptrrix. Bird's-
nest F., 'I'Iki 1,1,1, ,,,!,, -is Xi, Ins. Ins. Bladder F., Vys-
topteris. Boston F., .\,i,h,;,l,,,,s ,jnlt,il„, vtir. Ili'stoni-
ensis. Bristle F., Tri,-hum,n,.-s. Buckler F., /'/-.-/.v.^'W.--.
CaliJornian Gold F., aii,ii,niiii;i „i„,a lri.,„.iNht ,-is.
Chain F., Wn.,.l„;i,;Jia. Christmas F., /'.■l,isi,,-ln,,„
iii-i;,stirl,,,iilix. Cinnamon F., Osiiiiiii,hi ri „ ,iai„n,ii, „ .
Climbing F., Linf'tiiim. Deer F., L,.,n,i,-la . Elk's
HornF., Pl,il,i,-,ri,iii, ,ih-i,-in;,,-. Female F., Asplniiii,,,
Fili.,-f<r„n,i,i. Filmy F., H ,iw,'„;i,h,ill,ini. Floating
¥., C'inil,,i,l, ris. Flowering F., (isniiiiiiln ; soinetinies
also A,i,,„i,i. Gold F., (;,ii„„n,,,:ii,ii„,i. Grape F.,
Botriichnnn. Hart's-tongue F., Plmllilix S,i,lnpen-
driiim. Hartford F., L,,,,..,l,„„i p„l„,„ln,„. Holly F.,
Polijsli,l,ii„, I...nrhiiis. Lace F., Ch.ihi i,ll,,'s uracil-
lima. Lady F.. .Ispl.,il,n„ F,li.,--f.,',„h,„ . Lip F.,
ClteiUnith, s. Maidenhair F., .tili,i iih,i,i : nn.re particn-
la.rly A. Cipilliisi; II, ris al.n.,-i,l tnni A . i„-,l,il ntii .-it
home. Male F.. Ihii,'pt, lis F,li.r-„ii,s. Marsh F., Ih-,,-
optei-is Tl,,l,ipl,ris. Oak F., I'h, ,i..pl, ils nni,.;,!. ,-is.
Ostrich F., .V„ll,„,->-i,i Sli;iH,i,.pl,iis. Pod F., rinii,,,,-
teris thalictrnuUs. Rattlesnake F., B,it,-,i,li,ii„, Vii-^
ginianum. Royal Y.,Osmmi(la rupilis. Sensitive F.,
Onoclea sensibilis. Shield F., Drip,iit<ris. Stag-horn

F. See Ptati/cer
Mi/rica aspl,,,,
Sword F.. \ /". .

Bun F., Phegopleris. Sweet F.,
abroad, various Dri/opleriit.
■ . . j„li„t,i. Venus' Hair F., Adi-
Walking F., (\nnpt„s„rHS
¥.. r-hi,,..,l,„i„ ,;ihi„re. Wall-
' ,„',,:,,;;. Washington F., ^Ve-
iir. H\ishhi,il,iiii,iisis.

FERRARIA Kiiovanni Battisti Ferrari, 1584-16,-)3,
Itttlitm .l.-suii, hntanical writer and collaborator with the
celeltrated artist Guide Keni). IridAceO!. There are
7 species, all from the Cape of Good Hope, rarely grow-
ing more than (i in. high. They have a large, irreg-
ular corm and very glaucous foliage, the lowest Ivs.
being long and linear, the rest ovate, clasping, succes-
sively sinallc r. tind topped by inflated sheaths from
wliieii em. ige tlj.- oddest fls. imaginable. These have
i; tiiani.nilar. spiiading, crisped, petal-like lobes, won-
derfully marked with many dull colors, as yellow, green,
purple and liriiwn. Each spathe contains several fls.,
and the fls. are united at the very base, connivent and
cup-shaped below the spreading lobes. The fls. last only
from morning to afternoon of a single day, but there is
a fair succession. Some are visited by carrion flies.
Only one species, P. unduUita, is advertised at pres-
ent, but the other C are doubtless of equal interest.
The first is the oldest kind in cult. It was known to
pre-LinniPan authors as Flos Iiidlrii.-i and Gladinlun In-
tlics. E. .S. :Mill.T wiit.s that tin- l.ulbs should be stored
like (Ihnlieliis in a ■Iry. vvarin pl.-Me. away from mice.

unduUta, Linn. Stem st..nt. erect : upper Ivs. and
spathes V/i-i in. long: fls. 2 in. across, largely dull pur-
ple; anthers oblong, with parallel cells. B.M. 14-1.
AA. Fls, greenish.

uncinita, Sweet. Lvs. 2-3, linear : fls. 2. "i rctim
en|.,fe<l, edged with sage green," according to \V. E.

FU. dark purple

nh bulb ^
IS or Flora Capensis:
n,fiiftora, inimnciilata,
le accounted for under

FERTILITY "f soils: that condition of soils which
makes theni iimduetive. The elements of productivity
are, a full supply of available plant-food, a suitable and
continuous supply of moisture, good physical conditions
of the soil, coupled with suitable seed and climate.

Land may contain vast quantities of potential nitro-
gen, potash and phosphoric acid and other ]ilaiit-tond.
and yet be unfruitful, — infertile. .M.i^i .1 i le ii-niial
plant-food in the soil is lazy, not a\ a . nl

quantities in a single season to pro.lur. i-.

Average arable land which contain^ : n I, mill

pounds of nitrogen, an equal aniMin,! ! i '^i^tiei n- arid
and four times as nineh peta ! '■:,■'■' - imlies nl' an

which requires, with the si I a . n.l I'll pounds

of these three eU-meiits ns ' n •'. Hi' leferc, land
may contain a great abundanee of potential plant-food
and yet not contain enough of that which is available
for a full crop. To make land more fertile, one or more
of the following means may be employed. Usually
deeper and more thorough tillage should first be re-
sorted to, since most lands, by reason of careless farm-
ing, contain much inert plant-food. Superior tillage is
almost certain to produce fruitfulness, and therefore
should be resorted to before more expensive methods
are tried. Tillage not only makes plant-food more avail-
able, but it improves the physical conditions of the soil,
thereby making it more comfortable for the plant; it
mav also assist in relieving the land of surplus water,
ami give to the soil the power of retaining large stores
of nmistnre by capillary action.

.Moisture plays such an important part in productive-
ness that it may be said to constitute its prime factor.
Clay s.iils .ire usually composed of such fine particles
that water peri-olates"through them slowly or not at all.
The rainf.ill then must either run off over the surface,

:iiicl surface
I'f tap-rooted

.r will filter
L'rcolation of

FERTILITY

or remain to be eraporateil. TIm :
prepare the land by subdraiiiii;." . i
tillage, and by introducing at lr:i-i ..
plants in the rotation, that tlu- >ur
through the soil in a reasonaljlc t
rainwater through soils makes them more friable and
warmer in spring, aerates the land, promotes beneficial
biological and chemical changes, and brings to the soil
mpounds contained in the rainwater.

fulness, is governed very largely by the water and mois-
ture conditions of the soil, and these, in turn, are largely
governed by the texture of the land and the amount of
humus which it contains.

Legumes, used either as a harvest or cover-crop, pro-
mote fertility. A cover-crop of clovers planted August
1, and analyzed 64 days after planting, contained of
nitrogen, in roots and tops, per acre as follows:

TofS Knots Total

Lbs. Lbs. Lbs.

Crimson clover 125 30 1.55

Red clover 63 40 103

Mammoth clover 67 78 145

Clovers and other legumes may be tised to fix and store
up the uncombined nitrogen of the air and to digest and
make available the mineral constituents of the land,
thereby greatly increasing the fertility of the soil.

Barn manures, when prn].erly cared for- and intelli-
gentl) applie 1 i I 1 ptable plant foo 1

b It hum s as w 11 1 I 1 h ^h product vitj

I uall may tern 1 b means of si

per r t IKge leg 1 1 r ] i

tl e I ures f tl t u 1 II t

t t 1 a 1 e n nta n 1 M i

t f o er 1 1 111

FERTILIZ.VriON

FERTILIZATION. The union of two sex-
male .-..11 and :i fcniale cell, to form anew one
of growiriu^ inT" a jdant. The term was former
to inclu'lf Tlif Ti-:mst"er of pollen to the stigni
Darwin - -o,, tl,.. l-'.-n '

but

of Orchids '
generally distinguished as Pol-
II the

liirnU-.-

n the latter it takes

onlv liv
crosccpi,

.le of opaque parts,
tore can be studied

!,,■ ni..-t .'iireful mi-
al nirtlMMN. The

proce.. .
descril.

:,^t ,:,.'',,■> in'lilies.
-rc.l jihuit^ It differs

814) is i.nMlu.-r,

liV the l.ol-

len gran, brfon-

anthlr. It is us

ually lenticu-

lar, and placed a

t one end of

the grain. Its m

3st important

/-7

//

part is the spherical nucleus,
which occupies the center.
When the pollen grain is con-
veyed to the stigma (s. Fig.
815), the larger cell (^ Fig.
814), nourished by food it ab-
so I s from the st gma gi vs
forming a long tul e {} t F g
815) which traverses the i a
1 tr angular canal ( 1 ^
Fg 81 ) that leals 1 wu tl
1 g St le to the o ai 1

Pt-%^2

the

1

lollow Inth case ni

1 larn

he

n It has a canal tl

tul e pushe ts way

1 gl t ai I h

the

cells of the St le

1 me L n e

on the f 1 tib Is

11 improve

the

t 1 1

specially

gr

1 1

orchards

cell

1 1

sofgvp

II 1

i

1 1

t mdirectlj

wh

1 1

m,

o a supeial undance of s
one or n ore of its usually
ful 11 gre lients as wate

t g n s matter An e

e f 1 trogen st ulates the

r tl f t Ik an I t aw at
the \i e of gra n or n the
or ha I t te 1 t the for
mat on of oo 1 atl er tl n
to fr tf Ine s Tl e a 1 y
sho 1 1 1 e c e te 1 by 1 me
as noted al e the rplus
water leuo el 1 Ira nage celf"""'/
the mtr gei ous natter re cell The
ducel by the [.roiucton of holy ne
such crops as are i ot harm nucle s
filh affected bj it s iper d ameter
ab in lance such as forage

crop which are pr zed for their fol age rather tl ai f i
their seeds while tl e alkal n t maj somet i es 1 e over
come 1 5 deep tillage or rr gat on j p Roberts

1

1

rat ve

L 1 um Ph ladelph cum

1 1

Tl ese

C t le g 1 w e Imost

II

ate

Ir eh 1 t s

1

1

81 )

1 1

to the

k?'"

'

f the
1 d> of

Iroke

of tl

Its

d

leter

1 tl

rrola

stjle 1

1 1

1 u tl

e parts

which It

three cha 4 e
0 arj n ea h el amber

erses

of wl eh a e t o rows of

1 le tl e

pollen

t le has

oiles N t ralsze

tlef

n ale cell

the emlrjosac (A F g 816)

1

1

1 uge cell

orig nail s i tie 1 as di

1

1

nto four an i tl e e i to e ght

814 A pollen E a i
L 1 um Ph ladelph c
Befo e lea g thei

ge pi 1

1 ell tl e
Mag hed oUO

of the e (called s ue 1-e)

all 1 1

to 1 r

gan ze 1 et re the p 11 u t 1 re

n 1 e tl e

1 t nay

I.er t t Itbeu i e I r

tl 11

tl ej usu

all 1 1 1 ea e 1 Tl e tl 1

tl /

phere

Whe tl 1 lien t le e t r tl

t end be

coi e ftenel all t j r

tt t.

both of

the male tils to gr te fron

t Cne m

le nucleus

580 FERTILIZATION

t-f. Fig. 816) fuses with the nucleus of the egg ( 9, Fig.
81()), and fertilization is complete. The other, hereto-
fore supposed to be disorganized, is now said to fuse
with the endosperm nucleus (e, Fig. 816). The fer-
tilize'd egg begins at once to grow and forms the em-

eiulosperni im -, n-; :.. i,^ i i I. y fusion of

sac. c^, mule nucleus, wliifh lius just migrated from
pollen tube and is about to fuse with 9, the egg
nucleus. The synergidse have disappeared. Magni-
fied 670 diameters.

bryo, while the endosperm nucleus divides and forms
cells in which food may be stored for the embryo when
it resumes growth at the time of germination.

FEETILIZERS. There is c.i
fairly well established by exi
namely, that fruits, flowers and '
by the intelligent application of :

be classified for purposes of fertilization according to
their period of growth, the first class including the peren-
nial fruits and flowers, and the second, the annual flowers
and \-egetables. Those of the first class differ from or-
dinary crops in that a longer season of preparation is
required, during which time the growth is vegetative
rather than productive, though upon this vegetative
growth depends the quality and value of the fruit or
flower obtained. The growth of both tree and fruit is
dependent, too, not only upon the food acquired during
its year of growth, but also upon that previously ac-
quired, and which has been stored up in bud and
branches.

The tree fruits include apples, pears, peaches, plums,
cherries, apricots, etc. It may be regarded as a safe
assumption that the fertility elements, phosphoric acid,

FERTILIZERS

potash and lime, contribute materially to the proper
growth and hardening of the wood, as well as the matu-
ration of the fruit. The nece.'ssity for added nitrogen
is, on the whole, much less ; it should be applied as
the need for it appears in tlie lack of vigor of the tree.

In the next place, it is safe to assume that the mate-
rials wliich furnish these elements or constituents in
slowly available forms are liable to be quite as useful,
e.wept under special conditions, as those which are
quickly available, because the tree growing continuously,
though slowly, is able to obtain from the gradually dis-
solving substances a sufficient amount for its daily
needs. Hence, as a rule, fertilizers for fruit trees may
include the less available and cheaper forms of con-
stituents.

Apples AXD Pears.— On soils of good natural char-
acter, the fertilization of apples and pears need not be-
gin until the trees reach the bearing period, when an
annual dressing of 400 pounds per acre of either of the
following mixtures should be applied in early spring,
and jdowed in :

-Vu. 1. — One part, or 100 pounds each, of ground bone,
acid phosphate and muriate of potash.

jVo. 2. — One and one-half parts, or 150 pounds, of
ground bone, and one part, or 100 pounds, of muriate of
potash.

As the trees grow older, tins.- .lri-;-,nii.'N -IimuI.I I..- in-
creased. While no definiti- nili •> ''.in In l;ihi ,i.,\m] as
to the most profitable amouiiis t^LipiiK , iIm Ih^i uimwits

find that for mature trees it pirxs t.i n-. iiom 1. i,>

1,500 pounds aunuallv. In iikiii\ .as, < mtrot'in. in
addition to that contain. .1 in tl..'- niixtur.-. should be
used, the kind and f..rin .1. [..n.iinu'. (..rlnii's, upon the
relative cost m.jri' tlian n|..in mti\ .iili.r thing, the

:.f rj."i

plowed down early in
growth may not int. n.
If they are allowed t.. i-
not only the food tlmi i
of tree and fruit, lii,- i
frequently injun- r; ■ !
pects. On poor s.>;
naturally greater. 1 1
— .500 pounds per a. i.
the trees, and be couti
too, green manuring, a
practiced with safety
preceding cast-.

PEACHHS. !•■ iMii.'- .1

spect t.i t ■ ii! ' _

tree, ami ar. .lii;- i. m
growth, their early beai
ter of the crops. On
however, the necessity i
until after the first or :

soils

leqii

:;,. -. liberal fertilization
-h..u:a la-Lcede the setting of
led annually. On these soils,
a source of nitrogen, can be
r a longer period than in the

. r from apples and pears in re-
I" demands for added plant-
L'lcater in the early life of the
I '.-cause of their more rapid
ig, and the exhaustive charac-
lils of good natural character,
■ fertilizing is seldom apparent
i-oiid year of growth. That '

fori

de-

additional fertili-
the

tree growth. On in. .iiuiii an. I | r s.jils, the setting of

the trees should bi- |ii....l..l i.y a fertilization, prefer-
ably broadcast in spring, and plowed in, with one or the
other of the mixtures recommended for apples and
pears, as follows :

JVo. i. — One part, or 100 pounds each, of ground bone,
acid phosphate and muriate of potash.

jYo. ^. — One and one-half parts, or 150 pounds, of
ground bone and one part, or 100 pounds, of muriate of
potash.

On the better soils, Xo. 2, and on the poorer. No. 1, at
the rate of 400 to 600 pounds per acre, which should be
followed by the application of the more soluble fertili-
zers, immediately the trees begin to bear. The need of
nitrogen is often very marked, and is shown by a lack
of vigor of the tree. Nitrate of soda applied broadcast
in early spring has proved a very valuable form of ni-
trogen, since it is appropriated by the roots during the
early season, and if a sufficient abundance of the min-
erals is present, it enables a normal development of

FERTILIZERS

FESSENDEN

iug uu uitrofteu, ami

s .•liriiiir;

;!_'r :t

ment

of leaf and 1

n-iUf

ll. Wllirli

,[...■

ripeni

ng of the w..

,.\ Im

f.T.- tilt

li.'_r

Thus,
cation

on these si.il
, of the basio

torn

III liii

e of so,la, 200

Kl.s Of ac

■id 1.

pound

- of muri-ite o

f potash should 1j

h

u ud 1 efuUj

worked

nto

ot

o 1 n wh h tl e pi nt are t sho 11 be suppl ed w th
lul le ind a a lable pho jhor c a 1 hence an appl
ta n I roadcast prev o to u f f u 00 t S10

jonlsperaceofthemxtr Nol 1 I

The n trogen ho 11 I o 1 i 11 II

an 1 h 1 1 1 8 b I pi 1 ft

f - he pi 1 11

1 111 t H II

totClpo 1 ]

C ur %nts an 1 goo eberr es are less 1 kely to need n
trot'en than the other berry crop > ecause of the ten
dei cr t the levelopment of mildew In common with
tl e tl r 1 11 ntioned they should be aVundantlv
nil 111 nerals (pho phone acid an I poti h
1 1 \ 1 may be use 1 at the rate of oOO to

tire thi

ill\ -after the 1 PI
Roses and the
ing cf tl wei an 1
1-arti ll rly nee 1

lie pounds per acre annu

?IN Pl\xts — In the grow
ll t rb ih ri a 1

— ^ egetables constitute a group of
1 ll from all others, both because ot
ts and of their purposes of growth,
uportant bearing upon fertilization,

.]inni-ii , -f :. r-ili M' !i'',' hi — ■!■.:. I :\- III excess of that

'■r.i|.- . ' ':'■}•'' :■■ .' ' 'A- iiig composition

in;iv Im. ,,L;n-.M4 :i - a Ka-ir iiiixiiiri- for the entire
gr.iup :

Nitrogen 4^

Phosphoric acid 8*

Potash 10«

The nitrogen should be derived in part from quickly
available sources, and the phosphoric acid should be all
soluble or available, and the potash from muriate.
This should be applied in part broadcast, and in part in
the row at time of planting, at tin- mti c,i' ijiiiii to l,.'jOO
pounds per acre, and upon soils n:!iuraliy |HM,r. two or
three additional annual top-dr(--n ^'- \. itli nitrate of
soda, at the rate of from 50 to Km ih.ihi.U \;-r arre, will
prove very serviceable. Edward B. Vourhees.

FERULA I possibly the steins were anciently used as
ferulesl. Cinbelliferre. Giant Fennel. This large
genus includes 2 hardy herbs, which are, perhaps, the
tallest plants cult, for ornament in this large (but from
the garden standpoint unimportant) order. They are
valued for the ex.-essive flueuess with which their foli-
;tL^e I- Mi;!, all. I ill. IF .lusters of pt-rliaps 40-50 umbels
.if i;i : , '- :,,,n,,. ,in St. .lit stems, which rise

i.ir 111 i I-., F. Tingitana, Linn., from N.

Afri.-.i. iia- I -. I n.ji.'^ ti.riiMti-ly ].iuiiatiseot, somewhat
glaucous. ls.,M. 7.J..,. The ctniiiaon error that it comes
back to Morison, IC80. Lindley origi-
aolion that this plant is the source of
F. commilniB, Linn., from S. Eu., has
with more linear segments and more

troiu hpaiu goe
nated the false
gum ammoniac,
deep green Ivs.
compact habit.

W. M.

FESSENDEN, THOMAS GREEN, editor and author,
1771-1837. founded "The Xew Enu'hind Farmer" at Bos-
ton in 1822, and edited it until hi-; .l.-iith. The present
" New England Farmer ' i^ n.it th.- lin. nl successorof Fes-
senden's paper. Fesseml.-n i- .lii. Il\- lu.ted as a satirical
poet, and he was more of a liti-raiv lunn than agardener.
He was bom at Walpole, N. H., was graduated at Dart-
mouth College in 1796, and studied law. He went to
England in 1803, and there published his humorous
poem, the "Terrible Tractoration." He settled in Boston
about 180i In ad lition to The New England Farmer,"
he edited the short lived Horticultural Register and

The Silk Manual He wrote The Complete Fanner
and R iral Ec nomist The New American Gardener,"
and Tl e ^ e ca K t 1 ei r ar lener three 1 ooks of a
c\ 1 [ i 1 i er the helds of agri-

cult I 1 t 1 le girden ng respec-

tivel II 11 I I eh t tl e c ntempora-

ne I I I 1 I Itural Airitng These

I I I t t 1 \ 1 tl 1 it,h 1 1 \ editions,

t tl y -neie 1 tie It If si t i e They

tt s e to 1 k tl e tl 1 t 1 le t contact

tl f,r wnif, 1- 1 1 Pe i 1 t i wa e of gen-

eral farming and the view 1. int f gar lening\\ is n ostly
that of the home or amateur He In e 1 1 et re the d ivs
ot specialized farming en a large scale and ot con mer-
cial horticulture and floii ulture Dunn"' tl greater
jrtfl Ifrlp fTIp\vF 111 Faimer"

I I I \ Itural

I 1 I 1 1 1 ntem-

\clo-

I \ n ( 1 len r Calen-

111 Fl ilaleljhia 1800 and

1 1 n Gar iiner and David
I I is 4 Ptr acopvof The

( t L 1 ill once famous sf ng to the

tune of Yankee Do lie t gether with Hawthorne's
pen picture of the man an 1 an account of his inter-
esting life, see Duyckinek, Cyc. Am. Lit. 1:595-599.

W. M.

ObZ PESTUCA

FESTtrCA (an aucient name of uncertain meaning).
Gramlnecs. Fescue Grass. Usually cespitose, peren-
nial gras.se9 of varying habit. Lvs. rather dry, harsh,
and usually narrow. Spikelets several, in dense or loose
and spreading panicles; empty glumes unequal, mostly
keeled ; flowering-glumes not keeled, pointed. Spe-
cies about 80, in all jiarts of the world. They are

u.seful for lawn^ : f. : • ,: i-iii|. ,..,-,.

glaiioa, Lam. <r < ■ -■', \;ir. tii.ihr.t. llark.l.
Bi.cE Fescue (ii-, - \ i ■,. , \.i\u.\. l,:,,Mv 1..1-

plant for edgings
colored plants,
window-boxes am
where if not too
sion of the tufts.

t foliage with dr.

in hanging-bask
will grow almost :

Propagated by li

amethjBtina, Host. [F. ovtna, var. pmmmdpliila,
Hack.). Avery pretty grass with violet-colored culm
and sheaths: lvs. somewhat thin and long, blue-green:
panicles slightly branched, small, often violet-colored:
spikelets short-awned, seldom awnless. Europe. — Use-
ful as an ornamental grass in the garden for dry, sunny

panicle large, open and nodding at the apex. Eii. It is an
excellent grass for woodland parks, where it is too shady for
the successful growth of other lawn grasses.

P. B. Kennedy.

FETTICUS. Another name for Cnrn SalnrJ.

FEVEEBUSH. 8i-e Benzohi.

FEVERFEW. Chnjs.inthcmiim Purlhnnum.

FEVER TREE is rhu-l;ne,j„ puhens.

FEVERWOET. Triostenm.

FIBER PLANTS are treated only incidentally in this
work. Division of Publications, U. S. Department of
Agriculture, Washington, D. C, issues free publications
of the OtKce of Fiber Investigations.

FlCUS (ancient Latin name). Vrlicicew. The Fig,
the India Huhbir Plant, the liaiivaii Tree and tlieCreep-

ural trriH, ''',". ',' .,-' ,,'.'" ' 'i'm.i'! Vt'lm..',i)i
the warnn r -. • .,, .1 ,,, •,,:,, i , ,- I , ;, s n.. n.-ar .■. 1 iy

climliir . i Im .■iinimon Fig the lvs.

aredi'.iii i.., ,: i.;' ■..,,,... i ,,i the other species they
areeiitM a vy or has a few teeth

alternatf. /'. A. ..//(./*/ Ii. in' nlv ^■vofi<"- of f)K'-;f tli--

scribed below which lias - •■ '• I ' ■ i i- n

Ficus varies all the way 1 1 : - i ■ n!; , i.m, ~,

and is astonishingly van:ii! n I i :!m

veins are very helpful in i.th:,L' ih. |., . n :,|.,iri
W hat ihrl,..iticnlturistcallstli.-Fit'. "rfruit.isthcflesliy
r. rr|ii.iri, . ^^ hiip the fruit of the botanist is the seed in-
>) I' I I'l^-. M , I. In the following account fruit is used
iiisti-a'l ot' rr(a'j>tacle.

The fertilization or caprification of the Fig is one of
the most surprising, interesting and complicated chap-
ters in natural history, and is of great practical impor-
tance. See Fig, where the culture of F. Carica is dis-
cussed.

The most important ornamental plant in the genus is
the India Rubber Plant (/'. f/x.s/iViO. which probably

FICUS

ranks amongst the 25 most popular foliage plants for
liuiue use indoors. Its culture is given below at length.
This is one of the most important rubber-producing
plants. See Suhbtr Plants.

The Creeping Fig {F. pumiln, better known asrepens
or slipiiliila), is one of the commonest and best climbers

laiiches are very unlike the barren
out from the conservatory wall in-
and close. The lvs. of the barren

anl 111 art - shaped, with one side
'<' iLi I than the other at the base
ami a X • ry short petiole ; the lvs.
' r iriiiiiiig branches are 2-3 inches
long, elliptic-oblong, narrowed at
the base, and with a petiole some-
times half an inch long.

Among the many wonders of the
genus Ficus are the epiphytal habit

of

the

Banyan Tree (F. BenghaUnsis).
and the fact that some species ripen
their fruits under ground. Some of
tlie tallest tropical trees arc mem-
bers of this genus, and often they
I'fgin life by climbing upon other
tries. The Ficus often overtops and
■ utlives the other tree, which may
I"' seen in every stage of decay, or
Niay have entirely disappeared,
li aving the giant climber twined
spirally around a great hollow cyl-
inder. The Banyan Tree sends down
some of its branches (or aerial
roots) into the soil, the.se take root,
make new ti-unks, and eventually
produce a great forest, in which it
is impossible to tell the original
trunk. The Banyan in the botanic
gardens at Calcutta sprung from
a seed probably dropped by a pa - n
of a date palm a little mon ,i
main trunk is now 42 ft. in < r i
232 additional trunks, mnny ■ i
ference, and the brata-'it- . ■ . i ;
in circumference. |. !• •
through which sxihIilI

817. Young Figs.
Showing how they
arise from the axils
of the leaves.

whii

of propagation, but F. Berighat-

of Ficus are cultivated for fruit,

ii' fi-rs, and for shade outdoors in

ii.d in the key by A, aa. and

I lirocurable from southern

Index of names (synonyms in italic) :
urea, 18. infeetoria, 12. pu

A. Cult, for fruit.

1. Cirica, Linn. Figs. 817, 821, 822. Height li)-30 ft.:
s. ::-," lol.id. till- lolii'.. more or less wavy-margined

loll, .1. an.l Willi iialiitat.- veins, whereas nearly all
.ci. - mi iiiimi. ,1 111 liiw are pinnately veined: fr.
ii;lo, a\illar>. |i. .•ir--lia|.c.l. Supposed to be a native

(alia, in A^ill Jlinor. Makes a fine pot-plant, and

FICUS

583

CuU.

not tall trees

B. ITabit erect, not climbing.

c. Under surface oflvs. not rttsty.

K Foliage not variegated (except in a variety nf No. 2).

E. Ifi's. entire or with margins wavy, not lobed.

F. yerves numerous, ,50 pairs or so.

2. elAstica, Roxb. India Rubber Plant. Figs. 818,

long, shiuing, leathery, oblong to

abrupt, (lull poiu

parallel,
nearly right angles
from midrib to margin: fr.
in pairs, sessile, in axils of
fallen Ivs., covered at first
by a hooded involucre, when
iipe greenish yellow, 3^ in.
long Damp forests of trop.
Asia G.F. 2:547. — Becomes
100 ft high in tropics, but
becomes unsightly under
glass at 8 or 10 ft. Cult,
plants mostly have a single
stem, but there is a growing
demand for compact and
branching plants. Var. va-
riBgata (var. aurea, Hort.)
IS much less popular. Lvs.
tieamy white or yellow near
the edges. J. D.Eisele says
iC IS liible to fungous dis-

incloses the yountr Iv,-,., ;iiid
which soon drops off. This
Is regarded as a stipult- of
exceptionally great size.
FF. Nerves about 8 pairs.
3. erficta, Thunb. Extra-
ordinarily variable : shrub

, Leaf of Rubber Plant,
elastica (X34}

pu-

I 'ear-shaped

layas. China, Japan. B.M. 7" ,n , l,.rr the lvs. look
rather leathery). Procurable tlinmnh deiders in Japa-
nese plants.

FFF. Nerves about 3 pairs.

4. macTOcdrpa, Wight. Becomes a large, climbing
tr^e: lvs. 5 in. long, memliranous, broadly ovate; peti-
ole 2-2H in. long: fr. 1-2H in. thick, spotted, globo.se, in
cauline clusters. India. — This name was once adv. by
John Saul who spoke of the plant as a shrub with
leathery h s

EE Lis deeply lot ed, not n e> hjuaiy

5 quercifbha Ro\b The oak leaved firm is the typi-
cal me 1 t Kii 1 111 t 1 I h \b in which
tht l\ 1 bed Lvs,

■' in 1 5-7piirs;

I t I g or pea-

si a| 1 I hiuh often

creepii g It- 1 L I I i I 4 liuitmg soon

after unpoitatiou when 2 ft high) AU lb9o by Pitcher
and Manda Voss refers this with manj other syno-
nyms to F heteiophylla

DD I ohage lat tegatid

I Parc^lli \ eitch Lvs thin membranous light
green, iniittle<l with cream white, more 01 less in the

manner of mosaic, oblong-oval, acuminate, dentate.
Islands of Pacific. P.S. 22:227:1. F.M. 1874:124. -Int. by
Veitch about 1^74 \ I'lul -^irubby plant; prob-

ipiil I • ' it. .1 forms of Ficus.

- It I t i,\ cuttings of half-

ripened wo.jil |.l.i. ..1 1)1 ,. I 1. I, liottomheat Also
cult, in !S. Cahf., whii. ji Ih.u., u u ..l„red fr.

ably tb(

cc. Cnder surface of young lvs. rusty.

7. rubiglndsa, Desf. (F. austntlis, Willd.). Lvs.
leathery, rounded or cordate at base, notched at tip: fr.
mostly in pairs, globular, 5-G lines thick, usually warty.
Australia, where it thro-vs out aerial roots like the
Banyan Tree. B.M. 29.S9.-The rusty color is a beauti-
ful feature. Voss considers this a form of F, elastica.

BB. Habit clitnhing or trailing.
c. Form of lvs. ovate, nhluse, unequally heart-shaped

8. piimila, Linn. {F. stipiilAtn, Thunb. F. ripens,
Hort., not Rottl.). Ckeepino Fig. Fig. 819. Pros-
trate or climbing shruh, clinffiiig close to conserva-
tory walls and then fbitteiied. Lvs. more or less

tire or sli«litl\ w.i\v, iMiiiMlr,! ,,r .-.ir.late at lln- l.ase,

often unequall\ ; \ (in- ]>i' lit-iil !m'1m\\ , .lapaii. I liiiia,

Australia. I'., M , 1 Ji.".7. I.' M 1.-'i1:I(s. li.r. ||. 1 1 ::,i;(i,
561, 717. Var. minima i F. n,i„n„,i. llm-t.) has smaller
lvs. The species is sometinies used for hanging baskets.

cc. For
n. radieans,

f Iv.

AAA, ('nil. ...il.ln.ns ill sirilthiri

Fill, and Calif, for

B. Arraiuj^mtnt of lvs. »

""";/ "Ppoxite.

10. hispida, Linn. f. (F. oppn.-i
or small tree: lvs. entire or t...i
old wood or leafy branches. Ins
Trop. Australia.

,7e/;,,.\\-ill,l.). Shrub
le.l: fr, .-Insfered on
pia, yeli,.wish. Asia.

BB. Arrangement of Iv
c. Texture of lvs. membran

s. alternate.
OHS, not leathery.

tree."-B,asnn,r. "A dense shade tree: lvs. have a
peculiar metallic lu.ster: small fruits, much relished by
cattle and children."— Franceschi.

12. infectoria, Ro

pair

fr.

flushed an.

Grows 60 ft. high, an

cc. Texture of!,

D. Pnih

13. rubiginosa, D. -

DD. Undi r

E. Stipules rem '"

14. elastica, K..Nli.

15. macrophylla, 1

long ; nerves 5-7
ibose, H in. thick,
Asia, Malaya. -
^st shade trees.

584

FICUS

F. young Ivs. densely covered with wool beneath.

K. Pdlmeri, Watf^on. Trpp, 8-12 ft. hiffh. hr.mching
near the ground : Iv--. :< in. Ion-, -2 ■;>•. in, -vi,!, : pr-tiole

1 in. long : tv. in im,. ,, m,,- ..i,,i i ,,, Tliick.

Discovered on ^ i i ^icrn

Mexico, 1887.-1^ . i . : , , :. iv hot

and dry places. I'l; -r'lii -n-, .,i .iiimn- :m n ,

FF. I'uuiKj Ifs. not uoolli/.

G. Base of Ira. narrowed.

H, Stipules glabrous.

17. retOsa, Linn. (/'. nilida, Thunb., and Hort., not
Blume). Lvs. 2-4 in. long; nerves 5 or 6 pairs; petiole
3-« lines long; fr. sessile, in pairs, axillary, 4 lines thick,
yellow or reddish. Trop. Asia, Malaya. -A large ever-
green tree with a few aerial roots.

18. a&rea, Nutt. Branches pale, smooth, furrowed :
lvs. 3-t in. long, smooth, oblong, entire, narrowed but
obtuse at earh end. stout-i.i-tii.k-d : fr. (ii-;inL-c-vfl]o\v,

19. tadica,

given as a syn^, . -,,
tinctions here L'i^ • n ir^
British India 5: 4!i'.i iisiiO

J.'Treegn

.ws 50

Aut:. in F
ft. high.

GG.

Base

of lvs. rounded.

H. A'ervesi

xbout e

pairs: lvs

. 4-8 i)

I. lOH,,.

20. Benghal^nsis, Linn. Banyan
Bengaleiisis. Young parts softly
prominent: petiole G-18 lines long;
long : fr. in pairs, sessile, globos,

Tree.

puliosi

; stipn
e, pub

H

Al-M -vri
iTul^n^,

_

mmp

=^- ^V

_

mix~^

IBP

^m^

■^

W!^

" ,

oT

F. stipiilata.

about the size of a small cherry. Trop. Africa, India.—
A tree, 70-100 ft. higli. rooting from the branches, thus
f.iiniin- -.irrr-^^ury tinnks and extending the growth of
""■ !'•'■ in.l. iliiii. I, I'Mi-iin explanation of the confu-
^i"ii ("Iv. . n I;, n^lKiLn-iis and Indica, see Hooker's

HH. Serfes al'"i'! , • , ,- /,• . i' ,-, . ,' ,;„. /,.,,,,.

21. religidsa, l.n ■•, r ; :' , i ; ,,,:

Petiole 3-4 in. l.n

pairs, sessile, d:irk i.Nr[. I.', • . •,, il,,-;. In in i,n i i,
435.-Grows 100 tt. Iii-h, :.n.i ii,,. iv« .„vn„n,i.„i ,.„
their long, flexible petioles

F. AlzHii. G. Don. is a plant from S. Afr., never described by
Don. Tlie plant iji tlie trade is said to be P. eri.ilintvoides
Once advert isi-.l b.r iu.lu.,r nniiuii.nt l.v IMli-ln-r A: .Maiida.-

'"" '■ ' !' :. / ///./(ia, Dryund. From

'"' ' I '' i--li India. Advertised

\~''- I I ■ ;'». Kuuth & Bouch*.

'" ' :;. Ii:u In aIm. ,,x - ;i mcwsOOft.highandhas

"I ' i III nili.iL'f. winrii IS iironze :inil ropper-rolored wlicii

' 'I ^ /■'/rifuUa niay bo F. Benjjiminji, erocta, PniitiiiM'sii

Tlie name is advertisied by Yokohama XvirMiv Cn .
iulvcrtise F. erecta. -^y -^|

Ii' - LLASTicA, or the Rubber Plant as it is known
idl over tliis country, is perhaps the most poiiuliir ami
Siitistactory house plant that has ever been euliivated.
It is a plant for the million. Some florists have M-virai
houses especially devoted to the propagation and culti-
vation of this tough and thrifty plant. There arc also
thousands upon thousands of young plants or rooted
cuttings from thumb-pots imported into this nuintrv
especially from Belgium an.l Hollanil, for marketing
every spring. It is , ~i iin:ii. il ilin fn.m 7.5,000 to 80,(100

I dui

■ing

the last

Hull

ber Plant, but

li.itli

growing

rlitnr

1 tlie

smaller
iredin all

i| till

f- sh

cath that

lir.iu-

n 11

nt. which

otten runs mn. n i.n.li, .iml 1.1:1,1, ml l„di.-,ii red.

The method of pi-„pa;;ating now pojiular in America
I ni ploys old, bushy stock-plants, either in jiots or tubs,
or planted out into a bed where the night temperature
lan be kept from 00° to 7.">° F. As somi as the young
shoots are 5-6 in. bnn iln v m 1 ..|., r.in .I u, An in-
cision is made at tin . I il, il to root
the young plant, <nni , midwav be-
tween two eyes, niakn,^ Il ,itM IV III I ,■ t i-.iiii l-^:i in.

long, according to tliL inn km .,., au.l bnmli ,,1 the young
shoot or branch. A small wedge, as a piece of match,
is then inserted to keep the cut open. A large handful of
clean, damp, well prepared moss is then placed around
the branch to cover the cut and is tied moderately
firm with twine or raffia. Some use a small piece of
charcoal for a wedge in the cut; others coat the two
cuts with a mixture of charcoal dust and lime. The lat-
ter practice, in the opinion of tlie writer, is beneficial in
that it expedites the callusiiKr ..f thn .mis .-nni tlic root-
ing of the young plant after b. in- . nt .iml in..ss. d. Tin-
moss should be kept constanth imii-t nrid tin- hi di.r
the ■ - - -

pla

should be tied u]i in unli r 1 km 1 hi ■■,
.iured by coming in .11 1 :
flat on the pots. Tin
bottom heat and frniin. m .\ 1 ihliu-, ,,
clear days. As soon as tin- yi>nnt,' plani-
the stock-plant, a little wax should be \>
the cut to prevent the milky sap from
best time nf the year to propagate ami 1.

Listle m the slightest 1

FICUS

leaf, the leaf being curled up and tied with raffia, an \
the small piece with the eve set into the propagatin

bed. This is a l.c,l ..f sharr - I, -.i- -..m. ni.i.-s of sa d

and chojip'-il s|ilia:,'lnllir II -■ I lili.-l-. F

quently til'' sjii^ii'-rvi' .tin ]■ _ ■ :• i , -nia- into tl

smallest siz.-.l timmli-pot, \v :: h :i it,ix:iirc c.i v,-ry tinel
ground potsherd and charcoal rilling aliout one-half th
pot, and either soil or sand tor the balance. A small
stick is used to hold the leaf upright. These pots a
plunged into the propagating benches in either sand

820. Ficus clastica, the Rubber Plant o( florists,

moss or fiber, and a steady bottom heat of from 75° to 80
is applied and kept up until the plants are rooted. A.
a rule, such beds are inclosed in a glasshouse, in
der to keep about them close, warm and moist atm
phere. Only ventilation enough to permit the nioistu
caused by the evaporation to escape is allowed on th
beds. In this country, propagation by the first describ i
method can be continued nearly all the year roun 1
From experience of both methods, the writer can say
that the top-cutting and mossing process is better by fa
especially where plenty of stock plants can be ma n
tained.

After being shifted from the smaller sized pots int
3- or 4-in. ]".rs. the young plants will stand a great d 1

of liquiil iiiaimr.

- as siHiii as they are rooted through

become so„„.wl,a

It |M.t l...imd. Many propagators plant

out the y..niii,' ]

liants from ri- and 4-in. pots into coH

frames aft.,- to-

nil.1. ill- .if ^lav, or when all danger f

night frost is p

asi. i;,, V .li. v.i y well in the bright

hot, open siiii.l,,;

It niu-t i-r,-,-iv.- ],lenty of water. Aft

being plant^.l ^.u

1 in fiaiii.-^. tlo-v should be potted n t

mil. 1-. and f.ir early marketing as ea Ij

as in Aniri.st, T

111- plan of planting out and potting

thr Int.-r |.a,f of'

ti. 'alii. •on.-, as tli

. j.l lilts do not suffer so much from th

sev.-ri- lieat .lurmij tin- summer. jj_ ^, Sikbrecht

Within recent years a much-branched or tree-shap 1
style of Rubber Plant has attained a considerable 1
gree of popularity. It is possible to produce such a
plant by topping it at any desired height while it is
a free growing condition. However, the best shap 1
plants are obtained only by natural branching. In or 1
to induce Rubber Plants to branch freely without tl
intervention of topping, it is necessary to keep th
plants dry and cool for two or three months in th
spring, in order to get them thoroughly rested. Th
plant them in a frame or in open ground that has been

h ghly f t
plant t t
that t
1 a e all
t hap 1

u lb

FIG

FIG
e pi 1

585

10

und fa abl ond t n It
nt h th Am a bu pt ng

t h n b n n th n an

t nkn wnt f u t n th p
p t t n than a h gl I 1

f I n t fe

d iih 1 1 11

1

g di 11

'

tl V 1 '

wth a h 1 1 1 11

ng w d and t u u

lly a h How p a hap 1 |

n t d (b tan all f -u t 1

1

1 k a 1 an h f m tl 1 t 1

1

Id f a f 1 t tl

1

th a t 11 1 11

Fg 1 nl

1

p n n 1> n I d f tl

g p Th J u 11 I 1 tt

t

t n 1 n 11 nt U

T

1 1 tl n nd

gl

1 g t 1 ly f m h Iw d t

a Tak tt ng n tl f 11 tt g
1 If w d ngl y tt ngs,

1 gttdpfbl afm

b ngplt al ptlnt4
a It n 1 f m rt

\

f

Fg

P 11

D I

the nU

Jan

T -W

N th

1

Alth

h

1

10 p g

II

nit

f 11

nl

g h

t
5 n

tl

tub

t

Pl

In d nt t

th

f na

th

1

f ap

fl

Th

th p

Dr. Eisen at Niles, Calif. The wasp was introduced
several times without siiccps>i. Imt the Ocpartnipnt of

Agriculture took )m.1<I ..f fli- iinit.-r in ]x'ik, :ii,.I in l>-'i'i

succeeded in est'ii.li-lun.r , i,, ,,,., ,., ,,,,,,, t ,. \ Il-i rr,

byMr. Swingle) ill M r l;... -: i •;,,'■.' ,,i I i . >.. ( .ii

For further nm. .)_..!: , i ■

of Pomology. V. > U' :''• '" 'r;i-I:i; I'.i^ii

(1897), Bulletin L'n. nc«- -^ - :. , N : . .1 i;nt..ni()l..rv,
Dept. of Agric, and v:irii I r ritings. A re-
cent full account of Smvr: I _ .1 i;urtt Davy, i.s
in the Pacific Rural Pn>-, - . j ,, l.'i!.. t._ „_ r_

sful in nil
and mounding
lina and southw
frozen, as it doi
right. But hen
in winter, and
buried branche
spring than

pruti

n Niirtli Caro-
an.l remained
it would be all
II cold weather
wet spells the
irse off in the
is given.

iters most varieties of Figs get along very
well without protection, but when the mercury drops to
10" or 12° above zero, even if the wood escapes, the
early crop is destroyeil. When the trees are branched
in bush form fmnL tie- ^'iv.inni. thr l..-^t i.r.itcc-ti.m here
is to bend them .!"« n i.tlc -i"iiiiii hihI r..x .r tliickly
with green pine IhhiuIis. ir in >ti,n(Lir.| -liii|ie and
kept pruned so, lie- Ih -i i,,. ili.-l .ii' nli i- t.. ilmtch the
entire tree witli ■mM;,II ■,! I,,,,,!. .M-e. placing a

tlliek lliyrl- lif r,irn sliiM, ^ :;■ ll :-. ii,,| tho body Of

111'- tr iiihl i\ in- til. ii; ■ . .. ■ : ,, topandbank-

in^' till- .'mill n|i iiL'iiin-l i!,' ■ ., ilien to thatch

The trees ,...n,.. ..nt i
any otli.T in...!.' ..f p
differene.- m ili.' mil
rieties. Tin- c.l.-ti
Narbus is reputed t
killed outright her
Brown Turkey, the

' go.

Massey.
Fio IN California. -The Fig, a native of .southwestern

i one of the most a
all fruit trees, anditsmei
tricts of the Unit. .1 siii.
are several rec^-n ! i
ciis Carica), of « i. i :
J'-ieus Carica, \:n
nor, commonly . i
kind is not ediM. . i i :
psenes) breeds tli- i ■ n
niaca, the true ^n
fruit unless the il".> n
by the friendly a,i.'ene>- .
nating is termed caprili
hortensis, the common
(1) Ficus Carica, var. I
matures one crop, but
main, or second crop.

The last three of the above four botanical varieties of
Figs, especially the third, have become the parents of
ninny bortieullural forms. The best drying Figs of com-
merce lielnn.; to the second class, Smyrniaca, while
iniirly :dl nf the fine table and preserving sorts are va-
rieties of h'li-lenxis. Nearly all cultivated varieties of
Figs yield three crops, more or less distinct according to
the variety, the location and the season. The second
crop is the important one, but the first crop in some va-
rieties is much esteemed for table use. Ripe Figs can
be gathered in many California Fig orchards from late
in July until rains and frost destroy the fruit.

Figs have been grown on the Pacific coast for much
more than a century. Trees were probably at Loreto

at, beautiful and valuable of
culture in suitable dis-
I to be desired. There
irietiesof the Fig (Fi-
ng can be noted : (1)
■ wild Fig of Asia Mi-
i_-. Tl,.. fniit of this

I ' \v ;is|i I l:hixlnpl,lllia

. winch polli-
rnricn, var.
nd orchards.
■ f Fig which
ition for the

FIG

Mission, Lower California, before 1710, and reacl)ed the
Alta California Missions soon after their establishment.

\-.,nc„nv.T f..nn.l Fi- fn-.- ii> Simta Clara in 1792. At

''" I" 'I' '111- i!- I'L' 1- ■" ii.-il in almost all parts

' I I ■ : I . I 'I !■.- stands a range of

I , I- I I ir.. and the only por-

ii-ii- "1 I ■:ilii"iiii;i r.-:ill; iiii - liucl I., its growth are cer-
tain colli or fogiiy districts. In the drier parts of the
state it needs irrigation, as do other fruit trees. Some
of the old Fig trees in California are of immense size.

821. White Adriatic Fig

than 2 feet in diameter.

county is UO feet in height, co

and I

like Fig trt

trated in tl

trailing or

at many pi.

cle more th

the Fig, pn
tivation tin.
tion is by -
shape is n.i
obovate in i
varieties from green, ihr.
brown, reddish brown uml
almost white, opaline, <.i- m
be described as melting, sp
in a few old sorts which se
the wild. The size varies
a green -gage plum to other

a trunk that girths 9 feet.

others.

Till

erally planted in California is the so-called "White Ad-
riatic," which is the "Grosse Verte" of France and the
"Nebian"of Hogg. The best dried Figs yet produced
conmiercially in California are of this variety, which
does not need caprification. There is a large and in-
creasing demand for California dried Figs, which are

FIG

587

the Smyrna product, but i

Adr

Bla.'k Is.'

L-k,

, Bourjassut,- liluiic IJruu u i LuR..y. eraus)

California Black, Capri, Culestu (Cclestine), Col di htg-
twri Xt-ro Drap d'Or, Du Roi, Grossale, Ladaro, Negro
LarK" Roude Noire, Ronde Violette Hative, Royal
Vineyard, San Pedro. Smyrna, White Genoa (Grosse
Marseilles), White Isehia, White IMars.iU,- i r.tite
Marseillesl. The California Expi-rnn. .ir m.iD"!. has
grown at various places the above ■-!.■ v;iiii ii< ~, imi'I, hi
addition, about 35 others, thus testiiiir a ,-oll. .-i i,.u ..t
some 60 sorts, and these have been widely distriiiuted
(or 6 or 8 years. The list includes Abondauce Preeoce.
Brianzola. Black Brogiatto, Bellona, Bordeaux, Brown
Isehia, Dalmatian, Doree Narbus, Rocardi, Rubrado,
Verdal Longe, 3 varieties of Smyrna, Osborne Prolific,
Pastlliere and an especially fine variety, Hirta du Ja-
pon, a medium-sized, turbinate, dark purple Fig with
yellowish white flesh and high quality. This last named
variety, with Angeliqiie. Early Violet. Brown Turkey
and a few orb. r-. is rxr.llent for house culture or forc-
ine The b'-t ^.,uir.- in France, Spain and Italy have
bein drawn .n.m l^r thr various importations of Figs

ill California
ill tracts sel-
: counties, as
-. Santa Bar
no, but the
Sacrament.

have been i.laiit'''l in iiu'- iiio-n\ in

dom excei-ilim;- '-'O ari.'^, I In- lr;,.lin;_'

far as area is .•..m-.rn.cl. an' L"s \nr

bara, San Bern.ardiuo. Butte and i

counties of Alameda, Santa Clara, Sob ^. ^ ,

Stanislaus, San Joaquin, Placer, Yuba, El Dorado and

Shasta contain

: of the finest groves and specimen

producing Figs
quality. In 1890 M-
by the little Pit; " i
orchards of the tni.
and many Capri Fig

■ I7i« Smi/rna Figs. -AfU-v many anmipts. the true

Smyrna Pigs were introdu 1 ^.n qnit,. an extensive

scale by the San Francisco P,ull...,n ,n lss2. by the late
James Shinn, and by t/teori.'.- Ivo.'lin;.'. mI 1 nsno. riom
these different imi.ortatiMn-. Ciililonna brrann- \\.ll

stocked with both tlir l 'a|.ll and Sniyrnla.-:! t\ p.v. I li.'
Fig wasp was obta.nrd in .luly bs'.ll. by .lam., Mnun
but the locality was nnsnitrd to its piop., .ition. i
was again introduced at various times by the L iiited
States Department of Agriculture and by Mr. Roediug,
until it now seems to be fairly well established at
Fresno. The Smyrna Fie was first hand-pollinated in
1891 at Niles and n!^o f-.r -v.-.-d -a-ons at Fresno,
— ■ ■ ' ,, .ii-,,.,i «(i-.- of superior

-. , I . Ii-s,caprifled
s.veral large
, I'lj^, III \ iiriiius varieties,
!• ri-adv (or .-olouies of this
_ eful Blastophaga"; and it is hoped that a new industry
can now be developed in various parts of California.

Propagation. -The Fig grows very readily from cut-
tings. Use well ripened wood of the previous season s
growth, cut at the joint, and give them the same treat
raent required for grape cuttings. They will e-sen grow
from single-eye cuttings. Bottom heat is not necessary
in California, where the cuttings are set in the nursery
in December or January, and are ready for the orchard
in a year. In the eastern states, winter-made cut
tings can be started with bottom heat, or in the
open air in April.

Budding is best done by the annular or ring
method so useful for the chestnut and walnut
The Fig can be cleft-grafted, say in February in
California, but extreme care must be taken to
exclude the air. Seedlings are. easily grown from
the fertile seeds of the imported Smyrna Figs
and from the few fertile seeds occasionally ap
pearing in common varieties.

Planting, Culture, etc. -The Fig tree in Call
fornia requires much space, hence it is used as
an avenue tree, or if in orchard form other trees
are set between, to be afterwards removed. In good soil
Fig trees, like walnuts, should finally stand not less
than 40 feet apart.

Little pruning is required for the Fig. Trees grown
(or table Figs are headed low, about 18 inches from the

ground, to facilitate picking. Trees grown for drying
Fiirs are headed higher, so that the ground can better
be kept smooth and clean, for the Figs are usually al-
lowed to ripen and fall. Cultivation is necessary until
the trees completely shade the ground.

Figs begin to bear early in California, often the sec-
ond or third year. Some trees prove barren, or very
poor bearers, and must be replaced by others. Cuttings
for propagation should always be taken from well-ma-
tured wood of bearing trees. The tree appears to be as
long-lived as the olive, has very few insect enemies, and
is not subject to disease. The fruit m some districts in
some seasons ferments on the trees ("Fig-sour ). inis
sometimes seems to come from over irrigation, some-
times from lack of vitality, and more often occurs with
very juicy and tender varieties.

Caprification.-The problems connected with lig
caprification have long been discussed, and the neces-
sitv for the process has been strenuously denied by many
writers. But there is no doubt that Figs of the true
Smyrna type cast their Figs unless caprifled, for old
trees are now growing in California and bear no crop.
Cases otherwise reported prove to be of some different,
or horte„sis, variety. Fig caprification has been dis-
cussed in various papers in the publications of the State
Board of Horticulture, by Dr. Eisen and others, in the
Dublications of the Divisions of Pomology and Ento-
mology, at Washington, and by W. T. Swingle m Science,
October 20, 1899. , • ♦■

The true Smyrna Figs, which are of several varieties,
and doubtless capable of much improvement, yield two
crops, the first of which fails, because no pollen is then
obtainable from the wild or Capri trees. Both earlier
anil laffi- variiti.s ut wild Figs than we now have are
nei'ib'.l bv liorti, ultun-t-. The wild Fig now produces
three .ro'ii^. Imt .mlv .m.' i- nsiful (or caprification ; the

-prifyaia,-.. 1 -:•',•' '::;;;^i^

^^"dV!;^,:.^,::.::;.:.,^,,,:,::,;:,.',: 1.. ,;,aiiome

Fi" waM. is wiliionl »iiiK-. '".l ""- I'U'alL bas wings
■,ii"| .nvliki- mandibles; slie cuts her way through scales
whirl, ml. rlock over the apex of the half grown Smyrna
Fi- sh.- loses her wings in entering, dies in the Fig,
and is alisorbed by the vegetable cells; if her eggs are
deposited they also perish, and the continuance of the
species depends upon those individuals that remain upon
the wild Fig trees. The whole story is one of the most
interesting known to entomologists.

Fig-dnjing in California (Fig. 822). -The foreign
methods so far as tested in California are not practi-
cable under labor conditions, and not entire y satisfac
tory in any case. Some growers let Figs fall from the
trees, picking such as shrivel on the trees without
dropping ; others let all the Figs fall. Picking is best
with the finer sorts. Allow the Figs to shrivel on the
trees; pick with great care, place on slat trays, bloom-
end down and subject

ulphur fume
bleaching is desiied
Expose to th
turn the truit
an hour or so and the

next day begin to "Fig-pull," or press each Fig between
the fingers to keep it from "drying hard." In 4 or 5 days
the Figs can be placed in the shade, and m a day or two
"dipped" in boiling water, to further reduce the coarse-
ness of the skin, close the pores and color the tniit.

588

FIG

Subsequent sweating and "processing" vary much as
with prunes, raisins and other dried fruits. Exceeding
care, cleanliness and long experience are all-important in
the production of a high-grade article.

The dried Fig crop of California is large, and increas-
ing. In 1886 the total product was but 100,(HI0 pounds.
In the 5 years ending with 1899 it was 14,945,000 pounds,
an average of 2,989,000 pounds per annum. White

Adriatic, Black California

n and t

o a small extent White

Marseilles were tlif vuriet

ios ]iroi

liiciiii; this amount.

Ctiltnre in tl. , - '. ,;

. Til".' -'li'Mir.. .,f til,-

Pig in the n...-^ . ^

riiit.-.i

States is oxtnn;. I ; i . :

.Ml-. .. '-•.illx .lif-

f erent from C'a 1 1 1 ■ . 1 1 . i . i 1 1 1 ■

■il ■,

■ ■■ ■••■"•■ I"-'-

vailing in the »Muilii-iii .-.ua.-^. I ! liiinly

enough to endure the climate c-xi-M ' i. i..«iia-i
a bush, and protected in winter, i i-' if

with several inches of soil. In . i iin.MI.-

states a heavy covering of siii , "i ■: . i i lt.-i-h
branches is often sufficient. Th.- lir-t . r"|. ..i iruit is all
that can usually be expected in tin- < xtr. um' iM'itli ; the
second crop sometimes ripens in ilir mi.l.lli states.

South of Virginia, many vari. li. - ^i li^- jr,. r.-adily
grown in the i.|m n L-ri-'niil. Ti,. . ;- liiiH'iitv (,f l',.-r,-k-
mans, Massey. \ • - : I. !:• .-■•• ■ ' ■.■! -iIhts plainly
show that thi- I I i n -i- ana nf iln-

southern stati-s. lull .III. ' . i :i ... m.t Inrdi-yini.',
which seems ti. i,-.,(iii. ... -uninicr atna.s-

phere. The Fit' cann..t i i: - n. niark.-t in a

fresh state, and then-fin. r . . ni. .1 mlf ivafiou to
supply local demands wi.; I ^ ' ; r litalil... Even in
California the fruit niarliii- an ■iiii .liniciilty kept
supplied, and many large towns seldom have fresh Figs
on the stands. Charles H. Shinn.

FIG. Adam's F. is Musa paradisiaca. BarbaryF.,
Opiintin ruhiarls. Devil's F., Argemone 3{exic<iiin.
Hottentot's F., .nvx.mhryanthemum ediile. Indian F.,
Opuniin i-iihiaris. Keg t., Diospyros Kaki. Pharaoh's

FIG-MARIGOLD. .If..

tnthemn

FILAGO Germanica, the Cotton Rose, is a cot-
tonv annual plant sonii'wiiat like Leontuporliuin. wliich
is now and then collectt-.l l.y f. .mists and dy.-.l lik.. ini
raortelles. It was called ILrh,, ;.,./.../ l.y ili.. i.l.l lii.rii.il-
ists, because a new geni'rati..n ..f rlust,.i-,.,l li.a.U li-..-
out of the parent clnst.-r as if vindutifnllv txaltinf;
itself. Fully described iu botanies.

FILBERT. Old World species of Corijlus.

FILIPENDULA. See Ulmaria.

FINGER GRASS. Species of Chlorh and Panicnm.

FIORIN. Arjrostis stolonifera and alba.

FIR shoulil 11. .t I.f nsc.l t.. mean anything outside
the genus Abit-s. I.ut pi.|.ii!;.rly it includes many trees
known to nurstrym.n .iinl i.ih.Tsas Picea. Fir is also
used loosely an.i ina.-.inaf .ly to include conifers of

FIRE-CRACKER, FLORAL. See Brevoortia.

FIRE-ON-THE-MOUNTAIN. Euphorbia lietero-

ph,ill„.

FIRE-PINK. Silene Virgiiiicn.
FIRE-PLANT is Euplwrhia heti'mphylla.
FIRE-WEED. EpUoUum antinstifoUum a.w\ Erech-

FISH- GRASS. See Cahomba.

FITTONIA (Elizabeth and Sarah Mary Fitton, authors
of "Conversations on Botany," and friends of Robert
Brown). AcanthAcece. Three species of low-growing
Peruvian herbaceous perennials, valued for the brilliant
variegation made by red or white venation of their large,
heart-shaped Ivs. Fls. borne singly in the axils of the
overlapping bracts, which form a peduncled, terminal

FITTONIA

spike; calyx segments linear-bristly; corolla tube slen-
der ; lip long, narrow, shortly lobed at the apex.

Fitlonia argyroneura (Fig. 823) and F. Verscliaffellii
a-c a-no-g^-e show'e-* a-' — o* sa'—'ac* — y o* *-op'-a'
tra 111 g plai ts tl it are gro\n for their foliage Heat
moisture and sh ie are tl t s 1 r 1

t re The\ are tai 1 ir 1 ]
t ns and re i re a clo
or 1 narv li t, ro m Tl
1 allow pan n r fn

823 F tton a a eyroneura ( X
> r elw 1 tl

p OS po=; t on
as they are always on dress parade. They look well on
a corner, with the pan tilted up somewhat so that some
of the foliage may hang down. It is a good plan to
place the pan on a small inverted saucer in a large sau-
I'. r ..f water chiefly for the sake of a c.ntinnnns supply

tl nly .-nemies of these fin.- plants. A lim-. lai--.. -pi-ci-

ni.ii ran be quickly and easily ^. ..in-.d !.> tl... u-.- ..t a

specimen has to li. ■ i ii.im' w hi!.- it can be

portions of stem an.i p. _-^:n_. il l..\vn.

Fittonias are also an[mii,'st tlie finest elements in
"pyramids "or mound.s along with Philodendrum. Cis-
SK.s discolor, Episcea cupreafa, Nephthytis and Selagi-
nelhis. There is often a bare, unsightly space under
thf l.tn.h.s that can be transformed into a tangle of
tr..pii-..I i-?-....p..rs by the use of such plants. A board

can 1... pi: 1 slanting toward the walks and covered

witli r..tt..n stiinips. chttnks of peat, and moss for the
plants t.. nil. i.. Tli.- ..]..-ii l...r.l.-rs near the walks have

hardly f; i L il. ui.i i liny can also be pegged

down in 1 ' .f palms, as they can

stand unliii . i. , wliole, they are ideal

plants f.ir 1 1 .iii. .l . ..n . i \ ;.i..i i. , and it would be hard

A. JIabit erect : height TA ft.
gigantSa, Linden (GymvostAchyum gigantea,Hort.).
Subshrubby, branching : stems reddish violet only be-
tween the joints, with 4 ranks of silky, white, erect
hairs : Ivs. opposite, elliptical, not notched at the base,
with 2 ranks of hairs, tapering more than in the other
species, dark, shining green ; veins carmine-red : fls.
pale, with a reddish brown band in the middle of the
side and upper lobes, and a dark yellow spot in the mid-
dle of the lower lip. R.H. 1869, p. 186. I. H. 16:611.
AA. Habit trailing : height about 6 in.

VerschaHfiltii, E. Coem. (Fittonia and Eranfhemum
riibrotienmm and ritbrovenosum, Hort. Uranthemum

FITTOXIA

riibro-venium. Veitch. Gumiiostcielnjiim VerschaffeltH,
Lemaire). Lvs. ovate, notched at the hase, dull green,
often yellowish, veined carmine. F.S. 1,'):1.")81. I.H.
10::i72.' Var.'Pea.Tcei {F. and 6. Pearcei. Hon.). Lvs.
lii:ht, bright green ; veins light, bright carmine ; under
surface somewhat glaucous. Var. Daveana iF. DAve-
ana, Hort.). Once sold by J. Saul. "Foliage with light
center, bordered very dark green." More robust than
the type and with veins of stronger red.
B. Veins while.

argyroneilra, E. Coem. Lvs. dark, shinini; green.
F.S. 1(;:U1I54. Gn.SB, p. 527, and 2, p. 3i;i.-The vrlveti-
ness of the upper surface of F. VerschaffeltH is clue to
lurge, projecting epidermal cells with an apical nucleus.
Instead of these characteristic cells, F. argijroneura has
small cells and conical hairs, which are partitioned off
and have tubercles at the base.

Robert Shore and W. M.

FIVE-FINGEE. Potentilla.

FLACOtjRTIA I Etienne de Flacourt, 1G07-1660, Gen-
er.il Uireetor of the French East India Co., Governor of
Mailagascar and author of a history of Madagascar).
Bijitme. This genus contains a spiny hedge and fruit
plant calleil the" Rambustan or Governor's Plum. It is
a dense-leaved plant with purple fruits, grown only in

S. Calif. The whole order, witli it~ 2.i l- la and 160

species, contains no plants "f -. ■ \.'i-pt a few

.\.za.Ta,s and Aberia Caffra. -.I'l -pinyhedge

and fruit plant. Lvs. short >i. ,.. , ...I: ils^small,
dioecious, in small racr-Tiip^ i.i -i'lm - , -. |.:il-- f-n. ^fab-

PLORICULTURE

589

Aberia the sepals m
L'H,;rit., the Govern
Malaya and Madagasc

/'. /,'-

F. Franceschi and W. M.

FLORICULTUKE. The cultivation of i)l.ints for orna-
mental purposes is known as Floricnltiire. The work is
limited largely to herbaceous orKiiiall plaiit-i. and i^ r..n-
fined for the most part to greeiili"ii-( s aii.l iitIi.i L;la~-i
structures. In this country H(>rirulturr d\d TMit a--iiiii.-
much importance until about Ih'J.'. I'lior to that tinu' a
number of firms were devoting considerable attention to
the work, but their field was so broad that they could
hardly be called florists. After the year named, affairs
generally were in a more settled condition, and there
began to be a marked increase in all lines of business.
The eastern states were rapidly increasing in popula-
tion and wealth, especially near Boston, New York,
Philadelphia, Baltimore and Washington, and with this
increase came a demand for tlowers.

Philadelphia was one ..f tli.- tir^t ritics in which Flori-
culture assumed impnrtan.'r. I'lii^ was due to the fact
that a great deal of wi-altli ha.l a< mnmlated there, and
the people theref..re lia.l tim.- and opportunity to culti-
vate a ^'^'■ 1' r ;li" I.. ;h)imhI !il the shape of flowers.
Phila!. : :' I I N. .due to climate and to the

activ.' V , Ituralsoeieties which were

organ! ■ i I . li to extend the interest

alrea.l. I.I ,- .il ■' a .a-nter for Flori-

cultu,: -iDiients were lo-

catcl ! . 1 , . hind most of the

FLAME -FLOWER. Kniphofia aloldes.

FLAX. As fiber plants are treated only incidentally
in tills work, the reader is referred to certain publiea-
tians of the Department of Agriculture. Report No. 10
of tlie Office of Fiber Investigations contains 80 pages,
imhlished in 1898. Farmers' Bulletin No. 27, published
IS'.I."). is a suraraarv in 16 pages. Another summary may
be found in the Ye"ar Book for 1897. Flax is occasionally
cult, for ornament, and is therefore described under
Li num.

FLEABANE. Erigeron.

FLEMtNGIA (.lohn Fleming, Pres. Medical Board of
B.-n-ai: antlior of "A Catalogue of Indian Medicinal
Plants and I)iii-s"l. Leqnmiiiostp. This genus includes

nv.i -lirul.s, ,-ulT. unly in S. (;alif. and S. Fla. Herbs,
suli^hiailis (11- shiail.s ,,f tin- ( IM Wauld tropics, erect,
|.r.i-fratr ..r twinini;: lvs. nmstlv with :i .iiLTitate leaflets,
raia-ly 1; sti|.iih-s n..n,. : tN. r.-d nr ],nr|. I.- and mixed with

i : pod short, oblique, swelled, 2-valved : seeds spheri-
cal

cong^sta, Roxb. Shrub, somewhat erect: If ts. broadly
lanceolated, the side ones2-nerved, middle one 3-nerved:
racemes axillary, dense, shorter than the leaf-stalks.
India. "Rich, ornamental foliage: fls. purple."— J^ran-

F. strohiUfera, R. Br., has been introduced recently
in S. Fla. It has drooping fascicles of white pink-striped
fls. and large yellow bracts: lvs. simple, ovate, acute:
plant shrubby.

FLOATING HEART. Limiianthemnm.

other

people

From IS.'JO to 1840 much progress was made in all
branches of. the work. Rapid improvement in green-
house construction had been brought about, and many
facilities were afforded growers for beating and ventilat-
ing their greenhouses, which niatiriallv aal.-d in the
production of better stock. The rhan-.- tr"ni Hues to
hot water was the most important iiiiaivatiMn ..f the pe-
riod. About 1850 other imi.r..v.in. nt- «l,i,h had a
marked influence on the iii.ln-i!> ■ r. mn; in green-
house construction. Clili t a I, ' , i 1"- men-
tioned the abandonment .if 111. hi! II I the sub-
stitution of fixed roofs, th. u . ! . . ■ , . .1 glass,
and the bedding of th. -: I i ■ t j. lacing

the putty on the outsi.h I i-ninyap-

pear trivial at the pr.s,. I i . !i.i..i an im-

portant advance in -r. ■ :. i i i In those

early days tin- prin..'- .: _ n i . ittiowers

were camellias. i :i.. r. . , . ' ■ ■.Mas, etc.,

and for bed.liiij i .purposes,

fuchsias, gerai i -.

By 1860cninii I I ■ I' 1. .:-ii. ' .i ; --11! 1 la.nsid-

however, were .h v..t. .1 t.. many .liv.rse lines of work;
that is, thec.nntn.r.ial iL.t i-ts .,f th.> tune were required,
through the d.inancls of tin- mark, t, t.. grow not only
cut-flowers, but also plants f..r ..ii.am. i.t an.l for bed-
ding. Things went on for tlic ni..-t ].:.rt in this way

]dant-growing, which continui-il nntil ah. ..it l.stis or 1870.
At this time plants of all kinds were in d.-man.l in pref-
erence to cut-flowers, consequently many new establish-
ments were started, and these devoted practically all
their space to growing ornamental stock. The rose,
which had come into general use as early as 1850, was
rapidly su|.i-rs.aliiiL' th.- .-anii-llia. ( ■arii.'iti..tis were also

tion was ,l..v..t..l t.. hli.-s ali.l ..th.-r l.iilh..ns .-r.ips, such
as hva.-inths, tulips, ru-. Ahoiit this tiim- vi..h-ts began
to attract attention, and the introduction of the variety
Marie Louise gave an impetus to the work which was
destined to have a marked influence on an important
phase of Ploricultural development.

About 1S70 there was a ti..tc.d in.'i-ease in the demand
for ■•nf-rt..w..rs. ami in a sh,,rt tiin.- this hnsiness as-
sumed imp.irtaiit i.r..]...rti..i,,. S0..11 tli..,.- «as a rush to
chai}i;i- fr.,m tin- -I'.'win- ..f plants f..r ..rnainent and
for beildiug to the t'.ir..nng ...f r..si.s, .;ariiati..]is and other
crops for the flowers alone. This demand for cut-flowers
had an important bearing on methods of culture and the
construction of houses, and it was found necessary in
many cases to modify existing nuthods and to change
the construction to suit tin- .l.-iaiii..!. .1 ih- tiim-.

During the past twentvti\. ■ n.l for cut-

flowers has been oonstant!\ n . - ' . .vliile the
same is true of plants, tlie il.-man.i ; 1 ;: ..■ . 1- has been

590

FLORICULTURE

proportionally greater. As a result of the increasing de-
sire for tiowers, there have been developed methods of
handling them which prior to 1870 were unknown. The
best growers have found it necessary to specialize in
order to keep pace with the demands of the trade for the
highest grade of flowers, hence we have specialists in
rose-growing, carnation-growing, violet-growing, etc.
The immense number of flowers produced required
special methods for handling, and therefore there have
been developed wholesale commission houses, retail
stores, exchanges, auction sales, and other arrangements
for quickly disposing of stock. See Cut-Flowers.

As already pointed out, the Industry has assumed the
most importance near large cities, owing to the great
demand in such places for both plants and flowers. The
cities which now lead in the handling of stock of this
kind are New York. Chicago, Boston and Philadelphia.
The greatest amount of glass devoted to Floriculture is
found in New York. Illinois, Pennsylvania and New
Jersey, in fli.- ur.iir iimiimiI. Tliin- an- now probably
not li'ss ihaii II! ■ ti-ii ili.iusaiHl iioral -'sial'lishraents

froii

giving employment to not less than tift,i n tli..usana
people. The annual output from these csiaMJ-lniM-tits.
considered from the retailer's standpoint, i- in tin-
neighborhood of twenty-five million dollars, iif this
amount from twelve to fourteen millions are annually
spent for flowers and the remaining ten or twelve mil-
lions for plants.

The rose is the most important cut-flower grown, and

duction of fnll>- "in- liinnil-ril liiilliun liuwers. Tin- <'af-

nation is these' ii.l llnw.r in inip.irtan.'e. It is ,-sti-

mated that tberc is s..l,l annually fully four million
dollars' worth of this flower, representing a production
of not less than one hundred million flowers. The vio-
let is third, with a production of seventy-five million
flowers, valued at seven hundred and fifty thousand dol-
lars. riir\ saiidiciriunis ari- only a part-year crop, but
they r.|H-.'s,iii a \aliir of lial f ;i million dollars. Of mis-
cellat IS ttowci---, ^ui-li as lilies, hyacinths, tulips, or-
chids, .I.-., thri-, air |.iol,alily between two and three
milliuii dollars' woi-ili soM .annually. The varieties of
roses, earnati<iiis ami rhi ysanthemums grown for flow-
ers are constant^ rhaIlu'itl:,^ Init the varieties of violets
have changed but littl.- in tu.Tity years.

The number tif phuils sttld. inoludingpalms. ferns and
bedding stock of all kinds, will probably exceed one hun-
dred millions, estimating that the average sized pot for
the country as a whole is 3 inches, and the average
price 10 cents per pot.

To properly conduct the fine rftail c-sfablishments in
our cities, a large force of employi's i^ i-.N|uirnd. These
establishments are carried on with imiv att.ntion to
methods for attr.irting and huldiin^ tfa<li-. The stores
are mo-leK- of ele._--inee, and their methods of handling
theii-io-, .,!, ii .- iiaving special deeor.itors, show win-
dow^,' ii- V a LCims, messenger boys, etc., makes
the Ini r '' <^^■■

As a roll , lion [. .are such busy people that few of
them have time to write books on their specialties,
consequently the works on this industry can be counted
on the fingers of one hand. The first work of impor-
tance was Peter Henderson's "Practical Floriculture,"
which was issued in 18B7. New editions of this were
issued from time to time, but inptliinu' further was pub-
lished until 1893, when M. A. Hum s ■|lo^v to (in.wCut-
Flowers" appeared. More recently «.■ have 'r.ifi's "(ireen-
house Management," which covers the whole field of
plant-growing under glass, and also the ''Florists' Man-
ual," by William Scott. g. t. Galloway.

FLORIDA HOBTICULTUEE. Fig. 824. The history
of Horticulture in Florida dates from the earliest settle-
ments,and even priorto that period the aborigines carried
on a desultory plant growing. The peculiarity of the soil,
however, prohibited the extension of this work except
in a few isolated places. It was necessary to introduce
commercial fertilizers before Horticulture could make
rapid progress in this state. Up to the time of commer-
cial fertilizers, it was thought that the hammocks were

FLORIDA

the only places capable of raising fruit, the rest of the
arable land being so sandy and wanting in plant-food
that remunerative crops could not be grown on it ex-
cepting after it had been "cow-penned."

Such a soil, containing often over 90 per cent sand
and insoluble matter, at first sight would seem to be
absolutely worthless fiu- Jlort ienltural purposes, but
with the a.lvent of ih.- new il irtieulture it becomes the
ideal soil. \Ve ha\e here a loili;ment for plants in
which oeeiirs no material that will prove deleterious to
the crop, and all wc have to do is to add to it the ma-
terial that will cause the plant to grow to the necessary
size and produce fruit of the desired quality. Beautiful
thin-skinned oranges grow only on laud properly ferti-
lized and not on soil iin|H , _ni:if - .1 with great quantities
of organic nitr..-. 1, ■'■•:!. lands.

ClB('iM~eni ni i. ,1 I, iiuilding up of the land

from tin- o.aan i ■• ; ::,;,_ ■ ^|.ecially to peninsular

Florida, the wind ami i\a\La ha\c sorted the particles
to some extent and have elevated various portions more
than others. The separation of the larger particles of
sand from the finer, with a porous substratum, has
produced what is called a"scrub." The railroad surveys
indicate that the maxim elevation in peninsular Florida
is about 150 feet. Thus it happens that, although this
land is thirsty, it is rarely or never spent of its capillary
moisture. The areas of scrubs may vary in size from a
few acres or even less to many thousands, but they are
always sharply defined, having a specialized flora. The
soil in a hammock is of a finer texture and is not infre-
quentlv underlaid bv clav. It often occurs that land of
this texture is oniv a few feet above sea level, or it may
l)e elevati J iicl r -I I in i . I .nt is always Covered with a good
f,'ro«-ih oi i ,-! of cahliafje palmetto, or both.

This cla - - ' i ' ii.^ iieen desirable for Horticultu-
ral pur|...- -. in-l I- -nil re^-arde<l as valuable; these re-
land usually contains sufficient fertility to raise several
crops of vegetables. Plat-woods land is usually level,
varying in fertility from 96 per cent of sand and insolublo
matter to that which will produce a crop of tomatoes.
This class of land comprises about nine-tenths of the
land of the Peninsula. With proper treatment it raises
good crops and is capable of remarkable improvement.
The characteristic plant of this land is the long-leaved
pine (Piniis pitliistris).

Horticultural Regions. — The foregoing discussion
relates to the state independent of latitude and climate.
The state is also divided into four regions, according to
climate and latitude: (1) western Florida, that portion
of the state lying west of the Aucilla river; (2) east-
ern Florida, that portion of the state lying between
the Aucilla river and a line drawn from the mouth of
the St. John's river to Cedar Keys; (3) central Florida,
that portion of the state lying between eastern Florida
and southern Florida; (4) southern Florida. -including
the counties of Brevard, Dade, jMonroe, Lee, DeSoto
and Manatee.

Citrous Fruits develop best on hammock and flat-
woods land, preferring the cabbage palmetto hammocks
or a hammock containing a mixture of palmetto and
hard wood. The lime {Citrus Mediciix var. I tilnne does
well on the shell and coquina lands oi ~oni In in I lorida.
The lemon is the best stock for In. : laml.

For western Florida the Satsuraa or, i . i , i -i \-a-
riety. For eastern Florida varii-tie~ thai mainir their
fruit before Christm.-is may he jilanted. In central Flor-
ida all the varieties oi i itrns ,1,, well, especially toward
the south and in iiroteetnl loealities. The following
sweet oranges do esperi.illv well in southern Florida:
Centennial, DuRoi. Kxquisite, Hart's Late, Higley's
Late, Hoinosassa, Jaffa, Madam Vinos, Majorca, Mal-
tese Oval, Nonpareil, Parson Brown, Pineapple and
Thorpe. Of the Mandarin group, — China, Cleopatra,
Dancy's Tangerine, Japan Tangerine and King. Of the
Bitter Orange group, — Phillips Bitter Sweet. Of the
Pomelos,— Aurantium, Hart, Josselyn, Seedless and
Walter. Of the Kin-Kans, — Maruml and Nagtinii. Of
the Citron group,— Lj'man, Lemon and Orange. Of
Shaddocks, -Blood, "Forbidden Fruit" and Mammoth.

Peaches grow in all sections, preferring hammock or
rolling flat-woods land or even level flat-woods land if
perfectly drained, but the varieties best adapted to

FLORIDA

different regions vary considerably. Among those
adapted to western Florida we have Alexander, Early
Cream Elberta Florida Crawford General Lee Im-
per al and Powers Septembei For eastern Florida —
Angel B Iwell s Lite C 1 n Fer 1 1 H i e Im

pe Hi O 1 T 1 T 1 Ti I 1 r 1

FLORIDA

591

Flo

1 ^

Pineapples find their most congenial habitat on
scrub land. Soil from pineapple fields contains a large
percent of sand and insoluble matter —as high as 98
per cent The land mi t I e well dra ned f ree f i om any
Stan ling water eve 1 r tl e riiny season The most
extensive p ne 1 1 ' 1 ite 1 on the sin 1 h lis

near the co t II 1 of the \ egetit on an i

physical con 1 I I 11 rd nes i essent ally

tl at of the scr 1 1 I I or The slit she Is or

pineapple she 1 1 1 tr ctp 1 to ft rl a 1 alf

shade serve a good p rj ose

1 nl -Thi f

h no k li 1 r ell 1 ne 1 high
d 1 t n^ flat wo lb Ian 1 It is 1 etter
e ei tern in 1 central than to so 1
f 11 V r et es do well n w

I FI r li nl nl r tf
1 1 H 1 ( II

JMuIberries will grow on hammock or good quality of
flat woods land in all sections of the state. The following
varieties have given good crops: Downing, Hicks and
Stnhbs. Pomegranates make a more or less ornamental
frviit. Acid, Purple and Sweet do well in western, east-
ern and central Florida. Pecans do best on low ham-
miic-k land, especially in webtnrn Florida. They succeed
well in eastern and central Florida, but have not been
iiirioiiiK-ctl uitii simtheru Florida sufficiently to permit

-The growing of this crop is con-
ti rhi-ient and reasonable transportation,

li III. Ml HI f he placed upon the market promptly
It is «,,itlili-s The de^elippment of this industry is,
tbi'ivfore. cipincident with th.it of efficient and reason-
able railroad trauspdrt.ition. Probably nine-tenths of
the fields of the state aie planted on moist flat-woods
land, or what is loi-ally known as gall-berry flats. Such
land is cleared and thoroughly drained by means of
open ditches. On such land strawberries begin to ripen
in .famiiry and continue until May or .Tune if properly
ciilti\ It. .1 th..ii.'h the season of profltnblp shiiniipnt
ni I III I.. \.. lid the middle ot \i.i-il. r.s,„-,-iMlly

III I iti.r cars, so cunstiu.'!. .1 tlmt th.' !.■.•

< I I I It entering the car. k.-.piiiL: tli.' iipiirt-

n.n' I Ml II. I l.\ -..me railroads on express trains. The
pi Mits II. ii-ii ill\ set out every year, in August, Sep-
t. mill V .111.1 ( I. t.iher, and bear a good crop the following
spring. The most successful strawberry growers con-
tinue to cultivate a portion of the old field to secure
new plants to be used the following fall for planting out
the new field. Clbud, Newnan, Lady Thompson and
Wilson do well in western, eastern and central Florida.

In summer the
lats re luce the amo mt of
unshine that reaches the
lants and co e luently

the

structure
be nt, tl e roof

IS made of boar Is or slats fastene 1
so as to leave an opening between
the boai Is or slats equal to tl e
space covered by them These varj
in s ze from a common plaster ng
lith to boar Is i nche w le The

he ght of the cover ng al o e the ground va es f om 6

' n 10 The mo t exten e fields

hi li S iller ireas have been

Hort cultural :
of Florida

feet to nrely i
ire located
plante 1 u
tect 1 I 1
thit I
or 1 1

for
plant

Tl

rl all of these are jro-

I 1 Is be ng so constructed

pletelj The islands

1 eccia form one of the

I I 1 1 tl e low fer-

1 than

ount

Tlyl
The
ler-

1ft t 1 possi-

f neapple g ow ng n Flor da

d 0 U for local ma kets but

al le e enue to a nu nber of

e t 1 lapted to them s a low,

sucl so 1 as
Bira^oi (RelJima ca),
end h Collen Hart Cho e an 1 Or noco ( Horse
Bana i ) a e leal n,^ a et e n s uthern Fl r da
C A A —The g iva la atti n 1 cons denl le im-

portin e th ugh
s vel Planti
state but the g
iell\ is collect 1
nat e growth
fert le so 1 tl t
brecc a s a fa

t cult ite 1 exten-
ous port ons of the
. 1 n cann ng anl for
> 1 or from or g nally
es grow well n any
Fert le so 1 o coral
Id guavi The most

592 FLORIDA

desiral Ip varieties we tl l common natn e g m^ a Wl ite
Winter L attley and Chinese The natn e vai leties \ leld
the bulk of the fruit used The Cattley and Chinese do
well n central and southern Florida while the White
Wintei 11 1 native viritties feiow t f,r tt- t i eifeetion
in southern Florida

Man joes h%\ e n t 1 north

ern mirkcts The Ihat of

secuii K tr of 1 out a

gr ^ tl 1 1 ng and

bu 1 1 1 w 11 multiply

ra| II I I 1 I 1 maikets have

del I I I up] lied them

Well 1 1 II 1 I ind fertile hith

hamm k t irni hy 1 1 t i n „oes \pri t i 1
No U fApple) are favoiite varieties Theyaie t,
raostlj in southern Florida though fruited in s i 1
portions of central Florida

Co ")AViTb are confined to southern Honda and al ng
the lea ■ist While the trees continue to grow \\ hen
transpl ii t 1 to the higher lands they need the low
ni 1st lin Is of the coast for fruiting and for highest
de^ el i ment

The A^ o ado Peau has entered the markets to some
extent The soil should be like that for mangoes Their
cultivition IS conhne 1 to central an 1 southern Florida

Ve FTiBii'S -Tl r aes nl 1 1 ses of soils upon
wh 1 I ly VIZ ham

mil 111 II 1 the coast and

th I 1 111 I I I 1 immocks espe

cull 1 1 I 1 I ely of cabbage

palm tt I r 1 I e tl lii^^ t ci j and probablj the
largest prohts while fiat woods Ian i is probablj more
extensively cultivated than any other In a general
way all the cl f 1 i 1 n i ti i 1 1 i \

He of gr w t 11 t 1 1

ling in the
pietcience

and tomit

1 iround

the coast hi\c

I t V s [uaie

10 Is t J ininy acre

es reaching a

mile in length of iii

1 1 st importint

ci ps {.row n on the 1

egg] Hnt I ei

] ei iiid tomatoes 1 1

1

1 Ian Is of the

so ithea t i t r-ii e pim

11 all)

tomatoes peppers

et, 1 lant and okra

P H Rolfs

FLORIDA ARROW BOOT. Zami

FLORIDA SWAMP LILY. See Cr

FLORISTS' FLOWERS This t,

used in En„l -id

ber their hciiii n

which the oi i^ n i

piototvpes 1 hi lisi II
even less In Amei i. .
tie used, and is most I
of greit iniportiTu *

tioHers IS ht
im cut flowei s
■nt regard to

con-i II I l.ut they

ail 1! 1 1 1 111 I I I II in IN II III iiiti h IS the

cut flii«( r tl nil h IS III I n f,n Iter th m tin pi mt trade
in America, the American florist hardly thinks of the
following plants as floiists' flowers azalea, calceo-
laria, cineraria, fuchsia, geranium, gloxinia, pelargo-
nium, primula, nor such old-fashioned favorites as
Anemone coronaria, auricula, camellia, polyanthus and
ranunculus. The English writers often speak of the
dahlia as a florists' flower, and sometimes also the
other very variable summer bulbs, as cannas, gladiolus.

FLOWER

and perhaps lilies, though the American florists sell
comparatively few flowers cut from these plants in sum-
mer. Of hardy border plants, the following are very
rich in horticultural varieties : China asters, poppies,
stocks, sweet peas, tropasolum and verbena (all of
which are annuals), and the
following perennials : hcdly-
hocks, pansies, peonies, phlox,
pyrethrum. Others of great im-
portance are aquilegia, cam-
panula and eschscholzia, but
these are mostly less rich in
horticultural varieties. It has
been said that florists' flowers
:iri' always propagated by cut-
line's or other asexual parts,
lint this definition would ex-
iluilo calceolarias and cinera-
rias.which come fairly true from
seed. In America the four most
important cut-flowers' are the
riolet and chrv-
Consult Floricul-

FLOWER :

chnically.

specialized leaves which bear
sporangia. The word is com-
monly applied to those flowers
whose sporangial ' leaves
protected and made consf
ous by colored leaves. It is also
popularly applied 1
ters of colored leav

nwballs, chrysanthemums and

Winn ni-i-i .i.niili ti ly developed, a flower consists of
tin- II iitial shnit Nil ni, the ^ones, to which the other
pints (leaves) .are attached. The leaves, passing from
l.iliiw upwards, are distinguishable into floral leaves, or
the SI pills and petals; and the sporangial leaves, or the
.■.7.1 mom and carpels. The numberof these parts is vari-
able. When " double " flowers are produced, the floral
leaves usually are multiplied at the expense of the
sporangial ones. In Fig. 825 all these parts are shown.
The ovary, showing six ovules, sits on the tonis or
receptacle. On the ovary are three styles. Stamens are
at the side. The sepals rise above the petals.

Bracts.— The leaves growing on or near the branches
of the flower cluster are usually difT'erent in form and
size from the foliage; thev nve .viii.-.I in-nfts. X.ite the
bracts on the carnation li. ■ r [i :,■; '-.ni. times
they are bright-colored tm npiile-

ment to the flower, beiin; i : ii n as a

part of the flower, as in smili t ~,i _■. , il. ■ . nn- .l-i-wood
(Pig. 558) and poinsettia (Fig. TllTi. In tin- .-u-uni family
(Pig. 79, 137, U6, 318, 734) a single huge bniet envelops

826 Flower of the

Strawberry

Showing the high tonis ii

the center

the entire flower cluster When the bracts grow very
close to the torus they are almost indistinguishable from
the outer floral leaves, as in the strawberry (Fig. 827)
and hepatica (Fig. 834).

Torn s . —The torus is the short stem or axis on which
flower leaves are borne. It differs from other parts of
the stem chiefly in that, after the rudiments of the flower

leaves are formed, the intervening parts grow very lit-
tle, and so do not separate the successive leaves or cir-
cles of leaves. The torus is more or less broadened or
elongated to permit the suitable growth of the crowded

leaves. In the strawberry it is high, dome-shaped
(Figs. 826, 827); in the raspberry the torus remains
(S, Fig. 828) when the little drupes are removed; in the
rose it is urn-shaped, bearing the leaves on the edge and
inner face ; in the mouse-tail it is much elongated.
When a number of tlowers are crowded together their
leaves are developed from a common torus, as in sun-
flower and chrysanthemum and other members of the
CompositiB (Fig. 829). The common torus may be
broad and flat, with the flowers scattered over it, as in
Dorstenia (Fig. 732) ; or even hollow, as in the fig (Fig.
821), with the minute flowers on the nearly enclosed
inner face

Floial Uaies —The leaves of the flower form two
serift; tht outer protective and attractive leaves, the
fl , ' I I 1 i tti nmi I ':piynn,i, illeaves. Thefloral

1 ' 1 tni_ui ti il I into an outer set, the

' ' i T 111 ; // / The calyx leaves,

^^ll I ill .1 j :l 111.1 the corolla leaves

I'lI I il 1 iL iiL imiL ui li s', different from the

petiK iiisizi , sli ipeind color Thcj are oftenest green,
anil usuallj smaller and simpler than the petals. In the
bud they usually completely cover the inner leaves.
The sejuK ind petils oftentimes do not remain distinct
thioiuli u^ til li development, but each set grows as a
siii^l I I 1 t 1 t which has been made the basis of

<- 1 1 111 iti n t ihi ingiosperms Corollas of a single
pii I I 111 suit. I ,,amopetalous (Fig 830). The sepals
ire iiinie tumiiinnh inseparate thin the petals.

The ippaieut union of the flortl leaves comes about
generalh m this -nav On the -voung torus the rudi-
ments ot the sepals and petals irise as rounded knobs,
which for a longer or shorter tune grow independently

If they develop independently until their growth ceases,
the sepals or petals are distinct, each one being sepa-
rately attached to the torus. On the other hand, after the
leaf rudiments have grown independently for a time, a
zone of the torus, both under and between two or more
adjacent rudiments, may begin to grow, lifting them on

FLOWER 593

its margin. In that case, when fully grown the calyx or
corolla appears as a single piece, whose free edge is
more or less deeply lobed, according to the relative dura-
tion of independent development of the rudiments.

The calj-x and corolla are sometimes united. This
comes about in a similar way. Each begins to develop
independently ; later the tissue between calyx and co-
rolla shares in the growth and both are raised' on a com-

The form of the mature floral leaves depends largely
on the relations of the flowei to insects \^hil h i i it the
flowers for nectar or pollen The floral lea\ i iie often
irreguHr ind unequal so as to foim suit ibli 1 aiding
places nectir f,lauds j,uides to tli m t u t — dl de-
vices to facilitate the jin pel ti ui I i I | 11 ii b\ the
visitors e g the sweet pea an I ili i ) i| ih n i. eous
flowers most orchids etc (see 7 // i il n)

The color of the corolla and ad] aint p iits i due to
the presence m the cells of colored sap oi speci il tolor-
bodies In the latter case the pigment is sometimes
crystalline It is not possible to determine without mi-
croscopic examination m which way the color is pro-

QQ

duced. Most blues are due to colored sap; many yel-
lows and reds to color-bodies.

The velvety appearance of many petals is produced by
the outgrowth of the surface cells into conical or dome-
shaped protuberances.

The odor of flowers is usually due to the presence of
volatile oils in the surface cells of the petals or sepals,
or both. These oils are present in small amount only.
They are sometimes found only on the outer face, or
only on the inner face, or they may even be restricted
to certain lines or patches.

Tlie stamens. — The stamens commonly consist of two
parts, a stalk the filKment bearing a larger poi tic n the
anther (Pig. 831 1 The fll iment is usu
ally rigid enough to sustain the weight
of the anther but at maturity it is
sometimes so long and slender that the
anthers hang as by a thread (so m
grasses). The fiUnient is sometimes
so short as to seem wantin,^ the antlu r
is then said to be sessik The hla
ments are often united with one
another or with the corolla by the
mode of growth already described In
the latter case the stamens seem to
arise from the corolla Only rarely
are the stamens and carpels united

The anther is the part of the stamen
which bears the spore-cases or pollen
sacs (sporangia). (The sporangia are
not always borne on stamens. In a few
plants they are sunk in the stem of the
flower.) Of these there are commonly flower of Wi now.
four, more rarely two or one. When Showing two sta-
the anther was looked upon as a cham- mens; their an-
bered body, the sporangia were called ^''^ ^^^ "* "■
thecie, or cells. Thus in descriptive botany the anther
is said to be "2-celled" or "4-celled." The sporangia are
partly free and partly imbedded in a mass of tissue

594

FLOWER

which joins them, called the coinuctire. This some-
times is extensive, and in a few plants is developed into
peculiar forms to aid in pollination, e. g., in salvias.

The sporangia at maturity consist of two ^r four
(rarely more) layers of n-Us, cunstitutinK a wall, sur-
rounding a quantity '■( -I iir .iIm /'/.)/. Th.- iiiiifi-

portion Ol' l!i> ; l .■ .: i -l - ..r ;, l:i\ .1- of

^V'S thickened. ii-iKill, i:i Inuicl-. ^.. tint m dry-

p.. I ing they warp tin- wall, rupturing it at the

tt .'^a weakest place. The lines of weakness are

i^^i'^'i] usually definitely localized, so that each an-

(|;if; y ther breaks in a regular way. (rt ) The nip-

the nnth('T. In tl,:M '^r , -, ,1 ',■ .', ,,,,i i,. ,

it really has four. "The pollen is thus

emptied out practically at once, thou^^li ilif

832. Anther l^''"* "">■ ''«-'" "* "'" *"'P *""> progrtss tii

oiAzalea. thrli.i ., I , >.., ,„ , ,1, - I ili. ^. -rasses. ( 6) The
Showingde- sli. ,:.. ^. i 'I I M i;ape widely, -~

by pores, h-ri i - - i .m u.i li ^ ~ i : . ■ .i

breakage is curved, and the Hap, so re-
leased, bends outward on drying, lifting
like a hinged lid, and closing again in
dampness. Examples: Mahonia, barberry,
cinnamon.

The pollen spores are, at maturity, sin-
gle cells, each with a rather thick wall,
which is often studded with bosses, or

which the pol-
12). Examples:
nts the line of

In I

ilk-

weeds ami oiirhids ilii.: tthulo of the pollen
from each sporangium is held together in
a mass by interwoven threads (Pigs. 149,
513). By the time the .sporangia discharge
the pollen, each spore has liegun a develop-
ment which it rM.ni|>Iftcs ou the stiL:-ina to
whichitistraii-.lVnv,l. s, ,■ /.;,■/,/,;„/,„».

Carpels. — T\<' .arpd-. ai-r ilir ~|i.ii-,iiL:ial
leaves which occupy the ccutcr uf the
flower. The number of carpels is very
variable. Usually they are fewer than the
floral leaves. In most flowers the carpels "' °™'^-
are united one to another to form a structure known a
a compotmd pistil (Pigs 825, 833, 835, 836) When th

rpels are separate, each develops as a simple

833. Pistillate
flower of
Willow.
Showing one
eomponnd
pistil: s. stig-
ma: s(.style;

Of these there may be
The pistil, if simpl
ridge about the centf i
like rudiments of tli
but the growth earlj i r
rise to an elevated cii
gradually grows up^^ o

(Pigs 834, 837)

tne botinv The pistil is i tteu
) rolongi d above the ovar\ This
1 art IS the -.tijh

Anovuleisafleshj sporangium,
lacketed by one or two (larely
three) outgiowths from the base,
the mteijuments, which almost
inclose the sporangium proper
{nucellHs). Within the sporan-
gium of the ovule, several (1 to 40) spores begin to de-
velop. Of these, however, rarely more than one reaches
maturity. This spore is never set free as the pollen
spores are. It therefore acquires no thick wall, and in a

FLOWER

section of the sporangium appears as a cavity with-
in the delicate tissue which surrounds it. It later
becomes the so-called embryo sac,
within which occurs the process of
'/f\!rt(\ fertilization (which see).
V. ^ ,\ The ovuhs commonly arise upon

■ri:ijii liiiis or I'idges which project
:to the pi-til chamber, more rarely
p.. 11 tlic wloih- interior surface of the
.'ary. These lines or ridges are called
835. Section across i/lncentu:. See Figs. 825, 835, 837.
the compound Jq a simple pistil there is usually but
pistil of TuUp. one placenta ( Fig. 837). In a compound
Showing central pistji the union of the carpels may be
Fi,„5^^„ v,?"'i such as to produce a 1-chambered
.hr«.chambered ^^.^^^^ ^^ the^vary may contain as
many chambers as there are carpels
(Pig. 835). In the former case the placentte will project
iiiw iiiil from the wall of the ovary ; in the latter they
will lie aggregated at the center, from which
the\ iiiiiy project outward into the chambers of
the ovary. When theovules are numerous, the
placentte are often enlarged to form an ade-
quate surface for their attachment, as in the
potato and tomato (see also Fig. 837).

In a considerable number of plants the
ovules arise upon the torus itself, a ring of
which grows upward, cup-like. From the
edge of this cup arise the floral and sporangial
leaves, the ovules developing on its sides or
base. The carpels then form a mere roof over
the ovule chamber.

The style is sometimes slender and very
long (up to several inches; see Fig. 836);
sometimes short and thick (Pig. 833). Its
length and form are adapted to the means bv
which the pollination of the pistil is secured.
In some cases the style is practically wanting.

cells are pushed aside and partly digested
by the growing pollen tube (see Fertili-
siitinii). It is not infrequently traversed by
a caiuil, a prolongation of the ovule chamber.

(some portion of the style, or when that is
wanting a portion of the outer surface of the
ovary itself, is adapted to the reception of
the pollen .spores. This receptive surface, 835. com-
whatever its form or location, is called the pound pis-
stigma (Pigs. 833,836). In many cases the tilof catnip,
upper part of the style is enlarged into a Showing
knob or club-shaped or lobed portion, the 4-parted
area of the receptive surface being thus in- ovary.long
creased Inothercasesthestvleisdongated style.Sstig-
and the receptive surface is a long line upon """* ^"•
one 01 more sides ot the elongated st\ le In other cases
the st\ le IS much brmched, as m the grasses, and these
1 rin hps constitute the stigma At the time the pollen
I 11 ^ disthaiged the stigmatic surfaces are often
1 I 1j% a sticks secretion All of these devices are

I 1 It I >ns to insuie the lodgment adhesion and nutri-
ti 11 t the pollen spores (see Pollination)

837 Section ilfi
Showing VI,

The stimulus resulting from fertilization often accel-
erates the growth of the pistil or causes it to resume
growth if it had ceased. The various changes in size,
texture, color, etc., result in the production of fruit.
Charles Reiu Barnes.

FLOWER-DE-LUCE

FLOWEK-DE-LUCE. The origin of the Fleur-de-lis
of the French coat of arms is not known. Bj- some it is
supposed to represent the head of a spear, by others the
flower of a lil.y. It has also been derived from the
points of a rrowii and from several animal forms, as
bees and t<':i(i<. Aiii'.irfTiil\- tin' Iris has nothing to do
with the In raMir I'h iir-.li'-l i ^. This name as applied
to Iris is "f hiirr ur'iu'iii mm-I nf a purely botanical sig-
nifli'ance, rifiiiiiii; .liirilv to /. (ii rmnnica. See under
"Fleur," Larousse; Dictioiaaire du XIX Siecle, 8:450.
H. Hasselbring.

FLOWER-FENCE, BAEBADOES. Poinciann pul-
cherrima.

FLOWEE-OF-AN-HOUE. Hibiscus Trionum.

FLOWEEING MAPLE, fiee AhutUon.

FLY POISON. See Z//r/<(./f»HS.

FOLIAGE PLANTS. A term used to designate plants
whii'h are grown for the general effect of their foliage
rather than for their flowers. The terra is indehnite.
In some cases, and more correctly, it is used for plants
with unique or interesting leaves — usually colored — as
coleus, Re.K begonia, peperoniia, calatln-a, farfugium. In

and gracet'ul lial.il .- planl - ' .1 :' ' ' ' ' !m ir

general haMt (|iili.- a- i ': i the

individual l.-av.-s. (if tlii^ ia:,- i . ..■-, -, i.,!,,,-.

grevillea, screw piue. araiicaiia aru kauiiig (.xaiiijiUs.
The latter class contains the most popular commercial
subjects, and they are much used in room and table
decorations. The plants are often rented for use in
temporary decorations. For the culture of Foliage
Plants, refer to the various genera.

FONTANfiSIA (after Rem? Louiche Desfontaines,
prominent French botanist, 1752-1833, director of the
botanical garden at Paris). OteAcece. Ornamental de-
ciduous shrubs, with opposite, rather narrow, entire Ivs.
and whitish fls. in short, terminal panicles. They re-
tain the foliage unchanged until late in fall, and are well
adapted for shrubberies, growing in any good garden
soil. F. Fortunei is nearly hardy North, F. phillyrceo-
ides only half-hardy. Prop, readily by greenwood cut-
tings under glass in early summer ; also by layers, by
grafting on privet, and by seeds. Two species from
W. Asia and China. Glabrous shrubs, with slender,
quadrangular branches : fls. perfect ; calyx lobes and
petals 4 ; stamens 2, exceeding the petals : fr. a flat,
winged nutlet.

Fdrtunei, Carr. (F. Califirnica, Hort.). Shrub, to
15 ft.: Ivs. Lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate,
shining, fjuite entire, 2—1 in. long: fls. in axillary and
terminal clusters, forming a narrow, leafy panicle: fr.
broad, oval or ovate, >i->3 in. long Ma\ June thma
E.H. 1859, p. 43. -Sometimes united with the following
to which it is superior by its more vigorous growth the
darker and larger foliage, and by the gieater hardmtss

pMlIyraeoides, Lab. Shrub, to 10 ft hsovat. lincco
late or narrow-elliptic, mostly with rough minuteh den
ticulate margin, VA-2)4 in. long fls almost hi i the
former. W.Asia. L.B.C. 14 H08 Var angiistildlia,
Rehder (F. unqnstifUia, Dipp ) Lis narrow 1 mcto
late or oblong-lanceolate. Alfred Rehder

F0BA6E PLANTS are treated only incidentally m this
work, as they belong to agriculture rather th in to hor
ticulture. They are mostly grass, s i I I i

plants, and have a very large speci il I i It

which can be obtained free from tli I -- 1 ]
of Agriculture, Washington, D C W i t il In
sion of Publications,

FORCING 595

plants grow. For example, begonias are not forced: we
endeavor to protect them and to give them the season
and the conditions under whi(di they grow in the wild.
Carnations when flowered in the winter are forced, be-
cause we transpose their seasons. Chrysanthemums
blooming in October and November are not forced : they
are only protected. Sometimes the word Forcing is used

838. House constructed without rafters.

in a very special sense, to denote the production of flowers
from bulbs or tubers in a very short time under the
influence of a very high temperature. Thus, the lily-of-
the-valley may be placed in a temperature of 90° or
above, and the large buds be forced to throw out their
flowers before the plant obtains a firm foot-hold on the
soil.

A Forcing-house is a building in which plants are
forced; but the term has come to denote a simple glass-
house in which plants are grown onh for sale, in dls
tmcti n fi m private conservatories or more elaborate
stiuctuies which aie used foi the display of plants
See fr( I / cnse

The Fcicmg mdustij in \i 1 1 Here

tofoteit hns confined itstlf n which

see) 1 lit 1 ot p lants vegetal 1 ii mg

more and moie ittent n Tl rs are

the rose cam t i 1 t I I irious

bulbs The 1 imes

Of vegetal 1 pecies

IS lettuce 1 I er and

radish Oth i itance

as Forcing 1 10 1 I t lU i n t tuiit uulerglass

FOECING.

Properly, it ^
outside tliiir-
guishes F<rn'ii
house, which

orm d season This distm
Lirdinary purpose of the gliss
e the usual season m which

. this countrv Very

1 I ss mclosurc IS us 1 1 th t ) i t t the
I I I I r rnalle better r u t I i i ti truit

1 1 t I nmuchaheidof Its) ii 1 ii of this

t , 1 1 „1 isshouse giapes sn ,« I < i ii ti leally
f rc( d h wever the whole pen d of veg tition and
bloom being greatly foiwarded Much attention is now
given bv floiists to the Foicmg of hard^ plants, and
this IS one of the most delightful of h iticultuial opera-
tions foi the amateur Man> ct i i tn ] 1 ints can
be forced with the greatest s ti I 1 i tl e busi-

ness IS usually confined to ii i] i I I 1 florists'

plints

The Forcing house should be ot llit nn) U -.t construe-

596

tion. The plan should secure the greates
light, economy of space and of heating, and directness
and simplicity in every operation. The simple sash-bar
frame, without rafters (Fig. 838) is the most satisfao-

hot. Of i
cally, it
cost of n

tory when properly constructed. The side walls should
be low and the roof comparatively flat. Usually there
is no glass on the side walls. Under most conditions,
the house should run north and south, particularly if
even in span (Fig. 8;!9), but the lay ..f tin- laud and the
location of existing features usual I v di t. iniiiM tlji- direc-
tion. If the he

sloping land (Fig. 840), an uni.viii ..r l.n.ki
usually advisable. The widely different op
specting the merits and demerits of the diffei
are proof that each is good under certain circumstances.
It is the prevail
ing opinion that,
in broken spans,
the long roof
should be to the
south ; yet some
of the best newer
houses have the
short span —
whichis then very -,|
steep — facing the "^
south (Fig. 843).

In America, all
Forcing-h o u s e s
are heated by
means of small
wrought - iron
pipes, which fit
1 0 g et h e r with

threads. The old-time cast-iron flues may be employed
for conservatories, but they are too bungling for Forc-
ing-houses. Thev do not admit of .sufBcient modification
in lay-out to adapt tliim tn tlie h>in; mid oftpn crooked
runsof Forciiii; li.iu .^ lai.li^hin. Ill -. Ill, ^^ r. m ^iit-iron

aila|.t. .1 :. :,i 1,1.: and to higher temperatures.

'IIm hi. ' I, I I ircing-house is probably in the

pmiiurt.i.n nl i.iiimIiIi tn length as 1 is to 4 or 5. The
best housi-s are niri-ly less than 18 nr 20 ft. wide, and
rarely more than 30 to 35 ft. I'miu 4iMi I.. .liKI ft. is con-
sidered to be the greatest ]>ri>titali|i' IiiiL^th. Houses of
greater length are now building', but tlii'V nmst be con-
sidered an experiment. Parallel Ihhi.su.s are often
"nested" with good results,— the adjoining houses rest-
ing on a common wall. When the various houses are to
be used for one kind of crop, the partitions between
them may be omitted ; a very large space may then be
covered with practically one house without the necessity
of rearing a high roof.

The accompanying illustrations (Figs. 838-843) show
various current styles of American Forcing-houses. For
further discussion of glass houses, see Greetilwiise.
L. H. B.

The Winter Forcing of Vegetables.— The growing
of vegetables undei glass for the winter market has de-
veloped within the past ten years to
large proportions. It has grown from
the small compartment in private
houses devoted to
a small supply of

lettuce and radishes to entire ranges of modern houses,
in which are grown almost the entire list of tender vege-
tables. The special crops, however, are usually confined

pipes
has it

are I

Steam is less , a- 1 [-, m m-iall, ..ima ],-- ,ii,„ ,- ia.,|uired.
It also admits of Krcafcr vanatKin in flic luy-nut. Crooks
and obstacles are more easily overcome. In a large es-
etablishment, the place may be heated up sooner. Hot
water gives a milder heat because the pipes are less

I four, the
lettuce. ra.li-li..-, i.anat.H

The Fill. ■ I,

pies rath, ■ ! ' ■ ,. ■ ;,■
evervfbhia i,, -;,. ■/. :il, tl
kinds of veKftalilcs fore.
the same vegetable is gn
of widely different char
Skill in management an
the requirements ii, , , ;-:
tal elements, lim' ■
The former is i..,,!
imperative when t : ,
lettuce, rndisl,, i i, ! !,
vegetati\ ,■ nan , : :l

light is ii-.i . , . ,,,

841. Uneven span Forcine-house. 30 ft. wide. Hot

of which is here discussed, —
nd cucumbers,
crop is a matter of princi-
nce local conditions have
iiethoils of culture and the
It fi.,,u,.iitlv happens that
with e.|,,i,l M.ia'css in soils
r li\ (liiT.iaiit cultivators,
iient ami ,],-,■ at t ,i,i i.i.i to details are

ii,',i :,!■ 11, s.s. Two fundamen-

V ■ tiiial: heat and light.

,! I !-: the latter is almost

I : , , ., I.; , ,1. With such crops as

i, ! !, and asparagus, in which the
the plant is wanted, bright sun-
I iissary;lmtwithsuchcropsas
iinliers, melons and beans, in
, fruit isfheaim.noamountot heatwill
prove a substitute for sunlight in ripen-
ing the pollen, which is often the criti-
cal factor in the results. Therefore, a
situation where the maximum of sun-
shine may be had should be selected
if such crops are to he grown.

The construction of the house is not
a matter of the first importance. The
three - quarter span house perhaps

FORCING

furnishes as nearly as possible the best condition for
forced crops. However, an even-span or shed-roof
house grows many crops to a high degree of perfection.
As to the inside arrangement of the house, the crops
to be grown will have much to do in the matter. Cool-
house crops, as lettuce, radish, and the like, are well
grown in solid beds; while heat-loving plants, as toma-
toes, cucumbers, melons, etc., should be planted on
benches built over the pipes. This means that the cost
of building a greenhouse depends very much on what
crop one expects to grow. The saving in benches and
heat in houses devoted to cold crops is considerable,
while the ease with which such crops may be grown
recorameuds them to the beginner.

The best paying crops are probably cucumbers and
tomatoes; the most exacting, melons. The demand for
melons, however, is limited, and the cost of producing
good flavored, well ripened fruits in winter is high.
Having stated what we conceive to be underlying
principles in the winter Forcing of all vegetables, we
may consider each of the important crops separately.

LHIuce. — Ihe ideal soil for lettuce would be a well
drained gravelly or sandy loam, but with care in water-
ing a soil of heavy texture may l>e made to produce ex-
cellent crops of the loose, open varieties. The heading
or cabbage lettuce is more exacting if a fine quality is
desired. The first crop of lettuce from the houses
should be ready to use by the middle of November. For
this crop seed should be sown in September, allowing
on an average from 6 to 8 weeks for the crop to mature.
A temperature of 55°-60° through the day, with a drop
to 40° or 45° at night, will suit all varieties, but in the
case of the heading varieties a rise of 5 to 10° at the
time of heading will finish off the crop more uniformly.

Radishes require the same geuenil treatment as let-
tuce and may be grown in the same house. As radishes
mature in about half the time lettuce does, the radish
seed may be sown between the rows of young lettuce
plants, and the product is out of the way when the let-
tuce begins to need the entire space.

Tomatoes being a hothouse crop, require a tempera-
ture of 75° by day, with a drop of about 5°-10° at
night. This is one of the crops which is dependent on
the sun, because the pollen must be dry and light in or-
der to pollinate the pistils and produce fruits. The soil
for tomatoes may be on the heavy order, and contain a
large proportion of fibrous loam, with well rotted ma-
nure. As to chemical fertilizers, the best results are to
be obtained not from those rich in nitrogen, but from pot-
ash and phosphoric acid, as these elements are largely
responsible for a slower growth of plant and fruit and
a firmer texture and higher flavor of marketable product.
To obtain a good yield of fruit through the winter
months, it will be necessary to pollinate each flower.
This may be done very rapidly. The pollen is jarred
into a spoon-like receptacle, and the end of the pistil is
touched with the accumulated pollen. As spring ap-
proaches and the sun becomes stronger, a simple jar-
ring of the plants is all that is needed. As to training,
the sintrle-stem method has been found to be the best.

ich

ind

tii-. I,', Minus (Fig. 844). Plants Ir.iiti --.i, -"-mi in
August will ripen fruits about the first of .lannary, and
should continue in bearing until May. A succession
may be had by growing fresh lots in pots or boxes to
take the place of exhausted plants. The season of
forced tiiiiiat.i.'s may be thus continued until the out-
d.M.r lii'.Hlu.'i lills the market.

('urn>uh,i->^ are much forced in the eastern states.
CuruiiilMis are a very exacting crop, and need special
care in growing. The White Spine type is perhaps
more generally grown in this country than the long
Forcing cucumber of the Old World, which has been
grown and selected for its Forcing qualities for many
years. One of the reasons why the former is the more
generally grown is its ad.aptability to relatively unfav-
orable conditions. It grows in the full sunlight, is more
able to resist attacks of mildew and red spider, and sets
its fruit with more freedom than the Old World types.
One other reason mav be that the people of this country

have not become accustomed to the long, thin fruit of
the English varieties. The Englisli or forcing varieties
require partial shade through their season of growth.
Seeds sown singly in 3-
inch pots in August will,
if they have no check,
bloom and set fruits in
December. The fruits of
the White Spine type
reach edible maturity 2
and often 3 weeks before
the English type. The
houses in which cucum-
bers are grown mu.st be
arranged with heat below
the benches, as it is of
the greatest importance
that the plants make a
rapid growth and receive
no check due to the cool-
ing of the soil Tlie
soil should lie a good pasture

of the soil, the
t set in a hand
ivhich will alio

the

fic

the flowers open, hand polli-
nation will be resorted to if
the crop be of the White
Spine type. Pick a staminate
flower, strip back the corolla,
and insert the column of the
anthers into the pistillate
flower. The-English varieties
are not pollinated, unless it is
desired to secure seeds.

Melons are certainly the
most difficult of winter crops
to handle. The midn niter
ripening of the fruits requires
more painstaking care and
closer attention than any
other crop. The plants, from

seed-leaf to fruit,

must be grown in heat without the slightest
check. They should be planted on the bench
in a strong, loamy soil, which is retentive
enough to hold moisture at the roots but not
heavy enough to become sour. No shading of
the glass is required, but air should be given
freely on all days when possible. The plants
are trained as are cucumbers, except that the
central shoot should be pinched out as soon as
the plants are well established in the bench,
allowing 3 or 4 lateral bmnches to grow to the
height of 4 or 5 feet, wbni tliroo in turn should
be pinched back. In ficiiii ^ ; im- . jt is best

are open on a plant ana , , . m at the

same time, as it often li:ii i - n, iiiii ii die fruit
starts into growth some time before other flow-
ers are pollinated, the other fruits fail to set un-
til the first one reaches considerable size. Pol-
lination is accomplished in the same manner as
with cucumbers, and should be done on sunny
days, when the houses are dry. Except during
the time of setting the fruits, the house should
he moist and the leaves sprayed frequently.
The temperature of the melon house should run

FORCING

at least 5° higher than for cucumbers. Hang the fruits
in slings (Fig. 845). Melons ripening in fall or spring
are more easily managed.

Beans may be easily forced in houses where cucum-
bers or melons are growing, using rich, moist soil and
strong bottom heat. They are usually grown in pots, 3
or 4 plants in a G-inch pot. They make a very rapid
growth, and the green pods are flt to use in from 8 to 10
weeks from the time the seed is sown. While growing
the plants should be sprayed with water frequently, as
they are very subject to attacks of red spider. The bean
is self -fertile, and nee<l not be pollinated ( Fig. iUti)

Asparagus and Jilitihafh are forced from old roots
brought in from the garden, and subjected to a gentle
heat. The crop is made from the material storetl up in
the old roots, few new roots growing through the forcing
period. The old roots are thrown away after being
forced, and others brought in for the next croii. Both
these crops may be grown in out-of-the-way places, —
under the benches, in corners of the potting shed, or in
fact anywhere where heat and moisture may be had.
One method of forcing rhubarb is to grow it entirely in
the dark. This produces a very tender stalk with very
little foliage. C. E. Hcnn.

Forcing op Fruits.^ The house best adapted for
fruit-growing is one running north and south, span
roof curvilinear, with ventilation both sides, top and
bottom. It is important to be at-le t" i'i\'e a large tjuan-
tity of air, especially for ripeniiiL.' the hm,,(| after the

growth is done. The next tliinL' t'. I n-sidered is the

borders. To produce high-class fruit, perfect drain.age is
necessary. For very early forcing an inside border
will answer the purpose, but the most satisfactory way
is to have both outside and inside borders. A depth of
3 ft. of prepared soil is suflicient, with 9 in. of drainage
material on the bottom. Should there be a natural out-
let for the drainage water, well and good, otherwise ar-
tificial means must be resorted to. The width of the
outside border should be 15 ft. An outside border is
particularly advantageous for vines and peach trees,
which will last much longer in a healthy, vigorous con-
dition if allowed a root-run outside the greenhouses. A
sod cut from the pasture, suitable for growing roses,
would be ideal for the borders. The writer does not
recommend making a border very rich, for too often
young vines are poisoned with food at the start. A
sprinkling of coarse crushed bone and charcoal should
be mixed with the soil. In the use of charcoal one
should be governed by the nature of the soil ; if the
soil IS extia heavy, use charcoal more freely. A top-
dressing f cow-manure mixed with soil is a good thing
when starting a house A medium loam, neither stiff
nor too li -I I the purpose

The ti 'lenn in pots nnd tubs One

PORCIXG

with plenty of air will grow fruit satisfactorily. One of
the main points is in the watering. Should the trees get
too dry, or on the other hand saturated, the chances are
that the fruit will turn yellow and drop, but with good
judgment and a certain amount of care success is as-

FORCING

599

sured. The trees should be repotted every fall, as they
need so much water during the summer months that the
soil becomes depleted. However, one should be careful
not to overpot. A compost suitable for potted trees is a
fairly heavy loam, and say thrte parts of soil to one of
well rotted manure, with a little wood ashes and bone
meal worked in. Potted trees are interesting, as there
can be a considerable varietvof fruit grown in this way.
Figs. 847 and 848 illustrate the method of pruning.

Grapes.— In planting grape vines, 2-veur-old canes
should be set. Plant the canes 3 or 3.'.,' ft. apart. There
is nothing gained by crowding, and in planting young
vines, cut them down to about 18 in., to insure good,
established vines from the bottom. There can be no
hard and fast lines laid down as to how long the vines
will bear profitably. With good treatment they should
be profitable for 15 or 20 years. A grapery should be
started with a night temperature of 45-50° F. and a rise
of 10° or 15° with sun heat in the day. The temperature
should be raised 5° every two weeks, until a night tem-
perature of 65° is reached. After the grapes are set, a
night temperature of 70° will be the right thing The
vines should be syringed three times a daj until they
are started into growth ; then twice a dav until the foil
age gets heavy, and thereafter once ever\ bright da\ is
all that is necessary, mornings prefeiied After the
grapes commence to color, syringing should be stopped
Foliage is another thing to be considered With our hot
sun a fairly good covering is necessar\ The shoots
should be stopped at the second or third leaf bevond
the bunch, and all laterals pinched at the hrst leaf
The aim should be to have a nice covering of foliige
over the house, but avoid severe ciowding Gripe
thinning lequires good jutlgnient Alwavs make it a
practice, if possible, to thin the bunches ill that is nee
essdi J the first time, as going ovei the bunches the sec
ond time is not so satisfactory A bunch must be so
thinned tli it pulibern has loom to de\ elop without

be enough until the ,;ripes

keep full air on top 'and bottom , syiinge the foliage
if red spider makes its appearance, and \\ itti the bor
der when dry. Vines that are not intended to be stilted
until February or March should be piuned when the
wood is thoroughly ripe. The canes should be brought
down and wrapped in burlap to keep the sun ofl:' them,
and then a matter of 5° or t.° of frost in the house will do
no harm. In severe weather it pays to turn a chink of
heat in the house. As on all other fruits, there are many
varieties, but only a limited numlier of standard sorts.
For an early grape there is no better than the old stand-

ard Black Hamburg, which is easy to handle and a very
satisfactory variety. A companion to it is Buckland
Sweetwater, a white grape ripening at the same time,
though of second-rate quality. Its earliness, however,
makes it worthy of a place.

Muscat of Alexandria should have a house
to itself. To finish this noble grape to per-
fection requires more heat than ordinary. It
can be grown with fair results in a mixed
house, but where there are three compart-
ments for early, midseason and late varieties,
tlie midseason compartment should be planted
to JIuscats. Madresfield Court is also a grape
of fine quality. Unfortunately it is difficult to
handle, although it is usually planted in a
house with such easily handled varieties as
Gros Maroc, Gros Colmar, Barbarossa, Mrs.
Prince, Alicante. For another view, see Grape.
Peaches ami ,V,'.7rM-i »,•,.;.- Tlie same d.-pth
, of border rc.-Mniiii.-ii.l.-.l f..r tlir L-ran.- viii,-s
•^^>^ will be

aih

soon get into a sickly condition.

and nectarine have a tendency to rank growth
when planted in the border. Care should be taken not
to make the border too rich. It is an easy matter to ap-
plj food when the trees need it. The writer has found
a light application of wood ashes two or three times in
the season a capital thing. Crushed bone is also benefi-
cial. When starting the house, a top-dressing of soil
and cow-manure, say two of soil to one of manure,
should keep the trees in a healthy condition. One im-
portant point in starting a peach house, especially early
in the season, say the first of January or earlier, is to
start easy. Nothing is gained by rushing. There are
numerous varieties of peaches and nectarines adapted
to Forcing. The following is a selection of the best that
the writer has grown under glass : Peaches, Early —
Hale Early, Alexander, Condor, Mountain Rose, Haine's
Early; iI/((?seaso)! — Foster. Bellegarde, Noblesse, Old-
mixon Free ; £«/<-Crawford's Late, Sea Eagle, Prin-
cess of Wales, Lady Palmerston.

Nectarines, i7ar/i/-Cardinal, Early Rivers, Advance,
Lord Napier ; J/idsea.«o«— Improved Downton, Dryden,

w.

i:^i^':l

;er, Newton, Spen-
Trees for planting
in the house should be especially prepared for the
work. A year would be lost with such trees as are usu-

ally offered for sale. For plauting in the border,
choose fan-trained trees, 2 or 3 years old, providing
they have been properly transplanted. {See Priming.)

Indoor peaches and nectarines, with proper care, are
profitable for 10 years after planting. The following
temperatures for the peach house are suitable for early
Forcing : for the first two weeks, 40° by night and 50"
by day ; then a rise to 45° by night and 55° or G0° by day,
with the sun, which should carry them until their bloom-
ing period ; then 50° by night and 60° to 70° by day,
with sun heat ; after the fruit is set, a rise of 5° or 10°
on mild nights would be all right, with the day tempera-
ture correspondingly increased. Peaches delight in
fresh air; therefore air should be given at every oppor-
tunity. Syringe the trees twice a day in bright weatli in
hold off while the trees are in blossom ; after the fruit
Is set, syringe again twice every bright day, and once a
week with whale-oil soap, using enough soap to just color

FORCING

The shoot, if not needed, should be pinched, leaving
three or four leaves to develop the fruit. Trees that are
properly cared for during the summer months need
little pruning in the winter. Probably the hardest task
of all to the grower is thinning the fruit, but this must
be done. There cannot be any set number for a tree to
carry. Judgment must be used in that respect. Necta-
rines can be cropped more heavily than peaches. After
the crop is gathered, all the useless wood should be cut
away to allow plenty of light and sunshine around the
wood that is intended for the following season. When
the wood is thoroughly ripened it is in condition to
stand zero weather. The temperature of peach houses
can go down below zero without a bud bfiiiL' kil!<<). In
fact, it is not necessary to use any nrtnh mI Ii, h .niiil
starting the house. Close the house il^ i i ii-;

open up in the morning before the i ■ -• s

much, and avoid exciting the buds. S.in ^ i h.m- -i . lias
warm days during the winter months. On such tiays it
is well to keep doors as well as ventilators open.

All the peaches and nectarines recommended for the
pe:K-h house are admirably adapted for pot work.

mil' r fruits may be added to these, as apples, pears,
llinii-, c-lit-rries, figs, apri-
■"'-, tw'. (see articles nn-
il.r 111. -.; headings). The
loUowii.g are some of the
best varieties the writer
has grown: Plums — Gol-
den Esperin, Jefferson,
Denniston Superb, Green
Gage, Grand Duke, The
Czar, Early Transparent ;
Pun rs — Magnet, Princess,
Souv. du Cougres, Louise
Bonne de Jersey Pitmas
ton Duchess Beurre Diel,
J;);)?pj,— ^\ ilhams Favor
ite, Benoni, King of the
Pippins W ashmgton King
of Tompkins tount^ Belle
de Pontoise, Bismarck,
Peisgood Nonesuch,
T nih HoinikHi Thomas

i • I < \\ \i Turner

I 1 I II \1 1 \ 1 LANT'^

- Vii 11 iin d method

of oht lining large quanti
ties of flowers in wm
ter extensnely used ^^
by commercial florists ^
for cut - flowers and ^
flowering plants
Plants usuallj forced
are hyacinths, tulips, 851 Lilac pruned i r I r me

narcissus and other

Dutch bulbs, lily of the vallej, astilbe, daentia hybrid
peipetual roses, Veutzia giucihs, h\brid rhododen-
drons (if Suuniif IP ^?n/p<r »!0»is),"ind Ghentaza
leas and lilacs Foi r tl, n I ints see A G 14 402(1893)

This mode of i i 1 1 1 1 i i it sm ill cost has
ilwajs been moi ^raong plantsmen,

ind of late jear^ I i h impetus owing to

the hei\ y deman 1 1 i I n i 1 ints it 1 istii It

1 II t c nh an mexrensnt nuth(Hl 1 ii i i i

lilt « ith most plants, after a httlt n u

t II Tiling can be easily calculati i I

cold

the water. This is a good remedy for greenfly, spider,
etc., and produces a fine, glossy foliage. It is better to
disbud by degrees rather than to remove a large quan-
tity of foliage at once, which would naturally cause a
check to the tree. Disbudding requires good judgment.

stoi if,c it a tcmperjtuie suflicienth low to pre-jent
grow th this diflicultj may eventuallj be overcome Ex
cept, however, with lily-of-the-vallej , which is admir-
ably adapted to this practice, we know little of the pos-
sibilities of this form of Forcing: it is hoped that other
plants, equally useful, may be treated in this way. It
is evident that, on account of the cost of storage, bulky
pLants could not be handled.

The requirements for successful Forcing are: (1) a

FORCING

good knowledge of the plants; (2) proper preparation ;
(a I a period of rest; and (1) proper care after the plants
are brought into heat.

Those plants force most easily which bloom in spring
and early summer. Late-blooming kinds, like Shodo-
dendroH maximum, Clethra and Bi/draugea panicuhita,
var. qrandi flora, do not give good results. No success is
obtained with asters and goldenrod, unless they are
retarded. These points 'must be studied out by the
grower.

Trees and shrubs should be specially prepared for
Forcing by careful cultivation for 1 or 2 years before
use. They can be planted out of doors, with plenty of
room to develop, or they can be grown in pots; the lat-
ter method being used with vigorous plants, which are
apt to run to growth without developing flower buds
Close pruning is necessary, and root-pruning is helpful
Grafting, which has a tendency to dwarf and hasten
maturity, is also used with strong growers. Sometimes
both growing in pots and grafting are employed, as in
lilacs. Query: Could we learn anything in these par-
ticulars from the Japanese method of dwarfing plants!
A plant fit for Forcing must be compact, both top and
roots; economy in space is essential. It is now possible
to obtain from the French, Dutch and Belgian nurseries
many plants grown for this purpose. A few come pot-
grown, but most of them are from the open ground : very
little of this work is done in American nurseries. Figs.
849-851 show the methods of preparing
woody plants for Forcing.

Herbaceous plants should be pre-
pared for Forcing with equal care, and
tlie process may require several years.
1 he removal of the flower buds and
growth, umler high cultiva-
tion, in close, compact
clumps. apparently produces
the same results that prun-
ing ind graftmg accomplish
for trees and shrubs. Fig.
8-)J shows the loot-clump of
III hub prepared for Forc-

1 1 lilts thit have once been
t 1 ( ed ire commonly thrown
in -IT It IS generally cheaper
to buy new stock, but lilacs,
azaleas etc ciu be planted
out and will recover sufii-
cient strength in 2 years for
a second Forcing, or for
other use. Some species,
im, staphylea, colchicum, etc, if
Forcing, may be again forced, and
seem to do better the second year. This is probably ex-
plained by the fact that insufficient preparation was
given for the first trial, the first Forcing being really
"proper preparation" for the second Forcing.

Hardy plants must have a period of rest for success-
ful Forcing, the time required varying in different
species. One cannot tell, except by experiment, that
Paper White narcissus will force easily in November and
December, while the double Von Sion will not ; the in-
dividual equation of each kind is an element which must
be considered. There is a popular notion that freezing
will shorten the time for resting, or, at any rate, is con-
ducive to the welfare of the plant. This idea does not
seem to stand any practical test. After potting, do not
subject the plants to severe frosts ( 10 or 12° F. ) , or else
the roots, now much exposed, may suffer. The large
buds of lilac and rhododendron may also be injured if
frozen hard.

Pot the plants as soon as they ripen their growth in
autumn, beginning in September with herbaceous stock,
and continuing until severe frost. It is possible, but
not desirable, to lift some things after the ground is
frozen hard. Plants received from abroad are potted on
arrival, or, if furnished with aball like azaleas ( Fig. 849) ,
they can be stored and not potted until brought into heat.
Dutch bulbs are boxed or potted as they are received,
and buried in the earth or piled in stacks and covered
with enough leaves and litter to exclude frosts. Lily-of-
the-valley, astilbe and dicentra are kept in their pack-

FORCING

601

like Viburnmn pIU
grown on in pots af I

ing cases in a cool pit until ready for use. Large plants
in tubs and boxes can be covered with leaves and kept
out of doors, but most plants should be stored in a cool
cellar, pit or frame kept at a temperature of 35° F. ; a
temporary variation of 5° either way does no harm. It
is well to delay this storage until as late in the season as
possible, but "it must be done before severe weather.

I 4.

They can be stowed compactly, in severul tiers if neces-
sary. It must be remembered that no growth is to be
allowed while stored; it is their period of rest, and this
must be enforced. Good ventilation must be given on
bright days and every precaution taken against an ac-
cumulation of moisture : if the plants are well watered
when put away very little will be required afterwards.
Dampness is most serious with evergreens, like kalniia,
and such things as Phlox subtilala. This stock should
have the airiest positions, or it can be placed in shallow
frames 2 ft. deep, which are drier than deep pits. In
severe weather the pits are often covered with snow a
week or more, but the plants will not suffer if this hap-
pens but once or twice during the winter. At such times
mice and squirrels will make trouble unless trapped or
poisoned.

Nothing except retarded plants, a few bulbs and one
or two kinds of prunus should be brought in before No-
vember. December 15 to January 1 is as early as it is
safe to begin Forcing most hardy plants ; it will be found
that as the days lengthen the results will be more satis-
factory. At first the plants must bo kept cool, 45° F. or
thereabout. Syringe twice a day until the buds swell:
after growth starts the treatment is the same as that

854 Forced Trillium

given greenhouse plants, and they can be put in a much
warmer house if so desired. It is at this lime that care
in handling, particularly in the matter of heat, makes it
possible to time the period of blooming so accurately,
but it is impossible to give any general rules to satis-
factorily cover these matters.
A few plants, like lily-of-the-valley, can be placed di-

602 FORCING

rectly in a Forcing-box or pots, generally made over the
pipes in tlie hottest house, where a temperature of 80° to
95° F. can be maintained. They are first soalsed in water
for a day or two and then liept in this heavy heat until
flower buds are well developed (Fig. 853). Tulips, hya-
cinths and
, otlierbulbs,

azalea

h a box, but it is
dangerous, and not
good practice; better

(lowering wild pbiTits
may be forced with
satisfaction.

Although no rules
can be given for the
time required in Forc-
ing, it is knowledge
not hard to acquire
with even surprising
exactness. Nothing
is likely to require
more than three

ranging from 45° to

bringing in from the
pits. A month or six

good

February

and March, but with the saiiir iilarus ami ti'ijjperatures,
more time would be needeil laiii. r; wiili I he advarif-e of

the season, the work is ipiirk, t an. I l.ss ui rtain.

There is great difference in plaTiis. IxlMi.liMlriuln.iis ( fhe
hybrids) require eight weeks or iiion-, but one species
will often bloom in March, within twenty-four hours.
Plants like the rose, which must make a growth before
the buds form, take more time than azaleas. The differ-
ence between dull and bright weather is an important
factor, but with extra firing, or the use of the Forcing-
box, these matters even up, and the average time of
flowering is wonderfully even. In this work, a man with
good plant sense is most likely to succeed.

B.M.Watson.
FOBESTlfiEA (after Forestier, a French physician).
Syn. AdHia. Ohdrcrr. Deciduous, rarelv evergreen
trees or shrubs, witli nppn^ito. nifirr^ nr or-rmfp, ^rner-

ally rather small I--- •,-■ -■!- . ,.t\,... .._\. iK, aiid

small black or Mil i' , i> i.iiiive
value, and but nil I . . Licwn
North, except F. ■'.'(„. .:,.:'.- ;i.:.| / ... 'Alir-h
are tolerably hardy in New Kn^l I. Tin , li' -v in al-
most any soil, and are propagated li\ ^ N ami lavers.

About 15 species in N. Amer.. fnmi lllimn^ snnth ;
also in Mex. and W. Imlii-s. FN. iliir.Mmis anetalous

with or withoui
spring, before
mostly black, I
acumin&ta, I
ciduous sill III.,

clus

2-4:

Michx.). De-
.iny, glabrous:
ite-lanceolate.

clusters ; y,- :,, ,: :., :,,,, ;, ,, :, ,,,, : fr. narrow,
oblong or .j ..i..ii-,.,.l. i..i. ■;..., .-..■.n... in. long. W.
Illinois to Te.xas. .Mi.]i\. |i |;,,, \i„.i- ■>-'>'i.5 BB
2:fi03.

ligUBtrina, Poir. (.l./.'/,-/ U./Hslnim . Mi.-lix.|. Decidu-
ous shrub, to G ft., p-.ibi.scinl : Iv.s. elliplic-obovate to
oblong, obtuse, appressed-serrulate, about 1 in. long :
fls. iu fascicles : fr. sessile, short-ovoid, obtuse, }4 in.
long. Tenn. to Fla. and Ala.
F. Nio-MexicAna, Qthy. Shrub, to 10 ft.: Ivs. spathulate, al-

^"'"'^''"°- Alfred Rehdee.

FORESTEY is the rational treatment of forests; this
treatment may vary witli the object in view. Forests
may subserve various obji-.-is. giving rise to three
classes of forests: they furnivli w.iod materials for the
arts — supplj/ forenlx : tin y furnish a soil cover, which
prevents the blowing of" the soil and formation of
sand dunes, or which retards the erosion and washing

CT-,

856. Flowers of Forsythia !

a. var. Fortunei.

of the soil and regulates the waterflow, or which acts as
a barrier to cold or hot winds, and exercises other bene-
ficial influences on climate and surroundings -pro/fc-
tion forests ; or finally, they furnish enjoyment to the

FORESTRY

esthetic and sporting elements in man, as game pre-
serves and parks — /uxiu-j/ forests. Any two or all three
objects may be attained simultaneously in the same for-
est. In the end, and in a more limited sense. Forestry
is the art and business of making money from the grow-
ing of wood crops, just as agriculture and horticulture
are finally concerned in producing values from food
crops. In the economy of agriculture, wood crops may
be grown on land which is too poor for field crops.

This art is divided into two distinct and more or less
independent branches, namely silviculture, the techni-
cal branch, and forest regulation, the business branch.
Silviculture is a branch of the larger
abiect arboriculture, and comprises
all the knowledge and skill applied in
producmg the wood crop, relying
inly on natural sciences. While
horticulture and silviculture have both
) deal with trees, their object and with
it their treatment of trees
are totally different : the
orchardist works for the
fruit of the tree, the land-
scape gardener for the
pleasing form; in both
cases the object is at-
tained by the existence
of the tree and its single
individual development;
the forester is after the
substance of the tree, the
wood ; his object is finally
only attained by the re-
moval of the tree itself.
He deals with masses of
trees ratherthan individ-
uals: it is logs in quan-
tity and of desirable
quality, clear of knots,
not trees, that he is work-
ing for; hence, his treat-
ment differs from that of
the horticulturist. Since
his crop takes many
years to mature, some-
more, in order to carry on
a continuous Forestry
business, from which to

special arrangements pe-
culiar to this business
must be made: these ar-
rangements,naturally in-
fluenced by the economic
conditions of the coun-
try, form the subject of
forest regulation.

The horticulturist, as
such. is mainly interested
in the rational treatment
of such forests as have
a prntrctive value, in-
flueni-ins climatic, soil
and water conditions in
general and locally.

B. E. Feknow.

FORSYTHIA

603

FORGET

Myosotis.

ME - NOT.

FORSYTHIA (after
William Forsyth, promi-
Euglish horticultur-
ist, director of the royal
garden at Kensington,

1737-1804).

Olectc

Golden Bell. Highly
ornamental, free-flowering shrubs, with opposite,
simple or ternate Ivs. and showy yellow fls., borne in
great profusion along the slender branches in early
spring. One of the showiest early-flowering shrubs,

with handsome, clean foliage, remarkably free from in-
sects or fungi, and remaining unchanged until late in
fall. The upright forms are well adapted for the borders
of shrubberies and the pendulous form for covering
walls, fences, arbors or porches. They grow lu almost

858. Forsythia vi

(X^).

any kind of garden soil,, and are hardy North. Prop.
readily by greenwood and hardwood cuttings; also by
seeds. The branches of the pendulous form often take
root at the tips when touching the ground, and send
forth vigorous 'shoots, like some brambles or the walk-
ing-fern. Two species in China, much cult, in Japan, and
one recently discovered in southeastern Europe. Low
shrubs, glabrous throughout, with slender, quadrangu-
lar branches and opposite, serrate Ivs. : fls. 1-3, axillary,
pedicelled: calyx and corolla deeply 4-lobed, lobes of the
corolla oblong, longer than the campanulate tube ; sta-
mens 2, included : fr. a 2-celled, dehiscent capsule,
with many winged seeds.

susp6nsa, Vahl. Shrub, to 8 ft., but the branches
often lopping on the ground and taking root : Ivs.
broad-ovate or oblong-ovate, serrate, 3-4 in. long : fls.
1-3, about 1 in. long, golden yellow, tube striped orange-
yellow within ; calvx about as long as tube : capsule
ovate, about 1 in. long. China. S.Z. 3. -Two varieties
can be distinguished. Var. Si^boldi, Zabel iF. Siaboldi,
Dipp.). Fig. 855. Low shrub, with very slender, pen-
dulous or trailing branches: ivs. mostly simple, broad-
ovate or ovate. B.M.4995. F.S. 12:1253. Gn. 33, p. 563.
A. G. 13:94. G.F. 4:79. Vnr. Fdrtunei, Rehder (/'. /'rfr-
hoici', Lindl.). Fig. 8.'(i. Of more vigorous growth, with
upright or arching branches : Ivs. often ternate, ovate or
oblong-ovate : corolla with more narrow and twisted seg-
ments. R.H. 1801:291. F. s>isp,;i!!n is nn r-xfellent shrub
for the margins of groups, ticcMU^H it tiii:illy rriUs over
and meets the greensward. It cnn :il-.. I,, ti miu-d overan
arbor. Less common than i^. r/r/'/' -'„m; . luir Ijetter.

intermedia, Zabel (F. su.^/'t'iisa ^ tiridissiina}.
Shrub, with slender, erect or arching branches : Ivs.
ovate-lanceolate, sometimes 3-lobed or ternate, coarsely
serrate, 3-4 in. long : fls. almost like those of F. sks-
peiisa Fortunei. Gt. 1885:1182 and 40: p. 397. -Often
confounded with forms of F. suspensa. In- foliage it
resembles much the following, which has the Ivs. nar-
rower, always simple, usually serrate only above the
middle, with smaller teeth. It is as hardy as F. sus-
pensa and very floriferous.

viridissima, Lindl. Figs. 857, 858. Shrub, to 10 ft.,
with green; erect branches : Ivs. obloug-lanceolate or

604

FORSYTHIA

lanceolate, alwMv
above the miilili
about 1 in. lonu'
lobes of bright ,
half as longas tui
—Less hardy and

, Deg. & Bald., from Albanii

r, twisted
»lyx about
!.R. 33:39.

lanceolate, quite entire Ivs.

Alfred Rehder.

FOTHEBGlLLA (after John Fothergill
lish physician, who introduced and cultivated many
new plants, 1712-1780). Samameliddcete. Hardy orna-
mental shrubs, with alternate, deciduous, simple, dull
green Ivs. and showy spikes of white fls. iu spring with
the Ivs. : the distinct foliage resembles somewhat that
of the alder, or more that of Hamamelis, and turns yel-
low late in fall. They grow best in moist, peaty or
sandy soil. Prop, by seeds, not germinating until the
second year, or by layers, which take two years to root ;
the first species also by suckers and root-
cuttings. Two closely allied species iu the .^j^
S. AUeghanies : low shrubs, with the .«;^^^^-
branches densely stellate-pubescent: Ivs. ^£^ ^ W^
stipulate, dentate-crenate : fls. in terminal
spikes, perfect, apetalous ; calyx

FOXGLOVE

major, Lodd. {F. moiitk-ola, Ashe. F. alnifolia, var.
major, Sims). Bushy shrub, with upright branches, to
6 ft. : Ivs. broadly obovate or roundish, oval, cordate or
truncate, coarsely crenate or undulate even to the base,
sometimes nearly glabrous beneath, 2i.<-5 in. long:
spikes l>^-3 in. long, with 1-3 Ivs. at the base : stamens
J^in. lon'g, white. B.M. 1342. L.B.C. 16:1520.-Thi3
species is superior to the former on account of its dense,
pyramidal habit, larger Ivs. and showier fls.

Alfred Rehder.

FOUNTAIN PLANT. Amaranfus saJicifoUus.

FOUQUIfiKIA( Pierre Ed. Fouquier, professor of medi-
cine at Paris). Tanuiriscdcew. Candle wood. Four
species of plants from the deserts of Jle.x. and New Mex.,
of which one is cult, in the larger rockeries of Calif., and
is interesting as being an example of an order far re-
moved from the CactaceiB in fls. and fr., but reduced to
something of their habit by the desert. It is often cult.

panulate, 5-7-lobed ; stamens numerous, with the fila-
ments thickened toward the end : capsule dehiscent,
2-celled and 2-seeded.

G4rdeni, Murr. {F. alnifdlia, Linn. f. F. Carolhia,
Britt.). Low shrub, %vith generally spreading branches,
to 3 ft.: Ivs. oblong or obovate, rounded or cuneate at
the base, coarsely dentate above the middle, pubescent
and pale or glaucous beneath, 1-2 in. long : spikes ovate
or oblong, 1-2 in. long, leafless at the base ; stamens
%-ii in. long, sometimes pinkish. B.M. 1341. G.F.
8:445. L.B C.1G:1507.

1 11 1 ' fnble spmy hedge.
ii nil iitneh few hs, borne
of the spines Fls with a fun-
nel shaped tube 1 m or moie long, and 5 spieading

spWndens, Engelm. Coach-whip. Vine-Cactus. Ja-
cob's Staff. Ocotillo. Shrub, 6-10, or even 20 ft.
high, branching near the base : branches long, gray,
furrowed, erect: Ivs. obovate, rounded at apex, wedge-
shaped at base, M-1 in. long: inflor. racemose, thyrsoid :
fls. scarlet or brick-red; stamens 8-12, exserted: seeds
white, with a long fringe of spirally thickened hairs.
W. Tex. and Ariz, to S. Calif. A.G. 13:759.

F. Franceschi and W. M.

FOUECEOtA. See Furcrwa.

FOUE-0'CLOCK. .'^ee Mirabilis Jalapri.
FOXGLOVE. Digitiills.

FRAUARIA

FBAGARIA (Latin fmgrare, frai;rance, from the
smell o£ the fruit). Sosdcea. Strawberry. A small
genus of low perennial herbs in the north temperate
zone and along the American Cordilleran region. The
Ivs. are palma'tely 3-foliolate and toothed, all from the
crown of the plant: fls. white or yellow, in corymbose
racemes on slender, leafless scapes, sometimes lacking
stamens ; calyx deeply 5-lobed and reinforced by 5
sepal-like bracts ; petals 5, obovate ; stamens many,
short ; pistils many, on a conical receptacle, becoming
small and hard akenes and persisfiiii; i.i. the enlarging

receptacle. The enlarged r |ii i. !^ i . ^ pulpy and

edible in the Strawberry, ui 1 i r. but it re-

mains small in Duchesnt-:.. ~ I '-. S27. Fra-

garias propagate naturally I 'V iiiiii-.-i liimers.

The Pragarias are exceedingly ,uri..l.l.. About 130
specific names have been applied to them, but there are
probably not more than a dozen forms which are dis-
tinct enough to be clearly distinguished as species.
Bentham and Hooker would reduce them all to three or
four species. Of the true Fragarias, four species-types

FRAGRANT I3ALM

605

white below, blunt-toothed : fl. -clusters forking and
long-rayed, the peduncle short, soon lopping on the
ground: runners mostly appearing after the fruit is
gone: berry large and firm, dark -colored, more or less
musky in flavor, reinforced by a very large calyx or
hull. Pacific coast region of S. Amer. A common wild
Strawberry of the Pacific slope of N. Amer. is referred
to this species, but it is a question whether it is identi-
cal with the S. American form.

Var. ananissa, Hort. (F. anandssa, F. tlncta, F.
calyculAta, Duchesne. F. grandiflbra, Ehrh.). Pine
Stkawberby. Common Garden Strawberry. Taller
growing: Ivs. larger and thinner, mostly lighter green
on both sides : fr. larger, running into very many kinds.

Virginiina, Duchesne (F. lowlnsis and F. IlUnoin-
sis, Prince). Scaklet or Virginian Strawberry.
Figs. 860, 861, 862. More slender: Ivs. thinner, light

green above and bek
veins: fl. -clusters sn
the top of a rather Ic

, the upper surface with sunken
ill, with a few hanging fruits at
ig peduncle: runners usually ap-
pearing with the fruit: berry
small, light scarlet, globular or
oblong-conical, usually with a
constriction or nor-k unrirvneath
the moderates./i'l i-;ilv\ ur
hull. E. North AnHr.-^\:i,i-
able. The larger nn^.nMir hairy
forma have buLU sti-arattil as
var. lUinohisis, Gray, but it is
diflicult to define them from the
type; and the same is true of
the boreal forms, which have
been detached as J*'. Canaden-
sis, Michx. A few early varie-
ties of Strawberries, as Crystal
City, seem to be wholly or
partly of F. Virginiana origin.

BB Lvs. normally shorter than
the fl. -clusters : akenes
nsually not sunken in the
flesh of the berry.
v63ca, Linn. {F. semperflb-
jfjis, Duchesne). Alpine and
Perpetual Stra wberri es.
Erect and dark green, only
sparsely hairy, the lvs. thin and light green as com-
pared with the foregoing species, very sharp-toothed :
fl.-cluster small, forking, erect : In-rry firm, small,
usually oblong-oonical, the al. im \.r., i.n.minent ;
hull spreading. Eu.-The Ai ; i . niative of

861. Fragaria Virginiana.

are intcre.stiiiL' to tiic liorticulturist as the parents of
til. jM.irn >: ,,r 1.. ,,;-,- F. Chiloensis, the Original of
|1m I , I , strawberries of America ; F.

I . - I I . irlydomesticated, and of which

so tra.'r III! iriiiains in cultivated Varieties ; F.mos-

c/m/c, tlio Ilaiitljciis, and F . vesca , the alpine and per-
petual Strawberries, which are little cultivated in this
country. Aside from these, the Indian Strawberry, or
Duchesnea, is cultivated as a basket and rock plant.
For a sketch of the evolution of Strawberries, see Essay
25, Bailey's "Survival of the Unlike." The classical
work on Strawberries is Duchesne's "Histoire Naturelle
des Fraisiers." 1766. See Strawberry.

A. True Strawberries, bearing an edible "berry" {or

receptacle), and with a more or less upright habit:
fls. white.

B. Lfs. normally overtopping the fls. and fr.: akenes

mostly sunken in the flesh of the berry.

Chiloensis, Duchesne. Pig. 859. Low, but stout in all

its parts: lvs. thick, more or less glossy above, bluish

this species-common

n V

j-OO. 1 - ■ , !

t liy some

to be a distinct specie

s, a

nd ii li:i- 1 . . ■ 1 . i .i

ilu- name

F.America,,., p'- t

h.

' it i> .lo.il.llul il

It can he

separated, s. - 1 -

, ^i;i. The true J-

thought to 1..

.iiiiralized eastw

ml. The

native plant - :

iiite fruit. The c

lit. forms

iiiry, but the quality is high,

and they are dnsi-ryi

of more attention

in home

grounds. Variable in c

lit

There is a form w

th leaflets

reduce,! to one (F. m

inophyUa, Duchesne,

B.M. 63).

This type of Stra;yl.,-r

V

Hars mor mtiiill

usly than

F. ri,'! ..,..■ ai:.l /■.

-,,..'„..' Til.' -r. ,•;

1,m1 Mexi-

■ n intro-

dur. .lit 11
Otii.-r h-ilil ..' Ihr '.r-r;

i, ;,',„, ,'i','|„,,,,,'

i.li isan-
siope,the

ty|Ju [lossiliiy may iju

resented liy i''. C,

lifurnicu.

Cham. <Si Schlecht.

moscMta, Duchesne (F. elAtior, Ehrh.). Hautbois.
Taller, usually dioecious, more pubescent, the calyx or
hull strongly' reflexed from the fruit: berry dull red,
musky. Eu.— Cult, forms rarely seen in Amer.

aa. Duchesnea. Receptacle less fleshy, tasteless: habit
trailing: fls. yellow.

tndica, Andr. Neat trailing plant with small obovate
crenate-dentate leaflets, solitary long-pedicelled fls.,
and calyx bracts toothed. India. Naturalized E. -Very
useful as a basket trailer. l. pj. B.

FKAGKANT BALM. Monarda didyma.

606 FRAME

FRAME. Fip. 8G5. A box without permanent top or
bottom which is designed, when covered with gliisa or
other transparent material, as a place in which to grow
plants. When supplied with artificial bottom heat, the
frame is part of a hotbed ; when supplied only with sun

fll^ f |^|^1<'^'''^/ -J^X

I

m

864. Fruit of Fragaru

Nit s,iz,

heat, it is part of a coldframe. The Fr:ime niuy be of
any size, but the normal size is 6 x 12 ft., an area which
accommodates four 3 X C ft. sashes; and this 0x12 area is
understood when one speaks of "a Frame." See ffot-
*<"'■ L. H. B.

FKANClSCEA, Included with Britnfelsia.

FRANCOA (Fr. Franco, Valencia, sixteenth century).
S«rifraii()rea . Three species of Chilean perennial
herbs, with turnip-like (lyrate) Ivs. and terminal, dense
racemes of white or pink fls. borne in summer. They
are interesting as having points in common with Cras-
sulaceae, Rosaceie, Galax and even I>ini)ii-a. Tbev grow
about 2 ft. high, and in tlir >,,,.. i ni,i ,,. ri;;,,- lip win-
tered in a coldframe. s I I pilose
or tomentose: rhiy.onio Hi n ■: . : : : ~."i;lan-
dular-dentate: fls. 1 in. nn.., , n- i;i;nn n . :;-. m i;,oemes
6 in. long: floral parts in 4 s, rarclv us; putals obovate,
clawed.

A. FJs. while.

ramdsa, D. Don. Taller, woodier and more
branching than the others, and distinguished
by pubescent infloi-escence. Leaf-stalks not
margined: fls. smaller. Hardy at Washington,
D. C, according to J. Saul, with spikes 2 ft.
long and 1 in. thick.

AA. Fls. mostly pink.

B. Leaf-stalks broadly winged at the base.

Bonohifdlia, Cav. Lower lobes continuous with
the broad margin at the base of the leaf -stalk:
petals deep rose, dark-spotted. B.M. 3309.

BB. Leaf-stalks not loinged at the base.

appendicuUta, Cav. Lower lobes distant from the
base of the stalk: petals pale rose, rarely spotted. B.JI.
3178 (shows a white longitudinal band on petals). B.R.
19:1645, where Lindley said (1833), "It thrives better if

lii-ters of dull
oniraonly dark-
corolla wheel-

FRAXIXrS

constantly kipt in a greenhouse, especially if it be
planted in the open soil, where it can be freely exposed
to light and air, without which the beautiful spots of its
petals are scarcely developed." His plate shows 4 pretty
red spots near the base of each petal. L.B.C. 19;18G4,
erroneously named F. sonchi folia, has the midveins and
bases of the side veins of the petals dark red. ■^_ jj

FBASEBA (John Fraser, English botanist, collected
in America 1785-96 and publi-^^hc.l Wnltrr's Flora Caro-

liuiana). Gentian iiceo'. f-i 1 ■ ... siout herbs,

all North American, and iili l < '-ti-rn will] a

single stem from thick, liii:. - :> luiial roots,

opposite or whorled Ivs., :up1 >■ umi,-.
« hite, yellowish or bluish fls. wlik-li ar
■ spotted ; calyx deeply 4-parted
_^^^ shaped, 4-parted, persistent.

' A. Lvs. in whorls of 4-G, not white-margined.

^?*" specldaa, Dougl. Fls. greenish white or barely
tinged bluish, dark-dotted : 2 glands on each
'yH- corolla lobe. — Cult, by D. M.Andrews, Boulder,
^ Colo.

AA. Lvs. in i's orS's, white-margined.
B. Height 2-3 ft.: fls. whitish, dark-dotted.
P4rryi,Torr. Lvs. opposite or in 3's: 1 notched
.,'Iand on each corolla lobe.— Int. 1891 by Orcutt, San
Diego.

BB. Heights-Sin.; fls. bluish.
CilBickii, Gray. Lvs. opposite : 1 gland reaching from
near the base to near the middle of each corolla lobe.—
Adv. 1889 by F. H. Horsford, Charlotte, Xt. xi-_ ji_

FBAXINELLA. See Dictamnus.

FRAXINUS (ancient Latin name). OleAcea-. Ash.
Hardy ornamental trees, with deciduous, opposite, pin-
nate, rather large lvs. and small fls. in panicles, either
appearing before the lvs. and greenish, or in the subge-
nus Ornus after or with lvs. and whitish in showy pani-
cles : the winged fr. is insignificant. They are valuable
as street and park trees, and grow mostly into tall, pyr-
amidal or broad-headed trees, with rather light green
foliage, which turns yellow or dark purple in fall or re-
mains green, as in F. excelsior and Ornus. The Ash is
seldom severely injured, though a number of insects
and fungi prey on the lvs, and wood, of which two borers,
and a fungus atta.Kin- fli I ■,. :irf perhaps the most
obnoxious. Jlostii ip hardy North except

those frcini tlio m m.^ -i.uthern Europe and

Himahivas ; of tl.. >,,.. _ > nu- i n hiis.ii'. Biingeana and
F. l:t„,,ii-i(si,;s sciii tu L,L liie li.ndiest. The Ashes are
iin]".rtMiit f<.rist trees, and the straight-grained and

to»i.'li \v 1 is much used for handles of tools, in the

niaiml'artmc of carriages and wagons, for the interior
flnisli of bouses, .and for furniture, for baskets and also
for fuel. From F. Ornus manna is obtained as an exu-
dation of the trunk, and some Chinese species yield the
Chinese white wax. The Ashes grow in almost any
moderately moist soil, F. nigra being somewhat more
■e-loving. while i*'. OTyearpa,F. Ornus, F. Sogdi-

~ "^ 865 A Frame

It accommodites four sashes
ana and F. ciispidata grow well even in drier situations.
They are generally readily transplanted and grow rapidly
when young. Prop, by seeds gathered in fall and sown
immediately, or stratified and sown in spring, covered
about] in. high with good soil; sometimes remain dor-

FRAXINUS

raant until the second year. The
kinds are budded in late summer or grafted in spring
on the seedlings of any of the common species. About
40 species in the temperate region of the northern hemi-
sphere south to Cuba; about 15 of the species grow in
N. Amer. and nearly as many in E. Asia. Trees or
shrubs, with odd-pinnate, rarely simple, opposite Ivs.
without stipules : fls. in panicles, dicecious or polyga-
mous, with or without calyx or with calyx and a 2-6-
parted corolla with generally linear segments; stamens
generally 2 : ovary 2-celled : fr. a 1-seeded, winged

FRAXINUS

607

acuminat-\ 7

lentisnfoha 17

pofaraoplnla, 18.

Amen, ma 7

longieuspis 3

j)i(6("irc(i4 9.

nllm 7

M-md^churica 15

pubmerMS. 5.

Bosii 9

monophylH 16

quadrangulata. 13.

nigra 14

ictundifaUa, 1 and

Carohnnni 12

^iDce Anqlia 7

suppl

eiiiptira '

Oregnm 11

rufa lb

Omus 1

sambtiuMw. 14.

'nunbimda 1 •ind

suppl

par\ifolia 3 r

^leboldi ma, 4.

jugl indifolii 7

PennsTlv.ni . 0

^nipluifilin. 10.

lanceoHti b

plitnana 1

,// f 8

BB. Winter-buds brown or nearly black.

c. Corolla divided to the base : stamens with rather

long filaments.

3. longiciispis, Sieb. & Zuco. Slender tree, to 30 ft.,
with rufously pubescent winter-buds: Ifts. 5-7, stalked,
oblong-lanceolate, long-acuminate, obtusely serrate, al-
most glabrous, 2-4 in. long : tls. in rather slender, nar-
row panicles, to 4 in. long ; petals linear, acute : fr. ob-
lanceolate. May. Japan.

4. Sieboldiina, Blume. Small tree : winter-buds
mostly glabrous and often almost black : Ifts. 5-7, al-
most sessile, elliptic or oblong-lanceolate, acuminate,
serrate, usually pubescent along the midrib beneath,
2-4 in. long : panicles like the former ; petals linear-
spatulate, obtuse : fr. oblanceolate. May. Jap., Corea.

5. pubin^rvis, Blume. Small tree : Ifts. 7-11, ovate or
ovate-obloug, acute or acuminate, serrate, pubescent on
the veins beneath, lH-4 in. long ; panicles less narrow
than in the former : petals small and caducous. Jap.
— Probably J^. serratitoUa, Hort., belongs here.

anthers almost sessile.
or small tree, to 20 ft.,

cc. Corolla with sho
(J. cuspidata, Torr.
fith dark, reddish brown buds : Ifts. usually 7, slende
talked, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acuminate,
ly serrate, almost glabrous, l\>-2 in. long: fls.
fragrant, in 3-4-in. long panicles : fr. spatulate-oblong.
April. Texas to Arizona and N. Mex. S.S. 6:260.-
Handsome flowering tree for temperate regions.
A.\. Fls. n-itliout corolla, appearing before the Ivs.

v.. Fix. diucions, with the calyx per-
sistent on the fr.: anthers Un-
to r or lioKtr-oblong : Ifts. gen-
cniltii .'.-.-; buds brown. {Sub-
,,,nns Lcplotix.)
0. Fr. ol'hi uc< i'liftc or lanceolate.
D. livanrhe.^ and }n tioles glabrous.
7. Americl.na, Linn. {F. Ndvce-
Anglite, Mill. /'. alba, Marsh.).
White Ash. Fig. 867. Tall tree, to
120 ft.: Ifts. generally 7, stalked,
ovate to ovate-lanceolate, entire or
denticulate, dark green above, glau-

th, ;i-5 i

268. Em. 37

866. Fraxinus excelsior (X %).

A. Fls. with calyx and corolla perfect or polygamous.
{Subgenus Ornus.)
B. Winter-buds gray.

1. 6mus, Linn. {F. floribunda, Hort., not Wall.).
Small tree, becoming 25 ft.: IftS. generally 7, stalked,
oblong-ovate or ovate, irregularly serrate, rufously pu-
bescent on the midrib beneath, 2-3J-^ in. long : fls.
whitish, fragrant, in dense, terminal panicles 3-5 in.
long : fr. erect, narrow-oblong, truncate or eraarginate
at the apex, about 1 in. long. May, June. 8. Eu.. W.
Asia. Hn.48,p.286.-Var.latifdUa,Ait.(F.r(i^(H,^7o/i«,
Hort., not Lam.). Lfts. roundish ovate or broadly
ovate-oblong.

2. Bungeina, DC. Small tree, to 15 ft., or shrub:
lfts. generally 5, stalked, ovate, obovate or roundish,
obtuse to short-acuminate, serrate, glabrous, 1-1 ^ 2 i^-
long : panicles to 2'o' in. long, many-fld. fr. narrow"-ob-
long, obtuse or emarginate. May. China. O.F. 7:5.-
Var. parvifolia, Dipp. Lfts. about 1 in. long, broadly
rhombic or roundish.

irolilong, with terete body,
iving n..t decurrent, 1% in.
■. From Canada to Fla.,
t to Minnesota and Texas,
variable. V'ar. acuminita,
Wesm. [F. acuminata. Lam. /'. epiptira, Michx. F.
Americana, va,r. glauca, Hort.). Lfts. dark green and
shining above, very glaucous and almost glabrous be-
neath, entire. Var. juglandifdlia, Rehd. (F.
higlandifolia, Lam.). Lfts. less shining
above, usually broader, more or less pubes-
eath, serrate at least above the
middle. This is the northern form, while
the former is more common in the southern
states. Var. &lbo-marginJtta, Hort. Lfts.
edged white.

8. lanceoUta, Borkh. (F. vlridis, Michx.
in part. F. Pennsylvdnica, var. lanceolhta.
Sarg.). Green Ash. Tree, to 60 ft.: lfts.
5-9, short-stalked, ovate to oblong-lanceo-
late, irregularly serrate, green on both
sides, almost glabrous, 2-5 in. long : fr.
oblanceolate, with decurrent wing, hence
body margined, about IH in. long. Canada
to Fla., west to Rocky Mts. S.S. 6:272.

DD, Branches, petioles and Ivs. beneath

pubescent, at least when young. "or'key of'

9. Pennsylvanica, Marsb. {F. publscens, Fraxinus
Lam.). Red Ash. Tree, to 60 ft. : lfts. 5-9, Americana.
stalked, ovate to oblong-lanceolate, acumi- Nat. size,
nate, crenately serrate or entire, pubescent
beneath, 3-6 in. long: fr. linear-spatulate, about 2 in.
long, with somewhat decurrent wing. Canada to Fla.,
west to Dakota and Mo. S.S. 6:271. -Var. aucubaefblia,
Hort. Lvs. blotched yellow, less pubescent. Var. Bosci,

bus FRAXIXl'S

Hort. With dark green, shinins; foliage. Var. pannftsa,
Hort. Similar to the former, but Ivs. larger and nar-
rower.

10. veliitina, Torr. (F. pistaciiBfrVia.Torr.}. Tree, to
40 ft., with velvety pubescent, rarely glabrous branches:
Ifts. 5-9, sometimes reduced to 3 or even 1, short-
stalked, oval to lanceolate, entire or remotely serrate,
yellowish green, firm and thick at maturity, pubescent
or nearly glabrous beneath, 2-t in. long : fr. spatulate,
with marginless body. Texas to Arizona and N. Mexico.
S.S. 6:267.-Not hardy North.

11. Oregdna, Nutt. Tree, to 80 ft.: petioles sometimes
glabrous at length : Ifts. 7-9, almost sessile or short-
stalked, oblong or elliptic, acuminate, entire or ob-
scurely and remotely serrate, light green, 2J^-6 in. long,
thick and firm at maturity : fr. oblong-obovate, with de-
current wing, about 1)^ in. long. Wash, to Calif. S. S.
6:276.

cc. Fr, elliptic or broadly spatulate^ hodif compressed
with the wing all around.

12. Caroliniina, Lam. {F. platycdrpa, Michx.).
Water Ash. Tree, to 40 ft., with pubescent or gla-
brous branches : Ifts. 5-7, stalked, ovate or oblong,
acuminate, .serrate, rarely entire, pubescent or gla-
brous beneath, 2-5 in. long: fr. 1-2 in. long, with pin-
nately veined wing, often 3-winged. Virginia to Fla.,
west to Arkansas and Texas. S.S. 6:274-75.
BB. ^"(8. without calyx {only No. IS has a deciduous

minute calyx): anthers cordate, rarely broadly
oblong: Ifts, generally more than 7, nearly gla-
brous. (Subgenus Frazinaster.)
c. Branches 4-angled and usually winged.

13. quadrangulita, Michx. Blue Ash. Tree,
rarely 120 tt Ifts. 7-11, short-stalked, ovate to lanceo-

I ite, acuminate, sharply serrate, yellowish
green on both sides, 3-5 in. long: fls. per-
fect: fr. oblong, emarginate, winged all
tround, 1-2 in. long. From Michigan to
\rkansas and Tennessee. S.S. 6:263.

FRAXIXrS

F. rufa, Hort., not Bosc). Lvs. simple or 3-parted,
usually incisely dentate. Var. monophylla, O. Ktze. (>'.
monophylla, Desf. F. simplicifolia, Willd.). Lvs.
simple, ovate, serrate, rarely with 1 or 2 small Ifts. at
the base. Var. nana, Loud. (var. polemoniifolia,
var. globosa, Hort.). A compact, slow growing, dwarf
form with very small lvs. Var. p^ndula, Ait. With
pendulous branches. One of the best pendulous trees
for forming arbors and shady seats.

EE. Suds brown.
17. parvifdlia. Lam. {F. lentiscifolia, Desf.). Shrub
or small tree, to 15 ft., with slender, often purplish
branches: Ifts. 7-13, sessile, obovate or obovate-lanceo-
late, acute, serrate, 1-2 in. long: fr. oblong, obtuse or
acute. W. Asia, S. Europe. Var. p^ndula, Dipp., with
pendulous branches, forming a graceful small weeping

IS. potamAphila, Herd. Small tree, to 30 ft., with
rather stout, upright branches : Ifts. 7-13, stalked,
rhombic-ovate or ovate-lanceolate, serrate, acute or
acuminate, i-'2}4 in. long : fr. linear-oblong, Turkes-
tan Songaria

F angustifbha Vahl Allied to F parvifoha Lfts oblong-
lanceolate or lanceolate seirate to 3 m lone fe tu \ Atr ,
W Asn -i^ nnomafa W Its Smill tree to 20 ft with quad-
rangular branches l\s imple or pmn ite roundibU or round-

Utah bS b -bH-F,

ditolia but in gtrdeus

1 f rms ire cult under

\l)t 1 f-) F linceolata.

1 r I itt downy along

S S 6 27a -

Tree to W ft :

pubescent be-

with elliptic.

irly

D. Bio

lfts, u-iththirk nitons (.,,„■ nliim.

14. nigra,Marsli. ( /■•..«(«i/,»ri/V,/;„.Lam.).
Black Ash. Fig. SOS. Tree, to 80 ft.: Ifts.
9-11, sessile, oblong-lanceolate, rounded at
the base, acuminate, sharply serrate, green
on both sides, dark above, 3-6 in. long:
anthers broadly oblong: fr. narrow-oblnnir,
with decurrent wing. From Canada to Vir-
ginia, west to Mo. S.S. 5:264-65. Em. 382.

15. Mandschilrica, Rupr. Tree, to 100 ft.,
8o8. hey of with obtusely quadrangular branches and

Fraxinua dark brown buds : lfts. 9-11, almost

nigra. ovate to oblong-lanceolate, sharply serrate,

Nat. size. pubescent or hispid on the veins beneath,

3-6 in. long: fr. oblong-lanceolate, 1-lK in.

long. Manchuria, Cores, Saghalin, Japan. Valuable

tree of vigorous growth.

DD. Bloom perfect or polygamous : rachi

itho

E. Buds black.
16. ezc^Uior, Linn. Fig. 866. Tall tree, to 120 ft.: buds
tlack: lfts. 9-13, almost sessile, oblong-ovate or
lanceolate, acute oracuminate, serrate, dark green above,
paler beneath, 2-5 in. long: fr. oblong, often emargi-
nate, about V/i in. long. Eu., W. Asia. Many different
varieties are cultivated, some of the most distinct being
the following: Var. 41bo-margin4ta, Hort. Lfts. edged
white. Var. 41bo-varieg4ta, Hort. Lfts. blotched white.
Var. ailrea, Loud. With yellow branches. Var. adrea
p6udula. Loud. With pendulous yellow branches, but
a somewhat weak grower. Var. asplenifblia, O. Ktze.
(var. scolopeiidrifolia, Hort.). Lfts. very narrow, al-
most linear. Var. crispa, Willd. ( var. atrnrirens, Hort.,
var. ciicHllata, Hort.), with very dark gr.'en curled and
twisted lvs. ; of slow growth. Var. diversifdiia, Ait. ( F.
Jielerophylla, Vahl. F. simplicifolia laciniata, Hort.

marginless body. N. Carolina.— F. dimdrpha, Coss. & Dur. Al-
lied to F. xanthoxyloides. Shrub: lfts. 5-7, roundish ovate to
oblong, orenntelv serrate, ^-1 in. long. N. Africa. Tender.—/".
dl><"(a(n, n...ili, A: Arn. Allied to F. c-uspidata. Slinib : lfts.

5-7.ellilili' "I-. a;,... .-.rr;,lr..r...:;ir,. ' , _',,, I.Mi- lU ivith 2

ol)ovutr i. ■ ^ h - - ' '.: T ■ ' ■ r flori-

bund,:, w I I ills. .5-7,

F, areggi. Gray. Allit

oblong-obovate,

long. China. B.M. 667^.-
Bieb.). Allied to F. pan-ifoliii. Tree, to 60 ft.: Ifts. 5-11, lanceo
late, serrate, pubescent along the midrib beneath, l%-3 in. long:
fr. oblanoeolate, acute. S. Eu., W. Asia.— F. profunda. Bush
Allied to F. Peunsylvanica. Lfts. 7-9, oblong-lanceolate, acumi
nate, entire. 3-6 in. long, tomeutose beneath: fr. 2-2^ in. long,
with decurrent wing. Ark., Mo.— jP. raffeocarpa, Regel. Mhnib:
lfts. 3-7, oblong or obloug-obovate, usually entire, obtuse, 1-2 in,
strongly falcate, with obovate not decurreut wing,
Buchar.— -F. JRegell, Dipp. Probably on"
F. potamophila. with darker green, broader and less
lfts. Turkestan.— J", rhynchophylla. Hanee. Large tree:
buds large, thickly covered with rufous tomentum : lfts.
5, oblong-obovate. remotely crenate-serrate, 2--4 in. long:
fls. perfect, apetalous, with a calyx. China. G.F. 6:485.—
F. rotundifblia. Lam. Allied to F. Ornus. Small tree, to
25 ft.: lfts. 5-9, roundish or roundish obovate. irregularly
serrate. S. Europe. -J'. Sogdidna, Bge. Allied to F. an-
gustifolia. Stnnll tri^er Ivs. often in 3's and rathi

!SeSa,

FREESIA bU9

probable course of evoluf ion ami degeneration in Freesias
is pictured in Gng. 7:1'.)7 and A.F. U:1179. In the pur-
suit of either ideal, the yellow spots have been con-
sidered objectionable. The original stock seems to have
a trace of violet color, which sometimes shows itself in
varying intensity, sometimes in spots or lines, some-
times in a suffused tint. Lately some fine effects are
said to have been secured with this minor color, but
it is doubtful if the violet hue will ever produce any-
thing of the first importance. Less important pictures
of Freesias are in Mn. 8, p. 87. A.G. 17:,-.39. Gn. 51. p.
304. G.C. III. 3:588; 19:391, 392, 397. The writer has
not seen the olderflgures in Jacq. Ic. t.241.

crowded :

Til-

;idly I

long. Turk
Allied to F. parvifolia
I, oblong-lanceolate, serrate,
Sarg. Allied to F '

Texas, s
. Duh., is a v.ir. of P. Oniu^, 1
forms are sometimes cult, under this nam,
Carr.=r. Sogdiana.— i^. arailf/iolyioidfS, W ,.,
tree, to 2.i ft.-, lfts. 5-9, oblong, crenulatf s,
Himalayas. Belongs 1 '

feet apetalous fls. with calyx.

Alfred Rehder.

FB££SIA (the author of this genus never expl
the name). IrldtLce(JE. Freesias (Fig. 8t>9) are ann
the dozen most popular bulbous plants for fall planting
and winter blooming, and next to the Chinese narcis-
sus, which can be grown in pure water, they flourish
in home windows with less care than most other
bulbs. They have tubular fls., white or pale yellow,
borne in a pretty fashion that makes them amongst
the most highly individualized of all garden plants.
Tlie 5-7 fls. are upright and strung along a jointed axis
wiiich is suddenly bent back almost at right angles to
the vertical peduncle. (This habit is an accentuation of
tliut of Tritonia, from which Freesia is essentially dis-
tinguished by the 2-cut style.) Of the splendid and
almost numberless bulbs from the Cape of Good Hope
(including the iris, amaryllis, and lily families) Free-
sias are, next to gladiolus, the most popular, though
not so variable as Ixias. This popularity is a growth
of the last quarter century or less, though Freesias have
been in cultivation since 1816 or earlier. Conservative
botanists now suppose that the Freesias are all origi-
nally of one stock, which species should be called F.
n-friicta. The extremes of variation in form are shown
in Figs. 809 and 870, from the long and slender tube of
var. uIIjii to the short and broader tube of var. Leirht-
tiiiii. One of the earliest pictures of the plant is that in
the Botanical Register for 1816 (Plate 135, as Triti„,ia
refydcta), a part of which is reproduced in Fig. 870 to
show the great irregularity of the corolla lobes at that
early period, and the straggling habit of the fls., some
pointing down and others up. The colors in the plate
are unattractive, almost repulsive, being a sickly green
throughout, with a strong orange color on the tips of the
3 lower lobes. The garden evolution of the Freesias has
proceeded along two lines. The greatest effort has been
expended to produce a pure white flower, and in the best
strains the white color is mostly associated with a
long and slender tube. The ideal of a yellow flower is
less popular, and is mostly associated with the shorter
and broader tube. In both cases the forms with strag-
gling inflorescence and irregular corolla lobes have
been relentlessly suppressed. One may easily see how
strongly 2-lipped and gaping were the flowers of 1816,
and how strongly the tube was bulged upon one side.
Any tendencies toward such forms in modern bulbs are
signs of degeneration or carelessness somewhere. In
pedigree plants the lobes are beautifully rounded and
the flowers symmetrical. Perhaps the most charming
picture of the two prevailing ideals is Plate 3-17 of the
Garden, vol. 22, 1882. One of the earliest pictures of
the short- and broad-tubed yellow type is that in L.B.C.
19:1820, published in 1832 as Tritdnia odorcita. The

870. Freesia refracta.

it was in 1816. with i
modern flower of vai
alba at the left.

The following points
are taken with only tri-
fling changes from F.
A. Waugh's review of
Freesias in Gng. 7:190 :
"As a florist's flower the
white Freesias are most
valuable, the whiter the
better. The original type
of Freesia refracta evi-
dently had a strong ten-
dency toward the yellow
color; this keeps turning
up with great persistence in F. refracta alba. There is
always a certain per cent of yellow mixture, even in the
finest strains. Sometimes it is only 2-3 per cent; some-
times it is 50 per cent; usually it runs about 5-10 per
cent. The causes of this are not certain. A Californian
makes a quasi admission of the allegation that Ameri-
can grown stock shows more yellow than the European
grown, and suggests that the strong sunlight of his
state accounts for the tendency toward yellow fls. Ex-
periments by V. A. Clark show that the yellow color is
formed under the direct oxidizing influence of sunlight.
In general it seems that the greater amount of yellow is
correlated with stronger growth. Plants which grow
very vigorously show darker green leaves and more of
the peculiar sulfur color. White flowers are often, like
white leaves, a sign of weakness in the plant. This
makes it difficult to keep a stock of Freesias vigorous
and at the same time selected to a high degree of purity
as regards the flowers."

Freesias are much forced by florists, chiefly for cut-
flowers at Christmas. If cut when only 2 fls. are out,
the rest will open. They can be had in flower from
Christmas until June by successional plantings from
Aug. to Feb. For the best results the largest and high-
est priced bulbs should be planted as early as Aug. One
of th J strong points of Freesias, however, is that plant-
ing may be delayed longer than with many other bulbs.
Bulbs may be dried off gradually in the pots and kept
dry during summer. Repot ; the larger bulbs will bloom,
but will not give so good results as medium size imported
bulbs not previously forced.

610

FKEESIA

FRITILLARIA

In tlie home window Freesias will flower in 6 weeks
after growth starts. Their fragrance is lielightful.
They are not so particular as the other important bulbs
about being potted long before they are wanted for forc-
ing and stored in a cool place, where the tops are held
back while the roots develop. Be careful to have good
drainage. There is danger of orerwatering until the
plants are in flower.

The wholesale production of Freesia bulbs is an im-
portant indu.stry. The Channel Islands have long been
known as one of the most favored localities for growing
Cape bulbs. Freesias are comparatively little grown in
Holland. The centers of the industry seem to be shift-
ing. The Bermuda Islands now have a small share of
the trade, and California has the largest share of any of
the American states at present.

raggling :

refrdcta, Klatt. Fig. 870. The original type no longer
in cultivation. Lvs. linear; spathe-valves small, oblong-
lanceolate, scarious.

AA. Fls. and inflorescence more nearly regular: colors

purer; spots not prominent.
B. Tube typically long, slender and gradually narrowed.
Lvs. and spathe-valves as in

BB. Tube typically short, broad, suddenly constrictfd.
c. Color pale yellow.
Var. Lelchtlinii. Fig. 8G9. There is a subvariety
niaytr int. by Sutton.

cc. Color bright yellow.

Var. odor4ta. Lvs. broader and less rigid than in the

type: spathe-valves broader and more obtuse. Subva-

rieties with various colors are Idctea, lilac'ina, formdsa

and Klattedna.

ccc. Color orange.
Var. ailrea. Odorless, later than the rest and more

Other kinds of less importance are crispa. tricolor, xantho-
spica, piirpurascens and xanthospila. These names do not
appear in American catalogues. Bella is a variety highly
praised by some. -^y. jj.

FEEMONTIA (after John Charles Fremont, dis-
tinguished western explorer, who discovered it in 1846).
Syn. Fremontodendron. UtercuHAcew. Beautiful free-
flowering shrub, with alternate, rather small, palmately-
lobed lvs. and large yellow fls. appearing in great pro-
fusion in June. It is not hardy North, and in cool re-
gions it should have a sunny and sheltered position,
preferably against a wall of southern aspect ; it pre-
fers well-drained, rather dry soil, and dislikes, espe-
cially during the winter, an excess of moisture. Prop, by
seeds or by greenwood cuttings under glass in summer.
One species in California, allied to the Mexican Chei-
ranthodendron : shrub or small tree, with stellate pu-
bescence : lvs. alternate, slender-petioled : fls. solitary
on short, lateral branchlets, apetalous ; calyx large,
deeply 5-parted, with 3 small bracts at the base ; sta-
mens 5-connate toward the base into a tube : fr. a 5-
celled, dehiscent capsule with many seeds.

Califdrnica, Torr. To 20 ft. : lvs. generally roundish
ovate, cordate or rounded at the base, obtuse, 3- to 5-
lobed or almost entire, whitish or ferruglneous pubes-
cent beneath, %-l)4 in. long : calyx lJ<-3 in. across,
deep yellow, with stellate hairs outside, villous at the
base within ; lobes orbicular
with hispid hairs, 1 in. long. S
3. p. .55 ; 29 :52.'i and .S3, p. 566. F,
I.H. 13:496. B.H. 17:13.

capsule densely beset
,1:23. B.M. 5591. Gn.
22:2349. R.H. 1807:90.

Alfred Rehder.

FRINGE TREE. Chionanthu

the Fritillaries,
growing and sin-
ding fls. which ai
dark purple and;: I
They resemble lili
but their anthers a

theba

plants, mostly low-
tli drooping or nod-
1 or tessellated with
) have brighter colors.
>ping or nodding fls.,
^e, while those of the

lilies are fastened on the back but are free to swing
about. Lilies, too, have funnel-shaped fls., while Fritil-
laries and tulips have bell-shaped fls., and tulip fls. are
erect. Nearly all the Old World Fritillaries resemble
tulips in having coated bulbs, while all the American
Fritillaries resemble lilies in having scaly bulbs. It is
a curious fact that the Cape of Good Hope, which has
supplied the world with so many excellent bulbous
plants, has no lilies, tulips or Fritillaries.

By far the most popular kinds are the Checkered Lily

FRITILLARIA (Latin fritillus, commonly understood
to be a checker-board, but may have meant dice-box).
LiUcicece. This genus includes the Crown Imperial and

871. Common Snakc's-head or Checkered Lily.

(Fritillaria Melea^ris.)

Faitlifully redrawn from Besler's Hortus Eystettensis,

published in 1613. (Incorrect as to stamens and pistil.)

and Crown Imperial, Figs. 871. 874. These are the hardi-
est, the easiest to cultivate and the most variable. The
Crown Imperial is one of the most characteristic plants
of old-fashioned gardens, but it has been banished from
manv modern gardens because of its strong foetid
odor'. It is the most robust of all the species, and until
1897 was supposed to be the only one with its fls. in
umbels, all the others being solitary or in racemes. It
is a truly imperial plant, and rejoices the children early
in every spring by its marvelous pearly drops of nec-
tar, which seem never to fall. F. MrUagris, the most
popular of the purple kinds, is the common Snake's
Head or Checkered Lily, so called from the tessellation
of purple and green, which is prettiest when as sharply
and regularly defined as possible. This plant grows
wild in moist English meadows, and can be naturalized
in large quantities in such situations. It is the only
kind that can be used for all the purposes mentioned
below and for eut-fls. Other ancient inhabitants of Eu-
ropean gardens are F. latifnlia, lutea and Persica, for
the last of which we are indebted to "Mr. Nicholas Lete,

FRITILLARIA

a lover of all fair flowers," by whose "procurement,"
Parkinson says, it was secured through Turkey. All
the remaining kinds are rarer.

As a rule, the kinds that are chiefly purple or green,
or mixtures of both colors, are dull, unattractive and cu-
rious compared with the few kinds that have brilliaut
yellow or red. Of the duller and purple kinds, 2 of the
choicest, next to F. Meleaqris, are /'. tulipifolia (which
is tlaraed like a tulip and never checkered) and F.
Ciimtschiitcetisis. great masses of which in Alaska make
one of the"summersights" remembered by the tourists.
The white in Fritillaries is perhaps always more or less
greenish, and the white color in F.Meliinjris is as gooil
as in anv species. By far the most brilliant of tin-
genus is" F. rernrva, which is also the most difficult
of culture. Next in brilliancy come F. liitiii, anrat,
UofpT riilqe! and pudica, all highly individual and all
yellow, some checkered, others not.

The culture of Fritillaries is rather complicated, 2
kinds capable of being naturalized, some cult, in bor-
ders, some in rockeries and others in pots. The
Crown Imperial, being exceptionally vigorous, requires
the deepest planting, richest soil and most room. The
earth should be trenched. Well rotted manure may be
worked into the soil 6 in. below the bulbs and the bulbs
set on a level G in. from the surface of the ground. This
species has the largest fls. in the genus. If possible it
should be shaded from the midday sun. as southern ex-
posures are said to make the fls. smaller and shorter
lived.

In border cultivation the essential peculiarities are a
sheltered, shady site, early fall-planting, division every
2 or :i vears, and as a rule a warm, deep, sandy loam,
which is not too cold or too retentive of moisture.
Bullis of the tiiller kinds may be planted 3-4 in. deep;
bulbs of the dwarf kinds may be set at half that depth.
As all Fritillaries increase rapidly by offsets, it is desir-
able to lift and divide the plants at least every 3 years,
or the small bulbs will rob the big ones. For the same
reason Fritillaries are rarely prop, by seeds.

The dwarf and rare sorts recjuire more care and de-
serve some leaf-mold in their soil. "E. J.," in Gn. 52,
pp. 242-244. says that such plants require an evergreen
carpet through which they may spring, and recommends
,SV,;»»i Hispuninim or its var. yhiucum as themost per-
fpct carpet possible, taking the least from the soil and
giving the least possible resistance to the plants below.
"Such carpets must of necessity be plants of very dwarf,
creeping growth, such as some of the smaller, mossy
saxifrages or aubrietias, that do not mind frequent dis-
turliance and are easily replaced." For the principles of
culture in rockeries and pots, see Alpine Gardens and
Bulbs.

Our native Fritillaries, which include the bright-fld.
recnrva and pudica, are confined to the Pacific coast.
Of these Carl Purdv makes 2 cultural groups, based on
the character of bulb, the kind of soil and the condi-
tions of shade. The first group contains F. biflora, Ulia-
cen and pliiriftora: the second F. atropurpiirea, roc-
ciifii, huH-eoiatn, prn-riflorn. pudica and recurva. The
former grow in open fields in heavy clay soils: the lat-
ter in shady woods, in well drained soils, but F. pudica
does not need as much shade as the others of its group,
and must have sandy loam and slight shelter. It is a
native of the sandy sage brush region, east of the Sierra
Nevada and Cascade Mts. The bulbs of the first group
are composed of thick, heavy scales attached to a thin,
rhizomatous base; in the second group the bulbs are of
one piece, and low-conical in form, their sides thickly
covered with small, round, white rice-like offsets. For
tho first group Purdy recommends a rich loam, and a
slight shade to draw out the stems and prolong the
bloom; for the second group a light, loose soil, rich in
mold, a sheltered place and considerable shade. At
the best these are not profuse in their bloom. E. J. ad-
vises that the bulbs of F. recurva should be planted
with the least possible delay.

The key to the various subgenera given below is es-
sentially Baker's in his monograph in Latin in .Jour.
Linn. Soc. 14:251 (1875); it rarely happens that the
botanical and horticultural interests agree in using
such simple and obvious characters as those of the bulb
and style. The nectaries or glands are less useful and

FRITILLARIA

611

reliable, but they help to give a sense of the natural
groups in this large genus.
A. Buibs tunicated {i.e., coated).
B. St!/te.3-cut.

D. Gla>ids distinct and

prominent, equal. Species Subgenera

E. Glands lonq 1. Eufritillaria

EE. Glands u-ide 2-14. Monocodon

DD. Glands obscure, equal,

lonq NOTHOLIRION

BB. stifle undiflrled.

c. GhuiiU •ijuiil, (ihsrure 15-17. Amblikion

D. Glinids hnnj .'. IS. KoROLKOWIA

DD. Gilt lids short Ehinopetalum

AA. Bulbs scalii.

B. Sti/le undivided 19-21. Therisia

BB. Sti/le .o-ent.

c. Capsules acutely angled.
D. Fls. solitary or race-
mose 22-25. GONIOCAEPA

DD. Fls. in umbels 2(i. Petilium

cc. Capsule obtusely angled ..27-30. Liliorhiza

INDEX. »

Armena. 16. Libanotica, 20. pudica, 17.

atropMpurea, 24. liliacea. 28. Pyrenmca, 12.

aurea, 9. lutea, ». recurva. 27.

biflora, 29. Meleagris, 1. Raddeana, 26.

Camschatcensis, 30. meleagroides, 11. Kutlu-inca, 6.

coccinea. 25. minor. 11. Sewerzowi. 18.

delphinensis. 3. Moggridgei. 3. Tliulibergi. 4.

Elwesii. 14. Oranensis, 13. tub.tformis, 3.

Imperialis. 26. pallidiflora. 10. tulipifoha, 15.

Kamschatcensis, 30. parvitlora. 23, verticillata. 4.

lanceolata. 22. Persica, 19. Walujewi, 5.

latifolia. 7. pluriflora, 21. 27. Whittalll, 2.

1. Meleigria, Linn. Figs. 871-873. Distinguished
from No. 2 by the glands 5-11 lin's bM.- uu.l stigmas
half as long as the style. TvcmmIIv I IbL ICugland
and Norway, through central Kn, i.. r:,nr;i~us. Gn.

32:62(i; 47. p. 3:10; :.J. \>.JI:.. - In llie Eng-
lish mca.b.ws xvliiii-b nil. I |.nr|.|isb forms
are found "birb :„■■■ un.n- ..!■ b'ss check-
ered. Tbr Imi.-b bulb L'l-i.w.i-^ keep at
least 10 kinds ,li>iin.i. Tb.- .Ntrcmes of
color-range are (1) a grccni.sli white, (2)
a sufficient degree of purple to make the
checkering as distinct as possible, and (3)
an approach to yellow. Some kinds bear
2-3 fls.; some are double; some fls. spread
so widely as to be almost funnel-shaped.
Var. cont6rta, an old monstrosity, instead
and pistil of of segments free all the
Fritillaria way, and a shouldered
Meleaeris. hase, has the lower third
From Flora of the perianth united into
Danica.show a funnel-shaped tube. The
'".ejl''' ^Z^ yellow of some fls. is con-
por'^ni'c'h™ jectured to be the result
acter in this of a cross with F. lutea
genus. made before Gerarde s

time, say 1630. In Eng-
land the species flowers toward the end of form of c
April. It is the best"all-round "species. ling in the

2. -Whittallii, Baker. Height 1 ft.: ^''=^^"=<'
stem 1-fld.: Ivs. linear, glaucous: fls. "'
checkered green and brown. Mt. Tau- ""i^'fLio
rus. Int. 1893. "^

3. tubaeS6rmi3, Gren. & Godr. (F. delphinensis,
Gren. ) . Distinguished by the glands 3-4 lines long and
very short stigmas. Alps. Baker gives the same color
range as for F. Meleagris, but "D.K.," in Gn. 32, p. 537,
regards as the typical color a purplish brown, faintly
marked with yellow, belonging tn a plant that fls. in
Julv. However, the most desirable form is var. M6g-
gridgei, Boiss. (F. Mi'iggridqei. Hort.),with its '>"ght
yellow, checkered inside witli bright red or reddish
brown. This is a dwarfer form from the maritime Alps^
with wider Ivs. (6-9 lines), longer stigmatic cusps, ap.
preaching J", ^'^crt, and essentially yellow-Hd. G.C. II.
13-532. Gn. 18:244. F.M. 1880:405.-11 blooms in mid.
April. Var. Bumiti, Planchon, bright plum, checkered

612

FRITILLARIA

FKITILLARIA

greenish yellow ; has a hroadly bell-shaped, smaller fl., 7-9. latifolia, Wi

which is even earlier and has smaller glands. and F. aurea, Sri. •

4. verticill4ta,Willd.(/'.;e»™H»,«,Fisch.). This and as representing 1 1

No. 5 are distinguished from Nos 6-10 by the greater fo'ia representiiiL-

height of the former and their Ivs. curled at the tips without yellow ; /

into tendrils. Height 1 1; ft. : stems often 1-, sometimes es.sentially yellow,

2-5-fld.: Hs. white or vcllow, never checkered or spotted. sharply defined,

ies F. IMea, Wilier,
uames may be taken
pesof color: I", lati-
rk purple and green

othe

being

874, Crown Imperial— Kruillaria Imperialis.

Altai Mts. B.M. SOB.'i.-ln the type the Ivs. are numer-
ous, 20-40 ; anthers barely half aslongas thefllaiiuiits :
style no longer than the ovary, but in var. Thimbergii
(jP. Thhnbergii, Miq.l the upper Ivs. are often s|i:irsc :
anthers as long as the filaments ; style IK-'- limes as
long as the ovary. 0.0.11.13:532. It is doubtful if the
yellow-tid. form is cult.

5. Walujdwi, Kegel. Probably belongs here, as its Ivs.
have tendrils. It is the only kind that is silver-white
outside and crimson-brown spotted white or yellow in-
side. Turkestan. Gn. 52:11.-!;.

C. Kuth6nlca,Wickst. Height 1-2 ft.: stem 1-3-fld. : Ivs.
6-20: fls. livid purple, obscurely checkered. Caucasus.

:!.< r marks smaller and i

colors of the brightest ; /'.

an intermediate form, essentially yellow, but

greenish, and with the purple checker-marks duller in

color and not so sharply defined and regular. In this

sense the pictures mav be referred to the types as fol-

853 and 1207 to /'. latifolia; B.M. 1538 to

r lufea, BM 7J74, R H 1878, p. 287, On. 42:867, J.H.

Ill 28 357, and probably Gt 840, Fig. 1 (not seen by the

author) to J* auiea J^ Ja/ifeija represents the extreme

\w<lth of hs , and F aurea is said to differ in having

the lower h s often whorled All these grow }4-l ft.

hi^h One of the most anciently cultivated of allFritil-

laries is / liitea which is found promiscuously

mingled with the v.\der leaved form, both wild and cult.

At present the m jst popular of the three is probably

F auiui which began a iien era of prosperity about

1894 with Its remtroduction by Leichtlin. All flourish

m the ( uuasns rf eion The Dutch bulh-growers ad-

i r isi 10 \ arietits of F. latifolia.

10 pallidifldra, Schrenk. Allied to 1 and
2 but with more numerous, broader Ivs.,

and larger fls Height 6-15 in.: Ivs. 8-25:
Hs 1-6 Siberia B.M. 6725 (green, with a
f.w dark purple spots I. Gt. 1857:209. R.H.
IssO p 21o GC II. 19:573.-"Paleyellow."
I 1 T,(l ,,, n

11 meleagroldes, Patrim. (F. minor,
I i 1 I II if,htl-2ft.: stem very slender,
Ti sth 1 til Ivs 3-6, narrowly linear: fls.
(lark purple, spotted green; anthers a third
the length of the filaments. W. Siberia.
B.M. 3280.

12. Pyreniica, Linn. Height 1-1 K ft.,
mostly 1-fld.: Ivs. 6-10, linear, glaucous: fls.
dark purple, spotted green ; anthers two-
fifths the length of the filaments. Pyrenees.
B.M. 004, not 9.52 or 1216.

13. Oran6nsis, Baker. Height 1-1% ft.:
lowt-r hs. huicf'olatc: upper Ivs. linear: fls.
ihirk piirplf, oiiscurely checkered green.
.Ml. (Iran. G.C. II. ]:!:.341.

U. filwesii, Boiss. Lvs. .'"1-6: fls. green.
Hushed purple on back and tips, not check-
ered. Lvcia. B.^I. 6321, erroneously, as /'.
'ilu.

15. tulipiJdIia, Bieb. One of the choicest
and daintiest kinds. Very distinct. Foliage
glaucous blue: fls. resembling a tulip in
shape, and with a chalky look outside.
Hei«ht2-8in.: stem 1-fld.: Ivs. 3-4, elliptic,

< i-ave, nerveless, lJ^-2Kin. long: fls.

solitary, inside rusty brown-purple, not
checkered , outside dark glaucous blue,
streaked with the same purple. Caucasus.
B.M. 5909.

16. ArmSna, Boiss. Height 6-12 in.: stem
l-fld.: Ivs. 4-5, lower lanceolate, upper lin-
ear: fls. between funnel- and bell-shaped,
dark purple, not checkered. Armenia. B.M.
6365. .T.H. 111.35:83. Var. flisco-liitea, Hort..
tawny yellow.

17. pOdica, Spreng. Lvs.3-6, loweronesstrap-shaped,
often opposite (while in F. tulipifolia and Armetia they
lire alternate I, upper ones linear: fls. pale or dark yel-
linv, rarely purple, never checkered. N. W. Amer. Gn.
i:i;i:i:i. R.H. 1895, p. 229. 0.0.111.19:403. J.H. III.
.CiL'll.'.. Jin. 4:49. -The stamens (as in Nos. 14 and 15)
are nearlv as long as the perianth. "Deep orange yel-
low, fragrant." fa 11 Tubergen.

18. Sew§rzowi, Kegel. Height 1-1!-^ ft.: lowest lvs.
lorate-lanceolate, 1 in. wide, often opposite, upper lvs.
lanceolate, 6-7-nerved, 3-4 in. long: pedicels 3-6 lines
long: fls. C-10, green, not checkered, but with a few
purple spots outside; filaments purple; anthers green.

FRITILLARIA

Turkestan. Gt. 760. B.M. C371. J.H. III. 30:319. G.C.
III. 1:457.

19. PtoBica, Linn. Robust, 2-:i ft. high : Ivs. 40-GO,
glaucous, linear, 4-6 in. Icum, I'.-'.i lin. •■< wi.l.' : r:n'eme
10-50-fld.: fls. small, bell-siL M. sli-lnh ..,!,, r.,uv. lilac-

but never clieckered; stiuiicii- a inil.- ^l|..^l^■r iIkih tbe
perianth. Orient. Fls. end uf April m- beui.iiiuif; of
May. B.M. 1537. Var. minor, Sims, B.Jl. 902 le.xclud-
ing synonymy), has smaller fls. and anthers barely ex-
serted.

20. Liban6tica, Balier. Closely resembling No. 19, but
with 6-30 strongly odorous fls., pale lilac, with darker
vertical veins; stamens a third shorter than the peri-
anth ; anthers purplish. Palestine, rocky and shady
parts of Mt. Lebanon.

21. plurifldra, Torr. Height 1-lK ft.: Ivs. 8-12, low-
est often opposite, oblanceolate, the rest narrower:
raceme 4-r2-ad. : fls. rosy purple, not checkered. Calif.
G.C. III. 21:23 (a central band of purple down each
segment). — "Pale reddish purple." Van Tubergen.

22. lanceolita, Pursh. This and Nos. 23-25 are na-
tives of W. N. Amer., and grow l-VA ft. high. Stem
1-3-fld.: Ivs. 4-10, lanceolate, whorled: fls. pale purple,
mostly distinctly checkered Var. grdcilis, Hort., dark
purple.

23. parvifldra, Torr. Stem .')-20-fld.: Ivs. about 9,
linear: fls. purple, suffused green, not checkered.

24. atropurpdrea, Nutt. Stem 1-6-fld.; Ivs. 12-20: fls.
dark purple obscurely checkered with green. Recent.
-Said to rival F. recurva.

25. cooolnea, Greene. Stem 1-4-fld.: Ivs. 4-12 in 2 or
3 whorls at middle of stem : fls. yellow and scarlet,
checkered.

20. Imperiilis, Linn. {ImperiUis coroniita, Dum.
Cour.). Crdwn Imperial. Pig. 874. Height 2-3 ft. : Ivs.
numerous, crowded, ascending, 14-1 in. wide, highest
often in whorls of 8-10: fls. end of March. B.M. 194
and 1215. Gn. 46, p. 101 and 52, p. 243. A.G. 13:488.
R. B.2n : 196. -There are single and double form s in yellow
and red, and kinds with foliage striped white, and with
gold. The Dutch growers also advertise Aurora, Maxi-
mus, and William Rex, red ; SuUihureus, sulfur yellow;
and Crown upon Crown. American dealers add Couronne
Orange and Red Slagzwaard. Var. longip6tala, Hort.
Gn. .56:1247. For more than a century F. ImpfriaUs has
been the only species in cult, with fls. in umbels, but
MaxLeichtlin writes to G. P. 7:177 (1897), that Ji'. Had-
dedna belongs to the same group, blooms earlier, and
has straw-colored fls. of a different form from F. Im-
perialis, and adds: "This is likely to cause a revolution
in the Imperialis strain when once it has been carefully
hybridized."

27. recurva, Benth. This has stamens only a little
shorter than the perianth, while in the next 3 species
they are only half the length of the perianth. Utterly
distinct from all other Fritillaries by the color of the
fls., which are bright red outside without a trace of pur-
ple, and brilliant yellow inside, spotted with red.
Height 6-24 in.: stem 2-8-fld., purple, mottled green:
Ivs. 6-12, lower ones in whorls of 3-4, linear, ascending:
fls. narrow, bell-shaped. Calif. B.M. 6264. Gn. 18:257.
Var. plurifldra, Hort., is perhaps the best strain.

28. liliicea, Lindl. Height 6-12 in.: stem 1-6-fld.:
Ivs. 9-15: Hs. between funnel- and bell-sbaped, whitish,
veined green, not checkered. Gt. 1871:715.

29. bifldra, Lindl. Height 6-9 in. : steml-2-fld.: Ivs.
4-8: fls. same shape as in F. liliacea, pale purple, suf-
fused green, scarcely checkered.

30. CamtBchatc6nsis, Ker-Gawl. Mostly written A'ami-
schatcensis and variouslv misspelled. {Llliiim Camt-
schatcSnse.hiDTt.). Bt.Ack Lily. Height 6-18 in.: stem
1-3-fld.: ivs. 10-15, dark purple. Siberia, Alaska to
Calif. Gn. 25:432; 52, p. 242. P.S. 12:1232.

F. oitrina is cult., butlittle known. SeeGn. 52, p. 243.
W. M.

FBCELlCHia. (J. A. Froelich, physician of Ellwangen,
monographed Gentiana, 1796, died 1841). Amaruntii-
eem. Eight species of woolly or hairy North American

FRUIT-GROWING 613

annuals, found chiefly in West Indies, Mex. and Brazil.
Lvs. opposite: spikes opposite, terminal: fls. perfect,
3-bracted ; calyx tubular, 5-cleft, hardened and spiny
crested in fr. F. Floridana, Moq., has been advertised
for sale only rarely in America. It is cult, abroad.
Height 1-3 ft.: Ivs. linear to oblong: spikes 2 in.
long or more: fls. white and woolly, set off by small
blackish bracts. July-Sep. B.M. 2603, as Opiotheca
FloridutKt. W. M.

FROG-BIT in An

\ Limnobium ; abroad llydi-

FEOST. The hoar Frost which injures plants is frozen
dew. An object cools at nightfall and the moisture
of the air condenses upon it, forming dew. If the tem-
perature then falls below the freezing point, Frost re-
sults. Frost is a local phenomenon. It ordinarily occurs
in the lower places where the cold air settles ; also when
the sky is clear, since radiation of the earth's heat is
then more rapid. It occurs in still nights when currents
of air of varying temperatures are not set in motion.
Frosts must be distinguished from freezes. The latter
are wide-area disturbances. They are associated with
storm centers. They often occur over a wide range.
They freiiuently accompany high winds. Frosts can often
be prevented, but freezes are usually beyond the con-
trol of man.

Frost is prevented when the temppraturp is not allowed
to fall below the frptzin;,' ixHur. Thr Tt-niperature is
usually controlled liv iiiHirr.-t iii.;ins. 'I'ln' ^-reiitest im-
munity is to be ex|iici, ci w h. n mi an ili.iid iluud can be
spread over the area. This i-lnud [.ii'vi-nts the radiation
of the earth's heat, and thereby prevents the rapid fall
of temperature. The basis of this artificial cloud is usu-
ally smoke, but if the smoke carries with it a large
amount of vapor of water, it will afford a more complete
protection. The best njaii-riiil fMi- iiiilsinj,' tin- siunke-
cloud is something wliirh will iunn wuh a ^li.w, suhhiI-
dering fire and affor.l .luani ii i.s ,,i' ^i,i,,k,.. .M:,irn.-,ls
which burn quickly iKii ■iiil\ aiii'r.l Imli- mih.Isc, l.ui thi-y
are likely to cause upward cuireiils of aii- wlin^li luay
be injurious. The actual beat of the fire counts for
nothing except in the immediate vicinity. Compounds
which contain much tar are usually eftlcient. Of home
resources, damp straw or hay, loose manure, prunings of
trees, and other litter are among the best. It is essen-
tial that the piles be comparatively small and rather
numerous. On level lands it is best to have these piles
on all four sides of the area at a distance apart of not
more thiiii 10 to llil f.-.t. ( in soiiii-wliat Steep slopes the

!the
vn the hills

pla

The

piles should be as wet as possible and yet burn. Usually
Frost occurs in tbe latter part of the night. It is impor-
tant, therefore, that the smudges be kept up all night if
full protection is secured. It is best for a man to sit up
and devote himself to the business. Brush piles made
of dry trimmings are inefficient for Frost protection.
Moist litter of some kind which burns very slowly
should be mixed with them. Of late years various prepa-
rations of petroleum and tar have been perfected for
the making of smudges, and when one has large areas
to protect, these are the most efficient and

In small areas. Frost may bo prevented by sprinkling
the plantation with water at nightfall. Any device
which keeps the air in motion will also tend to prevent
Frost; but such devices are impracticable except on a
very small scale. In cranberry bogs Frost may be pre-
vented by completely flooding the plantation.

Frosted plants may be recuperated by keeping them
cool and rather dark for a dav or two and syringing the
tops with cold water. Do not let the sun strike them
while thev are frozen. Extract the Frost very gradually.

Farmer's Bulletin 34, of U. S. Dept. Agric, has 24
pages devoted to Frost. l. h. B.

FROSTWEED. n,:Jia„the

FRUIT-GRO'WING. Treated

614

FUCHSIA

FtrCHSIA (Leonard Fuchs, 1501-1505, German pro-
fessorof medicine, and a botanical author). OiiugrAceie.
Sixty or 70 species, tlie greater part in tropical America,
but three or four in New Zealand. They are very va-
riable in character The common Fuchsias are known
to us as small herbs, but some of thera are slirubs in
their natn e countries / < rco/^icaM, of New Zealand,
IS a tree 30-10 ft liijli «herens/ nn timhens of the

^;;4.^^-^AD

same tountrN is a weak trailing herb The lis ate
showy, cihi.tul)e prolonged bejond the ovary and
bell shaped to tubular, \Mth 4 spreading lobes , petals
4, sometimes 5 or in some species w^ntlng , stamens
usually 8, often exsertcd st\le long cxserted, the
stigma prominent fr ( sel lorn seen under glass) a
4-loculed soft berry. Of the many species, less than
half a dozen have entered hirgely into garden forms.
The common g:irden kinds have come mostly from F.
Manellanica. This species was introduced into Great
Britain from Chile in 1788, or about that time. It is va-
riable in a wild state aa well as in cultivation, and plants
subsequently introduced from South America were so
distinct as to be regarded for a time as distinct spe-
cies. Evi.Ti at the presci.t day sorm- of the f..ni,s of F.

Maqi'lhiinr,, „,■ inunoiily s|i.,kcn of as sjirries, so

much(b> tli.-y .lilT.r fimn tho t\ii... As ,arly as 1848,

541

vii and luiiiie.l l IN.n'lHr, " La Fu.-l,sia, son His-
toiroetsa Culture"). Tb- Fuchsia reached the height
of its popularity about the mid. II.- of this century. At
the present time it is prizc.l niDstly for window garden-
ing and conservatory d.-corafinn. The garden forms of
the present day are with difficulty referred to specific
types. The long-tubed or so-called speciosa forms are
probably hybrids of F. Mage! tallica and F. fulgens
(Figs. 875,876). Others are evidently direct varieties
from the stem types. There are many full double forms.
For the historv and the garden botany of tho Fuchsia,
see Hemsley "in the Garden 9:284 and 11:70; also
Watson, the Garden 55:74.

Fuchsias are amongst the easiest of house plants to
grow. The essential points are to have vigorous young
plants and not to overpot ; the plants bloom better if
the roots are somewhat confined from the time that the
plant reaches the required size. Any garden soil is
suitable. Give the temperature of an ordinary living
room, or that required for geraniums. Fuchsias grow
readily from seeds, when these are obtainable, and
blooming plants should be secured in less than a year.
They are commonly grown from slips, or cuttings, of
the nearly matured growing wood. Make the cuttings
of one or two joints — preferably two. — allow two leaves
to remain, btit snip them in two to check loss from
evaporation, and insert half their length in sand or
washed gravel. In four or five months Idnoming plants
should be obtained. For fall bloom. maUe cuttings in
spring. For spring bloom, take cuttings in early fall or

FUCHSIA

late summer. After flowering, the plants may be kept
cool and comparatively dry if they are to be bloomed
Again ; but it is usually more satisfactory to start a
new lot each year from cuttings. However, one or two
old and large specimen plants, in tubs or large pots,
may be a desirable addition to the conservatory. Old
plants may be cut back severely, and the young growth
which is thrown out will give profuse bloom. Screen
from full sunlight, keep the atmosphere moist, syringe
if insects become troublesome, and give a rich soil.
Jlost of the Magellaniea types may be left in the open in
the South if protected with mulch. There are Fuchsia
hedges ill S. Ireland and parts of England belonging to
*•'•« type. L. n. B.

One of the great merits of the Fuchsia is that all of
tho strong and robust-growing types make excellent
outdoor decorative plants in summer, and are especially
ailapted for shady and half shady places where few
other plants will answer. This is particularly true of
plants which have been kept over winter and have been
trained into large bush plants or standards. After the
first year, they make fine specimens, and they can be
kept and used in this manner and for these i)ur|>i>ses
for many years. They can be stored in a cool green-
house, light cellar or any other cool, out-of-the-way
place, where hydrangeas, oleanders and such stock
is wintered, leaving them in their pot-bound, semi-
dormant state all winter, giving just enough moisture
to keep them alive. The latter part of March or the be-
ginning of April in the North, the plants can be started
into growth, and as soon as root action begins they can
be repotted or retubbed, using rich, open loam, with
plenty of good drainage, and can remain in those pots
or tubs for another year. When in bud or bloom, fre-
quent application of liquid manure is very beneficial.
Fuchsias are great feeders. They flower best when
plunged with their pots or tubs in the ground outdoors,
and can be left out until very late in the season, as tbey
are nearly semi-hardy, and stand a little frost without
serious injury. pult. by H. A. Siebke.-ht.

Various Latin names of horticultural forms occur in
the trade, but the following represent all the important
botanical types in cultivation in this country :

allia, 6.

elegans.

Masellanica, 1.

art..ires.-eTis, 7.

F.xonieni

cKv-inea. 1, li.

fulgens.

IximilaA.

globosa,

'.

Hiccartmi. 1.

'comllina. 1.

gracilis,

sreciosa. 2.

corymbiflora, 0.

hiihritln.

syrinawliiUa. 7.

Lnwei. 1

trnoUn. 1.

discolor, 1.

ntnn. 1.

triphylla, 5.

A. Fl.'^.

drooping

B. Cah,:,-I.:'.^

,„,,,./;,, ,,;,,

rter than the lobes (or in

F. »■/'. •■'■•-

.s,,/,/,7(','«.'

n.s long again): petals obo-

vate ,n.l

■r/iis, , r„,i

olnte in

the 6Md.— Ladies'

1. Magellinica, Lam. (F. macrost(mma , Ruiz & Pav.
F. coi-riiii'K, Curtis, not Alton). Calyx tube little longer
than tlie ovary, oblong or short-cylindrical : petals nor-
mally blue, arid shorter than the red and oblong-lanceo-
late calyx lobes ; stamens long-exserted : Ivs. opposite
or in 3's, lance-ovate, very shortpetioled, dentate. Peru
and S. to Terre del Fuego. B.M.97. The leading types
are as follows:

Var. globdsa (F. (jlohfisa, Lindl. ). Fls. small and short, .
tho bud nearlv globular and the tips of the sepals co-
hering even after the flower begins to burst; calyx tube
very short. A profuse bloomer, and a common type
amongst old-fashioned Fuchsias. Probably of garden
origin. B.R. 18:1556. Gn. 55, p. 75.

Var. c6nica (F. cSnica, Lindl.). Small-fid., the Imd
conical-oblong ; calyx tube nearly as long as the lobes;
petals nearly equal to the calyx lobes. Raised from
seeds brought from Chile. B.R. 13 : 1062.

Var. discolor (F. diseotor. Lindl. F. Lbwei, Hort.).
Dwarf and hardv: fls. small, with slender, short tube
and wide-spreading, rather narrow calyx lobes, which are
somewhat longer than the ful.,-: branches deep purple:
Ivs. undulate-toothed. Falkland Isl. B.R. 21:1805.

Var.gTdcilis {F. gracilis, Liudl. F.deeu.isAta, Grah.
Very slender aud graceful, tbe fls. drooping on ver

Paxt., 1'. I{iccurldiii, Hurt., F.teiie'lla, Hon., and others.
Some of these are probably hybrids with F. Magel-
lan ica.

The short-flowered Fuchsias are less popular than
formerly, but many varieties are now in cult. Of this
set the Storm King is a representative.

2. specidsa, Hort. (i^. /ijyftWdn.Hort.). Figs. 875, 876.
The greater part of present-day garden Fuchsias are of
the long-tubed type shown in the illustrations. These
are probably hybrid derivatives of F. Magellanica and
F. fulgens. Amongst the named sorts every gradation
will be found, from the short-tubed Storm King to the
Earl of Beaconsfield with fls. 3 in. long.

3 coccinea, Ait Not known to be cult in America,
and inseited here for the iuipo-.e of clearing up the
syuon>myof J^ tnccineit This species appears to have
been introduced before ^ Mar/ellitnc a, and it was
named J". Mcctuea by Alton. !• Maijellantca however,

876. Theresa, a form of F uchsia speciosa ( X 54) .

"usurped its name and spread it to every garden :
kingdom, whilst the true plant lingered in botanii
dens, lastly surviving (greatly to the credit of the
ters, father and son) in that of Oxford alone."
species was lost from its introduction in 1788
rediscovery in an Oxford garden in 1867; niea
forms of F^ Magellanica passed as ^'. coccinea.

FUCHSIA 615

coccinea is much more graceful than any of the varieties
of F. Magellanica, flowers even more freely, and is
readily distinguished by the almost sessile leaves with
broad bases, and the hairy twigs and petioles; further,
its foliage turns of a bright crimson when about to fall."
-J, J). Hooker, B.M. 5740. Probably Brazilian.
BE. Cahix-luhe thrice or more the length of the lobes:

petals pointed, nearly or quite as long as the

calyx lobes.
4 fulgens, Moi; & Sesse Stem somewhat succulent,
glabrous often red tinged U s large and coarse, cor
date ovate soft small toothed fls in terminal leafy
clusters or iicemes the red long tubulnr calyx tube 2-3
in longandverj slen
der at the bisp the

877 Fuchsia triphylla (>

le enlarging towards the top; petals very
short; s'tamens 4, nut exserted. St. Domingo, West
Indies. B.M.(i7i)ri. Gn.41:8:iy. I.H. 43, p. 94.-Knownin
botanical collect!. ms aud sparingly in the tnide. The
species lias a must interesting history, for which see
the citations made above. Upon this ph.nt IMumier
founded the genus Fii.'l.siu in 17n:!. t'lvin- a rut],- draw-
ing of it. Upon I'hiinirr's ,|,.^rni.ti.in an. I i.i.-tiire
Linnaeus founded his /'. Ini^kiiH" ■ I'liimi. rs li^jm.. is
so unlike existing Fu.-I.sias tl.at th.Tc li..s I.. . n imi.-li

plant. Possibly it is not a Fuchsia at all in the sense of
the present applicationof the name, for it is represented
as having only four stamens." But in 1873 Thomas
Ho-' of New York, securr-.l sc-.ls of a St. Domingo

.f furthe

fusi.

;He

,G.C.II.

18, p. 263^.

G. corymbiflora, Ruiz & Pav. Tall but weak grower,
needing support when allowed to attain its full height,
therefore excellent for pillars and rafters : Ivs. large,
ovate-oblongand tapering both ways, serrate, pubescent :
fls. deep red, hanging in long brilliant corymbs; calyx
tube 3-4 in. long and nearly uniformly cylindrical, the
lobes lance-acurainate and becoming reflexed ; petals
deep red, lance-acuniin.-.t.-. al...ut ti... length of the
calvx lobes; stamens i. ..i^il. ..f H.- I-tals. Peru. B.M.
40nb. Gn. 11 :.58; .'..'»: T-'"'-. !' 1 1 - H :li'.1 . Var. 61ba,
Hort.. has white or n.ailv whit.- .alvx-tube and lobes.
F.S. 6:547. Gu. .55:12n8-A very handsome plant, but
not common.

AA. Flowers erect.
ms {F. syrinqwfblia, Carr.). A

616

FUCHSIA

in an erect terminal naketl lilac-like panicle ; calyx
lobes and petals about equal in length. Mex. B.M.2G20.
—Little grown, but excellent for winter (lowering.

8. procdmbens, Cnnn. Trailing Fcchsia. Trailing
Queen. Trailing: Ivs. alternate, small ( ;.i-K in. across),
cordate-ovate, long-stalked : fls. solitary and axillary,
apetalous, the short calyx tube orange and the reflexing
obtuse lobes dark purple, anthers blue: plant dioecious.
N. Zeal. B.M. 6i:i9.-A very interesting Jittle plant,
suitable for bu-,liets.

SlK-i- ■^;-': ..:■ ^-- :.'i-'-i ■ .11 •:- \M-- ' . , m l , ■ :, n ■ /"

ing |ii.;

sleniler-tulied. in droopinK ■
Peru. B..M. .lOHS.-F. sft'K
drooping, with ; ' '
and petals, and 1

su)all

short,

L. H. B.

FULLER, ANDREW S., horticultural writer, was born
in Utica, N.Y., on August 3, 1828, and died May 4, 189C,
at his home at Ridgewood, Bergen county, N. .1. Pig. 878.
When quite young he removed with hisparents to Barre,
N.Y., where his father tilled a small farm. At the age
of 18 he went to Milvvaukee, Wis., where he worked at
the carpenter's trade, and became particularly skilful in
the construction of greenhouses, and built a small one
for himself on a city lot. Here he brought together a

.4

1

878. Andrew S. Fuller.

varied collection of plants, the care of which founded
the nucleus of his later attainments and renown as a
horticulturist. While he lived in Milwaukee be inarrif^l
Miss JennieCrippen. who survives him. Tbev n.-vi-r b.-id
any children. In IS.5.T thev moved to Flus'hin-, L. I..
N.Y., when William R, Prim-e offered Mr. FiiII.t I he
management of his s-rei-nlionsps. But his aml.itii.n di'l

and in l.-.'i? hr rri,i>iv,..l i.. I :rM,,kl\ n, X, v., and ciiira^nd

improvement of the strawberry bv cross-fertilization
and selection of the best of the niany thousands of seed-
lings raised by him. The most famous of these were
Brooklyn Scarlet, Monitor and Colonel Ellsworth, the
first of which was generally recognized as the highest-
flavored strawberry in existence at the time, although
too soft for market. The entire stock of :W0.000 plants
was purchased by the "New York Tribune," which sent

FUMARIA

them out as premiums to its subscribers, in consequence
of which they have been widely known as the "Tribune
strawberries." It was during this period that Fuller
wrote his first book, the "Strawberry Culturist." In this
work he brought together and systematized all that
was known about the subject at the time, combined with
the results of his own practical experience. The luin-
ciples underlying scientific strawberry culture, a.s well
as the practical hints and directions for carrying on the
work in the garden and field, are given in so thoniugh
and admirable a manner that even now, after 40 years
since they were written, it would be difficult to improve
upon them. Realizing the necessity of having more
ground for experimentation, and in order to escape the
noise and turmoil of the city, he bought a large piece of
land near Ridgewood, N. .1. This, when he moved on it,
early in the sixties, was little more than a barren waste,
but under his constant care it was not long before it de-
veloped into one of the most charming homes and inter-
esting and instructive garden spots in the country.
Almost every species and variety of ornamental trees and
shrubs hardy in the locality were represented, and his
collection of small fruits was the most complete in the
'^niirifT-y. These furnished him unequaled means and
! • rial for observation, study and identification, the re-
: I - !ind accounts of which he made known in theclear,
iMi^i. convincing stvle for which his writings have be-
riiii.- 1 anions. A. S. Fuller was an indefatigable woiker.

agiition of Plants," and the"Nut Culturist." The last of
them he was fond of calling his "monument," as he did
not intend to write another book, and so fate decided tliat
it should be. He died a few days after he had finished
his manuscript, and never saw the completed book, of
which he was perhaps more proud than of any other of
his works, yet in the history of horticultural literature
his "Small Fruit Culturist" will, no doubt, occupy the
foremost rank. It was more instrumental in the devel-
opment and building up of the great industry to which
it is devoted than any other book written before or after,
and in any land. It was translated into German and
published in Weimar in 1868. His books contain but a
small part of his writings. His editorial and other contri-
butions to the "American Agriculturist," to "The Rural
New-Yorker," of which he was part owner for atime, the
" \( \v York Sun," of which he was agricultural editor for
211 'II-, ■■ \nniican Gardening" and other periodicals
'.' III! || ids of volumes. He was also editor of
II, I ;■ . i . ll..rticulture,"186G-1867. While Mr. Ful-
ler I -illy known as a horticulturist, there was
li I of natural science to which he had not

il !• less attention. His entomological col-

li I lily that of coleoptera, was one of the

n : in the country; his mineralogical and

ail I ! i-ii.il la.llections contained many rare speci-
mens, and his horticultural library was one of the most
complete in the United States. Personally, Mr. Fuller
was a charming man, liberal and hospitable almost to a
fault. He was a man of striking personality, of decided
character and opinion, and an implacable foe to sliam
and deceit. In whatever he undertook he was always a
leader, never a follower ; he was always on the lookout
for new grounds to traverse, an<l nothing made him hap-
pier than when a new problem presented itself for solu-
tion, but as soon as it was solved his interest in it
ceased. During the later years of his life, although in
ETood health, Mr. Fuller left his place but seldom, but in
his earlier years he traveled considerably, and took an
artivc- and leading part in the meetings of the American
l'nninl"L'ical Society, the American Institute Farmers'
<'lnli. tlie Fruit-Growers' Club, and many kindred so-
cirtiis, of which he was an active or honorary member.
F. M. Hexamer.
FUMAEIA (firm ».s, smoke). This genus includes the
common P'umitory, F. officinalis, formerly held in great
repute for various ailments, but now practically ban-
ished from me. lira! iiractice. Seeds are still rarely sold
to those win. liav.i failli in old physic gardens. The
plant is fnll\- iii-si-iil..-.l in our commonest botanies, and
has a large literature, which is especially interesting to

FUMARIA

those who delight in herbal?. As an ornamental plant,
it is far surpassed by Adlumia. The genus gives name
to the family Fumariacea.
FUMITORY. Fumaria officinalis.
FUNGICIDE (see 5'ptoi/!"?) is a material nsed to de-
stroy fungi or to p-.h-hif \\-c\v irn^vtli. 1 In- IPading
Fungicides are in-^' 1- ' "' ' " -ninr .-r cop-
per. Bordeaux 11^. - ! '?'.'
the present tinii-. 1 .- inlate
of copper) and Imi'-, m v, ni. r. I!,.- ii-u,il InrmuM is

Copper sulfate ';!]'«

Lime . .-"'";•

Water --^a" K^ls.

The copper sulfate is dissolved in the water, and milk
of lime is added. In spraying large areas, it is better to
prepare stocli solutions for the Bordeaux mixture
rather than to make each batch in the quantities called
for by the formula. The sulfate of copper may be put
into solution and kept in this condition indefinitely,
ready for use. A simple method is to dissolve 40 or 50
pounds of sulfate in as many gallons of water, pulver-
izing the material and hanging it in a coffee-sack in the
top of the barrel. A tfallon of water, therefore, means a
pound of sulfate. The lime may also be slaked and
kept in readiness for use. Slake it into the creamy con-
dition familiar to masons, cover lifilitly with water, and
then close the box or vessel to prevent the water from
evaporating. When making the Bordeaux mixture,
pour the reciuisite quantity of the stock solution of sul-
fate of copper into the barrel, and then fill the barrel
half full of water. Now add the lime (which should be
diluted with water), stir, and add enough water to satisfy
the formula. In orderto testwhetlier the sulfate has been
neutralized by the lime, a little ferrocyanide of potassium
may be applied to the mixture. Placi- a sp....nful ot the
Bordeaux mixture in asaucer or |.l, It' u M ml,! iilropof
the ferrocyanide. If a red color i ' ■ nxtnre

needs more lime. If the test sohii i .tlyto

a tankor barrelof themixture.tli. . likely

to be lost in the mass. An exie^^ . 1 n-inev the

safety of the mixture.

The Bordeaux mixture is used for many parasitic fun-
gous diseases. It is not only mimical to fungi, but it
adheres to foliage and stems for a longtime. Best re-
sults are secured when it is applied before the fungus
has become established. Bordeaux mixture is usually
more satisfactory when it has not stood long.

The sulftite of cnpper is the active Fungicidal ingre-
dient of ilin rt. nb III ^ mi <t 111, , but if applied alone, in
water, hi ' ■ '' '-'■• and it does not ad-

here Im I "' "f dormant trees and

shruli- 11 II ' II III' -nice itcanbeusedstrong,

and is I h. 11 I' V mi. m - i in i - • of fungi. Fur dormant

The gn ,iti -t .iiiiiiictitor nf Bordeaux mixture is a

sometimes used on oriitnii'-iit il pliiiit^ ami iienrly ripe
fruits, since the Bordeaux iiii\tiii .■ 1 1 ml' i -• tip m untidy.
Oneounceof coppercarbon It' will b.' ili^-'ih ' '1 1.'. 1 pint
or less of very .strong amnmnia This 'onceiit. tit, 'llniuid
can be kept indefinitely. When to be used, dilute with
8-10 gallons of water.

Dry sulfur is a Fungicide. It is sometimes dusted on
plants in glasshouses for surface mildews, and it is
much u-i-'l in (Mlifornia vim-yards. It is oftenest
used n^ a \n|.'.r in li'in-c- It ^ni.-ared on the heat-

FUNGUS

617

the hot

i"i';

'and ..th'

be bun

led.

for the fi

plant are seldom seen. That part which is usually ex-
posed to view, and which is popularly designated as a
Fungus, is merely the fertile or fruit-bearing part of the
plant. A mushroom is the fruit of a Fungus. The vege-
tative part, that which supplies and elaborates mate-
rials for the growth of the plant, and which, in a way,
corresponds to the roots and leaves of higher plants, is
hidden away in the ground, in decaying wood and other
organic matter, or within the tissues of other living
plants upon which the Fungus feeds.

Both the vegetative and the fruiting part of all Fungi,
excepting some of the yeasts, are made up entirely of
microscopic threads, which are very much branched and
divided into elongated cells by crosswalls atirregular
intervals. These tbreadi
tative hyphas consid-
ered collectively are
spoken of as the my-
celium or spawn of
the Fungus in the
same sense in which
we speak of the roots
of a tree.
In the lower Fungi,

such as molds and
most of the parasitic

species, the mycelium

is comparatively sim-
ple, consistingof

much - branched

threads which course

through the nutrient

material upon which

they grow, or, in the

case of parasitic Fun-
gi, either among the

cells, or, as mildews,

on the surface ot

their hosts. At the

fruiting time many

threads grow out

from the substratum

to the light and air.

These threads remain

simple or become

branched like the

trunk of a tree, and

finally bear spores at

the ends of the

threads or branches.

Examples of these

plants are the blue

mold

burning sulfur are fatal
to plants. L. H. B.

FUNGUS (plural, /'hik?!.- ad.iective, /»H(70KS). The
class Fungi includes all those plants which are popularly

known as niuvii m. .ir toaiKtools, puffballs, rusts,

smut, molds ami mil. lews. 'I'liese, however, form but
a small part of the tetal number. There are many
others which are inconspicuous, like the yeasts, or
which are of no special economic importance and hence
have escaped popular notice. All the parts of a fungous

879. A Funeus.
. mildew, showing the mjeelium
in the leaf tissue and the hang-
ing spore - bearing threads,
le blue Much magntftecl.

n, etc.,

bread mold, and nearly all the Fungi
which form spots or awhile coating on leaves. The my-
celium of toadstools and other higher Fungi is of much
greater extent and more highly developed than that of

olds

often seen as a cottony weft form-
on posts and lioards exposed in damp.

on sticks and

(lecaving leaves in the woods. The white threads ir
tire-fanged manure are also mycelium. Perhaps thf
best known form of mycelium is the spawn in bricks
commercially known as "mushroom spawn." In na
ture the mycelium of these plants often forms^strands

as much as an eighth of ' ' '" ^^' ' '

for varying periods of ti
ground, in decaying org

netimes for years, in the
aterials, or in fallen and
i ready to fruit.
3f these plants is not formed from a single,
, but of many hundreds of threads which
e the substratum as a thick bundle or as a
m mass. The threads increase in length and
It many branches which become closely inter-
gradually building up the fleshy umbrella-like
or the hard shelving masses, which we know as
)ls, mushrooms, etc. The spores are borne on the
lower, protected side of the fruit bodies on gills or
spines, within honey-combed pores, or directly upon the
smooth, lower surface.

All Fungi grow on living or dead organic matter.
They have no chlorophyll, and hence cannot assimilate
carbon from carbon di-oxid. H. Hasselbring.

erect threa
appear aho'
tuberculifoi

618

FUNGUS

A Fungus is a plant of very low (
inft of one or more cells multiply]
division and by spores. It contain;
(chlorophyll), and grows either as

saprophyte upon

880. Colonies

non-living organic matter or derives its food directly
from another living organism, and is then a true para-
site. Fungi are very common, and range in size from
the large hard-shell Fungus upon logs and the puff-
ball and toadstool in the rich earth to the delicate
moulds that infest bread and other foods, and the still
more microscopic forms that produce fermentation, as
yeast in dough and other species employed in mak-
ing beer. Some of the toadstools are very richly
tinted with red, yellow, brown and even blue, and a few
are deadly poisonous, as the "death cup "and the "fly
agaric," which grow upon the decaying organic matter
in shaded places. Others are wholesome, and are grown
as articles of food, the leading species of which is the
mnsbroom, Agarieiis campextris. More highly prized
still is the truffle, which is produced under groun<t and
hunted by hogs, which find them by their odor, and even
muzzled hogs are trained to unearth them.

One of the parasitic species, ergot, infests the heads
of rye, changing the grains into much enlarged horny
purplish masses called "spurred rye" because of the
resemblance of the fungous grains to a cock's spur.
This is extremely poisonous, and when eaten by live
stock with the hay or grass has been known to destroy
whole herds. This Fungus furnishes one of the most
valuable in the whole long list of drugs. Many other
fungi grow in the heads of grain, the most conspicuous
being the corn smut, which changes the whole ear
possibly into a large mass of dark slime when wet. and
brown dust when dry. This dust is the myriads of
spores which the Fungus produces to secure its repro-
duction. In a similar manner other smuts destroy the
oats, wheat and very many kinds of grasses and other
plants.

The rusts are similar Fungi which thrive upon the
juices of plants and produce patches of orange or yellow
upon leaf or stem, the discolored portion being usually
swollen and the skin more or less broken.

There is another group of Fungi known as the mil-
dews, and these usually produce a fine whitish coating
to the diseased part, due to the fine stalks that come
from the surface of the plant and bear the spores.

Fungi love warmth and moisture for their greatest
activity, and therefore they are more in evidence in
midsummer when wet weather prevails than at other
times. The spores ai-e so small and light that they float
in the air, and it is only when substances like canned
goods have these spores excluded by first killing those

FUNKIA

present and preventing access of others, that they will
keep unattackcd,-that is, sweet and edible. Substances
can be easily inoculated by introducing the germs, as
mold into potatoes, rust into a tree, or yeast into
dough. The number of kinds of Fungi is high among
the thousands, and new species are being found each
month, but they are so small that only specialists can
understand the microscopic differences that separate one
kind from another Manj Fungi have certain forms
which are assumed in the cycle of life and in this they
resemble insects with their larval, pupal and imago
stages. This pohmoiphic nature has made the study
of the Fungi vers puzzling ■« hile a few of these plants
are poisonous, and nianj di structive to life, the greatest
majority are scavengers, reducing the waste products
to simpler and harmless forms \\ e could not get on
well without this minute and humble rice of plants.
For further discussion, see Uisinse^

B\R()V D Halsted.

FUNKIA (Ludwig P Funke, 17ij-1807, and H. C.
Funk, 1771-1839 German naturalists) LiUAceip. Day
LiLV. Plantain LIL^ Five or six Tapanese perennial
herbs, producing attn tn i clumf s of foliage and inter-
esting blossoms il ii t ii ii I i ic eines or spikes,
white orblue, periuiilit ii I 1 i ( parted and more
or less irregular, thL I i i i \ il h spreading; sta-
mens 6, the filaments lilit nil tl nithers long-oblong
and versatile pod oblong ind angled, many-seeded,
splitting into 3 valves (Fig 884), seeds flat and black,
winged at the apex Monogr by Baker, .Jour. Linn.
Soc. 11:360 See also, Mottet, R H 1897, p. 114.

Funkias are hardy and of the easiest culture. Their
dense stools or clumps of foliage are in place along
walks or drives and in the angles against buildings. A
continuous row along a walk gives a strong and pleas-
ing character Make the soil rich and deep. The
clumps improve with age The large leaved kinds grow
vigorously in moist, shady places Of some varieties

the Ivs. are strikingly variegated. Bloom in summer.
Foliage is killed by frost. Prop, by dividing the clumps;
some species produce seeds freely, and seedlings can be
grown readily if seed is sown as soon as ripe.

very targe, witii a

suboordata, Spreng. {F. alba, Sweet. F. Uliiflbra,
Hort. i'\^«/j<iii;i-a.Hort., at least of some. F.mucrdu-
(/Ki.Hort. /\ cocf;!^!;. Hort., not Sieb.). Fig. 882. Lvs.
large, broadly cordate-ovate, with a short, sharp point,
green, raany-ribbed : (Is. large, 4-6 in. long, with an
open bell-shaped perianth, wasy white, the base of the
tube surrounded by a broad bract : spilse short, the
bracts very prominent. — The commonest species in old
yards, and an excellent plant. The fls. have an orange-
like odor. Clumps of foliage grow 12-20 in. high. B.M.
1433, as ITemeroealUs Japonlea.

Var. gfrandifldra, Hort. (7^. grandifldra, Sieb. &
Zucc), has very long and large fls. G.C. III. 4:153. F.
macrdntha, Hort., probably belongs here.

AA. Fls. Hue or lilac, more or less inclined or

nodding : bract 1.

B. Lvs. glaucous.

Sieboldiina, Hook. (F. Silboldii, Lindl. F. glaftca.

Boit. F. Sinensis, Sieb. F. cncnmta, Hort. F.glau-

882. Funkia subcordata CX 15).

clscens, 'B.ort. F. cordAta, Sieb.}. Differs from the last
in the metallic blue color of the less cordate lvs., in the
inclined blnish or pale-tinged, more slender-tubed and
smaller fls. (which do not rise above the foliage), and in
having only one small bract at the base of the fl. B.M.
3663. B.R. 25:50. L.B.C. 19:1809, as Bemerocallis Sie-
boldtiana. There is a form with the body of the leaf
yellowish white and the edge green. L. 69.-Lf. blade
and petiole each 1 ft. long, the foliage therefore over-
topping the fls. The plant usually cult, as F. Sie-
bohliiina is probably F. Fortnnei.

Fdrtunei, Baker. Differs from F. Sieboldinna in hav-
ing smaller lvs. and the racemes much overtopping the

FURCR^A 619

foliage, as in other Funkias. Petiole 2-3 in. long; blade
cordate-ovate, 4-5 in. long : raceme K ft. long on a stem
or scape 1 ft. long : fls. pale lilac, funnel-
shape, 1}.2 in. long, the segments lanceolate
and ascending and half as long as the tube.
-Excellent. Generally cult, as F. Siebol-
diana, and many of the pictures of that
name probably Iielong here, as, apparently.
Gn.38,p.79; A.G. 11 :1."i7 ; A.F.6:322. Itis
probable that the garden synonyms cited ^i,
under /^. Sieboldiniin are usually applied I "

plants of F. Forlunei.

EB Liaies gteeit
ovata, '^preup (/ imittea Sweet
F huneilcltii Sieb ) Figs 883 884
88") L\ s broad o\ ate 5-10 in lon^
and half as wide, usually tapering tii
the petiole but sometimes subcoi
dite raceme long and lax fl with
a short slender tube and suddenly e\
panding into a bell shape, l^o-2 in
long, nodding deep

B AI 8<)4

tall

III/

Mn ]-!-':

:^^feE^

ki.<

is a form with \^hitebor
dered hs

lancifdha, Spreng (F Ja
p6nica Hort of some) Lvs
lanceolate to nan owlj ovate
1 inceoHte the bUde 6 in

long, the tube slender and
gnduallj enlarging upwaid
pale lilac \ ir albo mar
gmita, Hort [F nlhy mm

his the hs edg, .1 white
Vai undulataf/ viuhiUVn
Otto i Dietr ) is a form
with undulate white mar
gined lvs — Graceful Fls
smaller than those of F

883 Fu

15)

II r 11 —F majffinufa Hort =F Ian

,t I / tirdiflora Hort •=' —F unnil

t il \ I lanegata Hort = variegated

f , I N t F ovata or F laneifolia -

t H r I 1 1 Inbly a form of F ovati

L H B
FURCRaiA I \iit Francois de Fourcro\ 17j5-1809,
cheliii tl "SMI 1 iiniuiid foiinia-a t un toiia, Fui
(iifi iiiiiu iflh I icnv About 17 species of succulent
deseit pi uitb tioin tropical
Amenta particularh Mex
ico, some with spiny foliage
like Agave others with mi
nutely toothed margins like
Beschorneria. They occa-
sionally bear immer
panicles of greenish white
fls., suggesting those of
Yucca filamentosa, which
are known to every plant-
lover of the North. The
perianth of Furcraea is whit-
ish and wheel-shaped ; in
Agave greenish yellow, fun-
nel-shaped. The filaments
in Furcra?a have a cushion-
like swelling at the base,
which is absent from Agave.
Furcraea is cultivated much 884. Old capsule of

in the same way as Agave, Funkia ovata. Nat. size.

620

FURCR.EA

except that the Purcrseas are given more heat and water.
F.iiiijanlea has a very pretty variegated form, which
makes a useful pot-plant.

As a rule, Furcra-aa bear fruit not more than once, and
then die without producing suckers. However, they
produce while iu flower an immense number of bulbels,
which may be used for propagation. It is impossible to
say at what size or age the plants will bloom. Grown
in pots, they may take a century. On the other hand,
plants from bulbels have been known to flower at 3 years.

'"^s^i^i

A r rl ( n fin I I iciinlh/ptesent, deltoid:

>i II I It t II I {/ Hicrcea piopei )

1 1 1 I I II t I I spines ahsent

gigantSa, \ mt L\ ■, 10 tt long, 4-6 in broad at

middle, 2M-3 m above bise, usually without marginal

spines, rarely with a few near the base peduncle 20-40

ft long odor of fls strong Trop Amer Naturalized

in Mauritius, Madagascar, India. B.M.2250. O.C.III.

23:227. K.H. 1857, pp. 20G, 207. Var. variegilta, Hort.,

has variegated Ivs.

BB. Trunk none or short : spines present.

0. Length of Ivs. 12 tt. or more.

altiasima, Todaro. A recent and little known species

nameil at Palermo, Italy. Franceschi writes that it has

hardly any trunk : Ivs. bright green, with very few

:)ing. It is

cc. Leyigth of Ivs. 5-6 ft.
ilegans, Todaro. Lrs. 4-5 in. broad at middle. 3 in.
above base, rough on the back; prickles large: pedun-
cle 20-25 ft. long. Mex.

ccc. Length of Ivs. Ss ft.
D. Prickles usually large-sized.
E. Panicle reaching JO-IS ft.; branches slightly
compound.
Cub^nsis, Haw. Lvs. 3-4 in. broad above middle, IH
in. above base, the tip convolute; prickles large, dis-
tant, hooked: peduncle 5-6 ft. long. Odor of fls. faint.
This and /'. gigantea are widely spread in trop. Amer.
and often cult, in the Old World. They are the oldest
in cult. All the rest are rare. \'ar. in^rmis, Baker, is
spineless. B.M.6543. .*'. Lindeni, Jacobi, has varie-
gated lvs. I.H.21:186.

EE. Panicle reaching SO ft.; branches copiously
compound.

tuber6sa, Ait. Lvs. a trifle longer and narrower than
in /"'. (.'H/>t?ns/.s, 2-3 in. broad: fls. sweet scented. Int. by
Franceschi, 1900.

DD. Prickles iniddle-sized.

pub^scenB, Todaro. Baker doe.s not say that the lvs.
are not convolute at the tip, nor does be distinguish the
Iv.s. from those of F. Culjeii.iix. except in the smaller-
sized prickles. It is presnmiiil , il ^ly species in

Furcraea proper with a i.ul ■ ■ : Peduncle

scarcely longer than the lv>. i m . , . ,,^ a.s long as
the peduncle ; branches co|.iiH|.;\ ciihi-Miiiid. Trop.
Amer. B.M. 7250.

AA. Texture of lvs. flexible and wavy: spines atjsent :

minute teeth on margin. (Subgenus RazHu.)

B. Trunk 5-6 ft. high: lvs. glaucous.

Bedinghausii, K. Koch {F. Bofylii, Andr^. Fucca
Parmeiitih-i, Koczl. Jiiizlia rigia, Hort.). Lvs. 3-4
ft. long. :!-4 in. broad at middle, 1 in. above base,
permanently glaucous on both sides, very rough on the
back: intior. 15-20 ft. high. Mex. R.B. 1863, p. 327;
1883, p. 133 (full history). R.H. 1887,p. .3.53 ; I8S5, pp.
468,469. B.M. 7170. Gn. 52, p. 197. G.C. HI. 9:489.

BB. Trunk finally 40-iO ft. high: lvs. not glaucous.

longaeva, Karw. & Zucc. Lvs. 4-5 ft. long, 4-5 in.
broad, narrowed to 2 in. above base, the roughness on
the hack only on the keel: inflor. 40 ft. long. Mex. B.
M.5519. G.C. II. 16:053.

F. Franceschi, G.W. Oliver, and W. M.

FUBZE. crier, particularly U. Europaus.

OAILLABDIA (personal name). Comp6sitiT. About
a riozen American herbs (largely of Atlantic N. Amer. ).
with alternate, simple, more or less toothed, punctate
Ivs. and solitary yellow or red, showy heads: ray fls.
usually neutral, often with 2 or more colors or shades;
disli Hs. mostly purple, the styles with slender hispid
brandies ; involucre with two or more rows of leafy scales.
Gaillardias are popular and worthy garden plants. There
are two types, — the annual forms, which are derived
from 6. piilchella and G. amhljiodon, chiefly from the
former; and the perennials, which issue from G. aris-
lata. The species are variable and confusing.

Amongst hardy perennial plants, Gaillardias are
conspicuous for profusion and duration of (lowers. A
constant succession is produced all summer until very
late in autumn. They produce a most gorgeous effect
in beds or borders. Moreover, they are highly recom-
mendable for cut-flower purposes, as they last for a long
time in water, and can be
gathered with ample, self-sup-
porting stems. They thrive
best in light, open, well
drained soil, and should have
the full benefit of air and sun.
In heavier or in moisture-
retaining ground the plants
are often winter-killed. The
perennial forms are propa-
gated by division, seeds or
cuttings in August or Septem-
ber; also by root cuttings in
early spring. Seedlings do

886. Gaillardi

luce the parent ; therefore, if we are in pos-
an extra good variety, we must resort to
modes of propagation, though for general

purposes we may rely on seed sowing, as this involves
less labor, but the cuttings make the better plants. G.
gmndiflora and its many varieties are garden forms of
G. aristata. Great improvements have been introduced
in late years. Some of these are highly colored and of
i-xtraordiuarily large size, many of the flowers measur-
ing 4 to 5 in. across, as in the variety named Jas. Kel-
way. Another class has quilled florets [G. fisti(losa),oi
which Buffalo Bill is an excellent sample— a large, pure
yellow, with maroon disk. Vivian Grey is also a re-
markable and most distinct variety, with clear yellow,
fringed rays and disk of the same color.

Cult, by J. B. Keller.

A. Annual Gaillardias : fls. normally mostly red.

amblyodon, Gay. One-2 ft., erect, leafy, hirsute: Ivs.
oblong or spatulate, sessile aud auriculate, entire or
neail\ so lobes (or teeth) of the disk coi-ollas short and
obtuse ravs numerous, brown-red or maroon through-
out thLir length. Tex. F.S. 21:2149. -Somewhat cult,
amongst garden annuals, and worthy.

pulch^Ua, Foug Eiect branching, 12-20 in , soft pu
besceut Ivs oblong Ian
ceoldte or spatulate, rither ^ Ot '

soft nearly sessile either "^ , ' '

lutire or the loT\ei ones
hiate pinnatifid lobes of

head

s 2 in across the flat
s yellow at top ancl rose
pie at bise Ark and
to -Viiz B W 1002 35ol

picta. Gray (G picta
I h ig bbO The com
c II den form under

t ■nil

'

1 111

one 857

Qaillardia pulchella

Ho
d someti

''" The form known as (, Lo

thernx

tl'retsai

t )

,en.iana (X ^3)

the di

k florets

are enlarged and t

ubulai Fig 887 R

H 188

1 V 377,

1885 156

AA

Pe,enn,

il Gain

7 ,

; imallyyillou

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h IG

nilta G maxima

and&

pe)rntii\

H .

ft ' Ivs lather

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anceolate or (il 1

II s spatulate \ar^

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to sum

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id lobes of disk co

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icute or a

w ned 1

H uls 0-4 lu

across the flitrajs

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(particulail) at the

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Pliins\\

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140 B R

14 1181. (THg 2 iK

-This

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IMIIlIHl 1

nillii.ln ot gaidens

(cult

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i 1 1

If II, 1 ^pjr from

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Fr.iii

-HI 1 My taller

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c IS iiuuul and the

GALACTIA (Greek (lala 1
i\Baiiiilk\ luicel Ltiimn,
inmg pereii
They ire .
leflv distinguished
fls

led

pods

Leaflets 3.
Prostrate, glabrous

glabella. Mi
usuallv branching, 1-2 ft. long: Ifts. ell
notched at tip: fls. 4-10, reddish purple: pf
pubescent. Dry, sandy soil. N.Y. to Fla. ]

matted,
ic, often
.slightly

AA. Leaflets 7-9.
filliottii, Nutt. Lfts. elliptio-oblong, notched, pubes-
cent beneath : fls. white, tinged red : pod silky. Dry
soil. S. C. to Fla.

GALANTHTTS (Greek, milk flower). AmarylUdAcea.
Snowdrop. The flowers of Snowdrops ( G. nivalis, Pig.
88H) are amongst the smallest and daintiest of our com-
mon hardy cultivated spring-blooming bulbs. Much
sentiment attaches to them, and in many an old-fash-
ioned garden they are the earliest flowers of the new
year. They often bloom in early March, before all the
snow has gone. Their pendulous white flowers, with
the "heart-shaped seal of green" dear to Rossetti, hold
a unique place in the affections of lovers of gardens.
Snowdrops are amongst the very few flowers in nature
in which the green color is decidedly attractive to our
senses. At first sight the fls. seem to have 3 large
white petals, inclosing a green and white tube with
6 tips, but a second glance shows that the parts that
function as petals are the outer segments of the peri-
anth, while the 3 inner ones, with their 2-lobed tips, are
not grown together, but overlap slightly, forming a
rather crude but stiffish tube. It would be interesting
to know whether the green marks have any relation to
calyx tips. Each plant has a globose coated bulb, 2-3
Ivs., grows 6-9 in. high, and bears usually only 1 flower,
which emerges from a spathe. Behind the perianth is
a globose green body, which is the ovary.

In a congenial spot, moist, cool and shady, the
plants increase satisfactorily, and sometimes, without
any care whatever, form a bed from which literally
thousands of flowers maybe picked at whiit is. p. rh:ips.
the most desolate and wearisome moment of the var.
( For aflne picture of Galanthus.Udtiiralizeil iijthe t'Vass,
seeG.M.34:184.) The leaves are linear and cliami.-ltd.
and in dark, shining masses make a rich, quiet ertVct.
They come out with the fls., attain their full growth
later, and commonly die down in niidsuninier or fall. A
fine large bed of Snowdrops is more to be desired than
many novelties, rarities, or any individual plants of
indifferent health and vigor. The bulbs are cheap, and
should be ordered in liberal
quantities. In purity, modesty
and simplicity. Snowdrops have
perhaps no peers among hardy
spring-blooming bulbs other than
squills, grape hyacinths, and the
glory-of-the-snow (Chionodoxa).
Crocuses are more
cheerful and more
brilliant plants, with
larger and more vari-
ously colored flowers.
An era of new in-
terest in Snowdroos
began about 187."),
with the introduction
of the "giant" kind
( G. Elwesii, Fig.
889), but those who
do not care for "large
violets"wilI he likely
to cling to the small
Snowdrops. Never-
theless, G. Elwesii is
very distinct, and
should be the first
choice if any large
kinds are desired,
and to secure the
best forms the con-
noisseur should buy
imported bulbs of its varieties. The only kinds known so
far to possess a patch of green at the base of the inner
segments are G. Elwesii and Fosteri. Considering that
there are only 2 main types in this genus, nivalis and
Elwesii, the profusion of Latin names (especially since
1888, the date of Baker's " Handbook of the Amaryllidefe")
is rather trying, except to the connoisseur who, unlike
the general public, is chiefly interested in the larger-
flowered forms and the novelties.
There are several types of minor importance. The

GALANTHUS

autumn-flowering kinds, representing many Latin
names, as Oiinbrensis, Corey re n.iix, I{eg)me Olgte, are
usually weak-growing plants. However, much is hoped
from G. Cilieietis, especially by the florists, who have
hitherto found no Snowdrop that could be profitably
forced fi'r I'li ■ '-Mii:.-. Di.iibleness seems to add noth-
ing to til.' ' .1 ^: owdrops. So far it seems to
haveafferi, , ■ ; .r segments of 6-'. M(ivi//.s and
G. A71C..W,. ,■, , .-iH.wdrops are also practically
unknown in AuiLijia. In these the heart-shaped sp<it
and the ovary are yellow instead of green. Of these,
G. flaeeseens is said to have brighter markings than G.
lutescens, ^y jj

The Galanthus is a true winter flower, and one of the
few kinds of bulbs which grow naturally in partial shade,
and suffer by actual baking of the bulbs. They are
found naturally in northern exposures, and conditions
similar to these inure to their welfare in gardens. The
October kinds must be grown in frames, for the leaves
will not ripen in the open. The fall-flowering forms are
mostly Grecian, and they all show a white line in the
channeled face of their leaves. G. viralis flowers in
the writer's garden, at Elizabeth, N. J., in a mild Janu-
ary, and G. Elwesii is even earlier. Among the choicer
kinds are G. Jmpernii, G. Ikariw (very distinct, Scilla-
like Ivs.), G. ]yhittalli and G. Melrillei major, quite
the finest forms of G. ninilis. For general culture no
form of Galanthus is so universally satisfactory as G.
nircilis. The writer has had diappointing results with
G. Fosteri, and cannot see that G. Caticasicus, var.
ma,ri»ius, is any great gain in size.

The yellow markings on Snowdrops are signs of de-
generacy. Among the flowers each season, though more
frequent at some times than others, will be found those
with light colored markings and occasionally some white
ones, but these plants show lack of vigor. In G. Eliresii
the spathes are sometimes 2-fld. instead of one. All the
fall-Howering kinds are rather delicate and decidedly
costly, and promise nothing for forcing. G. Ehresii
would be best for gentle forcing. The fall-flowering
kinds are probably all forms of G. nivalis, including
G. Olgce, which Baker keeps as a distinct species.

J. N. Gerard.

Index of names accounted for below:
Byzantinus, 12. Fosteri, 9. nivalis, 1.

Cilicicus.
Coraireni
Elwesii. .=
EHthrce,

gr.tnditior

ifolius.

ochrospiws. 5.
plieatus. 10.
rohustus. ^.
unguicttlatus, 5.
WhittalU, 5.

4, 11.
eled, not plaited.

A. Zvs. merely'cha

B. Width of Irs. small, 3-4 lines.
c. Base of Ivs. not very narrow.

1. nivUiB, Linn. Common Snowdrop. Figs. 888, 889.
Bulb 6-12 lines thick : basal sheath split down one side :
Ivs. glaucous, finally 6-9 in. long: outerperianth segments
oblong, 6-12 lines long ; inner segments green onlv at
the sinus. Feb., Mar. Pyrenees to Caucasus. R. H.
1880, p. 148. G.M. 34:154. G.C. II. 11 :237. Gt. 48, p. 2:iL'.
There are large-fld. and double forms. Var. Corcyrfinsis
and others flower in Nov. At least 2 varieties have yel-
low instead of green markings. Var. TefUzus has outer
segments reflexed. G.M. 34:155.

cc. Base of Ivs. very narrow.

2. Cilicicus, Baker. Less robust than Fosteri, with
much narrower Ivs., which are narrowed gradually from
the middle to a very narrow base. Green color as in
nivalis. Bulb Kin. thick: Ivs. whitish beneath; outer
segments oblong, 9 lines long, 3-4 lines broad: stamens
more than half as long as the inner segments. Mt. Tau-
rus, in Cilieia, where it fls. Nov. to Mar. Int. 1898. See
G.C. 111.21:214. Pictured in G. C. III. 23:79. A. F.
13:1137. Gng. 6:244. F.E.11:282. Gt. 48, p. 228.

EB. Width of Ivs. medium, 6-9 lines long.

c. Friliiige moderately glaucous.

D. Older seginetits of perianth lS-15 lines long.

3. Imperatl, Bertol. Fls. larger than in G. nivalis;
outer segments more spatulate. Naples and Genoa.
This and Caucasicus are regarded by Baker as subspe-
cies of nivalis. G.C. 11.11:237. G.M. 34:155.

GALANTHUS

DD Outey setjments 9-12 lines long
i. Caucasicus Biker {F Eedouiei Rupr ) Lvs.
finallv-) 111 1 lu iiiostlT<) lines bioad outet secrmenta
oblong pituUt with a veiy narrow claw Fls later
than nivih (_ m lu \ an Tubergen seems to cata-
logue ^ 11 maximus ot this species but consult ><o 11.
cc Foliage lay glaucous
D Imiei sigmcnts mth lobes rather spreading
0) CI aped
5. filwesu Hook Giant Snowdrop Pig 8S0 Bulb
larger and tl moie globose thin m nivali'. outer seg-
ment, oblon^ s^itulite 9-I0 lines long b-9 lines broad :

GALAX

623

innei segments green m
the sinus Mt o£ 4si-
Minoi B M blOb R H

teri. Thej also form a
narrower tule than m
any other species \ m
Tubergen aii\ ertises
Cassaba (\ P

the lower half and also around

889. QaUnthus nivalis and Elwesii.

The upper fls. arc G. iiuaUs. The lowest one is G. Elwesii'
The luiaaie t!s. are a variety of 6. Elwesii.
3:471. Gns. 5:1811 Gt. 4S, p. 22.1. Gn. 55, p. 206) ,ochro-
spilus, unguiculatus (li. c. HI. 17:301 1, and Erithras, or
Whittalli (Gn.57,p.4ri), which has the largest fls. G.
rohustiu^. Hort., seems never to have been" accounted
for )iy Baker. It may perhaps be G. Flwesii, var.
rohristiis which is a trade name. It is broad-lvd. and
ghuicous.
Lid. Inner segments with lobes not spreading or crisped.

6. Graecus, Orph. Very near Elwesii, but differing as
above and in the smaller fls. and narrower outer seg-
ments- April. Chios.

BBB. Width of lvs. greatest, 0-n lines.

c. Green color only near the sinus.

D. Colored on both sides of the inner segments.

7. latilolius, Rupr. Bulb 1 in. thick : lvs. lorate,
bright green ; outer segments oblong-spatulate, (i-9
lines long ; inner segments green around the sinus, in-
side and out : anthers suddenly narrowed to a sharp
point, while in nivalis and Elwesii they are gradually
narrowed. Caucasus, where it fls. in Mav. G.C. II.
11:237; 15:404; 1868:578. Gt. 48, p. 229.

DD. Colored on only one side.

8. Ikarise, Baker. Resembles Poster! in foliage, and
Elwesii not in coloring but in the square, crisp lobes of
the inner segments, which tend to recurve. Outer seg-

40

ments nearly 1 in. long : stamens rather shorter than
the inner segments ; green color occupying half the
outside of the inner segments. Island of Nikaria (the
classicallkaria). See GC III. 13:506. Gn. 52, p. 361
and 49, p. 330. Int. 1893.

cc. Green color also on the lower half of the inner
segments.

9. Fdsteri, Baker Resembles latifolius in foliage and
Elwesii in flower, but the apical lobes of the inner seg-
ments are short and erect, and smaller than in Elwesii.
Also the stamens are not more than half as long as the
inner segments, while in nivalis, Elwesii and latifolius

" " ' Asia Minor. Int. 1889.

AA. Lvs. plaited, the edges permanently rolled back.
B. Green color only near the sinus.

10. plicatus, M. Bieb. Bulb larger than in nivalis:
outer segments oblong from a very narrow base, very
convex on the back, 9-12 lines long, wide-spreading or
even reflexed : inner segments green in the upper half,
with a white edge. March, April. Crimea. This is
much confounded with G. Caucasicus. G.C. 11. 11:236.
U.K. Ti.'jlJ. B.M. 2162. G.M. 34:1.55.

11. grandiflorus. Baker (O. mdximus. Baker, not
Vclatowskv I. Possibly a hybrid between plicatus and
some form of nivalis, remarkable for its robust habit
and green color, extending more than half way down to-
wards the base of the inner segments. Int. 1893. See
G.C. III. 13:3.54, 056. See also G. Caucasicus, var.
maximus. No. 4.

BE. Green color also on the lower halfo- the inner
segments.

12. Byzantinus, Baker. Intermediate between plica-
tus and Khvesii. "Lvs. 3 in. broad," which seems

harcll> i li i' , _'h!ii.-ous on both sides, especially be-

ne;itli ; nnetly and permanently recurved;

outir 'Mi;, convex on back, 9 lines long, 4

lines i.r >:iii . ;.!]: Ml Inhes somewhat reflexed and crisped:
stamens iiimli shorter than inner segments. Int. 1893
See G.C. III. 13:226 ■^y_ jj_

GALAX (Greek, gala, milk ; alluding to the white-
ness of the flowers). Diapensiarrn'. Galax lvs., with
their lovely shades of red or bronze, furnish some of
the most artistic decorative material for Christmas.
The diapensia family has only 0 genera, and all of them
are monotypic or nearly so. The family seems to be
nearly crowded out in the struggle for existence, and its
geographical distribution is interesting. Galax is dis-
tinguished from the other genera by the corolla 5-
parted, with entire segments : stamens connate with
the spatulate staminodes : anthers 1-celled : style
very short. The plant has long been cult, in hardy bor-
ders and rockeries for its beautifully tinted, persistent
lvs. and its slender spikes of fls. borne in July. The
plant grows about 6-9 in. high, and is nntirp to the moun-
tains of Virginia to Georgia. .1, 1:. KrII. i- r.coinmends
a northern aspect in the low.r |i,ui of ih,' rockery,
where the plants can have slKidi- ;iiid moisture. Prop,
by division. Galax is usually cidlcil "CoU.sfuot."

aphylla, Linn. Galax. Rhizome perennial : lvs. all
from the root, heart- or kidney-shaped, crenate-dentate,
often tinged with red or bronze, with radiating nerves
and slender petiole, sheathing at the base. B.M. 754.
G.F. 5:605. "Aphylla" means "leafless," referring to
the scape. -^^ jj.

The use of Galax leaves for decorative purposes in a
commercial way dates back only to 1890, when they
were introduced to the northern florist trade by the
writer, who had experimented with them for several
years before that date, sending to hospitals and indi-
viduals. The reports received fully justified the intro-
ducer in advertising the leaf widely as a f orist's deco-
rative material for making wreaths, crosses, and in
fact all designs for which ivy leaves up to that time
had been employed almost exclusively. To-day Galax
leaves have to a great extent taken the place of ivy
leaves, being less expensive, easier handled and kept,
and furnishing long, wiry stems. The brilliant bronze

624 GALAX

leaves supply a color long needed in tliis class of work.
The sizes of the leaves vary, also, from }o inch or less to
5 inches in diameter, further extending their usefulness.
Small green Galax leaves are now used extensively for
bunching with violets, taking the place of the violet
leaves. One of the features of the holiday season in
Boston is the fakir with his stand of violets bunched
with green Galax. They come in again and are used the
same way at the first touch of spring, when the early
trailing arbutus or "Mayflower " appears on the street.
They can be arranged to cover much more space than
the ivy leaves, and do not have to be wired, as is the
case with the latter. The keeping qualities of Galax are
remarkable, and they are now used the year round from
cold storage. Outdoor designs, as in cemeteries, will
keep fresh and bright for months if not dried out, but
otherwise require no care. A favorite arrangement of
Galax leaves is to place them loosely in a small vase,
where they will retain their bright colors and shape for
weeks even in a close, warm room, though most of the
leaves are used, commonly with flowers, in designs
made up by the florist. As a Christmas decoration
they stand preeminent, and their general good quali-
ties mentioned above cause them to be used throughout
the year, more, perhaps, than any other decorative green,
ferns possibly excepted.

In Philadelphia a few seasons ago an enterprising
young woman introduced a novel and taking innovation
in the shape of potted Galax plants for society dinners.
Small, brilliantly colored green and bronze lv,s. were ar-
ranged in tiny pots, specially designed by Messrs.
Sackett & Company, and placed at each plate, to be car-
ried away by the guests as souvenirs. They were also
sold through one of Philadelphia's leading merchants
by thousands. The larger cities, Boston, New York,
Philadelphia and Chicago, use the largest quantities,
though nianv of these are retailed again to smaller cities
and towns all over the United States and Canada, and
there is a large export trade now established in them,
mostly to Germany and the Netherlands. In 1899-1900,
about 70 tons were sold.

The area over which Galax is collected extends from
Virginia to Georgia, and is so vast that there is no dan-
ger of exterminating the plant by collecting the leaves,
even if it were in.iured thereby, which does not seem
to be the case. It is not practicable to grow the plants
for the harvest of leaves, at least in America, the pro-
cess being too expensive. Under cultivation they would
perhaps not average one perfect salable leaf per plant,
as a speck or wormhole renders the leaf unfit for deco-
rative purposes. In Europe Galax has been tried with
varying success under glass, the leaves bringing a very
high price.

Galax aphyUa is a beautiful ground-covering plant,
specially adapted to the Rhododendron border, where
the soi and situation alike are suitable to its growth,
an delights in shade and a cool, moist, peaty loam. Its
charms are far better known in England, however, than
at home. The leaves, when full grown, are always
bright green, the brilliant bronze shades appearing
later when the plant ripens and the frosts begin. Then
when they are exposed to the direct rays of the sun the
alternating freezing and sun action cause the leaves to
turn in a short time, though sometimes this occurs to an
extent before any freezing weather. In dense shade they
always remain green. In spring, when the sap begins to
start, the leaves often turn green or dingy again, and
eventually die down the second season.

Haklan p. Kelskv.

GALEANDRA (Greek for ;ie;mc( and stamen). Orchid
ficeo', tribe Vandew. A genus of deciduous epiphytes.
Lvs. distichous, membranaceous: labellum infundibuli-
form: sepals and petals equal, spreading: column erect,
winged: pollinia 2. Culture as for Eulophia.

Devoniina, Lindl. Stem erect: lvs. linear-lanceolate,
sheathing at base: sepals and petals lanceolate, reddish
brown, with green margins; labellum whitish, veined in
from with crimson. From the banks of the Rio Nigro.
B.M. 4G10. I.H. 21:176. A.P. 6:609.

Batieri, Lindl. Stems subcylindric, nearly fusiform:
lvs. lanceolate: racemes terminal, drooping: fls. large;

sepals and petals similar, lanceolate, yellowish; label-
lum pale vellow in the throat, interior portion purplish.
Mex. S. B.R. 26:49. P.M. 14:49.

D'EscagnolIe4na, Reichb. f. Stems terete, tapering
both ways: lvs. lanceolate, pointed: racemes terminal
and drooping : sepals and petals similar, ascending,
narrow, yellowish; lip funnel-form or nearly bell-form,
fluted, with a rose-purple blotch on the lower limb.
Brazil. I.H. 34:22(1887). Cakes Ames.

0AL£GA (Greek, gala, milk : supposed to increase
the flow of milk). Leguminbsct. Of 109 names of spe-
cies in this genus, only 0 are now retained, most of the
rest being referred to Tephrosia. The 2 plants men-
tioned below are hardy herbaceous perennials of the
easiest culture, about 3 ft. high, with odd-pinnate lvs.
and pea-shaped fls. of purplish blue or white. They do
not require frequent division, make bushy plants, and
bear in July and Aug. many dense, axillary and termi-
nal racemes of fls., which are useful for cutting. Seeds
of Goat's Rue are still offered abroad among miscel-
laneous agricultural seeds, but the plants are little
known in this country.

A. Leaflets lanceolate : stipules broadly lanceolate.

officinalis, Linn. Go.vt's Rue. Height 2-3 ft. : Ifts.
mucronate: fls. purplish blue. Eu., W.Asia. Var. 41ba
or Albiflora is commoner in cult. Gn. 50, p. 2G9. -A rose-
colored variety is sold abroad; also a dwarf, compact,
lilac-fld. variety.

AA. Leaflets lanceolate: stipules broadly ovate.

orientalis, Lam. Foliage and stipules larger: fls. pur-
plish blue, nodding: pods pendulous. Caucasus. H.M.
2192. B. R. 4:326.-"Height 2^-4 ft.: rootstock creep-
ing: stem simple." J. B. Keller.

J. B. Keller and W. M.

GALIUM (Gallon was the name of a plant mentioned
by Dioscorides as used in curdling milk. G. veriim is
used locally abroad for this purpose). Rubidvece. Bed-
straw or Lady's Bedstraw, because of the legend that
one of these plants was in the hay on which the mother
ol Christ rested. This genus contains 150-250 species,
widely scattered in temperate regions, mostly weeds,
often harsh to the touch, but frequently beautiful in
their regular, mathematical habit, caused by the %vhorled

arrangement of the lvs. A few plants are slightly used
abroad in carpeting rockeries, but G. Mollugo is a
standard plant with many florists who have a hardy
border Their delicate sprays of minute white flowers

GALIUM

are used to lighten the effect of bouquets of other fls.,
notably sweet peas, -whicb can hardly be arranged with
theirown foliage, and which in larpe masses are inclined
to look heavy and lumpy. Gypsophilas, which are used
for the same purpose, bloom later. They have an equal
infinity of detail, which baffles the eye to comprehend.
The botanist's analysis of all this misty delicacy and
airy grace is "fls. in axillary and ti'rniinal, trichotonious
cymes and panicles. " He also declares tliat the Ivs. are
really opposite, the intervening members of the whurls
being stipules. Fig. 890. Galiums are annual or peren-
nial herbs, with 4-angled, slender stems and small,
white, green, yellow or purple fls.; corolla wheel-shaped,
4-lobed; stamens 4: styles 2. The following are peren-
nials from creeping rootstocks, with white fls. in termi-
nal panicles.

A. Lvs. ill 4's: fruit hairy.

boreUe, Linn. Height K-IK ft.: stem rather firm,
erect and slightly lirauched: lvs. lanceolate or linear,
3-ribbed, scarcely rough at the edges, often 1 in. long:
petals with very short, incurved points. Native.
AA. Lvs. in 8's or 6's : fr. smooth or slightly granulated.

UoUilgo, Linn. Stem 1-3 ft. long, more or less
branched: lvs. obovate to oblong or linear, more or less
rough at edges, always terminated by a little point: pet-
als abruptly narrowed intoarelatively long point.— This
is known in some places as "Baby's Breath," although
that name is also given to Gypsophilas (which see).
Eu. Perennial.

GALPHlMIA (anagram of Malpighia). MalpighiA-
tciv, an order of almost no horticultural value. This ge-
nus includes a yellow-fld. shrub cult, in the extreme
South, and valued for the exceptional length of its flow-
ering season. The genus has a dozen or less species,
mostly Mexican. Shrubs or subsbrubs: lvs. op-
posite, slightly glaucous on both sides or be-
neath, entire or obscurely toothed, glandular at
the margin or base of blade or at the tip of the
leaf-stalk: racemes terminal: fls. yellow or red-
dish. G. nitida, probably a recent species, is
cult, hy E. N. Reasoner. Three or four other
kinds are rarely cult, under glass abroad.

GALTdNIA (after Francis Galton, the dis-
tmguished anthropological writer). Giant Sum-
JIEB Hyacinth. One of the few Cape bulbs that
are practically hardy. This fine plant grows 3-5
ft. high and produces racemes 9-r2 in. long of
white, funnel-shaped, pendulous fls in July or
later. The plants should be heavily mulched if
left outdoors where winters are sev ere In favored
localities the bulbs may be left for several year^
with increasingly better results Lai go clumps
are desirable. They have been suggested for
cemetery planting. The genus differs from hja
cinths mainly by its more nume
tened seeds. The other 2
species are inferior to the
following, which was in-
troduced by Leichtlin in
the early seventies, and
now holds a permanent
place in horticulture. The
plants prefer a rich, open,
moist soil;

cdndicans, Decne. [By-
aeintliiis cavfl icons,
Baker). Fig. 891. Bulb
large, round, coated: lvs.
lorate -lanceolate, 2K ft.
long : scape often 4 ft.
high: racemes 12-20-fld.:
fls. fragrant. F.S. 21:2173.
G.C. 1871:380: 1872:1
and II. 15:273. R.H.
p. 32. P.G. 3:101. A.
17:281. ^. ji

GAMBOGE. See

mpnsite for

GAM6LEPIS (Greek for uiiiled scales; referring to
the involucre). Comp6sita. About a dozen S. African
herbs or small shrubs, somewhat allied botanically to
Chrysanthemum. Lvs. alternate and mostly
pinnatisect: peduncles 1-headed, the heads bear-
ing 1 series of yellow, pistillate rays, the disk fls.
perfect: akenes without pappus, wingless and
glabrous.

Annua, Less. <G. Tai/f^es, DC). Fig. 892. An-
nual, of wiry growth, a foot or less high, very
floriferous: lvs. pinnate or pinnately parted, 5-7
lobes or leaflets on either side of the rachis and
the leaflets entire or lobed: involucre nearly or
quite urn-shaped, the scales joined more than
half their length: fl. -heads bright yellow or
orange, % in. across. -Hardy or half-hardy. Of
easiest culture from seeds in sunny places, and
most excellent foi ribbon borders and for low
ma^s effects Continuous bloomer. l_ jj_ i3_

GARClNIA (L Garcin, who lived and collected
in India, and wrote in the eighteenth century).
Giittihiw This genus includes the Blangosteen,
which is declared by some connoisseurs to be one
of the rarest and most luscious of all tropical
fiuits, also the Gamboge Tree, whose resinous
luice 5ields a well know^n pigment and purgative.
The Mangosteen is cultivated in the West In. lies;
the Gamboge Tree is also cult, in S. Fla. It is a
broad leaded tiee of slow growth. The Blango-
ze and shape of an orange,
with rind considerably
thicker, and edible seg-
ments of form and ar-
rangement like those of
an orange. It is bril-
liantly colored outside
with rich purple. The
persistent stigmas and
calyx lobes are seen in
Fig. 893. The flavor is
said to suggest some-
thing between a grape
and a peach. Number-
less efforts are said to
have been made to nat-
uralize this tree in the
tiopics without success.
The successful ripening
of this fruit under glass

626

GARCIXIA

is usually regarded as a consummate achievement iu
tlie art of gardening.

Mangostina, Linn. Manoostees. Fig. 893. Height
20 ft.: Irs. 7-8 in. long, elliptic: fls. reddish; petals i:
fr. about2Kin. indiiuu. B.M. 4847. L.B.C. 9:845. P.S.
22:2359. G.C. 11. 4:G57.

Mor611a, Desr. Gamboge Tree. Height 30-50 ft. : Ivs.
more t;ipering at both ends: Hs. yellowish: fr. resem-
bling a Morello cherry in size and shape. -^ jj^

The Mangosteen is a native of the Malay peninsula
and archipelago. It is cultivated, and bears fruit in
some parts of Ceylon and in a few spots in the Madras
Presidency, but no success has been obtained in its cul-
tivation in other parts of India. DeCandolle, mbis"Ori-
gin of Cultivated Plants," says: "Among cultivated
plants it is one of the most local, both in its origin, habi-
tation and cultivation." In the West
Indies it is successfully cultivated
Trinidad and Jamaica, but only in
spots where the climate is moist, ho'
and fairly equable all through the
year ; for instance, in the Jamaica
Botanic Gardens it bears good ci
fair-sized fruit at Castleton, in a val-

B93. The Mangosteen—
Garcinia Mangostana.

(XJ^.)

One of the choicest

tropical fruits.

ley on the north side, with ;i meuu tt-mpfrature of 76° F.
and an annual rainfall of 113 inches, whereas attempts
to grow it have failed at Hope Gardens, in the Liguanea
plain of the south side, with a mean temperature of 72°
and an annual rainfall of 52 inches. Experience in
southern India is much the same; it will grow only in
valleys,— not in the open plains. In England the tree
has been grown in hothouses and the fruit ripened suc-
cessfully.

The Gamboge Tit.- i^ ,mi.-l, ,,„,r.- wiilrly .listriliuted,

being native thi-.m-l i liMli;i. ('lyhiii,' .Mah.ya and

Siam. As one nii:;l]t, ix|mtI, iis .miIi i\;ii i..u is ea^y, as it

and heat. In Jamaica it has become naturalized in some
parts of the wetter districts. -^5, Fawcett.

GARDEN and GARDENING, The word Garden
etymologically means an inclosed space, and Garden-
ing is, therefore, distinguished from agriculture by be-
ing carried on within an inclosure of some kind instead
of in the open fields. Gardening operations are usually

GARDENIA

conducted on a smaller scale than tlj..-,. ot n-ii.nilture,
and by more intensive methods. (.;m,,.i ;,_- m,,| horti-
culture are really synonymous teriii-. 1 : ' , a

horticulturist is supposed to hav ,1 , ,d

training and wider range of activities 1 , n a lmmm mr.
Jloreovcr, the word Gardening now sut^K'si.s nn.re of
the private, homelike and personal point of view,
whereas the most distinctive feature of American hor-
ticulture is the immense commercial importance of
fruit-growing on a greater scale than that of Old World
Gardening, and a marked emphasis of the professional
side of a fruit-grower's work. The history and discus-
sion of Gardening are, therefore, set forth in this book
under Horticulture. Large private places are often
divided into Fruit Garden, Kitchen Garden and Flower
Garden. Fruit-growing is the same as Pomology
(which see). Kitchen-Gardening, in its widest sense, is
the same as Vegetable-Gardening (which see), or the
more learned word, Olericulture; but the expression
Kitclioii-Gardening is nnw less common, and generally
indicates the private and uncommercial point of view,
wliereas Msirket-Uardening and Truck-Gardening
(which are practically the same) are now the chief
words used for the wholesale and commercial side of
Vegetable-Gardening in the U. S. Flower-Gardening, a
third primary division of Garden-
^..^ ing, is the same as Floriculture

^ .. I which see). Under Ornamental

< ianlcning and Landscape Garden-
iiiL' are explained the two different
l"iiiits of view in the use of plants
and flowers for tljeir
own sakes or when
grouped for artistic
effects, the nature-
\ like or picturesque

"A conception being set
?^\, forth under Land-
N -^ scape Gardening, and
the artificial or mere-
ly decorative styles
under Ornamental
Gardening. America
being the only coun-
try where cut-flowers
; aru commercially more important at present than
t Ijo trade in potted plants, a special article is de-
voted to Cut-flowers in this work. Other depart-
iiu-uts of Ornamental Gardening are treated un-
'lir Greenhouse Management, Alpine Gardens
including Kock Gardens), Aquatics (including
f.og Gardens), Trees, Shrubs, Herbaceous Per-
tiinials and Annuals.

Hln Dmiitx,

GARD£NIA( after Alexander Garden.M.D. , of Charles-
ton, S.C., a correspondent of Linnieus). £ubidcecf. This
includes the Cape Jasmine, a tender shrub 2-6 ft. high,
with thick, evergreen foliage and large double, waxy
Camellia-like, fragrant fls. It blooms from May to Sept.
in the South, where it is often used for hedges, and is
hardy as far north as Va. In the middle of the century
the Cape Jasmine was considered one of the finest stove
shrubs in cultivation, but with the waning popularity of
Camellias the doom of the Cape Jasmine as a conserva-
tory plant was sealed. The Camellia has a greater range
of color, and has had hundreds of varieties, while its
scented rival has had liarely a dozen. The flowers of the
Capo Jasmine have never been so perfectly regular as
those of a Camellia, and the plants are very subject to
insert (lie lilies. Their bloom is successional rather than
elii ' . iiii'l I:-: e ],!:iiii-i ;iio therefore not so showy as
Ci ii ' i i ' ' iil'Tably grown abroad for cut-
Ill ' I'l ants a season or two old be-
lli- I 111 I I n -III-, The variety with variegated

l.iliaf;,- 1, .lii.nieraii.l « calmer growing. The true botani-
cal name of the Cape Jasmine is G. ja.<imi»n)(Jen, a
name almost never used in the trade. "Cape Jasmine"
itself is one of the most remarkable cases of the vitality
of an erroneous popular name. Thesincle-fld. form was

GARDENIA

du ed much la er than the d ub e and has a way
e 3 popu a The ea e t p re of a ng p ant
s no e fl was p b hed n lb 0 n B R 449 Some
p an s k nn to the t ade as C a den as a e

pa ed n hea gene a Rand a and M o ma

GARDENIA

627

M

T 6

nC

3 of

h h
ng

BBB. Calyx spathe-like.

Thunbfergia, Linn. f. Lvs. broadly elliptic, acute, with

pairs of glands along the midribs: fls. 3 in. across, pure

white ; corolla lobes 8, overlapping. S.Afr. B.M. 1004.

" Dwarf -growing."— jProncescAi.

AA. Corolla tube short atid wide-throated.

B. Fls. 3 in. long and broad.

Kothminnia, Linn. f. Very distinct in foliage and

11 Lvs. with piiirs o£ hairy glands along the midrib:

lyx riljbed, with 5 long teeth, equaling the short,

iiudrical portion of the corolla tube ; corolla tube

ther suddenly swelled, ribbed : lobes 5, long-aoumi-

ite. whitish, spotted purple in the mouth. 8. Afr.

B.M.f>9U. L.B.C. 11:1053. -"Fls. pale yellow. "-/'™«-

schi.

BB. Fls. 1% *«■ long and broad.
globdsa, Hochst. Lvs. oblong, short-acuminate; leaf-
alk nearly 3-5 lines long : fls. white, inside hairy and
i.<l p:il.- yellow; calyx small, with 5 very short teeth;
rnlhi tube wide at the base and gradually swelled;
S. Afr. B.M. 4791. F.S.

r

u ed

a 0 e Fo p

aBM

a

b 7 and B R

B I

no nal and

n

Ch

a \ a Fo tumina

o<n.e p h

c R bs p
Idcida, Roxb. Buds resinous : lvs. oblong : stipules
annular, variously divided at the mouth, unequally
lobed. India, Burma, Luzon. — The calj-x teeth are not
decurrent. as in the Cape Jessamine, and thus the calyx
does not have the ribbed look.

BB. Calyx tubular, ivith 5 i
amcEna, Sims. Differs from all 1
ug numerous strong spines nearly :

sh,,

,th.

axillary. Lvs. oval, acute, short-stalli
nal ; corolla tube 1 in. long, longer than the Idbes, which
are 6, obovate, white, with margins incurved enough to
show the rosy back. India or China.

Gardenia jaBmiuoides (the true Cape Jasmine) has
again become very popular, even suggestiug its popu-

arity thirty years ago, when its wax-like, fragrant blos-
soms were highly fashionable. Then several of the lead-

ng florists erected special houses for it, in order that they
might flower it in the winter season. The writer had

harge of one of these houses. The attempt to bloom

hem in midwinter was, however, only partly successful,
tor it is against the nature of the plant to force it into
b oom before the turn of the sun in, say, January. If
e plants have been well established the previous sum-
mer and are well set with flower buds, they can be suc-
c ssfully forced into bloom ia a sunny greenhouse, giv-

ng them stove heat and frequent syriugings with tepid
water. The plants will be entirely covered with their
eat blossoms. To grow and prepare such plants, cut-
igs with two or three joints or eyes of well-ripened
wood should be made in December or January, putting
them into the propagating bed of sharp sand, with
dbottomheatof not less than 75°, and keeping closeuntil
callused. Then air can be admitted. After rooting, they

hould be potted into small pots and grown on until the
middle of May, when they can be planted out into acold-
f ame crold hotbed, intoaricb, sandy loam, giving them

he full sun and treating them the same as Fkiiselastica

3 now grown. Abundance of water and frequent syring-

ng are essential. Pinch the shoots, so as to make the
p ants bushy and branchy. In the latter part of August
or beginning of September the plants should be potted

nto 5-, 6- or 7-inch pots, according to their size, then
p aced either in a hotbed with gentle bottom heat or

n a house where a moist stove temperature can be
maintained until the plants are well rooted. During this
\ riod they should be slightly shaded, after which the
p ants can be hardened off and put into their winter

uarters. Put in a cool greenhouse where Azaleas or
Camellias or other New Holland or Cape stock is win-
tered, until their time for forcing into flower arrives, in
the early part of the new year.

There is considerable difference between the large-leaf
or Fortuniana variety and the common O. jasminnkles.
While the .same treatment will answer for both, and the fl.
of the former is much larger, it is not so profitable for
commercial purposes as the ordinary G. jasmiunldes.
There is also a difference between these and the variety-
known as G. radicans, and its variegated variety, radi-
cans fol. var. These plants grow much dwarfer, and
their habit is more radicant or flat or prostrate in
growth. Their foliage is myrtle-like and the flowers are
much smaller and are less valuable. These, however,
make good flowerirg (dwarf) pot-plants under similar
treatment. The variegated form is cultivated in great
abundance in J.ip;in, in the gardens In semi-tropical
sections. Nciii- c,f the other varieties is of much com-
nifrcial iiii]Miit:iini-. and tliey havevalue only in botani-

Cal conri ll"l]~. J-J_ \^ SlEBRECHT.

628 GARDEN LEMON

GARDEN LEMON. See under Cucumis Melo.
GARDOQUIA betonicoides = C«!d»-OH«na Mexicana.

GARGET. Phytolac

Gk.TSil.lC {Allium sanmim.lAan.]. Hardy perennial
bulbous plant, closely allied to t,be onion. It is native
of southern Europe. It has flat leaves, and the bulb is
composed of several separ-
able parts or bulbels, called
cloves. These cloves are
planted, as onion sets are,
in spring or in fall in the
South. They mature in sum-
mer and earl^ fall. If the
soil is rich, it may be neces-
sary to break over the tops
to prevent too much top
growth and to make the
bulbs better, as is sometimes
done with onions. This is
done when the top growth
has reached normal full size.
The cloves are usually set
4-6 in. apart in drills, in ordi-
nary garden soil. The bulbs
are used in cookery, but
mostly amongst the foreign
population. Strings of bulbs
braided together by their
tops are common in raetro-
,^ politan markets (Fig. 89-t).

^"(^-^■4^^ ;:i,LJ^miM L. H. B.

See

GARRYA (after Nicholas
(iarry, secretary of the
Hudson Bay Company).
Including Fadyhiia. Cor-
ndcete. Ornamental ever-
green shrubs with opposite,
petioled, entire Ivs., with
the small greenish white or
^.«Sk «!^Ji 1 yellowish fls. in catkin-like,

^Pt5 »*1p>^^^ often pendulous spikes, and
_, /?/ \ Til .1^^ with dark purple or dark
blue berries. None of the
species is hardy North, but
G. Veatchi, var. flavescens,
and also G. Fremonti, -which
are the hardiest, can prob-
ably be grown north to New
York in sheltered positions,
while the others are hnrdv
only South. They are well
adaptedfor evergreen shrub-
beries, and the staminate
plants are especially decora-
tive in early spring with the
showy, pendulous catkins, which in G.elliptica attain
to 1 ft. ia length and often bloom in midwinter. The
Garryas thrive well in a well-drained soil and in sunny,
sheltered position; in England they are often grown on
walls. Prop, by seeds or by cuttings of half-ripened
wood under glass ; also by layers and sometimes by
grafting on Aucuba. About 10 species inW. N. America
from S. Oregon to S. Mexico, west to W. Texas. Shrubs
with exstipulate Ivs. : fls. dicecious, apetalous, 1-3 in the
axils of opposite bracts on elongated, often drooping,
axillary spikes; staminate fls. with 4 sepals and 4 sta-
mens, pistillate with 2 sepals and 2 styles and a 1-
celled ovary: berry 1-2-seeded, rather dry.

elliptica, Dougl. Shrub, to 8 ft.; Ivs. elliptic to oval-
oblong, obtuse or acute, usually undulate, glabrous
above, densely tonientose beneath, lM-3 in. long: 3 fls.
in the axils of short and broad, pointed bracts; spikes

894 Garlic as strung for

GASTERIA

rather dense, staminate 2-12 in. long, often branched,
pistillate 1-3 in. long : fr. globose, silky tomentose.
Calif, to New Mex. B.R. 20:1686. Gn. 33, p. 562; 51, p.
257; 53, p. 449; 55, p. 258. — This is the handsomest
species, and stands about 10° of frost (sometimes more)
in a sheltered position.

Thurfeti, C:irr. (G. rlllptiea x Fdilyeuil. Shrub, to
15 ft.: Ivs. elli|)iic to elliptic-oblong, at length glossy
and glabrous al>ove, whitish tonientose beneath, 2-5 in.
long: bracts remote, ovate-lanceolate, with usually 1 H.
in each axil; spikes shorter than those of the former:
fr. ovoid, tomentose. Originated in France. R.H. 1869.
p. 17; 1879, p. 154,15.5.

C; rn.hirni T?r,„l; Tn-lvniri Hr.nkrri nri-^nhV Shrub. tO

celled, glahrous. Ore. to '( al ' - (.;..-

pAy((a. Benth. Shrub, to II ti ■■\:i\,-,

glabrous above, villoiis-pubesr. Ill i.im ri, -inK.s

dense and short: fr. sessile. .M.\i.-.. ' i I l!"u'i:

Spreading shrub, to 8 ft.; Ivs. elliptic n\ ;.■ "lit,'.

acute, yellowish green, silky-toraentos.' _' iii.

long: spikes dense, 1-2 in. long: fr. srs i !k\ in-

mentose. Nevada to Calif, and N. Me.v. - \ it- v., ■.,,-■ ..s ,< ,,ult.
& Evans ((J. flavescens. Wats.), has tlie li,. .,ii...;„r. l..i.i;..r
petioled and less pubescent ; it is the more northern form and
hardier. Species named for J. A. Veatch, botanical explorer of
Cedros Island, Lower California. Alfred Rehder.

GARtTGA (native name). Snrserdcea. This includes
a deciduous East Indian tree, reaching GO ft., and
cult, in S. Fla. and Calif, tor its fruits, which are
the size of a gooseberry, and are eaten raw, but chiefly
pickled. The genus has 6 species in tropical Asia,
Anier. and Australia. Tomentose trees: Ivs. crowded at
tips of branches, alternate, odd-pinnate; Ifts. opposite,
subsessile, serrate: fls. polygamous, panicled; calyx bell-
shapeil, 5-cut; petals 5, inserted on the tube of the ca-
lyx above the middle: ovary 4-5-celled; ovules in pairs:
drupe with 5, oi ' " ' '
kled and flnallv

GAS PLANT. Consult Dictamnus.

QASTflRIA (Greek, yaster, belly; referring to the
swollen base of the fls.). Lilidcew. About 50 species of
greenhouse evergreen succulents, allied to Aloe, and
native of South Africa. Rather small plants, mostly
acaulescent, with usually elongated leaves, crowded in
2 ranks or a loose rosette. Flowers with a rosy ventri-
cose, curved tube and short, suberect, greenish seg-
ments, about as long as the stamens and pistil. Several
species are proliferous on aborted peduncles. Hybrids
are frequent between the species, and with other genera
ofthe tribe. Gasterias flower in winter. For culture, see
Aloe.

• !■ vcrruefisa, Mill.). Lvs. in two
ivisted ranks, narrow for the ge-
ugh, with small white tubercles.

vemicdsa, Tl
straight or :it
nus, dull grav,
Cape. B.M. 8:i

carinata, Haw. (Aide carindia. Mill.). Lvs. at length
spreading in every direction, an inch or more broad,
mostly inequilaterallyS-sided, dull, greener, the greener
protuiling tubercles coarser and more separated. B.M.
1331 (except left-hand leaf).

excav4ta. Haw. Like the last, hut without raised tu-
bercles, liinilitfully distinct from the next. Cape.

glabra, Hmw. {Aide gldbra, Salra-Dyck. A. eari-
)u)l:i. var. .iiilii/ldhra). Lvs. larger, green, somewhat
glossv, some oiE the coarse, remote, pale dots persis-
tently elevated. Cape. B.M. 1331 (left-hand leaf).

acinacifdlia, Haw. (Aide acinaciflilia). Lvs. dark
green, more elongated, somewhat glossy, the scattered
pale dots not raised. Cape. B.M. 2369.

GASTERIA

pulchra, Haw. {Aide pulchra,Ja.cq.). Lvs. sometimes
pui'plish, narrower and loua:er, the rather coarse, pale
dots not elevated. Cape. B.M. 7G5.

nitida, Haw. {Aide nitida, Salm-Dyck). Lvs. green,
more or less glossy, short, deltoid, very thick, the coarse,
pale dots not elevated, and the margins nearly smooth.
Cape. B.M. 2304.

AA. Leaves with nearly parallel margins, (ibrupthj

pointed or mucronate.
B. Leaves strap-shaped, one or both faces flat or con-
care, the marijins freqitcntlij iloiil,l,,l.

intermedia. Haw. (G. verrucfisn, var. itih nii, ■}ia).
Lvs. 'J-ranked, more rounded on tlit- Lark than usual in
the group, and some of them taperini; as in r> rntrasa,
gravish, rough, with numerous pale tubercles. Cape.
B.M. 1322 (as Aloe lingua}.

scaberrima, Salm-Dyck (<?. intermedia, var. aspirri-
ma. O. verrucosa, \-jiX. scaMrrima . AU,c scahrrrimu).
Lvs. thinner, less concave and tap.ri;!-. i.ii. n svvMni-
shaped, very rough, with coarse whit' iij.^ : :

dlsticha, Haw. (C. (ien/(CKj(Wrt. II i I

Thunb. ^. ;;»f/K«, Thunb. A. /<,;".'<,,... MiM .
Lvs. somewhat concavo-convex, from apple-green be-
coming dull gray, evanescently pale dotted, smooth,
rough-margined. Cape.

Var. conspurcita, Haw. (G. conspurcAta, Haw. Aide
consptircdta, Salm-Dyck). Lvs. with less roughened
margin, the numerous, more persistent, pale dots not
elevated.

Var. vemicoaa {Aloe linguifdrmis, var. verruclisa).
Lvs. roughened by the persistent elevation of some of
the more remote greener dots.

Var. angniiata, Haw. (Alfic anguhMa, Willd.). Lvs.
nearly flat on both surfaces, one or both margins acutely
doubled.

suIcMa, Haw. (AUe sulcAta, Salm-Dyck). Lvs. very
concave, with angular, conspicuously elevated and
mostly incurved margins, the green dots sometimes pro-
truding. Cape. ^

nigricans, Haw. {Aide nigricans. Haw. A, lingua,
var. crassifdlia). Lvs. plano-convex, rather turgid, from
dark green with pale dots becoming uniformly pur-
plish, smooth, the occasionally doubled margins very mi-
nutely roughened. Cape. B.M. 838 (as Aloe lingna,va,r.
erassifolia). '

Var. Bubnigricans, Haw. ((?. snbn)gricans, Haw.).
Greener, the sparse dots somewhat elevated and the
margins rough, especially below.

BB. Leaves sword-shaped, turgid, polished.

planifdlia, Bak. Lvs. 2-ranked. 2-edged, narrow, long,
biconvex, dark green, with numerous rather large, often
confluent pale blotches, the margin denticulate next the
apex. Algoa Bay.

maculata. Haw. {Aide macul(\ta,T]i\mh. A.ohliqua,
Haw.). Lvs. obliquely 2-ranked, occasionally 3-edged,
often twisted, broad, with confluent pale blotches, the
margin entire. Cape. B.M. 979.

picta, Haw. {G. and A. Bowie&na). Lvs. spirally 2
ranked on an elongated stem, somewhat purplish, broad,
from l)icouvex becoming concave, smooth margined or a
little roughened near the middle. Cape.

marmorita, Bak. Lvs. spirally 2-ranked, often 3-
ertged, narrow, elongated, smooth, entire or the lower
partly rough-margined, highly polished, coarsely pale-
marbled. Cape i

parviSdlia, Bak. Lvs. spreading in all directions,
mostly 3-edged, very short and thick, duller green, with
less confluent, small, pale dots, which are often slightly
elevated. Cape. YV'm. Trelease.

GASTdNIA Palmata. See Trevesin.

GASTKONEMA. A section of Cijrtanthus.

GAULTHfiEIA (named by Kalm after Dr. "Gaul-
thier," a physician in Quebec, whose name was really

GAURA G29

written Gaultier) . EHcAceai. This includes the Winter-
green and some other ornamental low aromatic plants
with alternate, evergreen lvs., white, pink or scarlet,
often fragrant fls. in terminal or axillary racemes or
solitary, aud with decorative, berry-like red or blackish
fr. 6. procnmbens is fully hardy North, while the other
N. Anu-riean sp.eies need jTotection during the winter;
th.-y ail' \< !I .p1:i;.lr.l f i I.urders of evergreen shrub-
lirri , " ,, ! r^i. !. ri,s, and in suitable soil they
ar. : ' : iin- evergreen ground-cover.

.M"-i i - I i I i, .,.,, -, an be grown only South or
as iii\. nii.MsL .slinil.s. .Suiiie have edible fruits, and an
aromatic oil used in perfumery and medicine is ob-
tained from G. procnmhens and several Asiatic species.
They grow best in sandy or peaty, somewhat moist soil
and partly shaded situations. Prop, by seeds, layers or
suckers, division of okler plants, and also by cuttings of
half-ripened wood under glass. About 90 species in the
warmer and subtropical regions of Asia, Australia, and

enclosed by the fleshy aud berry like calyx.

procumbens, Linn. Wintergreen. Checkerberry
BoxBERHV. Paktridge Berky. Stc-m ci-eeping, send

-Mich. D. 73. U.-M.

Julv-S.-|,t. r,,: Mia ^.. 0:i.,

19G6. L.B.C. 1:!^2.

Shillon, Pursh. Low shrub, to 2 ft., with spreading,
glandular-hairy branches : lvs. roundish-ovate or ovate,
cordate or rounded at the base, serrulate, 2-t in. long :
fls. nodding, in terminal and axillary racemes ; corolla
ovate, white or pinkish: fr. purplish black, glandular,
hairy. May, June. Brit. Columbia to Calif. Called
"shallon" or "salal" by Indians. B.M. 2843. B.R.
17:1411. L.B.C. 14:1372.

G. antipoda, Forst. Shnib, to 5 ft., sometimes procumbent,
hairy: lvs. orbicular to oblong, M-3^ in. : fl. solitary, white or
pink, faniijanulatc. N. Zfalan.l, Tasmauia.-G. cm-cin,-a. HIiK.

GAtTKA {(
several lie.l
scarcely pus
pleasant iia-i

nate, s
white '

l_4-se,.4.-,l.

fer light s„
directly int..

, almost Khtbrous; lvs. elliptic-otjovfite, about
IBS few-fid., axillary. Himal.. Japan.

Alfred Rehder.

).. 'I,., ,-.. iT,-. ,;,,-,r,t6. This includes

■I ' ■ : iM ..appearance, but

II.: liiii-. though they are

iv «, with
of each

■lied, and
I'hev pre-
isplanted

630 GAURA

A. ffeiijlit S ft.: fls. while.
Llndheimeri, Engelm. & Gray. Lvs. lanceolate, with
a few \v:ivv teeth and recurved margins. Tex. G.W.F.
23. R.H. 1851 :41, and 1857, p. 2G2.

A. Heirjht 1 ft.: fls. rosy, turning to scarlet.
coccinea, Nutt. Lvs. numerous, lanceolate to linear,
repand-denticulate or entire: fls. in spikes: fr. 4-sided.
Tex. W. M.

GAYLUSSACIA (after J. L. Gaylus
French chemist; died 1850). Syn. , Ailiulr
tribe I'acciniece. Evergreen or decidunu
alternate, short-petioled, entire nr -( rivit

red, or reddish green fls. in lateral ■ ■

black mostly edible fruits. Th. ■':■
hardy North, but are of little deciM ::
evergreen species, ail. except tie h I'l n :'

often Vrr'i '. ,■,,;,,,„■, 11^1 in r..|l:,L'V ,■111.1 n-.. I

hardly .■iiltix:,i,.,l in il,i. r,„inir'\-. Tliev
peaty

seeds, layers m-
tings of "half-ri]:
cinium for cult,
closely allied to
celled ovary, eat

i.'lass. See also Vac-
11 .\'..ind S. America,
lu'uished by the 10-

vercjr

obtusely serrate.

brachycera, Gray. Low shrub, with creeping and as-
ceudiuj^ stem and spreading angled glabrous branches:
lvs. oval, glabrous, %-l in. long ; racemes short, with
few white or pinkish fls.: fr. black. May, June. Pa.
to Va. B.M. 928. L.B.C. 7:648 (as Vaccinixim Mixi-
folium).

AA. Lvs. deciduous, entire.
B. Fls. in loose racemes: corolla campanulate .

dumdsa, Torr. & Gray. Shrub, to 2 ft., with creeping
stem and almost erect, somewhat hairy and glandular
branches : lvs. obovate-oblong to oblanceolate, mucro-
nate, shining above, leathery, 1-2 in. long: fls. white or
pinkish ; bracts foliaceous and persistent : fr. black,
usually pubescent, rather insipid. May, June. New-
foundland to Fla. and La. B.M. 1106 (as Vaccinium).

fronddsa, Torr. & Gray. Blce Huckleberrt. Dan-
GLEBEKRV. Tangleberey. Shrub, to 6 ft., with spread-
ing, usually glabrous branches : lvs. oblong or oval-
obovate, obtuse or emarginate, pale green above, whitish
beneath, membranaceous, 1-2 in. long: fls. slender-pedl-
celled ; corolla broadly campanulate, greenish purple:
fr. blue, with glaucous bloom, sweet. May, June. N.
H. to Fla., west to Ky., preferring moist, peaty soil.
Em. 2:451. 6.C. III. 7:580.

ursina, Torr. & Gray. Shrub, to 4 ft., with somewhat
pubescent, spreading branches : lvs. obovate to oblong,
acuminate, meiiiliraiKiei-.ius, l;-4 in. long: fls. white or
pinkish: fr. tiniilly lii.i.k. iii^i|. id. May, June. N. and
S.Carolina, lliniaii I'. K'.isrv writes of this species:
"Shrub 2-6 ft. In-h: \. i\ 1. ..■■,: in a few counties in
southwestern X,..l, i i. .:-,,, liicii-li e.iiiiiiion in tlies.-
stations. I ,■,;■ . ;,, • |',i,,lilniT\-,- :, namr

deer fe.-.l m, ll,.- v.n ,■ :„|| rlusl.T.'.l fniit ill late

summer. The l..ii.e> i.i.- mcieh u^5e^^ fur pies and .jams,
and have a most peculiar and pleasant acid flavor, un-
like any other Vaccinium. It promises to be a valuable
addition to our garden fruits."

BE. Fls. in short, sessile racemes: corolla ovate.

resindsa, Torr. & Gray. Erect shrub, to 3 ft., resinous
when young ; lvs. oval or oblong-lanceolate, mucronu-
late, yellowish green above, pale beneath, 1-1 K in. long:
fls. short-pedicelled, nodding, reddish: fr. black, rarely
white, sweet. May, June. Newfoundland to Ga., west
to Wis. and Ky., preferring sandy or rocky soil. Em.
451. B.M. 1288 (as Vaccinium).

O.Psmdo-Yaccinium, Cham. & Schleeht. Evergreen, usually
glabrous shrub, to .3 ft., with elliptic, entire lvs. and red fls. in
secund, many-fld. racemes. Brazil. B.R. 30:62, E.H. 1845:285.
Alfred Rehder.

GAZANIA (after Theodore of Ga

and the l^acks of tin r; \ ^ :m > mi -iim ■ ;,~,^ ri.-i, [nrple,
and even azure-blue. Tlieir f.iliage is often densely woolly
beneath, and the range of form is amazing. Speaking of
G. uniflorn, Harvey says : "Frequently all the lvs. are
quite simple; in other specimens some lvs. are deeply
3-lobed, the rest simple, and inourvm ;„,,,,, in.ii
grows intermixed with the other \i, , |,. r

lvs. are quite simple, the lower eitln , i i in-

natelv 5-7-lnbed. all on the same lii; I ' , i,,iip

is al-n ,.r,,„.,rl::,|,|,. for the spots le.i I Ihe

'■ ■ --' ' /'.■"/ and some other- i , , , i i,,:.s
. Ill' ■ ' - uf a peacock's tail, l ' ■ in' are
I h'r their behavior a 1 i _ i , i, ilu-y

■!■ ' ■!■ ir i!- aii.l turn their folia,^.' . i, u.l.I, i., make
til. v.iMily under sides of the lvs. mon- e.,ii:,pj,unus. The
u'. niiv lias 24-30 species, which are herbaceous, mostly
Jul! iiiiial, rarely annual, with short stems or none : lvs.
en.w.lr.l at the crown of the root, or scattered along the
stem : involucral scales in 2 or several rows, cup-like
at the base : akenes wingless, villous : pappus in 2
series of very delicate, scarious, toothed .scales, often
hidden in the wool of the akcne. Harvey in Flora Capen-
sis 3 :471. N. E. Brown in Gn. 47, p. 288.

Gazanias are now rarely met with in some of the oldest-
fashioned flori.sts' establishments. Pew of the more
prominent firms keep themnow, and theymay be said to
be practically out of cultivation in America. All the
kinds described below are old garden favorites abroad,
particularly O. rigens, a common bedding plant, cult, for
nearly a century and a half, but whose precise habitat
has never been ascertaineil. Importers are urged to
procure (from the (':i|m, if
recommended by I ; i i
which are O. jnrn,
flora, Tar. leucoln if
of the lvs.), riijiu:.^ i ,
ccespitosa. These a., ii
the older sorts, tli'ii '
of culture. G. nnmi . . -,
expected in Amerii-an tradi.
and is figured in Gt. 4ti, p. .'),'54. Of the annual kinds
Brown recommends G. JiurcheUia, Jjichtensteini and
teniiifolia. Gazanias are amongst the most conspicuous
and characteristic of the subshrubby composites at the
Cape, being brilliant objects in the sandy wastes. They
are said to be of easy culture in our cool greenhouses,
and are commended for summer use in the borders of
those who can keep them under glass in winter. They
can be rapidly prop, in midsummer by cuttings made
from the side shoots near the base and placed in a close
frame.

A. Color of heads yellow.
B. Bays not spotted: heads 2 in. across.

unifldra, Sims. Stems spreading 6-12 in. or more from
a center: lvs. varying as mentioned above. The wooUi-
ness also varies greatly: sometimes the whole plant is
siinwv white ; sometimes the whiteness is ennfined to
till' miller sides of the lvs. B.M. 227(1. I., l'..i '. HiT'.i,";.-
'I'lir involucre is woolly, according t" Ilarv. y, but tlie
jiiriuias cited do not show it. This and t,'. > /,/, <is liave
.shurt stems, with branches alternately leafy, while G.
iiiiiiiatn, Pavonia and pygmwa have little or no stem,
and the lvs. radical or tufted at the ends of the short
branches.
BE. Hays spotted al /../.v.- l,,,,,!/: .", in. or more across.

pinn4ta. Less. I.^ i i
lobes oblong or liiai' n
than lvs.: involuna;
inner ones. Harvey naiuLs i
aa. Color of heads orange : rays spotted
heads 3 in. or more across.
B. Lvs. mostly entire and spatulate.
c. Basal markings containing brou'n.

rigens, R. Br. Stems short and densely leafy or dif-
fuse, laxly leafy, with ascending branches: lvs. some-
times sparingly pinnatifid, i. e., with only 1 or 2 side

t) the other kinds
! perennial sorts,
longiscapa, vni-
ollv on both sides
nrm.rinides and

late (some simple);
■s : peduncle longer
ite, particularly the
al varieties.

base :

GAZANIA

lobes. B.M. 90 shows a head of scarlet rays, with basal
markings of brown, black and white.

CC. Basal markings without brown.

spUndens, Hort. Fig. 895. Hybrid, said to resemble
G. uniflora in habit but dwarf er and more compact. Of
the kinds in common cult, it is nearest to G. Pavonia
in coloring of fls.

BB. Lvs. mostly pinnate.

Pavbnia, R. Br. Peacock Gazania. B.R. 1;35 shows
markings of brown, white, yellow and blue, which are
marvelous in design and precision of execution. Invo
lucral scales short, the inner broad, acute or subacute

Latest monograph by Baker in Flora Capensis G:0o-7G

(iS'ju-;)?).

Eochfensis, Ker. Lvs. glabrous, basal ones narrow,
few-ribbed: stem-sheath loose and swelling: fls. 1-2 in.
across ; perianth tube shorter than the spathe ; seg-
ments with a nectary at the base. B.M. 598 (not 072. as
stated in Index Kewensis), where the whole plant is a
trifle over 3 in. high and the fls.. purple, with a dark red
eye the Htter surrounded bv a pale blue circle

1 Itil :

GELS£MIUM(from£
m ne wh hi elong to 1 ft
A genus ot o ly spe e I
Cai 1 na\e!l v Je sa n n
the South wh h climb on
g een t 1 a^-e and a prof
1 r fel t ello V ery fragrant
I o e 1 ng v\ \ spnng L\
tl e le t t Ik lo ned by a trin
oroUa opei t

f the true Jes

opi

leni

. n jr g 1
How flowe
u n northern

erv ne |

vamps in J
s ad I

sed

it at tl e
M rgns f
\ doul le fl 1
W M

pygmaea, Sond. Lvs. spatulate, entire. Rays white,
striped purple beneath, tin. 47:1011. LH. 43:53. B.M.
7-155. Var. maculata, N.E. Br. Rays pale creamy white,
with a blackish spot at tlie base, reverse striped dull
purple. Var. sup6rba, X. E. Br. Rays white, unspotted,

able about its involiicral scalt-s. which may be short or
long, sometimes cup-shaped at the base, and again al-
most free. This upsets one of the most important fea-
tures of Harvey's key. -s^ jj^

GEAN. Primus Avitmi.

GEIGER TREE. Corilia Sebestena

GEISSORHiZA (Greek words alluding to the coats of
the bull', wlii.-h cnvir it somewhat like overlapping
tiles). /,■.././.,„,. A l...ut 30 species of Ixia-like, half-
hardy Cn\"- I'll II I,, w lih-h are dormant from Aug. to Nov.,
and are usually il.jncr.il under glass in spring and early
summer. The spatiie-valves are all green and membra-
nous at the tip. while in Ixia the outer spathe-valve is
short, brown and notched at the tip. The genus has a
wide range in habit and in color of fls., but these plants
are presumably inferior to Ixias for general culture.
The following species is advertised in some of the
Dutch bulb catalogues that are printed in English.

GENlPA(Braz 1 anname) B I Ace(e Th s
ncludes i We t 1 1 an shr 1 all ed to the
C a] e Ta u ne a d I ■» el k to Amen

c n hort culture e ] and den i are

hir 1 to ei irate S lite 1 w th short
or n t Il\ op} OS e 1 1 tl r obovate

or lance 1 te h n i jme ax llary few

fld fls vh te to yellow si cil x 1 ml 1 ell
shaped truncated or 5 toothe 1 lolH ilver
shaped 1 nb tw sted to the left 5 parted
stigma club-shaped or bifld: ovary 1-celled:
placentas 2, almost touching each other in the
axis: berries edible.
cluBiifdlia, Griseb. Shrub on maritime rocks
of Cuba, etc.: lvs. 4 in. or less long, black when dried,
obovate, glabrous: corymbs short-peduneled : calyx limb
5-cut : corolla glabrous; berry ovoid.

GENlSTA (ancient Latin name). Legumindsw. Orna-
mental low shrubs with -miill Ji. iciu.Mis or half ever-
green lvs., showy y ' i iilly in terminal
racemes or clusters, .i; i ■ m, ;. -m-ily in spring or
summer, and followed I >> -rii;Hi, in-iL'niiiraiii pi>ds. None
of the species is i|UHe Jiani> :\oiiii, but G. tinctoria,
Avf/tica, Germanica and soiue other European species
will do well in a sheltered position or if somewhat pro-
tected (luring the winter, while the others are more
suited for cult, in southern regions. They are well
adapted for covering dry, sandy banks and rocky slopes,
and for borders and rockeries. They grow in any well-
drained soil, and like a sunny position. Prop, by seeds,
sown in spring, also by layers and l>y grci-nwood cut-
ting's uncli-r i^la^s. AliMiit sc -|h ,h - in I iir'.|..-, Canar..
N. All-.. \V. A-ia, Alh.-.l I.. ( • -, -I • i,..ut callose

ai'l-'"l-^- -< tl-' 1 — 'I- ,1 . . ..:... ..sually

stripe.l, s„n„.|nn.s s,,iny: Iv-^ ,„.,,.. .inr-iate, rarely
0]iposile. siniple, sometimes 3-loliolaH' : Jls. yellow, rarely
white, style hardly curved; calyx 2-lipped, with the up-
per lip deeply 2-parted. The Genista of florists is
Cvtisus.

A. Color of fls. white.

monosp^rma, Lam. {Betdma monospirma, Boiss.).
Shrub, to 10 ft., with slender grayish branches, almost

632

GENISTA

aple

ely 3-foliolate, generally
linear or linear-spatulate, silky: fls. -white, fragrant, in
short lateral racemes; corolla silky; calyx purple; pod
broadly oval, 1-2-seeded. Feb.-April. Spain, N. Afr.
B.M. 683.

AA. Color of Ha. yellow.

B. Twigs striped, not winged.

. Pod globular, indekiscent, 2-seeded.

sphaerooArpa, Lara. Similar to the

less silkv, alii

^y

forme
leaHess: tl:
merous pMi
brous. M.-i

E. -FZs. in terminal heads, sessile.
umbellita, Poir. Erect shrub, to 2
feet, with rigid branches, forming a
dense bush: Ivs. simple or 3-foliolate,
lanceolate or linear -lanceolate, silky,
H-% in. long: corolla silky, over % in.
long: pod linear-oblong, toraentose, 2-5-
seeded. April, May. Spain.

EE. Fls.

edicelled.

ephedroldes, DC. Krect shrub, to 3 ft.,
with rigid branches : Ivs. sessile, sim-
ple or 3-folioIate, linear, almost gla-
brous: ds. in maiiy-fld. terminal racemes,
small ; st.andanl much shorter than keel:
pod oral, 1-seeded, silky. April, May.
Sardinia, Corsica.

.ffitnSnsis, DC. Shrub, to 6 ft., with
slender branches : Ivs. simple, small,
linear, silky: Us. axillary, forming loose,
tiTiiiinal r;Mrni,.C, i,' r^ i-.i i,i ; keel shorter

D. Branches h-ntij, with conspicu
Irx. (only 6. virgata someti
scarcely leafy).

E. Spill!/.
iiTOX, Poir. Errrt sl,r„l., to i;
•ith many stout s|,iii,s: Ivs. sun
arely 3-foiiolate. i.I.L.n- i.. ,,!.,, \ ,■,!,■,
lost'glabnms: tls. in ,,..i,m-i-,,„s i. ,

GEKTIANA

GO. FrI. glabrous or nearly so, i-10-seeded.

polygalsfdlia, DC. Erect shrub, to 6 ft., with some-
what silky branches: Ivs. spatulate-oblong, glabrous
above, sparingly silky beneath, K-Kin. long: fls. in
many-fld. slender racemes ; standard and wings gla-
brous, keel sill:y: P"! r^^..,,^..y narrow-oblong, almost
glabrous, .'l-r,-s I.-! M ■ i;i Sjiain.

tinctdria, l.iiiTi. h, -' i ki.. Fig.SOO. Erect

shrub, to :i II.. iMih -:; i;h M, -i, ,;. ,us or slightly pubes-
cent branches: h s. uhioiii,'-flli[iin- ur oblong-lauceolate,
almost glabrous, ciliute, >2-l in. long: racemes many-
fld., panicled at the ends of branches: corolla glabrous:
pod narrow-oblong, glabrous or slightly pubescent, 6-10-
seeded. June-Aug. Europe, W. Asia: naturalized in
some places E. B.B. 2:271.

Var. pUna, Hort. With double fls. Var.virgita, Mert.
& Koch (G. riVsrti/a.Willd., not Link, not Lam. G. elAta,
Wender. ). Of more vigorous growth, to 6 ft. high:
pod 3-6-seeded. Southeast Eu.

FF. Fls. axillary: dwarf, procumbent shrub.

pildsa, Linn. Dwarf, procumbent or ascending: Ivs.
cuneate, oblong or obovate, dark green and almost gla-
brous above, silky beneath: fls. axillary, 1-2. often race-
mose toward the end of branches: pod linear, silky,
5-8-seeded. May, June. M. and S. Eu., W. Asia.
BB. Twigs broadly S-winged.

sagittaiis, Linn. (Cytisus sagittcllis, Mert. & Koch).
Dwarf, procumbent, with ascending or erect, mostly
simple branches: Ivs. ovate to oblong, villous: fls. in
terminal, short racemes ; corolla glabrous : pod linear-
oblong, silky. May, June. Eu., W. Asia. '

0. Alba, Lam.=Cytisu8 albus.— G. Andrcana, Puissant=-Cyti-

cUeofJI.ay.
1S88:36.-G
Wbb.=Cyti

fra-r

B.K.5;:i(JS.

GermAnioa, Linn. Erect or
ascending spiny shrub, to 2 ft.,
with villous branches: Ivs. elliptic-
oblong, ciliate: fls. small, in 1-2 in.
lon^ raccnifs: pod oval, villous, fcw-
sc(m1.-,1. .lime, July. M. and S. Eu-

EE. Xiil .ipiiiy.- h:i. alicaiix ximple.
F. Fls. ill riii-i'iiiex: ircrl shrubs,
a. Fii. vUlKiisorsilki/.l-l-sei'ded.
virgata. Link. {Spiirtiwm rirgd-
tuni. I.'lli r. I. Slirub, to 8 ft., with
sleiHb ]■ liraiicliis: Ivs. lanceolate to
elliptic, silky-villoiis, ;-4-H in. long:

fls. in numerous short, 3-6-fld. racemes; standard and

keel silkv: pod oblong, 1-3-seeded, villous. May, July.

Madeira.' B.M. 2265.
fl6rida, Linn. Erect shrub, to 6 ft., with glabrous

striped branches : Ivs. spatulate-oblong or lanceolate,

silky beneath, H-K in. long: fls. in dense, many-fld.

racemes; corolla glabrous : pod oblong or narrow-oblong,

silky, 2-4-seeded. April-July. Spain.

896, Dyer's Green-
iweed— Genista tinctoria,

(X %.)

Eehder.

point of view the most important. .\ i-^.

widely scattered in temperate and ni( h i i , ~

Chiefly perennial herbs, rarely annual . t liin.ii. mii,.],

dwarf, diffuse or tnftid, s..ni..fii.i. s crecr and sl.'iuler,
or even tall and st.iif : Iv-. M|,|M,site, mostly sessile:
fls. blue, violet, purpl'. r;irrl\ .inll yllow orwhite; floral
parts typically 5, r;nt ly 4-..

The Blue Gentian, cekbrated by tourists in the Alps,
is probably mostly the stemless Gentian, G. acavlis.
This was brought to English gardens so long ago that
all record of its introduction is lost. It is by far the

GENTIANA

the rootstock is so stoloniferous that the plant has to
be cut back every year when used for edgings m Eng
lish gardens In Inme it is c isilj gunn in a toiu
post of one half li ii ■. i 1 t 1 1 1 It „ 1

vegetable mold t I I i I ill <

revon writes It I > il i I I I

but it IS, mflnit 1 I I

doing tills it 1
this o'r ui t I
LialU ^ i\ 1

of 6- /( ( / 1

months, wink il i i i i lu il

centlj gathered) vellum itcd in a ti-w -nctks Tht seed
Imgs should 1 e potted as soon as possible and while
the\ are very \ oung They will begin to flower in about
3 years from the time of sowing rarelj sooner Excei-t
G ind)(Ui,ii (r S 1/1011(1,1 I ami < I I i I i 1| i
haps a few others (itntnus d > ii t tl i I i

America as m En^^land Oui s i i t 1 i 1

dry Whene\er possible give a d ii ij i jl i

It IS rash to geneialize on (jentian cultuie 1 1 nusi
some plants are tall others dw art some touiid on m un
tarns, others in lowlands, srme m moist soil, otheis in
dry lands, while some like limestone and others ciuuot
enduie it The annual kinds are of interest only to the
expert Alpine plants in geneial are unique in requir
ing an extremely large water supply, combined with ex
tremely good dramige Another difficult problem is to
keep the plants is ttol is tht.\ ne n the mountains
without shading tl i i Is Gentian

seeds are small i I 1 uncertain

They should b t r the thor

ough drying out (. t Hi 1 soon fatal

Gentians are diihcult t > est il li li ni 1 iishke dnision
of the root, but are well worth patient } t irs of ti i il for
they are very pel manent when once estallished Nature
like alpine gardens aie one of the latest and most le
fined dp] >t * i 1 nd Cientians aie one

of the 1 1 lants to the skilled

amateu

Thei ns but ours ((?<•»!

nita F), I utitul Kxitians,

and one t tli 1 i m

wild floweis It ] r,

and, while sou^l is,

states 1 I s 1 1 ver

been si u it i have

long b

Cornell J

ramated i 1 c 1 ^ \ 1 1 1 i

in Ameiican litLi itun_ and tiuui thu tun-

ode many tributes m verse ha\ e been paid to its unique

beauty The d iily unfolding of its square ridged and

twisted buds has been watched in thousands of homes

By the artists its blue is often considered the nearest

approach to the color of the sky, but it must be con

fessed that a sha,de of purple often appears in the older

flowers

but at the

liriuly r

Th
cop\

for the same positions as Group II Typical plant, G
leina others are G Baiaiica, imbiiutla, Oiegana

n I, Pi tnii , nnliiiii lit

cordial c xlled Gentiane "

Indei. of names those marked with an asterisk (*)
a])i t 11 in \mtrican^ade catalogues the rest are cult
I 1 i 1 he plants are perennials and mountain loving,

} i tl iwise

stated

1 1

*Cruciata 45

Pannonica 42

/ 3

Dmarioa 5b

*Paii>i 3b

*decumbens 3

Pneumouanthe 20

*db"'-

dctonta 16

Porphyrio 31

algula 10 and 11

Portuni 2-

pseucio Pneumo

alpiiia

trigula 9 10

niutlie 23

*ln(liewsn «

Ficehcln. lb

piostr,«ta 2o

aiigul «/ 48

txaud.n, 43

*puberala 41

•angiistifoha -,2-mA

gehli 11

lumila 50

31

mil no It 1 4-

♦punctata fl

•asclepialea 19

*purpui e I 4
Pjieniua 24

haihuu, lb

Bavarui 40

Kochima 53

Qumiueflora 17

*Bigpk^u 3 J

kurroo 37

*quinquefolia 17

nibi I 5

♦ca'ljrosa '3t

*hSei"l' "

»S<ipinaria 21

oampestris 12

*ma irihylH 44

*so il I I 2b

C arp itu I 46

M oi<-iottirt,iia 13

♦scntnim 34

Cnle'ibi 21 and 22

♦Newleirji tt

•septembda 28

< } I tl I I I
I I I

J< ,11 t c I I la 1 1

ha t iH I id
Cole, cf fts blue
I ist lloi

- ( 11, ,1 t 1

purple,

lutea
Burseri

i.4. ( (// /; U tub tit, JOlll I,

usually 0 lobti
B Colo, of tls yellowish, 01 r/ii
(s7i nlute
c i>tifle distinct capsule
stalk 1
re Stil I I I 1 I II

Sllll.1 I

z Hi till ft
T>D n jlt 1

T>ZD n I ll I I

E L I I I I I I

I tl I II

I Tall Gent
roots are more ( i I
culture and th i 1

ison of bloom hab
lie se„ttpipd below
tf Gentims

F Lis 1 tmtolaie Inieai
FF f s ni It lanceolati
( I , t lis Hue 01 pittpli

Bu

1

DD Gl

lilt II

,^

tl

Sap,,

1

E I,

II L

swh s 1 ts leing

less St It

i I

111 ik and tor the open

groun 1 1 1

1 1

1 I st IS pi Tid. d In

(

eludes <,

/ 1 1 tl

1 into which It IS s(mie

times dnided

C (

III Tufted

Giiitians

species with sessile flowers

growing little above the

level of the ground and suited

FF C

14 crimta
f,i,iyLd

lo ciliata

it stalk Ifa serrata

634 GENTIANA

^X., Not fringed: fttlyx 5-cut: co-
T'llla lobes lipped with a sharp

point 17. quinquefolia

CC. CorolUi plaited.
D. Sti'jntus ^, always distinct.
E. Capsules finally raised on a

distinct stalk.
P. Anthers permanently grown

together.
G. Calyx as long as the corolla. 18. FKElichii
GG. Ca I yx one-half or one-third as
long as the corolla.

H. Seeils not at all winged 19. asclepiadea

HH. Seeds slightly winged.

I. Fls. open 20. Pneumonanthe

II. Fls. closed, Hue 21. Saponaria

HHH. .Seeds strongly winged.

I. Fls. closed , purple 22. Andrewsii

II. Fls. open 23. linearis

FF. Anthers free, at least finally.

a. JVionber of corolla lobes 10. .24. Fyrenaica
GG. JViimber of corolla lobes 5
[rarely 4).

H. Calyx 4-lobed 25. prostrata

HH. Vulyx 5-lobed.

I. Lvs. distinctly rough above

(hispid-scabrous) 2G. scabra

II. I/vs. distinctly rough at the
margins (scabrous).
J. Lobes of calyx shorter than

the calyx tube 27. Fortuni

Jj. 1/obes of calyx as long as
the calyx tube.
K. Corolla lobes orate, nnite,

iniirl, ml ./.-;-. I. ./:i,/r^. . .2S. septemfida

pendages 29. affinis

m. Lvs. not distinctly rough
above or at margins.
J. Seeds not at all winged.
K. Form of corolla lobes

linear-oblong 30. Olivieri

KK. Form of corolla lobes
ovate, often broadly so.
h. Fls. solitary.

M. Peduncled 31. Porphyrio

MM. Ifot peduncled .'!2. ornata

Li.. Fls. in clusters of S-5 or

M. ii'S. lanceolate-linear. .33. triflora
MM. Lvs. ovate to oblong-
lanceolate.

N. Height 2-4 ft 3-1. Boeptrum

vs. Height 9-12 in.

o. Calyx lobes ovate,
about as long as the

calyj- tube 35. calycosa

oo. Calyx lobes linear,
moderately or much
shorter than the

calyx tube 36. Parryi

JJ. Seeds winged (at the base

wings narrow, Ihickish).
K. Height -JS in. .- fls. spot-
ted.
L. Pedicel % in. long or

more 37. Kurroo

LL. Pedicel very short, prac-

tiealli/ absent 38. Newberryi

KK. Height 1-2 ft.

L. Fls. in a dense spike 3!1. Bigelovii

lA..Fls.l-few or.iiveral.
M. Appendages ennspicu-
ous, sometimes nearly
as long as the corolla

lobes 40. Oregana

MM. Appendages only half as
long as the corolla
lobes 41. pubenila

(;;.s7

,gelhe

style

(I. Calyx .Teal, the lobes longer

than the ralyx lube 42. Pannomca

GG. Calyx entire, truncate, indis-

Hnetly ■'i-lobed 43. Gaudini

rp. Anthers free: style usually

not distinct: seeds not winged.

G. Lvs. 6-12 in. long: calyx 5-6-

lobed 44. macrophylla

GO. Lvs. much shorter: calyx 4-

lobed 45. Cruciata

■I the

ilyx pelhc

FF. Calyx leafy 40. Carpatica

G. Seeds winged 47. imbricata

GG. Seeds not winged.

H. Lvs. ovate 4S. vema

HH. Lvs. obovate 4'.l. Bavarica

HHH. Lvs. linear 'M. pumila

EE. Anthers connate: style short, .bl. acaulla
F. Fls. spotted.

a. Color sky-blue 52. angustifoUa

GG. Color violet-blue 53. Kochiana

TF. Fls. not spotted,
a. Corolla broadly bell-shaped.

H. Size of fls. large 54. Clusii

HH. Size of fls. small 55, alpina

GG. Corolla almost cylindrical. .aG. Dinarica
. liitea, Linn. Fls. in dense, umhiMik.- .■vnn-^ ; r<

1. liitea, Li

rolla S-fi-part.
free ; stvle ii.

ill N.

appear the riilluwiiii: .\l;ir<'it ami Aj'til, J . .Pin-

prick them out under a cldfraliie. and in .Vu„. ir.iii l,r
young plants to pots, where they should be krpt until
needed for permanent outdoor use. Be very ciii-eful
never to break the roots. Sometimes cult, abroa.l for
medicine.

2. Biirseri, Lapeyr. Lvs. 7-nerved : corolla mostly
G-cut; lobes ovate-oblong, acute; anthers connate | style
distinct. June, July. Pyrenees. -Cult, like 1.

3. deciimbens, Linn.,f. (G. adsehidens, Pall.). Lvs.
linear-lance<ilate. margins scalirous: tls. blue; corolla
narrowly oboonical, toothed between the lobes; lobes 5,
ovate; anthers connate, finally free. Himal.,Sib. June-
Aug. B.M. 705, 723. -Cult like 1.

4. purpiirea, Linn. Lvs. ovate-oblong, 5-nerved: fls.
purple above; corolla tube yellowish, club-shaped ; lobes
mostly 6, obovate-subrotund, one-third the length of the
tube. Aug., Sept. Eu. L. B.C. 0:583 shows a rich, dull
purple, with no trace of blue. — Compost of sphagnum
and heath soil. Be careful not to break the roots.

5. rdbra, Clairv.irV. Thorn, isii .tiWV.Kh.). One of 5 or
more natural hybrids between (/. Inlm and some species
of the section Ca>lanthe, which includes (J. punctata,
purpurea, Pannonica, and Burseri : fls. purplish out-
side. Swiss Alps.

6. punctata, Linn. Lvs. 5-ncrved : calyx 5-7-cut :
corolla tube bell-shaped; lobes o, .,i, . unit;. -1%, one-third
the length of the tube; anther- ! ." 1 MiddleKu.-
The spots are not arranged in rd.r. This

belongs to the section Ccelaiiiln . , , i,. .-. ed has a

■wing of the same color, while th. n. .\i ,'j ..j.Leies belong
to the section Pneumonanthe, iu which there is no wing,
or it is of a different color. -Cult, like 18.

7. dlba, Muhl. St. stout: lvs. acuminate, with a clasp-
ing base: fls. in a terminal head, with single or clustered
ones in the upper axils; dull white, commonly tinged
yellowish or greenish; corolla resembling G. Saponaria,
but more bell-sha]ied and open; lobes ovate, short, little
if at all spreading. Low grounds and mountain mea-
dows, N. Amer. B.M. 1551, erroneously, as G. ochro-
;eHciJ.-Cult. Iike20.

8. ochroletica, Fra?l. St. ascending: lvs. ovate-lanceo-
late and obovate: fls. in crowded terminal, nearly ses-
sile, leafy cymes; corolla yellowish white, club-shaped,

GENTIANA

635

Not B.M. 1531 or 1551.
media, Sims, not L.B.
this andG. Aiidrewsii.
;iviug calj-x lobes of
longer than the calyx

connivent nt the apex. N. Amer.
Var. intermedia, liri-iph. i (J. iiitf.

It reseiiiii ■ ' ■ ■' i"

unequal 1' ■ '"i- n- •

lube, and ! t ' . init^M r- : IT r.si.iiiliii'SO.-rUinrfM.'SJi m luo

tingeof purplish blue. B.M.'Jyn:!. Var. incarnita.Griseb.

(6. iucariulia, Sims). B. M. 1856 from Carolina is not

cult. These forms are not considered worthy of varietal

rank in Gray's Syn. Fl.

9. frigida, Ha^nk. Lvs. sj.atulate-linear, obtuse: fls.
upper axils;

caly

ong f

the(

, calyx teeth kiiiciN.lat.-. :i little longer than the

cal5'x tube; corolla club-shaped, plaits not cut. Car-
pathian Mts.; also N. Amer. -This is the true type of
G. frigida, which is not in cultivation, but is inserted to
make clear the differences between O. aUjida of Pallas
and of Steven.

10. 41gida, Pall., not Stev. ((?. frUjida, var. dlgida,
Griseb.). Lvs. lanceolate-linear: fls. 2-5 at the top and
distinctly pedicelled ; calvx laterally cut and one-third the
length of the corolla ; "calyx teeth linear - lanceolate,
hardly as long as the calyx tube and sometimes only
half as long; corolla between club- and bell-shaped;
plaits cut with a few crenate teeth. Altai Mts., E. Si-
beria. X. Am. Gn. 17, p. 343, same as Gn. 27, p. 89; 48,
p. Uii, and X. 2:60, Fig. 93. -This grows 4-5 in. high,
has imiiiiruus stems and fls. nearly 2K in. long, whit-
ish, witli Idui- spots in longitudinal lines. The writer
has liot sL-i_-u Ut. 1000.

panieulately much branched: inflorescence more open:
calvx half the length of the broader corolla. B.B. 2:615.
B.M. 3496. -Very pretty.

18. Fr&lichii, Jan. Stems short, almost tufted: fls.
blue, solitary, peduucled, nearly as long as the stem:
corolla not spotted. Very rare in Alps, limestone rocks.
— Easily grown on rockwork in compost of equal parts
of sphagnum heath soil and vegetable mold. Half-ex-
pobuie to sunl ght

n asclepiadea I ^ t 1 \ t h e >

''0 Pneumouinthe L n Stem erect fls lark blue
m a cjme like ra erne (the top fls opening first) co
roUa lut shai- el 1 1 es o ate a ite mu ronate mu h
longer than the appendages. Aug.-Oct. Mountain
marshes. Eu.. N. Asia. Var. gTitUta. Sims, is dotted
white. B.M. 1101. -"Requires a cool, deep, spongy soil,
rich in humus. Dislikes lime, and prefers sandy soil.
Does remarkably well when planted on margins of ponds
or brooks. Prop, by seed or division." Correvon.

21. Saponiria, Linn. (G. Cd(es6<?t, Walt., not And.).
B.4RREL or SOAPWOET Gentian. Stem ascending: fls.
light blue, club-shaped; calyx lobes linear or oblong,
mostly as long as the calyx tube ; corolla lobes short.

g6Uda, M. Bi.

1 O.

da. Stev.,' not Pall.).
rts. few and terminal,

iduncled; calyx teeth

m^' as the calyx tube or
l.rll-shaped, yellowish
- I- as long as the calyx
. il plaits. June, July.

1 is G. septemfida,yaT.

,oil and full sunlight."

cordi7o;»a.— "Light, dt-ep,
Correvon.

12. oampSstris, Linn. Annual : fls. dark purplish
blue; calyx 4-eut; corolla nearly bowl-shaped, crowned;
anthers free; style none.

13. Moorcrofti4na, Wall. Annual, 4-10 in. high : fls.
pale blue; calyx 5-cut; corolla funnel-shaped. Himal.
B.M. 6727, where fls. are shown as pale purple.

14. crinita, Froel. Fig. 897. Fringed Gentian. Bien-
nial: erect, branched, 1-2 ft. high: lvs. lanceolate or
ovate-lanceolate, acutish, from a rounded or subcordate
partly clasping base : corolla lobes wedge-obovate :
seeds roughened by scales or needle-like projections.
Moist woods and meadows. X. Amer, B.M. 2031. D.275.
G.W.F. 19. Mn. 4:161. B.B. 2:013. -The ribs of the
calyx (made by the decurrent lobes ) are one of the mi-
nor beauties of this plant, and are probably more pro-
nounced than in the other Fringed Gentians here de-
scribed.

15. ciliita, Linn. Perennial: stem flexuose, scarcely
branched: lvs. linear, obtuse: corolla lobes obovate-ob-
long: seeds smooth. Dry liinp^tonc soils. Ku. Not B.M.
639, which is G. sernifa.-}\:n-i\\y :: ii.i ,-,i,t of Correvon's
seedlings have flowered. Ho n.-oiiiinrn,!^ a heavy, com-
pact soil which is almost Ldayoy, and lull sunlight,

16. serrata, Gunn. {G. harhiita . I'rol. </. ,1, l.hisa,
Griseb. G. detonsa, var. barbdtn . ini-.h. i. Annual:
stem erect, branching, 3-18 in. high : i\^. iini ar .o' lauce-
linear: corolla lobes oblong or spatulato ol„.\ air, fringed
around the apex and sides or s.inn tinn- . itln i- part
nearly bare. Wet lands, Ural and Altai .^.li~., ( anrasus,
N.Amer. B.B. 2:614. B.M.639erronoou,|, a^ (.'. , ,/oi/n.
—No plants appear to be advertised as (;. ^^ rmht. G.
harbata is a trade name abroad.

17. quinqueJfilia, Linn. {G. quinque flora. Hill, La-
marck and others). Annual: height 1-2 ft., the larger
plants branched: lvs. 3-7-nerved: inflorescence thyr-
soid-paniculate : clusters 3-5-fld.: fls. bright blue;
calyx one-fifth or one-fourth as long as the narrowly
funnel-shaped corolla. N. Amer. Probably the form
in cult, is var. occident&liB, Gray. Height 2-3 ft..

SiJ^ fill'" ' '

Fringed Gentian— Gentiana

broad, roundish, erect, little, and often not at all longer
than the 2-cleft and luanv-toothed intervening appen-
dages. N.Amer. B.M. 1039. -(Hookeris probably wrong
in referring this picture toG. Andrewsii, though the calyx
lobes in the plate are not narrow enough. ) Cult, like 20.
22. Andrewsii, Griseb. (G. C(}#«s6ffi, And., not Walt.)
Closed. Blind or Bottle Gentian. Fig. 898. Stem
ascending: fls. purplish blue; calyx lobes lanceolate to

898. Closed Genti:

6db GEXTIAN'A

ovate, usually spreading or recurved, shorter than the
calyx tube; corolla lolies entirely obliterated, the teeth
at the t()p being supposed to be the remains of the ap-
pendages often found between the corolla lobes in other
species. Julv.Aug. Moist places,
N. Amer. B. M. 6421. D. 273.
B.B. 2:01(1. Gn. 27:477. L.B.C.
9:813 erroneously as G. Siipo-
naria.-X wbite-fld. form is
cult. For culture, see 20.

2'!. \\nehri3,YTa:\.[G.pseudo-
P,i,„mnnihithe, .Schult.). Stem
strict, 1-2 ft. high: fls. blue, 1-5
in the terminal cluster; corolla
narrowly funnel-shaped ; lobes
erect, roundish ovate, obtuse, a
little longer than the triangu-
lar, acute, entire or 1-2-toothed
appendages. Bogs, N. Amer.
BE. 2:«17.

21. PyrenMca, Linn. Stem
tufted, about as long as the fl. :
Ivs. with a cartilaginous, sca-
brous margin: fls. solitary, dark
blue ; corolla funnel- or nearly
bowl-shaped. May, June. Eu.,
Asia Minor. B.M. 5742. -Verj-
distinct and dainty. Cultivated
Gcntiana Andrewsii. I'ke 48.

(Xi-i.) 25. proBtrita, Hfpnke. An-

. nual, dwarf : Ivs. white-mar-
gined : fls. blue, solitary, the parts usually in 4's ;
corolla salver form, in fruit inclosing the capsule. N.
Amer., Asia.

26. sc&bra, Bunge. Stem erect, leafy: fls. dark blue,
clustered; corolla bell-shaped. E.Asia. G. Fortuni is
considered a variety by recent authorities. Var.
Bu6rgeri is advertised by Yokohama Nursery Co.

27. Fdrtuni, Hook. Lvs. rather distant, 3-nerved :
terminal fls. rather clustered; corolla lobes blue, spotted
white; outside of tube green; plaits blue, terminated by
3-toothed appendages, much shorter than the corolla
lobes. China. B.M. 4776. P. S. 9:947. I.H. l:36.-Now
thought to be a variety of G. scabra.

28. sept^mfida, Pall. Lvs. lanceolate ("ovate," Gri'sc-
bnch), 3-5-nerved: fl.s. dark blue, in head-like cymes;
calyx lobes linear ; corolla club-shaped. Julv-Oct. N.
Asia, Orient. B.M. 1229 and 1410 (both purp'le outside
and dotted brown within; the lobes of the latter spotted
white). L.B.C. 1:89. Gn. 54, p.37. P.M. 8":51. Not
P.S. 8:765.

Var. cordifdlia, Boiss. (G. cordifdlia, C. Koch), has
heart-shaped lv.s.: corolla tube greenish white outside,
unspotted within; lobes narrower, unspotted. B.M.
6497. P.M. 7:5, erroneously as G. gelida. — The name
septemfida is misleading, as 7-lobed corollas are very
rare. Cult, like 1.

29. affinis, Griseb. Lower lvs. obovate-oblong; upper
Ivs. lanceolate, acutish : fls. dark blue, in racemifomi
cymes; calyx lobes oblong-linear ; corolla narrowly ob-
conical, open. Northwestern Amer. Gn. 46, p. 77, and
48, p. 1.S9. B.B. 2:615 (where corolla lobes are pictured
erect, but said to be spreading). — Cult, like 20.

30. OliviSri, Gris^I.. Fls. ,1;„1; bluf, in ninbel-like
cymes ; corolla m:i!t*'\\!v <itifi>iiii>:i] ; phiiis ti-iaiigular,
nearly entire. .lnii.--AiiL'. .MMiintniii |i,-istur.s, Asia. By
recent authority n-frrnd t'< '.'. ih rn ,nhi /-n. — i nit. like 1.

31. Porphjrio, J. F. Gm.i. [(;. „i:,i„,i:f:.i;„ . Mi,-lix..
not Vill.). Lvs. narrowly lin.ar : lis. l.lu,.. s..,,ivwl,at
brown-dotted (also a simw-wliitf vnriity with :i i^nrii-
ish hue outside); corolla tuiim-l-sliapfii ; anthi-rs con-

Julv, Aug. Moist pine
-Cult, like 20.

nivent but never
barrens, N. Amer.

32. ornata, Wall
streaked ; calyx lo
lobes very short, spreading
n. 20:396.

33. trifldra, Pall. Stem erect : fls. dark
club-shaped. E. Siberia.

s. broadly linear :
preading ; corolla t

Himal. B.M. 6514

blue.

34. scfeptrum, Gris.b. Lvs. oblong-lanceolate : fls.
ihirk blue; cor"ll:i cliili shiipi .1 : sii-ds winged on one

Aug.. .s^t-pt. X. \V. .\i.,. r.-i ilv like I, except that it
requires half shail..- uu.l ii rath, i juaty soil.

35. calycdsa, Griseb. Lvs. ovate: fls. dark blue, com-
monly solitary, according to Gray; corolla oblong-fun-
nel-shaped; appendages triangular-awl-shaped, laciniate
or 2-cleft at the tip. N. W. Amer.

36. Pirryi, Engelm. Lvs. somewhat glaucous, ovate
to oblong-lanceolate: fls. purple-blue, appendages nar-
row, deeply 2-cleft. N. W. Amer.

37. KurroS, Royle. St. tufted, as high as 7 in. : lower
Ivs. laii''fM,l.'it,, u[iper linear: fls. blue, spotted white
iiisi, I.-. I-:'. .11 a St. -m; corolla bell-shaped. Himal. Gn.
17:L'_'l. I'..M. i;47ii. Var. brSvidens has shorter calyx
lol.i-s. J.U. 111. 30:3.

38. N6wberryi, Gray. St. 2-4 in. high: lower lvs. ob-
ovate or spatulate: fls. pale blue, white inside, greenish
dotted ; corolla broadly funnel-shaped. N. W. Amer.

39. Bigelovii, Gray, St. 6-16 in. high, equally leafy
tothesunnii'f : H-. I'Mr;!- : '-Mrnlla more narrowly funnel-
form and sm^il'r ' ! <^ < r . ,if!i,u's. .luly.Aug. N. Mex.

B.M. 6874. - :,:_-..!, 1,1, p.s, often with 40-50

stems from _ ; < :.li liraring 10-20 bright blue

fls." D. .1/. .1" ■ ' .

40. Oregina, En;.-, li.i. ll.iu-ht 1-2 ft.: Ivs. ovate: fls.
blue; cori.lla l.r..a.lly fiinii.l-sliai..-.l, over 1 in. long,
lobes short, r'.un.lisli. ..Inl}-. Aul:. X. W. Amer.

41. pub6rula, Mich.\. About 1 ft. high : lvs. oblong-
lanceolate to lanceolate-linear: fls. blue; corolla open-
funnel-shaped, lK-2 in. long; lobes ovate. N.W.Amer.
B.B. 2:615.

42. Pann6nica, Scop. Lower lvs. broadly elliptical. 5-
nerved. margin scabrous; upper ones ovate-lanoeohite.
3-nervccl : lis. ]iurple above ; calvx 5-7-cut ; corolla
leatb.Tv; antliers connate at first, finally free. Eu.

43. Gaudini, Thom. Natural hybrid with the habit of
G.purptnx'U, but the membranous corolla of G. punctata:
fls. rosy violet. Eu.

44. macrophyila, Pall. Lvs. lanceolate, distant, very
spreading: internodes unequal: fls. dark blue. July,
Aug. B.M. 1414, not L.B.C. 3:218.-Cult. like 1.

45. CrucRta, Linn.((?»-HCiafat'eWici7?<}(o,Gilib.). Lvs.
ovate-lanceolate, crowded, erect-spreading; internodes
equal: fls. dark blue. June-Aug. Eu., N. Asia.-Cult.
like 1. Limest.ine and full sunlight.

4(;. CarpAtica, Kit. Lvs. obovate: fls. dark blue (as
an.- tin. II. 'xt 4 spi-i-i.s ) ; eorolla funnel-shaped. Carpa-
thi..»uMts.- Little known.

47. imbric4ta, Froel. Lvs. acute, margins scabrous,
(the next 3 species with smooth margins) : corolla lobes
subrotund. June, July. Limestone rocks, Alps. — In
this and the next 3 species, the corolla lobes are usually
crenate, half the length of the tube, and 6 times the
length of the plaits. "Eastern and granitic Alps."
Con-evon. Cult, like 49.

48. v^ma, Linn. Tufted: stem angled: Ivs. ovate or
ovate-lanceolate: fls. solitary; calyx membranaceous;
corolla nearly bowl-shaped; "lobes ovate, obtuse. Apr.-
June. Eu., Caucasus. B.M. 491. L.B.C. 1:62. R.H.
1859, p. 250. Gn. 48, p. 139. G.C. XL 24:373. Var. alita,
Griseb. (G. att'iuldsa, M. Bieb.), is taller and has the
nerves of the ventricose calj'x produced into wings.—
Rockwork, in a compost of heath-soil, finely crushed
granite, and vegetable mold, with full sunlight.

49. Bav^rica, Linn. Calyx lobes lanceolate: corolla
funnel- or nearly bowl-shaped; lobes obovate, obtuse:
ovary sessile: seeds not winged. Mav-Aug. Cent. Eu.
F.S. 7:651. L.B.C. 13:1256. J.H. 'ill. 35:585. Gn.
15:174 (poor). — The pictures cited all show a salver-
shaped corolla. "Requires a soil that is peaty, or at the
very least porous and cool, well drained, and capable of
retaining an abundant supply of moisture, although it
may be fully exposed to the sun. In the alpine garden
here we grow them in pure sphagnum moss on a wall
facing due south, but the plants which we raise for sale
are grown in pf)ts in a compost of sphagnum, heath-soil
and sand. Finest of Group III." Correvon.

GENTIANA

50. ptimila, Jacq. Stem 3-4-angled : calyx lobes linear:
corolla lubes ovate, acute. June, July. Tyrolese and
Carinthian Alps.

51. aoaulis, Linn. Gentianella. Stemless Gen-
tian. By the botanists of continental Europe this is
often split up into the 4 or 5 following species. The
plants that Linnasus had in mind were probably mostly
Clusii and Kochiana. For pictures of G. acunlis in its
widest sense, see B.M. 52. G.C. III. 15:23G. Gn. 48, p.
HG, and 54, p. 39, and F.S. 23 :2421 , where a more detailed
account of the 4 followini; sp.-ri./s is given.

52. angruatiffilia, Vil!., wt Jlirlix. Stoloniferous: Ivs.
linear-oblong, naiT.iwinc; t..\var>!s the base, glisteniug
above : fls. spott.-d with si.ri-litly green; calyx lobes
more or less spreading, oval, abruptly contracted at the
base. May, June. Limestone rocks, Alps.— Considered
by Correvon the handsomest species of the whole genus.

53. Kochiana, Perr. & Song. Lvs. large, flat, thin,
spreading, oval or broadly oblong, light green : calyx
lobes oblong, limp, more or less contracted at the base
and separated by truncate sinuses; corolla with 5 black-
ish green spots on the throat. May, June. Common in
pastures on granitic Alps. — Dislikes lime.

54. Cliisii, Perr. and Song. Lvs. lanceolate-acute,
leathery : fls. dark blue ; calyx lobes pressed close
against corolla, not contracted at base, and separated by
acute sinuses. May, June. Limestone rocks, Alps.

55. alplna, Vill. Stem almost wanting : lvs. small,
glistening, curving inwards and imbricated, forming ro-
settes which incurve at about the middle : fls. dark blue.
May, June. Granitic Alps.-This and G^Cochiana "re-
quire a compost of one-third crushed granite, one-third
heath soil, and one-third vegetable loam, and should be
planted on rockwork half exposed to the sun."

56. Din4rica, B.i'k. I;vs. broad, thick, erect: lis. dark
blue. Alp- .1 >. ;u,a K. Austria.

The foil' _• iiaiLies abroad of Gentians not suf-

fieientlv <l- liiMU above: G. Arveniensis, Hort.

Pfi-lia]".- a .iiih.a Fls. Napoleon l.hie. See G.

r TI ■:> ;■ ' • T' ■■: Naturally hyhri.I, inter-

whitish, ilottt'd palu blue. Turkestiiu. Gt. lUO. \v. M.

GENUS, pi. GENEEA (i. e., kind], is a term used in
natural history to designate a group of species. As with
species, so the Genus is an indefinite conception, varying
with the author. The chief value of the conception is
its use in aiding us conveniently to arrange and name
plants and animals. The name of the Genus is the first
of the two words in the name of the plant : thus, in Bras-
sica oleracea, Brassica designates the Genus, and
oleracea the particular Brassica of which we are speak-
ing. It is impossible to trace the origin of the genus-
conception in natural history, but it is usually as-
cribed to Konrad Gesner (Zurich, 151G-15G5). l^ jj^ g^

GEONOMA CWittstein gives this ponderous explana-
tion: "Greek, ^cohowos, skilled in agriculture: for this
tree puts forth buds at the apex of its stem which be-
came new trees"). Palmdcete, tribe Areeew. Slender
spineless palms with ringed, reed-like stems: lvs. termi-
nal or alternate; blade entire, 2-lol)ed at the apex, or

more or less pinnatisect: segm
with the margins broadly re^ti
acute above, convex on the !■;
drical, concave at the l.)a-i-
spadices ascending or recurvi d
ulately branched, slendir .i
spathes 2, often decidu'.us b.f.
the lower one p.artial, truii.-atr
pressed or fusifiirm: tl^. I".ri
spadix, at length partially o
upper one pistillate: cells of the anthers twisted: f
small, globose, black. Species about 100. Tropic
America. For G. GhiesbreghtiAna, see CaUjptrogyne.
Jahed G. Smith.

, 1-nerved,
r-d at the base; rachis

; ]...ti.ili- nearly cylin-
Mv, : .-lirath tubular;
iiiil'l'-. forked or panic-
-Tniit, often colored ;

[lowering, or obsolete,
iiioave, the upper com-
iii the furrows of the
rted, when in 3's the

geonoma 637

Several of the members of this extensive genus of
small-growing palms are useful for the greenhouse,
though most attractive while in a small state, from the
fact that Geonomas soon begin to form a stem, and
when aged become rather scantily furnished specimens.
These palms are by no means difficult to grow, and do not
require a very high temperature, their natural habitat
being the mountains of Central and South America,
some of the species being found at an altitude of over
4,000 feet above sea level. Geonomas form part of the
undergrowth on their native mountains, and are said
never to appear in the open country unsheltered by trees
of larger gromh ; therefore, shads is necessary for them
when cult, under glass.

The old practice of growing Geonomas in a very light,
peaty soil does not seem to be the only method, for ex-
cellent results have been secured by growing them in a
good loam, well manured and well drained, giving an
abundance of water and a night temperature of 60°.
Red spiders and thrips are the most troublesome insects
to which these plants are subject, and both of these
pests multiply much more rapidly if the plants are kept
too warm and dry.

The most useful species from a commercial point of
view is G. Bierleliana (G. gracilis), viXneh reminds one
of Coeos WeJth'Uiana, but has longer leaflets. Those
marked thus (*) are cult, under glass in the North ;
those marked thus (t) are cult, in S. Calif, only; the
others are cult, indoors North and also in S. Calif., ex-
cept G. Spiiiiina, which is cult, only in S. Fla. The
picture of G. Spixiana below is adapted from Martius'
work on palms.

AtaU

A. Zvs. simple, 2-lobed at the apex.

B. Cuneate-oblanceolate, rusty, tomentose.

Bpiziiina, Mart. Fig. 899. Stem slender, solitary, 6-9

ft. high : blades 3 ft. long, bifurcate one-fourth of their

length, each lobe lanceolate-acuminate, divergent.

Western Brazil.

BB. Cuneate-ovate, plicate.
Sefemanni, Hort. Low, 1-3 ft. high : lvs. all alike, the
first 2 in. long, the later ones 10 in. long, short-petioled,
triangular, with broad, scarious margins • blade feather-
veined Central America.

638 GEONOMA

AA. Lvs. pinnate.
B. Basal leaf-segments narrow; the upper ones the

broadest.
•acaiilis, Mart. Acaulescent : lvs. long-petioled 3-4
ft. high ; blade unequally pinnatisect, 22-25-nerved on
each side ; basal .segments i lines wide, spreading the
middle and upper erect-spreading at an acute an^le
%-i in. wide, the apical very wide. Central Brazil
BB. Broml anil narrow segments irregularly

intermingled.

C. Blade of leaf (1 ft. long : petiole 1 ft. long.

tPoliU4na, Mart. Stem 12-15 ft. high, slender, densely

ringed, columnar or reedy : segments very unequil

linear-lanceolate, falcate-acuminate, few-nerved an 1

many-nerved intermixed, 16-20 in. long. Trop. Brazil

cc. Blade 2-2% ft.: petiole 4 in. long.

t^legans, Jliirt., var. robusta, Dr. Stem 6 ft. high

.'f-1 lines in diara. : segments rarely 3, usually 5-7 1

nerved, 10-U in. long, some i lines wide, intermixed

with broader, many-nerved ones, all long, falcate-acumi

nate. Central Brazil.

ent

c. Alternate, remote, linear, scurfi/.

•Biedeliina, H. Wendl. {G. gracilis, Lind. & Andr^)
Habit of Coeos Weddelliana, the whole plant sparsely
covered with caducous, brown, shining scales : petiole
slender, 1% ft. or more long, terete below, flattened
above : rachis triangular, bisulcate above : lvs. spread
ing, drooping at the apex ; segments 10-12 in. long
about 9 lines wide, linear-acute, elegantly recurved the
2 terminal ones connivent. Brazil. I. H. 21:169.
cc. Equidistant: petiole half as long as the blade

SchottiAna, Mart. Stem 9-15 ft. high, 1-lK in. thiols
lvs. recurved, spreading; petiole half or more thai hilf
as long as the blade; sei^mrTil- :ilHHi( "' mm . ;i,1i ule
10-12 in. long, two-fiftl.^ i;i. > 1.1 /.•;■.,- In, ici

linear-lanceolate, very I"ii4 :" 1^1 I i; I,

ThefolloTviiigaveiiaticrfVrily ,1, -., i. 1 1 ,,, , iii ! i,- le

*0. ,-;«;v,-;,>',s, T.in.i.T, -i(,. ;„„„>,,.». i.iii.i,.u.- ' .,. 1 linn'r-

28in.inii I iiriiadest. Has not flowered yet, and the

genual- iiin. R.H.1898,p.262. G.C.III.23:258.

F.E. li':-H, -(, ,,,,, ,.,, l!:irb.-Rodr.

Jakeh O. Smith, W. H. Taplin and W. M.

GEORGIA, HOKTICULTUKE IN. Fig. 900. The cli-
matology of Georgia is unique. Latitude and altitude
combine to exaggerate the four and one-half degrees
covered by the state from south to north into at least
ten, thereby embracing an extraordinary range of cli-
mate. In something less than 300 miles a transition is
effected from a subtropical to an almost boreal vege-
tation.

Proceeding northwestwardly from the coast, the coun-
try rises gradually until it culminates in the Blue Ridge,
the highest peaks of which (in Towns county, on the
Tenness. .. lin.) stand a little more than 5,000 feet high.
Internn i!i:itil\- iii;i\- he found as varied a climate, and
consei|Ui iiily as , -.ii leled a range of horticultural pro-
ducticTi, a- tan Im- in.t witli iti a journey of a thousand
miles ilia' 1,1. nil ami s, mill, in a region of normal eleva-
tion, sia-li a~ 1 1.,, M I I ii.i.i \ alley.

MeasiiraliM IV .1
itSelrvaliinia!,.!...., . ...

Plexexia.i.tin , .

formations — till ii i : in.
tenths of its ana. I'ln s
distance inlaiai, an ,ill.i
the vegetation is ..| a
toes and live-oai;s on th

grass Region," which extends inland some IGO miles, on
an average, covering nearly the whole of the tertiary for-
mation. A range of low sand hills, about 300 feet high,
extending diagonally across the state, separates the ter-

GEORGIA

tiar\ and metimorphi retirns At its base the land has
attained an <i\ erage altitude of less than 200 feet.

From the summit of this ridge or terrace, formerly the
primordial sea beach, stretches the metamorphic region

— the 1 1 I % r tt n I It — ri ng gradually toward
tl Iff eirpment is reached

— ithern side of and

Uey. The height

to 1,.500 feet. Be-

tl ills and then the

7^

'(

WAP

GEORGIA

HORTICULTURAL

Divisions.

\

j-Apple and chenT belt. ^^Pear and melon belt.
^H"Pea<"l' ""d erape belt, ^g Fig and citrus belt.
900. Georeia, to show horticultural rcEions.

mountains, in very irregular formation, their spurs ra-
diating in all directions.

In extreme northwest Georgia the surface dips in a
general way toward the Tennessee river valley ( eleva-
tion 700 feet), interspersed, however, with a chaos of
mountains and coves, with a complex tangle of geologi-
cal formations, from lower silurian to eocene.

The prevailing natural growth of the tertiary is yel-
low pine — that of the metamorphic region hard woods,
embracing nearly all of the North American species,
oak and hickory predominating.

All this has been a necessary preface to a division of
the state into separate horticultural areas, which cor-
respond in the main with its geological features, and
may be classified as follows :

Horticultural Areas ; Corresponding Geological Dirisions.

1. Fio ANn Citrus Belt Quartemary Formation

2. Pear Axn Melon Belt Tertiary Formation

3. Peacb and Orape Belt Metamorphic Formation

4. Apple axu Cherry Belt Tennessee Dip

1. The Fig and Citrus Belt. — In this zone the citrus

family does not thrive indigenously, noris it planted for
oiiinineivial ].iiri...... s. Yrt nranires and lemons live and

hear unimitii-teil, tlmn-li latti ilv subject to injury from
frii^t It is till- In, III.. •.! ilii I 1^1 I i-liee'lime, and formerly

lii.th in.liL'" ami il Iim- il, ai ii-ln-d on the Sea Islands,

lull iImIi- i-nitnri. 1ki~ l.iin f.T many years abandoned,
|a . t,, a, I, ill iii.in. .\i...ai the ports— especially
^ . iria.kiiiL' i~ f. Unwed for the northern

11 , !! |.,,taiiii-. -iiawliirrics, cabbages, celery.

GEORGIA

2. The Penr and Melon Bell. -The sandy soil of the
tertiary is t-spei-iallv adapted to the melon and the oriental
pear-thi- i >- <n. i ,w n^ .ntire area, the latter mainly
in the s"ii I'luse form two of the leading

horticultui - 111 this section. The (ieorpia

melon is 1 ■•' -1 . []., d ami widelv know n thniuKh-

out the i-..ntiiieiit. /.% mi..ti.- Idi-ht lii- i' 1 ' ^ n ,itly
checked the pear iudustn , and di^' " ' > r^.

In isolated locatioii^, wh. ri'\ i r tl.' i- m-d

pi^matuia, u, ;.!..,, they
ast peach orchards of hun-
dreds of thousands of trees — in the Marshallville and
Fort Valley district (the birthplace of the Elberta)

flilli^

are

n",\- ;iU.iiiit!iir <-'.iisidi iMlil iiiiii. i.id importance.

Fu-^ VII Id .iliiind.iiit c r.i]is throu^diiHit thi^zune. Most
,,Mli> I, iiiiii-. 1 I' |H .ii ji iiH - ,111-1 ill ..I till' ^stiralis
t I . I I , ■ I , 1 I 1 ti,,ns and are

1, I liiit the Scup-

p- II i I ,jrape of the

II I . -I I I . II - I. I h , i.itely well —

li. .[u. iiil.> -aiiiiiiLi- ^> ,u.N. A>i I. .a. k.H liu .s thrive, but
raspberries are not generally successful.

But the "Wiregrass " is the home of the sweet potato.
Here the pumpkin yam and Georgia yam attain their
highest perfection.

3 The Peach ami Cnip, 11< If -It is an anomaly that
while the metara |1 1 its red clay soil — es

peciallv on the 1 1 i ent— is the home of

both the peach i 1 tl j t of the greit com

mercial orchard ot th ta e aie located m the it
cropping peach districts of the tertiary Che per Ian Is
and earlier maturity are the cau e \et naturilh the
metamorphio region is pec ilnrly a lap ted to peach an 1
gripe culture and it wis here that both attaii e i their
first de\ el praei t i thi state M res ecies of grapes
and a gr ater n imler of var etie f e ch specie will
attain perfect u m mid He an 1 1 e Im nt Georgia than
in any one rc^ on of Am i t t tl c R k - i

sweeping asseition but t 1

Vulpmas iEstivales R t 1 1 — II II t

thrive but prices are p r 1 j I

1 so well as m the \\ ir
I rofatable-even the Wi
aie uncertain and in tl

Stra vl ernes and 1 1 1 kl i
ries luite successf ilmthe I
Gooseberries anl s me c r
tions of the mountain 1 it

4 The Aiile anl CI
equally well throughout tl t
Tennessee Dip 1 et m i
the mount tl I

lallj in

ern

N Car I \ I 1

Picket I e

famou i 1

ticiltu 111 t uu 1 1 I 1 I la

place

Insefit and fungous affections ha\e to be combated in
all parts of Georgia, ] ist as elsewhere (except in cer
tain portions of the mountains, where neither are as yet
introduced). Growers are generally learning, however,
the value of the spray pump.

The San Jos^ and other scales have invaded the state,
especially in the southern portion, where some twenty-
odd counties report infestation. But they are being in-
telligently combated, for the most part, and it is hoped
that they will be steadily held in check.

The main trouble with the Georgia fruit-grower
(aside from pear blight and the premature blooming of
peaches) is the curculio. Thousands of dollars are an-
nually spent in "jarring" for this pest, but it still re-
mains a serious nienace. Hugh N. Starnes.

OEOEGINA. A synonym of Dahlia, which still lives
in the form of "Georginen," the popular name of Dahlias
in Germany

GERANIUM bdy

GERANIUM, FEATHER. See Chennpodium Bntrys.

GERANIUM (Ureek, crane; from the resemblance of
the tnut tl. a iraiii's bill). Geraniicece. Ckane's-bill.
Geiierallv lii-rl-areuus plants, usually caulescent ; Ivs.
simple, alternate or opposite ami much lobed, sometimes
almost radical: fls. reu'iilar. m jiaK .".. imbricated; petals
5; stamens 10, in two ro" - antli. i - !"• ^eed when ripened
separated from the <'\:ii s ,ii <l ^\iili its awn bent sinu-
ously. The genus EiMdiuiu. iis iie,iie-,t ally, has but the
inner row of stamens luniished with anthers and the
awn of the seed is bent spirally. The Geraniums of
common speech are classed in tlie genus Pelargonium,
havine- at the side of the pedicel a distinct narrow tube

Till

■s p;

count of their astringency. Thrive well in ordinary
garden soil, and are propagated by seeds and division of
roots.

The following is an alphabetical list of species and
varieties described below:

album, 17, 18, 19. flore pleno, 9. plenum, 14.

argenteum, 1. Ibericum, 8. pratense. 9.

Armenum, 4. ineisum, 13. Richardsoni, 20.

Backhousiamim,4. Lancastriense, 6. Robertianum, 3.

Balkanum. 21. Lniidesii, 11. sangiiineum. 6.

einereum. 2. macrorrliizum, 7. Sibiricum. 21.

collinum, 11. maciilatum, 14. sylvaticum. 21.

Endressi. 5. ph»um, 10. tuberosum. 21.

erianthum, 13. platypetaliim, 8. Wallichianum, 16.

A. Fls. red or pinli.
B. Stature verij dwarf.

1. arg^ntetun, Linn. Silver-leaved Crane's-bill.
About 3 in. high : Ivs. almost radical, on long petioles,
5-7-parted, with 3-fid linear lobes, both surfaces hoary:
peduncles almost radical, 1- or 2-fld. : fls. large, pink,
with darker veins; petals emarginate. Middle of June to
Aug. CarnicAlps. B.M. 504. L. B.C. 10:948. -One of
the best for the rockery. Often acts as a biennial in
N. E.

2. cinSreum, Cav. Grav Crane's-bill. Like G. ar-
f/eiiteuin, but 2-fld. and paler in color: Ivs. not as hoary
in appearance. June, July. Pyrenees.

3. Robertianum, Linn. Herb Robert. Red Robin.
About 9 in. high : Ivs. thin, ovate-orbicular, 3-5-parted,
with S-fid pinnatifld lobes : peduncles slender, 2-fld. :
fls. small, bright crimson. June to Oct. Amer., Eu.,
Asia and N. Afr. B.B. 2:341. -For the rockery, and de-
lights in a moist soil and some shade. Odor disa-
greeable.

BB. Stature 1 ft. or more.

4. Armenum, Boiss. (G. Backhousidnum, Regel?).
About 2y2 ft. high : Ivs. radical, upright, orbicular, with
5 deep lobes : fls. about Hi in. across, inclining to a dark
crimson. All season at irregular intervals. Armenia.
R.H. 1891, p. 350. — A very vigorous and floriferous spe-
cies. Sometimes growing 4 ft. high.

5. findressi, J. Gay. About 18 in. high : Ivs. opposite,
palmate, 5-lobed, upper ones 3-lobed, serrated : pe-
duncles axillary, 2-fld. : petals entire, fringed at base,
light rose, darker veined. Summer. Pyrenees.— Among
the best for the border, and useful for cutting.

6. sangTilneum, Linn. About IK ft. high, with stem
occasionally forked, erect : Ivs. all petiolate, mostly 7-
parted, with 3-5-lobed linear lobules : peduncles long,
mostly 1-fld. : fls. very large, blood-red. June to Aug.
Eu. — One of the best species in cult.

Var. Lancastri6nae, Hort. A dwarfer form, smaller
and with less deeply lobed foliage. Fls. lighter in color.
veined purple.

7. macrorrliizum, Linn. A large-rooted species, about
1!^ ft. high, with a stem suffruticose at base: Ivs.
smooth, round, basal ones 5-lobed, cauline 3-lobed,
toothed and often colored red : calyx inflated ; petals
spatulate and blood-red in color. May to July. S. Eu.
B.M. 2420.

AA. FIs. blue or violet.

8. Ib^ricum, Cav. Iberia.v Crane's-bill. From
1-1 J^ ft. high : stem erect and leafle-ss below, above di-
chotomously branched, villous : Ivs. opposite, 5-7-parted,
with deeply cut lobes and toothed lobules : fls. 1 in.
across, in showy, open panicles, violet. July, Aug.
Iberia. B.M. 1380.

Var. platypfitalum ((7. plritijpdtahim, Pisch. and Mey. ).
Slightly shorter than the parent, with Ivs. less deeply
lobed and lobes less pointed : fls. deeper and richer in
color, and also larger.

9. prat^nae, Linn. Meadow Ckane's-bill. About
2)4 ft. high, with an upright round stem : Ivs. mostly
hand-shaped, with 7 lobes, each deeply cut : peduncles
mostly 2-fld., droo_ping after flowering : fls. large, blue;
petals entire. June, through Aug. Eu. — Var. f lore plfino.
Not as tall as parent. Very numerous deep blue fls. in
clusters. June and July, and often again in fall.

901. Geraniun

(XM)

AAA. ris. dark hliii'. nhnoxt black.
10. phsBum, Linn. About 2 ft. high, with upright,
short-haired stem, glandular above : Ivs. 5-7-lobed and
deeply toothed : peduncles 1-2-fld. : petals spreading,
obovate, unequally notched and often with a small spur,
very dark l.lm-, ;iliiiost black, with white spot at base of
each pi-t;il. Maw .liiiic. Cent, and western Eu. — A good
bord.T i.lant.

purple

shades.

II. colllnum, Steph. (G. Lomlesii, Pisch.). Height
2-3 ft.: stem angular and slightly decumbent: Ivs. pal-
niately 5-parted, deeply divided and cut: petals entire,
purple, with a tinge of_violet. June, July. Eastern Eu.

GERARDIA

-One of the showiest in its season. Should be cut
back before seeding, to induce second bloom.

12. Frfimontii, Torr. About 1 ft. high, sometimes sub-
acaulescent : upper Ivs. 3-5-cleft, lower ones 7-cleft,
with 3-fid or incised lobes: fls. light purple. Rocky
^l'-'- K utly introduced. Blooms all summer.

i:;. inci3um, N'utt. ((?. c»-Ja'ii/7iHm, Lind.). About 1 ft.
l]ii,'li. l^-,iiv liraiii'hed: Ivs. finely cut: pedicels conspicu-
i.u-^ly i,'l:iii.liil;ir-pubescent: petals with stiff white hairs,
inner surface purple, about 1 in. wide. Ore. —A hardy
species well worth growing. Not perfectly hardy near
Boston.

14. macul&tum, Linn. Wild or Spotted Crane's-
bill. Pig. 901. The common American species, about
IJ^-ft. high: stem angular: basal Ivs. long-petioled,
deeply 3-.5-parteiI ; stem-leaves opposite, shorter peti-
oled: peduncles 1-5, inflorescence often unbellate: fls.
1-1 H in. broad, rose-purple; petals woolly at base.
June, July. N. Amer. G.W.P. 3. B.B. 2:.'i41.-Showy
native species; should be more in cultivation. Grows
best in somewhat wet places. Var. pldnum, a double-
flowered variety of deeper color.

15. Bichardsoni, Pisch. & Trautv. About VA ft. high :
Ivs. thin and terminal, lobe of the uppermost Ivs. longer
than the often greatly reduced lateral lobes: pedicels
conspicuously glandular pubescent: fls. large, reddish
purple; petals with long white hairs on inner surface.
Colo, and west. — Stems and young growth tinged with ■
red.

16. WalUchi&num, D. Don. Of prostrate trailing
habit : stem and Ivs. covered with silky hairs : Ivs.
light green, 5-parted, with deeply toothed lobes : fls.
large, purple, borne sparingly all summer. Himalayas.
B.M. 2377.-Por the rockery.

aaaaa. FU. white.

17. Ih^ricum, var. album. A white-fld. var. of No. 8.

18. maculitum, var. album. A white-fld. var. of No. 14.

19. prat^nse, var. album, A white-fld. var. of No. 9.

20. Eichardsoni. This species (No. 15) in its native
habitat is usually white, mostly roseate-veined.

21. Sibiricnm, Linn. Siberian Crane's-bill. A
slender, somewhat forked plant, villous, 1-2 ft. high:
Ivs. deeply 3-5-parted : peduncles slender, usually 1-fld. :
fls. very small, dingy white. June through Aug. Si-
beria, and naturalized near New York. B.B. 2:341.—
Another form under same name, with brick-red fls.,
said to be in cultivation.

G. Balkinnm, Hort. A hardy plant, with fragrant foliage:

G. N. Lauman.

GERARDIA (iift.T John (I.Trirde, 1545-1607, per-
haps the most popular of the herbalists). Scrophularid.-
eeie. Hardy annual and perennial herbs, all American,
and mostly of the Atlantic states, with yellow or rosy
purple fls., in late summer and autumn, the latter color
rarely varying to white: Ivs. mainly opposite: calyx 5-
toothed or cleft; corolla bell- to funnel-shaped, broad
throated, 5-parted, the 2 posterior lobes often smaller
and more united ; stamens commonly more or less hairy;
anthers more or less approximate in pairs : capsule glo-
bose, 2-grooved : seeds usually angled, loose coated.
The first 3 species described below belong to a section
in which the roots are more or less parasitic. These
plants are therefore rather difficult to cultivate, and are
offered only by collectors. O. teniiifolia is offered by
one dealer, the seeds presumably gathered in European
gardens.

A. Fls. yellow.

B. Corolla pubescent outsiiU' : hioniial or annual.

PedicuUria, Linn. I'nli.-^r,. ■ ,,:,rtlv irK-niduIiir and

viscid, especially nil ili, |.,,lhrK an. I r,il\ \. while in the
ne.xt 2 species thcri.- is nn -Ian. hilar puln-sci-iice. Lvs.
1-2 in. long, all piiiiiaiili.!, N. Aiu.

GERARDIA

BB. Corolla glabrous outside : perennial.

c. Height S-6 ft.

quercifdlia, Pursh. Stem at first glaucous : lower 1 vs.

3-5 in. long, 1-2-piniiatifld : upper Ivs. often entire.

Dry woods, N. Am.

cc. might 1-S ft.
laevigata, Raf. Not glaucous : Its. VA-i in. long.
Oak baj-rens, etc., N. Am.

AA. Fls. rosy purple rarely varying to white.
B. Height 1 ft.
tenuifdlia, Vahl. Height 1ft.: brapching, paniculate :
inflor. racemose: Ivs. mostly narrowly linear: corolla
Kin. long. Low or dry ground, N. Am.
BB. Height 2-3 ft.
llnifolia, Nutt. Perennial: Ivs. erect, very narrowly
linear, 1 line wide: calyx teeth minute; corolla 1 in.
long. Low pine barrens, N. Am. Not cult., but said to
be a parent with Peittstemon pulchellus of G. hybrida,
Hort. Int. by Haage & Schmidt, 1899. The poor cut in
S.H. 2:485 seems nearer Pentstemon than Gerardia.
W. M.
GERMANDER. See Teucrium.

GESNfiEIA (Conrad Gesner, Zurich, 1516-1565, cele-
brated naturalist, and considered to be the originator of
the idea of genus in taxonomy). Gesnerdcece. Some-
times written Gesnera. More than 50 herbs of tropical
America (chiefly Brazilian), with simple, opposite Irs.
and showy tubular tis. in terminal short panicles or
fascicles. Calj'x campanulate, 5-parted ; corolla long,
straight or curved, more or less venti'icose, the base
often distinctly swollen or gibbons, the limb mostly
shallow-toothed and nearly r<.Lnil!ir "r biliibiate; sta-
mens i, didynamous |iii ii.it- ntnir ili.- upper lip);
style 1, long ; glands oiiii' il. Handsome

■warmhouse plants (nii..^tl i , illii-d to Achi-

menes, Gloxinia, Isoloma :iii.] st i , j,i,„ .npus. Some of
the Gesnerias of the trade Im lunLrto Na'^elia, which dif-
fers, amongst other things, in having an annular or
ringed disk rather than a disk of distinct glands.

L. H. B.

Gesnerias are tuberous bulbous, or rhizomatous
plants. They are natives of tropical S. America and
Mexico, and all have a period of rest corresponding with
the dry season. The stems rise directly from the root-
stock. They are clothed with opposite, mostly heart-
shaped, sometimes ovate, leaves. They are densely hir-
sute ; the hairs often are brightly tinted, giving them a
sheen like the plumage of birds, so that they are quite
as much admired for their handsome foliage as for the
flowers. The inflorescence is generally a branched
corymb, and the flowers are tubular-labiate, with the limb
rarely flattened, as in Achimenes. Gesnerias are not
nearly as popular as they once were, probably on ac-
count of the transitory character of their corollas, which
are continually falling, lasting but a day or two. The
roots must be kept in a moderately warm place, such as
would suit Gloxinias. They should be kept in the pots
in which they have grown, and be watered about once a
week during the resting period. It is a mistake to sup-
pose the roots can be kept in dry sand and still retain
their vitality. When the roots show a tendency to send
up stems is the time to start them, picking out the ad-
vanced ones first. In this way a long season can be se-
cured. They need a light soil to start with, about equal
parts leaf-soil, loam and sand, and should be placed in a
moderate temperature. Very little water will be required
until they are well started. If it is desired to increase
stock, smaller bulbs may be boxed off, and cuttings
made of surplus shoots. Seeds are produced rather
freely, and some good hybrids are in cultivation. As
they advance in growth, larger pots will be needed, and
a, little stronger soil, — the mixture divided into four
parts, adding well-decayed manure. They will take
abundance of water and some liquid manure when com-
ing into bloom. If neatly trained they make handsome
specimens. Their beautiful foliage is liable to be
spoiled by impurities or sediment in water, so that we
avoid overhead syringing, particularly as they develop.
After blooming, a good light place should be given, and

the plants watered until they show signs of going to
rest. As they are naturally an undergrowth, a light
shading will be beneficial in the hottest weather.

Cult, by T. D. Hatfield.
A. Lvs. green.

cardinilis, Lem. ( G. macrdntha, Hort. ) . Stem 6-12 in.
high, stout and hairy : Ivs. large, cordate-ovate, cre-
nate-dentate, petioled : fls. red, tubular, hairy, slender
(2-3 in. long), the upper lip projecting and the lower
one almost wanting, borne in a terminal, more or less
flatcluster. Nativity unknown. Gn. 42:874.— G. />»!'a;4,
Hort., is evidently only a slender form of this species.

HSndersoni, Hort. Lvs. velvety green : fls..T in. long,
brilliant scarlet, in a large truss. Probably of garden

longiJldra, Hort., is a small-leaved species, with droop-
ing, long-tubed nicotiana Hla^ v.-hiti- tN. Hn. ,S3:644.-
The botanical positii>ii ^f il'i- | ! i"i i- in ■!<Milit. It is
not the <?. longiflorii. lil;K., 'i-l.-fld., nor

G.Zonyfffom, DC, whirl, I- I, „ :, flora. By

some it has been confuinulr.l \\iili /<-;.<,„., h'lii/ifoliiim,

AA. Lvs. richly colored, at least underneath.

Lfeopoldi, Scheidw. Compact : stem erect from the
large, depressed tuber, thinly hairy: lvs. verticillate in
4's, broadly ovate-acuminate, more or less unequal at
base, dentate, green above and purple beneath : fls. long-
tubular, thinly hairy, the lobes nearly equal; light scar-
let, in a rather loose, umbel-like cluster. Nativity not
recorded. F.S. 7:704-5. Gn. 53:1176.

Donkelseriana, Lem. {G. ninkela rii, Sook.). Stem
often 2 ft. tall : lvs. large, cordate-ovate, crenate, hairy,
green and purple-tinged above and purple beneath : fls.
tubular campinulate the rounded lobes nearly equal,
dull red, 2 m long hangmg from long pedicels m a
large panicle ^ auxble Colombia BM 5070 RB
21 97 F lbo3 241

Exomfinsis Hort Hybrid lvs velvetv with led nnd
purple hiirs fis blight orange rtd m (_1( st clusteis

refulgens Hort Hybrid lvs cordatt i il led hairy

L H B

GEUffl ,

/ I to have i taste , referring to the
roots) iioicU I This genus includes some hne hardy
border and rotk plants some of ^^hlch ire \ alued for
then bright red fls , some for their pure > ellow-fls ,
others for their long plumy fruits. Herbs, with a per-
ennial rhizome, sometimes stoloniferous : root-lvs.
crowded, odd-pinnate, the alternate lobes often smaller,
terminal ones largest ; stem-lvs. few, mostly of 3 Ifts.
or bract-like: fls. 1-2 in. across, solitary or corymbose.
More than 30 species, mostly in temperate and frigid

The plumy kinds are all contained in the subgenus
Sieversia. G. Chiloense is the best species, and in the
gardens is commonly seen in double forms. A gardener
writes that "inferior forms show scarcely any duplicity."
Geums are of easy culture, and are prop, by division or
seed. It is said that they hybridize freely if grown
together. The dwarf kinds are suited only to the rock-
ery. Correvon, of Geneva, Switz., writes that G. reptans
is one of the best of the rockery kinds, and needs full
sunlight. For G. trifloruii
sun and a light, moist soil,
marshy places.

A. Plumij Geums: style in fruit long and plumose.

B. ris. yellou\

c. Plants spreadiny by runners.

rSptana, Linn. Root-lvs. interruptedly pinnatifid :
upper lvs. 3-lobed : fls. erect ; petals obcordate. Eu.
Gn. 45:9.56. -The purple styles are pretty.

642

GEUM

cc. Plants not spreading hij runners.
V. B ool-lvs. pinnatifid.

mont&nuin, Linn. Calyx lobes entire, while those of
reptans are often 3-cut at apex. S. Eu. G.C. II. 13:425.
Gn. in, p. 28.J.

i>D. lioot-lfs. kidney-shaped.

radiatum, Michx. Very hirsute. Root-lvs. 2-.5 in.
liroiul : sti-m 1-5-fld. : bractlets minute. Mountains of
N. C.-Int. by H. P. Kelscy.

BB. Fts* bright red, unmixed with yellow.
0. Lateral lobes of Ivs. minute.

coccineum, Sibth. & Sra., not Hort. "Stem-lvs. 3-
lobed : root-lvs. lyrate, the terminal lobe largest, cor-
date-reniform : fls. erect. Mt. Olympus in Bithynia."

The above is an exivct translation of the entire descrip-
tion given by Sibthorp and Smith, Flora Grseca, t. 485.—
The chances are that all the plants in the trade under
this name are really G. Chiloense.

oc. Lateral lobes of Ivs. 1 in. long.

Chiloense, Balb. (0. cdccineum, Hort., not Balb.).
"Stem-lvs. 3-parted, laciniate; root-lvs. interruptedly
lyrate, pilose: terminal lobe rotund, somewhat 3-lobed,
crenate: fls. panicled: carpels villous." The above is a
literal translation of B.R. 16 : 1348, where the terminal lobe
is shown to be 2X in. each way. Chile. B.B. 13:1088,
and under 1099. L.B.C. 16:1527. Gn. 14:156; 45, p.
284. R.H. 1890, p. 305, and 1881, p. 309, all erroneously
as G. coccineum.

Var. miniatum, D.K. ( G. miniAtum, Robt. Parker) , has
fls. about 2 shades liehter in color. A robust form grow-
ing 2-3 ft. high, easily prop., and fls. from Apr. to end
of July. Gn. 38:772, where it is supposed to be a hybrid
of G. Chiloense, var. grandiflorum x (?. aureicm, which
is a rubust many fld. form of G. montanum, or else of
G. Chiloense x G. urbanum.

Var. grandiJldrum, D.K., is an improved form. "The
dotible-fld. form of this seems to be a more general
favorite, the blooms lasting longer, though I thinls they
lack the elegance of those of the simple form. They
begin to expand soon after May and are produced until
Oct." D.K., in Gn. SS, p. S99.

BBB. Fls. chiefly dull red, mixed with yellow.

trifldrum, Pursh. Low, softly hairy : If ts. very numer-
ous and crowded, deeply cut: fls. 3 or more on long
peduncles; calyx purple, as long as the petals. Coulter
says the petals are erect. Arctic Am. L.B.C. 17:1609.
"Fruit showy all summer." Woolson.

AA. Not long and plumy in fruit.
B. Style jointed and bent in the middle.
c. Fls. purplish orange.
riVMe, Linn. Root-lvs. lyrate; stem-lvs. few, with 3
lobes or Ifts.: calyx brownish purple; petals purplish
orange. N. temp, regions. Var. album is also sold,
cc. Fls. golden yellow.
macrophyllum, Willd. Eastern plant, which P. W. Bar-
clay says is offered by collectors, and prefers a moist,
sunny place. B.B. 2:221.

BB. Style not jointed, straight.

E6s8ii, Scringe. Slightly pubescent above : scape 1-3-

fld.: styles glabrous. Colo., arctic regions.— Fls. large,

Kbt vello

, Hnri

. typnCKIpllic

tor G.

W. M.

ing a pleasant flavored kernel, rcscinbling the hazel in
taste and largely used by the Cliileans. Sparingly
grown in California. Prop, by seeds or by green cut-
tings under glass. \v. A. Taylor.

GEVUtNA (from the Chilean name). Also written
Giieriiiii. J'riiteAcem. One species, G. Avell4na, Molina
(Syn., yiiiic/r/n heterophylla, Rniz & Pav.). Chilean
Nut. Chile Hazel. An evergreen tree, with large,
alternate pinnate, dark green, glossy Ivs. and white,
hermaphrodite fls. in long, axillary racemes. Fruit about
the size of a cherry, coral red when ripe, the seed hav-

GIBB, CHARLES, Canudii

horticulturist, and au-
n--iiii\ fruits and other

1- il .lune 29, 1842, and
. I '■',10. while returning

on hardy trees make part of a chapter of great interest
and signittcance in the history of American horticulture.
His travels were extensive. His chief works arc "Orna-
mental and TlmberTrees imt X ii i> - "T iIh I'i .i- ],>,■,■ of
Quebec" (a comprehensivr I i i i'-li'

value for Canada), "Report .. i, I I i-ty

Notes on the Trees and SliMMi- 'I . , i : I i ih ,■■

"Russian Apples Imported b> ili.- I' ^uri-

culture, Washington, in 1870" (an rl:i i ; ii^-on

of Russian opinions and American No-

menclature of the Russian Apples, '" i ' iiil

Rendering into Euphonious Englisli I n; r i m . alilc-

Russian Names, also Throwing Out Syiionynis," and
"Fruits for the Cold North." For a fuller account, with
portrait, see Annals of Horticulture, 1890, 287-290.

W. M.

GIDEON, PETER M.. |-i - ■■ !■ ■' i -i the

norlhorii MissisMin.i st:il. I- ; , i- :. iii.-«

.limate. He was l...ni in olii... He af-
ri Illinois. Prom boyhood he seems to
-^(•d of the idea to raise seedling fruits.
osc rare individuals who sets a distinct
. for it tliroughout a lifetime in spite of
TIio^o are persons of strong and un-
iiU. Thiy often antagonize their fel-
works -ui- usually beneflcent. Gideon
]■•■ i:;ilir:iiii::fi'-n of t!n- Siberian crab

is said that
seeds from

« as wliolly

for so long a time that tlie results have contributed to
the kno%vledge of plant-breeding. Probably no other
American has labored so long and devotedly for the at-
tainment of a specific ideal in the apple. Portrait and
eulogies will be found in The Minnesota Horticulturist,
Jan., 1900. j^. h. B.

OlLIA (Philipp Salvador Gil, Spanish botanist of the
latter half of the eighteenth century, collaborator with
Xaurez). Polemonidcew. American herbs, mostly of
western North America, of nearly 100 species, as the
genus is now understood bv most botanists. Fls. small,

of many colors, tlu rolla'funnel-forni to hell slinpe or

sometimes s:ilver-fonii, ."-lol.eil ; stamens ,",, inserted

naked: ovary :> locuh-.l, with a,\ih' phieenla', tlie stigmas
3 (or sometimes 2). (iilia is a very polymorphic genus,
into which Gray now (Syn. Fl. 2, pt. 1, suppl. ) throws
Colloraia, Linanthus, Leptosiphon, Leptodactylon,
Navarretia, Hugelia, Ipomopsis, Penzlia. In this con-
ception, Gilia is defined as follows : "Fls. naked, not in-

GILIA

G43

volucellate ; calj-x partly herbaceous, scarioui? beIo\^
the sinuses ; lobes narrow and acute ; corolla salver
form or funnel-form to campanulate or almost rotate ;

902. Gilia grandiflora {

filaments not bearded at base : seeds
or a few suffruticose."

Several of the Gilias are popular i
biennials (a few perennial i. They
culture, being vigorous, li:ir.l\ :iiiil
are mostly dwarfish, and air . \r, 11. i
edgings or rockeries. Seeds iir:iy !■
plants are to grow. Any goo<i

en annuals or
■ f the easiest
ifi-rous. They

Following are the names in the American trade:

aehilleffifolia, 8.

coronopifolia, 10.

Leptosiphon, 13, 14,

^^TS;1J;

debilis. 5.

linlflora, 12. [15.

densiflora, 13.

linifolin. 12.

androsacea, 14.

dianthHlnra. 16.

micrantha, 15,

aurantiaca, 10.

dianthoides, 16.

minima, 3.

aureus. 15.

elegans. Ill, 11.

Navarretia. 3.

capitata, 6.

FenzUa. 16.

nivalis. 9.

carminms. 15.

granditiora, 1.

rosea. 9. 15.

hybridus. 15.

sanguinea.lO.

CoS>fa,"l, 2.

Ipomnpsis, 10, 11.

speciosa, 16.

congesta, 4.

laciniata, 7.

tricolor, 9,

A. Lvs. vonnalh.

, all., ■„„/.■. ,„lh-e

or pinnately cut or

divich'd \

Inir, 1- h-x. sn,„, Ih),

les opposite).

B. FIs. in del,.':,

l.a.U. „'ln.-h .,,;'

subtended by leafy

C. Foliage entire or at

1. grandifldra, Gray {Call

Fig. 902. Erect, with minut.-

1-2 ft. high: lvs. linear-huu

below but scarcely petioled.

>i>ni-Ji parted.
,!,hflai-n. Dough).
■Ill irddish stems,
olilong, narrowed
ute : fls. many, in
dense terminal heads, buff or salmon color, redder in-
side, 1 in. long. Plains, W. of Rocky Mts. B.M. 2894.
B.R. 14:1174.-This and the next are interesting an-
nuals. Useful as bee plants.

2. coccinea, Gray {Colldmia cocemea,'Lehm.}. More
slender: sti-ins not red: lvs. narrower (mostly linear),
somewhat cut at the ends: fls. smaller, slender-tubed,
yellow or buff outside and brick-red inside. Chile. B.R.
19:1622.

rted or compound.

4. congesta, Hook. A foot or less high, erect or
spreading, tufted : lvs. mostly 3-7-divided into linear
divisions: corolla white, the oval lobes nearly as long as
the tube: calyx teeth long-pointed, nearly equaling the
corolla. A stnall-fld. species growing from Wyo. W.
DB. Fls. not in close heads, but more or less scattered;

or if capitate, the heads not leafy-subtended.
e. Plant perennial: seed only 1 in a locule : fls.

5. debilis, Wats. Two in. or less high : lvs. oblong,
entire or ''-3-lobed petioled ■ fls solitarv and nearly ses-
s le the purple corolla a ii
the calyx S I tab "
re Pla f I e thai 1 to the locule

CO U I I but ielatiietj small

J I caj tate

I PI t 1 to 2K ft

lance

lobes

1 i 14 -\u oil fa

form ( ai alba) There is

FoUar/e pi

3. minima, Gr

ay(.V«,

and tufted (3 in

needle-like, pini

iiatelv '

scarcely exceed!

ng the

tricts. Dak. W.

xtely J
■arreti

Nutt. ) . Dwarf

capitata

The

als

lacimata R z & Pav Much 1 ke the last in
botan cal cbaia ters nd poss bl\ a form of it lower
and much more slender, the leaf -divisions mostly very
narrow (usually almost thread-like), the heads smaller
or the fls. sometimes even scattered. Chile.— The fine
foliage and compact habit make this species an excellent
garden plant.

DD. Inflorescence mixed, capitate on themain branches,
scattered on the others.
8. achillesefdlia, Benth. Fig. 904. Stout (2-3 ft.) and
very branchy and bushy, the early main branches ter-
minating in large, dense heads, but the later, finer
growth bearing scattered fls.: lvs. small, with short,
linear lobes or teeth: fls. large, violet or purple-blue,

© r^i

644

the corolla lobes oblong or obovate : capsules large.
W. Calif. B.M. 59:!9 (showing only capitate inflores-
cence).-An old garden plant. Fls. vary to white and
rose.

DDD. Inflorescence scattered or loosely cymulose.
9. tricolor, Benth. Pig. 905. A very diffuse, twiggy
grower, 2-2>2 ft. high, sparsely pubescent: Ivs. few on
the full grown plant, small, with many short, very nar-
row or needle-shaped divisions : fls. comparatively
large {%m. long or nearly so), nearly or quite bell-
shaped, the corcill.'i 2-3 times the length of the calyx ;
color of the r.iiiiMli^li L.ljrs xi'ilrt and passing to whitish
at till! Ii.t-.. (.1 III. I hi Hill 1,1 ONI n-]iurple and of the tube
yellow. W (iihr, |;.\i. :;i.i:;. B.R. 20:1701. -One of
the ooiriiiKnir^j Ml i;:ii-,lrii aiiiiuals. There is a white
form {<r. iiirali.':, Hurt.) and a rose-colored form (G.
rdsea, Hort.). Tlirives with the least care, and is al-
ways a profuse bloomer.
CCC. Plant biennial: seeds few or many in each locule:

. til,

nto

the suliulal

10. coronopifolia.
/. auraniUua aii.l
Cypress. Stt-m ^u-
high, very le:il'> : I
and about 1 in. Ion
pet-shape, borne al
stem, the calyx

Hl.niiu'.i.sis /l,,,„ns. Poir.
nnniiea. Hort.). .ST.\NDiN(i
iiiil.riinched, sometimes (i ft.
■ Ill , the divisions needle-like
iiMiiy. IH in. long, long-tnini-

^ides of the summit of the
ngst the short bract-

Ivs., the corolla scarlet or pink-red and dotted and yel-
lowish within, varying to orange, its lobes obtuse or
nearly so and flaring. In dry soil, S. Car., south and

01 LI A

worthy.

11. aggregita, Sprcng. {Ipomdpsis (legans, Lindl.).
Differs in mostly shorter stature and more slender
habit, with redder (.sometimes white) fragrant fls., with
acute and reflexing corolla lobes. Neb., south and west.
B.E. 15:1281. -Probably not in cult. The fls. are fiery
scarlet or sometimes nearly white. A very showy
biennial.

AA. Lvs. opposite, entire, or, if alternate (us in No.

12) palmately parted.
B. Foliage very fine, the lvs. cut into thread-like or

linear divisions.
c. Corolla rotate-bell-shupe, with a short, flaring tube.

12. linifldra, Benth. (G.iJni«;ia, Hort.). Fig.90(j. Ten
to 20 in. high, diffuse and branchy : lower lvs. mostly
opposite, but the upper alternate, all palmately divided
to the base in needle-like or spurrey-like divisions: fls.
rather large for the size of the plant, the corolla white
or blush, nearly rotate, the thin lobes obtuse. Calif.
B.M. 5895.-A useful tufty garden annual. The name
liniflora is meant to designate the resemblance of the
fls. to those of Linum tenuifolium ; but some catalogue
maker, evidently thinking that the name meant linear-
flowered, and was therefore inappropriate or an error,
has changed the name to G. linifolia, under which name
it is known in the trade.

00. Corolla salver-form, with a filiform and elongated
^ tube (Leptosiphon).

13. densifldra, Benth. (Leptosiphon densifldrus,
Benth.). Erect or even strict, 1-2 ft., hairy: lvs. with
many filiform somewhat rigid divisions: fls. in rather
close heads. lilac or white, 'A-% in. long; tube of the
corolla scaroily lontrcr thnn the li'aves; lobes of the co-
rolla sprcaiiiiiir. nl.m^c. nfti n .l.iitnte, nearly or quite as
long as tlir tiihc. i;,lit, i;.M. :!r,78. B.R. 20:1725.-
Common tiaidni annual. The white-fld. form is known
as var. alba. Hurt.

14. androsd,cea, Steud. (Liploslphon androsAceus,
Benth.). Much like the last. l)ut the tube very slender
and much exserted beyond the calyx and leaves : fls. 1
In. long, pink, lilac or white, in rather close heads, the
corolla lobes ovate-acute and entire, much shorter than
the tube, 12-18 in. Calif. B.M. 3491. B.R. 20:1710.

15. micrintha, Steud. Fig. 907. Tufted, 8 in. or less
high, the stems most leafy near the top: lvs. short, fas-
cicled: fls. with an exceedingly slender thread-like tube
which is 1-1>2 in. long, and projecting prominently
above the upper fascicles of lvs., the corolla lobes
spreading and obtuse ; color range very wide, -from
purple to lilac, red, yellow and white. Calif.— A popu-
lar and important bedding plant. Forms of it are known
as Leptosiphon aureus, carmineus, hybridus, and ro-
seiis.

BB. Folia(i

IG. dianthoides, I

Fig. 908. 'I'nfii .1. i

ear. opi)o.sitc : 11-.

yellowish throat, th

mi narrotv) lvs.
'/ ■lianthifldra, Benth.).
]iii.'li: lvs. narrowly lin-
1^', lilac or purple, with
ing lobes denticulate or

GINSENG

645

Tiearlv fringed '? C il:
A choice little annual
work bearing a profus

^l|itl,l Gle

GILL£NIA(^ German

the

t mil iittirr,Arnoldus
< ill Tim I hob&ctiP Two
L 1st A^niHrican perennial
herbs with 3 foliolate
ne-irlj sessile Ivs and

9U8 QiUa (

The Fenzha of gardens
5 long white or rnsp tiivfrl narrow prtits wnicn ire
more or less uiii <p 1 1' "m I ' 1 t mi n »< othed
calyx, and 5 2— i ' ' ' "I'l

nal clusterb m I' 's

recently given th^ '

in honor of Di 1 i I 1 1 i I n v I i h iil

earlier mide a genus ( ilkui Ihi sjn ( k s m G tnfoll-
&ta, Mcench (BowM^^ s Root) m rich woods from N
Y to &i ("Mn 8 121 BM 489), and G stipul4cea,
Nutt ( -V-viFKK AN liii 41 I iMth 1 Hull southern range
Thefmiii i li i i ii_ ii i 1 il ts and small,

mosth 1 "lite deeply

incistil I md is more

pubesi II 1 I II I _! ml plants for

the mi\i il I 1 li iiih l ii i llit-\ u limU and of easy
culture in iii\ good boil 2-4 ft tall Thej propagate by

eed

L H

1 usually

GILLYFLOWER down to Shakespea
referred to what we now call the carnation, Dit
Caryophylhis, also known as clove pink. Since Shake-

GlNKGO( Chinese name). Conlfer<ie,tT\heTdiecc. One
tree, with wedge-shaped Ivs., fls. small and mostly
dioecious. Pistillate fl. solitary, the single naked ovule
ripening into a drupe. Staminate fls. in slender, loose
catkins.

biloba, Lmn

( Sdbsliiii

I.I 11,1

, II 1,1 II

a Smith)

UINKCO MaIDESH

mkTkje

Kew 1

ILE I

i„s 909 910

A tall spirs.h li

.111 bid 1

ISU dh

kuilir

tree attain

suriuuudiUe isiuuutb an^ulji umI (.ii.imti.1
shelled sweet kemeled nut Northern Ch
in p 119 G C III 5 265, 269 G P 1 175 AG 12 2(
( ng 6 W4

Inn In 1 t America early m the century and g«
erilU I ml n good soil in the eastern states

t 11 n nil t m Massachusetts and central Micl

^,n 1 1 1 . th =;t Liwrmif rn . r in jnits

lulp
thm

/"

speare's time Gilliflower has usually meant either '
flowers or stocks, as explained under Chtrianthus
MattlUola.

■lie. Wild Ginger.

tuuiu \ UKtRs b\ buddiu,, jud „i ittiu^ beveial
bditii ultui il f ims ire recognized, including laciniata,
penthtl I md ? iiuqala

111 1 nl I 1 t the ripe fruits win h i iitinue to

1 1 lining a period c t i I n

I 1 lectiou to the 1 it

lliius and suggest i' t

I I I 1 111 timmate trees \n im i i n I

dm., t 1 1 1 mrin^, lu such locations Ihe k» ini is wlmh

have a sweetish slightly resinous flavor are highly

esteemed for food m China and Japan, md are githered

from fruiting trees m ■S\ashmgton foi such use by

( I 1 lundrymen.

I ' I 1 (Tinkgo seems to be pronounced with a bard

1)1 the oVient, but in English a soft G should

1 he name is often spelled Gingko, but the

I I lling IS preferable because Linnaeus spelled it

111 tht generic name. w. A. Taylor.

GINSENG (Pclnax qi,;nquefdlium,Urm. P. Ginseng,
Meyer. Aralia qninquefolia, Decne. & Planch.) is to
the' Chinese more than quinine or any other drug is to
Americans. As its name Panax implies, it is a pana-
cea, being employed for all the ills that flesh is heir to.
Though credited with stimulating, aromatic, alterative,

646

GINSENG

carminative and tonic properties, tlie root is with us
seldom used except as a demulcent. The reverence in
which it is held, and the high price that it commands in
China, lid to extensive search for a substitute, which
resultiil in flio discovery in 1710 of American Ginseng,
l',i,nir ,.",'" '"'i"»i, near Montreal, Canada. This
r • I . : ilily rrrcived by the Chinese, and soon

I. . , 1 tii'ni ririicle of export. During the past

i( . .i ;:.. piiri .,1 A nierican Ginseng has advanced
nta:!;. Till! |n r rml, but owing to the energetic hunt for
the root, to the destruction of forests and to the gather-
ing of plants at improper times, the wild supply has
greatly decreased. With the advancing prices and the

di

pfanVs ,'""■' ''' "''"' 'i ':'!'".
willn.ii J. I :.,,r, ■. ,! ' I ,
properly !■.- i>i i.' n ;i i ;•

stones, etc., rich i ' . i
must be well supi.
vated Ginseng iil] ,. , ■ . n.
price than the wiM n. -i, :ii, :
expected from a pUiut;ili"ii n
industry is found to lie piMii
given it careful attention.

Ginseng beds can be li.c.ii,
woods, where the roots nm-,
deterioration for several > ^
marketable size. The n^Mi-
are likely to be stolen, ami
placed where they can be uu

For further informati<in ..
Publications, Dept. of Aixri^
for Bulletin No. 16 of th.'
M. G. Kains in 1898, or consii
etc., Orange Judd Co., 1899.

GLADiOLUS (diminntiv

GLADIOLUS

ber and December, as the conns can be kept dormant by
the simplest kind ot cold storage. It is common for
florists to hold some corms in a cool place until August;
then plant them in boxes of rich soil 4-5 in. deep,' and
keep the boxes outdoors until frost. After frost-time
the corms are brought into a cool greenliouse, where they
flower within two months. New corms form above the
old one, and bloom the next season (Fig. 912). Cormels
or "spawn" also form on offshoots: these bloom in two
or three years. ' l. h. B.

use all stroi g manuits on a pre\i us sc ison g crop of
son e otl or km 1 Any coi iplcte fertilizer is 1 ei cflcial

1 en tl oroufehly worked tl rough the s il at the rate of

) to 1 000 I 11 Is 1 er acre The gr n d be i f, pre

j.ared, it should be furrowed 4 in. deep and from 24 to 30

in. apart, according to method of cultivation. If fine,

L.nnd bulbs arc to be grown, and the stock for planting

' > '1-^ 1 ' , in, in diameter, it will be necessary to place

iIm I :iI'. 1 I I 1, 1.' up in the furrow by hand, cither in

1' i.'vvs 2 in. apart. Bulbs of lesser size

II .1. :i, evenly as possible along the furrow,

V, nil nil n I r. LI ..r 10 or 12 to the foot of furrow. Clean
cnllnre lliron|,'hi>ut the growing season is essential.
Cutting the spike of flowers is a help to increasing the
size of the bulbs. Four months is sufficient for the
growth and maturity of the bulb. To harvest, loosen the
soil ami lift the bulbs by their tops, and lay on tho
1,'round to dry off and ripen. Should weather permit

I othe

mercially, of all the "C«\t

About 140 species of c.

form fls. in spikes at the

or less tubular, the tube i

niniit of a s.-ape. FL more
;illy funnel-shaped (enlarg-
ing upwards); segments 0, more or less unequal,
strongly narrowed or even clawed at the base, the upper

•th<

3, on a long style
by Baker, Iridea

About 15 of til- - 1"
western Asia. A U w h
tains of tropical Africa
are South African, ho\
and of these species tli
following synopsis. 'I'l

cultivated in tliis m

The S. African i- .
given rise to the nunM i
There are semi-ileul.le

opening or mouth
L the tube; stigmas
Fig. 911. Monogr.

-,ire little

ire hardy.

L. H. B.

r. THE CULTURE OF GLADIOLI.
A. From the amateur's point of view.
The essentials of Gladiolus culture can be told in a
sentence: the corms should be planted as early in
spring as the soil can be fitted ; they flower the same
season in July and August, and can be stored over win-
ter in any cool, dry cellar that will keep potatoes. Late
spring frosts do not penetrate the soil deep enough to
hurt the early planted corms. The blooming season can
be easily prolonged until frost by successive plantings
from .^pril to .Tuly 4. The flowers are excellent for

three wavs : (1) by natural
in; (2) by seed; (3) by the
base of the new eorm.

GLADIOLUS

In the first method all that is necessary is to separate
the conns growing from the original, either when clean-
ing in the fall or before planting iu the spring.

When seeds are sown, the seedlings should all pro-
duce eorms of flowering size in 3 years. Seed should be
planted very early in the open ground on rich, sandy
soil and not allowed to suffer in the least for lack of

GLADIOLUS

647

moisture. At tin- rn.l .,f tlir lirt s.msuh's growth the
corms of the sei-dlin,-, >\ill l.i- ili. i/,- •■( peas, and can
be stored under Uf -.uin.' ri.nhi i..ii- :is large corms.
The second season |i|aiit the .-..iiii, a, if tlicy were gar-
den peas. Some wjU bloum Ihu .sueund year, and all
should bloom the next.

Increasing stock by the small corms or bulblets is the
most common method, and the one by which a variety
is perpetuated. The small corni is but a cutting or eye,
and can be stored in bags. I.uxi's nr other suitable re-
ceptacles and kept from fm^t. It, i , a li.-lp to sprouting
if the corms are not allow. ,1 to ,lrv •■ut during the pe-
riod of rest. They should he piaiiir.l like 1-year seed-
lings, making blooming bulbs the tirst and second year.

E. H. CUSHMAK.

AAA. From the American hybridizer's point of view.
The garden evolution of Gladioli in general is ex-
plained at length below. The writer has been asked to
present the American share in this interesting history.
Some ten years ago, when the writer began, under the
inspiration of Luther Burbauk, his own work in hy-
bridization, the best American-grown stock available
was the Hallock collection of some 400 named varieties
of Gandavensis and about 100 of the earlier Lemoine
hybrids, all of European origin. After trial, the writer
placed them all in mixtures.

About this time Luther Burbank began to offer a few
named varieties, but shortly afterwards sold his whole
stock, the collection being now in the writer's hands.

This collection, in i lijuo,, of il,,. Miirr, is the best

strain of Gaielm i I ii -mtg largely of

variegated tyin-, i , ,■ markings and

peculiar form. I'.iri .^r i - : . i' i.oilar attention

to varieties caleul.iie.i io i . iioi, dry winds

of California, ami had ofi n i i .J with s|.oc'ially

stiff petals, quite distin<-i r i'. ;.'ry typos. 'Die

peculiarity of the flowor ;.: , , , v\ tin- ^pil^e

like the hyacinth was al- ' ;■ .:iiin. All oMiis

varieties are now grown i ■ i ! ihe writer with

the exception of a whit. i i i. promises to be

distinct and valuable f. it- im-. However,

the vitality of Burbank's -iiion i r. markable, and in
the opinion of the writer it is greater than that of all
the other strains of so-called American hybrids which
constitute the principal stocks of commerce on this
continent.

The latter strains have probably b. en larg.ly pro-
duced from self-fertilized seed of EurojieaTi anil Ameri-
can varieties, themselves the product of natural selec-
tion, thus carrying to their progeny the objection of a
weak and degenerate parentage.

The work of Dr. Van Fleet, of New Jersey, was car-
ried on more for scientific than commercial results, and
reaped a deserved success. However, the writer has
found that the offspring of a pure species is less stable
than that of well-balanced cross-bred varieties, the
former system handing down few varieties of perma-
nent commercial value, though they are in themselves
valuable as parents for the foundation of new strains.

The best work of a serai-professional character, in the
opinion of the writer, has been done by T. S. Moore, of
Indiana, who has spared no tn.ul.lo or . xp.nse in pro-
curing choice material upon whi.li t.. I. nil.!, an. I with
satisfactory results. As to '.'. •■rtt,Hiiis la strain of

reds),the writer thinks tliat liiil.- i. i f;ain.-.l l.y its

use, as we have te.o 7nan\ i. .i , alt. adv. Us roots tend

The writer believ.--. iliai ih. I., anty of the individual
flower is the highest il. al. ile...L;li vigor of plant and
vitality of variety are iil.^o ne. . .ssary. He regards the
Gladiolus as a cut-flower rather than a garden plant, and
believes higher satisfaction is gotten from cutting the
spike when the first bud opens than from leaving the
flowers to open outdoors.

A new strain of great interest is composed of the hy-
brids of the 6. Papilio, var. major, a most interesting
species in which the under color, a unique shade of blue,
is overlaid with dull terra-cotta. In seedlings raised by
the writer these colors have separated, producing the
most beautiful heliotrope and clematis blues and rich
velvety purples, colors quite unknown in the older sec-

Another strain lil;. l.t '•.• i.r.' aTited soon is the prod-
uct of the old s].e.i. (, ' •hiitus. The flowers

of the hvbrids an ' ..tnite dots similar to

those of the sppei.-, ;. ;■ i and its hybrids have

(.1, h ,11. ■ nei : .:i;.ia'l)le to all soils, providing

r. il .1, , . I i .. . I ^.'iven. Clean, sandy loam is
pi. . , .1 . ,ist every other autumn with

w.'M r..i'. .1 niiinar.s ^^ i.mIi IS carefully covered below the
depth of planting. P.i-foro spading or plowing the
ground it is well to dress freely with fresh, hardwood
ashes. On heavy clay use leached ashes freely, and
cover deeply all the green vegetable refuse and leaves
that have been partially rotted under the manure pile
since the previous autumn. Also fill in the trenches
with sand or loam. In swamp muck and vegetable de-
posit, a mixture of sand added yearly is all that is
needed, the trenches being filled with sand at planting.
Cold, springy swamp lands with the water half filling
the trenches at planting, have given perfect satisfaction
with blooming bulbs, that have been developed on the
other soils. Water should be freely used during the
season of active growth ; moderately with blooming
stock before budding in order to ripen the plant; then
again freely before the buds show color and until after
blooming. Pull exposure to the sun and air is necessary
for the best results. jj_ jj q^^ff.

II, THE KINDS OP GLADIOLI,
alatus, 2. dracocephalus, 10. purpureo - auratus

angustus, 5. floribundus, 23, 26. 21.

atroviolaeeus, 7. Froebeli, 31. Quartlnianus , 9.

Ganda
Leichtli'ni'. 16.

Other Latin names are in the trade, but they are
mostly or wholly garden forms.

I. Species. — Few of the original species of Gladioli
are in cultivation in their pure form. When grown at

648 GLADIOLUS

all, they are prized chiefly as oddities, or heeanse of
their botanical iiitiTo-^t. Tlie followmg species are
either offered ni th'' pic-. nt time in American trade
or are parents of niciiiu -nnl.n forms :
A. n. with a Ini„,,sl,inl,r. ,■ <iT,ndrical cun^ed tube,

wlnrh is enlarijcd in the middle: segments nearltf

equal.

1. Watsdnius, Thunb. Corm small, globose : stem
slender, 18 in. or less, with 1 long, narrow-linear and
stiff leaf and 2-3 short, sheathing Ivs. : fls. 2-4, in a lax
1-sided spike, 2 in. or less long, bright red, the wide-
spreading segments oblong and acute. B.M. 4.50.—
Little known in this country, but offered by the Dutch
growers.

AA. Fl. short and open, the tube short or scarcely any:
segments very prominently clawed, usually
unequal.

2. ald.tu8, Linn. Small, the stem only 4-8 in. Iiigh,
and slender : Ivs. 3-4, linear and rigid: fls. 3-i in a lax
spike, the curved tube H in. long, the perianth bright
red and often strongly veined; segments very unequal,
the 3 lower tongue-like and protruded, the others obo-
vate or nearly orbicular, all of them differently colored
toward the "base. B.M. 586 ; 592 (the var. Nama-
quensis).

Fls

of 1,1, ii: II III l,i,,jll,, with a funnel-shaped
, ,r],iil, i.-i i/, I, -,,,,/ ,1/ /},!■ top: seijments nar-
;/ I,. /,,„•. 1,1,1 , 1,, I I :.:/i,ii:tly clawed. (Gladio-

rcrianlh-si',,
grindis, Tluinh. (r

slender, 2 ft. or less : Ivs. about :i, linear or nearly
terete, strongly ribbed : fls. 6 or lis-. :; in. ...m.-. with a
curved tube ; segments nearly e<inal. "l.li.nu'-hm.'.nlate
and cuspidate, as long as the tube au'l twicr longer
than the stamens, recurved and often wavy, yellowish
or creamy, tinged and striped with purple-brown :
seeds winged. B.M. 1042.

4. tristis, Linn. Very like the last: fls. 2-4, somewhat
smaller ; segments shorter than the tube and not twice
longer than the stamens, acute, yellowish white with
purple or brown pencilings, or (in G. concolor, Salisb.),
almost white or uniform yellow. B.M. 272, 1098. G.P.
8:75.

5. angiistus, Linn. (G. trimacuWns, Lam.). Small
and slender species (10-20 in. tall) : Ivs. ,3^, very nar-
row ; fls. 2-G, long-tubed, white, the oblong segments
shorter than the tube and the 3 lower ones with a char-
acteristic purple median line ending in a heart-shaped
mark. B.M. 602.

cc. Perianth-segments obtuse.
D. Color purple or violet.

6. crispifldrus, Herb. {G. imbric&tus, Linn., var.
crispifldrus , Baker) . Stem 1-2 ft., rather slender: Ivs.
2-3, sometimes % in. broad : fls. 4-10, the tube % in.
long and curved, the segments obovate (1 in. long),
crisped or wavy on the edge, dark purple, more or less
marked with white and red: seeds winged. E. Eu. and
W. Asia. — Hardy or nearly so.

7. atrovioiaoeus, Boiss. Stem 1-2 ft. high: Ivs. 3,
closely ribbed, firm : fls. few, the tube K in. long and
curved, the obovate segments 1 in. long and dark purple
or violet-blue : seeds globose. W. Asia. — Hardy or
nearly so.

8. bifldrus, Klatt. Dwarf (1 ft. or less): If. single,
very narrow: fls. 2-3, the tube nearly straight, the ob-
long segments twice as long as the tube, lilac.

DD. Color essentially yellow or orange.

9. Quartmianus, Rich. Strong, 2-4 ft. : Ivs. .3-1, rigid,
sometimes nearly ensiform : fls. 4-9, in an open spike,
large, the narrow curved tube 1% in. long; upper seg-
ments hooded, the others smaller and innn- or U-ss re-
flexed, bright yellow or yellow flii-ln .1 and feathered
with scarlet. B.M. 6739. G.C. 111. :.'t:tr,7. ami Gn.
.55:1225 (\a,T.superbus) Mts.of Trop. Afr.-Not known

GLADIOLUS

to be in the Anier. trade, but attract
Europe. One of the best of the genus.

in. sulphireus, Baker. Stout, but low: Ivs. 3-4 the
blade short and somewhat ensiform: fls. (i-8, large, the
curved tube 1>^ in. long, soft bright yellow; upper seg-
ments cucuUate, the 3 lower ones small. Mt. Kiliman-
jaro. Gn. 38:762(?)

DDD. Color (under color) while or nearly so.

11. vittatus, Hornem. (ff. vlnulus, Klatt). Low:
3-4, very narrow: fls. 3-fi, nearly erect, the slightly
curved tube nearly or quite an inch long, whitish,
the 3 lower segments with a purple central blotch.
BB. Leaves ensiform (Min.or more broad, and flat

or flaitish).
c. Ciider- or body-color essentially purple.

12. commiinis, Linn. Stem 1K-2M ft.: Ivs. 3-1, 1
ft. or less long: fls, t-<, -tnall M ', in, InngI,

with a curved tube; - "' - I'li-lit purple

(flesh-colored in tin- V : im ai iy iipial

in length, all connive ) l- (njakini,'

a narrow fl.), the .: I -i ..,,.■- l-ng clawed
and with a median lino : s.a-.ls broad -winged.
Prance, Germany. B.M. 86, 1.575.-Hardy. Lit-
tle known in cult, in this country.

13. Byzantinus, Miller, Fls, n
plant more nilm-t. -.^'uicnt- mo
maturity, altli..UL.-li iIh^ :: np|..r .
uous, dark pnrpl. , tli. :: low. r
ones with a ]iri.inim m white
median line : seeds winged.

region. B. M.
Little known in

Medii

874. -Hardy,
gardens.
14. seget

15. Papilio, Hook. Stem 2 ft
or often more : Ivs. about 4;
rigid, 1 ft. or more long:
12, with a curved tube, pale pur-
ple or lilac, yellow in the throat;
upper segments obovate and
hooded. \ii in. long, the lower
ones verv narrow below and

Leichtl

long: lis. li-(S, laiKe, vsilli a eurveil
tube 134 in. long, crimson and yellow ;
upper segments obovate and conni-
vent, 3 lower ones much smaller and
acute, spreading, red at tip but yellow
and minutely red dotted below.

17. cardinaiis, Curt. Tall: fls. many,
nearly erect, bright scarlet, the tube
1% in. long and nearly straight; upper
segments long-spatulate (2 in. long),
scarlet, the 3 lower ones shorter and
narrower, with a large white blotch.
B.M. 135.

18. SaiSndersii, Hook, f . About 2 ft,:
Ivs. 4-6, strongly ribbed and stiff: fls.
6-8, large, bright scarlet, the tul ,e 1 in . ''oand" vensis'
to \% in. long and curved ; 3 upper (X ' )
segments long-spatulate, uniform scar- '"

let, connivent (2 in. long), 3 lower smaller, white-
blotched and spotted. B.M. 5873. Gn. 12:83. -Hand-

GLADIOLUS

CCC. Under- or body-color essentiuUij yiUaiv.

19. dracoc^phalus, Honk. f. Stem stout. 2 ft. or less:
Its. 3-4. ratli.-r linn: tN. :!-u, "I' iii. -.11,1111 size, yellowisli
green, tin- mU- , _' m. or !.■-- l-n^ 1 rui-ve.l; upper seg-
ments ,-ilipti.--..l-v;,n. .■iiHl iiH.r- Ml- I, ., hooded, yellow-
ish anil I'li.s.-lv sti-Kitc w-itli pnrplr. tin' other segments
much smaller'and reHexing. mostly green and purple
spotted. B.M. 588i.-Odd.

20. psittacinus, Hook. ((?. iVata?(')!s;s,Reinw.). Stem
3 ft. high, stout : Its. about 4, rather rigid : fls. many
and large, with a curved tube nearly or quite 2 in. long,
rich yellow but thickly grained and overlaid with red
(particularly about the margins of the .segments); up-
per segments obovate and hooded, the lower much
smaller and reflexing. B.M. 3032. B.R. 17:1442. L.B.C.
18:1756. -One of the leading parents of garden Gla-

21. purpilreo-auratus. Hook. f. Stem 3^ ft., very
slender : Ivs. 3-4, short: fls. 10 or more, primrose-yel-
low, medium in size, the curved tube less than 1 in. long;
segments obovate, not widely spreading, the lower ones
with a purple blotch. B.M". 5944. G.P. 2:89. -Hand-
some. A parent of modern Gladioli.

cccc. Under- or bodji-rnlnr white. {Forms of Xo. 15
may he sought here.)

22. blindus, Ait. Stem 2 ft. or less tall : Ivs. usually
4: fls. few, white and red-tinged, the curved tube IJ^ in.
long; segments all oblong or oblong-spatulate and flar-
ing or recurved, some of them red-marked in the throat.
Variable. Sometimes pure white (B.M. 648), and some-
times flesh-color (B.M. 645).— An old garden plant.

23. floribiindus, Jaeq. Stem short (1 ft.), producing
fls. from near its base : Ivs. usually 4 : fls. 12 or less,
large, white tinged with pink, the slightly curved tube
2 in. or less long; segments obovate or spatulate, ob-
tuse, wide flanng red Imed B M 010

24 oppositifldrus Herb Much like the last but fls
more numerous and small* r m i di tichous (or 2 sided)
spike, white sometime m 1 1 1 imOi rise BM 7212
G C III 13 291 Gn 4 \ I indsome plant
growing 3-6 ft high ml il s 2 ft long

25 MlUeri Ker G^^^ I n Ivs about 4
fls r-ither Isrje 4-i 11 1 1 1 11 ilk white the tube
2 in 1 1 I lu 111 I 11 ii 11 a„ht segments oblong

GLAUCIUM

649

did much to improve the Gandavensis type by repeated
selections and breeding. By Herbert and some others,
Gandavensis is considered to be an offspring of G.
p.iitlaeiiiKs X nppositifloriis. C. Brenchleyinsis is one
of the Gandavensis tribes.

2S. Lem6inei, Hort. (G. Gandavensis x purpurea-
niinitus). Fig. 914. A modern race characterized by
highly colored yellow, red and purplish fls., purple-
blotched on the lower segments, with
a more or less bell-shaped form of
corolla— the segments broad and heavy
and the upper ones horizontal or
strongly hooded.

moine, Nancy, France, and first shown
at the Paris" Exhibition of 1878. Gn.
17:226; 30:554. R.H. 1879:330.

///

mil are hvbrids of

914 Gladiolus Lemoinei (on the riEht) and G

29 Nancei4mis Hort (G Te

thei ,1. 1 ,11 n. t :l m 1

constitiiii 11 _ I 111 t 111 1 1 I 11 I III

lianc\ and dehniteness ol coloi iu„esi?t lon^ sjul 1 s
(20-2o blooms)

26 CaiviUei, Sweet {G eaidinahs x ttiitis) Fls
open or flaring with oblong acute segments scarlet
with long blotches at the base of the lower segments
early flonermg spikes short Hiid^ south of Wash
ington \Mth some piotection E H IWi p 289 G C
III 12 90 Gn 28 o20 34 080 50 p 60 -The oldest of
the gaiden forms

Runs into many tjpes and strains The modern
white flowered type represented b> The Bride is best
known in this countrj Small forms are known as G
nanus. Some forms are known as G. floribundiis.

Another form of early-flowering Gladioli is known as
G. ramnsus. Paxt. (issue of G. crirdinnlis and o/ipositi-
florit.'<\, Init it is probably no longer possible to dis-
tinguish these two groups.

27. Gandavensis, Van Houtte k,.! " . > ■ rardi-
nalis). Fig. 913. Upper segninn ■ ite hori-

zontal or hooded, the colors in liv 1 !-i-d and

red-yellow, variously streaked ami tuMKiiiil: late-flow-
ering : spikes long. The commonest oid-time tvpe of
garden Gladiolus. P.S. 2:84 (1846). K.H. 1846:141.
P.M. 11:27. — First offered to the trade by Van Houtte,
Aug. 31, 1841. M. Souchet, of Fontainebleau, France,

O Saundeisti)

F nt R 1 1 t vitli THr\ li! 1 11 Heading fls

1 1 1 1 Mil I I ometimes

_raent long

I I I 11 II ' I I I I I III lull open and

lu^efl 111 liilhiiit lud.s of red ind purple Gn
41 846 C C III H 131

30 CMldsu (G Gandaiensis X Saundetsii) Fls
similar to G Lemoinn in shape and color Originated
b) Max Leiclitlin C ermanj

31 Froebeli Hort is G Gandavensis x G Saun
deisii -sar ■iKpitlii^

^2 Turic^nsis Hoit is of like parentage G I 3 89
— This and the last aie the work of iroebel t ( o Zu
rich The) are of recent origin L H B

GLADWIN. Ins fcettdissima.

GLASSHOUSE. Any glass structure in which plants
are grown, particularly one which is large enough to
admit the operator. It is a generic term. See Green-
house.

GIASSWORT. Salieornia.

GLAUCIUM (name refers to glaucous foliage). Pa-
paveritceo!. Horned Poppy. A dozen or more herbs of S.
Eu. and W. Asia; annuals, biennials or occasionally per-

650

GLAUCIUM

ennials, a few of which are grown for their large poppy-
like fls. and glaucous-blue foliage. Sepals 2 : petals 4 :
stamens many: ovary with 2 (rarelyS) cells, the stigmas
miter-shaped, the fruit becoming a long silique-like
capsule: Ivs. alternate, lobed or
dissected. Glauciums are low,
branchy herbs, often somewhat
suceulent,with large fls., mostly
yellow or orange, but varying
to red and purple. The fls. are
usually short-lived, but they are
borne in rapid succession. They
are well adapted for foliage ef-
fects in borders or edgings. Of
easy culture in any good soil.
They prefer an open, sunny
situation. Mostly prop, by seed,
but the perennial kinds by di-
vision; however, the perennials
are short-lived, and usually had
best be treated as biennials;
they should be grown from seed.

mteum, Sc.,11. (r;.rt()i'»w,Dr.). Fii,'s.915,916. Stems
stout, ] 2 I'l . I'uin-r, nr : i:i,ii,;il l\s. 2-pinnate and
hairy, tin , :. i ': i:, ; ! i i •- |iiuuatifid : fls.
genei'iill m h, ,ii. iieross, yellow

ororau^i-. i... >|i;MiiiLiv ii:ii iirini/^ •! i:. Perennial or

eomioulatum, Curt. {G. phosniceum, Gaert. G. ru-
hriim, Hort.). Lower: radical Ivs. pinnatifid, pubescent,
the upper ones sessile and truncate at the base: tts. red
or purplish, with a black spot at the base of each petal.
-Mostly annual. G. Fisdieri, Hort., is probably a
L H. B.

a-— ;

915. Glaucium 1

form of this.

GLAZIdVA. See Cocos insignis.

GLECHOMA. See Nepela.

GLEDtTSCHIA (after Gottlieb Oleditsch, director of
the l.i.tani.' ijarden at Berlin; died 1780). Syn Gledit-
xiii. LnjiiMiiiosw. Honey Locust. Ornamental decid-
uous trci/s. often with large branched spines on trunk
and branches : branches spreading, forming a broad
graceful rather loose head with tinely pinnate foliage
generallj 1 gl t green an 1 turnmg clear vellow in fall
the greenisl fls appearing in racemes early n summer
are inconspicuous but the lar^-e flat ] n Is are ornamen

tal an

: verj vilu ible
n les and make al
tl 1 kly and prune
is iurable an 1
«<•( ^7o IS V
Locust tut b
been used as
of Vigorous gr

fert le tree is therefore to 1 e preferre 1
( t cat t) OS IS a iseful n ti e (

i r f rnji are almost hardy North Tl
r ] rk plant ng an 1 for
peuetral le he Iges if j 1

The

GLEDlTSCHLil

by seeds sown in spring about 1 in. deep, they should be
soaked in hot water before being sown; varieties and
rare kinds are sometimes grafted on seedlings of G. M-
acatithos in spring. About 10 species in N. America,
Asia and Africa. Lvs. alternate, abruptly pinnate, often
partly bipinnate on the same leaf, or wholly liipinnate,

r.jj

walled: h:
U Ills., or

triacAnthos, Linn. Hoset or Sweet Locdst. Thkee-
THOKNED Acacia. Fig. 917. Tree, 70-140 ft., usually
with stout simple or branched spines 3-4 in. long: lvs.
6-8 in. long, with pubescent grooved rachis ; pinnate
witli 20-30 Ifts., bipinnate with 8-14 pinna»; Ifts. oblong-
lancuolate, remotely crenulate-serrate, Vi-Wi in. long:
fls. very short-pedicelled in lK-3 in. long, narrow ra-
cemes: pod 12-18 in. long,
slightly falcate and twisted
at length Maj June From
Pa south to "\riss \\ t t
Neb and T
12b -\ 11 11
armed or ii
■nhatmoi 1
habit \ 11
( G Bujuti p.
■ft ith slender i
branches ind nan

Japfimca, Miq 1 1
ft w itb somewhat
pre . 1 often brar
s;inp 2-4 in long 1
12 in 1 lUo w ith gro
"ightly ■w in,^ed pu
i pinnate ■« i
bip

Bu]

Itts

itet_

nearly lanceolate, obtuse,
entire or remotely erenulate
lustrous above, /4 -2 in. long:
fls. short-pedicellcd, in slen
der racemes* pod 10 1** in
long t viste 1 1 Kt tl

the seeds near th n 1 I

purpdi

917 Gledtsch

Hort is a shrut
AA Po 1 thick

Hort f S e»s 1 var on
oval t 1 long oval ol tuse
the 1 innate smaller on the

\ nana

1 4 1 If

c 1 ften

1 1 es

te

Ith

GLEDITSCHIA

Willd.=G. Sinensis.— e. macracdnlha. Desf. Allied to G. Si-
nensis: spines and Ifts. generally larger: pod 4-G in. long, %in.
broad, often almost cylindrical. China.

Alfked Rehdee.

GLEICHfiNIA (W. F. Von Gleichen, 1717-1783).
GleicheniAcea. A genus of about 30 species of ferns
from the tropical and south temperate zones, growing
naturally in dense thickets. The leaves fork, often
several times, and the family is characterized by dorsal
sori composed of a few neiirly scs.sile spurnn^ia; these
are surrounded by a brn:,.! irm \i r i liiiL,'. nml open
vertically. The species :<<•■• '■ •'■• "• '-.'l :ii. ^iftrn cata-
logued under Mertensi.-i, a j i. IU-. u-.-.l tor
a genus of flowers, nui--i _!.< , .1 , , . i m- r.iiiiipi.ris if
they are separated and pIullu lu a ili. uuei yxuus, where
they probably belong.

A. Ultimate lobes small, roundish.
B. Sonts of S-4 sporangia, superficial.

rupfistris, R. Br. Lobes rounded or obtusely quad-
rangular, the margins thickened and recurved, some-
what glaucous beneath. Australia. Var. glauc^scens,
Moore, has Ivs. of thicker texture, which, when young,
are very glaucous on both sides, contrasting with the
reddish purple stalks.

circinita, Swz. Lobes ovate or rotund, witti the ra-
chides pubescent when young ; .3-5 times forking, the
ultimate pinnules 1 in. long. Austral., New Zealand.

Var. speliincse, Hort. {O. speUncK, R.Br.). Lvs. pen-
dent but not curving ; pinnules curved inward, form-
ing small cavities. Var. semivestita, Labill. (G. semi-
resDta, Hort.), differs in its close and very erect habit,
and flat, deep green pinnte. Var. M^ndelli, Moore ( G.
MhuleUi, Hort.). More robust and compact than the
type, with flat, thicker and glaucous lvs. Gn. 51, p. 472.
BB. Sortis of 2 sporangia concealed in slipper-shaped
lobes.

dioirpa, R.Br. Lvs. 2-4 times forked, with the lobes
strongly arched, rotund or narrow, with the under sur-
face rusty-hairy. Australia.
AA. Ultimate lobes pectinate : sori near the middle of

GLORIOSA

(351

the 1

nlets.

C. Leaf, after first forking, bipinnate.

glailca, Hook. Primary branches elongate. 2-3 ft. in
length ; rachises with rusty scales ; pinnae 4-8 in. long,
with closely placed entire segments, glaucous beneath.
China and Japan.

cc. Leaf with fan-shaped divisions.

{labell&ta, R. Br. Lvs. 2-3 times forked, the divisions
ascending, 6 in. or more long, elliptic-lanceolate ; ulti-
mate divisions linear. Australia.

longiplnn&ta. Hook. Branches of the lvs. repeatedly
dichotoraous ; pinna? up to 2 ft. long, 3 in. wide. Trop.

AAA. ritiin'tff branches u-ith a pair of forked pinna; :
h III' striiis zigzag, repeatedly dicholomous.
dich6toma, Willd. With a distinct pair of pinnce aris-
ing from the base of the forked branches ; segments
not decurrent. Tropical regions generally, but several
species have been confused here, as in many of the
widely distributed species. ^ jj Usdeewood.

GLOBBA (Malayan name). Scilamindcece. This ge-
nus, which lielongs to the same family with the cannas
and ginger plant, contains some herbaceous conserva-
tory plants with rhizomes and habit of canna, and a
singular floral strufrnre. Only one species is known to
be cult, in AmiTir:i. 'riii^ is kn.ovn to the trade as
<?. coccinea, which is ,-,.,llv ',. r, /,•-., .„,o/«;,ifa, figured
at B.M.6626. ln<U\ !<.«. i,m~ i- r], :,rly in error in re-
ferring G. cocci in II Ui 'i. iill,..-i.,ii.'l. II III, as is plain from
G.C.Ii. 18:71. Veitch introduced in 1881 a plant under
the provisional name of G. coccinea, as it was supposed
to be a new species, but the next year it was identified
with G. atrosanquinea. This plant was highly praised
in 1893 by John Saul, who said substantially; "Plants in
bloom the greater part of the vear : stems much crowded,
12-18 in. long, gracefully arching on all sides: fls. scar-
let and yellow, in dense racemes." The credit for the

discovery of this plant is generally given to F. W. Bur-
bidge. but in G. V. II. 18:407 Burbidge gives the honorto
Curtis. For culture, see Alpinia.

atrosanguinea.Teijsm. & Binnend.(G. coccioca, Hort.,
Veit.-hi. Stem slender, becoming 2-3 ft. high: lvs.
3-4 1)1 Imor. ,.i|i],rti', a.'inDiiinto at both ends; sheaths

puii.l li, I, <■]•'■! \\ rLi-nin",' the stem: lower

tl.i., I : , ; , , I I, :i lines long: upper

ami ' I i : Hs. IH in. long ;

coi-> ii.i \ I ii-A , I liLiil.M . Ill a ■ 1-11^' as calyx. Borneo.

B.M. il(l:;ii. w. M.

GLOBE AMARANTH. Gomphrnia.

GLOBE FLOWER. See TroUins.

GLOBE HYACINTH. Consult Mwscari.

GLOBE MALLOW. See Spmralcea.

GLOBE THISTLE. SeeHchinops.

GLOBE TULIP. See Calochortus.

GLOBULARIA (the Ih.wers in s,,i:.ll. ),-lohuhir ho:„ls).
Gl.iliiilili-iilriii. .\l.olll a .lo/cn -iMca, Mf I ,1,1 World
herhs.sul.shruhs and si, nil.-. Willi Muall hliic 1I-. iimMly

thrives at the front ..i ■ i n 1 :■ ' 1' i iar-

ticularly showy in tin 1 ■■ I i -i : a; i, . , ,■ / /.>;

and its forms, J. i;. KilKr adii.-L., railitr n,,ji.-i but
well-drained soil and partial shade. Prop, by division
or seed.

: pla

iboul 6-12 in. high.

1.1 /. !. : I. iL'ht G in. : root -lvs.

! . ! ,!■ , i. s. obovate or oblong,

• -1I.. .lal , \ii::. \si:iMinor. Syria.—
"Lvs. turn blackish jiurple in fall."— Woolson.
BB. Eooi-lvs. 5-nerved.
vulgaris, Linn. Height 8-12 in. : root lvs. obovate,
petiolate, nearly entire, apex entire, notched or mucro-
nate: stem-lvs.' lanceolate, sessile. S. Eu., Caucasus.
July, Aug. B.M.2256.

AA. Tender subshritb.

Al^pum, Linn. Lvs. obovate-oblong, mucronate or

3-toothed at apex. Mediterranean regions. — Cult, in S.

Calif, by Franceschi, who says it is covered with fls. all

winter. Also cult, abroad under glass. Yf_ ji.

GLORlOSA (Latin for glorious). Syn., Meihinica.
LiliCicew. Three tropical species, all African, and one
also .\sian. They are tall, weak-stemmed pl.ants, sup-
porting them:ielves by means of tendril-like prolontra-
tions of the alternate, lanceolate (If laiii- '., at. ■ 1\- fls,
many and showy, long-stalki-il. l"iiM ■ m ;i. Ms

of the upper lvs. ; perianth oi ii i' 1 -i a, ' ; is,

which are undulate or crispcl. an-l 1. ii, .1 aln v the
manner of a Cyclamen, variously colored; stamens 6,
long and spreading, with versatile anthers: ovary 3-
loculed ; style long, and bent upward near the base.
Odd and handsome plants, to be grown in a w:irm house.
They are not difficult to grow. The hri-iii -1 n :ire
produced in sunlight. The plants jri. > a ' is.

These tubers should be rested in . I

started in pots in January to March. I i- 1 - 1 - o

in summer and fall. When potting il.. ,.;.! ii.i.. r.s,
offsets may be removed (when they occur J and grown
separately "for the production of new plants. The tubers
may be cut in two for purposes of propagation. Let the
plants stand near a pillar or other support. Give freely
of water when the plants are growing. In this country
they are sometimes bedded out in summer. W. E. Endi-
cott cultivates Gloriosa outdoors in summer at Canton,
Mass., and finds that the plants so treated are not much
inclined to climb and flower as freely as under glass.
In Florida, thev may be grown permanently in the open.
Success with Gloriosa depends on having strong bulbs.
Consult Bulbs.

652 GLORIOSA

A. Segments {or petal >i) much erisiped.

Bupirba, Linn. Climbin"; I.ii.v. St.in r.-lO ft. high:
Its. ovate-lanceolate ; seginrni, :;-( in. \,n>'^ and less
than an inch wide, openinu' mIIi'M, I"ii ihanging to
yellow-red and deep scarli-t. Al i i.a, .\>i:i. B.R. 1:77.
Gn. 38:784. R.B. 23:121.

AA. Se{/inen(s somewhat undulate, hut not crisped.

simplex, Linn.(G. viriscens, Lindl. 6 .PldntU,'Lo\ii.) .
Fls. opening yellow, and remaining so in shade, but be-
coming deep yellow-red when exposed to the sun; wider
than in O. supertia. barely undulate and wavy, and not
prolonged or hooked at the end as in the latter species.
Africa. B.M.2539. Var. grandifldra, Nichols. (l/<;«i(5H»ca

. across. B.M. 5216.

grand! fldra, I

a. Ahyssinica, Rich. . said to be the largest-fld. specie.s, seems
not to be in cult. L. H. B.

GLORY OF THE SNOW. Fanciful name for Chiono-
dnj-a.

GLORY PEA. See Cliiiiilhiis.

GLOXINfiEA. Name given to hybrids of Gloxinia
(yinningia) and Gesneria. See Gloxinia.

GLOXINIA. The genus Gloxinia was founded by

ai-'X,Hia spfjivsa by Loddi^^e's iu hi,-, Buianiual Cabinet
in 1S17, and it was there figured. In the same year it
was figured by Ker in the Botanical Register, and
also by Sims iu the Botanical Magazine. Sims wrote
that the plant was "already to be found in most of
the large collections about town [London]." These
writers refer the plant to the Linnsean class Didynamia,
but Ker also suggests that it may belong to the Cam-
panulacetB. This GhKrinia sjn-rinxii was tlic furcrunner
and leading parent nf flir m;,,,], i, ( ;i,,, ;nl.i~. i^ImJ ~ w Iiich

are now referred tn III! f:ui, I' i:, ■ i ■ :'unis

out that the plant i-.:illx I- I- , - ihmii-

gia, founded in Ibi::. '..i, :, ;: „.,,,, ,,, i, he

named S. Selleri. All .mr „.ua. u (_,!., ...■.:.,., aix .Sin-
ningias, but to gardeners they will ever be known as
Gloxinia; therefore, we will trace the evolution of them
here.

Gloxinia has no tubers : Sinningia has. Gloxinia has
a ring-like or annular disk alH.iii tin- cvai-y: Sinningia
has 5 distinct glands. Tlic ^llirlllll;las aia'cither stem-
less or stem-bearing, with :i ti umiH i -lia|.p (,r bell-shape
n-lnbod and more or less :J ii|.|., .1 .a.r,,l|a. ;i 5-augled or

' ^ I !i 'IS, and they
I ' : ' i'i>:irently not
' i.M ', ,„..,...',/;,/ isfigured in
I), and it is i)rnbably to be
s in the Old World. It pro-
\hich, as well as the leaves,
• 11. It is als,, figured in B.M.

few forms of this were once offered by Saul, but, with
the exception of P. gloxiniflormn, they are probably all
garden forms.

The garden Gloxinias (genus Sinningia) are nearly
stemless plants, producing several or many very showy
bell-like fls. each on a long stem. Gloxinia speciosa
originally had drooping fls., but the result of continued
breeding has produced a race with Hs. nearly or quite
erect (Figs. niS, 019). Tlie ,1,-r.p liell of the Gloxinia
is very ri.-li .m.l b.autifnl, ami tlie erect position is
a_ decided -ain. 'Phi- lis. als,. have been increased in
size and number, au.l varied in shape and markings ;

GLOXINIA

the Ivs. also have become marked with gray or white.
The color of the original Gloxinia speciosa was appar-
ently a nearly uniform purple. The modern races have
colors in white, red, purple and all intermediate shades:
some are blotched, and others are fine-spotted or sprin-
kled with darker shades. It is probable that the larger

Ivs. (B.R. 13:1112). I
tie efPect of the S. u"
habit in some of the v
however, that S. gntlo
the evolution of the

some of the f. ■
following jHn'
3206, var. all.:

Benhouse Glox-
Id G. speciosa,
irt. One of the
I was with Sin-

hin^' to d., with

3ent-day flower,

as striped and

I wishes to trace

may look up the

sa itself ; B.M.

I'rophvlla varie-

:!:22ri. Zeichleri

liana (hvbrid);

IS. 16:1699

IMC, 1878,

I ■-. lil:2164;

Gn. ];-):ir)8; 43:909; .VJ. p. 2iW. K.ll. Ib4(;:301, Teuch-
lerii; R.H. 1848:201, Fyfiana; 1877:70, variabilis; R.H.
1883, p. 248. For florists' plants, see A.F. 11:7; A.G.
14:49; Gng. 6:83. There are many Latin-made names
of garden Gloxinias, but the plants are only forms of
the G. speciosa type. One of the commonest current
trade names is G. crassifolia, a name applied to some of
the best and largest-growing strains.

Tli'T.' ,are double forms of Gloxinia, in which an outer
i"ii li ill i rolla is formed. These forms are more curi-
um ful. Gloxinia (Sinningia) has been hybri-
I I ilisneria; and the hvbrid progeny has been
• all.'l i.!"vinfra(G.C. III. 17:145, Fig. 22). l. H. B.

Gloxinias are general favorites with most people.
Their large tubular and richly colored blossoms, to-
gether with their soft, velvety green leaves, make a
gorgeous display when in flower. Being natives of tropi-
cal America, they require stove temperature during their
growing season. Though they may be grown so as to
flower at almost any season of the year, yet they are
naturally summer-flowering plants, and do best when
treated as such. They are propagated by seeds, or by
cuttings made of leaves or stems. Seeds are preferable,
unless one wishes to increase some very choice colored
variety, when it is best to propagate by leaf cuttings,

GLOXINIA

using partly matured medium sized leaves with a small
portion of leafstalk attached (l?ig Bit p 42-1) These
may be inserted in an ordinar\ pr j i_ itni 1 1 \\here,
if kept rather on the dry side thi \ \ i i 1 f(.rm

tubeis, when they maj be potti 1 Si_edb

GLYCYRRHIZA

653

ar>

ten

itted

ibout

iter

In

fact SUt( C SS H I) 1 I I 1 ,1

pends Urf<el\ u|
in their most t i

given from tin , i i i

to wet the k x\ * , i i u^'i ili ' i 1 t

mosphere during tUcii e.iu«in^ i the

seedlings can be conveniently li n uld be

potted singly into thumb pots n i r i|icU-(,

using in subsequent shifts a mi\Iui it [ ^ kif
mold, 1 part good flbious loam and 1 put j.i \t The
plants must be -nell shxdcd from sunlight ind placed m
a position free from diaughts The seedlings should
begin to flower b\ the middle of \ugust when they
should be gn en in ibundante of air After flowering
the leaves -Bill begin to m-iture whfu -n itii should be
graduallj ^ithhtld As soon is the lenvcs have all
ripened off the pots should be stored •^w^^ m s(.mr con

. the 1

Hide

for another month this will give a much longer period
of blossoming The tubers should have all the old soil
shaken off and be potted again in clean well drained pots,
using sizes just large enough to accommodate the tubei s
the compost being the same mixture as before recom

blooms ( /

mended.

should be given but little water until
active root growth commences. As soon as the pots are
filled with roots, they should be shifted on at once into
the pots they are intended to flower in, as frequent
shifts would more or less damage their leaves, which
have a tendency to cling round the sides of the pots.
The first batch should come into flower in June. When

carefully grown Gloxinias are particularly free from
insect pests or fungous diseases, and the sime tubers can
be grown for several years n u m i. T Canninc

\s Gloxinias are essentiill ii j il | 1 nits thty re

quire itemperatme of 00" (m_lii i ii i nt il < irl) jet

seedlings raisedduringsumm. 1 tim d ^i 1. iididh when

planted in coldframes 'W hen a sekit colkition is de

sired, It IS customary to plant hundreds of seedlings in

frames for the summer A, lai„e maiority of these will

bloom from which a number of the best IS selected In

im ti 11 w itli tliis nil till rt of eulture, it is mteiestmg

' ' ' ' '' '1 ti ] I ints whieh fail to bloom are

I md specimens the following

lilt them will be purple flow

I ' III IN I I w 111^ ))lints of red andpmk

als

the

latest plants to si u , ^enerallj the best

Although cultui il I I ll\ insist on caie in

wateiing so as t i I i _ tin foliage we have

ni \ 1 b u I II till t tiiiliiw till se instructions closeh,
e\ |t\\li Mill ] I mts aie coming into bloom, but we le
ill III t 11 iiji.lit he eletrimental in moist dull weather
Th >,i J It t . I |( ( tion we have to wetting the foliage is
on n uiit ot seeliment from the water making a de
posit on tht bright, hairy foliage taking awaj the luster
whieh gives such a healthj and effective appearance to
well bloomed plants rj, jj jjatfield

GLYCfiEIA Refeired to PanjCHZaim

GLYCINE (Greek for SMCcO Legiimmbsce Perhaps
Ij or 20 species in tropieal Asia, Afuta and Austi eha,
mosth tnining vines The Gljeines aie allied to l)oli
chos \ igna and Pbiseolus tht cult sjiecics aie distm
guished b) small and hiin As m short axillan rae ernes

Bea

il i. 1 hininn food
\\ n for forage hav
it Jl -^ears ago The,

2-4 ft hi
axillary .
strictioii-

the torm in whii
« lid state It 1'
cme Sdja '^ich

Gh cme was once applied to Wistaria It is some!

used for that genus at the present day in foreign

L. H.

GLYCYEEHtZA (Greek, sweet root). Legumh
Licorice, also spelled Lk^uorice, and Lickorice.
genus contains the plant whose rooty jiroduce the I
ice of commerce. Seeds in ih"I^ an li-inl liy a
dealers with miscellane<His :■ ihniini.! ^nds.
genus has about a elozen hi. I i.ii >]>eci(

perennial herbs, ofte-n ^daiHiiil: ' I imnatr;

of indefinite nurabrr. rar.l-. ::, • :■ I : iniir. :.!

or teeth: fls. blue, v; '
racemes or spikes. \ ;

glabra, Linn. H,l;.|il ,: I ll,; I;,-. .....Hr. -nl.n

subglutinous beneath : sjiikrs pi-duni'li-ii. siiorti-r
thelvs.: fls. distant: pods glabrous, 3-4-seeded. i
mer and i

This

I few
The
!s of

654

GLYCYRRHIZA

The roots of Glycyrrhiza, a native of southern Eu-
rope and central Asia, are used extensively by drug-
gists; in America by brewers and manufacturers of
plug tobacco; in Turkey, Egypt and France to make
cooling drinks. Our supply— more than one and a halt
million dollars' worth in 1899-is derived miiiulv fnnii
Spain, Portugal, Italy, Turkey and I; <-■>:, . I'l; h-imh. i,
sia),the roots from Spain and lt:il : : i -l

best, and those from Turkey poori-1 ■ , ,i ■ , mm

bitterness. The soil for Licurico imi • ' ^ .1 . ;.. m. :i"v, .
moist, rich and free from ston- -, 1 ■I,.:,; ■.\i->' usually set
in rows, 3 ft. or more apiirt 1 )i i ]• - i liaii 1 ft. asun-
der. After the plants li;n'- ro\,,,,| ih. tcround, they
are allowed to shift for tin m-ih ,s r,,r :i or i years.
ITnrvc^tin^- i< primitive, the ruuis Ijeiii^ exposed by the
j.li.w :Min I'lillr.l liy hand. Large quantities of roots are
tliii- liii I. 1-1 1 "luee a succeeding crop or to overrun the

uside

fair

iee. In America
■:ilifornia, where

l.xperimentand
Utile more than

M. G. Kains.

. the !

the only fields V„rlhv thr name an
Licorice is not coiisMl.Ti-.l \ . i y |.a\
experience with it are, Iium \ii-,
begun.

GLYPTOSTRdBUS. See Taxodi

6MELINA (after one of five distinguished German
botanists named Gmelin). I >(■/>«■»"'•/'"■. F.iirht spp.'ies
of E. Asiatic and N. Austra.lian l,v. . an. I slnnl.s. l„.ar-
ing yellow or brownish irn -nlai- IN. -iinniinrs n.aiiy
2 in. across. A very few planis may Ih> ,-iilr. in Kurn-
pean warmhouses, and in Aimri.a i.nlv in S. I'la. ami

5. Calif, outdoors. The genus pro<luees a fancy limher
similar to teak, which is a product of the same order.
Vite-t and Clerodendron are better known congeners.
Spiny or not: shoots tomentose: Ivs. opposite, entire,
toothed or lobed: fls. in panicled eynu's, toniriituse at
least while young; corolla tube slemlir Inlnw; liiulj ob-
lique, 5- or 4-lobed; stamens 4, did\iiannMis.

A. Lvs. becoming 9 in. tomj, i: in. ti-idc.

arbdrea, Roxb. {G. Rheedii, Hook.). Unarmed tree,

sometimes attaining CO ft., deciduous, flowering with the

young lvs.: lvs. cordate-ovate. India, Malaya. B.M.

4395. Cult, only in S. Calif, by Franceschi, who keeps

6. Rheedii separate.

AA. Lvs. M-IM in. long.
Aeiitioa, Linn. {O. parvifldra, Pers., a typographical
error for 6. parvifdlia, Itosh.). Shrubby, sometimes
spinescent: lvs. ovate or obovate, entire or lobed. In-
dia, Ceylon.

GNAPHALIUM. See LennlnpmUum and Helichry-
sum. There are various nativi' ( imiplialiiims, but they
are not in cultivation. G. Iniiiiliiin c>r jjanleners is He-
lichrysnm petiolafnm .

GOAT'S BEARD is usually Spinea Aruncus; also the
genus Tragopogon, to which the Salsify or Oyster Plant
belongs.

GOAT'S FOOT. OxnIi.f Caprina.

GOAT'S RUE. See Galega.

GOBO. See Burdock.

GODETIA. Included in (Enothera.

GOLDEN CHAIN. Lahnrnum vulgare.

GOLDEN CLUB. n,-o„ll„m.

GOLDEN DEWDROP. Fanciful name for Durnnta
PlHinirri.

GOLDEN FEATHER. See Chnjsanflicmum paHJie-
niniden.

GOLDENROD. SoUdago.

GOLDEN SEAL. 11 nil, -a si is.

GOLD FERN. Gjinniogramma

GONGORA
GOLDFUSSIA. Included in SIrobiUii
GOLD THREAD. Copti.^ Irifolia.
GOMBO, Gumbo, or Okra. See Ilibi,
GOMPHRfiNA mam. -ul'^'. -i. .1 I.,

everlasting llower of easy culture. It is also known as
Bachelor's Button, though two other utterly distinct
plants (Centaiirea Cyanus and Ranunculus acris) have
the same popular name. The flower-heads are an inch
or less in diameter, globose, of many colors, and chiefly
remarkable for the showy bracts, which hide the true
flowers. In a family remarkable for brilliant foliage this
genus seems to be the only one valued for everlastings.
Nearly all the other everlasting flowers of importance
belong to the Composit®. Gomphrena has about 70 spe-
cies, mostly in the warmer parts of America and Aus-
tralia, but the Globe Amaranth is widely dispersed
throughout the tropics. Herbs erect or prostrate, pu-
bescent to villous, with or without a leafy involucre:
fls. short or long, white or colored: bracts short or long,
concave, and keeled, winged or crested on the back. For
culture, see Annuals and Everlasting Flouers.

globdsa, Linn. Globe Amaranth. Bachelor's But-
TiiN. Height 18 in. or less: lvs. elliptic to obovate, the
largest 4 in. long, VA in. wide, tapering to a petiole.
•July. B.M. 2815. R.H. 1890, p. 522. F.R.I :.333. The
following names of horticultural varieties indicate the
range of color : vars. dlba, aiirea, cimea, nana com-
picta (=alba|, purptirea, striata, Tiol&cea. Dwarf and
compact forms are likely to be associated with any color.
There is a narrow-leaved form of this species which
Voss calls G, Haageina, Kl. (G. aurantidca, Hort. G.
coccinea, Decne. ), which has lanceolate lvs., often 6
times as long as broad. The Ivs. are rarely % in. wide.
R.H. 18.54:161. All are easily grown annuals.

a. gnaphalioides, Vahl. See Pfafiia. \\\ M.

GONANIA is a typographical error in some nursery
catalogues for Gouania.

GONGORA (after Don Antonio Caballero y Gongora,
Bishop of Cordova). Includes ^rropcrn. Orchid&cea,
tribe I'liiidew, subtribe Cyrlopodiice. A small genus
of plants with curious spotted fls., not common in cul-
tivation, and of little value except for collections. Dis-
tinguished from the other members of the subtribe by
being epiphytic, having the dorsal sepal adnate to the
column, and" by its muny-tld. rac. ine. Dorsal sepal erect,
spreading, thus app.ai III ; i- |.i nm fr..m the base of the
column; lateral sc].:.' ■ r n-flexed from the

base of the column. \ i -mall, adnate to the

base i.f the column: In - I mi ■ - iimmus with the col-

(n- a- i:iiij , 1 11. 1 .\ iiiL.'-'i : ]i.,.ii.l.'l.nll.> Mil.'al.'. sheathed,

loose, pendent raceme arisim.' ri-..m tin l.ase of the

(Tongonis are extremely ft.. t|..\\ . i in-, and grow

cliaf. .'I.! iiil.l.'.i l.ir .!i iiiiiaii. . 1 1 1 n 1 1 1 l' I Ijo growing season
III. , ' , I . I ' : lirisk heat. In the

wini I I ' -In.uld be kept in a

im . ! ii.i.l..i house. They grow

w. II 1. tnperature of 60° in"winter

ami - . L'rowers prefer to use fine

1.1 II I .' 1. 1 for a top finish a little fine

in.'-- i. .1111. 1 II. .iiiiii] ri.iiiws, instead of sphagnum,

wliK-li 111 il.i,-. . liinai.- IS .|iiick to decay.

A. Lateral sepals ovate or oblong, truncate.
truncita, Lindl. Pseudobulbs deeply furcate : lateral
sepals rotund, oblong, truncate, the upper one ovate,
keeled; petals minute, ovate; sepals and petals pale
straw color, spotted with purple ; base of labellum com-
pressed in the middle, 2-horned : apex ovate, canalicu-
late. B.R. 31:56.

:1 ippnJs bioacl nirite pointed

galeat i
h I I

, I ^ 1 i„ «itl 1.

ilKik te ittils mill
lei lit 111 loles in
he 1.1 ints beii several

Aug Mes B M 3oC3

clothe 1

late b 11 1 h

pale sepia 1 i «u IK lis
oblong truncate HI elluni
flexed middle one sitcate
short rather 1 irge fid racei
L.B C 17 1(j4o

BB Fl\ yellon otary someuJiat mcni ved
Armenlaca, Reichb f ( irinprra Simen\aca Lmdl )
Pseudobulbs ovite snlcitp ' Ivl ri erne loose bear
ing many yellow tl i I 1h 1 apiculate,

the lateral ones II | I 111 1 ng as the

column labelluni il 1 ; 1 ' •' acuminate,

base tubercul ite i t i 1 M 1

AAA Latoal i,tpal6 lanceolate to oiate Ian

B Fls chocolate broiin, spotted
atropurpdrea H k 1 u 1 1 ill s 1 1 uf, t

subphe
chocol it

tilate

, ot

tuaugulii plitp Thib species IS the
cultu ation It IS nearly always in
flower during the summer Trmidad B M 3220
BB J ; yt Ui u ipotted
qumquen^rvia, Ruiz i Pi\ u(0 iiinil}ti Lmdl)
Pseudobulbs ovate cbl ng deeph furrowed 2 Ivd hs
broidh Imct late t plaited racemes lu in\ 2 ft I n„
will 1 ill 1 1 \plkwfls spotted witl II I I f I
spji I 1 1 \ I I ( etingintheback | I il 1

ohi I 1 mi Idle of the c 1 u I | t I I

b;is I \ 1 I 1p 1 tapering to a \ \

curl us pl lilt much resembling 6^ attoj ttpi t txcej t
in color and torm of fls May-Aug B M Jbb7 B R
19:1616
BBB FU dull red purple tpotted with a yellow label

Lmdl )

long

tricoloT, Reichb f ( G i
Pseudobulbs ovoid, 2>2 ii
ovate oblong, acuminate I
ceme slendei {.en 111 u 1
eels with o\ try 1
fls. about 2 in 1
lute margins ti]
late with ie\ol it
stout midiib tiee ] iti i
cur\ed lanceolate speckled
base cuneiform sacc
on each side apical part broadlj fui I 1 | 1 itl
spurlike slender speckled tip, gil Kus Uhiii I i lumu
slender speckled BM 7o30 BR oitJ

G fuscata Hort ( \cropera f is ita an 1 luteola Hnrt ) has
been cult for manj j £ ti s 1 ut no des i iption is j,% jil ible

H HiSbELBRiMC and Wii Mithews

GONIOMA (Greek gonia angle corner the coiona
cornered near the top) ipocyndcew A monotypic
gei 1 It nm., 1*5 th Afric in shrub John haul of
W'y I) I I rf It as haMng lacemes of

'I' the point ot ever's shcot an 1

1 line by their foim anl fri
i;i i I luf nthei ] lant m n ml fjr

■M- I / I I HO

i;i. II t I 11 1 tthe

cuiim n J I , n It > , i i i Goni ma dlf
f ers from Tabemeemontana in hd.\ ing the ovules ar
raiipCed in 2 series instead of an mdetmite number of
series.

Kam^asi, E.Mey. {TabernwrnontAna Varndssi, 'Kegel).
Height 16-20 ft.: Ivs. opposite or the upper ones in
3's, oblong-lanceolate, entire, leathery, 4-6 lines wide:
cymes small, terminal, 8-10-fld. : fls. salver-shaped, yel-

GOODYERA 655

lowish ^ lines long tube a little widei at the middle and
anjle 1 ( nstiicted at top pilose within fiom the middle
t tl t I 1 bes a thud as long as the tube, ovate, cor-
I t t 1 to the right m the bud stjle2-cut.

GONIOPHLfiBITTM A subgenus of Polypodium, with
au t 11 mg%eins bj some legarded as a genus. For
ir s il I nuiilatum 'see Poll/pod mm

G0NI6PTERIS (Greek angled fe>n) PolypodiAceo'.
A genus of tropical feins allied to Phegipteris, with
naked louuded son and the lowei vemlets ot contiguous
segments or lobes united By some placed under Poly-
podium

cren4ta, Presl Lvs 1-2 ft long on stalks nearly as
long with a terminal p inn a» ( -b m long otteii 2 in. wide,
and 4-8 similar latei il j mnsp margins bluntly lobed;
son near the main veins Cuba and Mexico to Brazil.

L M LTVDERWOOD.

GOOBER IS a commoner name m the South than
Pp mut which lb the universal name in the North.
For culture, see Peanut for botany, see Atachis.

GOdDIA (after Peter Good, who
found the plant in N b Wales) Le
liiii I r Vn \u tialian genus of 2
sp t 1 ith pea like fls ,

ch h led markings

B 1 g been cult in

GOODYfiEA (after
John Goodyer, British
botanist, who helped
Johnson in his edition
of Gerarde's Herbal >,

656

GOODYERA

OrchidAce(e, tribe Neottike. This genus includes the
Rattlesnake Plantain an<l a few other dwarf terrestrial
orchids of minor importance which are cult, chiefly for
their variegated foliage. They grow a few inches high,
with scapes 8-15 in. high at most. About 25 species.
Lvs. radical, usually reticulately veined: fls. in dense
or loose spikes; labellum saccate; anther on the back
of the column,

A. Hardy native plants.
B. Labellttm strowjlij inflated, uitli a short tip.
pub6scenB, R. Br. Rattlesnake Plantain. Fig.
fl20. Lvs. ovate, deep green ; veins netted,
white: scape stout: spike dense, ovate in outline
before anthesis: fls. globular, whitish; beak of
stigma short, obscure. Aug. N. F. to Fla., west
to Mich, and Minn. L. B.C. 1:1. B.B. 1:474. Mn.
2:54. F.S. 15:1555. A. G. 12:281 .and 13:520. Should
be grown in orriin.irr loam mixed with pine needles
and dry pine twi;,'^. N"t well suited for green-
house cult.

BB. Lahellum
c. Beak of lli<

iri/Ji ((» elongated tip.
.s7mi(/. )■ than its body.

rtpens, R. Br. I.v^. .ivat,- t.. oblong-lanceolate;
veins dark: s|.iki- 1-si.l.il: hiliellura with a re-
curved tip. L.B.C. 21); 1U»^7. B.B. 1:474. Rhodora,
1, plate 1. Var. ophiodes, Fernald (Fig. 921),
is the commoner form of this species, with very
broadly marked lvs.
cc. Beak as long as or longer than the stigma

tesselita, Lodd. (G. pubi^((ns var m)not)
Lvs. broadlv ovate to oblong lanccolati
exceedingly" variable: scape slender spike loo^e
Hs.whii.-; iMl.fllum less saccate than in
*,'. ,-,/.,,.«; til, straight. BM 2540 / -

1,.I;.C. ln;',i:.-'. Rhodora 1, plate 1. ^'^
(■Miifn^icl l.v tr.idesmen with the next,
-yhould be planted out m a rockery
in shade, the roots being firmly placed
among dead pine needles and
loam. Referred by Index Kew
ensis to G. pubescens.

Mfinziesii, T indl. Plant rather
large: veins netted: spike somewhat
1-sided. Western U. S. to northern N
Eng. B.B. 1:475. — Advertised by
Dutch dealers.

AA. Tender exotics, cult, under glass.
B. Lv.i. with a whitish midrein.

veliitina, Maxim. FIs.whiti.sh, tinged
rose. Japan. F.S. 17:1779.

EB. Lvs. with tvhite, netted veins.

ScWechtendaliana, Reichb. f. {G. Japdnica, Blume).
In general appearance like G. tesselata. Lvs. ovate:
spike loose: fls. white. Japan. -Once advertised by
Pitcher & Manda.

GOOSEBERRY

immense English varieties were derived, with a crying
need for better table varieties, practically nothing has
been done to improve the natives. Our natives have not
been improved primarily because the American people
have never acquired or cultivated a taste for the fresh
fruit of the Gooseberry. In England the fruit of many
of the large, flne-flavored varieties is used uncooked.
In America the fruit of the Gooseberrj- is thought of
only in connection with pie (tai-t) or jam, and when
transformed into these food products, flavor, while of
some importance, is but a minor consideration. The
claim that English Gooseberries are less palatable than
the natives is quite true, when passed upon from
this standpoint. The best cooking apples are not
usuull, i rl. . rl ill 111.- iMW state on the table, and
vici' M ! I i ; t is this — and it is worth mak-

ing—li I .Insert Gooseberries and also

cuiiiiai . I .! -. We should keep the classes

distiuci, ail. I v...ik LH' the production of varieties
with the vigor of our natives and quality and size
of fruit of the best European. Houghton was pro-
duced nearly 70 years ago, and Downing from
Houghton seed. Kr.iwn by t'barles Downing, about
40 vears ago ( -. . 1; .li. ■. . I,. ..lution of our Native
Fruits"). Til. . I ■ vpresent the Amer-

ican tvpe, altli. : ! : )Mi. that Downing is
It of a . ). -- I.I I M . II Houghton and some
European variety, 'ilio bal.it of the plant partakes
somewhat of European characteristics. Downing
is the more popular.

Site and preparation of soil. -Tho larprest and
finest native bushes ai-.- fi..iti.l .ii".!! vi.li l...»t..m

lands. Moist, but not s.. ■ . i .■ i . i.^t

results. No amount of i. - ...ly

soil into condition suit:.! . i . ul-

ture of the Gooseberry iny, li. r. in iln- ...i.ntry
pt, perhaps, along the iimth Atlantic and north
Pacific seaboards. Good results have been secured
in the Lake Ontario fruit region on reddish, cal-
careous clay. In sucli situations the

slope .

regii

jrth

lay loam ridge
tial to the fullest suc-
cess. A clover sod turned under
and thoroughly worked up is an
excellent preparation for the
Gooseberry plantation. A heavy
preparatory application of barn-
yard manure may tend to make
the soil too porous and too eas-
ily dried out. If applied the sea-
previous

plants, and tlio Inn.

with potatoes, it ^^i

■•e theGoos.li.ni.-.

lariy thpEni;ii-li 1 :i

) is ,T..l.p,.d

.■.suits ar '1.11

1. ^Iiii.l.'.l .-ilv -i.pI.

s.,-un..l by
■lis. Where
should be

GOOKA NUT is a name for the Cola.

GOOSEBEEEY. The Gooseberrv an.l the currant are

w....ftli.lia.-.li..sttvi...s,.n,uslifiiui-. Til.' iL.iM-.. forms
iiUi.-.- far II. .rill ii.t.i I'.rilisli Am. r- ■ /,' S.-ed-

nient. Miller, 17.31, says it would be useless to attempt
an enumeration of varieties. In America the Gooseberry
has been a neglected fruit. With wild forms in abun-
dance, types greatly superior to those from which the

Planting and training.— The Gooseberry vegetates at
a low temperature. It should, therefore, be planted as
soon as the ground can be -n-orked in spring. A better
plan is to plant .ailvin autumn. It may bo transplanted

degrees, an.l n.irtli ..t that lin.^ tr..iii s. i.temi.er 1 up to
the beginnins; ..f lr..slv w.aili. r. Wh. n set out late in
autumn, the .surface of the yrouud sboul.l be thoroughly
mulched with straw or manure. The English varieties
grow somewhat larger than the American type, and re-
quire rather more space. The plants are variou.sly dis-
tanced, according to the inclination of the grower; 6x3,
5 X 3, and 4 x 4 ft. apart for garden culture are the com-
moner distances at which the plants are set.

The training of the Gooseberry is exceedingly simple.
It bears most freely on 2- and 3-year-old wood. The aim

GOOSEBERRY

GOOSEBERRY

657

should be to keep a continuous supply
As they become enfeebled, cut rhei
spurring by cutting back wh.Mi n \

f vigorous shoots,
nut. Encourage
: wliiMi a ^arit'ty indulges in
uiiMin^' lial.if. like Josselyn
■d .lark.-t). Ill the East, it is
iniiiitnil.d ti. thin the bead to
sen the tendency to mildew.
s is probably good advice, but
the West it dies not apply
th the same force rather cut
the weaker branches and pre
t mildew b^ other methods
n also to facilitate fruit pick
Prune to encourage upright

growth, when cultivating varieties like Mountain Seed
ling and Houghton The bush form with several stems
IS to be preferre i to the ii Ip stem, plantations last
longer m bush t i i le productive

Tillage and f 1 ili east and west coast

climates, and m tl I 1 lean culture may be

given, but in tli i t i i I hing with strawy ma
nure or barnjaid littei is better than mulching with
soil Cool, rich soil constitutes an essenti il to success
Good results have been obtained by the use of coal
ashes as a mulch This is, of course, only an amateur s
method, and not feasible on a commercial scale. The
Gooseberry is grown with a fair degree of success be-
tween young orchard trees on the loose soils bordering
the upper waters of the Mississippi and Missouri rivers.
The practice is not to be commended from the stand-
point of the welfare of the orchard. Gooseberries are
also grown between grape rows — a practice hardly to be
commended. Practice only shallow tillage.

Picking, marketing, and conserving. — Picking Goose-
berries is an uncomfortable and generally uncongenial
occupation. The best native varieties, as a rule, are those
most completely armed with thorns. A little practice,
however, will enable a dexterous picker to secure the

berries without receiving much punishment in return.
The berries cluster along the lower side of the bearing
branch. They are best removed by elevating and steady-
ing the branch with one hand while the other hand rap-
idly removes the berries, working from tlie base up-
wards. Picking costs between 1 and 2 cents per quart-
usually IK cents. English Gooseberries should be
marketed either in quart boxes or in 5 pound Climax
baskets

American vaiieties aie n aih alw avs picked green,
and are usn ill II II i i nitities for

stewing J 1
m 10 and
Exp Sta

1 \i 1 1 1 ., 1
I lew and sh ul 1 I 1 „
drought the iipeuing
il (i| The ripening of t
m which the tiec is \ ar

iiketed green (4 I

uall> compare t
e fruit, althouj,!

shipped
111 N Y
laiketing

■thehi^l

i\ 1 I t il I ir T 1 I inst before
sugai should be used in the pro
ro one half pound to each quait of
d m this wa\ CtoospI r rr-\ i \p nnv

1 il„ed in t 1 a considei

Nebraska, Minnesota
.athered and largely ii
itR aciditv giving a si i

r^fX A

'25. Industry, one of the
English Gooseberries.
Nearly natural size.

uct which is notably wanting in that made from culti-
vated types.

Types and varieties . — Practically, there are two types
of Gooseberries in cultivation.

1. The European (Bibes Grossularia, Figs. 922, 923),
rliarai'ttrized by stocky, upright growth, light-colored
>|.iii. -. tliiek, glossy Ivs. and large, variously colored fr.
'Ml.' |ihiiits are less hardy than our natives or their hy-
biiiU, an- affected by our hot suuujier suns, and are
very susceptible to fungous tn.iil.l. v, iirdiniiifnt among
which is mildew. The New ^'..rk Txp. i imciit Station
recommends the following varini. , : i r.nvn Hob (Fig.
924); red, large, round, of good .jualiiv. ImUistry (Fig.
"■_'-!. I.'iiifashire Lad; fr. dark red, nearly round; plant
I ' 1 ' li.althy. Prince Harry; one of the largest,

1 Huality.

iiL-ans, and hybrids between European and
A Hi. Ill: species, usually classed with Americans (Figs.
92(;, 927,928): Ivs, thinner than ini?. Oi-:u-:.-:hI,i ri<i ; 1. af-
stalks hairy, spines borne singly, fr. Miiall, r. dilish
green, shading off to purple. Pale Ri-d mav I.. r.,iisi,l-
ered a good type of the species. Vari.tirs: (■Iiaiiiiii.in

partakes largely of European characteristics. Downing
is the most widely planted o{ all Gooseberries in America
(Pig. 929) ; fruit medium size, <,v:il, kiv.-ii ; plant ui.rit,'lit,
vigorous, healtli\-, i'i-^mIu'M'. i-, ri..M.l,f-ii. .-m <<]■] r:r>''i
ite; fr. small, V" •' ' " ! ■■■■■■' ■ • '' ' • f ■•• ' .

almost identical v i i > . . i: i ,, . . .

Josselvn; fr. Inr-- i ' ' .;••;-- :i!,'l I'l.-

llfic. AiK.tli.-.- ,.,..• :,:,,.■: //. Cj. :,..:,.::..

represciii'-! i'-- ^ i ■ li. ' • . ■ • • ■ ■■ :^-iii.
Pri./hi,' ■ ! i M- I' |ii-inoipalways.

{1| t'liti I : 1 - 111 "Strike" very

readilv ii.n. r,,i: ,,, ■■-. \- m^- '.■■in.i;.', ix.ot more freely
than English types. The cuttings may be taken in the
fall, as soon as the wood is ripened. They should be
a. long. They may be set in the ground at once,

or tied in bundle

and

a cold cellar o\-

•r wi

almost down to 1

■.-.■zi

be planted obliq.

will not throw t

H-ili

3 feet apnrt nn.I

gation l.y Ir.v.rn

_' is 1

this i,urp.-e. pi

should l.e v,,^-,.r

US :,

back sev.Tely in

1 the Kiv

"red in

dens

liy gn

.and

courages

by plowing a furrow against tin

forcing the branches down by tlir<i ' My on

top of the bnshes. In moi.st re^'iin :i . -mi -nutively
small amount of covering is neeess;iry. hi iliyish re-
gions 5 or G inches of soil is necessary. In the fall the
soil is removed and the rooted branches separated from
the parent bush, leaving buds for the prndnetion of
shoots the following season; or, tin- iniirr i.hmt nv\y be
takenup and divided. (3) Root-em!' !■ \ i. , in.ose-
berries may also be propagated li> < ' ■ roots.

The plants are taken up in the li; i r i^ pos-

sible The latter are cut into '^ or ' in li !■ n'tlis and

^^%s^^^

Down ng Gooseberry

tmgs lu ui
buds Bbo\e tl
La\er plants
plant used aim

Diseases.— The Gooseberry, as a rule, is affected seri-
usly bv only two plant parasites, mildew and leaf-spot.

■lie fonii.T att.i.'ks the English v.irietios, while the lat-

covers the atl'eetcd piirt with a gray, frust-like coating.
This turns to a dirty brown later on. It is a surface-
growing parasite, and the web-like covering may be
peeled from the fruit in its early stages. Tlie ends of
the shoots and younger leav. - ;,!. ■.,■■! ■.,,■].,. ,i mi -i, , mi--

ing the bush to take on a Sim .: , I, -

dies for mildew: (l)Sanitarv: i . ;.i..|

by a favorable site, g„„d (1 mil ■ ! . i,i n-.

(2)Fungiei.t, -: '-- i r-..t:, . i,, - i ■

Idav

larly shai

terthefru
ox. to 15
.son.

■. il |ir."l

It is hulf-gr.
gals, water,

t Bihis): Tl

11 alter liar
-(1) The im

wii. (<•) Dilute eopper
may be used through-

is disease attacks the
. small brown, irregu-
||| Ivs. This spotting
ih. Ivs., often before

the fruit
the seaso
Bordeaux

n'lixt

IS III

ii'c'ts.

ii.ilv: Sprav early in
estiiig the fruit, with

ported Currant worm:

of a saw-fly attacks the foliage soon after

fruit sets. The attack is first made on the lower

leaves. From this point the worms work upward on

the bush, stripping the leaves in their line of march.

The worms are exceedingly voracious, and will defoliate

a bush in 2 or 3 days The mature insect is a saw-fly,

which deposits its eggs on the under side of the leaf

1. sually tn o bi oods occur during the season Treatment

S| rav with aisenical poison eiilj Bordeaux mixture

IP r 1 mav be used in combination for the

the later sprays fresh i ow dei ed

te of 1 lb to 50 gals of water is

er should not wait for the insect

ce but sho Id iv rd off 1 n r ns

lil>

anes are

urned San Jos^ scale
•ometimes injurious Wl
;I e foimer it should be tl
winter 1

ot

to loot up and destroy the bushes
is used against the four lined bug
John Ceaip
GOOSEBEKEY BARBADOES ^ee P e i
GOOSEFOOT \ rnaciHrforC; njol i>

GOHDONIA (after Jamns i ;,.,-.
man; died 1780). Teni.ti r^i tr
and shrubs with alternate. ^: i ;
ous or persistent Ivs., :i\ill ■
woody capsule. Only G. j>i'!"
Mass., while the others an- i
tropical regions. They all liart
foliage, and produce tlieir larse
small plants. They grow l>.'st
peaty or sandy soil. Pro].. 1 .
from half-ripened wood uii' '
in the S. Atlantic states an ;
Pis. solitary and axillary ti.,,.
sepals aiiil v-'nN ".. rnnlv ;..

winged -^ i. ■■ II.

P.J. r.. ■ - iliat

Foliage deciduous.

6:201. 'i
trees tli:

(Georgia, but not
G.W. F. 47. Mn.
.—One of the few

AA. Fotiaf/e evergreen.
Lasi4nthu3, Ellis. Loblolly Bay. Tree, to 60 ft.,

usually shrubby

obovate-lanceolate.

sl]..rt: .-apsul.- ..vafr. .Tulv, Aui;. Va. t-. I'la. aii4 ,M i--.
S.S. 1:121. B..^l. 6GS.

an6mala, .Spreiig. Large shrub: Ivs. ,,i,i;iii, i-,ic. nar-
rowed into a very short petiole, iMiiir-- m- s.ai-air. ilark
green ab(i\-r. ;i-r, in, lun;,': fls. al -r ^r-sii,., rr.>,(ni\-

S. Chi'n'i."l;'M' :■•■'< :.'/•.■' , , ,,j-illaris).'BM.'-mi
and Bd;. i i • , ■ , . '/.//-/s).

O.Jan,,:- ■ .: ■ . ..■ X..voiiha;.

Alfred Rehder.

60BSE. Ulex Earopwns.

GOSS'i'PIUM (name used by Pliny, probably from the

GRAFTAGE 659

Domiug^nais, Linn. Lvs. usually iyi-2 in. long, ellip-
tical, glabrate, with blunt, distant serratures ; veins
tapering towards the margin : capsule winged, emargi-
nate. West Indies.

GOUMI. .See Elceagnus.

GOURD. In England, a generic name for species of
Cui-iirliita (which see). In America the term is used to

disiL'tKtti- those cucurbitous fruits whi'^h -.wo linrd-
-lirll.al, and are used for oruanic-nr ,ir i"r •'■ -;i' :: f

The Go

La-riiaria. In the northern I'nit.'^l Si, ,,1;

li:ird-sliilled forms of 6'((c?fr6(7'/ P' p-^ i \ a: , ■ ■ ■' ; a:
commonly understood when the word Gourd is usei
The Gourds in the Amer. trade are referable to the
species as follows:

Anaroiula, Lagenaria vul-

l:,:i'^.-.r:n;,rblta P,i,„.

Cali'a" :, /,■

Onion-shaped, Cueurbita

Pepo.
Orange, Ciicurbila Pepo.
Ostrich Egg, Cuciimis dip-

P.ar^li'aped, eucurbita Pepo

1' i ilora, Lagejiaria vul-

IH,,,.a !■:: , .:.,.,,>.

il.l.s,-,.-,-!!,, flU-UMiS ,lip-

\<'ih.V.<h,Lufta.

K--. K:;;; shape, Oumrbita

Goo'seberry, Clieumis An-

:- ; "1- Snake (not Snake
^ •,'.. , uln,|,MaC^cu-
. ' vulgaris

sli. ,n, /, , „-,,,„ fiilgaris.
Susar Troiiili. Lagenaria vul-

Hercules' Club, Lagenaria

vulgaris.
M:ite Gourd, small form of

Mock Orange, CicmrKta
Pepo.

Tashkent. Cueurbita Pepo.
Turk's Turban, Cueurbita

Pepo.
Vegetable Sponge, Luffa.
Wax Gourd, Benincasa cerif-

GRAFTAGE comprises the process and operation of
ns-ifin:,' a part of one plant into another, with the in-
rntioii iliat the part shall grow on the foster root, to-

(jraftin^' is oue of the oldest of the arts of plant-craft.
It is probable that the real art of grafting has held more
or less as a professional or class secret in the ancient
world, for the writers seem to have only the vaguest no-
tion of its possibilities and limitations.' Vergil writes
(Preston's translation):

But thou Shalt lend

purposes

G. Davidsonii

small Hs. I 1 ill. Inn- 1, ami ,-niall . .i . 1:. , , ; . ;,

lvs. G. Stiirtii, F. Muell. A shrub vl - ', n.il 1. ,1. ui-.>
or less marked with black dots : lvs. broadly ov:it
entire: fls. large, purple, with a dark center.

L. H. B.
GOUANIA (Antoine G^.iian. 17.-ir!-lS21. pi-of^.ssm- ,

religion.;, n1.^. ,-...], to insert the graft during the

moon':. : ■ '

Tlir ,1. Ill !■ I cut (Pig. f):!fl) reproduced exact
size tV.i.i l,..i'(i , Miriocli's "History of the Propaga-
tion and li„i,iu,L.,.iiit of Vegetables," 1672, shows va-
rious kinds of grafting in vogue over two centuries ago.
Following is the literal explanation of the plate :

: tlic disbnrked square.

iitted up, in this figure somewhat
I be put therein.

. gn
eyon ami stock for shoulder-grafting,
the cyons and slit of the stock for grafting

7. The cut
«. The cut

in the cleft
t. The stock set for ablactation or approach.
The cyon of the branch tor the same operation

I carnation to be laid.

f' i'-' ' '• ♦ ■■ > '!■-■ -nt ;^ i-rr'Tcr- '1 open, with a

1 ;i' ' I :i:i ; :,i L! I ■ iiii; practices

. -- • ■ • I •! 111.' •,>, lii.li' -iii.jrct of graft-

iT the lic:i.l of "Insitions," and here he mi-
i-scribes the cleft-graft, and speaks of it as
imon way of grafting." The practice which we
w as inarching or grafting by aiiproach. In- sig-
y cills-Ablaftation"^,:!! i^. m- V.';<,./ m n..,„-

'ow that s..muHi is s:ii.i i.l : In : iii-. r luid

i.-liM'tion of .■iolis. it is intri. - , I ,; -I ;ir-

s advice ou this subjt-ct : " ( i ■ . i mihl n. . . :ir..

■ from Cyon.s of thB like traitiulh.s.-. ' ^ I, ions
lest chosen from the fairest, strongest sliiiits, not
under shoots or suckers, which will be long ere
bear fruit, which is contrary to the intention of

gav

not pr
alsoei; _

multiplying plants. A thivl i i i |i 'im'o
some radical change in thi- n nm,

as rendering it more dwari. in ;; .,' , "r
otherwise changing its habit. A i in i h t; ni-.il
office of grafting is to adapt plants to adverse
soils or climates. An example is the very
general use of the peach root in the south-
itrs n|jon which to work the plum,
1" I li 1(11 i, I. better than the plum
r loactioe in Russia of
worlvir. I 1 roots of the Siberian

crab is .111 . \ i! iMi .if an effort to make a
plant iii-iii-i- ai'l- I . withstand a very se-
vere clii

i.... Ill- oiroct of the

r.iili'T iiiorr ;i mechan'

than [ihysiological or

ences are" very largely

those which are associated with greater or

less growth. As a rule, each part of the

combined plant— the stock and cion —

maintains its individuality. Tlicrn arc cer-

stock on th
ical or phy
chemical

seems to pa

if tl;

930. Sharrock'

The Exemplification of the Operations bu the Figi

a. Denotes the ordinary cuttingof the bark for inoculation.
!> b. The sides of the bark lifted up for the putting in of the
shield.

c. The shield taken off with the bud. which lies under the

stalk of tlie leaf cut off.
I n. The shield put into the stock to be hound up.

d. The bark cut out in an oblone square, according to an-

other usual way of inoculation.

put upon stock JV'l
wli I In II, i.iii i, , I I y different character. fl fc'

Tlirjr.u' .-.uiiir \ alii 1 1 is' of applcs and pear.s ll j

which, when worked upon a seedling root, will I- -
tend tri change the habit of growth of that root.

Examples are Northern Spy and Whitney ap- 931. stick

pies, which, when grafted on a root of unknown of buds,

parentage, tend to make that root grow very (X Ji.)

GKAPTAGE

661

the soil. All these instances seem to be special
r exceptions to the general rule that each part
as its individuality. Keasons for this change of
n these cases have not been determined, and in
^sps such results are not to be predicted. The
irk.-d effect i.f stock on the ciuu is a dwarfing in-

|)A:,ri:i;L' Mi:n I \|m<-;,,i m I i. ■never the Stock

I , < ..I !.::■: li- i ■ . I ' 1 1 1 • luost f aui iHar

exa

:fhe

ing

quince -i."-k. > ;-,■.:-):'-' :■ :■' : ■ .•"i_a s.

The plant "must be"ke|.t ■hv:,,!' I.y s„l,.,.,7„.„f ,,n.riini,-
and other care. It is sii,'uirM-;iiii that tlirn> is i-.ii]i|itirii-
tively little demand for l;irt,'r-),'i-(.\viiiir f"i-iiis of wc.idy
plants, whereas there is a great demand for dwarf
forms.

Extended experiments on plants which are not com-
monly grafted have thrown considerable light on the
possible mutual influences of cion and stock. The re-
searches of Dani.l , WI...S.- l:.t,-st .■,,,itril.iiti..u con. prises
nearly all of \-m1. s of Ain'. >ii, Nat. Sii-. s. i;Mi;in\-.

hereditary in seedlings. These experiments, as also
those of Vochting, have thrown much light on the physi-
ology of grafting and the variation induced by it, but
they will not modify the practices of horticulturists nor
greatly change our ideas respecting the results to be
obtained from accustomed operations. Experience has

932 Shield bud

long II ' 11 iini 1 wliit general and practical re-
sult [ ti 111 ,] iftmg

fh I I h „i iftmg can succeed are to

be d t I iiiiiMit Ihese limits are

often \ 1 I 'i ithiu the genus,

but t' nts of distinct

gen. ] I n some of the

cacti II I I lie not compar-

able ^ 11 1 I Li iil\ iiiji 1 II 1 t 1 i lis proposed for
purposes of eUssiheatiuu, lud intcrgr itting like inter-
crossing has no necessary relation to these conceptions.
In general the closer the aftmitv of eion and stock, the
bettei the union Win u stock of the same species can-
not In UM 1 It is ill Will t I !i ) )s. mother species.
Thus 11 h I I II iiiii ill 1 111 1 ipanese plum

stO( ks 111 1 \lii i| I _i 111 \ 111 n s of Japanese
plums ,11 1 I M h 11 II I 11111 1 iini I il 111 ind domestica
plum stocks lia\e In t n used In sorar cases another
species grows more readily from seed, is cheaper, is less
liible to fungous iniun m the nurspiv or has some
other practical advantage Thus most domestica plums
{PiKiuis clniiwitua) in the NTorth are worked on the
myrjbalanlP iKrtsi^wM most sweet inrl sour cherries

(Pr„„„s Aviin

Mahaleb {P. M.

on manetti and

From time ti

.<»s) are worked on the
kinds of roses are worked
■'I stocks,
ises an agitation against

particularly in the Old World. Cases of poor
nd the difficulties of sprouting from the root or
! cited as proofs that graftage is injurious and
ing. But these
auces of poor
Thev show

' don

boots. There is no use in
arguing against things
which are indispensable.
The ways or fashions
of grafting are legion.
There are as many ways
as there are ways of
whittling. The operator
may fashion the union
of the stock and the cion
to suit himself, if only
he apply cambium to
cambium, make a close
joint, and properly lUMte.
his "Mouographie drs (Iri
of grafting. All kinds of ;
three groups :

1. Bud-grafting or budding. In the old days called

inoculation.

2. Cion-grafting, or what is now thought of as graft-

3 C aft ng 1 y app a h m t n II d na h g

Aw d may b n d d al t th n n 1 gy f aft
" he pe

t-erafting.

r work. Thus, Thouin in
" l.sL'l, describes 119 kinds
ing may be classified into

n f

th

I t

tl

k

tl
t
th

ba k

nail

n ne

eaf

g ft I

n th n
all) 1.
tops of ;

Inth E t ppl nip a a u 11 1 1 1 d

1 ut th W t api 1 at 1 t
grafted. It is piacticable to insert bu K m the
oung trees, rather than cions, for the purfiose of

662 GRAFTAGE

changing the tree into a different rariety. Sometimes
the buds are inserted in limbs which are two and three
years old; but it is usually preferable, if the tree is of
some age, to cut back the tree somewhat heavily the
previous season or the previous spring, in order to get
a growth of suckers into which the buds may be set.

and b d le 1 I f How n>, J j n we t rn rser es

The c tt nj, f 1 "

to bud 1 rs as
dir g th s St k
wh ch t s le
thf st k 1
Notal

GRAFTAGE

set the bud on the north side of the stock in order that
it may be shaded from the hot sun.

A T-shapcd incision, just through the bark, is made
on the stock (Fig. 9.32 1. The crosswise incision is usu-
ally made first. As the operator takes his
knife from the last incision which he
nmkpa hp H-ivRs it a dpft turn to riirht and
1 ft an 1 loose s tl e flaj s of t k

tl at the 1 ud c e s 1 1 e T

bis w taken f n tl e k

1 o ed 1 to tl e I a r \ ler ith

ark nt 1 t IS e t 1> tl the

tl

dii g f
bl£ Ip 1
plfc n(
anl q

rj to Id} to tl

a dan

p plac

.ver uirfit il. nr.ler to

"CJ^g^lf

:ir to pre-

ften ta

dtoal

V 111' ";" r:>t. r in Hal -

'iW

stook. In

ten

ttle

stra

T; , • , . ,1 )i, B

k c aft ne

s not re-

tlel

ngth

OS tl

ck bcfon-

1. Ill lllL

t

K

n f

...X. 1-ur l.ii.lciug, the ol
l.luded knife, with a
,t; surface (Fig. 935).
performed late in the
X out a slioot until th

■ . i ■ Unit tin

dl le

ounde^or

c n tie

to k
1 tl
KOf

No 1 nt

' ■ InllOwil]

g s] r I g at

wl

1 t

■ ' II '■' ;.l...uton'

1 a ovc

yj^

,. liuiii« i]i,|M-llf,l bvthe
iisou of growth a peach

a dl akcs

r gr ot

t wll a

■^'.

.ur to six feet, and be rei

1 1 r r

W^"

'A-

039 Cleft E aft ne of an old t ee

If le trip g

f e tl 1 g

1 tl ref re

1 e large n gl

1 Is of lull I g '^o e of

V ei can r gs \ of

f, 1 ne er of on er

or pos n ot 1
ng r the n ert on of tl
c ow graft ne or tl
f

ceous grafting in nhicli the cion is taken from green or

growing wood

It IS customary to clissif\ grafting m respect to the

wi> m which the union is made There are three

rener d t\ pea in ( iramon use in this country :

ktt gi tt \li 1 tting veneer grafting.

( / in splitting the stock

1 tie cion into the cleft.

I r large stocks prefer-

is then se

GRAFTAGE 663

It is then put away for future use, and will keep indefi-
nitely. When used, the warmth of the hands will cause
it to soften. The hands should be greased to prevent it
from sticking.

Cleft-grafting is the method usually employed in the
top-grafting of fruit trees, as apples, pears, plums and
cherries. Old peach trees are rarely changed over to a
new variety. If they are, budding is employed, as al-
ready suggested; the limbs are headed back so that new

sun

if the shxt

(Fig <)3") LI tt ^i tt
spring The LRUS are t
from the list \ e u s sh
cellar or ether ctol plai
berertt tl> d rramt ]

f three 1 ids lcn.,th
long joiiite 1 ail 1 if tl e\ 1lRt^ is new or rare, and
the wool thru t re scii th \ mi^ be made of

1 t -s I 1 II el 1 1 ed part should

1 t 1 1 tl 1 in order that

111 II I I ft (Pig 938).

It t 1 1 1 ear the top of

tl \ 1 \l 1 1 tl 111 covered with

was It 1 th in tlik ht jrrjw since it is nearest
thesourceof f jodsupi h an I is less iniured by ex-
ternal conditions Iti ushesthiough

m the open air i
together one pound (1
dared tallow two part

943. Tree grown from a long-cion root-eraft.

four parts of resin. The melted liquid is poured into a
pail or tub of water, when it immediately hardens. It is
then pulled until it is light-colored and develops a grain.

944. Grafting knife (X %).
wood is secured in which the buds may tie set. It is im-
portant, in all top-working of fruit trees, to keep down
the suckers which spring up around the cion, and which
sometimes completely choke it. In changing over the
top of a fruit tree, all the leading branches should be
grafted (Fig. KW). It is well to stand at some distance
from the tree and make a mental picture of how the
tree will look when the new top is secured: the grafts
should be set in approximatelj a radius fiom the center

of the tree
some of thi

It

low.

that the stock should be larger

ter where the cions are set On

^ it will be necessaiy to graft

I I 1 t(i fall the top and to

Ml IS It will lequire

■ )\er the tiee to a

Ml II 11 of the oiiginal top

lis t il c more and more of the

affoid footholds t i
from three to f< hi
new variety En li \
IS removed, and the en
space

Bark grafting (Fig 940) is a most excellent method
nf ..1 iftiii., fuih Iii.,t limbs sinie it docs not in]ure

Til

The

The . 11 II

be ot approMiuately equ il
siz" Each IS cut off m .
slanting direction, and i
split or tongue is made near
the middle The same shape

means of waxed en
graft lb above giound
wounds should be th

I iiij]plii\ed in the nursery and on very
I not used in top grafting except now
I limbs The pictures sufhciently lUus
ik IS done

ck shouli

r>hicf use of, the whip
IS in root grafting
1^ eiii, 1 ^^■d chiefly

1 ^ 11 I 111 stl\ at the

945 Veneer graftii

\\ t I ih I t other things being equal budded ap
I I 11 1 1 hiable to root giafted tiees In the

\\ t II « \ I If IS necessin to hue nppli tues on

of known haidiness e^cii il me

fioin the haidiest vAiicti. i i mn

tousecions b to 12 in Ion ts

2M-4 in long (Fu '>i2) II 'li it

onlj the top bud ■ t llii i i " i

The piece of loot II t inn i 1 1 m
the cion itself (Fi^ U i \\l, i i 1 to

664

GRAPTAGE

the orchard, the original root may be cut off in case it is
not very vigorous ; although this is not done if the
union seems to be good and the foster roots are strong.
This root-grafting is done in winter (Dec. and Jan.
preferred) ; the grafts are stored in clean sawdust, sand
or moss in a cool cellar, and ar*^ si.-t in nursery rows in
the open early in the sprinr, aftir the manner of grape
cuttings.

The waxe 1 trmg w tl 1 1 1 "raft are

tied, may be ma le I 1 n t tl p

melted graft ng va\ ^^ 1
minutes the \ 11 1

strand can rail
this purpo. e N
enough to hold t]
so that it may 1
the fingers. It
thereby not nt
grafting is Ion

be

GRAFTAGE

sometimes grafted for the novelty of having more than
one variety growing on the same root. Probably most
herbaceous plants can be grafted readily, with the excep-
tion of the endogens,
which do not lend them- T" ^ k .

selves to the operation, . / tV f i /

although there are in-
stances in wh ch graft .^

lou has been m le s t ^ if^ ''

ssful on them In , ''^

r ler to s icceed w ith an

I aceo IS cion it is

ess iry that the room

thti clo e and moist

rder that evaporation

not I e -v er> rapid

si ould endeavor to

the

u t 1 1 taken

place It s usually I est
to cover the union w th
OSS or some other n a
terial in order to protect
the wound and to check
evaporation. Best re-
sults are secured when

the

in tex

of herbaceous cuttings. The kind of graft is of
less importance, although it is customary to use the
veneer-graft eious, since there is less injury to the stock
and the outer surfaces are easily applied to each other.
The cion ordinarily consists of one or two joints, and if
the leaves are large, they are cut in two, as in the mak-
ing of softwood cuttings.

Inarching. — In those cases in which union takes
place with much difficulty, it is possible to effect the
conjunction by allowing the cion to grow fast to the
stock before the cion is severed from its own roots.
The plant which it is desired to have grow on the
stock is bent over to the stock, the surfaces of the two
are exposed so that the cambiums may be pressed close
together, and the two are then bound "until union takes

g'l

the uni(
is also 1
warp-tl]

grasped

946. Veneer-Eraftine.

Waxed Manila paper, cut in narrow strips,
h usid; ;ilso single strand cotton " chain" or

1, . Iilic 1 \,:i\i(l or not waxed.

> : li a handle large enough to be

I : ^ 1 1 1 1 for whip-grafting. The blade

i:, !,, ■ ' I'lr steel of best quality. The

.1 I ' '■ ii'iir'. Ki". MM ^l-ow n f'onimon

considi tmi ' ! ' ' "■''' ''rna-

mental pl:in!', '■'■:i-' I- m -iiiiii;;. r'liiiiii.. I'iii^^ till, sur-
faces of oimi and stock and applying the one to the
Other (Fig. 945). The cion is bound to the stock by
raffia or other material. If the graft is in the open the
wounds are thoroughly waxed ; but in the house they
may be covered merely with moss. This style of union
is used with herbaceous plants, as well as on hard
wood. Sometimes the stock is severed at the point of
union, as in Fig. 945 ; but in other cases it is not sev-
ered nor bended hack until the cion has taken hold
(Fiir. '.ifiii. In the latter case, the stock is not injured
in I'.i^.' ilir i;r:itt does not grow.

II, rh,,.,..ii!i ./rartiflf/. - Pelargoniums, chrysanthe-
mums and other soft-wooded greenhouse plants are

the greenhouse when it is desired to trans-
fer the whole top or the whole branch of one
plant to another. The illustration (Fig. 947)
shows such a case. Inarching is seldom
employed in this country in n roninKreinl

Inarching is sometimrs riii|il".yiil l.i unite
two branches into one lor ilie |.i]r]iosi. <■<
making a specimen ftnii ■im\v i ir^, r. 11,
for example, a twir "I ' ' ' ' ' "' i^ i"-
arched into a limb jn: i i : m,iIm>

extra food supply m ■ ! i "i '"

grow larger, and a ti! ■ : : i , . 1.

obtained. This use oip , . i , < ,i

only for the purpose _ :: i.i-

specimens for cxhiliii I -

Sri(1f/e-grafting. — \\"''i''' < r^i'^N- ^r:ry
he bridged by cions. as in iig. >.i-tK. irjiii
the edges of'the girdle to the fresh, lirm
tissue, insert cions which are whittled wedge-
shape at each end, draw bandages around
the trunk sn ns to hold the free edges of the
bark nn.] Ilie ends of the cions, and pour
melti d «,i\ ii\,r the work. This operation
is [M I iMime! ill ..pring, with dormant cions. 94g_ Bridge-
Prevent the lunls from throwing out shoots. grafting.

V. they ivill

GEAFTAGE

If the cions are placed close togethe

unite along their sides and make a continuous covering

of the wound.

Literature.— Tfor further discussion of the whole sub-
ject of grafting, the reader is referred to current works
on fruit-growing ; also to the two American special
books on the subject— Fuller's "Propagation of Plants"
and Bailey's "Nursery-Book." In English work, "Bal-
tet's "Budding and Grafting" is standard. It is an Eng-
lish version of "L'Art de Greffer." l. H. B.

GKAM, or CHICK PEA. Cicer arietinum.

GRAMMANGIS (Greek, f^rammn; perhaps referring
to the markings of the tls.). 0/■c7^^(ft!ce^, tribe \'tiiidi<r.
Species about i, of Madagascar and Java. Pseudobulbs
short and thick, with foliage-leaves only at their sum-
mit, hence not enclosed in the leaf -sheaths : fl. -clusters
from thi- base, many-fld., pendulous: fls. not spurred;
iiiil^ili -I [ i! -trcngly concave, lateral sepals somewhat

s:i I ■ I IS,-, free, spreading; petals ascendiiii,'.

SI I lilt in form and color; lip 3-lobed, with

■tly

bidii

i tri.a

liii im: :i.'.| in the position i.l' :'~ ; • ■ '

\- ■' . :! ■ ii '\ ill baskets hung u(;tr ■'- --

til i . , I I intense. The plant- ' ., . .^.

su --iul\ 111 pots placed near the- I'ln-., -r i i-:. i..

to blocks, but in the latter case they must bu givrn moi
water.

£llisii, Reichb. f. {6i-ammatophyllum ifllisi
Lindl.). Pseudobulbs 7-11 in. long, each bearing 5-
Ivs.: Ivs. lJ^-2 ft. long; sepals yellow, elegantly mark e
with dark transverse lines; petals and lip pale pink, tli
latter with a strong mid-nerve. Summer. Madagascti
B.M. 51711.

ava. B.M. 5670.
GRAMMANTHES (Greek. ;i«,

ith ohoi-ohitf stripes. .Tui

T. H. Kearney, Jr.

granadilla 665

spurred; sepals and petals nearly
comparativelv small, with margin

, witli I i-.,i l:ii.r:il loliis; column

11 iif' I ii'i ■ 11, i.ibidium,

riiiiiiiiiii.i ' , • - in having

li l...ni.' u;.. 11 :i! ;i;.;.. i,.lai;o of the

■ 1 rt-latoil .l;cikt.i tiny are attached
thout special appendages.
11 cultivation are such infrequent
wcring of a fine example

propa

m pi

of
od-
atul need
I y should

ith I

T. H. Keaknet, Jr.

Cultivate Gr.ammatnphyllums in shallow perforated

pans tliree-fnurths tilled with broken potsherds. The

soliil iNirt of 111.- potiin-nnitrriiil sIh.iiM be of fern

lilii-r iiiifkfil \-iTy tii^lil itnil rliin. IMin-o in-iir Iliestrong-

plenty of water while growing. They need a long sea-
son of rest, without water, in a shaded house, in a tem-
perature of 50° to 55°. Wm. Mathews.

:.. r^.- ,7..'..,",: !■,-,- ;-.,:.;, ,..-.„- ^^r. ,v,';,., '., ,!,,uter.

va. G.C.
:i7.-This
1 -^ family.

vin roots
; If. high;
'ii-i;o, each

ivrrs. And

plant is an epi-
[lerature, should
ilant. Owing to
iierican than in

ha;i-i,,,ii,>, ;u;iii,:,l. snr.-nli-l.t pilinl, U ' : '. ~l,v

Iv.,. .in.l .M-llu>v iU., whifh grow, ai. - : o , .,i,:i

is used for edgings, baskets and ]>>>:. .\ , i ;

cific names are now referred to one, *;. : . I-

side the type, 4 botanical varieties w :■ i. _ : 1 in
Flora Capensis 2:331 (18G1-2). Calyx l-ii !ii|..'i, ■ mi
5-fld.; corolla tube as long as the calyx; limlp .i-O-lobt-d:
carpels 5-6, many-ovuled, with awl-shaped styles: scales
minute, and evanescent: follicles many-seeded.

gentianoldes, DC. Glabrous, soninwlmt clnncnnB;
branches forking: stems rigid, fllifoin.: 1. . i; ..itc.
distant: fls. orange, yellow, or n .i i , and

marked as above described. Cape. 1' I, h , , i -lul.
F.S. 5:518. The type (var. v*ra, Ilav, i 1,,^ l-~.o,at.-
oblong : limb of corolla ovate-oblontr, a thinl longer
than the stamens. Var. chloraeJlora, Haw., has Ivs. ob-
long or linear: fls. a little larger; limb of corolla ovate-
lauceolate, twice as long as the stamens. -w. ji.

GRAMMATOPHfLHIM (Greek, gramma, a hue or
streak, and phyllon, leaf , probably referrmg to the
parallel leaf-veins) OiihidAceu title ^ ml i A
small genus of perhaps 8 or ') ] i| 1 I i li

about half are well dehn I it I Is

from Madagascar to the 1 liiiii i I i

The genus includes some ol il 1 i if

cultivated orchids. Roots nuiULi n i lu, i , uilo
bulbs many-leaved : Ivs long, ribbon bhaptd thick,
evergreen : racemes long stalked, looseh many fld ,
springing from near the base of the pseudobulb: fls.

B. Fts. il,:

Fenzlianuiii

spotted with irowH.
asuresiiintim, Hort.).
15 at one time, each
er 60 fls. : sepals and
■.■enish yellow, tipped

Kriinzlin)

and spotted with bro ■ i .| :,iii;.l
purple. Apr. Island "f i

J.H. III. 29:123. G.M. i | I -
the spots fewer and sniaiiii- laia m

Rumphianum, Miq. ((.'. linil,'!
Pseudobulbs 6-8 in. long, ovoid or fusiform: Ivs. 1-2 ft.
long: raceme nodding or hanging, 3-4 ft. long from the
base of the stalk: fls. often 30-35, 3 in. in diameter,
green outside, green blotched with brown-purple within ;
sepals and petals similar; lip purple-veined, downy.
Molucca Islands, Borneo, New Guinea, and ( J) the Phil-
ippines. B.M. 7507.— A large, showy species.
BB. Fls. brown, streaked iclih green.

multiilonim, Lindl. Lvs. 3-4: fl. clusters nearly 2 ft.
long. Summer. Philippine Islands. P.M. 6;217.-This
very desirable species has not yet foiind its way into
American trade. It is easily grown, either in a pot filled
with a well-drained" compost of heath soil and potsherds,"
or merely fastened to copper wire and hung from the
roof.

GRANADILLA. Consult Passiflora.

666

iRAI'E

GEAPE. The Grape is probably the oldest of domes-
ticated fruits. It is probable that wine was made from
it before the species was brought into cultivation. It
seems to have been cultivated at the dawn of history.
Its product was certainly no rarity in Noah's time.

GRAPE

ments finally tailed because of the incursions of the
black rot.

Of all countries, North America is richest in species

of Vitis (see the article Vitis). These species range

from ocean to ocean and from the British possessions

to the tropics. The species which has been most

improved is I'itis Labrusca of the Atlantic slope

•vlthough it seems to possess less native merit

th m 1 f tl uthwestem species t J pes Of

tl Concord and Cataw b i tj pes

I me extent it his been 1 j

(isin Agawam Lind

if F

I point of amelionti i I /

hich several of the best wine Gi
rung (Fig 90") The Post oak ( i

948. The Labrusca

The Grape of history is the Old World Vitis vinitera,
the "wine-bearing Vitis," probably native to Asia. The
paramount use of the Grape always has been the pro-
duction of wine. A subsidiary value is the production
of raisins; and another is the production of fruit for
the dessert and for culinary uses. Great efforts were
made to introdurn thpi-ultivatinnof the European Grape
into the Amerir:ii, .■,,|.,iii,.^. l,ut the efforts resulted
in failure. It \v:i.-, ih.i uniil th.- latter p.irt of the pres-
ent century that th. rhi, i raiisus of this failure be-
came known : the lirprcdtili.'iis of the phylloxera ami
mildew, — and even then the causes were discovi rr.l
largely because these enemies had made incursions inii.
the vineyards of Europe. In the meantime, one or two
of the native species of Vitis had been ameliorated mi
American viticulture had become established on a
unique and indigenous basis, and the fiuits are gro^^n
to eat rather than to drink feo fully did the eiily
American ventures foIlo\\ Eiiiopenn cust tn tl it tli(
Grapes were usu-

they are on the
Rhine and about
the continental
lakes. Even to
this day the ter-
race ridges can
be traced in si me
of the skpes
about Cincini.ati,
where Longwtrth
and others evlti-
vated the Grape
fifty years and
more ago. Those
early experi-

I 1 t I 1 ill

untrj which has \et de

tb in ( ripe growing the

r 1 nee therefore may

unlike the present day

! sketch of American

■ . laiun of Our Native

i 1 - M :t, '.rape literature is volu-

1 i,u auiii...- have written on the sub-

t thLiL- i.s very little of this writing which

the acttial spirit of American Grape-

; this fact, together with the intrinsic

• and divt-rsity of the subject itself,

t s. , .11 wist- to devote considerable space

rap,. „. tliis Cyclopedia.

tn.- Crap.- was being ameliorated in the

\\. -rl.l 1 ilix vinifera was becoming es-

. I'a.iii.- sh.p,-. li. f ict, 1 itis ittnfera

'-•■. Th.- phxlh.x. I ind mildew are not

■il ih.- .-liniat.- 1..- t 1 suits the species

■1 Niti.-nh.ir,-. th. 1 le is If tie Old

evaded when th

funiric-iiles. Of lat. j. ai-, !■ i ■ ■- - , i - .■- hav,>

hi-.-ii made to growlhi- will.- I ■ : al.-s,

an. 1 in tlie southern latitud.-^ - - :, , , |.. . . ,. nts
l.r..nii^.-ii well for atime. li.-- - -■ i . - ■ . i . . m an is
i-i-.|iiir.-.l in order to produi-.- a -ai i- 1 a.-i-.i \ pr...lin-i as to
discourage the growing of vinifi-ra varictii-s in tin- op™
in the East. Vinifera types will always be special
Grapes in the East, adapted onlj' to particular conditions,
f..r it. is 11. .t t.i T..:- fxpe.'tcd that thr-y can cijmpcte witli

950. The Labri

nopohtan native varieties

I I I V irieties thiive , below

'ill luthof the subject

1 itn e Grape indus

GRAPE 667

Piunmg and TiaimiK; —K Grape vine is pruned in
order to leduce the imount of wood (that is to thin or
to hunt the imount ot fruit ) and to keep the plant
withm manage ible shape and bdund-. A \me is trained

e-5tensne enough t
the Grape sections
and the Hnd thorrt

V.*-

dense lud ciinii itt

The American Grape 11 e'sientially a desseit fruit
is eaten fiom the hand There are several manufactured
products but ■« ith the ex
ception of wme the} are
yet of minoi import inie
--^^ H f \mericans lie not a 1

A ^ Jt-^ „/^ l.mkmfe

K

but of poor quality (X ^4)

Probably 100 books counting the

been published m North \meiica 'iince Adlum 1

in ls2 I see E% hiti n ..f Oui \ iti , runts pp 117-

1:1 ri .ill . I . I 1 I I h ..lEuro

pi M ' 1 Bush

liM ' I 1 Man

\\uL\li\in^ ' i'/i tliL^l'iiihc slopu HusmlnTg
(Tripe Cultuii md \\ mc Mikmg in Cilifornia Wick
son s tihfornn Fruits ind Eisen s 'Raisin Industr\
aie current guides Detailed discussions of pruning
and methods of trainmg are contained m "The Prun
ins Book ' A standard European monograph is Foe\ b
Cours Complet de Viticulture. '

V

-Onderdonk,

m order to keep it off the ground out of the way of the
\\orkiuen and to ^0 arrange the fruit that it will be well
exposed to light and air In order to understand the
pruning t 1 1 i| 1 s tlit operator must fully grasp this
princii 1 J I I I I Die on uood of the present sea-
son uh I III I III II ood of the p7eiioii!> season To
illusti it \ _i Willi, h. ot irtiui of Is'lO makes

buds In 1 IIHI a sli t 1 •■ 111 ml near

the base ot this shoe t tl , 1 lus-

ters on each) This 1 i 1899

shoot IS shown at thf 1 1 i < lus-

to be mastered is thu
lilted mimhn of ili,.

stlou

gest of

killed

Grape

as he

prunes

to til,

Grape-

1

1 1 and

1 cane

k and

1

\ of Its

huds \ li 1 1
httk liii_ 1 I t
Th. s nil
should I I

from ot bii \ slii .t bears cln«
jond these tlusteis the shoot ^1
cane An a^eiage of two clusti 1
shoot If the vine is strong em n
30 good buds must be left at th.
much a vine should be allowed
the %ariety distance apart of the
soil, age of the vine, system of pruning, and the ideals

stien^th of the

6e» GRAPE

of the grower. The ('"ii< ■ i i ir >l tin- stroiiKest and

most productive of lim i : i . i:. li.s. i;, a fair

crop for a mature vii]. ; . : :i . \ n-^.y. L'.j lbs.

is a very heavy crop. ,Vh :i.i i;i-. 'ln^ttr ^t Cuucord
will weigh ii-Vs lb. Th.- vim.- mu
from 30 to 60 clusters; aud the auu
from 15 to 30 buds.

Since the bearing wood springs from new canes, it
follows that the fruit of the Grape is each year borne
farther from the main trunk of the vine. Observe that
the fruit of wild vines is borne beyond reach when they
climb over thickets and trees. It is a
prime object of the Grape-grower to
obviate this difficulty. The third prin-
ciple in the pruning of Grape vines is
this 2%e bearing uood should he kept
Item the original ttunk or head of the
line. When one
cane is sending
out fruit-bearing
shoots, another
shoot is taken out

any time. These are usually weak and are removed,
but now and then a strong one arises. Spur pruning is
now rarely used except in Grapes grown on arbors or
under glass, in which cases it is necessary to have a
long, penjiMiiint trunk. On arl.cirs it is best to carry
one arm <jr trunk fiLni . a. Ii i" -t to the top of the frame-
work. Eacli \ .ar ihr lai. lal lan.s are cut back to spurs
of two or thr. . l.ml-.. Tin- i.ninini; of glasshouse Grapes
is discussed uudur Oiapia umhr Glass.

The current systems of pruning renew to a head — or
to the main trunk— each year. The trunk of the vine is
carried up to the desired height— to one of the wires of
the trellis— and one or more canes are taken out from
its top each year. The object is to keep the bearing
wood near the main trunk and to obviate the use of
spurs. This type of pnining is illustrated in Fig. 9C1.
This engraving shows the head of a vine seven years
old, and on which two canes are allowed to remain after
each annual pruning. The part extending from b to f
and d is the base of the bearing cane of 1892. In the
winter of 1892-3, this cane is cut off at d, and the new
cane, e, is left to make the bearing wood of 1893.
Another cane sprung from f, but it was too weak to
leave for fruiting. It was, therefore, cut away. The old
stub, 6, f, d, will be cut away a year hence, in the win-
ter of 1893-4. In the meantime, arenewal cane will have
grown from the stub c, which is left for that purpose.

next year; and the other or older cane is entirely cut
away after the fruit is off. That is, the wood is con-
stantly renewed; and the new shoots which are to give
bearing wood the following year are called renewals.
There are some systems of Grape training which renew
back to the root every year or two, and these have been
called renewal systems ; but every system of Grape
pruning must practice renewal in one way or another.

An old system of renewal was by means of spurs.
Fig. 960 illustrates this. The horizontal part is a per-
manent arm or branch. We will suppose that it grew in
1890. In 1891 a shoot grew upward. It bore two or
three clusters of fruit. In the fall it was cut back to a ,
two buds being left to supply the shoots of the succeed-
ing year. This short branch is now called a «p?(r. Only
one shoot was wanted for the next year, but two buds
were left in case one should be injured. In 1892, a
branch grew from one of these buds: it bore fruit: in
the fall it was cut back to 6. In 1893 a shoot will grow
from one of the buds, c. Thus the spur elongates year
byyear, becoming a forking, complicated, stubby branch.
After a few years it may become weak : the grower sees
this, and if a new shoot should start from the main arm
near the base of the spur, he encourages it and cuts off
all of the old spur: thus he renews back again to the
main vine. Shoots from adventitious or secondary buds
are likely to spring from the main arm or the spur at

and the old cane, b d, will be cut off just beyond it,
between e and f. In this way, the bearing wood is
kept close to the head of the vine. The wound a
shows where an old stub was cut away this winter, 1892-
3, while b shows whereon.- \\ a^ am ..u tha previous win-
ter. A scar upon the baal» ■ i i , lii.'h does not

show in the illustration, ni ., - : \v)iere a stub

was cut away two years a- . i i , mi.r of 1890-1.

This method of pruning- aan N- kapt iii. almost indeH-
nitely, and if caro is f
short, the head will not
growth of the stork or trunk.

There are two common styles of training in use in the
northern states, but each of them practices essentially
the system of renewals which is described in the last
paragraph. One style of training carries the trunk only
to the lowest wire of the trellis. The canes— usually 2
in number— are tied horizontally on the bottom wire, and
the bearing shoots are tied, as they grow, to tlie two
wires above (Fig. 962). This is an vjiright system. The
other style carries the trunk to the top wire. The canes ,
are tied on the top wire, and the bearing shoots hang. '
This is the drnopimi or Knilfni system. If the shoots
run out on the tojt wire by alin^nng to it by tendrils,
they are torn loose, .^o that t'hey will hang: this is a very
necessary practice. Tliere is controversy as to the com-
parative merits of these systems, which proves that

955. Grein Golden. 956. Eaton.

A good Grape cluster.

each has merit. It is probable that the upright system
is better for the slender or shorter varieties, as Dela-
ware, and also for those whose shoots stand erect, as
Catawba. The Kniffin has distinct merit for strong-grow-
ing varietips. as Concurd; it is als.i cheaper, since it

or early spnn
4 buds and th
start, the strc

grown to a single stake through the second
the end of the second year the cane may be cut back to
the bottom wire of the trellis, it upright training is to
be employed. The cane may be strong enough at this
time to be made the permanent trunk of the Knitlin

the top'wire until the third year.

The main prunine: is p.-rformed wlien tlip vine is dor-
North, although tlicwMii; j~ ,,tt. ii li. -nil ill N"\.iiil,er
if the area is larg.-. I'Mniiiii' in s|nin;,' imi.-.'^ i!i.- vine
to bleed, but bleeding is not injnriniis. But Iiitr pnining
interferes with tillage, .and the buds are likely to be in-
.iured after they are swollen. Summer pruning is now
practiced only to the extent of pulling out suckers and
weak shoots, and even this is not always done. Head-
ing-in the vine in summer is likely to start side growths,
which are useless and troublesome.

Propagation. -The Grape grows readily from seeds-

957. Moore Early. 958. Massasoit.

which may be kept over winter and germinated :

GRAPE be»

be greater. Seeds produce new varieties, and they are
used ouly in an experimental way.

The commercial propagation of Grapes is dune by
means of hardwood cuttings. These cuttings are taken
in the winter from the trimmings of vineyards. In all
ordinary cases they are made of two or three buds'
length, preferably three (Fig. 963). They are cut as
soon as the canes are trimmed, tied in small bundles,
and these bundles are then buried half their depth in
damp sand in a cool cellar. By spring the cuttings will
be more or less c^llused. The cuttings are planted in
the open on the approach of warm weather. A loose,
loamy soil is selected, and it is well and deepl}' pre-
pared. The cuttings are inserted until only the upper
bud stands at the surface of the ground. These cut-
tings are placed G to 8 inches apart in rows, and the
rows are far enough apart to allow of horse ctiltivation.
These cuttings may give plants large enough for sale
the following fall; but it is usually preferred to let the
plants grow two years before they are put upon the
market. In such cases it is customary, in many of the
best nurseries, to transplant at the end of the tirst sea-
son. When wood :"

to single eyes. In this case about an inch of wood is
left on either side of the bud. Single-eye cuttings are
nearly always started under glass, preferably on the
greenhouse bench. If they are started m February, they
will be large enough for transplanting m a well-prepared
seed bed very eiilv in the spiing. Green wood cuttings
are snm. t,nn s ns. d m the summer time with new and
rai ' \ 1 1 , ^ are not in general favor. In

Cilil ni s of one year are preferred; and

m - 1 tines root readily, they are some-

tiiii \ m the Mne\aid.

Ill I . I I h „'i lit, ,1 I . uise of the flexible

natiiit t th \ 111 li \ I If I- I II loinary to make the
gritt I 1 tin -nil . .1 il _i Hid An ordinary
clett ..'lilt 1- fin on, \ in, li is nsn ilh rmployed. The
whole \ nil IS ( ut (itt 4 111 ") iiichLS below the sur-
face, ancl the giatt is inserted m the same fashion as in
apple or pear trees. The surface may then be waxed or
cohered with flav or other mateiial.to keep the water
out nt tin (Inft nithnucrh if the earth is firmly packed
arimnd fh _i tf nl ii< v fi i stands, the union may be
peit. tl\ sill ii f i\ \Mtl it .my cover (Figs. flGi-5).
VuKs ut iiij i„i 111 \ I 1 o' ilted. It IS important that

670

the c'i

ons lie perfectly dormant.

and s

tored in the same way as

shoul

d be done very early in 11

^^. late intl

d. «.'■■■, -f'

These cions are taken clusters and

GRAPE
young growth, where it makes

/, :il,.l iIm' MiH'k r-t. CM.vrul at-
::'■. ;.ll ll -,. ■,-..! « I MUd

strong sulfate of copper solution. After the
use the Bordeaux mixture.

Tn Grape houses the powdery mildew (/'

> open,

experiment stations, put
■The Grape is amen- Agriculture at Washini
attacks. The most mology, and Lodeman's

tack the leaves, particularly tin
ing the leaves to fall and prev- n
from maturing. It is the mil'-
worked such havoc in European \ nMy:M
mildew is most serious on thin-Ie.aved ami
leaved varieties, as the Delaware. It cai
lowish patches to appear on the leaves,
colonies on the undrr sides. Tt caus.s

decay with H ^r.i; im.! I'mhIIn :i l.r..,', n i

usually renjMiii, ■ i 'I m' •: , i i

wrinkled. Tin' !■'.- r-: ■■ ' r,- i-

very hard, dr\ :i: i .m !■ i -■:■:■ ■

ered with umim,'. |-;'i.,-. .1 ',' ■ .

fOr)...lh >h n . ,: . , ,i>. ,,,.,, ;.:■:

spray two or three tinii's, as tin- cmsl- sin-nis to require.
When the diseases have been very prevalent, however,
it is better to begin before the buds swell in the spring.

In infested vineyards, the foliage and diseased berries
should be raked up and burned in the fall.

The anthracnose or scab (Spliaveloma ampelinum) is
a very serious fungous disease. It is most apparent on
the fruit, where it makes a hard, scabby patch. Its
most serious work, however, occurs on the stems of the

962. Uprieht system of Grape trainine.

winter innuiing, ;dl the top will be cut away except two canes
tlir f'Piitr']-; tlH'-i' two Will bo laid down In opposite directions
■ Im, Until win- t.'c tlie next season's fruiting.

\rj\->- li.cii ii:n \ and described. Many foreign varie-

lics li;i\c Ii.rii introduced, ^'et. in any region the num-
ber of useful commercial v.n ,- 1 1- ~ 1 11 Mill, Ii^ than
a dozen. Of the Americm < i; ■ i:.. . , . fnun
viniferas), the Concord i : lirty.

Others of great promimn. < ' -. ( '.-i-

tawba, Delaware. For tin i i i mi's

article, below. For the I'.h i , ,' w irk-

son's account, below. Foil- i tics

by Ralph Bush, of the ol.l i i l;ii>li-

berg. Mo. This firm wa-; . : i:: i^ i ! the

civil war by Isidor and li'.il: i i i.i ■ t,. n. In
the early seventies the lin i , ■ .n it

Meissner, by the entering' . : ■. I 'i i. i in. re-
cent death of the ehlc^r I'.M . li 'i ■ ii ' n the
firm in tin- l.n..|- .-( I: ' .| ; ■ this

ith for market and ama-
!<.■. The inclination in
K.litv tlmii to ((juantitv;

I'll! ..I'll rs. the main

. Mm- variety to

I tlic iilanter.

many parts of Ohio, Indi.mi, i:,iiiii,;,x .mil Tennessee
the No.ih and Niagara an in - i. :-i .1^ iiiiiinl : as also the
Delaware, Norton Virginia :.ii.l ( i uihi:nia for wine
purposes. In the section south of the Oliio river, as
also in the western states, such kinds as Moore Early,
Moore Diamond, Brighton, Worden, Cottage, Niagara,

and many of the Rogers hybrids are now planted. In
the southern states, from Texas to Georgia, the Niagara,
Herbemont, Cunningham, as also Norton Virginia ami
Cvnthiana, are most frc(|ucntiv wanted." l II B.

Grapes in the North. -

Seeking a

proper lo-

cation for lira].

u in III

northern

i.f the Kockv n,

unit, Nil

iini' sliui

lil ninke a

distinction bcl«

|H III;

1 h-rroiM-

mercial purp..-

iiiestic use. II

l-.i ■

iniiitic

[Conditions mtiM

■ ■ -;■ iMM

l)e depended on

liM ,■,■!■-

bainty as the ni'

: l< i

.. :. rh,r

ar the annual .

hill .'

i ; '■ l(

Cor the latter, i

■ :is 1,.

give a yield of i

•1 li\ .-.

which is bett.r

i Any

section in whirl,

in which to mm

' ,'■'■ I'nr

a housPbold V 1

1 . . , , 1 , ,

' '■"■'>■

ripeni.i.'^.nni

|.ur-

pose, l-i : .

■ '

., -iig-

gest.-,! \|... - 1

1 11 .',L- ilie

past tin-.'.' ^.■:n-

iIm' 1 ',

nlil.rll 1 , .,

(-11 r:ivor-

ably mcnti„m.,l.

Fur wl

itc or jialf

grei-n, the

Green Mountain

, somet mes calle(

the Win-

chell, and for

red the

Brighton,

are good

varieties.

Thr 1m -t 1..;,

l-m r..i-

;i ,.,-ll

l.il \ ine-

yardi. n'. .'

1- l;il--e

differ.

3?buTcut. -p-i

tine of y'''!"

Grape. upon

were

vation and harvi

probably consici

„1„„,- |)„. l(lii,„

966. Grapes ruined by black

tnent in pruning. It is the common thing for writers to
lay much stress on "southern slopes" and "sunny
slopes," but in most eases they have said so because
i^oTiH- <.iic. lins viii.i ^„ i„.f,ir<' tbem.and not because they

M'"l ■ li"ii> ' I ^. iii-.'ely an acre of the 25,000

I'liiii'l I" . M I M rliautauqua belt but faces

1 I.I ii'ii li, :,ii': ' :'i I nil ,. i of Lake Erie, as the seats

tion more easy and the Grapes received the afternoon

sun. In later years, when the Grapes from either shore

reached the miirkcf, n>> (■(inMitncr

could trll r.lii ill. r 111. i'l nil i . . i i i , .1

the mi.n.i ■! :

county. III. ;ii.lu.,li;, rluiiH ali.iuL

that initial locution many years, for
it was a popular belief that there was
some special current of air passing

the Grape.

96S. Cleft-erafting the Grape.

from the hills to the lake at that special point that did not
pass elsewhere. Now there are more than 2ij,000 acres
of vineyard planted between Silver Creek and Harbor
Creek, and the yield of that area for the season of 1899
was about 7,000 car loads. The only marked difference

672

GRAPE

development of the Chautauqua Grape zone is that some
of the so-called poor land has given vineyards as pro-
ductive as any,— land tliat previously had been given
over to sheep pasture, briers and mulleins. This land
was poor in nitrogen, but no doubt had a fair supply
of available potash and phosphoric acid, which Grapes

In preparing land for vineyard planting, it is necessary
to lay great stress on the importance of first removing
■M trees, stumps and large rocks, for when the trellis is
put up all tillage of the soil will be in a straight line and
one way. A favorite way of disposing of boulders is to

bury them about twenty inches deeper than one thinks
necessary, for they have a vexatious way of overcoming
the power of gravitation and creeping out of their
graves. The real reason for this apparent freak is the
compacting of the soil in later years. If any open ditches
should cross the line of the Grape rows, they should be
supplied with tile and the ditch tilled so as to make long
"bouts" possible. Short rows and frequent turning
should be avoided as much as possible. Turning at the
end of a row is lost labor, and the time it occupies
would enable a team to cultivate over a hundred feet
straight ahead.

The rows in nearly all the commercial vineyards are
9 feet apart, and the vines are planted 8 feet apart in
the row. This makes 60.5 plants per acre. If the land
is sod, plow into narrow lands, so that the center of the
dead-furrows are 9 feet apart, and plant in the bottom

GRAPE

of the dead-furrow When the plow is set to cut a fur-
row 8 to 9 inches dorp, thi- dciidfurrow will have about
t),<-rf.iiir. .1 .Uptl, fi,i-;>l:,7i-;iiL-. If the ground is stubble,
I' ■'•' '■•''• •■ ' •' "ut rows by striking

■' ' 1 lie e.xercised to have

[' ' ,■ ; - . ,.:Miit the vines straight

lii •'■<' I"'- 'li!!- I,- :i i'!N' I. ■■:il Use, besides appealing
t.i tlic professi.iiiMl pride of !ill good farmers. If the
plants are not straight in the row, the posts cannot be
set straight; and if the posts are not straight the wires
composing the trellis will bind on the posts which are
out of line, and they cannot be easily tightened in
spring.

No. 1 vines, of one season's growth from cuttings,
nre much to be preferred to No. 2 vines of the same
period of growth. A young plant, stunted in growth
cither by constitutional reasons or accident, has a
handicap that usually follows it all through life. For
the same reason, avoid planting 2-year-old plants, as
often they are the second season's growth of what was
a cull the year before. Cull plants and cull men are sel-
dom worth the co^t of reformation. Spring planting is

universallj follow
pleted by the la',
during the last li
production, but i
weather and soil
vine. The ftw i
the mam 1h ' t tl
ThepiuiM
would 111 1
stem of 1 1
shown b\ " f ^
V.M picLrd about

the North.

ited

tin II i.ts, will hold the plant in place
3 It moist until the furrow can be filled by plow-
n stubble, or by frequent harrowing and culti-
t on sod Duiiugthe hist '.eason, all cultnation

n^' 111 hiriiAMij^' iii.ssuiM iltiinitih But^littli
woik in \\tnlin„' will hi iiquiKil ^Mii tbtr some
hiiiiil imp be planted between the rows the Orst season
IS I qui stiiin of profit foi each ^ inejardist to decide It
iilils siimethinp!: to the expense of cultnation. It is gen-
1 1 illy no detriment to the growth of the Grape vines.
After the fii.st season, the ground should not be planted
to other crops.

The general appearance of an infant vineyard at or
about the middle of the flr.st season's growth is shown
in Fig. 9C8. Lay great stress ui.i.ii the importance of a
vigorous and even growth .li;:i:,:; il,.. Hi-t :iiid second
years. If such is not :i!i. i .i;irs will be

required for the vines to i i -i nutimes tbe-y

chthi

iiig to the vigor of the \
growth, and three or fou
growth. In all other res|ii
agement should be a repetii
In the spring beginning i
most considerable expeiisi
of putting up the trellis,
training Grapes, and soim
special trellises must In- ■■,
popular .styles of iJniin imii
fields of the North: Kmiiin
Hudson river y:i11i \ ; i!i.

rs requ

can obt.ain the greatest aliioin.t of :iir ami sunsliii
of which can be secured by several methods,
common form of trellis may be illustrated by a

GRAPE

673

L^

wire fence, as shown in Fig. 909; but the Knifftu system
omits the bottom wire.

The vineyardists of the Chautauqua Grape belt have
developed a mode of pruning and training of Grapes
which has many features peculiar to that district. The
trellis is made of two wires, of No. 9 or No. 10 gauge,
and chestnut posts. The posts are from 6 to 8 feet in
length, and cost 1 cent per lineal foot at the railroad
station. In later years, since experience has shown how
important air and sunshine are in ripenini^ the fruit,
8-foot posts are most coiiii]i..iily n^. .1. (.r;i|i.- jio^i^

should be somewhat heavirr tIi.im li . i.mni'Mily u-nl

for wire fence — from one-tliiid i.i .in.-lmli' hn ^,r-:tiHl
the heaviest should be sorti-.l mit t..r thr ■ihI I'lists. im-

fanner ih . d ii.it bo told that they should be sharpened
Willi ;i iriii- li;i-l-pencil taper, excepting the crooked
uiu s, whi.h should be so beveled as to counteract the
crouk in driviii-.

The usual distance apart for the posts in the row of
Grapes is one post to every three vines, or, in other
words, 27 feet, and for ease in stretching the wire, they
should be in as straight a line as possible. The posts
are driven, but a hole should first be made by an unusu-
ally large crowbar with a liulb near the lower end.
After the posts are stuck into tlie holes, they are most

iently driven by the oi
which is hauled through th
weight of maul is 12 pounds,
to swing one of that size all •
monly used because they an-
an iron sh-11 till'-l \iith w

of the p"^f I--- iI.:h. Ill,, in. I

and!

n a wagon
;. A fair
good man

fail

eallv

:iug the

A vineyard should have a break or an alley at right
angles to the rows as often as every 50 Grape vines, for
the purpose of dumping Grape brush and shortening
the trip when hauling fruit. If the vineyard is in fair
thrift, longer rows will give so much brush as to be in-
■convenient in hauling out.

The end posts should not only be the largest of the
lot, but should also be well braced. The most common
mode is the "hj'potenuse brace," consisting of a stiff
rail or a 4x4 scantling 12 feet long, with one end
notched into the post about midway between the two
wires, and the other end resting on the ground against
a 2-foot peg of about the same size as the end post.

The wires (two wires in the Chautauqua trellis)

should be strung on the windward side
>f the post; that is, on the side from which
:he prevailiiii,' « iiul'i come. This is very
important v, In ii rli. w iiid is blowing at 30
;o 4U mil. ^ 111 1m mr, and the vines have
sails ..t niiiiN -.|iMi. t. .-t of foliage, and
i-iii ".- 1' ml 1..UV tons ..f fruit per

...sis sh.iiil.l 1..- of hard
; then fence staples will
The bottom trellis wire

d from 28 to 32 inches

mg it may nut I.. 111..1. iIihl _' 1 inches
above the lowrr win . .ni.l >..ii h\ year be
raised to 30 and :.J in h. - li 1, nut advis-
able to go mor.
out putting ii
Each spring 1
and the upper ■

■__ I of the br.aces w

these faults sli.

fore tying up tli

A large part oi

winter months— some beginnii

crop is harvested. Two grade

in this operation — the skilled and the, uu.skiUed.
man of skill, or the expert, goes ahead and blocks out.
He stands in front of a vine of far more tangled brush
than that seen in Fig. 962, and, at a glance, tells by a
judgment ripened by much observation, just how many
buds are required to ballast and not over-ballast the
vine for another year. As the expert stands before the
vine making the estimate, ho might be likened to a man
w. -1-11:111.' a ham Willi si.-.lyar.ls, ).u.sliing the weight
l.i.'k w iir.l ;ii:.l f. .rwar. 1, ii..i<li l.\ ii..i..li. finding the point

1 a middle or third wire.
aany of the posts will sag,
vire will be slack, and many
viU I..' cut of i.la.'e. All of

1..11I.I 1. .1 just be-

uiployed

shears.

akes

th(

passes all wood is severed fr.
the number of buds desired ti
are left. The unskilled help,
dollar a day less than the ex^
cutting the tendrils and other par

Mll"iTlg"ly wild

11- vine, but
iiiuilier year
s jiossibiy a
the expert,
rine that are

attached to anything but the trellis. The next process
is "stripping" the brush, and it is one involving brute
force, ragged clothes and leather mittens. If the laborer

does not put on a ragged suit, he will be apt to have
one before he is done with his job. There is a little
knack even in doing this work to the best advantage.
The dismembered vines still htng to the upper trellis
and often cling with considerable tenacity, and a par-
ticular jerk or yank, more easily demonstrated than de-

scribed, is most effectual to lar

id thp bn

iish on the ground

between tlie rows.

The next operation i- i ■ li:

id i! .■ 1

Hi.^li t.i the end

of the row. Many tool

-.1 f..,-tl,ispur-

pose, some of them iin :

•i.M i.i.

:il.!r,.S|„.„se. It

is now the general prm '

iiiipli- ii"l< — one

a little larger than w.H.i.

-I.I a load of logs,

and not so large as i. ,

i- a load of hay.

It may be a saplinR ^ i

:d the butt and

2K inches at the top. nni i" i-

1 i J ir.'i

i..ng. The small

end is to be held in the imin 1

:i;ilicl. uui

1 the butt end to

be pushed along the ground. A horse is hitched to this
pole by a rope drawn through an inch hole about 4 feet
from the butt or ground end. When starting at the end
of the row, it stems that the straight pole would not
gather any brush at all. It is a question of catching the
first wad, and all the rest of the brush will cling to it.
At the end of the row the brush is hauled to a conve-
nient pile, where it is to be burned, and is dumped by
letting the end of the pole held in the hand revolve over
towards the horse. If the pole hits the horse, the opera-
tor will see that there is not enough stretch of rope be-
tween the pole and whiffletree, and more must be
provided.

Tying is done by women, boys and girls, and cheap
men. The tying materials are wire, wool-twine, raffia,
willow and carpet-rags. The horizontal arms, at the
lower wire, are more or less permanent, and they
are loosely confined to the wire, always by string or
willow. The vertical canes, which are fastened to the
top trellis, are now commonly tied with annealed wire
of No. IK KauKe, and out in h-nf;tlis of 4 inches. The
ecoiioiii-- III M i:iL- I i:r -.-, iir- i - 1 li- -1 paich lu tylug, and

the- I.: 11 cool days when

light ; - , I 1 .if wire has been

strt'iiii" i I ",■' ,-. ,,. ,,|,-, ... :i,n i. never used it.

The .ili|. , n.in h:i- I I,- wire would chafe

the .•.im — .. i';,i' ii:i I .1 iiid fall from the

trellis. >.ii.'!i iiiiiiiii-. . r . .1 ml when they do

it is S.I l.iir 11, ilii. ^1 , . -,, 111 : iiili-ils of the vine
are aiiii.:.' I.I li.ill ii i.. i^i. i .::,,,. Tliu cane should be
tied I.' r. i.i 1 i 1 I h.- wiru for the same rea-

1 .111 the windward side of
1 : 1 1 . ■ . the operator stands on

the ii|i|Hi-jii .1.!,. .,1 ih.. ir. Mis from the cane, and fol-
lows the movements .is ilhi'itrated in Figs. 970-973.
This operation puts on the wire with the fewest number
of movements, bmds the cane snug to the trellis, and
makes a loop that falls from the trellis on the following
season, when the cane is toin away. The tying wire

the

GRAPE

matter. Grapes, like most other fruits, are iniluenced in
character by ditlerence of l.nati.ni. 'i'licre are many
more Concords sold than :.i. .1,. r \:.ii. ly. yet by the

fastidious Grape eater it i- n : i . mm. ii.jr to many

other varieties. Howev.r, , i i il, .m the public
most want, and is a gooil > 1.1.1. 1. it i- |.r..l.;ilily the most

IS.. Id

971. The second movement.

profitable to plant. Forth, ii.-i i . ; i ;.

wished that all their C.ii. •■

reason that the yield of tli.- 1 .n. . i.m i

crop brought at least ten d'.liiii s p, i- i i

in bulk. Perhaps this couditiuii is uuly leinpottiiy. The
Catawba is of excellent flavor; it is latest to ripen tiinl an
excellent variety for storage. When placed in good cel-
lars, and an even low temperature is maintained, but
not low enough to freeze, this variety will keep in good
shipping condition until the last of March and first of
April. These are standard commercial varieties in New
York and Ohio. Worden is excellent for a near-by mar-
ket, but does not stand long journeys well.

Many fruits are better picked before fully ripe, of
which the pear is a conspicuous example. Grapes have
not that characteristic, for no maturing development
goes on after the fruit is Inirvested. As soon as the full
rill, .li 1 • I., lii.il III. 1.1 .11 r. mimIm il.tl liisliTs sli..uldbe

970. Tying with wire. The first movement.

should be thoroughly annealed, so that it can be easily
bent and give no springv reaction after being worked.
This wire is also useful in tyin- thorny shrubs to a
trellis when :, mitt. -n.-. I linn.l is n.M.,.ssary to hold the

brandies in phi.-.- wliil.' tl ih.i- hiin.l makes the tie.

To re.sinnneiiil yari.t i._s i~ a .liiii.-ult and personal

principle of au ice house, but so arranged as to give free
access to the cooling night air, and to be closed each
morning to protect from the heat of the day. By such
means the temiteraturo can in time be worked iluwn to

40°, which .-h.-.-ks ,.x.■e.-l^.■ .■■,:, j... rati. .11. 111. ■r.'l.y keep-
ing the st. in - Ml-. .11 ;iii.l 111.' Iniil ].iiiiiM.. TIm- is the

ideal mell,...!, l.m l- Im- lr..iii I - i,.i:iin..l ..t .^ven

sought in ni:iii\ Ini-r.

tice is I'l.r 1M..M .•!.. . i' ■■

{N.Y.lalMi,.'

district, ii

thi.

in the Lake Keuka
an in the Chautauqua
■ Concords are stored
condition during No-
.s .iiiciiiLr the balance

'I.. I.-. lit is sent al-
1. This direet-

' . i. much to the

l'i-..iii l^',.;; t., IHIII) the price of (Jrapes steadily de-
clin.'l. I'll. I \', iih the decline came a casting about for

111.:. IIS ii. mize in harvesting. One of the wtivs de-

Yel.i|.,sl l..w;ii-.ls that end has been to require that the
woman who pticks sln.ilil ii. . . n .■ li.r d.-iilv output from
80 9-pound bask, i i ' .M.iiiini fulfilled the

requirements wiili i . har.l. r in one case

than the other. Tin mi .i . . m ili.. expense of qual-
ity of packing, whi. h ai lir^i «a,s at the expense of the
consumer or shipper, l)Ut iu the final outcome resulted
in less demand for the Grapes. The public may be
fooled part of the time, but sooner or later smart prac-

GRAPE

tices will come back to the point from which they started
like a boomerang. Grapes designed for shipment are
packed in climax baskets. The size jireTailing in the
Keuka district are "poneys,' having a gross weight of
less than five pounds. In the Chautauqua district the
8-pound is the almost universal size. The reason

GRAPE

675

972. The third movement.

't customs is due to the demands of the
h-h the Grapes are shipped. Shipments of
tiuii zo to the Atlantic cities, and those

Kfiilc'i .i;^t:i.i i.i \v. .i.rn Xew York there
of wn i -' M : I -IviriiT large capital,
Mvliir! I : : . • , . I 1 rlriiiipagne. This
11 at 11 iii,!ii-ir' - : !M III.- sixties, and

given in the Kei
tunity for the bl
that the Concoi
planted. But an

Lipor-

: of several juices, 1
io nearly the universal variety
industry— that of bottling Grape
ice as It comes trom the press — has lately been estab-
,hed and piomi^es considerable development
The methods of marketing Giapes are of great \ anet>
urmg the season of IbOJ and 1891 there -nas foimed in
e Lake Keuka district and adiaceiit 1 iki s i li ojitia
re m 11 kftmg association compoveil i I 1 is

1 s \nd represented

•thi

Till

11 . t sup

to e\ce5
. ojhceis,
n of eich
ittle better

Is of coop

eratiM slnpiiRiits md i i li tl i i i ii than that

of the KLUka held The hist « is t i the seasons of
1892, 1893 and 189i The plan was lesumed again in
1897, and continued through the seasons of 1898 and
1899. For the season of 1897 the association represented
about 8.') per cent of the acreage of the district beginning
at Silver C'rei-k. N. Y., and continuing to Harbor Creek,
Pa., colli]. rising about 25,000 acres.

These associations, no doubt, serve a good purpose in
giving a more even distribution of fruit in different
markets. When there is no concert of action the market
of a certain city may be poorly supplied to-day and an
advance of prices follows, a state of affairs quickly
known to all shippers, with a result that everyone, trying
to benefit by such an advantage, will consign to that mar-
ket, making an aggregate far beyond the demand; and a
sharp decline of prices will follow. A union represent-

ing a high percentage of acreage can prevent such gluts,
provided the over-supply or under-consumption is not
such that all the available markets in the country are
not glutted, a state of affairs that is liable to happen at
mid-harvest, when double the number of cars is forced
on the market.

The total shipments from the Chautauqua district for
seven seasons have been as follows :

No. of Cars

1893 3,100

1804 3,600

189.T 3,200

1898 4,050

imi 6,000

1898

1899 7,000

A. B. Clothier, of Silver Creek, N. Y.. gives the fol-
lowing as the expense of planting and developing an
acre of Grapes :
Plowing And niarkin!; im a,Ts r,f laii.l $3 00

Number of plant- - II ■. n ii , i.":. Ti.-t 12 10

Cost of planting; 1 50

Number of .-nil!' ■•- -..v,7 i',,.i 7 00

Cost of cultivaliMi, - , -:,.,, I, 7 00

Number pouildb "1 wire l"i 1 wnu llvlli.s, \jW lb.s.:

Staples. 6 lbs. Cost 22 80

Number posts for trellis, 202; number braces, 20. Cost.. 14 14
Cost of putting up trellis 3 OU

Cost of acre of Grapes, exclusive of land $70 54

S. S. Crissey, of Fredonia, N. Y., horticultural editor
of the "Grape Belt," without going into details, puts
the total cost of an acre of vineyard at from $75 to $80,
which practically agrees with that of Mr. Clothier.
These are men of experience and wide observation, and
their estimates may be considered to be representative
and reliable.

Mr. Clothier gives the following estimate for the cost
of labor for an acre of Grapes in bearing, per season:

Cost of pruning, pulling brush, tapping posts, righting
braces, stretching wires, tying of vines, and cultiva-
tion per acre $12 00

Cost of picking into crates, 4 tons of Grapes 4 50

Cost of hauling to station and loading in car, 4 tons of

Grapes 4 00

$20 50
Mr. Crissey's estimate is a little higher, making cost
under the same conditions to be $23.

As to the yield of an acre of Grapes in the Chautauqua
belt, the variation is great. A vineyardist who has any
expectation of standing in line with progressive men

973. The tie complete.

should expect to have a record of 4 tons of Concords
per acre. This is more than the average, but unless a
man can exceed the average in any line, there is small
chance for him to succeed.

As to prices, the variation during the past seven years
has been greater than that of the yield. Grapes have

been sold at less than $10 per ton, and at more than $15.
When more than the latter, it is risky for the seller to
be too confident of a much higher priee for any great
length of time; and if less than the former, the buyer
would better secure his supply as soon as possible. An
average price is, say, $12.50. This gives a gross income
for a 4-tou acre of Concords as $50, and a net income
from $27 to $30. Be it remembered that this is for
Urapes in crates. The cost of packing 4 tons of Grapes
in 8-pound baskets, including baskets, would be from
$28 to $30. The prices for Concords in crates or baskets
vary so much that it may be advantageous to sell in
either way. A man with a small vineyard and a large
family would pack in baskets, when another who had to
pay all his help or who found help scarce would sell
by the ton in crutes. ,,, ,„^, -^y, Spen-cer.

Grapea in the South.— I'Ih- r. mu south of the
38th degree nditli Iniinid. li.i^ in ii more native spe-
cies of Grapes tlian rill th^- wmi-M J.rsiiles. This alone
would lead one to suppose the South naturally adapted
to vineyard culture. Yet New York, Ohio and Califor-
nia up to the present far excel it in vineyard area, al-
though only three or four species are native in these
states. The cause of this is that diligent experimen-
ters and originators have produced varieties of good
marketable value adapted to those regions, from natives
of those regions, or hybrids of natives with hardiest
foreign kinds. In the case of California, the vinifera
varieties are mostly grown because the climate and
other conditions are so similar to those of the native re-
gion of the vinifera. But the South has chiefly planted
the northern and ftireign varieties ^v]li'■ll surcced but in-
diffeivnlly in ni-.M .^^nflnT., [...•.V,lh -. ;,,M L:,^ nrfjlected
alni"-i . n '-ently.

Now i , : : . II. 'lit and

be!

ridi;

lal existence in
■uf l„eMliliesin
.•IS a wliole, the

■ S"l

itli :it l:ir-e is a

MUih.st sources

■''iM

:^'v;:;;'h^^

tivated in tlir i
tawba, Concof'i,
Moore Early, Jl"
Perkins, W.inlri

of AiiMn,:,. r..

Coin. I. . •
Easi , ; ■!

ware, iJi.m.i, 1 e

Virgil

aade

:. ! ' i>. II K.irly, Gold

! ' I'resly.

• ■■, the following

: :. ' ,.■.., I 'N, ('oneord, Dela-

■ .!'■■ I . I l:n-ti'oriI, Herbe-

Norton Virgil II :^ ' .: i : i , \' ,. i )f the

Muscadine ela , . : . i , ; • , ' 1 1 li, Scup-

pernong, ThmiLi-. I':i\ -naMr m. m i, >. oi \ arni ics test-
ing, is made of Brilliant, Bertrand, Carnian, Fern, Gold
Coin, Jaeger, Laussel, Marguerite, Superb. In the south-
western section, west of the OGth meridian, are chiefly
planted the Herbemont Jacquez [Black Spanish, Le-
noii ] Niagara an I C olden CI isv.elas Malaga and some
other vmifera % aiieties near the g ilf coast and in
western Te\i under iirigati n By several who have
hal tl em ler t 1 for se cril years favorable men-
tio f 1 T ant Carman, Fern, Jac-

g€ I 1 Ne-\a Perry, as fur-

n Grapes for this region.

1 N starnes gives me the

foil eties in order named:

Ive ( N If, II are Mo le Early, Goethe,

Lii \\e\ aid for wine Norton \irginia, Scuppernong
an 1 Th as

ttnerald t i cp 1 1 \ 1 D lawa cs 8 x 8; Rotundi-
fohas W ft I 1 lethod of train-

ing chiefly val or cane re-

newal prun circumstances.

Some groove f single stakes,

using eithei o I ig the umbrella

Kniffin or lo \ \ ire arm sp ii X\i ifli i svstem of train-
ing a 0 rling to circumstances bee Bulletin No. 28,
Georgia Experiment Station.

GRAPE

" Very little wine is now made in this state, and that is
nearly all claret from Norton Virginia, Ives or Concord.
In southern Georgia a poor article of Scuppernong wine
is made, but it is not a<lapted to trained palates— too
foxy. Delaware and Goethe blended are sometimes used
to make a very good Rhine wine, and when properly
handled sometimes prodnee m, i -Pi llmt mtiele. Goethe
must, reinforced with 20 ]'■ :■ : . ' .rnia brandy,

makes a good pale sherry: i tu sell wine

here profitably. When ii r: , ;, prices range

from 50 cts. to $2 per gall in. a curi)a;. Id the grade.
Grape vinegar, while generally regariled as inferior to
cider vinegar, will bring about 25 or 30 cts. at retail and
20 cts. wholesale, and at these figures is more profitable
than wine.

"When sold fresh the Grapes are generally shipped in
refrigerator cars in 10-pound baskets to different north-
ern points. Later shipments take a southerly direction
to Atlantic and Gulf seai«.rls. Suinetii.ies the r.frula-
tion 6- oi-e. .irri. r 1" ■-. 'i r.r:,t, . :i.-,. ;; .,1 f . , r -1 Idling

Grapes, l-,- ■ ■ . i ■ ' '■■..■■■.■■., y.^.

rate ba-k' . ' ' • m 5-

pound lia~. i .:,.:..! ,, ,1 • . . r- : • I livim
VA cts. pir 11,. U, :, cl-,, :■ •: ': ' ' r ,i , :,, s.

Sometimes as high as. ion i . : \ imd

very late shipments or wi ' > i , i i-, i-<

seldom. Di.stilleriespay t'n i : i i ■ r ; . and

delivered, or gather and iKii ■ ' ■' : 1. Ii Mulyl

ton per acre of Grapes is tin i . irtuni (and

also the net return) per ar I , .. I'l-om $10 to

$13. This is more thanc.itt , .s. With two

tons per acre of Grapes, wli Mil i na :., rnious yield,

the return would be $30 per aiTo deiivend at the still.
To those who have no scruples in regard to so disposing
of their crop, this is probably the most profitable method.
There are local stills in almost every county.

"There is not much encouragement now for Grape rais-
ing' in Uenrtria, and vineyards are annually being de-
stiMvi il liy hundreds of acres. Some planting, however,
is si ill piin^' on in southern Georgia, in the "wire
grass" eiiuntry, where the industry is still found profit-
able liy reason of the fact that the northern market may
be entered ahead of competition, and also that insects
and fungous pests have not yet put in an appearance in
that region." See Georijia.

Planting, Training, i/ . I" ■ :;i ef the true
southern Grapes, such as II -l tlie Post-oak

Grape hybrids, are planted I i : : 1 1. inrowsOft.

apart, while such northern vni le j in- planted are
sot 8 feet apart in row. The .Mii-ra.ini. -. snch as Scup-
pernong, are mostly grown iiinii ail". is al.out 7 feet
high and rarely or never ynnn. ,1, al^ll..ll^'ll trained on
trellis, as are other Grapes, ami. i.nuii d early in fall,
after leaf-frdl. s.vc..,.,] ..y. . M, ntly. The culture is

mostly will I'll! , 1 M 1 I r-t away and then to the

rows, 1 1 . d I iM\v not reached by the

plow. Til. II : II i is the 3-wire trellis;

first win- at Is t-.Jl ill ■!,. s ii..m the ground, and the
others successively 1 foot apart, above the first. Tho
training is generally an indifferent attempt at the Knif-
fin system, and no system is generally carried out.
Some pineh back the "leading shoots once, few twice.
Some n I .;. !. j... is and spur-prune. A few have
made tie M , . ;.y trough trellis of 3 wires, and

Fumii.i : , II d I siicepssfullv bv some. Others
plant.. Ill, . I I ; , \-..,-t..n Viri'i..i.i. ^I Earlv,

Perkin-, :.■.■. ■ ■ .■ .■ - 'i.-- n-i -'idL.-t ... r..t and

thereby', l.;.. - . ..i i' . .'m ■ ., : d i. ■, nn.l fret

it should be, as such Grapes in the market have the
effect to depress prices on all kinds of Grapes, as any
grower knows. In the moister parts of the South, black

vineyai.l.s. .s..ii..; ,i^.- l..iriiyar.l i,..iHui.. lint the more
intelligent use cotton seed or cottou-.seed meal in con-
nection with ground bone, kainit and soluble phos'

GRAPE

Marketing and Pioftts —The crop i^ mostlj marketed
fresh in the local oi near 1 \ nmkits is the uliniij
freight and express rate \ ill [ | ti 1 1 i

turns on the % arietics m i 1 !

demonstrated that fane ( i \ II i

easily be grown m the bt III I I II I iii I t

manner in neat baskets, ai | ji ji i li

There are a few establishi_ 1 \\\u u m the bouth,
which use Ives, Norton \ ii^iuia Hti))emont, LeNoir
and some of the Scuppernon„' and i thi r Muscadme va
rieties. The chief complaint of wine j^rowers is that
legislation brought about bj the prohibition movement is
adverse and often entirely prohibiti\ e In cousequent-e
some have bottled the luice fresh under some stenhzin^
process, but the people aienot jet educated up to the
use of this escelleut healtlitul nourishing beverage,
yet the demand for it is growing, and may be largely
increased by enterprising makers.

Reports collected from all parts of the South state the
profits all the way from nothing up to $150 per acre,
sometimes higher and it is clearlv evident that the in
telligence and enteiprise of the planter is tilt ( hief ele
ment in controlling pi ciflt Of cours licilitips soils

[Ttv |,nirl,t .1 t I 1

kins C rapes m I i 1 1

about one cent i i

pound baskets ( ii i ii | I i i i i i nt

Diamond Nia^ai i 1\ mm 1 ml ili i i lil ^^tod
qualities and get from oU to jU cents pel basket the
season through with brisk sales and no grumbling

It ma> be said, in conclusion, that the South piomises
everything to the wide awake intelligent Grape grower
for its capabilities are unlimited in the production in
quality and season when no other section competes
with it, and it has vast markets at home and in the
great cities just north of it. T. V. Munson.

Grapes on the Pacific Slope. Tli.' i ;im'- lii.lu-trics of
California are estal)lishi-a ;,,-: : - i flu' viiiif-

era species. There arr t-A. > -. : I [ . ■■ ■ m th.- state,

677

were mtro

and a new i i I

with moic s

earnestly til i i i i

ally and tli t ti I i i I ' „ 1

cellar constiuctuu ui tli. ^ all \s lu 1 t thills all o\ ei
the state The pioduct increased more rapidly than the
demand for it, and the quality of much of it was !

V ^.

fully impeached. Losses and disappointments were
again encountered, and the area of wine Grapes was
largely reduced by abandonment, by the advancement
of the phylloxera and by the inroads of a peculiar dis-
ease which has baffled effort i<' I i i.. ; its cause,
though thousands of acres hav. . ay by it.

Even the lessened wine produr I i i , . .iite trade
issues to meet, which were i. r.cime by

growers' cool'!, ■., I , r I; ; i; ' t , shrinking

work aiUL
in Europe

the centur

bids fair t(

The rais

rapidity until 1891, when a pro
was reached and a decline o
production ensued. As events

liven followed by
,^li control of the
of tlie growers.

they do no
ery few pack

American varieties fort
for raisins. The only ;

era yiueyards will bo upon American roots.

Grape-growing upon a large scale began in California
very soon after the American occupation. In the fifties.

fruit shipment. The area of Grapes in ( 'ali-
)0 is about 140,000 acres: one-seventh table
-sevenths raisin Grapes and four-sSvenths
i, as nearly as can be estimated.

' !i:i- :i \'.:'i' r laMge of adaptation in Cali-

iriiit. It endures all eleva-

: !, : I I luit-growing is carried; it

■ I r- 1 n:. I, . ■.nil. -y heat if amply supplied

in the valleys and on
will bear well with sn
stumps and very ^Ikpt
all of the previous sea-
are given longer cane
high stake.

678

GUAPE

The training of tlie vinifera firape is rery unlike tliat
of the native Grapes. The stocks are kept to low. strong
stumps, and the bearing shoots are not trained or are
tied to stakes. Trellises are not used. Pig. 974 shows
3 epochs in the common style of pruning, the right-hand
figure representing the malure vine.

Though hun.lr. ris .,£ variiti. ^ of vinifera have been
introduced fri>iii I;iiim|h- ;mi'1 A^ia diniiif; the last half
century, only a fi \\" lia\ c ^nr\"i\ i-l .-uliural and <

IIS the prevail-
lulria, and the
iih the Sultana
>ins: for table
Flame Tokay,

cial tests and ar'- ii"W [.lantcd.

Muscatel Gordo Blauc" a 1 . i- ^
and Thompson Seedlis- <
Grapes, in addition to il : i
Emperor, Cornichon, Ida. I. >
Black Hamburg, Chassilas ya
chiefly grown, though, of course
vails for local uses. In wine Gr;
larger list to meet local requirtu
and toiii'Mlu.'.- tl.e various kiii.i'

Acer].!,.!.:,. ., a]-i,.|i... f..l-.ll-v \v
Eed (<•■,.,,• , . ,,-• ;;.., ,.,,,,,;.,, -Zii

Thompsou Seedless.

Varieties for sweet wines are :

Ports.— Mission, ]M;ilvoisie. rjrennchc, Trousseau.

Sherrv and il/m/.a/,/ -Mission. Palomino. West VtTiite Pro-
lific, Verdelho, I'. . .li II. .<ou Seedless.

Angelica, jV..,, ...liia, Muscatella,

Purmint (Toka;,

In regions o. : ... ,ii of California,

vinifera variet I.-- ...■■ .. - .....I. l . ..,■. n. an.l lor'atinns
meeting their )a-.(Uii . oi.o: ^ ma-i 1... sol...-t.-i! wiili ntucli
care and circuiiis|.oeti..ii. 'I'h.. iiu.iil..'r ..f v.n-ioii.s i^
much smaller lli.oi in ( :i!il'..raLia. a- llii.r.- i> ii.. |.|...lii.l

of IP

i or r

almost wholiy o ..

the shorter pr...i ' i.

hand, the Alio ■
Concord, Del.awaiT, .M,,.,i-,. I i.o
ara aud Wordeu being most i:i\

Grapes Under Glass. -Under

rieties alone are used. Tliis s
the vine of the an. i. .,.,. :. ..! i
salubrious pans ., , . . \
It is referred t.. i i . i

ancient Egypt ai,.i 1 1 . i,.-.- ..■. ;.
tably in the Bil.le ajol il,,: .No,.
of the spies from tlu;
illustration, has exci
questioned the oredul
however, to state tlial
resented has Iteou a
The type Viti.s miii,
become so mcro. .1 an
ent climates an. I ...ni
at the pivo,,. .: ,

and thr. ...■ i ■

For.l.-,.: ... -.,.

inth, fioiu wl.iei, ilo- Z.o,(, .. : .... I iTp-red, and

the giaut Gros Colman, i...v/ o ,i. : . . .. ^'-.r com-

mercial purposes under oiass in I .. . .' .' f.reon-

trastincolor wehave the l.oaoiii 1. . ^ , . . !,as and
the pink aud white Fronti^rii,.:. - . -: Mn ..-, with
their superb qualities and flav... i. in.

of the blue-black Alicante of tl ; '• o ,. .! r

texture, but valuable for its hit. . .1

worth more than all the others i.ni i.;;. ih. i, w lia\..
the Black Hamburg, combining all tlie good ([ualities,
and easy of culture.

Probably in no branch of horticulture is the garden-
ers' skill more generously rewarded than in Grape-
growing under glass. In England it has been an essen-
tial feature of horticultural work for more than a cen-
tury, resulting in fruit of a finer quality and flavor than
that grown in the open air, and very often

^ ..;• : iiingsof

.11. '..'I ; ■ . .IDIOMS, no-

■d laud, with its geucrous
admiration and perhaps

my of us. It is only fair,
of the cluster there rep-

III. ..lit in recent years.

. I.. o\. I- was a type, has
.1 \.\ . nliiv.ation in differ-

:■ P.lack Cor

GRAPE

clusters, weighing from 20 to 30 pounds. Started there
as a matter of luxury, it has become of late years a
matter of profit, and vineries of large extent have been
erected for commercial pui-poses. Probably this work
has been retarded here by the introduction of the many
very excellent varieties of our native Grapes, so easily
grown in the open ai. an." .. . nstantly improved by
hybridizing with il.. I' . , and undoubtedly this

work will yet res II I . I .ser approach to the

standard of Europ. ,... , ,

T'lo essential diiKian.. Ix i v. , e li American and Euro-
I'eiin 1 in.;. I, ihat in the American the pulp separates
li i usually tough and more or less acid, so

tl.^ I I .■ able to remove the seeds, while in the

i:ui..i .■! In pulp adheres to the skin, is tender and
sweet throughout, and the seeds are easily removed.
European Grapes, when well grown, are valuable and
agreeable for the use of invalids, and, undoubtedly, in
the judgment of the majority of people, surpass in
quality any other fruit grown.

The subject of Grape cultivation under glass may be
divided under several heads, as follows : The nouses;
The Border; The Viiirs ; Tlie Fruit.

Tlie Rouses. -Til. . ai. , ...inly of two forms, span-
roof and lean-to, wr' . . I . n.diflcations between.
Unless one has am; . ,. .1. -sire to .study their
construction, it is I., i;. . i . n, ,,, plans and estimates
furnished by protVs.-a.i.al l,,i;:.:i rs.

Span-roof houses are adapted to large places with
spacious grounds, and particularly when an
effect is desired. On account of'thcir exposur
sides, they require very careful attentiou, e.spe
used for e.wly forcing of Grapes. \\ ;.. i. n . ,
not desired, or for use without artiii. ' '■ ■
advantage is not so aiiparent. Hon-,
heat, known as cold graperies, were ii . n In .
nion- u'eueral use than those with beat, hut hai
di,a|.i.eared with the introduction of the modern eco-
II ...I ad beating apparatus, and the very great ad
\aiitai,',. in the use of 'the same, if only "to a limited

Lean-to houses, on account of their snug construction
and protection from northerly or prevaihng winds, are
especially desirable for earlv forcing of drapes (Figs
975, 97G). Often a stable or other bui] lin^ i ,n be
utilized for the norili i.:...i.ni -. n. i.ilh i i in k

covered on the out - 1 i i

Crimson R.ambler r. ; : . , . .. , a l..i i 1 1 ,r

namental effect. .V ■: i li.n . . ..n a small sl de c in be

made of hotbed sash i li-. ;m. ..

Foundations for il... .
span-roof vinery ean 1..
sonry or wood. Masoiu
the conditions of requisite heat and
moisture are very destructiv
work, especially near the ground.
With masonry, piers are
erected, starting from solid
ground and up to
the surface. They
should be about a
feet in length,
with space

GRAPE

of 2 feet between, ami opposite each space a Tine
lb to be pUnted inside the hoube, as heieaftei de
scribed Struui? c.ipstones, thick enough to come sh^'hth
above the suitace of the bordei and about 18 im.liis
wide, are theu laid tioiu piei to piei On such a found i

of

, one part old plabter or mortar, and

o b.

sted ■

. 11 Mil li nil I should

laitttd to cxtiml UiLi i t ^ lu j a i \eij com-

aube of trouble, and uothiuK whateM-i bhould be

on It although the temptation to trj a few melons

often too j,reat to be v\ ercome and

or three ^eirs
of from 2 to 4
feet until i
■width of 20 teet
jred The

border can hard- .

ly be made too • Lean-to erapery glazed with sash,

rich, provided the material is well decomposed. A
mixture of six parts good loamy turf from an old
pasture or piece of new ground, and one part of well

peihipb not until Septenitiir 1 d< pendin).
the ^ Igor of the ^ me and the bordei Once there the
end IS pinched and the tine continues to stien,^hen and
increase m size and store up material m the lateral
buds until the end ot the season when it is taken down
and pruned to one third its length laid on the ground
and covered from the sun for the winter Care should
be taken that mice do not eat out the buds, as once out
they can never be restored. In the spring of the second
year, or as soon as it is desired to start the vines, they
are tied up again, and the terminal shoot again trained
to the top of the house, where it is stopped as before.

680

GRAPE

Any fruit appearing on this slioot should be rcmoveil.
The lateral shoots that start out each way below tlie ter-
minal should be thinned to about 12 or 15 inches apart
on each side. This is an important feature, especially if
we adopt the spur system of pruning, which we will first
consider, for we are now cstiililisliing our vine for a
long term of y.:irs, aii.l ii i, a. iTMlil^- to have it sym-
metrical witli iIm i !■ . ■ I it evenly distrib-
uted over its I III II '■ I li - Miilc of a well bal-
anced vine is un. i, i , of the Jliiscat
Hamburg. A IVnv ilu -!• i . ■ ■:•■ In- tnlt.-n fr-.m
this part of the vine 1 1' . 'I ii- i -.^.i,
should bepinched at tu" ' - : i i.,
they breali pinched n^'.ii i

as the leaves fall, the \ iii>^ mv n^LMin ml, in .!-i\ii f"i'
pruning. The terminal should be sliortoni-d .iboiit oiif-
half and the side shoots cut back to a bud very close to
the main stem, when it goes through the winter as
before.

At the beginning oT I'n M.'i.l \.Mr il,- i- ri.iiiinl
again goes to the top . r ' !

it is stopped and the lii(< ' ! ; i! . ' i , i , i.

fore, say not more thim "i.- ["■■n.i -i i i-v i-. r i.^.i "i
the main stem. We now lono oui \iiio f.^ial.lir.ln-il i.j
the top of the house, and the only pruning in aftur years
is to cut the laterals each year close to the main stem.
A bud will nearlv alwavs be found in the first one-
eightli incli, sonu-tiracs sovor.-il of thoui. When these
start. IIm- vfnMiL'i--i i^ s.l.wi,,! icnl th,. others rubbed

which the system takes its name. It often becomes
several inches in length and ([uite ungainly. This spur
system of pruning is represented in Figs. 1)78-980.

In the other system of pruning, known as the "long
rod" or "long cane" system, a new cane is grown up
from a bud near the ground every year as
often as desired to replace the old one,
which is entirely removed. It is often de-
sirable to do this. If the vine is well es-
tablished, this new cane can be fruited its

starting the vines, is an absolute neces-
sity. It should not bo applied in the

Imiisp, however, during the period of

off, null-.- on- i -i il-in
side to fill :i MiiMii. ^ II
streuf;tli, two |.oiinils ot
be grown, but heavy I
heavy a load causes shn
stems of the berries wit

to the opposite
vines attain full
r main stem can
.'rcat care. Too
I all is lost. The
it turns sour be-
laterals is very
oint beyond the

is thinuiug the clusters
and establishingthe load
a vine has to carry. This
requires experience and
judgment. As a rule,
about one-half the clus-
ters should be removed
— often uioi-o — care being

the

A long or old spiir is shown on the left.

pinch thereafter as fast as new shoots break and show
a leaf. Pinch early and often. It has been said that a
good gardener can carry the summer prunings from a
large vinery for an entire season in his vest pocket.
Some require a wheelbarrow. At the place where the
laterals start, a spur soon forms on the main stem, from

~ early
.rra of
e seen.

vhen it may be we

ad other shy setting kinds,
it for the berries to set, as
et perfectly while others fail.
Thinning the berries should be attended to promptly,
selecting cool days and mornings for this work. Close
growing kinds, like Alicante, cannot be commenced on
too early after setting, and it is much better to crowd
this work than to have it crowd the operator. In many
varieties one-third to one-half the berries have to be
removed. Experience is the only guide in this. A
pointed stick is very useful with the vine scissors, and
never touch the clusters with the fingers.

Tvi-r_- lip 'lie ohnulders of the fl.^-. .,•■-■ '■■ „.•.•.■ = ■ nrv to

I" roiil -I i| irrnlntioii of air an. I ]<••<■• ..Hm -o'tlie

former is sulfur, and for'the latter nloistiire,' :\mdew
is generally brought on by a sudden change of tempera-
ture. A vigorous condition of the vine has much to do
in resisting it. Red spider will almost always appear in
the hot weather of July and August if the vines are
allowed to become too dry.

Thrips are sometimes very injurious, but can be con-
trolled with nicotine, which, if properlv applied, will
not injure the fruit. Thrips and rod siuder. if not taken
in time, multiply rapidly, ami '•an onneo of prevention
is worth a pound of curt;" in 1 1n -r ■■avi-.

Perhaps, in a general way. tlm most imiioitant rei|uisite
of all is a large amount of eiitliuviasm and love for the
work. This is necessary to insure the continued care
and culture requisite to permanent success.

Tlie Fruit Varieties.— As said before, very many va-
rieties exist, but prohalilvnot one-half of these are in
active cultivation ai iln |ni-iiit time. Varieties are
adapted to localii; ates, etc. Perhaps 50

have been grown i.i ' i iliis country. Of these

we will consider a ; -\ •>: li" m. ro ]ironnnent.

The Black Haml.urg is more extensively f,'rown and
of more value for this purpose tlian ail otln rv put
together, because it meets the requin nn m^ oi ilm ordi-
nary cultiv.ator, and will stand abuse ami mijle.t and
still give fair results better than any other kind. It
rarely gives very large clusters, but is a free bearer, sets
perfectly, will carry heavy loads and matures early.
Under better care the appearance and improvement in

lality is remarkable, and it can be made as good as the
ist. It is the variety with -which the novice begins,
any houses consist entirely of Black Hamburgs, and
•mv that do not would give far better satisfaction if
leN did

Mn It ot Alexandria is the best of the wintc -s im
Ls t 1 .,euerdl cultivation It re({iiii 1 ' t

1 ttiuL and longer seabon than tl '
I 111 tjpeifection and will keep I i
nil tint kind When well grrwn i i

Mil it Himburg is a 1 1 i 1 t i | ] i ( I h i ui s^

^t fane •

to ripen ^^ell but i.

I "^

t 1 t

tl ull M keeping

theicatter tor a kn„

time

Llus

( IS tnciueiitU t,ion to

8 or 10 pounds m w

ei^ht

unng about 2i mches

each «aj and thej

ha\e

been

grown to more than

double this weight

Other large gro\Mi

g varieti

n tl, White ^lce

anl SMim the 1

ter

1 1

] t. be the

km 1 til it the spies found i

- 1 c Clus

these two

CO ir L „" «i 1, km 1

1 ut

th 1

1 1 1 joorthat

the> u n 1

I n

triz^h 1

lutifuUj mottled pink Grape

1

lues-

and has long slender

clustei li i

1 11

\ or it

IS unsurpassed by any

other (iniH m 1 it i

I "

athtr

eirh

Royal Muscadine is

te Grape of fair quality

and good habit tiequent in English houses

( ros f olnm i i Hi^r IiHck C i-ipe of fine qualitj and

-X ! it I 1 1 11 n lirgely for commercial pur

] I I i lit to this side to supply our

\ I 111^ The berries frequently

1 1 1 and it therefore requires

distinct character
the vmifera type
a very thick skm,

seemiu

to

det

%erv ju

bout

nd
the

'"^Li.h

Dow

quilit\

but

not

sini

1 re

ful Tl

nth

imL

GRAPTOPHYLLUM bSl

Foster Seedling is a beautiful midseason, amber-
colored Grape, with large clusters and berries some-
times liable to crack. Madresfield Court Muscat is a

981 Floret ol June grass
Showiiig the florll gh
pilet two feathery
mas and three stdmeni
Enlarged

cc floi d gl

midseason Grape — fine in quality, but also inclined to
crack This trouble can often be controlled by twisting
01 slitting the stems of the clusters, thereby checking
the flow ot sap

5Ian\ e ther popular varieties are described in various
woiks de\oted to Grape culture.

For ether notes on Grapes uneler glass, see the article
rmfoiiiiiij D. M. DuNNINej.

GEAPE FRUIT '^ee Citrus Pmimnna and Pomelo.

GRAPE HYACINTH 3[ns<:ari bolnjoides.

GEAPE SEASIDE Coccoloha uviffra.

GRAPTOPHfLHTM (Greek ^^mls i, iVninu' to the
variegated toliage) Acaiithii': •• - i 1 -cnus of

about 5 species of tender sliinlr . i h is cult.

in i \ery few American conscn :i I. i: n \ .niegated

lolnge and is said to be vri\ iHipuLn in India nnd
throui-h the tropics No two iv.-. .nv mnrk. i| ■■xin-ily
alil e but the jellow color isni-in- iln- innlrili niilnr tlmn
attlieniai„nis The genus is clo^.. i,, 'I'l, v, -:,r;iiiiliii-, l.iit
in Th-Msaeinthus the fls are iph -^lii iiihih -.l-liiip, .1.
Las opposite entire (m oiir i ■ i-
ottencolored fls leddish pur]il'
either in a terminal thvrse or ii,
inflated above upper lip with J -l-i
lowei Up 3 cut St Linen 2 For culti

hort^nse \eps (& pictinn. Griff.

clustered
1)1. Ha tube
I'd lobes;

Justkia plcta,

.). Caricature Plant. Height finally 6-8 ft.: Ivs.

682

GRAPTOPHYLLUM

elliptic, acuminate, irregularly marked with yellow along
the midrib: fis. crimson, in axillarv whorls; corolla pu-
bescent. Habitat'! B.R. 15:1227. 'Lowe 4.^;. iB.M. 1S70
shows a variety with reddish brown coloring).

6BASS (Oraminea;). Annual or perennial herbs
(some bamboos woody), mostly tufted or decumbent,
rarely climbing, often creeping and rooting at the base.
True roots fibrous. Stems (culms) simple or branching,
lis ually hollow (wheat), sometimes solid (maize) between
the nodes. Leaves springing from the nodes, alternate,
in two vertical rows on the stem; the sheaths closed

983. Spike of a Grass (rye), containing many flowers.

when young, but usually split down one side in matur-
ing; ligule a thin tongue-like growth at the ape.\ of the
sheath ; blade entire, parallel-veined, commonly long
and narrow; a 2-keeled membranous prophyllum (or
leaf) always standing between each branch and the
main axis. Spikelets in panicles, racemes or spikes,
usually consisting of 2 (rarely 0, 1, or more than 2)
chaffy empty glumes at the base of a short axis (ra-
chilla), which supports one or more floral glumes, in the
axil of each of which is commonly 1 flower. Flowers

GRASS

pi-rfect or imperfect, destitute of true calyx or corolla.
Between each floral glume and flower are usually 2
(rarely 3) minute hyaline scales (lodicules). Stamens
3 (rarely 1, 2 or more than 3); pistil 1: ovary 1-celled,
1-ovuled ; styles 2 (rarely 1 or 3), u.sually plumose:
fruit (grain or caryopsis) seed-like, often enclosed by
the palet and its floral glume. Seed erect, closely cov-
ered by the thin pericarp; embryo small, on one side of
the base of the endosperm. Figs. 981-981 show the
structure of various Gr.nss florets.

Perennial Gr;is-i., ■ vli ,i. •' -.• . , ;,,.,m,ii1;, limwh for

meadow, pasture '

f

.sterile shoots tliM

but no flowers. 'J 1

which in populur l.;.;^a,,.

t

tached to them, such u- 1

t I

grass, sea-grass, eel-grass.

1 ion 1,1 a

but these do not belong I- >

1 1 1 1

eration. Neither are tlu- ■ 1

111 itlt

sedges and rushes, to 1"

N 1 r

plants are truly entitled i-

answering to the descripti'

The plants most likelv t'

r are

thesed;;-.'. i(-A|M ,■:„.,:, ■.,:

1 ru I im

bersini.1. ::! : .

1 n 1 I he

best p.i,.i, . , , ,

11 s(d!,es

is this: <■ . :

1 on J sides

orangl. . . :

1 aie found

on 2 S..I. ,

1 1 11 1, use of

this test, ,

11 r «n erect

stems. .M 1 .

St t lassis

havehoIlM, ^, T..|.,,,,

1 1 Hits of tho

Grass familv is easy, but

h

1 un tc I etneen spe

cies is difficult.

Among the species most

commonlj known are time

thy, red t..]., .Tuiie-gniss.

1

tail; tl,.. ,.-■„, -o, .r:,-

". 1 r I'l .|'i irl .'r-iss

Berm..a:i

: "such

as wli-iii ' , 1 .

':i, Iniiian

corn. Ill ' ■ r ,,r , .

thefifib |.i .-..,,,i|, :,,,

.,,, ,^,,, , r, i, ••iinii-s.

orchids; ,i.s l.rv

viduals, i!i- f.i ■ ■...•■.!:

'- 1 •i-r, - . < .1 |il:iMtS

arearr:ii,y. ^l i . ■- ' i , ; 'm

■!• ! ..) ,.11 ■!,. -.' ibe

numerous m tropica
lallv scattered, while i
.'1. "the si.cci.-s aiv Ic:

vast areas. Where :
the Grasses grow i
Plants of one sectioi

I he

E:ich sli. siii , |. .i:~ ,11,1 holds erect the tuinlcr lower
]»ortio!i t'l ; ' li. where it is soft and weak; it

also |.i'. .1 ^' branches or panicles. Thrifty

blades ..t < .r:i i ~ SI li III 1,1,. for pasture and lawn elongate
from the lower iiid, so that when the tips are cut off
the leaves do not cease to elongate, but renew their
length. When exposed to sun or dry air, the blades de-
velop a thicker epidermis, and, by shrinking of some
of the delicate bulliform cells of the upper epidermis,
they diminish their surface as they roll their edges in-
ward or bring them together, like closing an open book.
When the plant is in flower the minute and delicate lodi-

GRASSES

683

cules become di'itended jus
glumes and liberate the stani

homes as their merits -n-ai i
be found suited to ever\ \^
though many of them are m
the month of roses. Wild i j. .
soil in the margins of pond-
for deep beds of moist ran. k
ders the following and othti-

984. Stammato spikelet of a Grass (maize).
Showing two florils oiio r.t win h(with three stamens
IS expanded 1, 1 • i _ j pn,lets Enlarged

i,'rass, Eulalia, rib-

I Hajfipensis, As-

1 luoous blue-green,

' iiid Poa casta.

' \ .irieties of

' 'N lanatus.

nax, A. conspicii
bon grass, Anrh'
perella Hiislin.

For pottiii^
Dactyhs, \'
H. molUs, r •

is better than the elegant, in\ |. :
bars of wild Grasses, such .is -p
Eatonia, Panieum, Paspalum I i
Bromus, Festuca, Agrostis, 1 1 i
Ctniia pendula. For laryi li
surpasses sheaves of whc i*
of the wild Grasses ! For. I
cut before ripe, dried in thi 4 nl. iii
and maybe used in that conclitioii m
For paths, nothing is more pleasim; i
mown lawn.

Drainage keeps out sedges and em ■
Grasses; manure and irrigalic.ii In Ip t
choke and diminish most «...N In
been done to show that mli i.h.h.N
who patiently and intelhui nih ill.
Grasses for any purpose wImIimi
crossing. Quack-grass is e\t ■ II' nr 1 -i
ments ; Ammophila artiiaii.i t..i
sands. The Grass family luunsli. s
weeds, among them quack .;i.iss, i
June-grass, sand-bur, stink-gr.iss.

Turf forming Grasses are those that spread freely by
creeping rootstocks, such as .Tune-grass, quack grass,
Berraucl.a-grass, Rhode Island beut and red-top, while
most others are more or less bunchy. For northern
regions not subject to severe droughts, sow Rhode
Island bent and June-grass both, or either one alone;
for northern regions, which ore liable to suffer from
dry weather, sow June-grass and plant Bermuda-grass.
These two on the same ground supplement each other in
different kinds of weather, securing a green carpet dur-
ing every part of each growing season. \y_ j_ Beat-.

lid be

tion and

drifting
quota of

GRASSES, POPULAR NAMES OF. There are few
Grasses which hold commanding positions as specimen
plants, although the agucultuial values of Grasses are
transcendent. Some of the commoner vernacular Grass
names are given below, with references to the proper
genera: Animated Oats, Jr. iin. Artificial G., some-
times used for certain foi.i;;,. ],l mts, ;is smuliiini, but
also leguminous plants is (l,i\,i Im , in. s imfoiu.
AwnleBS Brome G., 7,) },ni .n.ji,,. Beach G., Am-
mophila (trenaria. Bear G , uniisu il nun. l.n Vumt
filnnutitniit Beard e., I,,./,./...,,/ ,1s,, /„/„,,, .,,..ji
J/iDis//, /(, HM^ Bengal G , .^.///, / y/,i/<,,/ BentG.,
At/iu^iis Bermuda G., r,//-/ 1,, /,! Ji,i,i,il„,i Blue-eyed
G.,Si^iliiii,lii,n>i BlueG.,'ro,i Blue Joint G., f '„/„»,
aiii"-fi^ Cinui.l.iisi-. Bog G, Cn, , Bristly Fox-
tail G., ,S. /.im.i )»,«/"" Brome G., 7,,„/H»s BuJialo
G., Binlilo, ilarliiloKl,^ Canada Blue G., 7',',; ,"»i
;>;.ss« Cun&ry G., ri„i In,, -.<•„, l.n I, N.,- Cat-tail G.,
P!il,ii„,p,;il,„si. China. G.. J,:,l,„,.,,', „,,,„ Citro-
nellaG . .1 h,?/,,/,,,,/..., ^^„,,l,|y Cotton G., j:, ,.,pJ,„, „,„.
Couch G., A,,,,,ni,„„i ,,i„„s Crab G., Bl, „■.,„, .in.l
P,ii,t,uiii sii,,,/,,,,,,,!, Creeping Bent G., .1</m,s/is '.I,,!,,-
,i,f,i,i. Crested Dog's Tail, <',i,„, ,i,„s ,i,s/„i,i^.
Deer G., J,'],.,,,, V,,,,,,,,,,, Dog's Tail G.. (',,1,,^
r(,,is Eel G , I „U,-^„. ,;„ tpi,„l, English Rye G.,
L,.l,,i„, p., „„, Esparto G, s -, / I, „'i, ,'.u,i„i.
Feather G., .•^/i/,,, in,,,,,,!,. Feather Sedge G , A„,Ii,,p
(„l„i, i,,,ili,t,o,,hs Fescue G., J ,si,iia. Finger-comb
G., I>,iitiil,,rl, ,11,1,1, . Finger G. ,('/(/,'( (,s. Fowl Meadow
G..P,„i s,i„t,,„i FlyAw&y G.,A,i,-', '■lis ^"il'i, I. Four-
leaved G., i'.iM s ,i,i„,l,,i„l,ii Foxtail G., .l/,<;i.' /u»s
pi-iitnisi^. Golden Top G., /.'(i;,rn, /,/,/ «»;,,/ Guinea
G.P„„,,„,i, in„,,„l,,,,i„, . ,ils., , ,,„ni,,ush used for

Jl.,

Ha

Hare's Tail G /,/„,„ < ,1,, Hassock G,, /', s.Aomp-
,s;.r <•,( sj,il,,^,, Heid'3 Grass m N. « i;n.;l m.l is timothy

iv(A;,;ms I. Holy G., /// ,::lil.u. If, I, //is. Hungarian
G.,S,t„,i„ Jh,li,,i Italian Eye G., L,.!,,,,,, IUtl„,„„
Japanese Lawn G., Zmi'-,,, p,,,,.,,,,-. Job's Tears G.,
C'uij-. JohnsonG.. 1 » /i,i/„«/, ,»//(/ y,, ns/s. JuneG., Pon
pratemis. Kentucky Blue G , /' i /f,„i.,is,.. Large
Quaking G., /.';/ i,,,,,,,,,,,. Little Quaking G., JJci^u
minor. Love G., /;/(,// ,,s/i s .1,/,,,,^ Lyme G of up-
holsterv is /', ■.,/niy«/-s;,/ .,fsy,;/, ,( Marram G , .1 )H -
mophilit I,,, I,,,,,,, Meadow Foxtail G., .U,,/,, , •ii;ii
prut,„sis Myrtle G, A,,ii,is C<il,i„,i,s Oat G.,
A>-rl,n„lll,ii, ii„ „,,„„,, I, „i Ills,, Mill., us species of
Aveiia. Orchard G. ,/>,!, ////(s ,//,.„,,,,(/ / Palm-leaved
G. ,/',(»/. ((«/ s„l, ,,•„„, Pampas G., (,i,„,ii„„. Pep-
per G., /,< /,i<?;»/„ j]^n P,!i,l,,,,i, ,il,,l,,ilti, ,„ Plume
G., J.,,„„II,,i- J{;,.„„„ Pony G., ('„h, „,„,i, „-.l,s
^li,,t,i Puti)\eBeBtG.,(';l<i„,",,lf,,li,,,,p,h. Quack,
Quick, or Quitch G., .!,/;, ■/, i// »/// /,/„ »s. Quaking G.,
Bi,.,ii. Rattlesnake G., /.'m ,( «/,/,//»,» Ray G., /-«;-
iump,,;,i„, Red Top G., 1,,,,.^/,^ i„l,i„,;s. Reed
G., Ai„„,h,. It., „l,.u.. Reed Bent G., i'„h,„,„,,ro^U>..
Reed Canary G., Ph„h,,,s „ , i,„,l,„„. . „ Rescue G.,
Bi,„i,u^ ,i„,„l„,,l, s RhodelslandBentG., J./zoj/zscaB-
II,, I 'Rihhoa G., Pl,,il'ii IS ,,, „„,li„,,, , ,1 , \ .,1 ,,iiiegata.
RoughBentG, l,i,.,si,s s, ,ihi„ Roughish Meadow G.,
P„ati;,,al,'s. Rough-Stalked MeadowG., P,,/ t,,,;aUs.
RyeG., Lohidii peniii,, Sand G., (',, h, „,,,i ,lf,i lon,n-
folia. Scurvy G., C','l,h „, ,■! nth, ,ii;,i- Scutch G.,
Caprinla Diictyloti. Seacoast Bent G., l,/,.>s/is . ,"o,
lata. Seaeca.G.,mer,»I,lo,i l,„,,„l,. Seiame G., 7'm/,
saciiiH. Sheep's Fescue G., /•', s/», , , , ma Silk G.,
Ariiost,isr„hi;i Silver Beard G., I„il, r n,.,,, ,,,,/,, it, , is.
Sour G., Iiical name f.,1 /,•„„,, , I,,/,.,//,; Squirrel-tail
G., ir„id,„„,. Star G., (',lhi,,,l, . .ils., l.,.Mily tor
JTi/piiiis nii.l Alihis Striped G., Ph,il,i,,s „i„ml,n-
a,',,i.\\r ,,,,,1,11,1,,. Sweet-scented Vernal G., .lii(7!o.r-
in,lli„i, ,1,1 1, ,1,1,1, Ta.nMea.io-wOa.tG. , .il ih, iiiitlienim
,l,ili„s Tickle G., .l,/;„s(,,, ,„l.,„ Tear G., Coit
La,l,)<ii„,i .J„li,. Texas Blue G., /'"I/ 'Ml" /'Ml', I <(. Timo-
thy, P///. i(»i. TuftedHair G. ,/>.■.<;-,',/, /,s/'/ ,,<spitosa.
Ya.nil\a. G., ITierochlon boretilis. Viper's G..S,orson-
,ra. 'White Bent G., Agi;,sl,s ,ill„i. 'Whitlow G.,
Dmha, especially D. wrtwand l^iu ifnniit ti i,l,i, li/lites.
■Wood Meadow G., Poa nemorahs. Woolly Beard G.,
Ennnthus. 'Worm G., Spiqelia ; also S,Jnin ulbiini.
Yellow-eyed G., A'l/n'.s-. Zebra G., Miicnnihus Sin-

684

GRASSWORT

GRASSWORT. Seo C,

GRATiOLA

healing qualiti

yello

Kii.ly places fi i (JmIh,' t,, l-,:i,,:iiia bears

.. half an inch Ions, trom .luiie to September.
U. aurea, Mahl.,was once offered by collectors. It is a
glandular plant, with Ivs. lanceolate, entire or remotely
denticulate, and 2 sterile filaments. B.B. 3:162.

GRAVfiSIA (after C. L. Graves, who collected in
Madagascar). Melastomdcece. Three species of dwarf
warmhouse foliage plains, natives uf Madagascar, and

^--

985 Asa Graj at 76 years.

cult in a few American conservatories For culture ar
for distmctions fiom nllie I genera see iJ f lot u:
der which name most of the varieties are still known

under mom

fill 1 \ \ B g It

tat V.I tl 1 e 1 I tl f 1 II defined

double longitul nal rows of roundish pink dots F S
16 16% IS iiobably acopy of B M 55'4 (See also Gt
1865, p. 385. and B.H. 1865, p. 225.) Var. sup6rba,Hort.,
I.H.26:359 (1879) is shown, with more and larger red-
dish purple spots, which are less regularly arranged.
Var. Legrelle&na (B. LegrelUihin, Van Houtte). An
alleged hybrid obtained by Van Houtte and figured in
F. 8.23:2407. Coigneux refers this plate to Grnrrsia
guttata, but no fls. are shown, nor have the Ivs. anv
spots. The nerves are outlined in white, and som.- of
the cross veins for short distances. Var. Alfred Bleu
is brilliantly spotted and lined with bright red. tlii>
nerves boldly outlined, the cross veins interruptedly
outlined. I.H. 41 :13 (1894). Var. margariUcea, Nichol-
son (B. mar<,arit:}cen. Hort. W. BuU^Soneriln mar-
garitacea. F.S. 16:1697). See DC. Mon. Phan.7: 537.

GRAY

GRAY, ASA (Fig. 985), botanist and naturalist, was
born ill I'ans, Oneida county, N. Y.,Nov. Is, 1810, and
died in Cambridge, Mass., Jan. 30, 1888. His father
was a tanner. He studied medicine, but never prac-
ticed it. He early became interested in botany, and
entered into correspondence with Dr. Lewis C. Beck
and Dr. John Torrey, both of whom were well known
botanists of the time. In 1833, Gray became assistant
to Torrey, who held the chair of chemistry and botany
in the New York College of Physicians and Surgeons.
From this connection dates his serious botanical work.
His first book, the "Elements of Botany," appeared in
1836. To the schools, however, he became best known
through his "Lessons, "which first appeared in 1857. To
the last revision of this book, in 1887, he gave the name
"Elements of Botany," thus reviving the title of his
maiden effort. The" Botanical Text Book "first appeared
in 1842 : it went to a sixth edition in 1879. From the
first this work was accepted as the highest authority
on the subjects which it treated; and it is to-day the
model for the formal presentation of morphology and
taxonomy. Gray is further known as an author of text-
books in the admirable books for youth, "How Plants
Grow," 1858, and "How Plants Behave," 1872. Gray's
texts at once became standards, and have done more to
make botany teachable in the schools than any other
American works. They are expressions of the older or
topical method of presenting plant subjects, as con-
trasted with the newer ideals which first iiitro-
^ duce the pupil to biological or life problems. They
C will always be known as having marked an epoch
in the teaching of botany in America.

Gray was chiefly known for his taxonomic and
desciiptne work with plants. It fell to his hand
to review the North American flora. The western
cjuntiy was largely unknown botanically. The
lie t ons of government surveys and of individ-
I I \ 1 t to him for study. His publications on
11 ltd 1 a aie voluminous and critical. Healso
1 tl e floias of many of the Pacific islands
I I n His most ambitious work was the
1 Floiaof North America." This great
to aj pear in 1838, at which time he was
thor with Torrey. After having passed
u t \ lumes comprising the orders from Ra-
uncuIaceTa through Compositae, the work was dis-
T tinned until in 1878, he published the Gamo-
I nla> after Corapositffi. In 1884, he published the
t iiilies from C aprif oliacese through Compositse.
The necessitj of studying the wealth of new mate-
rial lesulting from the extension of the national do-
main made the completion of the work impossible
in the interim. The work is still in progress by
Gray's successors.

Gray's most widely known systematic work is
the "Manual of the Botany of the Northern United
States," which first appeared in 1848, and which he took
through five editions. The sixth edition, from the hand
of Sereno Watson, Gray's successor in taxonomic work,
appeared in 1889. From the first it has been the stan-
dard flora of its region. In 1808, Gray supplemented
the manual hv the "Field, Forest and Garden Botany,"
which «,(. ,!i .i::v. .1 :i, an easy introduction to the com-
.: ' led plants. Gray regarded this

as his ]... , \jt it met a need and has been

deservr(ll\ p.;i;l:u. if has been our most acceptable
account of cultivateil plants. It lacks the critical spirit
of his other works, and the accounts of the cultivated
plants were drawn largely from literature, rather than
from the plants themselves. Working chiefly with taxo-
iMooM' (|U(stions, Gray found little interest in plants
w lihli, \,v ilMiiifstication, have been made to vary to the
cunlu-ioii"! the old specific bounds. Yet it is remark-
:ilili' liM.v .icnrately he indicated the species which
li:iv. liicii (liie My concerned in the evolution of garden
l.inii-. :iim; 1]i.«- comprehensively he covered the field of
ihr .loni.Mic ilora. A revision of the "Field, Forest and
Cir.i.u l'..iiaiiy" was made in 1895.

Ill Ills viiw of species, Grav accepted the dominant
English ideal as held by the Hookers and by Benthain.
Species were large conjunctive groups: he tended to
make few rather than many. There were indications of
a revolt from this point of view in the later years, but

GRAY

Ins per-onahtyand influence prevented any great defec-
tion. At the present time, llio pendulum seems to have
v\Miii_' 1 . t' ( I ; .stiMiie. Species are small dis-
jm . I' iid to make many rather

li, M 1 lie a decade or more before

th " k to the^uiddle point, where

I I naturalist. He was one of

ti I I Iran naturalists to espouse

t* I > « in's "Origin of Species."

Ill III)- 1 I I h I ^1 111 bold contrast to his great

coUea^'iii' A-a--i/. (Jia>'s influence was the greater
because he was known to be a pronounced theist. He
entered the conflict which arose between organic evolu-
tion and theology, and did much to heal the schism.
His wutm^'s on the evolution controversies were pub-
lished m two volumes, "Darwiniana" and "Natural
Science and KeliKion."

Gray was a constructive philosopher, as well as a
critic. His essay on the "Relations of the Japanese
Flora to that of North America," was one of the flrst
masterful attempts to explain the principles of the dis-
tribution of species. This essay stands for the following
conceptions: that species ha\o one ori;;in; that distri-
bution over the eaitli is due to physical causes; that
the oritrin of the ninth temperate flora is ciroumpolar.
One who is iinfamiliar with the points of view of his
time ( .iiinot I- iti h the lul! sii;niflcaiici' of these conclu-
sion 1 I . I ' II ]ited, not challenged. Into
]iiiii I I I i-ultivated plants he made
ii Ills paper on the running

casional contributii

ithi

Asa Gray was a lovable man. He was gentle, quiet,
sweet-tempered; intellectually he was keen and pene-
trating. Both by his personality and his teaching, he
exerted an incalculable influence on American botany,
and, indeed, on American biological science. In Europe
he became a representative of what was best in Ameri-
can s.-ii lice. Harvard College, in which he held a pro-
f.s,,,. -I;;;, 1 1 .,,1 1 ~ (2 until his death, became the Mecca of

e', li-iaiiist. Here he built up the most

ii;i;" li, ' : ;,'iiiiii and botanical library in the New

\\ I.J li. No v :i< I iie master of American botany.

liray s writings were voluminous. He was known as
oiiB of the most skilful of American reviewers and bi-
ographers. His scattered untechnical writings were
republished in two volumes in 1889, by Professor Sar-
gent, as the "Scientific Papers of Asa Gray." See the
" Letters of Asa Gray," 2 vols., 1893, by his widow, Jane
Loring Gray. L. h. B.

GREENHOUSE. In America the word Greenhouse is
used generically for any glass building in whicli plants
lire grown, with the exception of coldframes and hot-
beds. Originally and etyraologically, however, it means a
house in which plants are kept alive or green: in the
Greenhouse plants are placed for winter protection, and
it is not expected that they shall grow. The evolution
of the true Greenhouse seems to have begun witli the

an dv

mg

dows were inserted; and later, a glass roof was added.
In early times it was thought best to have living rooms
above the Greenhouse, that it might not freeze tli rough
tlie roof. Even as late as 1806, Bernard McMahon,
writing in I'hiladelphia, felt called upon to combat this
idea. The old or original conception of a Greenhouse as
a place for protecting and storing plants is practically
extinct, at least in America (Fig. 980).

Other types of plant houses are the conservatory
(which see), in which plants are kept for display; the
forcing-house (see Forcing), in which plants tire forced
to grow at other times than their normal season ; the
stove or warrahouse ; the propagating pit. Originally
the warmest part of the plant-house, that part in which
tropical plants were grown, was heated by a stove made
of brick, and the house itself came to be called a stove.
This use of the word stove to designate the warmest
part or room of the range is universal in Engl.aml, but
in America we prefer the word warnilnmse land this
word is used in this Cyclopedia). Originally, hotiiouse
was practically equivalent to stove, but tiiis term is

GREENHOUSE 685

little used in this country, and when used it is mostly
applied generically in the sense of Greenhouse.

It will thus be seen that there is no one word which
is properly generic for all glass plant houses. The word
glasshouse has been suggested, and it is often used in
this work; but there are other glass houses than those
used for plants. It seems best, therefore, to use the
word Greenhouse for all glass buildings in which plants
are grown; and usage favors this conclusion.

The long, low (greenhouse range, of the type which
we now know in our commercial establishments,
probably had a different origin from the high-sided
Greenhouse. The glasshouse range appears to have de-
veloped from the practice of protecting fruits and other

plants against a wall. In European countries, particu-
larly in England, it is the practice to train fruits and
other plants on stone or brick walls, in order that they
may be protected from inclement weather and receive
the greater sun heat which is stored up in the masonry.
It occurred to Nicholas Facio Duilhier to incline these
fruit walls to tlie horizon so that tb.-v would receive the
greater part ot tin- im i-ii t,t i.ii - i i ihe sun at right

angles. He wn.ie a 1 w . .. ■ ■■ i,:i . i of "Fruit-Walls

Improved," whii-li «;is i . . ! m Ini^land in 1099.

Facio was a iiKiilninati : .11. :,;,il In worked out the
principle of the inclined walls from mathematical con-
siderations. Sucli walls were actually built, but accord-
ing to the testimony of Stephen Switzer, who wrote in
1724, these walls were not more successful than those
which stood perpendicularly. Certain of these walls on
the grounds of Belvoir Castle, and over which grapes
were growing, received the additional protection of
glass sash set in front of the inclined walls and over
the vines. In n.Mifio,, to ti.!^, tines y,e,-e constructed

behind the wall ;■; ..".1. y ■■•:,• I., .n i.- ■! : I ,. m. Tho

construction ot n ii:...niinon

in that day. TI. :■;■ i. ' :. i- ■■'■ ' : I. loilowed

this experiment iniiii.'.-l Si, ii . n- 1.. ili. |._-ii l' 1.. - -i-overed
walls. The "glasshouse" which he pictured in the
"Practical Fruit-Gardener" (1731) represents a Green-
house 3K ft. wide in the clear, Fig. 987. At the back of
this house is an inclined heated wall on which the
grapes are grown. Three and one-half ft. in front of
this, a framework is erected to receive the sash. There
are 3 tiers of openings or windows along the front, the
two lower ones of which are for wimlow sash, and the
upper ono is vacant in order to proviile for ventilation
and to allow space to receive the lower sash when they
are lifted up. The whole structure is covered with a
roof or coping. Switzer declares that the introduction
of these covered, sloping walls "led the world" to the
"Improvement of glassing and forcing grapes, which
was never done to that Perfection in any Place as it is
vated and
his

"History of English Gardening," quotes the remarks of
Switzer, and makes the statement that the use of these
walls"Ied to the first erection of aregular forcing struc-
ture of which we have an account." The immediate out-
come of these covered walls seems to have been the
lean-to Greenhouse, and from that has developed the
double-span glass range of the present day. Long be-
fore Switzer's time plants were forced in a crude way,
even by the Romans, mostly by being placed in baskets
or other movable receptacles, so that they could be
placed under cover in inclement weather; but the im-
provements of Facio and Switzer seem to have been

68G

GREENHOUSE

amongst the earliest attempts to make low glass ranges
(or plants, particularly in Englaiul.

It was about the beginning of the nineteenth century
that great improvements began to be made in the glass-
house. This new interest was due to the introduction
of new plants from strange countries, the improvement
of heating apparatus, and the general advance in the
art of building. The ideals which prevailed at the open-
ing 0 the century may be gleaned from J. Loudon's
"Treatise on Several Improvements recently made in
Hot-Houses," London, 180.'). One of the devices recom-
mended by Loudon will interest the reader. It is shown

GREENHOUSE

"Iff.

ilathH,Ua

iocn/ioH. — Greenhouses which are intended for use
in connection with the garden should be placed, for con-
venient attendance, within the garden inclosure or
along its boundary. A good location for the garden
will usually be found the best one for the Greenhouse.

A conservatory or Greenhouse designed for a private
place, where specimen aud blooming plants will be kept
for the pleasure of the family and entertainment of
visitors, should be attached to the dwelling or located as

987, Switzer'3 elasshouse, built

in B'lg. 988. The bellows is used for the purpose of u
forcing air into the house, that the plants may be sup-
plied with a fresh or non-vitiated atmosphere. "By
forcing the air into the house, once a day or so, double
the quantity of air which the house usually contains "
can be secured. The bouse could be "charged." The
tube leading from the bellows is shown at 6; it dis-
charges at c. Curtains run on the wire, i; the curtain
cord is at f.

All commercial structures are now built on the
plan of the long, low glass range, with very little height
at the eaves. The taller glass structures, if built at nil,
are used for c.iD^^f.wntr.rv ymf p.t^cs or n=! nr'-liit^f'tiirnl
features. Tli.- -n, ,■.■;, I n i",,l V ,,; .1,,. inri,|,, ., ,,,■ ;.■■,.,

In the

frosts and from tl.c sun (Fii,'. li.S'.M. Tlie hi-ating whieli
employed in this country is of three differeu

kinds: hot water under'

very low presi

mre or in the open

tank system; li.it

w;itei

- in practical

ly closed circuits;

and steam. TI- 1 »

M^Irr l„w pres

stir.- is an old-time

idea of ht.:ii: .

■: ri'in- |h.|,

ulai- in this coun-

try except i i

l.nv.it,- establish-

ments. Th.- !m,..

r-M,,,.- |.i|..

rs iiff not adapted

to laying over l.,i

laiices i.ud Ul

ider varying con-

ditions. The coii

inierci

,al houses ar

■6 now heated by

means of wrough

t-iron

pipes, which

1 go together with

threads. The comparative merits of steam and hot
water in these wrought-iron pipes are much discussed.
For large establishments, particularly those which are
on various elevations, and which are likely to be changed
frequently, steam is preferable; and, on the whole, it
seems to be gaining in favor for commercial establish-
ments. It requires no more attention on the part of the
operator, when modern heaters are used, than hot water.
However, the merits of one system or the other are
very largely those of the individual establishment and
apparatus, and the personal choice of the operator (see
Forrinci).

The special American literature on Greenhouse con-
struction and management will be found in the follow-
ing books: Leuchars' "Hot-Houses," 1850; Henderson's
"Practical Floriculture," first ed., 1869; Field's "Green-
house as a Winter Garden," 1869; Hunt's "How to
Grow Cut-Flowers, "189;!; Taft's" Greenhouse Construc-
tion," 1893 ; Bailey's "Forcing Book," 1897 ; Taft's
"Greenhouse Management," 1898. l. h. B.

Greenhouse Construction. — For convenience, this sub-
ject may be considered under the following heads; i.e.,

' better and (
in a house hav-
rcceive but lit-
ss adapted to a
separate from
lould be near a

clined wall. 1731.

near as possible in a well-kept part of the ground
conservatory does not require a full southern exposure.

Most decorative plants thrive as w

tinue in bloom for a longer time if
ing plenty of light, but s.. I.m ,,t.-.i
tie direct sunlight. Lar-,- lan,.-
variety of purposes ai-r- f.-- in mil)
other buildings. In parks tin- Ux-a
main entrance.

The location of a range of glass for commercial pur-
poses, where the elements of expense and profit are to
have the first consideration, is of great importance.
The chief items which determine the desiral)ility of a
suitable location are the adaptability and value of the
land, cost of fuel delivered, ample and inexpensive
water supply, and proximity to a market. The top of a
bleak hill or the bottom of a valley should both be
avoided. Level land, or that having a southerly slope, is
the best.

P?aHs.— When asite for the proposed Greenhouse has
been decided upon, full plans should be made before
commencing to build. The plans should embrace not
only the glass, which is required at once, but should
provide for the largest increase which can be antici-
pated. In this way houses can
i)e erected which are convenient
to work and have a good ap-
pearance, with small extra cost
for building only part at a time.
Attention should be given to
the special peculiarities of the
location, like the exposure to
the sun, grade of ground, shape
of lot, and best location for the
heating apparatus. Each com-
partment should have the pro-
per form of house and exposure

\

ti^'^?

'ice for charging a Greenhouse with air. loU5.

GREENHOUSE
the lubt 111 ipted to the phints f<

ft

commuuication

GREENHOUSE

687

Au inexpensive wall of rubble stone work or of concrete
is all that is needed in the ground. The part of the wall
showing above grade may be of plain biick or faced with
stone, to correspond with the construction of other
surrounding buildings A good substitute for these

.^

pos

.onry

Illy be .
aeof thi

ills

1, V

iiiinerci-il puiposes and for small and inex-
n neGieenhouses It is lecommended for
h houses
Iianuitnik —The construction best

'^^^^M

sood

ing

989. A lattii

, Plant house

writer from a superintendent of one of the nu st iiu
portant botanic gardens in the counti \ it was remarked
that "when the architect previil the g\rdem.r fail
It is also true to a greater debtee th m m aim t an\
other class of buildinss that the be^iunei or annteui
who undertakes to plan and con truet his own ( t fii
house is likely to pay well for his expei lent e and will
at least sympathize with the' lawjcr who pK iiled his
own cause and found he had a fool foi a client This
is perfectly true, as many know to their cost To pi in a
Greenhouse satisfactorily the desij^ner must ha\e a
practical knowledge of the requirements. To meet this
increasing demand, specialists can be found, known as
"horticultural architects," who devote their entire

thi:

ch of ■

iild be a

GrinJiiiij.-The Hoor of the Greenl
few inches above the outside grade. As most Green-
houses are necessarily built low to accommodate the
idants, a small terrace around them adds to the eleva-
tion and the good appearance of the structure. It will
usually be best to keep the tloor of a Greenhouse all on
one level. When the variation in the grade of the ground
is not too great, the floor line should be at the highest
point of the grade. In the case of a long
house, the floor line is sometimes made the
same as the natural grade, but such an ar-
rangement is to be avoided when possible.
For locations on a hillside, the different
apartments may have different floor levels,
with necessary steps between
them.

All the sod and loam should be
removed from the space to be
covered by a Greenhouse, and all
the filling necessary made with
subsoil. The latter should be laid
in thin layers and each wet down
and thoroughly tamped. Loam
used for filling under a Green-
house is apt to become sour, and
will continue to settle for a long
time, causing much trouble and

of good foundations. Th-

usually of brick, but may be mad

of stone or concrete. The bricl

walls take up less room in th<

house than stone, and are usually

less expensive. The foundation walls should be extended

down to a point below the frost line, generally 3 or 4 feet

deep, and are usually raised about 2 feet above the grade.

the gla s and to turn a nou tonductor of
great ad% antage in the heating of the house.
The ironwork in this stvle of construction
usuallj consists of cast iion sills capping
the fcmndation wills wioufeht iion ratters
setting on the sills about 8 teet apait and
luiining from sill to ridge forming the snle post and
laftei in one piece cast iron gutters and angle iron
purlins between the rafters all secuiely biacketed and
bolttd together forming a complete framework of
metil light strong and duiable The wood used con-
sists of light sish biisf.i the setting of the glass,
sashes for A entilition mid i Tin «< rdwoik being
entuelv suppoited 1 V til i i Mr ind not being

used where It will be t ntii i II \ i will be found as
durable as any othei mil nil ii 1 i i many reasons
better adapted foi the le juii luilhU ot a Greenhouse
roof. This combination system of metal and wood con-
struction has been extensively adopted by florists and
large growers of cut-flowers, though generally with the
cast-iron post style of foundation. The first cost is
somewhat increased over an all-wood construction, but
in view of its greater durability and saving in repairs,
it will be found in the end
the better investment,
cases in which the roof
water is not needed for
watering the houses, an

angle-iron plate is substituted for the gutter, so framed
as to allow the snow and ice to slide over it, keeping
the roof entirely clear from such accumulations, which

ba» GftEENHOUSE

darken a bouse in tlie cold -n-inter weather, vrben linUt
is most needed. The double-boarded sides, when erected
with care, are wariuer than ordinary masonry walls.

Cast-iron gutters are provided to collect the rain-
water from the roof. By exposing the inner side of
these gutters to the heat of the house, they are kept
free of ice in the winter. Small metal clips fastened
with screws are used to connect the wood sash bars to
the cast-iron gutters, angle-iron plates and purlins.
This method of securing the sash bars in place is very
convenient in case of repairs, and renders the structure
practically portable. A careful examination of any old
Greenhouse will show that the parts of the frame which
decay first are those pieces of wood which are joined
together, for water penetrating the joints soon destroys
the wood. This trouble is largely avoided by arranging
the frame so that each piece of wood is fastened directly
to the iron frame instead of to another piece of wood.
Joints between wood and iron do not rot the wood, the
latter being preserved by the corrosion of the metal.

The curvilinear form of house (Fig. 990) is ornamen-
tal and particularly well adapted for conservatories,
palm houses and show houses of all kinds. It is pre-
ferred for vineries and fruit bouses, as the form allows
the canes to be supported on the line of the roof with-
out a sharp bend at the plate line. The light in a
curved house, being admitted at different angles, is
better diffused and more natural than when reflected
through a long pane of straight glass. The cost of a
curved roof is slightly greater in the construction, but
the arched frame is stronger and will keep its shape
better than a house with straight lines, thus largely
compensating for the extra cost. For special purposes
and locations, special forms of frames may be used.
Good forms of commercial houses are shown in Figs.
991, 992. The latter is the most popular form for the
forcing-house.

For small Greenhouses and those adapted for the use
of amateurs, a frame made chiefly of wood will be found
quite satisfactory. An improved method of framing is
to use small rafters of wood from 5 to 8 feet apart, with
cast-iron brackets at ridge and plate; these rafters are
connected by light angle-iron cross purlins, and the
latter support very light sash bars spaced for glass
between the rafters. The ridge is usually supported by
gas pipe posts, and when the rafters are of consider-
able length additional supports are placed under their
centers, instead of darkening the house by rafters of
greater size. In this way the roof can be made as light
as the metal construction first described, and will nearly
approach it in durability and finish. Details of con-
struction of wooden houses are shown in Pigs. 993, 994.

It is generally admitted that the so-called "sash bar
construction " is not the best or lightest method
struction, but as the absence of most of the framing
reduces its cost so that it is the cheapest to build, it
remains a popular method of putting up a commercial
Greenhouse. Circulars showing the various method;
adopted by the dealers in Greenhouse material
can readily be obtained by applying to them.

The best wood to use for Greenhouse
framework and plant-beds is undoubtedly
cypress. In purchasing this lumber,
care should be taken that only th;
grown in the states bordering on
the Gulf of Mexico be se
lected. This will be found
of a dark red or brown -
color, quite soft and easily
worked. There is an in-
ferior variety of cypress
growing farther north,
which is light in color,
bard and springy, and apt
to be shaky. As the latter
variety is cheaperthau red
gulf cypress it is frequent-
ly used by those who do
not know the difference, to
the serious detriment of
the work and the loss of
reputation of cypress for
such purposes.

GREENHOUSE

In the market there are three grades of cypress
lumber, and it is important to know which to select.
The best grade is known as "firsts and seconds," au(.l
calls for lumber with a small amount of sap on the
edges and occasionally a small sound knot. This is the
quality which should be ordered for all the framework
of the roof, sash-bars, etc. In order to make the ma-
terial entirely free from sap there will be a waste in
cutting up this quality of from 10 to 20 per cent. The
second grade is known to the trade as "selects." This
name indicates that it has been graded so that one face
of each piece of lumber is of about the same quality as
the "firsts and seconds." the other face generally being
largely sap. This quality is only fit for outside board-
ing in Greenhouse construction; it has too much sap.
The cost is usually about five dollars per thousand less
than the best grade. As it looks to the inexperienced
eye almost the same as the best grade, too much of it
finds its way into Greenhouse structures. Such sap
lumber will not last more than from two to five years.
Too great care cannot bo exercised to avoid its use. The
third grade of cypress lumber is termed "cutting up,"
and is so called because it embraces all the pieces which
have inipi ifcr-tir.iis, snrli as large knots, splits, etc.,
which liar th. m fn,,,i the Iietter grades. This is a good
quality n. iiii. 1,;,-, f.-r l.:ise boards and plant tables, for
by cuttiiiL,- .uii till' ^:ip and objectionable knots it will be
found satislac-tury fur these purposes. The "cutting
np " grade costs about ten dollars less per thousand than
the "firsts and seconds." The percentage of waste in
cutting up will be somewhat greater than in the other
grades.

Cypress lumber which has been in use for gutters,
sash-bars, plates, etc., in Greenhouses where high tem-
peratures have been maintained is still, after many
years, apparently in as good condition as when first
used. Owing to the porous texture of the wood, the
paiut, when applied, sinks in and does not make as fine
a coat as on some other wootls, but because of this fact
the paint adheres to the wood better and lasts longer.

Glazing and Painting. — OrdmRry sheet or window
glass is in general use for greenhouse glazing. It is
better to use only the thickness known to the trade as
"double thick." This weighs from 24 to 26 ounces per
square foot. The thickness known to the trade as
"single thick" weighs only about 16 ounces to the
square foot, and is entirely too frail for the purpose.
There is very little difference at present in the quality
of the imported French or Belgian and the American

GREENHOUSE

glass. The weight of most of the glass of American
manufacture is about 2 ounces greater per foot than
the imported, and therefore proportionately stronger.
This greater strength is of considerable importance in
the additional security which it affords from damage
caused by that enemy of the Horists, the hail storm.
There is a great difference in the quality of the glass
made by different manufacturers in its adaptation to
Greenhouse use. This difference is caused chiefly by

GREENHOUSE

689

the quality of the material used in the glass, making it
more or less opaque, and in the number of small knots,
causing lenses, which concentrate the sun's rays .md burn
the foliage of the plants. This last defect in the glass
cannot be wholly guarded against, as the product of a
factory does not always run the same, so that any favor-
ite brand cannot be fully relied upon in this respect.
The lenses which burn will be found in all the dif-
ferent grades of glass, firsts, seconds and thirds, with
little, if any difference, the grading being done chiefly
for other defects, such as affect the value of the glass
for window purposes. For these reasons, in selecting
the glass for a Greenhouse, it requires experience to
decide what make of glass it will be best to purchase.
It will be well to purchase from some oue who makes a
specialty of furnishing glass for Greenhouses, or call in
tlie aid of some friend who has had experience in build-
ing, and can give intelligent atlvice.

The second quality of glass is usually selected for the
best Greenhouse work. The standard widths are from
12 to 16 inches, and lengths vary from 16 to 2-1 inches.
A favorite size is 16 by 24 inches. This is about as large
as it is practical to use double thick glass, and makes a
roof with comparatively few laps.

It is not safe to purchase fourth quality of glass or
the so-called "Greenhou.se glass" frequently offered by
window glass dealers, as both of the grades contain the
culls and lights only fit to glaze cheap sash for market
gardeners, and is of doubtful economy even for this
purpose. Rough plate or ribbed glass is not adapted
for a Greenhouse roof. It not only obscures the light,
but is so brittle that the breakage is greater than with
the double thick sheet-glass. It is also very difficult to
set it so as to make a tight roof on account of the un-
even lines of the ribbing. Recently a few conservatories
have been glazed with thick, polished plate-glass, mak-
ing very handsome roots, but rather expensive.

To set glass properly in a Greenhouse roof, it should
be bedded in the best putty on wood sash bars and
lapped at the joints. The bars should be spaced accu-
riitely, so that the glass will fit the rabbets with not
over one-sixteenth of an inch allowance, ana the panes
of glass should lap each other not more than from one-
eighth to one-quarter of an inch. Zinc shoe nails fasten
the glass best, using from 4 to 6 to each pane, accord-
ing to the size of the light. No putty should be used on
the outside of the glass. A comparatively new system
of glazing has been adopted by some florists, in whiuh
no putty is used, but the glass is pl.aced directly on the
rabbets of the bars and the ends of the panes are butted
together and held in place by wood caps fastened to
the sash bars. This system does not make a tight roof,
allowing considerable water to enter the house through

the joints, nor does it provide any means of escape for
the condensed water from the under side of the glass,
which is a very serious objection. In ordinary glazing,
where each light laps over the one below, the condensed
water passes through f e joints to the outside, forming
a perfect remedy for this trouble. The difference in
the cost is very slight, it anything, provided the work
is equally well done, as the value of the putty omitted
is fullv offset by the extra cost of the caps.

The painting of a
Greenhouse roof is a
very important part of
the work. Owing to the
extremes of heat, cold,
dryness and moisture to
which it is exposed, the
conditions are decidedly
tlifferent from ordinary
l)uildings. Three-coat
work is the best. The
]u-iming coat on the wood
work should be mostly
oil, and, as far as possi-
ble, the material should
be dipped into a tank of
paint. Iron and steel
framing material should
be primed with a metallic
5S. paint. The priming coat

should lie applied before
the material is exposed to the weather. The material
of the second and finishing coats should be pure lin-
seed oil and white lead. Experience has shown that
this material is the best for this work. The color should
be white, or a light tint of any desired shade may be
used, but no heavy color should be adopted which
requires coloring matter in place of the lead in the
mixing. Each coat should be applied thin and well
rubbed out. While the appearance may not be quite
as fine when the work is first done, the paint will not
peel off, and will last longer and form a better protec-
tion for the structure than when it is put on in thick
coats. It will also form a good base for repainting, and
this should be done in a similar manner. It is economi-
cal to repaint a Greenhouse every two years, and gen-
erally one coat will be suflicient.

Plant Tables. — Stages for plants in pots or raised
beds for planting out usually cover the entire area of a
Greenhouse, except the walks, and their cost constitutes
a considerable proportion of the expense. Palms are
usually grown in solid beds or in pots or boxes sitting
on the ground. Many vegetables are grown in solid beds
near the ground level. Roses and carnations are usu-
ally in raised beds. Angle-iron frames supported on
adjustable gas pipe legs, with slate or tile bottoms, form
the best plant tables (Fig. 995). Wood bottoms, which
can be readily renewed, are frequently substituted, sav-
ing a part of the first cost. When the table supports are
of wood care should be taken that they are not fastened

\'enliliition.—t^o Greenhouse is complete without a
good ventilating apparatus. About one-tenth of the roof
should be arranged to open or close for ventilation,
though this percentage will vary according to the form
of house and the purpose for which it is used. It is not

690

GREENHOUSE

desirable to open all the ventilators in a long house with
one set of apparatus, for freciuently one end will not
need as much ventilation as the other end, or may be
affected by the wind forming a current lengthwise of
the house. To avoid this a Greenhouse 200 feet long
should have 3 or 4 sets of apparatus, which can be ope-
rated separately. In all Greenhouses of considerable
width, it is desirable that ventilation should be provided
on both sides of the ridge, so that the ventilation can be
given on the "leeward" side, which will i)revt;nt the
wind from blowing directly into the hnu-,.-.

Meating.-The success of the floii-i. L'i:<!it.. i .r
amateur in the management of a Gn-fiiliiu .■ d, |m nl,
largely on the s;ttisf;u-turv wnrliiiii^ of i li-' Im' i : ;ii _■ ,111:1-
ratus. Thei-f in-- f-v.i --.--t.-i,,. .,f i ;;■.. ■!,),.. , . 1 . i,';,
which, when 1 ' ■ i !•■■■■■• ■ ' ':■"'■!.

economical am!

The

open

in its adapi;ih-ii tu ^i uliuI
so simple that its m:iu;igemL-i
any one. It is practically au

attention. Low pressure ste:
to large <

turn on and shut off

Loud & Bukxh.vm Cu.
Greenhouse Glass. -The selection of glass for Green-
of the imperfectio!

fhich 1

houses, and the

der it undesirable for such n:

have received much attention fniiii li.uti.ultui;.! urlt.rs.

and which have brought fortli ;i v.n-fty ni :ni-.M r~.

Three qualities are essential in all ^lass t,. I,, n-.-.i nj

Greenhouse construction: first, ininiinuni cil' (.l.striictinn

to solar rays ; second, strength sufficient to withstand

the strain of winds and storms, especially hail ; and

third, freedom from defects rendering it liable to burn

plants grown under it.

It is an established fact that plants thrive best under
a clear and transparent glass, which lets through the
greatest possible percentage of the sun's rays. This
includes all the solar rays, calorific or heat rays and
a ^tinic or chemical rays, as well as the colorific or light
rays. Clear white glass of the grade known as "single
thick " (12 panes to the inch) lets through from 60 to 70

frame benches.

per cent of the sun's rays, common green glass of the
same thickness, 52 to 50 per cent, and "double thick"
(8 panes to the inch) common green glass from 50 to 52
per cent. This percentage is reduced by other colors,
dark blue glass letting through but 18 per cent. In con-
nection with the matter of tint, it should be noted that
some glass, especially clear white glass purified with
arsenic acid, or that in which a large amount of potash
is used in proportion to the amount of lime used in
manufacture, becomes dull after long exposure to the
weather, the dullness being occasioned by the efflo-
rescence of salts contained in the glass. Before this dis-
integration has proceeded too far, the crust or efflo-
rescence may be removed with muriatic acid.

The strength of glass depends upon its thickness and

GREENHOUSE

the thoroughness of the annealing. Glass is annealed
by passing through a series of ovens, where it is raised
to a high heat and then gradually cooled, whatever
toughness and elasticity the finished product may con-
tain being due to this pro-
cess. The thickness of glass ». "^■*^
varies, not only with grades - r-,' , ,
(single and double thick 1. L^
but also more or less within ^Si
the grades, and even with ^
different parts of the same '^"
pane. Single thick glass is
too thin for use in Green-
hiMises, and in selecting any
L'li 5 for such a purpose it
t ';li lie examined pane by
, and all showing
In I! I.. (I variation in thick-
li' . either between panes
iir 111 different parts of the
p.uir, rejected. A pane of
varying thickness is much
iiiiire liable to breakage from
climatic changes or sudden
shucks than one which is
uniform in this regard.
Fnini the foregoing state-
iri' iits it will be seen that, in
LI ii.ral, the ordinary dou-
li!- Ill irk green glass is best,
a, ii-ards both tint and
.^ll■^;u^'th, green <rla'^< K.-iiii,'

less liable to cliaiiL'-' in Imt lliali wIiIIn. an.l ilir .Inuble
thick being thi- -I I . 1 1. , nuant

simply the onlin.i ii. • 1 li ■.> i -I.ir of

which is only ui.ti.a .iMi ^ h. n |....|,ii.l ,,1 ;, , m , ,i_r,..

The idea has Ion;,' ln-i-n more or li-ss pn-vak-nt that
such visible defects in sheet glass as the so-called
"bubbles," "blisters" and "stones," produce a focusing
of the solar rays passing through them, thus burning the
foliage of plants grown under glass containing these
defects (Pig. 996). This view has been held by glass
manufacturers and horticulturists alike, and seems not to
have been publicly contradicted until 1895 (Bull. 95, Cor-
nell University Agric. Exp. Sta., p. 278). In view of the
erroneousness of this theory, it is rather remarkable
that it should have gained such prevalence. Nearly all
bubbles anil blisters are thinner in the middle than at
the periphery, being thus concave rather than convex
lenses, and actually diffusing the rays of light passing
through them rather than producing destructive foci.
While it is true that sand stones or knots in glass may
produce foci, these points of focus scarcely ever exist
more than a few inches from the surface of the glass,
and consequently these defects can do no damage when
occurring in roofs several feet distant from the grow-
ing plants below.

The only full and complete series of experiments on
this subject in this country (conducted at the Cornell
University Agricultural Experiment Station, the Physi-
cal Laboratory of Cornell University, and a glass fac-
tory in Ithaca, New York, but yet unpublished) shows
the true cause of the burning by glass to be the
variation in thickness of the entire pane, or por-
tion of same, thus causing a prismatic or lens-like ef-
fect (Fig. 997), which causes a more or less distinct
focussing of the sun's rays at distances varying from
5 or 6 feet to 30 feet, or even more, from the glass.

This defect usually occurs along the side or end of

the pane, and
easily detected by tin- i
by testing in tin- sunli-
of glass, and is laii^. ■!
pipe end of the i-\ lln.l.i
by the glass bhiuxr, t
"cap" or neck end of

■isil

eye. but may he
f tin- micrometer caliper or
It may be found in all kinds
I n iliii-tion of the upper or
I wliirh sheet glass is made,
rilitate the removal of the
der, by which

tached to the pipe while being blown. The defect, as
before stated, is one which may be found in all grades
and qualities of sheet glass, of both foreign and domes-
tic manufacture. The fact is well known that differ-
ences in the thickness of spectacle lenses, which are
imperceptible to the eye, may produce sufficient refrac-
tion to materially vary the direction of rays of light

GREENHOUSE

show Uuit, L.uru., uu pl.tiit.,, c;iu.,La b., auicclnc yi.i,
roofs, occur iu lines and not iu isolated spots, burn
of the latter description being usually the result of

GREENHOUSE

691

-

PARALLEL

CONVERGENT RAYS

RAVS

--

POINTS OF

FOCAL DISTANCE 10 _FT_ ^

t\YO or more boilers are used, and are so arranged that
any of them can be cut off, the danger from this source
will be greatly lessened. The use of two or more small
boilers will also be found nmch more economical than
one large one during the fall or spring, when it will be
far cheaper to maintain a fire in one of the small boilers
than in a large one.

In selecting a boiler, it is always desirable to have one
sufficiently large to afford the necessary heat without
forcing the fire, as this will not only give more satisfac-
tory results, but will result in the economy of fuel and
labor ind will prolong the life of the boiler Boiler

Refraction of light rays 1

irregular pane of glass

w ikening i Int norition of tissue due to carelessness
111 the 111 tt 1 t A utilati n buuiiditv i t the atmos
I here 111 t It nhouses.

11 the lower
, using in the
r testing m the
ismatic chiric

iilh

some definite ntio between the
he imo 11 t of hre smface m the
t I '1 biilei and the

w-iter boilers,
between the
1 lie in larger
ud even more
\i\\ e constant
I 1 desirible to

I I t f leaving the

I urs in the se-
t houses it IS
1 1 grite much
I steini boilers
100 squiie feet
1 { 1 in average of

hie suit iLcisLLnsidered equiva-
it being customarj to estimate
Hrgc b iilers and 18 feet m very
ne lioise power Thus m boilers
■1 ot in s(|uaie feit of grate will
fett of heating or fire surface,
and this will 1 e sufficient toi nc-iilj 1 iW) ftet of radi-
ating surface where steam is used and as hot water
requires about two thirds raoie radiation a boiler of the
above size will answer for fi im 2 800 to ^ 000 square
feet of hot water radiation In using the aboA e figures

makei^

boiki
whei 1
atten I

about lo squaie ted
lent to a hoise p i^
that 12 square feet
small ones will equ-
of medium size, an

for

nil

dui ing
e an allowance

artificial means t n heLtiu,< (Treen

I modern stiuctuies are wanned

t witer although hot air flues are

While hot water is preferred for

t I an be depended upon to

I t when left for a numbei

monly used for extensn e

the houses is much less

1 Steam boileis require

1 t \ It 1 hcateis but wlien there

: 000 ■

iif ^\

the

1.^ 1

Mil

t water
td when

d 1

lb iiU

sable to

lonie

and to ha\ e the

l')h)

As an

1 1

le these
IS and

1 iting.

S, 10='

made from

hot water is used for

2 inches m

s s with less than 2 000

1 t f r larger houses

t a tubulai pat

I OS 1

G92 GREENHOUSE

form a number of vertical coils, each coiitainin;,' from
six to ten pipes. The upper ends of the manitul.i^ :ui-
joined at the front end of the heater and connect witli ;,
'flow pipe, while the lower ends of the rear nj:imiil.i~
are joined to the return^. As a rule, the grate is <•! tli.-
same width a- tlir r,.,\. mnl from one-half to two-ttiinls
as long. AIili'n-li :> !■ . -mI is much cheaper than a
' ' '- Hs cost the expense for
rt of bricking it in, the
especially as the coil

GREENHOUSE

firciice whether the pipes run up-hill or are given a
sli^'bt downward slope, and the former arrangement may
111 u ed where it will best suit the conditions. In case
till pipes are carried under the benches, and it is im-
possible to sink the boilers much below the level of the
coils, it will be well to have the flow pipe run vertically
from the boiler to a height of 8 or 10 feet (Fig. 999), and
then branch and run horizontally along the ends of tho
houses, taking off the supply pipes for each and drop-
ping them below the level of the benches.

It is often desirable to have some or all of the flow
pipes overhead, as this will greatly improve the circula-
tion and will aid in preventing cold drafts of air upon
the plants. Some make use of a single large flow pipe
in each house. This is located upon the posts, a foot or
so beneath the ridge, and carries the water to the farther
end of the house, where branch pipes connect with the
coils but a better distribution of the heat can be secured
ill houses more than 10 feet wide if two or more pipes
HIT used. These can be upon the ridge and purlin posts,
unci It is often desirable to have one upon each of the
wall plates. The number and size of these flow pipes
Will depend upon the width of the houses and the size
.if tlie coils that they supply. The amount of radiating
surface in the flow pipe itself should be added to that In
till- coil, in determining the size of supply pipe that
will lie required. For long houses it will often be neces-

999. Flow and supply pipe for under-bench flows.

boilers are, as a r
as ast b 1 m t fwh

1 e no 1 k -n I or t nm n
H t n t Pi I -Mod rn hot water he

g til >
nuch no
when sm I
used Ow

If

tl

th fl 11

When tie fl w p I I

f the heat r at e d
to be war el t s be t to
laro-e p pe o th i i

s les of tl 1 1 I

the

J ill.. . luls of the
if necessary, they
ways. From this
an lead into each
frid pipe, as well
,.r.,,„,riioM to the
;, ;:i .1,-termin-
. : of different
;,i laiu'or supply
flow and return,

heated till

north end 1 1 1

possible, and carry tli- i'

houses just over tlir . I t

may be beneath th" h i i

main pipe one or iiiop

of the houses. Tlio ^ ■ i i

as of the braiicli i.i].. -. s| , ■,

amount of radiation that t\,.",

ing the amount that .-an !..■ lia

sizes, it is ailvisal.lr io us,.

]>ipes when all of the- ra-iiaii

is under the benches than win n thr How pi]

are overhead. A similar allowai should be

the boiler is partly nl.ovo ihr l.v.l of the
compared with a systiiii in which the radiating pipes are
a number of feet above the top of the boiler, since in
the latter case amuch smaller supply pipe will suffice. In
a general wav. the following sizes can be used as sup-
ply pipps: I'i-inch pipes for 75 to 100 square feet of
ridiiti.in- ■' inrli j.ipes for 150 to 200 square feet; 2%-
i„.h i.r ' ,0 lo :;-,n; 3-inch for 400 to GOO; 3^-inch for
cait. ^ II 1 in-li lor 1,000 to 1,200; and 5-inoh for 1,500
tl LMiiiM s.piaiv f.'ct of radiation. The supply pipes
should, it possible, rise vertically from the heater to a
point higher than the highest point in the system and
then should have a slight fall, say 1 inch in 20 feet, so
that there will be no opportunity for the pocketing of
air in the pipes. It will, however, make but little dif-

sarv to use one or more 3-inch pipes, but ordinarily 2-
inoii or 234-inch pipes distributed upon the posts and
wall plates will give the best results.

The size of pipe used for the returns will depend upon
the length of the coils and their height above the boiler,
as the p pes f r ele ted short co 1 may be smaller
tl an those of co s leral le length that are below the top
of the 1 1 O 1 n 1 h p p will be desirable

f 1 1 f n length and will be prefer-

1 1 1 tl ev are onlj 50 feet in length,

11 11 benches and the lowest part

1 1 1 e top of the boiler. For short

I J [ 111 nch may be used where they

1 t 1 te 1 but for or 1 nary commercial
1 scs 1/ nch p pe s better p to 50 to 75 feet,
1 ch p pe for all otl ers as wh le small pipe fur-
1 the mo t effect e ra 1 at on the increased friction
I les tl e c r ulat on , , . . ,

If a s ngle 1 ge flow p pe s sed t is often desirable
to 1 ave one or more of tl e retu ns elevated upon the
1 1 po ts an 1 wall plate but ord narily the radiating
f e lo llled t 1 d pon tl e walls (Fig. 1000),
\ 1 tl 1 n 1 1 e where, as is now gen-

ii 1 tl II long the side walls. In

1 nwh 1 t ul 1 le to ha 'e bottom heat, all

ot tl e p pe m J 1 e p n the will and this is also the
al arr nge nent when sol d be Is are used, except in
w le house n wh ch ca e a port on of the returns may
be pon the s les of the beds beneath the walks, or
elevated upon the purlin and ridge posts. The pipes in
the coils may be connected at their ends either by means
of manifolds or by tees and close nipples, but in either
case provision should be made for the expansion of the

heatine. A wall coil.

pipes, which may be done in the case of vertical coils
by running them partly across the ends of the houses
and in the horizontal coils by the same means, or by
placing the header at the lower end of the coil and a
foot or so lower, and connecting it with the ends of the
pipes by means of nipples and right and left ells.

GREENHOUSE

When all o£ the pipes are under the benches or upon
the ivalls, a single large pipe may be used as a flow to
supply all of the others in the coil, or two or more of
the pipes of the same size, as the returns may be used as
flow pipes. These pipes can be so arranged that they
will each supply one or more returns, or they may con-
nect with a header from which all of the nturii pipes
start. Care should betaken to give all of the r.timi
pipes a slight fall, and it will be liest if tlii-^ i^ only
enough to insure their being kept free Irom :iir. It will
be safest to give the smaller pipes a slope of one inch in
15 feet, but 2-inch pipes, if carefully graded and securely
supported at intervals of 10 feet, will give good results
if the fall is not more than 1 inch in 30 feet. This is
often of considerable importance in long houses where
it i< not possible to sink the heater so as to give the
returns a fall of 1 inch in 10 or 15 feet, as is often recom-
nirndeil. It should be understood that better circulation
can Ije secured when a return pipe has but a slight slope
if sutHoient to keep it free from air, with a vertical drop
of the return pipe at the lower end, than when the coil
has a much greater fall in running from one end of the
house to the other, if this brings the lower end of the
coil down to about the level of the main return. The
circulation in a coil fed by an un.li i-1"ih1i flow will be
quite unsatisfactory when the |o«,.r ,ii,l of the coil is

below the top of the heater, if it i uim . te.l at its own

level with the return pipes from otlier coils, that are
considerably higher, and especially if they are fed by
elevated flow pipes. When overhead flow pipes are used,
the slope of the returns wnll necessarily be toward the
heater, but wlien tlie ]ii|.es

GREENHOUSE

693

the

under the benches
iid if connected at
necessary to run a

from the

supply pipe, back

-I', unless there are a

;.. w Ion a main return pipe
end of the houses, to which
L coil is made up of two or
, a part of which are flows
and the others returns, it will be advisable to run all of
these pipes down hill; although, if there are only one or
two flow pipes, and the lower end of the coil is con-
siderably above the heater, a good circulation can be
secured if the flow pipes run up hill to the farther end
and are brought back with a downward flow. The down-
hill system, with a flow pipe riinnins,' to the farther end
of the house, lias two advantages, as it does away with
the necessity of air valves, or other openings for the es-
caj.e of air,'exre].t at one iiomt, which should be the
hiu'li'-^t in tho s\ sf, ni. and it j.tovides for a somewhat
iiioi, .\Mi .listnl.n'ion ..t tij. In, it, the farther end of
tin- lion-, s li, 111-; tull\ a- M.iiiii as the end near-
est the lioiler. Wliere t)it-re is ;, large range
of houses and overhead pipes are not de.
sired, the difference in temperature that
can be secured at the two ends of
the houses will not be marked if
th. . II- ,iti 'iiiiected with
tin I o at the

.1 i.oiler,

an.l I iMth a

will lessen the danger of the boiling over of the water
in the system, and make it possible to secure a higher
temperature in tin- water of the coils than when the
tank is not tlius elovated. Trouble from the boiling of
the watii- in tie- letter is most likely to occur when
the flow or return pipes are too small, and when the
fire surface in the boiler is composed of small, wrought-
irou pipes or drop tubes. When there is a proper ad-
justment between the size of the boiler and the radi-
ating surface, and the return connections are of suffi-
cient size, there will be little danger from it.

E.ili,„„i>,vi JI;I \V„ler Badiatioit.-Owinf; to the
great xamitions in t.niperature and the differences in
the con-iruiiioii oi i ineuhouses and in their exposures,
it is inijiossilile to ;^ive an explicit rule regarding the
amount of radiation to be required under all conditions;
but experience has shown that, in well-built houses,
any desired temperature can be secured, for various
minimum outside temperatures, when there is a certain
ratio between the amount of radiating surface and the
amount of . v|,o-rd -lass and wall surface, supposing, of
coursr, :li:iT ili, rr i- ;i proper adjustment between the
size of iIlo l.oil' r and radiating surface, and that the
system is so arian^ed as to give good results. Thus,
when a temperature of 40° is desired in sections
where the mercury does not drop below zero, it will be
possible to maintain a temperature of 45° inside the
Greenhouse when there is 1 square foot of radiating
surface to ii4 square feet of glass. Under the same
conditions, 50° can be secured when there is 1 foot of
pipe to 4 of glass, and 55°, 60°, 65° and 70° can be ob-
tained when thire is, respectively, 1 square foot of pipe
to each :;' , ::, -J' nnd 2 square feet of glass. For out-
side t< ' • :■. 'iL-!:ily uniler or above zero, there
shouM nil. iiiiiease or decrease in the
amouiii . j .; ' :. :. ..ml it Uie houses are poorly con-
structeci. el HI ail L..i"'sed location, it wiU be desirable
to provide increased radiating surface. Under the best
conditions the temperatures mentioned could be ob-
tained with a slightly smaller amount of radiation, but
the greatest economy, so far as both coal consumption
and labor are concerned, will be secured when the
amount of radiation recommended is used. In deter-
mining the amount of exposed glas.s surface, the num-
ber of square feet in the roof, ends and sides of the
houses should be added, and to this it is always well to
add one-fifth of the exposed wooden or other wall sur-
face, and if this sum is divided by the number which
expresses the ratio between the area
and the amount of radi-
, it will give the number
f square feet of heating
pipe to be required. The
unit of measurement
0 f wrought ■

tenor i

t' .1

id o

eoll

r:;

.irther
s. and
.n the
along

e ei

the houses

the

door

s.

For

all

hot

water

eatir

g Pl

mts

an ex-

pansion tank is neces- 1001. Carnation

sary (Fig. 999). This

may be made from heavy galvanized sheet-iron, or a
riveted boiler iron tank may he used. It should be con-
nectiMl ivith til.- heating pipes, but the point of connec-
tion will mall.- little difference, although when the
downliill sv-toiii is used, if the pipe leading to the ex-
pansion tank starts from the highest point of the sys-
tem it will make the use of air valves unnecessary.
The tank may be located only slightly above the high-
est point of the system, but it will be best placed at
least 10 to 15 feet highe ,. . .

the elevation of the tank

house, 100 X 23 ft.

eter, while its radiating surface is determined by its out-
side circuiiiterence ; and. although it will vary slightly ac-
cording' to I'll. tlii.1:n. -- of i!,.. |,i|,r, it is customary to
estinia- • ■ 1 ' • •■■ ■" " I aliout .344 square
feet oi ., ' •. while 1M-, 1M-,

2-, 'J' o i . , . ns|iectively, .434,

.497, .ij-l. .T.'.J anil .Dill .-.iiuaii lie! ol radiation for each
foot iu length of pipe. The best results can be secured
only when the pipes are in straight runs. The use of
ells and tees should be avoided whenever possible, but

GREENHOUSE

694

if they must be employed, special hot-water fittings
should be secured.

In conservatories with high side walls, it is desirable
to place the flow pipes at the plate and the returns on
the wall or under the tables. Figs. 1001, 1002 and 1003
illustrate the lay ""t "£ pipfs £or water in a carnation,
rose and viulrt Immi . ,

Hot Wat,,- / . ' . /'• '" III "'!"■■ I:'i-.. Green-

house.s the li.i' ■ ' ■■■•■" l.:l^'■l pi;- ■•.! under

pressure by i'Im-im- lii.' i\ [1:111-1 "H i:iii1.- I''! |.i . \'i-ntany
dangerofthe iilowint; up ui lii. ■;,,;: 1 1 . 1 x valvL,

with a weight set so as to alluw il ■•■ :;>•• In-

fore the danger point is reachc I, 1 rt.iliM

tank or expansion pipe. The >\ 1 - ni'Liily

closed, the water as it warms is [•[■<•:■ •\ nni j pr.'^^ur. ,
and steam cannot be formed. This nuikis it ],Msviiilc lo
raise the temperature of water in the C"il» ciuiir a imin-
ber of degrees higher than when an open tank i- iis,-.i.
As there is even more danger from an explosion of a
system when the water is under pressure than when
steam is used, care should be taken to see that the safety-
valve is in good working order, and that it is set at a
point well below the daiiKcr limit.

Whe

water is 1
of smaller

GREENHOUSE

3 where 50°, C0° and 70°, respectively, are required.
Fig. lOOi illustrates piping for steam in a rose house.

Heating hy Fines. — Viheve fuel is cheap, and when
either a low temperature is desired in the house or the
outside temperature does not drop nnich below the
freezing point, hot-air flues may be used, but while the
cost of constructing them is not large, the dan^^er from

fire is so great that they are not always ceo lical. A

brick furnace is built at one end of the house, -.xuA from
this a 10- or 12-inch flue is constructed to etiiiy the
smoke and hot gases through the house to tlie chimney,
which may be at the farther end, or directly over the
furnace, the flue in the latter case making a complete
circuit of the house. When the houses are more than
(50 feet long, it is advisable to have a furnace at each
eiiil. and the Hue will then extend only to the center of
the liouse and return to the end from which it started.
Till first 30 feet of the flue should be of fire brick, but
lieyoiiil that it can be constructed of sewer pipe. While
either hard or soft coal may be used, the best results
will be secured with 3- or 4-foot lengths of hard wood.
Where the temperature does not drop more than II) or 12"
below zero, a temperature of 40° may be maintained in

0 under all condi-
have the piping
weather, and th

the 1

reduction in the aniom : 1

other hand, it is less . .-^

system, and requires raUn 1 ni..i 1 all.
system cannot be reconiuiemled f'jr
tions, and it will generally be best
adapted for all except the most !

to hi '

it III

desir-, : I ..^

l',r ' ' -The arrangement of the

heating |M]H I, r 11, r with steam need not be
unlike that tiliove described for hot water,
except that smaller How and return pipe;
are used. When there is but one or
two houses it is well to use over-
head flmv i.i]" ■. :is n rule only

one I I -M a house.

A i;-ii. ■ ■ ill be suf-

ficirni 11 ,' ' ,>,,i.e feet of
radiuUuii, and L! ' ^ , :j-, 3K- and
4-inch supply pipes will an-
swer, respectively, for 700,
1,000, 1,400 and 1,900 square
feet of radiation. For long
houses it will be best to use
IK-inch pipe for the coils, but
1-inch pipe will answer for

houses 100 feet or less in length. The coils should, of
course, run down hill, but if overheail supply pipes are
not used the connection may be nia^l.- af tin .ml of the
house nearest the boiler ami tin- i.tnin pipe may be
placed underneath the coil. In oi.p 1 to prevent the
water from backing up in the ooils it is desirable that
they should be at least 18 or 20 iuehes above the level of
the water in the boiler, while 3 or 4 feet would be even
better. There should be an automatic air valve at the
lower end of each coil, and, in order to regulate the
amount of steam, a shut-off valve should be placed in
both flow and return pipes. Unless there are several
coils in each house it will always be well to have valves
upon a number of the jiipes in the coils, so that all but
one or two ean I u( olT if .b-ire.!. To prrv.-nf tin-
water from liriirj- f'-r.-- .1 ..nl Ir-.m tin- I - -i 1 i-r win-n tln-

valve in the rrlmn pipe iM-:ir iIm- In-.-ilrr.

The amount oi r-Hlui i,,ii « lii.li will l.r n iinirnl tu se-
cure any desir.-d t.-inpn-ii m-i will var\ to M.ine extent

with the amount ..r pr,- -.i,,v ili:,t is ,-arri.-.l in the boiler,

but, as a rule, this is n,.i i ■.- tlnm liv.- poiunls. and often

no pressure ;it all is ns, .1. It will oi-.limirily be best to
have the radiation sufficient to furnish the "temperature
desired in ordinarily cold weather without carrying any
pressure, and then by raising the pressure to from five
to ten pounds secure the heat that is needed during cold
waves.

In determining the amount of radiation for a steam-
heated house, 1 square foot of pipe will answer for 9
square feet of glass, when 40° is desired, and for 7, Sand

1002. Rose house, 150 x 20 ft., piped for water.

a house 20 feet wide with one circuit of 12-ineIi sewer
pipe. Care should be taken that the flue in no iilacc is
in contact with woodwork, and that there is a ^'■radual
rise in the flue from the point where it leaves the fur-
nace to where it enters the chimney. ]_,. ij. Taft.

Greenhouse Management. — Persons usually learn to
grow plants under glass by rule of thumb. Such knowl-
edge is always essential, but better and quicker results
are obtained if underlying truths or principles are
learneil :ii ih. mi. tii.i.-. Even if no better results in
plant-(-'r. - 1.- obtained, the learning of prin-
ciples I i I . - I .1 ii.irni.and it adds immensely to the

intelli-.ii. 1 I : -I m the work. There is no Ameri-
.-aii will: :i\s to expound the principles of

Gr.iiil... . - i lit. although there are excellent

nninn.il . . :..lvi(^e for the growing of Various

I'hiss. s -.1 I l,,,j . Ih.- best single recent American

which brings together in i..lnni.- <-..ni-i-.- .hr. .-tions

for the growing of the l.a.hiiL: kin.i- ..i iir..iiliouse
subjects. There are two kin.l- ..l pi m. i|.l.-- n. a]. pre-
bend in Greenhouse mantiir.iii. nt. -tl...-.- r.latini,' to
the management of the plants themselves, and those
dealing primarily with the management of the house.

The first principle to be apprehended in the growing
of plants under glass is this : Each plant has its own
season of bloom. Every good gardener knows the times
and seasons of his plants as he knows his alphabet,
without knowing that he knows. Yet there are many
failures because of lack of this knowledge, particularly

GREENHOUSE

GREENHOUSE

695

fe s always ask ng how

th ek rh zomes always s gn f\ that the plant was obliged,
u t n t e hi nt tocarry Iself over an unpropitious
1 tl St s very necessary, if not abso-

II I 1 loi est cat on Instinctively, we

I I ]I They usually rest in our winter

II I an 1 s uraer but some of them

• U go to
a dbet-
at fac-

Ihe o e-
1 w ben h,

M tpl f

t It

t 3 the hab t

e t n th n e of re up t on but
u tom of th plant Fo ages most

^

1 ]

-itr

eic7 s; sit

"^

:":'\ "

°

'■■" ^4 r

' -v.^'- -A

?

1003. Violet house with water heating,
plants hivp bppn fori'prl to cpisp thpir activitios hrpiiis

leaned In general, experience is the onh guide as to
whethei a plant needs rest, but bulbs and tubers and

' iral T abilat of the plant is significant to the
e It V tor tt give's a s ggest on of tte treatment under
I I el tl e pla t mil be I kelj to thr ve. Unconsciously
the plai t grower str ves to m tate vhat he conceives to
be the conditions, as to temperature, moisture and sun-
light, under which the species grows in the wild.
We have our tropical, temperate and cool houses. Yet,
it must be remembered that the mere geography of a
plant's native place does not always indicate what the
precise nature of that place is. The plant in question
may grow in some unusual site or exposure in its native
wills. In a general way, we expect that a plant com-
ing from the Amazon needs a hothouse; but the details
of altitude, exposure, moisture and sunlight must be
learned by experience. Again, it is to he said that plants
do not always grow where they would, but where they
must. Many plants which inhabit swamps thrive well
on dry lauds.

The. upshot of all this is, that the habitat and the
zone give the hint : with this beginning, work out the
proper treatment. Examples are many in which culti-
vators have slavishly followed the suggestion given by
a plant's nativity, only to meet with partial failure. Be-
cause the Dipladenia is Brazilian, it is generally sup-
posed that it needs a hothouse, but it gives best results
in a coolhous Pe on ofte m ke a s m lar m stake
in g ow ng the pep no warm 1 e au e t s Central and
South Amer can I a s g ne ally reg r 1 i n the
North as only a gla b e 1 1 t 1 au e t a Cape
bulb yet t thr e n tl i i t f Ivew En land,

when well cove d 1 t

6 s/

lit t al

I II and

1 I ften

1 In

] I J. [ r ma-

1st U I h 1 gun

h len N an 1 th n b tter

1 1 1 It r 1 f om d n w th i nn als,

1 II nd 7 ; f S Itn

1 to n of th p n pi s wh ch u derlie

nag u at f the ho e t may be d,

1 the we h 1 1 tt pt to late a

Th e sho Id be th f U complera t of

( m unl ht the e should be pe od t in

temperatu e F o n the low t temperature 1 efore

dawn, theie shou.d be a gradual rise to midday or later.

696

GREENHOUSE

As a rule, the night temperature should be 10-15° Fahr.
below the iiKixiiniim day temperature in the shade. A
high Tiii;ht ti-To|.ir.iture makes the plants soft and tends
to brill- tliiiii 1.. iiiaturity too early. It makes weak
steins ,iimI liiililiv II.Avers. The temperature .should
chan;;r L'r;i<lu;il]y ; \'ioIent fluctuations are fatal to good
results, particularly to plants which ai-e grown at a high
temperature.

In Greenhouse cultivation, every plant is to receive in-
dividual care. In the field, the crop is the unit: there
we deal with plants in the aggregate. In the (green-
house, each plant is to be saved and to receive special
care : upon this success depends. There should be no
vacant places on the Greenhouse bench; room is too

GREENS

and bottom of the soil; and in pots it takes idace from
all sides. M'ater on a risiny temperature. This advice
is particularly applicable to warmhouse stuff. Watering
is a cooling process. The foliage should not go into the
night wet, particularly if the plant is soft-growing or is
a warmhouse subject. Water sparingln ornot at all when
evaporation is slight, as in dull weather.

In all Greenhouse work, see that the soil is thoroughly
comminuted and that it contains much sand or fiber.
The amount of soil is .small: see that it is all usable.

In the garden, roots may wander if l- 1 -il i- imi at

hand: in pots they cannot. The in- i:- in

Greenhouses tendstopackthGsi.il.;.! ,i ilm

water is applied from a hose. Tin- mm ,i.;iiiitu-

gether or to puddle. Thtivlt.iL-, u sli.nil.l cmi-
tain little silt or clay. The Kai-dcini-s prai'-
tice of adding sand to his Greenhouse soil is
thus explained.

Ventilation is employed fur llir imriiuse of

reducing temperature ami - f ' . ,< ,' ■>!,„ns-

pheric moisture. Theor.n. , :;.iM-d

H also for the purpose of ill 1 1 nally

fresh air, but with the.-i. iiiiiij,-

,,,, -r iI.M.rs. ali.l tlic uiKiv,,>i .| tli„

1005. RanE:e oi i

nmercial Gri

valuable. All this means that every care should be taken
to so arrange the house that every plant will have a
chance to develop to its utmost perfection. Patient
hand labor pays w'ith Greenhouse plants. The work can-
not be done by tools or by proxy. Therefore, the gar-
dener becomes skilful.

Every caution should be taken to prevent the plants
from befoming diseased or from being attacked by in-
sects. The greater part of insect and fungous troubles
in the (iri.-enhouse are the result of carelessness or of
mistiik'^s in tlir t'l-owiim- nf tlip pLivit-, D-trniiine what
dise:isr^ in- I'l-i, :iiT lik.-ly t.i h::lI ,m : i.l.mt; dis-

like

fected l.arHv ,. r -r .,:... i . i : ... i : 1 • ■,-!. ■■.„„.■.

applytli.'ri.n-;. ' " !.. ■:• . . •!•■. i;. u : , . .•..I'.l '•

very lin.trcl ; : , , ..,;,.;.,•,■■. i '■,..•; .

equaljlr i-iiliilili"ii -. :i; -" i-r.t,,!- i h.ir i n. mi. . : ll. ,)■.•-
fore, it is better to cmiiit cm not having the difficulties
than on curing them. If diseases or pests have been
troublesome, make a complete change of soil or stock
before the next season, if practicable. At least once
every year there is an opportunity to rid the place of
pests. " Many gardeners carry their troubles year by
year by trying to fight them, when they might succeed
by trying to avoid them.

I'he higher the temperature and the more rapid the
growth, the greater the care necessary to insure good re-
sults. Plants grown under such conditions are soft and
juicy. They are easily injured by every untoward cir-
cumstance, particularly by drafts of cold air. Let a
draft of cold air fall on cucumbers or rapid-growing
roses, and mildew will result in spite of Bordeaux mix-
ture and brimstone.

In dark uralhrr. grow the pi, nils slow

much heat <ir I.... n li w.ni r, ilir\ 1..

flabby, and full ' :' . . .!

orders. A sti.ri

larly in the dull L. i .m.i i..-. -

at that time, tak.n.ur.i i.ri. auLu.u.s m il,
of the house.

Watering plants under glass requires ii
than any other single operation. Apply i
plants need it. is a gardener's rule, but it is difficult to
apply because um- niav net know wlu-n th.-v need it.
Yet, if the ganl.iii r wiil |.iii thr , 1,1111,11. is ,.,i' the word
need he will at l.usi l.i- riiiiiii.ui-.i ; 1, ..vi. -is ..fti-n apply
the advice as it' ii ,-. mi, Ai.j.lv wnt. r wlu-n tlic plants
will stand it. lr,/^,• ll,nnni.,lil,i ,,l ,arh application.
III. HI- liaiii, than good. Many
il.\ l.iit i,..i .11. High. Remember
ii.i, takes |,|iice from both top

If

partlCU-
. I winter:
uagement

judgment

Mere dribbling

t.i iu..i.l tl,.. lil .■rr.-.-ts of .Inifts ,.11 tl,,. i.laiil-. -Manv
small ..p,-, lings arc better th;m a few large ours. Veuti'-
late on a rising temperature.

Most plants require shading in the summer under
glass. Shading is of use in mitigating the heat more
than in tempering the light. A shaded house has more
uniform conditions of temperature and moisture. If
plants are grown soft and in partial shade, they are
likely to be injured if exposed to bright sunlight, 't^uii-
scalding is most conimon in spring, since the plants are
not yet imir. 1 t.-i Lrirlit sunshine and strong sun heat.
Theburiii'i ■ . I ■ I - j. ,iiie to waves (not bubbles) in
the glas-. I: I ,1 i- said that, other things being
ef|nal. ili. :, _ 1 n. in. use the easier is the nianage-
iiipiit <.l It. li :. 1. . . . uljjectto fluctuations of tempera-
iiir. anil moisture. In the "nesting" of houses, one
. piaitects the other from the weather. A good
icial American Greenhouse plant is shown in
>■'■-'■ !"U5. L. H, B.

GREENS, CHRISTMAS. The Christmas Greens in-
dustry has developed to an enormous extent within a
few years. Some twenty years ago, when florists began
to use lycopodium, a dozen barrels were all that was
used in a single season in many of our lower cities.
To-day the output in the United States is probably
nearly 200 tons— about 40 car loads.

The materials now used, mentioned in something like
their order of commercial importance, are holly, lyco-
podium (also known as bouquet green, ground pine,
club moss, etc.), mistletoe, laurel, and cedar clippings,
(ither articles of similar utility are wild smilax, hardy
li ru , II. . .11. piiie.s, outdoor palm leaves, Florida moss,
" iiid leucothoe sprays: these all come

l.\ . ..p. iiiiiii is one of the oldest and commonest of
decorative materials. During seasons of long con-
tinued "Indian summer," a surplus is frequently gath-
ered by careless pickers and dumped on the market.
The choicest picked stock being obtainable only through
the regular and well established trade channels, such
sources are usually the only ones in case of early snow
storms, which prevent the gathering of it. Choice
stock from eastern Vermont, northern New York and
Pennsylvania has been usuallv liandled in large sugar
barrels, tied in carefully ar'au.:. .1 i. in. .lies, weighing
perhaps one-half to one pcmi i u. I i — - hunches arc
packed in the barrels in la n toward the

center. The quantity is ahui - Ir • .i ami the price
25 to 3,T per cent higher than the \\i . n-in ami .■\lii-lii-
gan stock. Lycopodium, as handled in tie \V. -i. .-..nies
almost entirely from northern Wiscu-m. ami is i;ath-
ered from the north end of Lake Mi'liiu-an, m the vi-

GREENS

cinity of Sturgeon Bay, west nearly to St. Paul. The
green belt in that state annually moves northward as
the country becomes settled and as the woods and
swamps ire depleted This plant seems to thrive best
in moist, shaded localities, and when plucked out by the
roots, as is done whengithenng, is not lepliced b\ new
growth of Its kind More open situ 1 i 1 luer

ground produce l}copodiumof a li.,! 1 1 ^h

color, and consequently of less decor t I I 1 iis

pick the best green hut ire unrrli il 1 1 Its

must be met Th( i i t li lu Wis

consin lb pel hap it t lis

TheuseofhU 1 L,iiwnfrom

a very small be„'ii I | li )ns withm

fifteen jeais Unt 1 1 i t f the holl>

was handled by wh It il s \m i n md H lists \\ ith
in that time the sale of hollj h ts been txken up 1 y the
produie commission houses in liige citits then! j tie
blingthe\olume but reducing til | nl t\ Dl i ul
Maryland furnish the bt t I I I

eastern holly while Tenu
the South ship what is
Holly IS almost alwaj s p i 1
ft Freezm? while picked ii 1

tie provided the hoUj be alk « t, 1 to th s out m a M,r j
cool md preferably dark plate where the temperature
IS not lUowed to exceed 40° P If howt\ o frozen hollj
is shipped in warm express cats, the foliio'e may turn
black in a night

English holly has otcasionallj been imported into the
United States and into Canada, but never satisfactorily
coniniLi nlh The eastern titi s use mistletoe from Eng
1 1 1 I i t steamers Theber

I Vmerican mistletoe,

k ntucky, Arkansas
1 I I Ih shipped m crates

ol I il 11- 1 111 1 ill i ii\ quarteis on ship
boaid otten Ldust, the loss i t the li ncs The western
states use probably not more th in b 0(10 1 3 111 000 pounds
of American grown stock tiom the lo ilities named It
IS ds } shii 1 ( 1 m othei kmds ot packages Mistletoe
IS 1 I mage fiim fiost

le non but little used during the
1 t on ( ther occasions, where open air

i I 1 tl \ I ti luentlj made into

ro) iiu rwieitl I 1 1! lull nd \ irginia

IS mostly used in

Wild sniilax u I M m three sizes, is

shipped by expu \ 1 i lul Georgia

It lb as liable tj iii|ui\ II i tl toe, but is

not damaged if allowed t tl t

remo\al from the case \1 it I
annualh

Eight million hardy fern wei i
one wholesale dealer in C hristni is (
are largely gathered m Massachusi t

Among the newest and most u

side ot Chiistmas deeoratiou see illustiated articles 1 ^
P Schuyler Mathews m American Florist 8 48i in 1
9--t93. J. c. Vaughan.

GREENS, EDIBLE, or POT-HERBS. This terra
Greens is generally applied in America to any Pot-herb,
that is to say, to any green herbage which is cooked and
served separately from the other principal and secon-
dary dishes of a square meal. The terra Greens is usu-
ally used for the mess of cookery which is brought to
the table. It is not so often applied to the plants grow-
ing in the garden. In the garden, perhaps, they are
herbs — Pot-herbs— though this term is not so much em-
ployed as it conveniently might be. Greens are served
early in the spring, when the appetite craves anything
which tastes like out-of-doors.

All sorts of plants are used as Pot-herbs. Almost any-
thing which shows a succulent growth in the spring is
likely to be tried by somebody. Turnip tops, potato
leaves, pig-weeds, purslane, and many other apparently

GREVILLEA

697

impossible herbs, are often impressed into the service.
The really good Pot-herbs are comparatively few, how-
ever. Probably the best are dandelion, spinach, mustard
(various species), endive, chard, beet-top and kale.

The following plants ha^ e been more or less used as
Pot herbs

Buck
tahfc
Cirdi
Chaid
Cher\

; horn Plantain Plantago Coronopus
raia Peppeigrass Bra£8ica Japonica
m Cynira Lnrdunculus

Beta iidjari<t
,1 Anthri'^cus Cerefohum
^ tl h i,u I Intihw:

affinisor S tuberifera) .

I dense, Lepidium
I lera pinnatifida,
ntaphylla.

Lotui'! Henncus.
iin tlv C album
mum crystalltnum
iianella enocaipa

illy the wild species some of which

llz alba md Lastlla rubra.

lily before

,

th IS used

m h It

Dull M

fteul by

and ten lei It

1 ins

quickh grown

plenty of watei

f r

of the various

heads

1 r tuUy

m \orth

GREENWEI

w orld

lustr\ see

GREGOBIA

( ; erfoUata

1 s are wanted at the earliest possible

1^ They are therefore, often grown

r m greenhouses (see Spinach,

1 etc I Thej must be succulent

le essai \ on this account that they be

loose ver\ rich well drained soil, with

Specific directions for the cultivation

various plants will be found under the several

F A Waugh.

GRENADIN or GRENADINE A tj pe of Carnation.

GREVlLLEA (Chas F Greville, once vice-president
of the Royal Society of England, and a patron of botany).
Protei)eeiv. Trees or shrubs, of nearly lion ^;h > i,. , in.i i Iv
Australian, of which one is everywlni- . i ! ■<

country as a decorative pot-plant. FN, i : ; :.

mostly in pairs in the clusters or rarcni. -, ;i|.< rilni-,
the calyx with 4 recurved parts; stamens ot 4 sessile
anthers borne on the sepals; style 1, long and curved:
Ivs. alternate, of many forms: fr. a follicle, with 1 or 2
winged seeds. .

robiista, Cunn. Silk Oak. Fig. 1000. One of the
most popular of all fern-leaved pot-plants, and easily
grown from seeds (which are imported in large quanti-
ties). When young (from 2-5 ft. high) it makes a most
graceful subject. lu glasshouses it is not grown to
large size, and, therefore, little is known of the great
size which it attains in its native forest. According to
Von Mueller, it is "indigenous to the subtropical part of

G9S

GREVILLKA

_,g01Sf\''1^

Sf'^-^m^

1006. Grevillca robusta (X M).

several months of the year. The seeds are copiously
produced and germinate readily. Rate of growth in
Victoria, 20-30 ft. in 20 years. In Ceylon it attained a
stem-circumference of 5 ft. in 8 years." In California
and S. Fla. it is a valuable lawn tree. When grown in
the open, it will stand some frost. As a glasshouse plant
it is grown almost wholly from seeds, and is used in its
young state ; as the plant becomes old, it loses its
leaves and becomes ragged below. It thrives in the tem-
perature suited to geraniums or roses, and it stands
much hard usage iind n(i,'li'ct. It is popular as a window
subject. Best r. -uli - v,
by raising a fi' 'i
in winter or in |i i
they will be in i
The young pl:ii,:

in good colKlil! ' '-' ' ,-'i.u!>iii nrm cunr i., nv

generally kill I \' I ;'':iiii w iilnn tli.' \.:<-\ i. n

years. Lvs. t/. ... ,...: :. .. ilu- uliimaii: .hvi^i.m.^

narrow and puiniid .ukI s',nii.liuii:s luljud, puljusccut.
B.M. 3184. A.O. 14:113. A.F. 4:413. -In the West
Indies the plant is much grown, and it is often trimmed
to desired shape. In exposed places the foliage be-
comes goldun in cast.

ing :i t ^ . . I . ■

Ilea are usually secured
from seed sown late
ing winter or spring
1 be in their prime.

R.Br.). B
1882, p. W
G.C. in.
R.Br.=G.

G.C. II. 5:,W9.-0. sertci;,. K.l;.-. m; ,|„l,i:,, K.Br.). B.M. 3708.
^(?. sidi)hurp-a, (.hinn. = i;. .inTiii.i-riiia. — f/. llielemaJinlAna
Hiieg. R.H. 1882:450. L. H.B.

GBfiWIA (Nehemiah Grew, of Coventry, If.28-82,
author of a work on anatomy of plants). TilWicew.
This includes two little known plants slightly cult, in
S. Fla. A genus of about (JO species of trees and shrubs
in the warmer parts of the Old World, often having

GKIFFINIA

•■ " : I .1 c . M. . : ]■-, iritire or serrate, 3-7-ncrvcd ■

1 I ;!•■. in axillary, few-fld. rynies or

- .'i. with pits or glands inside

indefinite: drupe 1-1-stuncd.

G. Caiira, .Uii i... li.iu Xatal, was int. by Kea.souer

Bros, in 18111. A busliy plant, with pink star-shaped fls.

borne during most of the year. G. denticul&ta, Wall.,

from India, was never described. Under this name

Reasoner cultivates a plant "resembling a mulberry in

growth, which bears enormous quantities of acid drupes,

about the size of cranberries; iisetl for pickling."

GKfiYIA (after Sir George Grey, once Governor of
Cape Colony). HapifidAccit. A monotypio genus, con-
taining a small tree from Natal, which bears
large pikes of pendulous, 5-petaled, scarlet fls.,
and is cult, outdoors in S. Calif, and abroad
under glass in many botanic gardens. In R.H.
1894:252 the plant is shown at its best, with a spike 6
in. long and 2-3 in. wide, containing probably over 100
fls., each three-fourths of an inch across. In France this
tree flowered from the end of auliinju thn.uglimit the
winter. The long-exsertcd stani' ri- •.■'.:]: <..].i)-': |iur-
ple anthers make a striking' f-iim. 1' iv (,E

the fls. is so peculiar that llai\c . i. .i . i, , ims

doubtfully to the saxifrage lairiil) . In I. ;■ .m ji.i-n-

houses Greyia is a shrub rt-i|uiiiiig inii snnliyht,
thorough rijiening of the wood and a season uf rest
before flowering. In Natal it flowers in August or Sep-
tember, which is early spring there. Europeans recom-
mend a sandy loam. Prop, by seeds or by cuttings from
half-ripened wood.

Sutherlandi, Hook. & Haw. Small tree, with thick,
naked branches : lvs. clustered at the ends of the
branches. 2-3 in. lontr. orbicular, ovate or oblong, deeply
cordate at i):is., tc.nllnil ; petiole 9-12 lines long; disk
cup-shaj't'ii, w it!i ]M niai-u'inal teeth, each crowned by a
peltate glan.l ; siani. IIS 11) : ovary laterally 5-lobcd, 5-
celled ; oviil.s uiiincnius, in 2 series in the inner angle
of the cells: t'r. capsular, 5-valved : seeds albuminous
B.M. 0040. R.H. 1894:252. G.C. II. 19:625. J.H. III.
30:101.

GBirrlNIA (after William nrJinn, uln
plants from Brazil). Aim,^ ■ . . n specn

Brazilian bulbs, with di-i: inl Ms. a

2K in. across, which are nmn ..r i. - immd with
or rose. Like many other gin. ra nl the aniar
family, bulbs of flowering size are too costly for
eral use. Lvs. usually petioled, and with a very b
blade : perianth tube none or very short ; the 3 li
sc:.'nients narrower tlian the upper : ovarv 3-cel
MiL'hM r;,,,,i.ai. .1 Mrl» ■. i].\: umbcl 6-15-fld. "Grlfliu
' V i.ther genera by its 2 ovi
ii' ral. See Baker, Araaryllii

thes

IJrazil they are buried 8 in. ■ . : ■ I .in.ilio

scape and leaves rising t" ; ' ; ' ■ r.as

in our stoves they rot win n i ■ I Ho

recommends light peat ami -iini hi iIimh Pmi they
tliiive wlien phmted in tilirnus loam Ihree parts, leaf-
in. .hi .in.- part, and a good sprinkling of silver sand.
I'hi- liiiliis sh.iiihl be partly buried and the pots carefully
.Iraini'.l. I )uring winter the plants rest and reci\iire no
water. They should be placed on :i .li . h. IT in :, warm
or intermediate house and kept th.i. i Mn.b,

when growth recommences and tin i nsh

up. The plants ought to be at iIpm n.-i m .May,
though thev ,]n Tint ain,,.:,!- t" 'in-.v. T al 1.1. \ .i.hnu.- lime
undercnln ■ ' i n . - ■ !■ ma.le to llower in win-
ter by I r ! ni M . .; h result of this is the
sickeiiiir- - ' i i -. are deciduous, new

A. Sthjiii'i ciipitate.
hyacinthina, Herb. BulK frlni.o.r : h-. r. n in. long-.
2-3 in. broad, rounde.l at th. Ii:.. ' : ; > ti

ole as lous; as the blade : M.ip,. i _■ ; , i, rU

none or very short : staiiu-Eis mu.l, -!>..,i.i i,,,,,, ilio
segments. B.R. 2:163 (as _l,«„, ;/,,',., ;,./.<, ,„;;,,-ui.
Upper sefrments tinged blue, lower ones nearly white).
J.H. HI. 31:371. Var. maxima, Gn. 50, p. 209, Is prob-
ably the best garden form. Called "Blue Amaryllis " in

■ AA. Stigma distinctly S-cut.
Blumenivia, K. Koch cS; Bouch^. Bulb ovoid : Ivs.
4-5 in. long, cuneately narrowed to a petiole, shorter
than the blade: scape 6-8 in. long: pedicels K in. long:
stamens as long as the perianth. B.M. 5666 (veins rose-
colored). R.H. 1867:32. Gn. 50:1083 (veined and flushed
with rose).

6BIND£LIA (Prof. Hieronymus Grindel, of Riga and
Dorp t) t I 6s I rh s genu conta ns plants from
■wh ch a flu 1 xtr t obt ned that u e 1 externally

aga n t po son g I y 1 o Tl hard plants

so net mes cult for th i wh ch are

14 '' n aero s and bor I A genus

of about 14 spec es t on et mes

shrubl of coar 11 1 e I S

we t of the M j I p ff

and usually e 1

branche Tl e ] 1 I
cially the heal

thej are calle 1 i I I i I Ij

ff o6 ( wl ch h II I de
scr bed below have root that
lived but somet mes ann 1

. Groundnut, Apios and Panax; also Old
le for peanut or goober (Arachis). Ground
podium. Ground Fink, Phlox siOjxtlata.

Groundsel Tree. Bac-

GKUMICHAMA. Eugenia Brasiliensis.

GRUMfLEA. All referred to PsycUotria.

GTJAlACUM (native West Indian name). Zygopliyl-
Idcew. Guaiacum is kept in every good drug store, and
the tree which produces the resin used in medicine has
a hard, heavy wood, used for blocks and pulleys, lulers,
etc. It is cult, to a very slight extent in S. Calif, and
in tropical Fla. for ornameutal value. The genus has
8-10 species of trees or shrubs, mostly tropical Ameri-
can, and all have hard wood and abundant resin : Ivs.
opposite, abruptly pinnate, leathery : Ifts. 2-14, entire:
peduncles borne in pairs between the deciduous stip-

le 1 flj fl 1 lue or purple sepals 4 5 dec 1 ous,
iual petal 4 broadly obovate sta nens b-10,

n e te 1 m the hort nconsp cuous d sk

oKicini e L nn M ddle s zed or low tree nhil ting
ar 1 plans from tie Fla kej » to Venezuela Lfts. in
pa r evergreen a luarter to half an n h long

GUAM ISLAND OF See i Z o s

GUAVA ( lec ot Ps d which see) Pg 1007.

Tl u var ous spec es s o ea ly cult vated

au 1 1 d o rea 1 ly from 1 1 t t nost a

wl 11 f,l

lul

e prop by

arly n the

best for

\ M nn ng

m h [ 111 1 u 1 uat ly

gathe el t r 1 111 Hie extract also

ton c and sedat ve an 1 s sed n asthma The rays are
numerou somet mes 30 about A n long

squarrdsa, Dunal. Shrubby, branched from base, 1 2
ft. high : outer akenes usually squarely truncate and
even at summit. B.M. 1706.

roMsta, Nutt. Gitm-Plant. Herbaceous : Ivs. larger
and more rigid : akenes all, or some outer ones, 1-toothed
or bordered at the summit. Fls. throughout the Califor-
nian winter. Collected stock is offered. ^_ jj^

GRISELtNIA (after Franc Griselini. Venetian bota-
nist, middle of eighteenth century ) . Including D:
Corndcere. This includes a tree and a shrub with large,
glossy, laurel-like foliage, rarely cult, in the South, and
nearly hardy at Washington. A genus
of 8 species of trees, shrubs or climVt
ers from New Zealand, Chili and Brazil, • — ^''"-.^^
with Ivs. alternate, often inequal-sided, /^ea,^ — ^^^
leathery: fls. minute, in glabrous or
pubescent racemes or panicles.

littorail3, Raoul. Tree. 30 ft. high : Ivs. ovate or ob
long, wedge-shaped or narrowed into a petiole: veins
obscure beneath. New Zealand.

Ilicida, Forst. f. Shrub. 10-12 ft. hiirh: Ivs. obov.ate
or oblong, very unequal at the base: v.in-s .listin.-t ))e-
neath. New Zeal. Not cultivated h. ic \':ir. macro-
phylla [G. macrophylla, Hort.) is a lari.'..--!. av.il furm.
G. liiclda is prized in Europe for apartments. Showy,
Requires shade and moisture.

6E0MWELL. Lithospermum.

GROUND CHERRY is Phy^aUs: in the Old Woric
Prunus Chamieeerasus. Ground Hemlock or Ameri
can Yew, is Taxus Canadiiisix. Ground Ivy. yepeta
Glechoma. Ground Laurel. Old World uame for JSpi

tojs, a
ceding

e the

ne e are now It ated 1 I t they

w U Stan late peraturea 1 1 te of

the e t o sort s ve y o n I 1 glossy

green not unl ke that of C J

The Guava o t read ly propag t d 1 o n seed but

qu te var alle 1 > br d z ng so eas ly that to secure a
ety recourse m st be had to graft ng or

. Cattley Guava.

propagating from cuttings. Grafting is performed after
the usual methods Propagation by cuttings is difficult,
but possible, and the best results seem to be had from
half -ripened wood, using bottom heat in a frame or
house. Large cuttings are occasionally rooted in the
open ground, after the same method of rooting figs or
willows. If grown from seed, the young plants should

700 * GUAVA

be potted o£f when very small, and kept growing in pots
until wanted for permanent setting in the orchard, as
the plants in open ground do not transplant well. Routed
cuttings, of course, should be treated the same as seed-
ling plants as to final handling.

Guavas grow well on any soil, sandy or clayey, rich
or poor, dry or moist; but they will not live in a bog.
On too rich soil the growth is apt to be rank and the
quality of the fruit injured. This fruit tree is as easily
grown under sheds as is the pine-apple in Florida, and
when thus protected is certain to bear abundantly, even
well out of the tropics. e. N. Reasoner.

GUAZtTMA (nam.' of Mexican origin), Sl.rciinrice<e.
Seven or ei^'ht li";-ii,il A iinriiiiri i"ii(- :i|.<. ,ln\:iiil
trees, with sm . -'mii-i-

peduncled, axil. ! i: ">, ■• ■ : en, I:

sterile; styles u: Ir. a 0-loriii, ■, I II ' ■ l..it:

Its. 2-ranked, serrate. Allied t.. I- i -n thur

genus has a berrv-like fr., entin- I . i . i -ii.li-

tary fls., and a ditlVri-nt staniiiial C, .Iniiiulia,

Lam., the "Guaciiiiu" of Mexico, i.-, oii.n i i . rnm-
ceschi. It becomes a large tree; branciilii- i . il<t\:
Ivs. ovate to oblong-lanceolate, somewhat |."i;it..l. .i!.

lique at base, powdery beneath when yoiiti^' ini i imh

ing glabrous: nut nearly globular, with f) furnAvs. 'I'lu-
tree is said to yield medicinal preparations.

GUELDEK EOSE. See ribtimutn Opulus.

GUERNSEY LILY. Nerine Sarniensis.

GUEViNA. See Gevuinrt.

GUILlfiLMA. See Baetris.

GUINEA HEN FLOWER. FritiUaria Meleagris.

GUIZOTIA (after Guizot, the celebrated historian 1.
Compusilie. This genus has 5 species of annual lit-rh^j
from tropical Africa, one of which has some ecoTi-'inif
interest from its oil-producing seeds. Neither tliis ii.,r
closely allied genera have much ornamental value. 'Ih'-
plants have yellow heads, about 2 in. across, wiili ^
broad, 3-toothed rays and a leafy outer involucre. S<i .N
can be obtained by the pound from S. Fla., and thi y ir.-
listed among miscellaneous agricultural seeds in a fi w
of the largest European catalogues. The plant is cult.
in India for the oil.

AbysBinica, Cass. (G. olelfcra, DC. 'Verbeshia saliva,
Rosb.). Lvs. opposite, lanceolate, clasping, remotely
serrate. B.M. 1017.

GUM TREES.

ill/plus and Ac

GUNNfiRA (,I. Ernst Gunner, 1718-177.-!, was a Swed-
ish bishop and botanist, and wrote a local tlora). Hulo-
ragdcece. The little family Haloragacess comprises
about 100 widely scattered and heterogeneous species in
9 genera. In the northeastern states are the aquatic
genera Callitri''lu-, rro^.-rpinnca, Hippuris, Myriophyl-

lum. These < li ^m .'I .■nid mostly inconspicuous

plants. In till- . i -i"n are the endemic gen-

era Loudonia n i i i - ; and there remain Ser-

picula, Gunnirii. mil I hih-inL-is, with very wide and dis-
jointed distributions, ("iuiinera has perhaps a dozen
known species in S. Afr., Abyssinia, Java, Tasmania,
Hawaii and S. Amer. In general appearance the Guu-
neras are wholly unlike our native haloragaceous plants.
The lvs. are gigantic and more or less orbicular, radi-
cal : fls. perfect or imperfect, small, packed in a great
cob-like spike ; petals 2 or none ; calyx none, or with
2-3 lobes ; stamens 1 or 2 : ovary 1-loculed, bearing 2
filiform styles : fr. a drupe. They are perennial herbs,
and with protection the two following species may be
grown even in some of our northern states.

Gunneras are perhaps the noblest of all lawn foliage
plants. To prodnco satisfactory effects, rich, moist
groiin.l i- ;i-ii-|- ;i .il.lr. Tin- plants nuist never suffer
for will,' . , I. : I nil ii\|».MiiT to smi is advisable,
but III. ,'' i,i liri'il frraii srvcre winds, else

the li-a\ I - \, ill ii. <: una:.'.-.!. Aiiiiilo winter protection

GUZMAXIA

should be provided for. A liberal covering of leaves or
litter, held in place by brush or branches, will generally
keep them from harm. Apply the covering in December
and remove early in spring. Prop, by division. Seeds
are also employed, and they can now be readily se-
cured.

manic&ta, Lind. Stem thick and very short, the
titanic crown of lvs. rising from the ground : petioles
often as tall as a man, prickly : blades becoming 5 to
10 ft. across, orbicular in general outline, variously
lobed, crenate, furrowed and channeled aloiig the great
veins: fls. green: spikes dense and tapering, often more
than 1 ft. in diam. and 3-4 ft. tall. S. Brazil. I.H.
m-.rm. Gn. 4.^.p. 2I: 50, p. 455; 54, p. 3S5. G.C. III.
U:.''^s'.i, 11. 1". N:.'.'. — The crown of Ivs. sometimes meas-
ui' - finiii j"-:;r, ft. across. This is the better species.

ChilSnsis, Lam. i G. scitbra, Ruiz & Pav.). Not so ro-
liii-i.thi' lvs. smaller and less spiny, and the li. -spikes

isnown in cult. Thrives in drier soil.

L. H. B. and J. B. Keller.

GUTIERRfiZIA (personal name). Compdsilce. About
1,-x ^iM .i.-.s ot' licTlis or subshrubs, often resinous, all
Am.i i.aii, mostly western N. American. Theyaremuch
l.raiiL-ln-d from the base, and have narrow, entire lvs.
and clusters of small yellow heads.

Euth4mis6, Torr. & Gray. More or less woody at base,
seldom over 1ft. high: involucre turbinate, 2 lines long:
rays and disk-fls. each 3-9: akenes silky-pubesctnt;
pappus of about 9 chaffy scales. N. W. N. Amer.

GUZMANIA (A. Guzmann, Spanish naturalist). Sro-
metidcece. Includes Caraguata. About 70 tropical
American Bromeliads, of which several are fairly well
known ornamental glasshouse subjects. They closely
resemble the erect-growing Tillandsias, but differ in
technical characters : fls. in a simple spike-like terminal
. In^ti r, tubular, the outer segments or calyx oblong and
liliiii 1 . the inner orpetalsshorterthan the tube; anthers
ills. I 111 1 on the throat of the tube, and united by their
. .I_'i - ar.iund the stvlc. Grown in the warmhouse, along
v.itli I'.illlH-riria and" Tillandsi.T, wlii.-h s.a- for culture.
r|,i-,iy alliril to .Krlniiia. Many sj i.-s are cult, in

S,dnhi,-nn„. For ^'. !.. ,, nl Inni.l . srr nohenberykl. G.
iv.ira, a uamL' wIiIlL has appian.!! in the Amor, trade, is
probably an JEchmca. Monogr. by Mez, DC. Monogr.
Phaner. 9 (1896).

A. Corolla {or segments) purple or red.

lingulita, Mez (CaraguAta linguldta, Lindl. C.
spleiulens, Bouch^. C. lingulAta spUnclens, Hort.).
Epiphyte : lvs. many, lanceolate or ensiform, IK ft.
long, "remotely toothed : spike becoming drooping,
showily red-bracted : expanded fl. about as long as the
long-pointed bracts, the tube yellowish and the limb
blue-purple. W. Indies, Cent. Amer., and adjacent S.
Amer. B.R. i:!:in(;8. F.S. 11 :1091. -Handsome. Var.
cardinAlis, Andr(5 (CaraguAta cardindlis,Ar\<\Te). Bright
scarlet: verv showy. Columbia. I.H. 27:374. R.H.
1883:12.

AA. Corolla (or segmentx) white.

tricolor, Ruiz & Pav. (G. fr)^;r/ni , Tlnrt.. at least in
part. O. grdndis, Hort.. in i ■■■■•■ < ■• ''>'il'i. Hort., in
part. G. »lO»o.•^^k■7l.l/«, Ru- I i lal to many,

broad and more or less ni i.: .. il, i i :ii in tlie edges,
usually shorter than the .stoui, i n ut - iik--. : lowerbracts
green streaked with black, uppir ones red-tinged: co-
rolla white. W. Indies, Cent. Amer., S. Amer. L.B.C.
5:462. F.S. 9:918. B.M. 5220.-Interesting because of
its combination of green, red and white. Some, at least,
of the horticultural plants which pass as G. fragrans
belong to ^ehmea eburnea. Baker {Cajiistnim Lin-
deni, Mez. NidulArium Lindenl, Regel). This species
is further mentioned under Nidularium.

DevanBay4na,Morr. {CaraguAta DevansayAna.MoTT.).
Lvs. about 20, nan-ow linear or ensiform, brown-striped
on till' hark: tis. white, in a dense, oblong spike, the scar-
let bracts oval. Equador.

GUZMANIA

AAA. Corolla {or segments) i/ellow.

Melindnis, Kegel {CaraguAla Jlelindnis, Morr.). Lrs.

strap-shaped, green above and browu-tinteii beneath:

fis. yellow, subtended by oblong red bracts. French

Guiana. L. H. B.

GYMN6CLADUS (Greek, naked branch; referring to
the naked branches, which in winter are destitute of
twigs). Legiimindsce. A genus of 2 species, one of
which is a scarce native tree, the Kentucky Coffee Berry,
so called iHcause its seeds were used for coffee west of
till' AlU.'liani-'^ l^efore and during the Revolutionary
War. It i- a .l.sirable shade tree for city streets, and is
cs;.eciall\ nitticsting in winter. It is a clean, stout tree,
bright and i.'ia. aful in appearance and free from disease,
growinLC from :;o-00 ft. high in cultivation, and not leaf-
ing out until the middle of May, after the other trees
are in full foliage. It is thornless and has compound
foliage. (Jrows with erectdivisions.makinguarrow, pyra-
midal head. Branchlcts very stout and destitute of
spray: Hs. white, dioecious or polygamous, in terminal
racemes : pods long, hanging. Grows naturally in bot-
tom lands and richest soils. May be planted in any soil,
but thrives best in deep, rich, or rather humid soil.
Prop, by seeds and cuttings.

Canadensis, Lara. (G.ilinicn, C.Koch). Kentucky CoF-
feeTree. Fi;;. liliis. H.-i-.'lit in the wild, 75-100 ft. : Ivs.
large, twic- jMnna'.- wiiii 1-7 p:iir^ (.f partial leaf-stalks,
eachpariial' • •, ■ : I'c. acute Ifts., except

GTMNOGRAMMA

701

lowi-

cemes man. ,, , .i.i . . lu e.irly white, terminat-
ing brauchc.5 oi ih^ ^la.^iJ:i. iiammate clusters 3-4 in.
long; pistillate 10-12 in., and compact: ovary sessile:
pods 6-10 in. long, flat, scythe-shaped, dark reddish

brown, hanging unopened all winter. Early summer.
S. Ontario to Penn., Tenn., Minn., Xeb. and Indian
Terr. S.S. 3:123, 124. R.H. 1897, p. 491. B.B. 2:201.

G. Chininsis. Baill., with smaller
rauch thicker pods, is not cult.

6YMN0GEAMMA (Greek, a nal<ed line; referring to
the soril. Also written Gi/)H»iO(7ram»ic. Polypodidcew.
An unnatural aggregate of plants of very dissimilar

habit, agreeing in the possession of naked sori, which
extend along the veins in various lines. A large num-
ber of til.- sjie.iis are coated on the under surface with
a whiti Mf y. Il.n\ wa.'iy powder, which has given the
nain.> ' I I n.j.l I'.iiis or Silver Ferns. Two species occur
in the We<r, the "i Jolden-back " of California, and a
species less common from Arizona and other parts of
the Southwest. Over 80 species of wide distribution
have been included in the genus, which by many is di-
vided into a series of natural genera. The name Gym-
nogramma itself is probably not tenable.

argyrophylla. 9.

hispida, 1.

sulphurea, !

aurea. 6.

Laucheana. 4.

Tartarea, 1(

calomelanos, 8.

magnifica. 8.

Tatarica. IC

ehrysophylla, 4.

Peruviana. 9.

triaugularis

decomposita, 7.

pulchella, 11.

Weltenhallt

elegantissuna, 2.

sohizophyUa, 2.

11.

A. Under sttrfaces of Ivs. not powdery.
B. Lvs. pentagonal, hairy on both sides.
1. hlsplda, Mett. A low plant, 5-8 in. high, with pen-
tagonal, palmate lvs. 1 in. or more either way, densely
covered on both sides, but especially below, with stri-
gose hairs. Has been incorrectly referred to G. Ehren-
bergiana. Tex., Ariz., Mex. — Hardy.

ular-lanceolate, naked; ultimate seg-

BB. IiVS.

■langt

2. sohizophyUa, Baker. Lvs. 18-24 in. long, quadri-
pinnatifid, the stalks, rachises and divisions slender,
the ultimate segments finely

cut. A comparatively recent ^,

introduction; very graceful in ^6,,

cultivation. Jamaica. A. G. <-S*K-9.,

18:421. G.F. 2:533. A.F. 10: , {^'^'\- ^■

827. I.H. 31:522. Gn. 48, p.

417. Var. elegantissima ( G.

elegantissima, Hort. W.

Bull.), has reddish brown

rachises.

AA. Under surfaces u-ith wax- ■ ^

likepotoder. {Gold and

Silver Ferns.)
B. Powder yellow: lvs. abont

as broad as long.

3. triangularis, Kaulf. Fig.
1009. Lvs. 2-5 in. wide and
long, on stalks 6-12 in. long,
dark green above, below deep
golden yellow, or occasionally
white : lower pinnte much
larger than the others, del-
toid : the upi>er lance.tlate.
Calif. toB.C. Gn.48,p.444.- "—..".-.-. ---a..

A white ]iowdered variety with a viscous upper surface

and coarser cuttings (var. vlBCbsa, D. C. Eaton) is found

in S. Calif.

BB. Powder yellow: lvs. lanceolate, several times as

long as broad.

c. Lis. siyiv, hi mure than bipinnate.

4. chrysophylla, Kaiilf. Lvs. 12-18 in. long, with
blackish stalks :in<l raelii-i s, The segments slightly pin-
natifid atthe lia-^e: i.<,m -I. r -olden yellow. W. Indies to
Braz. R.H. ]> .o _ 1 > . ^ III. 23:373. -Often consid-
ered a var. .i. '. . "~. Var. Laucheina {G.
Laiiehedmi. ll-n , , i m , i/iilarlvs. except in its sub-
variety gigantea. I ill. I-. [.. t::7. — By many this species
is considered a variety of G. eiilomelanos.

re. Lvs. tripinnatifid to quadripinnate.

5. sulphilrea, Desv. Lvs. 6-12 in. long on chestnut-
brown stalks, the pinna^ Inn^r. tapcriii!;. less than IK in.
wide at base, the pinnules r,,in]iart. with 3-7 divisions;
powder sulfur-yellow. W. lialies.

6. aiirea, Desv. Lv.;. d-li in. lone, 7-10 in. wide, del-
toid ; pinnfe deltoid, L'-:; m. wide at base, the ultimate
divisions cuneale, Madagascar. — By some this is re-
ferred to G. ariimtt-a, Mett., a similar fern with white

702

GYMNOGRAMJIA

GYXAXDROrSIS

7. decompdsita, Baker. Lvs. 1}.< ft. long, 1 ft. broad,
deltoid, quadripiunate or even 5-pinnale; pinnifi close,
lanceolate, with the ultimate divisions linear and 1-
nerved : powder rather scanty. Andes. P.R. 2:25. G.C.
III. 11:365. F.1874, p. 148.

BBB. Poivde

caIom61ano3,

e; lvs. lanceolate.
lis acute.

Stalks and rachises nearly
Diac'K: ivs. i-.j It. loiij;, wjtii lanceolate pinuse; segments
often with a l:ir(;e lobe-like auricle at the upper side of
thebase. West Indies to Brazil. A.G. 14:303.-The most
variable species of the genus. G. magnifica, Hort., is
probably one of the many garden varieties. Var. chryso-
phylla is here considered a distinct species. (See No. 4. )
CD. Segments obtuse, rounded.

9. Peruviana, Desv. Lvs. 6-12 in. long, 3-5 in. wide,
with dark chestnut-brown stalks; pinnie somewhat regu-
larly pinnatifid on both sides below. Mexico to Peru. By
some considered a var. of 6. calomelanos. Var. argyro-
phJUa ( G. argi/rophy I la, Hort.), is silvery on both sides.

10. Tartirea, Desv. (G. Tntdrica, Hort.). Lvs. &-18
in. long, 2-5 in. broad, with closely set pinnEe, tapering
gradually to a point; pinnules scarcely divided or cut,
mostly merely crenate. Trop. Amer. from Mex. south-
ward.

DDD. Segments fan-shaped or wedge-shaped.

11. puIchSlla, Linden. Lvs. 6-12 in. long, 4 in. wide,
the lower pinnse much the largest; pinnules imbricated ;
texture rather thin. Venezuela. Var. Wettenhalliina,
Moore [G. IVeltenhalUAna, Hort.); is a garden variety,
with pale sulfur-yellow powder.

0. Japinica. See Dictyogramma Japonica.

L. M. Underwood.

Gold and Silver Perns are amongst the choicest and
most distinct of all ferns in cultivation, by reason of the
beautiful golden or silvery powder that covers the backs
of the fronds. The best Gold Pern is G. chrysophijlla;
the best Silver Fern is G. calomelanos. Unfortunately,
however, these fine subjects scarcely thrive anywhere
but in a warm conservatory. The finest Gold or Silver
Fern will present an unsightly appearance if syringed
or watered overhead, as the water carries off the farina.
Moreover, many a fine specimen is spoiled by overwatcr-
ing at the roots in winter time or directly after repot-
ting. The Gold Fern shown on Plate XI, which was
considered one of the finest specimens of Gymnogramma
ever raised in America, a plant that had been carefully
kept for many years, was destroyed one winter by over-
watering. In the summer time, when these ferns are
growing freely, there is little danger of over-watering,
always provided the drainage be thorough. In the winter
Gold and Silver Ferns should have a drier atmos-
phere, and less water will suffice. Plants in small pots
should be lowered into a pail of water. Do not soak
them again until they show indications of dryness.
Large specimens should never be watered with the'hose ;
always use the watering can. A critical time with Gold
and Silver Perns is after repotting, and many promis-
ing specimens are ruined as a result of premature
watering at this time. When the plants are well estab-
lished and the roots have taken fresh hold in the new
soil they will need more water.

Gold and Silver Ferns like a drier atmosphere than
the majority of ferns, particularly in winter. Hence
they should not be placed on low benches. Elevate them
in some way so that they can get the warmer and drier
air of the conservatory. Young specimens should be
placed on shelves oi- brackets near the light. Older
plants may be set upon a large inverted pot or fern pan.
A plant grown from spores shows its true character
early. A year's growth produces fine little ferns, in 2
or 3-in. pots, with fronds 4 or 5 in. long, the young ferns
being 2 or 3 in. high. Another year's care will give
handsome specimens a foot or more high.

The first thing to do with Gold and Silver Ferns is to
give them a special place wliorf tlicv can recrivp special
care. For p^.tm,- .■, Ii,l,i hmm ,,,.., ^ ,|,.~ir:,M... In the

Old World, |. :. I I . ,1. but for

large specimen ,. i , i ,, i , in using

2 parts of libl-'iM- |.r: l |,:irl |., :,1 I , i" it.M I . T rliopped

in good sized ]
sand and somi
ferns can hart
shade only in :
should be' 55"
higher. Be su
and less nioisi

1.1 1 ].:ii-t leaf-mold, with a little
i I !■ • |i the soil porous. These
!i liLtht, and need slight
i : ■ ' 1- t ho night temperature

■nil a May temperature 5° to 10"
; liK.'se ferns a drier atmosphere
ss iniiisiuie ui [lie roots in Winter than in sum-
mer. Iliiwever, the plants must not be allowed to get
too dry.

The writer jin-icrs u. l'v.hv Inrge specimens in pans
rather than in (''-, :,- r . i-mIs have more room to
spread. Surfac ; . _• ., encouraged bv a light

mulch of ch..|i]" ) i :. tine peat and sand.

Keep the crown ■■{ tie i; nt a little elevated. It
is necessary to have plenty of drainage. A good potting
soil for young plants consists of 2 parts peat and
1 part sand. Repot in February, before the young
growth has started. If repotting is delayed too long
the young fronds will be injured. Robert Shore.

GYMNOPfiTALUM (Greek, naked petal). Cnntrbi-
txlcece. A genus of 6 species of tropical oriental vines, of
which one, G. Cochinchinf»' . i- .-nif .Iii.-'- fr i-s ..ma-
mental gourds. It is a t. • -a ■• : . ■ i- -a • ■ an.l is
said to have small whit.- i' ; : , ,■ and

autumn. It is advertise.l a ,. ^ 1 cata-

logues, under the name ef >.'.,,/,,, ,',.;,,,,,,-. [jeo-
tanthus was formerly thought to be a cl.is.ly allied ge-
nus, differing only in the staminate fls. possessing
bracts and 3 bristle-like rudiments of an ovary, while
the staminate fls. of Gyranopptaluin. bv the old definition
have no bracts or minute .la .. aial I ti't i rudiment of an
ovary. The latest mon..L'i: i ' .,il,itace«e is by

Coigneaux in DC. Mon. I ;--!. He includes

Scotanthus in Gyninopetal ana a. i .n nnnuishes G. Vo-
chinchitii„~:r froni the a ..liier spec].-, by the following
char.ict.r- IN i,,,,,..-, i., us, white; calyx teeth long lin-
ear-awl ~ia. p., I ; a,|.\ shortly villous, not tomentose:
lvs. oval. , anal, d ■ a' ii-htly lobed: fr. 10-ribbed.

Cochinchineuse, Kurz {Seotdnthus ttibifl&m.i, Naud.).
Musk-scented: stem much-branched, slender, grooved,
creeping or climbing, 5-7}^ ft. long: lvs. about 1^-21^
in. long. 1-2 in. wide: fr. bright red, ovoid, rather acute
at the base, produced at the apex into a long point which
withers and remains, 2 in. long, more than 1 in. thick.

GYMN6PTEEIS, See ^cros(ic7ii(»i.

GYMNOSPdEIA (Greek, naked s.,,!^: I,, cause in
some species the seeds have no fals.- ...ai, .a- aiali. Ci-
la.slrci(i:ii. This includes a prettvev. I a'l. .11 -|iiiiv ahruli.
cult, in S. Calif., and suitable for b. .1-.-. A t;iiuis of
about 60 species of shrubs or small trees, growing in
warm regions : branches often spiny: lvs. alternate,
without stipules : fls. in small, forking cymes; sepals,
petals and stamens 4-5, the last inserted underneath the
disk, which is broad, wavy or lobed ; style 2-3-lobed:
capsule obovoid or nearly globose : seeds i-2 in each cell.
G. Berrita, from Himalayas, is cult, at Santa Barbara.
Calif., from seeds sent to F. Franceshi by the Botanic
Garden of Rome.

GYMNOTKIX. SeePcHHise^inii.

GYNANDROPSIS (Greek words : the stamens look
as if they were borne on the ovary). Cappariddcew.
This genus includes a tender annual plant with 5-7 leaf-
lets, and flowers resembling the spider flower, or Cleome.
It is known to the trade at present as a Cleome, but
Gynandropsis is distinguished by having a long torus
(or receptacle), which is produced into a slender body
(or gynophore) which is elongated at the middle, and
bears the pistil to which the filaments are united.
Cleome has a short torus, which often has an appendix
on the back, .stamens about 6 in Gynandropsis: in
Cleome 4-0, oft. 11 la i . \ a .n.li-..iisis has about 10 spe-
cies, found in 111. Mi, ,,f the world. Leaflets
3-7: fls.whitei.ri a I- .leciduous; petals en-
tire or crenulati a ■ >~r..:,i. , v aji a slender claw: seeds

GTNANDROPSIS

kidney-shaped or orbicular, compressed, with a wrinkled
or tubercled coat. For culture, see Cteome,

speciosa, DC. (Cleome specidsa,SBK.). Rather vel-
vety towards the top: Ifts. 5-7, subserrulate, oblong,
acuminate. Mex. w. M.

GYNfiEIDM {Greek, woolly stigmas), aramlnem.
This genus was until 1897 held to include the Pampas
Grass (Gyneriiim argenteum), which has long been con-
sidered the finest of all tall, plumy grasses, as also the
most important, commercially, of all ornanieutal grasses.
Plumes of Pampas Grass are shipped in large quanti-
ties from California to Europe, and are dyed various
colors. In nature the plumes are silvery white, with
\arieties ringing from ro etocarmme Moltt and purple
Thej are often 2-3 ft long Pampas C i iss is giown com
mercially only in C alifomia The plumes are not col
lected m South America or shipped therefrom The
plumes of the male plants are much inferior to those of
the females and California growers exeicise the greate t
care to allow no male plants in the plantation In this
country the plumes are sold chiefl\ to persons of foreign
1 irth (feeeiif??! tmi!, ) is abordi t plant the Pampas
Gia s is not perfectly hard\ m the ^orth the best sub
stitute for It being Ennuthui, hai nn r Hnticultur
allj Pampas ( ii i n tt 1 c mj i Iwithrl ( i it
Keed (A) <ii I J> ,i \ , tl tw i\ t i

different U\ t I m II \i ii
bold hd It 1 wl 1 1 tl 1 |] 1 1
tant featur whil it i 1 mi u \ 1 I II

mg smaller th in thr e of the I inii i < i i m 1 i ftiu
not produced before the northern frosts

The plumes of Pampas Grass and of Uva Grass (G
f u It a I f- tile 'i) are both sold in London and are presum
abh h tinguished in the trade T.-sarrassi too tender
t 1 p „i wn even m scuthem Cilifcrnia In England
1 imi I Class 1 generally hard\ \\hile Uva Grass is
kii \M nlvtoav-^i^ fpwh thou es Uva Grass is the
11 II I 1 1 I \ 1 11 II II 1 1 1 i\ n idered to

1 ( itadtria

1 I 1 bv nur

I 1 hould be

I 1 I I d 111 th 1 plaut said

I \ I lutitul than either namel\

( 1 hieflj known to the trade

1: mil ' ' ' I t in I e „i nn m sheltered sjots as far
north as Rochester ^ \ if \\ ell protected m muter \
box well failed with dr\ leaves ha-y or striw and m
\erted over the clump will generally keep them tiom
harm. Perfect specimens can be obtained only in light,
rich soil, with moderate moisture, at least in the early
stages of growth. Prop, readily by division in spring, or
by seeds, which may produce flowering plants in 2
years.

The popular name " Pampas Grass " is now unchange-
able, but the plant does not grow on the pampas or vast
grassy plains of South America, but in the mountains.
"All the evidence tends to show that it is confined to
the neighborhood of water courses iumI I" 1' |hi imus
where there is a constant and snii •<(
underground water." The manner in mis-
leading name became fixed is espln i i '^ '■ -injif,

of Kew, in his excellent monograph ul il.i., i;roup
in G.C. III. 22:358, 378, 396 (1897). In this place Stapf
gives 5 species of Cortaderia, and another is added in
B.M. 7607. In S. America the Pampas Grass and some
of its allies are called Cortadero ; hence the generic
name Cortaderia. Cortaderias are widely distributed in

Cortaderia arggntea, Stapf {ffipieriiim arghiteum,
Ne.-sl. Pampas Grass. Fi-. iniiV <;,•,. ws in individ-

GYNERIUM 703

p. 489. Gng. 5;S9. G.C. 111. 20:654. J. H. III. 35:43.
A.G. 14:323. F.S. 12, p. 179.

None of the following varietal names have botanical
rank, but they probably are fairly distinct horti-
culturally, and so far they have appeared only in
connection with the name Gynerium. Var. mon-
strdsum is perhaps the most robust, and var. nanum
(which grows about 3 ft. high), the dwarfest. The
others here mentioned are supposed to be the same
height as the type. A slender form with narrower foli-
age is var. felejans, with Ivs. a fourth of an inch wide

J'™ft., sev-
xlcs : sexual
It from the

lOlu i „ ^„ L. urn)

and stalks o-7 ft hit,h R H 1862 p loO It has sub-
varieties with white stuped tohage var elegans mveo-
lineitum and spotted with white ^ ar elegans mveo-
vittatum The preceding varieties e\iei t « here noted,
have the height of the t^pe and wlntc plume The
next four varieties differ from tlie t\ pe in h n mg col-
ored plumes vars rdseum violaceum purpiireum and
carmineum the names indKating the ditterent colors.
^ trieties with white stuped foliage aie album variegil-
tum and Stenackerl foliiB varieg^tis Varieties with
•i t How striped foliage are aureum vanegatum and Wes-
serhngi vanegAtum. Var. Koi des Koses was said by
John Saul to have foliage striped with rose, but others
describe it as a rosy-plumed variety.

When advertised under Cortaderia, these names
should all have the feminine endings, as monstrosa, etc.

Cortaderia jubata, Stapf (Gijnennm jubMum. Lem.
G. arcmitn-nebuldsum, Hort.). Differs from Pampas
Grass in the rather laxer, more graceful plume, with
longer, more flexuous, nodding branches, somewhat
smaller spikelets, more delicate glumes, and in the
longer, very slender staminodes of the pistillate fls.
The plume is lavender-colored, and the plant has been
killed by a temperature of 3° F. Grows in a dense
tuft, perennial, but with biennial culms: spiki'lrls ;!-.'-
fid. The plume is 1-2 ft. long. B.M. 7i;n7. il.c. III.
26:658. Gu.55,p.93. R.H. 1885, p. 200, i In. I,,. ],, I 7:i
Int. by Lemoine, of Nancy, France. Probalili' s\ iH.nyiiis
are G, roseion Hendlnteri and G. (irgenttnni, cai-aiina-
turn m-iidlateri. F,S, 20:2075, -Not'so well known as
the other two species,

Gynerium saccharoides, Humb, & Bonp, Uva Grass.
Rhizome creeping: culms perennial, 12-30 ft, high: Ivs.
rather evenly distributed over the culm, those near the
base gradually withering away, leaving the stem naked
4-14 ft. above ground: sheaths nearly equal (except the
lowest), about 6 in. long, slightly longer than the inter-
nodes: sexual diiiiorphism of the fls. very conspicuous:
spikelets 2-fld. B.M, 7352, — Essentially a more tender
plant than the Pampas Grass,

J. B, Keli^er and W. M.

70i

GYXERIUM

The growing of Pampas plumes for profit in Califor-
nia has been carried on for over 25 years. Paiiqias
Grass was introduced into the United States about 1M>.
In the northern states it is frequently planted on tin
lawn in summer, and upon the approach of cold we4itliri'
transferred in a tub to a cellar for winter proteciiou.
In California, a hill will sometimes attain a height of
20 ft., a diameter as great, and a weight of 2,000 pounds

Such plants would be quil
ern friends to handle i
Plants are easily pn i
and variety are very uii
by dividing the female

for our north -

the

In 1«74, it was found that h> i .' i' ' • :■ 'ii.'

plumes from the sheaths and i\i . i ., ; ,, ,1

sun the male plumes would h.r.. 1:

while the female plumes would bucuim iKai; . uul 1ml. i
and airy. In November, 187i, samples of tiiv female
plumes were sent to Peter Henderson & Co., New York.
Three hundred were ordered at once, and the following
day instructions were received to double the order and
send by express. This was the tirst b.t .il '^'noil pluuie.;
ever sent east from California, ai:4 \s;i^ tin- In -11111111-
of the present Pampas industry, lie* writn'-- ihuiii
tion was increased each year uMtil l.----:!, win n n ,1,1
prised about 5,000 hills. There wen- 1, iiui,,liei- ,.1 miIi, ,•
extensive plantations in the iieii;lilH.rli...Hl ,.1 Sicnii

Barbara. The crop of 1889 was estinialed ni l.iiiin.i

plumes. The demand has been gocid, Imt tin |n i., s li:c\ r
never been as high as at the begiuiiiug I'f tlie iiHlti-ny,
The first prices were $200 per 1,000 plumes. 'I'lie de-
crease in price was gradual until 188G, wtieti sali s were
slow at $30 per 1,000 plumes. Some of the (.-rowers diil
not harvest their crops that year, and dc sin.w.l llieir
plants. In the fall of IUST plune . >>ei. ,,, d. ie,indat$40
per 1,000, and in 18S8 ties «.ie ,, . ,, i and $00
per],000. The foUowini; -|.rii.:. ,: : : ,. ii.erease

in acreage. Since then the indu ■; im- leei ii-iipsand

the pres, 111 priei's heiiiL' .-l-.Tid and .fllfor firbt-class,

and *.S te .7.1 tnl- seennd M, e.

Pampas Crass sh.add he |,ut en ihe hest valley land,
and set lu l)y iijlect apart, ih li.re ,.| .ntiiiL'. the ground
should be deeply plowed and put 1 -1 . Ii - ei.ndition.
In selecting stock, divide only in - 'hat pro-
duce the finest white plumes. ^ ■ ■ li Inre the

best plants. From old hills the Im-i pi.ni- nr^ nhtained
around the outside, those in the center of the stool being
mostly worthless unless planted in large clumps. Some
plumes will be produced the first year after planting.
They will not be first-class, but are worth saving. The
second year, if well grown, they should produce 80 to
150 plumes to the hill. Not all plantations will yield
this much. The third and fourth years there will not be
much change in the vicld. ,\s a plant gets older the
plumes are Ini-' r hut tin •■!• 'd is less. After 8 or 10
years aquantir t i .1 1 ii,.r will have accumulated,

i i e d or burned.

, iiinss is a signal for great
eilia\e large fields. The grass
should be so trinimoil early in September, before
the plumes appear, that each hill will be easy
of access. Young plants ripen their plumes two
or three weeks earlier than old ones, and some *

varieties are earlier than others. It requires ex- v

ercise of judgment to pick the plumes at the t.

proper time. They are generally ready when they —
are exposed from the husk a few inches and have J*'^
a fluffy look. It is well to try a few at this stage, ^ v-
and if they cure well at the stem end when dr>' '-cv^
they are ail right, but if they do not become fluffy T^'^'
at the stem end they have been picked too young. ''■^=-
If the plume looks" dark and seedy at the top
when cured, it was too old when picked. Some
varieties, especially those producing very long
plumes, should be allowed to remain somewhat
longer on the plant than those of the short -plumed

and the hills si

The appetirai

activity amon-

, klufe set

out injuring lue p>:ume. >
a quick jerk or strike >
plume. The plumes are tl
tiiid evenly spread in long
inidi -nmoth and free fr

GYNURA

a few of each variety, the time of
aseertaiued. Some varieties are
I. ill the field; others have to be
in hes. where the husk or sheath is
leis husk them like com : others
h a wav as t,i s],lit. the husk with-
in lin n 1, IS been split.

111- nr.nin.l should be
rash that is liable to
the plumes. Clean stubble ground is the best.
es are left on the ground three days and two
cure, and are turned an.l shaken once each
n;ii, ,nntpneknd:nv:n-risl.r,.in;iyai„l smoothly

m iv.u yrud. .-; lUe first-class,
Je-ug and over, clear of stem
iiehes), is packed in cases that
a ton and contain 3,000 plumes ;

n d in cases of the same size,

in] n. Imi- e|, :ir i.f stcni. auil

III. pi ' paekial sm..„thly and evenly they will

■ . jdessure. Careful all-round cultivation

I ■ I induce good plumes. About three-quar-

1 I- .1 ,1 I,,,,,, .11 plumes are grown at Santa Barbara at

The best market at present is London, the next Ham-
burg. Berlin, Denmark, New Y'ork and Philadelphia
take a few. Pampas plumes are colored in London. In
America the pure white plumes give the best satisfaction.
Joseph Sexton.

GYNtTBA (name refers to the tailed stigmas). Com-
p6sU<v. Twenty or more herbs (rarely somewhat
shrubby) nf trnf,ii.r,| \.in. :\frhni and .\iisfrnlia l.vs.

alternate. 1 ■■• , ■■ 1. 1 .•■!, mnn.n-.nn : ]■••/■'- di- I, ilie

florets enninn , , 1.- " ■ ' •■ '• • < '■ y ■

amoderalii; li:,_li tninpnmiiire. in- nn- all i' d n.>niieeio
and Cineraria.

aurantiaca, DC. Velvet Plant. Stout and branchy,
2-3 ft., with almost succulent stems, densely clothed
with violet or purple hairs: Ivs. large and soft, ovate,
jagged -toothed, hairy, short petioled or the upper ones
clasping, overlaid with iridescent purple: heads in a
terminal cluster, yellow or orange. Java. I.H. 28 :43C. -
One of the handsomest of recent foliage plants. In
winter it may be grown in the conservatory or warm-
house, but in the summer it may be bedded out in a
warm and protected place. It grows rapidly, and makes
a most satisfactory display of colored leafage. It is
readily propagated by cuttings in the house, as gerani-
ums are.

Other species, but not known to be in the Amer. trade, are:
G. auriculata, Cass. (G. ovali'. TiQ Cacnlia ovalis, Ker.).

.%^ AV T.fe-t--'^^'

1011 Gypsophila muralis

Only si ghtlj 1
s des Hi. yel o v
DC 3 ft ot

Malayan I

GYPSOPHILA (7 7 t 1 kes cal

and Asian
1 1 eful for
1 oiders and
t There are

1 erbai i e s pils t united

below I ut the cihx naked at the bxse
(not bracte 1 as i i one related gen
eri) pet lis o cla ve 1 very small usu
ally wh te stjles po 1 4 lived Ivs
small, entire, opposite. Very branchy
or spreading, slender herbs, with scant
foliage when in bloom. Of easiest cul-
ture, in open, rather dry places. They
are desirable for rockwork. They make
an excellent effect as filling amongst
shrubbery; also good for covering un-
kempt places with a mass of delicate
bloom. Hardy.

A. Plant annual.
1012. Gypsophil'a muriUs, Linn. Fig. 1011. Very dif-
elegans. fuse and branchy, mostly with shorter

Natural size. joints than G. eleijans, of finer appear-
ance : Ivs. linear, spurry like : fls.
small, rosy; l-i;^ ft. Eu.— Makes a dense little mound
when well grown.

felegans, Bieb. Fig. 1012. Repeatedly forked-branched,
glabrous: Ivs. sessile, the uppermost linear, the lower
oblong or spatulate: fls. white or sometimes (G.rdsea,
Hort. ) rosy ; 1 ft. Caucasus. — Much cult. , and handsome.
AA. Plant perennial.
B. Lvs. short, spatulate : plant pubescent.
cerastioides, D.Don. Low, densely pubescent : lvs.
pubescent, the radical ones long-petioled, the others
spatulate or obovate, obtuse or nearly so: fls. large (of-
ten?^ in. across), whiteor lilac, pink-veined. Himalayas.

GYPSOPHILA

B.M. 6099. Gn. 47, p. 422. -Of creeping habit; excellent
for rockwork.

BB. Lvs. long: plant glabrous or nearly so.

paniculata, Linn. Baby's Breath. Fig. 1013. Dif-
fuse and rather tall-growing (2-3 ft.), forking: lvs. lin-
ear-lanceolate, the largest 3 in. long, but becoming
smaller towards the inflorescence, sharp-pointed; fls.
white, very numerous : pedicels 2-3 times as long as the
calyx. Eu".— A very popular plant, especially for use in
the trimming of bouquets. A most graceful subject.
Stems stiff and wiry, therefore excellent for cutting. A
picture of its use in

floral arrangement will . (M^ a S5

be foundinA.F. G:340. --i. W \T ^-'■^

acatiJdlia, Fisch. Very

like the last.

but the

plant greener.

the Ivs.

^.inctly3-

iM.licels

iiiau the

(■ill^ \. ' ::i,'-.

■1^. - G.

be

lilt, undi

this name.

SKveni, Fisch. ( G.
glaiica, Hort.). Lower
than G. paniculata, glau-
cous-green : lvs. linear-
lanceolate and carinate,
mostly radical ; fls.
rather larger, white, the
panicles smaller than
those of G. paniculata;
petals shorter than the
calyx. Caucasus.

ripens, Linn. Stems
trailing or prostrate,
ascending at the ends,
not glaucous : Ivs. lin-
ear, sharp-pointed, gla-
brous : fls. rather large,
white or rose, the petals 1013. cypsophila ,
about twice longer than
the sepals and the pedicels usually much longer. Alps
and Pyrenees. B.M. 1448.— Best adapted to the rock-
e'-.v- L. H. B.

H

HABENABIA (Greek, a rein or strap; referring to
the shape of parts of the flower). OrchidAceie, tribe
Ophri'idea. Re:n Orchis. Terrestrial leafy herbs, re-
sembling orchis in habit : tubers usually undivided,
rarely lobed : fls. in terminal racemes or spikes, rarely
solitary; sepals subequal, free or cohering at base,
erect or spreading ; petals usually smaller, often 2-lobed ;
lip spreading or drooping, long- or short-spurred at
base, its blade entire or 3-5-fld; column very short, ses-
sile ; rostellura usually 1-toothed or lobed ; glands
naked; anther cells parallel or divergent: capsule ovoid
or oblong, erect. The lateral lobes are sometimes
fringed, giving the flower a graceful appearance. Spe-
cies about 400, very widely distributed in temperate and
tropical regions.

Few species of Habenaria are of much horticultural
importance, especially in this country. Some of the ex-
otic kinds enjoy some favor as stove plants in England,
while there are a number of hardy North American spe-
cies which can be recommended for outdoor cultivation
in boggy places. H. Susannne, carnea, militaris and

until after flowering. These Habenarias are much like
Bletia in their requirements.

The most popular species at present seem to be B.
ciUaris, fimhriata and psycodes, but these give a very
imperfect conception of the beauties of the genus, al-
though in the opinion of the writer, H. ciliaris is the
showiest orchid in temperate North America. The na-
tive species are procurable through collectors and
dealers in native plants: foreign species through Dutch
bulb growers; and H. radiata through dealers in Japa-
nese plants.

Index of species described below:

bifolia, 29.

Elwesii, 18.

nivea, 13.

blephariglottis, 15.

flmbriiita, 4.

obtusata, 27.

Bonatea, 19.

gigantea. 17.

odoratissima, 2.

bracteata, 24.

grleilis, 33.

orbic>.lata,28.

carnea, 6.

Hookeriana, 30.

peramtena, 3.

chlorantha, 20.

Uookerii. 30.

psycodes, 5.

ciliaris, 8.

hyperborea. 31.

I'tisilla. 11.

cinnabarina, 10.

Integra. 7.

r.-,diata, 21.

lacera. 23.

rhodocheila, 12.

conopsea. 1

leucophfea, 22.

Susanna., 17.

cristatn, 9.

Ifueostachys. 14.

tridentata. 25.

dilatata. 35.

longecalcarata, 16.

Unala8Chcenais,34.

elegans. 32.

militaris, 11.

viresoens. 26.

other East Indian species are best grown in
ately warm house, needing good light and a fair amount
of water. It is recommended to repot them after the
resting season in a compost of peat, moss, loam and
crock dust, with the tuber resting upon the crocked up
bottom of the pot and the growing point just beneath the
soil. They should then be given a good supply of water

A. Fls. purple: lip S-parted : stems leafy.

B. Segments of lip entire : bracts nearly equaling the

flowers.

1. confipsea, Rcnth. (Gymnadhiia condpsea, R.Br.
r:. ..,-";-,, T'rrii.-h authors). Deadman's Fingers.
I'l i ' 1" llesh-colored, rarely white, fragrant,
ni' ■! [>iir longer than ovary, sometimes twice

:i- l"iu:, .: .iiily. Europe, N. Asia. — There is an ir.

I'lui'ji.,. >i 1,1 i;i ii-lienbach dating from 1854, whereas
Beuthum's dates only from 1880.

2. odoratlssima, Pranch. (Gymnadhiia odoratissima,
A. Rich.). Fls. intensely red-purple, aromatic, only half
as large as in the preceding; spur shorter than ovary.
May, June. Europe.

BB. Segments of lip toothed.

3. peramoena, Gray. Rather tall: fls. large and showy,
violet-purple ; niidrlle segment of lip 2-lobed. July,
Aug. N. J. to Va. and 111. B.B. 1:466.

EBB. Segments of lip deeply and copiously fringed.

4. fimbriita, R. Br. Fls. lilac, rarely white, fragrant;
petals laterally toothed. Summer. New Brunswick to
Mich, and Mts. of N. C. A.G. 12:152. G.P. 10:483.
B.B. 1:466.

5. psycddes, Gray. Three ft. or less high : fls. many,
crowded, much smaller than in fimbriata, lilac, rarely
white, fragrant. July, Aug. Newfoundland to Minn,
and high mountains of N. C. B.B. 1:466.

AA. Fls. pink tlirougliout: Ivs. all radical.

G. cirnea, N. E. Brown. Fig. 1014. Lvs. dull green,

spotted with white : fls. few, loosely clustered, light

pink, fading nearly white; lip large ; spur over 2 in.

long. Penang. G.C. III. 10:729. Gn. 47:1005. G.M.

30:642. G.P. 4:487. J.H. III. 33:319. R.B. 21:44.-

This species, one of the most beautiful of the genus,

is apparently not yet in American trade.

AAA. Fls. orange.

B. Color orange-yellow ihrougliotu.

c. Lip nearly or quite entire.

7. Integra, Spreng. Two ft. or less high, leafy: fls.
small, crowded. July. N. J. to La., near the coast.
B.B. 1:463.

CO. Lip fringed or lacerate.

8. cili&riB, R. Br. Yellow Fringed Orchis. Fig.
1015. Pis. crowded, brilliant orange; petals fringed at
apex; spur about twice as long as lip; lip long-tringed.
Aug. Eastern U. S. B.M. 1668. B.B. 1:464. -A strik-
ing species.

HABENARIA

9. cristata, R. Br. Smaller: fls. much smaller; petals
merely toothed ; spur little exceeding the lip. July.
N. J. to La. near the coast. B.B. 1:464.

BB Colot cmnahar oranqe Oie sepals led spotted

outside
10 cmnabarlna Rolf '5m ill stem leif\ lip 3
Midagas

HABENARIA

707

>/

ntid mid

petal I I I it

11 militiris 1
Silla Kill II
flsnumiiju hi

lobe bifad spui 1 ug ind very slen
der greenish w hxte Cochin China
R H 18S8 -!% J H III ii ■j') f
M ib 436 -The author says of thi
fine plant No English soldier c u
boa t a ] icket of a deeper scai I t
than the lip of our plant Ni t ii
Amei tiade

12 rhodocheila Hance Neirh
related to raihtdn but fls fenei
and subcor-i mliose petals almost
helmet shi]ie I lip i irying from
deep r I" nil to imiibar and
maddd i m lull ^ II w (_ hma
B M o 1 -\ t 111 \m 1 tiade

Fl

B Co?oi put uhite
C Lip eiitiu
13 mvea "spren^ Lvs i
1 or 2 lowest bract like fis nu
merous loosely clustered small
spur very slender Summer Del
to Ala B B 1 402

14. Ieuc6stachys, Wats. Usually
tall and stout : Ivs. several : fls.
many, rather large. Idaho to Ariz.,
Calif . and Oreg. Mn. 6:81. -Nearly
related to ff. dilatata, but distin-
guished by its spur greatly exceed-
ing the sepals.

cc. Lip fringed.

15. blepharigl6ttis, Poir. Fls.
much as in ciliaris, but somewhat
smaller ; petals slightly erose at
apex; spur aljout 3 times as long as
lip. July. Newfoundland to N. C.
and Minn. B.B. 1:465. Mn. 8:113.

1015. Habenaria
ciliaris, or Yellow
Fringed Orchid.

of

CCC. Lip 3-parted.

16. longecalcarita, A. Rich. Lvs. all radical: fls. 1-3,
large, long-stalked ; middle lobe of lip narrow, lateral
ones broader, unevenly fringed; spur twice as long as
ovary, with pedicel. July, Aug. India. B.M. 7228. -Not
in Amer. trade.

17. Sus4nn8B, R. Br. (IT. gigantea, Don). Stem tall,
stout, leafy: fls. 3-5, very large, fragrant ; broad, fan-
shaped side lobes of lip deeply fringed; niidlobe tongue-
shaped. I'litin-; spur iiicjio than twice as long as ovary

and p.M I. hi.lia. M:,l:.ya, Cliiiia. B.M. 3374. G.C. III.

16:27'.*. .1.11. III. li'.i:'J"Jfi. — Tins and the preceding are
among tin- lai^;cst-ll.l. ami sh.jwiest Habenarias. Not in
Amer. trade.

BE. Color partly or wholly green, or greenish yellow.

c. Lip deeply S-lobed or 3-parted.

D. Petals cleft or parted into 3 lobes or segments.

18. filwesii, Hook. Erect, leafy : fls. few, large,
greenish yellow; petals cleft almost to base into long,
slender, sickle-shaped, hairy segments; lip smooth, the
segments long and slender. India. B.M. 7478.— A re-
markable species.

19. Bonatea, Reichb. f. (Botidfea specidsa, Willd.).
Stout, leafy: fls. rather large, light green and white ;

lobes of lip, especially
base. S.Afr. G. C. III. :

DD. Petals not cleft or parted.
E. Spur sac-shaped : lobes of lip entire.

20. chlordntha, Spreng. Lvs. clasping : fls. not ex-
ceeding bracts, greenish. Mascarene Islands.

EE. Spur long and slender.
F. ifiddle lobe of lip entire, the others fringed.

21. radiita, Spreng. Petals exceeding sepals ; spur
greenish white, about equaling the ovary. Aug., Sept.
Japan.

FF. All lobes of lip deeply fringed.

22. leucophsea, Gray. Four ft. high or less : fls. large,
whitish or greenish, fragrant ; petals erose ; spur ex-
ceeding ovary. July. N. Y. to Minn, and Ark. B.B.
1:465.

23. Idcera, R. Br. Ragged Okchis. Smaller: fls.
greenish yellow; spur not equaling ovary. June, July.
Nova Scotia to Ga. and Mo. B.B.I :465.

cc. Lip merely toothed or slightly lobed : fls. incon-

spicwous.

D. Fls. much shorter than the conspicuoiis bracts:

spur sac-shaped, short.

24. bracteita, R. Br. Fls. greenish ; spur often white.
Summer. Northeastern U. S. to B. C, Eu. B.B. 1:463.

DD. Fls. nearly equaling or exceeding bracts : spur
long and slender,

E. Li-s. 1-2 near base of stem.

25. tridentata, Hook. Fls. greenish, loosely clustered;
hp wide at apex, 3-toothed ; spur incurved. July, Aug.
Newfoundland to Minn., Fla. and La. A.G. 12:153.

B. 1:463.

EE. Lvs. 3 or more.

26. vir^soens, Spreng. Leafy: fls. greenish; lip only
slightly exceeding petals, with 2 lateral teeth and a
nearly basal wart. July. Range of preceding. B.B.

CCC. Lip entire: fls. inconspicuous.

D. Large Irs. all basal.

E. Leaf solitary.

27. obtUBita, Richards. Spike loosely-fld. : fls. yellow-
green; lip detlexed; spur about equaling lip
Across B. Amer., south to N. Y. and Col. B.

EE. Leaves 2.

F. Spur much exceeding ovary.

28. orbiouUta, Torr. Lvs. orbicular, lying on the
ground: fls. numerous, loosely clustered, greenish ; lip

Julv, Aug. Across B. At

:461.

Qd Minn.

white, obtus

to mountains of N.

29. bildlia, R. Br. Butterfly Orchis. Lvs. oblong:
fls. white, with tips of spur and lip greenish, fragrant m
the evening. May, June. Eu.

30. HookerUna, Gray (E. Bobkeri, Lindl.).

Lvs.

oval, obovate or orbicular : fls. greenish yellow

; lip

acute. Summer. Nova Scotia to N. J. and Iowa.

B.B.

DD. Large lvs. several above the ba
E. Spike commonly dense.
hyperh6rea, R. Br. Fl

31. ^legans, P."
all alike; spur til

33. gracilis,
loni;, maiiy-Hd
and sepals. Oi

lish ; petals, obtuse
ally long. Summer.
Alaska. B.B. 1:462.
all on lower part of
ill ; sepals 1-nerved,
■ Island to Calif.

ft. high or less : spike
equaling lip

708

HABEXARIA

FF. Spur not snr-f.h(ipe<l.

34. UnalaBchcSnsis, Wai'. ri-. '..],\t.' .r -r. .nish ;
sepals, petals and lip ai"'iii ■ ,, I; '- , 1 lardy

to nearly twii-e longer tli.i' - : i i lia to

Calif, ami Utah. -Near // . .. , i. ;■ :. iiiler,

with a longer and more ujuu .-vpikL. U i=. rulLiiud by
some to the genus Hermiuium.

33. dilatita, Gray. Fls. greenish white; lip widened
or even auricled at base ; spur about as long, incurved.
Summer. Cooler parts of N. Amer. A.G. 12:153. B.B.
1 :4(i2. — fliore slender and narrower-leaved than i7.
hijperborea. T. H. Kearney, Jk.

HABEBL£A (after a professor of botany at Pesth,
who died in 1S31). Gesneriicem. This includes a dainty
little hardy herbaceous perennial plant, which is tufted
and bears in spring a few scapes 4-6 in. high, with 2-5
nodding, violet-colored, 5-l(iliid, tubular fls., each about
1 in. long and 1 in., hi"-- I'n!;, 1 -].,.■!,-■ i, l.miwn,
and it is found M iM ■■! ■ ■ ii, :':'• ■ J' ■' :• !<' val-
ley in Thrace, wl : :,. :.|i.' of

the Balkans ou ^liii'ii ri ~, 11, -,.,- ,. i,.,;.-. i.ni. i-|ircie3
of Gesneraceie arc i..iiii.i wtiU lii Liawj.^-. aii.,i ;j ...r ihem
are said to be coutiucd each to one spot. The allied
genus Raiuondia has the same habit and is equally de-
sirable. The corolla of Haberlea has a conspicuous
tube, which is thrust out of the calyx nearly H in., and
5 lobes, 2 of which are much smaller than the others,
while in Ramondia the flower seems to be wheel-shaped,
with 5 equal petals, because the corolla tube is very
short and inconspicuous and the lobes deeply cut.

Haberlea has 4 include.] ,li.l\ ii:;iii..ii , stamens and a
bell-shaped calyx. RainniM!,, '... , iinl, equal sta-

mens and a wheel-shap. ,1 ; I - rl.a was int. to

cult, about 1881 by Leirliinu 1 i. «. if any, of our

skilled amateurs know the piaiU. it is nut advertised in
America. For culture, see llawioHdia.

Ehodopfinsis, Friv. Clothed everywhere with soft,
spreading hairs, except the corolla: Ivs. 2-3 in. long,
obovate- or ovate-oblong, obtuse, coarsely crenate, thick,
leatherv. few-nerved: calyx 5-cleft; corolla pale lilac.
B.M. 0051. -VV. M.

HABBANTHUS. Included in Eippeastrxtm,

HABEOTHAMNUS is all referred to Cestrum. 11.
fascicuhlhis = 0. fascicnlatum ; H. elegans and R. coc-
ciueus elegans^C. elegans; IT. lVeiveni=C. NewelU.

HACKBERKY. CAth nrrirleutalis.

HACKMATACK, ur TAMARACK. La rU America na.

HSIMANTHUS {blood flower). AmarylUdAcc'v.
Blood Lily. Between 30 and 40 African bulbous plants,
of which the greater part are natives of the Cape re-
gion. Fls. showy, often numerous, in umbels; perianth
straight and creef, wit'i n •.■li"rr. e-lin'lrif:il t-ili-- : -r:-

inserted i
the anthe
loculed o'

. the

vhite.

longer than the clu.ster of root-lvs. : they lack the
corona of many amaryllidaceous plants. Monogr. by
Baker in Amaryllideae, 1888 ; but the S. African species
are revised by him more recently in Flora Capensis,
vol. C. See, also. Flora Trop. Africa, vol. 7.

Hffimanthuses, like most Cape bulbs, are summer- and
autumn-flowering ; or. when started indoors or in
frames, LlinTnirir in r>i-'ii:' -r early summer. The fls.
often v'' ■' ' !'' '■ I' I, '■,,-,, is usually large and
luxuriaiii , :■ i ; ■ ' i , ,i,ii liaii.isumely colored.

The lis. :i:' i:a 'II,, :: a , J in. tieross, and pro-

duced in -n :iL ball 1.1. e la ii'l.= la.airly ur quite a foot
through. Yet the species are essentially curiosities in
this country. The culture given Nerine suits them well.
Their season of growth is usually not more than three
or four months, and the remainder of the year they may
be laid away in the pots. When growing, give plenty of
rather weak liquid manure, keep in an intermediate or
warm house, and when in bloom keep them somewhat
cooler. Avoid overpotting. Prop, by offsets, which usu-

H.EMAXTHUS

ally form freely; and until they do form, the bulbs will
probably nut need repotting. Separate the offsets when
growth is beginning. In this country they are some-
times flowered in pots plunged in a warm, protected
border, blooming in summer and fall. For H. toxica-
rius, see Buphane disticha.

A. Leaves thin or memhranaceous .
B. SpatJies and perianth segments spreading,

multifldrus, Martyn {H. temdfldrus, Herb. B. Kdt-
breijeri. Baker). Bulb globose, 3 in. or less in diam.:
Ivs. 3-4 on a short, separate stem, the petiole short and
sheathing, the oblong blade 0-12 Jn. long, with 6-8 veins
each side of the midrib: scape straight, 1-3 ft. high,
green or red-spotted: umbel often 6 in. in diam., con-
taining 30-100 fls., which are usually blood-red, with
linear 3-nerved segments twice or more as long as the
tube ; red filaments long-exserted, bearing prominent
yellow anthers. Trop. Africa. Variable. B.M. 961,
1995, 3870. L.B.C. 10:912; 20:1948 (erroneously as H.
pitniceus). F.S. 1:. 18; 23:2377. I.H. 26:3,'J4. Var.su-
p6rbu3, Hort., is an improved brilliant-colored form.

KdtherinEB, Baker. Bulb globose. 2-3 in. in diam.:
Ivs. 3-5, on a short, separate si.m. alila-afln- \Mlli the
fls., with a short, spnii.-l i" m-l. , t!ir liLal.- .'i,i..ii^. ti-H
in. long and 4-6 in. In-'-ail, tin' laimil \ nn - s ni; pnliiti-

Cle 1 ft. tall, spotted t.iward (In- l.as..; uinlinl s. iinet ililes

9 in. in diam., densely many-tUl.: fls. bright red, 2-2H
in. long, the lanceolate reflexing segments little longer
than the cylindrical tube ; red filaments exserted. S.
Afr. B.M. 6778. -Name spelled both Katherinm and
Knfh':r::!i\ even by Baker; but the former spelling is
tin- .11 i.,ii. In emit, the Ivs. become "about 3 ft. in
leii : I i, 'ie,'lit pale green color— apple-green, as
it I ,4 -and the venation is more strongly

mar ,. 1 1 I- usual infi'. multiflorus, H. cinnabari-

Hies- ttiid other allied kinds. "-Burbidge, Gn. 49, p. 160,
with figure.

Lindeni, N. E. Brown. Lvs. 6-8, in 2 ranks, arising
from a thick, solid rootstock, nearly or quite evergreen ;
petioles long, winged; blade 10-12 in. long and 3-5 in.
wide, long-ovate, lanceolate or ovate-oblong, acute, the
base rounded or subcordate, with a longitudinal fold
either side of the midrib : scape 1% ft. tall, arising from
the side (.f tlie Ivs.. ilaitened On one side, more or less
siH.tl. .1: ninli. I -l,,l,nlar. li-B in. in diameter, with 100
or nnnr srailet IN. .lin ning in succession: fls. 2 in.
.■icrii s, tin' till"' ■ , in. i.iiiL,'. the lobes longer and linear-
laneeukile audaenle. Cugo. G. C. III. 8:437; 13:483.
I.H.37:112; 40:172,Fig.l: 41,p.l8. Gt.46,p.217. G.M.
36:220. J.H. III. 28: 731 -Handsome.
EB. Spathes and perianth segments erect or ascending.

punioeus, Linn. Bulb nearly globular, 2-3 in. in di-
ameter: lvs. 2-4, from the bulb, the petiole one-half the
length of the blade, the blade 6-12 in. long and 2-1 in.

ilong, strongly undulated, the i
ii side the rib: scape 6-15 in. tail
'se and dense, 3-4 in. in diameii i-

, pale scarlet, yellowish red or r
lu': perianth tube cylindrical, sh
te 3-nerved segments: filaments
a. B.M. 1315.

■ed, 1

about

Ling.

S. Alric

AA. Lvs. thick and tleshij.
B. Bracts and fls. white.
41biflo3, Jacq. Bulb or tuber compressed sidewise,
with thick, 2-ranged scales: lvs. 2-4, appearing with the
fls., nearly erect, obtuse, 0-8 In. long and nearly half as
broad, narrowed to the base, green and glabrous, but
ciliate on the edges: scape less than 1 ft. tall, pale green,
bearing a dense, globular umbel 2 in. in diameter: fls.
% jn long, the linear segments much exceeding the tube.
S.Africa. B. M. 12.39. L.B.C. 7:002. Var. pubSscens,
Baker, has lvs. hairy above. L.B.C. 8:702. B.R. 5: 382.
n. Cldrl;ci, Hort., is a hybrid of this species and C.

d sidewise, 3 in. in
ed: lvs. 2, suberect,
ill. broad, narrowed
t ciliate: scape 6-10

coccineus, Linn,
diam., the scales nia
Ungulate, reachinir
to the base, green a

H^MANTHUS

•
in. tall, compressed, mottled : bracts large and thick,
ascending and forming a cup, in which the red fls. are
borne: lis. 1 in. long, with linear segments and a short
tube. S.Africa. B.M. 107.5. L. B.C. 3:240. Var. coarc-
titus, Baker, has smaller Ivs. and shorter bracts. B.R.
3:181.-Odd plants.

tigrinus, Jacq. Lvs. ciliate on the margins. 1 ft. or
less long, spotted on the lower part of the back ; scape
6 in., red-spotted: umbel dense, 2 in. or less in diam. ;
bracts shorter than in the last (not over 2 in. long),
bright red: fls. 1 in. or less long, with very short tube.
S. Africa. B.M. 1705. L. H. B.

H3;MARIA (Greek, referring to the blood-red under
surface of the lvs.). Orchiddeem. A genus of 4 .'species
of terrestrial orchids, known to the trade cliiclly as
Goodyera. They are really dwarf stove foliaijr i.hmis,
and are to be cult, like Ancectochilus. In 11a iiuma tin
lower lip is swelled above its base into a \vi.l._- rl.(w ami
is provided with a pouch-like sac at base, and a Ijlade of
2 divergent lobes ; in Goodyera the blade of the lip is
small and not clawed Both genera belong to a large
group in which the lip either has no spur or sac, or if
the latter is present, it is included between the sepals;
while in Anoectochilus the lip ha.s a prominent sac or
spur projecting between the lateral sepals.

The leaves of H. discolor are green above and red be-
low. It is, however, not nearly so biiUiant as Hivmatm
Dawsoniana, which has the same red color beneath, and
is beautifully netted above with red or yellow. In both
species a dozen or more small fls., chiefly white, are
borne on a densely hairy scape. Alfred Rehder writes
that thf-f> I'biit'-" -1 rni m-vli rnsier to cultivate than
Anoeoti'-l; !■: ! - I - 1.(1 m growing Anoecto-
chilus .11, II , liiit h.as grown Ha3ma-

ria with , I . , ^: ,, !,i i-i^, shallow pans, with

the rhiz-ni' s ..t-/. |.:ii„ m ^I'lm-iiuin.

A. Lvs. not nelled-veined above

discolor, Lindl. {Goodi/ira discolor, Ker.). Blade of

lvs. oblong, 3 in. long. % in.wide. China (Biazil, accord

ingtoLoddiges). L. B.C. 2:148. B.M 20i B R 4 271

—John Saul's plants had white longitudinal markings

AA. Lvs. hrilUanthj netted-vemed ahoie.

DawBoni4na, (<?. Ddwsonii, Boxall. Ancectoch'>!u'<
Dawsonidnus, Low). Blade of lvs. elliptic, 3 in long,
IK in. wide. Burma, Philippines. B M 74bG(\cinsof
2 Ivs. blood-red; of the other almost wholly yellow).—
John Saul says "golden purple" veins.

H. IIasselbring.

HAIEBELL or HAREBELL. Campanula rotundi-

HAKEA (after Barou von Hake, Geinnn fiimd
botany). Protedcete. A genus of Austi ili iii Imi
slightly cult, indoors abroad and outdoois ni ^ ( i
The genus is too polymorphous and uniin] ■ it iit t
described at length here. Ninety-five spec n s m tn
described in English, with an elaborate kij lu 11'
Australiensis 5:489 (1870).

A. Length of lvs. 1-2 inches.

pugionif6rmls, Cav. Height usually 2-1, rarely 8 i
lvs. all entire, terete, smooth, rigid, 1-2 m. long:
few, in axillary, sessile clusters. L B.C. 4-353 —
Franceschi says it is an odd plant, which at a dis-
tance looks like a pine and has whitish fls

HALESIA

709

-3 in. long. G.C. III. 19:

an oblong raceme which i

-Int. in 189!) by Mrs. T. B. Shepherd, who says that

there are 5 or more racemes in a bunch.

EB. Nerves few, IS.

C. Fls. red, in globular heads.

laurina, R. Br. Tall shrub, attaining 10 ft.: lvs. 4-G

in. long, 3- o

(_ the Japanese

( in the genus
IX bj reason of

iiim.il inflorescence
1 dl trees and shrub

atummate, moil oi Ir ss (b i
dl ciduous, ligiit .,'11 1 11 mil >
white, bell sli iped, dio.ipiu

fiscicles or shoit raceme

of the branches, borne i

preceding veir , cal>\

toothed, aduate to the 3-4
shaped, epig\ i

2-4 celled, 4 .
drupe, dry, « i i
winged, tipped \\
cah\ teeth

The common Snowdrop Ti

1 the a\il& of lvs. of the
obconical, slightly 4-8-
ldIldu^u^ ciiioUabell

1016. Halesia tetrapti

AA. Length of lvs. 4-S in
B. Nerves many.
multilineita, Meissn. Tree or tall shrub
-s in. k.iig, with many very fine nerves fls

but thrives in ilim si i
Its habit IS 1 in M I

somewhat pendulous, rath, i
adapted to shrubberies and I
but piefers a somewhat sh li i 1 j I
drained, rich soil. It is easih tianspli
grows in bush form, but may be grown
cut to one shoot and given ample room

tetrap-
along streams,
ii\ good soil.

11 1 I well
cd It often
i a tree when
The flowers

710

HALESIA

are rather short-lived, except in var. Meehani. Prop,
most commonly by layers, also by root-cuttings in spring
and autumn; and by seeds, which should be kept con-
stantly moist, as they rarely germinate until the second
year if allowed to dry. H. diptera is hardy as far north
as Philadelphia, but of doubtful hardiness farther north,
though it may become acclimatized. Thrives best in a
cool, deep loam. Prop, by seeds, which should never be
allowed to dry, and by grafting on U. tetraptera.

tetrdptera, Linn. Fig. 1016. A small tree or shrub
8°-10°, whose fls. resemble those of a snowdrop. Lvs.
ovate or ovate-oblong, finely serrate, dark green and
glabrous above, pale green and stellate-pubescent be-
low, 2-4 in. long: fls. in lateral clusters of 2-i ; co-
rolla 4-lobed, 1 in. long: ovary 4-celled: drupe ellip-
soidal, longitudinally 4-winged, 1-lK in. long. Va. S.
and W. B.M. 910. Mn. 5, p. 194. S.S. 0:257. Gng.
2:247. A.G. 14:211; 18:438. M.D.G. 1899:352-3. Var.
MeShani, Sargent (B'.J/ee7m«i,Hort.). Fig. 1017. Habit
wholly unlike that of the type, i-mui.l. Im^liy and more
upright, from a distance lookiiii,' HI' ;im apiili tree, 12
ft. high. Has thicker, rugose, dark L'rrm 1\ s., ,„i young
plants glandular serrate, and smaller, iinn-f numerous
fls with short calyx -tubes and cup-sluipeil i;orullas, with-
out the narrow base. Seems barren, but is not a hy-
brid. Growth smaller. G.F. 5:535. Gng. 2:247.

diptera, Ellis. A small tree or shrub from the South
not easily distinguished from H. tetraptera. The lvs.
are larger, ovate, green on both sides, coarsely scrrat.-
and downy: fls. white, on long pedicels, in racenjcs i.f
2-4, more showy than those of II. tetraptera ; petals 1,
nearly distinct. 1 in. long : ovary 3-celled : drupe willi
2 large opposite wings and 2 obsolete. Early .Tinir.
S.S. 6:259. -Plant not so large as of H. tetrapt,r,i :
lvs. larger and fls. more showy.

n. con/mhdsa, Nioh.=Pterostyrax corymbosa.— H". hfsjiiihi,
Mast.=Pterostyr.'ix hispida.— TT. parvifldra. iiichx. Much like
H. tetrcipteru. but shrubby, with smaller tls. aud 2-winge(l fr.

Ga. and Fla

A. Phelps ■Wyma>

HALIMODfiNDEON (Greek, salt tree ; referring to
the maritime habit of the plant). Leguminbsce. A
genus whose sole representative is a hardy deciduous
shrub 4-10 ft. high, growing in the dry, barren salt-
fields of Siberia. It is characterized by the small, equally
pinnate lvs. ending in sharp, stinging spines, and com-
posed of 1-2 pairs of clean Ifts., and by the rather large
rose-purplish fls., in 2-3-fld. lateral fascicles from the
old nodes at the base of the summer shoots, appearing
from May-July. The branches are whitish and prickly,
with small petiolar spines. In cultivation the shrub
is very hardy, enduring both drought and cold, and,
while it thrives in sandy soils, it succeeds, also, in
saline or alkaline. The rosy fls. and the airiness of
the fine lvs. make it very ornamental. It is propagated
by seeds, layers and cuttings, or may be grafted upon
the common Laburnum, upon Cararjana arbfrescens,
or Colutea arborescens .

arg^nteum, Fisch. Salt Tree. Lvs compound; Ifts.
spatulate or long-oval, mucronate, blue-green, more or
less pubescent: fls. irregular, papilionaceous; calyx
cup-Bliapccl. witli r. sliort tMMtli; petals of nearly equal
length: 'MMJ.irJ .Mi.i,i;;:i r-, w iili the sides turned back-
ward; i , , : lamens diadelphous, un-
equal: ■ I I : I iilc-d: style filiform: pod
inflated. ,.\ ,.hl, \,:,vl. ,l,|.ri --. ,| in the seed-bearing por-
tion, 6-7 in. loni,'; seeds. .val, sub-coniprcssed. B.M. 1016.
R.H. 1876:30, as II. .-ipeciosam. a. Phelps Wtman.

HALLfiEIA (Albrecht von Haller, 1708-1777. Swiss
physician and naturalist, and professor at Gottingen).
Scrophularidcece . About 6 species of shrubs from
Africa and Madagascar, one of which is cult, indoors
abroad and outdoors in S. Calif. H. lilcida, Linn., grows
4-6 ft. high, has .i|.|...siti'. evate, aeuniiuate, serrate lvs.,
and axillary clnslei-s.if ali.iiit r, re.l.lisli. tubular fls., each
about 1 in. long. The lis. are Iml-i .1 ..n <.ne side, with 2
short teeth in ..iie li|. ami :> in the nther, and sometimes
yellowish at the base, stamens 4, didynamous, exserted.
B.M. 1744. — Sometimes called African Honeysuckle.

HALOPHtTUM. See ffoplophytitm.

^ HAMAMELIS

HAMAMfiLIS (Greek, hama together an 1 melon
apple or truit fruits and floweis at the same time)
Hamamehd&cem 'Witch Hazel Hardy ormmental
shrubs 01 small trees with deciduous alternati sh rt
petioled hs yellow fls m axillary cluster

with ca| sul II Iruits

1 ing at a tune when

IS in flower well

t bushy habit and

lateinf dl
\ aluabl
hardlj i
adaptc 1 1
with ha I I

purple 11 1 t t t I nty

and sii I I 1 r

sunny \ ,

loving I td

the sec 1 1 I i i i „ tt

ing on se Uii s t 77 I / , „ , iii sii„t, in the
greenhouse Three closely allied species in eastern N
Amer China and Jap Lvs stipulate crenate den
tate fls in short peduncled nodding axillary, few fld

clusters, perfect; calyx 4-parted; petals 4, linear,
crumpled ; stamens 4, very short : fr. a dehiscent,
woody, 2-celled capsule, with 2 shining black seeds.
The seeds are shot out with .-..usiderahle force. Occa-
sionally writers spell the eiinjiiiun name Wvcli Hazel,
but there seems to be little hist.ui.al reas.iu for it.
Witch, as used in Witch Hazel and Witeh Elm, is jirob-
ably allied to weak, referring to a drooping or straggling
habit.

Virginiftna, Linn. Fig. 1018. Slirub or small tree,
attaining 25 ft. : lvs. oblique and cordate at the base,
obovate, coarsely crenate, pubescent on the veins be-
neath, 4-6 in. long; petals bright yellow, %-% in. long ;
calyx dull brownish yellow inside : fr. surrounded by
the calyx to one-half. Sept., Oct. Canada to Fla., west
to Neb", and Tex. Em. 472. S.S. 5:198. B.M. 6084.
L.B.C. 0:598. A.G. 11:657 and 17:771.

Jap6nica, Sieb. and Zucc. Shrub or small tree, to 30
ft. : lvs. roundish to oblong-ovate or obovate, sinuately
crenate, prominently veined beneath, glabrous or pubes-
cent, 2-4 in. long: petals %in. long, yellow; caljT: lobes
revolute, purplish or yellow inside : fr. only at the base
surrounded by the calyx. Feb.-April. Japan. — There
are 2 varieties. Var. arbdrea, Rehd. (77. arhdrea, Mast.).
Lv^. hir-er. usnnlly more roundish and of firmer tex-
ture: |M i:iK ;;(.l.li-n vellow: calvx deep purple inside:
of mere vi-„reus grdwth. B.M". 0659. R.H. 1891:472.

HAMAMELIS

G.C. 11. 1:187 and 15:20.-. and III. 9:247. G.M. 34:94.
Var. Zuccariniina, Ar-b. Kew. Lvs. smaller and tliinner:
petals canary yellow; calyx pale or brownish yellow in-
side. G.F. 4:257. Gn. 17, p. 251. Alfred Rehdek.

HAMfiLIA (Henry Louis Duhamel du Jlonceau,
1700-1782, prominent French botanical author). Hubid-
cece. This genus contains a tender shrub with large
clusters of scarlet-orange fls. much prized in Fla., and
recently urged for northern conservatories under the
name of "Scarlet Bush." About 13 species of tropical
and subtropical American slirul.^. srlalm.us or pubes-
cent: lvs. oppo.site or in wliuiN .'f ::-). prtioled, ovate-
oblong, acute at both ends: lU. in tniiiinal, L'-a-forking

HARRIS 711

22:1862 and 26:60. R.H. 1882, p. 344. J. H. III. 30:361.-
The fls. are said to have the same size, color and struc-
ture as in IT. monophijUa, but in cultivation the blue or
violet-blue form has probably been most popular. Var.
Alba is cult.

ff. retusa, Benth., is an anomalous species not cult.
All other names in this genus are synonyms of the 2
species described above. w. M.

HAEDHACK. Spir
HARD HEADS. C,

HARDY PLANTS.

tomcntosa.

■dy " covers many
■ill plants that can
1 from plnnts that

Uu

Florida, along II
plant, should b<
The lvs. have n

iiiku

i"use culture.

, ! . :i ..:,s,,ns of the

r. ,1 color. In

i-'|..i'hl I II I ::i-i - ,■• ;i ■ I - .■ f.ir open-air

|i' I I ■ , ■ ; - ■ ■ I liy frost, and

\. M : . : i ' : . 'I . :md blooms

til., r. 'Il.i". iiiLj- -iiiiii':. r. Ii : . ML M II I'.r iiiiuiv months,

and without doubt could be forced at any season.
With age it becomes a woody shrub, 5-12 ft. in height.
The fls. are succeeded by handsome black berries,
which are retained a long while.

A. J^ls. scarlet-orange : Iterries ovoid, black.

patens, Jacq. Lvs. typically in 3's, rarely 2-5, more
or less villous-puhescent: cvmes 2-3-forked, disposed
in a pedunculate, terminal umbel. B.M. 2533.

AA. F!s. orange-ijellow : berries globular, purple.

sphaerocirpa, Ruiz & Pav. Lvs. in 3's, oblong, hirsute
on both sides : cymes disposed in terminal panicles :
corolla tubular, distinctly 5-cornered: berries hispid.
Woods of Peru. e. N. Reasoner and W. M.

HAPLOPAPPUS is Aplopapp-:s.

HAPLOPHYLLUM. See Buta.

HARBIHGER of spring. Engenia bulbosa.

HAEDENBfiEGIA (after Franziska, Countess of Har-
denberg, sister of Baron Huegel, a well known traveler.)
Leguminoste. Three Australian twining herbs or sub-
shrubs, with long racemes of small fls., ranging from
white through pink and rosy purple to violet-blue, often
with 1 or 2 green or yellowish spots on the standard.
The genus is told from Kennedyaby the different habit,
smaller, more numerous, differently colored fls., short
calyx teeth and by the keel, which in the 2 species de-
scribed below is much shorter than the wings. Both are
cult, abroad under glass by those who are skilled in
managing Australian woody plants. The species first
mentioned is cult, outdoors in Calif. ; the second was
once offered by John Saul, of Washington, D. 0. These
plants can be trained into hush form. Monograph in
Flora Australiensis 2:240 (1864).
A. Leaflets solitary : pods flat, tvith dry pulp inside.

monophylla, Benth. Lfts. usually 2-3, or even 4 in.
long, obtuse, varying from broadly cordate-ovate to nar-
rowly lanceolate: fls. less than H in. long, in 2'3 or
rarely 3's, as many as 35 in a raceme, and the upper ra-
cemes often forming a terminal panicle: pod flat, with
dry, pithy pulp inside. B.2:84. B.M. 2G3, 2169. L.B.C.
8:758 and 20:1940. B.R. 11:944 and 16:1336. R.H. 1896,
p. 431. R.B. 22:169. — Has many synonyms. The fls. range
from white through rose and purplish to pure violet,
but are never distinctly blue. Var. alba is cult.
AA. Leaflets 3 or 5 : pod turgid, witltout pith or pulp.

Comptoniina, Benth. Lfts. 3 or 5, and in the latter
case the side ones in 2 opposite pairs, which are not dis-
tant as in other 5-leafleted members of the tribe: fls. in
pairs or clusters of 3-4 along the racemes. B.R. 4:298,

h,,,,, •.- , .• w .,!,!.. , \,.w York,

r.M^f.ii, .11- .M. -Mr. Ill, ii,.iiiiiirj iliiii III., piiiiiis .ure not
killi-d liy till- wintfi-s at the-se phices. In its widest
sense, "hardy " indicates resistance to all kinds of un-
favorable conditions. Thus, while all the common ge-
raniums are tender plants, one variety may be hardier
than another because it withstands intense heat and
drought and general neglect. In general, however, the
unqualified word "hardy" indicates that the plant is
able to withstand the winter of the given place. See
the articles Border and Landscape Gardening. Smaller
divisions of the subject of Hardy Plants are discussed
under Alpine Gardens (including Rock Gardens) and
Aquatics (including Bog Plants).

HAREBELL. Cuwp:

nula

nidifolia.

HARICOT (French name for Phaxenlus vulgaris).
Same as Kidney Bean of the English. It is the common
garden bean of America, as distinguished from the
Windsor or Broad bean, the Lima bean, etc. See Bean.

HARiNA. See Wallichia.

HARLEQUIN FLOWERS. Sparaj-is.

HAEPALIUM. All referred to Helianthus.

HARRIS, JOSEPH (Fig. 1019), agricultural author,
was born June 29, 1828, in the village of Shawbury,
England, and died at his home at Moreton Farm, near
Rochester, N. Y„ Nov. 18, 1892. His father and fore-
fathers for several generations were farmers ; it is,
therefore, but natural that he should have inherited a
keen interest in every- _

thing pertaining to
rural life. -From early
youth he showed a re-
markable fondness for
investigation and ex-
perimentation, in the
pursuit of which he
found gratification by
his study of agricul-
tural chemistry with
Messrs. Lawes & Gil-
bert, on their famous
experiment farms at
Rothamsted. It was
during this period that
he laid the foundation
of his future useful-

and scientifi

agriculture

3d ho

culture. In the year
1849 he came to Amer-
ica, and soon become
one of the foremast and most reliable writers for the
rural press. His "Walks and Talks on the Farm,"
which appeared in the "Genesee Farmer" in 1864-65,
attracted general attention, and in 1866, when the
"Genesee Farmer" was purchased by the "American
Agriculturist." Mr. Harris joined the editorial staff of
this paper and continued his " Walks and Talks " in each
number up to 1876. After an intermission of eight years.

712

HARRIS

HAWAIIAN ISLANDS

he resumed them again until the increasing demands of
his seed business upon his time pri-venteil him trom
continuing them. In all there w^ i- 1,1 rli.ij.iris. It is
to be regretted that these "Walk 1 I , i :>M^never

been published in book form, :- ■ u deci-

dedly unique ti-aturcinourasii'iiii Hill .i;. t dui.-. These
articles were wriilm in th.- foiiii ot cunversutinns with
the "Deacon." \\U" \\ as hi^ niiirhbor andoneof the oldest
farmers in tli.' toun, ■.ni<\ wit, as has often been sup-
posed, a fli'tiii.Mis rliaii.Nr. Thoy are narratives of
actual experiuucL-s uii iln (-.nn. n-i'i talks about things
that occupied his thunu!;! ■ ! ] 'r- ; i m-', and have, there-
fore, an intensely pi-h i - , . ,■ ihroughout. He
lets the Duacon state i' ', . i u poor business,
and then patiently talk ^ lnin 'in ^.; n , ;iud convinces him
that the only farming that pays is"lii(,'h farming," mak-
ing a garden of the entire farm. He cherished the idea
that the intelligent farmer must put his questions to
the soil and not to his neighbor, and then have the
patience to wait and read the answers when they come.
He had an abiding belief in manures and clean laml,
and in all his writings he earnestly endeavored to im-
press upon his readers that the real source of fertility
must be looked for in the stores of plant-food lying
dormant in the soil, and that tillage, underdraining and
thorough cultivation are the means by vi-hich we develop
and render this plant-food available, and that the real
basis of success is faith accompanied by good works.
His books, "Harris on the Pig," "Talks on Manures,"
and "The Use of Nitrate of Soda" are all of the same
practical stamp. His last book, "Gardening for Young
and Old," as its title indicates, is intended as a guide
for the boy and his grandfather at the same time, but
with the mental reservation that it should be principally
for the young folks. Mr. Harris realized the need of
more gardening and better gardeners, and had strong
faith in the promising future of seed-growing in this
country. In the development of these industries he saw
bright opportunities for the boys, because they were
young and could afford to wait, and especially because
they would be more liable to adopt new processes. In this
work he makes a strong plea for a more general cultiva-
tion of flowers, losing no opportunity to convince the
reader that the beauty of flowers elevates the tastes, and
their cultivation gives health and pleasure. These and
similar sentiments pervade all his writings, and may
well serve as a keynote to his life's aim. Whatever
work he undertook he did with a full heart and convinc-
ing earnestness. His writings and teachings have left
an indelible impress upon legions of cultivators of the
soil, because he was sound in principle and honest in his
convictions. In summing up his life-work, it is safe to
assert that no one has done more in this country to
dignify rational and profitable agriculture and horti-
culture than Joseph Harris. f. m. Hexamer.

HABTWfiGIA (Theodor Hartweg collected in Mexico
for the Horticultural Society of London, and found these
plants near Vera Cruz). OrchidAceie. A genus of 2
species of tender epiphytic orchids from tropical Amer-
ica, growing about a foot high and bearing purple lis.
The genus has the habit of Epidendrum, section Am-
phiglottis, but difli'ers in having the labellum saccate at
the base, in which respect the genus approaches Po-
nera ; however, Ponera has a very different habit. IT.
piirimrca was once advertised by John Saul. Rest them
in a coolhouse Oct. to Mar. Growing temperature
should be 05-90°.

purpiirea, Lind. Lvs. solitary, leathery, ovate-lanceo-
late, equally terete with the stem, many times shorter
than the thread-like peduncle: fls. small, purple; sepals
acute, a little larger than the petals; limb of the lip
white at the base, callous. Mex.

HASSOCK GRASS. Consult Vescha

mpsf

JI

HARVEST BELLS. Gemiuna PncumoHanlhe.

HASTlNGSIA (S. Clinton Hastings, promoter of Cali-
foruian botany). LHii\rett;. Two bulbous plants of the
Pacific slope, with white or greenish Hs. in many-fld.
panicles or racemes : perianth segments distinct, each
obscurely :i-nerved; stamens (i; styleshort. Hastingsias
have strong, nearly naked stems, arising from a scaly
bulb: lvs. thick. The two .species are offered by collec-
tors, but they are little known in cult. Treatment as
forCamassia. H. Alba, Wats., is 2-,') ft. high: lvs. Kin.
or less wide : raceme simple or nearly so, 1 ft. long,
densely fld., the fls. !^in. or less long, white or greenish
white; stamens equaling the segments. N. Calif, north-
ward. H. bractebsa, Wats. Bracts narrow and nearly
equaling the fls., which are larger than in the other, and
white; stamens half as long as segments: lvs. longer.
Oregon- L. H. B.

HAW, or HAWTHORN. Consult Cratmjus.

HAW, BLACK. Vihunuim pruuiMium.

HAWAIIAN ISLANDS, HORTICULTURE IN. Fig.
1020. The group known as ihr Hawaiian or Sandwich
Islands is located about 2. inn i,,il, - n.in San Francisco,
in a southwesterly directic.ri. Ii h.^ i.ii\v.eM the paral-
lels 18° 50' and 23° 5' nortli laiiiinli' aiel between the
meridians 150° 40' and 100° 50' west longitude.

Area. — The five most important islands have an area
of about 6,200 square miles, or rather less than that of
Massachusetts, and extend about 380 miles from north-
west to southeast.

Climates. — It i- lianlly ji-.s-iMe to speak of the cli-
mate of Hawaii (a> llie wIim],. -r, ,ii|, is sometimes culled),
for there are so niaiiy diili i, nl climates in this small
area. The extent . i t'r. i ii'ifill, for example, which
forms so imporlani ■ i he horticultural condi-

tions of a count r., ■ ! liferent in different re-

gions and even in nn a few miles of each

other. Toundiisi !,i ■ .■ ■■: i i i.- conditions, it is nec-
essary to recall tliai ili- .■ i lands are of volcanic for-
mation, their central |.art , ami the larger part of their
area being occupinl l,\ in_;.:r.l aud high mountains,
with valleys lyinf,' l.i iwr. ii the ranges and narrow
plains near the coast. Being in the path of the north-
east trade winds, the windward side of the islands re-
ceives an abundant rainfall throughout the year, while
the southwest shores are comparatively dry. Thus, at
Honolulu, on the southwest shore of ( lahu, the annual
rainfall averages about 3s in'-lirv. v,):iir- iliat of the city
of Hilo, on the windward sih -l thi i-lan.lof Hawaii,
measures 12 feet. Even wiiliin ti '. i t\ narrow range, as,
for exam,)le. the liniils ,.f the eity nf' ILjnululu. there is •
great \iii-i' i . it t a :i t .11. ei-rtain localities receiving fre-
quent itii r , i I the year, while others only two
or three I : ; li I ,1 pr.ictico irrigation constantly.
Some ef til. : I. : t 1 1 a r-eano plantations depend wholly
upon the jnittirtd sujiply of water, while others could
not grow cane at all without their expensive systems of
artesian wells and irrigation.

Similarly there is a great variation in the temperature
in dilYi'rent ]iarts of this small but important countr}',
hut exei i.ilini;ly slight Variations with the changing sea-
sniis. 'I'he w itnhvard side is cooler than that which is
sheltered hy the mountains, butinno part of the islands
is the lietit su intense as would be expected from their

variation in elevation from sea level to many thousand
feet gives a like variation in temperature, so that some
of the mountains of the largest island are covered with
snow during a part of the year. In short, so far as cli-
mate is concerned, the Hawaiian Islands offer all that
could be asked for great and diversified horticultural
industries.

Horticultural Districts. — Only a small percentage
of the total area of the country is suitable fur cultiva-
tion. The tillable portions are, in general, the plains
along the coast and the valleys among the mountains.
By far the larger part of such lands is now occu-
pied by sugar-cane plantations, which are to he
found on every important island of the group. There

HAWAIIAN ISLANDS

HAWAII

1 Islands The h f ho t ul i

ns on the land of do bt that

D E

but I

h 1

th

at th

p

t t

Oahu

of th

ply th

e H n lulu

hortioultu a

lette

A U

1) h

from the f

quite

nie

1 , d

invest

gat

wide

) b

until

th

has b

n th

l\

Ther

h

cultm

il proi

u.ts,

has as

sumci

lue m
an i p stent effo t Pea :
pos 1 ly for the same ea on Th >
take an} de ded sea on of rest U
tw 0 per J ear f e i ently— n f t

the map by the t

1 the

ns derable ty of h t

and the cultivation of some of these
lercial proportions. Among the latter
in the field of pomology is the banana, of which there
are many different varieties in the country. Some of
these grow wild in the woods, as do also oranges and
limes. Bananas and a few pineapples are the only
fruits grown to any extent for export, though the peo-
ple are awakening to the horticultural possibilities, and
some are planting other fruits. The export of 1

fo :

h t f

for the year
home consumption,
would doubtless be
are raised cliiefly 1.
white men in the )mi
pro"

.000 bunches, and the
I cord is taken of it,
ralily greater. These
'■, l)ut there are also
y their superior skill.

The oranges are seed — gs almost without exception,
but some of these are, in the writer's opinion, well
worthy of propagation, having a flavor which many pre-
fer to that of the fruit imported from California. The
island of Hawaii produces most of the home-grown
oranges in the market, but the gardens of all the islands
have their orange trees.

Grapes for the Honolulu market are grown for the
most part by the Portuguese within the limits of the
city. The Isabella and the Concord are the only two va-
rieties that have succeeded thus far, but there can be no

few other

flowers are produced by the Portuguese and natives in
the vicinity of Honolulu for sale in the flower market,
which consists of the open sidewalk lined with Hawaiian

or smoking or making "leis." These "leis" (lays) are
solid wreaths of flowers, which, according to Hawaiian
custom, are thrown about the shoulders of friends de-
parting on a voyage. This is mentioned here since
more flowers are probably sold in this form than in any
other way. Many plants, such as carnations, violets,
pausies and the like, when grown on the lower lands,

too hiuli tu iikmIu.m- the best results. Hawaii is not
quite S.I iiiiirh .•I'M.nid of flowers" to-day as in years

gone iiy, for in r nt years a most devastating pest,

communiv known as the Japanese beetle, has driven the
rose and other plants almost completely out of cultiva-
tion. This, which is the most important insect enemy
to horticulture, has been combated with its natural
enemies in tlie way of fungi, and, ttough still a serious
pest, its iiiiiiilicrs ;ifp not so great as formerly.

Laii'l-r;i]i.- L'.iiii' Tiini,' may be mentioned, since it bears
so closi' :i ivliithiii to horticulture. Much money has

714

HAWAIIAN ISLANDS

been spent in the "improvement" of home grounds, and
some architectural gardening is to be found, but natu-
ralistic landscape gardening is, as yet, in its infancy in
the islands, though nature furnishes so many excellent
types.

Possibilities of Hoeticclture. — There can be no
doubt that the climates and the qualities of the soils
are such as to give to this country a very brilliant fu-
ture in the production of varied and superior horticul-

tural product'

The;

int of available land, howevet,
larger tillable tracts are already
u-'il iiiiiii ■.t,ii'i,ij,,n of sugar-cane, and will probably
rem : i. Still there are a good many small

ill'.;, m! : I'lapted to horticulture.

'11m II, \'"'. Ill' mutter of market is one which must be
considirtd, sinre for all articles which cannot be
sliipped on a six days* voyage, the cultivator is limited
at present to but one city of about 30,000 inhabitants
and nn.ithL-r Kood-sizi-d town. Again, the highly devel-
ii|M(l li-rli.iili iirr i.r (':,lir, ,iiii;i lii-s lietweeu Hawaii and
til. L ' I , I'lii-r liome towns, how-

f-\ I I I inMf tlieir present popu-

l:iti III,.: i; I h„ \rars. and while there are

tu-dav man, tiji.,_ >'i ii..i; au.i vegetables imported from
Culituruiii uu every culd-stui-agu steamer which arrives,
there does not seem to be immediate cause for alarm
regarding the market. An outlet for fruits and vege-
tables during the winter season is hoped to be found in
California, and a colony of American settlers is now de-
veloping this trade.

Many minor industries are being tried, such as the
cultivation of the vanilla bean, various fiber plants, the
castor oil bean, am! flir like, ami .l<Militlr~s s.ime of these

will prove valnal.li- aii.liliiin- T.. tin- a-l-ienlllire of the

country. Tin- inriirc >■[' llavvaiiaii lii.ri irnli ur,- is not an
easy subjci-t uihiu wliii'li t.. pv.i.li.sv at the present
time, but one upon whieli many Ki^atly interested in
the country's welfare are now thinking. A government
experiment station is greatly needed to aid in the solu-
tion of some problems connected with the subject.

J. E. HiaoiNS.

HAW6ETHIA (A. H. Haworth, an English botanist
of the beginning of the century, who wrote much and
well on succulents). Lilicteece, tribe A!oi>ie(t. Acaules-
cent or short-stemmed succulents: Ivs. mostly rather
small, crowded in short or less commonly elongated ro-
settes : fls. white, rosy-striped, with somewhat irregular
spreading limb, the style and stamens included. Cape
region. Cultivation and propagation as for Aloe, Gas-
teria and Apicra. to which the genus is closelv relateil.

Latest monograph. Baker, in Flora
1H96-7.

Capensis, vol. 6,

INDEX.

albicans, 25.

hybrida, 13.

Reinwardtii, 5.

altUinea. 23.

laeviaata, 25.

Beijiwardtii viridis

arachnoides, 24.

lamis. 25.

reticulata, 22. [6

aristata. 23.

limpida. 23.

retusa, 19.

asperula, 19.

major, 9.

rigida, 3.

marginata. 25.

mgosa, 10.

coarctata, 6.

Margaritifera, 9.

scabra, 4.

concava, 16.

mirabilis, 17.

subulata, 11.

cuspidata, 20.

mucronata, 23.

tessellata, 14.

cymbatolia, 16.

=S"a;t

tortuosa. 2.

cymbiformis, 16.

triangularis, 1.

expansa, 3.

Badula aaperior.lO.

tnrgida, 21.

fasciata, 8.

lecMrm., 15.

viscosa. 1.

herhacea. 22.

A. Foliage on an elongated stem. {Aspect of Apicra.)

B. it's, concave, never coarsely whiie-doltcd.

c. Arrangement of Ivs. S-ranked.

1. viscbsa, Haw. (^Me I'iscdsa, Linn. A.trianguldris,
Lam. Ap}cra viscosa, Willd.). Lvs. broad and short,
densely imbricated, appressed, with spreading apex,
minutely scabrous or viscidly punctate. B.M. 814.— In
the type the leaf rows are vertical, but several marked
varieties occur, in some of which they are prominently
spirally twisteil.

2. tortiins.n. ill \ li'ii- tortndsa. Have.). Lvs. more
eloni.':iii , not spreading at apex, in strongly

twist I-. B.T>1.13'37 {as Aloe rigida). -

Varies im.. -. . ral i.nmed forms.

cc. Arrangement of lvs. many-ranked: stem shorter.

3. rigida, Haw. {B. erpdnsa. Haw. Aide rigida, Ker-
Gawl. .3. t'/pifiisn. Haw. ). Lvs. spreading or recurved,
somewhat utteuuati', setibrous va the back. L. B. C.
15:1430.

4. Bc4bra, Iltiw. i
erect in a shorter r
obtuse, nearly pla
brous.

'.. s,:;i,ni. Schult. f.). Lvs. sub-
■tte tlian usual, thick and rather
above, both faces rugose-sca-

BB. Lvs. mostly biconvex, white-dotted.

5. Reinwardtii, Haw. (Aide Rehmardtii, Sa\m-I>yck).
Fig. 1022. Lvs. erect, often plano-convex, indexed at
apex, very acute, somewhat veined beneath, the back or
both faces with numerous elevated white tubercles in
more or less evident rows.

6. coarctita Hik (R Se'inuaullu tm.hs Aide
coarctAtii x< liult t 1 Lvs thickti diiier „reen and
more sutcultnt strongly biconvex the back with a few
si-attered scirci h dt \ ited whitish dots

A Poll

ige m
losetti

a compact

Margi,

of In

not homy

blin/H

hi

Unicohite

Th

I lull

7 attenuata Hiw ( lUe
,tH,Hniilii Uitt iiilcxiul-
liHuAta WiUd ) Lvs thick,
ittenuate, rigidly spreading,
1 itlitr conca\o convex sca-
bious or often white dotted
ibiiM the back with the

cles

mosth in
B M 1 !45

1031. Hawaiian vegetation. Showmg the Rl

fasrnta Haw {Aloe

Slim Djck.

ita, Willd ).

1 II ^id suberect,

I III uot scabrous,

1 IT,, white dorsal tuber-

I (influent m rather dis-

transverse bands

HAWORTHIA

9. margaritifera, Haw. (H. major, Duval. Aide mar-
giiritifera , Burin. ) . Lvs. turgid, spreading, merely acute,
botli faces witli scattered coarse white tubercles, which
often turn green on the upper surface. P.U. 57. Varies
into several named forms.

DD. The h'S. less conspicuously white-tuierculate.

10. rugdsa, Bak.(4MerH3d.5«, Salm-Dyck. H.Sddula
asperior). Lvs. long attenuate, spreading, plano-convex,
both faces with irregularly placed, rather coarse green-
ish tubercles.

HECHTIA

(15

1022. Haworthia Rcinwardtii.

11. suhuUta, Bak. (Aide subuldta, Salm-Dyek). Like
the preceding, but the scattered or rugosely confluent
tubercles very small, whitish.

12. R4dula, Haw. {Aide Rddula, Jaeq. Apicra Rd-
diiZa, Willd.). Lvs. shorter, the white tubercles finer.
Cape.

13. hjbrida, Haw. Lvs. short, more turgid, the upper
face somewhat rugose, the lower with scattered green
tubercles. Cape?

cc. Shape of lvs. ovate to deltoid^ succulent^ not tuber-
culate, spreading, the rosette often somewhat

14. tessellata, Haw. {,1?.).' ?(.s-.«(»()?<7, Schult. f.). Lvs.
acute or acuminate, setosely dentit-ulate, scabrous be-
neath, the smooth upper surface with pale lines anas-
tomosing in squares.

15. reciirva, Haw. (Aide reciirva. Haw. Ap'icra re-
ciirva,Willd. ) . Lvs. entire, scabrous beneath, the smooth
upper surface longitudinally pale striate. B.M. 1353.

10. oymbif6rmis,Haw.(JEr. concAra.Haw. Aldecymhi-
fSrmis. Haw. A. eymba^fdVia, Schrad. Ap'icra cymb(e~
fdliii, Willd. ). Lvs. entire, smooth, rather obtuse, longi-
tudinally striate. B.M. 802.

. cniiralihi prismatic, pellucid.

i^lii. Ill innirat, . with deltoid, paU-

17. miribilis. Haw. (J/.-, mifilnlis, Haw. Apicra
mirdbilis, Willd.). Lvs. liliate-denticulate on margin
and keel, sp.aringly triberculate beneath. B.M. 1354.

18. asp^rula. Haw. (. 1 Kc (/spfrtda, Schult. f.). Lvs.
entire, finely scabrous.

19. rettisa, Haw. (Aloe retiisa, Linn. Apicra retiisa,
Willd. Catei'dla retiisa. Medic). Lvs. entire, smooth.
B.M. 455.

DD. The lvs. erecto-spreading, pointed, smooth.

20. cuspidita, Haw. (A /A,. ,■„.•,,„;.;/,/, s.duilt. f.). Lvs.
stout, rather concave, phiik . im n', , i.rt, the setulosc
apex obscurely longitnii It: I :ifely striate and
sometimes truncate, but \ > -^n.

21. tiirgida. Haw. {Alu, M,., -i -. >riailt. f.). Lvs.
small, spreading, very turgid, acute, entire, longitudi-
nally striate.

22. reticulata, Haw.(-li^;e«(/cH/(!/(i, Haw. A.piimila,
Linn. A. herbdcea, DC. A. urachno'ides reticuldta.
Apicra reticuldta, Willd.). Lvs. as in the last, or
slightly ciliate on the angles, the striations anastomo-
sing. B.M. 1315. L.B.C. 14:1354.

23. altilinea. Haw. iff. mucrotidta. ff. limpida and
H. ari.-ililta. Haw. .1/-V altUiin.i. S,-liuU. f.). Lvs. en-
tire, aristatcly iM.intfil, I..iii.'ituaiiu,ny striate.

24. arachnoides, Haw.iJ/". .M.i.;n,.w.;,.„.Mill. 4p)cra
arachiundes, Willd. C.W. r,i/„ ,i mrlnnndi-a. Medic).
Lvs. more flattened-triquetrous, aristately pointed, the
angles ciliate-toothed. B.M. 756.

BB. Margin and keel of lvs. horny-bordered.
25. albicans. Haw. 1/7. hrris. Haw. Aide IcevigcLta,
Schult. A.:ill>ii:n,s.\\:m-^ J. „,.,,,,,„.)/,-, Lara. Apicra

dlbii

entire,
IT. li's, white-bordered.

WiLLIASI TRELEASE.

HAWTHOKN. See Crata-gus.

HAWTHORN, EAST INDIAN. Raphiolepis ovata.

HAZABDIA (Barclay Hazard, Californian botanist).
Compdsitie. This includes a small Californian subshrub,
with silvery leaves and peculiar, nor pretty, beads of fls..

borne in

Au"

■u=^t

It is

; s,,

itab

le ff

• r VI

"■(^•■rip<

^ n„d bed-

ding out

, hu\

:, there ar.

j'hettei

,■ « '

clh

,.•,. .-ri

!. hints in

cult. Tl.

egei

:u.s b

asabi

out

4 s]

„■,■!.

iriitose,

deciduoi:

is sh

rubs

ofth

e is

ilan.

..1 ralif.:

heads wl

lite-t

omei

itose.

nu

luer

Oils.

i:i"sp pani-

cles, wh:

ich t

ermi

nate

the

bra

UCll

rnvs ' fi-

8. neutral.

very short, 1

igula

te or

■egu

larlj

• 5-t

oothed

or lobed.

pale yell

ow Chang

ing t.

obi

lish

pur

pie. In

1887 E.L.

Greene r

nade

this

new

get

uis.

rem

arki

ng thai

t it differs

from Diplostephium mainly in habit, the paucity, re-
duced size, and different color of its rays. It also lacks
the tuft of hairs characteristic of the style-tips of Co-
rethrogyne.

detfinsa, E. L. Greene. (Corethrdgyne detdnsa, Greene).
Lvs. of firm texture, 3-5 in. long, obovate-oblong,
coarsely serrate; uppersurface of older lvs. partly di-
vested of the white tomentjUm which covers all other
parts of the plant. f. Franceschi and W. M.

HEAI-ALL. Bruntlla.

HEART'S EASE. Old English name for Pansy, Viola

HEARTSEED or BALLOON VINE. Cardiospermum.

HEATH, HEATHER. The common Heather of Old
World literature is a hardy plant, Calhina vulgaris.
The greenhouse Heaths are from the Cape of Good
Hope and Europe, and belong to the genus Erica. For
St. Dabeoc's Heath, see Daba-cia.

Oder Greenhouse Heating,

HEBECLlNIUM. All referred to Eupatorium.

HfiCHTIA (J. G. H. Hecht, who died in 1837). Bro-
melidcece. A genus of 15 species of IVlexican succulent
plants, one of which is perhaps cult, in a very few fan-

of recurved spiny lvs.. which are purple above from the
middle to the tip and silvery beneatli. The genus is distin-
guished by having dioecious fls. The fls. have no decora-
tive value, being one-third of an inch across, white, in

71C

HECHTIA

small sessile, axillary, yellow-bracted heads, borne at in-
tervals of an inch or so on a very slender scape 2 ft.
long. Give perforated pots and high temperature. Mon.
hy C. Mez in DC. Mon. Phan. 9:543-551 (189G).

glomerita, Zuce. {IT. Ghiesbrerhlii, Lem.). Lvs. 10-18
in. long, rigid, leathery, 9-12 lines wide at base, nar-
rowed gradually to the sharp-pointed apex : bracts
sheathing, acuminate : corolla 3-lobed nearly to the
base ; stamens 6 : ovary 3-eelled. B.M. 5842. I.H.
10:378. — Soil of chopped moss, old manure and charcoal.

HEDEdMA (Greek, Sice'ff smej/). Lubliltm. Ameki-
CAN Pennvkoyal. This is a plant of no ornamental
value, but the seeds aro offered by our nurserymen to
those who cultivate the plant for its medicinal oil, which
is commonly sold in drug stores. It is claimed to be offen-
sive to mosquitoes, and the plant can be easily natu-
ralized in dry, sandy spots. It is common in woods and
along roads. The genus has about IG species, all Amer-
ican. The Pennyroyal of the Old World is Menilia Pu-
lei/iiim, sometimes cult, for its lvs. and tops, which are
used as culinary herbs.

pulegioides, Pers. American Pennyroyal. Annual,
C-18 in. high: stem very slender, much branched, pu-
bescent : lvs. opposite, ovate to oblong-obovate, spar-
ingly serrate in the upper portion, mostly obtuse at the
apex and narrowed at the base, %-VA in. long: fls. in
axillary clusters; corolla purple, 2-lipped, the lower one
with 3 large lobes. July-Sep. B.B. 3:106.

HfiDERA (ancient Latin name of the Ivy). Araliit-
ceiv.. Ivy. Ornamental evergreen climbing shrubs, with
alternate, entire or palmately 3-5-lobed, long-petioled
lvs., inconspicuous greenish fls. in terminal, peduncled
umbels, appearing in fall, and black, rarely yellow, red
orwhitish berries. SomesraaU-lvd. forms may hf. grown
North if protected during the winter, but must c.t tin-
larger-lvd. and variegated forms are too tcii.l. r ii.,,ili
of the middle states. The Ivy is a very valualilr |il,uii
for covering walls, rocks, trunks of trees and tnllis-
work, and sometimes climbs very high. It may also bo
used for covering walls in cool greenhouses, for screens
in drawing-rooms and for hanging baskets. It is a pop-
ular window-garden plant, enduring many uncongenial
conditions and thriving without bright sunlight. In shady

places under trees it makes a handsome evergreen car-
pet, and is also often used for borders of shrubberies or
flowerbeds. It grows in almost any soil, but best in a
somewhat moist and rich one, and in shaded positions.
The climbing or creeping branches do not flower; fls.
are produced on erect, bushy branches, appearing on
old, high-climbing plants onlv. Prop, by cuttings of
half-ripened wood at any time of the year i

UEDERA

the open ground in fall ; gentle bottom heat will hasten
the development of roots considerably; also increased
by layers and by seeds. The slow-growing forms, espe-
cially the shrubby ones, are often grafted on cuttings of
strong-growing varieties. Two species in Eu., N. Afr
and Asia. Fls. perfect ; calyx 5-toothed ; petals and
stamens 5: ovary 5-celled: fr. a 3-5-seeded berry. Many
Araliads have been described formerly as species of
Hedera which are now referred to other genera. A good
popular monograph is Shirley Hibberd's "The Ivy: A
Monograph, comprising the history, uses, characteris-
tics, and aflinities of the plant, and a descriptive list of
all the garden Ivies in cultivation." London, 1872.

HSlix, Linn. Ivy. English Ivv. Fig. 1023. High
climbing or creeping: lvs. usually 3-5-Iobcd, dark green
above, pale or yellowish green beneath,- those of the
flowering branches entire, generally ovate: calyx with

minute teeth; calyx, pedicels and tips of youni,'

J _jj[j grayisij ,vhite i "

sometimes yellow. Eu., Can;

covered with grayis

black,

liouse or in frames, or, in

more temperate regions, in

very variable species, of which i , i, i i^nii'ties

are cult, in Eul-opean gardens. , most re-

markable are the following: \ :u , .'ily.iiLiisig, llort.
Lvs. roundish or broadly ovate, entiieor sligl]tly3'-lobed"
rather large, bright green ; a variegated form has tho
lvs. edged yellowish white. Var. arbor^soens, Loud.
(Zr. nrh;,r,n, Ilort.). Not climbing, forming an erect,
lowsliiiK; !-. -vris. fu elliptic, entire. This variety is
ga"""' ' 'A'-ring branches for propagation.

■'•'>«''''■■ variegated forms, as Silver Queen,

W"li-'l''. .i.)' ^:ii.d lvs. Var. aurantiaca, AndrtS.
Lvs. raiLur .sm.i;l, ovate or triangular-ovate, entire or
3-lobed, the middle lobe often with few coarse teeth,
greyish green: fr. orange-red. R.H. 1884:84. Var.
Canarifinsis, DC. Lvs. large, roundish ovate, entire or
slightly 3-lobed, bright or yellowish green, to 8 in.
lioail. those of flowering branches often broader than
I lu,'. Canaries. Tender. Var. C4vendislu, Hort. (var.
'•"ir.i'inMa minor, Hort.). Slow-growing, with rather
Miiall dull green lvs., edged creamy white, striped red
or pink in fall. Var. chrysocArpa, Ten. {U. chrysocdrpa,
Walsh. iZ. pofWrion, Bertol.). Lvs. rather small, usu-
ally 3-lohed, grayish green: fr. yellow. Var. oonglom-
erita, Hort. Slow-growing: lvs. crowded, small, entire
or 3-lobed, undulate. R.II. IS'JO, p. 1G3. Var. crenita.
Hort. {IT. rUU;.li„ and //. aiuilMa vhva, Hort.). Simi-
lar to var. digitata. Imt lobts shorter and broader, cre-
iiate at the niar-in, li-ht green. Var. deltoidea, Hort.
Lvs. rathersinall,bluutlydeltoid,alinostentire, blackish
green, changing to dull purplish bronze in fall. Var.
digitita, Loud. Lvs. rather small, deeply palmately
lobed, with narrow lobes and prolonged middle lobe.
M.D.G. 1897:229. S.H. 2:237. Var. Donerail6nsis, Hort.
Lvs. small, usually 3-Iobed, with rather short, spreading
lateral lobes: of compact Kr..Hili. \ar. grdcills, Hort.
Lvs. rather small, with bn.a.l. sliort lubes, dull green,
bronzy in fall. Var. Hibernica, Koeliiie (H. ScvUca,
Ilort. ). Lvs. large, with short and broad lobes. Var.
lobMa major, Hort. Similar to the preceding, but lvs.
somewhat smaller, more deeply lobed and lobes nar-
rower. Var. macuI4ta, Hort. (IT. latifdlia mncuUla,
Hort.). Similar to var. Hibernica: lvs. spotted and
striped yellowish white. Var. Maderfinsis variegita,
Hort. Similar to var. Canarieusis: lvs. not or slightly
lobed, edged white. Tender. G.C. II. 1.5:057. Var.
marginita, Hort. Lvs. Iirnadlv triangular-ovate, irreg-
uharly bordered >i i).. ,.;, ., lute, striped red or pink in
fall: of someHii: h. X'ar. marginMarilbra,

Hort. (vars. ^ - .,s/,„,,, Uullisi, Hort.).

L ke the prere,lii,_-, hn ,.i:_.,^,,f lvs. becoming red in
tall. Var. marmorata, llmt. Similar to var. Hibernica,
but lvs. irregularly blotched yellowish white. Var. pal-
mata, Hort. Similar to var. digitata, but lobes broader,
and middle lobe not much prolonged. Var. rhdmbea,
Arb. Kew. (ZT. rhdmbea, Sieb. & Zucc). Lvs. rather
small, generally broadly ovate, entire or slightly lobed,
those of flowering branches elliptic or rhombic-ovate,
narrowed toward the base. Japan. Var.rhflmbea-varie-
gita, Hort. (//. siihmarginAla, Hibberd. ff. Japd,nr,t
varirgala. 11., it. If . Jiipiiiiica arg^nlea, Hort.). Lvs.
like those ,,f the i.i-.eeiling, but with narrow white mar-
gins. Var. sas^ittiiolia, Ilort. Lvs. rather small, with
triangular middle I„l,e and short, blunt lateral lobes.

HEDERA

dull dark green. Var. variegata, Hort. Lvs. lighter
green, edged and blotched yellowish white.

Cfilchica, C. Koch (H. Bcerjiwriihia, Hort. IT. rm-idca,
Hibberdl. High climbing, but usually less high tliiiii
the common Ivy. Lvs large, broadly ovate, cordate,
almost entire, rarely slightly a-lobed, bright green, of

loug-ov:it.. : . 1 , . I [ i;iiigular-uvatf, coii~|.irii.uis;

golden vclli,'. -. ih- ii. hlai-k. W. Asia. \'ar. den-
tikta, Hibl..ci.i ,/7. „,„,'„,',(, liort.). Lvs. with remote
small teeth, of somewhat thinner texture. G.M. 30: 388.
Var. purpiirea, Hibberd. Lvs. purplish.

Alfred Rehdek.
HEDGES. Living green fences an- •■:■.■ 1 f "i- iv <. .li-i-
tinct purposes — defense and ornaiii- ' ■ : u mal

Hedges may be rendered defensive ii> ' ' MIy

Ilr 1l'( . ^'.i [■ ir . no plant has yet been tested that meets
all !■ ■ itriits of the farmer for a truly impass-

al : I hough the Osage orange (jl/«r;»ra 011-

<". ' i' fs more recommendable features than

auy 'jLiiii li.a.ij tree. This tree, however, is not hardy
in the northernmost states. Next to this, perhaps, ranlis
the honey locust {Gleditscliia trineanthos), with many
warm admirers and advocates. The hawthorn of Europe
{Cratiegiis Oj-}iacanthn) may not be planted in this
country with any chance of success, owing to fungous
enemies, and ail of the large-sized thorny shrubs fail in
important characters. A perfect thorn Hedge requires
unremitting care, and must conform to an established
rule, the most important being entire freedom from
weeds and a systematic pruning. The preparation of
the soil for a Hedge consists in thoroughly plowing and
cultivating an area 6 feet wide and the length the Hedge
is proposed to extend. If this space should be fertilized
and cropped the year previous to planting, vegetation
will be greatly accelerated. The plants must be short-
ened, both top and root, and set 9 inches apart in a
single row. The double row, as formerly advised by
some growers, is now practically obsolete, and justly
so, being difficult to cultivate and preserve free from
weeds. A trench or furrow is opened through the center
of the cultivated strip of a suflicient depth to admit the
roots withiMU beniliug In setting, the soil must be
made firm with the aid of a rammer, a practice unex-
celli'd for aiding growth, and, indeed, preserving plant-
lite after removal. Pruning is simply an annual neces-
sity from the tir^t, excepting when the Hedge is in-
tended to l>e i^Iaslieil, and even in such cases, after the
]a\ing process, pruning must never be omitted during
summer. This work is greatly accelerated and conse-
quently cheappned by shearing when the plants are
young and tender, say during the month of July. As to
the best outline, a plain triangle, or what may be more
sightly, the curvilinear or Gothic arch, is desirable, and
a flat top is to be discouraged, as a body of snow lodged
on the latter invariably iniui-( -ih ■ luni. ir\ and beauty
ot any Hedge, The oriiani. ,, ■ |i, r may be

California privet (Ln/ii^l, h w .. ■ i aie united.

lEDYSAKUM

ll7

both .

ilmos

although fo
common hei
available de

irway spruce
1 . For a com-
be American
[ilaced next,
^upf lant the
e nimlerof
t I Hf Ig

^arv. Flowering ' i ,i m ', ■ u i f r

ce, and suchaftrarin,.sp, n, sas .

II/-III srahrir, home of the spin,,
ly be employed with good effect. ^|.
3 occasionally used with marked ^n , .

3 purple-leaved variety, although i.nh. i i
arai'ter. The most serious annoyance to the lie l,^c
awer is the presence of unwelcome woody vines, such

ptdson ivy (EJnis Tnxiroilciujron), Japan evergreen

honeysuckle (Lonlcera Jupoyiica), etc, aud the only
remedy is to persistently remove them by liand as soon
as disco>-ered. The aiiarl,^ of in . ,n may bo treated
similaiiv to those wli: ii i ' ■ . ■ ■ ■ nn-s and shrubs.
The cbariiiing little 1: ,„ is a model of

beauty and utilitv,..«-i,m ;., i„,. ,.:„,,:oil autumnal tints
of its foliage aud abuudaiu 010,,., .,t seailet fruit. Other
good plants for special uses are Russian mulberry,
Rhamnus, and Ligustrum Ihota. JosiAH HooPES.

HEDf CHIUM (Greek, sicee* siiOH',- the large white fls.
are sweet scented), i^citamiiu'tcete. Buttehfly Lily.
Ginger Lilt. Gakland Flower. Something like 25
tropical Asian erect, leafy, rhizomatous herbs allied to
canna and ginger. Fls. in a terminal spike or thyrse;
stamen 1, with a 2 loculed anther surrounding the style;
st.aminodia sometimes present ; flower-tube slender, with
six divisions, one of which is enlarged and lip-like.
Hedychiums are strong-growing plants, very orna-
mental, both in foliage and in flower. They are essen-
tially fall bloomers, although they may be made to
bloom more or less continuously under glass. After
blooming, gradually dry off the rhizomes, and let them
rest for a time. Pot them up in spring or early sum-
mer, and give them rich soil and plenty of water and
an occasional supply of liquid manure. The rhizomes
may be divided every two or three years. They need
an abundance of water. In fact, the pots mav be set
half their depth in water, and IT. coronarhtm 'is often
immersed until only the crown is emersed. The com-
mon white-flowered species is Z7. coronnWion. This re-
quires warmhouse treatment for best results, although
it often flowers well when plunged in a warm, half-
shady place in the open. The species do not stand frost,
but they may be left out in the South if well protected.
The flowers are very fragrant; in fact, their odor may
be too heavy for a small room.

A. Fls. white.

coronirium, Kcenig. Three to 5 ft. : lvs. canna-like,
green, pointed: fls. very large (3-4 in. across), long-
tubed, pure white or the lip sometimes blotched green,
the 3 outer segments narrow, the lip large and erect
and more or less lobed. India. B.M. 708. L. B.C. 6:507.
— Handsome and worthy. Needs warm quarters. Said
to have been sold as Miirosma carncefoHa, but that
name belongs to a wholly different plant.
AA. Fls. yellow or red.

flAvum, Roxbg. Fls. large, orange; corolla tube cylin-
drical, 2;-2 in. long; segments spreading, the outer "ones
linear, acute and an inch or so long, the lip very large
and rounded, refuse ; stamen not exserted. India.
B.M. 3039 (and 2378?).

Gardnerianum, Roscoc , l',:!: 1!,. n-ht yellow, odd,

short-stalked in the tei i.i;i 1 lie reil lilanient

long-pro,iected beyond 1 : ' ; I : p oval and short

3-toothed, the other s. niin n.irow: fr. red and
showy. India. B.M. bill. i. b.K,!i:?74. J. H. HI. 32:239
(in fruit). G. C. III. 11:170 (plate erroneously labeled
n. coi;,i,iirhnn).-The best of the genus, and hardier
thani/, oronariiim.

coccineum, Bucb.-Ham. Fls. rather small, scarlet, the
filament long-projected; lip nearly or quite entire: fl.-
bracts conspicuous. India. L. Li. (_'. 8:705. L. H. B.

HED'S'SAEUM (Greek for swc,:t smell]. Leguminosa.

Two or 3 North American herbs, and aljout 60 in the Old

World. Perennial herbs or subshrubs, with odd pinnate

lvs., and often showy racemes of red, purple or white,

small pea like fls cahsScleft the teeth neaily equ il.

Stmdaid obcjidateor obo\ ate keel neailj stiaightand

longei than the v\mgs stamens 0 and 1 fr a fl ittened

jointed pod 'S cry closely allic 1 to Desmodinm but the

latter gen is h \s i foliate h s Many of the He I5 sarums

1 o I 31 lerpUnts Tl ey are of easiest culture

1 open well drained soil Give a sunny

1 1 rop 1 y division and seeds For the

etimes known as iT" OnobiijcJns see Ono-

K II normall/ ted {lanjmg to uJute}

coronanum Linn French Honeysuckle Perennial

or biennial, 2—1 ft. tall, branchy. An old garden plant

718 HEDYSARUM

with red, fragrant fls., crowded in axillary spikes or
racemes: Ivs. with 3-7 pairs of elliptic or roundish,
somewhat pubescent Ifts. Eu. Var. ilbum, Hort., has
white fls.

AA. Fls . normally purple (varying to white).

multijiigum, Maxim. Hardy perennial of angular,
straggling growth, 2-5 ft. high, very showy, and worthy
of general cult. Fls. violet or purplish magenta, with
yellow blotches, in racemes 8-18 in. long, all summer:
Ivs. 4-6 in. long, containing 6-12 pairs of grayish green
oval, small Ifts. Mongolia. Gn. 53:1170. G.C. III. 18:8,
U. — Of recent introduction. Very fine for rockwork.

boreile, Nutt. (B. Americdnum, Britt.). Erect or
half -decumbent herb, simply or nearly so, 1-3 ft. : Ifts.
5-10 pairs, glabrous, oblong or oblanceolate: fls. violet-
purple, varying to white, the calyx teeth ovate-acute and
shorter than the tube. Labrador and northern N. Eng-
land across the continent.

Mackfinzii, Richards. Much like the last, but some-
what pubescent: fls. larger, calyx teeth awl-like and
acuminate, and longer than the tube. Colo. N. and W.
L. H. B.

HEDYSCfiPE (Greek, siceet covering). PalmAcece.
Umhhella Palm. This includes one of the many palms
known to tlio trade as a Kcntia, and resembles that

gen

Kentia the IN. •■n- :n-y ■.•<•:■•'•] iu I I link ^, and the ovule is

fastened at ihr 1... i ,,: -: li :i. - iuU; in Hedyscepe

(and its cnltivM-l li . -, l. i, ; ; :-, \'eitchia, Nenga,
Archontopliii-ni\, i;ii"|.:il.i i;. ii ; .-incl I Hi'tyosperma) the
fls. are spirally arranged in the branches of the spadix,
and the ovule is fastened at the side. From the allies
above mentioned Hedyscepe is distinguished by the
following characters : staminate fls. with narrowly lan-
ceolate sep'ds, 9-12 stimens with long filaments ; pis-
tillate fls w ith petaK like the sepal" and valvate at the
ape\ As a house plant, H Cantrtbuiyana is dwarfer
and mcip ^] i hng than the two Howeas, and has a
light r I 1 f n

II ( \ very handsome palm is the only

spp I I I lie genus, and, like the important

How I 1 ( ommercial horticulture), is only

known 1 ill L on Lord Howe s Island, where it

\, 4ff^

1024 Hedyscepe Canterburyana

IS known as the UmbielH Palm frcm tl i fnrvin;.'
habit of its foliage It grows at a grr il r li n i I. t Ilhi
the Howeas not appearin,; below the **tiu i i I ri,;tnil
fiomthisitm i\ 1 ( inti Titdlhat aslijhth I u ii .nii.i.i.
tuie IS more suii II 1 i tl i i ilm, but in a geniral w.ay
the same con 111 I n : tl lequired by the so-called

Kentiaswill ^n It lii w ith this subject, namely,

ani,;httenii i I i i i 2' F modeiate shading

till 1 1 II il \ i I \ 1 I 1 nlj of water, and

a 1 1 1 ' \ 1 1 I I palms respond

fi I 1 I \ 1 iniercialpalm.fl'.

Ctii I II \ 1 [il 1 IS jet, paitly owing

HELENIUM

to the higher cost of seeds and the frequently low per-
centage of germination, and partly from the fact that iu
a young state this palm is by no means a rapid grower.
In regard to hardiness of foliage, it is fully equal to the
Keiitias, and for gracefulness and symmetry of growth
will compare favorably with any of the commercial
species. In 8. Calif, it is cult, outdoors.

Canterburyina, H. Wendl. & Drude (Khilia Canter-
hiirii,niii,V.UuM.). Umbkella Palm. Fig. 1024. Tall,
spineless palm, with a thick, stout caudex: Ivs. termi-
nal, dense, equally pinnatisect, the numerous segments
linear-lanceolate, acuminate, the lower nerves recurved
at the base, rather remote from the margin; rachis
arched, recurving: spadix with a short peduncle, and
thickened, flexuose branches; areolae lax: fls. medium:
fr. ovoid, large. R.H. 1873, p.218. F.R.1:85. The illus-
tration (Fig. 1024) is adapted from Martius.

Jared G. Smith and W. H. Taplin.

HEfiEIA (.oiiiiii. ni..rative of Oswald Heer, Swiss
botanist). .1/ .'./.'.,:. ,i . Includes i/t(eroc^Hri-0)i. Ac-
cording to til.- I II' t monographer (Cogniaux, DU.
Monogr. I'lianrr. 7i. the genus has 6 Mexican and Cen-
tral Aiuericau spfcus. They are herbs or shrubs, erect
or prostrate, with opposite membranaceous pinnately
nerved (rarely 3-nerved) entire Ivs., and white, rose or
purple irregular fls. in panicles or rarely solitary. Not
to be confounded with Centradenia, which has winged
stems, unequal-sided Ivs. and calyx teeth small and
much shorter than the calyx tube. Stamens 8, very un-
equal, the 4 larger ones with long appendages or connec-
tions : ovary loculed : petals 4.— Warrahouse plants,
requiring the culture of Centradenia, but grown chiefly
for the fls., whereas Centradenias are grown also for
foliage. H. rdsea, Triana {Hetemc/ntron Mexicdiinm,
Kaud., H. rdseum, Br. it Bouch6) is the only species
in general cult. A foot or more high, with 4-anglcd
(but not winged) stem: Ivs. elliptic, obtuse or acute,
pinnate-nerved : fls. bright rose, iu a large, terniiiial
p.anicle, showy. B.M. 51GG. I. H. 3:97. Var. dlba. Hook.,
is a wbite-fld. form. l. H. B.

HELENldPSIS. See Ueloniopsis.

HELfiNIUM (possibly theauthorhad in iiiin.lllflenus,

• ••■•■' , ' ' . I'ompositce. Snke/i v' i>i 25

i ly annual and perci ■ ' uiiig

-'M' .. I , I .'ill early summerto laii' , > the

l"i.:ii:i.ii ill' in eiiltivation. 8tt m en.i. i,.,ually
I.I :mi. l,,ii_' :i! i : l\-, alternate, narrowly to broadly

liinr, ,,i;ii( , , III II.. ,.!■ t bed, glandular-dotted ; petiole

iiii.l -I. Ill - iiiii.- 'Miiged: heads solitary or eoryra-

'I'lio genus closely resembles Helianthus, but differs
in having elongated, often top-shaped fruits, which are
never compressed and are usually silky villose; while
the fruits of Helianthus are generally more or less 4-
sided and are smooth. In Helenium the receptacle is
naked; in Helianthus it bears paleaceous bracts, which
subtend the florets.

Heleniums thrive best in a rich, moist soil, with a
sunny aspect, and are propagated by seeds, cuttings or
division. All the species are very easily grown, the only
serious difficulty being a white aphis which sometimes
attacks the roots. If plants look unhealthy they should
be lifted, washed with an insecticide and reset in a new
place. The commonest species in cult, is B.avtumnale,
but perhaps the most valuable species for general plant-
ing is i7.//oo;)csu, which is one of our earliest blooming
composites, and is also desirable for the border or for
cut-flowers, if. Hoopesii, Bolanderii and autumriale
will give bloom in succession from May-Oct. The first
two are also attractive when grown in pots, but they do
not flower from seed the first year, either in pots or in
the open.

A. Stem and branches winged.
B. Disk yellow,

autumnaie, Linn. ( TT. „r,n,din!,rum, Nutt.). Fig.1025.
Stem 2-6 ft. hit;Ii. i .n j]ii li, lr,,rv : Ivs. mostly toothed,
smooth: heads 1 i i.Minerous, borne at the

end of short, v.i rays drooping, 3-cleft.

lemon-yellow to n. n ..i;,iil. : .lisk yellow. July-Oct.

HELENIUM

Moi&tplaces Can toFli and west to B.C. and Ariz. B.M.
J994 Gn 29 )J3 , 5o 1216 AG 12:682. G.C. III.
1(1 IS') -Very sliowv It has distinct merit for the back
cf 1) 1 lit IS 1 lit IS more appreciated in Europe than in
\mtii( I Ihtie are sevei il garden forms: var. pi>mi-
lum IS 1-2 tt h).,h iTtry free bloomer, and is largely
grown for cut tli weisin some places, rar. grandiflorum

HELIANTHEMUM

719

sup^rbum are unusually

and lirge-fld.; var. striA-

tum has a maioonand gold disk,

with yellow raja variously striped

and splashed with rich crimson.

J. H III. 31 293 This should be distinguished from

the I

forms of R. nudUlor

BB. DisU broicn or purplish .
c. Lvs. all entire; heads solitarg or few, long-stalked.

Bigelovii, Gray. Stem 2-3 ft. high, nearly smooth:
upper Its. narrow to oblong-lancsolate, lower spatulate:
heads commonly I'-i-iH in- broad: rays %m. long:
flower-stalk slender. Aug. Wet ground, Calif. S.H.
1:373.

Bol&nderi, Gray. Stem 1-2 ft. high, stout, somewhat
pubescent : Ivs. oblong to ovate-lanceolate, the lower
obovate: heads commonly 3 in. wide: rays often 1 in.
long : flower-stalks thick, hollow. June-Sept. Low
ground, N.E. Calif. On. '2:1, p. ];il. R.H. 1891, p. 377.-
Sometimes grown as 11. iini ii,!in,iri(S.

CO. Loiver Ivs. toothi 1 : hinds iixmerojis, corymbose,
short-stalked.
nudinarum, Nutt. Stem 1-3 ft. high, roughish, leafy:
lower Ivs. spatulate, toothed ; heads 1-1 J^ in. across:
rays wedge-shaped, drooping, yellow, brown-purple or
striped with both colors. July-Oct. Moist soils, N. C.
to Fla., west to 111. and Tex. — A garden form, var.
grandic^phalum striatum, has fls. over 2 in. across.

Stem and branches not i

iiqed.

Hoopesii, Gray. Stem 1-3 ft. high, stout, slightly to-
mentose when young, but soon smooth, l>raiicliin:; ;ihove
into an umbel of several to many fls. : Ivs. thickish, en-
tire: heads usually borne singly on long stalks, com-
monly 3 in. wide : rays but slightly drooping ; disk
yellow. May-Sept. Rocky Mts.-A very fine border
plant, and especially valuable for cut-fls.

46

H. Doitffiasii, Hort. = Monolopia major.— if. tcnuifblium,
Nutt. Annual. A weed in the southern Atlantic and south-
western states. Stem 8 in. to 2 ft. high, very leafy: Ivs. thread-
like, entire, sessile, often whorled. Va., Fla., west to Mo. and
Te^- S. W. Fletcher.

HELIANTHfiLLA (Greek, resembling Bellanthns).
Compisitie. Eleven species of hardy perennial herbs
from North Amer., witli showy yellow fls. borne in au-
tumn. The species described below is advertised by a
western dealer in native plants. Stem commonly un-
branched; Ivs. mosily scntit-red and sessile, linear or
lanceolate, c-uii;-; 1,. •■''.. ^.1:: ii\- ..i- |.\v, \\)ili \,-ll,i\v

rajs

IS propagated li\ --< , i\- ,,r i.y di \ !,l:iiu' ' iii^ rooi siorks.

Heliauthella lii-)uiif.'s lu a grou|i of genera distin-
guished from Heli;iuthua by having the fruits laterally
compressed instead of thick and obtusely angled.
Other cultivated genera of this group are Actinomeris,
Encelia and Verbesina, which are distinguished from
one another by combinations of fruit and pappus char-
acters.

quinquenSrvis, Gray. Stem 2-4 ft. high, nearly
smooth: Ivs. mostly opposite, 4-9 in. long: heads3-5in.
1 load, long-stalked, solitary or a few below in the axils
cf the Ivs., with an involucre of large, leafy bracts :
lays pale yellow, IJ^ in. long. June-Sept. Rocky Mts.
S. W. Fletcher.

HELIANTHEMUM (Greek for stm flower). Cis-
tAteic. Rock Rose. Sun Rose. Fbostweed. Herbs or
subshrubs in temperate and warm climates of Old and
New Worlds. The species are confused, and estimates
of their numbers vary from 30 to more than 100. Fls.
opening in the sun, mostly yellow, usually in terminal
clusters; petals 5, soon falling; stamens many: ovary
imperfectly 3-locuIed, containing numerous seeds ;
style 1 : stems hard and more or less woody : Ivs.
small, linear or oblong, entire, often grayish. Helian-
themums are evergreens ornearly so, forming low mats
of herbage, and bearing a profusion of fls. in hot
weather. They are especially adapted for rockwork and
borders. They thrive in rather poor soil. Although the
following species are fairly hardy in the North, they
profit by a protection of mulch. Prop, mostly by divi-
sion; also by seeds and by cuttings of half-ripe wood.
See Cislns. Sweet's "Cistineffl" ( 1825-1830, London) is
the monumental work on these plants. See, also, Nich-
olson in Gn. 20, p. 420, for a running account of the gar-
den forms.

Canad§nse, Michx. Prostweed. Diffuse, 2 ft. or
less high, caulescent : Ivs. oblong, linear, or oblanceo-
late, nearly sessile: fls. solitary or 2 together, 1 in.
across, bright yellow, the sepals hairy. In rocky and
sandy soil. Me. to N. C. and Wis. G.W.F. 29. -Sold by
collectors. The later axillary branches produce small
apetalous fls.

ChamaeciBtus, Mill. Usually less than ] ft, tall, pro-
cumbent, forming mats : Ivs. linearlanoeolate or
broader, numerous at the base of the plant, small, hoary
beneath but greenand hairy above: fls. normally yellow,
in loose, more or less nodding racemes, on hairy pedi-
cels. Eu., N. Afr., W. Asia.-This is the commonly
cult, species, running into many forms. It is much less
grown in this country than in Eu. It is an excellent
rockwork plant. There are double-flowered forms; also

forms with red ;iiid .■<,|,|,,i- ,■,,! I n 'n,,- I'olli.wiiig

names occurrii.:' '.' ''• ' - -i' ■ " ■ ■ d i.. this

species-group : :, ,,,(/, ,/

Wea'pJeno. w',i: ', , ,,„;;.„,,„ y,/, »„', '//,■„/„„';/,', «,'»I«j

rhod lint hum. n: n.ii,, i, , riibjaic.

ocymoides, I'rrs. (]I. Ahiam'nse, Dun. Cistns Al-
garvi'iixi. Sims). Slinib, 2-:; ft,, twiggy, nearly erect,
hoary-pubesceut: Ivs. opiiosite. linear-oblong or spatu-
late,the tips recurved: fls. bright yellow with a purple
eye, IK in. across, in corymbose clusters. Spain and
Portugal. B.M. 5621. — Little known in this country.
Hardy in England.

formdsum. Dun. (Cistus formdsus, Curt.). Spread-
ing, much-branched, tomentose, but becoming nearly or
quite glabrous with age : Ivs. elliptic to lance-ohovate.

720

HELIANTHEMUM

short-stalked : fls. large (2 in. across ) , yellow, with black
eye, ou slender, hairy pedicels. Portugal. B.M.2ti4.
Gn. 20:466; 53, p. 131. G.JI. 34:240.-Perbaps the most
showy of the genus. E.\cellent for rockwork. The
branches are erect, reaching 3-4 ft. Not hardy North.
umbeUatum, Mill. Diffuse, 1-2 ft. tall: Ivs. small,

less viscid: Hs. umbellate or whorled, white. Eu.

L. H. B.
)s, the sun, and aiithos,
' I K. I'liisgenusiucludes
iiiiiut 15 hardy her-
: . ,11 se in habit, with
: J , iiuiiierous and borne
r HiB about 80 species,
• rally opposite below and
ut a constant character:
■ corymbose, terminating
Is. perfect, yellow, brown
imbed corolla; rays neu-
y variable, and there are
■nee the species are diffi-
on that the tlower-heads
St has recently been sub-
■e Botanical Gazette, vol.
ire found in Gn. 27, p. 66;

HELIANTHUS (Greek, hrli
aflowerj. Compdsitir . >■' ' i i,
the common.annual Su; '
baceous perennial plan
yellow fls., which air n
in autumn, .\ltn-. li, '
mostly N. Am- 'i-ii- 1, _.■>
alternate al^n . , i i ; ~ i
heads pedum i, , ,,

the stem or in .n « :,, .:. I,
or purplish, wiih :i niiiuhii- .'.-I
tral, yellow. TIh> f.n.,ins ,s v.-
also many n:itui;il h\l.iiM~; \\
cult to delimit. Tin- m|,1 i,,,t
follow the sun lr..iii .ast ti. m
stantiated for //. ,n,,iin,s. i s.
29:197.) Gardiii ii„,i„,-i:,|.hs
45, p. 372; 411, p. 32(; aihl f,:,. ,,.

Sunflowers are of tlie easiest culture, and are adapted
to a variety of soils. They are seen to best advantage
when planted in masses, rat her than as solitary specimens,
and should be given plenty of room, being gross feeders.

Most Sunflowers, especially //. annnns, are too coarse
to be harmonious near the house, but find an effective
setting in the background, against the shrubbery bor-
der. A few species, however, especially i?.o»-5r»/a (is and
U. debilis, are worth growing for their foliage alone.
The annual species are prop, by seeds or cuttings; the
perennial chiefly by division. All varieties of B. mitUi-
florus root readily from both soft and hardwood cut-
tings. The double forms rarely produce fertile seeds
and must be prop, by division. The seeds of annuals
may be planted directly in the border, but it is best to
start tliem indoors in March. Perennial kinds, particu-
larly forms of R. miiltiflonis, should be taken up in
late fall or early spring, every two years, and the root-
stocks divided and replanted; otherwise the roots will
ramble away, and the flowers will deteriorate. All
thrive in a light, dry soil; but JI. annuus and S. giyan-
teus may be used to advantage for drying malarial
spots. Sunflowers do not thrive in very shady places.
S. W. Fletcher.

Sunflowers (ff. atmuus) are cultivated extensively
in Russia, India and Egypt; less widely in Turkey, Ger-
many, Italy and France. The seeds from the large-
seeded variety are sold upon the streets in Russia as we
do peanuts, except that they are eaten raw. The small-
seeded variety is preferred for the manufacture of oil.
When cold-pressed, a citron-yellow, sweet-tasting oil,
considered equal to olive or almond oil for table use, is
produced. The resulting oil-cake, when warm-pressed,
yields a less edible fluid, which is used for lighting, and
in such arts as woollen dressing, candle- and soap-mak-
ing. The oils dry slowly, become turbid at ordinary
temperatures and solid at 4° F. For stock and poultry
feeding, and for other purposes, Sunflower oil-cake is
about equal in valiin to timt of flay- and cotton-seed.
The cake is lai--rly cxiMnird l,y Kiivsia (,, Denmark and

Sweden, and l" -iMi •■..imi i" "ilnr l';nrM|,i.,'in Tiiarkets.

Sunflower stcim :in'', Ihm^I- iii:i!. c an (■>,.■,• ll,.nt pai)er, and
the stems furnisli a lin.- lilMT lliat coniiiarcs favorably
with silk. They are, however, generally used for fuel,
since the above industries have not been developed.

Sunflowers grow readily in many soils, but best re-
sults are obtained upon light, rich, calcareous or allu-
vial land, well supplied with moisture and unshaded by
trees. White, clayey and poor soils are unfavorable
Preparation of the soil should be thorough ; deep fall
plowing followed by spring harrowing being preferred
to spring preparation. The seeds are generally sown in
drills running north and south, 30 in. apart, 9 in. asun-
der in the drill, and 1 in. deep. Sometimes they are
transplanted from nursery beds when 4-6 in. tall. About

HELIANTHUS

I week after the plants appear they are thinned to 18 iu
istinder. P^roin 4 to 0 pounds of the seed will s.nv an
icre. Cultivation is the same as for corn, except that
vhen the plants reach a height of 3-4 ft., the inferior

1026. Hclianthi

rly half !

flower heads should be removed, leaving only 4 or 5 on
the principal stem. In windy climates hilling is some-
times necessary to prevent blowing down.

On some farms the roots are harvested as they ripen
and placed upon floors or movable pole racks to dry.
Upon larger areas they are cut to the ground when most
of the heads have ripened and pilerl, heads up, to cure.

The form

vent f.Ti
seeds. ?-'
thorou-l,
piled, fac

■of oil,

il. Wl

<■ iM'iMi. ;ir.- . i: !i. r j.]:M-c,i on racks or
aril, on a Moor and beaten with flails.
The seeds are then spread thinly, shoveled over occa-
sionally, and allowed to become perfectly dry before be-
ing sent to the mill. The average yield is about 50
bushels to the acre. The percentage of husks ranges
from 40 to 60; and the oil from 15 to 28. As a general
rule, 100 bushels of seed will yield .33 bushels of ker-
nels, 100 bushels of kernels from 280 to 320 gallons of
oil of both qualities.

Russian Sunflower, a large-seeded variety, producing
a single head, grows 8 ft. tall, out is less esteemed for
oil production than the small-seeded '

HELIANTHUS

la America the Sunflower imlustry may be said
have hardly i-oramenced, there being at present hut U
well-developed markets for the seed. jj, (j, Kains.

HELIANTHUS

721

angustitolius, 5.

doronicoiJes, 16.

mollis. IT.

annuas. 1.

giganteus, 13.

mttltittorus. 11.

argophyllus, 2.

grosse-serratiis, 10.

orgyalis, 4.

atrorubens, 7.

hirsutus, 21.

pumilus, 18.

CaUfornicus, 1, 20.

, liBvigatus, 8.

rigidus, 6.

cummerifoUvs. 3.

Isetiflorus, 19.

strumosus. 9.

ts:r'"-

Maximiliani. 14.

trachelifolius, :

Missouriensis, 6.

tuberosus, 15.

divai-ieatus. 12.

A. Annuals:

Ivs. long-peiioled:

disk brow

nor purplish.

B. Stem ere

cl, stout, simple or

branch

ing above

1. annuus

2. argophyllua

BB. Stem diffuse, slender, branch-

in II frei

'li/ from the base....

3. debilis

AA. Perennials

by creeping root-

petioled.
B. Bisk brown or purplish.

c. Lvs. linear, entire {except

the lower), sessile 4.

orgyalis

5.

angustiioliuB

CC. I>VS. ovate lo l,n„uhhlnee,>.

late, m„sfl,, l....iln,l. „„r-

rowed at Ih. I.„... :„.'.. „

winged jHtio/e n.

rigidus

atrorubens

i. Disk yellowish.

c. 67cm smooth below, the

branches often slightly

rough or pubescent.

D. Lvs. pale beneath 8.

laevigatus

D.

Lvs. pale beneath 8.

laevigatus

9.

strumosus

10.

grosse-serratus

DD.

Zrvs .green on both s ides. 11.

decapetalus

12.

divarlcatus

CC. St

em rough or hairy below.

Bootstocks thickened in-
to one or more fleshy

tubers 13.

giganteus

14.

Maximiliani

tuberosus

DD.

Sooistocks all slender.

E. Lower lvs. ses.'<ile or

with a ela.y.i,,,,

base '.li;.

doronicoides

17.

mollis

EE. Lower h-s. shorl-

laetiflorus
CaliJornicus
hirsutus
trachelifolius

1. dnnuus, Linn. Common Su^
ft., rough-hairy, often mottled : lvs. 4-12 in. Ion
broadly ovate, acute, the lower cordate, coarsely sernit
rough on both sides: ris.:!-Ci in. wide in wild speinmen
often 14 in cult, ■\u\^ --■■,^:. .M;nii. to Tc-.x,. wist
Wash. and Cal. (Ill, i- ' i,;. ,.. '.i,") (as //. A »?/r

laris). B.R.lorlJi: . ''.-,■, m.- A vi.lual.

lvs.

for

fodder, the fls. yield a yt-llow dye, the seeds furnish an
oil and aroused for food. It is grown for food chiefly in
Russia. H. annnus has long been in cult, as an orna-
mental, and has varied into many distinct forms. Com-
mon varietiesare: V:ir. Califdmicus, very large and
double; var. citrinug, with primrose-colored rays ((.In.
49,p. 327i; var. globdsus fistuldsus, having enormous
globular heads; var. ninus fl. pl.(Globe of Gold), dwarf
and double, valuable for borders ; Eussian Giant,
10-12 ft. high, single, grown mostly for seed; var.varie-
gfttus, with variegated lvs., but not especially attrac-

argophyllus, Torr. & Gray. Silveuy-leaved Scn-
Stem usually 4-5 ft. high, soft grey, with a
dense, silky pubescence, esppcially the upprr branches.
Otherwise "liki- //. <iiniuns. into which it snins to vary
under cultivaii.m if iIm- s.r.llin-s .-ii.- ii..t constantly
selected fur tloir silkv .•liinan,-,-. 'I'rxas. The var.
Texiina, Hort.,\vlii.-l, .io.s i,oi .ihv,,- liotanically from

the tvpe. is an attian; , i. • liils species. R. H.

1857,p.431. Gn.l2,p,-- , .,,;-: .-:,,p.l47.
3. d^bilis, Nntt. (//. , Torr. & Gray).

Cl'CUMBEK-LEAVED i^LM L' V I 1^. 1,4. Ul2(i. St. 1-4 ft.

high, hairy throughout : l.iranclies ut'teu mottled with
purple or white, each one bearing a fl. : lvs. 1-4 in. long,
ovate to triangular, generally with a cordate base, thin,
glossy, irregularly toothed or entire: fls. 2-3 in. wide,
on slender peduncles. July-Sept. Fla. to Texas and
westward. G.C. III. 17:167. Gt. 44, p. 571. B.M. 7432.
Gn. 49:1064. -This is one of the best for cut-fls. It
needs a sandy soil.

4ji

*

'^

:,c-0i§^'^

1027. Clump of Helianthus oreyalis.

4. orgyalis, DC. Fig. 1027. Stem 8-10 ft. high, strict,
smooth, very leafy: lvs. 8-lfi in. long, slightly rough,
drooping : fls. numerous, lemon-yellow. Sept., Oct.
Dry plains. Neb. to Tex. and westward. Gn. 27, p. 67;
55, p. 147. F.R. 2:146. -This species has distinct and

722

HELIANTHUS

attractive foliage, which is not at all coarse. A well
grown plant will produce spikes of fls. nearly i ft. long.

5. angustifdlius, Linn. Swamp Sl-.\flower. Stem
2-6 ft. high, simple or branching above, sliKhtly rough:
Ivs. 2-7 in. long, somewhat tufted, drooping, with rolled
edges, smooth or slightly rough: fls. 2-3 in. wide, few
or solitary. Aug.-Oct. Wet land, N. Y. to Fla., west to
Ky. and Tex. B.M. 2051.

6. rigidus, Desf. {B. Missouri^nsis, Sehwein.). St.
1-3 ft. high (rarely 5-8 ft.), strict, sparingly branched,
rough or hairy: Ivs. 6-12 in. long, oblong to ovate-lan-
ceolate, firm, thick, rough-hairy, entire or slightly
toothed: fls. 2}<;-4 in. wide, showy, long-stalked; rays nu-
merous, about IH in. long; disk sometimes yellow at
first, turning brown. Aug.-Oct. Mich, to Tex. and west
to Col. B.R. 6:508 (naff, atrornbens). B.M. 2020 {&sS.
difhisus). B.M.2668 (a.a ff. atrorubens). Gn.27,p.68.-
After R. decapetalus this species is one of the best
perennial Sunflowers. It varies under cultivation chiefly
in the direction of doubling and in lengthening the
blooming period. Some of the best garden varieties
are aestivalis, grandifldrus, semi-plenus and Miss Hel-
lish.

7. atrfirubens, Linn. Piirple-disk Sunflower. St.
2-5 ft. high : Ivs. usually thin, sometimes hoary be-
neath : fls. about 2 in. across; rays few (10 to 16),
rarely over 1 in. long; disk dark red. Otherwise like
S. riiiidus, to which it is inferior. Va. to Ma., west to
Ohio and La.

8. laevigatua, Torr. & Gray. Stem 2-5 ft., simple or
branched above: Ivs. H-G in. long, lanceolate, smooth,
entire or slightly toothed : fls. I-IH in. broad, few or
solitary; rays 6-10, usually less than 1 in. long. Aug.-
Oct. Va. to N. C.

9. strumosuB, Linn. St. 3-7 ft. high, usually branch-
ing, often glaucous: Ivs, 3-8 in. long, ovate-lanceolate,
rough above, entire or toothed : fls. 2M-4 in. across;
rays 8-15, 1-1 K in, long. July-Sept. Open woods. Can.
to Ga. and west to Wis. and Ark. Var. m611is, Torr.
& Gray. Lvs. downy beneath. B.M. '3Gii9 {as ff. mollis,
Lam.).

HELIANTHUS

rough above: fls. many, cymose, 1-3 in. broad. Aug.-
Oct. Pa. toMo., south to Tex. — Passes into i/^.(/iV/a)i(iHS.
11. decapetalus, Linn. Stem 2-5 ft. high, branched
above: lvs. 3-8 in. long, ovate-lanceolate, sharply ser-
rate, thin, rough above, finely pubescent beneath : fls.
2-3 in. across, numerous; rays
generally more than 10, in spite
of the specific name. July-Sept.
Moist soils, Quebec to Ga., west to
Mich, and Ky. G. C. II. 16:601.-
Under cult, it has given rise to the
horticultural var. multi!16rus (H.
miiltiflHiii.i.Hort.). Fig.1028. B.M.

227. G.C. J

lu:

pp. 71, 74; 45. p. 373. Gt. 43, p. 554.
Gng. 3:83. F.R. 2:413. The many
garden forms of var. niulliftorus
differ mainly in the extent of doub-
ling, season of blooming, habit of
plant and size of fl. Among the
best are: Var. fldre pleno and var.
grandiSldrus, almost completely
double; var. mijor, fls. larger than
common; var. miximus, very huge,
single fls. with pointed rays; Soliel
d'Or, with quilled florets, like a
Cactus Dahlia. Multiflorus varie-
ties ar(
nial

vedly so. If the double forms
are grown on poor soil, or are
allowed to remain for several
years without being divided,
they become single.

12. dlvarlcitus, Linn. Fig.
1029. Stem 1-6 ft. high: lvs.
sessile, rough above, pubes-
cent beneath, standing out
nearly at right angles to the
stem : fls. few or solitary, 2 in.
Dry woodlands. Can. to Fla., west to Ne

13. gigantSus, Linn. Indian Potato. Stem 3-12 ft.
high, stout: lvs. 3-7 in. long, lanceolate, very rough,
serrate or nearly entire : fls. usually several, lH-3 in.
broad, mostly long-stalked; rays 10-20, barely 1 in.
long, cupped, pale yellow : seeds smooth. Aug.-Oct.
Wet ground. Can. to Fla., west to Neb. B.M. 7555. D.
165. — Var. subtuberdsus, Bourgeau. A northern form
with unusually fleshy roots, ^vhich were formerly col-
lected by Indians for ton. I. Ilince "Indian Potato."

14. Maximiliani, s,lii;i,l. Si, in generally 2-4 ft. high,
sometimes 8-10: l\ s. iTirliina to be trough-shaped : fls.
on short, densely pubescent jieduncles; rays 15-30, gen-
erally 1% in. long, deep yellow. Otherwise like B. <ji-
(/roi^eiis, of which it is probably the western form. Aug.-
Oct. Dry plains, west of Mississippi river.

15. tuberdBUS, Linn. Jerusalem Artichoke. Stem
5-12 ft., branched above, lvs. 4-8 in., usually ovate,
acuminate, serrate, rough above, finely pubescent be-
neath: fls. several or numerous, 2-3 in. across ; rays
12-20: seeds pubescent. Gn. 27:68. B.M. 7545. -Fre-
quently cultivated tor its edible tubers. See Artichoke,
JerusaUm.

16. doronicoides. Lam. Stem 3-7 ft. high : lvs. 4-8 in.
long, ovate oblong, narrowed towards both ends, rough
on both sides : fls. numerous, in loose panicles ; r:)ys
12-20, broad. Otherwise as B. latifolius. Aug., Sept.
Dry soils, Ohio to Mo. B.M. 2778 (as H. pttbescens).

17. mailis, Lam. Stem 2-5 ft. high, stout, very leafy,
hoary villose, at least when young : lvs. 3-5 in. long,
oviite-lanceolate, white-pubescent or rough on upper
si<le: fls. solitary or few, 2-3 in. broad ; rays 15-25.
.Tuly-Sept. Barren soils, Ohio to Ga., west to la. and
Tex. Gn. 55:1212.

18. piimilus, Nutt. Stem rough and hairy throughout :
lvs. only 5-7 pairs, 1-4 in. long, ovate-lanceolate : fls.
few, short-peduncled. Eastern Rocky Mts. and adjacent
plains.

19. IsetifldruB, Pcrs. Showy Sunfower. Stem 4-8 ft.
high, leafy: lvs. 4-10 in. long, ovate-lanceolate, more or
less serrate, rough on both sides: fls. several. 2-4 in.

HELIANTHUS

broad, sbort-peduDcled ; rays 15-25, about IK in. long,
sliowy. Prairies, Ind., 111., Wis. Gn. i5:l)G0. G.M.
3l:2M.-A desirable Helianthus. Tbe garden form H.
semipleiins is better than the type. Resembles tall-grow-
ing forms of a. riijidiis. but disk yellow.

20. CaliJ6micus, DC. Stem 3-8 ft. high. Ivs. lanceo-
late, rough on both sides: lis. loosely paniculate. Calif.
-Most of the plants grown under this name are a gar-

HELICODICEROS

723

. forii

heads small and numerous, white.-Cult. in S. Calif, by
Franceschi. Australia; sometimes grows 20 ft. high.
AA. Lvx. ovate or broader : border and vase plant.
petiolatum, DC. (O-naphillitim lan&titm, Hort.).
Tender perennial, cult, for its long, woolly stems and
woolly Ivs., either as an edging in ribbon borders or as

21. hirsdtus, Rat. Stem 2-1 ft. high, densely hairy:
Its. ovate-lanceolate, thick, very rough, pubescent and
pale beneath: Hs. several, 2-3 in. across. July-Oct.
Dry soils, Pa. to Ga., west to Wis. and Texas.

22. tracheliMiua, Mill. Resembles strumosus, but
stem and fl. -stalks usually rough-hairy and Ivs. thinner,
green on both sides. Aug., Sept. Dry soil. Pa. to Wis.

S. W. Fletcher.
HELICHRtSUM (Greek for sun and gold; referring
to the flower heads). Compositce. Syu. , Jilichri/SHm.
Nearly 300 Old World herbs or shrubs, mostly African
and Australian. Some of them are grown for everlast-
ings, being, with Heliptetnm, amongst the most impor-
tant plants for that purpose. Easily grown as hardy
annuals in any garden soil. Fls. of two kinds, the out-
ermost ones with pistils only: involucre dry and chaff-
like, the stiff overlapping scales glabrous, often colored:
heads large, terminating the branches, normally yellow,
but now varying into many colors in long-cultivated

A. Zvs. oblong or narroiv ; grown for everlastings.

B. Heads large, solitary.
bracteitum, Andr. Fig. 1030. Stout annual, lK-3 ft.
tall, somewhat branched, the terete stems nearly or
quite glabrous : Ivs. many and rather large, oblong-lan-
ceolate, narrowed to a short petiole, entire, green:
heads terminating the branches, l-2>^ in. across, yellow
or orange, the short and obtuse involucre-scales imbri-
cated. Australia. — Perhaps the most important single
everlasting fl. grown in this country, particularly for
bold or heavy design work. It is very variable, particu-
larly in color. The heads are pure white in var. Album,
Hort. ill. (ilbum.Rort. H. niveiim. Grab. B.M. 3857);
scales tipped with red in var. bicolor, Hort. (JSIiclirijsum
bicolor, Lindl. B.R. 21 :18U) ; dark scarlet in var. atro-
cocoineum, Hort. (H. atrocoeriiieum.'HoTt.); dark blood-
red in var. atrosanguineum, Hort. {ff. atrosanguineuw.
Hort,). The forms with very large heads are often
known as ff. marrdiithum, Hort. The double forms are
often known as H. monstrostim, Hort. Other portraits
of this species will be found in B.R. 24:58. R.H.
1851:101.

BB. Meads medium to small, in clusters.
0. Color yelloiv or orange.
arenftrium, DC. A foot or less high, herbaceous: Ivs.
plane, white-woolly, the lower ones oblong-obovate and
long-attenuated into a petiole, the upper ones linear-lan-
ceolate and acute: heads globular, in compact little co-
rymbs, bright yellow. Perennial, in sand, France.— Ap-
parently not cult, in this country. See Everlasting.

orientals, Gfertn. {OnaphUlium orientdle, Linn.).
Stem simple, 1)4 ft. or less tall: Ivs. oval-oblong to lan-
ceolate, obtuse, sessile, r.ather small: heads brieht yel-
low, small, globular, in corymbs. S.Eu. toAsiaMinor.-
Much cult, in Mediterranean regions, but little known
in this country.

apicuiatum, D. Don. Perennial, 1-2 ft., tomentose,
leafy below: Ivs. lance-spatulate, the base more or less
spatulate: heads }i in. across, in small heads or clus-
ters, orange-yellow, the scales sharp-pointed. Australia.
— Little known in this country.

CO. Color wliite or nearly so.
grandiSldrum, Less. Perennial, somewhat woody, de-
cumbent at the base : Ivs. crowded near the base, ses-
sile, obovate to oval or oblong, obtuse, woolly on both
sides : heads hemispherical, in corymbose clusters,
glossy, cream-color, Min. across. S. Afr.

diosmaefdlium, Sweet. Tall, upright: Ivs. very small,
narrow-linear ( Min. or less long), the margins revolute:

an ornament in lawn vases : Ivs. petiolate, ovate and
broad at the base, obtuse : heads (not often seen in
cult.) in branched cymes, the involucre scales obtuse,
cream-white. S. Afr.-An old garden plant. Prop, by-
cuttings from stock plants carried over winter.

L. H. B.
HELICdDEA. See Billbergla.

n^-LICOViCETLOS {Greek, spirally 2-horned). Ariteeie.
The extraordinary plant shown in Fig. 1031 is known as
the "Hairy Arum" and sold by the bulb dealers as J. ram
crinilitm. When in flower it has a disgusting odor,
1 carrion flies and bright green insects, as
5 the plant itself. The plant is the only spe-
genus, the hairiness of the spadix being a
ct character. Helicodiceros and Dracunculus
1 having few ovules, which are fastened at the
nd bottom of the cell, but in the latter the stami-
na'te and pistillate fls. are close together, while in the
former they are separated by a sterile portion. Arum
differs from both genera in having the ovules fastened
in 2 series at the side of the cell. The Ivs. of Arum are
spear- or arrow-shaped, while ill the other two they are
pedatelycut. Latest monoirraph in Latin by Engler in
D.n. Mon. Phan.2:r.04 (1879).

This plant is worth growing once, since it is one of
the great curiosities of horticulture. It may be secured

uncanny i
cies in it
very disti
arealike

IIF.LICODICEROS

from bulb dealers in the fall and flowered under glass
in the spring. It is a most vile-smelling plant when in
full flower. The plucky artist who drew the accom-
panying picture of this arum wrote at the bottom of his
drawing, "Air 'em."

^

1031. Helicodiceros

muscivorus, Eng. (H.crinXtus, Schott. Arum crinl-
tum, Ait. Draciinculus crinUus, Schott). Fig. 1031.
Height 1 ^2 ft. : spathe-limb purple, covered with purple
hairs. Corsica. B.R. 10:831. F.S. 5:445. W. M.

HELIC6NIA (Mt. Helicon, in Greece, seat of the
Muses). Scitamindceie. Foliage plants allied to Musa.
Perhaps 25 to 30 species in tropical America. The plants
are grown in a warmhouse along with Alocasias, An-
thuriums and Calatheas: the directions given for the
cultivation of Calathea apply very well to Hclicouia.
Under the name of Wild Plantain or Balisier, //. Ji^h.ii
is cult, outdoors in S. Fla. and along tin- iiulf if M.x.
It is an evergreen shrub rivaling the banan^ts in i,,|i:ii.'i>

and scarlet and black tlower-sheaths. K. ,\. |;.:im r

classes it among plants that sprout up readily in the ex-
treme South if killfil by frost, and recommends it as a
house plant for tlie .South.

From JIusa, Heliconia differs chiefly in having a dry,
often dehiscing, 3-loculed, 3-seeded fruit. Fls. in clus-
ters below the Ivs., subtended by bracts afterthe way of
Musa; sepals 3, linear, free or somewhat joined to the
corolla; corolla short-tubed; stamens 5; staminodium
1: Ivs. large and striking, often beautifully marked;
stems arising from a strong rootstock. Various species
have been introduced into cult., but the following are
the only ones appearing in the Amer. trade.

Bih&i, Linn. Balisier. Wild Plantain. Becoming
10-15 ft. tall, banana-like : Ivs. oval or oblong-oval, long-
petioled, transversely ribbed, the blades 3-5 ft. long:
blossom sheaths very large, scarlet and black, the fls.
red or orange. W. IndiesandS.— A most striking plant,
but rarely seen in glasshouse collections. It is natur-
alized in the Old World tropics.

atireo-striilta, Hort. Perhaps a form of the preceding;
Ivs. beautifully striped along both midrib and transverse
veins with golden yellow: stems striped with yellow and
green: leaf-limb oval-acuminate. I.H. 29:404; 42, p.
289 (where a list of the best kinds will be found). S.H.
2, p. 133. F.R. 3:493. -Very handsome." The best known
kind.

illuBtris, Hort., is of the general style of the last, but
the rib and veins are marked with pink. Var. rubricaiilis,
Hort., has more red, the petiole being bright vermilion.
R.H. 1896:36 (where a review is made of the species).
R.B. 21, p. 69. Gn. 52, p. 359.

angustifdlia, Hook. Dwarfer: Ivs. long and narrow,
1J<-2K ft. long, 3-0 in. wide, green : fls. yellowish green,
6-iO in each red bract. S. Amer. B.M. 4475. l H B

HELIOTROPIUM

HELIOPHILA (Greek, si(»-?or;«j). Cnidfera: This
genus includes a blue-flowered half-hardy annual, that
grows about 3 in. high and is advertised at present only
in the very largest catalogues of flower seeds. The
genus contains about 61 species of annual and sub-
shrubby perennials, natives exclusively of S. Africa.
There are no near allies of garden value. The dehis-
cent pod is an important character of the genus. Other
important generic characters are pods sessile or pedi-
celled, 2-celled, 2-valved: seeds in a single row, often
winged. The racemes are long and leafless, and the fls.
yellow, white, rosy or sky-blue. Latest monograph in
English by Sender in Flora Capensis 1 : 35-54 ( 1859-60) .
For general culture, see Aiuuials.

The plant in the trade is known as H. arabio)(les,
Sims, which Sonder refers to H. pilbsa, Lam., var. in-
oisa, Sonder. IT. pilosa is a very variable species, with
stem 6-24 in. high, erect or diffuse, simple or unbranched
from the base: lower Ivs. often opposite, the rest alter-
nate: fls. normally sky-blue, with a yellow center, but
the natural varieties include lilac and yellow. The typi-
cal IS. pilosa has a stem that is rough with spreading
hairs : Ivs. hairy, either oblong or linear, entire or some-
times lobed near apex, cuneate at base: pods linear,
erect or spreading. Var. inclsa, Sonders, has Ivs. linear-
cuneate, 3-cut at the apex, rarely 5-cut, the lobes linear
or acuminate. B.M. 496. W. M-

HELI6PSIS (Greek, ;iA-e(;ie sini). Compdsitm. About
10 species of hardy herbaceous plants, bearing numer-
ous yellow fls. in autumn, and all native to N. America.
They are all perennials except one, and that is not culti-
vated. They are not common in gardens because of the
more attractive forms in Helianthus. R. In ris, var.
Pitclieriana, however, deserves wider popularity. Heli-
opsis has no pappus, wliiK- in lU'lianilni-^ iln- pappus
has 2 awns. In HcliMpsi^ thr ray^ U-.w- ]ii-ii!-. Imt may
be fertile or stci-il.-. In llilianilui- ih.- ra\s l,ave no
pistils at all. St.-ni cri-rt, l<H,srly hraiidium: heads
yellow, long-stalked, borne in louse terminal or axillary
panicles: Ivs. opposite, petioled, 3-ribbed, oblong-ovate
to ovate-lanceolate, coarsely toothed. For culture, see
Relianthus.

Isevis, Pars. Stem 3-5 ft. high : Ivs. 3-5 in. long,
thinnish, smooth on both sides or roughish above: fls.
numerous, 1K-2K in. broad, long-stemmed. July-Oct.
Open places, Can. to Fla., west to 111. and Ky. B.M. 3372.
Var. Pitcheriana {II. PitcheriAna, Hort.). A dwarf,
more branching and bushy form, 2-3 ft. high, with a
spread of 3-4 ft. : fls. produced much more freely than
iu the preceding and a deeper yellow. One of the best
hardy plants for the perennial border, being especially
valuable for cutting and for planting in dry places.
Int. 1895 by Pitcher &Manda. A.G.16:323. F,R.2:259.

Bcibra, Dunal. Differs from H. Icevis chiefly in being
rough throughout: upper Ivs. sometimes entire: heads
few, often solitary. Dry soils. Me. to N. J. and west to
Mo. J. H. 33:359. B.R. 7:592 (asJ. conesccnj:). -Passes
into Iffivis. s. w. Fletcher.

HELIOTKOPE. See Seliotropium.

HELIOTKdPIUM (heliotropic ; turning to the sun).
Borii(iinAce<e. A widely spread genus in warm regions,
of more than 100 species. Herbs or rarely shrubs, with
small flowers in terminal, forking clusters and alter-
nate simple leaves: corolla short funnel-form or sal-
ver-shape, the throat mostly open (sometimes con-
stricted) ; stamens 5, attached to the tube, not exserted,
the filaments very short: ovary 4-locuIed and splitting
into 4 nutlets (or two 2-loculed nutlets) when ripe, sur-
mounted by a simple style. There is a Heliotrope {S.
Curasxi'nirinn. Linn.l native to the S. Atlantic states,
with wiiiir IN. ami nl.l.ini.' Ml- lini/ar Ivs.; also a natu-
ralized sprrh^ I // /,,./,.",„. I. inn.) with bluish scented
fls. ami Ian-. M\.ii.' in-M.,. p ,. The florists' Helio-
tropes si-cm to lie (Icrivi.l (iMni 2 siii-fii-s. H. Peruvli-
num, Linn.,i3 perhaps the k-adin- ;-. m . I ;-. 1(132.
Lvs. oval or oblong-lanceolate, V( I. .n-ipio-

uottsly narrowed at the base: fls.^in mi. csiue,
the corollatubelittle longerthan tin- . :ii. ,, l.in. i;.M.
141. -Vanilla-scented. H. corymbosum. Km/, i'^; P.av.

HELIOTROPIUM

(Z7. arandifKriim, Don), has longer and relatively nar-
rower Its., which are distinctly narrowed to the base,
flower-clusters larger and more open, fls. nearly twice
larger and the corolla tube nearly twice longer than the
calyx : calyx teeth longer and narrower. Peru. B..M.
1C09. Narcissus-scented. Many of the large-trussed and
large-flowered garden varieties are apparently ot this
species rather than of the former; or possibly the two
hybridized. Originally both species were '

HELIPTEEUM

725

s-iolet-

1032. Hchotrop

flowered, but the colors are now in various shades of
purple, and there are
white-flowered forms.
H.Voltaire^num.Hort.,

lists. It is a compact
garden form, said to be
a hybrid. P.M. 16, p.
100. Another species,
H. Europaeum, Linn., is
rarely seen in old col-
lections, particularly
South, and it is spar-
ingly naturalized. It is
a hoary-downy herb
G-18 in. high, with long-
petioled oval Ivs., and
white fls. in scirpioid
racemes. l. ji. B.

The Heliotrope is a
warmth- and sun-lov-
ing plant, preferring a
rich, light soil, good
drainage and plenty of
•water. It needs to be kept growing, and suffers more
than many other plants from becoming dry. It wilts
easily, and should never be allowed to lack for moisture
in soil and air. Quickly becoming pot-bound, it requires
frequent shifting.

The Heliotrope strikes readily from terminal cuttings
of the tender shoots in about eight or ten days. Florists
root the cuttings in pure sand. Cuttings should have
a temperature at night of about 50°, with 5°-10° of
bottom heat. They should be kept from flagging by
careful watering and shading as needed. When the
cuttings have formed roots about half an inch long, they
should be transplanted to small pots or shallow boxes
of light soil, placed where they will have a night tem-
perature of about 60°, sheltered from currents of air,
watered and shaded as needed until established.

The Heliotrope may also be grown readily from seed.
These should be sown in shallow flats in light soil, in a
temperature of about 05°, covered lightly and kept nicely
moist. When well up they may be treated as cuttings.
For forcing, the Heliotrope should have a, good ex-
posure to the sun, a temperature of about 60° at night,
rich soil, good drainage and careful watering. The
plant Is preferably grown in benches in 6 inches of
soil. A plant easily covers an 18-inch square.

In the open ground plants should have a sunny situa-
tion and moist soil. Here it covers a space 2%tt. square,
and attains a height of 2-3 ft. They should not be set
out till danger of spring frosts is past.

The plant is comparatively free from diseases and in-
sect pests. Cuttings and seedlings are sometimes de-
stroyed by the damping-off fungi, and under condi-
tions of neglect, plants sometimes become infested with
mealy-bugs, aphides, or the red^ini' r. S.ni. ihiit-s
plants are ruined by a disease kiiin\ ^i ; ' '■*.■'■*

the "black rust," an ailment similar i -• iih

that affecting the Verbena. Itusually ^iji. i-- • u ;. hints
in an enfeebled condition, resulting from being pot-
bound, from sour soil or over-potting, followed by too
low temperature, as well as from other causes. Badly
diseased plants should be destroj-ed. Others are some-
times benefited by syringings and waterings with fresh
and tolerably strong tobacco tea, in place of the usual
waterings. Repotting and occasional applications of
weak m.anure water, with perhaps a higher tempera-
ture, will also be found helpful. Ernest Walker.

Apart from its use as a border plant and for bedding,
being a universal favorite, it usually forms part of the
"Stock in trade of florists who do a local business, rank-

ing next to the Geranium as a pot-plant for spring
trade. For cut-flowers in winter it is equally popular,
but its lasting qualities when cut are uncertain. Suc-
cessful growers assert that for best results, strong
stems and good keeping qualities, it should be growu in
a moderately cool, airy house. Some of the best the
writer has seen were grown in a house suited to violets
and mignonette, in which the temperature seldom rose
to 50° F. at night.

Stout, soft cuttings make the best plants, and root
easily in a temperature of 60° F. From the time they are
inserted, suflicient water must lie given to prevent wilt-
ing. A propagating bed is not required. Ordinary flats
will do-the medium half-leaf soil and sand. They
must be well shaded for a week or so. They are very
liable to the cutting bench fungus, and should be potted
or boxed off as soon as rooted, which should be in ten
or twelve days. Any light soil will do, and it need not
be rich for the first shift.

For winter flowers, cuttings may be taken in July and
treated as above. Some of the plants among the spring
batch with straight stems may be grown along for
standards by taking out the side shoots until 2 ft. high.
These make handsome drooping specimens. By prun-
ing about midsummer they may be kept in good condi-
tion for years. Stock intended for spring cuttings is
better grown continuously in pots, as the plants lift

^ThV planets* do" not lift well. The writer prefers to
grow a few left-over bedding plants for stock. Cuttings
struck in June or July and g-rown continuously indoors
make the best plants for winter flowers. Tall young
plants may be grown into standards by taking out the
side shoots until they reach 2 or 3 feet in height, and
then letting them branch out. Shifted along, they make
large specimens in 12-inch pots, and may be kept in
good condition for years by judicious pruning, top-
dressing and the use of manure water.

Heliotrope is extensively used a? a bedding plant, is
a favorite in window-gardens, and is much grown by
florists for cut-fiowers. The ease with which it may be
grown either in pots or the gar
fragrance ot its dainty flowers, ai
bloom, have all con-
tributed to make it a
general favorite.

There have been
numerous garden va-
rieties and a number
of hybrids - white
and thedifferent tints
of blue predominat-
ing. Floralcatalogues
rarely mention, how-
ever, more than 6-8
varieties. Madame
de Blonay has for
years been a favorite
white, while Queen
of Violets is perhaps
the finest of the
blues. Chieftain is a
lighter tint. Albert
Delaux is a variety
with golden varie-
gated foliage, but
variegated Helio-
tropes are undesir-
able. Among seed-
lings double forms
occasionally appear.
They have no special
merit, and are seldom
perpetuated.

T. D. Hatfield.

HELlPTEKUM

(Greek for sun and

[ 1033. Helipterum Manglesii (
1 Generally known as Rhodanthe.

pappus). Compdsitce. Including
,n,ldnthe. About 50 species in Au-
1. of which a few are cult, as ever-
iies (see Everlastings). The cult.

1.1b HELIPTERUM

kinds are annual herbs (or grown as such), of easiest
cultivation in any garden soil. Fls. mostly perfect, with
5-toothe(l open corollas: akenes woolly, bearing a pap-
pus of many plumose bristles : involucre glabrous, obo-
vate or top-shaped, silvery or rose-colored: plants
mostly glabrous. This and Helichrysum are amongst
the most important of everlasting flowers.
A. Bfads large, many-flowered.
B. Lvs, broad.
Manglesii, MaeU.{ Rhoddnthe Mdnglesii, Lindl. Hoc-
ciirdia Mihiglesii, Voas). Fig. 1033. Neat glaucous an-
nual, 12-18 in. tall, with very slender, long pedicels,
bearing pretty nodding heads: lvs. thin, oval orelliptic,
clasping: involucre silvery-chaffy, the ray florets origi-
nally clear, handsome pink, but now varying to -white
(li. dlhii, Hort.), and to dark red [R. atroaangumea,
Drumra.l. Var. maoulitum (7i. macitZtlte, Drumm. Rur-
curdia Mdnglesii, var. maciMta, Voss), is usually
larger, with shorter lvs. and involucre flecked with v.\ :
rays pink or white. Austral. B.R. 20:1703. -A cli.un.
ing plant, and one of the few everlastings which ntaiiis
much of its grace and beauty after being dried. There
are double-fld. forms, i.e., those with all or nearly all
the florets ligulate. Excellent also for pot culture.
Seeds of the mixed vars. are sometimes sold under the
name Rliodanthe varins.

BB. Lf

rdseum, Benth. {Arro
cUnium roseum. Hool
Boccdrdia rdsea, Voss).
Fig. 1034. Annual, 1-2 ft.
high, glabrous, with many
strict simple branches

HELLEBORUS

such), erect or with a decumbent base, the stems some-
what branching: lvs. (and stems) white-tomenlose,
linear or lance-linear, pointed, alternate: heads small,
oblong, yellow, in a dense corymbose truss. Australia.
B.M. 5.i50.

corymbifldnim, Schlecht. {Boccdrdia con/mbifldra,
Voss). Annual, lower than the last, more branchy: lvs.
broader: heads 2-3 times larger, top-shaped, in small
corymbs, the prominent rays white. Australia.

HELLEBOKE. See Jldleborus.

HELLfiBORUS (ancient name of M. orientalin, meau-
ingunknown). Baiiuncul&ce.if. Hardy herbaceous per-
ennials, about 8 species, natives uf Europe and western
Asia. Erect, with large palmately divided lvs., the ba-
sal long-petioled, the upper .«essile and sometimes re-
ilur, d to bracts: fls. large, white, greenish, red, purple,
I- M llowish; sepals 5, broad, petal-like, mainly persis-
ts ni; petals small, tubular, furnished with claws; sta-
in, in many ; carpels 3-10, sessile, forming leathery,
liiaiiy-^iedeil capsules, dehiscent at the apex.

.Ml ilic kinds will thrive in ordinary garden soil, but
lor thr lii^t irsults use a soil of rich loam and coarse
sand, wiih a tiip-dressing of rotten manure. A moist,
well-drainrd, partially shaded situation is preferable.
The species may be planted in shrubbery holders, and
in rockeries, or if wanted for cut-flowers they should be
planted in beds. An important point is not to disturb
the plants when once established, as they are very sen-
sitive to frequent changes of location. All the species
bloom before spring arrives; a few mild days in Decem-
ber or January will bring out the buds of '~

and til
easily forced und.
up into large int
perature. Bios-,
time desired in »
spring; but if .st-
if planted immed

They are

.' plants should betaken
inured to a warm tcm-
.■ lirouirht forth at any
>t by division in tailor

late well
ly in pans or in rich, open ground.
Seedlings should bear flowers the third season. Mono-
graphs by J. G. Baker in G.C. II. 7:432 (1877 and by
Thos. Moore in G.C. II. 11:431 (1879).

A. Lvs. dying annually, thi».

viridis, Linn. Stem scapose: rootstock creeping: 1
basal leaf 8-12 in. broad, on petiole 6-10 in. long; seg-
ments 7-11, oblong, acute, sharply serrate : fl.-stem
hardly exceeding the basal leaf, bearing .3-C fls. and
large, leaf-like bracts: fls. large, yellowish green; se-
pals broadly oblong, obtuse, spreading: capsules about
4, as long as the sepals, transversely ribbed ; style
erect. Eu. Nat. in eastern .states. G.C. II. 25:553.-
Not so much used as the other species here given.

Var. purpuriscens, Waldst. & Kit. Differs chiefly in
the central leaf-segments being deeply palmately cleft,
and the fls. much tinged with purple, especially on the
outside. Hungary. B.M. 3170.

AA. Lvs. evergreen, coriaceous.
B. Flower-stem never more than once forked: fls. 1 or t.

nlger, Ijinn. Christmas Rose. Fig. 10.S6. Stemless:
rootstock short, black : only 1 leaf somewhat irregularly
divided into lobes, toothed on the outer halt ; petiole
5-7 inches long: flower-stem simple or once branched:
fls. very large; sepals white, or flushed with purple:
capsules C-S. Rocky places, Eu. B.M. 8. Gn. 55, p. 13.

Var. anguatifdliua, Hort. (var. »«) nor, Hort.). Plant
and leaf similar, but fls. small. Very pretty. G. C. II.
21:85, and 111.21:19.

Var. altlfdlius, Hayne (var. mdjor, Hort. Var. »irf«-
»ii(.<,Hort.). Petiole reaching 1 ft. in length: fls. the
largest in the genus, .3-5 in. across, and often several
on same stem. Gn. 14:142; 48:1021. G. C. II. 20:093.
A. G. 11:63.

Floive

■ forked S i

rongly raised veins 1

r Slimes: fls. several

short creeping rootstock:
iieuts G in. long, lH-2 in.
Iter half, pubescent, with
petiole 1 ft. long: flower-

HELLEBORUS

stem over 1 ft. high, forkei] almvp, i-fi (Id., large, leaf
like bracts; sepals roumlisli. iiMliii-'iit.!! , whitt-. imriili
beneath and purple edi^es. -pn :m|iii- : r,i].~ulrs olilMiii,'
shorter than the sepals, t ran- \ n-ily i ;tii i-M : style i-reei
or incurved. Asia Minor, tin. 4 r , p. i:;'i, -There are uu
merous varieties of this beautiful species,
c. Purple-fid. varieties.
Var. C61chicus, Eegel. Stem purple-spotted, quitt
glaucous: 1 leaf to ea.-h flower-stem: fls. 3-6 on a stem
deep brii,'lit iiuriiU-, l")ih inside and out. Asia Miuor
B.M. 45M CIS //..,/,.., ,//rfjis;. Gt. 1860:293. Var. Col
cMcus-punctatus, T. .Moore. Fls. deeper plum-purple
more glaucou.s, exquisitely mottled inside with innumer

HELWINGIA 727

Var. guttitus, A. Braun. Glabrous, green stem:
sepals green outside, white within and elegantly spotted
with purple crimson dots. Caucasus region.— Two al-
lied hybrid forms are named: Commerz Benary and
AlbinOtto. Gn. 16:1S9, f. 4.

Var. antiqufirum, A. Braun. Glabrous, green mottled
stem: fls. as invar. Olympicus, but more imbricated,
maintaining the bell-shaped form. B.R. 2S:34 (as H.
orieiitalis, Liudl.). Gn. 16:189, f. 3.

ccc. Green-fid. variety.
Var. CaucAsicus, A. Braun. Lvs. very glossy; seg-
ments more oblong than in the type, often 3 or 4 in.
broad : sepals round, pale green, much imbricated.

e. C. Da\

^-

1036. Christmas Rose, Helleborus Niger (X^).

able dark dots. Gn. 16 : 189, f . 8. - One of the handsomest
of all the Hellebores.

Var. Abcli4sious, A. Braun. Much like var. Colchicus,
but differing in having 2 or more lvs. to a flower-stem.
Caucasus region. Gt. 1866:496 (as H. Caucasictis, var.
Abchasicus, Kegel).

Var. atr6rubens, Waldst. & Kit. Only 1 leaf on a
flower-stem, glabrous, thinner in texture than in the
rest of the orieutalis group: segments narrow: fls. 2-1
on a stem; sepals dark purple outside, greenish purple
within. Hungary. R.H. 1865: 231. -A connecting link
between the viridis and orientalis groups.

Var. rfibro-purpiireus, Hort. (H. afropnrpurea, Hort.).
A seedling of var. atrornbenx.-with bold foliage and pur-
ple flower-stems: fls. spreading, deep purple. Charac-
ters well fixed and very handsome. Gn. 16:189, f.l. R.H.
1884:564.

Purple-fld. hybrids of the varieties of ff. orientalis are
found in the trade under the following names: Var.
elegans: var. iridescens: F. C. ffriii, ninim. fls. very
large, imbricated, deep purple and niortl.Ml; /'','i>f Trt'ne
Heinemnnn. fls. rose-purple outsi'l-. -reeiii-li white,
with dark lines and dots inside; Gi. ^ /.. u II. m. manii,
red-fld., strong grower; Hofgnrten-I uxp.rtor llartn-iij,
fls. rose-purple without and greenish within; Apotlieker
Bo/jren, rose-purple, very large.

CC. niiite-fld. varieties.
Var. Olympicus, Lindl. Glabrous : fls. small, but
spreading, very numerous; sepals green on outer sur-
face, -white within. Bithynia. B.R. 28:58. -Hybrids
closely allied to this have been given the trade names:
Willy Schmidt and Prof. Pr. Schleicher.

HELONIAS (Greek, swamp-loving). Lili&cece.
.Swamp Pink. This genus includes a rare hardy peren-
nial bulbous plant which grows in bogs from northern
N J to N. C, and is sold by dealers in native plants.
In veiy early spring it bears a hollow scape 1-2 ft. high,
crowned by a raceme 1-3 in. long, composed of perhaps
10 pmk or purplish fls., each 34 in. across, 6-lobed, and
N ith 6 blue anthers. The genus has probably only one
I ecies, the other plants called Helonias being largely
1 teried to other genera, which are distinguished in
1 ntton and Brown's Illustrated Flora 1:399. The genus
IS placed by Britton and Brown in MelanthacesB, an or-
der mcluded in the Liliacese by Bentham and Hooker.
llelonias has a short, stout rootstock like a leek. The
illied Heloniopsis is also in the trade,
buliata, Linn. Swamp Pink. Stud Pink. Lvs. sev-
I il or numerous, thin, dark green, clustered at the base
t the scape, 6-15 in. long, 5^-2 in. wide, with fine par-
llel nerves: scape stout, bracted below. Apr., May.
BM 747 L.B.C. 10:961. B.B. 1:402.-Int. by H. P.
kelsey

Helonias, which is perfectly hardy, is so easily propa-
gated b\ division that it is hardly worth while to grow
from seed. Under cultivation, also, it seems to rarely ma-
ture perfect seed. It multiplies itself rapidly from off-
sets, a single plant often providing a dozen others in a
season. It is found growing in dense shade and also in
the full glare of the sun, always in wet sphagnum bog
in the latter case, while in the shade it sometimes
spreads to dry ground. Although one of the showiest of
all American bog plants, it is comparatively little known
here, though better in England. It makes an elegant
pot-plant. Haklan P. Kelsey and W. M.

HEL0NI<3PSIS (Greek, like Belonias). LiliAcece.
This includes an herbaceous plant resembling our
swamp pink, Helonias hnllata, in the color of its fls.
and stamens, but the fls. are larger and fewer, and the
lvs. numerous and tufted. The style in Heloniopsis is a
conspicuous feature, being long and red, tipped with a
purple undivided stigma, while in Helonias the style is
very short and 3-cut. Both genera are separated from
numerous allied genera by the septicidal dehiscence of
their capsules. The fls. are bell-shaped, drooping, deep
pink, 6-lobed, with 6 red filaments and purple-blue sta-
mens. The genus has about 4 species. The following
grows in the mountains of Japan at an altitude of 2,000-
7,000 ft., and is presumably hardy. It was once offered
by John Saul, of Washington, D. C.

Jap6moa, Maxim. Rootstock short, stout, with long
root fibers : lvs. oblanceolate, persistent, green tinged
purple : seeds small, very numerous, with a conspicuous
tail at each end. B.M. 6986.

HELWlNGIA (after G. A. Helwing, 1666-1748, a
German clergyman, who wrote on the botany of Prussia ) .
Arali^cea'. A curious deciduous shrub, remarkable for
the reason that the small, inconspicuous greenish fls.
are borne in clusters on the midribs of the lvs. at ul>out
the center of their upper surfaee.s. Of not much decora-
tive value and therefore rarely cultivated, but interest-
ing on account of the unusual position of the fls.; ten-

728

HELWINGIA

der North. It seems to grow in any soil that is some-
what luoist. Prop, by Kreenwood cuttings under glass.
Two species in Jap. and Himal. FIs. dicEcious, short-
pedicelled, with ob.solete calyx, 3-5 petals and stamens
and 3— 1-celled ovary: fr. a berry-like, 3— 1-seeded drupe.

Japdnica, A. Dietr. (H. riiseiftdra, Willd.). Bushy
shrub, 3-5 ft. high : Ivs. petioled, ovate or elliptic-ovate,
acuminate, serrate, stipulate, lK-3in.long: fls. in June,
the stuminate generally with 3, the pistillate with 4
petals. Jap. S.Z 86. A. G. 13:8.

A. Phelps Wyman.

HEMEEOCALLIS (Greek, beautiful by day; because
the blossoms close at night). Liliieeip. Yellow Day
Lilies. This genus includes the Lemon Lily ( it. flu ni | ,
which is one of the hardiest and most delightful of all
herbaceous perennial plants. It easily ranks among the
50 most popular plants for the home garden. All the
blue and white Day Lilies belong to the genus Funkia:
all the yellow and orange Day Lilies belong to Hemero-
callis. The Yellow Day Lilies have narrow, grass-like
foliage, and their (lowers have wider funnels. The blue
and white Day Lilies have very broad foliage, which is
not at all grass-like. The flowers of Funkia are borne
in racemes; of Hemerocallis in corymb-like panicles.

Heraerocallis has only 7 species, all of which are culti-
vated. The plants are all remarkably free from enemies,
and need no protection of any kind, even in the severest
winters. The roots are bundles of fleshy tubers, and are
sometimes classed with bulbs in catalogues of nursery-
men. Small plants will flower freely the first year.
Clumps can often be left undivided for 4 or 5 years
without a loss in size or number of flowers, but as a

1037. Lemon Lilies— Hemerocallis flava.

general thing all robust-growing herbaceous perennials
should be divided every second year. In old clumps the
roots often become firmly matted near the middle, and
the wasteful competition between the too-numerous
roots weakens the vitality of the plant. Next lo II.
flava, the oldest garden favorites among the Yellow Day
Lilies is H. fulva, sometimes called Brown Day Lily, and
erroneously in some catalcgui-s tlif Lemon Lily. H.

fullfl is :l t.illc r I.l.inl, X-, illi iMrr ;ii,.l c.i:in:jc' .■••h.ri.i fls.

and \v:r •,■ ii,'.. .■ ■ ■!,,, • \' •!' I, 1- , , - a new

spenir- , ', . , ■, , , . , ,■ i . ..liiiiience,

andii-^.:: ., ,, -, -:.;,.,M,dthe

finest ljL .ill I'.i. 1.1 :■ '-. , .. ii . iloiil.h ridiiis are not

simplicity and !
Yellow Day Lil.' i
individual flow. m - n.
succession. The plaiiti
but are most luxurian
moist places, and In p
cellent for cutting. PI
B. B. Whyte gives tl
Canada, as follows: j
Middendorfii and Thii
18: fnli'u, July 2; ann
var. Kwanso, July 23,

there is a good
•rs of ponds or

HE.MEROCALLIS

adds that H. Dumortierii, uitranliaca var. mikjdi- and
II. rntilann differ from all others in the fls. being red-
dish brown outside, which is very marked in the bud.

A. Fls. fragrant.
B. Inner segments of pt^rianth firm: I'eins not joined by

C. Blossoms in June.
fliva, Linn. Lemon Lily. Fig. 1037. Lvs. 18-24 in.
long, 6-8 lines wide : scapes longer than the lvs. : corymb
6-9-fld.: pedicels 12-24 lines long: tube 6-15 lines long.
Europe, temperate Asia. B.JI. 19. A.G. 17:437. Gn.48,
p. 400. -In some important works on gardening the color
is erroneously given as orange.

cc. Blossoms in July.
Thiinbergii, Baker. "Except for its later flowering.
Thunberf.'ii does not differ materially from llava."
Jl'ik^ r. Lvs. i,-7'2 lines wide: corymb loose, 8-10-fld.,
Willi 1 ..1-.: I1-. lower down: tube nearly 1 in. long: fls.
liinou \. ll.Av . ..peuing widely, 3 In. across: segments
I.I. i.il.iiMi.iii-. cii-ped. Japan. Int. 1890. -Rare. R. B.
Ill- lis. are not nearly as large

//,

nd that H. Thiu
lers in having the upper C
ed and flattened.

BB. Inner snjmi Ills membranous and wary at the

margin : a few veins joined.

c. Bfs. 3-3 lines wide ■ tube and pedicel long: color of

fls. yellow.

minor. Mill. (fl. graminea, And., not Schlecht. E.

graminifolia, Schlecht.). Lvs. 15-18 in. lonr. darker

green than in the other species: scapes about us long as

the .vs.: corymb 3-6-fld. : pedicels 3-24 lines loug.

July, Aug. N.Asia. B.M. 873.

CO. Zrs. OS lines wide : tube very short : color of fls.

orange.
Dumortierii, Morren (R. rutilans, Hort.). Height
lX-2 ft.: lvs. 12-15 in. long : scapes hardly as long as
the lvs.: corvnib 2-3-fld.: pedicels 3-6 lines long : fls.
2-2X in. long, while they are 3-4 in. long in all the other
species ; inner segments 5-6 lines wide. Jap. B.H.
2:43. Gn. 31:589.-fl'. Hieboldii is now practically aban-
doned as a trade name. The yellow-fld. species of this
name is H. Dumortierii ; the blue-fld. species pictured
in L. B.C. 19:1809 and P.M. 5:25 is Funkia Sieboldii.
Var. fldre plSno (//. di.-licha plena, Kort.) is less cu.t.
This species is the earliest to blossom. R. B. Whyte
considers N. rulihms distinct.

ore. Zt'S. 8-13 lines wide.
D. Color of fls. orange : tube 8-9 lines long.

aurantlaca, Baker. Height 2>^-3 ft.: lvs. more than
12 lines wide: corymb 6-8-fid. : fls. bright orange, open-
ing less widely than any other species. July. Jap. or
E. Siberia?— The type was introduced to cult, in 1890 and
has rapidly given way to var. miljor, Baker, introduced
1895, which is larger in all parts. Lvs. 12-18 lines wide:
tube 9 lines long: fls. when expanded 5-6 in. across.
July-Sept. Jap. G.C. III. 18:71. Gn. 48:1041 and .TO,
p. 17. J. H. III. 31:157. A.G. 18:179.-Closest to Du-
mortierii, from which it is chiefly distinguished by its
much larger, later and more reddish fls. and longer
tube.

DD. Color of fls. yellow : [tube 5-6 lines long.

Middendorfii, Traut. & Mey. Name variously mis-
spelled. Height 1-1 K ft.: lvs. 15-18 in. long, 8-12 lines
wide: scapes about as long as the lvs.: corymb 2^-fld.:
pedicels almost none : inner segments 9-12 lines wide.
Amur region. Gt. plate 522. R.H. 1897, p. 139.
AA. Fls. not fragrant.

fiilva, Linn. (fl". disticha, Don). Lvs. 18-24 in. long,
9-15 lines wide: corymb 6-12-fld.: fls. orange; pedicels
short; inner segments with wavy margins, with nu-
merous veins joined by cross veins. July, Aug. Eu.,
temperate Asia. B.M. 64 (central band of" white). Mn.
5. p. 193. Var. Kw4nso (H. Kwanso, Hort.), the
"Double Orange Lily," blooms longer than anysingle-
fld. form, according to Meehan. Gt. 500. It has a sub-

HEMEROCALLIS

variety with variegated Ivs. Var. flfire pleno, Hort., is
shown in F.S. 18:1S91, with a red spot on the middle of
each segment. Gn. 48, p. 401. R.H. 18U7, p. 139. Var.
variegata has a stripe of white down the middle of

HEPATICA

729

eh leaf.

W. JI.

HEMICtCLIA (Greek, semi-circular; referring to
the scar or furrow on the seed). iJuphorhiAcea. This
includes a spreading tree, attaining a height of 40 ft.,
which is cult, in S. Calif, by Frauceschi, who values it
for its "beautiful holly-like Its. and red fruits." The
genus has about 9 species, natives of India, Ceylon and
the Eastern Archipelago, with no near allies of garden
value. Trees or shrubs: Ivs. alternate, petioled, entire,
leathery when full grown: fls. dioecious; petals none;
sepals of staminate fls. 4-5, the inner often larger and
somewhat petal-like : fr. a globose or ovoid, indehiscent
drupe: seed by abortion, usually solitary. H. Austra-
htsiea is told from the other 2 Australian species by its
very short filaments and glabrous ovary.

Austral&sica, Muell. Arg. Lvs. broadly ovate to
ovate-oblung, obtuse, lli-W in. long, finely veined be-
low: fr. nearly Ji in. long, very smooth, red and succu-
lent, enclosing a stone.

HEMIONiTIS (Greek, muU; the plants erroneously
supposed to be sterile). Polypodiilcew. A genus of
tropical ferns, with copiously netted veins and naked
sori following the veins. Eight or 9 species occur in
the tropics of both hemispheres. The plants are dwarf,
and are grown in Wardiiin cases by a few fanciers in
the Old World. For culturi.-. see Ftrns.

H.palnuitn. I,

surfaces pubesct

Lvs. 4-10 in. wide, with a broad

slender, lanceolate divisions: plant smooth. Mex. G-.F. 4

L. M. Underwood

HEMITfiLIA (Greek. ici7/, hall u roof: referring

sori). Ciiolho:,.'. „ . A :.'.-nu^ nf tn-.- f.-n,s .if tl,,- tn.pi.

Slum, c"ii^i~tii
deciduous. S.
For culture, S(
-H. Guianensis
bi-tripinnate, th
at tho npper po

\s. i.:i]in.it,'. 2-6 in. wide, with 5 nearly
Ills, thus,, i.f the sterile lvs. less acute;
Indies, Mex.. S.Anier.— i7. elegans. Dav.
the base and 5 long

:-itly scaly and hispid: lvs.

'! -I iiictly winged, especially

" 'i segment, usually 2-4;

IT*. 111^1"',, ,,,i,-,t,. ;,.,,. \ ;ir. Partirffe, Hort.. is the

f.|''i-.|" II % I,., !i :-i-h Guiana. I.H.24:280.

II I ■■ ' ii' ' ! I ]ir I ■. . llie pinnie distant and

^ ■ ' , _ : I I I liroad, the base truncate

'" •• .1-- -I i;.-.'; ;ii .: : in .,11,. r lines near the margin,

\ L:;L,:,iL..i. l.Ll. ,i.',i,. L. M. Underwood.

HEMLOCK in Old World literature is what we call
Poison Hemlock, an umbelliferous herb named Conium
miiculatnm. By Hemlock. Americans mean Hemlock
Spruce, an evergreen tree, Tsuga Canadensis.

HEMP. Common Hemp is Camiribis stiiiva (which
seel. Bowstring H., see ,S''ni,<:fcf<'r/«. Manilla H., ifHsa
textilis. Sisal H., Aijave rigida, var. Sisalana.

HEN-AND-CHICKENS. A proliferous form of the
English daisy, Bellis perennis ; also the thick-leaved
rosettes of Cotyledon, used in carpet-bedding and known
as Echeveria.

HENBANE Hyoscijamus nige
HENDERSON, PETEE ( PH

gau

eeds

and

Pathhead, near Edinbm gli s,-otl it
Jersey Citv, Jan 1 Ism Hew
methods of g aid ( I V

under Geo The i I

gan business in I
capital of $'iOO s 1 i h

ued to Ine there until bis .1. t
of "Gardening f .1 Piuflt ' in ls(,
American hoiticulture It was thf
devoted entirely to maiket garden
induce many persons to eutei the business

iL 1 lu I >l 1 W urld
in ls4i worked
and 111 1647 be

gaidenei with a

u<l :

of his death about 130,000 copies of the book are said to
have been distributed. It was written in an aggiegate
of 100 hours, when tlie author was working lo'hours a
day, largely at manual labor. At the noon intervals and
late at night he wrote this work lying on his back, with
a pillow under his head. The secret of its success, and
of the author's, was the invention of new methods
adapted to operations on a large scale. The second edi-
tion in 1S74, and the third in 1887, are both thorough re-
visions.

"Henderson's Practical Floriculture," 18G8, was an
epoch-making book in commercial floriculture. Up to
this time most works on flower-gardening had been
written for the amateur. This point of view is neces-
sarily the commoner one, and Henderson's contribution
to it was "Gardening for Pleasure. •■ 187."i. In the compi-
lation of "The Handbook of Plants," lusl. liewas lar.'elv
aided by C. L. Allen, and in the second cliti,,!,, Is'ii? l.v
W. J. Davidson. "Garden and Farm 'J'.i 'i - \\ ,1^ i-.n, ,1
in 1884, and in the same year appean.i i ' : I i in
Pays," a stenographic report of conv. 1 I . ,1,

Wm. Crozier and Peter Henderson. It 1^ . i iiin..| tli:it
■early a quarter of a million copies of his various works
have been sold. His seed business was founded at New
York in 1865. Lately more than 200,000 copies of the
various catalogues have been distributed annually.

Few men, if any, have done so much to simplify and
improve methods of handling plants for commercial
purposes. His greenhouses were an obiect lesson to
many visitors, his methods were widely copied, and his
business successes were the goal of ambitious market-
gardeners and florists, among whom he was for many
years the most commanding figure. He was a frequent
contributor to the horticultural and agricultural maga-
zines, and during his forty-two years of business life is
supposed to have written or dictated at least 175,000
letters. Two-thirds of these letters were written with
his own hands, and he always replied promptly to in-
quiries about methods of cultivation. A self-made man,
simple and abstemious in his habits, he was a tireless
worker. He combined in a high degree the faculties of
growing plants and of busines's ability. His mastery of
details was complete. His books are exceptionally read-
able, his powerful personality appearing through every
page. The records of his personal experience are prac-
tical, ingenious and fertile in suggestion. An account
of his life is published in a memoir of 48 pages by his
son, Alfred Henderson. ^f M

HfiNFREYA. See Asystasic.

HEPATICA (iiver-like, from the shape of the leaves).

Hepatk
of the
zone.

San.
'J specif:
north
Stemles
lvs. 3-lobed and sometimes
toothed; appearing after
the flowers and remaining
green over winter: scapes
1-fld., with an involucre
of 3 small sessile lvs. sim-
ulating a calyx : sepals
petal-like, white, pink or
purple: akenes short-
beaked, pubescent. Fig.
1038. The plants prefer
shade, but do fairly well In
open places They should
leniain undisturbed from
year to year, in rich, well
drained loam Well suited
to the noith or east slope
of a rockeij Plants kept
in pots m a coldfiame un
til midwinter will quukh
bloom at an\ time desiied

Liver Leaf. A genus of

divisi n .
triloba

Pi op by
( Hepdhi

Sepdtica, Karst. Anemdne
loba, Hort.). Scapes 4-6 in.:
£ lvs obtuse fls ^o-l in. across; sepals oval or

HERACLEUM

second edition (Georgetown, 1818) contains 348 pages.
It includes "A Treatise on gardening, by a citizen o£
Virginia." This occupies 80 pages. The copy owned
by the Massachusetts Horticultural Society possesses
this manuscript note: "This treatise is by John Ran-
dolph, of Williamsburg, father of Edmund Randolph,
Secretary of State during the administration of (ieueral
Washington." Robert Manning writes that this note
may have been made by General Dearborn. A thinl
edition was published at Washington in 1»2G, and con-
tained J08 pp w ivi

rho use

Thi!

Hepatica acutiloba
at night
The flowers of Hep itK^a droop
and olnse it n.tlit.

oblong obtuse Earliest sprinir Fistein I 'i., Eu.
and Asia B M 10 BR) ihl ( >■, If l,„ urini.i).
White blue and pink Hd fouiis 1, ,xe been tised in
cnltn ition and are known as \ ii dlba iloit ; var.
cseriilea fl pi Hoit var rabra fl pi Hoit. Gn.
20 448 (i C 1873 p 045 (var maimoiuta Moore).

acutiloba DC (ff triloba var acuta Pursh Ane-
mbne tinililnha Lainson H acuta Bntt ) lig. 1039.
Much like //. triloba, but with the lobes of the Ivs.
ovate and acute, occasionally the lateral lobes 2-oleft
(rarely tlie middle one); akenes slightly stipitate.
Eastern U. S.

anguldsa, DC. (Anemdne aiiguldsa, Lara.). Plant
tufted as in the other Hepaticas, hairy: lvs.3-5-lobed,
lobes often serrate: involucre near the fl. toothed:
fls. large, blue, whitish or reddish. Hungary. B.M.
5518. G.C. 1805:098. Gn. 20, p. 25. K.C.Davis.

HEPBURN, DAVID, wag .ioint author with John Gar-
diner of the second American book on horticulture. This
was published at Washington, D. C., in 1804. The name
of Gardiner appears first on the title page, but it may
be inferred that the practical experience in the book is
almost wholly Hepburn's. He had had 40 years of ex-
perience in gardening, half of the time in England and
half in America. He was employed by General J. Mason
for 6 years on Mason's Island, Georgetown. He had
also been employed by Governor Mercer. The book was
well made for the time. It s a lOnio, and contains 204
pages of practical directions. The calendar style is
used. The first part (100 pp.) is devoted to the kitchen
garden. The seeond part consists chiefly of "Fruits,
Flowers, and Shrubs" (82 pp.). Tliis is followed by a
few pages on hops, hothouses and greenhouses. 'The

HEEACLfiUM (named for He
medicine, according to Pliny).

eludes 3 hardy herbaceous plants somitiii»-s ealli-d (iiaut
Parsley or Giant Cow-parsnip. They an- not ^uii.il for
general gardening, but are sometinns cr.mn in wild
gardens or parks, or as single spcL-iniens cm lawns,
where a very bold and striking object is desired. They
are coarse herbs, growing 5-0 ft. high, with broad foli-
age, which is their chief beauty. According to J. Wood-
ward Manning, they are adapted to all soils, but prefer
, a rich, moist soil, and hence do well at the edge of run-
ning water. Manning adds that these plants should
never be allowed to go to seed. J. B. Keller writes
that if these plants are grown on an open, sunny lawn,
they should be liberally supplied with water at all times.
Prop, by division or seed. The genus Heracleum has
■ ■ ■ o near allies of

Plants

al.

lanitum, Mich. Lvs. trisect, tomentose beneath; seg-
ments petiolulate, rotund, cordate, lobed: leaflets of the
involucel lanceolate: fr. oval-orbicular. N. Amer., W.
Asia. Mn. 4, p. 104.

villdsum, Fisch. {B. gi(ianthim,Fisch.). Height 8-12
ft. : lvs. sinuate-pinnatifld, sharply serrate, acuminate,
woolly -tomentose beneath; leaflets of involucres short,
bristly, deflexed: umbels sparingly rayed: fr. elliptic,
ciliate, woolly on the back. G.C. 111.3:437 and 20:271.
— Keller says the fls. are nearly white, and borne in Aug.
and Sept., in denser umbels than those of ff. Hibiricum.

li

s

r

^

nW^m^

w

^

m

f^r;:*^

Tree of the herbalists.

HERACLEU.M

AA. Plant biennial.
Sibiricum, Linn. Lvs. scabrous to hirsute,
pinnate or deeply pinnatiflil; segments lobed or
palmately parted, serrate : petals about equal :
fr. subrotund-oval, deeply notched at the apex.
Eu., N. Asia. — Keller says this bears yellowish
green fls. in July and Aug. y^ jj

HEEBA IMPIA of the old herbalists is Fi!a,,o
Germanica.

HEEBALS. Boolis on plants, published from
the fourteeuth to the middle of the eiijhteeiith
century, were largely written from the medicinal
point of view, and were often called Herbals.
The scientific point of view of plant-knowledee
is conveniently dated from 1753, when Linna?us
published his "Species Plantarum." Of the her-
balists, John Gerarde is probably read most at
the present time. His style is chalty, quaint
and personal. One of the notions accepted by
the early herbalists was that of the vegetable
lamb, which is pictured in this work under
Cibulitim (Fig. 470). Another idea that fasci-
nated these worthy plant-lovers was that of the
barnacle goose tree. Fig. 1040 is reproduced from
a book by Duret, 1605, and shows how the fruits
that fall upon dry laud become "flying birds,"
while those that fall into the water become
"swimming fishes." Other conceptions of this
goose tree are reproduced in the Gardeners'
Magazine 35:749(1892). Almost every large li-
brary possesses a few Herbals, as Matthiohis,
Bauhin, L'Obel and Fuchsius. The largest collec-
tion of Herbals in America is the one given by
the late E. Lewis Sturtevant to the Missouri
Botanical Garden at St. Louis.

HERBARIU.M

of dried pla
• Every h
profess

u

HEEBAEIUM. A collectio
systematically named and arra
ticulturist who takes delight in his
should have an Herbarium, as it in
mensely the value and pleasure of his work. W

Every amateur, nurseryman and florist is hereby
strongly urged to make a collection of dried specimens
of the plants in which he is particularly interested. It
need not be expensive nor consume much time, and the
process of drying a plant is simple and easy. An Her-
barium is like a reference library, and is equally inval-
uable.

Unfortunately, lovers of cultivated plants rarely care
for pressed specimens because they are so lifeless and
colorless. Yet there is no surer way for a nurseryman
to keep his stock true to name than by making an Her-
barium. There are many universities and colleges in
America where botanists are glad to verify the names
of plants for the sake of the duplicate specimens. This
is one of the most practical and useful ways in which
botanists and horticulturists can cooperate. The un-
necessary waste in time and money caused by confused
nomenclature and confused labels is one of the difficul-
ties of a large collection of growing plants.

Even in the largest nursery of hardy plants specimens
can be taken by oue man in two davs in late spring, of
everything that is in charaoteri.stic condition at That
time. Three hundred specimens can be secured in two
days in our best nurseries. Even after the spring rush
IS over there is time to get most of the important spring-
flowermg plants in flower or fruit, and from that time
two or three hours a week is enough to keep up with
the procession of flowers. Sometimes interest can be
aroused in a young student, who will be glad to do all
the work for the sake of duplicates.

Use merchandise tags or acheap substitute in the form
ot pieces of paper about 7 in. long, 1 in. wide, with a
longitudinal slit a little more than 1 in. long near one
end. Pass one end of this piece of paper through the
slit, and draw it close about the stem of the plant, leav-
ing plenty of room for the trade name of the plant, the
date, and the color of the flowers. It is very useful
also to add the height of the plant, and anything else
that 13 not likely to show in a dried specimen. When a
basketful is gathered, place each specimen between a

1 A common method of mountme Herbarium

folded newspaper page. Each newspaper page, with its
inclosed specimen, is then placed between "driers."
These are large pieces of felt paper, a kind which is
more absorbent than blotting paper. A hundred
'.a dollar. Put a board on top of each pile and
with stones. Shift the driers daily for a
and then at longer intervals, until the speci-

driers c
weight
week c

wholly dry. A better way of drying pla

ticularly in a small way, is to use a frame press
be purchased of dealers in botanists' supplies), pro-

vided with cords and straps for tightening the bundle
and giving the requisite pressure. Specimens are dis-
couraging looking objects while in press, but when they
are carefully prepared and properly mounted on stan-
dard size paper (IVAxlGii in.), with neat labels giving
the name, locality, habitat, date and collector, they not
only become attractive but are of great scientific value.
The finer and more artistic quality in Herbarium
work differs only in the degree of care bestowed at
every stage of the process. Some of our elementary
botanies give full instructions for making an Herba-
rium. See, also, the"Horticulturist'sRuleBook." Her-
baria are notably poor in cultivated plants. For the
critical study of garden plants, an Herbarium is a ne-
cessity. The sheets are kept in heavy mauila paper
folders or covers, each genus by itself. The regulation
size for this genus cover when folded is U%xl6}4 in
Lay the sheets flat (Fig. 1041). Take pains to select
specimens which show flowers, leaves and fruits- and
herbs should show the roots. ^^^^^j^ d^^;^_

HEEBfiETIA (Wm. Herbert, 1778-1847, Dean of Man-
chester, distinguished botanist, author of "Amarvllida-
ceaa," and ardent lover of bulbs). Iridcicece. Seven
species of American bulbous plants, with fugitive blue
or hlac fls. borne in summer. One species is procur-
able through Dutch growers. It grows less than a foot
high. The bulbs may be started in coldframes. The
genus is distinguished by the complete absence of a

732

HERBARIUM

perianth tube. Tlie showy outer segments are about 1
in. long, ami obovate, the inner ones about as long as
the stamens. For culture, consult Bulbs and Tigridia.
Men, by Baker, Irideie, 1892.

pulcWlla, Sweet. Bulb globose, 3^ in. thick or more;
tunics brown: Ivs. about 4, linear, plaited, 3-6 in. long:
spathes 1}4 in. long: outer segments lilac, with a white
claw spotted lilac. Chile. B.M. 38B2.

HERB LILIES. Alstrcei

meria.

HERB OF GRACE. Hut.

a gmveoUns.

HERB-PARIS. Paris qi

mdrifoUa.

HERB-PATIENCE. See

Bumex.

HERB-ROBERT. Geranium Sobertiamtm.

HERBS. An Herb is a plant which dies to the ground
each year. It may be annual, as bean, candytuft, pig-
weed; biennial, as mullein, parsnip; perennial, as bur-
dock, foxglove, rhubarb. To the gardener, however,
the word Herb is ordinarily synonymous with herba-
ceous perennial; and he usually has in mind those par-
ticular perennial Herbs which are grown for ornament,
and which remain where they are planted. Goldenrods,
bleeding heart, sweet william, hollyhock, daffodils are
examples. To many persons, however, the word Herb is
synonymous with Sweet Herb, and it suggests sage and
tansy.

Herbs have two kinds of values, — their intrinsic merits
as individual plants, and their value in the composition
or the mass. It is usually passible to secure both these
values at one and the same time. In fact, the individual
beauty of Herbs is enhanced rather than diminished by
exercising proper care in placing them. Plrmfi'd with

other things, they have a background, himI ih.^ i.. -

are brought out the stronger by contra-t . i : ; u
son. It is quite as important, thereforr. I i' r I , , ii,,.
place for planting as to choose the paiii'iiln 1 )ii<l^ ,.f
plants. The appreciation of artistic etTects in plants is
a mark of highly developed sensibilities. Happily, this
appreciation is rapidly growing; and this fact contrib-
utes to the increasing popularity of landscape gardening
and ornamental gardening. Some of the best effects in
Herb planting are to be seen in the wild, particularly
along fences, roads and streams. In interpreting these
native effects, the planter must remember that Herbs
are likely to grow larger and more bushy in cultivation

than in the wild. He should
seemly places about the borders
of his place (Fig 1042) He may
utilize a rock or a wall as a back
ground (Fig 1043) He may hide
the ground line aboutapost (Fig

the bare and

1042 An intormal Herb borde

1044) or along a fence. Some i

are handsome wb

Fig. 1045.) Always plant where the Herbs

relation to something else.— to the general design or

handling of the place. This will usually be about the

: pHnt

HERBS

boundaries The hardy boidei is the uni

ing of heibs Nee FiKs 1042, 1040 A

border (Fig 1047) is often useful in then u oi it one

side of the premises. Fill some of thecoincis li\ the

house(Fig 1048) In remote paits of the grounds, half

wild effects maj be allowed, as m Fig 1049. A pond or

1043. Plant:

rock back-eround

pool, even if stagnant, often may be utilized to advan-
tage (Fig.1050). A good Herb out of place may be worse
than a poor Herb in place. But when Herbs are grown
for their individual effects, give plenty of room and
good care: aim at a perfect specimen (Figs. IO.tI, 10.52).
For further hints on related subjects, see Limdscape
Gardening; a\so Border. ^ H. B.

Herbaceous Pekensials from the LAXPsrAi'i: Ar-
chitect's Point of View. — No ck-ar il.iiiiiti..Ti I'nii be
drawn between herbaceous perennial . !> i ■ N ■ ml an-
nuals,betweenHerbsand woody plai '.ten-
der Herbs that would in a warn. . me

shrubs or even trees, biennials that ).i...iii. i.j.nnials
from stolons or offsets, and annuals that brooiiie bien-
nials from seed germinating late in the season. Strictly
speaking, however, herbaceous perennials are plants
having perennial roots with tops that die to the ground
annually, such as the columbines, larkspurs, day-lilies,
peonies, and most sedges, grasses and ferns. It is cus-
tomary, however, in publications relating to this class of
plants as well as in actual use, to include closely allied
species with evergreen foliage, such as statice, yucca,
sempervivums and certain pentstemons, together with
plants having more or less woody and persistent above-
ground stems, such as the suffruticose artemisias and
the evergreen creeping species of phlox, veronica,
vinca, the iberis, the helianthemums, and many alpine
plants, while most bulbous-rooted plants which are true
herbaceous perennials are separately classified and
grown as bulbs.

Herbaceous perennials are an exceedingly important
element of landscape, for they predominate in the mat
of grassy or sedgy plants, covering dry or wet open
fields and in the surface vegetation under woods and
shrubby thickets, either as a grass rnip, cnrnposfil of a
comparatively few species cultivati'd for fc.noinic pur-
poses, or as a wild growth made up of mrniy s|m ,.ji-s.
The most attractive of these nati\i- (.lanis ar.- I. .-ing

of

lifter.

tained a flower garden, in wliieh there were from 50 to
I.")0 s])eeies and varieties of herbaceous perennials, and
there were few of the humbler families that did not
have a dozen or more species established about their
homes. Such plants were distributed by exchange
among neighbors and were propagated and offered at
retail by dealers, who, however, gradually allowed their
stock of plants to run low or abandoned them altogether,
until many kinds dropped out of cultivation or were
neglected in favor of the tender "bedding out "plants
that were brought suddenly into favor by the displays
at the Philadelphia Centennial Exposition.

There has been, particularly during the last I.t years,
such an increasing interest in herhaceoun perennials
that there are now offered in the catalogues of American

HERBS

HERBS

733

colle

of native plants, nearly

nurserymen

3,000 species and varieties, exclusive of the many gar
den forms that are distinguished chiefly by the color o:
their tiowers.

In use, the species and varieties of herbaceous peren
nials may be broadly separated into three groups

Herbs or Shrubs.

First, plants for the garden that require the favorable
conditions of a highly cultivated ground, and careful
attention to attain perfection and to jiersist and increase
from year to year. This would include many exotics,
some native species and most of the horticultural varie-
ties. Many of such species which would find a congenial
place only in the garden have attractive flowers which
are so fugitive that they can only be enjoyed on the
plant. Other species which are suitable to cut flowers
from can hardly be grown in the fl"\\ I]" L' II li' II I'l -i>;ll-
cient quantity to liberally meet the- il-

of the home, and tliey should be gi ,: ii>

the kitchen garden or in a special cm 'Iia ■ r l;h ii n, i >r
their crops of flowers. Included amoug plants of dim-
cult cultivation with fugitive flowers are the rock or
alpine plants, many of which are offered in European
catalogues but few of which will thrive here, and for
such as will succeed more favorable conditions are usu-
ally found in a well-drained border than in an artificial
rockery.

Second, plants for the shrubbery, having aggressive
habits, which make them rather ob.iectionable in the
flower garden, but fit them to withstand successfully the
crowding of shrubs. This class of plants will give va-
riety and prolong the flowering season of shrub borders
about lawns, and would be made up chiefly of strong-
growing natives and a few of the more persistent
exotics.

Third, plants for the wild garden, including the spe-
cies that require for success some one of the many
special conditions prevailing in uncultivated or uncul-
tivable land, or which are so rampant as to require
the restraint that some one of these natural conditions
will provide. This class of plants would be made up
chiefly of natives and a few of the more persistent ex-
otics, and they would be used to enrich groups of native
plants under woods, in meadows, streams and ponds and
on hedges and poor soil. These are attractive
plants that will and do grow successfully under
all these conditions without special cultivation,
and many of them may be already on the ground
If every plant in a group of natives is watched
for at least a year, it will be found that many are
so attractive at one season oi anothei that they
■will be retained and developed in beauty by the
gradual removal of the less desirable kinds, foi
which others that are more desirable maj be sub
stituted. (See also the article Wild GairUxinq )

In arranging plants in new plantations or m
modifying existing plantations in giidens, lawns
or woods, niuch more effective landscape compo-
sitions and more agreeable color effects can be

secured by using large quantities of a few sorts than by
using a few individuals of many kinds. Groups of dif-
ferent species should be selected that will give from
period to period during the flowering season effective
and dominating masses of foliage and color, and all
other plants of the garden which appear at the same
time should be made subordinate to these. (Consult,
also, the article Sorder.)

Herbaceous perennials are propagated by divisions
and from offsets, cuttings and set-d. Some kinds, as
dictamiius and pap.m i , mi i' impugated by root
cuttiBus. Tbeexotii- -, n, and many of the

more readily grown II I uned in wholesale

quantities from nui-. i i n n v i. . \otics and a very

cured in wholesale quantities from collectors of native
plants, many of whom also offer nursery-grown plants
of the best natives and of a few exotics. The attractive
native plants in any region can be transplanted with
little difliculty if they are collected with a good sod of
earth about tlie roots. Warren H. Manninc.

The Culture op Herbaceous Perennials.— A good
number of the herbaceous perennials in cultivation are
exceedingly easy of cultivation, Ariving well in any
moderately rich soil of suitable physical condition, and
enduring our winter cold and changeableness and sum-
mer heat and drought. There are, however, other spe-
oies which do not grow well in our American climate,
except during more moderate seasons or when placed
where the climate is locally modified. Whether the
plants one desires to grow be easy or difficult of culture,
one should aim first of all for aluxuriantgrowth, forany
time or labor saved by poorly preparing the soil, or any
money saved by the use of weak or stunted plants, will
be regretted later. Unless it is intended to imitate the
effect of certain barrens in nature, a garden without
luxuriance is lacking in an essential quality.

The preparation of ground for planting consists, in the
order of their importance: in making the soil by open-
ness Olid finenesssuitablefor root penetration to a depth
1 [I ■! l^iii.to2ft.; in providing underground drain-
I :. [ithof atleast2^^ ft.; inmakingthesoilsuf-
I: Il rtile; and in making the surface soil not liable

Dept h and physical condition of soil are very important,
and should be one's first care. If the season is short and
work must be rushed, it is better to omit the manuring
and to devote all one's energy to securing a deep feeding
area for the roots and a fine physical condition of the soil.
In the hardy border the roots of plants are able to pene-
trate far more deeply into the soil than they do usually
in a wild state or inordinary field culture. This vigor
of root growth reaching to good depth , as compared with
that of equal vigor but nearer the surface, gives not
only greater endurance of drought but aids the plant to

''l^)f

1045. A good cffe

vith Rhubarb.

enilm-e changeableness of weather, and particularly aiUla
to its hardiness. There are many plants which are
hardy only if protected until the roots are thoroughly
established This is more often noticed with trees and

tig after

*A jJ'^

1046 A mixed Herbaceous border

Strong looted plants which are able to penetate deeply
into the subsoil, but the same applies to herbaceous
plants, except that it is usually necessary to loosen the
subsoil to ensure penetration by their finer roots to a
satisfactory extent. It is not necessary to make the sub-
soil equal in richness to the upper portion, but it should
preferably be mixed with a portion of the surface soil.

The fine roots are the feeding roots and the surfaces
of the soil particles are their feeding ground, so that in
making the soil particles smaller the feeding surface in
the soil is increased, thus allowing for more roots and
making available a greater part of the plant-food in the
soil. A fine physical condition can usually be obtained
by turning the soil over a few times. No soil should be
turned or handled when too moist to crumble, as the clay
In the soil is quick to become puddled, and therefore
impervious to feeding roots.

Underground drainage is necessary, since roots can-
not grow in soil filled with stagnant water. Where the
natural subsoil drainage is not sufficient, artificial means
should be used. Unless the drainage is good many
plants will be injured during the rainier seasons or
killed during winter. Plants that are not firmly estab-
lished are often easily killed by excess of moisture
about the roots during their dormant season; for in-
stance, many bog plants otherwise perfectly hardy will
winter-kill if planted late in the tall A
further fact showing the effect of water
on dormant roots is that many plants if
cut down low enough in the fall to allow
water, as from melting snow, to reach the
root through the hollow plant stems will
often be entirely rotted by spring Thus
when it is necessary to destroy golden |

rod the drv stems can be mowed in late i^

fall with asharp scythe. The vulnerability
of the root to water coming through the
plant-stem may be easily seen by compar
ing in the spring roots of corn, the stalks
of which were cut at different heights the
previous fall.

The subject of feeding plants in general
is treated at some length under fettili
eers ami Fertilitti. vihir]! scr. In tl 1 i U
bordernolarge amount ..(■,■, ,„,-, li )h
fermentable material ^IkhjM Im u ill
enrichment of the soil shmiM, il | ill
be made while preparing the bordei ^nd
any fertilizers used should be well raned
with the soil. Even if a liberal amount of
stable manure is available, it is well to
use some potash or phosphoric acid in
connection with it. .V liL'lit to)i-dre sin g of manure gi
in the fall will kii.|. u|. ih.- I.rtilitvof the oil and afford
a slight winter |,r.ii.ri inn. whiidi is appreciated by even
the hardiest plants. ( ivcr-richness as well as poverty

HERBS

of soil tend to make plants in general le

given, especially f<n- iliu lianlii r ^|mi>ic..
constitutions anil l.-n - ^-m-.h ,,r ^i-.mih.

having a season r t m \-au- viim r >i

not overly rich t |i i lly iltlii- iii'Mti'm I

A loose and open surface soil prevents
rains and waterings, saves some of the labor necessary
to keep the soil open and friable; allows the growth of
many smallei finer rooted orcreeping plants which can-
not grow well ma stiff soil; permits the sowing of many
nnnuals in the border Many low-growing plants are In-
lured on tlajej soil bj having the under surfaces of the
le-nes coated with soil by spattering of rain. A clay
soil may be made more loose by the addition of ma-
nures sawdust coal ashes, sand or almost any such ma-
terial A light fine mulch should be kept on the surface
of a clay soil

Tl e I tints to be home in mind in planting should be
I Itl i 1 I ireful planting and sufficient thickness
1 1 1 1 II iits should be obtained which have not

I a weakened plant will never make as

I [ I u as if rightly treated from the start.
When I lints iie received from the nursery they may
be heeled in it necessary, but every day plants are left
where they have no root-hold on the soil is an injury to
them in proportion to the suitableness of the weather
for root growth If plants must remain any considerable
length of time before being placed in their permanent
position, it is best to plant them in reserve ground, and
to remove thera when desired w.ith balls of earth.

Symmetry of top growth is to some extent, at least, de-
pendent on symmetry of root growth, so that by careful
planting the roots not only become more quickly and
strongly active, but give us hope for a more symmetri-
cal plant than can be obtained by careless planting.
The proper way to place a plant in the ground is equally
to distribute the roots about the plant, leaving the
tips pointed downward, and then to firm the soil suffi-
ciently about the roots.

A piTonnial border should be planted rather thick, so
thrit when in foliage it shall appear as one mass. Any
sliMwin- cif ^i.il between plants is not only unnatural,
but lUstiMN s the beauty of the border as a whole.

iVuil.i- P,;leclion of Herbaceous Pereitithils. -The
protectiou of species not reliably hardy may be accom-
plished with any material suitable for keeping out
frost which is not naturally too moist or close. The
material should preferably be heaped over the crown of
the plant, to shed part of the rain as well as to prevent
quick changes of temperature, or to wholly exclude frost,
as the plant may need.

The material to be used will be decided by the plants

to be protected 1 \ what i
an 1 by the pre en c i i
which often work unilei such
destroythe plants. Protected pl:i

y obtainable
e ( r other vermin
enal as straw and
should be examined

the

id if

rinter,

mice are present they may
be killed or driven away by
plaoinj; a few drops of car-
bon bisu]|ihide in each hole
found. (This is also a good
way to rid colilframes of
these pests. Plenty of ven-
tilation should be given at
the time, as the gas evapo-
rated is destructive to vege-
tation. As the gas is heav-
ier than air, it sinks for the
most part down the holes.)

If, ho

not

troublesome, there is no
better material for keeping
out cold and shedding water
than straw. Nature's plan
for plant protection is to use
the foliage and stems of the
plants themselves, the whole
ground surface being cov-
ered as the weather grows
colder with successive coat-
ings of snow, which protec-
tion again grows lighter as
spring approaches. This is
still the ideal winter protec-
tion for plants, but snows
are likely to disappear in
midwinter,and mice are well
adapted to live under na-
ture's laws. Where mice are
troublesome a light material may be made by composting
leaves, m.inure riikings from lawns, greenhouse waste,
weeds not in fruit as pulled during the season, and the
like. The material should be earthy enough to keep
mice out. and loose enough to permit of easy removal in
spring. It should also be loose enough not to hold too
much w.ater in winter. Sawdust and charcoal are ex-
amples of such material. Most of the plants that are
largely cultivated need no protection, but all herba-
ceous perennials, unless they are evergreen or easily
smothered, are benefited by a slight covering to protect
the soil from alternate freezing and thawing. When
the plants are evergreen a covering to supply shade is
often desirable. Other plants, such as HetiKiithus de-
eapetalus fl. pi., really need protection, not to exclude
frost, but to lessen considerably the severity of the
winter. Still others, as many of the lilies, are best
covered to the exclusion of frost. In general, the plants
we endeavor to grow which need complete protection
have crowns below the surface and so may be covered
with any amount or kmd of material When it is de
sired to thoroughly protect ciowns on the soil surface
flats may be first placed over the crowns before adding
the protection. Late

fall plantings should _- , i

in almost all cases, be ,

protected to some ex . ~ ^

tent, since plants are
less hardy when poorly
established in the soil
PropnqatioH of Her
hficeoiis Perennials. -
The methods of propa

gain

seed, by plant divi
sion, and by cuttings.

Propagation by seed
is generally not of use
for the perpetuation of
horticultural varieties
though to a varied ex
tent with different spe
cies any variety tends
to reproduce its varie
tal characteristics more
perfectly the longer it
becomes established as

lety.

How

some of our garden

mbeUished

With weeds

wild corner. Asparagus and Boneset.

plants have been separated into their present number
of varieties or forms mainly by continual propagation
by seed and plant selection, and such may be satis-
factorily increased by seed. An example might be taken
in the hollyhock, although, if a group be left to resow
itself, or no seed selection be maintained, it will soon
become mainly composed of single-flowered plants by
reason of their greater seed production. In general,
propagation by seeds is satisfactory for all established
species and for such varieties and forms as have been
thoroughly established either by nature's slow processes
or by man's continual selection.

Seed-sowing is not, however, always an easy way to
increase many of our garden plants, as there are often
a few small items necessary to know concerning a
species before success can be assured. Seeds of some
perennials remain dormant for a long season after sowing,
and, in general, they are very much slower in starting than
annuals. Some require more heat than others to germi-
mte while others require a very cool soil. Many plants
broaght into cultivation from foreign countries or milder
parts of our own land do not produce seed which will
remain sound over w inter in the soil, nor do seedlings of
all hardv perennials withstand the colder season: for
m t iiR( / // iier oiienlalis, a hardy plant itself, pro-
iu > I It quantity of seed which germinates readily
1 If t ill I ut the seedlings will not survive the winter

A general rule for seed sowing would read: Sow the
seed when ripe and then maintain such conditions of
temperature and moisture as the seed would receive in
the native habitat of the plant.

Native American plants not from decidedly milder
parts and many foieign species may be easily increased
b\ sowing of seed when ripe in the open ground.
Among such might be included rudbeckia, aquilegia,
coreopsis monarda asters (perennial), delphiniums.
di2italis Dinithut barhiitus. and phlox, all of which
will bloom the following season.

Plants genei dlv have one or rarelv two particular
seisons for blocming, and unless of sufiicient size and
suitable condition when that season approaches they
will wait for Its recurrence before showing flowers; so
that by sowing seed early in the spring and giving good
cultural iftenti n f the plants, we may expect to flower
nnn\ 1 ' i i ti '1 ! .]""iii;n- late in the year, or such
as u I ii.arly all seasons: f or in-

tive I I I I I ,r''„,BeUisperennis, etc.

736 HERBS

The propagation of plants by division is simply the
separation of u larger clump of roots and crowns into
smaller plants. In the case of plants having Imds on
the roots, this division may be carried further, and
small pieces of the root used to grow other plants.

The separation of plants as practiced in the garden is
not usually so much for the purpose of increase as to
avoid over-crowding of roots and crowns, with loss of
vigor to the plant; for instance, a plant of iris having
been undisturbed for a number of years, becomes a
tangled circular mat of rootstocks, which in the center
cannot find room to grow, and so the plant appears as
a large clump of roots, throwing up foliage only on
the outer ring. The period during which a plant may
remain in any one place without needing separation will
vary with the vigor of growth of the plant in each posi-
tion ; for instance, a group of plantain lily in a favorable
situation will need separation every two years, while
in a poorer place it might remain four. However, the
average length of time for a few typical species may be
given thus ; Bell is perennis , pompon chrysanthemums ,
and other strong-spreading, shallow-rooted and easily
established plants do best with yearly separation ; Phlox
maculata and mouarda every two years ; helianthus,
asters and many of the compositiB and Phlox decussata
about every three years; C'onvallaria majalis and many
spring-flowering bulbs every four years; while such
plants as peonies may be left for a longer period.

In general, better flowers are obtained from a plant
with but one crown than when two or more are left, but
unless the new growths are crowding out the central
portions or are themselves too numerous to make a vig-
orous growth possible, division is not nece.ssary. In
fact, many plants require a better establishment in the
soil than can be given by transphmting or tlian they can
quickly obtain, and such are best un(listurl)e(l until quite
over-crowded. The question is wliether by dividing a
plant better flowers and foliage may be obtained than by
allowing it to become more thoroughly established.

The time of the year for separation will vary as to the
blooming season of the plant; that is, for early-blooming
plants late summer or early fall, and for late-blooming
plants either late fall or spring, preferably the latter, as
many otherwise hardy plants are either weakened or
killed if disturbed in the fall.

Propagation by cuttings is rarely useful for the ama-
teur, in the case of herbaceous perennials, but it is an
important commercial method. Plants may be obtained
from almost any plant having foliage stems by taking a
short piece of the growing wood with abud,eitherlateral
or terminal, and placing the lower end in moist sand or
other material suitable for root growth It is usuallj
necessary to have the lower end of the cutting a node of

HERBS

the stem, and to make the temperature of the material
in which it is placed higher than that of the atmosphere
(which is the relation of the soil and air in sunshine),
and to diminish the evaporation from the exposed parts
of the cutting by maintenance of a moist atmosphere

1050. Pool made attrai.

1051 A healthy clump of Joe Pye Weed

and by removal in part of the foliage on the cutting.
Some experience will be necessary to know the best
temperatures for sand and atmosphere and the most
desirable degree of ripeness in the wood to be taken, as
they will vary somewhat with species. In general, any
cutting of growing wood will form roots in moist sand
at a temperature suitable for vigorous root growth of
the plant. The increase of plants by cuttings has the
advantages of being rapid and of allowing the perpetua-
tion of any variation noticed on a portion of any plant.
See Ciittiige.

Whichever method of propagation is used, selection of
stock for increase should be practiced. If by seed, then
the best seed from the best plant should be taken. It is
considered by many growers that seeds borne the least
number of nodes from the root tend to produce dwarfer
and earlier-blooming plants, while the opposite is equally
certain. All plants vary, and often the seeds which will
produce the most striking variations are the slower to
germinate and weaker as seedlings, but any mistreat-
ment of young plants is apt to be against any desirable
improvement. The double flowered
and highly colored forms of our gar-
den plants are generally the results
not only of intercrossing of species or
selection, or both, but of intense and
perfect culture. A poor, starved
plant may not retrograde itself, but
it is apt to produce seed which will
vary to suit its location.

In propagating by dividion, the aim
should be not only tto secure vigorous
plants but to select for increase such
plants as appear to be the best. Cut-
tings also should be obtained from se-
lected plants— and the more so since
the method is rapid.

F. W. Barclay.
The Most Popular Kinds.— If all
hardy herbaceous perennials were di-
vided into 3 groups, based upon their
popularity, the first group would per-
haps include 10-12 kinds, the second
.SO-SO, and the third would ba too
numerous to list in detail. Several of
the largest dealers in these plants
were asked for such selections, basing
their judgment on actual sales and
general experience. Replies were re-
ceived from EUw.inger & Barry, J.
Woodward Manning, and the Shady

Hill Nursery Co. These reports agree as to the 6 most
popular hardy herbaceous perennials. These are anem-
one, hollyhock, larkspur, iris, peouy, phlox. The next
4 favorites are columbine, poppy, rudbeckia and sun-
flower. These are probably the 10 most popular plants
of their class in America. To fill out the list to a dozen,
one might choose 2 of the following 10: Campanula,
chrysanthemum, coreopsis,
dianthus, dicentra, eulalia,
funkia, gaillardia, hemerocal-
lis, pyrethrum. The following
list of 12 is selected on a dif-
ferent principle by W. C.
Egan, who writes that a bed
composed of the following
will produce flowers from
early spring to late fall in
the following order: Phlox
siibulata, lily -of -the- valley,
bleeding heart, iris (German
and Japanese), peony, lark-
spur, platycodon, phlox (tall),
rudbeckia Golden Glow, gail-
lardia, Boltonia latisquamn,
unflower. In the South
lie 12 most popular

r„inds would make a
very different list. P.
.7. Berckmans writes
that the following are
hardy at Augusta, Ga.,
and are probably most
popular in the South:
Canna, carnation, chry-
santhemum, dahlia, violet, verbena, German iris, Jap-
anese iris, funkia, helianthus, phlox, hollyhock.

An analysis of 4 northern lists gives the following
33 as favorites of the second rank. The agreement
would have been much closer if bulbs, grasses and
subshrubs had been excluded:
lillardia

Achillea,
Aconitum,
Alyssum,
Asclepias,

Astilbe,

Boltonia,

Campanula,

Dicentra,

Dictamnus,

Digitalis,

Gypsophila,
Helenium.
Helleborus,

Hibiscus,'

Kniphofia,

Lychnis,

Monarda,
CEnothera.
Platycodon.
Ranunculus.

Silene,'

Spirffia,

Statiee,

TroUius,

Veronica,

Vinca.

W. M.

Selections for Special Pueposes. — The following
lists are intended to be suggestive, not complete (not
all of them in Amer. trade) :

1. For shady places. — On\y those which really need
shade are here mentioned. Other important kinds suc-
ceed in full sunlight and also in partial shade.
A. Requiring deep shade.
Anemone alpina, Cortusa Matthioli.

dichotoma, Hepatica.

nemorosa, Horminum Pyrenaicum,

" sylvestris, Ourisia coceinea (stiff soil).

AA. Requiring partial shade.

Apennina.

CaroUniana,

ranuuculoides.

Anssema,
Arnebia echioides.
Arum Italicum,

raaculatum.
Calypso (moist),
Goodyera,

Lychnis fulgens.

Haageana,
Omphalodes Lueiliffi,

Orchis spectabilis.
Phlox (iivaricata.
Ramondia.

Ranunculus aconitifolii
Saxifraga,

The following are desirable for dry situations, but are
not as hardy in this respect as the preceding:

2. For dry places. -The following will endure ex-
tremely dry locat^ions, and are therefore desirable for
naturalization. They can endure neglect and drought:
Alyssum, Draba.

Asclepias tuberosa

Cheiranthus alpiuu
Dianthus s

A. Bloom

iEthionema,

ing

in spring.
Hepatica,

Anemone CaroUniana,

Iberis,
Iris pumila.

PulsatSla',
Cerastium.

Lotus comieulatus,
Saxifraga,

Daphne Cneorum,

Peony,

Erysimum,

Phlox (creeping).

AA. Bloom

ing i

In summer.

Anthemis.

Galtonia.

Aquilegia,

Gypsophila.

Arenaria.

Heliopsis,

Hieraeium,

Campanula,

Inula,

CoroniUa Iberica,

Iris Germanica,

Cytisus.

Ononis,

Dictamnus,

Pyrethrum Tehihatchewl,

Eryugium,

iStatice,

Euphorbia coroUata,

Yucca.

AAA. Blooming

i»( autumn.

Aster.

Erodium,

Calaudrinia,

Eulalia.

Callirhoe.

Geranium Ibericum, etc..

Cassia,

HeUanthemum,

Centaurea dealbata.

Linum.

Cornnilla varia.

CEnothera,

Corydalis.

Platycodon,

Desmodium,

Sedum.

3. For vioist and wet places. — In the following sub-
groups those marked with astar(*) demand the treatment
indicated ; the others will also thrive with a less degree

Anemone Apennii

♦Butomus.
*CaIla palustris,
*Carex riparia.
Iris pseudacorus,
laevigata,

vater s edge.

Monurda didyma,
Myosotis,
Polygonum amphibiu

Achillea Ptarmica t
Aconitum.
Anemone alpina,

palmata,
*Arenaria Balearica,

Boltonia,

Ciielone,
Ciniirifuga,
*Cory<lalis solida,
Doder-atheon,
Fuukia,

Typha.

AA. Moist grounds.

Helenium,

Lohelia,

Lyfehrum,

Wertensia,

Phlox divaricata,

Podophyllum Emodi,

Polygonatum,

Polygonum,

Pyrethnim uliginosum,
*Saxifraga rivularis,
umbrosa,
Virginiensis,

vlng are all

^thionema,

Ajuga,

Alyssum.

Armeria (spring to fall),

Aspenila,

Aubrietia,

Daphne,

Erysimum,

AA. Bloomi
Achillea Clavense,

Aster alpinus.
Campanula (dwarf),
Dianthus,

Lotus comieulatus,
Phlox amoena.
*' reptans.

Polemonium,
Viola cornuta (spring 1
fall).

Hieraeium,
Saponaria,
Silene acaulis.

'* Elisabethae.

Ceratostigma Larpenta
Silene Shafts,
Tunica Saxifraga,

738

HERBS

5. For cut-flowers. -In the following lists 1 stands for
spring, 2 for summer, and 3 for autumn:
A. Blooming in spring.
^thionema, Omphalodes,

Alyssum, Papaver (1-2),

sylv

Peon

Phlox divarieata.

Pvrethrum bybridum

(1-2),
Pyrethnim Tchihatchew

Boltonia,
Cedronella,
Centranthus.
Chrysanthemii

Astilbe (1-2),

Centaurea

Doronieum

Hesperis (1

Heuchera (

Iberis, (1-31,

Lychnis Viscaria, Ranunculus (1-2),

Lupinus (1-2), Spiriea (1-2),

Myosotis (1-2) , Viola odorata.

AA. Blooming in summer.
Antherieum Liliastrum. Gypsnphila,

Aquilegia, Hemerocallis,

Campanula, Iris.

Centaurea Ruthenica, Linaria,

Cheiranthus, Rudl.ec-kia.

Clematis, Statifo,

Delphinium, Tliali.-trum,

Dianthns, Trolling,

Eryngium, \':il<ri:iii;i.

Euphorbia, Vevoui'.-a.

AAA. Blooming in autiim)!.
Achillea (2-3), Hcuohera (1-3),

Aconitum (2-3). Lilium 12-3),

Anemone Japonica, Lychnis Flos-cucnlli,

Anthemis tinctoria (2-3), " vespertina,

Arenaria graminit'olia, Phlox paniculata.

suffruticosa,
Platycodon (2-3),
Polygonum affiue,

cuspidatnm,
Pyrethrum uliginosum.
Coreopsis ("2-3) , g"'''''^' f'!'''"J<'«';'' '--■'>•

Crocosmia, S.-iponaria (2-3),

Gaillardia (2-3), Senecio (2-3).

Helenium (2-3), Stokesia (2-3).

Helianthemum (2-3), Viola eornuta (2-3).

6. For bold effects. — The following have striking and
characteristic habit, and are desirable for prominent
positions as single specimens or as exclusive groups.
Some are foliage plants, the flowers being inconspicu-
ous or not to be counted upon. Tall means 5 ft. or more;
the others are of medium height, 2-4 ft. :

A. Flowers incidental.
Acanthus, Ferula.

Arundo (tall), Gunneva (tall).

Bamboos, Heracleum (tall),

Elymus (tall), Polygonum (tall).

AA. Flowers more or less conspicuous.
B. Tall.
Boceonia, Eriantlius,

Cephalaria, Eulalia.

Cimicifuga, Heliauthus orgyalis,

Crambe, Rudbeekia Golden Glow.

BE. Medium.
Anemone Japonica, Funkia.

Bamboos, Lij^daria,

Clematis recta, Symphytum (variegated),

Dictamnus, Yucca.

7. For forcing and greenhouse decoration. — The fol-
lowing are good subjects for potting. Helleborus and
Saxif raga can be forced for Christinas. Those in the first
list can be forced for Easter. Those in the second list
are desirable for indoor decoration between Easter and
the burst of spring outdoors:

A. For forcing.
Alyssum, Lychnis Flos-cuciJli,

Arabis, Lychnis Viscaria.

Astilbe, Saxifraga,

Cheiranthus alpinus. Peony,

Dianthus, Polytiniiatum multiflo-

Punkia (variegated), Primula, [rum.

Heuchera sanguinca, Spira-a.

Iberis,

AA. For indoor decoration.
Acorus gramineus, Hepatica.

Aster alpinus. Jlyosotis,

Aubrietia, Phlox amcena.

Campanula, " reptans.

Dodecatheon, " sut»ul:ita.

J. B. Keller.

HEKBS, ORNAMENTAL. See Rerbaceous Peren-

HERBS, POT. See Gr

SALAD. See Greens and Salad Plants.

HERCULES' CLUB. Aralia spinosa. Also Zanthoxii-

InlH Vl,ira-ll,rr„lis.

HERMODACTYLUS (Greek, Mercury's fingers; from

the arraugeuieut of the tubers). IridAceie. Ssake's-
HEAU liiis. This is a hardy tuberous plant closely allied
to Iris, the fls. purplish black and green, of a quaint and
peculiarly attractive beauty. The plant is procurable
from Dutch and Italian growers. The genus dilTers from
Iris only in tli(> 1-celled ovary with 3 parietal placen-
ta- : his lias a :i-cflled ovary.

tuberdsus, Sali^ll. (Iris tuberdsa, Linn.). Tubers 2-4,
digitate, 1 in. lun^': stem 1-fld., 1 ft. or more high: Ivs.
2-:), glaucous, 4-angled, 1-2 ft. long: outer perianth seg-
ments 2 in. long, dark purple; inner ones green. Apr.
B.J1.531. P.S. 11:1083. G.C. II. 23: G72.

J. N. Gekard.

HERNANDIA (Francisco Hernandez, physician to
Philip II of Spain, traveled in West Indies 1593-1600,
and wrote on natural history of Spain). Zaur&eete.
Jack-in-a-Box. This includes B. ovigera, a tree from
Mauritius, which grows 40 ft. high, and is cult, in S.
Calif, by Franceschi, who says it has light green, glossy
Ivs. with a red spot in the center, and large, wbitisli,
egg-shaped fruits. The genus has 9 widely scattered
species of tropical trees: Ivs. alternate, entire, ovate or
peltate, 3-7-nerved: fls in a loose panicle, the extreme
branches terminated by a 4-5-bracted involucre. Of
the 3 Hs. in an involucre, the central one is pistillate
„„,) c,.««ii,., tlie !:it,Tril "Tifs stamiiiate and pedicelled.

//. ■ I "" '"I" I f'lia. is much used in Europe

f'ii I ■ ! I i"l produces a juice that re

111" ! i without pain. Its staminate

H^. 1 I Mil ' 111 - or 4'3 and the filaments have
om- -liiiil 111 i!m- liiise. while in M. ovigera the floral
parl^ an- nl-Aav^ in .Ts and there are two glands at the
baM- 111 1 I'll liiaiii.-iit. H. sonora has peltate or cordate
Iv.-. T-li; ill. 1.1111.' and 4-6 in. wide.

ovigera, Linn, Lvs. (i-7 in. long, 4K-6 in. wide, ob-
long, acuminate, palminerved : fr. an egg-shaped drupe,
borne on a stalk and oljscnrely ribbed.

HERNIARIA (Orcck; suppns.d to cure hernia or
ruiitnni. 7//. r. (,,■,)., .i . Hlkmakv. Rupture-wort.
This inrludfs a lianiy licrliaiTciiis perennial plant,
wliicli Krows about J in. liitrh ami produces inconspic-
uous greenish Hs. in summer. It makes a dense mat of
moss-like foliage, which turns a deep bronzy red in win-
ter. It is much used in carpet-bedding and to a less ex-
tent in rockeries and for edgings of hardy borders.
Recommended for covering graves. It thrives in the
poorest soils, makes a solid covering, and is by some
regarded as one of the most valuable of hardy trailers.
Prop, by division or seed. Grows wild in England, and
is kept in many large collections of hardy plants.

The genus has 8-23 species, which are widely scat-
tered, but all grow in sandy places, chiefly near the sea.
It has no near allies of great garden value, but 2 species
of Paronychia are cult, fur the same purpose and are
easily told apart by l-i m iil aii" arance. Herniaria and
Paronychia are aliki ii.il perianth and 2

stigmas, but in Hernia ^ a nts are blunt, while

in Paronychia they ar.. u n, ar the apex and have a

horn or small sharp pmni on the back near the apex.
Herniaria is composed of annuals or perennials with
roots iif short duration, and they are all much branched,
trailing plants, either glabrous or hirsute : lvs. oppo-
site, alternate or clustered, small, entire: fls. minute,
crowded in the axils; sepals, petals and stamens 5:
seed solitary.

gUbra, Linn. Lvs. obovate, rarely orbicular, glabrous
except a few hairs at edges, which are usually recurved:
fls. in a leafy spike or the lower ones at considerable
intervals. July, Aug. Eu., Asia. ^_ jj_

HESPERANTHA

HESPEEANTHA (Greek, evening flower). Irirli)re<T.
Twenty-sis species of Cape bulbs, 3 of wliicl! are i>r"-
curable from Dutch growers. They beloug tn tin- \\\:\
tribe and are much inferior to Ixias for geufr;il cultn a-
tion, but have fragrant tlowers, opening at c\ .111111.'.
The genus is still more closely allied to Geissoiliiza. and
differs only in having longer style-branches and sjiathe-
Talves always green instead of sometimes brownish
above. The corms are J^ in. thick or less: Ivs. 2-5: fls.
2-10 in a lax, distichous spike; inner segments white;
outer ones red outside. For culture, see Ixia and Bulbs.
Mon. by Baker in Irideie, 1892, and in Flora Capensis,
vol. G, 189G-7.

A. Foliage hairy.

pildsa, Ker. Corm globose : Ivs. 2, linear, erect,
strongly ribbed, 3-G in. long: outer segments claret-red.
B.M. 1475 (outer segments speckled with color).

AA. Foliage not hairy.
B. Lvs. spreading, S-.3 in. long.
faloita, Ker. Corm conic: Ivs. 2-4, lanceolate : outer
segments claret-red. B.M. 566, as Jxia falcala.

BB. Lvs. erect, i-6 in. long.
graminifdlia, D. Don. Corm globose: lvs. 3-5, linear:
outer segments reddish brown. B. M. 1255, as Geisso-
rhiza setacea.

H£SF£RIS (Greek, evening, same root as vesper;
flowers more fragrant at evening). Cruciferm. This in-
cludes the Dame's Rocket, a vigorous, hardy her-
baceous perennial plant, forming clumps 2-3 ft. high,
branched from the base, and covered with showy termi-
nal pyramidal spikes of 4-petaled flowers, resembling
stocks. The colors range from white through lilac and
pink to purple. The double forms are most popular.
Rockets bloom from June to Aug., and have long been
cult, in cottage gardens. J. B. Keller writes: "The ordi-
nary single forms are not worth growing in the border,
but may be used in wild gardens. The double Rockets
are considered amongst the best hardy plants, being
very productive of bloom and
cutting."

The genus has abimt lln vi„ , i, -
and Siberia. Herbs. In. im!,, .
ennial at the bast-, ]'il..s. , i .
glandular: stem-lvs. ii-uall', -|.
entire, dentate or lyrate : Us. ii
fragrant; petals 4, long-clawed: pods long, linear, cylin-
drical : seeds numerous, winged or not. The genus is
allied to the stocks, but has a somewhat different habit
and the bypocotyl incumbent not accumbent.

matronAlis, Linn. Rocket. Sweet Rocket. Dame's
Violet. Damask Violet. Fig. 1053. Lvs. ovate-lanceo-
late, 2-3 in. long, toothed: pods 2-4 in. long, straight,
much contracted between the seeds. Eu., N. Asia.
Escaped from gardens in Eng. Gn. 53, p. 293 and 49, p.
339 (a lovely garden view). \y^ jj

HESPEKOCALLIS (Greek, evening beauty). Lili-
dceie. This genus of only one species belongs to the
group of desert plants of the Lily family, of which the
common i'ucca filamentosa is the best hardy type. It is
a native of Colorado, and is also said to grow in Calif,
and Mex. Franceschi writes that the large, waxy white
or greenish Us. are very fragrant, and that the bulb
should be deeply planted in perfectly drained soil.
This genus, like Yucca and Cordyline, has an indefinite
number of ovules iu ea.jh e.-II. while in I>rac»na the
ovules are solitary aii.l in I)a^\ liri..n :'. in each cell.
Hesperocallis bears irs li-. jn an mil. ran. 'lied raceme,
while the other gim-ra naini.l licrt- l.i'ar their fls. in
panicles. All have woody stems. Other important
generic characters of Hesperocallis are the funnel-
shaped perianth and the loculicidal dehiscence of the
capsule.

unduiata, Gray. Bulb large, corm-Iike : stem stout,
1-2 ft. high, 5-8-fld. : lvs. linear, fleshy, keeled, 3-6 lines
wide, wavy margined : fls. lK-2 in. long; segments 5-7-
nerved.

ely useful for

isia Minor

forked or

cemes, often

HESPEROCHIRON 1 39

HESFEBOCHlBON (Greek, hesperos, originally even-
ing, but here western, i. e., in the direction of the setting
sun, and Chiron, a centaur distinguished for his knowl-
...Itre of plants; hence "Western Centaury," these plants
I. .lug at first placed in the Gentian family). Hydro-
pliyUctcete. A genus of 3 species of northwest American
tufted perennial herbs with scapes bearing solitary,
rather large whitish fls. The nearest allied genera of
garden value are Phacelia and Emmenanthe, which are

very distinct in color of fls., general appearance and
cymose inflorescence. It is still doubtful whether Hes-
perochiron is in the right order. Dwarf, stemless per-
ennials or possibly biennials : lvs. entire, spatulate or
oblong : fls. purplish or nearly white, with parts nor-
mally in 5's, rarely in 6's to 7's; style 2-cut; capsule 1-
celled, loculicidal, 15-20-seeded: seeds minutely netted
or wrinkled. Procurable through Califomian specialists
and collectors.

A. Corolla lobes shorter than the tube.

Calildmicus, Wats. Lvs. numerous: corolla somewhat
oblong, bell-shaped. Hills and meadows. B.R. 10:833
(as Nicotiana nana).

AA. Corolla lobes longer than the tube.

pilmilus, T. C. Porter. Lvs. fewer : corolla nearly
wheel-shaped; tube densely bearded within. Springy
and marshy grounds in mountains. "v^. ji.

740 HESPEROSCOBDUM

HESFEBOSCORDUM. Consult Brodiaa.
HETEEOCllNTKON. See Heerla.
HETEEOMfiLES is included in Photinia.

HETEROPAPPUS (Greek, two kinds of pappus). Com-
p6sit(e. This includes a plant that lovers of our native
Asters and Boltonias should not neglect. It is a hardy
herbaceous perennial plant that bears azure-blue aster-
like fls. in summer. The genus is closely related to As-
ter, having the habit of the Asters of the section Cali-
meris. The plant in the trade is known as Calimeris
Tatarica. Heteropappus is closely related to Boltonia
and is not far from Callistephus, which contains the
China Asters. The chief botanical distinction resides in
the pappus, which in the large group containing Callis-
tephus and Aster is composed of numerous bristles ar-
ranged in one or more series, while Boltonias and Het-
eropappus belong to a group in which the pappus is
anomalous. In Boltonia it is composed of very short,
somewhat chaffy bristles, with the addition usually of
2-4 awns not longer than the akene. In Heteropappus
the pappus of the rays is composed of very short, some-
what chaffy bristles, while in the disk-fls, it consists of
numerous slender bristles arranged in 1 or 2 series.

Heteropappus is a genus of 2-4 species from Japan
and China. Herbs, erect, branched above : Ivs. alter-
nate, entire or coarsely toothed: heads in loose irregu-
lar panicles or solitary at the tips of branches : rays
white or sky blue. See Calimeris.

hispidus. Less. {Calimeris Tatdrica, Lindl.). Stem
roughish : Ivs. linear, acute, pubescent: branches spread-
ing, usually uubranched and bearing I head: involucral
scales acuminate, hirsute, herbaceous, not white-mar-
gined. Japan. Sandy places of Mongolia.

HETEROPHRAGMA (Greek, aij odd kind of capsule).
Jiignoni(lce(e. This includes a tropical tree that is very
rare in cultivation. It grows 30-50 ft. high, with 5-7
leaflets, which are 7-9 in. long and about 5 in. wide, and
swelling tubular .5-lobed Hs. 2 in. wide and densely
woolly outside. The plant was once offered in this
country as Bignonia adenophylla, but Biguonia belongs
to a tribe in which the dehiscence of the capsule is sep-
tifragal or septicidal, while Heterophragma belongs to a
tribe in which the dehiscence is loculicidal. Hetero-
phragma is a genus of 3 species of trees from India and
Africa. Lvs. opposite, arge, pinnate ; fls. rosy, yellow
or orange, glabrous or tomentose outside; caly.'f irregu-
lar, 3-5-lobed during anthesis: capsule long, cylindrical
or compressed, falcate or twisted, loculicidally 2-valved;
septum flat or 4-angular: seeds winged on both sides.

adenoph^llum, Seem. (Bigubnia adenophylla, Wa.U.).
Leaflets broadly elliptic, pubescent when mature : fls.
brownish yellow, densely woolly : capsule cylindrical,
twisted, 1-3 ft. long, 1 in. wide, resembling a cork screw.
India.

HETEROSMlLAX (Greek, another kind of Smilax).
LiU&cem. This includes an ornamental climber with the
habit of Smilax, but the perianth is undivided (instead
of 6-parted, as in Smilax) and the mouth is minutely
dentate. It resembles Smilax in having diceeious fls.,
borne in umbels and tendril-bearing stalks. The genus
contains 5 species of woody climbers from India, Ma-
laya, China atid Japan : lvs. 3-5-nerved : fls. small or
very small. Latest monograph in Latin in DC. Mon.
Phan 1:41 (1878).

Jap6nica, Kunth. Lvs. with stalks about Kin. long,
blades about 4-5 in. long: staminate fls. unknown. Ja-
pan, where it is cult, for the roots, which are used in
medicine.

HETEROBPATHE [Gree\i,& different hind of spathe) .
Palmdcea. Also vrritten ffeterospatha. A genus of only
1 species, native of the small island of Amboyna, the
Dutch headquarters in the East Indies. It is said by
Sander and Co. to be arare and highly ornamental palm,
with graceful, spreading habit and pinnatisect leaves,
the segments being long, slender and tapering. Its
nearest allies of garden value are Verschaffeltia and
Dypsis, in which the stigmas are basilar in fruit, while

HEUCHERA

Heterospatha belongs to a group in which the stigmas
are eccentric or lateral in fruit. Other important ge-
neric characters are the Ij stamens with versatile an-
thers and tin- I-c'fUcd ovary. The plant is procurable
from importirs and trum S. Fla.

el4ta, Schetr. Tall, unarmed : Its. terminal, long-peti-
oled, equally pinnatisect; segments numerous, lanceo-
late, narrowed at both ends, acuminate, 1-nerved, mar-
gins thickened and recurved at the base ; rachis round on
the back, flat on the face; sheath short, fibrous, swelled
at the base: spathes 2, the lower 2-crested, the upper
much longer. A very worthy palm.

HEflCHERA (Johann Heinrich von Heucher, 1677-
174i, professor of botany at Wittenberg). SaiifragAcea.
This includes H. sanguinea which probably ranks among
the half-dozen best plants with small, red flowers. It is
very desirable for the hardy border, where it blooms
from spring to late fall. It is also useful to florists for cut-
flowers and for forcing. All the Heucheras resemble
our dainty wild flower, the Bishop's Cap (Mitella) in
their habit, as they have a tuft of heart-shaped, 5-9-
lobed, crenate leaves, from which spring a dozen or so
slender scapes a foot or more high with small fls. borne
in panicles, giving a delicate and airy effect.

Heuchera belongs to a group of genera including Mi-
tella and Tiarella, in which the ovary is 1-celled. In
Heuchera the petals are 5 or 0, and entire; in Mitella 5,
3-fld or pinnatifid; in Tiarella 5 and entire. Heuchera
has 5 stamens ; Mitella 5 or 10 ; Tiarella 10. The cap-
sule of Heuchera is inferior, 2-beaked; in Mitella su-
perior, not beaked ; in Tiarella superior, compressed.
Heuchera has about 20 species, all North American and
ranging from Mexico to the arctic regions.

The attractive and petal-like portion of IT. sanguinea
Is the calyx, the petals being small in all Heucheras
(often shorter than the calyx). The other species are
attractive by reason of their general habit, and particu-
larly the graceful, open panicle. R. sanguinea came
into prominence about 1884 and is now, according to J.
B. Keller, one of the most popular of hardy perennials.
The others are procurable from the largest dealers in
native plants and from western collectors. They range
from 3 in. to 3 ft. high, averaging about 1}^ ft., and
bloom in summer, having greenish white or purplish
fls. J. B. Keller writes that almost any good garden soil
suits them, and that they are not particular as regards
exposure to sunlight (though an open situation is pref-
erable), and that they look well in borders, rockeriss,
separate beds and elsewhere. Prop, by division or seed.
A. Stamens and styles included {or in H. pubescens
scarcely exserted).
B. Scapes hairy.
c. Inflorescence a panicle.
D. Calyx not prominently oblique, i.e., the lobes equal or
nearly so.
B. Margin of Irs. pointed, with distinct teeth.

sanguinea, Engelm. Coral Bells. Crimson Bells.
Height 1-1 K ft.: scapes pilose below, glandular pubes-
;ht red, but in horticulturi '
through pink and rose to
dark crimson. New Mex., Ariz. The best pictures are
B..M. 0'.)29, Gn. 20:463. Others are Gt. 45, p»577. I.H.
43, p. 334. Mn. 8, p. 75. A.G. 17:201. R.H. 1898, p. 431.
K.B. 22, p. 2l(;. S.H. 2:120. G.C. 111. 4 :12.'i. P.O. 4:35.
Var. dlba iff. .!U,„. H..rt.) has pure whit.- fls.. and was
int. aii.Mit ls;ii; hv Haairc A: Si'liiiiiilt. Var. splfendenfl,
int. IS'.IS by the- saiiH- tirm, has ,lark oriiiisou lis. Var.
robiista, or grandiflora, llcirt., arcc.nling to J. B. Keller,
is an improvement ..n tin- tyin-, the bells being larger
and the color brifrhtcr. V.ir. hybrida ("Rosy Morn"),
Hort., according tn 1). M. .VmlrL-ws, is "more robust
than the type, foliage deeper cut and the divisions more
pointed: fls. rosy pink." Andrews adds that var. 41ba
comes true from seed.

EE. Margin of lvs. with crenations merely acute or
blunt.

pubescens, Pursh (ff. ribifdlia, Fisch. & Av^-Lall.).
Height 9-12 or 15 in.: scapes densely glandular pubes-
cent, at least above. Rich woods, Mts. of Penn. to N.

HEUCHERA

C. B.B. 2: 179. — "Evergreen foliage marbled
with bronzy red."— Woolson.

DD. Calyx prominently oblique.
hispida, Pursh. Height 2^ ft. Woods, Va.
to Idaho. B.B. 2:180.

CO. Inflorescence a spike.
cylindiica, Dougl. Height 10-24
in. Yellowstone Park westward.
B.R. 23:1924.

BB. Scapes not hairy.
c. Inflorescence a loose panicle.
parvifdlia, Nutt. Height X-2 ft. New
Mex. to Mont.

cc. Inflorescence deiiser, spicate.
bracteita, Ser. Height 3-6 in. Colo.
AA. Stamens and styles much exserted,
at least at first.
B. Length of calyx 3-5 lines.
rub^scens, Torr. Height 8-15 in.:
scape xisually leaUess, glabrous or some-
what scabrous: margin of Ivs. ciliate.
New Mex. to Nev.

BB. Length of calyx 1%S lines.
Americ4na, Linn. Alum Root. Height
2-3 ft. : scape leafless or with a few small
Its., more or less glandular-hirsute. Dry
or rocky woods, Out. to La. and Minn.
B.B. 2:179. R. H. 1898,
mottled foliage."- ff(He/<.

BBB. Length of calyx l-lVi lines.
C. Scape villous, i. «., densely covered
with long, soft hairs.
villdsa, Michx. Height
1-3 ft.; sea
leafless. Rocky places,
Va. to Ga. and Tenn.
B.B. 2:179.

CO. Scape thinly covered with minute
glandular hairs.
micrdntha, Dougl. Height 1-2 ft. Calif.
B.R. 15:1302. R.H. 1898, p. 431.

The following names are seen in trade cat-
alogues but uot in Index Kewensis. S. pur-
purdscens was advertised 1898, by^H. Corre-
von, Geneva, Switzerland. Plants
can trade are not yet large enough for identi-
fication.—H.T7/iecicri was found in the South
some years ago, and Thomas Meehan. who
has uot examined it closely, says it looks like
a form of H, Canadensis with variegated Ivs.
W. M.
HfiVEA (from the Brazilian name).
Huphorbidcew. This includes the tree
that produces the Para rubber of
merce. The genus contains 11 species
of tall trees from

furnishing the milky juice called caout-
chouc: Ivs. alternate, long-stalked, the
3 leaflets entire, feather-veined,
branous or leathery: fls. small, monoe-
cious. Important generic characters are
the 3 leaflets, loose panicles, 5-toothed
or 5-lobed calyx, and 5-10 stamens, the
filaments united in a column under the
rudimentary ovary. The nearest ally of
garden value is Jatropha, in which the
fls. have petals, while Hevea belongs to
a group in which the petals are lacking.
This plant may possibly be cult, under
glass for its economic interest in a few

botanical collections
tised by Reasniior
The common "rulii- •
cult. North as a Ik".
India Rubber Phu,,,
Brasili6nsls, Mm. 11
ICAN Rubber Tree.
membranous: stami
narrowly ovoid-conic

;ht 00 ft. : Ifts.
fls. with buds
Qd disc small,

irn-shaped, many-lobed, tomentose; an-
hers 10, in 2 whorls: floral Ifts. 2-3 in.
ong, elliptic-lanceolate. Brazil.

HEXfSEA (Greek, six equal things:
and bright colored
parts of the flower are 6, and of equal
size). Orchiditcece. Should have been
Hexisia. This includes a small
epiphytic plant which John Saul once
advertised as "bearing profuse panicles
of bright vermilion flowers twice a year."
The genus belongs to a subtribe closely
related to Epidendrum but with different
pollinia. Stems terete or angled, with
usually 2 Ivs. at the apex of each annual
growth. New growths arise in the axils
of the Ivs., the entire stem being thus
made up of long, fusiform, apparently
superimposed pseudobulbs, with 2 Ivs.
at each node. Lvs. few, narrow : ra-
nal,theshort-peduncled fur-
overlapping, leathery scales :
orange or purple; anthers semi-glo-
bose ; pollinia 4, in 1 series.
Four species, ranging from
Mexico to Guiana.

bidentata, Lindl. Height 6-8

in.: stem branched, forming

pindle-shaped, many-grooved inter-

• pairs, 2^ in. long,

3 lines wide, channelled, notched.

Panama. B.M.7031. G.M. 37:19.

H. Has-selbring.

HIBtSCUS (old Latin name). Mal-
racew. Marsh Mallow. Rose Mal-
low. A polymorphous genus, allied
to Gossypium, Abutilon, Althaea and
Malva, the species widely distributed
in temperate and tropical countries.
Herbs or shrubs, or even trees, with
lvs. palmately veined or parted.
Parts of the fl. in 5's; calyx gamo-
sepalous, 5-toothed or 5-cleft, sub-
tended by an involucel of narrow
corolla usually campanulate,
showy, of 5 distinct petals; stamens
united into a 5 toothed column : ovary
n-lociiled. bearing 5 styles: fr.adry,
more or less dehiscent capsule. Be-
tween l.")0 and 200 species. Horticul-
turally, there are four general groups
of Hiiiiseus-the annuals, the per-
ennial border herbs, the hardy
shrubs, and the glasshouse shrubs.
The culture and treatment vary with
these groups.

INDEX.

Leopoldii. 13.
htteus. 21.
Manihot, 5.
militaris, 8.
miniatus. 21.
Moscheutos, 9.
mntabilis.
Suppl. list.

742

B. Pluiit low and diffuse.

1. vesicirius, Cav, ( //. .1 frii-iiii hs, Hort. ) . Flower-of-
AN-HOUR. Bladder Ketmia. Trailing Hollyhock.
Fig. 1054. A foot or 2 lii!,'h, bushy-spreading, tlie main
branches becoruini; prostrate, u;nially hispid-hairy: Ivs.
a-5-parted, the upper ones 3-parted, with the middle
lobe much the large.st, the lobes linear-oblong or some-
times widening upwards, coarsely notched, the root-Ivs.
undivided: fls. solitary in the upper axils, opening wide
in the sunshine but closing in shadow, 1-3 in. across,
sulfur-yellow or white, usually with a brown eye ;
pedicel elongating in fr., and the calyx becoming much
inflated. Cent. Afr. — An interesting annual, blooming
freely throughout the hot weather of summer, and thriv-
ing in any open, warm place. Seeds are usually sown
where the plants are to stand. Excellent for rockworls.

2. Tridnum, Linn., to which the above species is usu-
ally referred, has much wider and more spatulate and
relatively shorter leaf-lohes, which are round toothed or
lyrately lobed: fls. smaller. From S. Eu. and Afr B
M. 309. — Sometimes a weed about cult, grounds

BB. Plant mostly tall, strict and stout.

3. Sabdarifla, Linn. (if. EosHla, Hort.). Ja
maioa Sobrel. Roselle. Strong, 5-7 ft. high
nearly glabrous, the stems terete and reddish -^^
root-lvs. ovate and undivided, the upper ones ' ^ ^^
digitately 3-parted, the side lobes sometimes

again lobed ; lobes lanceolate-oblong and ere
nate dentate : Hs. solitary and almost sessile in the
axils, much shorter than the long leaf-stallis , caljx
and bracts red and thiclj, less than half the length of
the yellow corolla. Old Woild tropics.— Widely cult, in
the tropics, and now grown somewhat in S. Fla. and S.
Calif, for the fleshy calyxes, which, when cooked, make
an excellent sauce or jelly with the flavor of cranberry.
The green seed pod is not edible. The juice from the
calyxes makes a cooling acid drink. Thrives in hot, dry
climates.

4. escuWntus, Linn. (Ahelmvsi-hus esctiUntus,
Moench). Okra. Gumuo. .Iloslly strict, 2-6 ft., the
stems terete and more or !•-< lii~pM: Ivs. cordate in
outline, 3-5-lobed or divid..!. tli,- lulus ovate-pointed
and coarsely toothed or iiolIjimI : lis. solitary and axil-

fr. a Ion- 111. Kill |Hi.l i.vrJ in. long), used in cookery.

Trop. A I i ii'iire, etc., see Olsra. A large-fid.

form ( \ •\. E. Manihot ) in Gt. 43, p. 623.

AA. 1\ ,111, mil lu ,l,.-i, mostly grown as border plants.

These plants are late summer and fall bloomers,
with hollyhock-like fls. They send up new, strong
shoots or canes each year. Many of them are perfectly
hardy in the N., but even these profit by a mulch
covering. Others are tender in the N., and the roots
should be taken up after frost and stored in a dry,
warm cellar. Keep them just moist enough to main-
tain life in them. IVIany times the roots of these her-
baceous species are set in large pots in the spring,
and they then make most excellent specimens. All the
species require a deep, rich soil and plenty of water.
E. Foliage green and usually glabrous.

5. MAnihot, Linn. Tall and stout (3-9 ft.), glabrous
or hairy: Ivs. large, palmately or pedately 5-9 parted
into long and narrow oblong-laneeolate dentate lobes:

involucre bracts (ihioiiir-hu ulate, falling after a time

(asdcjesthiMMh \ : il -. hi il^ i i l-llin. across), pale yellow
(someti]iii s Willi. i! I ::i ; :: :.|,-(,ye: capsule obloug aiul
hispid. ci|,l\\,,i,: I. I spontaneous in S. states.

B.M. 1TIIL'; :m:,J .i^ -. •■,' niti. S.H. 2:263. -This is

apparently the Sunset Hit. i-, us of the trade; also the
Queen of the Summer Hiliisriis. In liot:inical works, if.
Manihot is said to be an .iiuiiial. I.iit as known to horti-
culturists it is a pereiiiiiiil. \-\'\- a .liscussion of this
point a? rrl.Ttrd to tin- liniiiiitiuns of the species, see G.
C. III. L'J lil'i; ii'n. ,-.::, ,1. liTuHid plate 1157). Botani-
cally.th.. siM.i. s i, iiiii.ii 1,, II ., srnUntus. Not hardy in
the opi 11 in ihr ,\orili, liut iho roots may be taken up
in the fall and carried over winter in a warm, dry cellar.
In the middle states and South, it may be expected to
survive if well mulched. Grows readily from seeds,

HIBISCUS

blooming late the first year if the seeds are started
under glass.
6. aculeitus, Walt. Not very stout. 2-6 ft. tall, hispid

1055. Hibiscus Moscheutos (X k

or roundish-ovate in outline, 3-5-Iobed or -parted, the
sinuses often rounded and enlarging, the lobes angled
or toothed and blunt : fls. 3-4 in. across, yellow, with
purple in the base. S. Car. south.— Not hardy North.

7. coccIneuB, Walt. {E. specOisns, A\t.). Green and
glabrous throughout, 3-4 ft.: Ivs. paimately lobed, or
the lowest and sometimes all of them palmately com-
pound, the divisions long-linear-lanceolate and remotely
toothed: fls. very large (5-6 in. across), rose-red, the
petals obovate and conspicuously narrowed at the liase;
column of stamens very long. Ga. south. B.M. .360.
R.H. 1858,p. 575; 1866:230. -Not hardy North. Take
up roots and store in cellar.

8. militiris, Cav. Four to 6 ft., strong-growing,
glabrous: Ivs. rather small, usually hastate (2 short
lobes at base), the middle lobe ovate-lanceolate or tri-
angular-lanceolate, long-acuminate, equally crenate-
tiKithed: involucre scales linear or awl-like, nearly or
quite half as longas thecalyx: fls. 3-.T in. across, white,
blush or pale rose, purple-eyed. Wet places. Pa. to
Minn, and south to the Gulf. B.M. 2385. -A hardy and
fine species. Forms occur with Ivs. not lobed.

BE. Foliage soft-tvliite-tomentose beneath and some-
times on top.
C. Lvs. not lobed {or only slightly so).

9. MoicheitOB, Linn, (ff.poh;.?*)-;.*, Linn.). Fie. 1055.
Strong-growing, 3-5 ft., the terete stem pubescent or
tomentose: lvs. mostly ovate, entire in general outline
or sometimes shallowly Slobed at the top, blunt or cre-
nate-toothed, very sof t-tomentose beneath but becoming

HIBISCUS

nearly or quite glabrous above, the long petiole often
joined to the peduncle: involucre bracts linear, nearly
or quite as long as the tomentose calyx: fls. very large
(4-7-8 in. broad), light rose-color (or white in var.
a;?;KS),with a purple eye: capsule glabrous. Marshes
along the coast from Mass. to Fla. and west to L. Michi-
gan. B.M. 882. B.R. 17:1463; 33:7. Mn. 2:161. Gug.
2:227. B. rdseus, Thore, of Europe, a rose-colored
form, is considered to be a naturalized form of this
American species. R.H. 1879:10.-One of the best of
the Marsh Mallows, thriving in any good garden soil. Of
easiest culture aud perfectly hardy. Blooms in Aug.
and Sept. The foliage is strong and effective. The
most generally cultivated of the hardy herbaceous
kinds. The form known as Crimson Eye (clear white
with a crimson center) was introduced 1894 by Wm. F
Bassett & Son. It was found in a swamp in New Jersey.
There is some question, however, as to whether it is
specifically the same as JI. Mosclieiifos. The tls. are
pure white (except the center), expand wide, and the
Ivs. are bronze-tinted. The carpels are more attenuate.

10. iucanus, Wendl. Much like H. JInseheiitns, and
sometimes passing for it in the trade: Ivs. smaller and
narrower, ovate-lanceolate, not lotted, serrate-toothed:
fls. sulfur-yellow, with acrimson eye. S. Car. and south.
— Seems to be hardy in the North with a mulch protec-
tion.

11. Califbrnicua, Kell. Strong growing. 5 ft., the stem
terete or slightly grooved above, more or less pubes-
cent: Ivs. distinctly cordate, ovate, shallow toothed aud
not lobed, dull ashy gray beneath involucie bracts
hairy: corolla white or rose, with a pui| 1. c\e -5 m
across: capsule pubescent. Calif -i i I tljis
as a form of U. lastocatpiis, t i\ s.
Gray). A portrait of H. hmoun / 1 m
G.F. 1:426. Although the name // ( .m
mon in the trade, it is a question hou imi. Ii . I tli. st.n k,
if any, is this species. Certainly some of it is U JLii-
cheutos. From ff. Moschentos this species is told by its
cordate ashy-tomentoso Ivs. and hairy-ciliate involucre
bracts. The plant known to the trade as if Citlifotni
cus is hardy.

cc. Zvs. strongly lobed.

12. grandifldnis, Michs. Tall and stout (3-8 ft.), the
terete reddish stem becoming glabrous: Ivs. large, 3-
lolied, the lobes ovate-acuminate or ovate-oblong-acu-
minate, the side ones widely spreading, blunt-toothed
or even again lobed: fls. very large (6-8 in. across),
white or rose, with deeper eye. Ga., Fla. west.— Aside
from the large fls. and lobed Ivs., this is very like H.
Moschentos. It is doubtful if the true H. grandiflorus
is in the trade.

AAA. Shrubs, hardy in the North (or in the middle
states).

13. Syrlacus, Linn. [Althaa trittex, Hort.). Shkcbby
Althea. Rose of Sharon. Figs. 1056, 1057. Shrub,
6-12 ft. high, much branched, nearly or quite glabrous:

Ivs. rather small, short-petioled,
strongly 3 ribbed, triangular- or
ihnmbic-ovate, mostly 3-lobed
,ind with many rounded teeth or
notches: fls. solitary in the axils
"U the young wood (late in the
season), somewhat bell-shaped.
-!- ; in. long, rose or purple, usu-
ally darker at the base : pod
short, splitting into 5 valves.
Asia. B.M. 83. R.H. 1845:133
(var. speci"«i(S, with double fls.).
— One of the commonest of orna-
mental shrubs, and hardy in On-
tario. It IS immensely variable in
character of fls., the colors rang-
ing from blue-purple to violet-
' flesh color and white ; also
full double forms. There are
forms with variegated Ivs. Col-
ored plates of some of the double-fld. forms will be
found in Gn. 52:1150. The species thrives in any good
soil. Prop, by seeds, by cuttings of ripened wood taken
in the fall, and named vars. by grafting- on the common

seedling stock. Nativity uncertain, but probably not
Syrian, as Linnfeus supposed : probablv native in
China. To this speoiP^- I.pI..,-- «n,-h trn.V T,:,me« as

H. piir,,;,rr„s. ir.sp.r,., /„,. //. ,- „;.,,;,„.„,,

//.

//

//.

u.

14. HamS.bo, Sieb. & Zucc. A Japanese species offered
by importers but not yet tested in this country, and
probably not hardy south of the southern-middle states:
6-10 ft. high, closely pubescent: Ivs. roundish, with an
.abrupt short point, irregularly shallowly toothed, white

1057. Hibiscus Syriacus {X %).

tomentose: involu
solitary in the up
base.

B. Lvs. hoary beneath.
15. eUtus, Swartz(P«.-!7;»m (!/(5h(»i, G.Don). Moun-
tain Mahoe. a West Indian tree, now introduced in

mid-cordate, short-cuspidate, entir

744

HIBISCUS

involucre deciduous (with the calyx), 8-10-toothed: fls.
4 in. loug, opening primrose color in the morning, then
changing, as the day advances, to orange and deep red.

— This species, the next, and probably others, yield the
Cuba bast, used for tying cigars and for other purposes.
Lvs. and shoots medicinal: wood durable.

16. tilUceus, Linn. {Parltium tilulceum, Juss.).
Kound-headed tree 20-30 ft. high: lvs. round-cordate
and short-acuminate, entire or obscurely crenate: in-
volucre persistent (with the calyx), 10-toothed : lis.
2-3 in. long, yellow. Old World tropics, but naturalized
in the W. Indies and at Key West. -OfTered recently by
Reasoner. Evergreen. Sprouts from the base if frozen.
BB. Li's. usiinlly green both sides.

17 heterophyllus, Vent. Tall shrub of Australia, int.
in S. Calif., where it is a free and showy bloomer: nearly
glabrous: lvs. varying from linear to lanceolate and
elliptic-oblong and from entire to 3-lobed, 5-6 in. long,
usually serrulate and sometimes white beneath: lis.
large (3-4 in. long), white, with a deep crimson eye, the
calyx tomentose: capsule hairy.

18. calyoinus, Willd. (Z7". chrysiinthus, Hort.). Small
shrub from S. Africa, and sparingly known in this
country: pubescent: lvs. long-stalked, round-cordate,
somewhat 3-5-angled and 5-7-nerved, crenate, hairy or
velvety: fls. on axillary peduncles which are shorter
than the petioles, large, yellow, with a dark center: in-
volucre bracts 5, bristle-pointed: capsule tomentose.

— To be grown indoors, but may be planted out in the
summer with good results. Probably valuable for per-
manent planting in the extreme S.

19. oispUtinus, St. Hil. Bushy, 3-5 ft.: stems gla-
brous but prickly: lvs. deltoid-lanceolate or deltoid-
ovate, 3-lobed, coarsely toothed, sparsely hairy on the
veins : fls. solitary, 4-5 in. across, light pink, with darker
color in the eye and sometimes darker on the margins.
Brazil (this side the Platte river, whence the specific
name). R.H. 1898:480. Gng. 7:50. — Little known in this
country. It is a late fall bloomer, and may be planted
out in summer. It seeds freely, and these, sown as soon
as ripe, will give blooming plants for the following fall.
Handsome.

20. D6nisoni, Burb. Small glasshouse shrub, flower-
ing when very small, glabrous: lvs. thick and rather
stiff, slender-stalked, elliptic-ovate, entire or obscurely
crenulate, acuminate, dull green: fls. terminal, large,
white, 4-5 in. across. Nativity unknown, but int. from
Austral. P.M. 1876:2.32.- A good greenhouse plant, re-
quiring warm temperature.

1058. Hibiscus Rosa-Sinensis (

21. Ebsa- Sinensis, Linn. {R. Sinensis, Hort.). Chi-
nese Hibiscus. Shoeblack Plant. Pig. 1058. In glass-
houses a shrub 3-8 ft. high, but reaching 20 ft. in sub-
tropical regions, glabrous: lvs. rather large, thin and
shining green, broad-ovate to lance-ovate, somewhat
tapering to the base, acuminate, coarsely and unequally
toothed: involucre bracts linear, free, as long as the
calyx tube: fls. solitary in the upper axils of the new

HICKORY-NUT

growth, on peduncles which exceed the petioles, bright
rose-red, 4-5 in. across, with a projecting red column of
stamens and pistil. Asia, probably China: now dis-
tributed in warm countries, and one of the best known
old-fashioned conservatory pot-plants. B.M. 158. I.H.
29:441. G.C. III. 2:529. Gn. 53, p. 127. -It is now im-
mensely variable. Forms are double-fld., and others are
orange, yi-llnv, liri_-lit ri •). magenta, and parti-colored.
Var. Cooperi, 1 1 . t iif i ■...■,,ieri, Hort.), has narrow
white-mark > : ■ rti-d scarlet fls. Tradenames

belongini; t- are S. brilliantissimns. U.

carmimVus. II. ''h,-'! - ,'/,(,,<. H. fillqidua, 3. fiilijeii.i,
H. kermeshiiis, U. 'ihtma, II. minMus, H. sub-viotii-
cews, H. zebrlntis. Hibiscus Hosa-Sinensis is a sum-
mer-flowering shrub which always attracts attention.
It is often plunged in the open with other subtropical
stuff. It is easy to grow in ordinary potting soil. In
winter keep it slow by witholding water and keeping in
a temperature not above 50°. In spring head the plants
in and start them up to get the new wood on which the
flowers are borne. Give plenty of water when growing,

„„.i g....:_|-. * — ue— '" °— p -ea'-'y ' "woo ' -u*

t n^s n spr ng or by hard cutt gs fa 1
n h U f H

M 1 J Z/

L H B

HICKORY NUT No w thsta 1 »• the 1 gh e teem
in which the nuts of several species of Hickory have
been held since the settlement of America by the white
men, but little progress has been made in their domes-
tication and improvement. Out of the 9 or 10 species
recognized by botanists, not more than 3 or 4 have been
found sufficiently promising from an economic stand-
point to justify conspicuous effort at amelioration. Of
these the Pecan {H. Pecan) stands easily 8r.st, followed
in order of apparent value by the Shagbark (Little
Shelllmrk),fl^. oi.ato; the Shellbark (Big Shellbark),
II. hiriiiiHxa, and the Pignut, ff. glabra. The Pecan
dirters in its requirements of soil and climate from the
other species, and is described separately under Pecan.
For the botany of the Hickories, see Hicoria.

In flavor and quality of kernel the Shagbark is
esteemed by most Americans as the choicest of native
nuts, though in these respects the Shellbark is but lit-
tle inferior to it. The thinner shell and larger propor-
tion of kernel have given the former prcceilence over
the latter in most cultural efforts; though the thrifty
growth, symmetrical form and luxuriant foliage of the
latter render it one of the most handsome and useful of
native trees for roadside or lawn planting. The Shag-
bark has the broader area of natural distribution, being
found in localities throughout most of the United States
to the eastward of the Great Plains, except on the low-
lands of the South Atlantic coast and Gulf states. Tlie
Shellbark is mainly confined to the valley of the Mis-
sissippi and its larger tributaries, extending eastward,
however, into eastern Pennsylvania and western New

: variety of distinct

As the Hii-korie

HICKORY -NUT

growing species at best, they should not
be planted on other than fertile soil. The
Shellbark is native to river bottoms, and
requires richer land than the others, which
endure a rather wide range of soil charac-
teristics, provided there is sufficient depth
and good drainage. Deep, well-drained,
fertile loams, either of sandy or clayey
nature, are acceptable to all the species.

Propagation. — A\l the species are propa-
gated by seed. Planting is f retiuently done
in autumn, but, to lessen the destruction
by rodents, is more safely done in early
spring. In such case the freshly gathered
nuts, after removal from the hulls, should
be stored in slightly dampened sand dur-
ing the winter, or stratified, as other tree
seeds. Uniformity of growth is promoted
by planting nuts where trees are to stand,
as the transplanting process in ordinary
seasons is accompanied by a considerable
loss. If trees must be transplanted, it is
probably best to transplant annually in
nursery rows, in rich soil, to promote
growth of fibrous roots and to lessen the
shock of final transplantation to the per-
manent location.

The propagation of the Hickories by
budding and grafting is exceedingly diffi-
cult, even the most experienced propaga-
tors of woody plants failingto secure more
than a small percentage of success. Most
growers favor cleft crown-grafting in the
spring, on established stocks of the same
species. The operation is performed just
as stocks are starting into growth, using
dormant cions with terminal buds and
mounding up to the top bud with fine earth.
As the stocks are in condition only for a
few days, the process is uncertain and ex-
pensive.

One of the most successful propagators
of woody plants, Jackson Dawson, of
Arnold Arboretum, recommends the use
of the Bitternut (ff. minima) as a stock,
growing seedlings in boxes 4 in. deep for
one or two years, until of sufficient size
for grafting. Under this plan the seed-
lings should be transferred to pots in the
autumn and taken into the greenhouse
about January 1. He advises side-grafting
these close to the collar. As soon as the
roots begin to start, the grafted trees in
pots must be plunged in sphagnum to the
top bud and left until March to callusf
Root-grafting, as commonly practiced, has
rarely been found to succeed.

One promising method of root-propaga-
tion suggested by Fuller consists in the
"turning up or exposing at the surface of
the ground of side roots, severed from the
parent tree." Their lower extremities are
left in place for one or two seasons, until
a distinct top has been formed through
the agency of adventitious buds on the ex-
posed portions. Though a slow and ex-
pensive process, this is probably more cer-
tain than any other method yet developed.
In some instances, where the tops of trees
have been killed, the varieties have been
perpetuated tlirough this practice by
promptly turning up and staking roots

Phiiitiiu'i should be done in autumn, or
as early in springasthe ground can safely
be worked. An abundance of rich soil
should be used in the holes, as much of
the success in transplanting depends upon
a prompt and vigorous root-growth. If
clean cultivation cannot be practiced, a
heavy mulch should be applied, and be
maintained for several years, until the
tree is well established. After this, little

HICKORY-NUT

745

care is needed, except to guard against
the attacks of leaf -eating insects.

Production and i/sc — Large quantities
of Shagbarks are consumed in our cities,
but the supply is mainly from the forests.
In some sections, choice second-growth
trees have been preserved along fences
and roadsides, and these are usually
found to yield larger crops and finer nuts
than the forest trees. In portions of south-
eastern Pennsylvania there is a large pro-
duction of nuts from such trees. In that
section the nuts are marketed in the form
of kernels free from shells, for use by
confectioners and bakers. The cracking of
the nuts is done by women and children on
the farms, this work constituting a do-
mestic industry of some importance at cer-
tain seasons. As the use of Shagbarks in
cooking is apparently increasing, it is im-
portant that trees Bearing choice nuts shall
be preserved and cared for. The charac-
teristics that determine
commercial value are :
first, cracking quality ;
second, thinness of shell ;
third, size; fourth,
plumpness and flavor of
kernel ; fifth, productive-

Numerous apparently
natural Hickory hybrids
have been brought to
notice, but those thus
far discovered have
given little evidence of
cultural value. The most
important are the Nuss-
baumer and McCallister nuts, which are
described under Pecan.

Varieties. — In consequence of the diffi-
culty with which the Hickories are propa-
gated by budding and grafting, few nur-
series offer other than seedling trees.
Several choice varieties of Sliagbark have
been described and named because of
desirable characteristics, however, and
several of these have been propagated
in a small way by crown-grafting on estab-
lished trees. Grafted trees of one vari-
ety, the Hales, can be obtained in small
numbers at one or two nurseries. No va-
rieties of the Shellbark have been offered
by nurserymen. The illustrations (Fig.
1059) are adapted from the Nut-Culture
Bulletin of the U. S. Dept. of Agric.

The more important varieties are the
following:

'^HA BARK Ci rt s —Conn A smooth nut
of n e 1 I size slightly compresse 1 kernel
rl mi. 1 {..bt in olor an ! of good q lalitj shell
th k ng q il ty goo 1

Qe li m s zed angulal n t

I> ler
ntherlro'

sharp I isal poll t shell model .ttelj thin crack
mg q 111 ty good q 1 t\ g od

£io(— Com ()t me 1 m s ze compressed
angulir ovate with pion ment tip kernel
plump fla\ or mill and pleisant shell thin

— N J Laige

quadrang ilar si ^l tlv en

Kiges ze kernel large pi imp in 1 ot excellent
q i.\ t\ si ell th n cracking qu il ty medium
1 g 10 9

746

HICKORY -NUT

Learning.— Mo. A large nut of fine flavor and excellent crack-
ing quality, the kernel coming out in unbroken halves.

Meriden.—Cnna. Large, oblong, compressed: kernel l.irge
and of good Quality: shell rather thick, but cracks well. Fig.
1039.

Milford.—'iltisa. A compressed ovate nut, medium to large
in size, with large, plump kernel of excellent Quality: cracks
well: one of the best nuts yet brought to notice. Fig. 1059.

1060. Foliage and pistillate flowers of Hicoria Pecan.

iSice.— Ohio. Angitlar, ovate, medium to large in size: kernel
plump, bright and of line quality: shell thin andof good crack*
ing quality: tree regularly productive.

Woodboume.—PA. Long, compressed ovate, large and smooth :
kernel tender and of very high quality: shell rather thick, but
cracks well.

PlONT-T; *^>f tl)-^ .^nm.'wbnt Tinmr.rnii* iweet-flavored forms
found in tlii-^ ^pr-M . i h.' i.,! m-,\ i o- i.u,' :,' l<:isi tias been deemed
worthy ni I Mil. : .1. ll.-ivor, thin shell

Srark-,11 -l:>'.\.< .; - in i smooth and of gray-
ish oolov. nie.lium l,. I:u;;i- m .,...i . ki iml i,lump. sweet and of
delicote flavor: shell very lliin, ;iiia iMsil.v freed from the kernel.
Wm. a. Taylok.

HICOBIA (from its aboriginal name) Syn., C&rya.
J'uflhuiddcete. HiOKORT. Har<y ornamental trees, with
rather large, deciduous odd-pinnate Ivs., .small green
ish fls., the staminate ones in conspicuous pendulous
racemes, and with rather large, green, dehiscent fruits

HICORIA

enclosing a mostly edible nut. The Hickories are
among the most beautiful and most useful trees of the
American forest, and are all very ornamental park trees,
with a straight, sometimes high and slender trunk and
a large, graceful, pyramidal or oblong head of generally
light green foliage, turning from yellow to orange or
orange-brown in fall. They are hardy North except H.
Pecan, aipiatica and vujristicieformis, but U. I'tcan
thrives rarely in Massachusetts in sheltered positions.
Most of the species have heavy, hard, strong and tuugh
wood, much valued for many purposes, especially for
handles of tools, manufacture of carriages and wagons,
also for making baskets and for fuel. The nuts of some
species, as H. Peean and B. oividi, also H. laciiiiata and
some varieties of JT. glabra and H. allia are edible, and
are sold in large quantities, mostly gathered from the
woods, though in later years orchards of improved va-
have been planted. A large number of insects
prey upon the Hickory, attacking the wood, foliage and
fr., for which see the Fifth Ann. Rep. of the U. S.
Entom. Com., p. 285-329. There are also some fungi,
mes an early defoliation of the trees.
The Hickories generally grow best in rich, moist soil,
but some, especially ZT. glabra, H. alba and M.
ita, grow equally well in drier localities. They are
rather slow growth, and ditficult to transplant if taken
from the woods; therefore the seeds are often planted
where the trees are to stand, but if grown in the nur-
sery and transplanted several times when
young, trees 6-10 ft. high may be transplanted
successfully. Prop, usually by seeds stratified
and sown in spring in rows about 3 in. deep;
^ named varieties may be grafted in spring in

^^^ the greenhouse, on potted stock of U. minima,

which seems to be the best species for this pur-
pose, veneer- or splice-grafting being usually
employed ; sometimes also increased by root-
sprouts. For futher horticultural advice, see Hickory-
MH^and Pecan.

Theie are about 10 species of Hickory, all in E. N.

Ametica from Canada to Mexico. Branches with solid

"iSS'sp' pith Ivs, alternate, without stipules, with 3-17 serrate

^^^ Ifts tls. monoecious, apetalous, appearing with the Ivs.;

S' staramatetls. in axillary, slender,pendulous catkins, each

-^ fl \Mth 3-10 stamens, borne in the axil of a 3-lobed

bract, pistillate fls. in a terminal, 2-10-fld. cluster or

'■ spike, consisting of a 1-celled ovary enclosed by a 4-

y ' lobed involucre: fr. globular to oblong, with a husk

separating into 4 valves and a bony nut, incompletely

2-4 celled. See also Rep. Missouri Bot. Gard. 7, p.28-

42, pi 1-23, and Rep, of U. S. Dept. of Agric. Div.

of Pomol. Nut-Culture (1890), cited below as U.S.N.C.

(the first number referring to the plate, the second and

third to the figure).

A. Scales of buds valvafe,4-6: fr. with winged sutures;
nut usually thin-shelled: Ifts. 7-lS, usually falcate.
B. Nut mostly elongated, almost terete: husk thin,

splitting to the base : kernel sweet.
Fec&n, Britt. {Cdrya olivafirmis, Nutt.). Pecan.
Fig. 1060. Tall tree, to 170 ft., with the branches pubes-
cent when young ; bark deeply
furrowed, grayish brown: Ifts.
11-17, short - stalked, oblong-
lanceolate, acuminate, serrate
or doubly serrate,
and glandular when young, ii
lly glabrous at length, 4-7

Pignut

long: staminate catkins
sessile: fr. 3-10 in cluster
spikes, oblong, l}^-3^ in. I.
nut ovoid or oblong, smo
brown. Irregularly marked '
dark brown, 2-celled at
base; kernel sweet. Prom I
and Ind. south to Alab. and
Tex.; also in Mexico. S.S. 7: v,t„i"il size

338-39. A.G. 12:273-75. U.S. ' ' '

N.C. 1,8, 9. — This species is the most important as a
fruit tree, ani many named varieties are cultivated in
the southern states, but it is tender North, The wood
is less valuable than that of the other species. Hy-
brids of this species are known with II. minima, alba

HICORIA

and Ittchiiosa, for which see Rep. Mo. Bot. Gard. 7, pi.
20-23 aud Gng. 2:226. See Pecan.

myristic8ef6rmis, Britt. (Carxja myristicafdrmis,
Nutt.). NuTMEO-HiCKORY. Tree, to 100 ft. with dark
brown bark, broken into appressed scales : Ifts. 5-11,
short-stalked or almost sessile, ovate-laneeolate, the
uppermost much larger and obovate, serrate, scurfy-pu-
bescent beneath when young and with brown scales
above, at length dark green above, silvery and lustrous
beneath, 3-5 in. long: staniinate catkius peduncled: fr.
generally solitary, sbortovoid or obovate, about IK in.
long; nut ovoid, reddish brown marked with irregular
spots and stripes, thick-shelled, 4-celled below; kernel
sweet. From S. Car. to Ark. and Mex. S.S. 7:342^3.-
A very decorative species on account of its handsome
foliage, but not hardy North.

BB. Nut usually as broad as long, compressed teith
irregularly angled or reticulate surface, thin-
shelled, 4-celled below : kernel bitter.

aquAtica, Britt. (Carya aqndtica, Nutt.). Water-
Hickory. Bitter Pecan. Usually small tree, rarely to
100 ft., with light brown bark separating into long, thin
plates: Kts 7-i:i, sessile or short-stalked, lanceolate,
long-acuminate, linelr si'rrate, yellowish tomentosc when
young, glabrous at leii^-th. fr. 3-4, ovoid to broadly obo-
vate, 1-1'i in. long; husk thin, splitting to the base;
nut obovate, much compressed, irregularly angled and
ridged, dull reddish brown; kernel very bitter. From
Va. to III., south to Fla. aud Te.\. S.S. 7:344-45.
U.S.N.C. 12, 7-8.

minima, Britt. (Carya nmdra, Nutt.). Bitter Nut.
SwAMP-HicKOKY. Tree, to 100 ft.: bark grayi^^h brown,
broken into tliin scales; young branches and petioles
glabrous: Ifts. 5-9, ovate-lanceolate to lanceolate-acumi-
nate, densely serrate, pubescent when young and glan-
dular, almost glabrous at length, 3-6 in. long : fr. 2-3,
broadly obovate or subglobose, winged from the apex to
the middle, %-l% in. long ; husk thin, splitting some-
what below the middle; nut slightly compressed, round-
ish, abruptly contracted into a short point, irregularly

Hicona glabra

icrocarpa— the false Shagbark.

reticulate ; kernel bitter. Quebec to Jlinn,, south to
Fla. and Tex. S.S. 7:340-41. Em. 226. -A valuable
park tree, with handsome, rather broad head, growing
in cult, more rapidly than other Hickories.

AA. Scales of buds imbricate, more than 6: fr. not or
slightly winged at the sutures: nut ustially
thick-shelled, 4-celled below: Ifts. S-9, not fal-
cate, the uppermost larger and generally obovate.
B. Buds small, ii-%in. long: husk thin : nut slightly
or not angled.
glabra, Britt. (C«r?/nporci«cf, Nutt.). Pignut. Figs.
1061, 1002. Tree, occasionally to 120 ft., with usually
dark gray fissured bark and slender, glabrous branch-
lets : Ifts. 3-7, almost sessile, oblong to oblong-lanceo-
late, loug-acumiii:it,.. sharply serrate, almost glabrous,
3-6 in. long: tr - i.-nilli ..•,..), I or obovate, the sutures
usually slightly , .! rd the apex and the husk

splitting mostl;. . lothe base; nut usually

brownish, not :iriL:. .1 ; I,. hm I mostly astringent. S.S.
7:352-53. A.G. ll::;K0-7. U.S.N.C. 12, 5.-A very hand-
some park tree, with rather narrow-oblong
head and slender, often pendulous branch-
lets, especially in the following var. A very
variable tree, and the following varieties
are considered by some botanists as dis-
tinct species.

Var. microc4rpa, Trel. (Carya micro-
cdrpa, Nutt.). Figs. 1063-6. Bark more
or less shaggy: Ifts. quite glabrous, often
somewhat broader: fr. subglobose ; husk
splitting nearly to
the base; nut grayish
or whitish, angled,
rather thin - shelled,
often broader than
long ; kei-nel sweet.
From Quebec to
Mich., south to Fla.
A. G. 11:381-88, 1, 2,
5, 8, 10. U.S.N.C. 12,
4. 6. -Often very dis-
tinct. Probably B.
bomilis, Ashe, be-
longs to this variety.
Var. odor^ta, Sarg.
Similar to and often
uniled with the for-
mer. Bark fissured,

the false Shagba

748

HICORIA

not shaggy : Ifta. generally broader, ovate or oblong-
ovate, glandular; fr. more ovoid, splitting almost to
the base; nut gray or brownish, slightly angled. S. S.
7:354 (partly). Var. villdsa, Sarg. (H. p/iUida, Ashe).
Bark deeply fissured: Ifts. 5-7, hairy along the midrib
beneath and the rachis covered with tufts of hair: fr.
subglobose to ovoid; nut brown, thick-shelled. Mo. to
Del. and Ala. S.S. 7:355. G. P. 10:305

BB. BiitU large, %-l in. long: nut angled; kernel sueet
c. Biirk not shaggy : branches and petioles tomentose :

outer hiid-srales falling in autumn: husk not

separating ,jailr /.< Ihr hast-.
&n)a.,Britt. (Can/a h'liKiiln^a. Nutt. Not to be con-
founded with C. allj„.\yh\rh ix //. ovata). MoCKERNUT.
BiQ Bud Hickokv. True, riuely attaining to 100 ft.:
Ifts. 7-9, almost sessile, oblong-lanceolate, long-acumi-
nate, usually finely serrate, glandular and toraentose
beneath, very fragrant when crushed, 4-8 in. long: fr.
globose to pear-shaped, 1)4-3 in. long; nut light brown,
globular to oblong, slightly coniprisse.l, aiiiiliMl, n.ir-
rowed toward the apex, thick-shellf.I ; k'lu.-l .sni;ill,
sweet. Mass, to Ontario and Ni'li,, M.nih tc I'la. and
Tex, S.S. 7:3.50-51. U.S.N.C. I'-M-:;. Km.\lS2.

CO. Bjrk sh,

li,,ht

tin

iijli Ih,

gray: branches and petioles
scent: husk very thick, sepa-
' : outer bud-scales persisting

lacinidsa, Sarg. ( Carya sulc&ta,'ii\iti. H. acuminata,
Dippel). Bid or Bottom Shellbark-Hickorv. King
Nut. Tall tree, occasionally to 120 ft.: branclilets
orange-red: Ifts. 7-9, oblong-hmceoLite, acuminate, ser-
rate, pubescent when ynunt;, usually >,'l,ahrnus at length,
4-8 in. long: fr. generally ntiloTiir. 'J-*l iii. !nn:r: nut yel-
lowish white, oblong, but si'iiictiiiies as I. mail as long,
slightly compressed and uhscurL-ly 1 aiii,'lcd. jiitinted at
both ends; kernel sweet. N. Y. tu Iowa, suuth to Tenn.
and Ind. Terr. S.S. 7:348-49. U.S.N.C. 11.

ovata, Britt. (('«)■;/« oVftrt, Nutt.), Sharbark-Hick-
ORV, Also Little ShelliBark-Hickory, although the

HIERACIUM

latter name by some is applied to the preceding. Figs.
10G7, 10U8. Tree, occasionally to 120 ft.: Ifts. generally
5, sessile, oblong or oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, ser-
rate, densely fimbriate, pubescent and
glandular when young, glabrous at length,
4-6 in. long : fr. subglobose, about 1 H-2]^
in. long; nut white, oblong to broadly obo-
vate,4-angled ; kernel sweet. From Que-
bec to Minn., south to Fla. and Tes. S.S,
7:340-47, Em, 217, U.S.N.C. 10. A. G.
11:380, 6,9; 387, 3; 388,11. Gng.7:51,
A,P, 14:339,-Next to Pecan the best as
a fruit tree, especially for the northern
states, where Pecan is not quite hardy.
Several named varieties are in trade, of
which probably var, Balesi, Hort., with
large, thin-shelled nut, is the best known.
An ornamental, often very picturesque
tree; the stout branches forming a rather
broad, usually somewhat open head,

H. Carollnfs-septentrionalis, Ashe. Allied to
H. ovata: fr. smaller : Ifts. 3-5, oblong-lanceo-
late, glabrous. N. C. to Ga.— H. MexicAjia,
Engelm. Tree, with shaggy bark and tomen-
tose-pubescent Ivs.: fr. depressed, with rather
thick husk and broad, sharply 4-angled, white
nut. Mex. The only species not native to the
U. S.—H. Texana, Le Conte. Similar to H.
Pecan, but Ifts. broader. less falcate, almost
sessile; nut smaller, much darker, with som
what rough surface: kernel bitter. Texas.

Alfred Rehder.

HIDALGOA ("after the Mexican Hidalgo"). Syn.,
CMldsia. Compdsitw. This includes a tender her-
baceous vine, allied to Dahlia, with scarlet fls, about
2K in, across, introduced in 1899 by John Lewis Childs,
under the name of Childsia Wercklei, or "Treasure
Vine." Hidalgoa is closely allied to Dahlia and Coreop-
sis, but differs from both in the large, fertile akene of
the rays and in the sterile di8c-fls.,the styles of which
are entire or very shortly 2-lobed. Only 2 species were
hitherto recognized, both from Central America. From
these n. Wercklei differs in its more compound Ivs.
and much larger heads. Suitable for cool, shady ver-
andas.

Wercklei, Hook. {Childsia Wh-cklei, J. L. Childs).
Tall, woody at base, much branched, climbing by peti-
oles : Ivs, opposite, pinnately ternatisect, 1H-2H in,
long, 2 in, wide, the teeth tipped reddish brown : petiole
lK-2 in, long, coiled at base; peduncle axillary, as long
as the lvs„ 1-Hd,; rays about 10, Costa Rica, B.M,
7684, J,L. Childs' Cat, Rare Flowers, etc, 1899, p, 1,
with colored plate, A,G, 20:570, ^. m.

HIERACIUM (Greek, « 7,«i/J:,- the ancients thought
that hawks sharpened their eyesight by using the sap
of these plants). Compositce. Hawkweeds. Over 250
species of hardy herbaceous perennials, mostly native
to Eu. and S.Amer.,some of which are bad weeds in

Twigc

1068, Fruit of Hicoria ovata. the Shagbark Hickory.

Ural size. The cross-section is to show

show a good horticultural fruit.

es. Lvs. often toothed, but never deeply
lobed : heads usually small, loosely paniculate or cy-
mose, rarely solitary: rays truncate, 5-toothed at the
apex ; seeds angular. The genus passes into Crepis,

HIERACIUM

from Which it is distinguished by having stiff, usually
brownish, rarely white pappus, and oblong or columnar
seeds. The cultivated species bear in summer and au-
tumn a succession of small yellow or orange-colored
Us. There is one white-fld. species, JT. )i((a/e. They are
often worth growing in rockeries and waste places, but
care should be taken to prevent them from crowding
out more desirable plants. H. viUosum is the most de-
sirable species. Hawkweeds will grow in almost any
soil or aspect. They are propagated chiefly by dividing
the stolons, or by seeds, and if left to themselves will
soon form a dense mat of herbage over the poorest of
soils. The Old World species are much confused.

A. Flowering stem leafless or witli 1-5 IfS.: Ivs. mostly

in (t rosette at base of stem,

B. Scapes unbranched above, bearing but a single head.
Pilos6Ua, Linn. Mouse-ear Hawkweed. Stem

slender, 4-12 in. high, stoloniferous, densely hairy
throughout: Ivs. entire, oblong or spatulate, narrowed
into a petiole: fls. 1 in. broad, pale yellow, sometimes
striped or tinged with red or purple. — Commonly flowers
the whole season. Int. from Eu. and common in door-
yarda and fields. Ont. to Pa. and Mich.

BB. Scapes branched above, bearing several to many

heads.

c. Basal Ivs, coarsely toothed.

vulgitum, Fries {H. nmbrbsum. Jord.). Stem 1-3 ft.
high, slightly glaucous: basal Ivs. 2-5 in. long, oblong
to lanceolate, acute at both ends, petioled, petioles usu-
ally pubescent. July-Sept. Int. from Eu. Lab. to N.J.
CC. Basal Ivs. entire or very finely toothed.
D. Jjvs. mostly obovate to ovale, purple-reined.

Tendsum, Linn. Rattlesnake Weed. Stem 1-3 ft.
high, slender, smooth or nearly so: Ivs. 1-4 in. long,
obovate to spatulate, subsessile : fls. ]4-% in. wide,
bright yellow. Aug., Sept. Dry woods, Me. to G«. and
west to Man. and Neb. D. 133. -A common plant in
woods. Advertised by one dealer in native plants.
DD. Lvs. mostly si>atulute to oblong, green-veined.

aurantiacum, Linn. Orange Hawkweed. Stem 6 in.
to 2 ft. high, slender, somewhat hairy: heads J^-1 in.
across, short-stalked, orange to orange-red. June-Oct.
Nat. from Eu. by roadsides and in fields, Ont. to Pa.—
A bad weed if allowed to spread. It is worthy of being
established in high and dry parts of a rockery, where
few other plants can grow.

praBiltum.Vill. (ff. stoloniferum. Bess.). Plants usu-
ally spreadingvery rapidly by stolons: stem 2-3 ft. high,
slender, glaucous, hairy at base: basal lvs. entire:
heads Kin. across, in an open cyme, bright yellow.
June-Sept. Nat. from Eu. along roadsides in N. Y.;
sometimes troublesome in cult. land.

AA. Flowering stem leafy, at least below.
B. Stem branchiny front the base.

ramdsum, Waldst. & Kit. Lvs. ovate to lanceolate,
narrowed at the base, toothed, hairy on margin and
beneath; lower lvs. petioled, upper ones subsessile.
July-Sept. Eu.

nivile, Froel. White Hawkweed. Differs from H.
raiKOSiim chiefly in havingwhite fls. and glaucous, some-
what leathery lvs., which are not hairy on the margin.
A white Hawkweed is advertised and. according to Gray,
this is the only white-fld. species in the genus. Tyrolese
Alps.

bB. Stem unhranrhed below.
c. TlTioZe plant silky-villose.

vill6sum, Jacq. SHAOGr Hawkweed. Stem 1-2 ft.
high, often 4 ft. under cult.: basal lvs. oblong-lanceo-
late to lanceolate, narrowed at the base, finely toothed;
stem-lvs. sessile, the upper half clasping: fls. lJ^-2 in.
across, bright golden. June-Aug. Eu. Gn. 46:994.—
The silvery foliage and showy fls. of this species make
it more desirable for the garden than any other Hiera-
cium now in cultivation. It is easily kept from spread-
ing.

CC. Plant smooth or slightly pubescent.

CanadSnse, Michx. Stem 1-5 ft. high, slender: lvs.
ovate-oblong to lanceolate, acute, serrate, sessile, the

HIPPEASTRUM

749

upper with clasping base: fls. 1 in. across. June-Aug.
Dry woods, N. S. to Pa., west to B. C. and Ore.

Grondvii, Linn. Stem 1-3 ft. high, stiff: Ivs. hairy, the
upper oval or oblong, broadly sessile, the lower obovate
to spatulate, narrowed into a short petiole: fls. K-?4 in.
wide. Sandy soils, Can. to Fla., west to Mo and La.
S. W. Fletcher.

HIER6CHL0E (Greek, holy grass; in northern Eu-
rope it is scattered before churches on saints' days).
Also written Hierochloa. G-raminea. This genus con-
tains the fragrant Vanilla Grass, the sterile shoots of
which are woven by the North American Indians into
small mats, baskets and boxes. These retain their fra-
grance for years. It is a genus of 13 species of aromatic
perennial grasses with creeping rootstocks, flat leaves
and contracted or open panicles, found in temperate and
frigid zones. The spikelets are 3-fld., only the terminal
fl. perfect. Vanilla Grass is not a good forage plant, as
most animals dislike it. The seed seems to be nowhere
obtainable, and only one American dealer advertises
plants of it. The odor is like that of the common annual
sweet vernal grass, Anthoxunthum odoratum, but is
more powerful. Hierochloe is closely allied to Antho-
xanthum, but is distinguished by the 3-fld. spikelets and
rather loose panicles, Anthoxanthum having 1-fld. spike-
lets and contracted panicles.

boreilis, Roem. & Schult. (E. odordta, Wahl.). Va-
nilla Grass. Holy Grass. Seneca Grass Sweet-
scented Grass. Rather slender, smooth, 1-2 ft. high:
lvs. short: panicle brownish, spreading, 2-4 in. long.
June, July. Eu., N. Amer. B.B. 1:132.

G. T. Hastings.

HIGGtNSIA. See Eoffmannia.

HIMANTOGLOSSUM. All included in Orchis.

HIPPEASTEUM (knight or horse and star, from some
fancied resemblance in B. equestre, perhaps of the
equitant lvs. and the star-shaped corolla-opening).
Am.arylliddcea'. Includes Babranthus. From 40 to 50
tropical American bulbous plants, now much hybridized.
Closely allied genera are Amaryllis, Crinum, Sprekelia,
Brunsvigia, Zephyranthes, Lycoris, Sternbergia, Val-
lota, which see. The fls. are large and showy, two to
several being borne on a stout, hollow, leafless scape;
perianth tube evident, often long, dilated in the throat;
segments erect-spreading, nearly or quite equal; fila-
ments (6) distinct, often with small scales between.

The Hippeastrums are usually known in gardens
under the general name of Amaryllis ; and their culture
is given in full under that name. Many of them are
noble garden plants, but the high price of the bulbs
prevents them from becoming popular, although they
may be grown easily from seeds. Most of the species
were first described' in the genus Amaryllis, but that
genus differs in its solid scape and absence of scales
between the filaments

Very many of the names m trade catalogues are of
horticultural forms and many of them cannot be re
ferred positively to an v of the original species For the
Belladonna Lily see ^ // toi \t ira is o Lily see

Zephjt inthes foi 1 111 / / i For

Amaryllis aurea I / 7 1 see

ZephipantJies fci ^/ ekeha

foi 4 / / ?f e / 1 / f I a see

C til t 1 4 JVetnie

s I \ t 1 / )is! J I tor A

I 01 puip Ilea see

(//It 1 i not appear in the

following account are ^ ers hkelj to be horticultural
forms

INDB.X

Ackermanni, 3.

major, 6.

reticulatum, 7.

acuminatum, 12.

Maranensi.s.^8.

Rcezli, 6.

Albert! 9.

nitilum, 12.

aulioum, 2.

pardinum. 5.

citrinum, 12.

platypetala, 2.

spathaceum, 6.

crocatum. 12.

prooerum, 11.

splendens, 6.

equestre. 6.

stri.atifolium, 7.

fulgidum, 6, 12.

puli-hPrrimum, 3.^

stylosmn. 8.

iguesc-ens. 6.

Johnsoni. 14.

pj-rrnchroum, 6.

vittatiim. 13. ■

Leopoldi. 10.

Regina). 9.

Walteri. 6.

730

HIPPEASTRUM

The genua divides itseif into the narrow-leaved (Ivs.
linear) and broad-leaved sections. All the common gar-
den sorts belong to the latter section. The species which
are chiefly known in cult., or which have been parents
of hybrid" races, are contrasted below. In some species
the flowers precede the leaves.

A. Perianth tube 4-5 in. long, very slender.

1. soIandriSldrum, Herb. Bulb ovoid. 3-4 in. in diam-
eter, with !i short neck: Ivs. appearing with the fls., 1-2
ft. long. \-l in. wide, blunt: scape somewhat flattened,
2-3 ft. tall, bearing 2-4 declined greenish white fls.:
perianth tube cylindrical, nearly as long as the obovate
sometimes purple-ribbed segments; stamens not ex-
serted. S. Amer. B.M.2573; 3771. L. B. C. 12:1200.
I.H. 35:58. -Apparently little known in gardens, but is
the parent of hybrids.

AA. Perianth tube short (usuallu not more than

1 in. long).

B. Throat constricted or closed by a neck or collar.

c. Stigma " part d

2. aOlicum, Herb. Lii,v-of thf Palace Bulb ovoid
3-4 in. in diameter, with
a short neck: Ivs. C-!). 1-2
ft. long, 2 in. broad, brirljt
green, the end blunt cir
nearly so, appearintt with
the fls.: scape scarcely
longer than the Ivs., stout,
terete, usually bearing 2 large red fls of
which the segments are green at the base
segments 5-6 in. long, the ' upper inner ones
much brooder than the others all of them
obovate and somewhat pointed corona in the
throat green; stamens shorter than the pen
anth; filaments red. Brazil B JI JSll BR

HIPPEASTRUM

base, the 3 inner ones narrower than the outer ;
shorter than the perianth. Mexico to Chile and Brazil.
B. M. 305. —An old garden species, one of the best for
winter and spring blooming. There are several garden
forms and hvbrids,with larger and better fls. Var. spUn-
den8,Truff.,'R.H. J895: 578 (var. Wdlteri, WitUn., Gt. 44,
1418), is larger in all its parts, fls. red, and the pedicels
are longer. Var. Iiilgidum, Hort. (not JT. fiiigidum.
Herb.), has brilliant orange segments margined with
white. Var. igniscens, Hort., is deep clear scarlet, witli
white throat and white bars on the segments. Var. ma-
jor, Hort., has very large, bright orange fls., with a green
central star. B.R. 3: 234. H. Rwzli, Regel, n. pyrrich-
roum, Lem., I.H. 11:420, and H. spathAceuni, Sims,
B.M. 2315, are regarded by Baker as forms of this spe-
cies. There are double-fld. forms.

7. reticul4tum, Herb. Bulb nearly globular, with a
short neck: Ivs. appearing with the fls., rather short
and broad for the ge-

^^^^

Ilk-

ityp^tala,

kii.i

the trade.

3. Ackermanni, Hort., is a garden hybrid
with large crimson fls. The var. pulchSrri
mum, Hort., with crimson, green-striped fls.
is best known.

4. pBittaolnum, Herb. Bulb 3-4in. indiiim
eter, with a long neck: Ivs. with the fls., O-tf
lightly glaucous, becoming nearly or quite
ft. long: scape stout, 2-3 ft. tall, bearing
2-4-fld. umbel: perianth segments 4-5 in. long
oblong and acute, undulate, the edge crimson
the main part green but crimsoustri]ied
stamens much shorter than the perianth. S
Braz. B.R. 3:199. L. B. C. 13:1204. -Appar
ently little known in cult., but it has beei
a parent in hybridizations.

5. pardin
in diamete

pearmg witn ttic lis. imi n
until after the fl.s. are ^o
long and 2 in. broad, narrow
terete, IK ft. tall, glaucoi
fls.: perianth segments 4-
narrowed at the base, acut
spotted with red, not sti
ment narrowest ; stamens
perianth. Peru. B.M. ."jiur,.
fls. 6-7 in. across, offen-.l
also a parent in the nio.l.r

g obia
I ng 1

II 1 bars of crimson
1 I segments ol o\ ate
nd much narrow ed be
w stamens h itci
the perianth de

stnatifdl

B.R.

he base : scape nearly
ally bearing 2 spotted
ing, oblong but much
lish yellow and much
h.- I.i\rist inner seg-

tha

clined
M 6o( \a
lum. Baker, h
broader Ivs.,
white keel or stripe. B. M. 2113
5:352. G. U. III. 4:477.- Handsome.
Blooms normally in late summer. OtTered
in American catalogues.

8. stylbsum, Herb. (Amaryllis Ma-
raninsis. Ker Gawl). Bulb globular, 3
in. in diam., with a short neck and pale
coverings : Ivs. 4-6, mostly appearing
with the fls., bright green, becoming
nearly 2 in. wide: scape 1-2 ft., bearing
3-S light red or flesh-colored fls. 4 in.
across : perianth tube 14 in. long ; seg-
ments oblong-acute, less than 1 in. wide,
tawny pink or flesh-red ; stamens some-
what exserted, the style much so (whence
the specific name). Guiana and Braz.
_• B.M. 2278. B.R. 9: 719. -Apparently not
much cult., but it has been a parent of
hybrids.
DD. Tube of perianth very short {or

9. Eeginae, Herb. Bulb globular, 3
in. in diam. : Ivs. developing after the
Us., 2 ft. long and VA-2 in. broad, green:
scape 10-20 in., bearing 2-4 red declined fls.: perianth
segments 4-5 in. long, obovate and acute, the lowest
innermost one narrower, all bright red, a large whitish
star in the throat ; tube sometimes nearly or quite 1
in. long ; stamens shcrt. r than the perianth. Mex. to
Peru and Braz. B.M. t.":;.-.\ii ..hi garden plant, still
much cult. There an .h.iil.h thl forms: Amaryllis
A Iberti, Lem., l.a. i:;:t:is. liaki r .'onsiders to be one of

thesi

Tl, r

Leopoldi

Sli:

Tube

■' ly lobcd.
long.
equSstre, Herb. Barbadoes Lily. Bulb globular,
" meter, producing offsets freely, with brown
6-8, developing fully after

scales and a short neck

the fls., 12-20 in. long and becoming about 2 in! wide,
narrowed to the point: .scape 1-2 ft., terete, glaucous:
fls. 2-4, 4-5 in. across, the green tube 1 in. long, the
segments obovate-pointed, bright red with green at the

with shor
2 ft. long: s.-ape st
about 2 large, verv
uring 6-7 in. across
or constriction at t
broad, the lower h
white, the intermei

Bulb globular, 2-3 in. in diam.,
with the fls. or nearly so, often

l'o-2 ft., nearly terete, bearing
ihirim.l f.,Trti-colored fls., raeas-

rimili till... without any corona
hi. :.i ; -. L'liicnts obovate, 2 in.
.hill .111.1-.. II, the tips greenish

i.art liri;.-lit red, with a forke;

white mark atthebaseof each, and a green-white throatd
stamens declined, mostlv exceeding the perianth, the
filaments white; style exserted. Peru. G.C. 1870:733.-

HIPPEASTRUM

Distinct, and one of the best. Apparently not in the
Amer. trade, but it has been used in hybridizing.

11. procerum, Lem. {Amari/Hls Riyiieri, Hook. f.).
Bulb ovoid, with a neck 10-12 in. long, on the apex of
which — as on atrunk— the drooping, curling, buff-edged
hs. are borne (the Ivs. 16-20 in. long): scape 12-18 in.
high. 2-e(lgeil, green, bearing 2-3 horizontal pale lilac
tis! 4-.') inT across : segments oblanceolate, acute, not
1 in. Ijroad ; throat without a star ; stamens much
shorter than the perianth ; stigma capitate. Brazil.
I. H. 11:408. F.S. 20:2077-8. B.JI. 5883. Gn. 45:959.-
One of the most distinct of the genus. In the Amer.
trade. Sometimes called "Blue Amaryllis" and "Em-
press of Brazil." Plant out for late summer or fall
bloom, in a warm, sunny place. Keep bulb dry until
late spring.

CC. Stigma markedlt/ S-parted.

12. riitilum. Herb. Bulb nearly globular, 2-3 in. in
diam., stoloniferous, with short neck: Ivs. 6-8, elongat-
ing after flowering, bright green, 1 ft. long and an inch
or more wide: scape as long as the Ivs.. somewhat com-
pressed, glaucous, benriiif 2-1 n-d tls. : perianth tube
^ in. long, green, wltli a iniinir.' crown in rln- Throat;
segments oblong, a. -hi,-. ,tiim-.iii ami -ncn 1.. ol.d ;
stamens shorter than rlir |n rianili. ilio lilaimni^ la-d.
Braz. B.R. 1:23. L.H.i'. l.' ; 1 U'.t. - In ■•nltivatinn rhi.-rtv
known in the var Jiilgidum, Baker {n. fiUghUim,
Herb.), which is in all parts larger, deep crimson, the
fl. -segments 3-5 in. long. B.R."3:220. B.M. 1943, as
Amrin/llis mhiiiita; 2i75 us B. .sKblarhulKm. Var.
crocatum. Baker, is as large as var. ftil'ihluin. txet-pt in
its lis., which are smaller, with undulati- s(i,'nn-iits. saf-
fron-colored. B.R. 1:38. Var. citrinum, I'.ali.r. has
bright yellow fls. Var. acuminatum, Hnrni. i.l. and H.
pua-erultnta). Pis. pink and se-ments acute. B.K.
7:534; 14:1188. L.B r. r, : 4.M. H.M.2273.

13. vittatum, Herli. li- !".;'«. Bulb globular, 3 in.
in diam.: Its. 6-S, nsuil i> ani" .n hilt after the fls., bright

green, 2 ft, Umil': -i n ti, hiirh, bearing 3-6

horizontal or .:,.■!!:.•! -'I . [ .'.,:. .-l.'-d tis. 4-5-in.

across; till ,1 1 .; ' , , . ,,!, .|iia- crown or

crest at th' _' and acute,

1'., in. or |r .. •,;,, !. : , ,• , • , .,, ,r >■ l,!;i-li but over-

than ilo' lini)'. !'' ru : lut f iliouirht to be S. African.

B.M. rJ!i. I.l'. HI. .11 : 1 1'l, -Til'' laimmonest species-
tyji.- m Anior. -ar.hiis. now i-iilf. in many forms. It
seems to have entered freely into hybrids, and some of
the forms now passing as H. rittufHma.Te perhaps mon-
grels. The double red feathery stripes on each side of
the more or less irregular-edged segmsnts distinguish
this species from iti5 congeners.

n

V)'

1070. Hippeastrum Johnsoni (X M).

14. H. Jdhnsoni, Bury. Fig. 1070. Fls. deep dull red,
each segment with a white stripe down the keel. A very
profuse bloomer, and withstands much abuse. It is the
most popular single Amaryllid in this country, and is
particularly prized for window-gardens. It is the oldest
hybrid, having been raised by one Johnson, an English
watchmaker, who, in 1799, crossed fl". Begime with H.
vittalum.

The three following Hippeastrums are offered in Dutoh-

HOFFMANXIA

thniat ^ ., _ , _ I aa.i capitate. Chile.

B.K. L- /,' r , . "w-line.ir, glaucous.

Ift.loi,^ ,,,-,!:. ;;. . ,; o ,,,, i _;,. I .paring 1 or 2 Small

Latin-form trade names fo he acrnvnited for: atrosanguin-
mm, carfiindlis, crbcea, delicata. formosa (hybrid), Gravlnw
(Craveana. Gravesiana, Graveana), Lind^ni, macrdntha, re-
fulgens, rubis (hybrid), rubra striata, Williamsii. l^ jj^ g^

HIPP6PHAE {Greek, horse-killing ; alluding to the
berries, which are somewhat poisonous). A'leagnAcece.
This includes the Sea Buckthorn, a hardy European
and mid-Asian sliruh valued for its clusters of bright
orangf red htrriis about the size of a pea, which per-
sist all tall and winter. It also has the silvery or gray
foliai.'!' whirh niakis several members of this family
useful in hne lancUcape efl:'ects. This family has only 2
other genera. Ela?agnus and Shepherdia (including the
Buffalo Berry). Hippophae and El»agnus have alter-
nate Ivs. and 4 stamens, but the former has unisexual
and mostly dicecious fls., while the latter has hermaph-
rodite fls. Shepherdia has opposite Ivs., 8 stamens and
dicecious fls. Hippophae has 2 species of shrubs or
small trees : branches often spiny, covered with minute
stellate hairs, as are all the young parts: fls. borne at
the base of small lateral branches; staminate ones in
catkins, sessile iu the axils of 2 deciduous bracts; fila-
ments none; pistillate fls. pedicelled, solitary in the
axils of Ivs.; perianth top-shaped, in 2 divisions: ovary
1-celled. 1-ovultMl; style large, club-shaped.

In orli 1- 1 i -> ■111 o a good setting of berries, one or two
staniiii I : .old be placed near every group of

ado/ I s. When the shrubs are without

ben-n - ih. , .jh ,i i,iiis,,ryman can distinguish the two
sexes hy tlie moi-e u]iiii;lii l'i..".i'i oI' tin- staminate and
the more twiggy growi' ■! . illate plants. The

redder the berries tin 1 : i .nnental purposes.

The berries are som. .,, I , . imt are eaten by

birds. Though essoniiii i- jlant. it is easily

cult, inland in roninioii _ . . ■, , -i ihi ivi-s even in
barren, saudv Ian. N. I' i mo in- ^ands and

the alluvium' of to, I, ,■ - w : i. ala oa.l to hold

shifting sands it mako, a -i r.i — h-i.; . -inntoil hush 2 ft.
or more high. Under favorable conditions it may be
grown into a tree 20 ft. high. The suckers may become
so numerous as to be troublesome. The numerous
spines which terminate the branches and the interlacing
stems suggest its n^o for Iniloo-. It is propagated by
layers, suckers. root-nittiiiL-. ami -oo,ls.

rhamnoides, I. inn. si.\ r.i - h ihokn-. Swallow
Thorn. Lvs. ai'ii. armu hof,,io til,. iK.. grayish green
above, silvery _',,., i,, ■ ,,i,i ,o,i,,l with reddish
scales below-; i inloi- of 2-3 in

May: fr. bt-n . :,|. maturing in

Sept. G.M. :;; ,'l. 'm,. i • |o,-,o , ,;,, a tin., colored
plate and thorough ai^.r^ijiaLion h> W. Uuklring), and
54, p. 396.

H. salicifblia, D.Don, has larger Ivs., less densely coated with
silvery scales. Nepal. Not cult. j^ p_ 'WymaN.

HOBBLEBUSH. Vibn

lantanoides.

iiui-a. .'See loots.

HOFFMANNIA (Georg Franz Hoffmann 1760-1826,
professor of botan\ at dottuvenl luthuhng Campy-
loljotii{\ and Hiqqi>f^iii hiihii, ,i About I'l tropical
Amen, inhirhsoi -.I,,,,!,-, with . i p .-ite .,i \HiticilIate

the .-

The Hottm,
the\ may b,
grown speci
window gill
tmgs Hotti

the very
oblong
k about
I II ,11 I J lubed.
1 itnii although
,1 summer Well
tin decoiation of
lojiagated by cut-
■liage plants

lO'J. nOFF.MAXXIA

A. Fl.-cliisli-rs on loiirj stalks.

discolor, Hemsl. {Campytobdtrys discolor. Hook.).

Fig. 1071. About 6 in high, but lopping over the side

of the pot or pan and malting a mat, slightly hairy, the

branches purplish: Ivs. short -petioled, oblongoborate,

^^--^^^^^

entire, satiny green above and ncli liijlit purple to grei

beneath : fls. small, red, in rccnivii, m-c rm n. on r

peduncles. Mex. B.M. 4530.- i: ' I ■ ' ■ '■ ; l^ut.

refiilgens, Hemsl. Muchlik.i:: ' twice

more as large, the Ivs. sessile an. i : ■■-< -u. . nlmt, n;

row-obovate, with many parallel \eiii« riiniiiui; from t
midrib to the margin, the under surface pale red
wine color and the upper surface dull green, with i
descent shades of purple and brown: fls. 1 in. across.

insia refulgens. — A

the axils.
iihby, 2-4 ft.

pale red. Mex. B.M. 534C as
most beautiful plant.

AA. Fl.-clusters crowded ;

Ghi^sbreghtii, Hemsl. Half si
nearly glabn.n<: ^f.-m .u-.,t..|v 4.m„-I...| t Iv., o.umI

ft. or less I'.ii^' -M""" I: -':-!■ '" '-'i-. -'"i'v.

short wingr.l i.. .;.■,. i

veined, puri'l ' ' '

above: Hs. \-.'lh'>'. . • im. . ' ■ • :•'■• 'i li.'- •■•■\:I'T. y
B. SI. 0:1k:! :is //;,;./'/. ' - -. I.H. 8:27f).

Caiiipyloli..trys.-A l-i i : ' : ■ "iii.-ly mottled
is VLir. variegita, UiH I 1 li ' i' ',

regalia, Hriiisl. Mn. i. n - . niwinc, glabr

the branches d'lu i ! ' ' '. -i': - \\liat fle>

Ivs. large, r.iutM! - .,,!.., ■ ,,,.• < ,■ , ;,i,', eni

plicate with ar. ■ : i i • ■ !,,:.> .• . -,'■<<']■■• ■ ' •! I'cni

and dark ri.-l] 'jn m :,Ih,i , li -, \ rii,,>A . ~, -mIc B
B.M. 5280. as a Hiirtriiisia.

Higginsia KceiU, Hort,, is described as "a very beau
new tropical plant, with dark bronzy leaves, streaked
marbled with white." Saul. L. g. j

HOLLYHOCK

HOLBCELLIA ( Frederick Louis Holbcell, once Supt.
Bot. liard., Copenhagen). Jierberidaveir. This genus
contains a fine shrubby climber, which is unfortunately
inferior in hardiness to Akebia quinutti, tbc latter being
one of the best of all hardy vines. Holboellia resembles
Akebia in having digitate Ivs., edible, oblong, indehis-
cent berries and an indefinite number of ovules. It dif-
fers 11 ha nfe C SCI «ls 1 0 ra i ute

HOHENBfiRGIA

species uiidi i- this
ji£chmea in t. .Iml'
ligulate, Hs. al
&na, Baker, it M
liHnn.Mpv.\ a-,. I i

Sromelidcea.
, but the latest
r. 9) retains 17
s differs from
ta lu-tals bcim;
H Legrelli-

^: r.atra. 'it
. aMluu;;Bill-
le, brown-scaly
standing 4-7 ft.

For R. term-
L. H. B.

\1 (

p tils Both fe n r h \e

's 1 toi a arc i i a

Ls Genci c cl ar

onoecious sepals

limei tarj oiar es

I 1 tl e d SCO erj of the
a 11 1 c I tcrcst 1 n tl o
lop ri le or ar\ to green

tranfcc i i It fl of Ak
11 ofllolloella llesear

sh 1 te ai 1 tl e St u 1 1
1 gl 1 fragrant The j 1 t 1 o 1 1 be t "dot loors u
the So tl wh re an ever{,r q k gr w f, cl 1 cr
IS de red as it n akes am 11 oots 10 to 1 ft 1 g
and tl e fol age s d st net an 1 1 ea t f 1 portl c 1
greo 1 o se It s too ramj ant an i produces too fc fl
latifdlia Wall cl I eaflet co nmoni To b t ■! ery

ar bl f r 111 H nala B li J 49

K II IS US n H I 4S 1 14 p 1 ^ ^

H6LCUS

tin- ll..r.l .■ia„H-s ,l,.,-l,ledly

remain on the pKnt when the
florets fall
lanitiis I mn Meado\\

t T Hastings
HOLLY Consult Ilex
HOLLY SEA Eryngua

HOLLYHOCK^ ??7i(;Ea rosea jM« "w^^

%

favorite full of
and association w ith
a distmt past i-a I
only the ii\ ages ot
a dire di i ise ha^e
robbed it tf the proud
position It h< 1 lamonf,
garden flowcis dm
ing the middle of the
present century A
plant of strong vig
orous growth noble
aspect and of the
most ornamental
characttr it must
not be nc.bct d oi

tore till 1 i\ iKi s of
disease theic were in
existence large col
lections of named va
rieties.andthe Holly-
hock was then one of

-4 The a™

->Aa,^,'-

107J. The Hollyhock.

HOLLYHOCK

the most important of flowers. Within recent years, too,
either from loss of virulence or through preventive
measures, the disease having been somewhat controlled,
collections of named varieties are again being formed,
but, in the light of his own experience, the writer be-

HOMERLA.

753

ih%^

lieves that one can get the best and surest results by
raising plants from seed of a good strain. This may be
sown at any time during the early mouths of the year.
Sow in pots or pans and place in a wariuhouM- to assist
germination. Pot the plants sin;;iy ;i- ili.y (l.\ . I,.p, and
keep them growing freely but stun lily in ;i r,,. ,1, airy tem-
perature, removing them to the ii|,.ii air a~ summer ad-
vances. If well grown, the plants should l»e in G-in.
pots at this time. During the latter part of summer
they may be planted out where they are to bloom. As
Hollyhocks demand liberal treatment, their permanent
spot should be wfll prepared l»y deep digging, at the
same time workinu' in aL'n.id c|iiaiititv ..f rotted manure.
Plant 3 ft. apart ami !irnil> . ami sli..ul.l the fall months
be dry, give war, -r f n (pi.ni ly. as sutiniug from drought
predisposes pl.anrs to attack <'i ilisiase. The following
spring' the ]>laiits will tci'ow vigorously, and the only at-
tentiuti iHM'ii.'.i In ri. pious watering during dry spells,
The fl..w.is will a|i)..ar from July onwards. The Holly-
hock is a liar.ly p.-reunial, and if it enjoys an immu-
nity from disease, will spring up and flower each year.
Should disease appear, however, root the plants out
-destroy by flre and make the nest plantation on a
site some distance
removed. Thorough
spraying with fun-
gicides may be ex-
pected to hold the
disease in check, if
applications are made
early and to the un-
der sides of the Ivs. ;
but if Bordeaux mix-
ture is used, the
plants look very un-
tidy. Perhaps it is
better to use am-
moniacal carbonate
of copper. A dis-
eased leaf is shown
in Fig. 880. If the
stock keeps healthy
and it Is desired to
increase speciallyflne
varieties, this can be
done easily by cut-
tings formed from
offshoots. These
should be taken off and potted singly in small pots in
sandy soil and kept close in a shaded coldframe.

A few fine named varieties obtainable in the trade at
present are : Apollon, rose ; Brennus, crimson ; Ettie
Beale, flesh pink ; Mrs. Barron, rose-pink, and very
yellow ; Her Majesty, rose ;

1074. Double Hollyhock

Enchantress, yellow; Ochroleuca, light yellow; Queen,
silver-rose ; Venus, white ; Psyche, lavender. Figs.
245 and 2iti, vol. 1, show good pla'cing of Hollyhocks.
A. Hekrington.
HOLY GHOST PLANT. Peristcria elata.

HOMALANTHUS

hitphorbi-

beautiful ; Diadem,

specie t <ir shrubs;

hs iltLiii I \emed; ra-

cemes t I I 1 II I I II calyx of

stamniit i iin i - II < ih x of pistillate

fls 2- II I I

The ^ I t ilUes of garden value and the

fls ait 111 1 ui- borne in racemes which con-

sist mo tl\ I uiiiu ic lis with a few pistillate fls. at

the base

LeschenaultijLnns A Juss {H poputifdhu^ R Grab.
Catumbnim pnpuUfoUum Remw ) Lvs broadh ovate-
triangular or rhomboidal glaucous 2—4 or e\en G in.
long with stalks of same length racemes 1-4 m. long.
Indn Malava -i-ustialia BM 2780

HOMALOMfiNA (Greek, equal filaments). ArAeew.
Also written Homalonema. This genus includes some
tender foliage plants, variegated after the fashion of
the well-known Dieffenbachias, and the rarer Aglaonema
and Schismatoglottis. It is probable that the plants sel-
dom produce flowers or fruit in cultivation. They are
known to the trade as Curmeria, which is now regarded
as a section of Horaalomena in which the spathe has a
distinct tube and the lvs. are either glabrous or pilose,
while in the section Euhomalomeua the spathe has an
indistinct tube, and the lvs. are always glabrous.

The genus has about 15 species, natives of tropical
Asia and America: robust herbs, with a thick rhizome:
stem short or none: lvs. ovate- or triangular-cordate, or
lanceolate, nerves reaching the margin, petiole mostly
long and sheathing. Important generic characters are:
stamens distinct : fr. included within the persistent
spathe : ovules anatropous, adnate to the septa. For
culture, see Dieffenhachia. Latest Monograph by Eng-
ler in DC. Mon. Phan. 2:3.32(1879). The species described
below belong to the subgenus Curmeria, with 3 other
species, and all are American; the other 10 species are
Asian.

Pitcher and Manda advertised in 1895 Curmeria Leo-
poldii, a rare and costly plant, of which the writer finds
no further information.

A. Lvs. irregularly blotched.

W^niBii, Regel (Curmiria WdlHsii, Mast.). Lvs.
glabrous throughout, the base obtuse or acute, not
notched; petiole 1% in. lonff ; blade 5 in. lone. 2-2K
in. wide. Colombia, i i.e. 11. 7: ins. H.M. (;.-,7l imidrib
outlined in light (-"l.ir I. 1.11. J.'.::;!!,;. KM Lis, s, v. !'.•:!.—

The blotches are jial.- y.-lldwish -r,-,.ii. I min- -n-i-n-

ish gray. None nf tin- i.i.-tuia-s show a wliitc-liordered
leaf with golden blotches, as one dealer advertises.

AA. 1/VS. with midrib bordered with white.

picturata, Regel (Curmkria picturhta, Linden & An-

<\r6). Lvs. with petiole and midrib pilose; petiole 4 in.

long; blade 10-12 in. long, 8 in. wide. Colombia. I.H.

20:121. — Blotched only near the midrib. -vy. jj.

H0M£BIA (application uncertain). Iridclcew. This
iiii'lu.les a half-hardy bulb, which can be set out in
sjMliiir. and bears orange-colored fls. in summer. It is
alli.-d to 8paraxis, requires the same culture, and the
liullis. which are dormant from Aug. to Nov., are pro-
curable from Dutch dealers. A genus of 6 species, all
from the Cape of Good Hope. It belongs to the Mor«a
tribe, in which the fls. are stalked and more than one to
a spathe, and the style branches placed opposite the
stamens. It differs from Iris and Morfea in having style
branches furnished with terminal stigmas not overtop-
ping the anthers. Nearer allies of garden value are
Tigridia, Herbertia and Ferraria, from all of which

754

Homeria differs
the ends of the
equal perianth sc
into ii cup. Mon<
IrideiB, 1»U2, and
lowing character:
the other 5 si.eci.

n. ciiiiu, d

by him in tli
collina, V(

1-4 chi-sters of H«. : p
typically bright red,
Var. aurantlaca has a i
bright red segments

petaloid stigmatose crests at
ui.lu-s. Homeria has 0 nearly

. Iiir li at the base are united
■ r, , in Handbook of the

', -'■ aS9G-7). The fol-

i. iiMit H. colllmi from

i!ii. ■ -mints not blotched in

In airil like Ixia, as described

•tlVina, Thunb.). Corm tuni-
;: the only long leaf is linear,
jpping the lis. : stem bearing
th segments \%-\% in. long,
n B.M. 1033; G.C. III.4: 103.

which the spicic x i^ .ultixa

H0M0C£LIIS, a na]iie ii
spelling of Ilomoiocellis. I
seeds of Bomocvllis Jiiponi
years ago by Gen. Wm. Hi
the Georgia State Universif
in Georgia by the severe ci'
soner writes that it is a lii
appearance of a
top. It has not flowered in

Momoioceltis as/i, ,<i . I.l
(which see), and tlii- i
Some, at least, of tlh
sometimes called aU" i . '-
nsperii. In Aphananllii-, ihi
and end the teeth of the Iv;
and for

B.JI. ir,I2. Var. ochroleClca has

:uid |i:tlr yellow fls. B.M. 1103.
. •iiiriti,il,n<i is the only form in

; along the margin

trn.lr, is a mis-
1" writes that
I.l' d some 20
; iniessor at
I - i.N I iL- injured
;iry. IS'JO. Kea-

I .\ I'lniiia lithe aspera

I I iiiiiii ■Ills in .Japan.

I- //. ./.i/Hiiiica (and

^'i.i.'iini I is AplKinanthe
•iiclary veins are straight
. Celtis, they are curved

HONESTY. Lmi

HOOKEEA. A part of BrodU

HOP. See ZTumiilus.

HOP HORNBEAM. S,e rtw, i

HOPLOPHtTUM.

itly

for Hoplop]

Hop, Wild, Bryonia

iL-liads liiive been de-
sptfies are now re-
I; one trade catalogue

H6RDEUM (Latin, A<'oi-i// because barley bread is
heavy and firm). Gmmineit. This genus includes the
Barley [B. sativum) and the Squirrel Tail Grass (B.
jubatum) , ih& latter a meadow weed obnoxious in the
West, but sometimes cult, for ornament in the East and
abroad. Its head of long spreading awns is ornamental,
but the spikelets separate too readily to make the grass
particularly desirable. Hordeums are erect, annual or
perennial grasses, spikelets in 3's, sessile on opposite
sidi'^- if till liiit.ilii il iM.li-, , ri-i]itT flumes narrow and
l"ii;i I 11,11' I II- '■,.1,- I M.I the spikelets. In
111' I I I- and Asprella, but

il ■ I I .11 I ' .11. ... 1 1 1 that each spikelet

is Inii 1 i!il.. v.liik .11 lilt nilii r.-, ilii .s|iikelets are 2-many
(Id. !see BarUu.

jubitum, Linn. Squirrel-tail Grass. Wild Barley.
Erect, simple, usually smooth and glabrous, 10 in. to
2 ft. higli: Ivs. 1-.5 in. long, only the central spikelet in
each cluster perfect; awns of empty glumes \-iyi in.
long, spreading. In dry soil, northern U. S. and Canada.
B.B. 1:229. R.H. 1890, p. 488 (poor).

G. T. Hastings.

HOEEHOUND, See Murrubium.

HOEMlKUM. See Salvia.

HORSE-RADISH

HORNBEAM. Consult Curpinus.

HOENED POPPY. Glaucimn.

HOBSE, in combination with other names of plants,
usually signifies something large and coarse, not neces-
sarily eaten by horses.

HORSE BALM. Collinsouia.

HORSE BEAN. See Hcla Faba.

HORSE CHESTNUT. See yBsntliis

HORSE MINT. See ifonardn.

(Tig. lUT.'ii.tlie well-known condi-
with roast l.i-.f and oysters, is a
memljiri.f th.- natural fauiiU iruc-ifL-ra-, to which belong
cabbage, turnip, walllli.w.r. stuck, charlock, mustard,
and many other vegetables, flowers and weeds. It
comes to us from Great Britain, where it is thought to
have been naturalized from some more eastern Euro-
country. It is often found growing wild in moist

I woods
otably in the
weed. For

and damp nu-.
state of New
botanical des.

The root is pii i nni J, il. -li , . \., in! i-li i-\tcmallv, pure
white within, conical at the toj., cylindrical, and.'unlike
the tap-roots of parsnips, is abniptly branched below.
When bruised, it emits a volatile oil of strong, pungent
odor and hot, biting taste. If eaten before this oil
evaporates, it "is highly stimulant, exciting the stom-
ach when swallowed, and promoting the secretions, es-
pecially that of urine. Externally, it is i-ubefacient. Its
chief use is as a condiment to promote appetite and in-
vigorate digestion; but it is also occasionally employed
in medicine." (U.S. Dispensatory.) As a table relish,
the consumption of Horse-radish is increasing, and
greater attention is being paid to its cultivation than
formerly. Under the old methods,
profitable returns were often obtained,
but under the new, profits are gener-
ally highly satisfactory where enemies
are not very troublesome. The sea-
son of fresh-grated Hors. ra.lish runs
almost parallel to that ol ii\-i,r-. witli
which the root is most fn mui in l\ < a tin
in this country. UnKiatnl nmis are,
however, kept in i-ol.l stoia^i- tor
summer use, since i is (!,:[; at that

Horse-radish will do well u|ion al-
most any soil e.scept the liulilcst sand
and the heaviest clay, but a dcci, loam
of medium texture and nimli rate rich-
ness, well supplied with Iniiinis and
moisture, will produce rt.otsof tin- best
quality and the largest size. In dry
soils the roots will be small, woody and
deficient in pungency; in wet, small,
succulent, strong-tasling. Dridnage is
essential, and ^n U n f.iiilv i i-.n sub-
soil. Hard si.li I -i ' : . . •..essive

branching of 1 1 .iiHnisof

nitrogenous mni . . . i i rather

light ninieri, :i I . i ri, 1, in

Ifs

1

ing

illei

m /^i

pounfis

application l)roadcast
plowed under, it is believed, would
give better results, since the shaft of
the root is less likely to become un-
duly branched when the food is below ,(,75 qooj ^01
instead of above and around it. espe- „; Horseradish,
cially when the sets are placed hori-
zontally. A weeder should be used after the harrow
periodically until the plants are an inch or so tall.
Thorough preparation of the soil is essential.
Since Horse-radish rarely produces seeds, cuttings

H0K^E-R\D1«

HORTICULTURE

inch
planti
squill-

one fourth of au

To fac 1 tate

end s c t off

t small end p

tal plautini; thi> i al

unnecessary. Root ciowu are

sometimes used but s ce the e

develop a large n ml ei of ro t

too small for profltil le g n

they are employed onlj for mcr

ing stock.

The land having been prep r

shallow furrows are la 1 tt

apart and 2-5 in dee]

to the method of plant x

planted horizontally ve 1

at all intervening angl I 1

ends being made to po ut e

direction to fac 1 tate cult va i

and digging. The angle s a m t

ter of choice, goo 1 ret r 1

obtained in each The 1 1

tanee between sets s il ut 1 n

Cultivation is g ven after ever

rain, or once in 1) lay unt 1 the

Ivs. shade the gro n I
Double-cropping s com uon n

Horse-radish grow ng ei 1 a

bage, turnip beets and otl er ju k
maturing plants le ng u el The

sets are dibbled n 2-t weeks afte
the first crop, vert call3 18 n

asunder, between the rows f ca
bage, which are i ot lesb than ft

apart. One management
for both crops unt 1 the fir
moved, when, after one cult
the Horse-radish suallj tikes full """-•'""" ^'^ 3
possession. Deep b rj ^ f the sets at the time the
first crop is planted is also practiced, the object, as in
the first case, being to prevent the appearance of the
former until the latter is almost mature.

Horse-radish makes its licst tinjwth in thi- cool au-
tumn, steadily iraprov.^ mi r < ;.i. m'. ,-. :. , I, not be-
ing injured by frost if u :_, ; ' , -itil late
before harvesting with j i ■ . , ~ in pits
is best, since the roots lo-,- |,-,- ,,i' ih-n- m |.ii,'^s, pun-
gency and good appearance riian it stuivd in cellars. In
trimming for storage, the lateral roots are saved and
buried for next season's planting. Exposure to air, sun
and frost robs the roots of their good qualities and in-
jures their vitality.

The insect enemies of this plant are those that attack
other members of the cabbage family, the harlequin
bug being the most dreaded. Remedies are the same as
for other pests of this group of plants. Oulv two dis-
eases have been reported, and these are seldom trou-
blesome.

In the neighborhood of cities, especially where oysters
are cheap, this crop is generally profitable, the usual
retail price being 10 cents per pint, freshly grated, but
without vinegar. This quantity weighs a scant half-
pound. The cost of growing per acre is about as fol-
lows: Cuttings ( 10,000 (® $2), $20; fertilizer (1,000 lbs.),
$17.50; cultivation (6 times), $6; rent of land, $5; plow-
ing, wear of tools, etc., $3.50; setting roots, at :iO cents
per 1,000, $3 ; total, $55. A marketable crop varies
from 3,000 to 6,000 Dounds, which niav sometimes be
sold as high as 5 cents per lb. for first-class root, and
2% cents for second grade. Usually, however, prices
seldom rise above 4 cents and 2 cents for the two grades.
Under good cultivation, the proportion of No. 1 to No. 2
root is about 1 to 1 by weight. Lower prices may rule
in well supplied markets, and higher in poorly furnished,
1 when sold in small lots to retail graters, even 7 cents

may be obtained.

G. Kains.

HOKSE-BADISH TREE. Moringa pteryjosperma.
HOKSE SUGAR. Sijmplocos tinctoria.
HORSETAIL. Equisetitm.

HOBSEWEED C U s>
HORTICULTURE (7 ort

the

foi ge

ng

In

wasconceme I v
alent to Hort
A.n-'lo Sa

pract call cool 1 uat

ur t \ and Hort c ilture

b tl e ten 1 ng of the fields

'h 1 eail er t mes lay

te 1 n lo e or at least

ience Horti Ituie

tl e mclo u E lu V

1 gy 1 le tg

re s the 1 ne of cu t s t ] t t

all cons dered to be a hort iltural c p n \o 1
Amer ca particularly in the no thern state 1 t r i
or Ir sh potatoes are u uallj cla 1 al

crop. Nor is there a definite division Ii i ,. . n Hon i,-iil-
ture and botany. The science of plani - i i : . i . . i < .me
ot the most signiflcantproblemsrel.ii I ilu-ir

response to the needs of man— ai i m> i. -uii'-d

by the botanist to the horticulturist, lloni. iiliaiL- is a
composite of botanical and agricultural subjects.

But Horticulture is more than all this. It is a means
of expressing the art-sense. Plant-forms and plant-
colors are as expressive as the canvas work of the
painter. In some respects they are more expressive,
since they are things themselves, with individuality
and life, not the suggestions of things. The painter's
work excels in its power to suggest, and in its cjon-
densed portray.il ..t exi>rossion. But the essentials of a
good lands, alio j.ainlin^' often can be presented in an
artificially nn.l.. Ian. N. -ape. This effort to plant what
the artist paints is ni<.il,i-n. It is strictly not Horticul-
ture, nltli..ML;li II..rti.ultnrp is contributory to the re-
sults, a~ ]. liiit-iiiakim' is .•..ntriluitory to painting.
Lan.N,o,|... iiLikin- is fwn.laiii.oitally a fine art. In this
\v..i-k it Is ir.-ii.-.| iiii.l.T L'niil <r,t [If Gardening.

Horti.Milliin. ilivi.l.-s itself into four somewhat coordi-
nate branches (Annals Hort. 1891, 125-130):

Pomology, or the growing of fruits;

Olericulture, or vegetable-gardening;

Floriculture, or the raising of ornamental plants for
their individual uses or for their products;

Landscape Horticulture, or the growing of plants for
their use in the landscape (or in landscape garden-
ing).

In the world at largo, floriculture is the most impor-
tant as m.:isiir...| l.v tho number of people who are in-
terested, an. I l.v th.. iiuiiibor of species of plants which
are grown i s,..- Fl.,ririi/iiin'). InNorth America, pomol-
ogy is the iii..st important in respect to commercial
supremacy. N.irth America is the great fruit-growing
country of the world ( see Pomolofji/ ) . Relatively speak-
ing, vegetatile-gardening is undeveloped in the New
World, Landscape Horticulture and landscape garden-
ing will appeal to a constantly enlarging constituency
with the growth of culture and of leisure and the deep-
ening of the home life,

Strictly speaking, there are few horticulturists. The
details are too many to allow any one person to cover

(56

HORTICULTURE

the entire range. It is only those who look fur princi-
ples who survey the whole field. Practitioners must
confine themselves to rather close hounds. Consider
that no less than 2.'),000 species of plants are in cultiva-
tion, each having its own requirements. Consider the
great number of species which are actually on sale in
North America, as registered in this Cyclopedia. The
most important species vary immensely, the named and
recorded forms often running into the thousands; and
each of thf^r fnrm^ Iiax particular merits and often par-
ticular n-i|iMriiii.iii^, irinsider that the requirements
are likely to I „ ,|iii,,,iii iu any two places, and that the

plants art- |H"i.iiiriill\ lilied by changes in conditions

or in trcatiiicTii. i in-ili r the vagaries of markets,
which are ruled l>y qm-stiuns of fancy more than by
questions of necessity. There is probably no art in which
the separate details are so many as in Horticulture.

Of Horticulture there are two general types, — that
which is associated Immediately with the home life,
and that which is undertaken primarily for the gaining
of a livelihood. The former is amateur Horticulture.
Those things are grown whicli appeal to the personal
tastes: they are (;i-..w,, f,,, ->■](. The latter is com-
mercial Horticultiiir. I' ,1 ,^s are grown which
the market demaniN : ;, mi for others. In all
countries, commer.];,, IIoiu.mI.um is a relatively late
development. GeuciiU a<ri. uluire is usually the pri-
mary means of earning a living from the soil. For the
most part. Horticulture comes only with the demand for
the luxuries and refinements of life : it does not deal
with what we call the staples. It is not the purpose of
this sketch to trace the general history of Horticulture.
If one desires such outlines, he should consult the Bohn
edition of Pliny's "Natural History;" Loudon's "Ency-
clopsedia of Gardening;" G. W. .Johnson's "History of
English Gardening ;■' Xitilnr i ^ Ilistory of Gardening
in England ;" Siev. I,' i , Ancient and Mod-
ern;" Jager's "(i^ni. i i ; ; i liiirten, sonst und
jetzt;" Huttig's ■•(..<,,, n. .:. , i iartenbaues ;" the
historical chapters ol Aii.lr.- s L'Art des Jardins."
For the histories of cultivated plants, see DeCandolle's
"Origin of Cultivated Plants;" Hehn & Stallybras.s'
"Wanderings of Plants and Animals from their first
Home;" Pickering's "Chronological History of Plants."

In North America there was little commercial Horti-
culture before the opening of the nineteenth century.
There were excellent home gardens more than a century
ago, in which many exotic plants were growing; yet, in
proportion to the whole population, these gardens were
isolated. The status of any modern time is accurately
reflected in its writings. It may be well, therefore, to
bring in review the leading early horticultural writings of
this country. Few studies have been made of our hor-
ticultural history. The best is the introductory sketch,
by Robert Manning, in the "History of the Massachu-
setts Horticultural Society," 1880. For Its field, Slade's
"Evolution of Horticulture in New England," 1895, is
interesting. In a still narrower field, Boardman's "Ag-
ricultural Bibliography of Maine" is critical and inval-
uable. The chapter on "American Horticulture," by Al-
fred Henderson, in Depew's "One Hundred Years of
American Commerce," 1895, presents the commercial
side of the subject. Another fragment of the history is
presented in the writer's "Sketch of the Evolution of
our Native Fruits," 1898. Histories from several points
of view are presented in the " Florists' Exchange " for
March 30, 1895 ; and the writer has incorporated parts
tribution to that history in the sketch

pl.

of his

which follows.

The earliest w
physicians and n
wonders of the
earliest separate
Monardes on the i

plants were by
d to exploit the
I'misphere. The
• that of Nicolo
World, which was

published in Seville in part^, from 1565 to 1571. The
completed treatise was translated into Italian, Latin,
English and French. Monardes is now remembered to
us in the genus Monarda, one of the mint tribes. Ho
wrote of the medicinal and poisoniu- iin i- r ilm

West Indies, and gave pictures, sonii- ol ,i ^o , i,.

eal. His picture of tobacco is not -r ; ,

however; and it has the distinction c,t n. iii_- |.i ..i,:if,iy
the first picture extant of the plant, if nm ul any Aiulti-

HORTICULTURE

Tlii--- i.i.tnre is here reproduced (Fig. 1077)
■ ii . ii,,. style of illustration of three
hun Ir lacques Cornutus is generallv sup-

po^'-'i 'li'- first writer on American p"lants.

His i\ i: : I ill I ii n^ium Plantarum," appeared in 1G35,
and it also had piitures. One of the earlie.st writers on
the genewl products and conditions of the northern
country was John Josseljm, who, in 1572. published a
book entitled "New England's Rarities discovered in
Birds, Beasts, Fishes, Serpents, and Plants of that
Country," and in 1674 a second volume, "An Account of
Two Voyages to New England, made during the years
1638, 1663." The "Rarities" gives specific accounts of
many plants, together with pictures of a few of them,
as, for example, the pitcher plant. He mentions the
plants which had become naturalized from Europe.
There is also a list "Of such Garden Herbs (amongst
us) as do thrive there, and of such as do not." This
list, the earliest record of the kind, is here transcribed :

Cabbidge growes there exceeding well.

Lettice.

Sorrel.

Parsley.

Marygold.

French Mallowes.

Chervel.

Winter Savory.
Summer Savory,
Time.
Sage.
Carrats.

Parsnips of a prodigious size.
Red Beetes.
Radishes.
Tm-nips.
Purslain.
Wheat.
Eye.

Barley, which commonly degenerates into Oats.
Oats.

Peasp of all sorts, .■md the best in the World ; I never heard
of, nor -h-l . . :,'i;i v,-ars time, one Worm eaten Pea.

Silpee, an excellent grain used in-
y it in an Oven, or in a Pan upon the

Rosemary. Nor

Bayes.

White Satten groweth pretty well, so doth

Lavender Cotton. But

Lavender is not for the climate.

Penny Royal.

Smalledge.

Ground l\j, or Ale Hoof.

Gilly Flowers will continue two Years.

Fennel must be takenup. and kept in a warm Cellar all Winter.

Housleek prospereth notably.

Holly hocks.

Enula Campana, in two Years time the Roots rot.

Comferie, with white Flowers.

Coriander, and

Dill, and

Annis thrive exceedingly, but Annis Seed, as also the Seed of
Fennel, seldom come to maturity ; the Seed ot Annis is com-
monly eaten with a fly.

01,-u-y never lasts but one Summer, the Roots rot with the

Frost.
Spar

t'l'i'i ! w . ^1 Country men called Kenning Wort,

grows 1.1

Mils- 1 . ,1, p^tiffland

Ditt;,inl. I- o, I', ,

Tausi,..

Musk JIt'llous are butter th.ln our English, and

Cucumbers.

Poropions, there be of several kinds, some proper to the
Country, they are dryer then our Englisli Pompions, and bet.
ter tasted; you may eat them gi*een.

Tuckerman comments as follows on the above lists:
" The earliest, almost the only account that we have of
the gardens of our fathers, after they had settled them-
selves in their .Veic England, and had tamed its rugged

HORTICULTURE

coasts to obedience to English husbandry. What with
their garden beans, and Indian beans, and pease j^

lettuce: tli.n
pot-herl.>: .n
clary, .•iiii-<c-.
royal, toi- swi
pions and niel
fruits of the <
to be so well
1

flowers, la
call this h
among oui
ers, which

gland,' says Higginson in 1G29) ;
mips, and carrots ('our turnips,
<■ both bigger and sweeter than
in England,' says the same rev-
■aiibages and asparagus,— both
\c. ,-.liii-h ; Tli.ir radishes and
ivlry. i-lMivil. and marigold, for
:<■, tii\iiic. ^a\'>T-\- uf both kinds,
liaiMlir-. ^|i..-aniiiut, and penny-
-ii'.t tn iiHiitiun the Indian pom-
iia ri t . r- ^c| Hashes, 'and other odde
r!if !ir-iiKimed of which had got
a]iioiiu' the settlers, when Josse-
Jyn wroTp in ii>,j. inar. what lie oalls 'the ancient New-
England stan.liiii.' di^ir (we may call it so now!) was
.1. tinally, their pleasant, familiar
:tu,n and hollyhocks and satin ('we
s..rt'olke, sattin,' says Gerard; 'and,
it is called honestie' ) and gillyflow-
nks as well, and dear English roses,
<, possibly, hedges of eglantine,—
surely the gardens of New England, fifty years after the
settlement of the country, were as well stocked as they
were a limidiad aii'i liftv vears after. Nor were the first
planters h.,,- lic-hiTihliand in frait. Even at his first
visit, in li;:i'.i, ..ur aiulH.r was treated with 'half a score
of very fair piiiiuii^.' from the Governor's Island in
Boston Harher; tlmugh there was then, he says, 'not
one apple tree nor pear planted yet in no part of the
countrey but upon that island.' But he has a much bet-
ter account to give in 1(371: 'The quinces, cherries
damsons, set the dames a work. Marmalad and pre
served damsons is to be met with in every house. On
fruit trees prosper abundantly, — apple trees, pear trees
quince trees, cherry trees, plum trees, barberry trees
I have observed, with admiration, that the kernels sown
or the s ccor planted produce a f a r and good fru t
witho t graft ng i the tree fro n whence they were
taken The co ntrev replen 1 ed w h fa r and large
orcha 1 1 w tl 11 Mr \\ 1 t ag s

(otwl I I 1 I I I 1 I lat

orcha 1
berrj 1 1

to have co ne

the fir t settle

Engl h gar len

ti ne St 11 pers s

(Pig 10 8) The f reg ng I

I 1 from th s

I ost of our

1 t Jos eljn s

n New EnglanI
re narks bh w that
i early 1 ro gl t the fam I ar home plants to
the new countr\ and there are man^ collateral evidences
of the same character There was long and arduous ex
penmenting with plants and niethcds Several things
which were tried on a 1 irge scale failed so completely

eithi

I t 1 ts tommercial

I k tl e « ine grape

1 ( d onU as a

1 i < in tobacco

taple crops

I eans, pumpkins and

covered They soon

li were introduced by

i others found peaches

1 ar Is of peaches and apples

•^ew \ ork by Sullivan s raid

HORTICULTURE 7o7

which could not be surpassed in the irrigated and well-
cultivated gardens of Spain." For critical notes on the
plants cultivated by the American aborigines, see Gray
and Trumbull, Anier. .b.urii. ■.! S.-ien.i-, vd. ■.'.") (April,
May), vol. 20 (August i.

"Fruit-growiug aiii.iu- ihe lihlians „( lircnx'ia and
Alabama in the early lii~T.ir\ ^i' ihr-e sTai<->." wi-ites
Berckmans, "is deni'
peaches which the In
period found growing
taw villages. It is ui
long trips to other in

rge quantity ot
le early colonial
rokee and Choc-
ans often made
: various articles

1077 Earhest

American plant

of their making and thus the seed from those peach
trees was undouhtedh procured from the Florida In
dians who in turn piocurt 1 these tr m the tiees
planted bj the Spanish exj 1 II] I t | t

' Indian peaches ttund thi I ^ I

ogmzed by the down^ ai 1 | I 1 | | 1

barkonthe jounggr \\tli w I 1

gradualh disserainit 1 1 tl I

was quite extensn I I

dians in the mount i I I

North Carolina 1 h I

11 1 k h unkn 1 t tl I I I

gna (nl (I

De&ot It 1 II I

abumUnt iu 1 \\M rtn le 1 ilum ii 1 \s ihnit tiees
were growing luiuiiantly thioughout the c unfiy at
taming a size and beaut) without planting or pruning,

758

HORTICULTURE

following notes, amongst others, under tin
"The plants of England, as well tliosc i,
and orchards as of the garden, that havi 1
over into New England, suit verywi II with
grow to perfection. The apples uit :i^ i^'<,„
England, and look fairer, as well :»s ih. |m a
have not all of the sorts. The- i..a.:liL.

1078. Relic

days— apple tree at 250 year;

gardens." It was re-
have run much upon
:• orchards was chiefly
will makefl, some have

those of England, and there is no trouble or expence of
walls for thera; for the peach trees are all standards,
and Mr. Dudley h.is Iind, in liis own Kar.lrn, TOn or 800
fine peaches of l)f rMir ri|M.-. '.r.,Hin;; at -., tim.- cm om.
tree. • » « 'I'l ■ ' . ■ ' ■! .umI li'niiful,
and commonly I., .i iiiii:;,. i.in,.. ■ * *

The common '.-li-, I . . ^ - I ;., ili- K.ntisli

cherries of Eiit; 1.1 1,-1 . a:,-; ;la , lia.,n.. aukf-s, or heart-
cherries, unless ill iv.o
ported that pcoiii. ,■( ■ i,
orchards." Th.- |.n»luri
cider. "Some ol' ilinr aii]
made 7 barrels ot .nh i : l,ut ihi- js not coinnioii; iiml
the apples will vhM ir"in , t,, :i lai~li.N for a liana-l of

cider: a good ap|.|r Ini will noa-or.' fr (Mo 10 fiM't

in girt." nu.ll.v , oaai- a l,l.M„,,l,-, a|.|.lo, an,l"tlir

New ki. I '.■'' , ■ ' ' '-..I |.rr-,o,is with I'lio h'lxiiriant

growl ll " ■ ■ \ll olllnll, srl out lor ,,■,-, 1. will

8 feet; re,l orru'a; |orachl will 'liioiin't il t.ot: whi'lo or-
rice 8. In the pastures he measun-J -., .1 iinilhii :i foot

2 inches in height, and one of the- la.iiiinoii iliisilo^ ; \ ,_■

8 feet." Record is made of a punii'kin vm. w hirli mn,
unattended in a pasture. It madi.^ a siii,i;lo stini w hirh
"ran along over several fences, and spread over a large
piece of ground far and wide." "From this single vine
were gathered 260 pumpkins; one with another as large

, half peck; enough
tumbrel, besides a considerabl
unripe pumpkins." Indian con
grain." Mr. Dudley did not act
mixing of corn is due to the int
but thought th
agency of the wi
running kidney
their support.

The colonial o
in the relative i
landscape arrant
the lack of snio

the

till

large

He

HORTICULTURE

ivented till this century). These gardens
■ general tvpcs: the unconventional personal
hoiit form but not void (Fig. 1079), in which

ill 'h-lightful democracy; the conventional,

1. '-'•■ i-trical garden, in which things grew

-|ir rifiil aristocracy. (Plate XIV. | There
iiitL risting and elabox-ate private gardens in

dtiys. One of the earliest and best was that
r Peter Stuy vesant, of New Amsterdam ( New

Third Avenue), known as the "Bouwerie,"

WCalthvpol ■■:: O, .ia I, I la-- -

ably i-arli. la a ,., ;o, _, .■ . ,■ .,,a; a- a ;

aged by tin; , .\aii.|,l,. and pru i|,l ..,[ \\ aal,il;.;U.I

are records of many large and nierituriuus colic
plants a century and more ago. William Hr
collection at Philadelphia was one of the bes
contained a large coUi-ction of t-Notics, It Hour

wards the clos,. ,,f la-t i-.i- , atai ■...,- i.rok

1828. William .laal . a -. a

lectio
sylva

l,v :a

. fal

• aud planting," ai

turn of evergreens

holao

i> 1, ■.'.

Join,

iiT.-.

stahlislied at Pliih

gri-a

of the

trees

>waliaiii-st tli.-lilos

otthe

city.

Bart

am «a~ a skilful fa

Qd hi

, .John

and continued the garden. The elder Bartrtim was
jirolpahly the first American to perform successful ex-
])primr'uts in hybridization. Bartram's house (Fig. 1080),
built bv himself, is still one of the sights of the environs
of Philadelphia, and the site of th.- :;ai.I- n. . iO, many
of the old trees standing, is now ha|>|! ' i'': aark.
Bartram's cousin, Humphry Marslni II, ■ , i o-

tanic garden at West Bradford, in (1 . I'a.,

in 177M .lohn Bartram's name is pr, s, i , ,1 lo n - m ihe
moss Hiiti mill 111,1 M II h ill s III tin . I nil Musliallia,

imall Composita? ot the eastern states. The
Elgin botanic garden, near New York, was established
in 1801 by David Hosack, a man of great learning and
of the keenest sympathies with rural occupations. He

HORTICULTURE

HORTICULTURE

the purpose

and

aiset

mull.

by subscription

Earl\ Ge

WRiTisr<;

-The pi ,1

H

tl ul

ture m 1 \ I

fi 1

1 ,

, the

books ilf\ t

1 t 1

1 1 (t

The eiili r

\ 1 nil

^

1 not

separat, 11

Itl u

lUlL

tium

agucultuie

The

unlj

work

exchisneh

levoted to

agri

culturil m 1

tters

whic

h ap

peared in -Vi

lenca

before the

Revolution seems to ha^e

been the " Essays upon Field

Husbandry begun in 1748

and completed m 1739 by Rev

Jared Eliot of Kilhngwoith

Conn graudsunot thef tmous

apostle Eliot (See hlint ) 'There are sundry books

on husb■^Qdr^ wiote in England said Elint m his pre

face 'HiMn„ lead ill ou that suhi ft nil \ * un

■set such IS the diftereuce of clini i I I i > I >!

Management between the 111 and us m i ^

that must m ike them alwa\ s diffii II'

arenotveu Usetul to us Besid. ti,i ih i ,ii,,„l

Art made use of are

so unkuottii

tu us th it I ^leat

dealthes ^\lltc isqu

te unintell%ible to the generality

of New hn^lmd Rea

leis

Just It th( (l.is, . tt

IH Revidutlull

T Hectoi St John g

I tt , U .11 ,1, Vni

til li 111 I til It

1) Ul rinu 1

Mil 1 til \ll

■ 111 mil although
11 11 ..[onieshad

1 Mil « » *

I tt 1 u 1 iiitt 11

i , 1 1 .1 1

1 \\\ iit\ hve 5 ears

tiU^viiutli 1

11 lili Ul of oui agri

culture Ul 1 1 ,11 \

111 111 III titi

turns \\ as minutely

unfolded t th XI

1 till 11 li til

writings of many

traveleis I n.li 1, ,

111 11 1. \\\i

) made inquisitive

lourne.siin ,1, u

niiti\ sti

iklaiid an English

travelei \ i 1

1 ilMt land

in \meriea aiffords

httle pi

nid appears in a progress of

contmu iP

* * »

Laud in New York,

formerI\ | i i m-

1 1 hi Is to the

ai le I on produces

only 10 » » ' L

ttl. piofit ca

1 1 f mil 111 the

piesent mode of agricultuie of this

ml. Ill 1 ip

prehend it to be a fac

tthatit affoi.l

* * » Decline has

per\aded all tl

. It I h I is

abundant evidence

including a i

II 1 1 1 ... \

made by Washington
low state at the close

to show th It

of thecentui\

-^h

thei!

them to s , 1 III ii\ 111 II t 1 I i 111 II 1 t il.le

qualitj Ihii UP nuiiil i wli ii ^li t I ^udins
neither affoid flowers to le^ilethe senses n ir the vege
tables necessary to the comfort of their families though
they annually receive considerable sums in money foi

1080. Bartram's house as it was in 1835. Built in 1730-31.
In the margin is the Petre pear, raised by Bartr

their crops sent to market. To this there have been
some illustrious exceptions of persons who cultivated
gardens on a large scale, both for use and pleasure. The
hrst that can be recollected is Mrs. LamboU, who, before
the middle of the eighteenth century, improved the south-
west extremity of King street [Charleston], in a garden
which was richly stored with flowers and other curiosi-
ties of nature, in addition to all the coiiiuh.n vii;ii;ilil<'s
for family use. She was followed by Mr-. !,.>^:ui mid
Mrs. Hopton, who cultivated extensive fiiinli n- in Mi . i-
ing, George and King stn'ets. on hinds ii.i'\ > .n i r, ,1 with
houses. The former riiln.Ml ili, l.ii,,- i. i - In had ac-
quired by long experii I : ' ,i regular

s\stera, which was pni i i , « ith the

titleof 'The Gardenir' I, ,;,.,, . '. i ,,,. ,lny regu-
lates th.. pi-ii-tifo ..f ■■■.■, , III .,i„l li, ar ( li.irk-stown."
Riiii-i 1% ,..,], Ill, I \|. I 111 ha Logan was the daugh-
tei ',1 I; ; ihi' last proprietary gover-
n irs i - I Ir-. Logan was a great flo-
rist, iumI I ..iiiiiM.ii';. i..im1 . if .-i garden. She was seventy

years old wln-n sh.- wrote her treatise on gardening, and
died in 1779. aged 77 years."

The opening of the nineteenth century may be taken
as a convenient starting point for a narrative of the
evolution of American Horticultnn-. At flmt time Hor-
ticulture began to attain .sonn- pr miiii' us distinct

from general agriculture, and il siiiMj-lmient of

peace after the long and depiitiii;^ win- witli England
hTd turned the attention of the best citi/.eiis afresh to
tlip ..rrn|.:ifiMn of tiip soil. The c-iample of W.ashington,
111 nliiniiiiu' tn ilip farm after a long and honorable pub-
li lanir, nn liiniM exerted great influence. His agri-
iilinral r,irri-s|.,iii.lenc'e was large, and much of it was

1 iilill-hnl at tl |H'niiin- of the century. His correspon-

1 in.' with Artlini- \oiiiiu and Sir John Sinclair will be
I 1111,1 ill \-,.liini,,s |,iii,lisli,,| in London in 1800 and 1801,
ill Ahxaii.lria in Isn:;, and in Washington in 1847. De-
tiils respecting the management of his plantations com-
piise vol. iv. of the Memoirs of the Long Island His-
torical Society, 1889.

It was not until 1790, however, that an indigenous and
distinctly agricultural treatise other than Eliot's ap-
peared in America. At that time, the Rev. Samuel
Deane, vice-president of Bowdoin College, published his
' New England Farmer, or Georgical Dictionary," a cy-
clopedic work of the state of American agriculture.
This passed to a second edition in 1797, and to a third in
1822. (See Deane.) In 1799 J. B. Bordley published in
Philadelphia "Essays and Notes on Husbaudry." Other

760

HORTICULTURE

early -works need not be mentioned here. As early as
1785, Varlo's "New System of Husbandry" was printed
in Philadelphia. It is in many ways a remarkable book,
and it was written by a man who had had remarkable
experiences. He was not an American, and the work
first appeared in the old country; but Varlo had lived
in this country, and was in sj-mpathy with the American
people. The book contained a "Farmer's and Kitchen
Garden Calendar." In 1792 there appeared anonymously,
from Burlington, New Jersey, the third edition of Ar-
thur Young's "Rural Economy," which excellently dis-
plays that noted author's catholicity of view. He ar-
gues strongly for experiments and for the establishing
of agricultural journals. This book first appeared in
London, in 1770.

At the opening of the century, Sir Humphry Davy
had not illumined the science of agricultural chemistry,
and men were even disputing as to what the food of
plants is. The " burn-baking " or "devonshiring"of the
land— burning the sod and scattering the ashes over the
field— was still recommended ; and in 1799 James An-
derson's " Essay on Quick-lime as a Cement and as a
Manure," was given an American edition in Boston. It
is easy to see from these facts that the fundamental
conceptions of the science of agriculture were vague and
crude a century ago. Near the close of the last century,
Deane wrote that "the alarming effect of the present low
state of husbandry is, that we are necessitated to im-
port much of our food and clothing, while we are in-
capable of making proportionable remittances m the
produce of the soil, or in anything else."

The earliest book on a horticultural subject known to
have been published in North America, excepting Mrs.
Logan's, was an American edition of Marshall's "Intro-
duction to the Knowledge and Practice of Gardening,"
Boston, 1799. The first indigenous horticultural book
^appeared in 1804, "The American Gardener," by John
Gardiner and David Hepburn. It was published at
Washington. This book had an extensive sale. It was
revised by "a citizen of Virginia," ami republished in
Georgetown, n. ('.. ill isis. A i1iir>l .•ilii;..ii :i|i|ii'ared in

1826. (See//./.'."-",! 'I'lii- I ' ' "•• - ! in !S06 by

_Bernard M'Jhil '^ r\rrll,iii -.,,. , ■ . , • - 'Ameri-

~can Gardener's < 'ill. 11. hir," 111 I'l,,, i..:. Ilii-iwork

enjoyed much ]..iimhirity, ami ili^ . 1. \ .ii;li . .liiion ap-
peared as late as ]8.")7. Fur tifty yi-ars it rumained the
best American work on general gardening. M'Mahon
remembered in the Mahonia barberies, was an important
personage. He was largely responsible for the intro-
duction into cultivation of the plants collected by Lewis
and Clark. These early books were calendars, giving
advice for the successive months. They were made on
the plan then [...jiular in Enjrland, a plan which has such
notcw.iiili.- iinrc.l.iii ii- i!m' . \.i Il.'iit "Kalendarium
Hort. I ' ■' : ' I ' ., i ', • 1 a|ipeared in 1664,

editi-i, . ; • , '^ ,;....,... I ■ I
'"Gani' :■ ■ 1 • •: : ■ : ■ "I

Soulli I iii-..Iiii:i.:iimI L. ■ . r- i.i , - 1 I i :. I't. M

The lirst in.iiy.'ii.ius book wrilt.-n on
treating subject liy subject, was Coxe's
the second appears to have been Gobi
G.ard.-ii.i-," pul.lislifa at New York in

This'\v'-' . •, .■..■.■ . ' : :'.. -.- I •

n.l which decidud
encc he had come,
be again took \i\

■ early books of
.'tical American
lorbum's "Gen-
• York, the third
iobert Squibb's
Xorth-Carolina,
n, 1827.

HORTICULTURE

Prout on that piece of ground now occu-
vy yard, at the city of ■Washington." He
life in England, becoming a voluminous
litical and economical subjects. (See Vob-
1 resting to note, in connection with this
urnips, that the kohlrabi was intro-
!ime time, and Deane savs of it in

which has but newiy
.< hardy enough to bear
^(.- is yet to be proved."
u as a biennial, which

wmters.

Fessenden's "New American Gardener," made upon
the topical plan, appeared in Boston in 1828, and went to
various editions ; and from this time on, gardening

books were f requi-ni . s.
are Thomas Bri.l-. inin
of Philadelphia, ami .1-
Flower-Books am. r
can book devoted wholly
Green's " Treatise on the
1828. Edward Sayers y
Garden Companion," in
18(;i) there appeared mar

■ leading early authors
York ; Robert Buist,
k, of Boston.

popula

cut.

■s il.srrv. s a paragraph, since
e what were the leading orna-
ly day (1828). The full title of
1 the Cultivation of Ornamental
marks on tin- Herpiisite Soil,

. iiiiials aiul the otherof greenhou.ie plants.
iii-f interesting, also, for what they do not <
ilm plants which they mention are here set

AXNUAL AUn

Althte.T fnitex.
Almond, Double-flowering,
Amaranthtis superbus,
Amarauthus tricolor,
Animated Oats,

Auricula,
Azalea nudiflor.^,

SNUL FLOWEKS.

Cherry, Double-flowering,
Chrysanthemum Indicum,
Clematis, Austrian (C. in-

tegrifolia),
Clethra,
Cohirabine,
Convolvulus,
Corchorus Japonicus,
Crocus,
Cupid's Car, or JInuk's Hood

(Aconitum),
Dahlia.

Dwarf Basil,
Egg Plant.

Enratorium,

HOBTICULTURE

AL AND BIENNIAL FLOWERS— CoH/f'i

JIusk Geranium

HORTICULTURE

Passion Flower,

Pseony.

Pea, Sweet,

Peach, Double-flowering,

Pink,

Perennial Sunflower, double,

PoIy,inthus,

Pyrethrum Parthenium,

Poppy,

Purple Hyacinth Bean,

Rose

olored Hibiscu

ihI, Broad-le,aved (.Eah

Plant (Podoplylli

Rudl.eckii

Scarlet ('acalia.

Scarlet Lychnis {L. Chalce

donica).
Siberian Crab,
Snow-ball Tree,
Snowberry,

Spice-wood (ioMriis Benzoin),
Spiderwort {Tradescantia) ,
Spir;

' nga, or Mock Orange,

Tulip.

Veuetian Sumac, or

Tree.
Violet, blue fragrant.

last few y

Palm an i

where 0

of luxur e

characte of

wrote Alfr

came a fl

durnff heh

to New Yo k

wen be? n a u ti

is q een ani the poor cane a hn

do her e erence » » » * i conii

the me not far d an h n w

ous w h he fo e n

var e of ro e

the fo ow n con

"Abo t he }ear 8

be for ed an 1 d n

tities of these b bs

land As the me ho s of f

market became o er ocke 1

tities are for el h

they are not now n

rose carnat on v o

are st 11 the favor

for h n

ago
and
ands

GREENHOUSE PLASTS.

Sweet

.Single and Double Jonquils
White LUies,

Tuberoses,

Mignonette,

Verbena trifoliata.
Vervain,

Fuchsia coccinea,

Cobasa scandens.

Camellia Japonica, or Japa-
nese Rose,

Myrtles.

for

crease s no cea e n tne e
home and the de nan i s for
plant pa ms drace a arau i

d we

own

u ioeed

J ked

pa to adorn the

expen e a of

be ng
h anv

nj of

These lists are much less ample than those of M'Ma
hou, over twenty years earlier, but they may be sup
posed to include the popular and most easily growr
thina^s. They will be suggestive to those who
wish to make "old-fashioned gardens." M'Mahon's
list was evidently largely compiled from Euro-
pean sources. Green says that the fir.st list
(strangely called "annua! and biennial flowers")
contains "such plants, shrubs and trees as are of
easy cultivation, generally hardy." The
comprises "a few different sorts of greenh^
plants" "which are commonly grown

The first American book to be devoted to
special flower was Sayers' book on the dahl:
Boston, 18.39, which appeared only a year lat
than Paxton's well-known book iu Englaii
Sayers' book also included the cactus. The ik
special flower book seems to have been Buisi
"Rose Manual," Philadelphia, 18-14. although
sentimental book on the "Queen of Flowers" li
appeared in the same city in 18-11. Biiist s b,.
went to at least four editions. It was fc.llcwiMl
Prince's in 18-4i;, and by .S. B. Pars..i,\ "'l'
Rose: Its History, Poetry, Culture and (lasM
cation," 1846. Parson's book wmt t.. a r.-vi^
edition. Of later-date flow,-
several of importance, but it

fine p an s sea tered hrough
our mo lern ho es are pro
window or sraa 1 conser a o f
plan See C to and t

Eaelt Pomoloc cal We tings It s in the pomolog
ical wr ngs that Nor h Amer ca has made the greatest

tiliilntiu t 1 It. ulf iril hterattire. William For-

i-arly portray the tendencies of the eytli^ ,
sts, — from the formal-flower ideals of meur <>
.nellia to the enormous development was wi,

rise on the Culture and Manage-
ippeared in London in 1802, and it
mpression of 1,500 copies (of the

HOHTICTLTURE

HORTTriTTTI-

u tl e Ma
Goodricl s
1849 C 1
Barrj I
Of

L

h cut e to call
1 le s n 6 It nt

ja3. oiu

L

rl r autl ors
tl e r ters

f r t

1

1
\
1
(

c

lition),
eht mo

4to 1 1 nff b p
t)s An A or

oil n a 1 t 1 or

ivn i 1 W 1 n

a n

11 an

r t 0

BelK n
obsei er

Van Mo s
% an 1 con

I O SI

b }0 1 a
s Ma g

H ne ftle.'T^al'.^nl
ntous ttis anongst Ai an

I

f le
B k

f
t

"\mV.:'

CO nt

t lov t

O 0 f tl en 1 pre
e t IP of orl

l)r I

W St

1 t
H 01

I r of tie 01 1 e

1

1,. , :

-i of pear Id

of I ectar ncs

e coi s dered

In i
book
t ons 10
thoTnork

loSl t a 1 u
of at le ot

Ij ct of onu 1
i, ui Cou t I, tie 0 s 1
i d 1 ooks 1 I pcarc i 1 ng
f ft tl ors s ce tl t Amer can

B

Ih

C

w

a

Yo 1

des r,

W

i>s:)l (secKiuil rilii - :
tions of varici h >
1 Princp, soil ,n, ;

1

\ V

1 1 t o of
rt Pr nee an I

1 t tl
f,ro g

(tr pe It
seen to 1 a

ry
d

ks

K

oks. a 1 a t al con ere al graj e

1 a 1 1 ttl r 1 0 e to tl 0

HORTICULTURE

other. Some of the later books have in
the right jn.int of vii-w.

HORTICULTURE 763

lire nearly caught chief and proper end of the apple. Of his thirty chap-

irirar' ::i:([" 1 '- i^ published in

Wasliin- : 1- '■ ■'' '■■ ' !!nm,"A Memoir

on th. t • ■ i -i." This went

toa s, - --■- .-. .1 :iiid Plate II).

Before iliiB luue iloiun, t>. W. .L.liu.i.u had devoted
much space to tho grape in his " Rural Economy," pub-
lished at New Brunswick, N. J., and he published the
first pictures of grape training (Fig. 1085). Adlum's
book was followed in 1826 by the
"American Vine Dresser's Guide,"
by the unprophetic Dufour. This
woi-k also gave pictures of grape
training, one of which is reproduced
in Fig. 108G. The larger part of the
grape literature appeared before
the close of the Civil War, although
the larger part of the development
of the subject has taken place since
that time.

General Remarks on Fruit-
Growinc,. -Horticulture, in its
commcr'-i-il n-iH.-t-j. v-i-j ivtliiiig

farm m .
the c li-
the pri~'
cultivatif

fruit- gro'
cider, or 42 pages ■
tie devoted to hni
more letters of hi-
is mostly a vehenn
he says, "would b
pelling foreign lii
use of ardent spirits,
pi

(1817) devotes

lud of life, by expelling the

Virginia, in Taylor's day, ap-

were "the only species of orchards, at a distance

of

has come to assume any general im-
portance in the rural ecoiumiy of
the nation. And even now, horti-
cultural operations which are pro-
jected as a fundamental conception
of land occupation are confined to
few parts of the country. It is still
the original or first cniir'r'ptifm of
the farmer's boy. ^\)i-ii !ir j.ro-
poses to occupy I:mi.1 i.f lii^ 'iwn.
that he raise grain :iimI li:iy and
stock, and add the fruits and otlirr
horticultural crops by ]>iecenieal.
It is only in particular parts of the
country that the farmer starts out
with Horticulture as a base, and
with grain and stock and hay as
accessories ; and even in these
places, the best horticulturists are
still drawing tlieir practices and
the rfri--"r,= f.^r tli. in fr,.r,-, tho

ity, at Ita.-i lu ;1.L- u.jii;i, jn
a hundred years ago. and that w
the apple. Pears, peaches, ch<
ries, quinces and some other fru;
were common, but there was liti
thought of marketing them. Ev
the apple was generally an ae
dental crop. Little care was giv
the trees, and the variet
few, and they were rarely selected
with reference to particular uses, beyond their adapta-
bility to cider and the home consumption.

Tliacher, writing from Plymouth in 1821. says that
"the most palpable neglect prevails in rov|„..-t of |.roiMT
pruning, cleaning, and raanurinij m.nimI iK.. i,m.i~ ,,(
trees, and of perpetuating choi<r i ■ . ,

from it on other stocks. Old orri; . i i

from cities, capable of producing sufficient profit and
comfort to become a considerable object to a farmer.
Distilling from fruit is prpcarions. troublesome, trifling

valua
of cat
pillar
of no

iage annoyed by cater-
■i-ts. In fact, we know
unaccountably and so
: not for the date of
istake this picture for

culpably disregarded.' W iTe
Thacher's writing, we should
one drawn at the present day.

If one may judge from the frequent and particular
references to cider in the old accounts, it does not seem
too much to say that this sprightly commodity was held
in greater estimation by our ancestors than by our-
selves. In fact, the cider barrel seems to have been the

ginia by one pers.oi, l;i.
writes of a small town i
forty families, wbicli ma. I
in the year 1721; an<l anoi
families, which su|ii.iicd i
Barrels." Bartrani's < i.lc
ent day, is shown in I'ig
into the present century
caped the European notioi
There are evidences tl
marked alternations ut fi

7G4

HORTICULTURE

ing of apples since the first settlement of the country.
Early in the last century there ajipears to have been a
great abundance of the "fruit; hut in 1821 Thacher de-
clared that "it is a remarkable fact that the first
planters bequeathed to their posterity a greater number
of orchards, in proportion to their population, than are
now to be found in the old colony," and he attributes

the decline iu orchart

ling largely to the encroachment

ot tl I o s s 1 1

or of the later t mes I nder the

, rat on of Tl a 1

( o Kenr ck Pr nee Maun nf.

a d the Do vn n

1 an I we

heEa t

follow ng the le

la "ind 1 roba

HORTICULTURE

tion and adaptation without our knowing it. By far the
greater number of the apples of the older apple-growing
regions of the country are indigenous varieties, and the
same process is now operating in the Northwest, where
the American seedlings of the Russian stock are prov-
ing to be more valuable than the original importations.

'--w \f -'

a lai te 1 t k

t 1

01 were cons lere 1 to

be of Ame

Downing s 1 t of apples which 1

1

descr be 1 \

1

t

vh ch 1

f,reat

a tually

n ult

of them

are o

portant

fr t a

tur sale by

tl e n r er> u u ol N

h Vu u

1 J

There has been a no

stnot eallete

len

cj towards the

or g at on of var et

es of ) pie

tl

CO ntr an!

tl e CO seq ent eicl

ot

E r 1 •> or

1087
It s sa 1 that the app es vere p
he rock and crushed hj n ea

rel c of the last century
pHoel n the ere lar groove
1 we ght roll g o er
the farther s de aud

gin. As early as 1760, cions of Anii'rk-:ni VMriclirs wire
sent to England. Before the ReVMlui i'.n, a|ipli - were
exported. The origination of indigiimu.. \:ni.ii.'^ was

of course, an accidental one, and was :i ii ^saiy nsult

of the universal iiictli.Ml .>f growing apple trees directly
from seeds, and tn]i i;ratting them in case they should
turnout j.roiitlrss. A critical study of American Horti-
culture will show tliat all species of plants which have
been widely cultivated iu this country have gradually
run into indigenous varieties, and the whole body of our
domesticated flora has undergone a progressive evolu-

Pears were among t the earliest fru ts ntroduced into
the New Worl 1 ai 1 the French part cularly d ssemi
nate 1 them far and de along the waterwajs as wit
nessed by the patriarchal trees of the Detroit river and
portions of the Jlississippi system. John Bartram's
Petre pear (Fig. lOSD) is one of the patriarchs of the
last century, although the tree is not large. The first
book devoted exclusively to the pear was Field's, pub-
lished in 1859. The Japanese type of pears had been
brought into the country from two and perhaps three
separate introductions, early in the fifties, but they had
not gained sufficient prominence to attract Field's atten-
tion. From this oriental stock has come a race of prom-
ising hybrids with the common pear, represented chiefly
by the Kieffer, Le Conte and Gar-

ber

Pea I es were early introduced
t tie New World by \ariou8
lilt and they thrived so well

freclT as m th

I nit 1st,

t<s Ihe

old Spanish oi

Melxotor

1 t\pe IS

now the most

\ 1 ular

1086, Dufour's picture of Grape t
Patterned after the South-European fashion of emplo

peaches, giving rise to the Craw-
fords and their derivatives.

Of late years there has been a
contraction of the original peach
areas, and many good people have
thought that the climate is grow-
ing uncongenial, but it is only the
natural result of the civilization of
tlie country and the change in
methods of Horticulture. Peaches
had never been an industry, but
the orchards were planted here and
there as very minor appendages to

HORTICULTURE

the general farming. For generations insect pests were
not common. There ivere no good markets, and the
fruit sold as Invr as -JS cents a bushel from the wagon box.
In fact, it was u-rnHii in.n-r for the home supply than with
an idea of slii|i|.i!i- it tm market. Under such conditions,
it did U'lt iiiati. r ii halt ilii- crop was wormy, or if many
trees failed and died .a.li year. Such factsoften passed
almost unnoticed. The trees bore well, to be sure; but
the crop was not measured in baskets and accounted
for in dollars .and cents, and under such conditions only
the m.jst productive trees left their impress upon the
memory. The soils had uot und.ii;,.u.- surh a long sys-
tem uf rubbery then as m-w. Win ii ili-' "Id orchards
plant

HORTICULTURE

ore].

Ofte

the

re to repeat

of those ins, ..-is ivlurh fuli"» I'l. . t-i. II, .,l.i^ .■ .■,„„, „u-
nities. But th.' f,ir. .-..ini' in mn-Ti.'cd ,iiid f..r a time

denly, their niinilH.r lir.-,ini..s .,,, L-r.-it tliat tln-y threaten
destruction, and tin- fainn-r l.mks .m in amazement.

The orange is aiiotlier tree which has thrived so well
in the new' country that the spontaneous thickets of
Florida, known to be descendiints of early Spanish in-
troductions, are confidently believed by residents to be
indigenous to the soil.

The progress of the plum in America nearly equals
that of the grape in historic interest. The small, spon-
taneous plums, known as Damsons,
the offspring of iiitmdm-tinns fro

The oldest .■.,in', , .1 Mi, • I I ,. ( ,1 , ,:i. which
dates from Isij I , ijit- Con-

cord, which 111. V .if the

history is madr m ' 1 /, ■ -1 m i i ,Mir Nui : , , I'm its."

There was no cummcn-ial strawlnrry culture in
America, worthy of the name, until the introduction of
the Hovey (Fig. 1088) late in the thirties. This and the
Boston Pine were seedlings of C. M. Hovey's, Cam-
bridge, Massachusetts. They first fruited in 1836 and
1837, and from them have descended most of the
garden strawberries of the present day. These were
seedlings of the old Pine tvpe of strawbcrrv, which is a
,]i,:.,,, ,!,..,..,,,,l:,,,t ,.f tl,.. wdd .■t,.:,,,v!.,.rr- of Chile. The
""-- '■ W'h"'|-- \ii- 1.- •! -"•,., ,1 -Mth.lohn

■ :■ . ; nniugof

werps we

last century, but they
■ies. ..t which the Ant-
riii- ■ n "!' r,is|,berry

native red ami i I ., ■ . ;,■ ■ ■ , I; :.• ■• '■ j m to im-
press themselv.-^ n| -,1111,: II ill,,, ,11 i-(,ii.

The blackberry , an ludiKrii.ju,, Aim ricau Iruit, first
commended itself to cultivation with the introduction of
the New Rochelle or Lawton, towards the close of the

industry, with no
Y upon, and which
rthern hemisphere.

The first named variety of blacKbery of which
-■ any record was the Dorchester, which was ex-
iMfme the Massachusetts Horticultural Society

h'wbcrry, a peculiarly American fruit, first ap-
iu cultivation early in the seventies in southern
under the name of the Bartel, which is a large
f the common wild dewberry of that region. It

766

HORTICULTURE

was first brought to the attention of the public in 187').
The following year the Lucretia, the most popular of
dewberries, was introduced into Ohio from West Vir-
ginia, where it had been found wild some years before
by a Union soldier.

Tho hi-tr,ry nf tho trooseberry in Amr-ri.vi rrmi; ■ *h:;t

of tin' -r.iiic. It iv ,1 .-iKiracteristic fruit ..t i ■ '■'<.'' I

the In.v rM,ii,i,-i,.,, and it was early inn

AnK/riiM. Iiiii. Ukr ilic European grape--, i-' - • ' - i

ries wt-rc iitLai'ktd Ij}' u. fungous sicliness \\'liicli r- ii'l^ n i

their cultivation precarious. An improved form of the
native species must be introduced, and this was accom-
plished by Abel Houghton, of Massachusetts, who, from
the seed of the wild berry, produced the variety which
now bears his name. This variety began to attract some
attention a little prr-Timis to ISnn. altliouKh it was not
plantpil frrflymitil .■-,-. I -. :ir-- Inti r ■ I'ii' inofi). From

seed "f III'' II ':! ■ I ' ■ -till the

most ]in|iul:M- ;: !. I , . , . ,:!,■:..,,. I Idightou

is still nn.rli -■• . . u : ..,,, T: ; , '..I , ,.ui' , ;Mld OUr

gOOSL'ljrl-l-y eul'.uri i . il . :, !..;. .. ,, . , ,-s fnilll

nature. With fhf:idvi-iii lil iIm I;.. : , i ■ ,:, ;iij,l it-;
related specifics, howcvi r, tli. I . ,, . i,, m, s an-

again coming to the fori-. IIvI-m: I i-Ii ami

American types, as in the- Ti-iuiniiii .-i- i -liiiiiiiia ami the
Chautauqua, may be expected to bcc-iuiie more popular
for home use and special markets, but the Americans
will probably remain in favor for general market pur-
poses.

The cranberry, mn^f nni. 111.-- .--f Aiii.-ri.-aii liorti.-iiUui-al
products, was tiV-t .-ii'ii .- I, ..r r. .■■:..! Ir. .m iiH-r. ..vii.l
bogs, about IMH. ll-.i,:, , .u, ;., atn-a.-l all. n

tion about 184(i. alili.iUL h ; I., .mi;. ,;;:.. ,-.iiiiii.,-i(.(l -,\ iih
the growing of ;i nuw i r.,|. uul mil la-yui tu L-k-ar away

HORTICULTURE

until about 1850. Cape Cod was the first cranberry-grow-
ing region, which was soon followed by New Jersey, and
later by Wisconsin and other regions. The varieties now
known are over a hundred, and the annual product from
tame bogs in the United States is nearly 800,000 bushels.
The XnRSERT and Seed BrsrNESs. — It is impossible
to fix a date for the beginning of the nursery business
in America. Trees were at first grown in small quanti-
ties as u mere ad.iunct to general farm operations.
li- 11 rm-r .1 .tin Emlir.itl.of the Massachusetts Colony,

I ;I - I'l -t fruit growers of his time, and he

-< I- I .' . in li;H. he wrote to John Winthrop

-M . i-liil'lri-n burnt mee at least 500 trees

III.-, .^i-iiii^ ij.. .-M iiiiin the ground on fire neere them ;"
and ill 1U4S he traded 500 apple trees, 3 years old, for
250 acres of land. The first nursery in Maine is thought
by Manning to have been that of Ephraim Goodale, at
(Irriiifrtoii, est.ililislicd early in the present century.
I I'll. ! . aril 11-11 -I I III. 11 <if Maine were the brothers
I 1 Vaughan, Englishmen, who

- : ■ I ■ iT'ii;. The first nursery in South

< .ii--iiii:i I'll- . -lai !i ImiI by Jolin Watson, formerly

Massachusetts, there wo
towards the close of last (
Kenrick, of Newtown, v

bef.i

lowed to grow to tin/ lii-iKbt of 5 or 0 feet licfore tliey are
budded or grafted." Stocks were sometimes grafted at
the crown, and even root-grafting was known, although
it is generally said that this operatimi originated witli
Tim,,, as An.h-ew Knight, in 1811. I> i i i -! :M. . Imw-
ev.-r, ihai till- mot-graftingof last c-i 11 - " jial't-

iiii;- lit till- Mi,-face of the ground, ami ill iillle

siiiiilai-ity I.I the method now in vi'fjm i iln m-w

t,-i-i-.- a huiidn-d years ago was the Loinl.a, .i., i...i.lai. .Iidjn
K.-,i,-iik hud two acres devoted to it in ITsiT; aud Deane
in 1797, that "the Lorabardy popla

in this country. To
durable they will be in 1
." Ill- does not mention

size thcv will arrive,
e will

Aim i-ii-a li\ William Hamilton, of I'l . I7.s4,

altlii.iiL-li .Mr. Meel, an writes that In r i. ,- t,-ef-s

tifiy \.ar ;,;.. iliai v, emed to 111- a century old.
Maiiiiiir. - 1 . t vale of uur.sery stock in 17!l!l,

sImiMiiL I , , - , ... i,t fruit trees was 33"^ cents
t-m-Ii. \\ .1 I II la 11. I, 1-lieaper money and with much
1-' It 1 i' , v., ,i,,w buy for one-third this price.
I'- -I III ,-aisiug apple trees as follows: "The

I I 111- them is by sowing the pomace from

. -i-^ii,g, or hoeing it into the earth in :ui-
iiiii.ii. III. . -.ung plants will be tip in tlie fnllnwing

planted from the seed bed into tin- ni,,-i-,y, i,, i-ews
from 2 to 3 feet apart and 1 foot in tin r.iw-. wln-ii- the
ground has been fitted to ri-eeivi- llnni.' Niitlii,,f; is
said about grafting the ti'i-e- in iln nm . r. .

But the first independi-,11 i , New World,

the

the t(-

seems to have been that i-'iiiiii- m \\ illian. Prince

at Flushing, Long Islainl, ami «lii.-li «as continued
under foftr generations of the same family. The foun-
der was William Prince. The second Prince was also
William, the son, and author of the first professed
American treatise upon Horticulture, 1828. The third
generation was William Robert Prince. He was the
author of "A Treatise on the Vine" (1830), "The Pomo-
logical Manual" (1831), and "Manual of Roses" (1840).
In the first two he was aided bv bis father, the sec-

Till

■kler Prii

HORTICULTURE

gean Garden was commenced about the
century \<y William Prince, the father

rii;irirt.ir. ;it a time when there were

-Inn. lit- i.f the kind in this country.

1 \i\< r.-.irini; a few trees to ornament
l.in liniliiiL', after the first efforts had

h .-.nr.-i-.-s. that he could devote a por-

iively. and shoi-tly after published s
at that early period, contained several
jnd varieties, and hence arose
e fruit collection in America."
died in 1802, "at an advanced

HORTICULTURE

767

ness and writing, had great influence on American
Horticulture in its formative period. As we have seen,
he distributed seeds of the Lewis and Clark expedition;
but Landreth is said to have shared these seeds, and
also those collected by Nuttall. Those were days of
the enthusiastic exportation of the seeds of American
plants.

The development of the seed trade is coincident with
the development of the postal service. Burnet Landreth
writes that "it was not until 1775 that the New York
city post oiiace was first established, the mail passing

Amons:st the nurseries which were prora
from 18;;0 to 1830 were Bloodgood's, \Vil.s..irs
Parmentier's, and Hogg's, near New York ; Ijm-
and Wilson's, at Albany; Sinclair and iMn(,r.-'s
at Baltimore. David Thomas, a man of -ri.:il
character, and possessed of scientific attainmrnt-
■was the earliest horticulturist of central "i- \\i -i
ern New York. His collection of fruits at Auiiu:!
upon Cayuga Lake, was begun about Lsiii'. Hi-
son, .John J. Thomas, nurseryman and author ol
the "American Fruit Culturist," which first ap
peared in 1840, died at a ripe old age in 1895,

ogists. The nursery ttnn .-f r ,'. ' ' i

Long Island, was fnund'd in 1- ■. ii

great quantities of fruit and ..iii.i nii.i ~i

a formative time in American llnrtii nli ni
it was a pioneer in several comunn'rial ui
of propagation of the more ditlicnilt <ninn
stock. It w.as the chief distributor nf .1m|
plants in the early days. Between 1840 and 1850
arose the beginnings of that marvelous network of nur-
series, which, under the lead of Ellwanger & Barry,
T. C. Maxwell & Brothers,W. & T. Smith, and others, has
spread the name of western New York throughout North
America. In 1857, Prosper J. Berckmans, who had then
been a resident of the United States seven years, re-
moved to Georgia, and laid the foundation of what is
now the best known nursery in the South.

The first American seed house, David Landreth's, in
Philadelphia, was established in 1784. The second was
John Mackejohn's, 1792; third, William Leeson, 1794;
fourth. Bernard M'Mahon, 1800, all of Philadelphia. In
1802, Grant Thorburn's was established in New York.
The first and last of these businesses still exist under
the family names. M'Mahon did a large business in ex-
porting seeds of native plants, and it was through his
work that many American plants came into cultivation
in Europe. His catalogue of seeds of American plants
in 1804, for the export trade, contained about 1,000 spe-
cies of trees, herbs and shrubs. He also announced at

1090 One

1764

that time that he had "also for sale an extensive variety
of Asiatic, South Sea Islands, African and European
seeds of the most curious and rare kinds." "The prices
shall be moderate, and due allowance will be made to
those who buy to sell again." M'Mahon, through busi-

length by 12 in breadth. Brick foiindafion 2 feet high, half a foot
of which to be underground. — Robert Squibb, Gardener's Calendar,
Charleston, S. C. 1827.

once every two weeks between New York and Boston.
In 17/5, a through mail was established by Postmaster
Franklin between Boston and Savannah, the letters be-
ing carried by post riders, each man covering 25 miles.
Previous to that date, sixty days would frequently pass
without a mail from Virginia." Landreth estimates that
there are now nearly two hundred seed firms in the
United States publishing and distributing descriptive
seed catalogues.

Greenhouses. — The first glasshouse in North America
was probably that erected early in last century in Bos-
ton, by Andrew Faneuil, who died in 1737. Tliis passed
to his nephew, Peter Faneuil, whn built Katn-iiil Hall.
The greenhouse which is commonly .-.nisid.r.Ml to be the
first one built in the country was fr»<-tn<l in 1 iiit in New
York, for James Beekman. A pi. -tun- of tliis, from
Taft's" Greenhouse Construction," is shown in Fig. 1090.
Glasshouses were fully described in 1804 by Gardiner
and Hepburn, and in 1806 by M'Mahon, but these authors
do not state to what extent such structures existed in
America. In Doctor Hosack's botanic garden, 1801, ex-
tensive glasshouses were erected. Compare Pigs. 986,
987 Fig. 1091 shows one of the earliest American pic-
tures of a greenhouse. It is copied, full size, from
Squibb's "Gardener's Calendar," Charleston, S. C, 1827.
Fig 1092 shows the first greenhouse in Chicago, as illus-
trated in "American Florist." Note the small panes, and
the sash construction. This was built in 1835 or 1836.

^ With these pictures should be compared the modern
greenhouses as shown m Big 1093, also m the pictures
m the articles on Ciuen/iOKie
These early houses were heated by flues or ferment

,•,4 mg substinces lln um (f ^.ti mi in di s< il cirtuits

if began m En^l in I i n I n il i i i n nl ition
' seems to have I I I rove

-^ out steam he itn in its

supremacy m fin i n i i i i i i \eirs

ago The 'New Ln„l ui 1 1 iiin i 1 i liu 1 1^ 1 ton
tams a description of hot watei heating toi h jthouses a
matter which was then considered to be a gieat novelty
Most of the early houses had very little, it any, glass
in the roof, and the sides were high. It was once a
fashion to build living rooms over the house, so that the
roof would not freeze. In the "modern " construction of
the greenhouse of M'Mahon's day, 1806, he advised

rc8

HORTICULTURE

that "one-third of the front side of the roof, for the
whole length of the house, be formed of glass-work,"
and in order that the tall, perpendicular sides of the
house should have as "much glass as possible," he said
that "the piers between the sashes are commonly made
of good timber, from G to 8 or 10 inches thick, according

to then hi 1

III 1 the windows for the

glans sashi i

t , t * • • the bottom

sashes muM )

1 t or 18 inches of the floor

ofthehou-t I 1

h«ithin8orlOinchesof

the ceilmg Uk i ii

tl 1 t 1 .Hid lit- (i inches

by 4 this si/t 'bein^

1 1 1 ynu-jv^t. but by

much the cheapest ui 1

1 1 1 1 1 .iv. ,• rueh other

about half an inch Hu

th 1 1 tr.Mit lights must

be made with large pan«

s of glass Many or most of

the eirly plant houses had removeable tops, made of
sash On the change from the old to the new ideas,
Alfred Henderson wiites as follows "The first pub
hshed idvocic-v of the h\td rnof s'\ stem wis made by
Ml Pftei B IMc id m tlie 'Nc^ "Voik Horticulturist,'
in lh")7 Bi tiiK til It dl kH ' idicnise strut tuies for com

table

nniih ill "CM M.nsfiuttcd IS 'lei

lt„s «,th hl.ll

h„l ' - 1 .1 n « ere connected

Ml 1 1 II 1

in 1 placed at all ai

,-1

(11 1 ( the heating w

Ii 1 Mil lill'li ll

«",t';M'' ' ,,„ in' M'"',nh;'','i'''r

it lieitiiu li\ li"t
IS eaily as 18dJ

11,,' ,11 1 1, , 1 1,, ,11,1 u h 1 « ll, 1

■ in anj thing hke a
1 lliti hings & Co ,

1 11 I'll 1 1 Ml 1 > 1

ot Till 111

1 t 1 Mr William

Nil 1 1

iit\ jears

sl\ . , 1

11 private

pi ILL- I 1. 1.1 It 1 lli.l 1

'i\s could

affoid to mdul^e lu buch lu\ni

. hanged

now The use of steam, hot w

sine, and

the gravity system of hot w it i

liiiostum

\ ersally in operation the hot m Hi

1 1 1 ^ 1 1 1 n rele

gated to the past The best . \ id, iic

I ut iiio„iess IS in

the fact that the floust has not w ii

ed for the trades

man, but has biought about these i

nprorements him

self •

Mu.I. Ill II lint

the slope of the

.t sunlight might

bl ,.l 1 Mil ' 1

1 lurvilmearioi.t

C UIH llllo 1 1 .

which It present-

nodeled

HORTICULTURE

glasshouse, amateur flower and vegetable growing has
acciuired a new impetus, and the business of the retail
florist has grown amazingly in the recent years.

Some idea of the increase of the demand for plants
may be obtained from the sale of flower pots. A. H.
Hews, of Cambridge, Massachusetts, whose ancestors
began the manufacture of pots before 176.5, reports that
for a period of twenty-two years, from 1788 to I8I0 the
accounts of the sales of pots "cover about as many pages
as we now often use in one day; and the amount in
dollars and cents does not compare with single sales of
the year 1894." He also compared the sales for 1869 and
1894 and "found the increase as ten to one; or, in round
numbers, 700,000 flower pots in the former year and
7,000,000 in the latter; and if the same factory can in
1920, twenty-five years later, produce and sell 70,000,-
000, we shall verily be living in a land of flowers."

One of the earliest greenhouse builders was Frederic
A. Lord, who built his first houses, according to Taft,
in Buffalo in 1855, and who, in 1872, entered into part-
nership with W. A. Bumham, at Irvington, on the Hud-
son. In very recent years a new impetus has lieen given
to glasshouse building and work by the establishment of
the agricultural experiment stations and the extension
of horticultural teaching in the colleges.

HoRTiccLTUBE IN CALIFORNIA. —California Horticul-
ture is in the main patterned after the South-European
types, and to this extent it originated from ispanish-
Mexican sources The Horticulture of California's high
mountain valleys approximates more closely to that of
colder regions while the Horticultuie of the Pacific
slope, north of Califoinia, becomes more and moie dif
ferent from the South European types, but still has
many chaiacteristics of its own separating it sharply
from that of the Atlantic slope The first horticultural
I xpi iiiiii lit- m talifoinia v.ere at the missions of the
I iiiii ill I i| 1 or LowerCalifornia),where 22 missions

I 1 tween 1697 and 1797 Here the Mission

II I d the date palm, also oianges lemons,
MM ,111 i| 1 ll s, bananas nlnis fl^s pomegranates,

]ii H hi s i|uiiiMs, plum- 1,1 I i- ind grapes
Ihey shipped to MonI i ' iilnrn missions

large quantities of drill 1 i - ind peaches

The Upper Calitornia im i i 1 seeds, cions,

etc , from those of Lowci L ilil mii i- well as from
Mexico The first of these missiuus nas established in
1769 at San Diego by the Franciscans, under the leader-
ship of Father Junipero beira whose name \isitors to

of the incul i i i I - uf the housi n m n

huh, for th I II 111 neiT the middli

centuiy Ml i i iiiii the eiily ^UssIh i

ll \ llii I other building- m i in
pcil into I sti-ucture in which jilint-
were grown for commercial purposes

The modern commercial foicing house, with direi t
roof low sides, and heated b\ sti un oi hot i\ ati r iii
closed circuits, IS mostly a dc-v 1 in nl lit 'i lilnii
■years Its forerunner was lli '

nurseryman If anything is 1

a simple 1 oof, the loss IS mill 1 in, i

lighter tianiework and lait,ii ^,1 1 lu iln 1 i i „

house, all aichitectural ambition is sxerihced to the oue
desire to create a commercial garden m the frosty
months.

Lettuce, cucumbers, tomatoes, carnations, violets,
and various other plants are now grown as crops under
glass roofs, whilst a generation ago they were generally
Dot forced at all for market or were grown mostly under
frames. With the simplifying and cheapening of the

the California si ,t, I uillin^ it the 'Worlds Fair -will
recall in connii 1 lull with iln ^n.it date palm from the
Mission Valley i.f Sim Dii-e'". This palm was raised
from seed which .Tunipero Serra planted about 1770.
Twenty-one missions were founded by the Franciscans,
the last one in 1823, and at all but one or two of them
there were important collections of the fruits of south-

HOKTICULTURE

lemons, pomegranates,

IS and peaches. Early

r, il.rielhad over 2,000

III a thousand. Fig.

eupatu

■ iiii- traces in Califor-
, l;u.->sian settlements,
and the immigration
American types of
e <*tate is now the seat of a wonderfully
vani-il fruit culture, although the small fruits have not
yet attained that prominence
which they enjoy in older

fruii

HORTICULTURE 7b9

pages. ' "Olive Growing," Pohndorff, San Francisco,
1884. "Olive Culture," A. Flamant. San Francisco, 1887.
"The Olive," Arthur T. Marvin, San Francisco, 1888.
"The Raisin Industrv," Gustav Eisen, San Francisco,
1890. "The Wine Press and Cellar," E. H. Rixford, San
Francisco, 1SS3. "(irape Culture, a Handbook for Cali-
fornia." T, H-irt Hv.itt. San Francisco, 1876. "Orange
Cultur. I" ' iiiii. ,1 , ' TliomasA. Garey, San Francisco,
1882. I -II, lis on grape culture, by L. J.

Ro.«.'. -'<•■ - 1 1 1 re." W. A. Spalding, Los Angeles,
Calif. • rii. I iM rnia l-\armer," established in January,

Details of the early Cali

veget ible*i \nd the crop of
ISdI sold tor upwards of
$200 000 The crop nf pntT
toes onions beets tuniii s
and tomatoes was 1 I no
bushels The sam i | it
noted an onion wei.,liin_ 1
pounds and at tht 1- iii 1
18 3 i the committee n \

turnip weighing i ] mil

pounds and a tomato weigh
ing ;)^o pounds Thus early
C ilifornia began to boast of
the mammoth productions of
her soil. The hrst official
report printed in California appeared in a document is-
sued by the Secretary of State for 1852. The capital then
employed in "fruits and orchards " was given at $306,910.
The market-garden interests were surprisingly large;
among single items were "460,000 pumpkins, worth
$16,000;" upwards of 5,000,000 pounds of onions, "worth
$186,000;" 30.000 bushels of beans, "worth $72,000."
Santa Barbara county reported "1,370 barrels of olives,
worth $27.."i'i > U-iii iul-iiriil statistics are continued
intherep.Mi- • ^irveyor General. In Decem-

ber, 18.')3, Th' s \ ilrural Society of California

was orgaiu/.-M. a. r ;i ■ i.,r,_ssful exhibition in San
Francisco, wlit iv uliti-ai.ls, tigs, olives, walnuts, and
many other fruits, as well as vegetables and flowers,
were shown. Fairs were held in 18.54 and 1855, but were
not officially reported. The state began to publish the

ni.-iiil,r]-^hi|i w.is ,s.",i;, aii.l ;iniin:il ii I'll . Ii:i\ ,• .-(intinued
till till- |ii',>^. ■lit tiijic. 'I'lif I ■;,! , , . ; ;i, .:ltural So
.■irtv wa, i.i--,nii/,r,| .Vpiil :., I -I :, !■:, ilie state
Beard ..f H.,rti.-ulturr w.as ,-i 1 1 ,i i-l,.-l , I;. .ports of
these bodies and of the state fruit-growers- conventions
have appeared annually or biennially since 1882. The
State Viticultural Commission was organized in 1881,
and its reports continued until 1894. Upwards of one
hundred octavo volumes represent the official output of
California since 1858 in lines ef Horticulture, including,
of course, the California Experiment Station reports.

Among the special California horticultural literature,
are the following: "California Fruits." E. -T. Wick'.on,

first edition, 1889; sf ii.l .-iliti..,,. l.s:ii ; thjnl ,.iliii,.ii,

1900. So many chan^-.- .11111 aailiiMii^ li:n. inr-.l hi

this book that all tlir..,. .ilitiMns will l.i. r..iiiMl vr. u-.-
ful in libraries. "California V.-ital, I. s." i:.,l. Wi.ks.iu,
1897. The only book on this suli.iect that has yet ap-
peared (1900). "Gardening in California," Wm. S.
Lyon, Los Angeles, 1897. This is a small volume of 156

1854, and maintaining a spasmodic existence for a num-
ber of years, printed the first pomological and horti-
cultural reports of committees, etc. "The Rural Press"
was established in 1871, in San Francisco, and still con-
tinues. "The Rural Californian," of Los Angeles, still
in existence, was established in 1877. "The California
Fruit-Grower," commenced in 1888, and still survives
(1900). "The California Florist," first issued in Santa
Barbara, then in San Francisco, began in May, 1888, and
stopped in April, 1889. "The California Cultivator." of
Los Angeles, established in 1884, still published. "The
Pacific Tree and Vine," of SanJos«, established in 1882,
still pfiblished.

California is now a horticultural wonderland; but its
illimitable plantations are depressing to the man of
small means and non-commercial ambitious, or to those
who would grow for the discriminating personal market.
Difiicult climates develop the highest type of the ama-
teur.

Periodicals.— Whilst the periodicals of any subject
are supposed to chronic

days and years, and to rmi.^ili.i 1 1m n

I,,,: 1,1:111c. u.,.nera-

tions, it is'themost difti' - . , 1

. . . .i i . . aii,l re-

cord the journals theiiisi 1

. ! ' . ;il jour-

nals have lived and di. M n 1:11- -ui

attracted the at-mtion of .1 .,„-[,■ Ii

t.'ary.'.r'.-olleci'orof

books. Tllry U-rnililiatril II, tiir rich

soil of expectation.

bloonital 111 tin- ili-wv inoniili- of e

thusiasiu, and col-

lapsed wli.-li thr sun rosr. It is prr

bablv no exaggera-

tion to say that 3UU horticultural ,1

nirntds have been

started in North America. Then.

n- al",iit 111 in the

flesh at the present moment. Tlio ' .-^

I..,>~:„.|i.i.,.ttsAgri-

cultural Repository" was started in

IT'i:;. a,„l this was

the first agricultural journal in tin

as late as 1821 that a horticultiir

1 ili.),tirfiiipnt was

added to it. The first journal to di

v,it,- tiiiv important

extent of its space to horticultiir;

1 matt.-rs was the

The latter was fo\
y, .It., and was c

7/0 HORTICULTURE

"New England Farmer," which was established in Bos-
ton in 1822, and which was one of the- chief instruments
in the organization of the Massachusetts Horticultural
Society. Its first editor was Thomas G. Fessenden, au-

est;ilil: ■.■ . '.•. !■..::: • . .I'l ' ' ■! ' ' --^1-ndeu
and ,l.i.-i<ii l;i^ n.. :m,,i 'li. --,-•, ,. >l,, -i •.mr. ' v,.'iv ].roh-

ably thu Ij.M ,l,M,„.l il,..il,ul.ulal l.Lllu.li.aN. Tlir-

former, although a niagaziue
merit, did not persist long. ""
C. M. Hovey and P. B. Ho
"American Gardener's Mae
Discoveries and Iraproviiiiciii , r., i h.i i i.nl'i.r; ' nn.l
Rural Affairs," a journal wliirli. 1, . . . 1..

came the "Magazine (if Il..rti.i! : , ii ( n

joyed an uninterrupted exist. -ii.r nniil !>':-, linK.'Mvn-
ing a third of a century of the nidst critical and inter-
esting period in American Horticulture.

The next important journalistic venture was A. J.
Downing's "Horticulturist," begun in 1846, and con-
tinued xmder many changes and vicissitudes for sr.irir-
thirty years, and still represented, in line of descent. I y
"American Gardening." It has been published in Al
bany, Rochester, Philadelphia and New York. Tin- li^^t
seven volumes were edited by A. J. Downing; the
eighth and ninth by Patrick Barry; the tenth by Barry
and J. J. Smith ; the eleventh to fourteenth by J. J.
Smith; fifteenth and sixteenth, by Peter B. Mead; sev-
enteenth and eighteenth, by Mead and G. E. Woodward.
Later it was continued by Henry T. Williams, in New
York, until the close of 1875, when the "Horticulturist"
was united with the "Gardeners' Monthly," of Philadel-
phia. This latter magazine started January 1, 1859, as a
quarto, but became an octavo with its second volume.
It continued until the close of 1887, when upon the
death of its publisher, Charles Marot. it passed into the
hands of "American Garden," New York. It had a long
and useful career under the editorial management of
one of the most accomplished and conscientious of
American horticulturists, Thomas Meehan, whom all
the younger generation has learned to love. The
"American Garden," itself was a continuation of the
"Ladies' Floral Cabinet." In November, 1891, "Ameri-
can Garden" absorbed "Popular Gardening," which was
established at Buffalo in October, 1885, and the com-
bined journals became known as "American Gardening."
With the issue of September, 1893, the journal passed
into the hands of the present owners, and the magazine
type of American Horticulture ceased to exist. The
"Philadelphia Florist" completed its first volume in
1852-3. The subsequent vnlumcx (at li-n-t three) were
known as the "Florist aii.l Hm,-! i. nltnial .l.Minial." It

u \Vi~t was Hooper

HORTICULTURE

periodical was the "California Culturist," the first num-
ber of which appeared in January, 1859. 'This ran through
four volumes, and it records the marvels of the first
era of modem fruit-growing upon the Pacific slope. The
"California Horticulturist" was established in 1871, and
ran through 10 yearly volumes, when, in 1880, it was
merged into the "Pacific Rural Press," which is still
in active existence. The current periodical literature
calls for no comment here, except to remark that po-
,„„l,v.v-tl,.- < ll.tin.-tiv.. f.-Mturr. ..f Vm.Tican Horti-

i i :'.' Ii.'i-ticultural

■....dwai-a's"Kecord of 11. .it.
ilier, which appeared in ISi'.i;
' was the"American Horticul

was a very creditable iiM.titlily ma-;
plates. An early journal in th.- n. u
and Elliott's "Western Farm, r ami
nati, Sept., 1839-1845, with plates colored by hand.

The first pomological journal was probably Hoffy's
"Orchardist's Companion," a quarterly, established in
Philadelphia in 1841, and edited by Dr. Binckl^. It was
a pretentious quarto, with colored plates, of which only
one volume was issued. This was followed in 1860 by
the "North American Pomologist" by Dr. Brinckl6, an
abler publication than the other. Other early horti-
cultural periodicals were "Western Horticultural Re-
view," Cincinnati, 1851 to 1853, edited by John A. War-
der; "American Journal of Horticulture," later known
as "Tilton's Journal of Horticulture," Boston, 1867 to
1871 (9 vols.), edited in its last three years by the
younger Robert Manning; "Western Pomologist," Des
Moines, Iowa, and Leavenworth, Kansas, 1870 to 1872,
by Mark Miller, Dr. J. Stayraan, and others. The first
attempt to establish a weekly, after the pattern of the
great English journals, was " Garden and Forest," which
appeared in New York in 1888, under the management
of Professor Charles S. Sargent, of Harvard University.
Unfortunately, this fine journal came to an end with 1897.
It stands as the highest type of American horticultural
journalism. Probably the first journal devoted to any
particular fruit or plant was Husmann's "Grape Cul-
turist," St. Louis, 1869 to 1871.

On the Pacific coast, the earliest distinct horticultural

was not made a L'a 111 ':' :- ■ ' i. r .-stablishid

"Annals of Horti. I, ! ' :■ 1. was isstn-.l

the Hrirticultur.' ..L in. I '..luiuljiau L.\l.w„iliuu.

Il.iirri. ri,Tii;Ai. S. .. iKTJES.-The year 1785 saw the
. -tiiMivhim nt ..f !».. a^'ricultural societies, the Phila-
.1. I|.liia S.i.iiiv t.ir I 'i-.itn.)ting Agriculture, and the Agri-
.iiliiii-al s.i.'i.iv .if S .nth Carolinn. These were followed
in 17!iL' lntl,...VL':.ni:';.li..n ..f til.' Ma^a.-linsptts Society
(..,■ I'l-.inM.lm- A-li.irlnir.'. ll ^^a. n,,l i.ntil 1818, how-
i\ ,r, ili.ii ili.'liisi iMnii.'nlini;.! ..iL-an ( -at i..n came into

unhappily, extinct. It expireil about 1837. The second,
organized in 1827, was the Pennsylvania Horticultural
Society, which is still in vigorous existence. The third,
according to Manning, was the Domestic Horticultural
Society, organized at Geneva, New York, in 1828, and
which was the forerunner of the Western New York
Horticultural Society, the latter having continued for
40 years, and which now enjoys the most energetic and
infl'uential membership of any similar society in the
Union, The next organization was the Albany Horticul-
tural Society, established in 1829, but which expired
long ago. In 1829. also, the Massachusetts Horticultural
Society was organized, an association which, in the
charac'tiT ..f ih.- m. n who have been members of it
and in th.- -. 1 \ I. . \\!ii.li it has rendered to the advance-
ment of nil ill 1 1-1. , -I an. Is without a rival in the country.
The Ain.ri.an r..m..|..K'i.-al Society was organized in
1850, througli a union of the North American Pomo-
logical Convention and the American Congress of Fruit-
Growers, both of which were established in 1848. The
Congress of Fruit-Growers was a meeting held in New
York on the 10th of October, 1848, at the call of the
Massachusetts, Philadelphia, New Jersey and New
Haven Horticultural Societies and the Board of Agri-
culture of the American Institute of the City of New
York. The I'.miological Convention held its first meet-
ing on the 1st ..f Siptcinber in Buffalo. The American
Pomolot;i.-aI S...i.tv is undoubtedly the strongest or-
ganizatii.n ..f i...ni..i.. gists in the world. A. J. Downing
wrote in ls:,j, that "within the last ten years the taste
for horticultural pursuits has astonishingly increased
in the United States. There are, at the present mo-
ment, "at least twelve societies in different parts of the
Union devoted to the improvement of gardening, and
to the dissemination of information on the subject."
At the present time there are over 500 .such societies,
and the average attendance at the meetings cannot be
less, in the aggregate, than 15,000. From a careful esti-
mate whiclj I made in 1891, I concluded that the aggre-
gate attendance for that year at the national, state, pro-
vincial and district societies "probably exceeded 5,000."
There are now at least ten national societies devoted to
Horticulture or some branch of it. The most gratifying
feature of this movement towards organization, how-
ever, is the establishment of great numbers of local
societies, fiorists' clubs, and the like, which sustain the
interest in horticultural pursuits and foster pride in
the personal surroundings nf tlie nn^mhers. All this
great body ..f s.i.-ictics is ].r.i..f .ininL-li that there is a

America, an. I that it must in.r. a-, wiilj the increasing
ameliorutiun uf the coumry.

HORTICULTURE

Experiment Stations

AND COLLEGEb — C lo eU

associated with the a ms f
the societies in the ^eiienl
extension of educnt i if
the experiment station i 1
agricultural colleges These
institutions are the result of
agitations in the agriculturil
societies. These agitations
began over one hun Ire 1
years ago. Most of the ex
perimeut stations are
founded upon the Fedeial
law known as the Hatch A t
which received the Presi
dent's signatuie March 2
1887. There are now 55 ex
periinent stations in the
United States There are a
dozen scientific bureaus and
divisions connected with the
Department of Agricultuie
at Washington three of
which directly concern the
horticulturist Dn ision of
Pomology, Vegetable Path
ology and Entomologv ai 1
to these might be added tl
Division of Gardens an I
Grounds. The work of ill
these stations and of tl
agricultural bureaus and di-
visions is condensed and

epitomized in the "Experiment Station Record," a
monthly publication of the Department of A^'i-iculture.

The writings and teachings -f fin i,..i i ; :.llnrists in
the colleges and experiment si: ■ ! linie, bring

our horticultural activities int'' :i ■; i nvliips and

perspective. These men will :iiii - n. n at. judicial

conclusions on the disputed p.iini^. li i, only those
persons who have some taste and leisure for study and
reflection who can do this. Persons who are intensely
absorbed in one commercial pursuit usually exalt that
pursuit out of all proportion to its relative importance.

Commercial Transportation. -The rise of the great
coiniiiercial movement in horticultural products may be
said to have taken place since the civil war. The first
important invention to usher in this era, aside from im-
isportation. was that of canning per-
ies. The method originated with a
5, but it first became an assured and
recognized success in this country. The inauguration
of the process dates from 1825, when President Monroe
signed patents to Thomas Kensett and Ezra Daggett, to
protect them in an improvement in the art of preserv-
ing. Kensett appears to have canned various products
somewhat extensively as early as 1819. At the present
time, the United States outstrips other countries in the
variety and extent of its canned goods. Over 20,000
factories in North America now employ towards a mil-
lion hands, directly or indirectly, during the canning
season. Fia- a sk.-trli ,,f tiie develu|inient of the can-
ning induvtrv. -,, e an aiii.le l,v i;.lward S. Judge in
"One Hundred \'ears ..f Amei-ii-aii Commerce."

Drying fruit fnr market liy tire he.it began to attain
some prominence about 1800, luit the advent of the
Alden drier about 1870, and the Williams and others at
about the same time, brought in the modern "evapo-
rated" product, which is now an Inseparable adjunct
of the fruit trade. In the East, the most important re-
gion of evaporating establishments is western New
York, particularly Wayne county, although California
far excels other areas in the output of similar pro-
ducts.

The exportation of fruit has lately assumed large
proportions. The first record known to' the writer of the
shipping of fruit across the ocean occurs in the corre-
spondence of John Bartram, from which it appears that
as early as 1773 apples were shipped to England in
"great quantities." In 1821. 68,643 bushels of apples
were exported. The modem apple export trade is
generally said to have begun with the shipment of five

HORTICULTURE

proveme
ishable
Frenchn

commercial apple orchard, in clean tillage.

barrels from Boston to Glasgow in 1845 under the au-
spices of one Buchanan, a Scotchman. The first heavy
exportations were made about 1880. In the season of
1880-81 the total shipment of apples from North America
to Europe was 1,328,806 barrels. The subsequent heavy
years of the earlier period were as follows: 1888-89,
1,407,409 barrels; 1891-92, 1,450,336 barrels; 1892-93,
1,203,538 barrels; 1894-5, 1,438,1.55 barrels. California
green fruits were first shipped to Europe in 1891, but
the first public shipments were made the following
year. Fresh grapes from the East were first shipped in
1892 from Chautauqua county, New York. Florida first
shipped oranges to Europe in the fall of 1892, and Cali-
fornia early in 1893. The cranberry was first put upon
the European market in 1893. The first shipment of
fresh peaches across the ocean from the East appears to
have been made in 1893, when a consignment of Dela-
ware peaches was made to Ambassador Bayard at Lon-
don, but the attempt was only partially successful. The
Canailiaii'! b-n-e ree.-nth- mtele careful experiments with
transail :"i ,.■.].,■, un ,r , I i.r annual value of fruit ex-
ports ti I I - ■ including cider, vinegar,
cannel nuts, and all green fruits)

is aboni livennlli l.illat-.- \M,rth. The largest sinele

item in this aL'^'regate is fresh apples, comprising one
and one-third million dollars' worth.

Unfortunately, there are no statistics of American
Horticulture. Various horticultural inquiries were in-
cluded in the schedules of the Eleventh Census (1890) ;
only a few bulletins of summaries were published. The
American Cranberry Society makes a yearly summary
of the output, by nn-aiis ,,t c(.n-e.si.(,ndeiH-e amougst its
members. Tin- ■.].]■]■ fM-rt.r- ],:,y. r,-,.,v]i of the
traiisatlanti.- ap;.' ■• ' 'f ■ l''-- ■■ ' •■ p. ;■ -i MM^nt pub-
lish.-s snmniai - . . • ,., . : ■ ' -. But
beyond this, ih, ; ,; ,f our

now and then for sjn.,ial areas from transportation com-
panies. The Twelfth Census is giving attention to the
matter.

A summary history of the fruit trade was written by
John W. Nix for Depew's "One Hundred Years of
American Commerce," 1895. "One hundred years ago
the fruit merchant, as such, did not exist in this coun-
try. Some of the larger importers occasionally received,
among the other articles of an assorted Mediterranean
cargo, a few half casks of dried prunes, currants, rai-
sins, or grapes, but beyond these even the luxurious
did not aspire. It was some years before even so slm-

Il2 HORTICULTURE

pie a custom as selling native fruit brought to town in
season by tbe neighboring farmer became at all general
with the old New York grocers." The first bananas were
imported into the United States in 1804, but "it was not
until 1830 and later that the importation o" foreign fruit
was considered seriously." "In 1832 there arrived at
New York by sailing ship the first cargo of oranges
from Sicily. Lemons followed almost immediately, and
the Mediterranean fruit trade became a recognized in-
terest from that time." The fruits came to be sold
largely by auction. About 18G5 the wholesale commis-
sion business had "come to be a generally recognized
feature of the fruit trade, many of the Italian growers
• * consigningtheir fruit directly to American firms."
"About 1880, the third and last change in the methods
governing the Italian fruit trade began with the estab-
lishment here of representatives of several of the large
Italian houses." "Prior to the civil war and for several
years afterward, the small fruits of New York, New
Jersey, Long Island and Delaware were the only com-
petitors of the foreign fruit. * * • Such was the
condition of affairs in 18(')7, when the first consignment
of green fruit from California was shipped by express
to New York."

L. O. Thayer, editor of "Cold Storage," New York,
estimates that there are in the United States (in 1900)
920 cold stores, excluding 300 used exclusively for meat.
Of this 920 he says that 700 are fitted for the storing of
fruits, produce, eggs, butter, etc. The capacity of these
700 is something like 35,000,000 cubic feet, or a yearly
capacity of 980,000,000 pounds. He also says that there
are about 220,000 refrigerator cars in use in this coun-
try; of this number about 50.000 are used for transpor-
tation of perishable products and the remainder for
meats. Almost every cold store works to its fullest ca-
pacity at least nine months of the year. In Canada
there are 40 cold stores, about 30 of them being fitted
for butter, eggs and produce. Their capacity is about
200,000 cubic feet.

Conclusion. — The one most significant thing in
American Horticulture is the fact that it is American.
Ideals, methods, varieties, implements, are unique.
Even the species of plants which we cultivate are often
peculiar to ourselves. This is particularly true in the
fruits, for the native wild species have given us our
grapes, raspberries, blackberries, dewberries, mulber-
ries, cranberries, some gooseberries, many plums, some
apples, and various minor fruits. In other esculents, it
has given us the pumpkins and squashes, Indian corn,
beans and Jerusalem artichokes. Our native flora has
enriched the flower gardens of our own country and of
the world. An inquiry made in 1891 showed that 2,416
species of the United States and Canada had been intro-
duced to cultivation. In that year, 1,929 of these species
were actually in the trade, and" 1,500 had been introduced
into England. Even when the species are of Old World
origin, the varieties are American in most of those
types which have been long cultivated here. Very few
Old World apples and peaches are popular in North
America, and the number in pears, plums and other
fruits is const.intiv ilccr,-!isiii£r. The American carnation
is already of a 'iHli' hi ; i < Ironi the European. Oneof
the strongly A* ir.s of our Horticulture is

the great jiimj >!. -lopment of the cut-flower

industry; but iIm hi i r. w \ rars have seen a relative
increase of pot-jilant and decorative-plant deniaii.l^.
These divergencies are likely to increase rather ilnn
diminish. The tendencies which diiferentiate our llirii
culture from that of the Old World will also differcnrut.-
the Horticulture of each geographical area of our own
country, thpreby giving each area the varieties and the

The second most sigiiilieant thing in our Horticulture
is its strong commercial trend. This is particularly
true of fruit-growing and cut-flower-growing, which
have developed on a large-area basis (Figs. 1093, 1095).
The first horticultural interest in this country'was the
amateur or home-garden type. That type is not dead,
and it will not die so long as hearts bum for the out-
of-doors and souls long for beauty and for the solace
of nearness to nature. Amateur or personal Horticul-
ture is increasing with great rapidity. It is a part of
the ripening of the home life and the acquiring of

HOSACKIA

leisure. Personal gardening is intellectual employment.
The amateurs ate the chief buyers of horticultural
books. Yet, for all this, the prevailing note in American
Horticulture is commercialism, and this note is the
stronger the farther one goes from the Atlantic sea-
board. Both types of Horticulture will increase. They
are not incompatible, but complementary. Both are
necessary to the greatest public weal. The commercial
type will always be the aspiration of the comparatively
few: it is coming more and more to be a profession.
The per.sonal or amateur type will be increasingly the
hope of the many, for every person who has a home
wants a garden.

\Ti,.ti,..r i.iinnrtant feature of our Horticulture is its

li II III. Ill in-. PersDns may care nothing for books;

lie of any subject is the measure of its

1,1 I 1 1 - may say that the books are theoretical

:ni'l i.i 1 1 1 III. hi; yet good books are always beyond,

else thiy are not good. There is no use for literature if
it does not inspire and point to better things. We meas-
ure the aspirations of any time by its writings. Whether
the fact lie recognized or not, the literature of our Hor-
ticulture i- III nil 1. rl iiiL.- force which slowly dominates
the theiiLlii I I I .' lit men. A book is a powerful
teacher. I 1 impositions, and is silent; and

in the sil. i.. . ii- - sink into the fiber of the mind.

More than I, mi ij.H.I.. lur.e enriched American Horticul-
ture. Many of them lia\-e been poor, but even these may
have challenged controversy and have done good. The
early books were largely empirical and dogmatic.
Downing, for example, in 1845, says that tillage makes
better orchards, and he cites cases; but he does not
give reasons. He does not mention nitrogen, potash,
soil moisture, chemical activities. He does not even
mention plant-food in connection with tillage. The hori-
zon has widened since tin n. II. II .'.. I I lake up things
actively until they know til. In poor farmer,
not knowing reasons for :. i im inspiration
and goes fishing. Thirty y.m- ui. i .nn. I Waring was
the apostle of deep-plowing; \ei ..ne shwuUl plow neither
deep nor shallow until he knows why. Our literature
has been singularly devoid of principles and analysis.
The great writer is he who catches the significant move-
ments and ideas of his time and portrays them to inspire
his reader. Henderson first caught the rising commercial
spiiut of our vegetable gardening; his "Gardening for
Profit " is the greatest American vegetable gardening
book, even if somewhat out of date as a book of pra<'tice.
The book of principles is now need. .1 1.;, ili. m ■. lal.Ie-
gardener. American pomology has s. : ' . nniiies

amongst its writers. Most of thes, n ' -nrri-

ficed fundamental things to varieties, iii, i iniiied

effort to write on fniit-grnwinr tn.i i. • i .i \ iew

ked

;ji -MM III ilii- study and the compiler. Coxe, Kenrick,
.M.iniiiiiL'. Iiinviiing, Thomas, Warder, Barry, Fuller,
iiri. siL'iiilic-;nit names in American pomological litera-
ture. In floriculture there have been many excellent
treatises, but there is not a single great or comprehen-
sive book. In recent years, the making of horticultural
literature is passing more and more from the working
hortieulturist to the specially trained student and

TIm Lrreat development of American Horticulture, as
r.iiji|i.ired with European standards, has been in fruit-
ers. Its landscape plantin:jr is nl^i. :i ^unii- I. iiiun-. •■uid
is increasing rapidly. Its ,■, n,. i. i ;, |.l:intni_' i- in .ili:il.ly
the best in the world. In Am. i i- ,i, ;il ... iln .l. > i l.'i.meiit
of agricultural tools and apiiliiinee^, ami .if -|m:i.\ in:; for
insects and diseases, have reached their higliest de-
velopment. Other characteristic features of our Horti-
culture are its youth, and the vigor with which its scope
is enlarging. L. H. B.

HOSACEI& (David Hosack, professor of botany and
medicine inNewYork ; author of Hortus Elginensis, 1811 ;
died 1835). Legumhifisw. Herbaceous plants, of which
3 species were once advertised by collectors of north-

^p

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Mm

)^I1P

W^M

^^^

■''■■-' ■■-■'''I

iS^fcfca

l^^KnSs^^K^^' '^ ^BFPy

P

■ :-■■-.''*

!-r '*. " '

■

l^i

^

.;^^-|'S-'9

^^

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f

.-

HOSACKIA

west American plants. The genus contains about 30 spe-
cirs, nil Amiriran and almost wholly confined to the Pa-
cili-- ^l"|H-. llrih-;orrarely subshrubs: Ivs. pinnate, with
2 1" many 111-,: stipules minute and gland-like, rarely
M-aiiMiis (If ltat'\ : tls. yellow or reddish, in axillary um-
bels which are peduncled or not. The genus is closely
related to Lotus, but the calyx teeth are shorter than
the tube: keel obtuse: lv.s. usually with numerous Ifts.,
none of which are like stipules, while Lotus has calyx
lobes usually longer than the tube, a rostrate keel and
5 or 4 Ifts., of which 2 or 1 are stipule-like.

The 2 species first mentioned belong to a section in
which the pods are shortly acute, linear, many-seeded,
straight, glabrous: fls. and fr. not reflexed : peduncles
long. The third species lielongs to a section in which
the pods are long-attenuate upwards, incurved, pubes
cent : peduncles short or none: tls. and fr. reflexed.
Monogr. by Watson in But. Calif. 1:133.

crassifdlia, Benth. Stout, 2-3 ft. high, nearly gla
brous : Ifts. 9-15, thickish : stipules scarious, small
bract below the umbel : calyx teeth short : pod thick,
lis. greenish yellow or purplish. B.R. 23:1977.

bicolor, Dougl. Glabrous: Ifts. 5-9: stipules scarious,
small : bract usually none or .small : calyx teeth half as
long as the tube : pod slender : fls. yellow, the wings
often white. B.M. 2913.

deciimbens, Benth. Silky or woolly, with appressed
hairs: stems ascending, I ft. or more long: stems her
baceoust Ifts. S-7 : umbels less dense: stipules gland
like: pods pubescent. y^^ jj_

HOTBEDS. These are low glass structures that are
generally lu-at.cl In ferm. iiting vegetable substances
such as stal)!'- iiianur''. aithoughfire heat is occasionally
applied, steam, h.it wat.r and flues being used. Theii
usual place is some spot sloping to the south, where
they are protected by buildings, evergreen screens or
board fences, from the north and west winds (Fig. 1096)
The frames are made either of plank or boards and may
be portable, or built in place, the former being taken
down and packed away except when needed. A tight
board fence 6 feet high, as a wind-break, is desirable
as it will also serve as a support for the shutters, mats
and sash when they are removed from the bed, and it
will answer best for this purpose if it inclmes a foot oi
so to the north.

When movable frames (Fig. 1097) are used they are
generally constructed of 2-inch plank, the side pieces

/All/;^

HOTBEDS

773

but taper from 15 inches at one end to 9 or 10 at the
other, so as to fit the side boards. The plank for por-
table Hotbed frames may be held in place by means of
stakes, or iron rods or bolts may be fastened to the ends
of the side pieces so that they can pass through the
holes in the ends of the frame, which can then be fas-
tened by keys or nuts. As supports for the sash and to
hold the sides of the frame in place, cross-strips of

1097. Hotbed v, 1 1 mo able frame

board 3 inches wi le are sunk mto the upper edge every
3 feet and -vn ther strip with a width equal to the thick-
ness of the SI h 1 fastened on edge ti the center of
its SI le Frames of this size re luiie i lighth deeper
mass of heating material than \ 11 I i ly for

larger frames and when they ai t I 1 I iig the

winter it is well to excavate t tl I | I feet,

and for a space 2 feet lruf,cr u 1 1 I 1 ti ime,

and after the hole has 1 til 1 1 i t nil,

the material should le II t i 1 I II ti uue

IS put in place and mi I I 1 I t it

ioT permanent frani i 11 II I m > be
used although 2 inch 1 1 mk \ ill I 1 a 1 t u more
durable Stout stakes should be dm en into the ground
about 4 feet apart, where the north line of the led is to
be located These shoul 1 project above the surface from
12 to 1) lucl es and should be boarded up from a point
lust II ti 1 It the ground so thit the stakes
I le of the frame A second row of
11 liiven at a distance from the first

II h (f the sash \\hi h is usuall> 6
I I I tl It i 1 The

will

row
feet
soutl
that

\all.

be t I I 1 aids

out I > to

the t I t tl I t 1 use,

3 or 4 stir ii i i h il 1 1 e i i al over

this The frame shoul 1 be placed about 3 feet from the
fence and f other rjws are needed theie should be
alleys about 7 feet wi le 1 t\\ tn th 1 1

Hotbed Stsh -The I I I f i 1 most

sat factory for Hctl I when

larger than this the\ 11 I t \ one

man Wh le pme an 1 I i I used;

cypress is generally pret ii I it i n ith in re dur-
able and costs but little it any more than clear pme.
The sides and upper ends of the sash are made from
by IK inch strips, grooved to receive the glass, while
the lower end is about 1 by 5 inches. The center strips
are 1 bv 1 inches. For glazing Hotbed sash, single

treno-th 1 by 12 glass is commonly used, as three rows
of tl s ze will fill a sash 3 feet wide. While double-

treu th g ass will be less easily broken, the increased
e "ht s an cl lectiou to its use The sash should re-

e ve two oats ef paint and after the gliss win h may
I e e ther lapped or butted has been set it should be

X

being from 9 to 1" feet an 1 the en Is 6 feet n length to
receive either three or four ordinary sash, which are
3 by B feet. The north side of the frame is made 15
inches wide, while the south side is but 9 or 10 inches
thus giving a slope to the south, which will permit the
water to run off and favor the passage of the sun's rays
through the glass. The end pieces are 6 feet in length

b> ke
IT

the 1

> o hei in iteuals y ulte 1 i i it hlk 1 with com-
. wool are very warm and quite d liable During
:er wooden shutters aie also desiialle to place
3 mats IS the\ assist m holding the heat and
tl I r li 1 1 III pieserving them
1/ n ? -To provide heat for

ill 1 1 t t tl w IS not desirable the

774

HOTBEDS

presence of urine-soaked bedding with the manure to the
extent of one-third its bulk is not objectionable, as it
will lengthen the heating period of the manure. Unless
straw is mixed with the manure. It will be well to add
forest leaves to the amount of one-third to one-half the
amount of the manure. The heating material should be
forked over and placed in a pile 5 or 6 feet wMe, 3 or 4

'W^^^^^^:::^

109b. Holbcd 111 cioss-section.

feet high and of any desired length. If the manure and
straw are dry, it will be well to moisten them with a fine
spray. In case there is but a small amount of manure, it
will be best to usewarm water, though in all cases the soak-
ing of the manure should be avoided. Within four or five
days the giving off of steam will indicate that heating
has commenced. The pile .should then be forked over,
working the outer portions into the center.

The amount of heating material that will be required
for a Hotbed will vary with the crop, as well as with the
location and season. For zero weather, there should be
at least 18 inches of heating material after it has been
well packed down, and 24 inches will be desirable in
midwinter in the northern states, while 6 or 8 inches
may answer where only a few degrees of frost are ex-
pected. For 18 inches of manure, the excavation should
be made to a depth of 28 inches below the level of the
south side of the frame, and 31 inches below that of the
north side. After the manure has warmed through for
the second time it should be placed in the excavation,
spreading it evenly and packing it down with the fork,
but leaving it for a few days before tramping it. Care
should be taken to have the comers well filled, that an
even settling may be secured. After the manure has
again warmed up, it shoiild be thoroughly tramped.

The bed is then ready for the soil, which should be
quite rich and contain a large amount of sand and
humus, a compost of decomposed pasture sods with one-
third their bulk of rotten manure being excellent for the
purpose. The thickness of the soil should vary from 5
to 7 inches, the greater depth being desirable for radishes
and other root crops (Fig. 1098). When boxes of plants
are to be placed in the beds the depth of soil need not be
more than 3 inches. For a few days the bed will be quite
warm, but when the temperature of the soil has dropped
below 90° the seeds may be sown or the plants set out.

In severe weather the mats and shutters should be

placed on the bed it nit,ht ind should be removed m the

mornmg V> hen the

lunis shming or if the

\ erv hot

HOTTOXIA

can be secured, it is advisable to have it upon a side-hill
sloping to the south. When hot water is used for heat-
ing Hotbeds, a 2- or 2H-inch wrought-iron pipe is placed
just beneath the ridge as a flow pipe, with one or two
2-inch pipes upon each of the side walls, the number
varying with the season and the crops to he grown (Fig.
1101). Steam may be u.sed in the same way, but the
pipes should be one or two sizes smaller.

In the northern states the use of Hotbeds for grow-
ing crops during the winter iii'intli^ i^ not ;i<lvis:il>Ie, as
better results can be secun-l in -iv, nlMm-.s, wliich will
not be very much more exji.n-ix . t,, IhdM, ami will lie
more durable besides much . a^]. i t.. lianilli-. but in the
spring Hotbeds are very u.setul I'm- .■-laiUng vegetable
and bedding plants, as well as for growing lettuce,
radishes and other vegetables. In the South fire Hot-
beds answer very well for use in the winter for grow-
ing plants for the truck garden, as well as for forcing
vegetables, but even there the simply constructed green-
houses are more satisfactory.

Coldframes differ from Hotbeds only in lacking arti-
ficial heat, as they depend entirely upon the sun. The
surface of the soil should be from 6 to 12 inches below
the glass, and a large amount of plant-food should be
provided. Coldframes are often used forwintering half-
hardy plants, and for starting and growing plants in the
spring, after danger from severe frost is over.

Management of Hotbeds. — It the weather is mild dur-
ing the latter part of February, the manure can be pro-
cured and prepared for use so that the Hotbed may be
started about the first of March. If properly constructed

1099. Ventilatine the Hotbed.

banked up with soil or manure,
frost.

Pipe-heated //..«.. Jx. - l-jr.- 1
from 10 to 12 f.-rt wi.h-, -a iili n ^

should be ventilated
ly raising (Fig 1099)
or slipping down (Fig
1097) the sash the
1 nount del ending

t the

h ul 1 I cl sed and
the covering should be
replaced before night
When used m the win-
ter time, the Hotbed
should be either sunk
in the ground or well

so as to keep out the

Ii.tl.i'cls are generally
.,ni iM.if. A Hotbed of
nl I, inch sewer pipe as
in which wood can be
order that a good draft

Hotbed.

they will provide heat for two months, and can then bo
used during May as a coldframe, thus making it pos-
sible to take off two crops in the spring. Although it is
not often practiced, they may be used in the fall for
growing a crop of lettuce or other vegetables, which can
be matured before the first of December.

If a greenhouse is not available for starting the plants,
seeds of lettuce, radishes, cabbages and other of the har-
dir-r plnnt- iiiMv he sown in the Hotbed in the spring as
s.iMii ax it i^ I'.aily, in rows 4 orSinchesapart. When the
lii-t irur |i al appears, the radishes should be thinned
;inil tlic ..111. T jilants transplanted to about 2 inches.
Lat.r I. II, til., lettuce plants should he placed about 8
inches apurt each way. If the weather is so cold that
the bed should not be kept open, the seeds may be sown
and the first transplanting may be in flats or boxes,
which can then be placed in th.- lads. Aside from proper
ventilation, covering and w:.i. r'urj. iln I. .-.Is should be
occasionally weeded and 111. m ' \i..iiit the first

of April, tomatoes, cucunii-. i ir ]ilants may

be started. As soon as ..n. . i -,■ . -.. . n off another
should be placed in the bL'.l>, ami l.;. dn pining the soil
they may be used during the early summer for growing
cauliflower, tomatoes and cucumbers. l. r. Tapt.

HOTfilA. SeeAstilbe.

HOTTENTOT BREAD. Testudinaria elephant ipes.

HOTTONIA (Peter Hotton, 1048-1709, professor at
Leyden). PrimulAcew. Featherfoil. A genus of two
species of aquatic plants, the only aquatic members of
the primrose family. They are suitable for small
aquaria. The European species is procurable from
dealers in aquatics; tin- .^nnri.-an one can be gathered
in shallow, stairnant i...ii.l> fn.m Massachusetts to
western New Ymk an.l x.inili t.. Florida and Louisiana.
The European plant, H. palustris, Linn., is an herb with
creeping rootstcick, wliorlcil, leafy branches entirely

HOTTONIA

submerged and alternate, pinnately dissected Ivs., the
divisions numerous and linear. From the center of the
whorl oE branches a single leafless flower-stem rises
out of the water in summer, bearing a raceme with sev-
eral whorls of 3-5 or 6 handsome, pale purple fls., ap-

1101, Hutbed (or forcing-house) heated by hot water.

parently with 5 petals, but actually with a short corolla
tul:)e below the lobes. The plants root in the mud or
float, and the fls. are about three-fourths of an inch in
diameter. Stamens 5, inserted on the tube of the corolla:
capsule subglobose, with 5 lateral valves : seeds nu-
merous. The American plant, H. inflita, Ell., has
spoH'TV stems and cIust.-riMl peduncles, which are partly
nl" \ i i I 1 ii I 1 ml i the lowest jomt 2-4 in

I 11- I I'll the others 1-3 in num

I ■ 1 1 fls small, in whorls of

2-M t 1 I II Neither species is id

HOUSE PLANTS lib

HOUSE LEEK. Sempervinim tectorum.

HOUSE PLANTS (Figs. 1102-1104) are those plants
which can be grown in the ordinary rooms of dwelling
houses. They may be hardy or tender; but only such as
are suitable for this purpose will be considered here.

In the living rooms of the modern well-built house,
plants must contend against difficulties which did not
exist in the less carefully equipped dwellings of fifty
years ago or earlier. The present methods of heating
and lighting, by gas or kerosene lamps, not electricity,
produce a dry atmosphere which is inimical to vegetable
growth. In houses lighted by electricity, and heated by
any system which introduces fresh air in abundance,
this matter is not so troublesome. Too much heat and
dry air are harder for plants to endure than insufficient
light, but it is also lack of light which makes it so
diflicult to grow flowering plants in houses. Dust
and insects do harm, but these difficulties can be
overcome.

For the above reasons it is important to select
House Plants which are adapted to resist a dry at-
mosphere, a high temperature and inadequate light.
Such examples can be found among certain tropical
plants with coriaceous leaves and small stomata,
what the florists call foliage plants, e. g., rubber
trees, palms, etc. These make the best foundation
upon which any successful system of growing plants
in houses can be built. Fluvrniii.' pliiTits .-an also be

■*■ used, but they shouM U,- iTiti".|ii 1 fr time to

time, each in its proper >■ as,.],, hIlii ali.ait tn bloom
or in bloom, and not fousid. nd a part of tin- perma-
nent arrangement. After flowering they should be re-
moved: their function is not unlike the use of cut-
flowers, but they last longer and are not much more ex-
pensive, while they largely increase the attraction of
the window-garden.

The best rooms for plants are those which get the
most sun, and the best positions are those nearest the
windows, where there is not only more light but more
fresh air. A large palm, fern or rubber will grow in an
entry or poorly lighted corner, but the best pi ice is that
which IS best lighted Plants do well m i kitthen the
moisture from the cooking helping them materi ilh it
is by no meins 1 bid hospital for unhi dth\ spi < imens

but

Poth

~„- , ^* .^i^«atj

HOULLfiTlA (after HouUet, French gardener) 0>
(.huht I r \bout 8 species of epiphytic pseudobulbous
(iithiils fiom South America allied to Stanhopea and
bloomin., m summer Pseudohulbs conical 1 leaved
hs line tdlite ph( ite sepils mil petals usually neaih
tiiuil 1 ibt Hum continuous ^Mth the clavate arcuatt
column ]iollmii 2, on 1 long caudicle

odoratissima, Linden Sepals and petals reddish
l)iown I ibellum white, with two crimson appendagts
midn-i\ ot Its length Colombia &C II 24 777 \ ii
Antioquiensis, Andr^ (IT Antioqueniis, Hoit ), his
1 ibelhini white, tinged yellow IH 17 12

Brocklehurstiina Lmdl Fls 5-8 about 3 m across
lirownish red dotted with brown puiple stpils oblon^
olituse the lattril ones slighth united it bise petils
nairowtr obov-ite labellum jellow thaklv dotted with
brown purple flora its lower half two linear appen
dageshi\e then oiigin Braz BM 4072 PM 9 49
R H IbS- 492

picta Linden &, Reichb t Fls 6-10 sepils oblong
biownish unspotted above, tessellittd «itli \ill « li
low petals similirly colored labelliiiu \ II « | tfi 1
or dotted with blown puiple or led pui| I tli . n I h is
tate apL\ iecur\ed pile yellow \em((l i\ith i nius n
Colombii B M U 0)

Wallisu, Lmdrn &, Reichb f (ff chrusantha Lind
<S- Andre) Fls ibout 2 m across sepals and petals
>ellow blotched inside with bro\sn purple , lalieUum
■ " ■ crimson Colombia GC II 18 437

I H 18 71
HOUND'S TONGUE

Oakes Ames

Someti

asuie for this
the basement
factory result

ser\ atorv can be set
. It this IS done in
get good li-,ht satis
floor can be made of

776

HOUSE PLANTS

concrete and water useil without stint. In such a room
plants can be grown and brought into the living rooms
wlien in their best condition.

In rooms in which plants are kept, any device by which
the atmospheric moisture can be increased is desirable:
oilcloth on the floor, or a floor of porous tiles; a zinc
tray, in which the pots can be set and surrounded with
moss; saucers under the pots, the pots being raised
slightly to prevent the roots of the plants standing in
the water which runs through. By these aids not only
can plenty of water be given to the roots, but there will
also be some opportunity to sprinkle the leaves, while
the evaporation of surplus water will dampen the air.
The Japanese porcelain pots are not onlv ornani(-nt:iI
but useful; the glaze prevents undue o\:i|'<ii;ii n.h tr..i,i
tlie sides, and the legs hold the pot well n, , . . ,
which may collect in the saucer: thev :ii. .1
excellent. Wonrlon tubs arc servicoabi,. I..,- ]:,,-, i.liin-

beforeorali.r i.i,., - : 1,. .,.. plant's 'should

never beov.,| i.i: 1;,. i ■ . 1 1 1 ,■ hulkof earth the

easier it cair 1 1 1 ,, ,1, lu-i i; from the wider

surface.too, tin iv 1 ,„>;: . . ;,i„aaii.iu. For these rea-
sons it is sometimes a gci.il j.lnn to liave window boxes
in which several plants can be grown; or the boxes can
be filled with moss in which the pots can be plunged.
All pots, tubs or boxes for growing plants should have
holes in the bottom thmuL-li wliiri, '.v.itcr can pass freely.

1103 A window-Earden

Much trouble is hkely to come from the use of unsuit
able potting soil. Procure it from an experienced florist,
or make it yourself of equal parts rotted sods, old leaf-
mold, well-decayed cow manure and clean, sharp sand:
discard tea leaves, chip dirt, and the decomposed re-
mains of dead stumps. The soil should always be moist
when used, not too wet and never dry: it should be
made firm, not hard, and a good space left between the
surface and rim. Large pots should be drained with
potsherds and moss. The best time for potting is just
before the plant begins to grow; the next best is just
before growth ceases, thus giving the plant opportunity
to establish itself in its new quarters before it stops
growing. It is not always easy to do this properlv at
home, and large and valuable plants should be sent "to a

HOUSE PLANTS

florist. Plants growing in the open air should be lifted
and potted two weeks or more before bringing into the
house, not only before frost but before the nights are
cool. Keep them at first in a cool, sha<iy place, gradu-
ay accustom them to the sunlight, and carefulh- avoid
all drafts. Do not give too much water at the root:
some wilting is unavoidable, and cannot be prevented
by heavy watering. Give one good application when
they are first potted, and sprinkle the foliage and sur-
roiindings in the middle of the dav. After they are
established, keep them out of doors, on the piazza or
porch, until there is danger of frost, but try to bring
them into the house before the furnace fires are lighted.
A period of rest is natural to all plants. Amateurs
.11. 1, make mistakes in trying to force plants to grow
ill " inter in the house after a vigorous growth in the
"I" n L:niund all summer. Such plants should be rested

cient quantity to pass through the hole in tlie bottom of
the pot: here it can remain an hour or more, and part
of It will soak up, back into the pot, but the surplus
should be taken away with a sponge, unless tlie pot has
legs or It is a plant like calla, English ivy or some ferns,
which are uninjured by an over-supply. Water given to
the foliage of House Plants in the form of sprav is al-
ways helpful. ^ '

Insects, dust and sometimes fungous pests are trouble-
some to House Plants, due largely to insufficient water-
ing and lack of ventilation. The best remedy is frequent
washings with warm water and a sponge for plants with
large leaves. All plants can be easily cleaned at the
kitchen sink or in the bath tub, or advantage can be
taken of a mild day, and the work done in the yard with
the hose. The forcible application of water will remove
most insects, but if scale appears it must be taken oft
with a stiff brush. Whale-oil and tobacco soap are too
rank for house use; fir-tree oil and Gishurst's compound
are less obnoxious. They can be used when the plants
are washed with sponge or brush. The florists' preventive
against greenfly is impracticable: enough tobacco smoke
to harm him would not be tolerated. Tlie red spider can
be driven off by spraying with an atomizer, if dis-
covered in time. Some plants are not attacked by in-
sects, but are injured by dust, e.g., the rubber-tree.
Dusting when dry is better than nothing, but washing
is best. If fungous diseases appear, the plants should be
isolated, giving a chance to recover, or he thrown away.

Wt'.i.t fn.-t,,r i„ krnpingH

Ventilation

ght
■ateful, and
the glass,
cercised.
50° F., and

Plants in good cull. !iii.. II 1 1. i. 1

days: the fresh :iii 1 1 ,

will do no harm, , 1 ,

so long as the sun >',,})••■. .■tn.l .!:-. i , 1 1,.
The night temperature need iirvc-r c:

a drop of 5° or even 10° is not likely _„^

Precautions must be taken to exclude frost; the blinds
must be shut and the curtains pulled down on cold
ni.,lits \ 1 iM r ot newspapers between the plants and
the wiu<l..«- IS I protection in extremth bad weather,
01 liu^i I ■ II -me lampcan be allowed to burn all night

quire more i m
io/K/a, thesagi
tida, Pandatiii

HOUSE PLANTS

ordiiiin rooms Daphne odoiu,
js Ohd fragtans and orange
)th flowering and foliage plants,
t I , lei room than any of the

1 1 if

) 1 intb Kie Azalea Indira

and 1 n, II 1

'il nua, both of whuh

sli Mil M kit

in t 1 orl loom ^\hen not

I m 1 >" _. ma linth do

well"'( liMv,,, 1,

11, Mill \ limens tliin

ese iiid Ln.li 1

1 1 niiii tiiesii iNii

oiihs fudisn 1

flo-nei ind Ust a leasonible time m f,ood
condition Hyacinths tulips narcissus and
trcKUs if potted m Octolier kept covered
up out of doors until i idd we itlier stored

atlr^alb (see Bulbi>}
H0UST6NIA(Dr Wm He

II Watson
uston of the

eiih pirtiif the Pi^htei nth century) -K»
'ml , I \h ut _ii \ rtli \niericin small
herb- or sul Iniil nitli jiretty white
blue or pill I 1 tl- ill "t the species oci i i ii ill\

(lilt in wild ^ mil u- iiilic.kenes Parts of tbi tl- m
4 s the coroUi gimopet ilous and funnel form or siher
form stamens and st\ les pohmorphous , stigmas 2
capsule opening near the top Ivs small, opposite A
moist partly shaded place is to be recommended for most
Houbtonias because their flowemiK season is thereby
prolonged and the plants ri tain their foil it,e much
longer than m a drier and sunn\ position C ollected
plants are not difficult to establish Prop b% division
The following perennial species are offered bj American
dealers

A Stamens or shgmai conspicuously exseited

purpurea, Lmn Tufted 3-12 in high bearing off
sets, glabrous or pubescent radical h s ovate or oblong
short stalked fls m late spring or summer, the corolla
funnel form light purple to white Canada to Texas —
Var longlfdha Gray 3-fa m high thinner Ivd and
mostlj glabrous . Ivs. oblong lanceolate to linear,
K-1 '4 in^ long. Var. tenuifdlia, Gray, is slender and
diffuse, 6-12 in. high, with almost filiform branches and
peduncles: stem-lvs. linear. This species and its forms
grow well in dry, open places.

AA. Stamens or stigmas little or not at all exserted.

caeriilea, Linn. Bluets. Innocence. Qoaker Ladt.
Pig. 1 105. Little tufted perennials, 3-6 in. high, the stems
glabrous: radical Ivs. spatulate tn olmvate. hairy, short-
petioled, the stem-lvs. small: ."1-11:1 -iImi- form, the
tube much exceeding the cah . ' j from blue

to white, with a yellow ej'e. I; 'I I' ':.;. -Charm-

ing little plant in grassy place- m iin mi in. :i-ieru states
and southward in the Allegheny region. Excellent for
rockwork and grassy borders. Early spring. In gar-
dens, may be treated as annual or biennial.

serpyllifdlia, Michx. Extensively creeping : radical
Ivs. orbicular to ovate-spatulate and abruptly petioled:
corolla rather larger than that of H. earnlni. deep vio-
let-blue (often white). Va., southward. Early spring.
J. B. Kellek and L. H. B.

HOVfiNIA (after David Hoven, Senator of Amster-
dam). UliamnAcew. Ornamental shrub or small tree,
with deciduous alternate, long-petioled Ivs. greenish
inconspicuous fls. in axillary peduncled cymes, and with
small globular frs. on reddish, fleshy and" edible pedun-
cles. It grows into a small, round-headed tree, with
handsome somewhat shining foliage, and thrives best in
sandy lo.am, but is not hardy north. Prop, by seeds,
also by root-cuttings and cuttings of ripened wood un-
der glass. One species in Himal., China and Japan.
Without stipules: calyx lobes, petals and stamens 5,
style 3-parted : fr. 3- celled and 3-seeded, indehiscent.

1104 An attractive
corner of Pandanus
Begonia and Wan

dulcis Thunh [n 1.
cordate-ovate or ovate
brous, 4-6 in. long: cy
2300. A.G. 12:80.

iffqudlf

Alfred Rehder.

HOVEY, CHARLES MASON (Fig. HOG), horticultural
journalist and nurseryman, was born in Cambridge,
Mass., Oct. 26, 1810, and died there Sept. 2, 1887. He is
best known as editor of the "Magazine of Horticulture,"
which had an uninterrupted existence from 1835 to 1868.
It was founded as the "American Gardener's ]\Iagazine,"
by C. M. Hovey and his brother, Phineas Brown Hovey.
In its third volume (1837) it changed its name, and con-
tinuously thereafter was known as the "Magazine of
Horticulture," and was edited by Charles M. Hovey
alone. It enjoyed the longest period of prosperity of
any American horticultural journal. It is a record of
the budding stage of New World horticulture. It was
modelled after Loudon's "Gardener's Magazine," al-
though its spirit was essentially American. Essays,
records of current events, reviews of books, descrip-
tions of varieties, were prominent features. It had
very few illustrations. Mr. Hi.vcv was uiitlicr of the

"Fruits of Amen. -a." is-u. .1 111 imi- I - iJ to 1856,

completing ti\o M.luni. - 111 I 111 ii 1 ■ 1 begin-

ning on a third. It-|iii|"i-i ■ 1 isilored

figures and full des.Ti|.TiMi,- ,,t ,i|iIm ^ ,,.. \ arieties

cultivated in the Uniteil ^^
more than 100 colored plai
bound, these volumes are
art-book of varieties.

Mr. Hovey was also nurseryman and seed merchant.
Until 1840, his grounds at Cambridge are said to have
comprised only an acre, but at that time his premises
'were greatly enlarged. His epoch '

Handsomely printed and
ae type of the

time of knowl-

778 HOVEY

edge of varieties. Straightway he began assiduously
to collect varieties, until he exhibited pears, apples and
camellias by the hundreds, and plums, grapes, chrysan-
themums and many other things by the score. These
things were shown before the Massachusetts Horticul-

tural Socipty. which was the center of horticultural
iutlueiH-f <>i till- '-nuntry. He raised many seedlings.
TIiiiji'i lh'i;ii'i is still prized as a garden conifer. His

grt-iitisi iiril.uiii.n to horticultural varieties was the

Hovey struH i" rry, which first fruited in 1836, and
which is generally regarded as the starting-point of
American commercial strawberry - growing (see Fig.
1088). For many years this berry was the standard of
market excellence. i\Ir. Tlovey continued to grow it and
chi-risli it until till' i-ii,l. TIh- wiitrr remembers with
wlitit till lni-i:i~ III li" i\[i:ii iali-ij nil ii > \iftues but a Very
few yiiir- l.ri'r.i I ],,< (Iriitli. ."Ml-. 1 1..\ .V was long an act-
ive 11 M ml" r, :iiii| r.ii' :i linn- |.r.'^iiiiiit , ..£ the Massachu-
setts lilt: .i!..ii ii s.„Kiy. He was one of the active
projii'' I ' I:' I'liiliiiiig which gave the Society a new

and III I ■ IS home. The history of the society

rei-'ir'! till- project was in doubt, "the per-

sev.iiii i :i;mI li' hrniination of the president of the
society ami i-hainiiaii of the building committee, Charles
M. Hovcv, triumphed over every hindrance, and carried
the work on to success."

A portrait of Mr. Hovey will be found in the first vol-
ume of the "Fruits of America." Another occurs in
"Gardeners' Monthly" for 1886 (frontispiece) and
"American Garden," Nov., 1887; and a reduction of this
appears in Fig. 1106. L. H. B.

HOWEA (named for Lord Howe's Island, where these
2 species grow). Also written fl-oi« in. Palmch-t-n'. A
genus of only 2 species, known to the trade as Kentias,
and certainly ranking among the 6 most popular palms
for house culture. They have the habit of Kentia, but
their fls. differ widely. Howea belongs to a subtribe in
which the fls. in each spadix are attached to the stem
between the bases of opposite Ivs., while Kentiabelongs
to another subtribe in wlii.'li tin- tls. are attached at a
lower point. AlsoHowia has ^vnnn. iiicalstaminate fls.
with rotund sepals, wliili- in l\. iitia the staminate fls.
are not symmetrical, the stii.ils l.fmf» small and acute. '

HOWEA

Howea's nearest cultivated ally is Linospadix, from
which it is distinguished by the following characters:
staminate fls. with very numerous stamens, the anthers
erect and fastened at the base: pistillate fls. with no
staminodes : ovule erect. H. Belmoreana is the more
popular of the two species, and as a house plant may bo
readily told from H. Forsteriana by the more nearly
erect position of its leaf segments; those of E. For-
steriana are more pendent. Howeas are erect, spineless
palms, with stout ringed caudex : Ivs. tirniinal, nu-
merous, dense, equally pinnatiscit : -i-nniit- narmw,
acuminate: spadices 2-3 ft. lonfr, -i ;; i . fr.ni 1

spathe, thick, cylindrical, nodding' ir :■ i * liun-

cle long, compressed at the base: -| :.:i . ,:iaiy. as
long as the spadix, cylindrical, li kei-l.-a i.,uaiil the
apex, longitudinallv split: l.ia.^ts bordering the chan-
nels; bractlets scal\': l!-. ^unk in the deep furrows of
the spadix, the staiuiiiat.- mai ly an inch long: fr. VA in.
long, olive-shaped.

Belmoreana, Becc. (Khith, n^l»u,rn)mi . F. Mucll.).
Cl-kly P.\i,m. Fig. 1107. I).-scril.ed and distini.'uisluMl
above. B.M. 7(I1S. K.H. I,s'.i7:2.-jil and p.:;."; V,X\ 111.
8:75. I. H. 21:1111. A.G. 13:141 ; IG.Iilfi. Mn. ;i:2.').- Var.
varlegata. Hurt. Adv. 1895 by Pitcher & Manda.

Forsterlina, Becc. (Kfntia Forsferidna, F. Muell.).
Flat or Th.^tih Leaf Palm. G.C. in.8:75 and 533.
S.H. 2:53. A. G. 16:346. A.F. 4:5G5; 11:701.

Jared G. Smith and W. M.

The two species of this genus are beyond a doubt the
most popular and also the most satisfactory palms in
the trade for decorative work in general, anil in conse-
quence of the great and growing demand, are grown by
tens of thousands in the large nurseries. There does
not seem to be any record of either of these .species hav-
ing borne fruit in cultivation in this country, and the
trade, therefore, dcpi lids , .11 imported seeds, which are
gathered in inimcn-i inaiii itii-- on Lord Howe's Island,
usually shipped fnni tli.iMS' in Sydney, N. S. W., and
from the latter p.ni I.. . iiln r London or New York.
This long voyage is a .suvrn t. -t of the vitality of such
seeds, and frequently resuliv m laultv u'irniination, the
average of germination si Idom , x,a i diuf.- 50 percent,
and is often much less. 'I wo li(a\y shipments of
Howea seeds are made ea.di year, tiii; iirst installment
arriving in February or March, and the second in Sep-
tember or October. Many growers favor the autumn
shipment of these seeds as giving the best results. The
seeds should be sown at once on their arrival, the prac-
tice followed by large growers being that of broadcast-
ing the seeds on a side-bench in a warm greenhouse on
2 to 3 inches of light soil, then covering them with 1
inch of the same compost, watering liberally and keep-
ing up a bottom heat of about 80°. Under such treat-
ment some of the seeds may germinate in two months,
but others in the same lot may not start for eight or

1106. Charles M Hovey

nine months, fiom -nliich it will be sern that the opera-
tion extends over a considerable period of time. The
seedlings should be potted into small pots when the
first leaf is expanded, kept moist and given a night
temperature of 65°, the greenhouse in which they are

HUMATA

779

ti. m this time

I inperatiire

111 legard

1 1 them,

I .Mition ot

SI s I leasonable

i to advantage.

the grower has

I il IS lapidly as

I' Iishgured,

IS pei-

m growth

last named species i. i i i it t

on the tree, the seeil- t // /
twelve months. Foi \u>u^< ^ ulTui
Pitlm6.

HOYA (Thomas Hoy was once gardener to the
Duke of Northumberland). Asclepiadiicew. More
than 50 tropical Asian and Australian climbing or
trailing evergreen shrubs, bearing thick, opposite
lvs.,and odd, often showy tls. in umbel-like clusters.
Corolla rotate, 5-lobed, thick and n
in appearance : crown of 5 thick and depressed
fleshy appendages : pollen-masses 10, short, fixed by
their base in pairs to the 5 glands of the stigma:
follicles acuminate, smooth: stems twining, or climbin
by means of roots.

Hoyas are summer-blooming plants, of comparatively
easy culture. They need an intermediate or warm tem-
perature. Let them rest or remai;
(50° in a dryish place), but start them into growth
wards spring. In the summer they
plunged in the border, but better results are to be ex-
pected, as a rule, by keeping them in pots in the con-
servatory. In their growing and blooming season, give
plenty of sun and air. They propagate by cuttings of
the top growth in spring, and also by layering. The lat-
ter method is particularly adaptable to H. carnosa and
other species which climb by means of roots. A. P.
Meredith advises as follows: "For compost, use fibrous
loam, lumpy (or coarse) in two parts, to one of leaf-
mold, using charcoal pounded fine, brick dust, or lime
rubble if procurable, instead of sand. They are often
found doing well in loam and sand. When in growth
use weak liquid manure."

A. Plant distinctly cUmiing.

camdsa, R. Br. (B. Mofdskei, Tei.jsm. ). Wax Plant.
Twiner, and attaching itself to support by means of
roots ; ordinarily grown as a pot- or tub-plant, and reach-
ing 5-8 ft. high, but growing twice and more this height
when it has the opportunity: glabrous: Ivs. succulent
and shining, ovate-oblong, acute, short-stalked, entire:
fls. white with pink center, fragrant, in axillary or inter-
petiolar umbels, the crown-segments very convex, and
spreading into a horizontal star. Trop. Asia and Aus-
tral. B.M. 788, as Asclepias carnosa. A.G. 18: 34. -The
common species, and often seen in window-gardens.
After the bloom is over (in summer) keep the plant in
a cool place in order that it may remain half -dormant.
In late winter or spring, start it into growth. Do not cut
off the spur which remains after the fls. pass, for this
spur bears fls. again. The Wax Plant is .-.isv tm iri,in:ii.-e,
and it improves with age. Often tr;iiiic 'I ms a ]i, rnia-
nent cover for a glasshouse wall. In the South, it is
nearly everblooniing. There is a form (var. can.yiita)
with handsome variegated Ivs. L. 44.

globuldsa, Hook. f. Hairy: Ivs. elliptic-oblong or long-
oblong, acuminate, rounded at the base, the midrib very
stout, the petiole an inch or less long: fls. pale straw or
cream color, the star-like crown-segments white, with
pink at the base, borne in dense, globular umbels: folli-
cles a foot or more long. Sikkim. F.M. 1880:406. G.C.

II. 17 741 — 1 handsome species requiring the general
treatment given to S carnosa

imperiAlis, Lmdl Li ft\ hml i with puberulent
stems and toliige Ivs llij ti i Im u lilong obtuse
point 11 iiiiui H _- in Kioss)

leathery dull purpli
the segment'
ig peduncles

the white

B.M. 4397. F.S. 4:393-4. -A noble Hoya, requiring very
rich soil and a rather high temperature. Although
naturally a very tall climber, it can be made to flower
in pots when 3 or 4 ft. high.

aa. Plant trailing or nearly erect.
b611a, Hook. (ff. Pdxtoni, Hort.). Slender, bushy,
1-2 ft. high, pubescent: Ivs. an inch long, ovate-acute,
very short-stalked, somewhat recurved: fls. % in. across,
pure white, with very short and half-acute lobes, the
crown-segments boat-shaped and violet: umbels few-
fld. and short-stalked. India. B. M. 4402. F.S. 4:399.
J.H. III. 35:5. -Handsome little species; scarcely climb-
ing- L. H. B.

HUCKLEBEEBT. See

also Gaylu

HOLSEA (Dr. G. W. Hulse, of La., who collected in
Calif.). Compdsitw. This includes one of many woolly
herbs offered by Californian collectors. It grows a few
inches high and bears fls. with 20-30 yellow rays. Six
species of herbs, perennial, biennial or annual, all Cali-
fornian, glandular pubescent or woolly: Its. pinnately
lobed or toothed: fls. large, solitary, yellow or purple;
involucral bracts free, narrow; style branches obtuse:
pappus of 4 hyaline, lacerated, chaffy scales. Monogr.
by Gray in Bot. Calif. 1 :385.

n&na, Gray. Stems depressed, leafy at summit: Ivs.
pinnatifid or incised, petiole long-margined: peduncle
1-2 in. long: involucral scales in 2 series: rays 20-30.

HUMATA (Latin, ofthc myth .■ retc
ing habit of the rhizouu'si. /'<i////-m./(
ferns related to Davallia aud soniLti]

: to the creep-
. A genus of
ncluded with

780 HUMATA

that genns, with small, thick, deltoid Ivs., with the in-
dusiura tough, suborbicular or renit'onn, attached by a
broad base and free at the apex and sides. Some 20 spe-
cies are known, mostly from the East Indies. For cul-
ture, see DavalUa.

TJermanni, Moore (Davdllia Tpermanni, Baker).
Beak's Foot Fern. Rootstock wide-creeping, densely
covered with linear white scales; Ivs. 4-6 in. long, del-
told, 3-4-pinnatifld ; lower pinnte largest, the lowest •
pinnules cuneate-oblong or deltoid; sori at the base of
the ultimate lobes less than a line broad. Central China.
G.C. 1871:871. L. M. Underwood.

HUMBLE PLANT. Mir,

: prnli,

EtTMEA (after Lady Hume). CompdsiUe. This in-
cludes a half-hardy biennial Australian plant, growing
5 or 6 ft. high, cult, fur the grass-like beauty of its
large, loose, much-branched, drooping panicles. The
gtiius has no near allies of garden value. It belongs to
a fjroup of 6 Australian genera which have no pappus,
llumea has nothing of the typical beauty of the com-
mon garden composites, since it has no rays. Its lis.
are exclusively tubular and hermaplii'"lii< , I I m :i
small head. Other important generic 'i, n i i,-

narrow involucre with scarious or pn i i

ing bracts. Three, at any rate, of tin <

arc slirul's, witli lis. in dense corymli- m ,: , . :i '-d
I,ra,-t- liuid Ml- |„taMike, whilein//. . ' • is

HTACINTHUS

makes an excellent arbor or screen plant. Recent Euro-
pean literature mentions a var. aureus, with yellow foli-
age. The Hop grows readily from cuttings of the shoots,
which spring from the crown; also by seeds, but the
latter do not reproduce the particular varieties or
strains. As a field crop, the Hop is not a horticultural
subject, and is not discussed here.

AA. Plinit not bearing hops, — the pistillate catkin not
greatly enlarging in fruit.
Jap6nicu8, Sieb. & Zucc. Annual (or at least treated
as such): foliage very like the last, but usually moro
deeply cut and not less than 5-lobed: catkins not gland-
ular. Japan. G.C. H. 24:716.- Int. to general cult, in
1886, and now one of the most popular of all climbing
herbs. It is a very quick grower, plants 10-20 ft. long
coming from seed sown in early May. It is very easy of
cultivation, and often seeds itself. , Var. varieg4tU8,
Hort., is the most popular form. Gng. 1:241. A.F.
8:489. The foliage is variously streaked and splashed
with white. Seeds of this variety will give a large per-
centage of variegated forms, and the plants usually
show interesting variations. H.Japonicus is more pop-
ular as an ornamental vine than H. Lupulus, because it
grows so quickly from seeds, and also because it baa
such interesting variegated forms; but H. Lupulus has
a distinct charm in its great hanging Hops. l_ ji_ b_

Sept. 1.

HUNNEMANNIA (T
of botany, d. 1839). r,i
yellow-fld. herb closel\
(Esi'hsoholzia)au(loftli

Knglish friend
. includes a fine
ilifomia Poppy
iir. It is treated

feeders and growers, requiring- plrnty ..f \\:Mrr and
good feeding. Good plants in In in. ]i..ts air v. ry .n-
naraental for conservatory or piazza \v..rk. 'I'hr ynnn^'
plants need plenty of light and air, and sln.uld li.- ki |.t
nearly dry during the winter, in s|nin;; tiny sh.Mild

be started into growth gradually, and sn' ^~i\ i ly r.--

potted until an 8-in. pot is needed. 'I'lny si Id n.it

be syringed except when growing ra|ddly in uaiiii
weather. In June the plants can be placed in a sub-
tropical bed that is shielded from high winds, and staked.
The foliage has a peculiar and agreeable scent.

61egans, Smith. Lower Ivs. ovate-lanccolate or oblong,
acuminate, stem clasping or d.-iMirr<nt, fi 1ft in. long,
wrinkled: fls. variously dcs-ri'd :i- I'^wnish red,
pink, ruby-red and rose. // . M li., is pre-

sumably a whitish fld. forni'i I , ami should

therefore be called var. 41bida. IMl. I iJ, pp. ;i-10 and
1895, p. 459. A. P. Meredith and W. M.

HtTMULUS (old Latin name). UrIicdcerB. Hop. Two
or three twining vines, with rou^h, opposite, p.dniati ly
lobed or divided Ivs. and dicndnns lis. ni a\illari . lu --
ters. Staminate fls. with 5 cr. . t ~i,nn. i .1

calyx, in little drooping, tass. 1 hk. i . . n.

fls. with an entire calyx or pnianth il..., |\ in\c -nn-
the ovary, which bears 2 long stignnis, the lis. in pair.s
Tinder large overlapping bracts, the whole making a
cone-like catkin which, when becoming very large, is
a "bop."

A. Plant hearing hops, — the pistillate catkin greatli/
enlarging in fruit.

Liipulus, Linn. Common Hop. Native to Europe and
North America, and long cult, for the hops, which are
used in the brewing of beer: it is a perennial herb:
shoots often grow 25-30 ft. long in the season : rough-
hairy: Ivs. ovate or orbicular-ovate in general outline,
deeply 3-lobed (sometimes 5-7-lobed), or the upper
ones not lobed, margins strongly and uniformly den-
tate, petioles long: staminate fls. in panicles 2-6 in.
long: hops (mature pistillate catkins) oblong or ovoid,
loose and papery, straw-yellow, often 2 in. or more long,
glandular and odoriferous, —Native along rivers and in
thickets in the northern states, and southward in the
AUeghanies and Rockies. Much cultivated for Hops, and
extensively run wild from cultivated plants. The Hop

iumariaBfoUa, Sweet. Lvs. triternately divided : pe-
duncles solitary, terminal : fls. 2 in. or more across ;
petals 4 ; stamens numerous. B.M. 3061. -Sold as
Giant Yellow Tulip Poppy. \y jj.

In our trial grounds during 1898, this was one of the
showiest and most satisfactory plants in over 400 trials.
The seed was sown early in May, and by the middle of
July the plants were covered with their large yellow
flowers, and they were never out of flower until hard
frost. The plants have a bushy habit and beautiful,
feathery, glaucous foliage. The flowers have wavy bor-
ders, and at times stand up like tulips

W. F. Dkeer.

HUSK TOMATO. Physalis.
HYACINTH. See Hyacinthus
HYACINTH BEAN, .'-^.e DoVn
HYACINTH, GRAPE. Sup J/"»
HYACINTH, WATER. See E

Ichho

HYACtNTHUS (name from Greek mythology). Lili-
dcew. Of Hyacinths there are something over 30 spe-
cies, the great part South African. Others inhabit the
Mediterranean region, and from this source come the
common garden Hyacinths. From related genera, Hya-
cinthus is distinguished by the funnel-shaped or bell-
shajH-d llowai-. iln- thri-ai not constricted, the lobes
shortiT tlnin ?ir ,ii nio-i not nnn?h exceeding the tube,
the 0 stannns aii.hlnd lo iIm- tube or throat and the

filaments thri a 1 111, - dil;,i.d .at the base. Bulbous

plants with onl i ' : .. .md lis. in a raceme or

spike. The i-on: , i; , , i - H. orientilis, Linn.

(Fig. 1108), win , :: ! I .,, ,n lvs. s-12 in. long,
K-l/^in. wido: - .i|. ^ i- III. i:dl. siont, bearing an
elongated and don.^i rai a im ; ptrnuith about 1 in. long,
the tube usually vuntricoso or swollen, the lobes ob-
long-spatulate, as long as the tube, in many colors, often
double incult. B.M. 995. F.S. 23:2399-2400.— The Hya-

HYACINTHUS

cinth IS exten'^ivelv Rrown in Holland for export to this
anil otbtr ciuntnes ind consequenth is c^mmonh
kii nil I th. Dutch Hyacinth The Rom m H-j ac-mth
(ti- lliH-liiM Mr dlbulua Biker (7/ illahis Juul
a I ,,n, H rt notLmn ) is biu lUei and slemieur
h „„i « 1 ^ n erect fls fe«er t iiliei ^hiteor
blu h IUl tul <_\lmdrical and sciicel> Mntrico t the
St fluent 11 in o\\er and usually proportioniteh shortei
Centi il iimce tnd perhaps in the Mediterranean le
gicii Much us(dfor early bloom The Hyacinth has
been cultn ittd tor some centuries and it shared some
oftheeuh IK Jul uity of the tulip in the ^etherlands
H 111 iilihs IS wild m s^rn \si i Aim r ( reece and
D-ilmitii I-tr a pKtuie ot i H\ ii inth bulb see Fig

Uthei pc( 1 s ire sometimes see

ffirdens

G C HI 24 I'll \ .1 /1 1(11' II >
i.m The former is si ud. i iiid t,i i. e

lis m short ratimes t iiiilmg neiih
il fls smill nuldm^, bell shaped
ill segments Ph. re is i white fld

leries Hiid\ m th. iniil.lk t ites

JastigiitUb

I//

It 1

species ■\\hi u is ii ii i> in iiii i ~ i
a delicite species with\eij n in .w 1\ sc ipe 3-5 in
high and shorter than the hs fls few m a loose
cluster K-'^ m long and light blue (a white form) with
oblong lanceolate segments lon„er thau the tube B M
6663 Myacmthni II Diiini t 1 iiiu u i not the fi"
Somamis of horticulturi t m\1ii h i tli U man Hja
iiith n I, I I III vir al

L U L

CtLTtrE OF THE HYACINTH

— The perfection cf the flower
depends In gel > upon the
strength of the loots and as
Hyacinths mike ill then root
growth m the fill the bulbs
should be plinted early -sa\
from the beginning to the niid
die of October Any good gai
den soil suits provided it s
well drained The ground
should be eirefulh pre
purl h\ spilnu to 1

'T;i

Ml [111 lit t 1. r l(j
inch If the soil IS nit

' urxlU tiff itmi-s be light
I ned b> the iddltion of
some siud and if the beds
hive been occupied by
other plants during the
summer some pure old
cow manure, well worked
in, is recommended. Horse
manure should not be
used.

The bulbs should be
planted C. inches deep (to
Hyacinth. the bottom i.f tlir Imllis)

and very iiiiif.iniih'. to in-
sure simultaneous flowering. The giomj.l li;i\ iim liren
prepared as above, perhaps the best \\';iy is to rnjuove 3
or 4 inches of the soil, level the bed carefully with the
rake and set the bulbs in it 5 or 6 inches apart each
■way, pressing them in firmly, and then covering them

HYACINTHUS 781

evenly with the soil that had been taken out. When
winter sets in, the beds should be covered with 2 inches
of dry litter or coarse manure. As soon as the shoots
appear above ground in the spring, 1 inch of this cover-
ing should be removed and
the balance when ilauger
from late frosts is past.
Unnamed Hyacinths in sepa-
rate colors can be bought
cheaply, and when grown in
masses of solid color or in
design beds, they make a
very rich display.

forcing in Pots. — For this
purpose large, -solid bulbs
should be selected, and pot-
ted singly in 5-inch pots in
a rich compost of loam, leaf-
mold and some sharp sand.
A f«w pieces of broken pot
being placed in the bottom
for drainage, the pots should
be tilled -lightly, and the
bulbs pressed into the loose
soil till only the apex re-
mains above the surface.
The pots are then buried to
a depth of 8 or 10 inches in
the open ground for seven
or eight weeks, till the roots
are developed fully and the
sprout is about 1 !^ in. above
the bulb. When taken inside
they should be kept in sub-
dued light, at a temperature
of about 50°, until the sprout
has assumed a vigorous
green color Flor' t wl o
force large nun 1 er for w
terdeco at ons settl em un

"1 1 few of the latter may be reco ii nended The
"• 1 e a nong the best a lapted f r forcing and
1 gelj g own by Amer can flor sts
Single Blue :

Burou van Thuyll. China-blue.
Charles Dickens. Dark Dorceluin.
Czar Peter. Light blue.
King of the Blues. Dark blue.
Leonidas. Clear blue.
Queen ot the Blues. Light blue.
Kegulus. Porcelain-blue.
Double Blve :

Charles Dickens. Dark blue.
Van Speyk. Lilac-blue.
Single White :

AllKi suiierbissima. Pure white.
P.:i-n„, -■. v:,Ti ThnvU. Pure white.
i,.:mm| ■ M \l, ,x..,ll... Blush-white.

\ .ini!i ilinop. Pure white.

l-ure white.

IKurope. Pure white.

(V.^uvergne. Pure white.

Kormu. Pclicate waxy pink.
Robert Steiger. Crimson.
Sultan Favorite. Salmon.

RYACINTHUS

Noble par Merite. Deep losa.
Single Lilac :

Haydn. Lilac-mauve.
Single Yellow:

Ida. Pure yellow.

King of the Yellows. Deep yellow.
Double Yellow:

Goethe. Bright yellow.

Miniature Hyacinths, or "Dutch Romans," are small-
sized bulbs of the ordinary Dutch Hyacinths, They are
excellent for growing in groups in bowls, pans or flats,
planted close together and treated just like the large
Hyacinths when grown in pots.

Culture in Olasses. — Some of the single Hyacinths
may be grown very satisfactorily in water. Special
glasses for the purpose can be bought from the seeds-
men. They should be filled with pure water and the
bulb so placed that its base barely touches the water.
They are stored in a dark, cold closet or cellar till the
roots are developed, and then brought in to the light.
An airy, sunny situation and a temperature of about
60° regularly maintained will insure the best results.
The glasses should be kept filled by adding water occa-
sionally as required. The following varieties are es-
pecially suited for glasses :

Charles Dickens. Blue.
Baron van Thuyll. Deep blue.
Mr. Plimsoll, Fine blush.
Obelisque. Yellow.
Moreno. Deep rose.
Sir. Wm. Mansfield. Mauve.

Soman Myacinths .— Instead of one large truss from
each bulb, the Roman Hyacinth produces three or four
smaller but more graceful flower-spikes. The bulbs ar-
rive in America in August, and by successive pottings
they may be had in flower from November till May.
They require the same forcing treatment as the larger
Hyacinths, but three or four bulbs may be planted in a
pot. The florists use wooden flats instead of pots, set-
ting the bulbs close tngi-tlicr, 40 or ."lO in a flat. By rea-
son of its beauty anil . v<|iii ii, Tiil i ;iii<'e, its earliness
and easy culture, the wl I I' Mjnth is the most
popular of our winter l . ,i^. Several mil-
lions of these bulbs ;u-. _i, ,,, ;,ily by the florists

of our large cities for wuiU; . tii Uu.iui.s.

Tlie Propagation of Hyacinlhii.-With the exception
of the Roman Hyacinths (which come from the south of
France), the world's supply of Hyacinth bulbs is pro-
e soil and climate of that country

duced in Holland. Th:

seem to be peculiarly suitable for bulb-grow

vhich

has been one of the leading industries there for 200
years. The bulbs intended ifor next year's market are
planted in October in carefully prepared, richly manured
land, and protected over winter by a thick covering of
reed or litter. The flowers are ciit when in full bloom
in the spring. By July the bulbs are fully ripened, and

are taken out of the ground by hand, dried, cleaned an
assorted into three grades of quality, according to size
Early in August they are ready for shipping. Over
grown or unshapely bulbs are reserved for Dropaqating

tnese are taken out of the ground, three
deep cross cuts are made with a sharp knife in the bot
toni of each bulb. They are then set out, bottom up
wards, and covered with loose soil for two or three
weeks, during which time the cuts open out and the
wounds are healed. They are then taken up and kept
spread out on tables in storehouses till October, when
they are planted out. When lifted next June nothing of
the parent bulb remains but dry skins, on the edges of
which from 20 to 30 offsets are fastened. These bulb-
lets are picked off by hand and planted out in the fall,
just like large bulbs. This process of planting in fall
and taking up in summer for a two months' rest is re-
peated for four or five years, till the bulbs have attained
to marketable size. Another method of propagating is
to hollow out the bottom of the bulb smoothly to a point
in the center. More offsets are obtained in this way,
but they are smaller and take a year or two longer to
reach maturity.

New varieties are obtained from seed, but such a de-
gree of perfection in form and color has already been
obtained that it is seldom a seedling is produced that
proves superior to existing varieties of the same color.
Some new varieties are obtained by encouraging any
tendency to change of c<.b.r or f..rm which may be
shown by the standard scui In iin- \K:,y the single
blue Charles Dickens h:is i i '.■■■.. u, .single red

and lo double blue, and :i^: ntlv. to double

red, till we have four vari. t
Last year's catalogue of a
tains 'MO named Hyacinths.

< ■! I li:uii-s Dickens.
Dutch grower con-
. Thorbcrn & Co.

HYBRIDS are the jiroducts cf crof
cies. Of late, the w,.r,l llxl.n,! I,;,.
writers to compris.' iill . I'
or varieties. Th.- jn^iiiicii i
that there are no li;ii-.l :iihI i.i-i lim-
and species, and there tore that liyl
sense is incapable of exact delimitati<
to this usage, however, contend that i
tomary to speak nf species and vai

the

aid

. The opponents
long as it is cus-
ties as different
iflcntorv cntf-L'i.riis, it is equally allowable and use-
ful to sp.iil , I II' 1, 1,1- ;is between species and of cross-
breeds :i- liis i moreover, historical cus-
tom favi ( nmmon-language terms rarely
if ever c\pr. ^- :ii. .IhIc or ideal truth: they grow up by
custom. Wlienevi-r new ideas and discoveries render
them inexact, it may be quite as well to invent new
terms as to give new and technical meanings to old
terms which are thoroughly established in litera-
ture. The word Hybrid has always been a specific
term, and it were a pity now to make it a generic one,
particularly since there is a well established generic
term. The generic word, both substantive and verb, is
cross. Specific kinds of crosses are Hybrids, between
species; cross-breeds, between plants of the same spe-
cies ; half-hybrid, between a species and a variety of
another species ; bigener, between plants of different

HYDRANGEA

783

i,i_ iiioii belong to two uulike categoiiis of

ti, . - in.l genera are not entities in tliem-

s,;., ..re artificial groups made by men for

the u . jii , viLi- III L- when writing anil speaking of living
things. Crossing is a biological phenomenon.

Hybrids are unusual facts in nature ; that Is, they
are rare compared with the whole number of plants.
On the other hand, cross-breeds are usual. Most flow-
ers are so constructed as to favor cross-pollination.
Cross-breeding is one of the prime means of inducing
slight variations and of invigorating a type. Upon the
variations which arise from crossing and other means,
natural selection oper.ites in the production of new
forms. But it is significant that these new forms usu-
ally come about slowly and gradually. It is the desire
of the cultivator to produce new forms quickly and of
pronounced distinctness. He therefore employs cross-
ing between unlike types, or species, hoping thereby to
secure wider departures. In nature, the cross-breed is
the beginning of a process of breeding: it starts off the
variation. Man is often tempted to look upon the Hy-
brid as the end. If the products ct' a -ivcn cross are
not to his liking, he throws tli. )n ^.w^n ^ni<l tries again.
The most expert plant-breeds i-. Iimw.m r. ii.w hybridize
to get a "break, "and thence fort li .l.-i" ih1 .•hietiy on selec-
tion to realize their clear-cut ideals, particularly in seed-
propagated plants.

To man Hybrids are of no value unless they can be
propagated. By seeds they usually vary immensely: it
is difficult to "fix" them so that they will come true.
By cuttings or layers or division, however, the character
of the parent may be propagated with practical cer-
tainty: the original plant is divided, and the parts are
put on the market. Nearly all cunimer.'ial Hybrids are

of plants Hi' )'-li :m--' lilil- |.r..|M'j:n.-.l In :.-r.su:il |.:n'ts:

Kieffer i.-:ii II -i': ■ ■ ■ • '■• ■: i^ -i- • ' ■ " ''Vild

Goose pi ■ ■ < ■ • '■\'-

sias, pel;ii'i;"n:uiii.. i-|i-il"'l-i..|ri .11 ~ , >n..'-iIm^ llMn'id
is variable when propagated by seeils, contiiiued selec-
tion, or plant-breeding, must be employed to fix and es-
tablish a desirable type.

It is thus seen that hybridization rarely gives rise to
dominant horticultural seed-races, but rather to an iii-
dividual plant which may be disseminated by some di-
visional means of propagation. The seeds of Hybrids —
as of the modem cannas— may give rise to good varie-
ties, and they may not; but these new varieties are, in
their turn, usually propagated by means of asexual parts
if they are to be kept true.

Practically there is no certainty in hybridization.
Rarely can a man picture to himself an ideal variety,
and then by means of hybridization produce it. He
hybridizes plants which possess some of the character-
istics of the desired or ideal variety, and then takes his
chances. True plant-breeding sets an ideal, and then
reaches it by working along certain definite lines. It
seeks first to secure a variation in the desired direction:
this may be secured by means of crossing, change of
soil, modification of food supply, and other changed con-
ditions. It seeks, then, to preserve or augment the form
by means of definite selection.

Fundamentally, there are no laws of hybridization.
Every Hybrid is a law unto itself. By the study of many
examples of hybridization, one is able to construct an
average of i.nii)abiUties as Ut \\\r.,t will or what will not
occur in ;i ifivcii cas,. : but thr -iyni ra-,c may contradict
all the pr"l'aiiilitirs wirlMiiit ai>|ianni caiisr. Hybridiza-

whether the products of any hybridization will be exact
intermediates, or in what way or degree they will carry
over or blend the parental characters. As a rule, the
more closely akin the species, the more perfect will be
the blending or amalgamation of the two. See Pollina-
tion.

The literature of hybridization is extensive but scat-
tered. The standard text is Focke's" Die Pflanzen-Misch-
linge," 1881. The possibilities of hybridization as a factor
in plant-breeding are presented in many aspects in
• the "Hybrid Conference Report " of the Royal Horticul-
tural Society, London, 1900. There are special books de-
voted to orchid Hybrids (see Orchids). In North America
there has been little fundamental writing on the subject.
See an excellent paper by Swingle and Webber, Year-
Book of theU. S. Dept. Agric. 1897; papers in Ameri-
can Gardening, 1899, pp. 397, 413, 431 ; Bailey's "Plant-
Breeding," 1895. L. H. B.

irtize

except by trying. Hundreds .if s,i,.,.i,.. have 1 n tried,

.and for them the knowledL'e is luoi-.- ..r 1.-. .xact.
Plants hybridize most freely wliiel, are tl,.- subjects of
much care and coddling: the orchids are the best ex-
amples. In these groups, Hybrids are chiefly fanciers'
plants, valuable often only because they are Hybrids or
are rare and curious. One cannot tell beforehand

50

HYDRANGEA (Greek. Inidn
vessel ; alluding to the cup-^li:

site, simple, rarely l..bcil. |icti.ili
bluish or pinkish tis ii r\ 11

usually mar::
pals, or in sn
larged : fr. :
lata is the ha
and M. Bretscl

nnd aqgeion,
. S„.ri'fragd-

siuall. white,
panicles, bearing

. with enlarged

the fls. are sterile ami en-
icant capsule. M.panicu-

11 . arborescens, H. radiata
almost hardy North,

while H. qnercifolia and petinlaris require at least
very sheltered position and IT. hortensis, velutina, in-
volucrata and virens are still more tender, and can hardly
be grown outdoors North except when well protected and
sheltered. They grow best in a rich, porous and some-
what moist soil and thrive well in partly shaded posi-
tions, but flower more freely in full sun if they only have
sufhcient moisture. All Hydr.'infejis are well adapted
for borders of shrubberies. :iiid //. iiam, ulula and hor-
tensis, es'peciB.Wj thi; varieties \Mili si, file lis., lire very
showy as single speciniiiis .m tlie 1.,\mi. Iu warmer cli-
mates the latter is sometiiiies u^e.l f..r ornamental
hedges (see G.C. III. 24:337 ami 4.1(1); but it is not
hardy in the North. These and also most of the
other species should be pruned in fall or early spring,
and the branches of the previous year cut back to 1-3
pairs of buds, accrdiue to the i;routl. of the branches
anfl the desirid size ef the {.auicle^; if onl
pruned the panicles will be luanx but small, S
they are cut back every year aluiest t.. the gr
produce then enormous panii'les. wliicli, li..we
ally need artificial sui>i>ort and Lack tiie irracel
less severely pinneil ].lants. //. i„t HimhtUi . 1
diflora can be L-mwi, in a small standard tree

planted in
strongest s
height of 4-
the sumnie
cut off, and

ightly

, and cut down to the base. The
e.acli |,l.nit will attain by fall the
reely mainired and watered during
iimu, all the weaker branches are
er climates the plants should be
lifted and steied in :i frost-proof pit or cellar, since the
wood is ni,r Usually sufiiciently ripened to withstand
sever.- fro-f. In tin- following year the top of the stem
is allowed to liraiicli. The weaker basal shoots may be
pegL'ed down t"make newplants. Strong-growing varie-
ties ..f //. h,Tl, ,i.-,is may be treated in the same way if
standard plaiils are desired.

//, Iioiii'iiKi.i, which cannot withstand much more
than 10° of frost, is in the North much grown as a pot-
plant, especially the more showy varieties with large
heads of sterile fls., and is extensively used for outdoor
decoration during the summer. Late in fall, when the
Ivs. have fallen after frost, the plants are moved to a
frost-proof cellar and kept rather dry until spring, when
they are repotted in new soil and the growth of last
year cut back to 1 or 2 pairs of buds. As a suitable soil
may be recommended a Tuixtiire of loam, leaf -mold and
sand, with ground bone, ilrie.i c<.w immure or some other
kind of manure added. UuriiiL' the summer a liberal
supply of water should be i;jv,ii, aN.. o.-casionally ap-
plications of liquid manure, until tin- lis. h.ave developed.
They may also be planted in the open ground during
the summer, lifted late in fall with a large ball of earth,
stored over winter in a coldframe or pit and planted out

784

HYDKANGEA

again in spring; this will not injure in any way the pro-
fusion of lis. In certain kinds of soil the pink Hortun-
sias show a tendency to turn blue, and perhaps this
can be caused by adding iron filings or alum to the
soil. R. hortensis is also a valuable plant for forcing,
and is much grown for Easter, especially the var. Otakua^
on account of its dwarfi-r li.-il.it. IlaTi.lsoiiie ]i.it-|plaiits
can be grown in one ycjir trnm luitin--^. In l-'ctnuaiy

iiMli.;l.r..i.:,uMtm:,' Ii.ium' witli
Nlif,'bt botluui beat, and plaiitud
in small pots as soon as they
are rooted. During the sum-
mer they may be easily grown
in pots and plunged outdoors
in coal ashes or in any kind of
porous soil, transplanted sev-
eral times and freely watered
and occasionally manured ; or
they may be planted out in
rich soil, exposed to the full
sun, where water should be
liberally given and now and
then an application of liquid
manure. Last of September
they should be repotted in 8-
inch pots, kept shady some
days until established, and
afterwards exposed to the sun.
After the first frosts they may
be brought into a cool green-
bouse. If intended to have
them in flower for Easter,
they should be transferred
not later than the fore part
of January into a warmer
house, with a temperature
gradually rising from 50° to
60°; the plants should be
freely watered, and about once
a week an application of
liquid manure given until the
flower buds are developed. The fls. should be almost
fully developed some time before they are desired,
that they may be hardened off in a cooler house, since
overforced plants are likely to collapse if exposed to
sudden changes of temperature. After flowering, the
plants are pruned and repotted or planted out and
treated as above described for cuttings, or they may be
thrown away and another set of plants raised from cut-
tings.

B. pet'uilaris is a handsome climbing plant for cover-
ing walls and trunks of trees, and grows well in tho
shade, but (is. freely only in the full sun.

The Hydrangeas are readily prop, by cuttings of half-
ripened or nearly ripe wood under glass in summer
(Fig. 1111); also by hardwood cuttings, layers, suckers
or division of older plants. H. querci folia is best propa-
gated by suckers or by layers of growing wood put down
in summer. Rarely increased by seeds, which are very
small, and should be sown in fall in pans or boxes and
only slightly covered with soil.

About 25 species in N. and S. America, Himal. and E.
Asia. Lvs. without stipules : fls. perfect in terminal
panicles or corymbs, often with sterile marginal fls.;
calyx lobes and petals 4-5; stamens usually 10; styles
2-5, short: capsule 2-5-celled, dehiscent at the base of
the styles, with many minute seeds.

HYDKANGEA

A. Erect or spreailing shrubs: stamens 10: petals ex-

panding.

B. Inflorescence pyramidal.

1. panicuUta, Sieb. Shrub or small tree, to 30 ft.,
with dense globose bead: lvs. elliptic or ovate, acumi-
nate, serrate, sparingly pubescent above, more densely
on the veins beneath, 2-5 in. : panicle 0-12 in. long: fls.
whitish, the sterile ones changing later to purplish ;
styles 3: capsule with the calyx about at the middle.
Aug., Sept. Japan. S./C. 01. -The following varieties are
cult.: \'ar. iloribunda, l{c<;c-l. Panicles large, with more
an.l hn-rr M.,,1, ii-. (It. 16:530. Var. grandifldra,
•Si.l.. i^:lr. /,..,/-,.,,,. Maxim.). Fig. 1112. Alm.istail
tls. st.riir ; i.ani.hs \ irv large and showy. F.S.
l():lU05-00. (in. 10:117 and 54, p. 376. R.H. "]87:i:.'-)0.
Mn.8:119. A.G.18:313. Ung. 3:357 and 5:3. F.E. 8:214.
S.H. 1:174. Var. prSeoox, Rehd. Almost like the type,
but flowering about 6 weeks earlier, in the middle of
July. G.F. 10:363. The late flowering typical form is
sometimes called var. tardlva, Hort. U. pniihiiliiln,
var. grandiflora is the common Hydrangea of lawns. It
is seen to best efl'ect when planted close in front of heavy
shrubbery. Cut back rather heavily in early spring.

2. quercifdiia, Bartr. Shrub, with spreading branches
to 0 ft. : young branches densely f errugineously tomen-
tose: lvs. long-petioled, roundish or broadly ovate, pin-
nately lobed with serrate lobes, glabrous above at length,
whitish tomentose beneath, 4-8 in. long: panicle 4-7 in.
long: fls. pinkish white, the sterile ones turning pur-
ple. June. Ky. toAlab. and Fla. B.M. 975. Gng. 2:305.
Hardy at Philadelphia.

BB. Inflorescence corymbose, flat or globular.

c. Cyme without involucre at the base.

D. Styles u.'iually 2; capsule with the calyr at the

apex.

3. arbor^scens, Linn. (H. urticifblia, Hort.). Erect
shrub, 4-10 ft.: lvs. long-petioled, ovate, acute or acu-
minate, rounded or cordate at the base, serrate, green
and glabrous on both sides or somewhat puln-scc'nt or
glaucous beneath, 3-6 in. long: cymes 2-5 in. broad,
with none or few sterile fls. June, July. N. J. to Iowa,
south to Fla. and Mo. B.M. 13:437. -Var. cord^ta, Torr.
& Gr., has the lvs. broadly ovate and cordate. -Var.
stSrilis, Torr. & Gr. Almost all fls. sterile, known also
as Hills of Snow.

4. radiita, Walt. (H. nlvea, Michx.). SimiKir to the
former, but lvs. densely whitish tomentose beneath and
cymes always with sterile fls. June, July. N. C. to Mo.,
south to Ga. B.B. 2:lK.-,.-Var. canSscens, Dipp. (//.
f<i»i'.sTCK.s, Hort. n. ri„i-rea,iimM). Lvs. grayisli to-
mentose beneath, sometimes pubescent above. Tenn. to
Ga.— Hardy about Philadelphia.

DD. Style

'.hiT ,

floribni
glabrf^i

5. veatlta, Wall. {IT. heteromdlhi. T1 n n , '^,'s-
ceHS, Decne.). Shrub, to 10 ft.: pctii I ' : ' - Md
and margined, red: lvs. ovate, acuim v. -

tosely dentate, almost glabrous abuv,. i„i;>h.

tomentose beneath, 4-8 in. long : cymu .. b in. hi.iad,
with bracts ; sepals of sterile fls. elliptic or obovate,
acute or mucronulate: capsule with the calyx above the
middle. June, July. Himal. F.S. 4:378-79. G.C. II.
22:017.

var. pubi^srrns,
t<i8ft.: petioles
noi raargmcMi ; ivs. nvati- or iiiijitip-iivatc to oblong-
ovate, acute r,r ac-uiiiir]:ii. . m irat.- witli short callous
teeth, more or b-- i i'
cymes similar to tli.
pals roundish, obtn .
middle. July. N.( !,:-:i
— Var. glabrSscens, l.'.h
DC). Lvs. sniallci-, rlli{.
only sparin,i4ly i.uhrsrrnt.

7. hortensis, Smiili i //. northt.iia,T)C. E.opuMdes,
C. Koch. H. Jnpihuni. .Sieb.). Shrub, to 8 ft., almost
glabrous : lvs. ovate or ovate-elliptic, acuminate or
acute, coarsely serrate, .5-8 in. long: fls. in large cyme*
without bracts, white, bluish or pink, few or all of

math, 3-5 in. long;
1 1.1 Her and denser, se-
ih the calyx near the
. (i.F.3:17and6:396.
serrata, Koehue, not
coarsely serrate and

HYDRANGEA

them sterile. — The greenhouse Hydrangea. June, July,
but blooming in winter under glass. A large number of
varieties have been introduced from Japan and China,
where this species has been extensivel)' cultivated for
many centuries, and where it is native. The following
are some of the best known. They may be divided into
3 groups :

(1) Japonica group: cymes flat, with sterile and fertile
flow ei s
Var acuminata A Gmv (IT nn m vtitn ^leb &
Zucc ff Bmj ^ K 7 f , ] p

late acuminate i le

fls with ellipti
Var Azisai M
ovate glabi us

pedieelled o\ ert j j i „ 1 I / 1 \

Belzdni Maxim {IT Bel ^ V / Hi

ica var caei ilea Hook // /

ceils Re 1 I ( 1 it I 1 I t

or ol It Ihi k

all}

Lvs
broall

1 elongs

RH

Sel )

epil'

\ maciosepala Rf,l Dif
fers Ii 1 t r I 1 1 pil Gt

li o''0 \ \r Miriesi H it «f ras al o net much differ
ent 1 ut has somewhat broader lvs and the pmk sterile
fls are ver) large 3 3}^ m d ross Gn 54 119b G L
III 2i ippl 0 '8 \ar rosdlba, \ an Houtte (H L t d
lej H rt ) Lvb ovate or elliptic ovate acuminate
spar 1 f,h hiii-y sepals dentate ovate or broadly ovate
white 111] ik r \shitt changing to pmk S S lb lb49-
50 R H Ibf I 4dO Gn 46 990 Var Berr&ta Rehd
(H 6f (/(,DC B Tliunberg I, Sieh & Zucc S ry i
nea, Hort.). Lvs. elliptic or ovate, narrowed at both
ends, serrate, sparingly appressed-hairy, lH-3 in. long:
cymes small, 3-4 in. broad : fls. pinki.sh or bluish ; sepals
roundish, obtuse or emarginate. S.Z.58. G.C. 1870:1699.
(2) ITortensla group: cymes glohoscy with almost all
fls. sterile.
Var. nigra, Arb. Kew. (IT. Mandshilriea, Koehne.
R. opuloldes, var. cyandclaila, Dipp. H. nigra, Carr.

dark purple or violet, ot'ttii alTji..vt l,l;„■l^ : lvs. ovate-
elliptic, acute: cymes large, wiili jniipli' p.-duncles: se-
pals pink or bluish, obovatt-. A.F. r)::;iHi. Var. Hort6n-
Sia, Maxim. Lvs. large, elliptic, glabrous : sepals
broadly ovate, entire, usually pink. This is the form
which first came into cultivation outside of Japan and
China, and is said to have been introduced from China to
England in 1790, by Joseph Banks. B.M. 438. G.C. III.
24:45. Gn. 45, p. 12; 50, pp. 123, 250, 367; 52:281. Var.
OtAksa, Maxim. (H. Otalcsa, Sieb. & Zucc). Fig. 1113.
Dwarfer, but of vigorous growth: lvs. obovate, short-

^^f.- ,..

HYDRANGEA 785

acuminate, rather thick glabrous sepals obovate en-
tire, pink or blue S Z 52 F b 17 1732-33 Gn 50 1079.
R.H.1868:4oO AIn o p lOo A G 11 415 A F 10 1015.
F.E. 9:52 and 401 Gng 5 Ibl \ ai pl§na Rgl Similar

1113 Hydrangea horteni

to var. Hortensia, but sepals toothed. Var. Thomas
Hoggr, Hort. Lvs. elliptic or ovate, rather small: heads
large, pure white. This variety is somewhat dwarfer
than the common Hydrangea and is, besides Otaksa,
the best as a pot-plant. It is also to be recommended
for outdoor cultivation, as it is one of the hardiest.

(3) Stellata group: fh
Var. stellata, Maxim
Lvs. ovate or ovatf nl
with larger sterile n
.■llii.tn

sepal.

■ith

proliEera,

\,.i Jimbriata,
-t .ill the fls.

Dipp. Cy

G.C. III. 2

lata.vnT.j

few .smaller .111. - 111 I., r .,, nn:. V;ir. rubro-plena, Dipp.
Cymes rather d.-iisr, vith almost all fls. sterile, chang-
ing from pink or pale lilac to dark red.

There are also some varieties with variegated lvs., as
var variegata, Regel a form of var Belzoni with the
hs edged white (I< "^ 7 096) var tricolor, Hort , with
the lvs variegated with white ind edged }ellow, var
rdseo-marginata, Hort with the h^ spotted white and
edged pink

cc Cyme enclosed befoie expandtng by 6-8
latgi , decidiious bracts

8 mvolucTata Sieb Low shrub to 5 ft

ally 2 Au^ lap S Z 0' II M

H Siipphtx introduced 18'l» I

to belong here A ar hort^nsis M n I i

doub]( usualh pmk and otten prolittrous

S Z 04 F s i 1S7

AA Climbing hi/ iieiial tootlets stamens 15

pttaU cup like, cohering, falling off as

a It hole

1112 Hydrangea paniculata var grandiflora

786

HYDRANGEA

HYDKOCOTYLE

ing to 80 ft. in Japan: Ivg. long-petioled, broadly ovate-
cordate to elliptic, acute or acuminate, crenately ser-
rate, almost glabrous, 2-4 in. long: cymes rather loose,
-810 in. across, with rather few sterile fls. ; styles usu-
ally 2: capsule with the calyx at the apc-x. .luly. Japan,
Sacchalin. B. M. f;7SS. S. Z. 51. r.!l. 2. !)'_'. .M.n.C.
1897:236-37. S.II. L' : l:il-:i:i. -A \.rv v:iriaM- -,H.,.i,...
figured and dcs<-rilM(l l,y Sirl.. \- Zmr, nu.l.-]' tin-. .■ liif-
ferent names. In t"!''!'"^ it is ,,ii,ri ]iirt wiih uimI.t
the name of Schi:-oi)ltriujmil. hi/drfi nfj, n,,l, .^. ;iii..tlii-r
Japanese climber of similar hiibii, whirli, homvcr, is
easily distinguished by its siuuiit.ly ,1, ntatr Ivs. and
Its sterile fls. having only one lartci- i-di-.lati- sipal.

B. alUseima, Wall. Allied to H. i,.ti.il.ii is Imi Ihsk high
climbing, often only a spreading shnii., f.- I . ]i ~ Mvate-

lanceolate; stamens 10. Hinml.-//. uuh.to

20 ft., similar to H.ve.stita: Ivs. olilmi: i.^ . -ly pu-

bescent benenth: sepals usuall.v toDiIi. ' ' ,.l\'>;at

theap.'x. Hi. iial Ti.ii.l.-i- -;/ /,,;(<. -i . , -ml. .to

Sieb.
large.

somely variegated along the veins, but teiidci-.

Alfred Rehder.

HYDRASTIS (name of doubtful meaning). Banuncn-
lAcea. Two species of hardy herbaceous perennials,
one from Japan and one from N. Amer. Stem erect,
pubescent: Ivs. palmately 5-7-lobed, serrate: fls. green-
ish white, small, solitary; sepals 3, petal-like, falling
early; petals none; stamens many; carpels 2-ovuIed, in
fruit becoming aggregated berries. Requires moist
situations in good, rich loam and leaf-mold. Prop, by
division of the root, and by seed.

Canadensis, Linn. Orange Root. Golden-seal.
Stem "t-IO in. long, from a thick, yellow rootstock:
basal Ivs. 5-8 in. broad; stem Ivs. 2, lower one petioled,
upper sessile and near the small flower: fr. in ovoid
head, the 8-12 fleshy carpels tipped with a short, curved
beak. April. Eastern U. S., in rich woods. B.M. 3019
(in flower); 3232 (in fruit). -Used in gardens for the
showy leaves and beautiful red fruit ; root used in
medicine. K. C. Davis.

HYDBIASTfiLE (On-.^k. «•.,/,,■ ami .-' ili,' tall

trunks growiu^^ n.ar siuin^- i. /' \ ■ nus ..f

one species, a tr.i].i''al An-i i'ali;iii p. in :i.. .iii ..ll.y
perhaps only (.111- A I'uririK -!i:i'. i h. - .^ ■ .nUmi
diana. It is t..M . !.■ ■ ■! ' ■ I • - ■ i.iliaL'e

by theleaf-sej,'iM. n unii-

nate and not si-lr ' ■ ; ■ hm i'^ in

having the ovni.- >.i, ;!,. -,.i i in. i> :i.l ,.i ai the

bottom, as in Kentia. lu ilii.^ re.-.pixa it ai;rLL-,s uilli the
group of genera mentioned under Iledyscepe, but it
differs from that group in having the fls. borne in 4
ranks instead of spirally. Hydriastele is a spineless
palm with erect winded eaudex: Ivs. terminal, pinnati-
seot; segments aln inal. , hn. ar. -pin a1 lli.. ap. \: inid-

veins covered li. !■ " n:-.! .■. ■!-! .i:-iliin;

raehis laterallx • : ; i n i ■ . :.-■,■ ,,i'

the petiole C( ; ' i .■ -i.-ii . i.:i.i m, , « iih

short, wide p.'! ' -.I tr..ni the base, the

branches obtu-* : "ti:,^, slender, pendulous:

spathes 2, coiniii ■ .1, deciduous, the lower

one ancipital: Im :m i i i.i ,m 1 1, ts connate; fruit small,

ellipsoidal, siin.ulli ..i nl.l.vil. i'or culture, see Palms.

Wendlandiina, H. Weudl. & Drude {Kentia Wend-
landiAna, F. Muell.). A tall palm. Leaves many feet
long; segments numerous, unequal, the longest 1% ft.,
the upper ones confluent at the base, all denticulate at
the apex. Queensland. Jared G. Smith.

This distinct and excellent palm has hitherto been
eins i>roduced in tropi-
- ii-iiiilar. The seeds
I.I' ' I"-.' of ArcJwnto-
■ III As. are pinnati-
i: .iiiiewhat .lagged
I .1 i i.h Tail palm or

rare, but

cal nurseries it is fast
are round, fairly hard, a
phatiix Alexandrw. Th.
fid. the segments beiuir
at the apex, after the 1

Hou

Beln

tri'i'iini. hi 111., trreenhouse a temperature of (iO to 70°
is tiM.sr ci.nL^. nial. A lower temperature will not hurt
it. I. MI u'ives a slower and more compact growth. It
|m\i - pli-nty of moisture, and frequent syringing is

1.. iH lirial. For porting soil, it likes rich'loara, with

1.1. hty ..t sharp sand and good drainage. The seeds and
seedlings should be treated more like the commercial
Areca, i.e., Chrysalidocarpiis tutescens. It forms a sin-
gle stem when only 3 ft. high, and grows to a height of
20 ft. or more in cult. It is at its best when 10 to 15 ft.
high. When well established and pot-bound it loves
high feeding, as does Cliryscilidocarpus lutescens. This
palm has a bright future commercially.

H. A. SlEBBECHT.
HYDROCHAEIS (Greek, nrnrrful vnfrr plnnl).

ri!l<lr.„-h.,ri.t.;r,„. FKcntlT. A trenus of ,.n.- s^.-eies,

Eur

Morsus-rinae, Liim., has floating stems resembling run-
ners, and tufts of radical leaves, and submerged roots.
Lvs. stalked, roundish, with a heart-shaped base, rather
thick, about 2 in. across: peduncles of the staminate
plant bearing 2-3 fls. on long pedicels, which spring from
a spathe of 2 thiTi bracts: petals 3, white, stamens 3-12:
spathe of the pistillate fls. sessile among the lvs.: styles
6, with 2-cleft stigmas. For American Frogbit, see iim-
nobiiim.

Hydrocharis dies in the fall, but winter buds (see
similar buds of Elodea, Pig. 759) break off and sink
when the old plants die. In spring, or in the green-
house or aquarium under genial conditions, they start
early into growth, the scales bursting and a young leaf de-
veloping and then the whole rises to the surface. It is a
very interesting plant. Its fine, silky roots are beauti-
ful and attractive in the aquarium, as well as the soft,
tender leaves and delicate flowers. '^jj, Tricker.

HYDE6CLEYS. See Limnoclmris.

HYDKOCOTYLE (Greek, water and beaker; the
plants thrive in moistplaces, and the roundish lvs. have
a cup-like depression in the middle). Umbell'iferce.
This includes a plant which, according to J. N. Rose, is
considerably used at Washington, D.C., for carpet bed-
ding under the name of fl^. sibthorpioides, but, like many
otlier be. Mini; plants its name seems not to appear in

', .ri. -an or foreign. Fig.
I .:. ..f the plant, except
, .1 1 IS IT. nitidula. The
m. across, and is perhaps
ad roots at " ' "'

videly scattered species, mostly
, and has no near allies of garden
vary widely in habit and otherwise.

HYDROCOTYLE

Important generic characters are fr. strongly com-
pressed: calyx teeth minute or obsolete; petals concave,
valvate or imbricate: umbels simple. For culture, see
Bedding.

rotundifdlia, Roxb. {R. sibthorpioldes, Lem. Sib-
fJidrpin Bi(ropiea,B.oit., not hinn.). Fig. 1114. Lvs.
orbicular, cordate, subentire or 7-9-lobed to the middle
or lower, doubly crenate : umbel 6-8-fld. : fr. 2-ribbed.
Trop. Asia and Afr. Numerous synonyms are accounted
for by the variable length of the petiole. y^_ ji.

HYDKOPH'fLLUM (Greek, water-leaf ; application
obscure), ffi/drophyll&cew. About 7 species of Ameri-
can hardy herbaceous plants, mostly North American,
and perennial, with pinnate or palmately cut foliage and
cvniose clusters of numerous small white, lilac, light
blue, purplish or violet fls. borne in early summer.
These plants grow a foot or two high, and are desirable
for shady situations where other plants do not succeed.
They are obtainable from dealers in native plants and
collectors. Floral parts in 5's: ovary 2-celled: styles 2.
Important generic characters are: calyx appendaged or
not: corolla bell-shaped, the tube within bearing a lin-
ear, longitudinal appendage opposite each lobe, with in-
folded edges, forming a nectariferous groove.

A, Calyx appendaged with a reflexed lobe at each

sinus.
appendiculitum, Michx. Biennial (all the others per-
ennial), hirsute with long spreading hairs: root-lvs. pin-
nately 5-7-parted : stem-lvs. palmately 5-7-angulated-
lobed: fls. violet or purple. B.B. 3:44.
AA. Cahjxnot prominently anpendaged {often minutely
appendaged in B. Canudense).
B. Lvs. palmately cut.
Canadfinse, Linn. Fls. mostly greenish white : some-
times purplish. B.R. 3:242. B.B. 3:44.
BB. Lvs. pinnately cut.
0. Peduncle shorter than the petioles.
capitatum. Dougl. Tufted, about 9 in. high : lvs.
softly hirsute or pubescent. This and the next are the
only 2 far western species.

cc. Peduncle longer than the petioles.

D. Divisions of the leaf 7-15.

occident&Ie, Gray. Pubescent, hirsute or sparingly

hispid: fls. violet-purple, varying to white: 1ft. or more.

DD. Divisions of the leaf S-5.

Virgfnicum, Linn. Glabrous or nearly so: fls. white

or violet-purple. B.B. 3:43.

HYDKOTaiNIA (Greek, wa^er and band; referring
to a triangular glandular bar which secretes nectar).
IridAcecv. Four species of tender bulbs from Mexico
and Peru, more curious than beautiful, allied to Tigri-
dia, which see for culture. The following is procurable
from Dutch bulb growers.

Van-Hoittei, Baker. Stem 2-3 ft. long, bearing 2-3
fls.: lvs. lanceolate, plaited, the lower 1 ft. long: spathes
inflated, 2 in. long : perianth carapanulate; outer seg-
ments oblong, over 1 in. long, greenish outside, inside
dark brown, much veined, yellowish at tip ; inner seg-
ments suborbicular, half as long, pale lilac, somewhat
veined. F.S. 21:2174, as Tigridia Bouttei.

HYMENffiA (application obscure). Leguminbsm.
This includes a tree cult, in S. Calif, for its economic
interest. According to Von Mueller, the timber is hard,
extremely heavy, close-grained, used for select wheel-
work, treenails, beams, planks, and in various machinery.
A fragrant, amber-like resin, known as West Indian
copal, exudes from the stem. A tree of colossal size
and remarkable longevity, found in the West Indies,
Trop. Amer. and subtropical S. Amer. A genus of 8
species of tropical American trees: Ifts. 2, leathery,
said to close at night: fls. white, in short, densely
corymbose panicles; sepals 4: petals 5, sessile; sta-
mens 10: stigma small: pod short, indehiscent, woody.

Courbaril, Linn. Lfts. unequal-sided, obliquely ob-
long-lanceolate: fls. pedicellate: pod few-seeded, filled
with an edible mealy pulp with a honey-like taste.

HYMENOCALLIS

787

HYMENOCALLIS (beautiful membrane, alluding to
the webbed filaments). Including Ismene. Amarylli-
dUcea'. Spider Lily. Sea Daffodil. Bulbous plants
of about 30 species of the warm parts of the New World
(one in Africa), cult, for the fragrant white (in 1 spe-
cies yellow), umbellate fls. Perianth with a cylindrical
tube, equal linear or lanceolate segments : stamens 6,
the filaments free above but webbed and united into a
cup below, the anthers narrow and versatile: ovarv 3-
loculed, with 2 ovules in each, bearing a long, slender
style and capitate stigma:' scape solid and compressed,
arising from a tunicated bulb: lvs. oblong or strap-
shape. The genus is represented in the Old World by
Pancratium, which differs chiefly in having many ovules
in each locule. For an account of the species, see
Baker, Amaryllideie, pp. 120-129 (1888).

Some of the species of Hymenocallis are winter
bloomers : these should be treated essentially like
Crinums, being rested or kept slow in the summer.
They require a warm temperature. Of such are B.
macrosfephana, B. speciosay B. Caribwa. Other species
require an intermediate or conservatory temperature,
and bloom in spring or summer, resting in winter.
Of such are B. calathina, B. Barrisiana, B. Made-
ana, B. Ufcera, B. litforalis. Some of these latter or
intermediate-house species are hardy in the southern
states, there blooming in spring, as B. lacera, B. Gal-
vestonensis, and others. The species of Hymenocallis
require no special treatment (see Bw.bs), except that
the same bulbs may be flowered year after year if they
receive good care. Use turfy or peaty soil that will not
become "sour" or soggy. Prop, by offsets from the
bulbs.

•JDEX.

calathii

rotata, 9.

Caribieii, 7. lacera. 9. Senegambica, 5.

declinatum.l. littoralis, 4. speciosa, 3.

(.Talvestonensis, 8. M.icleana, 11. tubitlora, 1.

Quianense. 1. macrostephana, 10.

A. Filaments long and slender beyond the small cup.
B. Lvs. distinctly petioled.

1. tublildra, Salisb. Bulb ovoid, about 4 in. in diara.,
short-necked : leaf-blade about a foot long and one-third
to one-half as broad at the middle, the petiole 6-12 in.
long: scape 1 ft. tall: fls, many in the umbel and ses-
sile, the valves or bracts broad and cuspidate: tube of
perianth greenish, 6-8 in. long, the linear white reflex-
ing segments 4 in. long: cup 1 in. long, not toothed, less
than half or a third the length of the free part of the
filament. Northeastern S. Amer. B.R. 4:265, as Poh-
cratium Guianense, Ker.

2. unduiata, Herb. Bulb ovoid, 3-4 in. in diam.: lvs.
with an oblong blade 1 ft. long and half as wide, cross-
veined: scape 2 ft. long, compressed: fls. about 10, ses-
sile, the tube 6-7 in. long, and the segments 3-4 in.
long and linear, white, with tinged red cup an inch long.
Venezuela.

3. speoidsa, Salisb. Bulb globular, 3-4 in. in diam. :
lvs. 20 or less, large (often 2 ft. long), oblanceolate-ob-
long and acute, narrowed into a channelled petiole :
scape mostly shorter than the foliage, glaucous: fls.
10-15, on very short pedicels, the bracts or spathe-
valves 3-4 in. long: tube of perianth greenish, 3-1 in.
long, the segments often twice longer (entire fl. often
9 in. long): cup about lyiin. long, toothed, the free
parts of the filaments little longer than the cup. W.
Indies. B.M. 1453. Gn. 47, p, 294. F. 1883, p. 71. -One
of the best. The bulb improves with age if care is taken
in growing and repotting. The lvs. are evergreen and
handsome. Fls. very fragrant, retaining their scent
even when dried. Blooms in winter. This and B.
macrosfephana are the most showy species.

B. Lvs. not petioled, strap-shaped.
c. Perianth tube mostly above 3 in. long.

4. littorills, Salisb. Bulb 3^ in. in diam. : lvs. about
12, 2-3 ft. long, 1% in. broad, acute: scape 2-edged, 2 ft.
or less tall: fls. 4-8 in a sessile umbel, the tube 6-7 in.
long and green-tinged, the segments linear and recurved,
4 in. long, joined to the base of the cup: the cup funnel-
shape, broader and longer, toothed, the free part of the

HYMENOCALLXS

788

filaments about 2-3 in. long : style about equaling the
stamens. Tropics. Gn. 53, p. 57. — Long known in cult.,
but less showy than other species.

5. Seneg&mbica, Kunth & Bouch^. Lvs. somewhat
curved, acute, 2 ft. long, 2 in. broad at the widest place:
scape about as long as the lvs.: fls. 6-8 in a sessile
umbel, the tube 5-0 in. long, segments very narrow and
4 in. long : cup funnel-shaped, 1 in. long and somewhat
broader, the free parts of the filaments 2 in. long. W.
Africa.

(). Harrisl4na, Herb. Bulb globular, small (less than
2 in. in diam.): lvs. only 3-G, a foot long and 2 in.
broad, much narrowed below: scape less than 1 ft. tall,
slender, glaucous: fls. 2-3 in a sessile umbel, the tube
slender and 3-4 in. long, the segments linear and 3 in.
or less long : cup funnel-shaped, % in. long, plicate,
small-toothed, the free filaments 1% in. long and often
exceeding the style. Mex. B.M. 6562.— Flowers in
early summer. Hardy South.

cc. Perianth tube mostl;/ under S in. long.

7. Caribsea, Herb. (Pancrdlium Caribleum, Linn. P.
declinciti<m,J&cq.). Bulb globular, 3-4 in. in diam.: lvs.
thin, 12 or more, not 2-ranked, shining, 2-3 ft. long, 2-3
in. broad at the widest place : scape sharp-angled, nearly
or quite as long as the lvs. : umbel sessile, 6-12-fld. :
tube 2-3 in. long, the segments linear and somewhat
exceeding it: cup 1 in. long, toothed, the free part of
the filaments lJ^-2 in. long. W. Indies. B.M. 826. L.
B.C. 6:558.

8. Galveston6nsls, Baker. Scape 1-2 ft. long, rather
shorter than the linear lvs.: umbel sessile, 4-6: perianth
tube 2-3 in. long (sometimes shorter), mostly a little
shorter than the linear segments: cup 1% in. or less
long, funnel-shape, the edge erect, the free part of the
filaments little more than J^ in. long. Texas. — Lately
introduced to cultivation with the statement that it " may
be planted out in gardens all over the North like a peony
and prove hardy." Spring or early summer.

9. Idcera, Salisb. (S. rotUa, Herb. Pancrdtiam ro-
tdtum, Ker). Bulb ovoid, 2 in. or less in diam , with a
long neck and producing stolons or runners: lvs. 0-8,
linear, IK ft. or less long, flat above but concave toward
the base: scape 2-edged, glaucous, about as long as the
lvs.: umbel sessile, with 2-6 fls.: tube green, 3-4 in.
long, exceeded by the linear, often recurved lobes: cup
saucer-shaped or rotate, irregularly toothed, the free
part of the filaments 1^ in. long. N. Car. to Fla. B.M.
827. L.B.C. 1:19. -Variable, particularly in the dimen-
sions of the fl. Spring or early summer.

„^

1115. Hymenocallis macrostephana (>

10. macrostephana, Baker. Fig. 1115. Closely allied
to R. x,,,, ■!„.•<„. and <-..ii,iefturc(l by Baker to be a hybrid

ith a long neck:
■J-;J ft. long: fls.
■lat cup (whence
'i and as much
long: segments

HYMENOSrORUM

linear-lanceolate, a little longer than the tube. B.M.
6436. Gn. 18:211. -Blooms in Feb. and Mar. One of the
best of the Spider Lilies, perhaps the best for warm-
house culture.

AA. niamexts short nnd incurved iusuaVy less than
1 in. t(inij) beyotid the larije cup. {Ismine.}

11. Maoleilna, Nichols. {Ismene Macleiina, Herb.).
Bulb ovoid, 2 in. in diam.: lvs. a foot or more long and
nearly2 in. broad, n n i. -in- ii vm.ls the base: scape 2-
edged.aboutthe 1. Tij ' .■ ' II ^.2-8,with a straight
tube 2 in. or less I ,,. erect or somewhat
spreading segmiin Mi.- tube: cup corolla-
like, VA in. long and t;ii : ;-.!, friji'-.-.i. tl-r- free
filaments K in. long, stn.hj -,,,i ...i ,,, i,,| ,,r
kneed at the cup. Peru. r. V ' nts
known to the Peruvians as ,\ II i , i , , , ,; i.s-

tivals. Thisand the next ar.- mii n Imii ii.,;'., ;., ,i,.s,

flowering in spring and suumur.

12. calathina, Nichols. (I.'imhie calatMna,'KeTh. Pan-
cr&tium caluthhinm, Ker). Bulb long-necked: lvs.
6-8, somewhat 2-ranked, strap-shaped, 2 ft. or less long:
scape 2-edged, IJ^ to 2 ft. tall, bearing 2-5 fls. in a ses-
sile umbel : tube green, 3^ in. long, much enlarging
above: segments as long as the tube, X in. wide, lanceo-
late: cup corolla-like and green-striped, usually larger
than in the last, with rounded fringed lobes: fi'laments
free for % in., incurved but not angled. Peru, Bolivia.
B.M. 2685.

The foll,.>viuK
adnata, Hr-rl' — ?T
the Ismoii. ti-ii|,
1224. B.K :
(below).- /; 1
cup nearly -m m'; :
468.— £f. ccuij.,/,.,,

ay be oxpootcd

6a.

Mo.;

long and lineai*soi;HP «,.,!

helow.— H. fr&griiiis > ' . il ,. , ; ,. ;; i; ,,/.-,.

dna, Kunth. Evert,'iTi n, ■,■> n h ];•. ,ii,.' Lu'Mm'- i'..\\liiic,

fragrant, with greciiisl. ml.,-.,, \,-rj ,,l.-n.i. i ,, «i-. i.~ l.mg

as the segments, the cuu ^-.-ry shr.rt ami t.M.iii. -I \ u.-la.

G.C.III.27:89.-if, or«(a.Roera. Lvs. l.r.o.l i.n.l ,..■! i..i- ,1: Us.
6-10, the tube about 2 in. long, the linear s,-:^iim ni- lilt I- :i>M:^(-r:
cuplin.long. W. Indies. B.R.1:43. B..^l.llii7. j jj j^

HYMEN6DIUM. See Acrostichum.

HYMENOLEPIS. See Acrostichum

HYMENOPHtLLUM (Greek, membrane-leaved). Hy-
mriiniihiill.'ir,,! . A la r-i- genus of filmy ferns allied to
Tri.'lj..iiiain-.s, hill liavin;; a more or less deeply 2-lipped
or -'-vah ...I iiiv.iiii.-n-. S..ine 80 species are found in the
tr..|.i.-> lit Ih.iIi li.-iiiisi.luTes. One species appears in

//'/„.. ,.../.;, ,//;,(),. ./, /;. ;.v.<H)n isa difiicult plantto grow.
It II.-. .i, a W'ar.ii.in .a,.- in a coolhouse, and occasional
spriiildiii;,' ..v.rli.-a.I. The members of this genus are
propagtited slowly by division.

A. Lvs. glabrous : rachis slightly winged above.

polyAnthos, Swz. Lvs. 2-8 in. long, 1-3 in. wide, tri-
pinnatifld: .sori2-12toapinna; involucre small. Tropics
of both hemispheres.

demisstun, Swz. Lvs. 4-12 in. long, 3-4 in. wide, 3-4-
pinnatifid; sori very numerous, 20-30 to a pinna; invo-
lucre with ovate entire valves. E. Indies to New Zealand.
AA. Lvs. pubescent or ciliate.

clllatum, Swz. Fig. 1116. Stalks ciliated and winged
above : lvs. 2-6 in. long, 1-2 in. wide, tripinuatifid, the
segments ciliated ; involucre roundish, the valves di-
vided half way down and ciliated. Tropics of both hem-
ispheres.

Eeruginosum, Cnrm. Fig. 1117. Stalks tomentose: lvs.
2-3 in. long, 1 in. or less wide, tripinuatifid, the pinnm
often imbricate, the surface and margins densely pu-
bescent ; involucres small, with valves divided nearly
to the base, densely cili.ite. Tristan d'Acunha.

L. M. rxi.i:invi.iii. and Robert Shore.

HYMEN6SP0RUM iiin-.-l;. r, f.-rring to the 2-winged
seeds which distin-uisli it fr..ni I'ittosporum). Pitto-
spor&cece. This includes an ornamental shrub, cult, only

HYMENOSPORUM

an evergreen Australian shrub, with the habit of Pittos-
porum and resembling that genus in having thick,
leathery capsules and an indefinite number of seeds, but
in Pittosporum the seeds are thicker, not so much flat-
tened and not winged.

fl4vTim, F. Muell. Lvs. usually alternate, sometimes
opposite or subverticillate, becoming nearly 9 in. long,
obovate, leathery, entire: co-
rolla with 5 obovate lobes, silky
outside, marked with red at
the throat , stamens 5 B M

HYMENCXTS Califdmica

1116. Hymenophylluzn ciliatum.

(XK.)

1117. Hymenophyllum
seruginosum. Nat. size.

HY0PH6KBE (Greek, food for swine; referring to
the fruits, probably). Palmdcew. Three species of pin-
nate palms from Mauritius, 2 of which are cult, under
glass North and outdoors South. Much of their distinc-
tive beauty is in the color of the petiole and rachis,
which in II. Verschaffeltii is yellow, while in ff. amari-
caiiUs the petiole is maroon and the rachis orange. The
first species also has its leaves handsomely veined with
white.

These two species are highly ornamental palms, and
are frequently found in trade collpfti'.ii'* Tliuy would
probably be grown in great^^r quaiititi, - v. . r, u .mt for
the fact that they are not very rapi^ I -. ma

young state. They are naturally li'.i: . ,iiui

flourish under similar treatment tc. ihu i.r,,i,MiM mled
for the palm commercially known as Arrrn luhxreiis,
namely, a good loamy soil well enriched with stable
manure and with a moderate addition of bone dust, firm
potting, an abundance of water, and a night tempera-
ture of G5°, while in common with palms in general
when grown under glass, it is found necessary to shade
from full sunshine during the period between March 1
and November 1.

Of the two 5t>^riP<i, rr. t -.,--;,..«,.;/,■,■ K- ,,i„pi, thr. bet-
ter, and i-i ..iM- that sli.inM "- 1 1 I!. -.11 - ■ii.i,,^,

its stout .-ill'l UMinlly ll'l;in_.il .) . , ,1- ■ l-hrd

tention. ."Cecils i.r nyu].lHirl'i' -li 'iiM I" ^..wii I!! ;i li^'ht
compost, pure peat givini^ good vsiilts for tliis purpose,
the seed pots being placed in a bottom heat of 80° and
kept moist. The seedlings are delicate in their earlier
stages, and should be kept in a warm place until thor-

HYPERICUM 789

oughly established; they also require careful watering,
the roots of these small plants being quite tender.

Hyophorbe is allied to Chamasdorea and Roscheria,
which are cultivated. Hyophorbe is spineless and the
leaf segments are acuminate, while Roscheria has spines
and segments 2-cut at the apex. In Hyophorbe the fis.
are monoecious in the same spadix and disposed in
small, elongated heaps : in Cham^dorea the fls. are
dioecious or monoecious in different spadices and spi-
rally disposed. Hyophorbe contains stout, spineless
palms with liiitjcd caudices, cylindrical, or sw.ilii-n bf-
low tb'- iiii.Mlr nr interruptedly swolU-n : Iv^. t. riiiiiud,
equally ]iiiinai i^. ,-t. the subopposite sr-mmt^ liinar-
lancrwlaic, a.-mijiiiate, plicate-nerved, with ih,- thi.'k-
ened margins recurved at the base; petiole subcylindri-
cal, the upper surface slightly furrowed, 3-sided at the
base; sheath large, swollen, entire: spadices with short
peduncles, twice-branched, the branches slender, spread-
ing ; spathes numerous, imbricated in 2 rows: fls. pale
greener yellow: fr. small, pear-shaped or olive-shaped,
straight or curved, gibbous or bigibbous at the base,
orange or blue.

amaricaiilis, Mart. (Areca specidsd. Hort.). Palm

ft.

, with a
the base

■.-24

irds

the base of the leaf-sh. aih- ainl tlni.

stricted : petiole 12-l.s in. I"iij.'. scmcwhat trigonous,

grooved on the face : segments in 40-00 pairs, 18 in.

long, 2 in. broad, with the central and 1 lateral vein on

each side prominent above, the veins clothed below with

rather rigid, lanceolate, appressed scales I.H. 13:462.

—Mauritius.

VerschaHMtii, H. Wendl. (Arfca rerschaffiltii,
Hort.). Caudex 25-30 ft. high, 6-12 in. in diam. at the
base, bulging after a few feet, reaching 12-24 in. in
diam. in the middle, thence contracting upward : petiole
3 in. long, subterete, slightly grooved on the upper sur-
face, with a yellow band extending from the upper part
of the leaf -sheath along the face of the petiole to the
base of the blade; segments in 30-50 pairs, 20-30 in.
long, 1 in. wide, only the central vein prominent, clothed
on the under surface toward the base with short, linear
scales. Mauritius. LH. 13:402. G.C. 1870:418.

S. Commersoniana, Indica and lutesccns are Chrys-alidocar-
pus lutescens, though H. ludica is given as a good species by
Index Kewensis. Jared G. Smith and W. H. Taplin.

HYOSCfAMUS (Greek, liog's lean). Solanclcece.
Henbane is a coarse, clammy, ill-smelling, annual or
biennial wayside weed which is cultivated for medicinal
purposes. An extract is commonly sold in drug stores.
About 15 species of herbs, biennial or perennial, pilose
or glabrous: lvs. wavy -margined, coarsely toothed, or
pinnatifid, rarely entire: corolla pallid, or lurid and
netted-veined, funnel-shaped, with 5 unequal lobes :
capsule circumscissile above the middle. The nearest
ally of garden value is Datura. Henbane grows wild in
Eu., W. Asia and Himalayas and is naturalized in
Amer. It is found in sandy and waste places. Seeds
can be obtained by the pound or less. For medicinal
purposes, only the leaves of the second year's growth
should be used.

nlger, Linn. Annual or biennial, 1-2K ft. high: lvs.
3-7 in. long, the upper ones stem-clasping, irregularly
lobed or pinnatifid: fls. greenish yellow, with purple
veins. June-Sept. B.B. 3:138.

HYPERICUM (old Greek name of obscure meaning

used by Dioscorides). Ilnprrlfacea'. St. John's-Wort.
A genus of about 2nn mm.;,.^. .-r.nMitiiii' r.f hnrbs, un-
der-shrubs and shniii * .....>..,.- ti,,- whole
world, but particular! . - ; W.Asia
and N. Amer.; few s|.. . I, ,,; .,.,, ,.i;,:. ,,;, hr garden.
The leaves are opposHu, uljluim ui lan-j.-laii . txslipular,
sessile or subsessile, entire, subevergret-n or deciduous,
dotted with pellucid or opaque glands, rich in volatile oil.
Flowers polvpetalous. terminal, solitary or disposed in
single or compound cvmes, appearing Julj--Oct., but
parti. -iilarlv in .arlv A.ii;ii-i : -..pals 4-5, more or less
nnit.-.l at ti..' I..I-.. an. I iiii.i|in!l , ]..ials commonly yel-
low. 1-:., ..l.li.|n ■ . ..iiL.ti. il . liv|...gynous, alternate

with the calyx; staiiiins iiuiu.iuus, free or connate, in

790

HYPERICUM

3-5 clusters, sometimes with interposed hypogynous
glands: ovary free, 1-celled, with a central placenta or
incompletely or completely 3-5-ceIled, sometimes longi-
tudinally furrowed : fr. a berry or capsule, with numer-
nn<J -jfiMN linriK- ■ij.mi the placenta or introflexed mar-

^'iii- <'t tJM [..I - . t^ I.-S3-5, free or united, persistent.

IIm M :.i ,: "M- i; in. to 5 ft. high, of erect to

j.i i-r,,,: I ..f them tender or of uncertain

liimlin. , I' ;iiiiii J -ime winter protection. Many
kinds In-iii ih.' -...ntlirfu I'nitr.l Stat.-< and southern

Europe, iiihrrwi-.- - i. ;ii-r unrvli.il.l.- from lack o£

hardiiii'ss. S.-v.ral N. Anirri.-an s|irri,.s not yet in cul-
tivation !in> ..rnaiiii-ntal aii.l lianly. The few useful
species furnish a brilliant color, l»Iooming when nmst
shrubs do not. All are of simple culture, succeeding' in
almost any garden soil, but generally preferring a liu'lit.
warm land; hence useful in sandy soils, flowering hit.r
and longer if partly shaded. They are prop, by seeds,
suckers, cuttings and strong pieces of creeping-rooted
kinds. The twigs are terete, 2-angled or 4-angled. The
smaller species are useful as rock-plants, the larger as
border plants, in the front of shrubberies or in unmixed
masses. Their common name, St. John's-Wort, comes
from the fact that the common people of some European
nations used to gather the flowers of H. perforatum to
decorate their dwellings on St. John's Day. The Hy-
pericums are mostly short-lived, and need renewal every
6-7 years.

INDKX.

adpressum, 9.

fastigiatun

Flo

Nepalense, 3.
niidiflomm, 21.
oblonglfolium, 2.
patulum, 3.
prolificum, 22.

eHon

B. StjiU-s 5.
C. PUmt hcrhttcvous.

1. Ascyron, Linn. (H. pyramidAtiim, Dryand.). Up-
right perennial, 2-6 ft. high, with tetragonal stems : Ivs.
clasjiing, ovate-oblong or ovate-hmceolate, acuminate
fi"iii III'- liasi.., 2-5 in. long : cviii's t.riiiinal. ::-12-fld.,
aiip.ani.- in .July: fls. 1-2 in. in .iiam.: ~r|i,,l, small,
.IX at. -lane. (.late ; petals thin, narv.i\\ ly mIi.i\,iIi- or ob-
lan.-i-.,iat.', .-uriously shaped and t\\isi.-.l, |i.rsi^t.-nt un-
til withered; stamens in 5 clusters; styles somewhat
spreading; stigmas capitate: capsule ovoid, % in. long.
— A somewhat coarse and ungainly plant living on river
banks, native to both North America and N. Asia. B.B.
2:429. — Toward fall apt to beunsightly through the lower
Ivs. dying and remaining.

cc. Plant shmbbtj or suffruticose.
D. Stems terete.

2. Hookerianum, Wi!,'lit ,ic Arn. {IT. i>hln„iiift,rium,
Hook., not Choisy. //. /r;/7.'.,»». . Hhniu- 1. .\ suffruti-
cose species, 2'_. it. hi;,'li. thin Lrmwin-: hs. ann.ng the
largest of the g.-nns, 1-4 in. Inn^'. .m rmi in, ..vate or
oblong, sessile, dark blu.-L'rii II :il"i ' . [il. ni >1 jian.-ous
below, minutely pellu.'i.l ihiih •:< i veral-
fld., of large golden y.'ll.iw lU, m ii ii, :: in. in
diam.; sepals large, ol..>vat.' ; |,ii;i|. \n lum, firm,
sub-rotund ; stamens in 5 clusters; styles recurved,
longer than the stamens : ovary broad-ovate, longitudi-
nally furrowed.— Considered to be one of the best spe-
cies because of its large fls. and hardiness. August.
From the higher altitudes of the Himalayas. B.M.4949.
Gn. 54, p. 490.— Easily prop, by cuttings.

3. pfttnlum, Thunb. (i?. I^cjHh >«, Don. B.NepaUnse,
Hort.). An evergreen spreading under-shnib, lK-2 ft.
high, with many smooth, purplish arching branches:
Ivs. ovate-lanceolate, acute, without dots : fls. many,
solitary or in cymes, large, 2 in. in diam., of good sub-
stance; sepals suborbicular; styles recurved: capsule
ovate, more or less longitudinally furrowed. Japan,
China and the Himalayas. Not very hardy, but one of the

HYPERICUM

best where it succeeds. Gn. 54, p. 491. B.M. 2375, 5C93.
R.H. 1875:171.— Not so showy as some American spe-
cies, but graceful and delicate, and one of the best for
rock-gardens. Earliest to bloom.

4. MoseriJlaum, Andre. Gold Flo\ver. Hybrid raised
by Moser, of France, from 11. pattttum and H. calyci-
num, generally resembling the latter but lacking its
coarseness, and surpassing both parents in good quali-
ties. A glabrous subshrub 2 ft. high, erect, with the
tips of the branches pendulous: Ivs. similar to those of
H. ctilycinum, ovate-obtuse-mucronulate, opaque, 2 in.
long, dark green above, pale below: inflorescence with
1-a ris. per stalk, which are golden yellow, 2 in. in diam.,
bill. Mil ing for some time: calyx of foliaceous oblong se-
pals, e.ir.illa of broad rounded petals, their color height-
. 11. il ly the many tufted yellow stamens with reddish
anthers: capsule top-shaped. July, Aug. R.H. 1889, p.
404. Gn. 54:1201. E.B. 16:97. G.C. III. 10:333.-Not
hardy in N. England, but successful farther south. Not
good individually, but good in masses, better adapted to
the herbaceous border than the shrubbery. May be
used as a pot-plant. Var. tricolor. Variegated form of
white and green edged with red. Habit like H.putulum,
but more horizontal, the Ivs. smaller and narrower: fls.
one-fourth the size of those of H. Moserianum but
similar. Less hardy.

DD. Stems angled.

5. calycinum, Linn. Rose of Sharon. Aaron's
Beard. A subshrub, 1 ft. or less high, with many pro-
cumbent or ascending stems occurring in thick tufts:
Ivs. ovate, evergreen, leathery, dark green, glaucous
below, 2^ in. long, filled with pellucid dots: fls. large,
solitary, or 2-3 together, 3 in. in diameter; sepals large,
nboratp, spreading; stamens long and showy, in 5 clus-
ters, with r.'.i anthers; styles shorter than the stamens,
.liv. 1 -I lit : .apsiile ovate,4 in. long. July-Sept. B.M.I46.

— A rapidly sjireading plant, creeping by woody root-
stalks completely covering the soil. Used as a ground
cover abroail. Not very hardy in New England, the
annual killing -back preventing its covering wide
stretches, but not destroying its bloom each year, nor
its usefulness in the herbaceous border, or in the margin
of a shrubbery. May be protected, and its dark, persis-
tent foliage preserved. Thrives in sun and moderate
shade. From Greece and Asia Minor. Prop, by root and
ripe wood cuttings.

6. KalmUnum, Linn. A shrub, 2-3 ft. high, with
rather contorted stems: Ivs. oblong-linear, or oblanceo-
late, 1-2M in. long, bluish, more or less glaucous below,
crowded: fls. small, }^-l in. in diameter, in 3- several-
flowered cymes; sepals foliaceous oblong; stamens dis-
tinct; stvles united below to form a beak: capsule ovoid,
longitudinally furrowed. G.F. 3:113. Mn. 6:141.— A rare
species, confined to the rocks and sands of Niagara and
the northern lakes, enduring considerable dryness.
Easily adapted to the garden, succeeding in the shade.
Not so showy in fl. as some other species, but good be-
cause of its bright, narrow Ivs. and hardiness.

7. lobocirpum, Gattinger. Upright, hardy shrub, 1%
ft. high, in the South 5-7 ft.: Ivs. oblong-lanceolate or
linear-lanceolate, obtuse or barely acute, lK-2 in. long;
fls. profuse, small, in many-flowered naked cymes;
sepals linear-lanceolate ; stamens numerous ; styles
connivent: capsule oblong, 5-angled, furrowed. Last of
August. Tenn.,where it frequents marshes. G.F. 10:453.

— Straggling plant of inferior quality.

BB. Styles 3.
c. Fmit a berry: Ivs. ovate.

8. Androssemum, Linn. {Androsiemum officindle.
All . ) . Sweet Amber. Common Tutsan. A dense under-
shrub with erect, quadrangular stems: Ivs. ovate, 4 in.
long, subcordate, minutely dotted, dark green, whitish
below: fls. solitary or in cymes of ;i-'J, large, light yel-
low- sepals ovate ; stamens in 5 clusters, longer than
the crolln : ovary subglobuLir or oval, incompletely
:ii.ii-.i -III.- il'ivergent, persistent: fr. berry-like,
M ■ I 111.' size of a pea. June-Sept. Lives in
-Il i . , . s. W. Europe. — Not yet proved hardy
ai ill. N.iili lis. not particularly attractive, but good
in fruit and foliage. All parts very aromatic.

HYPERICUM

CC. Fr. a capsule, 1-S-ceUed.
D. Plant low, 6-15 in. high.

9. adprtSBum, Barton. (H. fastigicltum, Ell.). Practi-
cally a herbaceous perennial, erect from a creeping or
decumbent base, growing in dense masses : Ivs. oblong
or lanceolate, 1-2 in. long, acute, thin: cymes few-sev-
eral-flowered. July, August. Moist places, Nantucket,
Mass.. south. B.B. 2:«I. Spreads rapidly by under-
ground stolons, suggesting occasional use as a ground
cover. Not very liaivly in New England.

10. Biickleii, M. A. Curtis. Later written Buckleyi.
Dense ^>lii-uli. « itli ^|i iniir, 4-angled stems, forming neat,
rounded tufts : Ivs. liluish, broadly ovate oblong, }4-2]4
in. long, rounded at the apex, gradually narrowed at the
base, pale below, becoming scarlet in autumn : fls. soli-
tary or in cymes of 3, 1 in. in diam. ; sepals ovate;
petals striated and strap-shaped ; styles connate : cap-
sule oblong-ovoid, large. June, July. Found only in the
highest mountains of the Carolinas and Ga. G. P. 4:581.
—Adapted to rockeries and margins of small shrub-
beries.

11. 61egans, Steph. A low perennial. 1-1% ft. high,
with erect, winged stem filled with black dots: Ivs.
ovate-lanceolate, rather clasping, bright green: fls. race-
mose, 1 in. in diam., appearing in late summer and au-
tumn; sepals ovate, much shorter than the petals, the
stamens somewhat longer: capsule ovoid, with 3 apices.
—A scarcely hardy plant from Siberia.

12. Japdnicum, Thunb. Decumbent, with ovate or oval
3-nerved clasping Ivs. K in. or less long, the stems 4-an-
gled, 2-15 in. tall : fls. 54 in. across, yellow, with petals
equaling the linear-lanceolate sepals and bracts; styles
one-third the length of the ovary. Japan to India.— Per-
ennial ; but Hooker (Flora of India) says it is annual.
Blooms in spring. Not hardy North.

DD. Plant higher, 3-4 ft.
E. Leaves linear,

13. densiJldrum, Pursh {II. prolificum, var. densifld-
mm, A. Gray). A shrub, closely related to H. prolifi-
cum, but rarer: stems erect, stout, densely leafy, 4-6
ft. high: Ivs. variable, broader and oblong like those of
H. prolificum, or narrower and linear-lanceolate like
those otH. galioides, 1-2 in. long, mucronulate: fls. }iin.
in diameter, in broad, dense, many-fld. cymes; sepals
narrow, not foliaceous ; stamens distinct; styles connate:
capsule completely 3-celled, short and slender, longitu-
dinally furrowed. Julv-Sept. Pine barrens, N. J., and
south. Mn. 4:97. G.F. 3:527.-R.H. 1899, p. 517, 518.
Not well known, but appears to be hardy.

14. galioides. Lam. {H. axillAre, Lam., not Michx.).
Practically suff ruticose, but sometimes occurs as a round,
compact shrub : stems erect, 3 ft. high, slender : Ivs.
linear, mucronulate, dark green, crowded, 1-3 in. long:
fls. in dense, many-fld. cymes M-M in. wide ; sepals
linear, foliaceous, fr|ual. shorter than the narrow petals;
stamens distinct; styles at Hist coiniat.-. becomingfree:
capsule conical, compli-trly :i-c'i-lltMl, arute, longitudinally
furrowed. July-Si-pt. XaTurul to low, wet grounds,
Delaware to Pla.. but gr.iws freelv in rich garden soil.
G.F. 10:433. G.C. III. 24:301. -Seeras to be perfectly
hardy. Easily raised from seeds. Not well known.

15. sphaerocirpum, Michx. Erect perennial, 1-2J^ ft.
high, 4-sided: Ivs. linear or linear-oblong, obtuse, 1-2
in. long: cymes of many small fls. K in. in diameter,
nearly leafless ; sepals ovate, mucronate; petals 3 times
longer; stamens numerous, distinct; styles united be-
low : capsule globose, K in. long. July. Frequents
rocky banks of rivers, Ohio and Ky.; satisfactory in
light,sandy soil. — Spreads rapidly by stoloniferous roots,
covering the soil and preventing washing. Not very
ornamental. Half-hardy North.

EE. Lvs. broadly lanceolate or ovate; sepals ovate.

F. Stamens and styles longer than the petals;

styles divergent.

16. hirclnum, Linn. Glabrous subshrub of round,
compact habit. 2-3 ft. high, the branches winged toward
the tips: lvs. ovate-lanceolate, acute, glandular, 1-2 in.
long, deep green: fls. IK in. wide, solitary or 3-clustered;
sepals deciduous, one-third to one-fourth the length of

HYPERICUM

791

the lance-oblong petals, which are of a deeper yellow
than in the other species; stamens very long; styles
spreading, longer than the stamens : capsule ovoid,
pointed. July -Aug.— Species characterized by the
strong, goat-like odor of the lvs. (hence the name). Of
easy cultivation, but requiring a dry position and winter
protection. Mediterranean region. Var. mlntis, Wats.
Dwarfer, with smaller lvs. and fls. ; as pretty and free-
blooming as the type, and, in the rock-garden, preferable.

17. eUtum, Dryand. Strong, tufted undershmb, re-
calling II. Androscemum, 3^ ft. high, not quite hardy,
sometimes credited to the United States, but really from
the Canaries: lvs. oval, lK-3 in. long, dark green, whit-
ish below, acute: fls. numerous, 1 in. in diameter, in
3-7-flowered cymes; sepals ovate-oblong; stamens dis-
tinct; styles prolonged, distinct: capsule oblong, small.
July.

18. floribundum, Dryand. A subshrub, with round,
glabrous stems : lvs. lanceolate-elliptic, light green, with-
out dots, numerous 1-lK m long fls in few to many-
flowered panicles 1^.-2 m in diameter with dilated

shortr-r thin Th T t il p tal ml tun ii i ersistent;

Nortli, liut 111 ulti III 11 111 -s I 111 mil I 1 ns very
rapidly to tlii. h i.,lit t il ut 1_ It ( iiRiallj prop,
from seeds which aie produced fieth

19. multifldrum, Hort , not HBK A supposed hybrid
between fl" AndiObcemum and II elafum assuming an
intermediate form but more closely resembling ff.
elatuni. It also resembles H hncmum but is more
shrubby and tiller Lvs ovate oblong acute somewhat
clasping, 1-2 in bng fls m profusion several in a
cyme, 1 in wide lasting two weeks sepals small ovate
reflexed; styles spreading capsule oblong July —Not
very hardy

(X>3J

hotter than the petah styles

1118 Showy shrub 3 ft.
species of stifl: dense
a miniatuie tree the
foliating red bark lvs.

792 HYPERICUM

oblong, mucronate, bluish, pale below, leathery: fls. soli-
tary in the native state, in cymes of several in culti-
vation, l>2-2 in. in cliam., bright yellow, heightened by
the golden filaments at the center; bracts lea£-like, last-
ing two weeks; sepals leaf -like, ovate, shorter than the
thick, broad petals, which persist until withered; sta-
mens distinct, very numerous; styles connate: capsule
ovate acuminate, red. July-Aug. Affects rocky situa-
tions when wild, generally shady, where moisture is
longest retained, from Ga. and Tenn., but perfectly
hardy in Mass. U.F. 2:185. — Prop, by seeds and cut-
tings, young plants from seed blooming the second year.

21. nudifldrum, Michx. (H. cistifdlium, Coulter, not
Lam.). Showy subshrub, 1-2 ft. high, with quadrangu-
lar winged branches: Ivs. ovate-lanceolate or oblong,
subacuminate or obtuse, 2-3 in. long, thin, veiny, pale
above and below, with minute reddish dots: cyme's leaf-
less, loosely flowered, of many small fls; sepals linear to
oblong; styles united: capsule ovate-conical, H in. long.
N. C. and S. — Ornamental and of easy cultivation.

22. prolificum, Linn. {B. foUdsum, Jacq. Myridndra
prolUica, Spach). A stout, dense shrub, 3 ft. high,
with terete branches and exfoliating light brown bark,
the twigs 2-angled : Ivs. oblong or oblanceolate obtuse,
1-3 in. long, glossy, dark green, pellucid, punctate: fls.
in profusion, VA in. wide, in several- to many -flowered
cymes; sepals lance-ovate; stamens numerous, distinct;
styles united at the base: capsules large, oblong, K in.
long. July-Sept. Found in sandy or rocky soil. New
Jersey to Iowa and Georgia; one of the most commonly
cultivated. G.F. 3:526— A strong, hardy shrub. Grows
rapidly in ordinary garden soil, flowering regularly and
profusely. Varies greatly in size.

BBB. styles united throughoxit.

23. ChinSnse, Linn. (H.mon6gytmm,'^i\\A. H.salici-
WZium, Sieb. & Zucc). Shrubby, half evergreen: Ivs.
narrow, elliptic and obtuse, 1-2 in. long: fls. large, yel-
low, with long stamens resembling "fine golden wire."
Mar.-Sept. Orient. G.C. III. 1:705. -Said to be known
only as a garden plant. Tender. Grown under glass
ii parts of the Old World.

AA. Flowers pink.

24. Virglnicum, Linn. (Elodia campaniildta, Pursh.
Etodea Virylnica, Nutt.). Marsh St.-John's-Wort.
Smooth perennial, 1-1>2 ft. high, nearly simple : Ivs.
numerous, oblong or oval, cordate, clasping, rounded,
1-23^ in. long: fls. H in. in diam., pink- or flesh-colored,
in small, close cymes; sepals equal; petals oblong; sta-
mens at least 9 in 3 sets ; styles distinct; capsule ob-
long. July, Aug. In swamps, Labrador to Louisiana.
B.B. 2 :43«. — Useful plant for an artificial bog, and
thrives well also in any fine, loamy soil in the shade or
sun.

H.^gypttr^im. T.iiin. Dw.irf shmb. Tvith very !^mnll yellow Ivs.

HYPH.ENE

HYPHaiNE (lireek, to entwine; referring to the
fil.i r> "f tin- fruit). Patmdceie. About 11 species of
f:ui-li im-.l |iahi]i from tropical Africa and Madagascar.
T1)C' l;"ra--ii- tribe of palms consists of Borassus,

I.'"! 'I l,:iiMT;i:i and Hyphaena. In the first two the

Mnji",:'. )' III ihe pits of the spadix arc iiuiuiTinis; in
111. :in- solitary. In the first ami fuurth there

ai : i !M ; in the second and tbinl tin- stamens

ar. iiiiiiH r-Mii . livphffine consists of uTiariin-d palms of
niixliratc or tall stature : caudex robust, cylindrical,
ventricose or pear-shaped, simple or forkingly branched:
Ivs. terminal, orbicular, palmate-flabelliforra, plicate-
nniltitiil ; segments ensiform, acute or 2-fld, margins
iinlii|ili. ii. niili libers interposed: rachis short: petiole
1 1 i ; . \ lira trifle flatter above, margins mi-

ni r Millie short, rotund; sheath short, open.

// I, . .">/" docs not look at all like Latania. It
ha.- L.i.i;. il,,. k . i-.l-leaves, and has withstood the cold
at Uvieilo. I'la.. lie Hit tlian any other palm. It is ex-
tremely sliAv ..f irn.wth, and cannot be desirable as a
house plant, it i- iTubatily cult, more in northern con-
servatories tliaii in tlic South.

crinlta, Gffirtn. (II. I\'atiih'nsis, Kunze). Youi\g
fronds 1 to 1% ft. long, lanceolate, bi- or trifid at the
apex, bright green, clothed on both sides with a white

1119. Star-erass. Hypoxis erecta (X 14).

HYPH^NE

bloom which soon vanishes, plicate, scabrous on the
margins and nerves above; petiole sheathed for 1 or 2
in., deeply channeled above, roueh on the margins:
fruits obovate, 2% in. long, smooth. S. Africa. Cult,
outdoors in S. Fla.

Jared G. Smith and E. N. Reasoner.

HYPOCRITE PLANT. Enplwrhia heterophyUa.

HYP6LEPIS (Greek, a scale underneath). Poli/po-
dihce<e. A genus of ferns with marginal sori, placed in
the sinuses of the leaf, covered with the membranous
leaf margin. Tropical ferns of both hemispheres rarely
cultivated. Ten or more species are known.

rtpens, Presl. Stalks straw-colored, more or less
prickly: Ivs. 3-4 ft. long, quadripinuatitid; lower pinnae
1-2 ft. long, 6-12 in. wide, ovate acuminate: sori 2-6 to
a segment. West Indies to Brazil.

Hypolepis repens is a rather coarse fern, of easy cul-
ture, with the general appearance of a Cyathea. Like all
strong-growing ferns, it requires a large percentage of
loam. It likes shade and moisture at all times, and is
readily propagated by spores, which it produces in great
quantity. It often sows itself, and requires a stove or
intermediate temperature.

S. Callfamica. See Cheilanihes Califomica.

L. M. Underwood.

HYP6XIS (old Greek name, of no application to these
plants). Amarylliddcem. Star-Grass. About 50 spe-
cies of little herbs of temperate and tropical regions,
with linear leaves, hard rootstalks or corms, perianth
adnate to the ovary, and anthers not versatile. They
are scarcely known in cultivation, although the common
species of the northern states, H. er^cta, Linn. {H.
hirsida, Coville), Fig. 1119, is offered by dealers in na-
tive plants. The Ivs. are radical, hairy, grass-like: fls.
1-6, small, star-like, bright yellow, on scapes 4-10 in.
tall. Give a half-shady place in the rockery or border.
Prop, by division. Blooms in spring. Not showy, but
interesting. D. 143. G.W.F. 39. H. stellita, Linn, f.,
from S. Africa, is a pretty greenhouse bulb, blooming
in Dec: Ivs. 4-12, glabrous, a foot or less long: pedun-
cles sometimes forked, 1-4, bearing fls. white inside,
and the outer segments green-striped on the back.

J. B. Keller and L. H. B.

H'JSSOPUS (ancient name; but precisely what plant
was the sacred Hyssop of the Jew's is uncertain).
Lahidtce. Hyssop. Hyssop is a familiar plant, culti-
vated for medicine and also for ornament in hardy bor-
ders. It is considered a genus of only one species, the
numerous synonyms being referred mostly to H. offici-
nalis or to the genus Lophanthus, 2 species of which
are cult. Hy.ssopus has entire Ivs. : Lophanthus has
serrate Ivs. Important generic characters of Hyssopus
are the 15-nerved calyx and divergent stamens : upper
lip of corolla 2- lobed; lower 3-lobed: stamens 4, didyna-
mous, 2 of which are exserted.

officinalis, Linn. Fig. 1120. Stems herbaceous from
a woody base, slender, branched or not : Ivs. linear to

oblong,
lower o

the

isile or nearly so, acute at both end
obtuse at the apex, lK-2 in. long. B.M
3:110. Var. Alba, with white fls.. is cult.

2299.

Hyssop is a hardy
perennial shrub, grow-
ing 18 in. tall, which has
been naturalized in the
United States from
southei-n Europe or Si-
beria. Lvs. narrow and
entire : fls., which appear
from June to September,
blue, sometimes white or
pink, borne in whorled
spikes, which are more
or less interrupted. The
whole plant has a strong
odor and pungent, bitter
taste. The green parts -
are used in connectio
with wormwood an
other plants in the manu-
facture of absinthe, oc-
casionally as a pot herb,
and as a flavoring for
cold salad plants. The
powdered, dried flowers
are similarly employed
in soups. The flower
spikes are cut just as
the blossoms begin to
open, and are dried for
use in domestic medicine
as a stimulant and ex-
pectorant in the treat-
ment of asthma, coughs
and other pulmonary
troubles. Hyssop is not
now so highly esteemed
as formerly by the medi-
cal profession.

This plant is readily
propagated by seed, cut-
tings and plant division.
The seed, generally em-
ployed in cold climates,
is sown in early spring,
either in drills 15 to 18
inches apart where the
plants are to remain, or
broadcast in nursery
beds for transplanting,
12 inches asunder in
June or July. Propaga-
tion by cuttings and by division may be done in the
autumn, but better in the spring, when the plants first
start to grow. Greenwood cuttings may be started in
the shade in the early summer. They need to be well
watered. The soil should be a light, mellow, calcareous
or sandy loam, with a warm aspect. Culture and har-
vesting are the same as for sage, mint and other herbs.
The beds should be renewed every three or four years.
M. G. Kains.

lANKiEA. Ami

for Jancfsa. See Eamonrlii

\. Inflorescenc

IBfiBIS (from Iberia, the ancient uanip of Spnin,
■where the genus is abundant). VrucUern. A l'. iin< "t
about 30 species, native lo southern Euio|" . w.^i.rn
Asia and northern Africa, all low-growiiii; auriimU. l.i
ennials and subshrubs. Comparatively fiw ^|ll ,ir-. art;
cult. The annuals are the cominun (iiiHlytult .,f ;c:ir-
dens. The biennials are not cultivatiil. 'I'lie Mil.slirubs
are flat, dwarf, compact, commuiily tvi ii,'niii |ilauts,
with dark green Ivs., completely coviti'iI witli liroad,
flat or elongated clusters of irregular cruciferous fls.
in spring.

The annuals are showy branching plants, 6-18 in.
high, much grown in masses in beds or for edging.
Florists grow them also, especially the white varieties,
for cut-flowers. They are of easy cultivation, and suc-
ceed in any rich garden soil, in a place exposed to light
and air. They are propagated by seeds, which may be
sown at any season, in the house or open ground, but
particularly in the fall when the climate permits, or as
early as possible in spring, in rows 6-8 in. apart where
the plants are to grow, the plants being thinned later to
4 in. apart in the row. The finest display is attained
from autumn-sown plants, which flower from iMay to
July. If seed is sown in autumn, the plants should be
slightly protected from the sun during winter. Seeds
sown early in the spring bloom from July to September.
Continuous bloum in:iv br ..l.tanied by sowing every two
weeks. Good r. .nli-, air attained by sowing under
glass and trans]. laniinL' inh. n|i(ii ground when the soil
is warm. The nam.' ('air.lvluri was given because the
fls. appear in tufts aud because the first introduced
species, /. umbellata, was brought from Candia.

The subshrubby species are adapted to the front of
shrubberies, where they connect taller plants with the
surrounding lawn. They may appear in separate clumps,
in broad masses, or may mingle with other genera in
the herbaceous border. They are suited to rockeries,
and hang well over walls and ledges. They are to be
treated much like herbaceous perennials. They are
plants of refinement, and are pleasing when close to the
observer. They are useful and popular for cut-flowers,
are easily forced into bloom in winter, and are adapted
to pot and pan culture. They are easily propagated.
The perennial Iberis succeed best when let alone. Once
planted and not disturbed, they soon form a dense foli-
age. They are the best spreading, dwarf plants with
white flowers.

Iberis is a genus of glabrous or minutely downy
plants, with terete stems aiul i.uii^'iMit. wati-ry jui.-c- :
Ivs. alternate, without stiimlvs. lin.-ar .ir ..hovalc ciitin-
or pinnatifid, often flrshy : IN. iMii'rri. in tcriiiiiiai
corymbs or rai-i-im-s; s.|iaN I, inl'.rn.i-. .i.-.'i.luinis ;

petals 4, hypiii.') ^. ■■^r,i |.i,i i.;,.. .,l... vat.-, with

short claws, v.r. , - ■' r ■ ' " I. ..iIiit in pairs,

their spreading I I :• ; n > - ■ i . mlar rr..ss. tli.'

two outer p.-tal- i "^ in - i -"i .i ' i' .■.|ual in siz.-:

pods ov silicl.s i-m.imIi, .,>,u. ,.l !!..■ l.asi-, !latti-n.-.l

at right aii-l.s I.. 111.' iiair..\v pail il i.ni, li.it.'li.'d at th.'

the cells I-'sl-l-.I.j.I. Th.' .-liai-a.-i.Ts ..f ll.eris as .lis-
tinguished from other Crucifera! are taken almost
wholly from the pods and seeds, the fls. being similar
to most cruciferffi except that they are irregular.

A. Phelps Wtman.
The common white-fld. annual Candytuft is /. amara.
The common annual kinds with colored fls. are /. um-
bellata. The common perennial kind is /. sempervirens.
The clusters of some kinds remain rather flat-topped
when they run to seed, while the clusters of other
kinds lengthen after flowering. This is expressed in
technical language under A and aa in the key which
follows :

B. Ai

lis:

oody at the base.
c. Lobes of the pod erect.

u. Lvs. toothed 1. amara

DD. Lvs. pectinate (i.e.,
divisions deeper,
narrower, and
farther apart) .. . 2. pectinata
cc. Lobes of the pod
spreading.
D. Lvs. merely toothed 3. odorata
DD. Lvs. deeply cut

(pinnatifid) 4. pinnata

BB. Perennials : stems
ivoodi/ at the base.
C. While in flower race-
mose 5. sempervirens

cc. ir7/i(e in floxcer

cory.
D. Marqin of lvs.
tire.
E. Form of lvs.

lin-

P. Apex of lvs.

subacute 6. saxatilis

PF. Apex of lvs.

obtuse 6. 8axatilis,var.(

EE. Form of lvs. ob-
long, narroic nt

base 7. Garrexiana

DD. Marg in of Ivx.
toothed toward

apex 8. Gibraltarica

Inflorescence corymbose in
fruit.

Annuals: stems
wnmhi lit the base.

not

.... 9. umbellata

Perennials: s

wnoili/ (it the base.

c. Lvs'.crenute

... 10. Tenoreana

D. Badicle descend-
ing : seed not
margined: sep-
tum simple 11. Pruiti

DD. Badicle horizontal:
need somewhat
margined: sep-
tum nearly dou-
ble 12. semperSlorens

Gitiraltariea, 8. sasatihs, 6, 7.

odorata, 3. sempertlorens, 12.

pectinata. 2. sempervirens, 1, 5.

1. am&ra, Linn. Common Annual C. Bitter C.
Clown's Mustard. Lvs. lanceolate, toothed toward
apex : fls. white. Common in Eu. S.B.F.G. II. 3.'i"
The best form is var. coronilria, V.iss ( /. enrvndi-i:
Hort., not D. Don). Rocket C. This has larger ai
fuller clusters and larger fis. Tin- tall.r varieties, Ei
press, Spiral White and ( liant Sii,,wllak.', L.'r..w Is i
high, with solid pvr.im.lal im- - ^ ,■ - m t-i:L; H-Aa
forms are Tom Thill i- i I. ' ''i '' " -■"
bedders, and Enipn ii' i i ■ i -; ' ■! i- I.e
sown at anytime, imi i in' in-i n -nli - >. ii li Lmi-i . ^- are
secured by sowing umlui hIi'-s an.l iiaii-piauiu.s \u the
open, where plants will bloom in May aud Juuu.

2. pectinita, Boiss. {/. nfrinis, Hort., not Jord.).
Fls. white. Spain. Advertised only as A. affinis.

IBERIS

Likely to be confu ed with / odorata hut the petals
are i times "i'» lung as the calyi. and the pods have short
hau whil m 7 odorata the petals are IK times as
lon„ I lUe L ihx ind the pods glabrous

i odorita Liiin Sweet scented or Fragrant Can-
DiTiFr L\ h leii fls white Crete S B.F.G. 50.
Frequeutlj utu 1 with / /)iHHa^« Better and more
fragrant m poor soil.

4 pmnilta Linn. Not
advertised m America,
but often sold as /. odo-

I rata Pis white: in-
' , florescence only slightly
/ elon.,atedin fruit. Spain,
' S Fnnce Italy.

5 sempfirvirens, Linn.

' E\EE( RbEN C. LVS. Olj-

f *:^ long obtuse narrowed
ij\"> at bise glabrous : fls.
white Crete Gng. 2:145
(fine habit sketch). F.R.
1 7o (poor) Var. pidno,
a double form, is cult.,
but IS less desirable.
Var rosea and var. fdliis
variegatis are sold
abroad \ ar Bup6rba or
Perfection is said to be
one of the best forms.—
This is the commonest,
hardiest and most per-
manent of the perennial
kinds When the rarer
and tenderer kinds are
w inter killed /. semper-
tirens is likely to spread
out and surround the
labels of other kinds.
yi). This probably explains
why some of the most

reliable dealers have sold this plant under other names,

particularly /. Gibraltarica.
6. sax4tilis, Linn. Lvs. glabrous or ciliate: fls. white.

Var. corlfdlia, Sims (/. corifUia, Sweet). Lvs. gl;
brous: fls. white. B. M. 1642, though this picture wi
doubtfully referred by Baker to /. Garrextana.

7. Garrexiana, All., not Scop. Lvs. glabrous : fl
whiti-. l'iiaia..ut, Pyrenees. RefeiTe.l by Index Kewei

IDAHO

795

1121. Iberis Gibralt:

Int.

8. Gibraltarica, Linn. Fig. 1121. Lvs. wedge-shaped,
obtuse, subciliate : outer fls. pink, inner ones white.
Gibraltar. B.M. 124. Gn. 10:308. K.H. 1870:330. Un.
24, p. 549, same as R.H. 1885, p. 446. — This is considered
by some as the most striking and showy of the peren-
nial kinds. It grows higher and more erect, with larger
clusters and larger fls., but is less hardy than the others.
This is much sought after, ami the stock in the nur-
series is often not true to name. Var. h^brida is adver-
tised.

9. umbellita, Linn. Lvs. lanceolate, acuminate,
lower ones serrate, upper ones entire : fls. in the wild
typically purplish, rarely white : pods acutely 2-lobed.
Italy, Crete, Spain. B.M. 106.— This is the common an-
nual Candytuft with colored fls., the colors being more
numerous and better fixed than in any other species.
American trade names are vars. carminea, c4rnea, lila-
cina and Diinnetti (/. Dunnettl, Hort.), the last being
dark purple. Vars. rdsea, purpiirea and 41ba are adver-
tised abroad, also vars. nknn, ptimila and hjbrida. Tall
and dwarf forms of all the colors are pnocurable.

10. Tenoreina, DC. Lower lvs. obovate, narrowed at
base: upper lvs. oblong-linear: fls. purplish or whitish:
pods notched at apex. Naples. B.M. 2783. L.B.C.
18:1721. According to Baker (G.C. 1868:711), this is the
only perennial kind that is decidedly hairy. DeCan-
dolle says the lvs. are puberulous.

11. Prtliti, Tineo. Lvs. glabrous, obovate-spatulate,
entire or subdentate : fls. white: pods merely notched
at apex. Sicily. Not advertised here, but cult, abroad.

12. sempirflorens, Linn. Lvs. wedge-shaped or spatu-
late, obtuse, entire, glabrous: pods scarcely notched at
apex. Sicily and perhaps Persia. The characters in the
key under D and dd distinguish this from all the other
species of Iberis. Once advertised by Pitcher &
Manda, together with var. pleno, a double^variety. Var.
foliis variegatis said to be cult, abroad.

I. cariicea. once advertised by Saul, is presumably a typo-
graphical error.— /. cordifblia is a frequent error for I. corifolia.
—I.corretefdlia, Hort., is a common trade name abroad, which
is usually spelled 1. corrsefolia in American catalogues. There
is no genus Corra, and Correa is au AustraUan plant of the
RutacesB. Specimens should therefore be compared with I. sax-
atiUs, var. corifolia. Mottet's description, however, would place
this plant directly after Garrexiana in the key, being distin-
guished from Garrexiana by the flowers becoming purplish in-
stead of always remaining white. Mottet says that X. correas-
foUa, Hort., is a hybrid.with spatulate, entire, obtuse lvs. This
question could be quickly settled if seedsmen would keep dried
specimens of their plants. — 7. Ibtirica, of Joiin Saul's catalogue,
1893, is not in Index Kewensis.— 7. lilachia of careless trade
catalogues is presumably a lilac-tld. variety of I.umbellata.—
7. nana hdbrida, Hort., is not I. nana. All., a distinct botanical
species, but a trade name of mixed dwarf varieties of some com-
mon annual kind, presumably 1. umbeUata. ■^y^ j\j^

ICE PLANT is MesemhrijanOiemum crystallinum.

IDAHO, HOETICULTUKE IN. Fig. 1122. The state
of Idaho lies entirely west of the Rocky Mountain range,
whose summit line forms the northeastern boundary.
All drainage and waterways of the state finally reach
the Columbia river by many directions and extensions
of numerous rivers and creeks, excepting for a small
area in the extreme southeastern portion of the state,
which drains to the Cireat Salt Lake, in Utah. Generally
the state is very mountainous, but a considerable area of
the southern portion constitutes the high table-lands
lying on both sides of the Snake river. Most of the
state lies above an altitude of 2,000 feet. At and near
Lewiston, in the valleys of the Snake and Clearwater
rivers, the altitude drops suddenly to 047 feet aud up-
wards. The numerous mountain chains and peaks which
cover this vast Rocky Mountain slope, direct the streams

1'22. Idaho,
dlustrite its horticultural

in endless ways to their outlets into the large rivers.
Thus it can be understood that climatic influences are
extremely variable. Altitude does not altogether deter-
mine the character of the climate in the valleys. The
prevailing currents of air in a given locality are often
influenced and directed by the direction of the mountain
ranges and the proximity of snow-clad peaks. Greater

796

IDAHO

extremes of temperature prevail in the southern portion
of the state than in the northern. Thf summers are
hotter in the south than in the north, and thi; ri^-ors of
winter are more severely experiem-i-.l.

Irrigation for the successful ciilnvati.iTi .if cmiis i-;
necessary over most of the soutli.-rn ]...rtiMii uf tlit-
state, below the 45th parallel of latitu.lc. Xurth ..£ this
there is generally an abundance of rainfall, the atmos-
phere is humid, and the soil is retentive of moisture.
The native soils of Idaho are mostly of volcanic ori{;in,
interspersed with clay and sandy loam, and altogether
quite fertile. Excepting in the narrow mountain valleys,
and in the deep canyons of the Snake river, altitude
largely determines the character of horticultural pur-
suits. According to the United States Weather Bureau

records, some of the al
feet ; Kootenai, 1,750 ;
2,196 ; Moscow, 2,571 ;
4,341; Blackfoot, 4,50:i
4,732; Paris, 5,946; Ath
are named at points
tageous for estimating

hioh i

■ i!m . : I.ewiston, 047
: ' I'ort Sherman,
\ iii.rican Falls,
Hit, i,,i"i; Idaho Falls,
. 1 he liuown altitudes
,)usidered most advan-
s for the whole state.

Much of the south -central portion of Idaho contains vast
lava beds, and hundreds of square miles are thus occu-
pied. Among them, however, lie fertile irrigated areas.
The wild sage brush covering these extensive table-
lands grows most luxuriantly, often attaining to a height
of sis feet and over. Along the streams and bottom-
lands of southern Idaho are growths ..f wilh.ws ami pop-
lars, and in the mountain gulches a hhuk haw and dwarf
maple skirt the water courses. ^■| ly liiih- -linihbery
grows in the mountains. In the mi'untain r.--i"ns above
an elevation of 4,500 feet, pine, spruce and tir abound.
Tliat portion of the state north of the 45th parallel con-
tains fine forests of pine, fir, tamarack and cedar. The
mountains, hills and valleys are also well covered with
small deciduous trees and shrubbery, which for ages
have contributed towards the establishment of a soil
rich in organic matter. The list of species of deciduous
plants found native in this part of the state is so exten-
sive that it would seem out of place to name them in
this artich'. 'I'h.rc are no wild fruits of economic im-
portance irfuw iiii:; in (he state.

Horth'uItiuMi ..]iriaii.iiis are conducted within narrow
limits ah.. v.- an ahiiu.U-of 4,500 feet. Up to ."i, 500 feet
elevation, fruit-raising has shown Rreat pr.imis.-. The
best adapted sections for raisin.tr apph'^ Ih- \\ irliin tin-
counties of Latah, Nez Perce,Washiiii;i<iii, ( imimhi, .\.1ii,
and more limited in portions of Klin.ii , I'.ni-.', i a>-ia,
Owyhee, Lincoln and Ko.ttenai. ,\|ii>hs .an al,-^.j lie
produced in other counti. s t.. a v. rv limited extent.
Even in Bear Lake county, at an .l.vatii.n of 6,000 feet,
some varieties are bein.ic lai^. .1 ^u.-.a-s^fully.

The horticultural insii.ri.H^ .if ih- \ari..ns horticul-
tural districts last yeai- m n I. :i -irl II .■,.!ii|.ut ilii.ii lit
the fruit acreage in tlnir i i . i : .

ported as follows : Ada . i , i i: i :

100; Bear Lake, 100 ; r.injhini: i,|ii, 1;: , ,:

Boise, 141; Canyon, 5, :ihii ; Cassia, ,i.i7; . u-i.v, l,s,:i :
Elmore, 875; Fremont, 1,000 ; l.hd..., l'dii ; lxi.,.tenai,
1,500; Latah, 5,900 ; Lemhi, 20(1 ; Ijin.i.hi, ,slo ; Nez
Perce, 2.000; Oneida, 1,000; (iwvli..', l^ir, ; .-.|,,,sh.me,

Tlu

siih'V.'.l Ml

:i lit. The
1 ::!l fruit
1 1 uMder-

ri- is api.!.-: lln n r.i|l.i-A- |. nines,
s, nectarines aii.l ,|ninees in the
1 iiit growing covers an important
uiven.

i.es suitable to northern climatic
ivn with excellent success within

F. A.

HUSTLEY.

figure,
plantii
ably tl

order
porti..

All

IDfiSIA (Yobrants Ides, Dutch traveler in China).
Bixicea. A genus whose only species is a Japanese
tree, hardy as far north as Phihuh'li.liia. It is a large,
rapid-growing, deciduous tree, with laiL-.' Ivs. h.irne on
reddish stalks and loose clusters ..f fra-rant, ^.'leenish
yellow fls. which are inconspicuous . s. . pt f.ir their
prominent anthers, and numerous orange-colored ber-
ries about the size of a small cherry. Fls. dioecious, the
parts in 5's (or 3-6); sepals tomentose, imbricated, de-

ILEX

ciduous ; petals 0 ; stamens indefinite, inserted on a
small disk with villous filaments: ovary of pistillate fls.
gli>Imse : berries with an indefinite number of seeds.
Prop, hy green wood and root cuttings.

polycArpa, Maxim. Height 40 to 50 ft. : Ivs. drooping,
,'.-10 ui. h.ni;, s.>iMetim.'s 8 in. broad, usually cordate-
ai II. I iiii'i , -. nil I ill.. ~ .iMi.ng or orbicular, deep green,
ni:i. .' I ' r ■ -hmcous beneath, petiole 4-6

in, I.I- than the Ivs., pendulous:

St., hill,.,;, ;;.. .,,,,. , Var. crispa has curled foli-
ar', . l;..M. i.7;)l. K. 11. 1^7:;, pp. 174, 175; 1878, p. 254;
last), pp. 46J-165. F. 1S71, pp. 64, 65.

Joseph Meehan and W. M.

Ilex). In-
ufoliitcea').
us shrubs,

ILEX (the ancient Latin name of Qii
eluding Princs and Oth.ra, ? , ;,. ,. ,i,
Holly. Ornamental imili, ; : •!
with alternate, sini|.li , - ,, snnill, in-

conspicuous, whitish lis. III aM::,ii\ iiii i, i- . .r solitary,
and black, red or sumetinie= yeU.jw heiiies, remaining
on the branches often until the following spring. Of
the evergreen species, only /. glabra and /. rtujosn are
quite hardy North, and also /. opaca and /. cremitu in
somewhat sheltered positions. /. Aqulfollnm and /.
cornuta are more tender but stand many degrees of
frost if sheltered, while "most of the others can only be
grown South. Of the deciduous species, /. decidua, I.
mouticola, J. IcBvigaia and verticilhUa are hardy North;
also /. Sieboldi and some other Japanese species are
hardy or nearly so. The Hollies, especially those with
scarlet or red berries, are highly ornamental, and the
berried branches of /. opaca and /. AquiMium are in
great demand for Christmas decoration. Also /. lavi-
gata and verticiUatit, \\\<- pretti.st in frnit of the decid-
uous kinds, are som.tini.^ s..l.l f..r this ].>ir]>ose. Tho
deciduous species at-.- ne.^tly ^hrul.s, whih- nuiiiy of the
evergreen sjn-cies rr. .w inin ^mall ,ir m.i.iinni-sized trees,
and /. o/..(.-'( I- 111. I.. ..■ I .'I III! IiimimI i.'aved ever-

greenswhi.il .'. ..'ii, :• < ■ ,. / .rrciuiln,

glabra, r II, r , i . i' : ■ i , r • / . j i.paea fills

theold,des,ll..|;,n.l 1. rv.jr, ,i In I M , 1 1 i . . , 1 1:1 rren fields of

the South, and thrives un extremely poor soil, and has
good color, too. This trait is worth noting. /. Aqni-
folium is a favorite evergreen in English gardens, and
numerous varieties are there in cultivation; it stands
siv.r.. pruning well, and can he ,'lipped and trained into
alin...t .very shape; it also niakns ttin- Indices, but its
-l,i\v L'li.wth is a disadvantau'. , .\s th.' .hi.f value of
ill. .i..i.luous species is in th.' .iinaiiiental fruits and
the ilullies are ditt-cions. can- sln.iihl he taken to select
in planting a few staniinat.- ..n. v, hut mostly pistillate
plants, and to give th.- lait.r tin- nmst prominent place.
The light, close-grain. .1 ami tnu-h wood of some of the

partly shaded sitmations, but /. ten./. I m.l

also Sieboldi prefer moist places, an ; _ in

swamps. Most of the species grow .^1. I .., I.: .t

easily transplanted when older. The 1k..i iin.L 1 r limv-
ing the evergreen species is the early fall, when tho
young wood has almost ripened, or in the spring ,iust
before the plants start into new growth. The leaves
should be stripped on/, opaca and/. Aqttifolium, wh^n
transplanted, particularly if at all exposed— or at least
nearly all. This is absolutely necessary to insure suc-
cess. Wild Hollies may be handled this way with suc-
cess, particularly if cut back as well. Prop, by seeds,

Hlii. li .1 1 -.'rniinate until the second year, and are

111. 1. 1 and treated like those of the slow-

er.. Ills. The young seedlings should be

tiaii-|,i..ii., .1 I- the second year. The evergreen spe-

eie.s UKi\ h. in. I. as. d by cnttiii'.'s of ripened wood under
glass, especially the shnii.l.v ..ms ; they are also some-
times grafted or l.n.M. .1 ..n s...liitigs of I. AquiMium
OTOpaca. About 17.". ^|..-.i.- ii. X. and S. America, tropi-
cal and temperate Asia ami f. w in Africa, Australia and
Europe. Lvs. petioled, with small, caducous stipules:
fls. dia?cious, usually in rather few-fid. axillary cymes;
calyx lobes, petals and stamens usually 4, sometimes

ILEX

797

more; style very short : fr. a berry-like drupe, witb usi
ally 4 bony 1-seeded stones.

Index of names accounted for below, besides those :
the supplementary list:

albo-marginata, IT.

deciilua, 40.

marginata. 14.

albo-picta, U.

dubitis. 41.

microphylla, 9.

ansustilolia, 34.

echinata. 3.

mollis, 42.

AltecLirensis, 2.

t'erox, 3.

inonticola, 41.

Aquifolium. 1.

u,.vrtitoliu. 10 a

aruenteo-marai-

ferox aure.-i, 23.

iiata, 17.

Furtuiui. 38.

opaca, 32.

argenteo-meiUo-

fructu aurantiaco,

pendula. 29.

piota, 18.

28.

platyphyllos. 5.

argutidens, 40.

fructu luteo, 27.

prineeps, 6.

glabra, 39.
Handsworthensis.

pyramidalis, 30.

au^eomarama a.

quercifolia, 32.
Scotioa, 15.

aureo-regina, 20.

hastata. 8. [7.

aureo-maciUata.lO.

heterophylla, 12.

Seotica aurea, 2

aureo-picta latlfo-

heterophj-lla aureo-

serrata, 45.

Ua. 21.

picta, 24.

serratifolia, 11.

Cassine, 33 and 37.

Iffi^lgata, 43.

Sieboldii, 47.

comuta, 31.

latifolia, 4 and 36.

tortuosa, 16.

tatlfolia marginata.

verticiUata, 44.

crisTa.'^ie. ■

20.

vomltorla 37.

Dahoon, 33.

laurifolia, 13.

Wateriana, 26.

A. Foliage evergreen.
B. IfVS, with coarse, spiny teeth, rarely mostly entire.
c. Fls. ill axillary clusters on branches of previous

1. Aquiidlium, Linn. European Hollt. Fig. 1123.
Tree, to 40 ft., with .short, spreading branches, forming
an oblong or pyramidal head, in cultivation often
shrubby, glabrous : Ivs. short-petioled, usually ovate or
oblong-ovate, waved and with strong, spiny teeth, shin-
ing, l>^-3 in. long: fr. scarlet, globular, shining. May,
June. Southern and middle Eu., western Asia, China.
Gng. 4:83. — A very variable species. A full account of
the numerous varieties cult, in England is given by T.
Moore in G.C. II. 2, p. 433, 519, 687, 751, 812 ; 4, p. 687,
741; 5, p. 43, 365, 437, 624; 6, p. 232, 389, 616, where 153
varieties are described and many of them figured.
Some of the most iiiii">i-t;int. and most distinct are de-
scribed below. Osnin„lln,.< .1 ./ ,n i<'l I ,im, Sieb. & Zucc,
an oleaceoiis shrub, wlii.h m.iy icailily be known by its
opposite leaves, is <M-.-:isiuiialiv .supplied by dealers as a
variety of Ihs Aquihlium.

(a.) Foliage green.

(b.) Lfs. spiny 'toothed.

(c.) Si^e of Ivs. large, abottt 2-i in. long.

2. Var. Alteclar6nsis, Hort. Lvs. oval, large, thin and
rather plain, witb numerous teeth. 3. Var. J^rox, Loud.
(/. eehiiidta, Mill.). Lvs. of medium size, with strong
teeth and numerous small spines on the upper convex
surface. A v^i y di^iin.-t variety, known as Hedgehog
Hollv. X.2:K."i. I, \ai-. latifolia, Loud. Lvs. oval to
3H in. luuK. witli i:itli.r f.-w, divaricate teeth. G.C. II.
2:433. 5. Var. platyphyllos, Hort. Lvs. broadly ovate,
to 3H in. long, with divaricate spines, thick, deep green.
6. Var. prineeps, Moore. Lvs. broadly ovate, to 4J^ in.
long, with strong, regular spines, dark green, with
prominent veins below. G.C. II. 13:45.

(cc.) Size of lvs. small, 1-2 in. long.
7. Var. Handsworthensis, Hort. Lvs. ovate-lanceolate,
■with numerous, moderately divaricate spines, projected
toward the apex, glossy green. G. C. II. 2:519. 8. Var.
hastata, Hort. Lvs. ovate-lanceolate, halbert-shaped:
spines large, usually only 2-4 on each side at the base,
the upper half usually entire. G. C. 11. 2:687. 9. Var.
microphylla, Hort. Lvs. ovate-lanceolate, about 1 in.
long, shining green, with small, equal plane spines.
G.C. II. 2:751. A very small-leaved form, but var. line-
ata is still smaller, and has the smallest lvs. of all.

10. Var. myrtiSdIia, Hort. Lvs. ovate-lanceolate, 1-1 Ji
in. long, moderately spiny, rarely entire. G.C. II. 2:687.

11. Var. serratiidlia. Loud. Lvs. ovate-lanceolate, stiff,
•with numerous small spiny teeth. G.C. II. 2:687.

(bb.) Lvs. all or most of them without spines.
12. Var. heterophJUa, Loud. Lvs. oval or elliptic-
ovate, about 2H in. Icng, sometimes twisted near the
apex, entire or with few spiny teeth, G. C. II. 2:519.

13. Var. laurifdlia, Loud. Lvs. ovate to elliptic-lanceo-
late, 2-3 in. long, usually quite entire. 14. Var. mar-
ginata, Loud. Lvs. broadly ovate, sometimes twisted
near the apex, with thickened entire margin. G. C. II.
2:813. 15. Var. Sc6tica, Hort. Lvs. oval-obovate, blunt
and rounded at the apex, rarely pointed, l>^-2 in. long,
■with thickened, wa^vy entire margin. G. C. II. 2:813.
16. Var. tortudsa, Hort. (var. erispa, Hort.). Lvs. oval
and spirally twisted, with revolute margin, entire or
with few spines, about 2 in. long: of dense habit. G.C.
11.2:813.

(aa.) Foliage variegated.
(b.) Lvs. spiny-toothed.
17. Var. dibo-marginata, Loud. (var. argenteo-margi-
ncita,llort.). Lvs. broadly ovate, to 2K in. long, with
numerous irre,:,Mil;ir spinis. <l;irk green, the disk mottled
with grayish i:i< . n, wJMi imiIi. r narrow silvery margin.
18. Var. albo-picta, I, "ml. i var. argenteo-medio-picta,
Hort.). Lvs. ovair. \viili .livaricate spines, dark green,
with a whitisli center and a narrow, irregtilar, silvery
margin. G.C. II. 4:087. 19. Var. aireo-maculita, Hort.

Lvs. oblong-oval, 214 in. long. i
somewhat divaricate spines, wit
blotch in the center, outer ]ia
green, inner part mottled pale ;:
glna, Hort. (var. aurea manji

with stniiii;ly divariratf sinm-^. inc.ttlr.l with i;r:
green. Willi a l.r.iaii. cmim inii.Mis i;-"l.liii m. II. ,\v margin.
G.C. II. .">:14. 'Jl. \'ar. aureo-picta latifolia, licit. Lvs.
ovate or liroatily ovate, 2 in. or more long, with a large,
branching, deep yellow blotch in the middle, and with
an irregular, deep glossy green margin. G.C. II. 5:624.
22. Var. ferox argSntea, Loud. Like var. ferox, but the
margin and the surface spines creamy white. G. C. II.
5:44. 23. Var. f^rox atirea. Loud., is like the former,
but with yellow spines and margin.

(bb.) Lvs. spineless or mostly so.

24. Var. heteroph:^lla aureo-pfcta, Hort. Lvs. ovate,
flat, sometimes with few spines, about 2K in. long,
marked in the middle with a broad feathery blotch of
bright yellow. G.C. II. 6:389. 25. Var. SoOtioa aurea,
Hort. Lvs. obovate, blunt, slightly wavy, about 13^ in.
long, dark, mottled green, with a broad golden margin:
of dwarf habit. 26. Var. Wateriina, Hort. Lvs. oblong
or ovate, with a few spines, or entire and plain and
obtuse, about 2 in. long, mottled with gray and yellow-
ish green and edged with a broad, irregular golden
band. G.C. II. 0:233.

There are also some other vars., as, 27, var. fruetu
Itlteo, with yellow, and 28, var. fructu aurantiaco, with
orange berries; 29, var. pendula, with pendulous
branches and 30, var. pyramidalis, with ascending
branches, forming a narrow, oblong head.

31. comtita, Lindl. Shrubby, with short spreading
branches, glabrous: lvs. oblong, with 3 strong spines
at the dilated apex, and with 1-2 strong spines on each
side of the truncate base, but rounded and spineless at
the base on older plants, dark glossy green above, 2-4
in. long: fr. scarlet, clustered, short-pedicelled. June,
July. N.China. P.P. G. 1, p. 43. G.C. 1850:311. F.S. 7,
p. 216; 9:895. B.M.5059.

cc. Fls. in 1-few-fld. axillary, peduncled cymes,
on this year's growth.

32. opica. Ait. (/. quercifolia, Meerb.). American
Holly. Fig. 1124. Tree, with spreading short branches.

798 ILEX

sometimes to 50 ft., forming a narrow, pyramidal head,
glabrous : Ivs. oval or elliptic-lanceolate, with large re-
mote spiny teeth, rarely entire, dull green above, yel-
lowish green beneath, 2-4 in. long: fr. dull scarlet, usu-
ally solitary, globose. June. Mass. to Fla., west to Mo.
and Tex. Em. 385. S.S. 1:45. Gng. 4: 277. -Hardier
than /. AquifoUum, but less handsome.

BB. Lvs. serrate, crenate or entire.
c. Fr. red: nutlet ribbed on the back. Tender.
33. Casslne, Linn. (/. Vuhodn, Walt.). Uahoon.
Shrub or small tree, to 30 ft.: lvs. obovate to oblong-
linear, acute or obtuse and mucronulate, entire or
sharply serrate above the middle, usually pubescent be-
neath when young, 2-3 in. long: fr. globose, small, dull
red, rarely yellow, on this year's growth. April, May.
N. C. to Pla.,westto La. S.S.1:46. 34. Var. angusti-
fdlia. Ait. Lvs. linear-oblong to linear, 2-3 in. long.
35. Var. myrtiSdlia, Chapm. Lvs. linear-oblong, 1-2 in.
long: fr. usually solitary. S.S. 1:45.

36. latifdlia, Thunb. Tree, sometimes to 60 ft., gla-
brous: lvs. oval to oblong- lanceolate or obovate-obloii);,
serrate, glossy green above, 3-7 in. long: fr. red, laru'*-.
in almost sessile clusters. June. Japan. B.M. r..',!i7.
P.F.G. 3, p. 13.-One of the most beautiful Hollies.

37. vomitdria, Ait. (/. Casslne, Walt., not Linn.i.
Cassena. Yaupon. Shrub, rarely tree to 25 ft., with
spreading branches : lvs. oval or oblong, obtuse, cre-
nate, glabrous, J^-1, rarely to 2 in. long: fls. clustered
on branches of the previous year: fr. scarlet, globose,

April. Va. to Fla., west to Ark. and Tex. S.S.

ILEX

39. glabra. Gray (Prhios ijltlher, Una.). In-kberry.
WiNTEKBERKV. Much-brauched upright shrub, to 8 ft.:
lvs. obovate to oblanceolate, obtuse, with few obtuse
teeth toward the apex, glabrous, 1-2 in. long : fls. 5-8-
merous. June. Ma.ss. to Fla., west to Miss. L.B.C.
5:450.

AA. Foliage deciduous : fr. red. {Prinos.)

B. Frs. mostly and lvs. partly fascicled on short spurs :

nutlets ribbed on the back.

40. decldua, Walt. {Prinos declduus, DC). Shrub or
small tree, to 30 ft., with light gray spreading branches:
lvs. cuneate-oblong orobovate, usually obtuse, crenately
serrate, dark green, and with impressed veins above,
pale and pubescent beneath, 04-3 in. long: fr. globose,
orange or orange-scarlet, % in. across. May. Va. to Fla.,
west to Texas. S.S. 1:49.

41. monticola, Gray (Prinos dfibius, Don). Tree, to
40 ft., with slender branches, forming a narrow pyra-
midal head or spreading shrub: lvs. oval or oval-lanceo-
late, acute or acuminate, sharply serrate, pubescent only
along the veins beneath, 2-0 in. long: fr. red, globular-
ovoid, % in. across. Mav. N.Y. to S. C, west to Ala.
S.S. 1:.50. G.C. II. 14:689 (as /. deciduu). 42. Var.
mollis, r.rittoii (/. mdllis, Gray). Lvs. broadly ovate,
-ill! |hiIh srint when young, glabrous above at length.

i;i;. /';.i. am! Irs. not fascicled: frs. axillary : nut-
lets smooth.

43. laevigata, Gray {Prinos Itevi/jdtus, Pursh).
WiNTEKBERKY. Low shrub, of Upright habit: lvs. lan-
ceolate, acute, finely or crenately serrate, rather thick,
glabrous or nearly so, 13^-2X in. long, turning clear
yellow in fall: fls. 6-9-merous: fr. depressed-globose,
bright orange-red, over H in. across. May, June.
Maine to Pa. and Va. G.F. 4:221.

44. verticilia.ta. Gray (Prinos verticilUtus, Linn.).
Black Alder. Winterberry. Fig. 1125. Shrub, with
spreading branches: Ivs. obovate to oblanceolate or lan-
ceolate, acuminate or acute, serrate or doubly serrate,
usually pubescent beneath, l}^-3 in. long, turning black
after frost: fls. 5-6-merous : fr. bright red, rarely yel-
low, about K in. across. June, July. Canada to Fla.,

to Wis. and Mo. Era. 388. — Very variable in shape
and texture of lvs. One of the best hardy shrubs, with
ornamental frs., which remain on the branches until
midwinter, and are not eaten by birds.

45. Berrftta, Thunb. Slender shrub, to 15 ft., similar
to the former but smaller in ivtry jiiirf : lvs. elliptic or
ovate, acute or acurainntr. tiiM ly -i t i:if' , jiubesoent or
glabrous beneath, 1-2 in. i - " i r,-niiTous : fr.
brightred, small, one-sixrli ■ n.ross. June.
Japan. Tberp nre two t'lriii i. -; both have

"l"''"'" I from .I„,oi, / ^ ', tl,.. tirsf l,y

Lvs. s(.nii-wlKit hurci-. l..n,L;i-r-pt'tioIed,
ate, pubescent beneath ; fls. usually

Chapm. PeoiduoTis large shrub, allie

cc. Fr. black: nutlets smooth: pistillate fls.
solitary, on this year's growth.
38. crenata, Thunb. (/. Fdrtunei, Hort.). Much-
branched shrub, rarely small tree to 20 ft.: lvs. oval,
obovate or oblong-lanceolate, crenatelv serrate,glabrous,
H-1}^ in. long: fls. 4-merous. May, June. Japan. Gng.
6:165.

'iTiy-toothed, often almost entii
, tclnhose. Himal. G. C. II. 14:297.
■1-11 large shrub or tree, to 40 ft.: :

on older
-I. Integra,
fs. obovate.

obtnsely pointed
pedunded red Ti
allied to I dw iilu

1 1 I r s growth

liri 1 I in.ll ) t.Mi,it-.-ii -.linil.c.i tin t. 4" tt Its oblong
or elliptic icute pointed quite entire ti sm ill red m pe
dunded clusters Jipm P P G 1 p 4i t, C 1- .n 'll P b 7
p 21b — 1 ntgosa ]? Ischmidt E\ergieen Ion spmdmj shrub
sometimes prostrite glabrous hs oblong 1 nueolate to Im
ceoUte remoteb erenite serrate rugose ilio%e 'i-2. va long
fr usuillv solitii\ scarlet Japan Saechalin— 7 triflvia
Brindetee E\ei„reen tree to 40 tt mtli spreading pubescent
branches l\s elliptu lanceolate remotely serrate or almost
entiie pubescent 2-3', in long fls D merous Cahf G F 7 416
(by error named I Califomica) ALFRED RehdER

ILLtCIUMl Latin ioraUuremevt: probablyin reference
to the agreeable odor ) . MngnoliAcea:. A half dozen spe-
cies in Japan, China, India and eastern N. America.
Small trees or shrubs, glabrous, with thick, short-peti-
oled entire evergreen Ivs.: fis. small, solitary or in 3's
in the axils of Ivs. or bud-scales, nodding or inclined,
yellow or purplish ; sepals 3-6; petals many, imbricated
in 3 or more rows or series; stamens 10-many, with
thick filaments: carpels usually many, forming a ring
of almost woody pods. The Illiciums are aromatic plants
■with perfect fls.

One of the Illiciums furnishes the Star or Chinese
Anise, which is the small star -shaped cluster of fruits.
The odor and flavor strongly resemble Anise. It is much
used in oriental countries in cookery, and is exported to
some extent and is said to be used in flavoring certain
French wines. This product comes from China. It has
been supposed to be the product of I. anisatiim of
Linnaeus, but that plant is a .Japanese tree and it con-
tains a pnisoTi. In the American trade are the names
1. anisalinii :.n.l /. r< ll'iinsiim. It now transpires that
these naiiM s I,, l.niu in the same plant, and that the Star
Anise is |hmMii.c d l.y another species. This other spe-
cies, or thf true Star Anise, was first accurately de-
scribed and figured (as /. veriim, Hook, f.) in B.M.
7005 (1888), where the confusion of two or three cen-
turies is elucidated. There is probably only one East
Asian lllicium in the trade in N. Amer., as follows:

anis4tum, Linn., not Giertn. (/. religidsum, Sieb. &
Zucc). Small tree: Ivs. alternate, elliptic, short-peti-
oled, somewhat acuminate: fls. mostly solitary, sessile
or nearly so, yellowish, not fragrant, with many very
narrow petals, and 20-30 stamens. Japan. B.M. 3965.—
Grown far S. There is a form with variegated Ivs.

Two native Illiciums growing in the Gulf country are: /.
FtoridAnum , KWis. Shrub. 6-10 ft.: Ivs. oblong-lanceoLate, 4 in.
or more long: petals 20-30. very n.arrow, dark crimson. B.M.
439. Gn. 36. p. 151, J.H. III. ,W:365.— 7. parvifldriim. Michx.
Lvs. elliptic or lanceolate, mostly under 4 in. long; petals very
small (M in. long), 6-11, yellowish. L_ g, g.

ILLINOIS, HORTICULTURE IN. Fig. 1126. The
state of Illinois, lying in the heart of the Mississippi
valley, the most fertile portion of the United States, and
with its eastern boundary over 700 miles from the At-
lantic coast, has a aange north and south of a little over
350 miles, extending from 37° to 42° 30' north latitude,
and a lireadth east and west of about 200 miles at its
widest point. In spite of its great length, the difference
in mean annual temperature between the extreme north-
em and southern parts of the state is only 10° F.,
although the rainfall in the southern part is one-half
greater than in the northern.

Soil conditions alone considered. Illinois stands, agri-
culturally, :it tlie very forefront. Third among the states
of tin- I'liii'M ( 1S90) in poptilation, and first in railroad
iiiilr;i:;.-, it is ;ilso flrst in total bulk of agricultural and
h'irtictiltiiral products. There are no considerable tracts
of worthless land in the state; and the statistics col-
lected by the State Board of Agriculture show every one
of the 102 counties of the state to be fruit-producing.

51

ILLINOIS 799

The statistics of the census of 1890 showed Illinois at
that time to be easily third in rank among the horti-
cultural states.

The horticultunil iiit.r.sts ,,f Illinois have been well
looked after and .an fiilly ]ihired on a permanent basis
by the legishitur.'. lii \^~ i an act was passed by that
body establishiiii,' the llliiu.is State Horticultural Society
(which was organized in 1S55) as a public corporation

^HIGAN

of the state. The State HorticvUtural Society is divided
into three subdivisions, the Northern, Central and South-
ern Illinois Horticultural Societies, each taking in about
one-third of the state (see map I. The State Horticultural

Society has bc-cn lil.rrally s.ipiMirt.Ml l.v th.- legislature

The most .li-tiiirti\ r fiint -.rti..!! ..r IMiiMiis is the
southern third. Tlii^ ar. a i Miitams s.iinrtliing over
150,000 acres devuti-d i.. ilir ^imwmi- of apples alone.
Other deciduous fruits, laitaliii p. a.iies and pears, and
small fruits, especially -tiaw 1.. 1 1 1> -, are also grown in
large quantities in this part of Illinois, During the sea-
son of 1898 over 800 car-loads of strawberries alone were
shipped to outside markets from the fruit districts of
southern Illinois. Increa.sed shipping facilities and the
coming into bearing of orchards already some time
planted are rapidly brine-inu' southern Illinois into com-
petition with Michigan in tin- ].rcHlu,-tiMii of poai-hes.

The southern fruit .li-trirt. as in.lirat. .1 on the map,
lies between :;7'^ :iiid :::)- :;(i' noith latitialo, tlu- former
being the latitude of \,,rtolk. V.,.. and ilio latter that
of Baltimore. Md. 'I'lir cliiiiat,' of ilii- diMrii't is best
indicated )iy ilo- fart that tlir is,,i|ioini :.:. *\ passes
through the n.nilnrii pari of ilio .li^iin't, iho same tem-
perature line also passim; thron-li tlie jieaib aud sweet
potato districts of Dehiware and southern New Jersey.
The 50° isotherm passes through Illinois about on the
dividing line between the northern and central fruit dis-

800

ILLINOIS

tricts, thus showing the mean annual temperature of the
northern district, —which is second to the southern in
small-fruit production, and in 1898 produced more grapes
than both the other districts put together, -to be practi-
cally the same as that of the great grape and small fruit
sections of central New York. While spealsing of tem-
perature it should also be noted that the mean annual
temperature of the famous Santa Clara valley and the
Santa Cruz mountain wine grape district of California
is 55° P., or about that of Madison and Bond counties,
Illinois.

In 1898 the total annual precipitation at Galena, in the
extreme northwest corner of the state, was 30 inches;
in Henderson county and from thence along a line a
little north of east clear aiross the state. 40 inches: in
a circle falsing in Adams. I^ikc, Fnlt..i, T:.-r •vrll, Monard

and Morgan counties, and aloii- :: In 'iir i -i: _ i h.- state

in Monroe county, bending' ii'irtli :i: : '' "I'ring-

fleld, and thence soutlif:ist t.. I. my. 50

inches; and in the 12 or 14 .•xirn,,, -.„,:li,i, unties

of the state, 60 inches. The mi-an aniuuil n.infall for
10 years up to and including 1898 at the Illinois Agri-
cultural Experiment Station at Urbana, Champaign
county, was nearly 33/^ inches.

Products. — An idea of the extent of the horticultural
interests of Illinois can be best gained by reference to
the following tables, which give the approximate pro-
duction of the various horticultural crops raised in the
state for five years, down to and including 1898:

ILLINOIS

GSAPES-Annual Cm

) in Pounds.

Year.

Nor. Div. Cent. Div.

Sou. Div.

Total.

1894
1895
1896
1897
1898

603,638 6.58,908
198,888 459,916
248,151 467,877
449,8.33 573.832
715,592 435,544

467.813
410.839
263,990

IK

1,731.089
1,069,643
980,018
1.263,472
1,352,M3

STBAWBEBEIKS-Annuo! Value of Crop.

1894
1895
1S90
1897
1898

$14,309 $4,037
5,556 1,985
7,407 3.805
U..162 3.804
17,840 3,929

$25,019
3,458
14.910
24,374
24,080

$43,36S
10,999
26,122
42,600
45,849

WATERMELONS-^nnuai

Value of Crop.

1894
1895
1896
1897
1898

$24,021 $28,963
20,231 18,116
23,215 16.217
21.497 16.451
20,773 16,103

$2,128
11,710
8,435
8,276
8,201

$55,112
50.0.57
47.121
46.224
45,137

Otheb Fruits and Berries— .Annual Value of Crop.
)4 $28,190 $36,930 $42,364 $107,484

)5 17,532 30,915 114,560 163,007

)6 18,196 22 586 80,733 121,515

)7 21,175 25,775 110,249 157,199

)8 25,807 26.452 84,186 136,445

r^'p-^'

25,408
10 003
12 633

328,926
298.860
303,345
192,302
360,116

The large falling off in the apple production of the
' during the season of 1898 was due to a scourge of
apple s< ab fungus, which attacked and devastated
the apple orchards in all parts of the state.
Pear growing in southern Illinois has been
more or less kept back by the prevalence of
pear blight, which has destroyed many trees
before coining into bearing. No comment on
essary, as they tell

other table

their own story.

The nur.sery i

\ eloped in lllinn

nurseries in tin

rgel

14.S

lanolu's of hortitul-
iill developed in the
lie Chicago market
rtant business in it-
ng of vegetables for

CHARD Fruits— .Innuai Crop in Bushels.

APPLES.

Year.

Nor. Div.

Cent. Div.

Sou. Div.

Total.

1894
1895
1896
1897
1898

305.0,57
365,908
361,7.54
520:775
136,154

1.704.338
2.287.731
1.890.464
2,871,040
227,050

PEACHES.

533.403
4.737,027
2,404,441
5,164,672

670,280

2..542.798

8,556,487
1,033,484

1894
1895
1«)6
1897
1898

869
6,063
8.135
2.387
8,912

13,247
23.173
20.704
11.075
10.750
PE.\RS.

40.582
160.576
141.174
230.816
193,730

63,698
198,812
170,013
244,278
213,392

1894
1895
1896
1897

313

275

192

1,845
1..52a
1.2.51

i.nno

3,007
14.1!ll
13.101

5,165

15,997
13,876
15,055

southern. T

state (iaiil

fonns a lar^

self, while

shipment in certain sections of southern Illi-
nois IS assuming large proportions. Cobden, in Union
county, IS the largest shipping point for tomatoes in
the United States, sending out some 300 car-loads of
this single fiuit during the season of 1898. Union
countv, exclusive of Cobden, shipped to outside mar-
kets about 400 car-loads of tomatoes during the same
season.

Chicago was, according to the census of 1890, the sec-
ond largest market in the United States for cut-flowers.
The business has grown considerably since that time,
although exact figures are not obtainable. The only
notaljle examples of landscape horticulture or landscape
g.ardcning in the state are found in the Chicago city
park svstem, which is the largest and in some respects
the finest in the entire <
Witli luT sitiintio

ingi

the

older fruit-producing regions of the Union.

The tables giving crop reports are compiled from
figures given in the annual statistical reports of the
Illinois State Board of Agriculture. Other figures (ex-
cept where noted as being from census report) are from
the Report of the Illinois State Farmers' Institute for
1898. The climatic and meteorological information is
based on reports of the United States Weather Bureau
and records of the Illinois Agricultural Experiment
Station. j. c. Blaik.

IMANTOPHYLLUM

IMPHEE

eluded uuder CU

IMANTOPHYLLUM.

IMMORTELLES. Consult Everlasting Flowers.

IMPATIENS (from the Latin; having reference to the
pods, which, when ripe, on slight pressure burst open,
scattering the seed). Geraiiiiiceie. (By some referred
to Balsaminacew.) Tender, succulent herbs with
very fleshy stems and simple leaves usually alter
nate and the upper ones often in whorls pe
duncles axillary, with 1-G or more fls. of
colors: sepals 3 (seldom 5), the posterior one
taking on a spur-like shape; petals 5 or
3, in which case 2 are grown together:
fr. a pod, which, when ripe, bursts when
pinched, scattering the seeds. About
220 species, mainly from tropical India
and Africa. About 20 have found their
way into cultivation for the most part
as greenhouse plants, I. Balsamina being the s]jecies
best known as an outdoor annual. See Balsam, Propa-
gation by cuttings and seed.

A. P,>V,ni.:les will, single fls.

Hdwkeri, W. Bull. A Im-liy, suft-wooded plant with
well branched sttni^ .if a ■lull n-d color; Ivs. opposite or
in whorls of 3, ovate acuniinate, serrate, dark green:
peduncles axillary, long and slender: tis. rounded in
outline, about 3 in. in diam., deep carmine, with a white
eye. South Sea Islands. Int. about 188G. G.C. 11.25:761.
I.H. 34:2. — A greenhouse plant, needing an intermediate
temperature. Plants from early spring cuttings bloom
all summer and into autumn.

platyp6tala, Lindl. (/. pulchh-rima, Dalzell. /. lati-
folia, Hort. ). Stems strong, succulent, branched and
usually reddish purple: Ivs. whorled, lanceolate or oval,
serrate, hairy beneath: peduncles axillary, shorter than

801

protected and warm situations outdoors. Prop, by cut-
tings, and during growth should be treated like Gloxinias.
Var. Lucie or Lucy belongs here.

AA. Peduncles with 1-2 fls.

■ith

• m'.

!i shades

..M. 0C43.

:4S8; 42,

ilso by cut-

the Ivs.: fis. large, rose-colored: spur sickle-shaped,
rather thin and petals transversely obcordate. Summer.
Java. R.H. 1847:221. B.R. 32:68. -Needs a moderate to
warm temp., and may be used as a house-plant or in

1129. Impatiens Roylei (X )^).

Ivs. elliptical or lanceolate and narrowed into a petiole

about 1 in. long; lower Ivs. alternate, upper ones almost

whorled: peduTiflf^ axillary, of a rich rf

original form. ll\l>ri.N and -imrt- havi-

from pink tf aliiM^-r |iiii|.lr, .in- 1 a w liil-> \

ists. Spur is v.i\- h.im .111(1 Mini, /.aii/.ili;

Gn. 23, p. 331. \'.7 ::;_',-i, :;.'i.. s.ll. -Jiliso. I,

p. 140. R.H. 18.'<4:12. -Increased by seed! ,

tings. which root readily. With /. nookeriana, the best

in cult. A greenhouse plant; it also does well as a house

plant, blooming almost continuously.

AAA. Peduncles with 2-i fls.: plant S-4 ft.

ailrea, Muhl. (/. pdllida. Nutt.). Pale Touch-me-
not. Jewel-weed. Fig. 1128. With /. biflora the rep-
resentatives of the family in the indigenous flora of the
U. S. Larger than I. biflora; otherwise similar to it,
with pale yellow fls. sparingly dotted with brownish red;
spur short, notched, and less than one-third the length
of the posterior sepal. Moist, shady places. July-Sept.
Quebec to Ore., Kans. and Ga. B.B. 2:404. -Procurable
from dealers in native plants.

blflfira, Walt. (/. f)!?i>a, Nutt. ). Spotted .Touch-me-
not. Jewel-weed. With /. aurea representing the ge-
nus in the U. S. An annual with orange-colored fls.,
mottled with reddish brown : spur strongly inflexed,
about half as long as posterior sepal. Moist, shady
places. July-October. Nova Scotia to Alaska, Ore.,
Mo. and Fla: B.B. 2:403. D. 155.-Has been offered by
dealers in native plants.

BalsAmina, Linn. (Balsamina hortdnsis,DC.). Gar-
den Balsam. See Vol. I, p. 126.

AAAA. Peduncles with S-6 or m,ore fls.

Hookeriana, Am. (/. biglanduldsa, M.oon. I.Sultdni
dlbn. Hort.). A very succulent much-branched plant,
growing to a height of 3 ft.: Ivs. long-petioled, ovate-
lanceolate, toothed : peduncles axillary in the upper
Ivs.: fls. large, white, spotted with purple on the large
lower petals; spur bent horn-shaped, and longer than
the fls. Blooms iu fall. Ceylon. B.M. 4704. -It is a per-
ennial, requires a moderate temp., and does not bloom
until well developed. Prop, by cuttings. One of the
best species in cult.

E6ylei, Walp. (/. glanduUriern, Royle). Fig. 1129.
A rather coarse garden annual, with strong stem, suc-
culent and much-branched: lower Ivs. opposite ; upper
Ivs. usually in 3's and whorled, all ovate or ovate-lan-
ceolate, naked. 4 in. long, sharply serrate; basal serra-
tions and the petiole glandular: peduncles axillary,
with 3 or more fls. and very numerous toward top of
plant: fls. large, dark purple; spur very short. Aug.,
Sept. India. B.M. 4020. B.R. 26:22. -Grown from seed,
needing but little care, and useful in groups.

G. N. Lauman.

IMPHEE. See Sorghum.

8012

INCARVILLEA

INCAKVlLLEA (after In.-.rville, the French Jesuit

missionary to Cliiii:i . /•' ' ; ;..». About 10 species

of herbaceous ]i. i m ^intial Asia, one of

vbich, I. Be/in < ■! '\tr^i..rdinary notice

since 1893. It i^ ,. . .m : > lili haudsoiue pinnate

foliage, each It-af bnuu 1 u. l..a^. witli as many as 15-20
dentate segments: scape 1-2 ft. high, bearing 2-12 large
trumpet-shaped, rosy purple fls., each 2-3 in. long and
as much wide. These lis. are probably equal in decora-
tive value to many of the Bignonias cherished in our
greenhouses. In size and beauty they rank with those
of Catalpa, Bignonia and Tecoma, of the same family.
This species is certainly the finest hardy herbaceous
perennial in the Bignonia family. The tube is yellow
inside and out, and the 2 upper lobes are smaller than
the 3 lower ones. The genus is closely allied to Amphi-
come, and the flowers of both have the same gener.al ap-
pearance, but in Incarvillea the calyx lobes are awl-
shaped, while in Amphicome the calyx is truncate or
shortly dentate. Also the seeds of Incarvillea have an
entire hyaline wing, while in Amphicome the seeds have
a wing that is cut into long thin, strips or hairs. The
iwo genera form a small but remarkable group, charac-
terized by their capsules opening by the ventral suture
only. William Watson declares that Incarvilleas are not
annuals, as stated in the botanies.

The general experience seems to be that these plants
need rather more winter protection than most hardy
herbaceous perennials. A light, sandy loam, well en-
riched and deeply worked, suits them well, and they like
a sheltered position in a rather warm, sunny place.
Prop, by division or seed.

A. Segments toothed from base to apex.

Delav4yi, Bur. & Franch. Pig. 1130. Lvs. few, radi-
cal; Ifts. 4-5 in. long, not quite opposite: stamens in-
cluded. B.M. 7462. Gn. 54:1198. B.H. 1893:544. J.H.
111.30:449. Gt. 43:1398. Mn. 3, p. 26. G.C. III. 26:659.
G.M. 38:306.

AA. Segments parted or dissected.

varUbilis, Batalin. Subshrub: lvs. 2- or 3-pinnate;

segments parted or dissected, their lobes entire or

slightly lobed: fls. as many as 10, pale rose. Gt. 47, p.

222.-l"llt. isns l.y Tlaa!.'.- and R. •Iinii.lt. Hb.i say that it

each 1 ill. ..!■ nr.rr a.Tn-s. (r .M:n to (irt.: alsii that

SeedlillKs lil(.nln t\:'- llrsi yi:u\

(ngdB, Kegel (/.
2-3 ft. high: lvs.

INDIANA

or lanceolate, narrower than in /. DvUiviiyi, especially
at the base, entire or with a few distant teeth towards
the tip: fls. pale pink, veiny; tube IVt in. long; limb
about 1 in. across, the 5 lobes nearly equal. B.M. B593
(throat not yellow). G. C. II. 19:89. Gn. 28, p. 653.-
The hardiest species.

BB. Form of segments ovate or broader.
grandifldra, Bur. & Franch. Differs from /. Delavayi
in its shorter lvs., more rounded Ifts., short scapes
bearing only 1 or 2 fls. as large as those of /. Vetavayi,
but with narrower calyx lobes and longer corolla lobes,
the color deep rose-red. Dried specimens show about a
dozen scapes on a plant. China. Gn. 56:1230. — Int.
about 1898. Imperfectly known, and may be a form of
/. cotnpacta, I. grandiflora , Poir.= Tecomd grandiflora.
I. grandiflora, Spreng.=.^sch!/nantlit(s grandiflora.
J. B.Keller andW. M.

INDIANA, HOKTICULTUEE IN. Fig. 1131. Indiana
is essentially a fruit-growing state. There is no part of
its soil that cannot be made suitable for the production
of fruit of some kind. There are portions, however, that
are better adapted to the growing of wheat and corn or
grazing on account of the prairie character of the soil,
or the climatic conditions, which render the cultivation
of orchard fruits a precarious business. By referring to
the accompanying map, it will be seen that the mean
annual isotherms for the year 1898, and the same will
hold approximately for a series of years, are decidedly
irregular in the northern part of the state, while in the
southern half they run more uniformly across the state.
This is caused very largely by the ameliorating influence
of Lake Michigan, which is felt very perceptibly along
the northern counties which are protected from the
severe northwest winds ; but it is not felt in any appre-
ciable degree as we go down the western side of the
state. And so it often happens that the temperature
falls lower 75 miles south of Lake Michigan than it does
in the counties bordering on Michigan. This difference
is often great enough to render peach growing in this
section, as a commercial business, out of the question.
Prom the northeastern portion of the state south to the
Ohio river, and covering all that territory not already
mentioned, the climate is not so severe, and fine crops
of peaches are often produced. The dotted line, shown
on the map, starting near Michigan City and running in
an irregular line, taking in most of the famous Kankakee
marshes, thence in a southerly and westerly direction,
Anally striking the west line of the state a little north of
Terra Haute, is intended to indicate, approximately, that
portion of the state that is better adapted to the growing
of general farm crops than fruit. This is not wholly due
to climatic causes, but in a large degree to adverse soil
conditions. A large part of this region is flat prairie
land ; much of it was once covered with marslies, but
with modern drainage facilities nearly all of this natur-
ally fertile land has been improved iin I il ii ii i I nie

one of the best farming sections in ii I'lily

occasional spots, however, are high en. in.l

purposes; but small-fruits and vcu.u. iji... niili

the greatest Inynrimnv., nnd I-ivl-p ipniuLilii.s oL lliusn ai'e
shipped tn !!■• I I ■ ,,, ,rt ,1 \ ,,.^-ion in the Kanka-
kee valle\. 1,1 ~ "IJnining counties, is
famous fiir 1 - ' , '"'^. The soil here is
of asandy nn'iin , . iiiiin n'll., n i-iind to the culture of
this vegetalilc ; spei-inic-ns havi- been analyzed which
yielded 22 per cent of sugar, with a purity coefficient of
90 to 95. While there are not many large commercial
orchards found in the northern and northeastern por-
tions of the state, the soil and climate are admirably
adapted to the growing of all kinds of orchard fruits,
with the exception of peaches, which are grown only to
a limited extent. Here we find a sandy or clay loam,
with clay subsoil, which was originally covered with
oak, maple, hickory, walnut and all kinds of hard woods
found in this climate. The surface is more or less roll-
ing, with numerous small lakes dotting the landscape,
fbna iiisiii-inir both soil and atmospheric drainage. In
til. -Iiil'n \ 111 IS of some of these lakes and marshes
ihi I i 1 I I i.ls congenial surroundings, and in the
^,111 I .1 Pulaski, Fulton, Kosciusko and sur-
ri.iiiiiliiiL' Mill s, the huckleberry grows to perfection.

INDIAN TERRITORY

803

In eastern Indiana the plum and the cherry are grown
more largely than the peach, while the central part
of the state excels in pears. Small-fruits are abundant

Southern Indiana has a mean aunual temperature 8*^
to 10° warmer than that of the northern end. With
other favorable conditions in the way of soil, protection
from severe winds and perfect atmospheric drainage,
owing to the fact that the country for the most part is
hilly, the peach and other tender fruits are successfully
grown. Here, on the banks of the Ohio river, was, until
recently, one of the largest peach orchards in the middle
West ; and even now orchards of from 40,000 to 50,000
trees may be seen on the "knobs" in Clark and Wash-
ington counties. Here, too, is the home of the " Big Red
Apple" (Ben Davis) and the Kieffer pear. The largest
Kieffer pear orchard may be seen near the town of Salem,
in Washington county. This orchard consists of 12,000
trees. The soil in southern Indiana is for the most part
decidedly different from that found farther north. In a
report of the United States Geological Survey made
some years ago, mention is made of the "white clay
lands," which cover a large portion of southern Indiana,
Ohio and Illinois, where most of the finest fruit is
grown. In Indiana the northern boundary of this pecu-
liar formation, according to the description, begins near
Terre Haute on the west, and passes more or less irregu-
larly across the state, passing into Ohio nearBrookville,
Franklin county. Thus the greater portion of the state
south of this line is made up of this white clay deposit.
In many places this clay becomes almost a brick-red, but
the characteristics are, in general, the same, whatever
the color. An apple orchard consisting of such varie-
ties as Ben Davis, Rome Beauty, Winesap, Rail's Genet
and Grimes' Golden, planted on these clays, is certain
to reward the owner who gives it intelligent attention.

Here is also the home of the papaw, Aximina tri-
loba, and the native persimmon, Diosptjo-ns Virginiana.
Excellent varieties of the latter are cultivated to some

extent for the large markets, but the industry is as yet
in its infancy. Both of these wild fruits offer a wide
held for investigation. This section also includes the
famous melon districts, where both musk- and water-
melons are grown to perfection. Hundreds of acres are
Qually and the products shipped to the larger

Df the North and W(

James Troop.

INDIAN BEAN. Catalpa. I. Cherry. Wiamnus
C'irolnn.nia. I. Com. Zea Mays. See Corn. I. Cress.
Tro/Hioliiiii. I. Cucumher-Eoot. Me/lm/a Vinriiiira.
I. Currant. .'^iiiiiiiliorii-iirjH,s riih/^irix. I. Fig. Oj}ii}ilia
ruhjnns. I. Hemp. AinH-iinum nnnnjliiinim . I. Mallow.
Ahiitiluii I. Physic. Oill.nni. I. Pipe. Mountr„i,a.
I. Kice Ziz,nuM ,:>ji«itir„. I. Shot. Caniia.

INDIAN TEBRITOEY, HORTICULTURAL POSSI-
BILITIES OF. Fig. Il.f2. The horticulture of the
Indian Territory is in a very primitive state. The land
is owned in common. The individual has the right to
live on and occupy a certain piece of land for an indefi-
nite length of time. The shipping facilities are poor.
The local markets are very limited. The country is
thinly populated. There is an abundance of wild fruit.
The people are not sufficiently educated in agricultural
industries to be successful in fruit culture.

There are soils of all kinds in the Territory. Most of
the soil, however, is a sandy loam with a clay subsoil.
Most of the land drained by the Arkansas and Canadian
rivers is sandy. That drained by the Neosho and Ver-
digris Is a black clay and limestone land with heavy clay
subsoil. All the grades between these can be fouiid on
the borders of these river watersheds. In the extreme
southern part some of the land is very low and wet.

Most of the country is rolling, and in extreme north-
eastern and south central part the hills almost reach the
dignity of mountains. The Boston mountains (a spur
of the Ozarlis) run along the northeast border. The
Washtaw hills extend through the southern part from
east to west. The Flint hills enter the northwest part
of the Territory, nnd ni-p rndosed by the Arkansas and
Verdigris riv.r^. Kr.-m this it will be seen that but lit-
tle of the coniiiry i-- ll:it nr low and swampy, and the
best of exposi.irs for ii mi haul may be had in all parts
of the country. Tlicre aiu no lakes or large bodies of

The Mora is about the same as that of Arkansas,
although more limited in the western part. Few collec-
tions have been made, and only the plants of commer-
cial importance are well known. The forest belts of
Arkansas and Missouri extend for some distance into

1132. Indian Territory.

the Territory. Most of the timber is only second grade,
composed of oaks, pine and walnut.

Garden crops, where grown and cultivated, do well.
Potatoes are grown to some extent for market in the
Cherokee Nation, and give good returns. The early
potatoes do best, but are very hard to keep over sum-

804

INDIAN TERRITORY

mer. Late potatoes yield well, but require more care in
cultivation. Onions, beets, carrots, tomatoes and cab-
bage all produce good crops, but are not grown in com-
mercial quantities. All of these vegetables promise to
be money-makers in case of settlement of the country.
Melons are grown here and shipped to neighboring
markets with (air proBts.

There are apple orchards in the Territory that have
been in bearing for 15 years, and are still in fair condi-
tion. These orchards are usually near the Indian agen-
cies or Mission schools, and are cared for by white
people. When Oklahoma was first opened for settle-
ment there were several wagon loads of apples taken to
Guthrie and Oklahoma city, from the Creek Nation.

The

ine in ap-

Kansas,

;'iii,| - ,1,: ... ^ ' : I , . ilia few apples

lakrii , I • ' ,1 ,■ I 'i I . ' kasaw Nations

t,, til.' li-i-irr i".\ h , i^r I 'I.I. ii:i :ni.l >.iia for a good

price. The fruit is tlio sameqtality as that grown in
southern Missouri and northern Arkansas.

Pew peach orchards have been planted, and these are
mostly of seedling trees. The light open winters fre-
quently cause the crop to be diminished or destroyed
by the late spring frosts.

Plums seem to be perfectly at home here, and are
almost a sure crop every year.

Grapes and berries are usually very free from disease,
and bear heavily. The fruit is large, well developed
and of a fine quality.

The soil and climate of Indian Territory are both very
favorable to the production of fruit, and with perma-
nent white settlement horticulture has a bright future
within the borders of the Territory. q. M. Morkis.

INDIAN TOBACCO. Lobelia inflata. I. Turnip. Aris-
(cma triphijlla. I. Wheat. Fagopyrum Tataricum.

INDIGO. See Indigofera. False Indigo. See Bap-
tisia and Amorpha.

INDI66FEBA (indigo-bearing). Legmninbsa. In-
digo. Perhaps 250 herbs or shrubs in many parts of
the world. Lvs. odd-pinnate (rarely digitate) : fls. usu-
ally small, in axillary racemes or spikes, in color rang-
ing from purple to rose and white; standard mostly
roundish, often persisting for some time : keel with a
spur on either side: pod various, usually with thin par-
titions between the seeds. Several species are native to
the United States.

Indigo is mostly the product of /. tincioriat of Asia,
but it is also made from the West Indian species, /.
Anil. Other species, even of other genera, also yield
Indigo. These species were early introduced into the
southern states for Indigo-making, and the product was
once manufactured to a considerable extent. The plant
was introduced into South Carolina in 1742 from the
West Indies. When it was found that commercial In-
digo could be made, the British Government offered a
bounty. In 177.'), the production was more than one mil-
lion pounds of Tndigo. The war for independence
checkfd tlf> in.iiisirv, :iiid tluTi-.'iftcr the rising im-

itto'tln- . : :•. : . :l l: !• I' ■'( lllr |„VSCllt

Plants'siill ,.' r-i-t i;m' [.I.'h'. .. . ..•.•11-. tVnni oul-

tivation. I,„V,i..frr(, l!,,rlirri,t is |H.r, i,i,,:,l. Ki,i i , -rown
from seeds, which give from tw.. i.i i-nir . utiin^'s of
herbage the first year. The Indi;,-" i- umi , ,.,,i.,,,u.(1 in
the plant, but the dye is a produi't .it iii.ninl.H-iurc from
a glucoside imlican which is contained in the lierliage,
and which is obtained as an extract. Indigo seed is
offered by seedsmen.

In North America, several species of Indigofera are
occasionally grown as ornamental subjects. In the
North, they are mostly greenhouse subjects. Propa-
gated by seeds or cuttings, chiefly the latter.

AA. Eaceme as long as or longer than the leaf.

decora, Lindl. Weak-growing or even half-climbing
shrub, the branches slender and red-tinged: leaflets in
6-8 pairs, broad-lanceolate, usually drooping, sharp-
pointed : racemes long, with showy rose-pink fls. about

INGA

1 in. long: standard oblong, nearly or quite obtuse,
with a heart-like mark near the ba,se : wings linear-
lanceolate or spatulate, ciliate. China. B.R. 32:22.
B.M. 5003. G.M. 31:591. P.M. 16:290. -Regarded as a
greenhouse plant and cult, in the open far South. Var.
41ba is said (G.P. 7, pp. 2G6, 376, fig. 61) to be a hardy
herbaceous or half-shrubby plant at the Arnold Ar-
boretum.

macrdstachys, Vent. Shrubby, the stems terete and
appressed-pubescent : leaflets 8-10 pairs, oval-oblong,
obtuse but mucronate, pubescent: racemes longer than
the lvs., many-fld.: fls. rose. China.

Caroliniana, Walt. Tall and branching: leaflets 5-8
pjiirs, oblong or obovate: fls. small, many, yellowish
brown and with short-acute calyx teeth: legume oblong,
2-seeded, less than ^j in. long. Perennial, in the pine
barrens from N. Carolina south.

AA. liaceme mostly shorter than the leaf.

austrilis, Willd. (/. angiiMa, Lindl. /. sylrdlica,
Sieb. ). A very variable species, known by its glabrous
aspect, short or nearly obsolete teeth of the calyx and
the pod glabrous when young. Erect shrub: Ifts. 9-17,
varying from oblong to almost orbicular, % in. or less
long, obtuse or retuse: fls. red and mostly showy, the
racemes sometimes as long as the lvs. ; standard trun-
cate at the base, with a very short claw: pod nearly or
quite straight, terete. Austral. B.R. 5:386. L.B.C.
2:149. B.M. 3000.-Extreme South.

tinctdria, Linn. Indigo. Fig. 1133. Shrub, 4-6 ft.,
with silvery branches: Ifts. 7-15, thin, rather large, obo-
vate-oblong, pubescent beneath: fls. small, reddish yel-

(XJ4).

low, in short racemes: pod nearly straight, somewhat
knotty. 8-12-seeded. S. Asia. — Long cult, and widely
distributed. Runs wild South. Indigo was known to the
Egyptians.

Anil, Linn. West Indian Indigo. Fig. 1133. Much
like the last, but fls. smaller, and pods curved and not
knotty. W. Indies, but now runs wild in the southern
states". B.M. 6506. L. H.B.

iNGA (a West Indian name). Legumindsce. This con-
tains some tropical trees and shrubs, with acacia-like
foliage and clusters of showv red stamens. Under this
name 3 species are cult, in S. Calif., but 2 of them be-

INGA

long to Calliaudra. Another allied genus is Pitbecolo-
bium. Inga has pinnate foliage; the otlier two tri-nera
have bipinnate foliage. In Inga tin- \""l i~ .cam ly or
slowly dehiscent: in Calliandra thr \al.^ - d. 1,1-,, ihis-
tleally from the apex to the base ot'tli.' p ..I :iiid .u. n-vo-
lute; in Pithecolobium the valves art- "tun twistid, but
never rolled back and elastic.

A. Leaflets hairy heneatli.

afflnis, DC. (consult /. dulcis in the supplementary
list). Lvs. simply pinnate; Ifts. in 4 pairs, ovate, acumi-
nate, pubescent above, somewhat shining and villous be-
low, one side smaller than the other, 3 in. long, 1}4 in.
wide; petioles, branches, peduncles and tts. velvety to-
mentose, a gland between each pair of lvs. : spikes soli-
tary or in pairs: corollas villous. Trop. Amer.— This is
probably the plant cult, in S. Fla. and S. Calif, as /.
dulcis.

AA. Leaflets not hairy.

Feuillei, HC. I, vs. sini,.ly pijiiuitc; Ifts. in 3-4 pairs,
ov.,1-. .!.].. I,- ;,-nt,. -..I li.ill. ,M..N. L'l:.l.n.u-: pods 1-2 ft.

1,,,,::. ii, „.;,,-, II:. I. -Ialil"ll-. wluf Mi-I.lr. Peru.-Iut.

1:1(111 l>\' I'r.iiirrs.-lii. I'll.- ^\vr. !. ..111.:!' imlji of the pods
is niucli pnzfil liy thi- P.tm, !vi . ■■!■ i -■ I'l it Pacay.
/. niK'/mn/n. Kunth, Proiiiri., ' ■ .liflora, Benth.

20-p:iii'ed. liut-ar, oljtuse: pttii ,. ,. I.r.inehes, pe-

duncles and tis. pubenUous; il- I ^ I' I jiiMV, acute, nar-
rowed .at the Ij.ise. ghibrous, tliirk.'ii.-d at tlir margin. Trop.
Amer.-/. diilcis. The older plant ot this name is Willdennws,
which comes from the Philippines, and is described under Pithe-
cololiium. I. dulcis, of Martius, comes from Brazil, and is I.
atfinis described above. Francesehi's plant of I, dulcis makes a
bushy tree, which he says comes from Central America, and
has pods containing a white pulp rich in sugar. This plant, li.'
says, grows only in frostless districts, while Inga anomala and
pulcherrima will grow where the lemon thrives.—/, pulchi r
rima, Cerv. Properly Calliandra Tweediei, Benth. Lvs. bipin-
nate; pinniB 3-5paired; Uts. as many as 25paired, paler and
slightly hairy beneath : stipules ovato-scariose, brown hairy;
peduncle being a head ot about 20 fls. Mex. B.M.4188. P.M.
11:1". W. M.

INKBEKRY. Ilex glabra.

INSECTICIDES. Substances used to kill insects, as
commonly understood ; but, as defined in dictionaries,
"one who or that which kills, or the act of killing an in-
sect," constitutes an Insecticide. Hence there are many
natural Insecticides, such as winds, rains, sudden
changes of temperature, forest and prairie fires, insec-
tivorous plants, some bacteria and fungi, several of the
higher animals (including man), and many of the in-
vertebrates (including spiders and a host of parasitic
and predaceous insects). Oftentimes these Insecticides
of nature materially aid man in his warfare against in-
jurious insects, but usually it is necessary to resort to
a spray or some other artificial Insecticide.

Insecticides may be classed into those which are
eaten with the food and kill by poisoning ; powders,
washes and gases which kill by suffocation; and certain
oils and soaps which kill when they come in contact
with the body,'and may also suffocate by closing the
breathing holes The poisons are effective against only
the biting or chewmg insects, and the sucking insects
must be hit with a powder, an oil or soap, or both kinds
ot feeders may be suffocated with the gaseous Insecti

Arsenic is tht cbi f m 'i li iit m m i t ] 1 n ns
Insecticides Its 11 ni

the foliage sevti I I 1

by boiling one 1 i

four pounds ot I 1 II r I t

half an hour, a-sei\ 1 In ip .11 ti\c uui lelnbli 11
secticide results, use about 1% quaits to 40 gallons
of Bordeaux mixtuie or water

Paris green is still the stmlud poisonous Insec-
ticide, but Its I t 11 1 i\ B recently
brought sevei il 1 1 1 ij:rene and
green arsenoiij 1 il 1 i uple is too
soluble and van ti I ilr hence it
is not as_ much used i, t 1 n 11 1 1 ni ils are
used at the rate of I poujd m tiom I 1 lions
of water or Bordeaux mixture on fii t t I 1 1 ist
dilute on the peach. Arsenate ot b :i.| 1- u,. , lai-ely

INSECTS

805

used against such insects as the gypsy moth and the
elm leaf -beetle; large quantities of it can be used on
the foliage without injury, and it adheres better than
Paris green, but is sometimes more expensive. Helle-
bore, the standard eurraut worm remedy, is especially
valuable to use after fruits are more than half grown,
when there would be danger from the use of the arseni-
cal poisons.

Tobacco in its various forms is one of the best Insec-
ticides for sucking insects; it is particularly useful in
greenhouses. Pyrethrum powder is the standard Insec-
ticide for house-flies, and is often effectively used
against other insects. '

Kerosene is one of the most active and effective of In-
secticides. It can rarely be used with safety undiluted,
but as an emulsion with soap, it has been the standard
remedy for sucking insects for many years. The for-
mula is: half a pound of soap, I gallon hot water, and
2 gallons of kerosene; pour the kerosene into the hot
soap solution and agitate violently for a few minutes.
Recently, however, manufacturers have devised spray
pumps which combine kerosene and water into a good,
effective emulsion. These kerowater pumps can be
regulated to use certain percentages of kerosene, and
they will doubtless largely do away with the making of
the kerosene soap emulsion. Whale-oil soap is now ex-
tensively and successfully used in killing scale insects
and plant-lice. It and the kerowater spray are the most
effective sprays now in use against the famous San
Jos6 scale, the pear psylla, and other sucking insects.
Crude petroleum has been successfully used in combat-
ting cattle lice and the horn-fly, and now promises to be
:iii otfpctivo and snfr siihstance to apply on dormant

a r.'-iii wa-li ;in.| ,a liiiir, v,ilt ;iiid sulfur wash are ex-

cale i

tU.j E:<

vva^ln-s arc- not so .■ll't-ctive.

Two gases are extensively used in killing insects.
The fumes of carbon bisulfide are certain death to in-
sects infesting stored grains, seeds or clothing. Place
the infested material in a tight box; pour the liquid, at
the rate of 1 pound to each 100 bushels, or 1 pound to
each 1,000 cubic feet, into shallow dishes placed on top
of the materials, and quickly close the box, leaving it
for a day or so. The fumes are explosive; hence keep
all lights away. This liquid has also hra'n successfully
used in treating melon andcucunil" r vin.s, umler covers
for plant-lice. The other gasi-on^ Ins.ciici.li- is hydro-
cyanic acid gas, the uses of whi.h an- discussed below
under Scale Insects, page 812.

The arsenical poisons seem to be equally effective
when applied in combination with the fungicide Bor-
deaux mixture, and most fruit-growers now spray with
such a combination. Sometimes one of the Insecticides
for killing sucking insects has been successfully mixed
with the Bordeaux, but it is doubtful if they are as effec-
tive when thus applied. The poisons do not readily
mix with the soaps or oils, and, as a rule, one cannot
effectively hit sucking insects, biting insects, or the
fungous diseases with a single application of some
combination mixture. 51. V. Slingerland.

INSECTS. The animals which constiiut tli Ins ,t
world play an import mt part in nn st 1 rti ultunl
operations The buN> bee is an indispt ns il I 1 I m th
production of many fruits but the equ ill\ I i \ 1 \ t
cankei worms 01 othei Insects oftentimes sen mslj m
t. 1 1 I Kith man s plans for profitable tiops Hoiti
ult in t should become more intimately acquainted
w th th 1 little friends and foes in the Insect world

and intetest many a famous tairy tale Ihe science
that treats of Insects, or entomology, has now reached
the stage where its devotees are no longer looked upon
as "crazy bug hunters "m most communities A recent
directory of the entomologists, or those interested m
the study of Insect life, of the United States and Can-
ada contains the names of over 1,200 persons.

What They Are. -An Insect is an animal wliioli, in
the adult stage, has its body divided into three distinct

* regions : the head, the
thorax and the abdomen
(Fig. lia+). The head
bears one pair of anten-
nse, and there are always
three pairs of legs and
usually either one or two
pairs of wings attached
t ) the thorax. By these
characteristics one can
usually readily distin-
guish an adult Insect
from any other animal.
Among the near relatives
of Insects in the animal
world are the cray-flsh,
sow-bugs and crabs, but
these are mostly aquatic
animals, breathing by
true gills; they have two
pairs of antennse, and at
least five pairs of legs.
Centipedes, or "hundred-legged worms, "and millipedes,
or "thousand-legged worms," are also nearly related to
Insects, but they have the thorax and abdomen forming a
continuous region, witli from (!to200 segments, each bear-
ing oiii- Ml I ,, ,, |,,ii,'^ r,r 1, ^.- : iliiv have one pair of anten-

the

ders. In; .- ;imong the Insects, but

they f"r III .1 ; I I iiM I . Ill ^ ^ .:t I iM \ liave the head and thorax
grown tugi-ilici , 111, auii-iiiui-. uud have four pairs of legs.
How They Are Constructed.— Insects are constructed
on an entirely different plan from the higher animals.
Their supporting skeleton is outsidi-, it being simply
the skin hardened more or less li\ n Ii.mh. ui>~i;iiirf,
known as chitin. This firm outir : ■ ! '. i. .i, mi|.
ports and protects the muscles, i i , r\i -,

and other organs within. Tlir u,^ mr

and eyes of an Insect are attachul L" ii:> li,_cui, aial all
are exceedingly useful organs, as will be shown later in
discussing the feeling and the other sensations of an
Insect. An Insect's wings and
legs are always borne by the
thorax. The wings are primarily
organs of flight, but are used as
musical organs by some of the
grasshoppers and crickets. Fe-
male canker-worm moths, bed-
bugs, and some other Insects
have practically no wings, and the
house-flies, mosquitoes, male
bark lice, n-i.l sM.iil-n- lnsf.,.t..
have but on. ..r ,> i,,., i ,,

sects use 111- ■ . ;,■ :i , . i.

walking, m. ■ .i - i ,■ n ■ ;

o t th I It

r ch col I I i 1 o

system of tul 1 k a e a 1 h h

the blood s confined and through wh h t H n
There a o call d heart abo e tl e foo 1 an 1 1 g
the m d 11 1 t 1 1 k t a t be n g f

ever II at ng w th eacl 1 1

w th tl 1 lar op n ng 11 U i

fo I nto the head wh s

cap n 1 I It 1 en fl s o all I ts of

the 1 o 1 t t the appendag n regular

trea n wh h ha e dehn te d re t I ut wh h a e

not confined n tube They 1 ke the o ean currents
a e 1 hn te strea ns w th 1 qu d shore Insects do not
b eathe through the mouth as man> uppose I ut

1 la f h I 1 n th 1 of th 1 d}

Ih open ng or sp 1 1 ad n a > te of a r
tubes calle 1 tra hefe The e trachete branch and finally
ram fy all throu h the In e t Insects have no 1 ngs
b tl e t a 1 eaa on e n e connect w th a a r
bladder n the 1 o 1 h h help to buo p tl I t
when fl g Tl us the r lat on 1 etween tl 1 n

of the I lood an 1 e p at on s not nearly o
I t I In e ts the a r s a 1 11

tl fill the trachese an 1 1 lid

llll I Jtlwlelll

I III I matte 1 p It In

I d r t d Aq a 1 t

fled fore

Showing the great eye. food ; others \
A detail of a part of for j
the snrface of the luis
compound eye is alsi

itlier Insects for i II t I tl 1 tl us

I hind legs fitted I e i fled Mo e than 4 000 d ffe ent us le have been
fount a ngle aterp liar Notw thstand ngthe rdel
cate appearance, these muscles are really very strong and
their rapidity of action is wonderful ; in certain gnats the

culiar. The aliment.M.N ..r |.

tube, oarn|.viiig tin. .•cntr-,! |i.iri i
of the I.chIv; in ;i.iult Ins., -Is i;
usually iiiuch Inngi-r flniTi the IhmI
and is" more or less folded; fn.ili
the mouth the food passes through
a pharynx, an esophagus.

"'^Wislirs^

ach.

nerve cords extend fru
another ganglion orne
head; two nerve cords

1137. The lour stag

food canal to
ver part of the
udinally along

^^-i^mM

-IV,

Egg much enlirged others

muscles raoveor vibrate the wings 15 000 times per second
Then Seii^atiniii -Insects cnn see feel hear taste
and smell and the-i m-\\ il i p sess other senses, as a
sense of (lirf(ti n "\1 iin In t h i-s e two kinds of e-ses
On each siiU nt thi li i I tli I i mpound eye is easilv

recognized (l-i^ 11 i li nq uiid e^ e is composed

INSECTS

807

of many small eves, from 50 in some ants to many thou-
sands in a butterfly or draeron-fly. Between these com-
pound eves, from one to four simple eyes are to be found

1138. Nymphs of the four-lined leaf-hue and adult of

the tarnished plant-bug.

The smallest one is the nymph recently hatched. The next

is the nymph after the first moult. Ihe imago is

shown at the right. Hair Unes at the right ot nytnphs,

and small figure near imago indicate the natural size.

in many adult Insects Caterpillars and other larvae pos-
^„«^ni,K sm I 1 xHs It is tlj 3u_lit tl ti li facet of the

D nil

sects

bees and ants hear sounds too shrill for our ears. In-
sects have no true voice, but produce various noises me-
chanically, either by rapid movements of their wings,
which causes the humming of bees and flies, or by fric-
tion between roughened surfaces en the hodv or its ap
pendages, thus producing the rispmg sc
( lies of some crickets and grasshoppers
hums on P thus vibiatmg its
w mgs 33o tunes m a second,
while the wmg tone of the
hone> bee is \ I sualh tl u
miles tlei 1 1 ) ftl

Insi t 11 t I tl 1

mil t tl t 1 1 1 1 1

the litiu„ .K the m k
mosquito doubtless heais the
song of his mate b> means of
his antennaj as the song
causes the nntennal hairs to
■( ibrate ripidlv Organs which
are structuiallj eai like have
been found in vaiious parts
of the bod> of Insects The
common brown grasshoppers
ear on each side of the first
one can easily distinguish witl
brane or tvmpanum stretched
the long horned green gras
crickets ha\ e tw > sinul ir e
front leg Some think th it mo
of the perception jt the dueeti
developed than

back to Its home In
sects aie doubtless
able to distinguish the 1139 Larva of a sphinx moth
color of objects and

some Insects seem to prefer certain colors. Blue is said
to be the favorite c iloi ot the h( iiej bee and violet that
ef ants ants are also appaientlj sensitive to the ultra-
M det ia\s of light which mm cannot peiceive It is
generalh supposed that the shape and high colors of
flowers attiact Insects but recent ex-
periments SI em t) show that Insects
ire guided to floweis b\ the sense of
smell 1 ither than h\ sight

The h ird outer skm of an Insect
has no nei\es distiibuted m it hence
It IS not sensitive but it is pierced
with holes in which grow hairs that
ere m connection with nerves at their
Ijase It IS by means of these sensory
hairs that Insects feel, and aie sensi-
tive to touch on most parts of the
bolj

-^^l^.^

^V>'«^-^'

th it min\ t them mike

urally follow th et they
have ears to hear for
there is every reason to
suppose that thej make
these sounds as love
songs to attract the
sexes, as a means of
communication or possi
blytOexp.es, th, nemo
tions ^1 II I" 't

3

lA's"lnd

IS on the til 1 1 ef each

.quitoes have the faculty

)n of sound more highly

,ss of animals

Insects undoubtedlj possess the sense of taste When

phme or str\chnine was mixed with honey, ants

peieened the fraud the moment they began to feed

The sul tituti u t ilum foi sugar was soon detected

to have a more delicate

s' Taste organs have been

and iieusualh situated

ui the organs immedi itelj

Blanj experiments hn-i e shown thatthi
are the principal oigms of smell i
Blow flies ant 1 lokroaches which hav
antrnna ipi \ 1 11 not attiacted 1
voiit t 1 111 Insects find
th .1 I 1 n ultj when

del 1 1 I It nna>

Tl t il 1 illv" ■
rounds us ma\ be i totally difl:er
ent place to Insects To them
may be full of music
which we cannot
heai of coloi which
we cannot see of sen

\hich

Do In

1140. Tent-caterpillai.

not percer
sects thmk 1 1°
sonn\h5 I t I
actions are
the result I t
habit or mst
some of them 1 i\
been seen to do things
which require the ex
ercise of instinctive
powers so acute and
so closely akin to rea
son that one can
hardly escape the
conclusion that some
Insects are endow t d

powers.

Tlieii- Nnwber, Si^e and Jje. -Experts guess that
there are from 2,000,000 to 10,000,000 different kinds
of Insects in the world. Only about 400,000 of these
have yet been described and named by man. Between
30,000 and 40,000 are now known in North America.
Four-fifths of all the kinds of animals are Insects |^ some
single families of Insects are said to contain r" "
cies than one can s

leal-stalk and

the parent

that the leaf

in a clear sky at night; and

there areas many butterflies as birds in North America.
The hvrger part of the land animals are Insects, and it
is asserted that the larger proportion of the animal mat-
ter existing on the lands of the globe is
probably locked up in the forms of In-

lusects vary in size from little beetles,
of which it would take 100, placed end to
end, to measure an inch, up to tropical
species 6 or 8 inches in length, or of equal

INSECTS

bees and some other Insects, there hatches a worm-like
creature, much unlike the parent Insect. It is called a
larva (Fig. 1139); the larvae of butterflies and moths
are often called caterpillars (Fig. IHOJ ; maggots are
the larviB of flies (Fig. 1141); and the term griib is
applied to the larvte of beetles and bees (Fig. 1142).
When these larvro get their full growth, some of them go
into the ground, where they form an earthen cell, while
others proceed to spin around themselves a silken home
or cocoon (Figs. 1143, 1144, 1145). In these retreats the
larvae change to a quiescent or lifeless-appearing crea-
ture which has little resemblance to either the larva
or the parent Insect It is called a piipn (Fig 114C)
The pupa? of butterfl es are often calle i 1 j I Is

Pl(

ge

Ter

1 then

jj£ tiary rocks indii-ate
were more kinds of
than now.
t Their Growth and Transfor-

mations. Fig. 1137.- Insects
begin life as an egg ; in some cases the egg stage
is passed within the body of the mother, which then

1145. End of cocoo

Cecropia moth.

Inside view, show

where the moth gets

gives
hibit

thoiisii

irth

of Insects ex-
i/.cs, colors and

Insect may lay
■ '■ produce only
. II by the mother
young will find

Insect lu ijUielljy hi i cyg., \\ 1
proper food.

From their birth the young of some of the lowest or
most generalized Insects closely resemble their parents,
and they undergo no striking change during their life;
hence are said to have no metamorphosis.

In the case of grasshoppers, stink-bugs, dragon-flies,
and many other Insects, the young at birth resemble
their parents, but Imve no winys. .Xs tlifv prow, wings
gradually de'vi-L I] I u-i,\ mFnii rlcn-i ~ in iii:i rl.in-^ -iccur,
until the .adiili -. ~ ■ ] :, ,, •,. i I': , , i': l,.,ivrver,
is gradual. :iiiil i.^ ■! i' ■ i ■ -i ' '. .- - • urs,

f o u a r 1 ug lar a to bea t ful fl> nt a lult In ect
When the adult s f lly formed it breaks s fupal
shro d and emerge to. spend a con j arat velj I r ef ex

tence as a w nged crea ure "^uch In ects are sa d to
undergo a complete metamorphosis, and pass through
four strikingly different stages during their life: the
egg, the worm-like larva, the quiescent pupa, and the
adult Insect. Such remarkable changes or transforma-
tions make the story of an Insect's life one of intense
interest to one who reads it from nature's book. Vari-
ous kinds of adult Insects, or imagoes, are shown in
Figs. 1147-1152.

No two kinds of Insects have the same life-story to
tell. Some pass their whole life

Ton a single host ; some partake
of only a certain kind of food,
while others thrive on many
kinds of plants ; some are can-
nibals at times, and others, like
the parasites, are boarders with-
in their host, while many prey
openly on their brethren in the
Insect world. Usuallv the life
of the adult Insect is brief, but
ants have been kept for thir-
1149. A beetle. teen years, and the pprindical

The .-ulult of a borer larva, cicada has t.. s|.iiiil si.vi-ntrcn

before it is fitted to become a denizen of the ;iir. The
winter months may be passed in any of the ililTercnt
stages of the Insect's life. Two very closely allied In-
sects may have very different life habits.

Sow They Grow.—Msmy people believe that the small
house-flies grow to be the large ones. While most In-
sects feed after they become adults, they get little or
none of their growth during their adult lite. Insects
grow mostly while they are larvee, or nymphs. The
maggots from which the little Imuse-fiies develop doubt-
li-ss do niit hiivc as liixiiriiint or favorable feeding
>,'n.niiils as il<, tli..sr ,,f ili, lartrr-r flies. In 30 days
s..nir lraf-fci-<liii- ratri-iiillars will increase in size

1147. The cabbage butterfly.

plete metamorphosis pass through three different forms
during their life: an egg, the young or mjmph stage,
and the adult.

From the eggs of butterflies, moths, flies, beetles.

l.iil,, ,,!.. I,:,n:i |„,,ii,,l - 111, !:i -I >::.v 1150. One of the
of Us ixisti-niM-! The skill of In- weevil beetles
sects is so hard and inelastic that With a long and
it cannot stretch to accommodate strong proboscis,
such rapid growth. But nature ob-
viates this difficulty by teaching these creatures how
to grow a new suit of clothes or a new skin under-
neath the old one, and then to shed or moult the lat-

ter. The old skin is shed in its entirety, even from
all the appendages, and sometimes remains in such
a natural position where the Insect left it as to easily
deceive one into thinking that he is looking at the In-

3TS 809

Some Insects, like the bees and wasps, have mouth-

sect rather than at its cast-off clothes. Some Insects are
so neat and economical that they devour their old suits
or skins soon after moulting them. Larvae, or nymphs,
may moult from two or three to ten or mure times ; the
larvae do not often change strikingly in appearance, but
the nymphs gradually acquire the characters and struc-
tures of the adult.

How They Eat. — To the horticulturist.the mouth-parts
of an Insect are its most important organs or appen-
dages. The mouth-parts are built on two very differ-
ent plans. Grasshoppers, beetles, caterpillars and grubs
have two pairs of horny jaws, working from side to
side, with which they bite or chew off pieces of their
food, that then pass into the food-canal for digestion
(Pig. 1153). The scale Insects (Pig. 1154), plant-lice, true
bugs (Pig. 1155), mosquitoes and others have these jaws
drawn out into thread-like organs, which are worked
along a groove in a stiff beak or extended under lip.
Such Insects can eat only liquid food, which they suck
with their beak-like mouth-parts. The Insect places its
beak on the surface of the plant, forces the thread-like
jaws into the tissues, and then begins a sucking opera-
tion, which draws the juices of the plant up along the
jaws and the groove in the beak into the food-canal of
the Insect.

Thus a sucking Insect could not partake of particles
of poison sprayed on the surface of a plant. Its mouth-

parts are not built for such feeding nnd is it i^ impi
ticable to poison the juice of til ] I nit it i t r 1
fight such Insects with a de i 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 m 1 1

Insect must be actually Jut ^ i I

knowledge of these fundam ii il iD

habits of Insects would h i\ ' i ' im. ,

money that have been wasted iii tiMii-r ti (heck t
ravages of sucking Insects with Pari', green and simi:

parts fitted both for ;

Beneficial Insects. -
staunch and true friemN :
bee, the many wild bei-.
the blossoms to get foo.l i
and honey for man, k;i\
shape of tiny grains of
crop of fruit that otherw
tain. The honey-bee is ot
fruits, especially scrapes.
guilty, au.l.-an"ru1,,Al,:n:

: and for biting

itu ripe
proved
shown

:>ly sip-

cO^

1153. Mouth

tha

ping the juice

Most of the pretty little beetles known to every child
as "lady-bugs" eat nothing but injurious Insects; many
other beetles are also predaceous. Man is also often
deeply indebted to many of the two-winged Insects or
true Hies whose larvse live as parasites inside the body of
Insect pests or feed upon thera predaceously. Were it
not for the ravenous larvae of the "lady-bugs" and of
the syrphus flies, plant-lice of all kinds would soon get
beyond control. While man must recognize these little
friends as valuable aids in his warfare against the
hordes of Insect pests, it will
rarely be safe to wait for the
pests to be controlled by their
enemies. Pig. 1156 shows a
tomato worm bearing the co-
coons of a parasite. Fig. 1151
shows one of the predaceous
beetles destroying a cutworm.

Injurious Insects. — There
are now about a thousand dif-
ferent kinds of Insects that may
be classed as injurious in the United States and Canada.
Over 600 kinds were exhibited at the Columbian Expo-
sition in 1893. All of these may not be injurious every
year, as most Insect pests have periods of subsidence,
when certain factors, possibly their enemies or perhaps
climate conditions, hold them in check. The outlook
for American horticulturists, so far as injurious Insects
are concerned, is not encouraging. Nowhere else in the
world are Insects being fought as intelligently, success-
fully and scientiiically as in America, yet we never have
exterminated, and it is very doubtful if we ever will, a
single Insect pest. This means that American horticul-
turists will never have any fewer kinds of Insects to
fight. On the contrary, there are many more Insect
pests now than in our grandfather's early days, and new
pests are appearing every year. This alarming state of
affairs is largely due
to two causes, for
both of which man
is responsible. Man
i s continually e n -
croaching upon and
thereby disturbing
nature's primitive
domain and the equi-
librium which has
there become estab-
lished between ani-
mals and plants. In
consequence. Insects
like the Colorado po-
tato beetle, the apple-
tree or the peach-tree
lioi.rs have been at-

which IW'

San Jose Scale.

le mature winter scale;
iiiseft itself, with its
ve feedinti org.ans.

810

INSECTS

turists are continually importing plants from the ends of
the earth, and oftentimes the plants are accompanied by
one or more of their Insect pests. Some comparatively
recent introductions of this kind are the sinuate pear-
borer, the pear midge, the gypsy moth, the brown-tail

moth, the horn-fly and the elm leaf -beetle; such standard
pests as the Hessian fly, the cabbage butterfly, the cur-
rant-worm, the codling-moth (Pig. 1137) came in many
years ago. Of the 73 Insects which rank as flrst-class
pests, each of them almost annually causing a loss of
hundreds of thousands of dollars, over one half have
been introduced from foreign countries, mostly from
Europe. It is a significant fact that usually these im-
ported Insects become much more serious pests here than
in their native home; this is doubtless l.->rffelv due to tlie
abseni-p..f th.-ir m.tiv.- .-n.-nM..-. t.. m..,-.- fr.v.TMl.U- .-li-

hOUSrl,.,!,!. Ml ,1,,. ,,,., ,,l,,Hi^,., :,,,-! l,r:MMi,.,-,lh. :,l[.,\ ..nf

most dangerous scale Insects, are of fun-i^-ii origin. M:\n
will continue to encroach on and disturb nature's prim-
itive domain, and commercial operations will never cease,
nor is there much Impe of ever effictuiilly (lUiirantiuing
our shores a^-.'iiri-l fln-i'IiiMi I'...-: In mc, ili.-m srcnis
to be no pran i. ,',■. .,. i ^ , ■.. i . . ..r tin' In-
sect enemii-s "i ''ii ^-.n . i;l' :,i ; I'l I n . I -■. I I ii •

best fitted l.v mnnm, .,ini .,li.. i.. -i m - ,^c il \mi1i a

rieds

: be the

rvive and reap the reward of profit-
able crops. No part of a plant, from its roots to the
fruit it produces, escapes the tiny jaws or the sucking
beaks of Insects.

Hoof-feeding Insects.— Many of the small fniits and
vegetables are often seriously injured by Insects feed-
ing on the roots. The grape-vine fidia (the grub of a
small beetle) and the grape phylloxera plant-louse live
on grape roots. Strawberries often succumb to the at-
tacks of the grubs of several small beetles known as
strawberry-root worms, and to the large white grubs of
tlie May beetles. The roots of cabbages, radishes and

1156. Tomato

other cruciferous plants are often devoured by hordes
of hungry maggots.

These underground root-feeding Insects are difficult
pests to coutrol, like any other unseen foe. Sometimes
they can be successfully reached by injecting a little
carbon bisulfide into the soil around the base of the

INSECTS

plant. The cabbage maggots can be largely prevented
by the use of tarred paper pads placed arouud the plants,
or by pouring a carbolic acid emulsion at the base of tho
infested plants. The strawberry root-feeders are best
controlled by frequent cultivation and a short rotation
of crops.

Borers. -Thvsr are the larvae of several different
kinds (. I III II li burrow into and feed upon the

inner I i <l, or the interior pith of the

larger !■ ■' ' i i 'nauches, and stems or stalks of
many li I ; ints. Nearly every kind of fruit

trees i- I- special kind of borer, as are

alsc.iiiin I vine and bush-fruits and garden

crui>s. I III I 111 the most destructive of Insect

pests. lin MMi :i|.[il.-trL'e borers, the round-headed
(Fig. 11."., I au.l 111.- ihil-llfaded species, and tllP pe.ach-

tree borer (Fig. lljlij t
many apple and peach t
mies combined. The rei
pear-borer seriously th
try in infested localitie:

ISC tlie death of
■il a as all othe

1157. Burrows of an
apple-tree borer.

The holes at a show

1158. A beetle borer and its work.

The larva bores in the youtig wood
of raspberry and blackberry
caues. causing the swellings seen
in the pictiure.

tins, or "slini hole "borers, usually attack only unthrifty
111- sickly Iriiit trees, and a tree once infested by them
is usually cinoiiied. Two borers, one the grub of a beetle
and the othcf the caterpillar of a moth, sometimes tun-
nel down the stems of currants and gooseberries. Rasp-
berries and blackberries (Fig. 1158) also suffer from
two or three kinds of borers, one working in the root,
one in the stem, and a maggot bores down and kills the
new shoots. A caterpillar closely allied to the peach-
tree borer lives in squash vines, often ruining the crop.
The potato-stalk weevil sometimes does much damage
in potato fields.

Sometimes one can prevent borers from getting into
a f ntit tree with a paper bandage closely wrapped around
the part liable to be attacked, or by the application of
some "wash." Most of the washes recommended will
prove ineffectual or dangerous to use. Gas-tar has given
good results, but some report injury to peach trees from
its use; hence one should first experiment witli it on a
few trees. No way has been found to keep borers out
of the small fruits or garden crops; usually if infested
canes, stems or plants are cut out and burned early in
the fall or whenever noticed, most of the borers will be
killed. When borers once get into fruit trees, the "dig-

gmg-out" process is ■
some report that the

simply injecting a In;!- raii-.iit l.i-uliM.' into tlic en-
trance of his burrow i : ■ :ii^ it with i»iiir\-.
Biidand Leaf-f,..i<: ! , I .• hu.N ;„m1 l-.a.'-s
of horticultural crops ^i i^ n - \ :uiti \\\\\\ It-L^inus ut' liitinu:
and sucliing Insects. A mere enumeration of the dif-
ferent liinds of these pests would weary the reader.
Some Insects, like the rose chafer, work on several dif-
ferent kinds of plants, while manyothers attack only one
or two kinds. In apple orchards, the opening buds are
seized upon by the hungry bud-moth and case-bearing ,
caterpillars, by the newly-hatched canker-worms, and
by tent-caterpillars, whose tents or " signboards " are fa-
miliar objects in many orchards. These pests continue
their destructive work on the leaves. The pear slug
often needs to be checked in its work of skeletonizing
the leaves of the pear and cherry. The pear psylla, one
of the jumping plant-lice, is a very serious menace to
pear-growing in many localities; the fruit is either
dwarfed or drops from badly infested trees, and some-
times so many little pumps sucking out its life finally
cause the death of the tree. The little blue grape-vine
flea-beetle often literally nips the prospective crop of
fruit in the bud, or the rose-chafer may swarm over the
vines and eat the foliage or blossoms. Currant and goose-
berry growers realize that eternal vigilance against the

familiar green

159. Grasshopper. Mouiited.

the price of a crop of fruit.
The asparagus beetles
would soon appropriate
every asparagus shoot
that appears in many
localities. It is a con-
tinual struggle against
Insect pests to get a
paying crop of almost
any vegetable. The
several kinds of cab-
bage caterpillars would
soon riddle the leaves.
The hungry striped cu-
cumber beetles can
hardly wait for the
melon, squash, or cucumber vines to come up. Two
sucking Insects, the harlequin cabbage bug and the
squash stink-bug, are equally as destructive as their
biting relatives.

The bud- and leaf -feeding Insects are usually readily
controlled by spraying some poison on their food, or
by hitting them with some oil or soap spray. As the
female moths of canker-worms are wingless, a wire
trap or sticky bandage placed around the trunk of the
tree in the late fall and early spring, to capture the
moths as they crawl up the tree to lay their e!,i, wll
greatly hel ) to check these serious pests The II t i
anl b lining of the conspicuous egg rings of tl
cateipiUars at any time between \ugust anl tl f 1
lo n \i 1 ' 11 tl 1 tl t

Hill I

I tell "ent u e ot matenals and appara

e t I n in-v s icce st il eff rt to conti 1

I 1 1 le f fee ling pests of the horticulturist

/ is — Wormv aj-ple pears

I tte 1 the 1 lie rather than tl e escep

II II th 01 api le won 1 often 1 iins from
II u h If of the crci ea h \eai in many

I t e it al 0 nfests pear seiir i \\ The apple

ot tunnels its wiy throif,h nd thi ii^h the flesh

1 r^e percentage of the api les in the noithein sec

t tl V M t f tl 1 1 lu 1 he

INSECTS 811

caterpillar of a little moth, works havoc in grapes.
Currants and gooseberries are often wormy from the
work of two or three dill'ereut kinds of maggots and
caterpillars. A new pest has now included the delicious
cherry in its menu; it is a fruit-fly, closely allied to the
apple maggot; infested cherries may show no external
signs of the presence of the maggot reveling in the

fly. Mounted,

juices within. Various small beetles, known as weevils,
are responsible for most wormy nuts.

Most of the fruit-eating Insects are out of the reach
of the ordinary insecticides. The codling-moth is anoted
exception, however, for the peculiar habit that the little
caterpillar has of usuallv entering the blossom end of
the fruit and f. . dnig tli.'n in f..r .i f. w .l:i\ s. j^ivps the
man with ,i iiui-.ni s,„,in a ^m% miIim imI,1. jH.mt of
attack. II Is ..iil\ in'c . s^.n \ tu s|,,,i\ I 1,11 .it pi.isi.n into

fall, and I. t ii.ilun s,„ ,, , I,, , tli, ,,!,.- ,n,l I , , ,, the
poison tlni. in nniii tl . . • I , ill ,i- in-
cludes 11 111 It- lust 111. ,11 , ,,f the
apples til It would .iiIh 1 I I HIS are

w ikot the
often ru ns
There is als

1 i 11 are 1 iri,elv the

lit t the lUiucB curculio while its grub
le fr lit with its disgusting wotm hole
< grape curculio, that, with the aid of the

gives .111, i.liiiH. Ill ii. 1 1 ilh I., n ,1,1, , 11^ 1,1111,1,1 rs by

frequelilU ^Mth, l hilMIi, \\,l,,lt,ll ,li'l t, , ,lll,i: ihemto

stock or burying tlu-m di , |,!\ \- il,, plum I'urculio, in
the adult stage, feeds on ili, I, ,\< - mil truits, a poison
spray, a],|,li, ,1 s,„,n ,itti r blossoming
time, Is .i|,j, II < 111 l\ s,,iiietinies effective
again.st it, luitn ul.irly on cherries.
Many extensive growers of the stone-
fruits, however, are satisfied that this
pest can be best circumvented by jar-
ring the curculios onto sheets and kill-
ing them; the quince curculio is also
best fought by the jarring method,
lland-picking of the infested fruits
must be practiced when grapes, cur-
rants or gooseberries are attacked by-
fruit-eating Insects.

Plant-Lice. — Scarcely a plant es-
capes the little suction pump or beak
1161. A snapping "i some kind of a plant-louse or aphis.
beetle. Mounted. About 250 different kinds of plant-lice
have been identified in the United
States, and nearly every kind of fruit, flower, farm or
garden crop has its spiecial plant-louse enemy, wliii-li is
often a serious factor in the production of a ,i,,|,. 'II,, s,-
little creatures are so small, so variable, sn I,,,,,] i,, p,!-
ceive, present so many different forms in tl,, -;,i,,, .|„>
cies, and have such varied and interesting lit, -i',ri,s
to tell, that what we now know about thc-m is but a
mere beginning as compared to what is yet to be
learned. It would take a large volume to include the in-
teresting stories which might be told of the lives and of
the relations with ants of some of the commonest of
these plant-lice. No other group of Insects presents so
many curious, varied, interesting, and wonderful prob-
lems of life as do the aphids.

In the aggregate, the damage done by plant-lice is
very great. At times hundreds of acres of peas have
been ruined by an aphid. Nursei-y stock often suffers
severely, but bearing fruit trees are not often seriously
injured by them. About 40 different kinds of aphides
live in greenhouses, where a perpetual warfare has to
be waged against them. In 4 years we have reared nearly
100 generations of a common a))his in greenhouses.

ditatiuns of any egg-

dunngthis times., ih.it
they may thus l.n-..|
mdefinitely iu 1i..umn.
their young being burn
alive and no males ap-
pearing.

The standard reme-
dies for plant-lice are
whale-oil soap, kero-
sene emulsion, kero-
water, and tobacco in
■\ arious ways ( as a de-
l» coction, dry as a dust,
""' or the "Roseleaf" or
similar extracts), and
tliese are successfully
used to kill the aphides
in all situations.

Since the recent ad-
vent of the San Jos6
scale into the eastern
United States, scale In-
sects of all kinds have

attr

3 to kill, and as
they are easily trans-
ported on nursery
stock, buds or cions,
and also multiply rap-
idly, the scale Insects
are .justly to be consid-
ered as among the most
dangerous and destruc-
tive of injurious In-
sects. A single female
San Jos6 scale may
rear a brood of from 100 to liOO joung and there may be
four or five generations a year and more than 2 000
eggs have been laid by a single Lecanium scale

The scale Insects, the dreaded San Josfi speeies in
eluded, can be successfully controlled by ludicious m
telligent and timely work with spra\ s of whale oil soap
kerowater, crude petroleum, or Indiocvanic acid gas
which should be used in the case of nurser-s stock

Since 1889 fumigation with hjdioevanic acid gas has
been extensively practiced in the citrous orchards of
California, and now Florida and South African fruit
growers are also using it in their orchards Large gas
tight tents or boxes are placed over the trees and the
gas then gennrafod within. Much nurseiy stock is now
treated witli the ir.is in fi;.'ht boxes or houses this is
required by l;ns' in .Mai yhni.l and the province of Ontario

and it should I,.- i.ia./ti I in other regions. Recentlj

greenhouses, railway ciai'lu-s, rooms in private houses,
and whole flouring mills have been effectively fumigated
with this gas. It is generated with water, a good grade
of commercial sulfuric acid, and potassium cyanide
98 to 99 per cent pure. The acid is poured Into the water
in an earthen jar or crock and the cyanide then dropped
in. In fumigating trees, rooms or flouring mills, 1 ounce
of the cyanide, 1% fluidounces of sulfuric acid, and 2M
ounces of water are used for every 125 cubic feet of

INULA

space ; for nursery stock use the same amounts for each
100 cubic feet of space ; in greenhouses the gas is used
about one-half as strong, or even less for some kinds of
plants. Nursery stock, trees and plants in greenhouses
are usually subjected to the gas for from 30 to 00
minutes : mills are usually kept closed 12 to 24 hours.
As pota~-iuiii lyani.lf and hydrocyanic acid gas are
among ili. ni<.>i .l.a.lly poisons, fumigation should be
under tli.- .In. .t m:|h ivision of competent persons.

Insfii - an I'l. -. i\-.(l in collections by securing them
in ti^'hi la-. s l,\ Til. ans of a pin inserted through the
tlioiax. or ti)]..ii;;ii iii,_- right wing if the subject is a
Iji-it!.. Ail. Ill- ami I utti_-rflies are pinned in position on
a s|.r.a.liii^' li...ir.l until thoroughly dried. See Figs.
lliU-lli;;;. Every horticulturist should make a collec-
tion of injurious Insects.

Insect Literature for fl^oWiCH?^Hj-iS(.s. — Horticultur-
ists should keep in close touch with the experiment sta-
tions and state entomologists of their own and of other
states, and also with the Department of Agriculture at
Washington; for it is from these sources that the best
and latest advice regarding injurious Insects is now be-
ing disseminated free, either by personal correspon-
dence or by means of bulletins. Among the books, one
or more of which may well tind a place in a horticul-
turist's library are the following : Weed's "Insects and
Insecticides," Sempers' "Injurious Insects and the Use
of Insecticides," Lodeman's" The Spraying of Plants,"
Saunders' "Fruit Insects," and Smith's "Economic
Entomology." jj. y. Slingerlaxu.

Inula (ancient name). Compdsita;. This genus in-
cludes s'ln. Iiii.l 111 iliaceous plants of the easiest cul-
ture aa I r-.. habit, with heads of yellow or
orani:. . ' mss, borlle in summer. There is
such a : i II '.Ti.-e of autumn-flowerlng yellow
' 'Fill : i li.. hanly border that only those Inulas
'' • ' ' II . ail> Minimer are particularly desirable.
i I . /. Ill I, Ilium, in probably also cultivated

I A |ir.|.aration of the mucilaginous roots

. mill. Ill 111 ilrug stores. Inula flowers have as many
a- in liuuar rays. The plants like a sunny position in
any i^arden soil, and are prop, by division or seed.

Inula is a genus of about 56 species, found in Europe,
Asia and Africa: herbs, usually perennial, glandular,
hairy: Ivs. radical or alternate, entire or serrate: heads
large, medium or small, solitary, corymbose, panicled or
crowded at the crown: rays yellow, rarely white.
A. Stems panicled or corymbose.

Hel^nium, Ijinn. Elecampane. Fig. 1164. Tall,
thick-sttiiini. .1 : Ivs. unequally dentate-serrate ; root-
Ivs. ellii.ti.- ..I.l.inj:. narrowed into a petiole; stem-lvs.
half-clas].ing, cnnlati-oblong: outer involucral parts
leafy, ovate. Wet, sandy and mountainous regions.
Eu.,N. Asia. Naturalized in Amer. D. 163. — For medic-
inal purposes, 2-year-old roots should be dug in August.
If older they are likelv to be stringy and woodv

AA. Stems l-fhh, or with at tnost 2 or S heads.

grandiflora. Will.l. II. i-ht -J-li ft.: Ivs. elliptic-ob-
long, senulai.-, all s. -sil,.; upper ones .subcordate;
lower on.'s L'-t in. l..iitr : L'laiids numerous : heads
3H-4 in. across. Himalayas, Caucasus. G.F. 6:406.-
Cult. but not advertised. Earliest blooming Inula in
cult. Bears orange-yellow fls. 5 in. across in June, and
has bold but not coarse habit.

INULA

glanduldsa, Willd. Height 2-3 ft. : lower Ivs. oblong-
spatulate, long-attenuate at the base, the uppermost ob-
long with a subcordate-decurrent base, all entire or
very obsoletely denticulate: glands remote. Caucasus.
B.R. 4:334. B. M. 1907. Gn. 22, p. 234 ; 25, p. 101;
49:1047 and p. 7. J.H. III. 35:153. B.H. 1881, p. 419.

lONOPSIS

813

G M " i41 111 1 3H 477 -Keller s^^ s it has deep golden
jelliw tiin^fl hilf drjiipm„ ri>s Ray.s are commonly
sad t lie uitne 1 ut B M 1407 shows 2 minute teeth,
and m B K 4 .jJ4 the f linger are more than a quarter
o£ an UK h loUo This is said to be the only cult, species
that (Ijes not seed treelj The Garden pictures an

Hobkeri C B Clarke Height 1-2 ft.: Ivs. 3-4 in.
long sessile or nairowed into very short petioles, ob-
long lanceolote icute at the base minutely toothed,
glandular heads 2'^-J' m across ravs "pale yellow,"
according to Hooker Himalayas B M 6411 (rays pure
yellow) — Fls orange mellow according to J. W. Man-
ning I B Keller sa\ s it flowers m Aug. and Sept., and
has bright \ ellow frmged rays However, in B.M. 6411
the rays ha% e only 3 minute teeth

PB. Outer involucral parts lanceolate and leafy,

hirta, Linn. Lvs. netted-veined, lanceolate or ovate-
obloiig, the lowest narrowed at the base, the others
rounded at the base and half-clasping. Eu., N. Asia.
— Keller says it grows 15-18 in. high and fls. July-Aug.

enaifdlia, Linn. Lvs. with numerous somewhat par-
allel nerves, narrowly linear-lanceolate, involucral parts
appressed, not spreading. Eu., N.Asia. G.M. 41:559.-
Keller says it grows 6-8 in. high and fls. .luly-Aug. Rock-
ery plant; blooms first year from seed if sown early.
W. M.

lOCHHdMA (Greek, violet-colored). Solandcecp. This
genus includes 2 handsome flowering shrubs cult, out-
doors in S. Calif, and under glass in Europe. They are
tall-growing, and bear clusters of as many as 20 tubular,
drooping fls., each 1-1^ in. long and less than % in.

across at the mouth, which seems to have 10 short lobes,
but 5 of these are shorter, and are really appendages in
the sinuses between tin- 3 typical lobes. lochroma is a
genus of about Is AitM-rii-mi sjKcies, mostly tropical and
South American : ti. .s .,r .^lunhs : lvs. entire, usually
large: fls. violet. 1-lur. whit.-, yellowish or scarlet: ber-
ries globose or ovuid, pulpy.

A. J'^ls. indigo-blue,

lanceol&ta, Miers. Shrub, 4-5 ft. high (taller in
Calif.), the young branches herbaceous and downy,
with stellate hairs: lvs. alternate, oval or elliptic-lan-
ceolate, acute, entire, tapering below into a long petiole:
umbels supra-axillary and terminal. Equador. B.M. 4338
and P.S. 4:309 (as Chcenesthes lanceolata).
AA. Fls, scarlet or orange-scarlet.

fuchsioides, Miers. Lvs. often clustered, obovate, very
obtuse, tapering at the base into a short petiole. Peru.
B.M. 4149 (as Liiciiim. fuchsioides}.

lONIDIUM. For /. concolor, see Solea.

lONOPSlDIUM (Greek, violet-like). Cruciferce. I.
nraule is a pretty, tufted little plant, growing 2 or 3
inches high and bearing numerous m,i;iII ( p.-trilid. lilac
fls. from spring to fall. It is a li:ili lin.i) |h rinnial
from Spain and N. Africa, but is tr. :it, .1 :i-. im annual.
It is desirable for edgings in moisi. -lia.l> phnas, and
for rockeries. In rich garden soil the plants make
numerous runners. The fls. are about >i2 in. across, 1 on
each stalk. They open white and turn lilac. The plant
. has been advertised as the Diamond Flower by seeds-
men. This plant is referred by Index Kewensis to
Oochlearia, a genus whose limits are very uncertain.

acadle, Reichb. {Cochle&ria acaulis, Desf. ). Lvs.
ovate-rotund, heart-shaped at the base ; petioles pro-
portionately very long: pods subrotund, notched. B.R.
32:51. w. M.

IONOPSIS (Greek, OTo!«<-Ztfte). OrchidAcecs. A small
genus of epiphytic orchids, numbering about 10 species,
many of which can probably be reduced to vai-ieties of a
few species. Most of the species are insignificant, only
one or two being cultivated. The fine specimen of /.
pnniculata figured in the Botanical Magazine has a
panicle 10 in. long, 8J^ in. wide, with 5 branches, and
about 80 fls., each three-quarters of an inch across and
chietiy white, with violet markings near the center and
a dash of yellow. In its native country it is said to re-
main in attractive condition from Sept. to May. The fls.
are produced so freely and over so long a period that it
is sometimes necessary to destroy the flower spikes,
which are out of all proportion to the number of Ivs.
The plants succeed in the warmhouse under the same
treatment as Burlingtonias or the more delicate Oncid-

lonopsis consists of tropical herbs without pseudo-
bulbs, having very short stems, with few, narrow,
sheathing, coriaceous lvs.: sepals subequal, erect,
spreading, the dorsal one free, the lateral ones united
into a short spur behind; petals like the dorsal sepals;
labellum united to the base of the column, middle lobe
large, expanded, 2-3 times as long as the sepals, 2-lobed;
column short: pollinia 2: fls. small, in simple racemes
or much-branched panicles.

paniculita, Lindl. Lvs. thick and channelled, linear
lanceolate, keeled, 2-3 in a cluster and about 6 in. long:
panicle much branched and spreading, loaded with in-
numerable fls. of a delicate texture: sepals and petals
very short, sharp-pointed, the petals wider; labellum
very large, pubescent at base, with a 2-lobed rounded
limb, which in some is almost entirely white, while in
others it has a spot of purple or yellow on the disk.
Winter. Brazil. B.M. 5541. F.S. 22:2333 A.F. 6:631. -
Very variable.

utricularioldes, Lindl. Lvs. and general habit as in
the last: sepals and petals bluntish; spur short; la-
bellum almost twice as long as the petals: lobes sub-
quadrate-rounded, white, streaked with red veins.
Jamaica. n. Hasselbkisg.

sliallow

814

lONOPSIS

pans, with plenty of small broken coal cinders for drain-
age, covered with the fine particles of fern root and
chopped sphagnum gathered from the upland meadows.
Plenty of heat and moisture during the growing season
are essential. Rest them in winter at a temperature of
50° to 55° F. William Mathews.

IOWA, HOETICULTUEE IN. Fig. 1165. Iowa is
nearly a rectangle, about 200 miles north and south
between the parallels 40° 30' and 43° 30', and 300 miles
east and west, bordered on the east by the Mississippi
and on the west by the Missouri and the Big Sioux riv-
ers. Its extreme elevations are 444 feet in the southeast
corner, and 1 ,()94 at the highest point near the northwest
corner, the average elevation being about 800 feet above
the sea. The surface is a gentle, undulating, grassy
plain, well drained by numerous streams discharging
into the rivers on its borders. All these streams are
bordered more or less broadly with belts of native tim-
ber, often many miles in width along the larger ones.
The divide between the streams falling eastwardly and
those falling westwardly is a line running from a little
east of the northwest corner southwardly to about the
middle of the state at the Missouri line, draining three-
fourths of the state into the Mississippi and one-fourth
westwardlv. The entire surface, except a short and nar-
row belt along the Mississippi at the northeast corner,
is found deeply covered with glacial drift, the depth
varying from a few feet to 200 feet or more. In about
half the state this drift is overlaid more or less deeply
with the peculiar deposit called loess, this being mainly
in the south, extending farther north on the west, as
shown by the map.

There ai-e no regions the size of Iowa which contain
fewer acres unfit for agriculture. Agriculture is as profi-
table in northern Iowa as in the southern part. Horticul-

ture, however, has had a greater development in the
southern and southwestern counties, the region of the
fruit-bearing loess. It i n^i jMiim pi ni im .1 1 ;,\\ a liardaud
fast line below wlii'li i i .md above

whichitisdifficult.l.iii , , ,i i ■ n.ralway,

that in the north and iin-i i-.i-mi j ■-, n li : Im^ ili^iiuici', greater
care must be used in si-lcctmg situations and varieties
in culture and in protection.

If safe conclusions may be drawn from the native
fruits and nuts found in Iowa, the state has gre-at horti-
cultural adaptabilities. The native nuts, the walnuts,
black and white, the hickories and hazelnuts, are abun-
dant and of high quality, and the pecan is found along
the Mississippi. The fruits, especially the currants,
raspberries, apples and plums, will compare favorably
with the natives found in EunM'-- '■•'•■> <if I'linn^ ^r. :iily
excel. It cannot be doubted thru i , ,i , i

opedinto varieties fit to satisfy i: , i:_. , ^.

Many hybrids have been secured I" i >\ .- n i le i,ai i . i uid
the cultivated apples descended from Kurope. and tliis
line of work, hitherto neglected, is believed to promise
a race of apples entirely adapted to the inter-continental
climatic conditions of the region

The apples of Europe, and tlieir descendants, origi-
nating along the eastern seaboard, have
entirely successful over the re!;iMn ,.f I,
but have succeeded best in the r^emlie

found

:.f the

IPOMCEA

state, ana especially on or near the timbered lands.
Here, commercial orcharding has had its greatest devel-
opment. This industry is so young that statistics
have not been systematically gathered, but in the most
favored localities apple crops to the value of $100 a year
per acre are not uncommon. Fruit, to the value of more
than $350,000, has been reported as the product of a
single county in one year, this being mainly of winter
apples, the surplus finding markets in the Northwest,
in the East, and in foreign countries.

In isolated localities, commercial apple-growing has
been fully as successful in the north, but has neces-
sarily been confiued to a few sorts, chiefly two, the
Oldenburg and the Wealthy. It has always been found
that the long-keeping sorts of highest quality have been
fastidious in choice of location in the south, and still
more so northward, where early maturing sorts are
more successful.

Pear-growing is everywhere difficult. Much time
and money have been spent with eastern and foreign
varieties without satisfaction. This fruit is profitably
grown in a few localities only, and under management
of exceptional skill. A race of prairie-born seedlings
must, apparently, be grown to insure success.

With plums, the reverse is true. A generation of men
tried to acclimatize the plums of Europe, and lately the
effort has been extended to the Jsipanese, but without
satisfaction ; in fact, no others succeed in competition
with the natives of the soil. These, and especially the
Americana types, are so well adapted, so profusely pro-
ductive of such handsome and good fruit, that even as
they came from the hand of nature, they have taken sub-
stantial possession of the nurseries and orchards of the
.state. Such flattering successes have followed the first
attempts to grow them for market, that the industry is
fast assuming large proportions. New and improved
varieties of larger size and finer quality are offered
every year, and a bright future for that fruit is assured.
Of cherries, only the sour sorts succeed, and little
effort has been made to breed sweet varieties better
adapted to prairie conditions. Commercial cherry-grow-
ing is successful in the southeiii half ..f the state, and
is rapiilly increasing.

Pe.aches have been grown in limited ^inaiitities in the
southeast since the first seiilement .if the state. By
seerlling selection, the limit of sueeess is gradually
extending northward and now reaches to the middle of
the state, but only for home use, as yet.

The quince and the apricot cannot be said to succeed
in Iowa. The former is liable to root-kill.

The grape flourishes and ripens in profusion, espe-
cially in the south, whence it is shipped in large quan-
tities.

The currant, the gooseberry, the raspberry, the black-
berry and the strawberry flourish in every part of the
state, requiring more favorable situations and greater
care in tlie north. In some localities the native goose-
berry lias been cultivated in preference to the best east-
ern varieties, while Eur(.|ieaii suit-i have very limited
success. The greatest ditVen It V 111.' fr.iii L'r..w. r of Iowa
has had, and still has to .-..i.i. .,.1 a-:.iii-i. is i lial he has
been compelled to choose h. i \\ .eii \ ari. i i.s all ..f which
had originated far from his place of fruitat.'e, and usu-
ally under conditions of soil and climate so different that
the chances have been strongly against success here.
It is only of late that those who have insisted that
prairie regions should breed and select for themselves
races of fruit from seeds planted and grown under their
own peculiar conditions, have found a patient hearing.
With intelligent effort along this line, the future is full
of promise that the horticulture of Iowa may be brought
to the high level now held by its agriculture.

An account of the introduction of the Russian fruits
into Iowa and other parts of the North, will be found
under Pomologu. C. L. Watrous.

IPECAC. The rootof Cephai'lis Ipecaninnha (now re-
ferred to Psyi-holriri). a Brazilian plant not cultivated in
N. America. For wild or American Ipecac, see Gillenia
slipuldcea.

IPOMCEA (according to Linn, from ips, bindweed, and
hmiicinx, like, because of its resemblance to Convolvu-
lus ; but ips is a worm). Including Batatas, Calonye-

IPOMCEA

tion, Mina, Pkarbitis and Quamoclit. Convolvtilicece.
Morning-Glort. Moonflower. Over 300 species of
annual or perennial herbs, mostly twininir. rarely trees
(U.F. 7:364) or shrubs, widely (listribiiteil in tropical and
temperate regions. They are reiiiarlcal.le fur uasy cul-
ture, quick growth and beautiful Mowers; hence the
genus includes several of our moM popular plants for
covering verandas and -< n i.iu- i i-i-ljtly objects.

The generic charan. ,. : a afe not clearly

defined. The list of > _ m above is a record

of unsuccessful atteuipi- i" liihl - on, lant characters by
which this large and variable genus may be separated
into smaller and more definite groups. It is distinguished
from Convolvulus, its nearest ally, by having but 1 capi-
tate or 2-3 globose stigmas, while Convolvulus has 2
linear or ovate stigmas. Stem mostly slender, twining
or climbing, sometimes prostrate, diffuse or erect ;
leaves alternate, entire, lobed or parted, often varying
greatly on the same plant ; flowers usually showy, borne
singly or in cymes on axillary peduncles ; corolla fun-
nelform, salverform or bell-shaped (in one species
bag-shaped), the limb sometimes entire, but usually
5-angIed or 5-Iobed, red, purple, blue, white or yellow,
in various shades and mixtures; calyx without the bracts
at the base, which appear in some species of Convol-
vulus, but the outer sepals are commonly larger. The
flowers of most species open in early morning and last
but a few hours under bright sunlight, hence the popu-
lar name. A few open only at night-fall.

"The .Japanese Morning-Glories," also called "Impe-
rial" and "Emperor" Morning-Glories, were introduced
to the American trade from Japan in 1S95. They are
probably selected strains of /. hederaceii, although some
botanists consider them to be of hybrid origin, possibly
/. heilfracea X rubro-c(€rHl^'(l. Masimowicz referred
them to /. hederacea, and this appears to be the more
reasonable disposition. The culture of the "asagoa" in
.Japan amounted to a popular craze about 1830, the
equivalent of $14 to $18 sometimes being paid for a
single seed of the rare sorts. With political disturbances
came a decline of interest, but more recently the popu-
lar fancy for Morning-Glories has again revived. The
Japanese gardeners grow their plants almost entirely in
pots, and by constant attention have made them vary
into many curious oddities in flower and foliage. Several
finely illustrated books on the Morning-Glory alone are
publisted in Japan. See also" Century Magazine," 55 ;281
(1897). The Japanese Ipomoeas are sold in this country
mostly in strains, each package of seed giving flowers of
many forms and colors. There are some inferior strains
offered, and the flowers from these are often disappoint-
ing ; yet as a class the Japanese Morning-Glories are
the most gorgeous and versatile of garden Ipomoeas.
If the seeds are notched they will generally bloom in
ti weeks from sowing.

Morning-Glories are among the least exacting of gar-
den plants as regards soil and site. Most species love a
strong soil and sunny site, with plenty of water ; but
they will make the best of much that is uncongenial.
The seeds of the annual kinds may be sown directly out-
of doors, but are preferably started indoors, at least in
the North. If the plants are allowed to become slightly
pot-bound before being transplanted, they will come
into bloom earlier. Germination may be hastened and
also made more certain by filing a small notch In each
seed, or by soaking the seeds in warm water about 2
hours. The "Moonflower" and the "Japanese Morning-
Glories" particularly are liable to germinate poorly un-
less these precautions are taken.

The perennial Ipomoeas are grown from seeds in some
cases, but mostly from cuttings of well ripened wood,
layers, or division of the rootstocks. Some of the green-
house species, notably I. Horsfdllue, rarely produce
seed and are rooted from stem-cuttings with great diiH-
culty. These are often propagated successfully by
grafting well ripened shoots on pieces of their own
roots, or the roots of /. pandurata. 1. terunta roots
from cuttings more readily, and /. Leari and /. Jalapa
are easily propagated from cuttings.

The rapid growth and dense foliage of most garden
Ipomoeas make them especially valuable for covering
arbors, verandas, walls, and for screening unsightly
objects. /. purpurea, I. riibro-cwrulea , I. hederacea

52

IPOMCEA 815

and /. Quamoclit are the most popular annual species
for this purpose ; and /. Leari, setoaa and pandurata
are among the best perennials. In the South, the peren-
nials may be carried through the winter outside by cut-
ting off the stems and mulching the roots heavily in the
fall ; in the North the tubers should be taken up and
wintered like Dahlias, keeping them perfectly dry in a
cool greenhouse or frost-proof cellar. /. leptophyila
is valuable for very dry soils. /. Bona-nox is worthy
of a place in every garden.

The tender perennials are seen to advantage when
trained to pillars, trellise-. o,- :,:,,, : ii„ i.i.if of a green-
house. Their roots shouM ! i ' iity of room to
forage and their tops to ^|' / // ffllitv and its
closely related species, 7. . . ."' . o . , . ry satisfactory
for this purpose. After Uowuiiiit; iIil strong shoots
should be cut back and the plant rested. Several spe-
cies, particularly/. Leari , rubro-ccerulea and hederacea,
make excellent pot-plants if they are kept somewhat
pot-bound to induce flowering. The roots of nearly all
the perennial species are more or less purgative ; par-
ticularly /. Piirga, from which comes the Jalap of com-
merce, /. Jalapa and /. calkartica. I. Batatas is the
common sweet potato.

The trade names of Ipomceas are endlessly mixed.
Thus, /. Mexicana of the catalogues may be /. hede-
racea, I. digitata, I. Jalapa, I. Bona-nox, I. Leari or
/. rubro-cwrulea ; but is rarely the true I. Mexicana of
Gray. "Moonflower" is often applied indiscriminately

1166. Ipomcea Quamoclit (

to several species of Ipomcea, but it should be restricted
to /. Bona-nox and /. grandi flora. It is evident that
most of the plants now sold as /. grandiflora are foi-ms
of /. Bona-nox : but a few of the smaller and inferior
types are the true /. grandiflora of Lamarck. /. hybrida
is a trade name for strains of /. purpurea and /. rvbro-
cmrwUa. The "Tree Ipomoea" is /. fistulosa. The
"Japanese" or "Imperial" Morning-Glories may be
referred to /. hederacea. Other popular catalogue

names are : Double Morning-Glory is mostly /. purpu-
rea, fl.pL; Brazilian Morning-Glory is /. setosa ; Hardy
or Perennial Moonflower is /. pandurulu ; Ipomcea
Heavenly Blue is /. rubro-curulrd.

angustifolia, 6.

Unokeri. 8.

palinata. 11,

Batatas, 25.

H..rsf,Hlli.e, 12.

Piimiurata, 18,

Bonaiiox, 21.

Huheri. :i.

IHCnicululu, n.

Bona-nnx. T2.

hi/hri,l,i. 3, H.

Perrintjiiinu. 15,

Bonariensis, 1,5.

insi.iujs.n.

Pes-i-aprif, 24,

Briaasil. 12.

Piir!;a,20,

chrysuiitlM. 23.

™iallH;'2u:

ohryseidos. 23.

kn-mesina. 3.

Qiiamoeli't. 2,

coccinea, 7.

Leari. IK.

rabro-ca-rulea, 8

Dickensoni, 3.

lei)t.ipl..vlla, 17,

Sfllowii. 15,

digitata, 11.

dissecta. 9.

Lindlu-iituTi, 10,

siniUiia. i.

Ferrandiana, 4.

LimUnlilml, 10.

siiiuata, U,

ficifolia. 15.

Inbaln. 1,

ternata. 13,

nUcaKlis, 6.

Texana. llj.

flstnlosa, 16.

Jlrxii'aiia! 4, 5, 8, Id,

r/io»ii/so«;aua, 1

OoodelU. 16,

11,20,21,

grandiflora, 22.

Miclmuxi. 20.

versicolor, 1,

grandiflora. 21.

Kit. 4.

riolacen-striata.

hederaeea. 4.

noctUlora, 21.

Wolcottiana, 27.

hederifolia. 7.

noctiphyton. 21.

Plant annual: roots not tuberotis .

B. Fls. numerous, in long scor-
pioid racemes ; corolla a
baf/-sJiuped tube, contracted

at the mouth

BB. Fls. borne sintjUj or tew in
loose ciimi-s ; corolla ex-

c. Li

:.hd

■ III,

minis 2. Quamoclit

cc. Lvs. entire or lubed, not
divided.
D. Stem hairy.

E. Lvs. broad-ovate, cor-
date, entire 3. purpurea

KE. Lrs. anquliite or

deeply S-lobed 4. hederaoea

5. Mezicana
DD. Stem not hairy.

E. livs. linear or lanceo-
late, sub-sessile ... G. angU3ti!olia
EE. Ijvs. ovate-cordate to
hastate; petioled.
F. Fls. usually less
than lin. across;
scarlet or orange. 7. coccinea
PF. Fls. usually over
Sin, across; red,

blue or purple . . 8. rubro-caerulea
Plant perennial, uHth lari/e fh.-ihy

rootstocks.
B. Lvs. palmately divided into
S-? segments,
a. Stem and petioles hairy .. 9. siuuata

10. Lindheimeri
cc. Stem and petioles not

1). Peduncles longer than

the petioles 11. digitata

DD. Peduncles equaling the
petioles.
K. Fls. red: leaf seg-
ments sessile,taper-
ing to both ends,
marr/in wa vi/ 12. Horsfalliae

EE. Fls. lelille: leiif see,-

D. Corolla siilrerform, the
lobes pointed: leaf
lobes acuminate, sin-
uately toothed 14. i

IPOMCEA

DD. Corolla funnelform
lobes obtuse: leaf I
unequal, blunt, en,
:. Plant nejt hairy.

D. Stem erect or ascending,
not trailing or climb-
ing.
E. Lvs. cordate to sub-
sagittate, long-peti-
oled, acuminate,
pubescent beneath. .16.
EE. Lvs, linear, vei-y
short-petioled,
acute, not pubes-
cent beneath 17.

DD. Stem trailing, climbing,
or twining.
E. Lvs. pale beneath.
F. Fls. white, with
purple throat... 1$.
FF. Fls, lilac to dark

purple 19.

EE. Lvs. notpalebeneath.
F. Fls. opening at
night 20.

15. Bonariensis

pandurata
Leari

Jalapa

Bona-nox

grandiilora

Corolla yellot
Corolla purpli
H. Lvs. notch

23.

the CHrf. 24.

aeiiniiniile.'iri. Batatas
2li. Purga
AAA. Plant perennial by a woody stem. 27. Wolcottiana

1. versicolor, Meissn. {Mlnalobclta,Lla.v.et hex.). A
vigorous climber, 15-20 ft. high : lvs. with a cordate
base, 3-lobed, the middle lobe longest and narrowed be-
low: Hs. %-% in. wide, opening rich crimson, soon
fading to pale vellow. July-Sept. Mex. Gn. 30, p. 43U,
437; 39:792. K.H. 1887, p. 19. G.C. II. 26:«84, C85. P.M.
10:100. V. 10:34, 35. B.K. 28:24.-Distinguished from
all (itliii- Ipcimreas by its bag-shaped corolla and scor-
]iioiil intlciresuence. It is a very free bloomer, and de-

2. Qu4moclit, Linn. (Qudmoclit vulgaris, Choisy).
Cvi'KKs.s-viNE. IsDiAK PiSK. Fig. 1166. Stem smooth,
slender, twining to a height of 10-20 ft.: lvs. short-peti
cili-cl or sessile: peduncles few-fl "
longer than the petioles: corolla 1
the tube narrowly funnelform, iiiO
nearly flat, 5-lobed. July-Oct. Nafi
America, Va. to Fla., west to Kan.
escaped from cultivation farther u
29:33. - Beautiful in flower and
Hort., has white fls.

commonly much

■arlet,
• limb

i-'ngry

ma.

3. purpurea, Roth. {Conviloulus mdjus, Hort. Con-
vdlvulus pnrpureus, Linn.). Tall Morning-Glory.
Fig. 1167. Stem trailing or twining for 4-10 ft., branch-
ing from the base : peduncles slender, 1-5-fld., often
longer than the petioles : corolla 1-2 In. long, light blue,
purple, pink and diversely variegated. July-Sept. Trop.
America. Escaped from gardens to waste places. Can.
to Fla., west to Neb. and Tex.; widely distributed in
most trop. regions. B.M. 113, 1005, 1682. Gn. 21, p. 295;
27, p. 473.— One of the most popular of garden annuals.
Some of its varieties resemble the entire-leaved forms of
/./lerfemcca.butmay be distinguished by their longer and
more slender peduncles, umbellate pedicels, and oblong-
acute sepals without the long tip usually found on 1.
hederacea. Seeds ripen freely on cultivated varieties
and may be gathered for future snwincs. .\moiig the
host of garden forms are: 41ba, whitr; atro-caerdlea,
dark blue ; atrosangulnea, dark priri.lc : aziirea, sky-
blue; canninita, light crimson; Dickensoni (i'/n/rdiVis
hispida, var. Z>i(7«)ssoji(), azure-blue; Hiiberi {I.Su-
beri,va,T. variegdta, Hort.). Lvs. marked with silvery
white, As. variously colored and margined with white;
kermeslna (I.kermesina), scarlet; rdsea, blush rose;

3, and

IPOMCEA

v&ria, a trade name for packages containing a mixture
of many kinds; violicea-stri&ta, violet-purple. There
are several double forms of /. purpurea. Var. fl. pi.
has very large Ivs.: Hs. appearing much later than sin-
gle varieties, semi- or much-doubled, bluish white
streaked with light blue or pink. Int. 1892. Said to be
very floriferous and a good pot-plant. G. P. 5:593. A.G.
14:246. Var. violicea fl. pi., Hort., is entirely distinct
from the preceding. Gt. 47, p. 133.

4. hederilcea, Jacq. (/. Nil, Roth. /. scdbra, Hort.).
Stem twining or climbing, 2-8 ft. : Ivs. 2-5 in. long,
ovate-cordate, the lobes ovate to ovate-lanceolate, entire,
or the lateral lobes repand or denticulate; the middle
lobe narrowed at the base: peduncle 1-3-fld., mostly
shorter than the petiole: corolla funnelform, the tube
usually whiti-. the liiiili li:
in various i-.iiril.iii:itiMii< ..
lanceolate, with Imh- and •<
-Widely ii:itui:ili/,-l rnm
waste piai'- I .1 I" r;i .

B.M. lss.:.~ ■

on the same plain ami ou (lillereiii [jiaiils. In some
forms formerly kuowu as I. jVil, the Ivs. are nearly en-
tire; in other.s they are very deeply lobed. Next "to /.
purpurea, this is now the most popular Morning-Glory
in cultivation, and the introduction of the improved
Japanese strains will extend its usefulness Before the
appearance of these oriental varieties m occidental gar
dens, the species had already varied into many distinct
horticultural varieties , as var limbita (/ hmbdta
Hort ) with the corolla violet purple edged with white
B.M 5720 (as Phaihitis Nil) Gn 2<) p 32 Var mar
morita ooel^stina large fls maibled and striped with
light blue, Gt 44 p 592 Var marmorita r6sea, fls
marbled with rose Gt 44 p 7fa Var JdUis marmoritiB,
Ivs. marked with jellow limb of coiolla rose color Var
grandifldra lirge blue fls Var Ferrandiina, similar to
var. grandiflora Aside from these strains the follow

IPOMCEA

817

purple or ]
■olors; sepals hairy,
rved tips. .July-Oct.
iii.ricu in fields and
Nri., aiMl .Mex. Per-

, both

1167. M

purpurea (X %). No. 3.

ing named varieties of Japanese Ipomceas are offered :
Antigone, Ivs. variegated : fls. blue, with pink throat.
Aglaia, Ivs. variegated: fls. crimson, with white throat.
Aseria, fls. dull copper-red. Ceres, like Aglaia, but fl.s.
edged with white. Euphrosvne, Ivs. variegated : fls.
pure white, with pmk throat. Princess, fls. spotted
with carmine. Gt 4i, p. 133. A form with foliage dot-

ted with white is shown in I.H. 43, p. 75. The various
strains give fls. which are diversely scalloped, ruffled,
fringed, doubled, and show a wonderful range of col-
oring.

5. Mexica.na, Gray. Like /. hederacea, but young Ivs.
entire or slightly angulate, becoming deeply 3-lobed and

1168. Ipomoea

(.X%). No. 7.

cordate, as in hederacea, the middle lobe broadest :
peduncles as longer longer than petioles : corolla 1 in.
wide, violet-purple, sometimes with crimson plaits.—
Possibly this should not be distinguished from /. hede-
racea The plants in the trade as /. M,.rieana are
mostly/ hederarea, cligitata and Jj'oiik-iiox. I.Mexi-
cana lera Hort.; /. Mexican,! ijyandi flora alba, Hort.,
and / Mexicana grandiflora Itijbrida, Hort., are /. Bona-
nox or / gtandiflora.

6 angustifblia, Jacq. (/. filicaulis, Blume). Stem
prostrate trailing or rarely climbing, much-branched:
Ivs 1-3 m long, less than 1 in. wide, glabrous : pedun-
cles exceeding the petioles, bearing 1-2 small, bell-
shaped fls which are yellowish white with a purple
eye Aug , Sept. Widely distributed in tropical Asia,
Africa and America. B.M. 542G. B.R. 4:317 (as /. den-
tictihitu) —Sometimes grown in the warnihouse, but
there is hardly enough foliage to set off the pretty dark-

7 coccmea, Tjinn. Star Ipomcea. Fig. IIGS. Stem
freely twming for 10 ft. : Ivs. slender-petioled, entire or
angulate acuminate : peduncle 2-6 in. long, few- to
several fld corolla K-% in. wide, salverform: limb ob-
scurely lobed, scarlet with a yellow throat. Aug.- Oct.
Apparently naturalized from tropical America, on river
banks m the middle and south Atlantic states ; probably
indigenous to northern Mex. and Ariz. B.M. 221. — Fls.
ire produced in abundance, but are disappointingly
smill In var. Wtea, Hort., the fls. are entirely orange,
or with a tinge of scarlet.

\ IT hederlfdlia, Gray (/. hederiffilia, Linn. 3Dna
sa)i(iuiiua Hort.). Fig. 1169. This Plains form of the
speCKs his angulate, 3-lobed or even 3-5-parted Ivs.,
and fls usually larger. B.R. 1:9. B.M. 1769. I.H. 41,
p li9 —It IS superior to the type for ornamental pur-
poses

8 rubro oaertilea, Hook. (I. Hodkeri, Hort.). Stem
tinged with purple, branched, 10-20 ft. high: Ivs. mem-
brinacpous much-veined, short-acuminate : peduncle
fleshj . .1-i-fld. : fls. 3-4 in. wide, the tube white and limb
red before expanding, at length purple or china-blue.
Aug.-Oct. Mex. R.H. 1855:441 (as Pharbitis rtibrn-
ca-rulea). B.M. 3297. P.M. 3:99. Gn. 27:493. -One of
the most beautiful of annual climbers. The fls. are
often dashed, blotched and shaded with rose, or are en-
tirely rose. It is likely to run to vine when out-of-doors
unless the roots are conflned in a box or pot to induce
early flowering. It makes an excellent pot-plant for the
greenhouse. Var. Heavenly Blue, from Calif., was said
to be a cross between /. Leari and /. versicolor, but
proves to be a blue form of /. rubro-ccerulea, which is
especially valuable for cut-fls. Var. dlba, Hort., has
pure white flowers.

818 IPOMCEA

9. Binuita Ort (/ dusecta Pursh, not ■Wilkl. I.
sinitAta, Hort ) Stem somewhat woody at base, covered
with long yellowish hairs h s smooth or nearly so,
palmately 7 parted the dn isions lanceolate or narrowly
oblong, more or less sinuateh cut and toothed: pedun-
cles 1-2-fld longer than the petioles: fls. 1-2 in. wide,
bell-shaped whit with puilc center; calyx as long as
the corolla tul lun ^ p Trop. Amer., and near

the coast from lit I \ - In Tex. It expands only 2-3
hours at midd i\ m 1 i il i l illed the "Noon-flower."
It may be treated i in Ihou e evergreen, and is worth
growing for its, delicate foliage alone. In the North the
tubers must be wintered in a cellar.

10. Lindheimeri, Gray (/

deeply 5-cleft or 5-parted, all of the lobes or the 3 in-
terior ones ovate to ovate-lanceolate, with a much con-
tracted base: peduncle 1-2-fld. : corolla long funnelform,
about 3H in. long, light blue. Rocky soils, W. Tex. to
N.Mex.-Var.Lindleyina.Hort. (/. LindletjAna,TioH.),
has smaller Ivs., lighter colored fls., and is a more pro-
fuse bloomer. An improvement on the type, but more
tender.

11. digitita, Linn. (I.panicuiata, R. Br. I. pajmrlta.
Hort., not Forsk. ). Stem trailing or climbing, 20-40 ft. :
Ivs. 3-7 in. wide, 5-7-parted, the segments elliptic,
sometimes spatulate, entire: fls. numerous, in a 2-
brauched cyme ; corolla lK-3 in. wide, broadly bell-
shaped, 5-lobed, pinkish purple or pink : seeds with a
dense tuft of dirty white wool springing from the apex.
July-Sept. Tropics of both hemispheres. R.H.
1853:381. B.R. 1:02 and 4:333 (as /. PZa?e«sis). B.M.
3685 (as /. Plalcnsis). Gng. 2: 311. -One of the best
tuberous - rooted Ipomoeas for the garden or warm-
house. In the North it may be used with fine effect
if grown in a tub and trained to an ad.iacent pillar or
trellis, the vine being cut off before frost and the tub
stored. Further south the tubers may be planted di-
rectly in the open, and will give a profusion of bloom
nearly all summer.

Var. inslgnis, Hort. (/. inslgnis, Ker.). Lvs. not pal-
mately divided, nearly entire or lobed, the under sur-
face sometimes purplish. B.M. 1790. B.R.I: 75. -There
are few plants of var. insignis in cultivation.

12. Horsf&lliee, Hook. Fls. many, in a 2-branched
cyme; corolla bell-shaped, the limb of 5 broad, rounded
lobes, very showv. Cosmopolitan tropics. B.M. 3315.
P.M. 3:50. F.S. 16:1647. K.W. 1 :29.-Perhaps the most
popular Ipomcea for winter-flowering in a warmhouse.
If well treated it will climb 20-30 ft., and will bear hun-

IPOMCEA

dreds of fls. each day in early winter. /. UnrxfaUiw
may also be grown out-of-doors, but it will iint cunie
into bloom till late fall unless the roots are cranuii d.
Var. 41ba, Hort., is /. (e.»ia^« ; Lady Slade h:is' pale
rose fls.; var. Briggsii (/. Brujgsii, Hort.). or Lady
Briggs, is generally considered better than the type for
most purposes. It is a freer grower and bloomer, the
fls. are a rich magenta-crimson, and it roots from cut-
tings much more readily than /. EorstalUce. This va-
riety makes a fine plant in a inin. pot. G.M. 37:49.
Var. ThiSmpsoni, or I. r7iO)« ■'.■''"•. -. H. r:.. is I.teinata.

13. temita, Jacq. (/. iZ-, '..,. Hort /.
HorsfdUi(f,va,r.Thomso>iin. I ; / n.uiisonU'iiia.
Mast.). Stem somewhat w.^miv :,i i., 1 -, iisuiilly Im-
parted, the segments elliptic or i lli] , : : l fli -liy,
smooth: fls. trumpet-shaped, about ji i ^ 'iMr-

wise like /. Horsfallim^ of which it i- :. w^X

a variety. Probably from W. Indii-. ' ' ,l._ .-17.
F. 1884:"ll8. Gn. 35, p. 440. -Not ii.n-ii. i -; ,,1111^ :is
effective for greenhouse culture as /. ll"rsfaHia.

14. setdsa, Ker. Brazilian MorninoGlory. Plant
very vigorous, branching, covered with stiff purplish
hairs: lvs. 3-10 in. wide, cordate, angular or3-lobed, the
middle lobe abruptly contracted below into a narrow
neck: peduncles many-fld., longer than the petioles:
fls. 2-4 in. wide, salverform, rose-purple. Aug.-Oct.
Braz. B.R. 4:335.— An excellent free-growing climber
for covering arbors, and especially valuable for making
a dense screen because of its very leafy habit. In the
latitude of New York seeds sown in the open will give
flowering plants in late August. It may also be treated
as a warmhouse deciduous twiner. Var. Northern Light
is said to be a cross with /. Bona-nox. Plant unusually
vigorous, often growing 40-50 ft. : fls. lavender-pink.

15. Bonari^nsis, Hook. (7. «C(7o?m. Linrll. I.Tn-rin-
fiftdim, D:.iiiiii. r, r snh. :,■:;. r,. ,,,,;, ,, Sn I,, I.,;,iMl,i„t;,
tinged with i , ' ■.■' . ■ : ■• ■ '" ,..,,"•. : ,,ii-M:

pedunch.'.^ --' - ■ \ ■■> i'm. , , ,-1,. ; j ~ . 11^, 1 '.,-

2 in. widr, '.u.Wx lo Ijl.ir, the hu.l, .,j.r<u,lii,i; n,t., .-, ,Te-
nate lobes. August-October. Trop. Americu and Africa,
B.M. 3B65. B.R. «7:13. P.M. 9:25. Gt. 47:1446.-Here
belongs I. Sellowii, Penny, and probably Hort., not
/. Selloi, Mart., which is a distinct species.

le. Hstuiesa, Mart. (/. Texana, Coulter). Stem 4-10
ft. high, subshrubby, branching, smooth or minutely
pubescent: lvs. 4-6 in. long, thickish, entire or nearly
so: peduncles 1-2 in. long, mostly shorter than the peti-
oles, few-many-fld. : corolla about 3 in. long, bell-shaped,
pink-purple. July-Sept. Brazil; now escaped from gar-
dens in Mex. and southern United States.— It is known
to the trade chiefly as var. Good6Ui (/. Goodilli, Hort.).
Tills var. lias lavciiilcr-pink fls., with a darker throat,
and is ii|.|..'iri iitly iiiori- florifin.us and desirable than
the t\iir. It ]irnilu,-,s srcd s].:Liiiit;lv, but is easily rooted
from ,-ultiii^;s. In the South it is'hardyif the stem is
cut down and the roots mulched : in the North, the roots
must be brought indoors. Advertised as the "Tree
Ipomcea,"

17. leptophjlla, Torr. Bush Moon-Flower. Stem
2-0 ft. hiffli, with nmny slender, recurving branches:
lvs. 2-4 in, loii^', ciiliii-: ]ieduncle stout, 1-4-fld., usu-
ally slioit.i- timii ihi- lvs.: corolla about 3 in. across.
tnniulfonii, rcisi- iiink, ileepening to purple in the
throat. Auy.-lict. Dry plains. Neb. and M'yo., south
to Tex. and N. Mex. — This species is adapted for very
dry places because of its enormous tuberous root-
stocks, which often weigh 100 lbs. and extend into the
subsoil for 4 ft. It sometimes thrives where no rain
has fallen for one to three years. The plant is beautiful
when in flower.

18. pandurita, Man-of-the-Earth. Wild Potato-
vine. Stem 2-12 ft. long; root very long and large (10-
20 lbs. ) : lvs. 2-4 in. long, long-petioled, usually cordate
and entire, occasionally angulate, fiddle-shape or has-
tately 3-lobed : peduncles 1-5-fld., commonly a little
longer than the petioles : corolla 2-4 in. wide, broadly
funnelform with pointed lobes, white with a dark pur-
ple throat. May-Sept. Drv soils. Can. to Fla., west to
Mich, and Tex. A.G. 12:637. R.H. 1893:574. B.M. 1003
(as Convolvulus candicans), 1939, and Gn. 27, p. 373

IPOJIOEA

(both as C. panduratus). B.R. 7:588. — In some places
this species is a very troublesome weed, which is almost
impossible to exterminate because of its long tuberous
roots. It can easily be kept within bounds in the gar-
den with a little care, and makes a very desirable plant
for covering an old dead stump or back fence. The
chief merit of /. pandurata as a garden plant is its har-
diness; hence it is often sold as the "Hardy" or "Per-
ennial Jloontiower.'* If well mulched the roots will stand
26° below zero. There is a double-fid. form.

19. L^ari, Past. Blue Dawx Flower. Stem a very
rapid grower, often 30-40 ft. long, somewhat shrubby at
the base: Ivs. 3-6 in. long, cordate, acute, mostly entire
or slightly 3-lobed, variable: fls. borne in clusters of 12-
30, opening in succession ; corolla 4-5 in. broad, bell-
shaped, deep lilac, sometimes dark purple with five
lighter plaits. Very beautiful. Aug.-Oct. Tropics of
both hemispheres. P.M. 4:207. B.M. 3928 (as PAo»-6(-
tis Lean). B.R. 27:56 (as P/mrti^iS i«aW).- A magnif-
icent species for the warmhouse, but not usually satis-
factory outside, at least in the North. One plant is on
record as producing 60,000 Hs. at the rate of 300 a day.
When grown in the open the tis. are likely to be an un-
attractive coppery purple.

20. JalApa, Pursh (/. MicJtaitxi, Sweet). Stem 6-8
ft. high, branched, slightly rough, springing from an
oblong root weighing 4-30 lbs. : Ivs. 3-5 in. long, ovate-
cordate, membrana I-, \' in; , r. p:md or deeply lobed,

pubescent beneath, -4 in. wide, the corolla

bowl-shaped, witlia 1, i > , whiteorrose-purple.

Aug.-Oct. Mex. 1.1. I ...I- :•! oiivolviihis Jalnpa).
B.M. 1572 (as Co,u;„,;,,,u~^ J„,\,j„n. B.R. 4:342; 8:621.
—A very ornamental warmhouse climber and valuable for
the garden if the tubers are started in the greenhouse
before being set out ; otherwise the plant seldom
blooms much before frost. The "Jalap "of commerce
does not come from this plant, but from /. Purga. The
loots of / Jahipn are but shghtl) purgative.

21 Bona-n6x, Linn Moonflower. Fig. 1170. Stem
10-20 tt hu'h hs 3-8 m long cordate to hastate, en-
tire angulii or 3 lobed, acute, glabrous; peduncles 2-6
m long 1-7 fld equaling the petioles: corolla 3-6 in.
long 4-b m wide trumpet shaped, pure white, some-
times with greenish plaits fls fragrant, usually clos-
ing in the mui ning sometimes i emaining open till noon.
Aug -Sept Amei lean and Asiitic tropics. B. M. 7.52.
B R 11 889 (as / hitifUia) (tu 21, p. 259; 27, p. 473.
V 10 359 known in gardens chieflj as var. grandifldra,
Hort (/ qianrlifldia Ro\b and Hort., not Lam.),
which rloes not differ matenallj from the type. Most of
the large-fid. and very

., -^- flagrant forms in culti-

~^\ ^^"*^S vation may be referred

~~— x here, the smaller forms
are probably /. f/riincli-
flnta, Lam. Var. grandi-
llora is also sold under
the following names; /.
Childsii, I. noctiphyton,
I noctiflora, I. Mexi-
cana grandi flora, I.
Mexicana grandiflora
alba, I. Mexicana
grandiflora vera. These
various trade names
represent strains of va-
rying excellence. A form
with variegated Ivs. is
offeied. The Moonflower
IS most popular as a gar-
den plant,but it also does
well trained along the
roof of a low house or
against a pillar. It is
excellent tor cut-flowers in the evening.

22. grandiSldra, Lam. (Calonyction grandifldrum,
Chois. I. Bona-n6x, Hort., not Linn.). Differs from
/. Bona-nox in having the stem usually covered with
short, sharp points : Ivs. smaller, entire : peduncle much
shorter (usually 1-2 in.) ; fls. not over 3 in. wide; sepals
elliptic, obtuse (in I . Bona-nox OYnte. mucronate) : seeds
shortly villose, with shaggy margins (in /. Bona-nox

1170. Ipomcea Bona-nox (

IRESINE 819

smooth). Cosmop. trop. — Someof the inferior strains
passing as /. Bona-nox and its synonyms belong here.

23. chrysHdes, Ker. Stem slightly woody, much twin-
ing, smooth or branches slightly hairy: Ivs. 1-2 in. long,
ovate-cordate to subhastate, acute, entire or toothed, 3-
angled, 3-lobed and repand : peduncles 1-7-fld., longer
than the petioles; corolla J^-54 in. wide, funnel-shaped.
July-Oct. Trop. Asia and Africa. B.R. 4:270.-It can
be grown out-of-doors, but is tardy in blooming. Best
treated as a warmhouse evergreen climber. /. chryseides
is advertised abroad. /. chrystintha, Hort., described in
American catalogues as having rich, glossy foliage and
golden yellow fls., may belong here.

24. Pes-ciprffi, Roth (/. maritima, R. Br.). Stem
creeping, seldom twining, 20-60 ft. ; roots often 12 ft.
long and 2 in. thick: Ivs. 1-4 in. long, fleshy, roundish,
often broader than long, with 2 glands at the base and
prominently pinnate-veined: peduncles usually few-fld.,
equaling the petioles ; corolla nearly 2 in. long, bell-
shaped, margin scarcely lobed. Aug.-Oct. Trop. coasts
of both hemispheres; drifting sands of coast, Ga. to
Tex. B.R. 4:319.

25. Ba,ti,ta,3,PoiT.{Batdtasfduns, Chois.). Svceet Po-
tato. Lvs. ovate-cordate, usually angular or lobed,
variable, petioled: peduncles equaling or exceeding the
petioles, several-fld.: corolla 1-2 in. wide. Origin un-
known, unless it be from /. fastigiata of tropical
America.— Largely cultivated in many varieties for its
edible tubers. See Sweet Potato.

26. Fiirga, Hayne. Lvs. sagittate-cordate, smooth :
peduncles generally 1-fld., longer than the petioles: fls.
rose-purple ; corolla long-tubular, with a flat limb.
Sept.-Oct. Trop. Amer. B.R. 33: i9 {as -Exogoniiim
Pttrga).— The "Jalap "of commerce is an active purga-
tive made by grinding to a powder dried slices of the
tuberous roots of this species. It was principally col-
lected nrar Xal.ipu, Mex., of which Jalap is acorruption.

27. Wolcottiana, Rose. Tree, 25-30 ft. high, often 1 ft.
thrnut^li, with sli'iider, slightly drooping branches: lvs.
ovate to ovate-laucc.lati-. :! ,' in, ]■.„!}•, smooth; fls. nu-
merous, in short racn - - ■'■ — Mihs; corolla about
2!^ in. broad, white. I.I . ::i|H-d. Mex. G.F.
7 ; 365. -Seeds do not -. . , !y.

7. oilrf a.Kellogg. Lvs.ti Ifuiiwl.iu-wr .luiuiiio.thpleafletsrhnm-
widelyexpanded limb, goldenyellow. Cal. After No. rj iu key.
S. W. Fletcher.

IBESINE (Greek name for a harvest garland wound
with wool ; the flowers and seeds of these plants are
woolly). AmaraiilAceif. Achyranthes. From 20 to 25
species of herbs or subshrubs, in tropical and sub-
tropical Amer. Lvs. stalked, opposite, the margins not
toothed in the domestic species ; fls. very small, bracte-
ate, in axillary or terminal panicles, perfect or imperfect
( plants sometimes dieecious) , the perianth of one series
terete, 5-parted, with ovate-oblong segments ; stamens
5 ; style short or none, the stigmas 2 or 3 : fr. a utricu-
lus. Two or three species are in common cultivation as
bedding plants, because of their highly colored lvs. and
stems. The flrst of these to be introduced was described
before the fls. were known and it was referred to Achy-
ranthes (J. I'c>-sc;!rt^/e»((), but in that genus the anthers
are 2-loculed, whereas in Iresine they are 1-loculed. To
gardeners they are still known as Achyranthes.

Because of ease of propagation, ability to withstand
sun and shearing, and the bright colors, the Iresines are
amongst the most popular bedding plants. Few plants
are easier to grow. Stock plants are kept overwinter in
a cool temperature (as in a carnation house), and in Feb-
ruary and March they are given more heat and moisture,
and cut back, to get cutting wood. Cuttings root quickly
in any good cutting-bed. For mass bedding, plants are
usually set 6-10 in. apart. They will not withstand frost.

H6rb3tii, Hook. t.(Achyrnnt}ies Verschaff/ltii, Lem, ).
Lvs. broadly ovate or orbicular, obtuse and notched at
the apex, purple-red, with prominent arched veins, or
in the commoner variety green or green-red with vellow
veins (var. aiireo-reticvldta). S. Amer. B.M. 5499.-
This was described and figured in August, 1864, by Le-
mB.\Tea.sAchyranthes(?)Verschaffeltii (I.H. 11:409), and
later by Van Houtte as Iresine Versckaffeltii (F.S.

15:1601). In July, 186i, howerer, Hooker had published
it as Ireaine Berbslii, in honor of Mr. Herbst, of the Kew
Nur.sery, who introduced it from the River Platte.
There are horticultural Tarieties with Latin names.

, do. -I, I ]..,„l-,-r,l.

but in soni,- ^nr.l.ii

forms with lij^lit-

banded veins. Equa-

dor. P.S. 17: 1737.-

ore pyramidal in

habit than the other

species, and now

common. To

this species evidently

belong the garden

forms known as JSmersoni, Collensii and formosa.

I. Biemuilleri. Haage & Schmidt, is probably a garden form
of one of the above. It is a compact, dwarf grower, withstand-
ing severe cutting: Ivs. and twigs rose-carmine. l H. B.

IBIABT£A (after Bernard Iriarte). Palmdcem. Tall
spineless palms, with cylindrical or swollen stems sup-
ported on a pyramid of aerial roots : Ivs. few, unequally
pinnate; Ifts. equilateral, cuneate, entire or erose, pli-
cate; petiole channelled; sheath cylindrical: lis. small:
fr. 1-2 in. long: stigmas eccentric or lateral in fr. This
palm is separated from Ceroxylon by the cuneate leaf-
lets. Species 10. Trop. .S. Amer. /. Bungerdthii was
advertised in 1895 by Pitcher & Manda as Triartea,
which was presumably a typographical error for Iriartea.
No description of this species is available.

Jaeed G. Smith.

Ibis (Greek, TOi«6o!c). IndHeeiv. Plate XVI. Distin-
guished from the other members of the tribe except Her-
modactylus and Morsea by the 2-winged style branches,
from Hermodactylus by the 3-celled cap.sule, and from
Moraea by the more or less connate perianth segments.
Herbs with linear or ensiform, equitant leaves and a rhi-
zomatous or bulbous rootstalk : stem simple or branched :
flowers of 6 segments, the 3 outer retli-xed. and the 3
inner usually smaller and erect, ;il\\:ii., n.iin.wcd to

a distinct claw, one to many in i i i ' mI -. from

spatheswhich areformed of the u|.| . ' liaves;

spathe stalked or sessile ; style di\ in -i mf -- ,; |> i;ii like
branches, which are bifid or crested iit tiie ii|i ; stig-
niatic surface immediately below the cre.sts : ovary ses-
sile or pedicelled, within the spathe. For a monograph
of the genus, see Baker's Iridefe, 1888.

About 170 species of Iris are known to botanists.
They are natives of the north temperate zone, inhabiting
Asia, Europe and North America, with a few species in
northern Africa. About 100 species, with innumerable
garden varieties, are offered by dealers in America.
Many of tins,, inrlinlini^ the native species, are culti-
.vated ..1 -xtent, so that horticultural inter-
estcen: ' ■ lid a fow groups given below :

1. <7. ,.",',. /- The plants known to the trade,

and widely advertised as Iris Gmnnnica, German Iris
or Fleur-de-lis, are varieties and hybrids of several spe-
cies, all of which are closely related to /. Germanica.
It is a curious fact that /. Germanica Itself has com-
paratively few varieties, and forms but a small part of
the group named after it. It rarely or never seeds in
cultivation, even when placed near closely related spe-
cies. The principal parent species are /. Florentina,

IRIS

sqiialens. sambiiciiui, fliivescens and nirierjala. Ow-
ing to their diversity of origin, the varieties have a
great diversity of color, ranging from pure white (iu
J. Florentina and its derivatives) through all shades
of mauve and blue to dark purple. From /. viirie-
gala and /. flavescens the yellow-flowered varieties
and those whose (lowers are variegated with yellow
were probably derived. The flowers of all the varie-
ties are large and handsome, often stately, exhibiting
beautiful variegation and shades of color. They are
borne on stout, erect, branched stalks much e.xceeding
the clumps of spreading leaves. All are hardy, and
form excellent border plants, Howering in May and June.

2. Japanese Irises. — All the plants cultivated as
Japanese Irises are referable to a single species, Iris
Icevigata, more generally known as /. K(emi>(eri. The
type of the species has been so much broken tliat its
varieties constitute a distinct horticultural group, con-
taining perhaps as many or more named varieties
than the /. Germanica group itself. So far as known,
no hybrids or other species enter into the make-up of
this class. The plants form strong clumps, attaining a
height of 2 to 3 feet, and bearing several flower stems.
The leaves are slender, erect, growing almost parallel
to each other. In the wild type the inner segments are
erect and rather small. Under cultivation they have been
much broadened and have acquired a spreading habit,
giving the flower a flat, expanded form characteristic of
this group. In color they range from white through
various shades of blue to deep purple, with the seg-
ments variegated with darker veins and streaks, or
plain. All the varieties are hardy, and thrive best in
cool, moist situations. They begin flowering in the
latter part of June and continue through July.

3. Dwarf Irises.— The dwarf Irises comprise several
species related to /. pumila, verna and cristala. They
seldom grow over 9 inches high, but spread rapidly by
their creeping rhizomes, soon forming large patches.
This habit makes them useful border plants. /. are-
naria lives well in dry, sandy situations. The flowers
are variously colored blue, lilac, yellow, etc.

4. Oncocyclus Irlses. — The interesting species of the
subgenus Oncocyclus inhabit the dry mountain regions
of Palestine, Pe'rsia and Armenia. They differ from
other Irises in many striking characters. The plants
grow from 6 to 12 inches high, the stem bearing a single
flower, which in some species is of enormous size, com-
pared with the size of the plant. The segments, of
which the inner are larger than the outer, present a
most singular combination of somber colors. The pecu-
liar colors are often due to the interlacing of numerous
very thin veins, usually blue or brown, on a white or
straw-colored ground. The most common shades thus
I'l-'lu. < 1 III i" aiitiful sky-blue, light gray, and brown
I" 111 some, all the segments are colored
li' ' lit ill most species the inner and outer
srijiiM III- ,11 1 II ill erently colored. In America this group

five being /. isiisiana. Many recorded hybrids have
been raised in Europe. For a monograph, see Foster,
Gn.43, pp. l.SO-135.

Bulbous Irises.— Ahont 20 species of bulbous Irises
are cultivated in America. They are rather dwarf,
hardy and half-hardy bulbous plants, known chiefly for
the brilliant colors and strong contrasts, and for their
numerous flowers. The species most coniiuonlv found
in gardens are /. Xli>hiiim, better k.M.un us 7, /!is-
panica, and I. riphnitles or I. Ani/ln^i. \'\,,- l,iti,r is
probably the oldest Iris in cultivaticiii. Srr I'.isti r, (i.
C. II. 23, pp. 5(i7 and 72G. n I i.sssi:i,r,KiMi.

The Irises are a widely distributed group of plants,
occurring in almost all degrees of longitude of the north
temperate zone. They are found in few forms above
40 degrees north latitude, and there seem to be no
species south of the Atlas mountains of Africa, the bota-
nists rating the nearly allied southern forms as Morteas.
There is a somewhat general localization of some of the
main forms of Irises, central to southern Europe being
rich in the broad-leaved species, both tall and dwarf,
these giving way in Asia to many narrow-leaved forms,
which forms are also abundant on our western coast, in
fact east to Missouri. Spain and the Mediterranean

Plate XVI. Irises, mostly

lEIS

821

regions of Africa are the home of bulbous forms. In
southwestern Asia are found not only hroad-leaveil
forms, but tliis region is also the home of a rich variety
of dainty bulbous kinds and the curious Oncocyclus
species.

As will be seen by their distribution. Irises are espe-
ciallv adapted by their hardinf^^ t" lt >\vtli in our gar-
dens, though some forms, a- '' > \:' ■ ■". iIih Indian,
and the Oncocyclus specirs, n. I ; : i^atment or

protection. In the main tli. I - iliuralpoint

of view, are like others of nriu- - \ n, ;is families,
mostly very good — not to say conimoniilace — with a
few decidedly bad members. As there are nearly 170
species of Irises, with countless varieties, they are in-
teresting to the amateur collector and grower both for
their variety and their general beauty of flower.

The life of Iris flowers varies from three to six days.
They are fragile, but if cut before the petals unroll may
be forwarded to considerable distance without injury.
This is the only way, in fact, by which the florist can
market them. The botanists divide the Irises into two
main groups, the bulbous kiinl iind those with rhizomes,
these groups being each divided liy tin* varying charac-
ters of the more or less raised line in the luidiUe of the
fall of the flower. This, of course, gives no clue to cul-
tural necessities or to time of flowering, two important
details in a garden.

Considering the bulljous Irises as a group, these are
all har.lv withc.nt pn.teftion in the latitude of NewYork
citv .xript /. Ills'.,... I .,il„l,i,l.juncea, l.PalcesUna,
J. f.n.i.t.n..,. I. t'.ni.nn.

In tlic- orilcr of their flowering, the reticulata group
is the earliest, /. Bnkerinnn and others starting into
flower as soon as released by frost, usually in February
or March. These are soon followed by the others of
this group, the largest-flowered member being /. his-
trioides. A peaty, san<ly soil seems to be most accept-
able to this group, and no organic manure must be
given them. A location, if possible, where they may be
kept on the side of dryness in summer is desirable. The
culture of these, like that of all exotic plants in our gar-
dens, is, of course, tentative. If, on trial, they seem to
be happy and increase from offsets or buds, they may
remain in the borders indefinitely, but if during the
second season they show no gain, the bulbs should be
lifted and a trial made in another location. This group
seeds freely, and the seed pods will be found just under
the soil surface.

Closelv following this group are the so-called .Juno
Irises, of which /. Pcrxica is the most familiar, though
not the best example. These Irises have somewhat large
bulbs, with curious, persistent, fleshy roots, and seem
to thrive best in somewhat stiff soil, in sheltered loca-
tions, where they will be well baked during the summer.
They flower in Mar.-li and April, th.- la-st forms being
/. h'',.^,'„h„rj,i„„„. I. ...-.■j,:....h :<. I . s:,i.l,.in'nsis, and
/. .-ls.<//»-;.ir,(. Tliiv ■Av.- ,l,..)ral.N. plains in the most

by offsets.

About the same time as above will flower the Iris
tuherosa ("The Widow"}, which is neither bulbous nor
an Iris strictly, but has a weird beauty of its own, with
its green and black flowers. This should have a summer
baking. (See Hermoflactiitns .)

Planted out in the early fall, the so-called Spanish
Irises make an early start and produce leaves which are
persistent during the winter and seldom injured here.
In Jlay and .June they broaden out, and are then sur-
mounted by very bright, distinct and charming flow-
ers. Very satisfactory flowers, these, and of the easiest
culture. Thev probably do best in spots inclining to
moisture. The bulbs make offsets rapidly, and should
often be divided and replanted. There are two forms
and numerous flowers-of this Iris. The boldest form is
that known as the "Thunderbolt."

Thr. "En-lish" Irises. /. xiphioiijes. follow the
"S,.ani-li ■ in .Tune ,ind .July. Their flowers are wider in
all ihrii- ),arts. and in a limited range of colors, white
and ijur]il. . ■Mt. Blanc," pure white, is probably the
of the group. The foliage of the

Ens

sh Iris do

till early spring, and the
the

The African bulbous Irises, /. juiiceK, I. Wiiiani,
I. iilata, are subjects for a coolhouse, though the for-
mer is rarely hardy here.

The rhizomatous Irises may be divided into a number
of sections, but in a cultural way may be broadly con-
sidered iu two sections : those with thick, surface-
creeping rhizomes, as the hybrid German, and those
with more or less thin ones, as J. Sibirica and /.
lievigata, which are subterranean. While the former
section comprises plants which grow iu various condi-
tions, some with the roots submerged, yet in a general
way they have mostly surface-creeping rhizomes. These
are best transplanted soon after flowering, at which
time they commence a new growth. It is customary for
the nurserymen to supply these in the fall, which usually
leads to the loss of a season, as they often fail to become
established when planted late. The foliage of the Iris
indicates a sun-loving family, and Irises should be
planted in full exposure in rich, but not mantired soil,
well drained. The rhizomes should be planted flat and
covered to half their diameter. If the rhizomes are in
a growing condition, no further care will usually be
necessary with the great majority of the species, but if
the rhizomes are dormant and partly dried up, as they
are frequently on receipt, care should be taken that they
have not much moisture till they start into growth,
otherwise they are likely to rot. Not every Iris will
grow in every garden, but the failure to establish these
plants is most often caused by too much exposure to
excitement of light, warmth and moisture when the plant
is not ready to convert its reserve into food. Valuable
species should have the protection of a frame in such
circumstances till it seems safe to plant them out. If
carefully treated and not excited, apparently hopeless
dried up rhizomes may often be saved. Most of these
Irises in common cultivation increase rapidly, and
should be divided and replanted every two or three
years; otherwise the rhizomes become matted and the
abode of grass, etc. Among them will be found some of
the showiest flowers of the family.

Usually in early May we have flowers of /. Chanueiris
and its variety /. Olbiensis, followed quickly by the
dwarfer /. pumila and its white form I.Attica. Forms
of /. lulescens. Lam., quickly follow, after which /.
Germanica, I. Florentina and the host of "hybrid Ger-
man " varieties come rapidly forward and give a great
wealth of color. Every one is familiar with the great
bearded purple /. Germanica, perhaps the most gener-
ally cultivated Iris. There are larger-fld. forms of this:
/. Amas and /. macraiithu. I. Germanica alba seems
to be a variety of /. albicans. This and /. Florentina
are the usual white-fld. forms seen at this time. Of
bold, lighter purple kinds, /. pallida and its hybrids
are then preeminent.

The German Irises of the garden are not varieties of
/. Germanica, but hybrids of various species, as I. pal-
lida, I. viiriegata, I. sambiicina, I. sfjiialens, I. lurida
X wild forms and /. neglecta, I. ama;na, I. plicata and
/. Swertii, which are known only in gardens. Naturally
these vary much in stature, time of flowering, size and
coloring of fls. They may be had in almost endless va-
riety, but a typical collection may be made with com-
paratively few plants.

Among the best forms of the "hybrid German" Irises
are: /. aphijtla — Bridesmaid, I\Iadame Chereau, Swer-
tii; /. amwna-Compte de St. Clair. Fairy Queen, iSe-
ticulafit alba/, Victorine: f. rifatert. r — CordeUa., Wagner;
/. pallida — Khedive, JIa.l. Paiapiitte, Queen of May,
Walmer ; /. squalen^ — .Vniols, .laripiiniana, Harrison
Weir, Mons. Cherion; /, ;w ,/, ,;,(^l ~ Heaconsfleld, Da-
rius, Hector, Honorable, I'lin.-i- nf (Mange.

June is flowering time for tnany Iris species, many of
which are uncommon, but of the more available forms
one could scarcely neglect the native /. hexagona, the
dark La Mance form of which is very distinct and
amongst the handsomest of the familv. A white form
of this is not hardy here. I. fiiira, another native plant
with copper-colored flowers, is also interesting. Irises
with distinct f<irms of this season are /. Monnieri and
/. orientalis (or /. ochroletica) , both of which have ob-
liquely growing rhizomes and enjoy moisture.

For margins of water /. Pseudacorus ,w\t]i yellow fls.,
is invaluable, and our natives, /. versicolor and /. Caro-

822 IRIS

Uiiensis, seem as happy iu the moisture as in the up-
lands. The Iris rhizoiiies which require deep plantiug
are mostly smaller and thinner than those of surface
creepers. The species with these roots are mostly
strong-growing plants, rapidly increasing and requiring
an abundance of moisture, though there are some nota-
ble exceptions to be mentioned later. Of the members
of this group, /. Sibirica, in several purple and white
forms, is a common garden plant. /. ensafa is a com-
mon Asiatic Iris with sma'l fls. borne among the narrow
foliage, which is as ornamental as some of the large

The Japanese Irises, which usually end the general
display of Irises, are a remarkable example of type-
breaking, the occidental gardeners having worked up
from /. UevUiata a wonderful variety of colorings and
variation in number of petals, though the colors may
be included in about half a dozen general types. There
are few handsomer flowers than good forms of the
white Japanese Iris. This Iris may be grown on the
upland, but it does not do its best in such locations, for
it is particularly susceptible to good treatment, and to
produce large flowers both water and manure are essen-
tial. Mr. Peter Barr, the veteran fancier of good plants,
lately wrote the undersigned from Japan , after consulting
one of the oldest cultivators, that "this Iris is grown in
the rice fields in winter and watered e.ach month while
at rest with human manure (cow manure would do) ; as
soon as young growth appears no more manure is given
and the ground is flooded. When growth has ended the
water is withdrawn."

One of the most curious things in connection with the
Japanese Iris is that though these plants have been i[i
cultivation here since soon after the treaty ports wen-
first opened, they seem to have excited little attenTinn
from gardeners until within a few years. Yet the lir^t
importations were as handsome as the latir. In tliis
connection it may be said that Japan has also /. ,i,'ir,li-
pes, a dark purple hardy form, and /. Jiipoiilni „r Clii-
nensis, one of the beauties of the faiiiiiy but. liki- /.
tectorum (the Roof Iris), another crested kind, needing
here greenhouse protection and well worth it. There is,
however, a perfectly hardy crested Iris, the beautiful
dwarf /. cristata of the upper southern states-acharm-
ing plant for a front border or rockery. Equally dwarf
are our lake Irises /. laciixlris and /. verna.

The west coast of the United States is fortunate in
possessing some beautiful and distinct Irises, mostly
of the wiry-rooted, thin-leaved type. They have not yet
been fully separated botanically, and they are most
dilScult things to establish in eastern or other gardens,
so that there are really very few in cultivation. Raising
from seed seems the most practical way of establishing
these species. They seem to be perfpctiy hardy here, tor
some of them have been tested and ilowrrcd. tmt they
do not tarry long.

/. maernsiphon. I. Bartwe/ill. I. I>.n„ii„ si,iui,, I.
bractenfn, I. Inutx, /. longipetuld, I. ttnifis and /.
Puril/li is a ii-<t which will interest the searcher after
interesiiiii; plmit^. Max Leichtlin, who has a genius
for growing' diiliiult things, has been successful in es-
tablishing' /. hnirlrahi, I. mncrosiphon and I. Purdij-
ana. He says, "My experience is that they cannot be
moved unless in full vegetation. We must grow them
from seed, and not touch the seedlings until they have
formed a solid rootstock. After this and movement to
grow has begun, they can be safely handled and trans-
planted like other Irises."

There remain to be considered two allied groups, the
Oncocyclus and Regelia. These are considered by ama-
teurs the most interesting groups of the Iris family— in-
teresting in the amateur's vocabulary meaning some-
thing rare and difficult. At the best, these plants give
few flowers, but they compensate for this by their dis-
tinct and quaint beauty. The best known member of the
family, /. Susinna, has been in cultivation several hun-
dred years, but is by no means yet a common plant. It
takes more kindly to cultivation than any of the other
species, will usually flower in the border the first year
after planting if the spring is not too rigorous; and
gardens are not unknown where from some conditions
of fortunate placing or soil, they continue to flourish. It
cannot be said that there is any hard and fast formula

IRIS

for growing these Irises. They vary among themselves
as to their requirements, and need special and difl'ereut
treatment in different gardens and climates. These Irises
are natives of Palestine, Asia Minor, the Caucasus, Cen-
tral Asia and Persia regions, all of which are hot and

M ' Km

i

f

^1

1

W

^

dry in summer, with a settled and sometimes severely
cold winter and a genial spring. In some of the regions
they are protected by a covering of snow in winter while
dormant, but Palestine and Persia have open winters,
and their Irises make growth at this time. After culti-
vating most of the species for a number of seasons, the
writer's experience does not lead him to dogmatize
much on their cultivation or to approve of many special
devices which have been put forward from time to time
as the solution of the problem. The consensus of opin-
ion among the growers who have had the best success
with these plants is about as follows, premising that we
are dealing with plants which are perfectlv hardy: We
receive the rhizomes with the Dutch bulbs in the fall, at
which time they are dormant and leafless. It is well to
store them in a cool place and plant out in November in
a bed of fairly light and well drained soil in a border
fully exposed. They require no protection, but if the
climate is one where frosts and thaw alternate, it is
well to give the ground a covering while frozen to keep
it firm. The Irises so planted will seldom spear here till
genial weather arrives, and with plentiful supplies of
moisture at the root will give flowers from strong buds.
After flowering, or, more accurately, flowering time, one
is forced to choose between two methods of treatment.
If the garden is high, dry and hot, the best procedure is
to cover the beds with a glass frame sufficiently large to
protect them from moisture and allow the rhizomes
to bake. This frame may be removed in the late fall.
If the leaves appear, as some of them are likely to do,
they may be left unprotected until very severe weather
sets in, hereusually in December. The protection should
be something to protect the leaves from the winter sun
and frequent change of temperature. Here coal ashes
have proved satisfactory, though unsightly. Foliage
does not seem to become as soft under them as under
leaves or mats. If the spring is genial, with weather

1. Ill tbis case
ire the numer-
isiim forms of
lit to cultivate,

IRIS

steadily becoming warm, the plants being uucovereii as
soon as the conditions will seem to warrant, should be
in the best possible shape to reward one with their noble
blooms. It is the lack of this ijenial spring in the lati-
tude of New York which, however, leads often to cul-
tural troubles. The leaves, having been protected, are
none too hard, and, with the constant alternate thawing
and freezing, and the high

pla ■

covering till really genial weather,
age is blighted and no flown - :u r ]i

In gardens which are hn : i
ture, the best procedure i- :

lifting the rhizomes in July ill I i i .1
in dry earth, planting out ;ii,':iiii in li
care should be used in lifriim imi 1
ous fleshy roots. The Palcxini.- ai
these Irises are considered tin- must .
from their habit of early growth.

Irises are not only increased by
rhizomes or by offsets, but may be i , . _
seed, which they usually produce freely, though,
most cases, they require artificial fertilization. A large
number of the common Irises of gardens are hybrids,
and of late years a number of beautiful hybrids have
been produced between some of the rarer Oncocyclus
species, and between these also and common forms, as
I.variegatn. etc. There are still opportunities to pro-
duce many new and untried crosses, and experiments
In this line are recommended. The pollination of the
Iris is simple. The anthers should be removed when
the flower llrst opens, and preserved in paper or vials,
properly marked. The pollen will retain its potency for
a week or perhaps longer, and may be applied to the
stigma of the flower selected (the anther of which has
been removed promptly) with a camel's-hair brush.
The stigma will be found near the apex of the petal-like
style, and is ready for pollination when the upper edge
drops down and exposes the upper surface. Many Iris
seeds germinate with considerable irregularity, and
failure to start promptly should not lead to discourage-
ment or discarding of the pan in which the seeds are.
J. N. GER.iRD.

IRIS

823

Fin

Alberti, 36.

FnMrri:ill:i,:ni

Inriila. .il, 70.

albicans, 54.

I.us.t.ulica.Sl.

amceiia, m.

tulv;,. 17.'

Int.-.ceus. 44.

Anglica. 82.

fumosa. nil.

niacrosiphon, 2.

aphylla, 50, 56, 57.

lurcata, 50.

tnajor. 77, 87.

a^naria,46.

Gatesii, 78.

Mariffi, 71.

Asiatica, 55.

Germanica. 60.

maricaides. 92.

atrofusca, 75.

gigantea. 26.

Milesii. 34.

atropurpurea, 74.

gracilis. 10. 37, 39.

minor, 46.

atroviolacea, 37, 65.

graminea. 11.
Grant-Duffli, 4.

Missouriensis, 15.

aurea. 24.

Monnieri, 25.

atlirea. 37.

Guldenstoedtiana,

Nazarina. 79.

Bakeriana, 90.

23.

NikUensia. 11.

Balkans. 40.

gypsea. 60.

Benacensis. 52.

hcematophylla, 12.

notha. 30.

bitiora. 41.

halophylla, 30.

nudimuKs, 41.

Uglumis, 7.

Hartwegii, 3.

ochrolmca. 26.

BiUiotti, 63.

HelenoB. 71.

,.c„l„tn. 102^

Bismarckiana, 72.

hexagona. 20.

Bloudovii, 47.

Hispanica, 81.

,,,-i.i.'.i.|.-- M_'

Bohemica. 50.

Histrio, 88.

Boissieri, 86.

histrioides. 87.

braoteata, 14.

honorabilis. 48.

Caroliniana, 21.

humilis, 1.

Caucasica, 100.

Hungarica, 50.

1.1' :,. I -

hybrida, 59.

Chamajlris, 45.

Iberica. 76.

Italica, 45.

eceralea.'IV, 102.

Jacquesiana, 60.

Japonica, 35.

prisuia'tk'a. 10.

cHsTiita.' 32.'

iuncea, 85.

Pseudacorus, 18.

cuprea. 17.

Junonia. 55.

pseudopnmila, 38

C!/anm. 87.

EcempfeH, 28.

pumlla, 37.

Cj-priaiia. 64.

Koehii, 53.

purpurea. 94.

Danfonliie. 93.

Kolpakowskiana,

reticulata. 60. 87.

Delavajn, 8.

Rosenbaehiana, 9:

Douglaslana, 16.

Korolkowi. 68.

Ruthenica, 1. 5.

ensata, 7.

Erelagei, 87.

sambucina, 62.

falcata, 50.

laevigata, 28.

aanguinea. 12.

fllifoUa. 84.

Leichtlini. 67.

Sarii, 70, 79.

fimbriata. 35.

LeichtUniana. 68.

scorpioidea, 99.

flavescens, 49.

Uneata. 66.

setosa, 22.

flavissima. 47.

longipetala, 9. ,

Sibirica, 12.

sicula. 55. superba. 13. vaga, 67.

Siudjarensis, 97. Susiaua. 77. variegata, 12, 18, 48.

Sugdiana.23.' " Swertii. 57. verna, 31.

speciosa, 55. te(.'torum, 33. versicolor, 19.

speclabiUs. 81. teuax, 6. riuhicea. 68.

spuria, 30. Tingitana, 83. virescens. 43.

squalens. 61. Tolmieana. 15. riryi;i;ra, 10.

Statellce, 44. Trojana, 29. xiphioides. 82.

stylosa, 13. unguicularis, 13. Xiphium, 81.

Synopsis op Subgenera in Cultivation.

Series I. Bootstock a short, thick, or creeping

rhizome.

Apogon. Outer segments of the perianth without

a beard or crest Species 1-30

Pardanthopsis. Outer segments of the perianth
not distinctlv bearded or crested, merely keeled;
sometimes slightly hairy Species 31

EvANSiA. Outer segments of the perianth dis-
tinctly crested on the claw and lower part of
the blade Species 32-35

PsEUDEVANsiA. Outer segments bearded or hairy :

beard springing from a rudimentary crest

Species 36

PoGONiRis AND Regelia. Outer segments bearded
or hairv: hair restricted to a dense beard along
the midrib Species 37-68

Oncocyclus. Outer segments bearded or hairy:
hairs diffused over the lower part of the blade
and claw ; inner segments larger than the outer.
Species 69-80

Series II. Bootstock hulbous.

XiPHiON. Inner segments of the perianth large,
erect : stamens not adhering to the style
branches Species 81-91

Gynandiris. Inner segments large, erect: sta-
mens adhering to the style branches Species 92

Juno. Inner segments small and spreading or
deflexed Species 93-102

SUBGENUS APOGON

A. Lvs. linear, generally less than
yi in. broad.
B. Sheath splitting up into
fibers.
c. Valves of the spathe green.
D. Tube of the perianth
l%-2in. long.

E. Spathe sessile 1. humllis

EE. Spathe stalked 2. macrosiplion

DD. Tube of the perianth
short or obsolete.

E. Fls. yellow 3. Hartwegii

4. Grant -Duffii
EE. Fls. some shade of
blue or white.
F. Slemlfs. reduced.
G. Stem terete.
H. Bootstock
slender,
wide-creep-
ing 5. Ruthenica

tenax
ensata
Delavayi

fibers.

. Stem nearly obsolete .

. Stem presetit, clothed 1

sheathing bracts . . .

.13. unguicularis
.14. braoteata

824

IRIS

ccc. stem present, tieciriiicj 1-2

leaves 15. Missouriensia

1(1. Douglasiana
AA. Lvs. ensiform, generally muth
over % in. broad.
B. Stem bearing several Inn;/
leaves.

c. Fls. redtUsli hnnin IT. fulva

cc. Fls. yellow Is. PseudacoruB

ccc. FU. lihir, jyiiijili , tiliic,
ete.,ori,-l,ite.
D. Lis. snmewhul ijlini-

coK.s 19. versicolor

DD. Lvs. liriijht green, mil
glaucous.

E. Fls. sessile 20. hexagona

EE. Fls. pedieelled 21. Caroliniana

22. setosa
BB. Stem bearing S-4redticed lvs.

c. Fls. yellow 2!). Guldenstoedtiana

24. aurea
2.'). Monnieri
20. orientaliB
CO. Fls. some shade of blue or

white 27. foetidiasima

28. laevigata
2'.i. Trojana
ao. spuria

1. MmiliB, M. Bleb. (/. i?H(A^niCrt, Ker., notDryand.).
Rhizome wide-creeping : lv.s. to 12 in a tuft, glaucous, 6-12
in. long: fls. bright lilac; outer sepals with asuborbicu-
lar blade and a long cuneate claw. Caucasus to Geor-
gia and Hungary. Gn. 10, p. 379.

2. maoroslphon, Torr. Plants rather dwarf, 6-12 in.
high : lvs. grass-like, green, 12 in. long, exceeding the
fls.: stem 3-6 in. long: pedicels very short: outer seg-
ments obovate-cuneate, undulate, pale yellow to cream,
with a network of brownish crimson or bright lilac
veins ; inner segments rather small, colored like the
outer. Free-flowering. Calif, and Ore. Gn. 52, p. 126.-
Torrey says the fls. are bright lilac and the lvs. less
than 4 lines wide.

3. H4rtwegii, Baker. Lvs. few (2), 6-12 in. long, finely
veined : stem G in. long, with linear leaf low down : pedi-
cel 1-1 J^ in. long: limb pale yellow: outer segments with
an oblong blade, shorter than the claw. Calif. Rarely
cult.

4. Grant-DiiHii, Baker. Lvs. about 1 ft. long; stem 6
in. high, with about 2 lvs., outer valves marked with
fine black lines: outer segments with a yellow blade,
much shorter than the claw; claw veined with lilac on a
yellowish white ground. Palestine. Gt. 42, Supp. PI.—
Not valuable commercially.

5. KutWnica, Dryand., not Ker. Lvs. 3-12 in. long,
in crowded tufts: stem slender, 3-6 in. long, but often
obsolete : tube twice as long as the ovary : outer seg-
ments with an oblong blade rather shorter than the claw,
lilac, violet-scented. Apr., May. China, Siberia and
Cent. Asia. B.M. 1123 and 1393. Gn. 50, p. 187.

6. Wnax, Dougl. Sheaths short: lvs. 6-12 in. long:
stem 6-12 in. long; pedicel long: outer segment broadly
obovate, with an acute point : blade about as long as
the claw, bright lilac, with purple veins and a varie-
gated white and yellow spot on the throat; inner seg-
ments shorter, waved. Apr., May. Dry soils, B. C. and
Ore. Int. to Eng. 1826. B.M. 3343. B.R. 15:1218. Gn.
53:1175. -Hardy.

7. ensita, Thunb. (/. biglumis, Vahl. I.oxgpftala,
Bunge. I.fr(lgrans,lAn<W.). Sheaths large: lvs.l-3ft.
long: pedicel 2-4 in., often longer than the spathe;
limb loose, bright blue or lilac: outer segments oblan-
ceolate, 2 in. long; blade shorter than the claw, veined
with dark blue, yellowish on the throat: inner segments
slender, erect, bright blue. Russia, Japan. Caucasus.
B.M. 2528 and 2331. B.R. 26:1. Gt. lOll.-Hardy.
Variable.

Var. pabulilria, Naudin (I. pabuUria, Hort.). Said
to be distinct. Larger, with lvs. purplish red near the
base. Used as a forage plant. Does well in driest
situations. Gt. 47; 1452. -Described by Wittraack, Gt. 47,
p. 369. The seeds should be sown in beds, and the

IRIS

young plants set out the following spring, 10 in. apart
each way, where they are to remain.

8. Delaviyi, Mieheli. Lvs. 2-2H ft. long, often nearly
1 in. broad; stem 3-5 ft. high, bifurcate: spathe valves
green: outer segments reflexed from the middle, oblong,
obtuse or emarginate, brilliant violet, spotted with white
on the lower half; claw yellow, veined with lilac; inner
segments oblong-lanceolate, acute, erect, violet. Large
plants, with the flower-stalks erect, high above the lvs.
Thibet. R.H. 1895, p. 399.

9. longipStala, Herb. Lvs. : i' !i, l lu : stem stout,
scilid, cumpressed, \% ft. hiLi lilac; outer

si-giiiciits obovate, reflexint' 111 : law vcim-d

with viiilet on a white grouiiil. lalM. r...M . .".JUS.

10. priBmitica, Pursh (/. Vinjivir.i, Jlulil. /. graci-
lis, Bigel.). Plant tall, slender: lvs. mostly shorter
than the stem, grass-like: stem 1-2 ft., simple or forked,
flexuous : spathes 1-2-fld.: pedicel long, exceeding the
spathe: outer segments VA-'l in. long; blade shorter
than the claw, bright lilac, yellow on the throat, marked
with purple and darker veins; inner segments erect,
bright lilac. May, June. Wet grounds, New Brunswick
to Pa. and N. Car. B.M. 1504.

11. graminea, Linn. (I. NikiUnsis, Lange). Lvs.
strongly ribbed, \-\% ft. long: stem compressed, an-
gled, slender, solid; pedicel 1-lK In. long; limb bright
lilac, copiously veined; outer segments with an orbicu-
lar blade J^ in. broad and shorter than the broad claw;
claw dull yellow, veined with purple ; inner segments
erect, nearly straight. May. Central and S. Eu. B.M.
G81. — Long cult.; mentioned by Lobel, Clusius and Ge-
rarde. Distinguished from /. Sibirica by its solid, angu-
lar stem.

12. Sibirica, Linn. (/. acuta. Willd.). Compact,
tufted: lvs. trreeii. not riirid. 1-2 ft. lont'i stem slender,
terete, tisml" . , imali -a n i,,|.|,mi^ iIm 1\-,, simple or
forked, Ur.u a ■ i : i ■ ii bright li-
lac-blue; "la. II.! I 111 .-in orbicu-
lar blade a'railiaill; iiaiiaaM.l 1.1 a ~liial. ]■ alaw, veined
with bright violet, whitish toward tlie claw; inner seg-
ments shorter, erect. Central and S. Eu. and eastern
Siberia. Int. in 1796. B.M. 50. R.H. 1898, p. 23. -Com-
mon in cult. The plants form large, compact clumps,
producing many long flowering stems from the center.
Var. orientiUs, Thunb. i/. s.ii,,/,iin,a. Don. /. Sibir-
ica, var. sanguinea. Hort. /. Im niiili'jihfilhi. Fiscb.
/. Sibirica. var. hatii.il.'jilnjlhi. Hort.). FN. larirer,
more fugitive; blade of the outer segments orbicular:
young lvs. reddish. June. Produces a second crop
later. Var. dlba, Hon., with pure white fls. Var. varie-
gata, Hort., with variegated lvs. Var. actita, Hort.
Narrow-lvd.

13. unguiculiris, Poir. (7. styUsa, Desf.). Fig. 1172.
Lvs. about 6 in a tuft, finally l^i-2 ft. long, bright
green : tube 5-6 in. long, filiform, exserted from the
spathe: limb bright lilac, rarely white; outer segments
2H-3 in. long, 1 in. broad, with a yellow keel, streaked
with lilac on a white ground at the throat ; inner seg-
ments oblong. Jan., Feb. Algeria. B.M. 5773. Gn.
24:398; 46:979; 49, p. 236; 50, p. 187. G.C. III. 25:85.
-Not hardv. but useful for ctitting in early winter.
Fragrant. Var. 41ba, Hort. Wliite form; spring. Var.
supferba, Horl. Hluisli |iiii pla. ( lat. and later.

14. bracteilta, S. Wais. Kiolimentary lvs. brown,
very rigid; produced Ix.s. 1 to lew. much exceeding the
stem, 1-2 ft. long, one side green, the other glaucous,
edge revolute : stem 1-headed, angled, 2-3 in. to 1 ft.
long, sheathed with bracts 2-4 in. long : tube short,
funnelform ; outer segments 2-3 in. ; blade ovate, as
long as the claw, pale yellow, veined with bluish pur-
ple; innersegmentsshorter,erect, yellow; style branches
long, narrow. June. Discovered in 1884 by Thomas
Howell, in Ore. G.F. 1:43. -Int. 1888.

15. MisBOurifinBis, Nutt. (I. TolmieAna, Berh.) Lvs.
pale green, finely ribbed, 1-lK ft. long: stem 1-2 ft. long,
usually exceeding the lvs., bearing a single large leaf low
down; pedicel long; tube very short: limb bright lilac;
outer segments obovate, 1 in. broad, yellow near the
claw; inner segments oblong, straight, erect. Wet soil,
S. Dak. and Mont, to Ariz. Gn. 50:1082. -Not common
in cult. Flowers early.

IRIS

16. Oouglasi&na, Herb. Rhizome stout, short, creep-
ing: Ivs. about 6 in a tuft, broade^^t io Tli.- nii'MIn,
strongly ribbed, 1-2 ft. long: stem 1-:^ n IhlIi. u-iii!;,
simple, with one long bract leaf: tul -

fls. 3-4 in. in diameter; outer seguu n! -
late, spreading and recurved, pale liLf . \\i;!i :( wlni-
disk and purple veins; inner segment.s .sh<.trter, erect,
lanceolate, acuminate, pale lilac, not veined. Calif.
B.M. 6083. Gn. 50:1086.

17. fulva, Ker. (/. citprea, Pursh). Lvs. thin, bright
green. lK-2 ft. long, not exceeding the stem: stem 2-3
ft. high, forked low down ; lower stem-lvs. 1 ft. long:
pedicel produced : tube greenish yellow, 1 in. long:
limb loosely expanded, bright reddish brown or copper-
colored, variegated with blue and green; outer segments
obovate-cuneate, emarginate; inner segments smaller,
spreading. Late June. In swamps. 111. to Ga., La. and
Tex. Introduced into England 1811 by Lyon. B.M.
1496. Gn. 53:1175. Mn. 5:61.

18. Pseudicorus, Linn. Lv-. r,-3 ft. long, equaling
the stem: stem stout, t.r.t.-, L'-:: tt., bearing several
long lvs. andseveral clii^i. IS "f lis.: limb bright yellow;
outer segments broadly olj'jvate, 2-2>.2 in. long, yellow,
with a bright spot and radiating brown veins on the
claw; inner segments scarcely longer than the claw of
the outer, oblong. May, June. Europe, Syria and the
Barbary states; naturalized in N. Y., Mass. and N. J.—
The plants form tine, large clumps, bearing numerous
tiowering stalks. Var. variegita, Hort. Lvs. striped
with creamy white. Var. pAUida, Hort. Fls. pale sulfur-

19. versicolor, Linn. Lvs. slightly glaucous, l%-2 ft.
long: stem forked low down and often branched above,
2-3-headed: tube very short: limb violet-blue; outer
segments spatulate, 2-3 in. long, variegated with yellow
on the claw and veined with purple; inner segments
oblanoeolate. much smaller. British N. A. and northern
U. S. Int. into Eng. lT.i2. B.M. 21. G.W.F. 5. D. 89.

20. hexigona, Walt. Lvs. 2-3 ft., long: stem usually
simple, 3 ft. long, 2-3-headed, with several large lvs.,
the upper ones exceeding the fls.: spathe valves some-
times leaf-like: tube 1 in. long, green, dilated upward:
limb bright lilac; outer segments 3 in. long; blade obo-
vate, with a bright yellow keel on the claw; claw
downy; inner segments shorter, erect ; style branches
very {■oncavc, green, with a central lilac band. Ky. to
Tex. and Fhi. B.M. 6787.

21. Caroliniina, S. Wats. Lvs. 2-3 ft. long, bright
green: stem stout, simple or branched: tube /-a in. long:
limb lilac, variegated with purple and brown ; outer
segments broadly spatulate, 2M-3 in. long, with narrow
claws; inner segments narrower, nearly erect. Differs
from /. versicolorhj its green lvs. Discovered by W. A.
Manda in N. Car. G.F. 6:335.

22. setdsa, Pallas. Lvs. thin, green, 1-1 J^ ft. long :
stem deeply forked, much exceeding the lvs. : tube J^ in.
long: limb bright lilac; outer segments 2-2J^iu. long;
blade 1 in. broad, suddenly narrowed at the claw, co-
piously veined; inner segments very small, ^ in., cu-
neate, large-cuspidate; style branches large, crested.
E. Siberia, Japan, and northwestern Amer. B.M. 2326.
Gt. 322.

23. GueldenstoBdtiana, Lepech. Lvs. pale green, 1-lK
ft. long: stem stout, terete, lK-2 ft. long, often bearing
1-2 spicate clusters below the end one: limb pale yel-
low; outer segments with an orbicular blade ^~% in.
broad, shorter thau the claw, which has a bright yellow
keel and faint lilac veins; inner segments shorter,
erect. Asia.-Var. SogdUna, Baker. A variety with
gray-lilac flowers.

24. aiirea, Lindl. Lvs. scarcely glaucous, lK-2 ft.
long: stem 3-3!-2 ft. long, stout, terete, with 1-2 sessile
clusters below the end one: spathes 2-.'i-tl(l.: iie<Iicel

long: limb bright yellow; outer si-i; n;- .\iili ui "I.

Utng t>la<le 1 in. broad, as long as tin . ' . j

ments less than ^., in. broad. .Julv. \^ ■ ![ : > .

B.K.3:i:.j9. Gn. 31:579. -Int. bv Dr. li<A .r. I m- ., irs

has brighter yellow fls. than the others ul ilii» group
(18-21).

25. MonniSri, DC. Lvs. slightly glaucous, 2-3 ft. long:
stem stout, terete, 3-4 ft. long, with several sessile clus-

IRIS

825

imb 2^-<-;

^^ in. long, lem

on-yellow, with-

""■ '■';', ^

■ "■'"■ <' ■•■^■"'- "•■

.i.-,ilr,l-. I-IJ^ in.

,.i.|..n--ungui-
' ivd and
. s. This

1173 Habit sketch of Ins orientahs (XI -0) No. 26.

26. orientals, Miller (/. ocliroUiiea, Linn. /. gigan-
(e«,Carr.). Fig. 1173. Plants growing in strong clumps:
lvs. 2-3 tt. long, slightly glaucous : stem 3-4 ft., stout,
terete, with 2-3 spicate clusters of fls. : outer segments
obovate, 1 in. broad, as long as the claw, yellow, paler
or white toward the margin ; inner segments oblong,
1 in. broad, lemon-yellow to whitish. Asia Minor and
Syria. B.M. 61. Gn. 20:301; 38:779; 46, p. 362 and 50, p.
186. R.H. 1875, p. 357.-One of the largest of the Irises.
Grows in almost any situation. White forms of this
plant are in cultivation.

27. foetidissima, Linn. Gladwin. Lvs. 1-lK ft. long:
stem compressed, 2-3 ft. long, 2-3-headed : tube % in.
long: limb bright lilac; outer segments lH-2 in. long,
with a suborbicular blade equaling the claw ; inner seg-
ments shorter, oblanceolate. Central and S. Eu., Eng.,
Afghanistan and Algeria. Gn. 47, p. 30. -This plant is
very distinct, and is easily recognized by the odor of the
broken lvs. The capsules remain on the plants in win-
ter, bursting open and displaying rows of orange-red
berries. The fls. are rather inconspicuous. There is a
whitish variety with brown veins, and a variety with
white-striped lvs.

28. \sBvigkta, Fisch. & Mey. (7. Kampferi, Sieb.).
Japanese Ikis. Fig. 1174. Lvs. thin, ensiform, 1-lX
ft. long : stem much overtopping the lvs., obscurely
angled, 1-3-headed : pedicel 3^-2 in. long: tube short:
limb blue, violet, etc., sometimes white, spreading, 3-5
in. across; outer segments broadly ovate-oblong, obtuse,
with a yellow spot on the claw ; claw short, distinct;
inner segments oblanceolate, erect, conniving or spread-
ing: style branches with bifid, incurved lobes. E. Si-
beria and Japan. Int. by Von Siebold, and flowered at
Ghent in 18.57. B.M. 6132. I.H. 5:157. P.S. 20:2073-74;
23:2431-30. Gt. 442. Gn. 9:21; 16:195; 21:341; 55, p.
105. R.H. 1890, p. 188. G.C. III. 13:165, 169 ; 14:501.
A.G.19:596. Gng. 1:256; 5:163; 6:339; 7:145. J.H. III.
28:205. F.E. 10:777. F.M. 1874:137; 1880:403.

29. TrojSina, Kerner. Lvs. very acute, glaucescent:
stem over 3 ft. high, much brauciicd and ovt-rtopping
the lvs.: pedicel none : rts. brii,'lii vi.drt |.ui|il.'; outer

segments obovate: blade longer tlian tl I:iw ; claw

white, bordered with yellow and v. in. -d with l.rown-pur-
]>\v: innnr segments elliptic, suddenly narrowed to a
I law: stylr crests broad, denticulate. Troad, Asia Minor.

:;o. spuria, Linn. Lvs. firm, linear, glaucescent, 1 ft.
IdiiL: : sTt'iii overtopping the lvs., bearing 1-3 spicate
heads : pedicel shorter than the spathe : tube l4-%
in. long: limb bright lilac; outer segments with an
orbicular, spreading blade )-< in. broad and half as long
as the claw; claws broad, concave, lilac, with a yellow

826

IKIS

keel auii purple veins; inner segments shorter, straight,
oblanceolate : si vli- i-n-sts small. Central and S. Europe.
B.M. 58.

Var. ndtha. I'.icl.. i /./'.;/. i/A//??n, Ker.). Morerobust:
Ivs. 1 in. broad: spaih. s l:u-ir: stem 2-A ft. high. Cau-
casus to Kashmir, int. 176U by Peter Pallas. B.M. 875.
-Hardy.

SUBGENUS PAEDANTHOPSIS.

31. vfirna, Linn. Dwarf, 6 in. high: rhizome wide-
creeping: sheaths not splitting into tibers: ivs. linear,
slightly glaucous, 3-8 in. long: stem scarcely any, 1-
headed: tube slender, IH in. long: limb deep violet ;
outer segments 1% in. long, obovate, narrowed into a
slender yellow, slightly pubescent claw; inner seg-
ments erect, smaller, violet. Shade, Ohio, Ky., V&. and
south. L.B.C. 19:1855.

SUBGENUS EVANSiA.

A. Stem very short 32. cristata

AA. litem equaling or exceeding the Ivs.

B. Pedicels much shorter than the

spcithe 33. tectorum

BB. Pedicels as long as the spathe, and

articulate at the apex 34. Milesii

35. Japonica

32. cristata. Ait. Plant dwarf : rhizome slender,
creepiuf,': Ivs. insiform, thin, 4-8 in. long, green: stem
1-3 in. liii;!), ri.ittni.'il. 1-headed, bearing 2-3 Ivs.: tube
slender. 1 '...-_ in. iniig: limb blue; outer segments obo-
vate, l-l'.j ill. liiiji,'. oiested; inner segments shorter,
naked. Apr.. Mnv. Jits. Ky., Va. and Carolinas. B.M.
412. Gu. 45, p. 127. L.B.C. 14:1366.

33. teotdrum, Maxim. Fig. 1175. Lvs.lft.long.ensiform,
strongly ribbed: stem 1^2 ft., subterete; heads on long

1174 Japanese Ins (XJ^).
Iris lan-igata better known as / Ecempfen. No. 28.

peduncles: tube 1 in. long: limb bright lilac; outer seg-
ments 2 in. long, obovate; claw half as long as the blade,
streaked with violet, with a wavy edge and a large, la-
ciniate, white and lilac crest running up the claw and
half up the blade; inner segments spreading, nearly as

IRIS

large plain lilac short tlawed "^ent to Eu in 1872 bi
Dr Hance Cult in Chini and Jap iii BM blls Fs
22 2282 &t 71b Ltn 50 1080

34 Ullesu, Baker Lvs 7-8 on the stem "-3 ft 1 nf
and 2-3 in broad stem 2-3

ft high branched bearing
4-5 heads fls bright lilac ''

lasting onU a daj outer
segments oblong cuneate
claret purple whitish in the
center spotted and veined
with lilac furnished with a
deeplj laciniated yellow
crest iiiiK r e^nunts d
long s] 1 hi t I 1 I

deeph ill "^ ! /

tn}iim I II I II I II I
la} as i M I 1

35 Japfinica Thunt (/
Chmfnsis Curt / fiml
ita Vent ) Fig 1170 L\
ensiform 1-lH ft lon„
stem slender as long as the
Ivs , with a raceme of lilac
fls tube % in long outer
segments l-l^^ m long
with crimi ! „ r u ^ 1

inner i

■ft inter i

B M 1 II 1 I

28 503 1 H III 1 IS

A & 12 704 F R 2 Ut -

An evergreen ^reenhi u l

plant

«l.B&ENLS PSELDE^ANSIA.

3b Alberti, Kegel Lvs ensiform, glaucous, 1)^-2 ft.
1 111.; sti 111 i\it<iliii_' tlie l\s bearing 5-6 heads in

1 I 1 I 1 I III I'liovate cuneate, 2 in.

I 1 I I I I liny crest and a dense

III I 11- veined; inner seg-

I II I I I 1 i I I il I ilu outer, with convolute
.K«s III,, 1)1-. ^.^l,l 111 luikestan bv Dr. Albert
Kegel bt 'jyi B M 7020

SUBGENERA POGOMEIS AND REGELIA.

i Dnaif: lis generally less than
9 iH long.
B Pedicel obsolete, or veiy shoit
c. Perianth tube 2 m.o-i moie

xn length 37 pumila

38 pseudo-pumila
cc. Perianth tube 1 >n. oi lest,
in length
D Stem 6 in n, moie m
Il iH/th
E I-ls hlui, ptiiple,

F. Spathe valves green
or nearly so.

G. Ia)S. linear 39. gracilis

GG. Lvs. ensiform.. AQ. Ealkana
41. biflora
F. Spathe valves en-
tirely scariose... 42. Cengialti

EE. Ji'ls. yellow 43. virescens

44. lutescens
DD. Stem S in. or less in
length .

E. Fls. blue 41. biJlora

EE. Fls. yellnir 4.j. Chamaeiris

BB. Pedicel as Inm, ax the ovarii.
c. Shealhx „,:/ .y,li//i,„i i,,l„

fibers 41'.. arenaria

cc. Sheaths sjiii/tlH<i iiti., fiiui-xAl. flavissima
V. Tall; lvs. geuvnilh/ «,../-. thni,
1 ft. long.
B. Stem S-6-headed.

0. Fls. yellow 48. variegata

49. Slavescens

lEIS

;. Fls. Hue, violet, etc., or
white.
D. Stem short, scarcely over-
topping the Ivs 50. aphylla

51. lurida
'i'2. Benacensis
53. Kochii
DD. Stem tall, much overtop-
ping the Ivs.
E. Spathe valves seari-

otis 54. Florentina

55. pallida

EE. Spothe valves green,

the upper portion.
F. Spa th e va Ives
tinged with pur-
ple 58. neglecta

50. hybrida
CO. Germanica
FF. Spathe valves not
tinged with pur-
ple 61. squalens

62. sambucina
6:!. Biliotti
64. Cypriana

IRIS

827

Ste

J-h<u,!,,l.

CC. SjiatI,.' n,ln.'< ,,n
D. Lvs. thin, linei
DD. Lvs. ensiform

.66. Suwarowi
.67. Leichtlini
68. Korolkowi

37. ptimila, Linn. (7. grdcilis, E. Berg.). Fig. 1177.
Lv.s. linear, 2-4 in. long: stem none or very short, 1-
headed: spathe valves scariose at the tip: fls. fugitive,
yellow, or bright or dark lilac : limb 2 in. long. A dwarf,
hardv plant, spreading rapidly in borders. B.M. 9. L.
B. C. '16:1574. — Var. alba, Hort., pure white. Var. atro-
viol4cea, Hort., velvet-purple. Var. azirea, Hort., azure-
blue.

38. pseudo-p<»mila,Tineo(/. P«)io™iiM»ff,Tod.). Lvs.
ensiform. glaucesoent, 6-9 in. long, narrowed suddenly
to an oblique tip, 1-headed, 6-8 in. long, 1-Hd. : tube
2-2'ain. long: spathe valves green: lis. varying from
yellow to lu-ight lilac; outer segments oblong unguicu-
late,2-2'o in. long; inner segments rather broader. Mts.,
Sicily.

39. gracilis, Maxim. Tufted lvs. grass-like, shorter
than the stem : stem 1 ft. long, 1-headed : fls. pale lilac ;
outer segments obovate-oblong, with a yellow beard;
inner segments oblong-emarginate, with a short claw.
Western China.

40. Balkina, Janka. Rhizome stout : tufts crowded :
lvs. ensiform, glaucesoent, .S-4 in. long: stem 6-9 in.
long, 1-headed: spathes 1-2-fld.: fls. dark claret-lilac;
outer segments obovate-cuneate, 2-3 in. long ; beard
dense, white, tipped with lilac; inner segments erect,
oblong. E.arly May. Balkans.

41. bifldra, Linn. (/. /■(•(JijrrflMS, Salisb. I. nudieaiilis.
Hook.). Lvs. 6-9 in. long: stem 2-10 in. long, com-
pressed: fls. bright violet-purple; outer segments obo-
vate-cuneate, 2-2}4 in. long, with dark veins and a
beard of long, yellow hairs. Portugal and N. Morocco.
B.M. 5806.

42. Cengiilti, Ambrosi. Resembles /. pallida, of
which it is probably merely a dwarf variety: lvs. 6 in.
long: stem about as long as the lvs.: fls. bright lilac;
outer segments with a white beard. May, June. Lom-
bardy and S. Tyrol. -Often spelled /. Ciengialti.

43. virSscens, DC. Lvs. 8-9 in. long : stem 9-12 in.
long, bearing 2-3 reduced lvs. : outer segments obovate-
cuneate, 2-254 in. long, 1 in. broad, greenish yellow,
veined at the claw with purple; inner segments obovate,
dull yellow. April. Valais.

44. lut^scens, Lam. Lvs. 6-9 in. long: stem equaling
the Ivs. : Hs. pale yellow ; outer segments obovate-
ciineate, 2-2 ^j in. long, pale yellow, streaked with pale
brown, undulate ; inner segments broader, suddenly

narrowed to a claw, which is streaked with purple,
crenulate. S.France. B.M. 2861. -Var. StaUUse, Tod.
Spathe valves shorter, less pointed, and more scariose:
segments broader. Sicily. B.M. 6894.

45. Chamaeiris, Bertol. (/. OlbUnsis, Henon). Lvs.
3-4 in. long. i4 in. broad : stem very short: fls. bright
yellow; outer segments obovate-cuneate, tinged and
veined with brown ; inner segments oblong. May.
Italy. Frame. -Var. It4Uca, Pari. Fls. dark violet.

46. arenaria, Waldst. Lvs. few in a tuft, linear, 3-4
in. long: stem short: limb bright yellow: outer
ments oblongcuneate, lli in. long, }^ in. broad; inner
segments smaller: very distinct. Rare in cult., bul
good for dry soils. -Hardy. Var. minor, Hort. Smaller,
B.R. 7:549.

47. flavissima, Pallas. Lvs. thin, linear, 4-8 in. long
stem 1-6 in. long: limb bright yellow: outer segments
1-1J4 in. long, % in. broad ; inner segments oblong,
narrower. - Var. Blouddvii, Led. (/. Slouddvii, Hort,
More robust, with broader lvs., a larger stem and larger
fls. Siberia and Mongolia.

1176. I.

48. variegata, Linn. Lvs. 1-lK ft. long: stem equal-
ing the lvs. : outer segments oblong-cuneate, claret-
brown toward the tip, much veined with brown on a yel-
low ground; beard bright yellow; inner segments erect,
oblong, bright yellow, veined. Austria, Turkey and S.

828 IRIS

Russia. Long in cult. B.M. 16. Gn. 14:135; 52 114:i
(var. auretij. Var. honor&biliB, Hort. Yellow, shaded
with brown.

49. flavfisoens, DC. Lvs. 12-15 in. long: stem 2-3 ft.
high: Us. bright lemon-yellow; outer segments obovate-
cuneate, 2Min. long; beard deep yellow; inner segments
obovate, pale yellow. Bosnia to Caucasus and Armenia.
B.R. 31:35 (as /. imbricuta).

50. aphylla, Linn. (T. fun;)!,,, Bii-b. /. BoJnmini,
F.W. Schmidt. /. 77",, -•,,■. ,. ^V:,l.^t. A. f.ilr,)!.,.
Tausch.). Lvs. glauci-^r ■; i ' , ' ,^-: -tnn '-111:111111,-
the lvs., sometimes fn" i !■ .. I-.mI—,-: -.[lailn'
valves greenish: fls. d;ii k : -.- 1 ,, -lu.nt-, .ll,l,\■ilt'■-
cuneate, 2-2K in. loni,'; ijLlU.l V.ii:.ii iUllLl- SL'l^lULUlS

broader, obovate. E. Eu. B.M. 2.;G1. B.R. 10:8U1.
L.B.C. 20:1970. -No3. 50 to 53 cannot be easily separated
from each other by the material available. They are dis-
tinguished by slight differences in the lvs., spathe
valves, beard, and form of the segments, as described
in the text.

51. Itlrida, Ait. Lvs. 1 ft. long, slightly glaucous:
stem not much overtopping the lvs., 3-4-headed: spathe
valves green, very ventricose: outer segments obovate-
cuneate, retlexed from half-way down, dead purple at
the top, veined with dull purple on a yellowish ground
below; beard yellow; inner segments broader, dull pur-
ple. Southeastern Eu B.M. 9S().

52. Benac6nsi3, Kerner. Lvs. 1 ft. long: stem about
as long as the lvs., 3-headed: spathe valves lanceolate,
herbaceous, tini,''''! with purple, scarious at the tip:
outer segments mI ,,,'.. ilnij violet, veined with brown-
violet; beard y. I' ■■ ■ \ : inner segments oblong,
clawed, brigbi . : 1 , ,i .in! rocks, S. Tyrol.

53. K6chii, Kiihi. I,.-. 1^-1.5 in. long, glaucescent :
stem as long us iLiu lvs.. .i-4-headed : spathe valves
lanceolate, the outer herbaceous: outer segments obo-
vate, dark violet; claw veined with brown; beard yel-
low ; inner segments obovate, clawed, dark violet.
Istria, near Trieste and Rovigno.

54. Florentina, Linn. Rhizome fragrant when dried
(orris-root): lvs. l-l'^ft. long: stem exceeding the lvs. :
fls. white; outer segments 3% in. long, tinged with lav-
ender; claw yellowish veined with purple; Inner seg-
ments as large, white. Cent, and S. Eu. B.M. 671. Gn.
16:190 and 51, p. 295. -Flowers early, with I.Germanicn.
Hardy. Var. dlbicans, Lange. Pure white. Spain to
Cyprus. Var. 41ba, Hort. Pure white.

55. pillida. Lam. (/. Junfmla, Schott & Klotschy. /.
Asidtica, Stapf. /. shula. Tod.). Lvs. IK^ft. long:
stem much exceeding the lvs., 2-3 ft. high: fls. fragrant,
violet, rarely white ; outer segments obovate-cuneate,
•m in. long; inner segments orbicular. Differs from /.
Germanica by its scented fls., which appear a month

IRIS

later. B.M. GS5. Gn. 14:85 ; .33:631; 50, p. 119. G.M.
38:441. -Var. speciosa, Hort. Tall, with large, light blue
Bowers.

56. pUc&ta, Lam. (/. aphr/lla, var. plicdta, Ker. ).
Rhizome, stem and lvs. as in /. pallida: outer segments
obovate, pure white in the center, conspicuously veined
with lilac towards the margin and on the claw; inner
segments very plicate, white tinged with lilac on the
margin. B.M. 870.— Known only in cult. Probably de-
riv.Ml fnim r.pallidil.

"7. Swiirtii, L:iin. ( /. aphyUa, Tar. Swh-tii, Ker.).
Mil' !i il«:irl'r tliiiu /. F l..r,-nthia and /. pallida. Stem
1 -:',, 11. I'lii-: .-iKilli.' valves flushed with viok't: outer
S'jym'.uts 'l-yA iu- 1"";,', iibovate-cuneate, white, faintly
veined and flushed with purple on the margin; inner
segments as large, much crisped, pure white, except the
purple keel and margin. Fls. May and June, long before
/. punicJa.— Fragrant. Known only in cult.

The following seven species (58-64) are closely relateil,
the distinctions between them being mainly those of de-
gree. Some of them are known only in cultivutiim, and
are no doubt derived forms; all are connected by nu-
ni'Tous iiitiTiUL-diate garden forms:

.')S. negl6cta, Horn. Lvs. slightly glaucous, 12-15
in. I'lHL'. i-iisiturm, purple at the base: steni taller, \%-
2 ft.. iiKiny-fld. : spathe valves green below at the flow-
ering time, much tinged with purple: outer segments
obovate-cuneate, very obtuse, 2 in. long, violet-blue on
the margin, whitish veined with blue in the center;
beard yellow ; inner segments erect or connivent, ob-
long, as large as the outer, pale lilac. June. B.M. 2435.
— Known only in cult.

59. hjbrida, Retz. {/. omtcna, DC). Differs from /.
neijlecta by its longer spathe valves, and its pure white
or faintly lilac-tinted outer segments and style branches.
June.— Known only in cult.

60. Germ4nica, Linn. Fig. 1178. Lvs. 1-1>^ ft. I
stem 2-3 ft. high : spathe valves tinged with purple

: segments obovate-cuneate, 2-3 in. long; beard j
inner segments as large, obovate, connivent. Cen- ',
tralandS.Eu. Early May, June. B.M. 670. B.R. 10:818.
l.H. 40:182 (var. Gypsea, pure white). Gn. 48:1033 (dark
purple var. ) . - Var. reticulata sub^rba, Hort. Outer seg-/^
ments purple, veined; inner segments lavender.

61. squilena, Linn. Lvs. glaucous, 1-lM ft. long:
stem 2-3 ft. high : spathe valves subscarious : outer
segments obovate-cuneate, upper part plain lilac-pur-
ple; claw yellow, veined with lilac; beard yellow; inner
segments as large, obovate, dull lilac and yellow, or
brownish and yellow. Central Eu. to Caucasus. B.M.
787. — Many of the German Irises of cultivators belong to
this form. Var. Jacquesiana, Hort. Outer segments dark
red-violet, yellow at base ; inner segments tawny yellow.
Late. One of the best.

62. Bambuclna, Linn. Differs from /. sqnalens by its
less robust habit, narrower segments and elder-like
odor. The outer segments are colored and veined with
claret, not lilac, purple; inner segments emarginate.
Late May. Central Eu. B.M. 187. -Tall and handsome.

63. Bili6tti, Fost. Lvs. darker green, more distinctly
striated, and more rigid than in /. Germanica : stem
several-headed, 2%-3tt. long: spathevalves ventricose:
outer segments obovate cuneate, reddish purple, with
many dark veins; beard white, tipped with yellow; in-
ner segments orbicular unguiculate, 2 in. broad, bright
blue-purple. Late June. Treliizond. -Very near /. 6'cr-

64. Cypri&na, Foster & Baker. Plants tall, the branch-
ing stem being 3 ft. high, bearing many fls. 6-7 in. in
diameter: outer segments obovate cuneate, reddish lilac,
with thin, darker veins; claw whitish, with greenish
brown veins; inner segments oblong-unguiculate, lilac,
spotted with reddish brown on the claw. June, July.
Cyprus. — Very near /. pallida, from which it differs
only by the longer navicular spathe valves, which are
not entirely scariose at the flowering time, and the more
obovate segments.

05. atroviol&cea, Lange. Lvs. very glaucous, 1 ft.
long: stem equaling the lvs. : spathe entirely scariose :
fls. dark violet, very fragrant; outer segments obovate-

ong: \
:ple: \
l.vel- \

IRIS

ouneate, 3 in. long; heard white, tipped with yellow
inner se2:nients as long, 2 in. broad, orbicular Late
May. -Known only in cult. Probably a hybrid between
/. Chanueiris and I. pallida.

CG. Suwardwi, Kegel (I. UneUta, Foster). Lvs thm
linear, 1 ft. long, pale green : stem 1 ft. high bearing
2-3 VL-dueed lvs. and a single head of fis.: outer seg
ments oblong-cuneate, % in. broad, 2 in. long closely
reined with oblique lines of claret-purple on a greenish
vellow ground; beard blue; inner segments oblone:
with a long claw, often faintly bearded, veined «i 1
t nte 1 on the margin with claret purple B M U29

f Leichthni Rp^pI (/ I'lin Foster) Rhi?oi

U r has Urgei floweis
Koiolkowi Re"-el Rhizome short creeping
1 1 g stem 1 ft long limb 2^ 3

73 Lortfitii, Barbey Lvs less than 1 ft. long: stem
short lirab 4 m long outer segments obovate, 3 in.
broad, whitish hnel> veined and spotted with red-

oll

th red brown m the
1 n li
tlethi

T 1 „e t -U 3 T ke tan B M 0 0 C n

1 III 4 -i -Very hirly One of the

1 \ 1 colored 1 lac etc m cult ^ ir

concolor II I rplish lilac vemeldirker \ r

Leichtlini^na H t Creamy white with browni h
V m \ r violacea Hort \ lolet with dark veins

SUBGENUS

A. Outer segments Ugulate, much re-

thiced C9. paradoxa

AA. Outer seqments not much smaller
than the inner.
B. Lvs. pale green.

r. Lrs. en si form T.t. atroJusca

cc. Lrs. linear 70. Sarii

71. MariaB
BB. Li-s. glaucous.

V. Lvs. ensiform 72. Biamarckiana

73. Lortetii

74. atropurpurea
cc. Li-s. linear.

D. Stem very short or none.. T_6, Iberica

DD. Stem over 6 in. long i7. Susiaua

78. Gatesii
1 9. Nazarena
80. lupina

69. parad6xa, Stev. Plants dwarf: lvs. linear, 3-6 in.
long: stem 2-6 in. high: fl. large; oirter segments re-
duced to a mere claw, dark, covered with a dense pile;
inner segments 2 in. long, orbicular, lilac to white.
Mts., Georgia and N. Persia. B.M. 7081. Gn. 32:628;
46, p. 173. Gt. 386. — Afiowerwith singular combinations
of color. Grows in dry situations, but requires shelter
in winter. Long cult., but not common.

70. S4rii, Schott. Rhizome short, stout: lvs. about 0
in. long, finally 1 ft., linear-coniplicate : stem 3-6 in.
long, with 2 reduced lanceolate lvs. : pedicel very short :
tube 1 in. long: fls. bright lilac, large as in /. Susia)ia:
outer segments obovate-cuneate, 1^-2 in. broad, reflexed
from half way down ; inner segments oblong, with a
short claw. Very near /. Iherica, from which it differs
chiefly by its bright lilac fls. Asia Minor. Var. liirida,
Boiss. Outer segments with many brown-black spots
and lines on a pale brownish ground. B.M. 6960.

71. Mirise, Barbey (/. HUenen, Barbey). Lvs. very
falcate, 3-4 in. long: stem 3-6 in. long, with 2-4 short.
lvs.: lirab pale lilac, with fine red-brown veins: outer
segments orbicular, 2'^4 in. long, with a dark purple
patch at the throat ; inner segments larger, more
rounded. Desert between Egypt and Palestine. Dis-
covered 1880. Gt. 42, p. 488; Supp. PI. J.H. III. 28:302.
G.M. 37:215.

72. Bismarckiana, Hort. Damman. Habit of /. Su-
siana, and fls. as large: lvs. 8 Ln. long: stem 1 ft. high:
outer segments orbicular, ash-gray, with darker veins

to the midrib.

brown, with a dark spot at the throat: inner segments
orbicular, connivent, pale gray, with red-brown veins.
-Quite hardy N. B.M. 7251. Gn. 43:897; 48, p. 337. Gt.
42, p. 490. G.C. III. 12:153. G.M. 36:386; 40:250.

74. atropurpirea, Baker. Lvs. 6 in. long: stem 4-5
in. : outer segments oblong, 2 in. long, purplish black,
without veins, with a yellow patch on the throat and a
beard of yellow, black -tipped hairs ; inner segments
larger, of the same color, with discemable veins: style
crests small. Easily distinguished by its rather small,
uniformly colored flowers. Gt. 42, p. 489. PI. Supp.

75. Var. atrofusca, Baker (/. atroHsca, Baker).
Lvs. pale green, 1 ft. long: stem 1 ft. long, hidden by
the sheathing inner lvs.: limb dark purple-brown ; outer
segments obovate, 3 in. long, with a dark spot on the

sau IRIS

throat ; inner segments larger and broader : style
branches very convex; crests large. B.M. 7379. Gn.
48, p. 8; 50:1UH'J aiul [.. X\:\.

76. IbSrioa, II"ltin. I )\v;nt, with a large flower: Ivs.
3-6 in. long, ikuimu , \. i\ l:ili;ite: stem 3-4 in. long:
outer segments r<.uniir.l-")..iv:it<-. "J in. broad, pale brown,
closely veined and blotched with purple-brown and with
a shining dark patch on
the throat ; inner seg-
ments connivent, pure
white, faintly veined,
with a few wine - red
-il'ots at base. Caucasus
.iiid mountains of Ar-
menia and Persia. B.M.
."i847. Gt. 386 and 723.
F.S. 19:1963. R.H. 1873:
370. Gn. 10:49. l.H. 19:
106. G.C. II. 11:693. F.
lS73:2,i. P.M. 1875: 168.
- Hardy.

77. Susiina, Linn.

MilUKNiNU IKIS. Fig.

1179. Lvs. very glau-
i-ous, 6-9 in. long, nearly
1 in. broad : outer seg-
ments obovate, 3 in. long,
brownish purple, veined
and spotted with black-
brown, with a brown
beard ; inner segments
brownish white, spotted
with violet - brown and
black. Asia Minor and
Persia. B.M. 91. F. S.
11:1087,1088. R.H. 1859.
p. 322, 323. Gn. 32, p. 193
and 39:800. — The best
known of this group.
Said to have been in-
troduced from Constan-
tinople in 1753. Name
from a city in Persia.
Not entirely hardy
North, but a good pot-
plant. Var. major, Hort.
Bluish, tinted brown.

78. Gitesii, Poster.
Habit and foliage of /.
Siisian a : outer seg-
ments orbicular, 3 in.
broad, cream - white,
sometimes sky-blue, cov-
ered with a network of
fine veins, giving them a
light gray tint; inner
segments larger, pale
purple or yellow. •' Dry

regions, Armenia. Gn. 43: 897, and 52, pp. 88 and 279.
G.C. III. 8:17. A.G. 13:60. -The largest-fld. of its sub-
genus. Pis. about twice as large as in I. Susiana.
Quite hardy.

79. Nazartna, Hort. (/. Sdrii.
Foliage and stem of /. Susinna.
segments obovate, straw-oolorec
brown veins and blotched with :i
near the claw; beard dark pur|
running down the claw; inner
with thin blue veins. Palestine.
plant without definitely determi

1179. lype of Oncocyclus Iris-
Ins Susiana (X ' ))
Type of diffusely bearded flower.

ayriia. Post.).

with red and
lil.M k-.-rimson

:■ i-i white,
:Im,1 this
-- -n iiiatie po-
. It is related to /. Sarii and to J . Jiismatrkiana,
and differs from the other members of this section by
its long, creeping, stoloniferous rhizome. See Gn. 43,
p. 133. l.H. 42, p. 78. Gt. 42, p. 487 and supp. pi.

80. luplna, Poster. Lvs. 1 ft. long: stem 6 in. high, with
2 lvs. and 1 fl. : outer segments obovate-euneate, yel-
lowish green, with red-brown veins and a velvety dark
brown patch on the throat; claw with a yellowish beard ;
inner segments orbicular, with a short claw, colored
like the outer ; style cre.sts large, toothed. Turkish
Armenia, where it'is called "Wolf's Ear," hence the
specific name. Gn.43:897 and 54, p. 59.

SUBGEXUS xipmoN.

sVfwi 1 ft. or more in length.

. Tube obsolete.

c. Lvs. siibterete 81.

Xiphium

<f. iis. linear complicate.... 82

ziphioides

. Tube more or less developed.

c. ics. linear complicate.... 8:i

Tingitana

cc. Li'S. slender, terete or sub-

terete.

D. Pedicel 1}4 in. long .. .Si

mifoUa

DD. Pedicel short 85.

juncea

80

Boissieri

Stem very short ornone.

. Lvs. acutely quadrangular.

very short at the flowering

time 87

reticulata

. Lvs. acutely quadrangular,

much overtopping the «.. .88

Histrio

BBB. Lvs. terete I

Bulb I

81. Xiphium, Linn. {T. Hispdnica, Hort. /. spectdbi-
lis, Spach). Spanish Iris. Fig. 1180. Lvs. about 1 ft.
long: stem 1-2 ft. high: pedicel long: tube obsolete:
outer segments 2-2K in. long, violet-purple, yellow in
the center; inner segments as long, but narrower. Late
June. Spain and N. Afr. B.M. 686. Gn. 20:308 and 30,
p. 385. — Long cult, and well known. Hardy in N. .7. in
protected situations. Var. LuBltanica, Ker. (/. Lusi-
tdnica, Hort.). Pis. yellow. B.M. 679.

1180 Ins Xiph

Tvre of bulbous Ins,

82 ziphioldes Ehrh (/ Anqhca Hort ) English
Ibis L^ s about 1 ft stem 1 2 ft fls dark violet-
) urple in the topical form outer segments orbicular,
^ellow in the center inner segments shorter oblong,
trench and Spanish Pyrenees BM 687 On. 30, p.
384; 31:586.

IRIS

83. Tingitana, Boiss. & Rent. Stem stout, 1-2-
headed, about 2 ft. high, hidden by the sheathine; bases
of the stout, falcate Ivs., of which there are 6-7 on the
stem, the lower about 1 ft. long: fls. 2-3 in a cluster;
outer segments 3 in. long, with an obovate, reflexed
blade, pale lilac, yellow in the center, and with a bright
yellow keel down the claw; inner segments sliortcr,
oblanceolate, erect, incurved. Tangiers. B.M. 6775.
Gn. 36:720. G.M. 40:377.

84. filiJoUa, Boiss., not Bunge {Xlphion filifdUum,
Klatt.). Slender and leafy, about 2 ft. high, bearing 1-2
bright violet-purple fls. 2-2 !»$ in. in diameter: Ivs. about
twice as long as the stem, weak, flexuous, convolute:
outer segments with a narrow claw expanding suddenly
into a reflexed, suborbicular lamina, bright yellow down
the center; inner segments erect, obovate-lanceolate,
erose, notched. S.Spain. B.M. 5928. -Int. 18G9. Hardy.

85. juncea, Desf. {Xlphion jtinceiim, Klatt.). Stem
slender, erect, rigid, 9-18 in. high, bearing 1 (rarely 2)
golden yellow flowers, 2-3 in. in diam. : Ivs. rigid, the
lower 1 ft. long: outer segments with an orbicular blade
shorter than the cuneate claw, recurved and veined with
brown; inner segments erect, oblanceolate. May, June.
Algeria, Tunis, etc. B.M. 5890. Gn. 54:1200.

86. Boissiferi, Henriq. Lvs. 1 ft. long: stem about a
foot long, bearing few, reduced lanceolate lvs. and a
single flower: outer segments 1% in. long; blade ob-
ovate, reflexed, as long as the cuneate claw, bright lilac,
with a yellow keel running down the claw, slightly
bearded; inner segments as long as the outer, erect,
obovate, clawed, bright lilac. June. S. Portugal. B.M.
7097.

87. reticulita, M. Bieb. Lvs. 2 in a taift, short, erect,
elongating to l}i ft.: stem very short: fls. bright pur-
ple, very fragrant; outer segments 2 in, long, yellow at
the claw, with a low vellow crest; inner segments nar-
rower. Mid-April. Asiu :\lin.ir and l'fr>ii:i. B.JI. r>,-|77.
F. S. 5, pp. 507-9. R. H. l.siHi. p. i:;:;. L. I',. C. 19:1,sl;9.
Gt.779. Gn. 20:295; r,!,].. 471. G.C. 1 1. 1 1 :.'>(il ; 'Jli'-'H.
F. 1860:101. Var. histrioides, Foster (/, hislno),!,'/:.
Hort. ). Outer segments mueli mottled with white and
lilac on the claw and broad, orbicular blade. Asia Minor,
Persia, and the Caucas. Gn. 42: 880. J. H. III. 34:111.
-Early-flowering, and fine for pots. Var. KrSlagei,
Regel. Fls. red -purple, varying greatly in shade; claw
conspicuously veined. The common wild form of the
Caucasus. Nearly odorless. Var. ccBrtilea, Hort. Azure-
blue. Var. cyinea, Hort. Blue. Var. mijor, Hort.
Like the type, but larger.

88. Histrio, Reichb. f. {Xlphion nistrio. Hook. f.).
Plants tufted, slender and flaccid: lvs. deeply grooved
on each face, I ft. long: stem half as high, very slender,
1-fld.: fls. 3 in. in diameter; tube 3-4 in. long, blue
above; outer segments obovate-spatulate, spreading,
deep blue, with a yellow line in the center bordered
with white and spotted and shaded with blue; inner
segments erect, oblanceolate, blue. Related to/, reticu-
lata, differing only in its paler, odorless fls., which are
produced several weeks earlier. Feb. Mts. of Palestine.
B. M. 6033. Gn. 9, p. 29, and 33:653. G. C. III. 12:729;
21:105.

89. Virtani, Foster. Lvs. usually 2, 8-9 in. long, slen-
der, finally longer: stem very short, hidden: tube 2/^
in. long: outer segments with a narrow claw, suddenly
enlarged into an ovate-lanceolate blade ; pale, slaty
lilac, with darker veins and a crisp yellow crest down
the claw; inner segments erect, almost linear-lanceolate,
pale lilac. Dec. Palestine, near Nazareth. B.M. 6942.-
Not scented.

90. BakerUna, Poster. Lvs. 3-4, 6-9 in. long, finally
a foot or more after flowering: fls. single, on a short
peduncle, fragrant ; outer segments with a long, obovate-
elliptical claw, and a small, ovate, reflexed blade, in-
tense violet, creamy in the center, with a yellow streak
down the claw; inner segments shorter, erect, oblanceo-
late, lilac ; stvle crests large. Feb., Mar. Armenia.
B.M. 7084. Gn. 37:753. G.C. III. 7:293, and 21:103.
J.H. 111. 34:177. G.M. 40:118.

01. Kolpakowskiina, Regel {Xlphion Kolpahowskl-
Aiium, Baker). Lvs. 5-6. wrapped round by a sheath at
the base, very short at the flowering time, but growing

53

IRIS

831

longer: scape very short, 1-fld.: outer segments with a
long, erect claw and an ovate, acute blade, deep violet-
purple with a yellow keel down the claw; inner seg-
ments oblanceolate, erect, pale lilac. Mts., Turkestan.
Very near /. reticulata, fls. at the same time, and is
sweet-scented. B.M. 6489. Gn. 17, p. 75, and 33:653.

SUBGENUS GTNANDRIRIS.

92. Sisyrinchium, Linn. {Xlphion Sisyrinchium,
Baker. Morcea Sisyrinchium, Ker. /. maricoldes,
Regel). Stem 6-12 in. high, stout or flexuous, 1-3-
headed: lvs. 2, slender, as long as the stem: fls. fugi-
tive, lilac-purple, with a yellow, oblong spot on the outer
segments, which are oblong spatulate; inner segments
narrow-lanceolate, erect, pale: style crests large, lance-
deltoid. Widely spread through S. Eu., Afr. and Asia.
Easily killed by frost. B.M. 1407 (not good), and 6096.
In /. maricoides, Regel, the filaments are said to be
distinct from each other and from the style.

SUBGENUS JtTNO.

A. I/vs. hollow, tetragonous, pro-
duced after the flowers 93. Danfordiae

AA. Lvs. linear complicate, short

at tliv fh,,i;riini tinif 94. Persica

AAA. Lrx. I,n,,;n/„l. , r. ,ij sli„rl at

tlie fin, !■. mill ///./. 95. Kosenbacliiana

base-! d-y in. long.
B. Stem 1-2-headed : inner
segments pendulous.
c. Jjfs. with a distinct

white margin 96. Fosteriana

CO. Lvn. all bright green ... 97. Sindjarensis
BB. Stem 1-headed: inner seg-
ments spreading 98. Palaestina

99. alata
BBB.' Stem ,:-j:^Ii,„,hil: Irs. J-t!

C. Lis. I'rith '.(' In'rii,/ hiir-

ihr 100. Caucaaica

border 101 . fumosa

102. orchioides

93. DinfordisB, Boiss. Fl. stems 2-4 in. high : Ivs.
finally a foot long: fls. bright yellow, V4 in. indiaraeter;
outer segments with an orbicular blade spotted with
brown; claw cuneate; inner segments reduced to mi-
nute, spreading, subulate teeth : style crests large.
Spring. Cicilian Taurus. B.M. 7140. -Fragrant.

94. F^rsica, Linn. Bulb ovoid: lvs. 4-5, 2-3 in. long:
stem short, 1 headed: tube 2-3 in. long: limb pale lilac:
outer segments with an orbicular blade with a dark pur-
ple blotch, an orange keel, and purplfe lines and spots;
claw auriculate; inner segments small. Should be lifted
in summer. Asia Minor and Persia. B.M. I. Gn. 11,
p. 207; 14:156; 33:6.53; 54, p. 103 & 470. F.S. 10:1045.
G.C. HI. 7:577. Var. purpurea, Hort. A bright purple
variety. Fine. Krelage.

95. Eosenbachiana, Regel. Lvs. 4-5, finally 6-8 in.
long: stem short, 1-3-headed: outer segments obovate-
cuueate; blade reflexed, white at the tip, deep purple in
the middle and creamy below, with a yellow keel and
dark lilac veins; inner segments spreading or reflexed,
obovate, pale lilac. The color of the fls. is very variable.
Mts., Turkestan. B.M. 7135. J.H. III. 28:189. G.C. III.
7:577. G.M. 34:171.

96. Foaterlina, Aitch. Lvs. 4-6 in. long: stem short:
outer segments yellow, streaked with black, obovate-
cuneate; claw not auriculate; inner segments shorter,
obovate, bright purple. March. Afghan and Russian
boundary. B.M. 7215. — Very dift'erent from the allied
species /. orchioides, I. Sindjarensis, etc., on account
of the difference in color of the sepals and petals.

97. Sindjarensis, Boiss. & Haussk. Lvs. about 8,
crowded, 1 in. broad: stem short: ds. slaty lilac; outer
segments with an obovate, reflexed blade narrowed to a
claw, with darker lilac lines and a small yellow crest;
inner segments oblong, clawed. Feb. Deserts of Mes-
opotamia. Plants half afoot high. B.M. 7145. G.C. HI.
7:365. J.H. HI. 28:227.

832 IRIS

98 Palaeatina, B01-.S Li ^ o-b lu long stem very
short Hs pale jellow, tinged with lilac, outer seg
ments oblong, upper "4 leflexed, claw auriculate , inner
segments minute, narrowlj lanceolate Pis in winter
Mts of Palestine \ ery near / Vuncasicii, but dis
tinguished bj its longer acuminate spathes and the color
of the (!•,

09 alita, Poir (/ sco>;)io)des, Desf ) Lvs about 6,
plane b 9 in long stem very short outer segments
i-i in long, obovate cuneate, biight lilac, variegated
with white and having a yellow keel down the clan , in
ner segments obovate unguiculate, spreading from the
base of the outer style ciest large, lacmiatelj toothed
Winter flowering Plants very dwaif Spain to Sicily
and Algeria B R 22 187G Gn 10, p 579 and 54, p 102
G M 35 614

100 Caucisica, Iloffni Lvs about G stem short
fls pile or blight \ellow, outer segment-, with an ovate
I lide ind i very broad rhomboidil cliw with small au

ment^ mo
lilac, with
ments ^
RH 1880, p ii'i
Of thp fnllowin

IRRIGATION

spotttd \ ar caerulea, Hort Fls bright
yellow blotch on the bl ule of the outer seg
, lurke^tan B M 7111 Gn oi, p 482

ricles and a toothed or ciliated crest, inner segments
oblauceolate D«arfer habit than / ojc/siojdfs Cauca
sus to Asia Minor, etc

101. fumdsa, Boiss. & Haussk. Lvs. about 10: stem
6 In. long: outer segments spatulate-oblanceolate, re-
curved above the middle, claw with a yellow crest; in-
ner segments minute, spatulate, toothed. The fls. are
greenish yellow, shaded with smoky gray. Dry fields,
Syria.

102. orohioidea, (';irr. Fi^'. 1181. Lvs. about G: stem
12-15 in. long, wiilidisl in. 't int. Tnodes: spathes l-fld.,2in.
long: fls. yellDw; .mt.r s. i-'ni.-nts with an obovate blade,
and a purple lili.i.-h ..n .n.li si.leof the crest of the claw;

inner segments ..i.Imi I:iti'. l.'ss than an inch long, and

generally slmrplv .I.H.x.-.l, with a long filiform claw.
Spring. Var. oculata, Jltixim. Blade of the outer seg-

- jij - ;

flowering 1 1
with violet loot
flowering

The toUowing 1
Ameriein deilei s i
ers and are aUverti 1 m In t 1
8 29 34 38 39 40 4. jl j- jJ
83 84 80 8() 88 89 90 91 92 93

IRIS HOOT, or OBRIS-EOOT
IRONBAEK hur I y plus
IRON WEED ^^tcd

5 97 98 99 100 101 102
H HAS«ELBRI^&

Ins Flmtntina

IRONWOOD, in America, Oshija ^uglnlca

IRRIGATION. Irrigation in its broadest sense in
eludes all problems of collecting, storing, delnering,
and applying water to the land through the construe
tion of dams, reservoirs canals and laterals ind the
application of power when necessary to delnei the
water while in a restricted horticultural sense it is a
method of cultivation, having for its obiect to increase
and regulate the water supply in the soil

In this latter sense Irrigation is a necessary practice
in the and legions, and is advisable in the humid re
gions in proportion to the intensity of the cultivation
md the value of the crop grown Thus in Florida with
vn average of GO to 70 inches of annual rainfall — usually
well distributed — Irrigation has been largely introduced
in the past few years for hoiticultural crops and even
for tobacco, as an insuiance against loss or damage by
the occasional droughts The farst cost of a small Iru
gallon plant in Florida, for 20 acres or over, is said to
be approximately $100 to $150 per acre; the interest on
which, and the necessary repairs, would amount to from
$5 to $10 per acre per annum. This is a small expendi-
ture to insure a crop against loss or injury where the
value per acre is so great as in many horticultural lines.
Irrigation is needed not only to prevent the actual death
of the plants, but to promote a uniform, rapid, and con-
tinuous growth, which is necessary for the development
of the finest texture or flavor of the commercial crop.

King has shown that the value of a crop saved in Wis-
consin, such as the strawberry, in a season when the
crops generally are injured by drought, may pay all the
expenses of the original cost of the Irrigation plant.

IRRIGATION

In the semi-arid regions west of the 100th meridiau,
■with a. rainfall of from 20 to 30 inches, crops are liable
to be entire failures three or four years out of five;
while with an Irrigation plant there should not be a
failure one year in five. In the arid regions with less
than 15 or 20 inches of rain, Irrigation is a necessity on
most soils. Here the work has been highly organized
and systematized, so that the cost of water delivered at
the field amounts from $2 to $5 per acre per annum.
Under skilful management the most abundant yields
are secured. The most careful management is required
in the application of water to prevent serious injury to
the land and to avoid actual injury to the crop in ren-
dering the plants tender and liable to disease, and in
maintaining the quality and flavor, both of which are
liable to depreciate unless good judgment is displayed
in supplying water.

Sources of Water Suppli/.— The principal sources of
water supply are streams, surface wells, artesian wells,
and the storage of storm waters. For small irrigated
tracts near cities the city water supply may often be
used to advantage. In other localities the nature of the
conditions will determine the most economical source
from which to obtain the water. Perpetually flowing
streams, if situated in such a way that water can be
carried to the land by gravity, have the advantage of
cheapness of construction and maintenance. On the
other hand, if the stream supplies others in the com-
munity, there is liable to be trouble and expense in es-
tablishing and maintaining water-right claims and in
securing water when needed for the crop. Questions
arising out of the water rights on streams and rivers in
the western states, with the various state laws, the
multiplicity of court decisions on the most intricate
legal questions— both in different states and different
counties along the line of the stream — the absence in
most states of adequate police or judicial powers vested
in the Irrigation commissioner, have led to the most
perplexing and bewildering state of affairs, and have in-
volved the states and individuals in enormous costs for
law suits, resulting in many cases in the apportionment
of many times the volume of the stream to the settlers
along its bank.

The large planter must seek some perennial and
abundant supply of water, as is furnished by streams,
but it is safe to say that all streams of any size iu the
western part of the United States are already appropri-
ated to their fullest extent, although the water so appro-
priated is not all in present use. Smaller planters are
much more independent with some of the other sources
of supply mentioned above. Wells from 10 to 20 feet
deep, with pumps operated by windmills, or wells of a
maximum depth of 50 feet operated by many forms of
gasoline, hot air or portable engines, attached to direct
acting pumps or centrifugal pumps, form in general a
very satisfactory means of irrigating small areas.

Over limited areas artesian wells have been very suc-
cessfully used. If they are flowing wells delivering a
considerable stream, they can be used over small areas
without storage reservoirs, or over much larger areas
with reservoirs. They should be capped in all cases,
where possible, so that the flow can be stopped when
not actually needed.

In many places it is possible, at a comparatively small
expense, to construct a dam to collect the storm waters.
The magnitude and expense of such work will depend
entirely on the configuration of the surface, the area
of the watershed, the volume of the water to be handled
as well as the nature of the soil, and the material out of
which the dam is to be constructed.

Methods of Raising irn^er.- Various methods are

reservoirs which may lie below the general level of the
land to be irrigated. H5'draulic rams are sometimes
used for small areas, but these are not economical when
a small volume of water is at hand, as only about one-
seventh of the water can be collected. Open buckets
carried on an endless belt, operated by eitlier wind-
mills, steam power or even horse-power, are used with
success and offer the advantage of cheap construction.
The ordinary cylinder or plunger pumps are usually
employed when the water has little or no sediment, and
are operated by windmills or by steam or other form

IRRIGATION

833

of engine. When the water carries considerable sedi-
ment such pumps are liable to wear away rapidly, and
the centrifugal pump is the most economical form to
use. The relative first cost of equipment for pumping
with windmills or with gasoline or hot air engines of
approximately equal horse-power is about the same.
The windmill, however, is dependent upon a mean ve-
locity of wind of about eight miles per hour, while the
engine may be operated at any time, and is thus more
reliable when either form of motive power is taxed to
nearly the extreme limit. There are many kinds of
windmills ou the market, and many forms of home-made
construction are in use.

Storing and Conducting Il'd/e)-.- Storage reservoirs
for streams and for storm waters vary in size and in
cost as well as in mode of construction, according to the
character of the land, size of area, volume of water, na-
ture of the material of construction, and demand for the
water. The construction of such reservoirs sometimes
involves engineering problems of the most difEicultkind,
demanding the expenditure of immense sums of money.

In the use of windmills it is necessary to have small
distributing ponds or tanks, as the direct fiow from the
pump is usually so small and varies so much with the
velocity of the wind that it cannot be depended on to
water any considerable area. Where it is stored it can
be turned out onto the land in large volumes, so that it
spreads over the surface and waters the whole area uni-
formly. For an ordinary windmill the ponds are from
50 to 100 feet square. They can be stocked with fish and
thus be a source of some revenue and variety in the
family supplies. Unless the pond is situated on a slight
elevation, the earth for the embankment must be taken
from the outside. The banks are usually made with a
slope of IH to 1 foot. For a bank 5 feet high and 2 feet
across the top, the side would be about 7^ feet and the
base about 17 feet wide. If the ground is at all pervious
to water, the bottom of the pond should be protected
from undue seepage and loss of water by puddling. This
should be done with clay, if this is obtainable. This
puddling is often done by driving horses or cattle
in the ])ond while the surface is wet. A pond of the size
indicated above, operated by a windmill where the mean
wind velocity is about 8 miles per hour, will irrigate
from 3 to 5 acres of land in the semi-arid regions. Such
a pond could be counted upon to irrigate from 5 to 10
acres where, as in the East, only one or two irrigations
would be required during the season. The size of the
reservoirs and the area they will irrigate, when supplied
by steam or other kind of engine, will depend upon the
available water supply and upon the size of pump and
power used.

Ditches and Flumes. — The water is usually carried
from the stream or storage reservoir by gravity in open
ditches. This Involves loss by evaporation from the sur-
face and by seepage through the soil. When the water
supply is limited and its value is consequently great,
terra -cotta pipes, iron pipes, cement or %vooden pipes
may be used. When the surface of the country is uneven
and ravines have to be crossed, flumes are used to carry
the water on an even grade across the depression.
These flumes may be iron pipes, open wooden troughs,
or wooden pipes held together with substantial hoops.
If the depression is not too great the ditch may be built
up on an earth embankment. When the water has to
pass through a gravelly soil, or when for other reasons
the soil is very pervious, special precautions should be
taken to prevent seepage by using pipes, cementing the
sides of the open ditch, or puddling the ditch with clay
or similar material.

Application of Water.— The water is usually applied
to the ground by flooding over the whole surface. For
this purpose the surface must be perfectly level and the
ground carefully prepared, so that the water will fiow
uniformly and quickly over the entire area and be of
uniform depth throughout. Where crops are cultivated
in rows or on beds the water is allowed to fiow down in
the troughs between the rows, and there must be a suf-
ficient head of water to reach the end of the rows in a
reasonably short time, so that the whole width of the
field will be properly watered.

Where the surface of the ground is so uneven that
surface flooding cannot be used, basins are formed by

834

IRRIGATION

tlirowing up slight ridges, witli a plow or other imple-
ment, and the water turned into these hasins in succes-
sion and allowed to accumulate to a sufilcieut extent.
This method is particularly applicable to fruit trees,
although it is occasionally used in other crops. In very
sandy soils the water is occasionally carried through
the field in wooden troughs, which admit of sufficient
seepage to water the land. This prevents the undue
seepage which might occur in such soils if the water was
flowed over the surface. Another method is to dis-
tribute the water through the field in iron pipes, with
openings at frequent intervals, in which nozzles can be
attached to deliver a fine spray over a small area. With
four or five such nozzles an attendant can water a con-
siderable area of ground in the course of a day. Such
an irrigating outfit in Florida was supplied with a
power equivalent to about one horse-power per acre.
The mains and laterals were of 1-inch or 1^2-iuch iron
pipes laid near the surface of the ground, the laterals
about 100 feet apart, with hydrants every 50 feet.
Tanks were originally used, but it was found desirable
to pump directly into the mains to insure a sufficient
pressure.

Care should be exercised in applying water to the
land. Where water is plentiful there is a common prac-
tice of using such an excess as to injure the flavor of
fruit, increase the liability of disease, and eventually in-
jure the land by the accumulation of seepage waters and
of alkali. As a rule, there has been very much more
damage from over-irrigation than from tho use of too
little water. The first two or three years a soil usually
requires a consideraBle amount of water, but after be-
coming well moistened to a considerable depth it should
require comparatively little water thereafter to maintain
its fertility. As it is not easy to apply .iust the proper
amount, the excess should be provided for. If there is
any reason to fear lack of drainage, the land should be
thoroughly underdraiued before Irrigation is started, or
at any subsequent time when the need of it becomes
apparent.

Irrigation always should be supplemented by the
most thorough cultivation. After going to the expense
of watering the soil in this way, it is poor economy to
allow the water to escape by evaporation or otherwise;
therefore every precaution should be used in thorough,
subsequent cultivation and in the exclusion of weeds,
to conserve the moisture so applied. The intelligent
horticulturist will find that in the use of this expensive
method of maintaining a proper water supply in the
soil, it is incumbent u]ion him, even more than it' the
method were not used, to give careful attentidii to all
the ordinary methods (it preparation and cultivation in
order to maintain the advantages he has established by
the Irrigation plant. Milton Whitney.

Sub-irrigation in the Greenhouse. -The term sub-
irrigation is used to describe a method of supplying
water to the roots of plants Ipy means of some form of
conduit placcil li. l.n Mi. -m r:M-r ,.f the soil. In green-
house operatic m I ic aiiin s of the plan are
a level, watiT I : . i "ih.m, im.l tile or pipes to
serve as conduit - i"i liir \- lu r. 'I'lir tile, or pipes, are
laid directly on tlie Ih'Ij<-1i bottum. ;,ii,l ,.v.i- lln^se the
soil is spread, usually to the ili|.ili ■■! :iIm,uI c, inches.
When water is introduced iu -uiiiii.nt i|uantities
through tho tile or pipes, it pass. ^ ,,,ii it il,,- j,,ints or
perfornti.iiiJ int.. flic .--..il.

Will'" .I'l'!!. -I I" ■■ !■ ' .,.,,,.., ,i ..,,1^, the term sub-

watrrii ,, , I, |, ,|,,, , ; I . ! .11.1 Cranefleld for

the n.,1 : . ! . ' !. '. '...tc watering on a

largi/ -..1. ..ill ..t .'.....^, if i;i:.; I.. ■.. 1.1 , however, that
the words watering and Irrigation ilo not indicate the
scale of operations with any degree of accuracy, hence
it seems as well to use an old word as to coin one, es-
pecially when the familiar word expresses the meaning
intended.

Experiments in watering plants bv this method were
begun in the winter of 1890 and 1891, at the Ohio Ex-
periment Station. The suggestion came from the re-
sult obtained in an effort to check the lettuce rot. Water
was introduced to the soil in boxes by means of a pipe,
In a similar manner to the method often employed in
watering hills of melons and cucumbers. When the
plants were watered in this manner, the lettuce showed

IRRIGATION

so niu.h more vigor than that watered in the ordinary
w;.. ili.i ..|.. I it i. ins were begun at onceon a larger scale:
III II the ground having a clay bottom, then

.... : ■ . t liench, made of lumber, and finally, on

111. I..I.I.. .. . ..M-red with cement.

In ail ..1 ill.- liirlier experiments the water was intro-
duced through pipes, or drain-tile, laid about 2 feet apart
on the bottom of the benches. Goff and Cranefield have
used brick instead of tile, placing them near enough to-
gether to touch. They were set on edge in a galvanized-
iron pan, made for the purpose. J. C. Arthur clipped off
the corners of the bricks, so as to facilitate the flow of
water. The Ohio Station has modified this plan by using
common drain-tile, laid .so as to touch, thus covering
the entirt" h. mli l.ottoin, instead of a line of tile every

2 feet, as ai lii-i.

Benclns mil!. ..f IuuiIht have proved unsatisfactory
because ol tli.. swilliut,' and warping of the boards.
Solid beds on tlie ground have not been successful, ex-
cept w-here an impervious clay bottom existed. Galva-
nized-iron adds greatly to the cost of construction, and
lasts only a short time. The only suitable bench for
greenhouse sub-irrigation is one made of materials
which are not acted upon by water.

A well-made tile- and cemen^bench seems to be the
only form of construction that will meet the require-
ments. Such a bench does not cost so much as to pre-
clude its use, and will last as long as any other part of
the greenhouse. In describing such a bench, it will not
be necessary to enter into details, except such as relate
to the method of watering under discussion. The bench
must be water-tight, or nearly so, and this condition is
secured by spreading a layer of cement, an inch or more
in thickness, over the tile bottom. It is not a matter of
any moment whether fiat tile or common drain-tile are
used, except in the quantity of cement required. The
cement must be spread with care, so as to secure a per-
fectly flat, level bottom, otherwise the water will not
flow uniformly in all directions. The sides of the
benches are made of cement also, but need be only 2 or

3 inches high, or of sufficient height to merely retain
the water. Boards or slate are placed outside the ce-
ment wall to retain the soil. The tile-bottom may rest
on iron or wood cross-pieces. Wood has been in use
for this purpose at the Ohio Station for seven years and
shows no signs of decay, because it is out of roach of

the '

experience shows that a perfectly con-
I bottom, with the tile laid 2 feet ajiart,
.<factorily in distributing the water to all
il. provided the tile are straight, so as not

II. iw of water. The tile are laid in the

ngthwise ore

an lengthwise as it is
.ugh long lines of tile
1 each ]0int merely to
I is put in the bench,
u- of water from the

IKRIGATION

joints. The first tile where the water is introduced is
laid at an angle, one end resting on the edge of the
bench side. This leaves a wide opening at the first
joint, which is closed with cement. A better plan is to
use a curved sewer-pipe for the inlet, but this is not
always available. The picture (Fig. 1182) shows how
the tile is laid on the bench bottom, being a view of a
side bench in a carnation house.
Following Goff s suggestion m the use of brick tiles

IKRIGATION

835

ntii 1 II h h tt m with good
I 1 I ' th ,t this -nill be found
I II 11 ui tion as it appears

in \ H distribution of ■
n 111 IS The same as above de
10 pHns diffei only in the number
of tiles employed to distiibute the water When the
bench bottom is cnvored with tih placed near enough
together so that tli I ill ii t t ill between it will be
readily seen thit \ i i I it any point will flow

to all parts of til I i .n 1 the tile It needs

simplvto bebroii.l 1 I \ el that it will reach

the soil whencipM i n n n will complete the dis
tribution Fig lis sh w s •» In nth m i tomato house
constructed after this plan A'^ aie the inlets B the
irrigating tile from which the soil has been removed
C is the tile bench bottom covered with cement The
same size of tile mz 2^-^ oi 3 imh is used both above
and below D is the cement side which his been broken
away to show the method of construction The outer
boird has been removed also

The cost of construction need not be discussed here,
except to state that the only items extra, more than are
required in any well-constructed greenhouse, are the
cement bottom and the tile in which the water is dis-
tributed.

A plan has been devised for applying water to small
plants in flats which mav properly be mentioned under
this head. The flats are shallow boxes with slatted bot-
toms. When the plants require water, the flats are
placed in a shallow vat of water and allowed to remain
until the surface of the soil appears to be damp, or even
wet.

A watering in this manner is far more efiicient than
by the ordinary method. Taken in connection with sub-
irrigation in the benches, a crop of lettuce can be
brought to marketable size nearly two weeks earlier
than when surface watering is practiced. Anything like
a full discussion of results of experiments in watering
plants in the greenhouse by sub-irrigation would be too
voluminous for an article in this connection. A brief
review of the results obtained at some of the stations,
together with a short discussion of some general prin-
ciples, will serve the purpose intended. The increase in
weight of lettuce from sub-irrigated plats over those
watered in the ordinary manner has been reported bv
Rane, of West Virginia, as 25 per cent and bv Goff anil
Cranefleld as 26 per cent. At the Ohio Station the
range has been from 25 to 100 per cent. In the Latter
case the result was obtained by commencing with the
plants as soon as taken from the seed-bed, and carrying

the two lots through to the termination of the experi-
ment, one by watering altogether on the surface of the
soil, the other by sub-irrigation. Each of the experi-
menters speaks of a gain in earliness of several days
by sub-irrigation. Rane secured similar results with
long-rooted radishes by this method of watering, but
not with the turnip-rooted sorts, while Munson, of
Maine, doubled the crop by watering below. Better re-
sults have usually been secured at the Ohio Station with
the turnip rooted than with the long varieties, but in
all cases there has been a gain in favor of sub-irriga-
tion varjing from 50 to 100 per cent. Rane found that
sub irrigation increased the yield of tomatoes, but the
gam was not large Essentially the same results have
been secured in Ohio. The tomato crop has not been
greatly influenced by the manner in which the water
was applied and the same is true of beets, while sub-
irrigated cucumbers and parsley have shown a decided
gain over surface watered. Carnations, roses, chrysan-
thnmums sweet peas, violets and smilax have been un-
1 1 experiment by the two methods of watering, and
^\ liile no such marked results have been secured as with
1< ttuce and radishes, the sub-irrigated plots have shown
upenority over those watered in the ordinary manner,
m nearly all cases With carnations the improvement
h I been mainly in length and stiffness of stem.

^side from the increase of crop secured by sub-irri-
t ition there are other considerations which may be
urged m its favor and these are embodied in the follow-
ing general propositions:

(1) }fate>in(i by sub-irrigation in the greenlwuse
salts laboi the amount of labor saved depends
mosth on tht ompleteness of the arrangements for
watering but there is a saving in the number of appli-
cations as well It is possible to reduce the time em-
ployed m watering a house, or series of houses, to one-
hfth th tim 11 iHv rr-.-piirod.

(-1 II ' "■■■'" linn asstires an abundant

anJ : I ' ' . /■ to all parts of the bed.

Pert 1 II II , I ,, lunches is assumed in this

cast- lilt will I h . ■ii-iiiirtion watering becomes al-
most HUtoni iti the only care necessary being to look
after such portions of the beds as may, by position, be
subiect to unusual conditions of air or sunlight.

(3) Where uib irrigation is practiced in the green-
house the surface of the soil does not hrrnm, r„„ii„i,-trd ,
but retains Its anginal loose, friable ,;.,i,l ,i;„u . It is
true that where fiequent syringing is prariici ,1 iIh- sur-
face of the soil becomes more or less liin-di-ni <i. Imt imt
to the extent that occurs in surface-watfriiig. mid ihe
condition is easily remedied, whereas in the other case
It is uot It follows that a heavier soil may be used for
sub irrigation than with surface-watering.

Still other considerations might be urged in favor of
this method of watering, but many of them would apply
to special cases only. Regarding the effect of the
method upon insects and diseases, but little can be
said. Lettuce rot is less prevalent upon sub-irrigated
plots than upon those which are surface-watered, but in
extreme cases plants succumb to the disease, whichever
method of watering is practiced. Munson found that
radishes suffered more from the attacks of millipedes
upon sub-irrigated plots than upon plots watered in the
usual manner. Nematodes work upon the roots of
roses, whichever way the plants are watered. The man-
ner of watering has no apparent effect upon the red
spider. Even in houses watered wholly by sub-irriga-
tion this pest is no worse than in houses in which the w.a-
ter is applied to the surface of the soil. It may be said,
however, that nearly all classes of plants are more easily
kept in a healthy growing condition, and are thus better
able to resist enemies of all sorts, when sub-irrigated
than when supplied with water in the ordinary way.

This method of applying water to plants in green-
house benches, has now been sufficiently tested to de-
termine its value. All that now remains is to devise
ways and means to utilize what is known concerning it.
The adaptation to suit particular cases must be made by
individu.als, but this will be far easier in the future
than in the past, because better methods of construction
prevail than formerly. The success of sub-irrigation in
the greenhouse is now simply a question of mechanics.
W. J. Green.

ISATIS (r

the D\ er s W c ul /

longer ad\ ertistil Csesar rel i

^%f\^

1184 Isoloma Tydsea (

ancient Britons used the Woid for stammg their bodies
and the word Britain itself comes from an old Celtic
word meaning painted. Before indigo became common
in Europe, the Dyer's Woad produced the chief blue
coloring matter for woolen cloth. The introduction of
indigo in the seventeenth century destroyed this im-
portant industry, not without opposition. Dioscorides
and Pliny mention both the Dyer's Woadjind indigo.

/. tincldrta, Linn., is rather tall, glabrous and glau-
cous: stem-lvs. lanceolate, entire, sessile, somewhat ar-
row-shaped: fls. small, yellow, borne in early summer,
on panicled racemes. Instead of apod, opening length-
wise by valves, it has a closed fruit like on the samara
of an ash, 1-celled, 1-seeded. indehiscent, wing-like. It
is a biennial, and common in Europe.

ISOLOJIA

ith them to the base of the column, somewhat sigmoid
1 w tliL nil 1 lie column erect, long, without wings:
Umi I 4 VI ut J species in Braz., Hex., and W. Ind.
lineiris R Ii Slender, 1-1}^ ft.high, leafy: Ivs. dis-
1 u Im ir tiiite obtuse, emarginate, l}a in. long:
. 1 UM It I ruL in a short, terminal spike. March,
nd trees in thick woods, Jamaica,
Trinidad, Brazil, etc B K. 9:745. L. B.C. 14:1341.

H. Hasselbring.
IS6LEPIS. See Scirpus.

ISOLOMA (equal border). Gesner-
Imludes Tydma. Sixty or more
ti I } 1 American plants, very closely
illied to Gesneria and Aohiraenes.
From Gesneria distinguished by ab-
sence of well-formed tubers and char-
acters of capsule and anthers, and the
5 lobes of the disk equal; from Achim-
enes in the more tubular flowers and
lobed disk. The culture is the same
as for \chimenes and Gesneria. Seeds
of the newer hybrids germinatequickly,
an 1 plants bloom the same year. It is
prj) il le that the pure species are not
in the trade. Like Achiraenes, Ges-
neria and Gloxinia, they have been
much hybridized and varied. It is
probable that they are hybridized with
Achimenes and Gesneria. Tydsea is a
garden genus. It is not known how
the current forms have originated,
'some of the recent ones have fringed
fls (&n. 55:1223).

Tydsea [AchimHcsplcta, Benth. Ttj-
(li I j Ufa, Dene.). Fig. 1184. One to 2
ft hiiry: Ivs. cordate-ovate, coarsely
sen ite spotted and reticulated with
pale gieeu or silvery green, with a
bioad light zone down the center: fls.
single on long, axillary stems, nod-
ding, the orifice oblique and lobes ob-
tuse the upper longitudinal half of the
fl red, the lower half yellow and red-
spotted. Colombia. B.M. 4126 (adapted
m Fig 1184). B.K. 31:42. F.S. 1:17-
18 —On this species Decaisne founded
the genus Tydiea in 1848. This species
has been called Isoloma pictum, but
this name was taken by Planchon in
IsoO to '51 for the Gesneria picia of
Hook which is a very different plant.
See PS. 6:586. B.M. 4431. This latter
plant the first Isoloma pictum, is ap-
parently not in commerce.

{Tiid(ea amdbilis. Planch. & Lind.).
ire or less tapering to the

ISCHARUM.

ISNAEDIA. Includes a few species of Lwdwigia.

ISOCHtLUS (Greek, a^Man/p). OrchidAceee. A genus
of no commercial value. Plants epiphytic, with tall,
slender, leafy stems, without pseudobulbs, bearing a few
small fls. at the summit. Sepals erect, free, keeled; pet-
als similar but plane ; labellum like the petals and united

^^..^in^

~k. ^ ^'^

-^

Jaliscanum (XK).

petiole, bluntly serrate, purplish on the veins: fls.
hairy, pendent, dark rose dotted with purple, paler inside.
Colombia. B.M. 4999. R.H. 1859, p. 25. F.S. 10:1070.

IVA

837

Ceciliae, Nichols. (Ti/dcea Ceciliie, Andre). Much like

violet and silvery
■ach axil, the fls. pale
Kit, and the limb pur-

AcJiimenes oceUtUa,
Ivs. ovate-acuminate,
icles shorter than the
1 lobes red, the seg-
lack spots. Panama.

/. amubite, but
zones or blotches: Hs.
rose outside and stii|i.
pie-spotted. Colomlu:

ooeUitum, Bentli.
Hook.). Short-hMirv c
serrate, green: Hs. mh
Ivs., the tube and -li
ments marked witlc i\
B.M. 4359.

Jaliscinum, Wats. Fig. 1185. Herbaceous or some
what woody at the base, 1 ft., pubescent: Its. opposite,
oblong-lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate to ovate, short-
acuminate, short-stalked, serrate: fls. 2-4 on an axillary
peduncle, the corolla an inch long, tubular and short-
lobed, ^pubescent, scarlet. Mex. — A worthy plant, not
yet in the trade, but has been cult, j^ jj_ g,

ISONANDEA (Greek, equal anthers). SapoUtcew.
Isonandra Gutta is a large-leaved E. Indian tree, which
furnishes the best commercial gutta-percha. The name
has appeared in one southern catalogue, but the plants
were found to be not true to name. This plant should
be called Dichopsis Gutfa. In Dichopsis the floral parts
are in G's, stamens 12, and the seeds have no albumen,
while in Isonandra the floral parts are in 4's, the sta-
mens 8, and the seeds albuminous. See Buhher Plants.

Giitta, Hook. Properly Dichipsis Gatta, Benth. &
Hook. Gutta-percha Tree. Lvs. leatherv, elliptic,
abruptly pointed Malaya. R.H. 1898, p. 441.

IS6T0MA (Greek, equally cut; referring to the co-
rolla, and true only by contrast with Lobelia). Com-
pannlaci'iP. This includes a plant treated as a half-hardy
annual, which grows about a foot high, has curiously
cut foliage, and odd fls. with a slender bent tube 1 in. or
more long, and 5 slender spreading lobes, each J-ain.
long. Among allied generaof garden value, Centropogon
and Siphocampylus have the stamens fastened at the
base of the tube, while in Isotoma they are at the top or
above the middle. (Centropogon has an indehisceiit
berry : Siphocampylus a capsule 2-valved at the top like
Isotoma.) Downingia has a tube of stamens free from
the corolla.

axillaris, Lindl. Perennial, flowering the first year so
as to appear annual, but forming at length a hard root-
stock, erect, with few spreading branches: lvs. linear,
irregularly pinnatifid, 2-3 in. long, lobes linear : pedi-
cels axillary, 2-6 in. long: fls. large, bluish purple, pale
outside. Australia. B.U. 2102 [a.a Lolelia senecioides)
and 5073 (as Isotoma senecioides, var. subpinnatifida).
—Not in cult.

petraea, F. Muell. Identical with the above, except that
the lvs. are ovate-oblong or elliptical. Australia. The
plant in the trade is said to have cream-colored fls,, and
is sold as a "Lemon Verbena," a name which properly
belongs to Lantaua.

ITALIAN MAY. Spirwa hypericifolia.

IT£A (Greek name of the willow; because it has wil-
low-Uke lvs., and grows near the water). Saxifragd-
eece. A genus of trees and shrubs, numbering about 5
species, inhabiting eastern N. Amer. and eastern Asia,
whose one representative in cultivation is /. Virc/inica,
a low, upright, somewhat coarse shrub, best known by
its long, upright racemes of small white fls. appearing
about July l,in Massachusetts, and its brilliant autumn
coloring. In nature it inhabits low, wet places. In cul-
tivation it seems to adapt itself to almost any soil. It is
not perfectly hardy, but grows rapidly and seems endur-
ing of both sun and shade. In ornamental use it is
planted in m.asses or mixed with other shrubs of similar
character in the shrubby border or at the edge of woods.
Its somewhat coarse character does not favor its ap-
proach to more refined objects. In autumn it becomes
a brilliant red. It is prop, from seed, by cuttings and
by division of roots, which spread slowly and form
clumps of stems. It may be collected from the wild.

Virginica, Linn. Virginian Willow. Fig. 1186. A
shrub, IJ2-6 ft. high, usually not more than 2-3 ft. high,
of upright, somewhat slender habit: lvs. deciduous, al-
ternate, oblong, pointed, minutely serrate, smooth green
above, pale and slightly pubescent below, petioled, with-
out stipules, 1-3 in. long: fls. regular, 3 lines long, fra-
grant, white, in solitary, erect, hairy, simple, dense, ter-
minal racemes 2-0 in. long, given a greenish white ef-
fect by the stamens and pistils, not particularly showy,
appearing late June and July; calyx 5-cleft, persistent,
nearly free from the base of the ovary; corolla of 5 lan-

1186. IteaVirei

(XJ^).

ceolate, nearly erect petals and longer than the 5 sta-
mens : capsule slender, longitudinally 2-furrowed, 2-
celled, man}--seeded, splitting through the simple style
and partition. Pa. and N. J. to Pla. and La. B.M. 2409.
A. Phelps Wtsian.
IVA (named atter. ijiiga //•«. from its similar smell).
CowpiUil.c. Thisiucludesl.frutescens, Liini., the Marsh
Elder or High-water shrub, a native liaiMy perennial
of no garden value, which is, nevertlieless, i.n record as
having been cult. It grows 3-12 tt. high iu salt marshes
and on muddy seashores, has serrate Ivs. and fls. as in-
conspicuous as those of a ragweed. See B.B. 3:292 and
Gray's Manual.

I Ivy is Hedera. Boston
German I.= Cliinhinf;
Ground I.=.V(7)t7<(
rid V II m halm-id. Poison
iome authors tbiuk that

838 IVESIA

IVfiSIA. All referred to Polen
IVY. The common or En-lish

I, = Ampelopsix Iriinsin,!,:/,,

Senecio and Hmnari,, ,,l.,
Glechoma. Kenilworth !. = />/
I.=iJ7(I(.s, B. T.jj:u:od,:Hd,uH.
two species of Rhus are confused, B. rudiciiiui being
the common Poison Ivy of the North, and B. Toxico-
dendron being a shrub of the South.

IXIA (Greek, bird lime; said to refer to the juice).
Iridticcd'. Ixias are delightful tender bulbs originally
from the Cape of Good Hope, with attractive grass-like
foliage and spikes of flowers borne in early spring, ex-
hibiting an exceptionally wide range of colors. They
grow about i'A ft. high on the average, with an un-
branched stem, a spike 3-8 in. long, containing G-12 fls.
each 114-2 in. or more across. The tis. have a very
slender tube usually about % in. long, and 6 segments.
The following colors are all well marked in Ixia: white,
jellow in at lea^t 3 shades, orange, lilac, rose, pink,
crimson, light and dark purple, rubv red, pale blue, and
e\en gieen. Perhaps the
only important colors lack-
ing aie sky blue and red in
the bright shades of scarlet
and vermilion The flowers
ni ly be concolorous (all of
color) or these same
shades may be com-
bined with an eye.
Most of our cultivated
tonus seem to have an
eje of brown, purple
oi almost black, but
there have been kinds
\Mih a white, blue or
/I ten e\e Occ ision-
ili\ theie IS anng of
blown color above the
1. A Id to this that the
•' of the st^nieiits may
I 11 oi k'.s suffused

,V 1 \ iih \ 11 lous rolois(usually

.,i / 1, ^s ^,r th it of the eye]

' '#'>*' "'"' ""^ "Oteresting possibili

, if ' ties of liias m color combi

1187. Ixia {lowers
in their droop-
ing stage.

(.X%.)

m color combi-

!■ ^ nations can be imagined.

Sooner or later all good
gardeners yield to the fascination
of bulbous plants, and whoever
has not yet succeeded in growing
Ixias has something to live for.

I Ixias number their cultivated
! varieties by the hundreds. Next
il to Crocuses and Freesias they
|! have no rivals in point of popu-

II larity among spring -blooming
\\ bulbs of the important Iris fam-

! ily, which rejoices in the posses-
■ sion of such splendid summer-
blooming bulbs as Iris, Gladiolus and Montbretia. Cul-
turally they belong to the same class with Babiana and
Sparaxis, which are also desirable and distinct in gen-
eral appearance and coloring, but are outstripped by
Ixias in popularity and in number of %-arieties. Botani-
cally, these three genera belong to the Ixia tribe, in
which the fls. are spicate, not fugitive and never more
than one to a spathe. The stamens of Ixia are equi-
lateral ; those of Babiana and Sparaxis unilateral. Ixias
have about G erect grass like Ivs. arranged in 2 ranks;
Babiana has plaited, hairy Ivs.

Bulb catalogues give no hint whatever as to the
parentage of the numerous named varieties. Not one
of them mentions /. mnciihita nor /. rolntiieHarii-,
which were the two all-important parent stocks. Of the
23 species recognized by Baker in Flora Capensis,
vol. 6, 18n6, only 1. viridi flora appears as a trade name,
but /. speciosa and paiiicidala are advertised under
their synonyms crnlerinidia and longiflora. I. crocata
is Tritonia crocaUi. and /. luihrida of the trade is not
the hyhrida of the botanists, but means nothing more
than mixed varieties.

IXIA

Before speaking of tlie dominant types, it is conve-
nient to mention some very distinct species wliioh are
still cultivated in a condition not essentially diti'eient,
botanically, from the wild types. /. paniculuin is in-
stantly distinguished from all other Ixias in cult, bv its
very long tube, which is often 3 in. long. It is also the
last to bloom. /. viridiflora is unique in the genus for
its green flowers, and it is one of the few green-flowered
plants that are attractive. Whether this species has
hybridized with the other dark-eyed species is conjec-
tural. At any rate, the prototype is a popular plant
to-day.

Of 86 named varieties received from 3 leading dealers
in America, England and Holland, and supposed to be
a representative collection, all but a bare dozen seem to
be the offspring of /. macidata and /. columellaris.
Both of these species have a purple or purple-black eye,
sometimes brown, and the white and yellow colors of the
segments are derived from wmcii/a/n, while the lilac and
purple shades of the segments are derived from columel-
laris. Baker makes no distinction between these two
prototypes except that of color. The common oidniou
is that Ixias hybridize freely, both at the Cape and in
cultivation, and it is usually said that they are now
so thoroughly mixed by hybridization and selection
that it is impossible to refer any of the named liorli-
cultural varieties to their proper species. Nevertheless,
from a study of the specimens mentioned above and the
colored plates cited below, the writer ventures the opin-
ion that the vast majority of cultivated Ixias are eyed
forms, which, with the exception of viridiflora, can be
readily referred either to mucnlata or to columellaris,
and that all such forms could be reproduced without
hybridization if the original types were reintroduced
from the Cape and subjected to an equal period of selec-

The real mystery in Ixia is why the self-colored forms
are so little cultivated. There are at least 7 species with
self-colored fls. which should be obtained directly
from the Cape, if necessary, for they would all make
decided additions to the Ixias that are in common culti-
vation. These are: pofi/s^ac7ii/a, pure white; fliraoxa,
white, veined rose, with fine red and purple varieties;
■ ■ aperiorpink; Z»?en, orange; ;)nhH.<, bright

as this color seems to be lacking among the varieties
that are commonly cultivated; also monadelpha in its
variety with pale blue segments.

One of the most desirable of all these little-known
types is I. speciosa, which is shown in the Botanical
Magazine, with a delightful ruby-red color, untouched
with any suggestion of purple, lilac or allied shades.
This form would seem to promise to the hybridizer the
possibility of several distinct shades of red that now
seem to be practically unknown in cultivated Ixias. A
synonym of /. speciosa is /. craterioides, which is a
common trade name, but it is doubtful if the ruby-red
form is in general cultivation. At any rate, it has not
been sufficiently exploited. The dearth of good colored
plates of modern cultivated Ixias is out of all proportion
to their commercial and artistic value. The writer has
no record of any good one since that published in IS8t in
"The Garden."

Ixia flowers are charming in every stage of develop-
ment. At first the flowers are erect and cu]i-shaped.
They close at night and remain closed on dark days.
As they grow older they open wider and become more
star-shaped. The reader may judge by Fig. 1187 of the
beauty of the flowers in their drooping stage. The plants
remain in flower for three weeks, though the faded
flowers at the bottom of the spike should be taken off
toward the end of the period. As cut-flowers, they are
presentable for a week or two. w. M.

Culture op Ixias Out-of-doors. -The writer has al-
ways liked Ixias, but has considered that it is too much
trouble to grow them under glass. They are vastly more
satisfactory when grown outside. The planting of the
bulbs should be delayed until the last moment, because
Ixias are more inclined than most things to make an au-
tumnal growth. They should be planted 3 inches deep,
as late as November 30. In planting bulbs it is always

IXIA

well to sprinkle a handful of sand on the spot where
the bulbs are to lie. This helps the drainage, especially
on heavy lands, and prevents rotting. The bulbs should
then be covered with about 3 inches of leaves, hay, or
better still, pine needles. In the latitude of Boston,
bulb beds can be uncovered during the first weels of
April. However, there will still be sharp frosts to nip
the tender shoots that have started beneath the winter
covering. Consequently a little hay or other covering
material should be left near by, where it can be easily
gotten when a chilly evening threatens. In ten days
the young sprouts will bepome suSaciently hardened to
withstand any subsequent cold. Even such hardy
things as Alliums, when first uncovered, can hardly
withstand any frost at all. It is, however, a mistalie to
wait two weeks Ionfi:er and then permanently uncover
the bulb beds, for liy that time the early-starting things
are liliely to lie so lauli and long that they never attain
ideal sturdiness. It is better to uncover too early than
too late. The secret of success with Ixias outdoors is
largely in hardening the plants in early spring and in
never allowiug them to grow too fast under cover,
where they become yellow aud sickly. During the win-
ter shutters can be placed over the bulb beds to shed
the rain; but the bulbs do as well without this protec-
tion, though they may be later in starting. Of course,
Ixia bulbs cannot stand any
freezing, and they must,
therefore, be planted in un-
frozen soil. After flower-
ing, let the bulbs remain in

the

the

paniculata (>

July : then take them up,
and store them, not in dry
earth, but in boxes without
any packing. Let them re-
main in a dry place until
tliey are wanted for Novem-
ber planting. In the south-
ern part of England Ixias
can be planted 6 inches deep
in hardy borders as late as Decem-
ber, and Krelage, perhaps thinking
of still warmer regions, considers
Ixias as summer-blooming bulbs, and
advises phuiting from October to
December. In the writer's experi-
ence, the flowers from the old bulbs
are not at all inferior in succeeding
years : indeed, the contrary has been
the case, and the bulbs he raises are
vastly superior to the ones he buys.
Amateurs are commonly advised to
throw away the offsets because fresh
bulbs are cheap. Yet the under-
signed finds that many of the off-
sets bloom the first year and nearly
all of them the second.

It is commonly thought that if
Cape bulbs are ever raised com-
mercially in America, California or
the coastal plain of the southern
states would be the fittest regions for
the Industry. The writer knows of
Ixias being raised commercially near
Boston with every prospect of suc-
strange that Tritonias,
Sparaxis and Babianas cannot be
grown in the same way, though it is
some consolation that they can be so
easily grown in pots. To the under-
signed Ixias are the most pleasing
of all bulbs. He has thousands in
bloom in the month of June, and
thinks they make a braver show even
than tulips. -w. B. Endicott.

Culture of Ixias in Greenhouses.— Ixia bulbs can
be planted any time from September 15 to October 30, the
sooner the better. In general, tender bulbs of small size
tend to lose vitality when kept a long time in the dry
airof wareliouses. Ixia bulbs should be planted an inch
deep, 5 or U in a 5-in. pot, or 8 to 10 in a G-in. pot. They

IXIA 839

like a compound of sandy soil and leaf-mold. It is sup-
posed that three-fourths of the failures with Ixias are
due to hasty forcing. The pots should be stored under
a bench or in a rather dark cellar, at a temperature of
45°. The object is to hold back the tops while the roots
are growing, in order to get stocky, well colored, slowly
started shoots. They
need nowateruntil
growth has started. Then
water carefully until the
flowers come, as the
young plants are liable
to rot at the surface of
the ground. While flow-
ering water freely. Af-
ter flowering, some gar-
deners give the plants
no water. Others keep
the soil moist until the
leaves turn yellow, and theu
gradually withhold water. As to
temperature, the plants may be
brought into a cool greenhouse
(50°) when well started, and to-
wards the end of January may be
given 5° more heat if flowers are
desiied as early as the middle of
March. Ixias have to be staked'
and tied. The old bulbs, from
which the offsets have been re-
moved, may be used again. Ixia
bulbs, which are really fibrous-
coated corras about i^ in. thick,
keep as well as Freesias. Seed-
lings flower the third year.

W. M.
Culture op Ixias in Cold-
frames.— Choose for the frame
an open place, sheltered from 1189.
north and west winds. In its (XK.)

construction give especial care

to providing good drainage, to close-fitting and snug
banking, so that frost, mice and moles can be kept out. A
sandy soil, without manures, is safest and best for Ixias.
If fertilizers are used they must be placed several inches
below the bulbs, never in contact with them. As in out-
door culture, the bulbs must be planted late and in soil
well dried by placing the sashes over the frame some
time beforehand. Plant about 3 inches deep, as far
apart, and treat afterwards much as in greenhouse cul-
ture. Take off the sashes in early May to show the mass
of rich, odd flowers which, ordinarily, will open about
that time and last for several weeks. If the frame is to
have other tenants through the summer, the Ixias may
be taken up after their tops are dead and stored in dry
sand till planting time comes around again. Otherwise,
merely cease watering as the tops of the Ixias die down,
and put on the sashes again, tilting them so that they
will give air and shed rain. l. Greenlee.

aristata, 3. lutea, 6.

columellaris. 10. niarui.'ita. 9.

cralerioldes, 8. nionadelpha. 13.

fiexunsa, 5. o.lorata, 1.

paniculata, 2.

lonaiflora. 2. ovata. 11. viridiliora, 12.

A. Tube of perianth (T,lntr,l helm,- the limb into a
(listi)iet funnel.

1. odorata, Ker. Fls. pure yellow. B.M. 1173.

AA. Tube of perianth not dilated.
B. Length of tube 2K-S in.

2. paniculata, Delaroche (/. longifldra, Berg.). Fig.
1188. Segments white, often tinged red: throat same
color or black. B.M. 256 and 1502:

BB. jOength of tube 1 in.

840

IXIA

BBB. Length of lube K-% in.

c. Segments \i in. long or less.

D. Color white.

4. polyst&chya, Linn. No eye. B.M. 623.

DD. Color shades of red or lilac.

5. flexudsa, Linn. No eye. B.M. 62i.

(I-. Segments more than K in. long.
D. Jfls. self-colored.

E. Color yellow or orange.

n. Wtea, Baker. Pis. "uniformly deep bright yellow,"
according to Baker, but orange in B.M. Bid.
EE. Color red.

F. Segments ii-% in. long.

7. pitens, Ait. FIs. pale red, according to Baker, but
deep rosy red in B. M. 522.

FF. Segments %-l in. long.

8. specidsa, Andr. (I. craterioides, Ker.). Fl.s. dark
crimson, according to Baker,but rich ruby-red in B.M. 594.

DD. FIs. with an eye of brown, purple or black.
E. Color of segments white to yellow.

9. macuiata, Linn. Fig. 1189. FIs. typically yellow,
according to Baker. B.M. 539 (orange). The following
natural varieties show the range o£ color. Var. ochro-
leica, Ker. Segments sulfur-yellow; eye brown. B.M.
1285. Vnr. nigro-ilbida, Klatt. Segments white; eye
black. Var. orn4ta, Baker. FIs. flushed bright red or
purple outside.

EE. Color of segments lilac to purple.

10. columell^ris, Ker. Typically with bright, mauve-
purple segments and blue throat. B.M. 630.

EEE. Color of segments bright red.

11. ovita, Klatt. Andrews Bot. Rep., plate 23.

EEEE. Color of segments green.

12. viridifldra, Lara. Typically with pale green seg-
ments and black throat. B.M. 549. L. B.C. 16:1548. F.S.
2:124. Var. cina, Eckl. Segments pale blue; throat
black. B.M. 789 (as /. mnculata amethyslina). Var.
csBSia.Ker. Segments pale lilac; eye greenish. B.R.7:530.

EEEEE. Color of segments pale blue.

13. monad§lpha, Delaroche. Only species in the genus
that does not have free anthers. B.M. 007; 1378. -Seg-
ments typically lilac, but there are forms with claret-
red, blue or pale yellow segments, combined with eyes
and markings of various colors. w. jyi.

IXIOLlEION (Greek, nn Ixia-Uke lily). AmarylliM-
ce<e. A genus of 2 species of hardy bulbs from western
Asia, with umbels of 5-9 deep blue or violet, 6-lobed
fls. each 2 in. across, borne in spring. Perianth regular,
without any tube al)0ve the ovary; segments oblanceo-
late; stamens shorter than the segments, attached to
their claws. The nearest cultivated allies are Alstroe-
meria and Bomarea, which have no distinct rootstock,
while Ixiolirion has a bulbous rootstock. Monogr. by
Baker, Amaryllidenj, 1888.

monttaum, Herb. (/. Paltasii, Fisch. & Mev.). Bulb
ovoid, 1 in. thick, with a neck 2-3 in. below the basal
tuft of Ivs.: stem about 1 ft. long: Ivs. about 4,
persistent, and a few smaller ones above: Hs. on long
unequal pedicels and often 1 or 2 fls. below; perianth
bright lilac according to Baker. Syria to Siberia. B.R.
30:66. F.S. 22:2270. R.H. 1880:310. J.H. IIL 31:.')83.

Var. TatAricum, Herb. (F. Tatdriciim, Hort.). Stems
more slender: Ivs. awl-shapcd : tN. all in a terminal
umbel, smallerthan the tv].,. .Miai.Mts. (!.C. 11. 19:757.
Rcgel calls the collective spucies /. 7'^il,iricum, and de-
scribes 5 species of it.

IXdRA (a Malabar deity). Subidcete. Many species
(100 or more) of shrubs or small trees with opposite or
verticillate Ivs. and terminal or axillary corymbs of very
showy fls., inhabiting the tropical parts of Asia, Africa,
America, Australia and Pacific islands. The species arc
very difficult to distinguish. The fls. are white, rose or
scarlet, on bracteate pedicels; corolla very long- and

IXORA

slender-tubed, the throat sometimes barbed, the limb 4-
or 5-lobed and wide-spreading; stamens 4 or 5, inserted
on the throat, the filaments short or none: ovary on a
flesliy disk, 2-Ioculeil, the style filiform and exserted, 2-
brauched: ovules solitary. L. H. B.

Ixoras, which are handsome dwarf flowering shrubs,
belong to the tropics. The species, as well as their hy-
brids, all bear beautiful trusses of flowers of various
shades, from a creamy white to a rich crimson. They
require a stove temperature during most of the time,
although, afff-r bavir.' fini-ilied their growth in the early

autumn, tli. - i I i"' ; i ir,.(l for a time into a lower or

greenhouvr I i n which they would more fully

ripen tliiir . ml set and develop their flower

buds. Ail' r Tin-, ,!,. h :i_-ain placed in the warmhouse,
the plants will keep llowc-ring until spring. Sandy leaf-
mold, with plenty of drainage, is best to cultivate them
in. They like plenty of heat and moisture, and care
should be takennottooverpot tbem. The foliage should
be syringed often, as otherwise the mealy bug and other
insects will infest them. They do best in a sunny spot
in a greenhouse temperature, but should not fall below
00° while growing. They propagate freely from cuttings
of half-rine wood, and they produce their best flowers
when the pots are filled with roots; then a little feeding
with liquid manure will bring out the size and color of
the flowers to perfection. H. A. Siebrecht.

Many of the Latin names of Ixoras are of horticultural
forms. Of this class, the following are in the Amer.
trade: C7ie7so«i, fls. brilliant salmon-orange. Cdlei, Ss.
pure white: cross of /. coccijica and /. s/Wc^o,var. a/6a.
Connpiciia, fls. yellow, becoming orange. Dixidna, fls.
deep orange. Frdseri, fls. scarlet in the tube, and bril-
liant salmon above. Ortidta, salmon-orange. Prlncepa,
fls. whitish, becoming orange; said to have come from
Java. BegXna, fls. shaded violet-salmon. Sanguinea,
fls. crimson, shaded with violet. Splendida, crimson-
orange. I.H. 29:463. WHtii, fls. pale rose, becoming
brilliant; hybrid (Gn. 42:886. G.M. 36:35). Williamsii,
fls. reddish salmon. Other horticultural forms are:
.4r»ie«iaea, yellow; i)^co?-a, yellow; /Hri.'s^ris. orange;
Inslgnis,To&e\ Pn.(?ri»ti, orange-scarlet; Profiisa,To»e;
Specidsa, yellow; <Sj)W«de«s, orange; ren«s(«, orange.
A. Fls. usually in shades of red {sometimes varying to

stricta, Roxbg. (/. eoccinea, Hort. /. bliinda, Ker.
/. crociita, Lindl.). Apparently the common species,
known in greenhouses as /. eoccinea: glabrous shrub,
with sessile or subsessile Ivs. which are obovate or obo-
vateoblong,and very slender-tubed fls, iudense corymbs,
the corolla lobes short and rounded. Moluccas and
China. B.M. 169 (as /. coccijien). B.R. 10:782. -Runs
into nearly pure white forms. /. striata of the importers
of Japanese plants is pi-obably a misprint for stricta.
There are said to be yellowish fld. forms. Prince of
Orange is said to be a form of this species.

eoccinea, Linn, (/. grandifldra, Br. /. Jiandhuca,
Roxbg,). Much like the last, but Ivs. oblong and corolla
lobes acute. E.Indies. B.R. 2:154; 6:513.

macrothjTSa, Tejsm. & Binn. (I. Duff!!, Moore).
Very large, glabrous: Ivs. a foot long, linear-oblong to
oblong-lanceolate : cluster very large, 8 in. across,
bearing very many deep red tinged crimson fls,, with
lanceolate obtuse lobes about Kin. long. E.Indies. B.
M. 6853.— Probably the finest of the genus.

AA. Fls. in shades of yellow or orange.

Jav&nica, DC. Glabrous shrub with Ivs. 5-7 in. long,
ovate-oblong, acute or acuminate : corymb terminal, with
forking coral-red brandies: tis. deep orange-red, the
lobes rounded. Jav.i. 1. M, l-d,

cong^sta, Roxb, ( / i , Hook,). Evergreen

ti-ee in its native li:i ! , : -, ixcept the cymes:

lvs.verylarge((;-I-'iii 1. ' ' ..I, elliptic or elliptic-

oblong, acule or a.Miiiiiiiiir : rx m.^ sessile or nearly so:
fls. orange-yrlli.w, .liiinv in- in reddish, the segments
rounded. Indies, r,.M. Ilij'i.

..\,\,\. /-V.wr, ,>■ ,r7,i7e.

parviflfira, Vahl. Evergreen tree, with subsessile ob-
long or elliptic-obtuse Ivs. 3-6 in. long: cymes sessile:
fls. white, the tube only K in. long. India. l, jj_ b.

JACABANDA (Brazilian name). BignoniiUece. J.
ovalifolia perhaps ranks among the 100 best flowering
trees or shrubs for subtropical regions. The foliage is
as finely cut as a fern, .symmetrical and elegant. The
leaves are decussate, distant, each one with IG or more
pairs of pinnse, each pinna having 14-24 pairs of leaf-
lets. The plant bears loose, pyramidal panicles, 8 in. high,
of 40-90 blue fls., each 2 in. long and VA in. wide, which
have a long, bent, swelling tube and the 2 lobes of one
lip smaller than the 3 other lobes. Prom S. Fla. It is
one of the best of foliage plants for the S., valuable
alike for florists' decorations, conservatory, subtropical
bedding in the North, or for lawn specimens in Florida,
where, if cut back by frost, it rapidly recovers its beauty.
It reaches a height of 20 ft. or more. It is commonly
planted in parts of S. Calif., and attains a height of 50
ft. and more. This species is also cult, in Europe under
glass. Jacarandaisa genusof about 30 tropical American
spacies, mostly Brazilian: trees, with Ivs. opposite, 2-
pinnate, rarely 1-pinnate: Ifts. usually numerous, en-
tire or dentate: fls. showy blue or violet, panicled ;
corolla lobes rotund; perfect stamens 4, didynamous;
staminode about as long as the stamens, club-shaped at
the apex and often bearded at the top.

ovalifdlia, R. Br. (J. mimosa- fdlia, D. Don). Lvs.
distant, spreading, oblong, villous: fls. more or less
horizontal. S. Amer. B.R. 8:631. B.M. 2327. R.H.
1897:132. E. n. Reasoner and W M.

JACK BEAN. Refer to Canarah'a.

JACK FRUIT. Artocarptis integrifolia.

JACK-IN-A-BOX. ffernandia.

JACK-IN-THE-PULPIT. See Ans(tma.

JACOBa;A. All included in Senecio.

JACOBtNIA (probably a personal name). Acnnthd-
ce(v, A polymorphous genus of 30 or 40 tropical
American herbs or shrubs, including the genera Libonia,
Sericographis and Cyrtanthera. Plants cultivated for
their narrow-tubular red, orange or yellow fls. : lvs. op-
posite and entire: calyx deeply 5-parted, with linear or
awl-shaped segments; corolla more or less 2-lipped,
one lip 2-1 ibed and the other 3-lobed; stamens 2; stami-
nodia represented by two hairy elevations on the corolla
tube; pistil ripening into an oblong or ovate capsule,
the style filiform, the ovary surrounded by a disk.

Jacobinias, in common with other Acanthads, are
much confused as to species. A closely allied genus is
Justioia, which, among other characters, is distinguished
by having spurs or appendages at the base of the an-
ther lobes, whereas Jacobinia has no such appendages.
Other allied genera are Aphelandra, Dianthera, Ad-
hatoda, Thyrsacanthus, Eranthemum, Barleria, Dfeda-
lacanthus.

Jacobinias are mostly subshrubs in their native places,
but they are usually treated as herbs under cultivation.
They are showy greenhouse or conservatory subjects.
When well grown they are attractive plants, but they
soon become weedy under neglect. They propagate very
readily from cuttings, after the m.inner of fuchsias,
and the most satisfactory plants are usually those which
are allowed to bloom but once. Most of them thrive well
under conditions suited to begonias.

A. Fls. in a more or less dense terminal panicle or
Ihyrse: corolla long, more or less curved, sta-
mens fixed to the middle or near the fop of co-
rolla tiibe. (Subgenus Cyrtanthera.)

magrnifica, Benth. & Hook. {Cyrtanthera magnifica,
Nees. Jnstieia magnifica, Pob\). Strong forking herb
or subshrub, blooming when 1 or 2 ft. high, but becom-

ing several feet high if allowed to grow: stems 4-an-
gled : lvs. opposite, lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate to
oval-oblong, narrow or broad at base, attenu:ite to apex,
wavy-margined, veiny, downy, sometimes a foot long:
fls. rose-purple, ascending, arched at the top and the
lower lip recurving, borne in den.se terminal spike-like
thvrses. Brazil. G.P. 5:317. Var. carnea {Justicia
cdrnea, Hook.) has flesh-colored fls. B.M. 3383. B.R.
17:1397. — A handsome old plant, of comparatively easy
culture in a conservatory temperature. Cuttings made
in Feb. or March should bloom early the following
winter. Young plants are usually most satisfactory, the
old ones being kept over only for cutting stock. Give
rich soil, and plenty of water in the growing season.

Pohliina, Benth. & Hook. (Cyrtanthera Pohlidna,
Nees). Much like J. magnifica, but more robust and
leafy: lvs. ovate-acuminate and rounded or nearly or
quite cordate at the base, more glabrous, often purple-
tinged : fls. bright crimson : bracts short-acute, or in
one form obtuse. Brazil. — Voss considers J. magnifica,
var. carnea to be synonymous with J. Pohliana.

Var. velitina, Hort. (J. veliitina and Jnstieia velii--
tina, Hort. Cyrtanthera PohliAna, var veliitina,
Nees). Dwarf: bracts obtuse : lvs. villous-pubescent
on both surfaces : fls 2 in. long, rose-color. Brazil.
Gng. 7:212. A.P 14:998. -A worthy plant of compara-
tively recent introduction in this country. It is an ex-
cellent pot subject and has been considerably adver-
tised recently as the "New Dwarf Jnstieiavelntina." A
profuse and continuous bloomer. Cultural remarks un-
der J. magnifica also apply to this.

AA. Pis. in a dense terminal spike: corolla long and
curved: stamens fixed to the base of the tube,
(Subgenus Pohjstaehys.)

coccinea, Hiern. {Justicia coccinea, Aubl. ). Erect
herb or subshrub, usually grown from cuttings each
year and treated as a pot subject: 2-5 ft. high: branches
terete: lvs. elliptic or ovate-lanceolate, entire, glabrous

1190. Jacobii

or nearly so ; fls. crimsor
pubescent, the long upper
the lower one reflexed. B
summer. Said to be kno\
cristuta.

Penrhosiensis (X K).

842

JACOBINIA

AAA. F!s. scattered or in loose more or less leafy pani-
cles: of medium length, straight or nearly so,
not deeply cleft. {Subgenus Z/ibonia.)

pauclfldra, Benth. & Hook. {SericigrapMs panciflira,
Nees. Libdnia floribunda, C. Koch). A common con-
servatory plant, subshrubby, but usually treated as a
pot-plant, with terete, short-jointed, close pubescent
branches : Ivs. elliptic or elliptic-oblong, short and
rather small, entire, very short-stalked : lis. 1 in. long,
tubular, drooping or nearly horizontal, scarlet with
yellow at the end, the lips short. Brazil.— A most florif-
erous plant, almost as easy to grow as a fuchsia, and
to be handled in essentially the same way.

Penrhosi^nsis {TAbfmia Penrlwsifnsis, Carr.). Fig.
1190. Jliirh liko the last, but Ivs. more pointed and Hs.
largeraiHl hl.tx' sl.owv. K.H. Is7ii:r,0. (Jnf,'. 2: l.a.-lt
is am<,si ,-N,.,.ll,.„t plant, and is takini; the" ,,la,-e of J.
pauciflor.i. It is livhriil cf ,/. ,.,iucifl.n;, and J. Ohiiss-
brechtiana. Ai]"th.iaii.l v.ry similar hyl.rid c,f the same
parentage is S' rlr^,}^,nii<i i^ftwr, Lindl. & Andr^. I.H.
22:198. J. Prinii.js,, »,s(,s is a winter bloomer, a little
earlier than J. /.n uni'h'ni . Cuttings struck in spring
make full 'bloomini,' s\il.i..-ts I)y fall and early winter.
This and J. pauei flora are common conservatory plants.

Ghiesbreghtiina, Benth. & Hook. {Cyrtanthera
6hiesbreghliana,\)ecne. SerieigraphisGhiesbreghtiUna,
Nees. Juslicia Gheishreghtii\n<i, Lem. Apheldndra
Ghieshreijhtiilna, Hort.). Lvs. narrower (lance-ovate)
and longer, acuminate : fls. in a terminal, very loose
panicle, tubular, scarlet, appearing at the same season
as those oiJ. Penrhosiensis. Mex. P.S. 4:339.-Introd.
by Ghiesbreght; but when the plant was transferred to
the genus Jacobinia the name was misspelled Ghies-
brechtiana.

J. lAndeni. Nichols. (Justicia Lindeni, Houll.), is a Mexican
siibshnib, with lance-ovate lvs., and a fascicled head of orange-
yellow fls. Does not appear to be in the Amer. trade. R.H.
1870:230. L. H. B.

JACOB'S LADDER. Polemonium caruleum.
JACOB'S STAFF. Fouquieria splendens.

JACQUEM6NTIA (after Victor Jacquemont, a French
naturalist; died 1832). Convolvul&cew. About 50 spe-
cies of tropical and subtropical twining herbs, allied to
Ipomoea and Convolvulus, to which they are inferior for
garden culture. They are distinguished from Ipomoea
by having two stigmas instead of one; and from Con-
volvulus by having the stigmas ovate or oblong instead
of linear-filifoi-m to subulate. /. violacea makes an at-
tractive greenhouse climber for summer and autumn
flowering, but is not as desirable for this purpose as
several species of Ipomoea, It is apt to become leggy
after a few years. Propagated readily by seeds or cut-
tings. For other botanical characters and cultural di-
rections, see Ipomaa.

violacea, Choisy (('..;/..■.'" /:. , './.'/..i .. .lacq.).
Stem perennial, somewh , .1 n . . iiiiiig6-8

ft., pubescent or nearly l :ii > i. : I . ■ : ; >i. i., i.vate-
lanceolate, acuminate: i".liiii<l, - ^1. nl. r. In .u ms; 5-12

short-funnelform, sharply 5-angled, rich violet-blue.
June-Sept. Trop. Amer., and as far north as Fla. B.M.
2151. B. 4:197. P.M. 0:219. In var. canfiscens, Hort.
{J. canescens, Benth.), the whole plant is covered with
short, brownish down. B.R. 33:27.

tamnifdlia, Griseb. Plant annual, usually low and
erect, at length twining if support is near, covered with
tawny yellow hairs: lvs. cordate, ovate, long-petioled:
peduncles bearing many fls. in dense, involucrate clus-
ters: fls. less than % in. long, violet. Cult, and waste
ground, S. C. to Ark., and southward.

S. W. Fletcher.

JACaUiNIA (Nicholas Joseph de Jacquin, 1727-1817,
distinguished botanical painter and writer, who painted
many West Indian plants from nature). Myrsin&eem.
About 20 species of tropical American trees and shrubs,
one of which is called Bracelet Wood in the West Indies,
because the brown and yellow shiny seeds are made into
bracelets. It is a low tree, with evergreen lvs. some-

JASMINUM

what like box but obovate, and racemes of small, white,
honey-scented fls. which in the North under glass would
be borne in winter. It seems to be cult, only in S. Fla.
and S. Calif, outdoors. Generic characters are lvs.
rigid, margined, entire: fls. white or orange, borne in
racemes, umbels or singly ; corolla 5-fld, wheel- to sal-
ver-shaped, crowned at the throat and between the lobes
with 5 roundish appendages (staminodia): berry
leathery, several-seeded. In the allied genus Thco-
phrasta the corolla is cylidrical, shortly 5-lobed, the ap-
pendages are fastened at the base of the corolla instead
of the throat, and the berry is many-seeded.

armilliris, Linn. Lvs. cuneate-spatulate or obovate,
blunt, revolute at the margin, usually whorled, 4 in.
long, I'b in. wide: berry % in. thick. W. Indies.

JAMBOLAN. Eugenia Jambolana.

JAMBOS. See Eugenia Jambos.

jAMfiSIA (after its discoverer. Dr. Kdwin James,
17U7-lH(il, botanical explorer of the Rocky Mountains).
Syo., Eilivinia. SaxifrugiLceie. Low, hardy shrub of up-
right habit, with deciduous, opposite, petioled, serrate
lvs., and white fls. in terminal, short panicles. Hand-
some shrub for borders of shrubberies or rocky slopes
in sunny situations, thriving in any well drained garden
soil, best in a peaty and sandy one. Prop, by seeds or
by cuttings of ripened wood. One species in the Rocky
Mountains from Utah to New Mex. Lvs. without stip-
ules: calyx lobes and petals 5: stamens 10: styles usu-
ally 3: fr. a 3-celled, many-seeded, dehiscent capsule.

Americina, Torr. & Gr. Shrub, to 4 ft. : Ivs. broadly
ovate to oblong-ovate, acute, serrate, dentate, pubescent
or almost glabrous above, whitish tomentose beneath,
J<-2 in. long: fls. about yi in. across, white, sometimes
pinkish outside. June. B. M. 6142. J. H. III. 32:37.
Gn. 32, p. 522, and 33, p. 606. Alfred Rehder.

JAMESTOWN WEED is Datura Stramoniiim.

JAMROSADE. See Eugenia Jambos.

JARRAH. Eucalyptus marginata.

JASIONE (ancient name of no application to this
plant). Campanulacece. This includes the Shepherd's
Scabious, a hardy herbaceous perennial plant of com-
pact habit, about a foot high, and bearing globose heads
2 inches in diameter, composed of very many light blue
flowers. It is of easy culture in any garden soil, grows
cither in full sunlight or partial shade, and is equally
adapted for borders, edgings, or the rockery. The
common annual Scabious belongs to the teasel family,
and has 4 stamens, while the Shepherd's Scabious has
5 stamens. Jasione has about 12 species, mostly Euro-
pean, and is easily distinguished from its allies by the
fls. being borne in a head with an involucre, the corolla
cut into 5 awl-shaped strips, and the anthers somewhat
united at their bases. They differ widely in duration
and habit. Prop, by division and seed.

perfinnis, Lam. Shepherd's Scabious. Sheep
Scabious. Sheep's-bit. Stem erect, sparingly if at
all branched : root-Ivs. obovate, in the non-floriferous
plants forming a tufted rosette ; stem-lvs. oblong-linear,
entire: peduncles long, leafless: bracts ovate, serrate-
dentate. July, Aug. B.R. 6:505. B.M. 2198.

J. B. Keller and W. M.

JASMINUM (Arabic name). Oledcem. Jasmine.
Jessamine. Climbing or erect shrubs, of more than 100
species in warm regions of the Old World. Fls. fra-
grant; corolla yellow or white (sometimes reddish out-
side), salver-shaped, the 4-9 lobes convolute in the bud,
much exceeding the calyx; .stamens 2, included in the
corolla tube: ovary 2-loculed, with a single erect ovule
in each looule, becoming in fr. a twin berry: Ivs. pin-
nate, but sometimes reduced to 1 Ift. (petiole jointed).
Jasmines are of diverse horticultural groups. Some of
them are hardy in the middle and southern states,
whereas others are winter-flowering warmhouse plants.
Most of them are known as coolhouse or temperate-
house shrubs, of half-climbing habit. They are all of

JASMINUM

easy culture. They propagate readily by cuttings of
nearly mature wood and by layers. Often the fls.
are very fraprrant. Tho species are usually called Jas-
mines, anil tin- wnr.l .U-ssamine is commonly restricted

toj. oft'ri u'lh .\\]\i'-\i is tlje Jessamine of poetry. Some
of them ([laitiruLaly J . yrandiflorum) are grown for
perfume-niakinLT. Tin- ( 'ape Jessamine is Gardenia. Yel-
low or Carolina Jessamine is Gelsemium.

lucidtim. 6. revoluhtm, 10.

mitltiflorum,3. Sambae, 1.

nudiflonim, 12. Sieboldianum, V.
odoratissimum, 11. simplicifolium, t

officinale, 7. trifoliatiim, 1.

poeticum, 7. trinerve, 5.

pubeseens, 3. trinmphans, 10.
Beevesii.K: ' •

843

gracile, 6.
graeiUimiim, 4
grandiflonim,

undulatum, 2.

A. Lis. reduced to one Ift.: fls. white.
B. Calyx pubescent or hairy.

1. Sambac, Soland. Akabian Jasmine. Climbing,
the angular branchlets pubescent: Ivs. opposite or ter-
nate (the ternate-lvd. specimens giving rise to the name
irifoliatum), firm in texture, shining, nearly or quite
glabrous, the petiole short and abruptly curved upwards,
elliptic-ovate or broad-ovate, either prominently acute
or completely rounded on the end, entire, prominently
veined: clusters 3-12-fld. : calyx lobes linear and promi-
nent, hirsute on the edges (sometimes almost glabrous) :
corolla tube }4 in. long ; lobes oblong or orbicular.
India.-Much cult, in the tropics. Fls. white, but turn-
ing purple as they die. B.R. 1:1. A full double but-
ton-fld. group is in cult., one form of which is the Grand
Duke of Tuscany (or Grand Duke). The double form is
shown in B.M. 1785. This double form sometimes passes
as J. trifoliatiini. J. Sambac is a perpetual bloomer,
particularly in trostless countries, where it can stand
in the open.

2. imduiatum, Ker. Climbing, with hairy branches,
slender : Ivs. opposite, short-petioled, rather small
(about 2 in. long), ovate-lanceolate and acuminate, some-
what pubescent beneath, somewhat undulate: fls. ()-10,
in terminal cymes, white, long-tubed ; calyx teeth short ;
corolla tube % In. long, and slender; lobes half or less
as long, acute. India. B.R. e:4.'iG. — Lvs. sometimes ter-
nate. Little known in cult, in this country.

3. pub6scens, Willd. {J. hlrsutiim. ^yWU. J. multi-
floriim, Andr.). Climbing, rusty-hairy: Ivs. very short-
petioled, rather thick, ovate-acute: calyx teeth usually
5-3 in. long (nearly or quite twice as long as in J. tiiidn-
latum), with spre.ading vellow hairs: tls. white, much
like those of J. inidulatiim. the lobes broad, often half-
double. India. B.Jl. 1991. B.R. 1:15. -Will stand some
frost.

4. graciIlimum,Hook.f. Climbing or scrambling, soft
puljescent or hairy: Ivs. very short-petioled, ovate-lan-
ceolate, acuminate, the base cordate or truncate, bright
green above and pubescent beneath, IK in. or less long:
fls. white, in very large, dense hanging heads, an inch
or more across, fragrant; calyx teeth long and awl-like,
half as long as the slender corolla tube; corolla lobes
many (usually about 9), acute. N.Borneo. G.C.II. 15:9.
B.M. 6559. — Long, lithe branches spring from near the
ground and bear heavy clusters at their ends. Handsome
winter bloomer. Nearly hardy in eastern N. Car.

BE. Calyx glabrous.

5. trinfirve, Vahl. Tall-climbing, with terete glabrous
branches: Ivs. short-stalked, ample, ovate-oblong and
acuminate, strongly 3-nerved from the base: fls. white,
in small clusters ; calyx teeth narrow but much shorter
than the long corolla tube; corolla lobes only half as
long as the tube, acute. India. B.R. 11:918. -Perhaps
only a form of J. aiiastomosans, Wall.

6. simpIiciSblium, Forst. (J. litcidum. Banks).
Climber, or sometimes a tree in its native place, gla-
brous or pubescent: Ivs. mostly short-stalked, shining,
varying from oblong-elliptic to ovate-lanceolate to cor-
date-ovate, acute or obtuse, usually less than 3 in. long:
fls. white, in terminal forking, many-fld. clusters; calyx
teeth short and sometimes scarcely any; corolla tube

%-% in. long, the acute lobes somewhat shorter. A
stral. B.M. 980. B.R. 8:606 (as J. gracile, Andr.).
Summer bloomer.

Flowt

rhite.

7. officinale, Linn. (J. poeticum, Hort.). Jessamine.
Long, slender grower requiring support, but scarcely
self-climbing, glabrous or very nearly so: Ivs. opposite,
odd-pinnate, the lateral Itts. 2-3 pairs and rhomboid-ob-
long-acute, the terminal one longer: fls. 2-10 in termi-
nal more or less leafy clusters; calyx teeth linear,
Ji-'li in. long, or sometimes as long as'the rather short
corolla tube; corolla lobes oblong, more or less involute
on the margins. Persia, India. B.M. 31. R.H. 1878, p.
428. -Long cultivated. The glossy foliage and fragrant
white summer-blooming fls. render the plant very at-
tractive in the S., where it is hardy. With protection it
will stand as far N. as Phila. Var. afflne, Nichols. {J.
afrine, Hort.), is a form with larger fls. R.H. 1878, p.

8. grandifldrum, Linn. Catalonian, Italian, Royal
or Spanish Jasmine. Nearly ereet-growing,the branches
drooping and angular, glabrous or very nearlv so: Ivs.
opposite, the rachis flattened or winged, the' Ifts. 2-3
pairs, elliptic or round-elliptic, mostly ending in a very
small point or cusp: calyx teeth 34 in- long or rarely
half as long as the corolla tube; corolla star-shaped,
i&rger thun in J. offirinalc. India. B.R. 2:91. -Prob-
ably the best white-flowered species. Summer and fall,
or nearly perpetual in warm countries. Much grown in
Eu. for perfumery. Stands 10^-12° of frost.

9. Azdricum, Linn. Climbing, glabrous or nearly so,
the branches terete: Ivs. evergreen, opposite, the Ifts.
3, ovate-acuminate, the 2 side ones often smaller: calyx
teeth very small; oblong corolla lobes about as long as
the tube. Canary Isl. B.M. 1889.— A good white-fld.
temperate-house species blooming in summer and winter.

BB. Flouers yellow.

10. htiniile, Linn. (J. revolhtum, Sims. J. flitvnm, '
Sieb. J. triumphans, Hort.). Italian Yellow Jas-
mine. Fig. 1191. A diffuse shrub, in the open ground
in the S. reaching 20 ft. and requiring support, but in
glasshouses usually grown as a pot bush: branches gla-
brous, angled: Ivs. alternate, odd-pinnate (rarely re-
duced to 1 Ift.), the lateral Ifts. 1-3 pairs, all Ifts. tbick-
ish and acuminate, and more or less revolute on the edges,
varying from oblong to oblong-lanceolate to oblong-ro-
tund: fls. bright yellow, in open clusters; calyx teeth very
short; corolla tube S-1 in. long, usually considerably
exceeding th<> P!'-tiv ^.1. flip and retlexiug lobes. Trop.
Asia. B.Jl. i:;l li I;, :; 1 7>: 5::ir.O. L.B.C. 10:900. -
ThecomniMi,. AiiR-rioan glasshouses, usu-
ally known a- ./ "'. It is hardy in the open as
farnorthas M;i: I 11 i. I, -. thick and eversreen. Needs
a cool house it iri-own under glass. Summer and fall
bloomer. J. Seh-isii, Hort., may belong to this species.

11. odoratissimum, Linn. Much like the last, but more
erect and less leafy when in flower: Ivs. alternate, the
leaflets 3 or 5, shining, oval or broad-oval and obtuse:
fls. yellow, in a termiu-il cluster; calyx teeth very short;
corolla lobes oblong-obtuse, mostly shorter than the tube.

844 JASMINUM

Sumniei-. Madeira. B.M. 285. — It is an erect, glabrous
shrub with straight, stiff, terete or faintly angular
branches.

12. nudlfldrum, Lindl. {J. Sieholdkhium, Blume).
Twiggy, nearly erect shrub with i-angleii glabrous stiff
branchlets: Ivs. opposite, small, with 3 little ovate cili-
ate Ifts., the entire foliage falling in autumn or when
the growth is completed: fls. solitary, in early spring (or
winter), from long, scaly buds, subtended by several or
many smnll leaf-like bracts, yellow; calyx lobes leafy
and sprercfiTiL'- *>r retie\-p<l, shorter than the corolla tube;

corolla <•■■ - '.nvnte, often wavy. China. B.B.

32:48. I. I i.ij 1,11.1852:201. G.C. III. 11:181. -A
mostiiii, . ic/iiiindingone of Fonsythia when

in bl n. l!,iiH_\ i.iiih of Washington, and blooming

nearly all winter. With protection, it will stand as far
north as Hudson river valley, and bloom very early in
spring. In northern glasshouses, used mostly as a late
winter and early spring bloomer. Strong-growing speci-
mens iiei-il sujiport.

J. tniip'f'ir^ . V;ihl. Fls. very long-tubed, white: Ivs. opposite-
tnn.iic' s A!r. B.M. 6S65.-J. calcareum, Muell. (J. Novss
7,._-i;iiLi|iriini, I'.nssp). is n sprinff- and summpr-bloomine Aus-

Indii

L. H. B.

JATBOPHA (Greek, referring to .ts medicinal use).
M;iiphorbi(icece. This includes the French Physic Nut, J.
Gtircas, which is grown commercially in the Cape Verde
Islands for the seeds, which yield a purgative oil re-
sembling castor oil. It is also grown for ornament in
S. Fla. and S. Calif. About 68 species of tropical herbs
or tall shrubs : Ivs. alternate, petiolate, usually palmately
lobed: fls. at the tips of branches in forking cymose
panicles, monoecious; calyx 5-parted; corolla twisted;
stamens 10 or fewer: column surrounded by 5 glands:
capsule 2-3-seeded.

multifida, Linn. Shrubby, 5-10 ft. high: Ivs. long-
petioled, 7-9-parted, glabrous, not glandular; segments
pinnatifid; stipules many-parted, the divisions bristly:
cymes umbel-like: petals distinct, 3 times as long as the
calyx; stamens 8-10. Tropics; naturalized in Jamaica
and common there.— Cult, at Santa Barbara, by Pran-
ceschi,who says its curiously divided leaves and scarlet
flowers are very ornamental, and adds that it is called
"Coral Bush."

Ciircas, Linn. French Physio Nut. Subshrub, 6-12
ft. high : Ivs. subcordate-roundish, angular or obsoletely
3-5-lobed, glabrous ; stipules deciduous : corolla 5-
parted, villous inside, twice as long as the calyx; sta-
mens 10-15. Tropics. — A weed at St. Vincent. Reasoner
says it grows 20 ft. high.

gossjpifolia, Linn. Subshrub, a few feet high: Ivs.
long-petioled, 5-parted, with prominent gland-tipped
hairs on the margin, petioles and many-parted stipules,
those on the petioles branched: petals distinct, dark
purple; stamens 8-10. Tropics. L. B.C. 2:117. B.R.
9:746.— Long cultivated for ornament. Has been re-
cently advocated as a specific for leprosy.

J. stimulfisa, Michx.,the Spurge Nettle, is a common weed
in the South. J. B. S. Norton.

JEFFEESONIA (after;!!, :.- JHiw^.m, third presi-

plant, growing about 8 in. !ii h, \iili >li,ir:ic-teristic foli-
age and a naked scape, bearing a solitary white (some-
times reddish) flower in May. Distinguished from the
group of cultivated allies mentioned under Epimediuiu
by the following characters: Ivs. 2-parted: sepals 4;
petals 8, largerthanthesepals, and flat; stamensS: ovules
in an indefinite number of series along the venter. The
capsule is half-circumscissile near the top. making, with
the scape, an object resembling a pipe. Mn. 5, p. 220.

binita, Bart. (J. aiphi/Ua, Pers.). Fig. 1192. Becom-
ing 16-18 in. high in fruit: Ivs. glaucous beneath, 3-6 in.
long, 2-1 in. wide: fls.

about 1 in. a
Woods, E. Pa.
andTenu. B.B

:o Va
.2:92

JERUSALEM AR-
TICHOKE. See ^1,-

th-h<'l.r. J.riisiilem
J.Cherry. S., /„,„„„

I's, n.l. .-,„,,. i.uw. J
Cross. L,irl,,nsCh,il
(•,./.,„„■.(. J. Oak.

ChriiLlunlinni Il.i

trys. J. Sage. Pltlo
mis fruticosa. J
Thorn. Parkinsoniu
acuhata.

JESSAMINE is Jasminin; off,,
iil<-. Cape Jessamine is (lanh/n
isniiiiniffis. Malayan Jessamine

JEWEL WEED. Ji

JOB'S TEARS. Coi.

JOE-PYE WEED. Jiiipatorium
pnrpureum.

JOHNNY APPLESEED. See Appleaced, John

JOHNSON GRASS. A ndropogon Ralepensis.

JONQUIL, See Ifarcissus.

JOVE'S FRUIT. Bei.

elissifoU

3VBX&. (after Juba, king of Numidia). PalniAcea;.
This includes the Wine Palm of Chile, J. spectabilis,
which in this country is cult, outdoors in S.Calif, and
iu the North under glass. "It is one of the hardiest
palms," says Frauceschi, "and can endure drought and
many degrees of cold. If liberally treated, it makes a
large tree in a few years." A full-sized trunk yields
about 90 gallons of sugary sap, which is boiled by the
Chileans and called palm honey. There is some danger
of the species being exterminated in Chile. The fruits
look like diminutive cocoanuts, and are called Coquitos,
or by the trade "Monkey's ('o.-nnnnis " Tn Europe, it is
cult, under glass, and also n^t, I i ^ hLm ..lical l)eddiitg.

Jubcea spectabilis is a li ■ satisfactory

palm for the cool palm hous. :i iiMii he treated

in common with such plain- :, - ' / ' , y-.s hiimilis,

llie sJ.il- :iiii| f-'iftcrpe rnoiit'niri , winch may he graven

\v I . ii iriiiperature of 50°, providing the plants

:n I -lalilished. In general appearance, t/.

.</'..'•'''. I rill in. Is one of some kinds of Pho'nix. and,
like thorn, does not show the true charaeter of its foli-
age in avery small state, the seedling Jubiea iirodncing
several simple Ivs. before developing foliage of the pin-
nate type. In Jubiea, however, the lower pinnie do not
revert to spines, as is usually the case with Plicenix,
and the pinufe are also arranged irregularly on the mid-
rib, thus giving the fronds a feathery effect. The cul-
ture of Jubfea is by no means difficult, propagation be-
ing effected by means of imported seeds, which usually
give a fair percentage of germination, providing they
are started in a warmhouse and kept moist. The seed-
lings should be potted as soon as the second leaf ap-
pears, and kept in a warmhouse until they are large
enough for a 4inch pot, and from this time forward
cooler treatment will give the best results, always re-
membering the fact that while many palms (and JubR»a
among the number), will bear much neglect, yet the
best results are only to be had by giving plenty of nour-
ishment.

Jubsea has 2 species of tall, unarmed S. American
palms: caudex thick, covered with the bases of the

JUB.EA

sheaths: Ivs. terminal, pinnatisect; segments spread-
ing, linear-Ianceolute, rigid ; margins recurved ; rachis
laterally compressed, convex on the back, acute beneath ;
sheath short, open. Allied genera in cult, are Attalea,
Cocos, Maximiliana and Scheelea, which are distin-
guished chiefly by the staminate fls. In Jubsea the
petals are lanceolatf : stamens numerous, included, the
anther cells coniiat, : {,■ ] ~.-vd,.,]. In Attalea the petals
are lanceolate: stiit m : ~ ': mluded, anther cells con-
nate: fr.2-6-si"..-.|., I , .

spectibilis, HBK. Heieht 4U-60 ft.: Ivs. 6-12 ft.
long. G.C.II.1S:401; m.l»:ol6. Gn.5,p.413. V. 8:340.
— The southernmost American palm.

W. H. Taplin and W. M.

JUDAS TREE. Cercis.

jfi'GLANS (ancient Latin name from Jovis glans, nut
of Jupiter). Jiiglanddcece. WAl-TiVT. Butternut. Or-
namental and fruit-bearing trees, rarely shrubs, with
deciduous, altei-nate, odd-pinnate Ivs., and with incon-
spicuous greenish fls., appearing with the Ivs., the
staminate in pendulous slender catkins, the pistillate in
few- to many-fid. racemes: the fr. a large drupe, con-
taining an edihie nut. Most of the species are hardy,
and are very valiialile park trees, with a massive,
straight trunk, and a light and airy broad top, the best
being probably J. niiim, one of the noblest trees of the
American forest. J. legia, J. CnViforniea and the Mexi-

Juglans nigra (>

can species are tender in the North. Though many
fungi and insects prey on the Walnut, none of them do
very serious damage, the worst being, perhaps, the hick-
ory-borer. The wood of the Walnut, which is easily
worked and susceptible of receiving a beautiful polish,
is much used for cabinet-making and the interior finish .
of houses, especially that ot J . nigra and. )-<>(7ia., which
is heavy, strong and durable, and of dark brown color,
while thatof lA. cinerea and Sieboldiana is light and soft.
The husks of the nuts are sometimes used for dyeing
yellow, and the bark for tanning leather. The husk of

r. cinerea has some medicinal properties. The nuts of
ill species are edible, and are an article of commercial
mportance, especially those of the European Walnut,
vhich are the best. This species is extensively grown

if the
.roved

in the warmer parts of Europe, in California
east from Pennsylvania to Georgia. The n
native species are also sold on the market,
gathered in the woods, though a number o:
varieties are in cultivation. ,/.> ' - , r. ,iii,| ./ ,.,,/,-

form)*', with nuts superior to the i i. i i .. .n-s,

will probably become valuable 1 , i ,' .(

is too tender; the nuts of li-ih hi nue h \:ilit..| m
,lapan. The Walnut grows best i:i moiler.itely moist,
rich soil, but J. cinerea is more moisture-loving and
J', regia prefers well-drained hillsides. They are not
easily transplanted when older, and therefore the nuts
are often planted where the trees are to stand, but they
may be safely transplanted when 2 or 3 years old, or
even later when they have been transplanted in the
nursery. Prop, by seeds, which should be stratified and
not allowed to become dry. A light, sandy soil is to be
preferred, as the young plants produce more fibrous
roots, while in stiff soil they are liable to make a long
taproot. The young seedlings are transplanted when
about 2 years old; sometimes the taproot is cut by a
long knife. Varieties are often grafted on potted stock
in the gi-eenhouse in early spring or are budded in sum-
mer, either shield- or flute-budding being employed;
even top-grafting of old trees is sometimes practiced.
About 10 species in N. Amei
S.E.Europe to E.Asia. Tref
stout brancnes with laminate
pith : Ivs. without stipules
of aromatic fragrance when
bruised: staminate fls with
a 2-5-lobed perianth and
(5-30 stamens, in slender cat
kins ; pistillate fls in few
to many-fld. racemes ovary
inferior, l-celled, with 4
calyx lobes and included in
a 3-lobed involucre fr a
large drupe with a thick in
dehiscent husk; nut or 4
celled at the base, indehis
cent or separating at list
into 2 valves. For cultuie
and further information ee
U. S. Dept. of Agii Nut
Culture in the U. S quote 1
below as U. S. N. C see
also. Walnut.

A. Fr. glabrous or finely pnbesceni nut 4 celhd at

the bi e

B. Lfts 5-1 almost entire

r^gia, Linn. Persian or Evtlish W^lnit Round

""''"''* — '-70 ft hs obloi g or oblong ovate, acute

headed

1196. Juslans Sieboldiana (Xl-5).

or acuminate, almost {glabrous, brifcht ;,'reeii, 2-5 in. long:
fr. almost globular, green; nut usunlly ov.il. reticulate
and rather smooth, rather thin-slulli-.l. S.E.Europe,
Himal., China. U. S. N. C, pl.C. .Muny vais. are culti-
vated as fruit trees, for which seeU'd/Hii/. Of the orna-
mental vars. the most distinct and decorative is var.
laciniita, Loml. (var. filiiifi'iliii, Hort., var. asplenifMin,
Hort.),with narrow, pinnately cut Ifts.; very effective
as a single specimen on the lawn ; remains usually
shrubby. Var. monoph^lla, Hort., has the Ivs. simple or
3-foliolate. Var. p6ndula,Hort., has pendulous branche.s.
Var. praepartilriens, Hort., is a shrubby var., producing
rather small, thin-shelled nuts on very young plants.
Var. Bartheriina, Hort. (var. elonijAlu, Hort.). Nut
elongated, narrow-oblong. R.H. IS.'iO, p. 147; lSCl,p.427.
Gn. 50:478.

JUGLANS

BB. Ltts. 13-S5, serrate.
Califdrmca, Wats. Round-headed tree, occasionally to
CO ft , with puberulons branchlets: Ifts. ovate-oblong to
oblong lanceolate, acute or acuminate, almost glabrous
or pub( ruhms when young, 2-4 in. long: stamens 30-40:
ovar) almost glabrous or puberulous: fr. globose, %-lH
in across , nut obscurely sulcate, rather thin-shelled,
tahf S S 7 S37. Gn. 49, p. 278. -A graceful, orna-
mental tree, also used as stock for grafting in Calif.
1 he nut 13 of good quality but rather small.

rup^stns, Engelm. Shrub or small tree, rarely to 50

r I I uiehlets pubescent when young: Ifts. ovate-lan-

1 It to lanceolate, acuminate, puberulous or pubes-

t I I n joung, 2-5 in. long: stamens about 20: ovary

t or tomentose : fr. globular, rarely ovoid,

ted, usually pubescent, }^~\% in. across; nut

I ite, with longitudinal grooves, thick-shelled,

II kernel. Colo, to Tex. and northern Mex.
^ ^ J —The typical form has narrower, more gla-
biuus hs and smaller frs., while
^ar major, Torr ,the western form,

broader, more coarsely serrate and
moie pubescent Ivs. and larger,
less thick walled nuts. S.S. 7:336.
Probably tl Jongirostris, Carr. (R.
H lij7b, p 53), belongs here.

nigra, Lmn Black Walnut.
Fig \m Lofty tree, to 150 ft.,
with rough blown bark and pu-
bescent branchlets : Ifts. oblong-
lanceolate, acuminate, appressed-
serrate, glabious and somewhat
shining abo\ e at length, pubescent
beneath, S t in lotig : fr. usually

^-3

nut

Tex. S. S. 7: 3:f:t-:!:i4. Era
O.C. n. 11:373; 26:617. U.S
7, pp. 1-3. Gn. 27,
AA. Fr. rnnterl w>

270.

iei

■•»»Svll

1198. Winter twie of
Juelans Sieboldiana.

1197. Juelans Sieboldiana fruits.
With and without the husk. Natural size.

erl with viscid hairs :
nnl ^'-cUed at the base: Ifts-
Willi sitlliile and glandular
pubesrt}ice beneath, serrate.

cinSrea, Linn. Butternut.
White Wat.ni t. Fig. 1194. Large
tree, oci-aMouallv to 100 ft., with
gray bark ; Ifts. 11-19, oblong-
huifeohitc, acuminate, appressed-
serrate, usually pubescent on both
sides, more densely below, 3-5 in.
loiiL': fr. in short racemes, 2-5, ob-
long, pointed, 3-5 in. long; nut ob-
long, with 4 more and 4 less promi-
inent irregular ribs and many
broken sharp ridges between. New
Brunswick to Ga., west to Dak. and
Aik S S. 7:331-332. Era. 207.
I SN C. 7, p. 4.

MandsMrica, Maxim. Fig. 1195.
Bioad headed tree, to 60 ft.: Ifts.
I blong acute, obtusely serrate, at length almost gla-
lous above, pubescent beneath, rarely almost glabrous
it length, 3-8 in. long: fr. in short racemes, globular-
i\ ate to oblong; nut similar to that of the former, but
less shirply ridged. JIaii<lsiiurin. Anmrbnul. G.C. 111.
4 184 R.H. 1861.11. I-"' :i- ./.,.-/ .m, ). Gn. 50,
p 478 (by error as ./. i - .('.7, p. 5.

Sieboldiana, Maxin:, ', . ' ni-.). Figs.

119(1-8 Broad-headr,! ii, . , n. :,n II : in-. ll-17,ovalto
(-\al oblong, short-acuminate, densely serrate, glabrous
abo\ e, pubescent beneath, 3-6 in. long: frs. in long ra-
cemes, sometimes twenty, globose to ovate-oblong;
nut moieorless globose, with thick, wing-like sutures
and pointed apex, the surface rather smooth, slightly
rugose and pitted, \-l)4 in- long, rather thick-shelled.
Japan. Gn. 47, p. 442. A. G. 11:701; 12:179. R.H. 1878,
pp. 414-415. U.S.N.C. 7, p. 7.

JUGLANS

cordifdrmis, Maxim. Fig. 1199. In habit and foliage
very near to the preceding, but Ivs. less pubescent, and
nut very different, heart-shaped, much Battened, sharply
2-edged and with a shallow longitudinal groove in the
middle of the flat sides, smooth and rather thin-shelled.
Japan. U.S.N.C. 7, p. 6.

JUNIPERUS

847

Df the

Juelans cordiformis. Natural siz<

intermedia, Carr. [J. nigra x regia). Hybrid of gar-
den origin of which two forms have been described.
Var. pyrilfirmis, Carr.. with a fr. more resembling that
of J. regia. R.H. 1863, p. :iO. Var. Vilmoriniina, Carr.,
with afr. more like that ot J. nigra. (i.F. 4:52-53.
Probably also J. regia gihbosa, Curr., with a large, thick-
shelled, deeply rugose nut, belongs here. R.H. 1861, p.
428. Gn. on, p. 478. Another not uncommon hybrid is J.
quadrangrulita, Carr. (J. cinerea x regia. J. alata,
Hort.), of which large trees are known as well in this
country as in Europe. G.F. 7:435. R.H. 1870, p. 494.
Hybrids between J. Caiifoniica and ,/. regia and be-
tween J. Califnrtiica and J. nigra have been raised by
Luther Burbank, and a hybrid of J. cinerea and nigra
has been reported from Germany as ./. einerea-nigra,
lender. Alfred Rehder.

JUJUBE. Ziz\ji)liusi Jujuha.

JUNCUS (classical name, "to join"). Jnncdcew.
Rushes. Grass-like plants growing in wet or rarely in
dry places, and sending up from the rootstock numer-
ous cylindrical, strict, commonly unbranched stems,
which bear a terminal cyme of greenish flowers: Ivs.
grass-like, terete or fiat : perianth of 6 rigid, chaffy
parts: stamens short, either 3 or 6: capsule 3-celled or
rarely 1-celled, many-seeded. Rushes differ from the
true grasses and sedges in having a true perianth and a
many-seeded pod. The genus includes a host of species
distributed throughout the temperate regions, but only
the following are in the American trade, and are used
for planting in bogs and around aquatic gardens. Rushes
are sold by dealers in native and aquatic plants. The
kind used in making mats in Japan is procurable from
dealers in Japanese plants.

efHlsus, Linn. (J. commii>ii.s. Hort.). Common Rush.
Fig. 1200. Stem soft, 1-4 ft. high, not leaf-bearing:
cyme diffuse, 1-2 in. long, appearing lateral : sepals
acute, equaling the short, refuse and pointless greenish
brown capsule: stamens 3: seeds small, not tailed.
North temperate zone. Used also for weaving into mats,
etc. Var. cougSstus. Hort. Cyme dense and capitate.
Var. vitt4tu3, Buch. {J. effiisiis, var. aureo-striAtus,
Hort. J. conglomerdtns rariegOitus, Hort.). Foliage
striped with yellow. Var. spiralis, Hort. A curious
form with stems spirally twisted like a corkscrew.

conglomer4tU8, Linn. Very similar to the above:
cymes congested and capitate, appearing lateral; cap-
sule obovoid, obtuse or refuse, apiculate. North temp,
regions. Differs mainly in the apiculate capsule. Prob-
ably much of the trade material named this to be re-
ferred to congested forms of J. effiisus.

J. zebrlnus. Hort. = Scirpus Taberntemontanus. var. zebri-

""S- K. M. WlBGAND.

JUNEBEREY. Amelanchier.

JUNlPERUS (ancient Latin name). Coniferw. Juni-
per. Ornamental evergreen trees and shrubs with oppo-
site or whorled, needle-shaped or scale-like Ivs. often
on the same tree, and with inconspicuous small fls.: fr.

a berry-like small cone, usually globose. Ma
species are hardy North, as J. yirginiami, eoinmunis,
riijida, Sabina, Ckinensis, Pseudo-saf" ^i' . y/,.r,M^r.
Daviiriea, recurva var. squamaia ; oili i, •..-•■ hili
hardy, as J. Oxycedrus, macrocarpa , >■
occidentalis, while some, as J. proeem . /../,;- i.i .;imi,
thurifera and the Mexican species, can only
be grown South. All are valuable ornamen-
tal plants, and the erect-growing species,
mostly of pyramidal or columnar habit, are
decorative as single specimens on the lawn or
if planted in groups. Some varieties form a
very narrow column, and are valuable for
formal gardens ; the columnar form of J.
Virginiana is a good substitute in the North
for the classical cypress. The low Junipers,

curva var. squamata, are well adapted for
covering rocky slopes or sandy banks. The
close-grained, fragrant wood is much used for
the interior finish of houses and in the manu-
facture of small articles, also for posts, since
it is very durable in the soil; thatof J. Virginiana and
Bermudiana is in great demand for pencil-making. The
fruits and also the young branchlets of some species
contain an aromatic oil used in medicine. The fruit of
J. dritpacea is edible. The Junipers thrive best in sandy
and loamy, moderately moist soil, but grow well even
in rather dry, rocky and gravelly ground. They prefer
sunny, open situations. They are well adapted for
hedges and for planting as shelter or wind-breaks ;
also for seaside planting. Prop, by seeds, which ger-

effusus.

ral size. The single

minate usually the second and sometimes the third
year, or by cuttings of nearly ripened wood in fall un-
der glass, either outdoors or in the greenhouse. As a
rule, those with needle-shaped Ivs. root much easier

848

JUNIPERUS

than those with scale-like Ivs., and the latter are there-
fore mostly increased by side-grafting during the win-
ter in the greenhouse on young potted plants of the
typical form or an allied species. The shrubby species,
especially J". Sabina, are also prop, by layers.

About 35 species distributed throughout the extra-
tropical regions of the northern hemisphere, in America
south to Mexico and W. India. Trees or shrubs with
the branchlets spreading in all directions: Ivs. either
all needle-shaped and in 3's, or needle-shaped and scale-
like, and usually opposite, often found on the same
plant, the needle- shaped Ivs. prevailing on younger
plants and vigorous branches, the scale-like ones on
older plants: fls. dioecious, rarely monoecious ; stamiuate
yellow, consisting of numerous anthers united into an
ovoid or oblong catkin; pistillate greenish, minutely
globular, with several bracts ; each or some bearing 1 or 2
ovules ; the bracts become fleshy and unite into a berry-
like cone, usually wholly enclosing the 1-0, rarely 12,
seeds. The fr. ripens either the first year, as in J.
yirginiana, or the second, as in J. Sabina and most
species, or in the third, as in J. communis.

Juniperus is closely allied to Cupressus, and some-
times hard to distinguish without fr. ; but young plants
with needle-shaped Ivs. can be almost always told apart,
since Juniperus has whitish lines or marKs on the upper
surface of the Ivs., while the similar juvenile forms of
allied genera have the whitish marks beneath. Most
species are very variable, as well in habit as in the
shape of the Ivs., which renders the determination of
an unknown form, at least without fr., a rather difficult
task.

INDEX.

alpina, 5. nana, 5. Sabina. 17.

Barbadensis, 14, NeaboHensis, 2. sabinoides, 17 and

Bermudiana, 14, 16, oblonga. 5. suppl,

Califomica, 8, oecideiitalis, 9. Schottii. 14,

Canadensis. 5. Oxycedrus, a, Shephardi, 13,

Chinensis. 12, phoeni(*ea. 7, Sinensis, 12.

Gommuuis, 5, proeera, 11. sphieriea, 13,

drupacea. 1. proeumbens, 12, 17. .Sueeica, 5.

excelsa, 10. prostrata, 17. squaraata, 6

Fortunei, 13. recurva, 6. t.-imariscifolia. 17.

Hibernica, 5. repanda. 6. tripartita. 14.

hemisphaerica, 5. repens, 17. venust,-*, 10.

Japoniea. 12. : Reevesi. 12. Virginif a, 14.

macrocarpa, 2. rigida, 4. Waukegan, 17,

A. Foliage always needle-shaped and in S's, rigid,

jointed at the base; fls. axillary, dioecious.- win-
ter-buds with scale-like Ivs. (see also No. 6).

B. Fr. liirijc, %-! in. across, icith the seeds connate into

a usually 3-celled bony stone. {Caryocedrus.}

1. drupacea, Labill. Pyramidal tree with narrow head,
to 4.5 ft.: Ivs. lanceolate, spiny-pointed, %-% in. long
and %-% in. broad (the broadest of all species), with 2
white lines above: fr. bluish black, edible. S. E. Eu.,
W. Asia. G.C. 1854:455; III. 19:519. R.H. 1854, p, 165.

BB. Fr. smaller: seeds not connate, usually S.
c. Lrs. with 2 white lines above.

2. macrocArpa, Sibth. (J. iVea6oriVH.?i.'!,Gord,), Shrub
or .small tree, to 12 ft,, of dense pyramidal habit: Ivs.
crowded, linear-lanceolate, spiny-pointed, spreading,
}i-% in. long: fr. to % in. across, dark brown, glaucous.
Mediterranean region.

3. Oxycfidrus, Linn. Bushy shrub or small tree, to
12 ft., with rather slender branches: Ivs. linear, spiny-
pointed, spreading, }.i-% in.: fr. globose, M-'^^ in.
across, brown, shining, not or slightly glaucous. Medi-
terranean region.

cc. Lvs. with one white line nlinve.

4. Tlgida, Sieb. & Zucc. Small, pyramidal tree, to
30 ft., or spreading shrub with the slender branches
pendulous at the extremities: Ivs. in closely set whorls,
narrow-linear, stiff, yellowish green, %-l in. long: fr.
about Kin. across, dark violet. Japan. S.Z. 125.—
Graceful, hardy shrub, somewhat similar to J. commu-
nis, var. oblonga, but the Ivs. more crowded and stiffer.

5. commiiniB, Linn. Common Juniper. Shrub, with
procumbent, spreading or erect branches, sometimes
tree becoming 40 ft.: Ivs. linear or linear-lanceolate,
concave and with a brojid white band above, spiny-
pointed, %-%\ii. long: fr. almost sessile, dark blue,

JUNIPERUS

glaucous, 34-H in. across. Widely distributed through
the colder regions and mountains of the northern hemi-
sphere in many different forms. Some of the most im-
portant varieties are the following: Var. adreo-varie-
gita, Hort. Upright form, with the tips of the branch-
lets golden yellow. Var. Canadensis, Loud. (./. Cuiia-
(ZcHjiis, Loud. J. nana Cainnl, „s,.-<, C:u-r.}. Similar to
var. nana, but higher and more iiiH-t htkI tlje Ivs. snnie-
what longer and narrower. Var. Canadensis aiirea,
Hort. Like the former, but tips of hrancbiets guhlen
yellow. Var. hemisphsrica, I'arl. {J. himi.sjihurica,
PresI). A low, dense, rounded bush, rarely more than
3 ft. high hs straight and stiff, short Mountains of
southern Eu. and N Afi Var Hibirnica, Gord (\ar
strlcta, Cair } Fig5i5,Vol I Narrow, columnar foim,

1201. Junipe

with upright branches, deep green, tips of branchlets
erect. Var. nina, Loud. (J. ndna, Wi\hl. J. alpina, S.
P. Gray. J. Sibirica, Burgsd.). Pig. 1201. Low-
spreading or procumbent shrub, seldom over 2 ft. high:
Ivs. oblong-linear, abruptly pointed, usually incurved,
densely clothing the branches, with a broad silvery
white line above, H-^i in. long. Arctic and mountain-
ous regions. Var. obWnga, Loud. (J. obliUiga, Bieb.).
Upright shrub, with slender, diverging and recurving
branches: Ivs. thin, long-attenuate, horizontally spread-
ing, bright green. Transcaucasia. Var. obl6ngo-p6n-
dula, Carr. (var. reflixa. Pari.). Similar to the preced-
ing, but more decidedly pendulous. A very graceful
form. Var. pendula, Carr. Shrub, with spreading, re-
curving branches and pendulous branchlets. Var.
Sudcica, Loud. (var. fastigiAta, Hort.). Narrow, colum-
nar form, growing sometimes into a tree to 40 ft. high,
with rather long, spreading Ivs., the branchlets with
drooping tips: of lighter and more bluish color than
thesimilar var. B^ifeoiMPrt. Var. vulgiria, Loud. Bushy
shrub or small tree, with usually upright or sdiiietimes
spreading branches: Ivs. linear, straUI.i .ml - ii ri.ling.
This is the common European form, . 'iil to

distinguish from the Americanupriu! recta,

Pursh, which, however, has not the ,u nii.it so

common with the European variety, ami a.i.^ iliu Ivs.
more silvery white above, of lighter green aud mostly
slightly curved.

AA. Foliage v.<iually of two kinds of Irs. (Fig. 1203)
and opposite, decurrent: fls. terminal : no dis-
tinct winter-buds.
B. Lvs. in S's, lanceolate, short, loosely oppressed: fr.
oblong,
G. reotSrva, Hamilt. (J. repdnda, Hort.). Shrub or
small tree, to 30 ft., with spreading and usually recurv-
ing branches : branchlets rather thick : lvs. linear-
lanceolate, pointed, grayish or glaucous green with a
whitish band above: fr. about % in. long, 1-seeded.
Himalayas. G.C. II. 19:4ti8. Gn. 36, p. 215. Var. dfensa,
Carr. Dwarf, with short, crowded branchlets: lvs.
curved, grayish green. Var. squam4ta, Pari, (./, miiui-
mdta, Hamilt. ). Prostrate, with long, trailing branches
and numerous short branchlets: Ivs. straight, slightly
spreading, glaucous or bluish green. Much hardier than
the type.

BB. Lvs. mostly opposite, scale-like or of two kinds,
usually with a gland on the back:
globular.

c. Fr. erect or nodding: mostly trees.

D. Color of fr, reddish brotcn, with rather dry, fibrous

flesh: lvs. minutely denticulate.

7. phoenioea, Linn. Shrub or small tree, to 20 ft.,

with ovate-pyramidal head and upright branches :

'lastly

JUNIPERUS

branchlets slender: Ivs. acicular and spreading or scale-
like, imbricate, rhombic, obtuse, opposite, often bluish
green: fr. K-J^ in. across, shining, with 3-G seeds. S.
Eu.,N.Afr.

8. Califdmioa, Carr. Fig. 1202. Pyramidal tree, to 40
ft., or shrub with many erect branches: branchlets
rather stout: Ivs. usually in 3's, imbricate, rhombic, ob-
tuse, thick, yellowish green, with conspicuous gland,
only on vigorous branches acicular: fr. J^-^^ in. long,
with bluish bloom and with 1-2 large seeds. Calif. S.S.
10:517. R.H. 1854, p. 353.

DD. Color of fr, bluish Mack or blue, with juicy,

resinous flesh.

E. Imbricate Ivs. usually in 3^s, minutely denticulate.

9. occidentilis, Hook. Tree, to 40 feet, rarely to 60
ft., with spreading branches forming a broad, low head,
or shrub with several upright stems: branchlets stout
and thick, imbricate, ovate, acute, grayish green, rarely
acicular: fr. subglobose or ovoid, M-K in. long, with
2-3 seeds. Washington to Calif. S.S. 10:521.

EE. Imbricate Ivs. opposite, entire or nearly so.

p. Seeds of fr. 2-6.

G. Shape of imbricate Ivs. acute: branchlets slender.

10. exc^lsa, Bieb. Tree, to 60 feet, with pyramidal
head and upright or spreading branches: Ivs. ovate,
spreading, in 3's, on the lower branches, but mostly
opposite, rhombic, bluish green: fr. bluish black,
bloomy, globular, about J-^ in. across, with 3-6 seeds.
Greece, W. Asia to Hiraal. (it. 46, p. 209. Var. stricta,
Hort. Of upright, columnar habit, with very glaucous
foliage. Var. venilsta, Hort., seems hardly different
from the former.

JUNIPERUS

849

1202. Juniperus Calif ornica (X }^).

spreading or loosely appressed and ovate-lanceolate :
fr. globose, small, about J^ in. across, 2-3-seeded. Mts.
of E. Afr.-Probably the tallest species of the genus.

GG. Shape of imbricate Ivs. obtuse.
12. Chin^nais, Linn. Tree, to 60 ft., or shrub, some-
times procumbent : branches rather slender: Ivs. oppo-
site or whorled, linear, pointed and spreading, with a
white band above or scale-like, appressed, rhombic, ob-
tuse: fr. globular, brownish violet, bloomy, one-fifth to

;.i m. across, with 2 or 3 seeds. Himal., China, Japan.
S.Z. 126, 127. — Very variable in habit: the staminate
plant usually forms a much-branched, upright, pyra-
midal bush, often almost columnar, while the pistillate
has slender, spreading branches. They are therefore
often distinguished as var. mAscula and var f^mina (var.
Reevesi, Hort.). The first one is the most desirable as
an ornamental plant. Var. argfinteo-variegata, Hort.
Dwarf, dense form, with dimorph Ivs.: tips of branch-
lets mostly white. Var. aUrea, Hort. (var. mdscula
aiirea, Hort.). Upright form, with the young branch-
lets golden yellow, the color becoming more brilliant in
the full sun. Var. p6ndula, Hort. With spreading
branches, pendulous at the extremities. Var. pyra-
midilis, Carr. Narrow, pyramidal form, with bluish
green, mostly needle-shaped foliage. Var. prociimbens,
Endl. [J. prociimbens, Sieb. J. Japdniva, Carr.).
Dense, low shrub with spreading, sometimes procum-
bent branches and mostly acicular Ivs. in whorls, with
two white lines above, longer and stouter than in the
type. S.Z. 127, fig. 3. Var. prociimbens adrea, Hort.
Branches robust and long, decumbent, with rather few
branchlets, young growth golden yellow at first, chang-
ing to light green. Var. prooiimbens &lbo-varieg4ta,
Hort. Rather dense, bluish green form, variegated with
white. Var. procumbenaaiireo-Tariegita, Hort. Dwarf,
dense form, variegated with golden yellow.

13. sphaerica, Lindl. (J. Fdrtunei, Van Houtte).
Similar to the former. Densely branched shrub or tree,
to 30 ft., with upright branches: branchlets short,
rather thick, quadrangular: Ivs. acicular and whorled,
but less rigid than those of the former, or scale-like,
rhombic-oblong, somewhat spreading : fr. globular,
about Kin. across, not bloomy, 3-seeded. N. China.
P.F.G. 1, p. 59. Var. glaClca, Gord. (J. Shiphardi, Hort. ).
Dense form, with usually needle-shaped glaucous fo-
liage.

FF. Seeds of fr. 1-2, small, l4-% in. across.

14. Virginiina, Linn. Red Cedak. Savin. Fig. 1203.
Tree, to 100 ft., with conical head and spreading or up-
right branches: Ivs. acicular, spiny-pointed, spreading
or scale-like, rhombic, acute or subacute, imbricate,
very small: fr. brownish violet, bloomy, globular or
ovoid. Canada to Fla., east of the Rocky Mts. S.S.
in:.V24. G.F. 8:05; 10:145.-A very variable species.
Some i)f the most important varieties are the following:
Var. albo-varieg^ta, Hort. Branchlets variegated with
wliite. Var. atireo-variegS,ta, Hort. With golden yellow
variegation. Var. BarbadSnsls, Gord. (var. gnieilis,
Sarg. Var. Bedfordiina, Veitch. J. Bermi(diAna,
Hort., not Linn.). Tree, with slender, spreading
branches, pendulous at the extremities: Ivs. bright
green, spiny-pointed, mostly needle-shaped on the cult,
plants. Guif states, Jamaica. Barbadoes. Tender. Var.
dumdsa, Carr. Dense shrub, forming a rounded pyra-
mid, with mostly needle-shaped, bright green Ivs. Var.
elegantissima, Hort. Tips of young branchlets golden
yellow. Var. glauca, Carr. Vigorous-growing form,
with glaucous foliage. Var. p6ndula, Carr. With spread-
ing limbs and slender, pendulous branches: Ivs. usu-
ally scale-like. Var. pyramidilis, Carr. Dense, colum-
nar^ form, with the foliage glaucous (var. piinniuddlis
glaiiiti) or bright green {var. pijramiiJuHs riridis).
Var. r^ptans, Beissn. Low shrub, with horizontally
spreading, procumbent branches and slender, curving
branchlets: bright green. M.D.G. 1896:290. Probably
the same as var. horizontalis, Arb. Kew. Var. Sch6tti,
Hort. A dwarfish, dense, pyramidal form, with bright
green and rather light foliage. Var. tripartita, Hort.
A dwarf, spreading form, densely branched, with acicu-
lar, glaucous Ivs. -The dwarf forms are often very simi-
lar to J. Sabina and hard to distinguish without frs.
except by the strong, disagreeable odor of the bruised
branchlets of the latter.

15. scopuldrum, Sarg. Closely allied to the preceding,
but considered by the author as a distinct species,
chiefly distinguished by the somewhat larger fr., ripen-
ing not until the second year; by its habit, forming a
broad head with stout, spreading branches and often
dividing into several stems near the base, and by its
shredding bark. The branchlets are somewhat shorter
and stouter, and the foliage usually glaucous or yellow-

850

IC. Bermudi4na, Linn. Tree, to 40 ft., in habit much
like J. yirijiniaiiii, but branches much stouter and
foliage pale bluish green: branchlets thickly set, quad-
rangular, stout and short: Ivs. mostly imbricate, thick
or acicular, spiny-pointed, rigid, erect-spreading : stami-
nate catkins larger: fr. usually 2-seeded and depressed-
globular. Bermuda and cult, in other W. Indian Islands.
G.C. II. 19:657. G.F. 4:295.

CC. Fr. pendulous, on curved peduncles, small: shrubs,
usually spreading or procumbent.

17. Sablna, Linn. Spreading or procumbent shrub,
rarely with erect stem, to 10 ft. : branchlets rather slen-
der, of a very strong, disagreeable odor when bruised :
Ivs. needle-shaped, acute and slightly spreading or im-
bricate, oblong-rhombic, acute or subacute, usually dark
green: fr. one-fifth to J^ in. thick, globular, l-:i-seeded.
Mts. of middle and southern Eu., W. Asia, Siber., N.
Amer.-Very variable. The most remarkable
vars. are the following: Var. fastigiita, Hort.
Erect shrub of columnar habit, with dark
green, mostly imbricate Ivs. Var. hiimilis.

Mex. S.S. W:b22.-J.pachi„.l,l,
to J. oceideutalis, with ljr..:i
ally opposite, i;

1203. The two kinds of red cedar leaves. Xatui-^il size.
The right hand sperinu-n shows the foliage of red cedar on yc
shoots; the other shows the two kinds.

Endl. Procumbent, with ascending thickish branch-
lets : Ivs. usually imbricate, scale-like, often bluish
green. Var. prostr&ta. Loud. (var. prociimbens, Pursh.
J. prostrAta, Pers. J. ripens, Nutt. J. prociimbens,
Nichols.). Procumbent, rarely ascending, with usu-
ally trailing, long branches, furnished with numer-
ous short branchlets: Ivs acicular, spiny-pointed or
imbricate, acute, bluish or glaucous green : fr. globu-
lar, blue and bloomy. Nova Scotia to Brit. Columb.,
south to N. Y. and Wyo. Sometimes called Waukegan
Juniper. Var. tamariscifdlia. Ait. (J. sabinoldes,
Griseb.). Procumbent or ascending, rarely erect: Ivs.
usually all needle-shaped and often in 3's, slightly in-
curved, dark and bright green, with a white line above.
Mountains of S. Eu. Var. varieg4ta, Hort. Branchlets
variegated with creamy white: Ivs. mostly Imbricate.
J. Davurica, Van. Allied to J. Sahiua. Procumbent, with

To 12 ft. high:

sprr

W.Asia. — J. fliifriii>i Sriiiirhi ( u;i.-.i'ul tTTM,!., :;o ft., with
spreading brancli'^s ;iii<l sI.ih1-i-. Trmi.ir, iinhinl-m^ ln-;iTirhlets:
Ivs. acute, witll sin-ci.lins,' lips: t'r u'lnlMiljir ,'i-!iis,...,l(.(I Tex"
Mex. S.S. 10:519. -J. UluraUs. JIu.k, I.I. cuntVita, Pail. I." Allied
to J. rigida, but prostrate, witli l.m!;, tr.-uliiig liram-hes: fr.
larger. Japan.— J. macrdpoda. Boiss. Allied to J, excelsa.
Shrub or small tree, to 30 ft., sometimes proi-umlient: Ivs
closely appresserl : fr. nodding, globular. 4-seeded. Persia to
Himal.-.r, Mericinn. S.>liie,U., Pyramidal tree: branchlets
numerous, stn.rt liini ratli-r sl-.ut : Ivs, .acute, loosely appressed:

"• 2-4 s I... I Mrs -./ „;n,i,r.v,„ rmri. Sarg. (J. occident.alis,

var.m..ii..sii.riii;i, Kn-.hii ' rlnsi-ly allied to J. occidentalis.
Br.anchlrts iii..r,- si. n.l, n Us. iisii.-.IIyopposite and eglandular:

1 checkered

;.udi

;aiy .

Kocky Mts., from Col. to New

reddish brown, blooray, witli
bark like a black-jack oak.

113:520.— J. Pseudosablna, J'lsrli. \ .M. _>, :,,| i,, .! Sabina
Erect shrub, with thick, dense au.I slmn i,i ;,iHli],.t's'. hV
usually dimorph; fr. ovate, blackish. gl..s-v. i s,, ,i,.,i .sji.er'
—J. sabmoides, Endl.=J. thurifera. — I. .mi/-,,,,.,,/, » x,.,.s=j
tetragona.— J". Sanderi, Hort., recently iiitr...lu... .1 fn.in .hipan'
is a juvenile form of a Chama-eyparis, prolj:il,lj C. oLtusa ' It
is a dense shrub with needle-shaped Muisli green Ivs —J
tetrdgona, Schlecht. Allied to J. occidentalis. Small tree, to
20 ft., rarely to 40 ft., with round-topped or pyramidal head
and slender, quadrangular branchlets : Ivs. obtuse, usually
eglandular: £r. subglobose, mo-stly Iseeded. Tex. to Mex. S S.
10:523.— o'. thurifera, Linn. Shrub or tree, to 40 ft., with round-
topped head and spreading branches: branchlets slender: fr.
■■'"'"'" " Iseeded. Spain, Algeria.—,/. Clahmsis. Lemm. (j!
■ Eugelm.). Bushy tree, rarely mora
?en head: branchlets slender: Ivs.

10:518.

JUPITEB'S BEABD. Centranthus ruber and

Anthtjllis Barbn-Jovis.

JUSSiaiA. See Jussieua.

JUSSIEtJA (the Jussieu family contained five
botanists, of whom the most distinguished was
Antoine Laurent de Jussieu, 1748-1K16, who laid
the foundations of a modern natural system of the
vegetable kingdom). Also written J'li.s.swn. Ona-
(/racew. About 30 species of tropical plants, largely
bog and aquatic herbs and shrubs, one of which
is cult, in America. It grows 2-:i ft. high, and pro-
duces numerous axillary fls. of a bright yellow,
somewhat like an evening primrose. It is little
cult., but desirable for planting at the edge of a
pond of tender aquatics or for tub culture. Jus-
.sieua is allied to Ludwigia, and distinguished by
the following characters: petaLs 4-6, not clawed,
entire or 2-lobed: stamens 8-12: ovary 4-celled.
Jussieuas have alternate Ivs., which are mostly
membranous and entire, rarely leathery and ser-
rate: fls. yellow or white, solitary, short or long-
pedicelled.

longildlia, DC. Erect, glabrous: stem 3-angled:
Ivs. sessile, lanceolate-linear, acuminate at both
ing ends, glandular beneath at the margins: pedicels
1-fld., longer than the ovary, and bearing 2 bract-
lets at the apex: petals 4, obovate, scarcely notched
at the apex: stamens 8. Brazil. -^ jj

The plant in the trade as J. longifolia is a summer-
flowering aquatic herb, and differs somewhat from the
description given above. The stems of young seedlings
are4-winged, and aspecimen before the writerof a plant
of the previous season is 5-winged. The main root of
these old plants may be tuber-like, 3 in. long, K in. thick,
or 8-10 in. long and more slender. Also the lower Ivs.,
at least, are opposite. J. longifolia is best treated as a
tender annual.

The seed may be sown in fall or .spring in shallow
water, using seed-pans or pots, as with other flower
seeds. Cover the seed, which is very fine, with finely
sifted soil, place the pot or seed-pan in water, but do
not submerge until the second day, when the seed will
be thoroughly soaked and will not float on the surface of
the water. When the plants attain a few leaves they
should be potted, singly, into thumb-pots, and later into
3-in. pots, and from these planted into their summer
quarters. It is not absolutely necessary to keep these
plants always submerged in water after potting. The
plants will do well on a bench, which should be covered
with sand or ashes and the plants kept well watered.
Wm. Triceek.

JUSTlCIA (James Justice, a Scotch gardener and
author of 18th century). AcanfhAcea-. A large and poly-
morphous genus (perhaps 100 species ) in the warm parts
of the Old and New World. They are mostly herbs of
various habits, with opposite entire Ivs., and are cuU.
under glass for the showy fascicles or heads of fls.
Most of the garden plants which are known" as Justicias

JUSTICIA

are Jacobinias. Consult Jaoobinia, for example, for
Justici/i nmiinifica, J. carnen.J. Pohlinnn. J. f^Kthin.
J.coecinea.J. Ghifsbreghtknxi and,/. Liu,!.-,,;. Juslh-in
Ailhiitoda is Adhatoda r<tsk-ii. Others uv.iy l.t-lmi- to
Thyrsaeaiithus and Da>dalacantlms. ThvJ iisti.-ju r.n/. -
gatij of catalogues is probably not the ./. v(irii,jiit,i of
Aublet and the botanists, but is very likely a variegated-
leaved form of some Jacobinia. From Jaeobinia the spe-
cies are distinguished by the spurred or appendaged
anthers. The corolla is red, purple or white, tubular,
deeply 2-parted or lipped: stamens 2: seeds normally 4,
in an ovate or oblong capsule : fls. in bracted heads or
fascicles.

The remarks on the culture of Jacobinias will apply
here. Plants are secured readily from cuttings made in
late winter or'spring, and these should bloom the com-
ing fall or winter. After blooming, discard the plants,

JUTE

851

except such as are to be kept for furnishing cuttings.
Unless well headed back, old plants become loose and
weedy, and they take up too much room.

It is not known that any true Justicias are in the
Amer. trade. J. flava is probably not the J. flava of
the botanists, but perhaps a Jacobinia or some other
acanthad. "It is covered for months with large, feather-
like clusters of pure yellow flowers, remaining perfect
for a very longtime, and enhanced by dark green, shiny
foliage " L. h. B.

JUTE is a fiber plant, of easy culture in warm climates.
It has been successfully grown in the Gulf states, but,
according to the Department of Agriculture, the want
of a suitable machine for separating the fiber is the
great obstacle which prevents the growth of the Jute-
fiber industrv in America. See Corchorus.

K

EADStTBA (Japanese name). Magnolidcece, About 7
species, tropical Asian woody climbers, of cue of which
Charles S. Sargent writes (G.F. 6:75): "The flowers
are not at all sbowy, but it is a plant of extraordinary
beauty in the autumn when the clusters of scarlet fruit
are ripe, their brilliancy being heightened by contrast
with the dark green, lustrous, persistent leaves. » • • It
might well be grown wherever the climate is sufficiently
mild, as in the autumn no plant is more beautiful." Kad-
suras have leathery or rarely membranous foliage: fls.
axillary, solitary, whitish or rosy, unisexual; sepals and
petals 0-15, L'rnt!-;-i!ly cfKiTiLnTiL,' from the outermost and

sraalli'st fi. till •!! ' :••■'] jietaloid : staminate fls.

withaii in-h hi! ! i mens, which are separate

or coalrMN-d m; :. _. ; "Is indefinite in number,

2-3-ovukd; iiiaiiUL Ijmul- m f,'lubular heads.

Japbnica, Liiiu. Small, procumbent, warty shrub: Ivs.
oval or oblong-oval, thick, serrate: peduncles 1-fld., soli-
tary. Japan, as far as 85° north latitude. — The type is
advertised by Japanese dealers ; also a variety with foli-
age blotched with white, and another var. with foliage
margined white.

KfflMPFfiRIA (Engelbert Ka?mpfer, 1631-1716, trav-
eled in the Ori.m , luil -,, i ..ir ,,ii Japan. He is also com-
memorated b\ / ''\ I. Scitamindce(e. About
18 species of n : ,.m m :ind Asian plants with
tuberous or fli'^h \ i-.m.i -, oi rrti stemless, and bearingthe
peculiar fls. of tins order in which the showy parts, as
in theCanna, are thestaminodes. For culture, seeHedif-
chium and Zingiber.

A. Foliage margined with white.

Gilbert!, Hort. Fleshy- rooted: Ivs. oblong-lanceolate,
deep green, bordered white, wavy at the margin : fls.
purple and white. East Indies. G.C. II. 17:713. R.B.
21:169. S.H.2:131.-Int. by W. Bull. 1882. Reasoner
Bros, cultivate this outdoors in S. Pla.,and say, "The
fls. are borne on ornamental crimson heads rising from
the ground on separate stalks, and resembling in out-
line small pineapple fruits. These heads retain their
beauty all summer."

AA. Foliage not margined with white.
B. Lvs. tinged purple beneath.

rotunda, Linn. Stemless, tuberous : Ivs. not produced
until after the fls., oblong, erect, petioled : corolla seg-
ments long-linear : staminodes oblong, acute, white,
1 K-2 in. long : lip lilac or reddish , deeply cut into 2 sub-
orbicular lobes : anther-crest deeply 2-fld: petiole short,
channelled : blade 12 in. long, 3"-4 in. wide, usually
variegated with darker and lighter green above and
tinged purple beneath : spikes 4-G-fld. , produced In Mar.
andApr. India. B M. 920and6054.-Adv.1895 by Pitcher
& Manda, who said the fls. were fragrant.

BB. Lvs. not tinged purple beneath.

Kirkii, Schumann (CienUwslcya Kirkii, Hook.).
Leaf-stem 3-1 in. long : lvs. about 4, crowded at the
apex of the stem, oblong, acute, 8-9 in. long, 2H-3 in.
wide at the middle : flowering stems short, slender,
1-fld.: corolla lobes oblong-lanceolate, 1 in. long: stami-
nodes more than twice as long as the corolla lobes, pale
rose-purple: lip rounded at the apex, slightly notched,
2 in. broad, with a yellow mark at the throat. Trop.
Afr. B.M.5994. I.E. 30:495. -Once adv. by John Saul.
W. M.

KAFFIR COKN. See Sorghum.

KAGENfiCKIA (after an Austrian minister to Spain).
Ifosi'ir.tr. Sis species of tender evergreen trees from
Chile and Peru, one of which is cult, at Santa Barbara.
The fls. are white, 5-petaled, about % in. across, and
unisexual. The male fls. are borne in racemes or
corymbs; the females are solitary; all are terminal:

lvs. leathery, serrate, short-stalked: stamens 16-20, in-
serted on the mouth of the calyx. In 1 jeri^s: carpels
5, free: ovules numerous, in 2 series.

obWnga, Ruiz & Pav. Lvs. oblong, acuminate at both
ends, the serrations obtuse and rather callous. Chile.
-Int. 1900 by Francescbi.

KAKI. See Per

and Diosp!/ros.'

KALANCHOE (Chinesename). CrassulAce(r. Some-
times spelled Catanchoi:. About 50 species of succulent
erect shrubs, chiefly of tropical Africa, but also inhabit-
ing tropical Asia, S. Africa and Brazil. Lvs. opposite,
sessile or stalked, varying from entire to creuate and
piunatifid : fls. yellow, purple or scarlet, in many-fld.
terminal cymes, rather large and often showy; calyx 4-
parted, the narrow lobes shorter than the corolla tube,
usually falling early ; corolla 4parted and usually
spreading ; stamens 8 : carpels 4. A few species are
prized by amateurs. The fls. are lasting in bouquets.
The foliage is ornamental and interesting. Culture of
Crasnula, which see also for a conspectus of the garden
crassulaceous genera. The four following species are
novelties. A'. ;)i«(if)/a, Pers. (^lu. 2:oG), is Bryophyl-
him calycinum (which see).

A. Flowers scarlet or orange.

coccinea, Welw. Somewhat hairy above, 2-4 ft. tall;
lower lvs. ovate-obtuse, coarsely crenate-dentate, stalked ;
upper lvs. linear-lanceolate-obtuse, sessile: fls. scarlet
or orange, on short pedicels, in broad, forking panicles
which have stalks about 1 ft. long; calyx pubescent, the
segments lanceolate-acute ; corolla tube J^in. long, the
limb K in. across, and the segments deltoid-ovate.
Trop. Africa.

fUmmea, Stapf. A foot to 18 in. high, glabrous, lit-
tle branching: lvs. ovate-oblong, obtuse, narrowed into
a short petiole (blade about 2 in. long and I.y-IK in.
wide), fleshy, obscurely crenate-dentate or almost en-
tire: fls. yellow and orange-scarlet, J^ in. across; calyx
parted to the base, the segments linear-lanceolate and
somewhat acute; corolla tube 4-angled, less than % in.
long, yellowish ; lobes ovate-acute, orange-red. Trop.
Afr. B.M. 7595. G.C. III. 26:47.-First fully described
in Kew Bulletin, Aug.-Sept., 1897, p. 266, hut it was
named and partially described in G.C. July 10, 1S97, as
K. flamea, which is evidently an orthographical error.
The plantisoneof the leading novelties of 1900. Thrives
in a comparatively cool greenhouse.
AA. Flowers pink.

cirnea, Mast. Stems simple, 2 ft. or less, glabrous:
Ivs. oval or obovate, obtuse, crenate-dentate, narrowed
into a short petiole, the upper ones nearly linear and
sessile: fls. light rose or pink, very fragrant, nearly %
in. across; calyx parted to the base, the segments lin-
ear-pointed; corolla tube swollen at base, and 2-.3 times
longer than calyx; corolla lobes broad-oval, acute. S.
Afr. G.C. III. 1:211. G.F. 3: 53. -Good winter bloomer,
prop, by seeds or cuttings. Seeds sown in spring give
blooming plants for the following Christmas.

AAA. Fls. white or white-yellow, very long.

mannorilta, Baker (K. grandifldra, Rich., not Wight).
Stem stout and branching: lvs. large (6-8 in. long),
obovate, narrowed to a short broad petiole, crenate,
blotched with purple : fls. long and tubular (3 in. or
more long), creamy white or yellowish, the lobes ovate-
acuminate. Abyssinia. B.M. 7.333. I. H. 43, p. 45. -In-
teresting pot-plant, with large trusses of erect fls.

L. H. B.

KALE or BORECOLE {Brassiea oleracea, var. aceph-
ala, Figs. 295, 296) is thought by some to be the original
tvpe of the cabbage. Members of this section of the
cabbage tribe do not form heads, but have variously

KALE

colored, often finely cut, leaves witli fleshy leaf -stems,
which form part of the edihle portion. These leaf-stems
are tough in the early autumn, but become crisp and pala-
table with the accession of autumn frosts. The plant is ex-
ceedingl V hardy ; in the southern states it winters without
injury and in the Atlantic states may be carried through
with slight winter protection. For autumn use the seeds
are sown in early spring under glass or in coldframes
and treated exactly as cabbage. In the South the seed
may be sown in August or September, and the plants
are ready for use the following spring. In the colder
regions they may be carried through the winter in cold-
frames. Leading types: (1) Dwarf Scotch Curled; (2)
Tall Green Curled; (3) Variegated; (4) Purple. There
are many intermediate forms. The finely cut varieties
of Scotch Kale are now frequently used for bedding pur-
poses. Their hardiness gives them special features of
usefulness in the autumn.
Kale is adapted to a wide
range of country. One of
the leading Kale centers is
Norfolk, Va., where it is
grown during fall and win-
ter for the early northern
market. See also Brasslca
and Cabbaae. ^^^^ ^^^^^

The Dwarf Scotch Kale
makes a most excellent plant
for spring greens. It is
hardy enough to stand the
winters of western New
York without protection
uninjured, and to make a
new growth of tender
sprouts very early in spring.
These sprouts are .service-
able for greens, salads, etc.
For this purpose we sow
seed early in .June, either in
a seed-bed and transplant
the seedlings, just as we do
cabbages, or directly in the
hill, thinning to one plant in
a hill. In a general way,
the plant is handled like late
cabbage. t. Greiner.

Kale at Norfolk (Fig.
1204 ). - Truckers about Nor-
folk, Va., grow both the
Scotch and the Blue Kale,
more of the former than of
the latter. The amount of
Kale shipped from Norfolk

one year with another will average somewhere between
175,000 and 200,000 barrels. The number of barrels
shipped in a single season has reached as high as a
quarter-million.

The soil most desirable is a clay loam, — just such land
as is best adapted to the growth of cabbages. The seed
is sown with a hand drill in August, and shipments
therefrom begin in October following, and continue
off and on throughout the winter, until the crop is en-
tirely shipped, — say until April 1 to 15 following. As
soon as the frosts in the vicinity of New York and
Philadelphia have been sufhciently heavy in the fall to
kill all outdoor vegetaoles, Norfolk Kale is in fairly
good demand and brings from 75 cts. to $2 per barrel in
northern markets. The yield per acre ranges from 200
barrels up to 400. Instances have been known in which
more than GOO barrels of the Mammoth Kale have been
raised from an acre of ground. It is a cheap crop to
raise, requiring not more than half as much fertilizer as
the spinach crop.

The soil is prepared, generally, in the following man-
ner: It is thoroughly plowed, say about August 1, and
harrowed level and smooth, and as the lands are very
loose the Kale bed, although it may comprise 100 acres,
is as mellow and as friable as the best of garden lands
anywhere. A little later in the month the soil is thrown
up with a single plow into small beds or ridges. Some-
times a single row will be sown by itself on a little ridge.
Sometimes a ridge will be wider, and two rows will be

KALMIA

853

grown thereon. Sometimes four or five rows are thus
sown; but as the soil must be relieved of the winter's
rains, the beds are generally narrow, with little furrows
between them to draw off any surplus water which may
fall duringthewinter months, aswe have from 2 to G inches
of rain per month throughout the year. After the plants
are well up theyare tilled between the rowswith cultivator
or small plow, and hands are sent through the field with
small hand hoes to thin out the crop, leaving healthy
plants at about G inches apart. In the warm and sunny
days of September, October and November the plant
makes a heavy growth, covering the earth entirely in
many instances. Then the trucker.if the demand f nr Kale
be good, can thin out and sell the surplus plants, leaving
the remainder to reach a greater degree of development ;
or he can cut clean as he goes, and put the same land
into radish or winter peas later in the winter.

There is money in the Kale crop at 75 cts. per barrel.
During the past season the price has ranged from 50
cts. to $2 per barrel, and has paid very well indeed.
Within 15 miles of Norfolk, something over 1,000 acres
is devoted to Kale each year. It is considered one of the
cheapest crops to grow, yielding a moderate percentage
of profit. If the soil is in good or fair condition, very lit-
tle fertilizer or manure is required for the Kale crop. Its
cultivation is simple and inexpensive. It is cut when
ready for market and packed in barrels, using canvas
for one of the barrel heads, at a cost of 5 cts. per barrel
for cutting. a. Jeffers.

laritiiiiit ; but treated under

KALMIA (after Peter Kalm, Swedish botanist, trav-
eled 1748-51 in N. America). JSricdcece. American
Laurel. Beautiful ornamental evergreen shrubs, rarely
deciduous, with entire opposite or alternate Ivs. and
purple, pink or almost white showy fls. in terminal
corymbs or in axillary umbels, rarely solitary: fr. cap-
sular. Most of the species are hardy North, particularly
the most ornamental member of the genus. A', latifolia,
which next to Rhododendron is the most beautiful flow-
ering hardy evergreen. Massed in groups or as single
specimen on the lawn, it is one of the most decorative
plants when covered with its abundant pink flowers.
Even small plants produce flowers. The foliage is very

854 KALMIA

decorative, contrasting well with tbe red and yellowish
branches. The species is also easily forced and makes
a very handsome pot-plant. The other species are
pretty border plants for evergreen shrubberies. The
Kalmias thrive well in a sandy, peaty or loamy soil,
but dislike clay and limestone. They grow almost as
well in swamps as in drier locations and prefer partly
shaded situations, but thrive also well in sunny places,
provided there be sufficient moisture. They require gen-
erally almost the same treatment as the hardy Rhodo-
dendron, but are less particular about soil and position.
Transplanting, if carefully done either early in fall or in
spring, is not difficult ; a mulching the first season after
planting will be of much advantage to keep the roots
from drying in summer and from frost in winter. Prop,
usually by seeds sown in sandy, peaty soil in pans or
boxes in early spring and kept in a cool frame or green-
house. The seedlings should be pricked off as soon as
they can be handled, and after they are again established
gradually hardened off and the following year trans-
planted in frames or beds outdoors. Vars. of K. lati-
folia are usually increased by side-grafting on seedlings
in the greenhouse or by layers, since it grows less
readily from cuttings, while the other species may be
prop, by cuttings of half-ripened wood under glass.
Six species in N. Amer. and Cuba, allied to Rhododen-
dron : fls. in terminal or lateral corymbs or umbels,
rarely solitary; calyx 5-parted; corolla saucer-shaped
or broadly companulate, 5-lobed; stamens 10, with slen-
der filaments, the anthers held back in little pouches of
the corolla, springing up suddenly and discharging the
pollen if touched : ovary 5-celled, superior ; capsule

1205. Kalmia latifolia (X

globular, parting into 5 valves, with numerous minute
seeds. The Ivs. of the Kalmias are said to be poisonous
to animals, especially those of JC. avffusiifolia^ The
flower of Kalmia is one of those proposed as a national
flower emblem, especially on account of the exquisite
symmetrical beauty of the single flower. It is a purely
American genus, hut unfortunately it is popularly known
only in the eastern states.

KANSAS
A. J^ls. in uiiihcls or corymbs,

c. Branchhts terete: Ivs. pate green beneafli.

latiWUa, Linn. Mountain or American Laurel.
Calico Bush. Fig. 1.20.'). Shrub, 4-10 ft. high, rarely tree
to ao ft., with dense, round-topped head: Ivs. petioled,
alternate or irregularly whorled, oblong or elliptic-lan-
ceolate, acute at both ends, dark green above, yellowish
green below, 3^ in. long : fls. in large, terminal com-
pound corymbs on viscid peduncles ; corolla rose-colored
to white, with purple markings within, about % in. across.
May, June. New Brunswick to Fla., west to Ohio and
Tennessee. B.M. 175. Em. 443. S.S. 5:236-237. A.F.
13:32. Gng. 3:1; 7:289. Gn. 22:343; 27, p. 549 & 33, p.
607. — Var. 41ba, Hort. Fls. almost white. V'ar. mon-
Btrudsa, Mouillef. ( var. pohjpitala, Xrh. Kew. ). Corolla
divided into 5 narrow petals. G. P. 3:4.")3. Var. myrti-
fdlia. Rand (var. n&na or minor, Hort.). Lvs. small,
1-2 in. long, deep green, of slow growth, forming a low,
dense bush. Var. riibra, C. Koch (var. Pamirti, Andr^).
Fls. deep pink. R.H. 1888:540.

angustildlia, Linn. Sheep-Laukel. Lambkill.
WicKY. Shrub, to 3 ft.: Ivs. usually in pairs or 3's,
petioled, usually oblong, obtuse, light green above, pale
beneath, 1-2}^ in. long: corymb lateral, many-Hd., com-
pound or simple : fls. Vs-y^ in. across, purple or crim-
son. June, July. From Newfoundland and Hudson bay
toGa. B.M. 331. Em. 445. -There are vars. with light
purple fls., var. rdsea, Hort.; with crimson fls., var. rd-
bra, Hort. ; with ovate or oval lvs., var. ovita, Pursh, and
of dwarf habit, var. nina, Hort.
cc. Branchlets S-edged : lvs. glaucous-white beneath,
all opposite or in S^s.

polifdlia, Wangh. {K. glaiica. Ait.). Low, straggling
shrub, to 2 ft. : lvs. almost sessile, oval to linear-oblong,
obtuse, revolute at the margins, K-IK in. long: fls. in
simple terminal umbels, slender-pedicelled, K-% in.
across, rose-colored or purplish. May, June. Newfound-
land to Pa. and in the Rocky Mts. from Sitka to Calif.
B.M. 177. L. B.C. 16:1508. Em. 441. G.W.P.A. 18.-
Var. microphylla is the alpine form of the Rocky Mts.
growing only a few inches high and with very small lvs.,
K in. or less long. Var. Tosmarinifdlia has narrow,
oblong-linear, strongly revolute lvs.

BB. Lvs. deciduous, alternate.

cune4ta, Michx. Erect shrub, with slender, straggling
stems, to 3 ft.: lvs. petioled, cuneate, obovate-oblong,
acute or obtuse, pubescent beneath when young, Ji-IK
in. long: fls. slender-pedicelled, in few-fld. lateral um-
bels, creamy white with a red band within, i4-% in.
across. June. N. C. and S. C. G.F. 8:435.

aa. Fls. solitary, axillary : plant hirsute.

hirsilta, Walt. Low shrub, with many erect or ascend-
ing stems, to 1 ft. : lvs. almost sessile, oblong to lanceo-
late, }^-K in. long: fls. slender-pedicelled, >, in. across,
rose-purple ; sepals oblong-lanceolate, hirsute, longer
than the capsule. June. S.Va.toFla. B.M. 1.18. L.B.C.
11:1058. Alfred Rehder.

KALOPANAX.

■nilh

KANSAS, HORTICULTURE IN. Fig. 1206. In 18.^.4,
when Congress passed a law opening this territory for
settlement, it was considered as part of the great
American desert, and it was almost universally thought
to be fit only for grazing purposes. As to fruit-grow-
ing, such a possibility was not considered. This im-
pression did much to retard tree-planting. Another
great drawback was the fact that every settler planting
fruit trees must have the favorite varieties of his former
home grown. This resulted in the planting of over
2.000 kinds of apples alone. Few of these could be made
to succeed, and, in time, so many failed that the impres-
sion was deepened that Kansas could not grow fruit.
But amid these losses occasionally a man would succeed
with some variety, and his success was heralded over
the state until eventually the worthless kinds were
weeded out and the road to success was perceived.
Eventually the people could plant trees with some as-

KANSAS

snrance that they would gather fruit therefrom. Since
then, rapid progress in tree-planting has been made.

Apple trees do not bear heavy crops every year, but
there has not been a total failure any year since the
trees commenced bearing, some forty years ago. Peaches
bear in some parts of the state every year, the south
having few failures. Pears succeed throughout the
although some varieties blight in some localities.

KAULFUSSIA

855

1206. Climatoloeical regions of Kansas.

Plums and cherries are successful throughout the state,
if the curculio is destroyed. Grapes bear heavy crops
nearly every year. Strawberries yield good crops.
Raspberries and blackberries also do well.

Market-gardening is profitably carried on around
Kansas City, Leavenworth, Atchison, Lawrence, To-
peka, Ft. Scott, Wichita, and many other towns. Sweet
potatoes are at home here and are grown in large quan-
tities. They are on the market from early in Septem-
ber to March and sometimes in May. Irish potatoes are
not a sure crop on the uplands, but immense quantities
are grown on the bottom-lands. Hundreds of car-loads
are grown and shipped from the Kansas river bottom,
between Topeka and Kansas City, every year.

The uplands are rolling prairies, with a deep, alluvial
soil, with enough clay and sand intermixed to make it
an ideal soil for fruit-growing. The subsoil is red clay,
with some sand. This is underlaid with limestone from
one to forty feet below the surface. This limestone is
full of seams or cracks which afford a good subdrainage,
so that little of the land needs artificial drainage.
These lands, as above described, embrace a very large
percentage of the entire state. The bottom-lands are
wide, ranging from one to ten miles in width. These
bottom-lands are composed largely of sand, with enough
humus intermixed to make them very productive.
They support some of the finest orchards.

Kansas City is the lowest point in the state, and is
about 750 feet above the sea level. It gradually gets
higher west, until it is-over 4,000 feet on the western
border. The rainfall is of the usual amount on the east-
ern border, but gradually decreases as the western
boundary is approached. Fred Wellhodse.

Kansas is, to the eye, practically level. There are no
mountains within its boundaries, yet the eastern third
is rolling. Some parts are rough, while the west is
practically level, yet the state runs steadily up-hill from
its eastern border, which is 750 feet above sea level, to
the western limit, which is 4,500 feet above sea level.
This naturally gives a varying climate. It is like
climbing a mountain 3,750 feet high, and passing
through the varying atmospheric changes as one goes
upward, from a moist, easy-growing climate to a clear,
windy, dry elevation 3,750 feet higher.

In the eastern third of the state (1, Fig. 120G) the
apple and pear are at home, and when well grown
are excellent. New varieties originating in the state
or in the west are taking the place of eastern and im-
ported varieties. Orchards and gardens are scattered
all over the eastern half, and are very successful. The
coinraercial horticulturist finds his early market in
Nebraska, Colorado and Iowa; his later market in the
cities and towns of Kansas, and a still later market in
Texas, when the heat of summer has paralyzed Texan
products. Oklahoma and the Indian Territory have for
years been good markets for the southern part of
Kansas. Many orchardists in the middle west sell every

apple, good, bud or indifferent, for cash to wagoners
who come from the south and west annually in large
numbers to carry away the orchard products. Toward the
west, cherries, plums and peaches seem more at home.
The two former are very prolific, and a success in the
central part (2). Peach pits are planted in rows through-
out the west for wind-breaks, and such trees bear con-
siderable fruit, some of it very tine. Along the Arkan-
sas river, where the roots of trees penetrate to water,
all fruits do finely, and on irrigated lands back from the
bottom-lands, horticulture prospers in all departments.
The bluffs along the Missouri river, in the northeastern
part of the state, seem peculiarly adapted to the apple,
and it is grown there in immense quantities. Here are
some of the greatest apple orchards of the world. The
total number of apple trees in the state is 11,005,007 ;
pears, 398,975; peaches, 5,734,337; plums, 919,527;
cherries, 1,666,456. The acreage of vineyards is 6,543;
of nurseries, 2,803 ; blackberries, 3,253 ; raspberries,
1,504; strawberries, 1,864 (1900).

Strawberries do well anywhere in the state. Some
prominent varieties originated hero. Raspberries are
of easy culture. The " Kansas " originated in Lawrence,
and has become the mainstay among blackcaps over
a wide range. Blackberries are indigenous, and
cultivated varieties mainly do well, though some of
them rust badly. Raisin grapes are grown in the south
by winter covering. Prunes and figs will also grow
there. Vegetables of all kinds do well and are of fine
quality, the tomato beingespecially at home. Early pota-
toes of the Kaw valley are widely known, and millions
of bushels are exported yearly. Fertilizers are little
used, and the stable manure of the cities is largely
dumped on the commons. Only gardeners seem to value
it. Melons are of easy growth, and of the finest quality.
Sugar-beets have been tried at various points, but on
analysis do not often come up to the required standard
of saccharine qualities. Indian corn is the great staple,
and all the sugar and popping varieties come to the
finest maturity in quality. The lack of water in western
Kansas (3) is the greatest drawback to agriculture there.
William H. Barnes.

KAEATAS( Brazilian name). Bromeli&cew. Bentham
& Hooker refer about 10 West Indian and Brazilian
bromeliads to this genus, but Mez, the latest monog-
rapher (DC. Monogr. Phaner. 9), refers the species to
other genera. Baker retains it. As understood by
Bentham & Hooker, Karatas differs from Bromelia
chiefly in its dense, capitate flower-clusters, which are
sessile in the axils of the upper leaves. The species are
cult, the same as Bromelia, Billbergia, and the like.
They are little known in this country. Apparently the
only common one is K. 8pect4bili8, Ant. {Nldulcirium
spectdbile, Moore. Eegelia spectdbilis, Linden. Are-
gelia spectdbilis, Mez). It is a stemless, tufted peren-
nial, with broadly strap-shaped, spine-edged Ivs., which
are green above, gray-banded beneath and red-tipped
at the end : fls. numerous, sunk amongst the Ivs., the
corolla with bluish lobes. Braz. B.M. 6024. L. H. B.

KATJLFtSSIA(G.F.Kaul-

fuss, professor of natural
history at Halle). Cowpds-
itie. A small, branchy, hardy
annual, 6-12 in. high, wit
blue or red aster-like fls.,
on long stems: plant pubes-
cent or hispid: Ivs. oblong-
spatulate or oblong-lanceo-
late, entire or remotely den-
ticulate : heads many-fld.,
radiate, theray fls. pistillate, ITO?. Chaneis heterophylla.
the disk-fls. perfect: akene Natuial size,

obovate and compressed,

those of the disk with plumose pappus : involucre
scales iu two rows. K. amelloides, Nees (Figs. 1207-8),
is an excellent annual, of easy culture in any garden
soil. Var. atroviolicea, Hort., has dark violet fls. Var.
kermeslna, Hort., has violet-red fls. Sow seeds where

856 KAULPUSSIA

the plants are to grow; or they may be started imlo
and the plants transplanted to the open. The gei
Kaulfussia was founded by Nees in 18:i0. lu 1«17, hi

ever, the plant was described by Cassini as Chirieis
heterophylla, and this name should stand. S. Africa.
L. H. B.
KENILWOETH IVY. Linaria CijmbalarUi.

KENN£STA (Kennedy, of the nursery firm of Ken-
nedy & Lee, important English nurserymen of the lat-
ter part of last century). Legumindsce. Australian
woody trailers or twiners of about a dozen species,
making excellent plants for the intermediate house or
conservatory. Fls. red to almost black, pea-like : Ivs.
mostly pinnately 3-foliolate: standard orbicular or obo-
vate, narrowed to a claw, and bearing minute auricles ;
wings falcate, joined to the keel; stamens diadelphous,
— 9 and 1: pod linear, flattened or cylindrical, 2-
valved, with pithy divisions between the seeds. Ken-
nedyas are easily grown from cuttings of nearly ripe
wood: also from seeds. They are mostly spring and
summer bloomers, and should rest in winter. Give
plenty of water during summer. They should be given
support: they grow from 3-10 feet high, making stiff,
woody stems. They may be trimmed back freely when
at rest. The taller kinds, like K. ruhicmula and K.
cocrinea, are excellent for rafters. Well-rooted plants
may be planted permanently in the greenhouse border.
A. Fls. nearly black.

nigricans, Lindl. Twining, robust, somewhat pubes-
cent: Ifts. (sometimes reduced to 1) broad-ovate or
rhomboid, entire, obtuse or emarginate: fls. slender,
1 in. or more long, in short one-sided axillary racemes,
deep violet-purple or almost black: pod flattened. B.R.
20:171,1. B.M. 3652.-A'. (•(pni/i'rt, Hort., with blue fls.,
is perhaps this species.

AA. Fts. red or scarlet.
B. Standard narrow-obovate.

rubictoda, Vent. Pubescent: Ifts. 3-4 in. long, ovate
to orbicular or ovate-lanceolate, entire: fls. dull red,
drooping in racemes, usually not exceeding the Ivs.;
standard narrow-obovate, reflexed; wings narrow and
erect: pod flat or nearly so. L.B.C. 10:954. B.M. 268
(as Glycine rubicuHda). B.R. 13:1101 (as Amphodus
ovattis).

BB. Standard broad-ovate or orbicular.

prostrita, R. Br. Prostate or twining, pubescent :
Ifts. broad-obovate or orbicular, less than 1 in. long,
often wavy: stipules leafy, cordate: fls. 2-4 on each
peduncle (which usually exceeds the Ivs.), scarlet, %
in. long; standard obovate; keel incurved and obtuse;
wings narrow and short: pod nearly cylindrical, pubes-
cenf. B.M. 270 (as Glycine coccinea).

Var. mijor, DC. (K. Mclrryattce, Lindl. K. Marryat-
tictna, Hort.). Larger and more hairy: Ifts. larger,
strongly undulate: stipules sometimes 1 in. across:
fls. large, deep scarlet. B.R.21:1790. Gn.28:.501. A.P.
3:547.— A very handsome winter-flowering twiner.

coccinea, Vent. Densely pubescent: Ifts. 3 or 5, ovate
or oblong, very obtuse, often 3-lobed : stipules very

KENTIA

small: fls. J^ in. long, scarlet, in loug-peduucled clus-
ters of 15-20; standard orbicular; keel very obtuse:
pod flattened. B.M. 2664. L.B.C. 12 :112G.-Known un-
der several names, as if. iuopft.!/ Ha, Lindl., B.R. 17:1421;
A", diliitala, Cunn., B.R. 18: l.'>26; Zlchya tricolor,
Lindl., B.R. 25:52; Z. rilldsa, Lindl., B.R. 28:08, and
others. Handsome slender twiner or trailer. L. H. B.

KENEICK, WILLIAM, was born in 1795, and was the
oldest sou of .John Kenrick, one of the pioneer American
nurserymen. His father commenced his nursery in the
year 1790 on Nonantum Hill, near the line of the towns
of Newton and Brighton, Mass., and on the very ground
where the apostle Eliot began his labors for the Indians,
under Waban, their chief. The raising of peach seed-
liii;;-i was the commencement of Mr. Kenrick's work.

Ik- sn.iii acquired the
iiuiiii'd varieties for sal
liam became a partner
first advertisement <.|
of the"NewEngl;ni.l i
varieties of finest l.n-i i
cents each; lOvarini^
can: Isabella, Catawb:
rants, horse-chestnut.

Df budding.

id thus offered
23 his son Wil-
irsery, and we find the
II I lie October number
. hai year. It named 30
i I.. 8 feet high at33^^
I" an grapes; 4 Ameri-
iiiid Scuppernong; cur-
mountain ash, lilacs,
roses and a few other ornamental trees. It was stated that
the trees would be packed with clay and mats. The son,
William, appears to have assumed early control, having
planted in 1823 two acres in currants alone. In 1824 they
made 1 ,700 gallons of currant wine.increasing the amount
to 3,000 gallons in 1825 and to 3,600 in 1826. Mr. Ken-
rick was an enthusiast in whatever he did, his extensive
cultivation and introduction of the Lombardy poplar
being an illustration of his sanguine temperament. A
still more marked instance was his culture of theilfonis
miilticaiili.i about the year 1835, and his advocacyof silk
culture. For a time he found this to be a more profit-
able ventui-e to himself than to his patrons. But it
should be said that, however sanguine and confident
were his opinions, they were honestly held and with no
intent to mislead. In the year 1835 Mr. Kenrick pub-
lished"The American Silk Growers' Guide," a small trea-
tise on mulberry culture. In 1833 appeared the "New
American Orchardist." This is a larger work, and is a
full description of the fruits of that date. The author
acknowledges his large indebtedness to other cultivators,
especially to Mr. Robert Manning, of Salem, who pub-
lished his "Book of Fruits" in 1838. Mr. Kenrick died
in February, 1872. ^\-j,. C. Strong.

KfiNTIA (after William Kent, horticulturist. compan-
ion of Reinwardt in journeys through the Indian archi-
pelago). PalmAcece. Spineless palms with pinnate Ivs.,
sharp-pointed or 2-toothed, linear-lanceolate Ifts., mid-
nerves scaly beneath, and rachis angled above; petiole
channeled above, rounded on the back. It differs from
Areca in thesharply 4-angledbranchletsof thespadices;
and from Hedyscepe and Kentiopsis in having only 6 sta-
mens. Species at most 6 or 7, from the Moluccas to
northern Australia. The type is K. proeera. Blume,
from New Guinea, which is not cult. It is probable that
none of the Kentias known to the Americati trade be-
long properly in this genus.

K. oiMfmiis, Hort., from Lnnl Howeslslaml. is probably one
of fhefoiirfollowing7iahii«; «hi.-h, .ai-corilim; to Mai.l.-ii in Proc.

, sli.-irptip; petl-

KENTIA

oles covered with light grayish brown pubescence. New Ire-
land. A.Ci. 20:223 (1899). G.C. III. 24:391. This is prob-
ably a Nenga. — K. Lindeni, Hort.=Kentiopsis macrocarpa. —
K. Luciani, Lind.=Kentiopsis macrocarpa.— S. Maedrthuri,
Hort. An elegant palm, with smooth, suberectlvs.; Ifts. semi-
pendulous, alternate, 4-8 in. long, K-1 in. wide, the midvein
prominent above, obliquely truncate and ragged
Stems smooth, suckering quite freely. N\w (iiiiii.
Veitch&Sons. P. 1879, p. 115. Perhaps :i Xn,-;,
dna, P. Muell.=Clinostigma Mooreauuui —K
Dreer. Possibly s.ime as K. Monre.in.i -A" , -'.,
Lvs. ninnatc. .ivate. witli Vfd petiol.-. A.]v \ ■":,

KENTUCKY

857

tele Wendlandia

, Hort =Veit,-liia. sp. ; Ad
iitchii. Hort. probably=H;ed

- Muell.=Hydria

Jared G. Smith.

-K. Wendiandidiia,

KENTICPSIS (Greek: like Kentia). PalmAcete.
Spineless palms: Ivs. equally pinnate; pinnse suboppo-
site, very coriaceous, narrow, sword-shaped, narrowed
to the obtuse or toothed apex, with strong mid-nerve,
prominent veins and thickened margins. Species 2.
New Caledonia.

Kentiopsis belongs to a large group of genera men-
tioned under Hedyscepe (p. 718), which differ from
Kentia in having the ovule fastened on the side of the
locule, and more or less pendulous, instead of fastened
at the base and erect, as in Kentia. Kentiopsis is dis-
tinguished from Hydriastele by having its fls, arranged
spirally instead of in 4 ranks. From numerous other
cultivated allies it is distinguished by the following
characters: stamens numerous, 20-25: leaf-segments
narrowed, obtuse or dentate: sepals of the staminate
fls. triangular-orbicular, broadly overlapping.

macrocArpa, Brongn. {Kentia Lindeni, Hort. Linden.
Kentia Lttciana, Linden). Bachis flat above, convex
below. The form known as Kintia Luciani has bright
green Ivs., tinged with brown on the under surface, the
young petiole yellowish, later becoming brown. I.H.
29:451 and 24:276. P. 1884, p. 71. S.H. 2:U7.-The spe-
cies is distinguished by the reddish tinge of the young

K. divaricdta. Brongn. (Kentia divaricata, Planeh.), is re-
ferred by Drude in Engler & Prantl, to Drymophloeus. It may
be distinguished from the preceding by the alternate pinna?
and triangular raehis, keeled above. I.H. 28:409. Tliis has
been confused in the trade witli Kentia gracilis, which is re-
ferred by Index Kewensis
toMicrokentiagracilis. See
I.H. 23:245. Advertised 1895
by Pitcher & Manda. - K.
olivceformis, Brongn., is
characterized by the 4-
angled raehis. Not culti-

KENTUCKY HORTI-
CULTUBE. Fig. 1209.
The state of Kentucky,
while its interests have
not been distinctively
developed in the direc-
tion of horticulture, is,
nevertheless, in its va-
rious parts, admirably
adapted to nearly all the
fruits and vegetables of
the temperate zone. Its
cultivation has been pri-
marily that pertaining to
general agriculture and
stock-raising.rather than
horticulture.

Before the civil war the people of wealth and culture,
particularly over large areas through the central por-
tion of the state, dwelt very largely in the country
rather than in the towns, which at that time were
nearly all small anil comparatively unimportant. There
are many evidences still remaining, in stately country
homes surrounded by magnificent old trees and old-
fashioned gardens, to bear" witness to the high appre-
ciation of the people of that period for the amenities of

rural life. At that time commercial horticulture in the
state was almost unknown ; but with the steady advance
in fruit-growing throughout the country, and with in-
creasing facilities for rapid transportation for perish-
able products, there have been developed in recent
years several well-defined fruit- and vegetable-growing
areas, in which these industries have assumed large
proportions.

The most important of these districts are two which
lie respectively to the northeast and south of Louisville,
and the boundaries of which, to some extent, overlap.
The first of these is comprised largely of the counties
of Trimble and Oldham. Trimble county is especially
noted for its extensive peach orchards, which are sit-
uated upon the elevated lands adjacent to the Ohio
river, much of the fruit being shipped by water to
Louisville, Cincinnati, and other river towns. Oldham
county has a large acreage of grapes. The first vine-
yards were established in the decade of 1850-60, of the
Catawba and Isabella varieties. On account of the rot,
the culture of these varieties was not very successful,
but early in the next decade the Ives was introduced,
and owing to its productiveness and shipping qualities,
it has since been grown almost exclusively. The growth
of the industry was quite steady until about 1890, when
one or two seasons of large crops, accompanied by high
prices, led to a very large increase in the acreage. Dur-
ing the past few years the business has been somewhat
depressed, on account of the competition of earlier
grapes from Georgia and other southern states.

To the south and southwest of Louisville lies the
fruit district, known as Muldraugh Hill, a low, moua-
tainous elevation, extending, in Kentucky, in a south-
easterly direction from the Ohio river in Meade county,
through Hardin, Larue, Green, and portions of adjacent
counties. In this hill country fruit-growing is most
largely developed on its southern slope, peaches and
apples holding the first place in importance, while pears,
plums and the small fruits are also extensively grown.
This locality seems peculiarly adapted to the apple
and peach, orchards of the latter having produced, ac-
cording to good authorities, nineteen paying crops in
twenty- three years, with comparative freedom from dis-
ease, and attaining, when permitted, a great age and
size. The fruit from this district is shipped to various
points in the Mississippi valley, but especially to such
northern cities as Indianapolis and Chicago, where it
holds high rank.

Between and connecting the two fruit districts i

1209. Kentucky.

designate pomological districts

tioned is the county of Jefferson, containing the largest
city in the state- Louisville. In this county fruit-
growing and market-gardening are very extensively de-
veloped, particularly for the local market, and here also
are found the most extensive florists' establishments in
the state, as well as many forcing-houses, devoted to
growing winter vegetables, chiefly lettuce.

Throughout much of the fruit districts mentioned, as
in many "other parts of the state, the favorable results

858

KENTUCKY

secured in fruit-production are possible largely on ac-
count of the immunity from late spring frosts, due to
elevated locations and to the deeply eroded river chan-
nels, which afford abundant cold air drainage.

In the extreme southwestern corner of the state (near
K in Fig. 1209 ) , in the counties of Carlisle, Hickman and
Fulton, a combination of favorable conditions has led to
an extensive development of the trucking and smal
fruit interests. Chief among these conditions are a fer
tile soil, a warm spring temperature, and direct and rapid
transportation, both by waterand rail, to northern c"
Many hundreds of acres of strawberries are grown, and
the production of beans, spinach, melons and other gar-
den crops is of nearly equal importance.

In the vicinity of Cincinnati, Ohio, the fruit and vege-
table-growing interests are quite extensive, although
the conditions for market-gardening have led to a
greater development of that business upon the northern
than upon the Kentucky side of the Ohio river.

About two-fifths of the eastern portion of Kentucky,
comprising the mountainous part of the state, is still
sparsely settled, its agriculture is confined to a few
staple crops produced, in many cases, by primitive
methods, and true horticulture is comparatively un-
known over a great part of this vast area, although, as
shown in isolated localities, nearly all our fruits and
vegetables can be grown with perfect success. Within
the borders of this mountain region, in the southeastern
part of the state, are several prosperous German and
Swiss colonies, nearly every member of which, with
characteristic industry and thrift, has possessed him-
self, on some part of his farm, of a vineyard and or-
chard, and so produces an ample supply of the best
fruits. Here and there in other localities, enterprising
individuals have demonstrated the easy possibility of
producing orchard and garden products without stint;
but the average farmer of the mountain region, as too
often elsewhere, is apparently content to let his table re-
main bare of the best fruits and vegetables, as his home
surroundings are so often bare of trees and flowers.

The public parks of the state are confined almost ex-
clusively to those of the city of Louisville, which was
itself without any park system until recent years.
After the passage of an act providing for their estab-
lishment, a board of park commissioners was elected in
1890, since which time the development of the park sys-
tem has been vigorously prosecuted. At the present
time there has been secured for this purpose a splendid
public possession of over 1,100 acres, composed of Iro-
quois park, 589 acres; Cherokee park, 304 acres; Shaw-
nee park, 167 acres ; and the southern parkway, 48 acres,
together with a number of small city squares. These
parks are being improved under the direction of the
most skilful landscape architects, and promise soon to
bring the city of Louisville to an equality in this respect
with other great cities of the country.

Of other public grounds in which the work of the
landscape horticulturist is manifest, the two ceme-
teries. Cave Hill, of Louisville, and that of Lexington
are perhaps the most notable examples in the state.
The former comprises an area of about 300 acres, and
is situated upon a beautiful tract of land, elevated 100
feet above the Ohio river. It contains several beautiful
lakes, and is especially rich in its collections of
aquatics.

The cemetery at Lexington contains over 100 acres,
and was established in 1849. It is exceptionally fortu-
nate in having been under the same superintendent
during its entire history of almost fifty years, and in
having the landscape method of treatment followed
from the first. Among many interesting horticultural
features, the most notable to-day are the magnificent
old bur oaks and white elms, many of which are 4 or 5
feet in diameter. Clakence W. Mathews.

KENTUCKY BLUE GRASS. Poa pratensis.

K^BNEBA. Crncif^rir. Under this name amjiteurs
cultivate a rock plant growing about 4 in. high, which
blooms profusely all summer, its fis. being small, white,

KERRIA

and borne in elongated umbels. It should probably be
known as Cochlearia saxatilis. Four genera, represent-
ing 4 orders, have been named after Johann Simon von
Kerner, 1755-1830, Prof, of Botany at Stuttgart. Bentham
and Hooker regard the cruciferous Kernera as a sub-
genus of Cochlearia, in which the stamens are longer
and bowed at the apex: pods turgid; valves very con-
vex: cotyledons accumbent or incumbent.

The following species is a compact, branching, neat
habited plant thriving in any light soil that is moder-
ately rich. It requires a sunny but not too dry situation.
Prop, by cuttings, division or seed.

E. taxAHUs. Reichb. Properly Cochlearia saxatilis. Linn.
Root-lvs. oblong, dentate, pilose : stem-lvs. linear-oblong ;
petals 4, obovate. 2-3 times as long as the calyx: seeds numer-
ous, not margined. Eu. j. b. Keller and W. M.

KfiRBIA (after William Kerr, a gardener who Intro-
duced this and many other plants from China; not J.
Bellenden KerorM. Kerr, as often stated). Bositceif.
A monotypic genus, one of the first shrubs brought from
Japan; best known by its weak, slender green branches,
slender irregularly toothed Ivs. and large yellow fls. It
grows 4-8 ft. high and as broad as high, with numerous
short-branched, spread ingstems, attractive in winter from
its light green branches, in early June when its blossoms
appear in greatest abundance; in November, when the
Ivs. are of a clear yellow, and is not unattractive through-
out the whole year. It is a refined plant and deserves
free use in ornamental planting, either in simple masses
or at the front of a shrubby group or border. It is not
thoroughly hardy in all situations in the northern states,
the tips of its branches often winter-killing, which
causes it to demand a well-drained and partially shel-
tered position. It grows in any good garden soil. Al-
though enduring sunlight, it is best in partial shade,
since the intensity of full sunlight partially bleaches the
fls. It is prop, by cuttings, layers and root divisions.

Japdnica, DC {C6rchorus Jap6nicus,Thvinb.) Globe
Flower. Japanese Rose. Fig. 1210. Lvs. simple, al-
ternate, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, largely unequally
serrate, 1-2 in. long, clear green above, pale below, thin,
slightly pubescent: fls. abundant, solitary, terminal,
peduncled, 1-2 in. in diameter, appearing in June and

more or less throughout the year; calyx persistent, 5-
lobed; petals 5, large, yellow, ovate; stamens numerous:
carpels 5-8, globose, distinct. A. G. 18:425. P. E. 9:593.
R.H. 1869, p. 293. S.B.F.G. II. 337. Gn. 21, p. 275.-
Var. flora pkno, double, more vigorous and more fre-
quent in culture than the single. B.M. 1296. Var.
m^andifldra, a vigorous form with large fls. Var. aikreo-
vitUtis [ramulis varlegntis nureis), a dwarf form, the
branches striped with yellow and green. Var. argfenteo-
varieg4ta, 2-3 ft. high, with small green lvs. edged with
white. A. Phelps Wyman.

KIDNEY BEAN

KIDNEY BEAN. Common uame in England for the
common beans in distinction from the Lima bean, the
former being Fhaseolus vuhjuris, the latter P. lunatus.

KIDNEY VETCH. See Anthijllis.

KINGNUT. Carya sulcata.

KIN-KAN. See Kumquat.

KINNIKINNICK. Dry bark of Comus Amomum,

smoked bj- western Indians.

KLEINIA. Of the 3 genera of Composite of this
name, 2 are referred to Porophyllum and .Jaumea, but
the trade names will be accounted for under Senecio.

KNAPWEED. See Centaurea.

KNIGHT'S STAR. Hippeastrum equestre.

KNIPHdFIA (Johann Hieronymus Kuiphof, 1704-
1765. professor at Erfurt). LiliAcea;. This genus in-
cludes the Red-hot Poker Plant (Fig. 1211), which is
unique in its appearance and one of the most striking
plants in common cultivation. No one who has ever
seen its pyramidal spike of blazing red fls. borne in au-
tumn is likely to forgetwhen and where he"discovered"
this plant. It is herbaceous and nearly hardy N., has
sword-shaped lvs.2-3 ft. long, and several scapes 4 or
5 ft. high surmounted by a spike 4-8 in. long composed
of perhaps 100 tubular, drooping fls., each 1 in. or more
long, and fiery, untamed red. A sky-rocket is not more
startling. By far the commonest species is K. aloicles,
which has perhaps a dozen varieties with Latin names
and twice as many with pei-sonal names. All the other
species have much the same general effect, and are of
Interest chiefly to collectors and fanciers. Poker Plants
are hardy south of Philadelphia when well covered in
winter, but in the North it is generally safer to dig up
the plants in November, place them in boxes with dry
earth, and store them in a cellar in winter. In spring
place them in a warm, sheltered, well-drained spot,
preferably with a background of shrubbery to set off the
flowers.

The genus is conflned to Africa and Madagascar, and
all but two of the species numbered below are from
south Africa. The plants seem to be still better known
to the trade as species of Tritoma, but the following ac-
count omits most of such synonyms. Bentham and
Hooker placed Kniphofla between Funkia and Notoscep-
trum. The latter genus is not in cultivation, and Fun-
kia has blue or white fls., which colors are not found in
Kniphofla. Poker Plants have fls. of red, orange or yel-
low. Blandfordia has similar colors and agrees iu hav-
ing pendulous tubular fls. with short lobes, and also
long, narrow Ivs., but the stamens are fixed at the mid-
dle of the tube, and the capsule has septicidal dehis-
cence, while in Kniphofia the stamens are fixed under
the pistil and the capsule has loculicidal dehiscence.

Kniphofias are often classed by dealers as bulbous
plants, though they have only a short rhizome and nu-
merous, clustered, thickish root-flbers. Baker speaks of
the " raceme" of a Kniphofia, but the pedicels are so short
that the inflorescence is herespoken of asa "spike, "par-
ticularly as a spike signifies to the popular mind a
denser inflorescence than a raceme. Most of the spe-
cies have been very recently monographed by Baker in
Flora Capensis, vol. 6 and Flora of Trop. Afr. vol. 7.
When the height of the plants is given below, it refers
to the height of the scape.

Index of names exclusive of those in the supplemen-
tary lists (varieties and synonyms in italic) :
aloides, 1. coroUina. 5. Nelsoni. 4.

Burehelli, 3. glaucescens. 1. nubilis. 1.

camosa, 1. grandiflora, 1. pauciflora. 8.

.caulescens, 6. grandis, 1. Rooperi. 2.

comosa, 10. Leiohtlinii, 9. Saundersii, 1.

Maeowanii. 5 Tuekii. 7.

KNIPHOFIA boy

A. Length of perianth 1 in. or more.
B. IStemless or nearly so.

c. Form of Ivs. sword -shaped-

D. Color of Ivs. dull green.

E. Width of Ivs. %-lin 1. aloides

EE. Width of Ivs. IJ2 ill 2. Rooperi

DD. Color of Ivs. bright green :i. Burehelli

cc. Form of Ivs. linear.

D. Width of Ivs. one-sixteenth to

one-twelfth of an ineh 4. Nelsoni

DD. Width of Ivs. one-eighth to

one-sixth of an inch 5. Maeowanii

BB. Stem 6-lB in. long G. caulescens

AA. Length of perianth i^-% in.

B. Form of perianth subcylindrical . . 7. Tuekii
BB. Form of perianth funnel-shaped.
C. Width of Ivs. one-eighth to one-
sixth of an inch 8. pauciflora

cc. Width of Ivs. H in.

D. Stamens IH times as long as

the perianth 9. Leiohtlinii

DD. Stamens twice as long as the

perianth 10. comosa

1. aloides, Moench (A'. Uv&ria, Hook. Tritoma
Ufiria.Ker.}. Red-hot Poker Plant. Poker Plant.
Torch Lily. Flame Flower. Fig. 1211. Lvs. slightly

1211. Kniphofia aloide
Separate flower natural ;

glaucous, 2-3 ft. long, scabrous on the margin, acutely
keeled, with 30-40 close vertical veins: raceme dense,
often 6 in. long, 2K-3 in. thick: upper fls. bright red,
lower ones yejlow; perianth cylindrical; stamens some-
times barely exserted. P.S. 13:1393. B.M. 4816:758.—
The following varieties with Latin names are in the
trade and usually advertised as apparent species under
Kniphofla or Tritoma. They may be all more or less
distinct horticulturally . An everblooming kind is adver-
tised in 1900 and said to flower from June to Dec. Var.
carndsa is flgured in Gn. 19 : 286 with the fls. opening from
the top instead of the bottom, and with red fllaments
and yellow anthers. Lei^htlin introduced it about 1881
and said it grew \%-2 ft. high, the apricot-red of the
fls. toned down by a glaucous bloom. Var. floribiinda is
early-flowering, says Van Tubergen. Var. glaica is less
known than the next. Var. glaucescens is flgured in Gn.
36:727 with a spike 9 in. long, of "vermilion-scarlet fls.
changing to a more orange color. One of the freest
bloomers. Int. 1859." Foliage somewhat glaucous.
Var. grandifldra, one of the earliest improvements on the
type. John Saul said it grows 2-3 ft. high. Var. grandis.
"The largest-flowered of all; fls. red and yellow, 5 ft."
Woolnnn. Referred by Kew authorities to var. maxima.
Var. ndbilis is said by Carrifere, R.H. 1885:252, to have

860 KNIPHOFIA

shorter and stricter Ivs. than Saundersii, the spikes more
ovoid, the fls. uniformly red and less deUexed. Lvs. not
glaucous. Gn. 55, p. 167. Var. Sailndersii, in R. H.
1882:504, is shown with "red-orange fls." in an elliptical
spike and said to grow 6 ft. and more high. Woolson
finds it grows 4-G ft. high in rich soil, with cylindrical
spikes 18-24 iu. long and fla. often % in. across. Var.
serfitina is a late-Hd. form.

Baker's treatment of the varieties is as follows:

Var. maxima. Baker (A', and T. grandifldra, Hort. T.
Saundersii, Carr. ). More robust: Ivs. 4-5 ft. long, 1 in.
wide: raceme and fls. longer: stamens more decidedly
exserted. B.M. 6.553 (fls. yellow, more or less tinged
red). E.H. 1882:504 (colored like the type).

Var. n6biUs, Baker {T. ndhilis, Guill.). Still more
robust: scape including raceme sometimes 6-7 ft. long:
fls. 1 J^ in. long. K.H. 1885:252.

Var. serbtlna, Hort. A late-flowering form with slender
perianth \H in. long and distinctly exserted stamens.
Baker also mentions varieties carnosa and glauoescens
without discrimination. Other varieties with Latin
names are mentioned in Gn. 36: 727.

2. Eodperi, Lera. Lvs. 4 ft. long, scabrous on the
margin, glaucous. Later-fld. than No. 1: fls. paler. B.
M. 6116.

3. Biirchelli, Kunth. Lvs. 2-3 ft. long, y^-% in. wide,
smooth on the margin: spike 6-12 in. long: fls. bright
yellow, much tinged with red when young. "A much
dwarfer plant than No. 1 and for many purposes
equally desirable. Height 1% ft. Fls. tinged green."
J. B. Keller.

4. Nfilsoni, Mast. Lvs. lK-2 ft. long, with a thick mid-
rib and recurved serrulate edges. G.C. III. 11:561. Gn.
50, p. 400; 55:1213 (brick-red, no trace of yellow).

5. Macdwanii, Baker. Lvs. with a thickened scabrous
margin, many upper fls. bright dark red. B.M. 6167.
R.H. 1879:390. — "Avery neat dwarf species with orange-
scarlet fls. in early autumn, 1-2 ft." Wonlson. K.coral-
Ihm, Hort., R.B. 19:25 (1893), a hybrid between this
species and A'. Uvaria, wa.s raisiMl by Hi-ltuil. of Mar-
seilles. Woolson says it grows I,s-_'l ni. Iiii,'li :in.i bears
ovoid spikes of coral red fls. all siniinH r and fall. He
says it is good for cutting. K. fnniiii'niiuim of one of
our nursery catalogues is presumably an error for K.
corolUna. K. media Macdwanii, Hort. "A hybrid be-
tween K. aloides grandiflora and K. Macowanii. This
is an earlier blooming sort than either of its parents,
as dwarf as Macowanii and much earlier and more
brilliant. Thoroughly tested." Woolson.

6. oauWscens, Baker. Lvs. sword-shaped-acuminate,
broadly channelled, not acutely keeled on the back, 4-5
ft. long, 5-6 in. wide, margin serrulate: spike over 1 ft.
lone, 3 in. thick: lower fls. yellow, upper ones red. G.
C. III. 6:564. R.H. 1887: 132. -This differs from all de-
scribed above in having stamens much exserted. Gn.
41:861 is perhaps the most artistic of all colored plates
of Kniphoflas.

7. Tiickii, Baker. Lvs. ensiform (linearin Nos. 8-10),
\-\yi ft. long, % in. wide, margin serrate: spike very
dense, 5-6 in. long: fls. yellow, tinged bri,ght red when
young. One of the hardiest.

8. paucifldra. Baker. Lvs. \-\yi ft. long, margin
smooth: raceme lax (dense in Nos. 9-10), 2-3 in. long:
fls. pale yellow; stamens shortly exserted, as in No. 7.
G.C. III. 12:65 sIh.ws it with only 25 fls. and the loosest
raceme of any .s|h ri, < h.r,- .l.'soribed.

9. Lelchtlinii, r.ak.f. lis. Ijright yellow; perianth
more narrowly fuunel-shai"-,! than in No. 10, becoming
%in. long: scape speckled with red, sometimes bearing
a bract 4-5 in. long. This and No. 10 are from tropical
Africa; the rest from South Africa. B.M. 6716. R.H.
1884, p. 557. Var. di3td.ohya. Baker, has a forked scape
and small accessory lateral raceme.

10. comdsa, Hoohst. Fls. bright yellow, dilated sud-
denly at the middle, % in. long; filaments red; anthers
yellow. B.M. 6569.-This has relatively longer stamens
than any other species and is perhapi more conspicuous
by reason of its mass of stamens than the outline of the
spike. One of the tenderest.

Supplementary list of imperfectly known Latin names rep-

resenting kinds now advertised iu America: K. h^brida, Hort.,

follows: dark brick red. carmine-red, ra.i
orange, bronzy yellow, deep yellow, purt
or straw-coloreil. The filaments m.ay

iiiiiii. t- ;ii.|.: i:.v s..metimes differentl;

111. I ' ^ : ' 11. N are recorded, and s

M.

KOCHIA (:ili'-i- W. D. J. Koch, 1771-1849, professor of
botaiiyat Erlangen; wroteafloraof Germany and Switz-
erland). Chenopodidcew. This includes a plant treated
as a hardy annual which is called the Mock Cypress
or Summer Cypress. J. Wilkinson Elliott says, "It
grows 2-2}^ ft. high, resemblingasmall, closely sheared
evergreen, the foliage being light green until Septem-
ber, when the whole plant is a solid mass of crimson.
The fls. are minute but countless. The plant dies within
two weeks after blooming. It germinates very quickly,
even in the warm spells of late winter." Elliott called it
the Mexican Fire Plant, because the seeds were procured
in Mexico. However, the genus has no species native to
the western hemisphere. It is probably this same plant
which is advertised by Bridgeman as Belvidere Kochia.
There is no genus called Belvidere. The French popu-
lar name for this plant is Belvedere, and it is a native
of Europe and northern Asia. Bridgeman, however,
says the fls. are yellow, and gives the height as 3 ft.,
while Voss (Vilmorin's Blumengartnerei) says it is 3-5
ft. high or more. Voss advises a clay soil and sunny posi-
tion, and since it likes a salty soil recommends that
about an ounce and a half of saltpetre be sprinkled over
each square yard of soil. This plant is used abroad as a
"foliage plant," because of the vivid color of the whole
plant from July to September.

The seed miy be sown indoors in April, and the plants
set out in May, or the seeds may be sown in the open
ground about May 1. The plants should stand about 2
ft. apart.

Kochia is a polyraorphorus genus of about 30 species
of herbs which are often woody at the base: lvs. often
minute and narrow, alternate, more or less silky, rarely
glabrous: fls. small or minute, sessile, solitary or clus-
tered in the axils of the lvs.; calyx enlarging into a
flask-shaped body, which incloses the, fruit; perianth
orbicular; lobes 5, incurved and bearing horizontal wings
on the back or on the tube which are membranous or
scarious, distinct or confluent; stamens 5; filaments
short or long and compressed ; stigmas 2, rarely 3.

Bcopiria, Schrad. Mock Cypress. Summer Cypress.
Erect, much-branched, densely pyramidal : branches
striate, slender, and close to the main stem: lvs.
linear-lanceolate, ciliate, 2-3 in. long, 2^ lines wide:
fls. inconspicuous, green ; perianth in fruit provided with
very short, triangular, pointed appendages.

KCELfiRIA ( Georg Ludwig Kceler, professor of natural
history at Mainz, published in 1802 a description of the
grasses of Germany and France). Oramlnem. This in-
cludes a tufted, perennial grass sometimes offered by col-
lectors of native plants. Wilfred Brotherton suggests its
cultivation for oiiinn. m m i!r, . silvery sand. It is a
very variable plain ' ". ft. high, erect and

unbranched, and li I ■ . ; il.es. The genus con-
tains about 15 widi h ^ .iii.i.d -peeies, and its nearest
cultivated allies are E.atonia and Molinia, which are dis-
criminated elsewhere. Important generic characters are
the spicate panicles, which are cylindrical or somewhat
interrupted: flowering glumes more or less hyalinc-
scarious, blunt, or tipped with a mucro or rarely a short

cristita, Pers. Stems rigid, pubescent just below the
panicle : sheaths often shorter than the internodes.

smooth, scabrous or hirsute : Ivs. 1-12 in. long, flat or
involute: spikelets 2-5-fld. July-Sept. Widely distri-
buted in N. Amer. in sandy and praire soil. B.B. 1:194.
W. M.

KffiLBEUTfiEIA (Joseph G. Koelreuter. 1733-180G,
professor of natural history at Karlsruhe). Sapindcice<s.
An arborescent genus of about 3 species occurring in
China and Japan, one of which is A', paniculata, a me-
dium-sized, irregular, round-headed tree, 2.5-30 ft. high,
with large, compound, ii-regularly toothed Ivs., yellow
fls. in July and large, bladdery fruits in panicles in
autumn. It is hardy in Mass., although single limbs
are occasionally killed back in winter. It also endures
dry weather and hot winds in the West. It is of easy
culture, but requires a fairly rich soil. As an ornament
it may be used as a single specimen, though not a par-
ticularly refined tree, or it may be mixed with other
genera in the woody border. It is prop, by seeds, which it
ripens earlv and freely, by layers in autumn, by cuttings
of the young branches in spring, and by root-cuttings.

panlculita, Laxm. (Sapindus Chinhisis, Murr.).
Varmish Tree. Lvs. deciduous, alternate, 12 in. long,
unequally pinnate, without stipules; Ifts. ovate, largely
and irregularly dentate, glabn.us, in 4-7 pairs, opposite
and alternate: fls. yellow. ', in. I"ii:.'. in hir-e. upright,
terminal, many-fld. paniok-s, s.pMs :,; |,..|;,ls 3-4, hy-
pogynous, irregular, each claw witli a seal. -like appen-
dage, the disk enlarging before each petal; stamens 5-8:
ovary oblong, pubescent, becoming a 3-lobed, 3-celled
bladdery. Inflated, triangular pod, lK-2 in. long, usually
red, becoming brown, borne in large, erect panicles.
G.C. III. 2:561. Gng. 2:353 and 8:219. Gn. 32, p. 378.

K. bipinn&ta. Franch. A vigorous tree. 60 ft. high, with
doubly pinnate lvs. over 2 ft. long, growing in W. China. R.H.
1888, p. 393. 6n. 34,p.305.— if. JopiSntni.Sieb. A more branched
form with deeply cut lvs. and smaller fruit, but not specifically
distinct from K. paniculata. j^. PHELPS WrMAN.

K(ENIGA. See Ali/ssum.

KOHLRABI {Brcissiea oleracea, var. caulo-rnpa).
Fis;. 1-1-- I'liis plant exhibits a remarkable variation
fnmi tlu' hernial form of the specific type, as represented
bv the- laLiKii.'!-. A prominent writer on vegetables, re-
feninj; to tin- liotany of the plant, says: "It comes be-
tween the cabbage and turnip." Had this reference been
made to the edible portion it would be literally true. In
the turnip the edible part is the swollen root; in the
cabbage it is the fleshy and tightly curled leaves, while in
the Kohlrabi it is the globular enlargement midway be-
tween root and top. This plant is mainly grown for cattle
food. It is but little known in America. In France and
Germany its usefulness is generally recognized. In Italy
the partially developed stems are used as substitutes
for cauliflower and cabbage. It is not likely that as a
cattle food it will grow in popularity in this country,
as rape is better adapted for sheep-grazing purposes,
and turnips can be grown with equal ease and kept
through winter with greater satisfaction. Its treatment
in the garden is essentially that of early cabbage. The
plants are very hardy. For very early crop it is de-
sirable to start them in a hotbed. If properly hardened
off, they may be set out as soon as the frost is out of
the ground. Plant and cultivate like early cabbages.
The seed of main field crop may be sown directly in the
hill. The rows should be 2i4 ft. apart, and the hills 2 ft.
apart i" the row. Several seeds are planted in each
hill, and all plants pulled out but one, after danger of
destruction by flea-beetle is over. Many growers in the
western states follow this plan in growing late cabbages,
as well as kale and brussels sprouts. The seed may be
planted, acconding to locality, from May 10 to June 20.
When the plants are grown in the seed bed the treat-
ment is essentially the same as that described under
Cabbage. In northern regions, only the early varieties
should be grown on account of the slowness of the plant
in maturing. No special effort seems to have been made
to develop many distinct varieties of Kohlrabi. The
two leading types are the Purple and the White Vienna,
which mature sufficiently for table use in 2H-3 months
from time of sowing seed ; the common white requires
3-4 months to reach edible size, and much longer to at-
tain maturity. Where corn is largely grown as a cattle

1212. Kohlrabi

food, the culture of Kohlrabi is not likely to extend.

Vilmorin describes Artichoke-leaved and Neapolitan.

Other varieties are Erfurt, Goliath, Green, Imperial,

Late Purple, Purple Vienna, Short-leaved Vienna, White

Forcing, and White

Vienna. Persons who

like turnips will also

like Kohlrabi The al

most universal error

in using it is to allow

the tubers to get too

large. When the> in

partially grown tin \

are soft and palitil 1

Cabbage woim tu i

clubroot are the must

important enemies

Consult, also, Brassica

and Cabbage

John Craig
Kohlrabi may be
grown, bunched and
put on the market in
exactly the same man
ner as early table beets
are handled In our
eastern cities, where
the population consists
to a large extent of
people of German ex
traction. Kohlrabi foi
table use is in good de
mand, or such a de
mand is easily culti-
vated. We find it an
easy crop to grow, and invariably profitable, simply be-
cause few gardeners make a specialty of it. As early
in spring as the ground can be brought into best shape,
sow seed in rows with the drill, the rows to be about 18
inches apart, and afterwards thin the plants to stand
4 to 6 inches apart in the rows. Begin pulling and
bunching when the bulbs have attained a size of 2 to 3
inches in diameter. Make successional sowings to keep
up a continuous supply of the tender bulbs. They grow
tough when nearing full development and maturity.
Plants often winter well on their summer stems, and
seed may be grown from them. f. Greiner.

KOLA. See Cola.

KONJAK. See Conophallus Konjak.

KRAtrSSIA (C. F. F. Krauss, of Stuttgart, collected
plants at the Cape, and wrote on South Sea corals).
BubiAcea. K. lanceohita is a shrub cultivated in
southern Florida, bearing small white fls. in axillary,
many-fld. cymes % in. or more long. K. eoriacea of the
trade will be found under Tricalysia, an allied genus,
in which the fls. do not have a densely bearded throat,
as in Kraussia, but are quite glabrous. Kraussia has 3
species of shrubs from the Cape of Good Hope: lvs.
opposite, short-stalked, entire, leathery, elliptical or
lanceolate : stipules short, persistent, grown together
into a small, cup : corolla broadly funnel-shaped; lobes
5: ovary 2-celled: berry pea-shaped, 1-3-seeded. E.N.
Reasoner writes that the Kraussias have been frozen so
many times in Florida that he has never seen them in

lanceoUta, Sond. Branches yellowish, 4-grooved: lvs.
lanceolate, acuminate, 3-3H in. long, 8-10 lines wide:
filaments exserted, nearly as long as the anthers :
stigma 2-cut, one-third as long as the style.

KBfGIA (David Krig or Krieg, an early collector in
Maryland and Delaware). Compdsitw. Five species of
hardy herbaceous plants, annual and perennial, yel-
low-fld. and sometimes called "Dwarf Dandelions."
They differ from the common dandelion in having a
pappus composed of both chaff and bristles, instead of
bristles alone. They are natives of the Atlantic states.
Three perennial species are cult, by dealers in native
plants. These have hsads aboijt 1 in. across and 15-20

KRIGIA

pappus bristles. Unlike the common dandelion, these
plants do not become weedy.

A. Stem a leafless scape, hearing 1 head.
B. Has tubers.

Dandelion, Nutt. Height 6-18 in. : Ivs. lanceolate or
almost linear, varying from minutely toothed to pin-
natifid. Apr.-June. Moist ground, Md. to Pla. and Tt-x.
—The only kind that has tubers.

BE. Has no tubers.

montilna, Nutt. (K. Dandelion, var. montana. Chap-
man). Height 9-12 in.: Ivs. oblong to linear, varying
from entire to pinnatifid: head smaller than in K. Dan-
delion. Crevices of rocks, Alleghenies, N. and S. Car.
and Ga.- Harlan P. Kelsey writes that this is an admir-
able rock plant, thriving in any soil or situation, and
blooming profusely from March to June or July. Prop,
by seed or division.
AA. Stem 1-S-lvd., branched above, bearing 2-6 heads.

amplexicailliB, Nutt. (Cynthia Virglnica, Willd.).
Height 12-24 in.: Ivs. oblong or oval, obtuse, entire or
repand and denticulate, or the root-lvs. somewhat lyrate;
stem-lvs. partly clasping. May-Oct. Moist banks,
N. Y. to Ga., west to Colo.

KEYNlTZKIA (Prof. J. Krynitzki, of Cracow). Bor-
lagin&cece. Chiefly North American herbs, annuals and
some perennials, with small fls. nearly always white.
Two species have been listed in eastern catalogues, and
are procurable from western collectors. The following
descriptions give some idea of what the plants are like,
and for specific distinctions from numerous allies the
student is referred to Gray's "Synoptical Flora."

glomer&ta, Gray. Biennial, coarse, grayish prickly-
hirsute, 1-3 ft. high: Ivs. spatulate or linear-spatulate:
fls. white, thyrsoid-glomerate. Plains, along eastern base
of Rocky Mountains.

barbigera. Gray (Eritrtchium barbigerum. Gray)
Hispid and hirsute, 9-12 in. high: Ivs. linear: fls.white
in solitary or panicled, elongating spikes. S. Calif.

KUDZU VINE. Pu

ria Tltunbergii

KUMQTJAT or KINKAN, of the Japanese, is a dwarf
member of the citrous tribe {Cilrus Japonica), seldom
growing more than 6 or 8 ft. high on the
most vigorous stock, and when worked
on a dwarf stock making but a good-
sized bush ; but no matter what its
size may be, it freely produces very
pretty •.'oldfii vfllnw fruit, which is
very p^Miit:il>lr litlur in a fresh state
orprr^c r\ r.l. 'I'Ih ].l;iiit maybebudded
or graflrd (111 aii\ i-ilrus stock — orange,
1213. The oblone lei™". 'i'V-., ■-*'■■ ^''''t^m.^f ™">-
Kumquat(X-}i) mon\y worked im Cilrux trifoliata,mak-
ing but a bush, eminently adapted for
growing in restricted places, both in- and outdoors. As a

KYDIA

pot-plant for the house it is a gem, making a very hand-
some evergreen bush and blooming freely through the
spring or early summer, then setting its interesting
fruit. The flowers are much like the orange, white and
scented, but smaller. The soil best adapted to the Kum-
quat is a light loam or sand; it thrives in any soil suited
to the orange or lemon.

There are two well-defined varieties of this species,
the oblong and round fruited ; the oblong fruit ( Fig.
1213 ) is about 114 inches long by 1 in diameter, and all
the fruits of this variety are almost of an exact size, not

1214. Round Ku

SO much variance being noticed among them as in
hens' eggs. On the contrary, the round fruits {Fig.
1214) are produced with great difference in size, varying
from K to a full inch in diameter. There is also some
difference in flavor and thickness of skin between the
varieties, the oblong being more esteemed. For an
account, with illustrations of the two types of Kum-
qnnt. sec A.(i. 21::f4.") (1900). The fruit, when eaten
imt ..r liiiiMi, I- . nnr, h .-onsumed, excepting the few

siii:ill -r. I I !i rv..ne tasting it seems to relish

till ' ' kill, pulp and .iuice. Its chief

use, lpi\irv.r, I- 111 miking marmalade or preserves.
The fruit is usi-d wlioli- in heavy syrup, and makes a
delicious dainty. It is also candied and used in fine con-
fectionary E. N. Reasoner.

EtDIA (Col. Robert Kyd, founder of the Calcutta
Botanic Garden, died 1794). Malvdcea. Three species
of oriental trees, one of which is cult, in S, Fla, and
S. Calif. K. calyclna has white or pink fls, somewhat
like those of Hibiscus, and borne in long panicles. This
genus belongs to a siibtribe characterized by having
2 or more ovules, Kydia has 4-6 bractlets; Abutilon
none; Sphseralcea 3. Kydia has fls. polygamous; petals
5; staminal tube divided about the middle into 5 divi-
sions, each bearing 3 anthers, which are imperfect in the
pistillate fls.

calyolna, Roxb. Tree, attaining 2,5 ft,: Ivs, 4-5 in,
long, 3 in. wide, rounded, cordate, palmately "-nerved,
more or less lobed, midlobe longest, close felted be-
neath; petiole 1-2 in. long: inflorescence much-branched,
many-fld.

LABELING. Figs. 1215-1218. The characters de-
manded in a good plant label are legibility, convenience,
durability and a reasonable cheapness. The purposes
for which labels are needed by the horticulturist may
be grouped as follows: (1) For pots, boxes, frames and
benches; (2) for stock in storage or transit; (3) for
rows, plots or beds in garden, nursery, orchard, etc.;
(4) for individual trees, shrubs and plants.

Of the materials that may be used for labels, wood
holds the first place, and the soft, easily worked nature
of white pine makes this the favorite, though other
more durable woods, such as cedar, cypress, spruce and
mulberry, are used to some extent. Machine-made, ready
painted wooden labels of convenient shapes and sizes,
from 4 to 12 inches in length, (see 1, Fig. 1215) are car-
ried in all stocks of gardeners' supplies, and are in com-
mon use in all work with plants in pots, boxes, benches,
etc., and to some extent in out-of-door gardening; but
these should not be trusted when the label is expected
to endure for a considerable time. In the storage of
grafts and cuttings in pits or cellars, two of these labels
should be written and slipped together under the tie,
the outer one for immediate reference and the under
and protected one for security when the other becomes
defaced.

Notched or perforated labels (2. 3, Fig. 1215), with or
without wires, are also prepared for nurserymen's use,
those strung with soft copper wire being the best.
These are used in the shipping of nearly all trees and
shrubs, and here great annoyance would be saved if all
names were written distinctly and with a heavy impres-
sion. If such labels are used on stock after planting,
the grower should use great care that stems and branches
are not choked by the wire. The printing of any de-
sired names may be procured on order, effect-
ing a great saving of time and a gain in dis-

For marking rows, plot.s, etc., stakes should
be used large enough to readily attract atten-
tion and not be broken over or moved in cul-
tivation. A very serviceable stake for nur-
series, trial grounds and gardens is made by
cutting 2 inch pine or cyress plank IVi inches
wide and 2 feet long, pointing and giving
good coats of paint. Inscriptions may be sten-
ciled on these as suggested in 4, Fig. 1215.
written with a heavy pencil, or better, when
names, dates and list or plot numbers are
wanted, written on a square of sheet zinc and
fastened to the face of the stake with small
nails. (No. 5.) An annual coat of paint
obliterates old lettering and preserves the
wood.

A common wooden label for borders, groups
or specimen plants is shown by No. 6 and a
Viiriation by No. 7. The stakes should be of
some durable wood, and the whole well painted.
A paint of pure lampblack and oil is the most
indestructible that we have, and letters of this
will stand out like type after the lead paint
and the very wood surface have weathered
away from them. An effective contrast is ob-
tained by painting the face of the label black
and doing the lettering in white.

For more permanent labels in a variety of
forms, sheet zinc has proved superior to all
other materials. It may be stamped with steel
letter dies or written upon with a common
lead pencil, but more commonly a chemical
ink is used. The common formula for this in
horticultural books is substantially that pre-
p.ared by the French chemist. Brainnot, in
1837, and is as follows: Take two parts by
weight of verdigris ( acetate of copper) , two of
sal ammoniac (ammonium chloride), one part
of lampblack and thirty parts of soft water.

55

The chemicals should be incorporated with a little of the
water, and the balance added. Keep in a glass bottle
tightly corked and shake frequently while using, as the
lampblack tends to separate. The zinc, cut in the desired
forms, should be prepared by scouring slightly with em-
ery dust or fine sand paper. The ink may be applied with
a quill or coarse steel pen, but a fresh one will be needed
with each batch of labels. Inks of an aqueous solution
of chloride of copper or of chloride of mercury are also
recommended for writing on zinc, which should first be
cleaned with a weak solution of muriatic acid. Bichlor-
ide of platinum is one of the blackest inks for zinc. A
slightly oxidized zinc surface may be written upon with
a soft lead pencil, and while the inscription will not be
very distinct at first will grow more so with age, and
will endure for years.

A wired zinc label, as shown in 8, Fig. 1215, if exposed
to the wind will sometimes cut out the eye completely,
unless care is taken to twist the wire up tightly. Strips
of zinc five-eighths of an inch wide and 7 inches long (9,
Fig. 1215), coiled loosely around a branch, as in No. 10,
are the most serviceable form of tree label, but even
these should be noticed every year, that they do not be-
come fastened into the fork of a rapidly -growing tree.

For borders or beds of herbaceous perennials, bulbs,
and the like, the label shown in No. 11 is excellent and
inexpensive. A piece of galvanized wire Nos. 6-8 in size,
is out Wi to 2 feet long, bent to shape and the written
zinc tablet closed in. For a more conspicuous label, the
zinc may be given a coat of white lead, then one of black
enamel paint, and the letters be traced in white. In some
European botanical gardens a zinc tablet stamped with
sunken letters brought into relief by paint are used for
similar purposes. A zinc label, with two wire legs to

1215. Various types of labels.

864

LABELIXa

prevent it from turning around, is
shown in Fig 1210. It can be made
for about $2 per hundred, with the
face 3ii x 1% inchs.

There are many designs of expensive
cast or enameled metal or porcelain
labels, that have found little use in this
country. A label of stamped zino of
English manufacture (shown in 10,
Fig. 1215) is one of the best garden
labels. For Labeling specimen tree
trunks, a sheet of zinc or copper with
a little water-ledge bent at the top,
painted, enameled black and lettered
in white, is about the best thing we
have. It should be secured with cop-
per tacks, and given occasional atten-
tion. (See No. 15.) The white bronze
tree tablets with letters cast in relief
have so far failed to secure general in- 12ie. A metal ear.
troduction. A series of thin sheet-cop- den label.

per labels, to be written on with a stylus
against a soft, yielding surface, as a piece of leather, are
shown in Nos. 12, 13, 14. These have proved too frail for
exposed out-of-door use, but are very good for conserva-
tory plants, orchards, etc., though the inscription needs
rather close examination. In making copper labels, the

LABURNUM

temper should be taken out and the metal folded on the
edges. A neat label for conservatory use is made of
white sheet-celluloid with a mat surface, as pencil marks
show very plainly on it.

Bailey describes (in "Principles of Fruit-growing")
the tree labels shown in Fig. 1217. "1, 2, German labels,
made of glazed earthenware, with the name
colored blue and sunken. Strong copjier
wire, coiled, to allow of the growth of the
limb, holds the label to the tree. 3, Cornell
label, made of wood. 4, double wooden
hihfl. c<ii]si-<tiiig of two common wooden
lal.ils t:i-t..u,d together. The name is writ-
iiu on tlji- (iiiiside of the double label, as
in ;uiy otln r hibel, but it is also written on
tlio inside to insure permanence. When the
outsi.le writing is worn oflf, the label is
ofn-iii li .and tlie inside is still bright.

The :

is fa

aed to the

by

the cut at the right. The label is
seen opened in the cut at the left.
5, 6, zinc labels, used at the New
York State Experiment Station,
Geneva. The wire is driven into
the tree, and the name is written
or printed on the zinc with black
paint. 7, common hand-
nade wooden tag, taken
rom an old tree in the
est orchard of the late

■ urt'h, N. V. 8, thin cop-
>er iabtl, with the name
ndeiiticl int.. the metal by
lie use of a bard-pointed
nstrunieut. Some metal
abi-is are liable to tear out
It the hole when exposed

9. c(

painted pine label used by yard label.

nurserymen, and costing
(witliout the copper wire) about 35 cents per
thousand for the common size, which is 3i4
inches long. 10, Lodeman's label, used some-
what at Cornell, consisting of a tag of sheet lead
securely fastened to a coiled brass wire. Tlie
wire is secured to the body of the tree by a
staple or screw-eye, and it is expected that the
wire will become imbedded in the trunk as the
tree grows. No. 11, commonzinc label ortally."
A good Tinevard label is shown in Fig. 1218,
described by Bailey as follows: "The figure is
Paddork's vineyard label (designed by W. Pad-
dock. State Experiment Station, Geneva, N.Y.).
The label is a strip of heavy zinc secured to a
stiff galvanized wire. This wire or shank is
provided with a hook at the lower end and a
half-hitch near its middle, so that it can be se-
curely ad.iusted to the wires of the trellis, hold
ing the label well above the foliage."

S. C. Mason.

LABLAB BEAN. See DoUchos.

LABRADOR TEA. See Ledum.

labCknum

(anc

icnt Lati

iname). Lcgiimi-

«()s(F. Includii

g/'

,!'KI/Iisll!~

. Golden Chain.

Ornamental sh

■Ubs

or small

trees, with alter-

nate trifolioliat

e pe

iolcd Ivs

, and yellow papil-

ionaceous, sllO^

•yfl

. in man}

-fld., usually pen-

(Ullous racemes

• i.

,/«(•„«»« 1

s hardiest, £.f«J-

(/.n-i.s- is alTiL.st

hardy in Mas

3., while L. Cora-

They are

adapted forplant-

ing on rocky s

l,...s

or in bn

ders of sbrubber-

ies, when they

I...1

.1 1..- ill..

^. .1 .-iiough space

to show to th

:.:. tbeir grace-

ful, drooping r.

, iK.. which con-

trast with the

<!:.!

.ha-,-. They are

hardly ever att

i.'ki

1 by itise

ts or fungi. The

tnmn without changing color
L-y tlirive in any kind of well-drained soil,
ludiug limestone, and grow as well in

LABURNUM

partly shaded positions as in sunny ones. Prop, by
seeds, sown usually in spring, and also by layers ;
the vars. are mostly grafted or budded on seedlings of
one of the species. Three species in S. Europe and W.
Asia often included under Cytisus Lvs. exstipulate;
fi slen ler pp 1 celled in terminal simple racemes,
mostU I H I I 1 I I f 1 with obtuse, short

U or ith the petals all distinct:

0 UN 1 with several seeds, coin-

1 re 1 el thout appendage at
the 1 [lint ire poisonous, espe-
cirfll the ti it The hard tough and close-
griii e 1 w 1 1 usceptible of a veiy tine polish, and is
mil 1 1 t 1 i nto vinous small articles. Consult Cy-
t Oe I in 1 PcHtJia for names not found in this
genu

vulgare Griseb {L anagjioulet, Medic. Cf/tisus
Laburn im Linn) Golden C hain Bean Tree. Fig.
1219 Laige shrub or small tree to 20 ft., with erect or
spreading branches branchlets appressed-pubescent,
grayi h green- lvs long petioled- Ifts elliptic or ellip-
tic-ovite usuillv obtuse and mucionulate glaucous-
green and appressed silky pubescent beneath when
young 1-1 ^i m loti„ ricemes silky pubescent 4-8 in.
long tis about -^4 in long pod appressed pubescent,
with thick peel abrut 2 in long seeds blick M i\ ,
June S Eui ij e t n 2o p ol8 3i p 30 and 51 p.
302. — There lie nian\ girden forms as v ir aireum,
Hort with yellow foliige P 'i 21 2242^3 var bul-
litum f Koch (vir ini ihituyn Hort ) with curled

LACUNA

865

1219. Gol

gare (X^^).

Ifts. ; var. CarliSri, C. Koch, with very small and narrow
Ifts. and long and slender racemes; var. pendulum, C.
Koch, with pendulous branches, Gn. 25, p. 522 ; var.
querciidlium, C. Koch, with sinuatelv lobedlfts., Gn. 25,
p. 520 and 34, p. .30; var. sessilifdllum, C. Koch, with
crowded, sessile lvs.

alplnum, Griseb. (Cfjtisus alpinus. Mill.). Scotch
Labuencm. Shrub or tree, to 30 ft., similar to the for-
mer: branchlets glabrous or hirsute when young: Ifts.
usually elliptic, acute, pale green and glabrous beneath
or sparingly hirsute, ciliate, 1-1% in. long : racemes
long and slender, glabrous or sparingly hirsute: fls.
smaller: pn.l thin, with the upper suture winged, gla-
brou-; ..,,11,.,,,.,, .lime. Mts., S. Europe. B.M. 176
(asC- ,' ,,„). Gn. 25, p. 519 and 34, p. 30.-
Thix M , - : ut two weeks later than the for-

mer, :(n,| h:,. itiihh I, ,Tiy:er and nioreslender racemes; it
also is of more upright and stiffer growth and hardier.

Witereri, Dipp. (L. Pdrksii, Hort. C. alp)>iiisxviil-
gAris, Wittst.). Hybrid of garden origin, but found
also wild. Lvs. beneath and racemes sparingly pubes-
cent: racemes long and slender: pod with narrow wing,
sparingly appressed-pubescent.— As hardy as L. alpi-
Hiim and sometimes considered to be a variety of that
species.

Adami, Kirchn. { C. Adami, Poit. C . LabArnum pur-
pitrdscens. Loud. £. vulgdrexCytisus purpureus).
Probably graft-hybrid, originated at Vitry, near Paris,
about 1826. Habit and foliage usually almost like i.
vulgare, but fls. dull pur|>li.!i. rat-fly yellow; sometimes
bearing a few branches wiili ih. il-. -md lvs. of C'l/^isHS
purpurens. A very iiitci .,^1 iiiir f,.i-ni. Imt of less orna-
mental value. B.R. 2:!:1'.H,.-,. B. II. 121 :lii-18. -Much dis-
cussed by Darwin and others as an example of graft-
hybridism.

L. Caramdnimm, Benth. & Hook. (Podocytisus Caramani-
cus, Boiss.). Erect shrub, to 4 ft., much resembling in foliage
and habit the Cytisus sessilifolius, -with long and slender ter-
minal upright racemes. July-Sept. Asia Minor. R.H. 1861.
p. 4Jt).— i. frdgrans, Griseb., L. ramentaceurn, C. Koch, and

LABTBINTHS or mazes are still kept up in some Old
World gardens as relics of the past. They were popu-
lar in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. Fig.
1220 is the plan of an English Labyrinth of two centu-
ries ago. It would be vandalism to destroy so fine an
example of a style of gardening no longer fashionable,
but folly to copy it in a modern garden. Mazes are
made of clipped evergreens of various kinds.

LACiENA (one of the names of Helen, which Lindley
states may be applied to this plant on account of its
beauty, a compliment which the plant does not at all
merit; but he adds it may also be derived from Lakis, a
cleft, alluding to the divisions of the lip, but this deri-
vation is impossible). OrchidAcew. A little-known ge-
nus containing only 2 species inhabiting Central Amer.
Pseudobulbs rather long, ovoid, smooth at first: lvs.
large, elliptic-pointed and contracted into a petiole, pli-
cate venose: raceme pendent from the base of the pseu-
dobulbs, loose, bearing up to 10 medium-sized fls.:
sepals and petals nearly equal, elliptical, half-spread-
ing; lahellum equaling the petals, articulated to the base
of the cohiiiin, clawed, with the lateral lobes incurved,
terminal larger, spreading and narrowed at the base to
a broad claw : column rather lung, winged, hooded at the
top; pollinia 2 on a simple stipe.

The plants should be grown in baskets or on blocks
of wood like Stanhopeas : if potted the racemes are likely
to bury themselves in the soil. At the end of October
water should be almost entirely withheld for a few
weeks. The flower-stalks appear in spring.

bicolor, Lindl. Eacemes drooping, about 18 in. long,
bearing 9 or 10 fls. The fls. are greenish yellow, covered
externally with short hairs ; petals with 3 purple streaks ;
labellum hairy, spotted with purple. Discovered about
1843 in Guatemala, at an elevation of 7,000 ft. B. R. 30 :50.
— Var. glabr&ta,Lem. Fls. everywhere nearly glabrous,
creamy white. Not in the American trade. I.H. 1:33.

spectibllis, Reiclib. f. Fls. about 1 in. in diam., whit-
ish, suffused with pink and speckled with purple;
sepals concave orbicular ; petals smaller connivent.
B.M. 6516. -Far more handsome than the former, but
not advertised in America.

Heisrich Hasselbeing.

LACHENALIA

English amateurs. L. Nel-
soni, the first and one of the
best hybrids, was rasied, not
in a greenhouse, but in a
home window, by the Rev.
John Nelson. Four fine hy-
brids, raised by T. H . Marsh ,
are shown in Gn. 4C:9S1,
where their parentage is
given. Zy.iVe^sont has played
an important part in the
production of these hybrids,
Ruby, Cawston Gem, Little
Beauty and Topaz, all of
which are in the trade.

W. M.
It is well to make one job
of it, planting Freesias and
Lachenalias together. Six
are planted in a 6-inch pot,
in good rich loam. They
probably do as well without
leaf soil, it the drainage be
good. They are stored in a
well protected coldf ranie un-
til late in November, but
might be kept longer, as a
pinch of frost will not hurt
them. Aftertheyare brought
into the greenhouse, and
make good growth, plenty
of water may be given, and,
occasionally, liquid manure.
A night temperature of ."iO"
F. will be found about right,
but they scarcely bear for-
cing until the flowering
scapes show. If forced be-
fore the buds

Itor

\Vi

Fror

aze on St. Catherine's Hill, Wmchester. Eneland.

I plan made in 1710. (See Labyrinths, p. 865.)

iood niana

•bio

t they

LACHENALIA (Werner de Lachenal, 1736-1800, pro-
fessor of botany at Basel). LlUcictv. Cape Cowslips.
Lachenalias (Fig. 1221) are Cape bulbs that are easily
flowered in a cool greenhouse in early spring or even in
winter. They have a remarkable range of color, and
with good management may be kept in an attractive con-
dition for two months or more. There are species with
bell-shaped flowers, and some in which the flowers are
all more or less erect, but the favorite types are the long,
tylindrical, pendulous flowers with the brilliant red and
yellow colors. Of the 42 species, about 9 are cult., the
most popular being L. trk-nlnr, particularly its var. IVel-
soni and some of the recent forms with personal names.
Z. pendula is perhaps second in popularity, the rest be-
ing known chiefly to bulb fanciers. Lachenalias are very
distinct in coloring and general appearance. They usu-
ally have 2 leaves (sometimes 5 in cult.), rarely 1, and
the bulbs are globose, tunicated, and about J^-1 in. thick.
An exceptionally strong bulb, under the most favorable
conditions sends up 3 or 4 erect flower-stalks 9 in. high,
with as many as 40 flowers, each 1-1 H in. long. Under
careless treatment the leaves and flower-stalks are
weaker, and bear perhaps 6-12 flowers. Lachenalias are
fine subjects for hanging baskets.

This genus is alsointeresting when studying the evolu-
tion of the perianth. In our common lilies the 6 seg-
ments are all the same size and all colored like petals.
Lachenalia has only 1 species in which the segments
are practically equal. The others vary wonderfully, but
usually the inner segments are longer, and sometimes
the outer segments are small and more or less greenish,
thereby suggesting the division of perianth into calyx
and corolla. The genus Is monographed in English by
Baker in the sixth volume, of Flora Capensis. which
contains all the Cape bulbs and should be in the hands
of every bulb specialist.

It should encourage the amateur to know that the re-
cent improvement of Lachenalias is largely due to two

a light position aw\ «-;,tcn-,i :,- ,-,,ntniiy a- imi, ,,■ ine
blooming season. I--- wuii-r hrmL-- -i\ in :i- ~i::ii- "I ma-
turity appear; viz.. 'li-'-"I"ri',l l.avr, aiii] witlirr.d llo\v-
er-stems. When tli'T"u-lily npciicMl, iln-y arc sii.ird m
the pots they have grown m and kept qinle dry until the
month of August. They must be repotted then. If by
chance drip should strike the soil, the plants may be
found starting into growth. The bulbs multiply rapidly,
more than doubling in a season. Fully one-third of the
extra bulbs will be serviceable, and still more would
make bloom of less decorative value. There are many
more-bulblets-which can be sown on the borders of
carnation or violet benches, a large number making
good-sized bulbs in one season. Seeds of Lachenalias
germinate readily in a few weeks, and with good treat-
ment many seedlings will bloom before going to rest.
In the opinion of the writer, L. Nelsoiii is still the most

satisfactory kind to grow.

T. D. Hatfield.

Aureliana
Cammi, G.
glaucina, '

INDEX.

orchioides, 2.
pallida, 8.

A. Bnse of perianth nbliqiie

AA. Base of perianlh equally rounded.
B. Form nf perianth

drieal.
C. Fls. all erect i

•at

less cylin-
tpread-

D. Length of perianth 4 lines

DD. Length of perianth 6-9 lines..
CC. Fls. drooping or pendulous, at
least the lower ones.
D. Inner segments scarcely longe

2. orchioides

3. glaueina

than the outer *■ pendula

LACHENALIA

DD. Inner seffinents 2-3 lines

longer than the outer. ...... 5. rubida

DDD. Inner segments S-4 lines

longer than the outer 6. tricolor

BB. Form of perianth bell-shaped.

c. Lvs. pustulate, i.e., covered with
blister-like elevations.

D. Inflorescence spicate 7. pustulata

DD. Inflorescence racemose 8. pallida

cc. Lvs. not pustulate 9. imiiolia

1. refl§xa, Thunb. Lvs. clasping the base of the stem
for 1-2 in. : spike iisually few-fld. : lis. all erect or
spreading, yellowish.

2. orchioides, Ait. Lvs. strap-shaped, often spotted,
1 in. wide, clasping the base of the stem: fls. white,
yellow, red or blue. B. M. 85-t and 1269. L. B. C.
ll:ll)7« (as L. mutabilis). "The most striking color
forms," savs Baker, "are atroviolicea, hyacinth blue;
virenti-fliva, greenish yellow, and mutAbilis, inner seg-
ments dull yellow, tipped red-brown."

.^. glaucina, .Tacq. Lvs. as in No. 2: fls. long, white'
red, yellow or tinged blue. B.M. 3552 (wonderfully
varied in color). B.R. 16:1350 and 23:1945.

4. pSndula, Ait. Bulb globose, about 1 in. thick:
peduncle 6-12 in. long, more robust than in Nos. 5 and 6:
raceme few- or many-fld.. 2-6 in. long, all except the
upper lis, more or less nodding: outer segments yellow,
passing upwards into red. not spotted; inner bright red-
purple at the tip. B.M. oilO. Gu. 18:241; 23, p. 142; 33,
p. -JIO. and 45. p.3o5. F. 1871:265. V. 8:172. Var. Aure-
liana lias outer segments red, barely tipped yellow; inner
ones tipped green. R.H. 1890:396. G.C. IIL 23:195.

.T. riihida, Jacq. Bulb about H in. thick : peduncle
6-9 in. lung: lvs. spotted: raceme 6-20-fld. : outer seg-
ments bright red, tipped green ; inner ones yellow be-
low the tip.

6. tricolor, Thunb. Lvs. often spotted : lower fls.
noildini.' ; outer seg-niPiits vellnw, tipped green ; inner
purplisliivdat tliptip. L.l',.(\ ,s;7i;7. B.M.82. P. 1871 :
2ri:.. iiii.is:J(l ,iiid 17, p. ir,:;, \'ar. quadricolor {L.
(/i(n,hi:'^'/"r. .l:i.',|,i. pi-riaiiili Willi :i red base and green-
ish yellow mill. Ill-; iniffr -iru'iin-nts tipped green; inner
ones tipped red-purple. L.B.C.S:746. Var. lut^ola (i.

LADRONI

867

1221. Lachenalia Nelsom (X H).

hiteola, Jacq.), perianth lemon-yellow, tinged green
towards the tip. L. B.C. 8:734. F.S. 18.-1873. B.M. 1704
and 1020. Var. lutSola maculita {L. Inteola maculata,
Hort. ). differs from the preceding in having spotted
foliage. Var. Nelson! (i. ydlsoni, Hort.). Fig. 1221.
Perianth bright yellow, both series of segments faintly

tinged green. Gn. 49, p. 470. Gng. 5:262. J.H. III.
30:231. Var. aurea, Hook. (i. uiircu, Lindl.). peri-
anth bright orange-yellow. P. 1871:265. B.M. 5992.-
"The varieties are connected by intermediate stages.
Several hybrids between L. pendula and the varieties
of i. tricolor are in cult., the finest of which is L.
Cammi, Hort., which combines the bright yellow fls. of
L. aurea, with the habit of i. peiulitla."

7. pustulita, Jacq. Lvs. lanceolate : fls. white or
faintly tinged red. B.M. 817. Perhaps synonymous
with No. 8. Var. vioUcea is cult.

8. pallida, Ait. Lvs. strap-shaped : fls. white; outer
segments tipped green. B.M. 1372.

9. uniJdlia, Jacq. Differs from all described above in
having only one leaf, which is linear to awl-shaped, and
has a band of brown at the base: fls. white, or more or
less tinged with red or blue. B.M. 766.

L. viridis, Thunb., is Dipeadi filamentosum, which is distin-
guished from the species of Laeheualia by having 3-6 lvs.,
which are linear: raceme very lax: tis, briglit green. Cape.
In Dipeadi the outer segments usually have a tail, which is lack-
ing in Lachenalia; and the seeds of Dipeadi are strongly com-
pressed, while in L.achenalia they are obovoid or globose. D.
viride is distingaished from all other species in its genus by
the outer segments being falcate, 9-12 lines long, distinctly

longer than the inner ones, whicli

crisped, 3-6 lines broad.

LACTOCA (from the nM T.ritin n.-nm-

hic: referring to

the milky juice). Conip..-^^!.: . i.iiii.i

:. A well-known

genus of hardy annual or in-n iiiiinl lurl

IS, mostly native

of the northern hemisphere. .Mnn- t

hail 200 specific

names have been given to the -.nii-.

liniliiililv half of

which are synonyms with but unh s nr

•.ikii..wi;incult..

and these are doubtless forms .,t Inn

■„' ..r :; species.

Plants 2-4 or more feet high, with alt.

•riKil.', variously

shaped lvs. and small-panicled he;ids of

yellow, white or

blue fls. Only 1 species is to be found

in the American

trade, though wild plants of other species are often
gathered for medicinal purposes or used as a salad. All
of the species possess narcotic and sedative properties,
the sedative known as lactucarium or lettuce-opium,
being obtained principally from the European species,
L. I'irosa. Lettuce has been known and used as a salad
from a very remote period. It is said to have served at
the tables of Persian kings 400 B.C. See Lettuce.

sativa, Linn. Letti'ce. An annual plant, not known
in the wild state but generally supposed to have origi-
nated from L. Scariula, Linn., in Asia. There are
many garden varieties assuming an endless variety of
forms but which may be divided into 4 quite distinct
types.

Var capitita, Hort. (L. i-npltiltn. DC). Common
Cabbage Lettuce. Ly~^. .iitin- ..r sparingly dentate,
broad, rounded, yellowish ..r lir.iwnish green, more or
less wrinkled and insom.' gar.l.ii vari.ties much curled,
spreading, 6-14 in., usually quite compact.

Var. intybicea, Hort. (L. intybUcea, Jacq. L. quer-
cl»a,Linn.). Cut-leaved Lettuce. Lvs. G-10 in. long,
deeply and irregularly cut on the edges , loosely spreading.

Var. Koma.na, Hort. Cos Lettuce. One to 2 ft. high :
lvs. entire or sparingly dentate, much longer than
broad, quite erect, forming a cylindrical or conical-
shaped plant.

Var. an^stina, Hort. [L. angnstdna, Hort.). Lvs.
1-2 in. wide, 6-12 in. long, entire, slightly spreading in
habit.

L. Canadensis. Linn. Biennial. 4-0 ft. high : lvs. entire or
nearlyso. Wild plants often gath.-n.i i"i ..;,,. I -/ /.,,,,/;->,
Linn. Root perennhal, 2-3 ft. hif^h ' ;'

cut: fls large, purple. Native ..t I / ^ i

Prickly L^.ttuce. Annual or bitnn:. < _

lvs. 1-2 in. wide. 4-6 in. long: lis. y.-ll.-v, i n, ,,i ■ |.-,ii,.n- Iii,
from Old World, and now a widely distributed wi^ed.

H. C. Irish.

LADKONES, The Ladrone or Mariana Islands (Fig.
1222) lie about 1,200 miles east of the Philippines. The
seventeen islands contain about 400 square miles. Guam
is the southernmost of the islands, and is about as
large as all the rest together. It is 600 miles from the

868 LADRONES

northernmost o£ the group. The Ladrones lie in an
almost straight line north and south. They were cap-
tured from Spain in July, 1898, and Guam was retained
by the United States chiefly as a coaling station.

The Ladrones were discovered in 1521 by Magellan
in the first voyage round the world. They were the
first islands in the Pacific to come into continuous
contact with European civilization. The aboriginal
race, the Chamorros, is extinct, and was replaced
chiefly by Tagals from the Philippines. These have
deteriorated.

The chief settlement is Agana, on the island of Guam,
which contains a majority of the population of the
whole group. The Spaniards had but one mail a year
between the Ladrones and the Philippines.

The Ladrones are well wooded, but the original flora
has almost vanished. None of the Pacific islands pos-
sesses any metal, or any native mammal, save a kind
of bat.

The Ladrones are said to have a more agreeable
climate than is common within the tropics. There is
moisture at all times, but a so-called "dry season " lasts

L^LIA

showy fls. borne singly or in 2- to ninny-fl.i. r.icenies,
which arise from the top of l-_'-lvil. |.~. ii.l.ilmUis. The
plants greatly resemble L':iti|. :i., :;;m1 1 :1c r i>iily by the

presence of 8 perfect polliM n il uf 4. as iu

Cattleya. Lvs. oblong, corin . not jilicate:

pseudobulbs terminating til' i^inn il ::i.i ih, ovate, cla-
vate, fusiform or stem-liiie, Iuhlt i.r sburt, consisting of
1 to several thickened internodes, or of slender and
quill-like form with merely a small bulbous swelling at
base, sheathed with scales and bearing 1 or 2 Ivs. at
the summit: sepals subequal, frcf. -j.n nliiiL- : jkIhIs
wider and sometimes longer, spn i ' ■' ; ;i:iliy

plane: labellum free from the basr ..i i imiri,'

or less distinctly 3-lobed, the lati-ra] : . : , . nrt,

folding over the column; middle luiij l< n^, ■ xi Mink-d,
lanceolate-ovate, etc.: column concave in front, and
thus narrowly 2-winged on the edges: poUinia 8, 4 in
each locule: scape terminal, long or short, bracted.

The genus contains about 30 species, dispersed in the
maritime provinces of Mexico and <TUatennila and in S.
Brazil. No species is common to the two widely sepa-
rated regions. A single species, L. monuphiilbi, in-
habits the mountains of .Ja-
maica. In their native homes
the plants are often found
clini^ing to bare rocks and
trees, where they are exposed
to the full force of the tropi-
cal sun, and, in the wet sea-
son, to daily drenching rains.
Some of the species grow at
great altitudes. Thus, L. aii-
(i(»iHn7is, var. furfuracea, is
always found in alpine re-
gions at elevations of 7,500-
(S.51)0 ft. For a list of culti-
vated kinds, see R. A. Rolfp,
G.C. 111.7: 1(17, 25G, 333,35.');

UADRONIi.

ISLANDS;

1222. Ladrones.

from June to Sept., during which time the northeast
trade winds prevail. The rainfall is in most places
abundant. The highest part of Guam is 1,500 feet above
the sea.

The Ladrones have exported no fruit to speak of.
Cocoanuts and bananas are perhaps the chief fruits.
Guava figs and breadfruit grow well. Other products
are rice, sugar, indigo, arrow-root, cotton, tobacco, and
even wheat.

One of the best recent accounts of the Ladrone
Islands is in Appleton's Annual Cyclopedia for 1898.
For maps of the Ladrones, see Century Atlas, and
Overland Monthly 33:92. For references to recent lit-
erature, see the Cumulative Index of Periodical Litera-
ture. There is a book on the history of the Ladrones
written in Spanish. It is an octavo of 210 pages pub-
lished at Granada in 1886, and entitled Historia de
las islas Marianas. The author is Luis de Ibanez y
Garcia.

lADY'S EAEDEOPS. Short-tlow.r.-d Fm-hsia'*. L.
Garters. Phalaris arundbmrra . \:\r. in,-t,t . L. Mantle.
AlchimiUn vulgaris. L. Slipper, i ■iii.rij.. .luniis L.
Smock or Meadow Cress. Cardmninr pmltiisis, L. Tres-
ses. Hpirunthes.

:241

Group I (species 1-10).—
Pseudobulbs rounded, pyri-
form or ovate. The plants
of this section are medium-
sized, with the pseudobulbs
terminating each year's
growth sessile at intervals
on the rhizome, and sheathed
at least at first with bract
leaves. The scape, except in
L. grandiflora, is long and
slender, erect, nodding or
sub-horizontal, and bears at
nceps), or a raceme of 2-7 fls.

its end 1 or 2 fls. (i. . . ,

{L. albida). L. grandiflora, placed here on accotmt of
its thickened pseudobulbs, bears greater resemblance to
the members of the next group.

Group U (.species 11-13).— Pseudobulbs short-cylin-
drical, stem-like, or swollen jointed, i. e., consisting of
several internodes and sheathed with bracts. These
plants are of dwarf habit, bearing 1-2 very large fls.
on short scapes, so that the top of the flower scarcely
exceeds the Ivs., which are oblong, about 6 in. long, and
leathery.

Group III (species 14-23). -Pseudobulbs long-oblong,
fusiform or clavate, tapering below to a sheathed and
jointed stalk. This group contains the largest and most
showy Lfsilias. The pseudobulbous stems are tall and
tufted, a foot or more in length, forming robust, com-
pact, almost bushy plants. The flowering stems of L.
superblens are said to attain a height of 12 ft. The ra-
cemes bear 3-7 large, handsome flowers.

Group IV (species 24-26). Pseudobulbs slender, reed-
like and tufted, clothed with scales and often somewhat
swollen at base. This group includes a few species
which are very distinct on account of their bright scar-
let or orange-colored fls. and slender, reed-like pseudo-
bulbs. L. monophijlla is perhaps the smallest of all
Lcelias, being scarcely over 6 in. high, with pseudobulbs
about as thick as a crow-quill. One variety of L. cintia-
barina has purple fls.

amminata. 10. FcirsliTinmmii. 5. Percwahana. 9.

a«w, 2, 4, 9, 11, 23. Fournieri. i. Perrinii, 23

alliiiU, 3. hirfuracea, i. prcestaiis, 12.

Amfsiand, 9. gliiuna, 15. pi-OBe«x(a, 22.

anc-eps, 9. Gouldiana, 8. pumila. 12.

Ashaorthiana. 9. 22. graiKiiflora, 2, 9. purpurata, 22.

atropurpurea. 22. grandis. 18. Rlvieri, 20.

atrorulmis, 4. harpophylla, 25. rosea. 3, 9.

Arnoldiana, 5. Hilliana, 9. rubescens. 10.

antiuunalis. 4. holochila. 9. RicsseUiana. 22.

Barkeriana, 9. Jongheana, 11. Sanderiana. 9.

6e((a, 3. Lawrenciana, 26. Scottiana, 9.

Boothiana, 20. Leeana, 9, 13. Schrmdcri, 22.

coMiescCTis, 1. Lindleyana = Cat- Schnderiana.9.

Cauweltertice, 21. tleya Lindleyana. S(e(to. 9.

cinnabarina, 26. loiata. 20. superbiens. 19.

crispa, 21. majalis. 2. sxdphiirea, 3.

<;ns;)i;n6ia, 26. moJKS, 2. 3. tenebrosa,18.

Crawshayana, 7. Mandaiana, 22. vmtista. 4.

Daivsoiii, 9. marginata, 12. Yeltchlana, 9.

i)ff.vona, 12. monophylla, 24. virens, 16.

dflicata 9. morada. 9. Tforftiowensis, 9

Digbyana, 14. iVcii'.fi!:, 22. IfiHifimsi, 9.

Eyf rmanniana. 6. peduncularis, 10. xanthina. 17.

flava, 1. Piiidii, 12.

The following names must be sought under Lseliocattleya :
i. amanda, Domiiiiana, Dormaiuana. elegans, euspatha, Exonl-
ensis, Nyleptha, prasiata, Schilleriana, Tunieri.

GROnp I.
A. Pseiidobtilbs not compressed o r
edged.

B. Fls. bright yellow 1. flava

BB. Fls. rose, purple or white.

c. Scape scarcely equaling the
Ivs. : dwarf plants, with

very large fls 2. grandiflora

CO. Scape slender, much exceed-
ing the Ivs.
D. Fls. small, white or pah-
yellow 3. albida

DD. Fls. large, rose -purple:
rarely white.

E. Lip 2-keeled 4. autumnalis

.■J. Arnoldiana
EE. Lip S-keeled.

F. Lvs. oblong (1. Eyermanniana

FP. //!'.«. laiiei-Uneur nr

ohi,i„g-line(ir 7. Crawshayana

8. Gouldiana
AA. Pstu,h,l,„n,s,;,mp-fx^,'rUnule,},inl.
B. Lip n-lth a broad, clei'ated line

dowHthe center: ovary viscose. 9. anceps
BB. Lip with 3 keels: ovary not vis
cose

1. ilkva,, Lindl. (L. cauUscens, Liudl.). Lvs. 3-5 in.
long, oblong-lanceolate, acute, very thick and stiff :
scape 1 ft., erect, bearing 4-8 bright yellow fls. 2-2^2 in.
in diameter: sepals and petals spreading, oblong-lanceo-
late, obtuse or subacute; labellum not longer than the
petals ; middle lobe recurved, crisped and undulate,
having 4 elevated ridges running down the center; lat-
eral lobes obtuse. Autumn. Braz. B.R. 28:62.

2. grandifldra, Lindl. {L. majdiis, Lindl.). Lvs. soli-
tary, oblong, coriaceous, 6-7 in. long: fls. solitary, rarely
2, on a short peduncle, scarcely equaling the lvs., 5-8 in.
across, showy, rose-lilac; sepals lanceolate, plane;
petals oblong, acute, shorter and much broader than the
sepals; middle lobe of the labellum large, expanded,
emarginate, center white, shading to lilac at the mar-
gin, spotted with dark lilac; side lobes small, white in-
side, streaked with lilac. May, June. Mex. B.M. 5667.
B.R. 30:30. P.M. 12:1. G.C. IL 19:628.-A magnifl-
cent orchid. Var. Alba, Reichb. f. White. A.Q. 19:109;
20:371. Var. majus is advertised.

3. ilbida, Batem. Lvs. lance-linear, acute : scape
twice as long as the lvs.: fls. 2 in. across, pure, trans-
parent white except a yellow streak down the lip and a
few crimson dots at its base, sweet-scented; sepals
lanceolate, spreading ; petals similar but broader, all
very acute; labellum 3-lobed; side lobes small, erect;
middle lobe large, round-ovate, reflexed. All autumn
and winter. Oaxaca, Mex. B.M. 3957. B.R. 25:54. Gn.
35:695. — The first white-flowered species discovered.

L^LIA 8by

Var. sulpMrea, Reichb. f. Larger: fls. sulfur-yellow,
with a rose-colored border on the middle lobe, and rose
spots on the iiinrr -iirfi-c of the side lobes. Var.bfeUa,
Hort., ex-Willi:"i- n-i i; i lib. f. Fls. larger than the
type; sepals .ni l : . ■ ny white, faintly bordered

with lilac; lip i llie lobe broadly bordered

with deep ru^r umI 1i:i ihl' three yellow ridges down
the center. Var. rosea, Hurt. Pis. rose-colored. Var.
majus is advertised.

4. autumnalis, Lindl. Lvs. oblong-linear, obtuse, cori-
aceous, 5 in. long: scape Tj-'i ft. long, 5-6-fld., with
sheathing scales: fls. ^lh'^v^, Iri-nmi; si-pals lanceolate-
acuminate; petals olil"ii I undulate; lateral
lobes of the labellum hii - i iinl-truncate, whit-
ish; middle lobe obiiv:iii . mIiiu-. , ,.|ii,iilate, recurved,
deep purple; disk with two u:irr..w yellow lamellaa. In
color and general appearance much like _Zv. anc^'^s, but
the segments lack the green ribs. Autumn. Mex. B.M.
3817. B.R. 25:27. LH.1:17. P.M.G;121. G.C. 1872:1009.
— Grows on bare rocks and stuntptl tre^^ in most ex-
posed situations, often at great allifn'l.'^, I,i-is valu-
able than L. anceps. Var. furfuracea, lo.lir ( /y. fur-
furdcea, Lindl.). This seems to In- a .l\\ai t al|iin.' form,
with the ovary more scurfy ami tlio p. taK unusually
broad. It is always found at great elevations, occurring
frequently at 7,500-8,500 ft. Intermediate forms exist.
B.M. 3810. B.R. 25:26. Var. atrdrubens, Backhouse.
Pseudobulbs short : fls. large, deep rose or magenta,
darker toward the ends of the segments and the label-
lum; base of the labellum and lateral lobes white. Gn.
17:229. Var. venista, Hort. Goldring. In habit resem-
bles var. a^™rK6e)^s.• stalk 2-3 ft. : fls. large, rosy mauve.
Gn. 25:438. Var. Fournidri, Ed. Andre. Fls. about 6-7
in. across; sepals revolute at tin- snmniif. p.uride-red;
petals rhomboid, of the same ooloi-. all |.al.r toward the
base; labellum white, with the niiil. II. • lol.,. colored like
the segments. Larger than var. nt rnrnlhus. R. H.
1896:548. Var. 41ba, Hort. Fls. pure white.

5. Amoldiina, Manda. Pseudobulbs 4-6 in. long, pyri-
form, deeply furcate, 2 Ivd.: lvs. 5-7 in. long, leathery,
lanceolate, thick and dark green: scape 1-4 ft. long,
3-Il-fld.: sepals oblong -lanceolate, pointed; petals
broader, ovate, all somewhat reflexed, rose-colored;
middle lobe of the labellum reflexed, deep rose-purple,
paler towards the center; throat with 2 yellow keels,
spotted purple; lateral lobes straight, pale rose or white.
A species closely related to L. autumnalis, from which
it differs in having bulbs growing erect and rigid lvs.
and in the absence of the fetid odor of L. autumnalis
(W. A. Manda). Mex. A.P. 5:303.-Var. FdrBtermannii,
Hort. Identical with the type, but has pure white fls.,
with a tinge of delicate pink on the ends of the seg-
ments (W. A. Manda).

6. Eyermanni^na, Reichb. f. Natural hybrid. Pseudo-
bulbs like those of L. grandiflora: lvs. oblong, acute,
very leathery, 6 in. long and 2 in. broad: racemes bear-
ing 3-4 fls. "up to 4 in. across (as large as those of L.
Gouldiana, but smaller than L. autumnalis), rose-pur-
ple (white suffused with bright rosy crimson); sepals
lance-oblong, acute; petals broadly oblong or almost
rotund, obtu.se; side lobes of the labellum oblong; mid-
dle lobe rounded, wavy, white bordered with rose and
having 3 yellow keels on the disk fading to whitish on
the blade, L. autumnalis x L. grandiflora, Reichb. L.
autumnalis x L. albida, Rolfe. G.C. III. 4:109.

7. Crawshayina, Reichb. f. Natural hybrid. Pseudo-
bulbs and lvs. as in L. albida: scape few-(2)-fld., long
as in L. anceps, but thinner and with shorter, narrower
sheaths: sepals and petals narrower than in L. anceps,
of a fine amethyst color; labellum open near the column ;
side lobes obtuse angled, antrorse, rich purple at the
tips; middle lobe cuneate, abruptly blunt, lower half
rich purple; throat yellow, veined with purple, 3-keeled.
According to Reichb., a hybrid between £. anceps (/) and
autumnalis('f) or albida and anceps. .J. H. III. 30:67 (as
L. anceps,vsiT. Crawshayana). The plant there figured
is probably the species in question, although, according
to the figure and the accompanying description, the se-
pals and petals are wider than those of L. anceps.

8. Gouldiilna, Reichb. f. Pseudobulbs ovate, 2-lvd.:
lvs. oblong-linear: scape slender, 1-2 ft. long, bearing
as many as 6 deep rose-purple fls. resembling those

870

LiELIA

of L. anceps : sepals lance - oblong, pointed ; petals
broader, orate, acute; middle lobe of the labellum large,
deeply colored, throat white and veined; side lobes
white. Dec. to Jan. Mex. G.C. III. 7:109.-A usefml
species, large plants often bearing 5-10 racemes. Per-
haps only a var. of L. autmnnalis.

9. inceps, Lindl. Fig. 1223. Pseudobulbs scattered
on the rhizome, ovate: Ivs. 5-9 in. long, oblong-lanceo-
late: scape from the top of the pseudobulbs, l>^-2 ft.
long, clothed with keeled scales and bearing 1-2 very
showy, purplish rose-colored fis. : sepals lanceolate-
acuminate; petals ovate-acuminate, all with a greenish
line on the back ; labellum inside of the lateral lobes yel-
low, with red marks; middle lobe oblong, acute, deep
purple, white on the disk, with a thickened yellow keel
terminating in 3 ridges. Mex. B.M. 3804. B.R. 21:1751.
G.C. II. 24: 405; 111.15:172. P.M. 4:73.-One of the
most beautiful Lcelias, possessing many fine varieties.
Var. Barkeri&na, Lindl. 8ppals and petals subequal;
middle lobe of the labellum rather narrow, acute. B.R.

2! 1947 FS U 1100 Gn 25 440 \ ar
D&WBOni, J Anders Scape 2-3 ft long
J-illd fls -n hite , interior of the label
lum marked with radiating purple lines,
with the usual j ellow ridge Juquila, Mex
Gn 25 446 G C III 1 424 S H 2, p
175 F M 1871 130 Vnr 41ba Reichb
f SepiK ind pftils ns m vir Prin^om
lis pun i\liiti witlitli. lisl fflirhppile
. Ill

libel

Pale

2". 44G

Williamsi,
■t good
I 1 i\hite,

tlU) a ( III 1 I Uhll.n
Hort feandfr '-■i i ils iml i I il |
form, narrowci tb m in ^ ir s'
large with the disk and throat \ 1 1
son purple G C III 1 349 i i i llnim

siana). Var. Leeina, Reichb. t. Ii~. , ni.ili.i than

in L. anceps ; petals very narn^w an. I il-i;. a. ute; side
lobes of the labellum blunt; middle lobe small, triangu-
lar, wavy, with a thick, well-developed keel; throat yel-
lowish, veined with reddish -purple. Var. Schroderi&na,
Reichb. f. Fls. unusually large; sepals, petals and mid-
dle lobe of the labellum pure white; side lobes and
throat streaked with broad lines of purplish crimson.
A strong grower. Gn. 44:928. G.M. 33:813. Var. San-
deri&na, Reichb. f. Fls. white ; disk of lip crimson.
G. C. III. 1 : 281 and 25: 136. Gn. 44: 928. G, M. ::7: SS.
Var. Veitchiana, Reichb. f. Sepals and petals wliit.-; .li-k
of the labellum yellow, veined with brown: latii:il l..l.ts
and anterior part of the middle lobe veined with laupli-.

L^LIA

Gn. 25:446 ( I>i7o7in. Var. SttUa, Reichb. f. Fls. pure
white; labellum with yellow throat, marked with light
crimson lines. G.C. III. 1:280 and 8:500. Var. Amesiana,
O'Brien. Sepals and petals broad, feather-veined with
mauve; labellum white; middle lobe crimson-purple.
G.C. III. 23:59. Var. Ashworthiina, J. O'Brien. Sepals
pure white, lance-oblong ; petals broadly OTato, also
white; front lobe of the lali.lluin In-na.l. tx]iaii(b-ii,
white, with a few blue dots and yol|,,\v ki i Is on tlie
throat; side lobes with liins ..1 slatv bine. i;.(;. III.
15:103. J. H. 111.28:125. Var. Waddoniensis. Fls. pure
white; side lobes of the lip marked with purple lines,
disk yellowish. G.C. III. 23: 125. G.M. 41:115. Var.
PeroivaH4na, Reichb. f. Fls. small, but freely pro-
duced ; sepals and petals white, tinged with bluish
pink ; lateral lobes of the labellum deep purple at the
tips and spotted ; throat yellow, with purplish crimson
lines ; middle lobe creamy yellow at the base; apex
purplish. an.2.-:44r,. Var. delicita, Hort. ex Williams.
Labellum x.liii. , nITu r,l with mauvo; throat orange-
yellow;-] ' .! ' ' ..! ro-o, nianvo ,ir lilac. Var.
rdsea, H.I' - - i\ l.avin.' I.n-'lit rosi-colored

tls.,witli II ;.,;,,; li.r lal.rllun, .larkor rose. Gn.

25:446. \ a.. araudiUora, \Villiam.s. A rr.l.ust form re-
sembling the type. G.C. III. 3:105. Var. holochlla,
Rolfe. Sepals and petals nearly alike, pale lilac; lip
petaloid, elliptical-lanceolate, light purple, yellow and
white at the base. G.F. 4:173. Var. Scottiina.Warn.
and Will. Sepals and petals mauve ; labellum deep
purple, with a yellow throat. Var. mor&da. This is a
name under which importations of large, highly colored
forms of L. anceps were sold by the Liverpool Hort.
Co., Eng., as var. grandiflora.

10. nibiscens, Lindl. (L. acuminata, Lindl. L. pe-
(luncul&ris, Lindl.). Pseudobulbs ovate to subrotund.

wi.U, uli.lula^o. lal.. lUini a., lony as lln Jala!, n,l.ldlo
lobe of the same form but more undulate and with a
stain of yellow on the disk, purplish red on the inner
surface. A slender, graceful plant with small, whitish,
lilac-tinted or rose-colored fls. B.M. 4905 and 4099.
B.R. 26:41; 27:24; 31:69. F.S. 1:9; 7:742. P.M.
10:49. — Flowers much smaller than L. anceps.
GKOrP II.
A. Pseuclohuns ovate, evUtently thick-
ened.
B. Lip with uhimt 7 nmlutate keels.. U. Jongheana
BB. Lip without nr with plane keels.. 2. grandiSlora
AA. Pseudobulbs o!,lf.,„,, ,„,.re ffem-like.

B. Fls. greoiish i/, //.or If), glauca

BB. Fls. briiihl !'•.}. ,r,<l ..,■ .(■;,;/. .

C. Labeiliim i.n„. ihsl>,,: Literal
lobes e„,n;,l,itr ,./■.,■ the eol-

umn 12. pumila

cc. Lateral lobes of the lip resting

on the middle lobe 13. Leeana

11. Jonghe&na, Reichb. f. Rhizome with remarkably
thick root-fibers: pseudobulbs ovate-oblong, 1-lvd. :
Ivs. broadly oblong, 3-5 in. long, very thick and dark
green: scape stout, shorter than the leaf, 1-2-tld.: fls.
4 in. in diameter, bright amethyst color; sepals linear-
lanceolate, acute; petals broadly oblong-obtuse; label-
lum convolute; lateral lobes very shallow; middle lobe
emarginatc, white and crisp, with about 7 golden yellow
undulate ridees in the throat. Braz. B.M.6038. R.H.
1873:290. G.C. 1872:425. -A dwarf species with remark-
able leathery Ivs. Said to equal L. grandiflora and
Cattleya Mossiie. Rare in cultivation.

12. pilmila, Reichb. f. {Cattleya piimila. Hook. C.
margin&ta, Paxt. Lalia priestans, Lindl. & Reichb. f.
iy. Z)nj/f>«rt, Reichb. f. L. Pinelii, Bort.). Pseudo-
bulbs small, stem-like, with one oblong to linear-oblong
leaf .5-6 in. long: peduncle shorter than the Ivs., each
bearing a single, large, drooping, ro.se-purple fl.: se-
pals oblong, acute; petals ovate-oblong, broader, undu-
late; labellum very involute; lateral lobes subquad-
rate, middle lobe sliort, emarginate, waved and crisped;

L^LIA

throat vellow, apex rich purple. A pretty dwarf species
from Braz. B. M. 3656 and 5498. P. .M. 10:205. P.M.
1877:2i9. B.R. 30:5. P. 1850:89 {Cilll, n^t s,„:-t„t,i]U\ .
G.C. II. 23:597.-Many variations ..f tliN |.hiiit l,;iv,-
been described as distinct species. :iltli.iui;li l.ot;iiii.:illy
but one species. Some of them are \vi-ll-)iiarki-d h..ni-
cultur.il varieties. Var. praestans, Veit.-li \ L. pnislans,
Linill. A: Reichb. f. i. A large-fld.. hiy:hly-colored va-
rietv, with the s.-pals and petals much broader than in
the 'type: labcUuin ricli purple very riirid and fleshy,

marginita, Hort. I :.- ' .'• ,.' ,1'isi, . FIs.

large; sepals and [.. , ' - ■ ii a

white border, crisp. I'' r 'i " ! '! '■ 1''3

(as Cattlei/a puiuihi . '.^ir. ..- < ■.■. I. m I' < l-:l!inii.

G.C. III. 22:262. A.G. 11:158. Var. Dayana, Dean
(£. Dayana, Reichb. f.). Sepals and petals rose-purple;
labellum with a deep purple margin. Earlier than the

)baseof the lip yellow. G.C. 111.21:11. J.H. 111.34:27
13. Leeina, Reichb. f. Hybrid: pseudobulbs cylindri-
cal, somewhat swollen, 1-lvd. : Ivs. cuneate-oblong, very
coriaceous : sepals and petals spreading, ligulate, acute,
somewhat undulate, rose color; lateral lobes of the la-
bellum semi-ovate, acute, the tips resting on the middle
lamella, white, tips purple; middle lobe broad, obcor-
date. Sept. "Natural hybrid of L. marginata and

?" Hansen. — An this plant has 4 pollinla, it is

probably nearer fattleya. It was imperfectly described
by Reichb. as a doubtful hybrid.

L-ELIA

871

GROUP m.

FIs. qreenish yellow.
B. Lnhellmn deeply fringed on
margin

3B. LabelUnn n,.t f,-i.n,..l.

D. i:n,U„t/>, ,:-l..l.>.l

DD. Ohsfh ti'hl ..:-h'!„ ,1

FU. all ,i,ll,.,r

the

....14. Digbyana

...Ao. glauca
....If,, virens
...17. xanthina

tahi

17. xanthina, Lindl. Lvs. oblong, .onger than the
fusiform pseudobulb: raceme 3-5-fld. : fls. 3 in. across,
ImtT yelluw except the lip, which is white in front
sTrt-;ikiil with crimson-purple; sepals and petals sub-
. i|ua!. c.i.li'iig-obtuse, undulate, leathery and convex;
lal.rlluiu nearly quadrate when spread out, without
rai,sed veius. Brazil. Int. 1858. B.M. 5144. F.S.
23:2418. -A second-rate species.

18. grdndis, Lindl. & Paxt. Pseudobulbs stem-like,
1-lvd., 1 ft. high: lvs. rigid, oblong-lanceolate: scape
erect, bearing 2-5 lis. 4 in. across: sepals and petals
lanceolate, the latter a little broader, slightly curled or
twisted; labellum white; front lobe large, bell-shaped,
crenate-toothed, veined with purple. Spring. Brazil.
B.M. 5553. F.S. 7, p. 238 and 23:2473. -A curious s'pecies
with the sepals and petals colored tawny yellow, con-
trasting strongly with the whitish purple-veined lip.
Var. tenebrdsa, God. Lebeuf. Sepals and petals citron-
yellow, less undulate; labellum trumpet-shaped, purple,
with a broad border of white with many purple veins.
G.C. III. 14:221. G.M. .36:531.

19. 8up6rbiens, Lindl. Pseudobulbs 1 ft. or more in
length, oblong, with one or two coriaceous oblong lvs.
equaliui; the ps,_.u<l"bullis in IrriL;tli: scnpe drooping,

tis. each
equal,

lie lobe

below; labellum as lung as tli,- ~. -.n. in- ;
broad obcordate, waved and cri-|i; .li-k with -.vi-ral
prominent toothed crests, yellow, 'I'' p rrniisnii-]iiuple
on the margins ; side lobes yell. i\v wiih i.nipir iiKu-ius
and stripes. Guatemala. B.M. UMin. F.S.ll :llnS-79.
P.M. 11:97. R.H. 1886:324. — A very large plant.

20. Boothiina, Reichb. f. (£. 2o6n«a, Veiteh. Cattleya
lolififa, Lindl.). A strong-growing plant: pseudobulbs
olavate, furrowed, 1-lvd. : lvs. lanceolate-oblong, about
as long as the scape: scajie S-Iil in. Inm,'. from the
axil of the leaf, 2-5-fld.: Hs. abciii :. in. an mss. uniformly
violet-purple with rich crims.m v.ins .in th,- lip; sepals
lanceolate, witlir.-fl.-xe.l nu>vi:\n~: p.taN I, n.a.l. oblong,

!!!'v'';' :'■''!;;';:, .Vp, ,v''',M'a',,r,.M.|''.i,'''!\iu'h'i'ikr /..

ved

iful and distinct species.
a crispa, Lindl.). Pseu-

II. Fl!<. innfoniiJii parph' 20. Boothiana

DD. Fls. ,rl,,t. ,l„.l puri.h'.

E. L,'p nr,,l,'-,i.-i,„iiiiat,' ...21. crispa

EE. Liji r:-iiin:lr,i 22. purpurata

cc. Sepals and labellum plane,

or nearly so 23. Perrinii

14. Digby&na, Benth. (Brassdvola Digby&na, Lindl.).
Pseudobulbs elongate, stem-like, 1-lvd. : Ivs. elliptical,
thick, fleshy, plane, slightly keeled : peduncle with a
solitary, very large, fragrant flower .3-5 in. across : sepals
and petals similar, oblong, spreading, p.ale purplish
un-rji: pi-tnls sliij-lltlv tirnadcr: lal.i-lluni very large-cor-
il.ii-, .•Ii1ir-P. ~i)rr>.iiiMlllij rli liiiiMi. 'A li iie or cream-

X-. !• :, ■^. ..•,., • ■ • i ■ . ,, . , .Vug. Hon-

,l,,i ,., l;.M, icp l;,i;, ,;j..v;. r.-. :;:j:;7. G.C. III.
l,S:l,-i3.-A slow-growing orchid.

15. glaiica, Benth. (BTOSS(lfo;« sriaiica, Lindl.). Stem
short, creeping: pseudobulbs short, oblong, stem-like,
compressed and sheathed with .scales, bearing a single

ally sTn" 1 ■ . ■ ■ > ^ ■ ' iim iIm' I, af, fragrant;

sepals an! I ., ■ J ■ 1^ lam .ohite, obtuse,

greenish \.;."-'. : mi..,,:;i.| w.r,., ;i -Ihii-i .-law surround-
ing the L-olunm, lin-n .xpan.ljni; inio a large 3-lobed
limb, yellowish white, streaked with red in the throat.
Mex. andGuat. B.M. 4033. B.R. 20:44. G.C. III. 7:357.

16. virens, Lindl. Plants about G in. high: fls. 1 in.
across; se]ials snberect. ovate; petals lauceolate. sub-
equal; hibfllnni ohsoh-relv 3-lobed, cucullate: a]iex ovate,
crisp, with ..hs,M,n. rai-ed lines toward the base. The

irge.

ft. long, uhlou.; lauciol.ui, emarginate: scape with 5-6
large, handsome, fragrant fls. : sepals linear-oblanceo-
late or spatulate, acute, margins revolute; petals much
broader, with the margins beautifully waved and crisped;
labellum standing forward, recurved at the apex; side
lobes rounded, white, yellow at base, streaked with red;
middle lobe long, ovate-acuminate, deep purple inside,
veined, all remarkably waved and crisped. Summer.
On lofty trees, fully exposed. Brazil. B.M. 3910. B.R.
14:1172. Gn. 48, p. 504. J.H. III. 33:197. P.M. 5:5.-
Afine white-fld. species resembling a Cattleya in habit.
Var. Cauwelaertiae, L. Linden. Sepals and petals tinged
with greenish yellow; base of labellum yellow. I.H.
38:121.

22. purpurata, Lindl. & Paxt. Pig. 1224. Pseudobulbs
long-elliptical, 6-8 in. high : lvs. solitary, oblong,
leathery, dark green, 1 ft. or more in length : scape
erect, 3-7-fld. : fls. very large, 6-8 in. across; sepals linear-
oblong, spreading, white, suffused with light rose ; petals
much broader, ovate, undulate crisp, base attenuate,
colored like the sepals; labellum very large, bell-shaped;
middle lobe rounded, undulate-crisp, rich purple with
darker veins, throat yellow. A robust plant, whose
large fls., borne on strong, erect stalks, make it one of
the grandest Lselias in cultivation. Spring. Brazil.
I.H.I, p. 54, and 3:83. F.S. 11 :1138-39. Gn. 54, p. 17 and
56, p. 40 I var. :Mrs. :\basures). G. C. II. 14: 45 and
20:. ■>::::. A. F. o : 22::. - \'ar. atropurptirea, Williams.
SepaK anil ii.taN .Ir.p ro<,.; labellum large, expanded,

Brazil. vTir. Ashworthi^na, J. Anders. Pet.als wider
than in the tvpr. 2 in. wide, purplish rose, with darker
stripes. A hiirhlv colored form. G. C. III. 20: 39. Var.
Nfellsii, Hort., Verschaff. Sepals and petals subsessile,

872

L^LIA

the former rose-colored outside; midlobe of the labellum
ovate, acute. Much like the type in color. I.H. 1.5:5t)9.
Var. Eusselliina, Williams [L. Iiusselli(XHa,Hon.). Fls.
lar^e ; sepals somewhat narrow, white, suffused with
hlac petals broader deeper lilac labellum lar„e rose
lilac thri at N elh » ni u ked w ith rose Autumn \ ar
Schroeden Rtichb f Sep ils and petals white labellum
white with a tinge of r jse in the center tube pale yel
I in with hne dark purple line I H 38 H9 Var
Mandaiina Hort Pseudobulbs thinner and

12J4. Laelia purpurata (X Vs).

than in the tvpe : fls. as large as those of the type, pure
white, with a" faint tinge of pink on the labellum. Var.
praetfixta, Reichb. f. No description of this plant is
available.

23. t6mmi,Uniil. {Cdttteiia P4rrinii, Lindl.). Pseu-
dobulbs elongate : Ivs. solitary, oblong, coriaceous,
8 in. long, equaling the stem: fls. showy, 2-3 on a
short stalk; sepals oblong-linear, obtuse; petals a lit-
tle broader, all rose-purple, darker at the tips; middle
lobe of labellum cucullate, expanded, oblong, obtuse,
undulate, with an inflated flstular cavity at the base,
destitute of ridges, color deep crimson; lateral lobes
erect, acute, pale. Oct.-Dec. Brazil. B.M. 3711. B.R.
24:2. P.M. 13:5. G.M. 37:717. A.F. 13:1196.-Pls.
rather pale. Var. 41ba, O'Brien. Fls. white, with the
labellum tinged with yellow. There are several pale
varieties of this plant.

OROUP IV.

A. Zrvs. soWarxj.

B. Scape 1-flcl 24. monophylla

BB. Seape several-fid 2.5. harpophylla

AA. Lvs. usually 2 26. cinnabarina

24. monophylla, N. E. Brown. Rhizome a matted mass
sending up tufts of leaf- and flower-stems: flowering
stems 6-10 in. long, as thick as a crow-quill, rigid and
erect, bearing a single linear-oblong, obtuse leaf 2-3 in.
long, and several sheathing bracts: fls. 1-2 in. across.

LiELIA

vivid orange-scarlet; sepals and petals similar, spread-
ing, oblong, subacute; labellum very small, lateral lobes
embracing the column, terminal minute papillose on the
disk. Mts. of Jamaica, growing on trees at elevations
ot J OOO-o 000 ft B M 0083

2d harpoph^Ua Reichb f Hybrid much like L cm
nihanna Pseudobulbs blender about 10 in long each
bearing a single lance linear leaf raceme ihort sub
erect bearing o-lO biiUiant scarlet orange fls sepals
ind p til ohion., hincpo! ite acute middle lobe linear
,1 t n 1 «itl «1 It] 1 , t A I iMiriant free

II I \1 I I I I n 24 400

11 I ) i cnm,

Liuuajaiiua i i ii 1 M ill 1 u„ ite cjlin

dii il but bi il t it til 1 1 h all 1 with scales

bearing 1-2 linear oblong refleied acute coriaceous

Ivs raceme terminal eiect lo-20 m long with 4-5

medium sized reddish orange fls sepals and petals

linear oblong obtuse spreading labellum convolute

reflexed lateral lobes acute middle lobe larfee o^al

crisp Brazil B M 4M2 P M 7 IIH -A summer

fl \\ riii„ 1 (1 whose peculiar color and graceful habit

ill 111 iiii nt il \ 11 cnspilabia % eitch

\ I 1 h r r i, , /»< H rt ) Fls

1 I Hum I ik 1 hii h lip Hiul un

1 11 111 I 11^ I c uiiu - 11 \prett>

margin ot the apical spreadiu 1 il ite 1

1 i I I II II BRINC

LiBlias may be divided ii t il i Inn il gmups

(1) those which have cla\ it j i ii 1 lull and which
bear a nearer affinity to Cattleya than the others (2)
those with long rounded slender stems and (3) those
with pseudobulbs more or less pjriform m shape

Those of the first group should be placed amongst the
warmer-growing Cattleyas. Examples are L. purpurata ,
L. grandis, L. Digbijana, L. glauca and L. Bnolhinna.
Those of the second, or slender-bulbed group, succeed in
a much cooler and shadier spot, and need more moisture,
both in the atmosphere and at the roots. Examples are
L. pumila, L. harpophylla and L. monophylUi. Of the
group with pear-shaped bulbs, i. anceps, with its nu-
merous varieties, is perhaps the best known.

Others are Jj. autumnalis, L, majalis and L. albida.
To these may be added such species as L. cinnabarina,
L. flava, and some few others of similar habit. These
require at all times a sunny, airy position, with abun-
dance of overhead watering during their period of
growth, and after flowering a severe resting period, the
one great object being to keep them inactive for as
long time as possible. L. autumnalis and L. majalis
require somewhat different treatment, since they flower
from an incompleted bulb, and should, therefore, re-
ceive attention until the bulbs are solid, when the drier
condition must be observed.

The best method for cultivation of specimens of the
first group is to pot them in the ordinary flowerpot,
but for very large specimens a basket is preferred as a
more ready means of carrying off the water and afford-
ing better and sweeter conditions for the roots. The
potting material should be composed of about two-thirds
good peat or fern root and the remainder fresh sphag-
num moss. The cultivator should use good judgment
as to when to water the plants. No hard and fast rules
can be laid down in regard to this. More can be accom-
plished by watchfulness than ever can be written.

The slender-bulbed species require about equal parts
of peat and moss. Such species as L. pumila do best
in rather small pans and may be suspended from the
roof. All these thin-bulbed species enjoy shade rather
than direct sunlight. More moisture is essential both
atmospherically and at the roots, and at no season should

L^LIOCATTLEYA

873

it be withheld for very long periods. Watch carefully
for any sYniptom of sufferinL,' from hu-k of wati-r.

The ,-\|.XhMM [.:•■]:.•- .Im 1.^ .1 «lll, ;, -Mmll. r ^|i|:nitilv
of moss :r .•;.•. .^. : :,■;.',.•• 1.,,^-

ketsor ^ r ' 1 ■ .

shine, an.l - liu ii.-\ !• unrimj iip i 'in. ■•: ,,. ' : , . _;i-. ,« ih

plied to theiu after the suu Ijesius t.. |m^,- ii^ |.,i«,.r. At
this time it comes as a welcome, rrlr.sliini; li:itli. A
good syringing in tlie early morniiiic i^ i.etdc.l tu ljrl|.
the plant through the day. With such trt-iitnieut plenty
of strong flowers must result. L. ciiiiiabariiia, L. flam
and allied kinds enjoy the above treatment equally well.
Many beautiful hybrids have been raised in gardens,
and the needs of each from a cultural view will be best
obtained by notim,' to w!
long, and giving tlie tim

A really good sri, .ij.iii ,,i' l„iliLis for the adornment
of the orchid li.iu-^' i~ lirr,\\iil, apjiended: L. iinceps
and its v;ui.ti.-., .'" -. /' ■ . • -. :, ir:^!:^u,.i. s<,.,1fH^

Ioriatef..r,„k.i"«i. • // . ': •. / -/..-/.,. ,-W«m-

nalis, eiiiH.ih.ir.u ■ . n ,.,, pnisLinn,

Dormaniii 11,1 . .jf i . i, m limsn,

monophl/U'l . h'l rp'/'h '/'!•; , /'.,/■'-'/, r'ir/>'n-i!/", .,<itper-

biens, xanthiiia. In some species almost endless variety
occurs, notably so with L. purpiirata, Perrinii and
albida, and pure white varieties are known in many of
the rarer species. Henkt T. Clikkaeerrt.

LaiLIOCATTLfiYA. A name proposed by R. A. Rolfe
to designate the bigeneric hybrids of LEelia and of
Cattleya, which readily hybridize. The species of the
two genera have 8 and 4 pollen masses respectively,
while the hybrids are irregular in this respect. Many
of the plants are natural hybrids, and many others
have been produced by artificial crossing. For a list of
Lasliocattleyas, see Rolfe in G. C. III. 6:78, 155. In
the following account L=La9lia ; IjC=Laeliocattleya ;
C=CattIeya.

H. T. Clinkaberry writes that the cultivation of Lselio-
cattleyas is the same as for Laelia and Cattleya. It is
therefore important to know the parentage in each case,
from which one may know whether warm or coolhouse
treatment is needed. He adds that many Lseliocattleyas
are of such a vigorous constitution that they are nearly
always in growth.

INDEX.

alba, 13. Dormauiana, 16. prasiata. 1.

amanda, 2. Duvaliana, 10, radiata, 9,

Andreana, 7, elegans, 1. Sallieri, 8.

Brysiana, 1, eximia inversa, 11. SchiUeriana, 13,

callistoglossa, 5. Esoniensis, 17. Stelzneriano- H ar-

Corbeillensis, 3. intermedio-flava, 15. dyana, 4,

Dominiana, 6, Nylephtha, 1. Turneri, 1.

Dominyana, 6. Martinet!, 12, velutino-eleeans, 14.

A. Fh. light or bright

rose 1. elegans

2. amanda

a. CorbeillenslB

4. Stelzneriano-Eardyana

5. callistoglossa
AA. Fh. rose-purple,

mauve, violet, etc. . 6. Bominiana

7. Andreana

8. Sallieri

9. radiata
10. Duvaliana

U. eximia inversa
12. Martineti
AAA. Fls. white or whitish,

or yellow '3. SchiUeriana

14. velutino- elegans

15. intermedio-Slava
AAAA. Fls. oliir-brnwn 1(1. Dormaniana

AAAAA. Fls. tinted light blue. 11. Exoniensis

1. 6IeganB, Rolfe {Lmlia ilegans, Reichb. f. Cattleya
ilegans, Morren). Pseudobulbs terete, stem-like, 15-20
in. high: Ivs. solitary, linear-oblong, coriaceous, 10-12

'■ri^l'. .iitirely a very deep purple, without raised lines
..]■ r:ii|,,-itie.s". May-Sept. Brazil. B. M. 4700. I.H.
l:l:;i 1,1^ L. Brysiana}; 11:402.— A showy, tall-grow-

Var. Nylfeptha, O'Brien. Fls. large; sepals tinted with
yellow and rose, lightly spotted with purple toward the
tips; petals broader, more suffused with purple; lip
bright purple in front, paler at the side lobes. G.C. III.
3:176.

Var. Tumeri.Warn. Fls. large, richly colored; sepals
and petals bright amethyst-purple, with deeper veins ;
lip with a large purple blotch on the middle lobe ; side
lobes white, tipped with rose. Gn. 47, p. 319; 49:1067
and p. 385. — One of the finest of the genus.

Var. prasiikta, Reichb. f . Sepals and petals rose, tinged
with green : labellum white at the base and side lobes,
midillo lobe crimson-purple.— Var. superbum is adver-

2. amAnda, Rolfe (ImUu amanda, Reichb. f.). Natu-
ral hybrid between C internie'lia and ]»erhaps Ijcelia
crispa. Pseudobulbs thin, fu-if rm. .',7 m. long, 1-2-
Ivd.: Ivs. shorter than the ps' II 1 i i ite-oblong,
acute: fls. in pairs, from a sum I > .he: sepals
oblong-ligulate, acute, light i-, -.. v:i;i • Linyisb hue
outside, wavy; petals similar l.ui l.ioinl, i. «itli darker
tinted nerves on the inside; lateral lolies ol llie itilirllum
enveloping the column, rich dark purple; middle lobe
transversely oblong, short, emarginate, wavy, sepaitited
from the others by an exceedingly short isthmus, veined
with rich purple. Brazil. I.H. 38:135.

3. CorbeilMnsis, Maron. Garden hybrid of C. Lod-
digesii and L. pumila, var. niarginata. Pseudobulbs
5-6 in. long, fusiform: Ivs. about 6 in. long: fl.- stalk
2-3 in. long, bearing 1-2 showy fls. about 5 in. across:
sepals and petals bright rose, the latter veined with
deeper purple lines; throat of the labellum veined with
yellow on a white ground ; blade intense purple, bilobed
and undulate.

4. Steizneriino- Hardy 4na, Maron. A garden hy-
brid of Lc. elegans, var. Stelzneriana and Cattleya
Hardyana. Plants vigorous: pseudobulbs 7-8 in. long:
Ivs. 10 in. long by 2!4 in. wide: sepals pale clear rose,
deeper on the edges; petals undulate, rose on the mar-
gins, fading almost to white at the center; labellum
purple-magenta, undulate lacerate on the margin, with
a broad purple line in the center of the blade and 2 large
white spots in the throat.

5. callistogWssa, Rolfe (LXelia caZh'stojMssa, Reichb.
f. ). Garden hybrid of L. purpurata and Cattleya labi-
n(rt,var. Wan^ritriaii . P«eudobulbs as in L. purpurata:
Ivs. 12 in. loji;r: jietals bro.ad, oblong, acute; sepals nar-
rower, all yiiire rose; iiiiilille lobe of the labellum broad,
retuse.d.ark piiriile, witli yellow on the disk; side lobes
small obtuse-augled,

6. Dominiina, Rolfe (Lhlia Dominy&na,Uei<th.h.i.).
Garilen hybrid. Plants having the general habit of
Cattleya Mossim: pseudobulbs fusiform, rather short,
1-lvd, : Ivs. linear-oblong: raceme bearing few large,
handsome fls.: sepals narrowly oblong, acute, light
purple, with dark reticulations; petals broadly cuneate-
oblong, wavy, light purple ; labellum cueuUate, with
the middle lobe large, spreading, all wavv and crisp,
deep blackish purple. F. M. 1878:. 'e.'. Rai^Ml for
Veitch by Mr. Dominy from a cross bei\v..ii i',:ii/,,ia
Dowiana and some Laelia,— accordiii:i to l.'ei.hi-Ti-
bach, Lrelia (Lwliocattleya) elegans. iMr, K'.A. Kolfe
suggests the more probable parentage of CnlHnja
Boiriana and Lwlia lobata. The first plant flowered in
August, 1878.

7. Andreina, Maron. A garden hybrid between C.
bu-olor and Lieliocattleya elegans. Pseudobulbs 8-12
in. long, stem-like : Ivs. oblong, 6 in. long : fls. 0-7 in.
across, rose-violet ; sepals and petals spreading, nar-
rowly oblong, with the margins recurved, those of the

Sti L^LIOCATTLEYA

petals undulate; labellum contracted in the middle,
witli a subquadrate toothed and undulate middle lobe,
Tiolet-purple. R.H. 1896:328.

8. Salli^ri, Maron. Garden hybrid between Lc^Iia
ptirpurata, var. WiUiamsi, and Loddigesii. Pseudo-
bulbs 1-2 -Ivd., about 10 in. high : Ivs. 8 in. long, 3 in.
wide: fls. several on a stalk, which is shorter than the
Ivs., 5-6 in. across; sepals and petals mauve, with
deeper line.s ; labellum tubular, colored like the seg-
ments, and expanding into a carmine blade, pale at the
tip.

9. radi&ta, Maron. Garden hybrid of Lmlia purpur-
ata and C. nobilior. Pseudobulbs almost round, bearing
1-2 coriaceous Irs. 7 in. long by 2)4 in. wide: fl.-stalks
about 7-8 in. long, bearing several large, showy, violet-
red fls. ; labellum deep red, with purple veins and a
whitish throat.

10. Duvaliina, Hort. Hybrid between L. pxirpurata
and C. Lnddemaniana. Sepals and petals half-spread-
ing, light mauve; labellum broad, dark maroon-crim
son on the lobes and in the throat, which is traversed
by darker lines.— According to Arnold & Co., handsome
flower of striking appearance.

11. exlmia invirsa, Hort. Hybrid between L. pmpu
rata and C. Wariieri, the inverse cross of Lc. eximia
Sepals and petals deep rose-purple; labellum bright
magenta-crimson. — Said by Arnold & Co. to be one of
the finest hybrids yet raised between these genera re
sembling O. U'urneri.

12. Martinfiti, Maron. Garden hybrid between Co«?i)/a
3Iossia and Lirlia grandis, var. tenebrosa. Fls. resenib
ling those of the Cattleya lahiata group ; sepals and
petals rose-violet; labellum red to mauve, pale at the
margins, and netted with numerous deep red veins.

13. Schilleriana, Rolfe {Lmlia Schilleri&na, Reichb
f.). Lvs. 8 in. long : fl. -stems 20 in. long: sepals and
petals white, elongate-lanceolate; labellum veined with
ptirple on the throat; disk purplish yellow, middle lobe
spotted crimson-purple. A natural hybrid between C
intermedia and Zc. elegans. Brazil. Var. Alba, Hort
Petals and sepals pure white; middle lobe of the label
lum rich carmine-magenta, presenting an agreeable
contrast. June, July. I.E. 31:52fi. Gn. 17:218.

14. veltitino-^legans, J. O'Brien. Garden hybrid of
C.vetnthiii ;iiiil Lr. r/ri/oiis. Resembles in habit a stout
form of Cnlll.ifii nliifiiui: fls. fragrant, 3-4 on an up-
right stem : si-pals iind petals creamy white, tinged with
nankeen-yellow and veined with rose; labellum bluish
white at base, side lobes folded over the column; mid-
dle lobe broad, toothed and crisp on the margin, rich
crimson-purple, veined with white and having an orange
blotch at the base.

15. interm^dio-flava, Maron. Garden hybrid of C.
intermedia and £. flava. Of medium habit: sepals and
petals clear yellow; labellum with a bright rose-purple
blotch in front.

16. Dormani&na, Rolfe {Lalia Dormanidna, Reichb.
f.). Natural hybrid of C. (/»co/or and i. pHHii^a. Pseu-
dobulbs terete, thin, slender, about 1 ft. long, 1-2-lvd. :
lvs. oblong-ligulate, acute: peduncle 2-5-fld. : petals and
sepals narrow oblong-ligulate, olive-brown, marbled
outside with wine-red spots; labellum light purplish
white, with darker veins: middle lobe transversely ob-
cordate, mauve-purple. Brazil.

17 Exonifinsis; Rolfe {Cattleya ExorMnsis, Reichb.
f.). Garden hybrid probably between C. labiata and
L. crispa. Sepals ligulate acuminate ; petals oblong-
cuneate, plicate, all tinted light blue; labellum undu-
late, crisp, deep orange at base with whitish side lobes;
middle lobe rich purple, with darker veins.

L. Acldndice (L. purpurata and C. Aclandia), is also adver-
*'^'^- H. Hasselbring.

LAGEN Aria (Latin, tagena.a. bottle). Ci<curbitdce(s.
GonRD. Calabash. L. vulgilris, Ser.. is the only spe-
cies, now grown or spontaneous in all warm countries,

originally from tivijiir;!! ,\iri.;( :umI a-m. It is exceed-
inglyvariableiii ii^ tnjii, ' -. .i in.uiv -pecies-

names as L. min-n, .,, r : . \: \l l- <.!; I..' ri.n-ntn ;
L.pyrotheca, R.H..':'.. ]., I'.'s; /., -.;'."". x.whit.-tniited.

LAGERSTRCEMIA

G. C. III. 11:8.-); var. longissima, Gt. 48:159). The
smooth, hard shells of the fruits are used for drinking
cups, water jugs, and many domestic utensils. From the
pear-shaped shell of a small-fruited form the Paraguay-
ans drink their famous mat^, or Ilex tea. Thecoinnii
forms are shown in the engraving ( Fig. 1225). The
curved forui^ ;ir.- cift.n call.-.l snaki- i-'.nir.ls in

I. - I ill niler annual, which should receive the

lull, ! Ins. The season in the northern states

iiihl wi,:n,,, ,,;i,,i too short for the full maturity of
the iriii;... p:aiirnlurly if seeds have been brought from
the South. Uive a quick warm soil and sunny exposure.
In the North, seeds may be started inside in pots, or on
inverted sods, after the manner of cucumbers. The
Lagenarias are rampant growers, often running 30-40
feet, and covering the ground or a fence with a dense
mass of large roundish soft leaves The plant has a
musky odor and a sticky feeling

PI lilt 111 11 1 us fls solitar\ white funnelforni very
r I I I I Mtliermg in the sun stammate fls on
\ I 1 tilks (usualh exceeding the leif)

] 1 1 I \ liort stalked with 3 2 lobed stigmas

1 I II Irils forked Inntr and slender stem

til I 1 I 1 u I I 1 tf pibescent

cordate \ t 11. led the

1225 Various forms of gourds Lagenana vulgaris

edges obscurely apiculate-sinuate, on prominent or long
petioles. To this species belong the gourds known in
this country as Hercules' Club, Sugar Trough, Dip-
per, Snake, Calabash, Bottle, Miniature Bottle, De-
pressa. In some countries, the young fruit is eaten as
we eat summer squash. Monogr. by Cogniaus, DC.
Monogr. Phaner. 3:417. l H. B.

LAGERSTRffiMIA (Magnus N. Lagerstroem, 1690-
17.'.;i. a Sw.ile anil friend of Linna?us). Mythricea. The
Cr:i]»- Mvrile, J.'K/rr.itrcemia Indica, is to the South what
the lilae and snowball are to the North-an inhabitant
of nearly every home yard. It is a strong-growing shrub,
reaching a height of iO-25 ft., deciduous-leaved, produc-
ing an abundance of soft-fringed flowers in spring and
sunimiT. Tlie in.niial fi.nn has pink flowers, but varie-

tir~ lAhl, lilii^li, « ■ iiihl imrple lis. are m.t uncommon.

II I I .m: I :. II . I I'.iiltiniiire. I,i,i nortli iif tliat

s]"iii • 1 ■ iii!i~ and trees. The lvs. kit ..i,|,nMte nr

a\il || I I iiiina! panicles, the piiIltIs luarieil;

eal i I ; m, l-shai.ed tube and U-'J lobes; petals

111" 'i r 1 1 ;ML^eiI. with a long, slender claw

III- I- I I .. long, some of them upward-

1111 . : . with a long, bent style and

caiuiaii iijiiii: ii. a aii^ulu; Seeds wlngcd at the top.
Indica, Liuu. Crape Myrtle. Fig. 1226. Glabrous
brown-barked shrub, with rather small (2 in. long) ellip-
tic or oblong sessile mostly acute lvs. : panicle

sometimes minutely pubescent: calyx not ribbed, gla-
brous or nearly so. Widely cult, in India, but probably
native to China. B.M. 405. R.H. 1857, p. 627; 1874:130.
Gng. 1:151; 5:281. A.F. 9:85. G.M. 36:449. -Common
everywhere in the South, particularly in the pink, blush

LAGEESTRCEMIA

and white forms. It can be prop, readily by cuttings of
the ripe wood. In the N., the plants may be lifted in
the fall and kept in a cellar. In spring they may be
planted out, or flowered under glass. The Crape Myrtle

blooms continuously for 2 or 3 months, beginning in
June in the Gulf states. The bark is smooth, as if
polished. Several named vars.

Flos-Beglnae, Retz. Tree. 50-60 ft., with elliptic or
long-lanceolate obtuse Ivs. 4-8 in. long: panicle large:
fls. 2-3 in. across, varying from rose to purple from
morning to evening, the calyx grooved, the petals erose-
wavy: capsule 1 in. or more long. India. G.C. III.
15:77. — A noble plant in tropical India; also int. in S.
Calif. In the Old World sometimes grown under glass.
L. H. B.

LAGUNABIA (named for its resemblance to Lagunsea,
which is now considered a section of Hiliiscus and com-
memorates a Spanish botanist, Andres de Laguna, 1494
or H!i!Hr.i;n. physician to Pope Julius III.). Malvdcea:.

( iiM- -1 ii ~. ;iii Australian tree cult, outdoors in S. Calif.

aii'l inii - 111 Europe. It has large, pale rose fls. like

ililii-rii>, :;' _ in. aero5s,with 5 spreading lobes, a column
ot" sT;iiiH_iis uit'l a 5-lobed shield-shaped stigma. It dif-
fers from Hibiscus in having no bractlets or only 3,
while Hibiscus usually has 5 or more. Lvs. entire,
scurf y-tomentose : fls. axillary; calyx 5-toothed: ovary
5-celled.

Patersonii, c. Ii-n. aImhu ij it lii-1', -pi.ttc.l l.rown

on truuli :in.l l.r.u . ,. - ^ ■ • , i' :: m. lung,

dark gri-i-]i ;il..n I , ■. ::■■'■ - ; . .1 iini'l.- P.. in.

outside. B..M.

LAG'&RITS (Greek, logos, a hare; onra, a tail). Gra-
minew. H.4RE's-tail Grass. Contains a single species,
native of the Mediterranean region, and cultivated for
ornament, the small white heads being used for dry bou-
quets. Spikelets 1-fld., aggregated in a close panicle,
forming an ovoid head; scarious empty glumes persis-
tent and clothed with tine woolly hairs. Flowering glume
with a dorsal awn. A hardy annual. Seeds sown in fall
and plants set out in spring.

ovitus, Linn. Culms about 1 ft. high, in bunches : lvs.
and sheaths downy. R.H. 1890, p.488. V. 3: 217 and 247.
A. S. Hitchcock.

LAMAKCKIA (J. B. Lamarck,1744-1829, distinguished
French naturalist, and author of the Lamarckian phi-
losophy of organic evolution). Gi-iniinf:i. ('i.litiiiiis a
single species, native from Medit. 11:1111:111 i-.-i.in i.i
Afghanistan, and introduced in Ciilil.ii mki. An "111:1
mental annual grass, often cultivjii.d imih r ili" ii:tiin' ut'

,'ed

iu the

the spring, ur better in thf fall and [.hiui
spring.

ailrea, Moench. Culms 6-12 in. high. R.H. 1890, p. 546.
A. S. Hitchcock.

LAMBKILL. Kalmia a»gustifoUa.

LANDRETH

875

cave, and the lower one 3-lobed: stamens 4, in 2 pairs,
ascending under the upper lip: fls. in axillary or termi-
nal whorls, often rather showy: lvs. opposite, mostly
crenate-dentate and petiolate; calyx awl-toothed. Not
to be confounded with Xi-inta.

Lamiums are diftu-e iii.i-ily iiiili.srcnt or hairy herbs,
commonly decumbent ;it tlic i.:i~.- iiiid often almost trail-
ing. Thev are of tin- ■ ii^ii ~i .nlnirc in any open soil.
Useful for ro,-kw..ik. Tli.' ruli. kin.l-i an- perennial,
and are commciiily iin.]i:i-:iiril li> (li\isi"M.

maculMum, Linn. ( /.. iili,n,i, mnl /.. /lufin'n-.inn, Hort.,
not Linn. L. ru n. ^ii'i/mu , Hnrt.l. Srr;i;^i,Ming or half-
trailing herb, the tips ascending, slightly hairy: lvs.
long-petioled (except the uppermost), cordate-ovate,
blunt, round-toothed: fls. 1 in. long, ascending in the
clusters, the upper lip strongly arched or hooded, the
tube 2-3 times longer tliaii tlif calyx, hairy within. Eu.
— Flowers usually purpli- red. tint v.nnetinies varying to
white (when it is known :i. /.. ,,11. ,,,11. tuit the L.'album
of botanists is a ditl'in nt plmit. having poiuted and
sharp^oothedlv.s.). The lvs. ar.-uMmlly whitish blotched
along the midrib (var. varie;i<ili(iii ), and in this form
it is common about old gardens, trailing in the waste
places. The plant is also run wild. L. purpureum of
the botanists is annual.

erioc^phalum, Benth. Stem much branched, glabrous :
lower lvs. long-stalked, puberulent, small, orbicular,
somewhat incise-crenate : floral lvs. larger, deeply
toothed, sessile or nearly so: calyx villous; corolla 3-4
times longer than the calyx, straight, purple. Taurus.—
Said by some to be annual.

Gale61)dolon, Crantz, of Europe, with yellow fls. and
sometimes with yellowish foliage, is cult, in the Old
World, but it has not appeared in the Amer. trade.

L. H. B.

LAMPEOCOCCUS. See ^chmea.

LANDRETH, DAVID, founder of the oldest seed-
house in America, was born in 17.')2 at Haggerston, North-
umberland county, England. He came to America late
in the eighteenth century, making Philadclpliia his home,
and establishing there, in 1784, a nursery ini.l -.■..1 luisi-
ness. Its location, on what was then kimwn :,~ IliL^h
street, is now covered by the building i.'ln uml rJ12
Market street. The raising of trees ami pi-mIu,!imii uf
seeds were conducted on land ivir l-^ , i^ nn nhuly on a
tract at Twelfth and Filbert stiii 1- II i i-i:ility prov-
ing too contracted for the pui]- 1 1 1 \ and seed
grounds were removed in 17>'i 1 then con-
sidered far out of town, the pliM ' . h'-i 11 I'l ing not far
distant from the site of the pn-s< nt arsenal.

The subject of the present sketch, the yaimger David
Landreth '( Plate X ) , was born in Philadelphia in 1802.
When of suitable age he entered actively into his father's
business, which had considerably extended in Philadel-
phia, while a branch house had been opened in Charles-
ton, S. C. The young man's early duty was that of
manager of this Charleston branch. Of the Charleston
business, it will sufftce here to say that it continued till
till- .ra of the civil war, when it came to a sudden end
ii\ 111. :nt of the Confederate States District Court.which
r>niiUr:ii, a the real estate and merchandise alike, on

The younger David Landreth, in 1828, succeeded his
father "as proprietor of the well-estaldished and thriv-
ing business in Philadelphia, a business which was to
. remain highly prosperous for half a century afterwards
under his fostering care. His tiinc, h.iwiv.r. was not
wholly occupied with the detaJN m1' Imsini ss. but was
turned at an early age towar.N tin- lit.nnture of hus-
bandry and to enterprises of imblic iuttrest. Among
the latter may be mentioned the Philadelphia Horticul-
tural Society, of which, in 1827, he was one of the
founders and a vice-president, and in 1828 was elected
corresponding secretary, which office he held for seven

LANDSCAPE GARDENING

At a subsequent date he was made president of
il:i'h-!|ihia Society for tlie Promotion of Agricul-
hl vi.-(/-|iresiileii"t of the United States Agricul-
iiri. tv. and became an active member of many

His

"Illustrated F]-.:M M;r :,-,,;. .- -1:,M.M II, l-,:j, :,,,.!

advancedwork r-^ '•' i' ;•■ ■■ \i :■ i ■' i 'i ■'■ ! -■ vm-

much upon Iiu ' - ; ; . i i .1 > n

and his techni'-;il l.ii" '. !■ -1 j< "i i lir .iil,], n Hinlunu-
views of much value in tin- pro^'ress of tlie indust
He edited an American edition of George W. Johnso;
"A Dictionary of Modern Gardening," a volume of I
pages, published at Philadelphia in 1847.

In 1847 the La.nl.-. th n,irs,ry wa« r.niovfd to Blonr
dale, where Wr. I.mhlrrtli r-tjlili-lnd wliat i^ )u\]r\

to be the most cnuililrlr ^ccl-r^inn in llir I "nit. (I Si. 1 1

■unequalf'd in tlii< r,,iniir\ in 1 lir .i, \ , l,i| nt ..f ii ^ ir.'

and in tlie tVilli>wiii« year witli an American engine.
Subsequently, steam-digging and steam-chopping were
experimented with at Bloomsdale, and many improve-
ments produced in the machine shop of that model
farm.

David Landreth lived until 1880 in the enjoyment and
care of the business which had been so much developed
in his hands, and which had reached almost its hun-
dredth year. The firm is now one of the thirty cente-
nary firms in tlie United States. During a long life he
had served his country in connection with agriculture,
a pursuit which he digiiified by the wide respect he had
gained as an old-school country giwitleman, and his
reputation as an able and learned iii^niniliiu-ist. In >;i!ly
life he had lived amid the plantiUhiM- ..i Hm l.iiHliriii
nursery, one of the show placi-s ,,r I'IhIhI. I|,lii,i IIm
site now marlied by the Landrctli SiIm.hI -:iii,| lii^ vir-

nd ch:

■ tho

lof .

Burnet Laxdketh.

LANDSCAPE GARDENING. "Gardening may be
divided into three species — Ijitchen gardening— parterre-
gardening-and landskip, or picturesque gardening:
which latter is the subject intended in the following
pages — It consists in pleasing the imagination by scenes
of "grandeur, beauty, or variety. Convenience merely
has no share here ; any farther than as it pleases the
imagination." These are the opening lines of "Uncon-
nected Thoughts on Gardening," by the poet William

Shenstone, 17G4.
term Landscape >'•
sire to make gn.
Pope, and the Dui
tothe charms of il,
of freedom and li;i

sentences gave the world the
)■_■. tM cinlicidy the growing de-

11. Milton, Addison,
, I'ssed the awakening

I iind hastened the day

111' ii\ inu'. 11- i;:M-'>n, also, in the follnv. ' .had

|ii.iir.t( il : •' A^ fur the making of Xn ' 1 i , . ith

.Hv. rs Colc.r.-.l Earths, they be but ni, . .-■n mi;, -i-e
as good sights many times in Tarts. •>»*♦»•
I do not like Images cut out in Juniper, or other gar-
den-stuff ; they are for Children."

One does not know what Shcnstnnp's protest meant

effective, they must be domi-
itecture. In the freer atmos-

ciaus. In fact. Part 1 of his book mi . nli im l: mi ;its
"Of Geometry." Yet his plates suit.l lin ii •. <ii tlie
time. The particular plan which is >li ..n m I 1^. 1S2S
he describes as follows: "The Houst- iimi- Im ilit Xurth
upon the Park A, to the East upon the Court B, to tlie
Soutli upon the Parterre of Grass and Water C ; and
Lastly to the West upon the circular Bason D, from
which leads a pleasant Avenue ZX. The Mount F. is
i.iisiil with iln> Kiirtli tluit came out of the Canal EE,
mill il. hlii|iii II i.. limited with Hedges of different
lAi r I ill 1 n-i, tliiit n^in- iii-liind one another of different

(1.1 . Ii:i\ii ;i M rv -111"! Effect, being view'd from M.

I, I, : :, till Walks leading up the Mount." The

111 are further reflected in Fig. 1229,which

i- i . I,, .III a smaller scale, of one of Langley's

|iii .i .: : , ,1 ial ruins. It is one of his "views of the

Kimi- .it l:.iiiMint;s, after the old Roman manner, to ter-
minate such Walks that end in disagreeable Objects ;
which Ruins may either be painted upon Canvas, or
actually built in that manner with Brick, and cover'd
with Plaistering in Imitation of Stone."

The awakening love of nature and of the spontaneous
life, as expressed in writings and paintings, soon found
expression also in gardens. In verse, Pope gave rules

1327. Gardens .of the Pope, on the Quirinal, Rome. From F;iM:i's "Li

LANDSCAPE GARDENING

T-s-^^ifr.^:^^ .>„

J^ ir J J, J

i4^i

^■si^;j,j

1228 One of Langley s Desiens for eardens that lye irreeularly to the Grand House."

foi the la-s ing o
panjin^ phn of sheu tot
(Fig Pill) and the 1 1 t
(Fig 1231) ■,how how far hi
from tho e of Langlej h \\
shoit of the idealb of th i
tion has been left us of the I

Passing through a smil!
swelling lawn thit iir i
a winding path wiil i
The path and w u i
upon the slope t
at one e cool glo i i 1 i

left that \ou seem all on

of

ihp garden

I \ I corollary
1 1 IK sent time,
lu 1 pies exists
that the old time
ridicts the canons
ifterent

particularly amnn_ t Liuli :
foi its own sake \ et one ca
g«den art IS unloveh or thi
ot Kood taste The two bek

cf e thetic feeling and the meie fact that both of them

u e pUnt ubiects does not make them compaiable.

t irdeu ait like painting or music or literature derelops

al n, 11 lal r national lines The Latins and their

I lilt li ^ p liked the formal and conventional

line the e gardens express the personal

tions they need no apolog\ notwith-

r thej are condemned by many land-

\ lift I lit t\pp of endeavor IS that which attempts to
mterpiet nature m the making of landscapes The ideal
landscape garden, like the ideal landscape painting,
expresses or emphasizes some single thought or feeling.
Its expression may be gay, bold, retired, quiet, florid;
but if it is natural, its expression will conform to the
place and the purpose, and the expressions are not mat-
ters of rule. It should be a picture, not a collection of

interesting objects. Mere plaiitinu' ami -i-ading do not
make a landscape garden: in lari i)m y 'ilirn spoil it.
It is not enough to plant: tin- iilaiii-, iimsi l.e in the
right place. A yard or a hiwn wiili l.ushrs in- flower-
beds scattered over it may be interpsliiig as a mere
giirden, but it is not a landscape garden. The Italian
gardens were hardly landscape gardens. A real landscape
garden has open breadth, space, atmosphere. It usually
has an open center with mass-planted sides, and vistas
to the offscape. Incidentally, it may be ornamented;
yet many persons even confound ornamental garden-
ing with Landscape Gardening : it would be as proper
to confound house-painting with architecture. Figs.
1J2T anil 1232 show the contrasts of a mere garden and
a laiaKrape garden. Compare Plates XIV and XV.

It will lie seen from the above that the term Land-
sr-a]>i- hardening precisely expresses the art of mak-
ing a garden or tame area which shall bi- a Iaiids.-a]ie
or picture. Yet, amongst the professiini, tlir tirni land-
scape architecture is preferred. This ti riii l...ir..\vs the
dignity of architecture, and is useful in a i.n.fis>ional
way. The writer much prefers the tiriu Laudscape
Gardening ; but it is apparent that the term landscape
architecture is growing in favor with the profession, and
there is little use in debating over a mere term. Properly
speaking, the terms Landscape Gardening mid landscape
architecture are not synonyiiiiiiis. alllj..ii^li in practice
they are so used. It is n"i . \ ■ ly plar, w lurh is adapted

the

■of

are often more to br ilr^ii
may conform to the prinr
art of formal gardens, i,.
often have formal gardi n-
point of the natural or I:
confusion has arisen, 'i'hi.
some reaction against the i
landscape garden. In prs
separate the two, so that c
be, both landscape garden
So it comes that the ti iin I;
for the whole art of laviiii^
therefore broader than ii - r
word "architect" sln.ul, I l.r
contriver or pin ,nn ,. latlin
hiiilder. It is thr natmv n
than the formal. -^-in.- ^jaid
mind in the advice wliiuli i-

!<arde
The

111- term is
i-i;est: the
a I sense of

«(» LANDSCAPE GARDENING

character of the formalesqiie garden is dominated so
completely by the nature of the architecture and the site,
that condensed general remarks are of little purpose.

Landscape Gardening has undergone many fluctua-
tions of taste within the century. Such changes are to

An improvised

be expected as long as the human race makes progress.
The constantly increasing wealth of plants modifies
the spirit of the work. It is no longer worth while to
follow any school or cult. Every style has its use
and place. In small city or suburban places, a formal
or formalesque treatment of the pround plan may be

desirable. In hir-cr :it,.1 fv,-,T i-'' ■■. 'ho ■spirit of the

fields may be L'i\ '■■ i, ,■ , ■. it, .^i,,,, Thr IHiHiaiiiental

thing to consi'l. I r,. n i.r i>, :, -.neral

theory or plan i . ,;ii_' :mi.| [.hint-

ing,—these lattii' III Hi J- :,<. ..Ill; 'iM ill . Ill ;iii rnii. Yet
many persons who wuulil he calieil liiudseape gardeners
conceive that to plant a place is the whole of the pro-
blem. The working out of the details of the plan is to
Landscape Gardening what building is to architecture,
or what pen-work and grammar are to literature. It is
the industrial or constructional part of the work. It is
what has been called Landscape Horticulture ( Bailey
"Garden and Forest," 1: ."iS). It has tn do with " '

details of kinds of plant-;, tin- urn f tlMiii. tin- i

of lawns, and similar pi-iiii!' '1- I'Im >.i . li.ihv
on Landscape Gardening
scape horticulture and 1. i i >

American 1 ks. ciilv t, |i ,,,1 W , l

from BeK'ium almut l.SL'4 and estahlished a nursery
on ground which is now^ in the heart of Brooklyn. He
was a man of great taste and skill, and Andrew J. Down-
ing considered his "labors and example as having
effected, directly, far tnore for Landscape Gardening in
America tlian tiii.v,. ,,f any other individual whatever."
He laid mil mnn |il s, even as far away as the south-
ern stati-^ mm ilii ^iiiith and Montreal on the north. The
first Aiiieiiraii III. Ilk 1.11 Landscape (iardenine sprung
full-fledged aTi.l , 111111, 1. I,- fn.m tlie ii.ii .if A. .1. Down-
ing in 1841, willmiit l.m ini: ini.lirLi iln- t.ilii.us evo-
lution of preliiiiiii.irv :iuil iiii]irrii .1 . .In mn- w Im-h char-
acterize so many hi.rti.iiltiiral aii.l kin.lr.'.l writin-s. It

LANDSCAPE GARDENING

was immediately popular, and it has probably ex-
erted a greater influence on American horticulture
than any other single volume. It remains to this day
without a superior and almost without a competitor.
Downing was also the second prominent practicing land-
scape carilener, a|r|.,..,._'|. hi-, ii-i'iiii.lv .)eath left the

Hii

iiiiths

li.iii. -n. i I : : ~tich as would have pleased

til. .1.-1-1 II liing's pomological work was

.'..ntinii. I I king brother Charles ; but the

!u•ti^ti.■ w.ik ili.i|i|.< il ill his death, and Henry Winthrop
iSargent. wlio e.liieil the sixth edition of the "Landscape
(iardening," in IftQy, declared that "there has been no
one since Mr. Downing's death who has exactly filled
the niche he occupied in the public estimation." The
third genius of American Landscape Gardening, and
the one who has carried the art to its highest points of
ex.'ellence, is Frederick Law Olmsted, who as a young
man was inspired by Downing, and who became a land-
scape gardener when he was placed in charge of the
improvements of Central Park, New York city, about
1856. For more than twenty-five years, Mr. Olmsted has
given his talents wholly to this delightful art. and, more
tlian any other American, has nioulde.l and crvstallized
inlili.i li.-te resp.-ctin- tli.- i, i-nn .ii. 1 Ii n , nf Landscape
' ■ ' - i.L'. A l.si.liiiL' -I'll ' ' ' ■■ ,i-ii.mof this

,.M,., .M.lki.r .if ilM''..i'i:.'ini,'i r-ii . \.i.i. iM,^ also 'asso-
. i;.i..; Willi A.J.DowiiiiiK. 11.: liK.l H, lo;i.".. He was an
ix.-.lleiit artist. The initiation of Central Park as a
1.1. iiMue ground inaugurated the modem park systems
..f the country, and created what the Earl of Meath has
r.-.-ently designated the "veritable rage for park mak-
Anierican public." See the

Parks. \-,

Within ri-i'eiit years, the number of practitioners of
Lanilscape (iar.lening lias greatly increased. The art is
becoming established in popular estimation. Tastes
may change, but the changes will affect only the minor
applications of Landscape Gardening. The desire for
.artistic treatment of grounds is ineradicable. Three
national societies are conservators of the Landscape

Gardening and rural art of the country : American Park
and Out-Door Art Association ; Anierican Society of
Landscape Architects ; Association of American Ceme-
tery Superintendents.
The one point in which America excels other countries

LANDSCAPE GARDENING

in landscape art is in the niral and garden cemetery.
The first distinct moviimiit towar.N a rural cemetery
was made in 1«25 by .1:i.mI, Hi-, ],.«-, of Boston, whose
work was soon taken 11)1 hy tli.- .Massachusetts Horti-
cultural Society. As a result ot the agitation by this
admirable organizatiou. .Mt. Auburn Cemetery, at Cam-
bridge, was established and incorporated in 1831. The
consummation of this enterprise gave to the world a
cemetery which should be distinct from church yards
removed from the citv, and softened by the giaciou*;
touch of nature ; and "thereby, also, the young Massa
chusetts Horticultural Society set an example to all
similar organizations and achieved for itself enduring
fame. The work of Repton and Loudon had not then
enlivened and broadened the conceptions of Landscapr
Gardening, and Mt. Auburn, whilst an excellent woil
of its kind, is not a landscape garden cemeter\ Th
modern art of garden cemetery making— in which as 11
the park, the continuous expanse of greensward is tht
fundamental conception of the fabric — originated with
Adolph Straueh, who, in 1854, became superintendent
of Spring Grove cemetery, Cincinnati. Straueh was a
Prussian, born in 1822, and died in 1883. His work at
Spring Grove cemetery has justly given him lasting
fame, and his book describing the place must be con
suited by any one who traces the evolution of the garden
cemetery. The Board of Directors of the cemeterj said
at the time of his death, that "he had filled the measure
of his ambition by the consent of his profession, which
ranked him as the equal of Repton and Piickler-Muskau
as a master of art in landscape creation, which had been
finally proved by him to be possible to be successfully
applied in adorning and making attractive the last rest-
ing places of humanity." At the present time, about a
hundred burial places in various parts of North America
can be said to be landscape-garden cemeteries. See the
article on Landscape Cemeteries, following.

The successful practice of Landscape Gardening de-
pends, first, on an artistic temperament and an inher-
ent love of nature; second, on an intimate knowledge of
plants; and third, on familiarity with various arts and
handicrafts, as the making of roads, grading, draining,
enriching the land, and the like. Landscape Gardening
must be sharply distinguished from gardening : the
former is the making of pictures with plants ; the latter
is the growing of plants without reference to the pic-
ture. In one, the interest centers in art: in the other it
centers in plants. Since Landscape Gardening is pri-
marily a matter of taste, it is impossible that it be

LANDSCAPE GARDENING

879

1231 Glimpse

Leasowes

dominated by rules. However, a few general precepts
and suggestions may be useful, and these are given in
the following paragraph (see Figs. 1232-1238).

The motive of a true landscape garden, as already ex-
plained, is to make a picture. The picture should have a
landscape or nature-like effect. The place should be
one thing: it should emphasize some thought or feeling.
It should have one central or emphatic object. Avoid
scattered effects. Bunch or mass the planting. Dis-

5G

tinguish sharply between the fundamentals and the in-
cidentals,—those things which are to give the character
or tone to the place, and those which are embellishments
or ornaments. Keeponeor more spaces open. Plant the
sides or boundaries with masses. Use single or individual
plants only to emphasize or to heighten an effect, not to

1232 " ^^ '

Outline of an open
center and mass planted side

Suggestion from Englischer Garten, Munich.

give it character: they are incidentals. Ornament should
be an incident. Foliage is a fundamental. Greensward is
the canvas on which the picture is spread. Plants are more
useful for the positions they occupy than for their kinds.
Walks and drives are no part of a landscape picture :
they are a necessity, but they may be made to conform
to the spirit of the picture. The place for walks and
drives is where they are needed : otherwise they have
no use or purpose. It is the part of a good land.scape
gardener to make his grounds conform to the build-
ings : it should equally be the part of an architect to
make his buildings conform to the landscape. Make
views to desirable objects in the outlying landscape or
the oflscape. Obstruct the views to undesirable parts.
Aim for a good prospect from every window in a
residence, including the kitchen. Shear the trees and
bushes when hedges, curiosities, and formal gardens
are wanted : let them assume their natural forms when
a landscape garden is wanted (Figs. 1237, 1238). Place
no tree or plant until you are sure that it will mean some-
thing.

The best results in the planning of any place are to
be expected when one employs a competent landscape
gardener. Avoid the man who places great stress on
flower beds and "designs." Yet one can do much by
himself, and be the happier for the effort. Books will
help. Some of the current American books on Land-
scape trardening and related toin. ■ .in iIm i^lliwing:
Dowuing's "Landscape Gardening I Ib^w to

Lay Out a Garden ;" Parson's " I. :■: ; , . i i. ning"
and "How to Plan the Home GroiiiM'- ; l..,i,- 'Urna-
mental Gardening for Americans:' W .lugh s "Land-
scape Gardening ;" Maynard's "Landscape Gardening as
Applied to Home Decoration ;" Davis' "Ornamental
Shrubs ;" Van Rensselaer's "Art Out of Doors ;" Bai-
ley's "Garden-Making." See Borders, Herbs, Lau-ns,
Parks, Shrubs. l_ jj g

Landscape Cemeteries (Plate XVII). -The cemeteries
of the present day have come into existence from a desire
to have burials made at a distance from centers of popu-
lation, and among beautiful surroundings. They are
often called "rural cemeteries." The first one in the
United States to merit this name was Mt. Auburn, near
Boston, Mass., founded in 1831. Since then the idea of
having burial places park-like in their character has
been spreading until they contain to-day some of the
most beautiful landscapes developed by the hand of
man. The wish to have in the cemetery all the beauty
of trees, slirulis. lawns and flowers has gradually led to

the aboliti.m of f.-i v. coping and other lot enclosures,

and a roihi.tion in tIm- number of monuments and the
size of Ueailstoni;-^. There are many who now believe

880

LANDSCAPE GARDEKIXG

tliat the last resting place should be surrounded by the
quietness and beauty of these features of nature's handi-
work without distracting stonework or artificial objects.
There are others who say that "the cemetery should be
a cemetery," meaning by this expression that it should
resemble somewhat closely the old church-
yard or graveyard, with its multitude of
crowded stones, inscribed with the names
and good qualities of all buried within its _ „^

walls. -?S-'

All agree that the <'..in.t.iy ^]vn]:\ lif so
situated and maintaim M ;i^ to im ii:ir.> in im'
way the healthfulness c,r -urr.niiMlin- imi-1i-

LAXDSCAPE GARDENING

contains streams or lakes or valuable trees, these condi-
tions may make it necessary to construct more drives
than would otherwise be desirable. They can generally
be stake<i out on the ground by eye with a better effect
than if drawn first in an office by the use of some geo-

borlK
till

The :

the

it has been lu.v
earth hauled fru
other cases, it
clay

long distance. In still
been foilnd necessary
because there was no
other, or to make ground by excavating lakes,
using the material excavated to raise the sur-
rounding land, or to bury above ground in
structures erected for the purpose, as at New
Orleans.

When a site is chosen, it is usually sub-
divided into sections and lots, which must be
made accessible by the construction of drives and
walks. The drive should pass within 150 or 200 feet
of every place available for bjirial. The width of the
drive should vary according to the size of the ceme-
tery and the probable amount of driving. If the area
is very small, say not over four or five acres, it may be
unnecessary to have any drive. In a little larger area,
a grass drive 8 feet wide might suffice ; in one still
larger, a drivewiiy 111 fei-t; and, finally, a cemetery de-
signed to iii'c..iiiii'i"il;iti' lary-e populations should have
good maciub.iiii -1 ,..:Ml",n\s 2i or 32 feet in width.
Walks shuiiM i : ' Nft in grass which forms

part of aeoiui: -n.-li being better in appear-

ance and iii.il. ,., li ii Nil. lined than those made of
gravel. The I.....11..11 ..1 il..' drives will determine the
shape and size of the sections. The plans should be
made after a careful study of the ground in question,
the drives being placed so that they will have easy
grades, command good views, and be as few as possible
without being more than 300 or 400 feet apart. When
the ground is irregular in shape, or has steep slopes, or

1334. A flank planting, leavine the center free.

metrical curve. They should nearly always be curved
to produce the most pleasing result, a curved driveway
being interesting because : (1) when the margins are
properly planted certain portions of the ground are
always hidden ; (2) they insure varied effects of light
and shade ; (3) they make the average distance from
the cemetery entrance to the lots shorter than if one
follows straight lines and turns right angles.

An open tract, to begin with, is in many ways prefer-
able to one that is thickly wooded, but groups of trees
or single specimens that have broadened out in a natural
way would be very valuable, since they ^vould help to
take away the naked, forbidding appearance of land
newly planted with young trees. On a vacant area, it
is usually advisable to plant some large trees for the
sake of immediate effect. These can be grouped about
the entrance, a fork in the drives, the top of a hill, the
margin of a lake, or other distinguishing position. The
objection to a piece of land covered with thick woods
is that the necessary thinning to get sufficient open space
will leave tall, spindling trees, unused to exposure.
These, while not very attractive in
themselves, are very likely to die and are
liable to be blown down. If there are
thick woods in the land chosen, the
trees selected to remain should be those
that are healthiest and have the low-
est branches. Some of the trees re-
moved might be cut off at the ground,
when the sprouts springing from the
stump will form beautiful bush-like
specimens.

The necessary buildings will vary
with the size of the cemetery, but they
should always be modest in appearance
and suitably embellished with shrub-
bery and vines. The office would natu-
rally be placed near the entrance to
avoid unnecessary walking, but it
should not be placed immediately on
the highway or public street. The
large arch frequently built over the
gateway is usually too pretentious in
appearance and not in keeping with
the character of the grounds. A nat-
ural archway of living trees would be
better. The chapel, if any, should be
built well within the grounds to give it
greater seclusion and quietness.

LANDSCAPE GARDENING

Whether there should be greenhouses or not cannot
be discussed here on account of the limits of this article.
It may simply be said that with the greater variety of
flowering trees and shrubs which we have to choose from,
is well as the thousands of hardy, flowering, herbaceous
plants, most beautiful effects can be produced without
the expense, the continual labor and the bare beds more
than half the year, which would follow the construction
of greenhouses. Usually the selection for planting of
material found growing in the adjacent country will help
to produce satisfactory results with little expenditure
of money and time. To prevent intrusion, a fence along
the boundary of the cemetery is necessary, but this can
be a simple inexpensive wire fence, .serving in places as
a support for vines, and in places being hidden by a
belt of trees and shrubbery. No one would now make
the cemetery dreary by confining the planting to spruces

LANDSCAPE GARDENING

881

a meeting of the Association of American Cemetery
Superintendents, held at Boston, in 1890, the following
rules were recommended by a unanimous vote of those
in attendance :

Rule 1 : (This should be a general rule, stating the
authority and conditions on which lots are sold and the
restrictions on transfers. The rule, of course, would
have to be varied according to conditions existing in
each cemetery.)

Rule 2 : The Trustees desire to leave the improve-
ments of lots, as far as possible, to the taste of the
owners ; but, in justice to all, they reserve the right,
given them by law, to exclude or remove from any lot
any headstone, monument or other structure, tree, plant
or other object whatever which may conflict with the
regulations, or which they shall consider injurious to
the general appearance of the grounds ; but no trees

-:^\^-

1235

and weeping willows. On the contrary, every effort is
made to secure bright, cheerful effects by the selection
of all kinds of flowering, happy-looking plants. The
modern cemetery becomes in fact a sort of arboretum.
It includes some evergreens which are most suitably
grouped along the boundary belt, and which should con-
tain all kinds of hardy pines, as well as the more stiff
and formal spruces. The planting of Norway spruces
has in many places been overdone. The development of
attractive landscapes in cemeteries is of so much im-
portance that Jlr. Strauch, who was the greatest ceme-
tery designer that we have had, used to call the present
methoil "the landscape lawn plan."

A good landscape in the cemetery is usually the result
of years of growth. It must flrst be carefully designed,
and then receive care and attention from some one
familiar and in sympathy with the scheme adopted. To
insure such attention, and to protect the interest of all
lot-owner«. as well as to maintain the dignity and char-
acter of a citv of the dead, rules have been adopted by
all leading cemeteries. These rules are the result of
study and experience on the part of many men. At

growing within any lot shall be removed or trimmed
without the consent of the Trustees.

Rule 3 : Lot-owners may have planting or other work
done on their lots at their expense, upon application to
the Superintendent. No workmen other than employees
of the cemetery will be admitted to the cemetery except
for the purpose of setting stone-work.

Rule 4 ; No iron- or wire-work, and no seats or vases
will be allowed on lots, excepting by permission of the
Trustees, and when any article made of iron begins to
rust, the same shall be removed from the cemetery.

Rule 5: The Trustees desire to encourage the planting
of trees and shrubbery, but, in order to protect the rights
of all and to secure the best general results, they require
that such planting shall be done only in accordance with
the directions of the Superintendent of the cemetery.

Rule 6 : No coping, nor any kind of enclosure, will be
permitted. The boundaries of lots will be marked by
corner-stones, which will be set by the cemetery, at the
expense of the lot-owner, with the centers upon the lines
bounding the lot. Corner-stones must not project above
the ground and must not be altered nor removed.

882

LANDSCAPE GARDEXIXG
:o lots shall be filled above the established

Rule 7 :
grade.

Rule 8 : All interments in lots shall be restricted to
the members of the family or relations of the lot-owner.

Rule 0 : Xfi di-iiitirment will be allowed without the

permission of the Trustees, of the lot-owner, and of the
next of kin of the deceased.

Rule 10 : Mounds over graves should be kept low, not
exceeding four inches in height ; and stone or other
enclosures around graves will not be allowed.

Rule 11 : Foundations for all monuments, headstones,
etc., shall be built by the cemetery at the expense of the
lot-owner, and fifteen days' notice must be given for the
building of foundations. The cost of the same must be
paid in advance.

Rule 12 : Every foundation must be at least as wide
and as long as the base stone resting upon it, and must
not project above the surface of the ground. All foun-
dations must extend as low as the bottom of the grave.

Rule 13 : Only one monument will be permitted on a
family burial lot.

Rule 14 : (This should be a rule limiting the height
of headstones, and the lower this limit is made the bet-
ter. Even with the lawn is considered best.)

Rule 15 : All stone- and marble-works, monuments and
headstones must be accepted by the Superintendent as
being in conformity with the foregoing rules before
being taken into the cemetery.

Rule 16: No monument, headstone or cop-
ing, and no portion of any vault above
ground, shall be constructed of other mater-
ial than cut stone or real bronze. No artific-
ial material will be permitted.

Rule 17: The Trustees wish, as far as pos-
sible, to discourage the building of vaults,
believing, with the best landscape gardeners
of the day, that they are generally in.iurious
to the appearance of the grounds, and, un-
less constructed with great care, are apt to
leak and are liable to rapid decay, and in
the course of time to become unsightly
ruins. Therefore, no vaults will be per-
mitted to be built unless the designs for
the same are exceptionally good, and the
construction is solid and thorough. The de-
signs must be submitted to the Trustees,
and will not be approved unless the struc-
ture would, in their judgment, be an archi-
tectural ornament to the cemetery.

Rule 18 : Material for stone or marble
work will not be allowed to remain in the
cemetery longer than shall be strictly neces-
sary, and refuse or other unused material
must be removed as soon as the work is completed.
In case of neglect such removal will be made by the
cemetery at the expense of the lot-owner and contractor,
who shall be severally responsible. No material of any
kind will be received at the cemetery after 12 o'clock M.
on Saturdays.

LANDSCAPE GARDENING

Rule 19 : The Trustees shall have the right to make
exceptions from the foregoing rules in favor of designs
which they consider exceptionally artistic and ornamen-
tal, and such exceptions shall not be construed as a
rescission of anv rule.

Rule 20 : It shall be the duty and right of
the Trustees from time to time to lay out and
alter such avenues and walks, and to make such
rules and regulations for the government of the
grounds as they may deem requisite and proper
and calculated to secure and promote the gen-
eral object of the cemetery.

Rule 21 : The Superintendent is directed to
enforce the above regulations, and to exclude
from the cemetery any person wilfully violating
the same.

Cemeteries should be established upon a
basis to enable those in authority to take uni-
form care of the grounds for all time. The
prices charged for lots should be h'f;b t-nough
to enable a fund to be set aside that will yield
an annual income sufficient to pay all necessary
general expenses. In laying out a new ceme-
tery, those in charge should seek the best ad-
vice available. Such advice should be based on
a thorough knowledge of Landscape Gardening
and the special needs of burial grounds. Much
information can be obtained by visiting Spring
Grove, at Cincinnati, Ohio, generally recognized
as the pioneer of park-like cemeteries, and perhaps the
best example in the world. Oakwoods Cemetery, at
Troy, N. Y.; Swan Point Cemetery, at Providence,
R. I., and Forest Hills, at Boston, M'ass., are some of
the prominent examples of the system now in vogue.
Graceland Cemetery, at Chicago, 111., although much
smaller in area than those already mentioned, contains
some good landscape effects. There are many other
cemeteries in the vicinity of the large cities of the
United States which can be commended on account of

the

TluT

are other.s,

Irooklyn and

containing

;s ;nid

•dges

the

lil

Laurel Hill of Philadelj.i

many beautiful trees anU

elude also many fences, r

that serve as examples of wliat t<j ;ivi>iil ratuer tuan to

imitate.

Our leading cemeteries should keep pace with the best
thought of the times, with the best theories of religion,
science and economics. They should be, as the name
implies, sleeping places— places of rest and freedom
from intrusion. It seems natural that people should

1237. Al

; eroup-planting alongside a wall

select for such a place the verj best production of 1 ind
scape-art, a place where spreadinjr 1 t ti^ 'l^ 1m er

ful warmth and sunlight, wheu | ' i ' ln'w

distant clouds or the settmg sun w I i mis

give grateful shade, furnish ple^^ni i i i I I it
and places for the birds to conn i li n u m I ■^mg

LANDSCAPE GARDEXING

again their welcome songs ; wliere blossoming shrubs
delight the eve, perfume the air, and make attractive
resting place's. Such places may seem to exist more
for the living than for the dead, but the living are the
ones that need thera. If it seems natural to select a
most beautiful park, a real picture, we might say, for a
sleeping place, it seems strange to put into this picture
obelisk after obelisk stone posts and slabs of all shapes

and sizes and stone tombs within whose walls their
owners hope to have their dead bodies preserved for
ever. Ihe history of sepulture shows the futility of
trying to preserve one's body or one's name with the help
of stone. A man can only hand his name down to pos-
terity by his own work, and even if his body should be
preserved as long as were those of the ancient Egyp-
tians, it might finally be used only to propel a locomo-
tive or a steamboat. These facts should be recognized
in till- modern cemetery. The ground should assist in
changing the body back into organic forms or to receive
the ashes, if the quicker process of cremation is adopted.
The scenery should solace those that are bereft.

It is repugnant to our best feelings to use the same
land over and over again, as is done in many cities in
Euiope and to some extent in the United States. A
cemetery is frequenth spoken of as the last resting place,
and It serves mankind best when it is so in fact, since in
that case ntter it has served its purpose of purification,
it 1 Hc nu I 1 irk a breathing place for the people of
th it\ vl ,ijwth IS likely to ciowd the Mcinity with
h 1 I hf in niory of past generations will certainly

I sweetei it it is associated with tiees than if it is
(.jnuectel \Mth tombs catic mis in! p\rimids. The
problem presented to ceni t i t t is, there'

fore how to secuie the m t | 1 I luations of

growing plants mcludin^ t 1 I tl wers and

grass the most satisfact i\ \ \ tl n st ha
nious and lestful park, foi the cemeterv is really a
memorial fark

Those seeking information on this subiett will find it
in the histoiies of the vaiious cemeteiies and in ency-
clopfedns The de\elopment of the landscape idea ir
connectii n with cemeteries is gi\ en in some of the re-
ports of those institutions that of Spring drive for the
T( nr isi 1 hf mg especnllv valnal le The leports of the
\ t \ r ( 1 f-t s iptrintendents con-

t I I % olumes of the

1 Pirk and Ceme
t t the interests of

1 1 1 n„ to all phases of

the sul ] t \11 I ks lel fii „ in any way to Land
scape Gardening aie of value in cemeter> work, since
they treat of all its natural features

O. C. SiMONDS.

LANTANA l<,].\ nanif.onof. applied to a Viburnum).
J', i7/. ,1.;., ,/ . I'liiui]!^ a li:ilf liunilred species of herbs
or ^liT'iil.^, -"inrtiiiii-^ lialf-rliiiiliin^', with opposite rough
dfnt;iT.' Iiavi-^. and spikes or i-vnies of small verbena-
like Howers. They are natives of the tropical and sub-
tropical parts of Asia, Africa and America. Fls. small,
gamopetalous, the calyx very small, the corolla some-
what irregularly 4-5-parted, the corolla tube slender :
stamens 4. didvnaraous: ovary 2-loculed, becoming a
fleshy or drvisli drupe with 2 nutlets. The bracts sub-
tending the' head often imitate an involucre. Verbena
differs in having akene-like nutlets and long-tubular 5-
toothed calyx.

LANTANA 883

Lantanas have been long in cultivation, and it is diffi-
cult to refer the garden forms to botanical species. The
species themselves are confusing. Most of the garden
kinds are of the L. Camam type. There are several
Camara-like species which probably have hybridized to
produce these forms; but Voss, the latest garden mono-
grapher, regards these species as only forms of L. Ca-
viata (preferring, however, to use the namei. aculeata).
Accepting L. Camara in Voss's sense, the garden
Lantanas may be said to be derived from that
species; and this view is adopted below. Monogr.
by J. C. Schauer, DC. Prodr. xi. 594-609.

L. H. B.
The Lantana has been improved in its useful-
ness as a bedding plant of late years, largely
through the efforts of French hybridizers. The
older varieties were mostly rather tall and lanky,
later in coming into bloom, and dropped their
flowers badly after rain storms, but were showy
in warm and dry weather. The new varieties are
dwarf, spreading and bushy in habit, early and
free-flowering, and the heads or umbels of bloom
average much larger, with florets in proportion;
nor do they drop off from the plants as the old
varieties did in bad weather. These newer kinds
are not as well known as they should be. They are very
desirable for any situation where sun-loving bedding
plants are used, in groups or borders, windu\v-l".xf^. l.as-
kets and vases. The Lantana is not particular a^ h< -..il,
and flourishes provided the exposure is sunnv ana the
soil well supplied with moisture, at least until a lair
growth has been made. When well established it does
not seem to mind drought, and continue bright and at-
tractive in the hottest weather. It should not be
transplanted out in the open before danger of frost is
over. If the old plants are wanted for propagation, cut
them back and transfer to pots early in September, and
when they start into new growth the .soft wood will fur-
nish cuttings that root easily. Keep young stock in a
warm position through the winter months, and repot in

Save the old plants, after Jack Frost has nipped their
freshness late iu the fall, prune severely back, remove
them indoors, giving them a temperature anywhere
above 40°, and with a little attention and fresh soil,
every plant will be a perfect specimen, covered with
bloom in May. Gardeners train them into fine standards,
as prim and shapely as need be. Among the French
varieties the most representative are Argus, orange with
yellow center; Tethys, canary yellow; A. Claveau, sil-
very rose with yellow center. These are very dwarf
spreading growers, about 8 in. high. Aniiel is semi-
dwarf, orange-red with yellow center, bright and showy;
Prot^e belongs to the same class, rose color, yellow-
shaded center; Delicatissima is a trailing or creeping
sort, with slender stems, small leaves and dainty flow-
ers of pink and lavender: La Pluie d'Or, golden yellow,
is a standard variety among the older kinds.

Gkove p. Rawson.

A. Plant often spiny: fruit juicy.

CamS-ra, Linn. (i. ac«7ed?n, Linn.). Fig. 1239. Small
shrab, 1-4 ft. high, hairy, sometimes with short, hooked
prickles: Ivs. rather thick, rugose, scabrous above but
pubescent beneath, ovate or cordate-ovate, mostly short-
acuminate, crenate-dentate, the petioles short: clusters
of fls. on strong axillary peduncles which may or may
not exceed the Ivs.: fls. in a dense, nearly flat-topped
head, usually opening yellow or pink hut changing to
orange or scarlet, the bracts narrow and not conspicu-
ous. Trop. Amer., extending north to Texas and S. Ga.
B.M. 96. L.B.C. 12:1171 (as L. sen (ir«?«, Ait. ).- In the
wild, the plant may grow 10 ft. high, and it is usually
prickly (hence the name L. iicnleata of Linnaeus). The
cultivated plant is less prickly or even unarmed. The
plant has a strong smell, but the ease with which it can
be made to produce an almost continuous supply of
bloom renders it a popular greenhouse and bedding sub-
ject. Color of fls. varies on dift'erent plants. Of late
years the Lantanas have been neglected by florists, but
improved varieties are now bringing it into favor again.

Var. nivea (L. iiivea. Vent.). Fls. white, the outer
ones becoming bluish : heads rounder. B.M. 1946.

B84 LANTANA

Var. mutibilis [L. nivea. var. m„lnbi!i.'<. Hook.).
Remarkable for the change of color in the nearly globu-
lar heads : in little more than a day the fls. may change
from white through yellowish, lilac, rose and blue. The
outer fls. open white and run through yellowish, rose
and lilac; the inner ones open yellowish. B.M. 3110.
" 1852 :4U1.

Var. mista [L. mi.iln, Linn. Not spelled mixta by
Linnteus, although it is so spelled by later authors).
Outer fls. opening yellowish and becoming saffron and
brick-red; inner fls. yellow, changing to orange.

Var. crdcea (L. crdcen, Jacq.). Fls. opening sulfur-
yellow and changing to saffron. R.H. 1852:461.

Var. Bangniinea (L. saiu/iiUiea, Medic). Fls. opening
saffron-yellow, changing to bright red.

purpurea, Hornem. Erect : branches 4-angled and
somewhat hairy, with few recurved spines: Ivs. ovate,
narrowed into a petiole, acuminate, serrate-crenate, ru-
gose: fls. purple, very pretty, in hemispherical-umbel-
late heads, the bracts short and lance-subulate. S. Amer.
-Int. by Franceschi, 1900. A form of L. Camara ?

AA. Plant never spiny: fruit thin-fleshed, usually not
juicy.

trifdlia, Linn. {L. annua, Linn.). Half-shrubby,
hairy: Ivs. ovate-lanceolate or elliptic-oblong, pointed,
crenate-dentate, in .3's or 4's: heads becoming ovoid or
oblong, the involucre not conspicuous: fls. rose-lilac
varying to white, with yellow throat: fr. rather pulpy,
showing well amongst the bracts. Trop. Amer. B.M.
1449. — The name L. annua seems to have been applied
to young plants, on the impression that they were
annuals. The picture of L. annua in B.M. 1022 is quite
as likely to be a form of L. Camara. Little known in
cult.

SellowiAna, Link and Otto (X. delicatlssima, Hort.?).
Weeping or Trailing Lantana. Twiggy, slender plant
with lopping or trailing pubescent branches: Ivs. small,
ovate, tapering below, close-toothed: fls. small, in long-
stalked small heads, rosy lilac, the outer bracts or scales
of the involucre broad-ovate and hairy and half or less
as long as the slender pubescent corolla tube. S. Amer.
B.M. 2981. B. 3:115. R.H. 1852:46n-A very profuse
bloomer in both winter and summer, and most desirable
for pot or basket culture. Should be better known.
Verbena-like. T\w phiiit suuius tu In' an isL-ape in Fla.

involucrita, l.im
obscurely 4-iiiii.'lc .1

equalled by tin- i.v
reaching N". to S. F
ally cult, indoors tu

t, ovate,
or quite

LAPAGF.RIA

LAPAGfiEIA ithe Empress Josei>hiiie. »iV Tascher de
La Pagerie). LiliUcece. Chilean Bellflower. A sin-
gle species of noble, half-hardy evergreen climber, al-
lied to the smilaxes. Lvs. alternate, lance-ovate or cor-
date-lanceolate, 3-5-nerved, acuminate: fls. large and
showy, bcdi-shaped, hanging singly from the upper axils
or soTiii'wlKit rai-iinuv,. «t the end of the vine, about

tached to tin- lia~.- cji the inner segments, shorter than
the periauth: ovary fissile and 1-loculed, with 3 parietal
placentie, ripening'into a 3-angled, oblong, fleshy, inde-
hiscent, berry-like beaked fruit, and bearing nearly
globular seeds Imbedded in the pulp. L. rdsea, Ruiz A:
Pavon, is the only species. Fif,'. iLMii. It has rose-col-
ored or rose-cri)n r- , n:i!i ;:j1 !m- -.,-■. (liile.

B.M. 4447. F.S. ' • ■■■"■' -' I: M ;^"" ' ■!, i.Jt.

46:1445; 47, p. M:. ' ' • -'-:4.">.

Gn.34,p.321; 4s, |i. I, .; l\':\<i,u- ....i...... ( , n- :i::t5G.

Mn. 7:191. Var. albiUora, llu..k. ^ar. „,l,„. ll„ri.j, has
white or whitish fls. B.M. 4892. K.U. 1852:441. F.S.
20:2059-60. «n. 41, p. 53; 49:10,56 and p. 175; 54, p. 277.
A. G. 13:745 (poor). Gng. 2.187; 5:356. A double-fld.
form of the white variety is shown in G.C. II. 17:777.
The species is variable in vigor, fioriferousness, size,
color and substance of bloom, and there are a number
of named horticultural subvarieties. Lapagerias are
tall-twining plants, suitable for rafters or walls in cool-
houses, or for culture in thr open in the niildir jiarts of
the country. They are usually pr..i.a-atrd from layers,
but stronger plants usually an- (.l.taiiic d fn.ii] >.-cds. al-
though varieties may not iimn- trui-. Thi' lirst live
plants were introduced into England in 1847. Lapage-
rias should be seen more frequently in America. Fran-
ceschi says that in California the plant prefers shady
places "where the atmosphere will never become too
dry."

Lapageria rosea and Philesia huxitolia have been
hybridized by Veitch, producing a plant known as Phil-
ageria Veitchii, Mast. (G.C. 1872:358). Philesia af-
forded the pollen. It is not in the American trade, but
is a most interesting plant hybrid. For an anatomical
study of it, bearing on problems of hybridity, .see
J. M. Macfarlane, Trans. Roy. Soc. Edinburgh, 37, pt.
1, p. 207(1892). L. H. B.

It is by no means an easy task to grow Lapagerias.
They do best planted out into a cool greenhouse, where
only the morning sun strikes them. If the border or bed
in the greenhouse is on a naturally sandy or gravelly
subsoil, so that the natural drainage is perfect, it is an
ideal place for these plants. They like a deep bed of
sand or gravel underneath their roots, where abundance

of water can be applied during the spring and summer
months and where the drainage is perfect. Light peaty
loam is best, and after plants are fully established they
like plenty of liquid fertilizing. The soil, in all cases,

LAPAGERIA

nmst be open in 1 san iy The> si oul 1 be tr'imed
aga It II t 1 er tl e east oi north A in-

dant s I e\cee 1 50° to 60° at

night 1 t m winter plenty

of air - i iitei thej require but

little 11 I tl e temperature war-

rants It \\ I 11 I 1 trita or ul o 1 exists

it mu'.t Ik 11" lei b t lem St le take that they
are not cro le 1 into an obsc lie co ner wbe e the soil
will not lr> o t 1 otl er i e it will so r in 1 tl e plants
not do ell Tl p 1 t not 1 1 t too leei is the

plant I II If 1 o in 1 I e 1 can 1 e hid it

is be t 1 1 I lant m shall w i ins and.

break 1 tl i iito s 1 a prepared

bed s I k I 1 t 1 tl e r ot "o o t 1 1 the

prepaiei lei In tl e r i at e homes Lapager a grow
where plenty of water falls during their growing sea-
son and where they are semi-dormant the rest of the
year. They flower from the well-ripened and matured
wood of a strong growth. Propagation is effected by
by means of layers or from seeds, jj. A. Siebrecht.

LAPEIBOOSIA. Preferably spelled Lapetirousia.

LAPEYEOtJSIA (Jean Fran;ois Galoup de Lapeyrouse,
distinguished French naval officer, born 1741). IridA-
cece. About H2 species of African bulbs, something like
Freesias, but with blue or red fls., which are produced in
summer instead of spring. They can be grown outdoors
in the North with some winter covering, and are said to
be quite hardy south of Washington, D. C, if planted
deep. By American dealers they are still listed under
the name of Anomatheca, which Baker has reduced to
one of the 3 subgenera of Lapeyrousia, characterized by
having several Ivs. forming a 2-ranked basal rosette, ac-
companied by a long, branched stem. Lapeyrousia is
further distinguished from Freesia by having a more
slender perianth-tube, with the stamens inserted at the
throat instead of below; also by the ovules being more
regularly superposed instead of crowded together. The
species of Lapeyrousia have an egg-shaped or globose
conn about % in. thick, and matted with tunics : Ivs.
linear or sword-shaped: inflorescence various, often a
loose, 1-sided, more or less zigzag spike, as in Freesia:
fls. variously colored, 1-2 in. across; perianth tube loug
or short; segments spreading, 3 larger than the other3.
Monographed by Baker in his "Hand book of the Iridefe,"
and also in the African floras.

These plants will probably never have anything like
the degree of popularity en,ioyed by Freesias, becau5e of
their later season of bloom and lack of fragrance. Prob-
ably the most popular kind is L. cnienta, which gi-ows
6-lb in. high, blooming in summer and fall. In a shel-
tered and in light, porous soil it generally succeeds in
the North without any protection, but the bulbs are
safer in very severe winters under a covering of litter
or straw. The bulbs increase rapidly, and should be di-
vided every few years before they become too crowded.

Color of fls. chiefly blu

violet.

corymbdsa, Ker. (Anomatheca corymbosn, Hort. A.
Blancl. This belongs to the subgenus Ovieda, having
usually 1-2 basal Ivs., while the next 3 species belong to
the subgenus Anomatheca, having more numerous Ivs.
Zt. corymbosn has 1 basal leaf which is spreading, sword-
shaped, 4-6 in. long: inflorescence a dense flat-topped
cluster of as many as 15 fls. each about 1 in. across,
with practically 'regular segments, blue, with a star-
sh.aped white figure near the throat, outlined in black
after the fashion of Quedlinburg Phlox. B.M. 595. J.H.
III. 32:379.

E. Sise of fls. « in. across.
grandiSldra, Baker. {A.grandifldra.Ba.ker). Lvs. 1 ft.
or more long: fls. bright red; stamens as long as the
segments; the 3 style branches each 2-cut. B.M. 6924.
—A newer species than cruenta, and perhaps destined
to greater favor. Conn globose (ovoid in the others
here described).

BB. 5iJC of fls. 1 in. across.

<:. S,f,we>its hrirjht carmine.

cruinta, Bei.tli. iJ. . ,„,-»^ff, Lindl.). Lvs. K-1 ft.

long: stamen- li -s t|]:iii \r.\l( as long as the segments:

the 3 stvle hrumlu- un.ut. B.R. 16:1369. L.B.C.

19:1857. P.M. 1:1Uj. J.U. III. 31:397.

cc. Segments pale red or rosy.
jiincea, Pourr. {A. juncea, Ker.). Lvs. strap-shaped,
(linear in the 2 preceding species), 6-8 in. long: sta-
mens half as long as the segments. — Less known in cult,
than the others. j g Keller and W. M.

LAPPA. See ^jT^iHm.
LAKCH. See Larix.

LARDIZABALA (after the Spanish naturalist Lardiz-
abal y Tribe). Bcrberid&cem. Six species of S. Ameri-
can -hrul.hy iliiiii.ers, mostly Chilean, one of which is
cult. ..iit.I.Kjis ill S. Calif, and the warmer parts of Eu-
ropi-. It i- -1.1111 tiling like the well known hardy vine
Akil'1,1 i/iiiiiai.! . having similar, odd-looking, dark-col-
ored lis., but the kaiflets are in 3's in.stead of 5's. The
leaves may be once, twice or thrice ternate, and they
are dark green, glossy, and here and there have 1 or 2
almost spiny teeth.

There "are 4 genera of the Barberry family containing
shrubby climbers that are cult. Of these Akebia is the
best. Akebia and Holboellia have free stamens: Lardiza-
bala and Stauntonia have monadelphous stamens. In
all of these the showy parts are the 6 sepals, the 6 pet-
als being much smaller in Lardizabala and absent in
Stauntonia. Lardizabala is further distinguished from
Stauntonia by having once- to thrice-ternate foliage and
oblong berries, while Stauntonia has digitate foliage
with 3-7 leaflets.

bitemd,ta, Kuiz & Pav. Lvs. generally once ternate,
particularly in the flowering branches : Ifts. rather leath-
ery, evergreen, ovate, dark green above, paler and net-
ted-veined beneath : staminate fls. in a dense drooping
spike, containing as many as 15 fls. each about 1 in.
across, with ovate dark purplish chocolate colored se-
pals and small lanceolate white petals. Chile. B.M.
4501. Gn. 28, p. 489. — Grows about 12 ft. high against
walls in warmer parts of England. The fruit is said to
be sold in the Chilean markets and cordage is made of
the fiber. ■^. ji.

LARIX (ancient Latin name). Conlferm. Lakch.
Tamarack. Ornamental deciduous coniferous trees of
pyramidal habit, with the lvs. linear and clustered ex-
cept on young shoots, where they are spirally arranged,
and with the pistillate fls. often very conspicuous by
their bright purple color: cones erect, globose to ob-
long, rarely more than 2 in. long. They are all hardy
North except the Himalayan L. Griffithi, and are often
planted as park trees, chiefly for the light green foliage
and the regular conical, or in some vars. pendulous,
habit The most beautiful is probably L. leptolepis,
with the foliage turning bright yellow in fall, while the
others assume only a pale yellow color. They are also
very valuable forest trees, especially for the northern
and mountainous regions ; no forest tree goes farther
north than the Larch, reaching in N. America 07° and
in Siberia 72° of latitude The wood is hard heavy and
veiy durable and much used foi construction that of
i ociidentahs being considered the best of all Amen
can conifers From the European Larch turpentine is
obtained The baik contains tannin and an extiact is
used for tanning leathei The L ii h li w- in almost
an\ kind of soil hk In In 1 Mi old pre

feis a somewhat m i i 1 i 1 ind an

open situation the \ii ii I II even in

on the L u
espei 1 ilh t
usuilh b^

those of 1.
or cleft gr 1
the\ ma\ al

.,'1 prey
lamage,

elthel uul I uls b\ whip
nhouseb^ \ enter giafting,
\ cuttings of nearlj ripened
IS but this method IS rarely

886 LARIX

practiced. Nine spKciea in the colder regions of the
north' in Im f: i-im !.■. Stamimite tis. small, globose to
oblmiu II, i.Hting of numerous short-stalked,

sijiriill I iiiilicrs; pistillate fls. larger, consist-

ing ■ a -.1 ill "i iiiiuicroua scales, with 2 naked ovules
at tlic lia.^i. i.i.li ociilu borne in the axil of amuch longer
bract; cone with woody, 2-seeded scales, persistent on
the axis; seeds with large, thin wings, ripening the first
year- Alfred Rehder.

The European Larch is an upright, conical grower,
and one of our best lawn trees. In the spring, when it
is covered with its new growth of soft, feathery, light
green foliage, it is a very striking and beautiful object.
As it begins growth at a low temperature, it is the first
of our trees to be covered with new foliage. Again in the
autumn it is very beautiful, as its needles turn a golden
color before falling, for this tree, unlike most of the
conifers, is deciduous after the first
year. In the middle West and along
the coast in Massachusetts, it is
planted for timber, shelter belts
and wind-breaks. Unlike its Amer-
ican relative, L. Americana, or
Tamarack, this tree grows on hi,i;h
ground and does well on a great va-
riety of soils. It does not do well ' ,,• ^^
on low, submerged ground, the v
home of i. Americana. The Larch
is known in Europe as one of the most durable woods.
It does not ignite easily, neither does it splinter, and the
wood was in great demand for these reasons for battle-
ships before the ironclads displaced the wooden ships.

The Larch stands transplanting well, but this must
be done very early in the spring, before new growth
begins. The seed is so«-n in beds of finely prepared
soil, about the middle of May, and either raked in or
covered very lightly by hand, not to exceed one-eighth
of an inch. It is usually .sown in beds 4 feet wide. As
soon as it fferminates it is shaded with lath frames,
raised nl.ont in iiiciie^ iii.nve tlie lie.l. The first year it
rnake^ :. 'i.:iiili III rr.-iii ■' ii. 1 111. Ill .. ;ind holds its fo-

liaiTiM'. .:'.i i i I III- of hay or straw

shouM " !ii ■ ■ ■ ■il lings as soon as

winter -i I- ill. 1 1. pill I 11 1 111.- -I . Jlin-^ I. eing thrown out
by contiiuial freezing and thawiiiLr. The frames are put
on again to hold the snow. During the following sum-
mer the frames should be removed entirely. At two
years old they will be from G to 20 inches in height, and
can then be moved to nursery rows or planted out per-
manently in the forest. The seeds should be sown
thicker than other conifer seed, as seldom over 60 per
cent germinate. Sometimes they make very little up-
ward growth the first and second years after trans-
side shoots ill mill r 111 -|iri Ml! .nil iiml ^limlr tlie ground
over their ro.it>, ;i m-iwin r.ill.iw cl In nil ilir conifers

on hot, sandy snil. 'I'lii^ liiin^ linaily a iiiplished,

they will make a rapiil upward growth.

Thos. H. Douglas.

A. Bracts longer than the scales; scales numerous,
stiff, spreading or recurved after maturity.

oocidentaiis, Nutt. Tall tree, to 150 ft., with dark-
colored bark, becoming bright cinnamon-red on older
trunks, and with short, horizontal branches, forming a
narrow pyramidal head: branchlets puluMi tiI when
young: Ivs. rigid, sharply pointed, trian-nhii. k. i h ,1
beneath, 1-1% in. long, pale green: conenllin:^. 11. in.
long: scales orbicular, almost entire, toniciiii.>. l„ n, aih.
Brit. Col. to Mont, and Ore. S.S. 12:5y4. ti.F. ;i;iu7.
Gt. 20:685, figs,8-I0. G.C. 11.25:652. B.H. 22:8, figs. 3-5.

LASLANDRA

20:685, fig. 5. B.H. 22:8, fig. 2. -The handsomest of the
Larches as a lawn tree. Var. minor, Murr. (var. Mur-
rayclna, Maxim. L. Japdnica, Murr., not Carr. ).
Dwarfer form with smaller cones. Gt. 20:685, fig. 2. B.
H. 22:9, fig. 4.

BB. Lvs. without white lines, very narrow: scales
ling, straight or slightly incurfed at

ll,t

decidua. Mill. (L.Europaa, DC). Evropean Larch.
Fig. 1241. Tree, to 100 ft., with pyramidal, later often
Irregular, head: bark dark grayish brown: branchlets
slender, glabrous, yellowish: lvs. compressed, triangu-
lar, soft and obtuse, bright green, %~\H in. long: pis-
tillate fls. purplish; cones %-l% in. long, with many al-
most orbicular scales, usually finely tomentose on the
back. N. and M. Eu. Gt. 20:684, fig. ;t. B.H. 22:7, fig.
1. Var. pfendula, Loud. With pendulous branches ;

nlyk

L. Europiva

sometimes confounded with the American Larch
20:684, fig. 11. B.H. 22:8, fig. 1. Gn. 35, p. 245 a
p. 84.

Americina, Michx. {Zi. microcdrpu. D.vf. /,, i,/,
Salisb. L.lariclna, Koch). Tam.\ka. h. IIamsma
Tree, to CO ft., with horizontal l.ian. li. -. ii.nn
narrow pyraniirlal head, sometimes Inuail ami nj
older tree-.; I.afk redilish brown: branchlets sit
glabrous. "Ill II Mm. my: lvs. like those of the fc
but of liulii l.liu^li -lien: cones small, oval or s
globular. '.,-■, in. Imi!;; scales few to 20, almost o
lar and entire, glabrous. Canada, south to Pa., w
111. and Manitoba. 8.8.12:593. Em. 106. Gt. 20:W
7-8. B.H. 22:10, fig. 2-3.

Lnalniricri. Tnr,-x. Similar tn L. .\nioriraiia. Tic.

Imost
rbicu-

pst to

4, fig.

. Bracts shorter than scales.
2 white liiii's beneath: scales f

lept6Iepis, IMun. (
Tree, to 80 ft., wltli
pyramidal heail : lirai
glabrous and glossy :
rather broad, obtuse
green: cones ovate-ot
nate, roundish ovate :

•g., not Gord.).
ohes, forming a
r reddish brown,
1 globular: lvs.
light or bluish
ng, with emargi-
J. II. 19:88. Gt.

KurilcHsU, Mai'r t L. Dahurica Japonica. Maxim.
L. leptolepis, to 70 ft.: young branchlets deep bin
benilous: lvs. rigid: bracts as long or somewhat s
si-alcs. X. Ja.p.-L. TJinVi. Pari. .\Wi;\ U< L. ......i.

luuKcr; pihtiilatu lis. usually greeu, sonictiiiics Ijr
larger, with fewer but larger scales. Siberi:i. Gt.2U:
B.H. 22:7, figs. 2-3. ALFRED

LAEKSPUK. Species of Delphinium.

LASIAGEOSTIS. See Stipa.

LASIANDEA. See Tibouchina.

780 & :

LASTHEXIA

LASTHfiNIA (name of a woman who was a pupil
of Plato). Compdsitce. Low, slender annuals with nu-
merous inch-wide yellow flowers in early summer.

glabr&ta, Lindl. (i. CalifSrnica, Lindl. BomoUgyne
glabrilla, Bartl.). The plant cult, under this name is
likely to he Baeria gracilis, ■whieh see. Height 1 ft.:
Ivs. much longer than in B. gracilis, strongly keeled,
not hairy, or rarely pubescent: involucre enlarged be-
low the flower. Calif. B.M. 3730. B.R. 21: " '"""

LASTB£A (C. J. L. Delastre, Austrian botanist). A
name commonly used in England for species of Dry-
opteris. Also spelled ias?)-opo. On the basis of priority
it has no claim to recognition, as it was established by
Bory, in 1824, while we have Nephrodium, 1803; Aspid-
ium, 1801; Tectaria, 1800; Poly stichuni , 1799, and Dry-
opteris, 1763.

The following additional species of Dryopteris (Vol.
1, p. 508) are in the American trade under the name Las-
trea (the combinations are for Dryopteris, notLastrea) :

A. Lowest pinnce reduced to auricles: texture thin.

sdncta, Kuntze. Lvs. 6-9 in. long, 1-2 in. wide on
short slender stems; lower pinua> very much reduced;
under surface glandular. West Indies.

palustris. Kuntze. Lvs. 2-3 ft. long, 8-12 in. wide,
on long straw-oiplored stems ; lower pinnffi reduced, the
upper ^4 iu. wide, out down to the rachis into linear-ob-
long lobes. Brazil.

mont4na, Kuntze. Lvs. l}4-2 ft. long, 6-8 in. wide;
lower pinnae greatly reduced to mere auricles; upper
pinnae 1 in. wide, cut into close blunt lobes. En., west-
ern N. America. A variety cristcLto-grdcile is also cult.

LATHYRUS

887

AA. i.)»'.

rigida, K

scarcely reduced: texture firm.
■Stipes stout, densely scaly : lvs.
wide, oblong-lanceolate, the lower
pinniB not rfdm/eil; segments with mucronate teeth.
Eu. Var. arguta in Calif.

l^pida, Moore. Lvs. IM ft. long, 6-7 in. wide, ovate,
bipinnatifid or bipinnate, the lower 4 or 5 pairs slightly
smaller: indusia hairy. Of greenhouse origin, native
country unknown.

Other species cultivated under the name Lastrea, as L. aris-
tata and L. Hichardsi, belong to the genus Polystichum, which
see. L. M. UNDERWOOD.

LATANIA (East Indian name). Palmdceo'. Three
species of fan palms from the Mascarene Islands. Jj.
Borbonica is one of the dozen commonest trade names
among palms, but the seeds offered under this name are
said to be almost invariably those of Livistomi Chiiien-
sis. Latania Borbonica of the botanists is properly
Lntnnia Commersonii, which has 3-sec?-di-d fruits, while

tliu-f of Licistona Chinensis are 1 LI. I.Mtmiias

.Ti-.' t.'ill. ^Iiiiicli-ss palms, with soliiii'- '■'■ milar

tnnik^ : Ivv. ample, terminal, loni; i ■ i i.im-

hir. |.:iliiuiirlv Habelliform, plicately n ■ ■ ■ liMlltS

suicK.th or spiny on the margins: i:i i : iicle

3-sided, concave above; ligule concli'i lh.it;

spadices many feet long, compres-< ■ and

branches, sheathed with incompletf -I ■ : mate-

fld. branches cylindrical, digitately an an _. 1 1 ai iln .nds
of the branches, very densely clotlied witli inil.ricated
bracts : pistillate portion somewhat twisted, few-fld.,
sheathed with very broad dentate bracts : staminate fls.
half-exserted beyond the bracts, the perianth smooth
and shining: pistillate fls. larger: drupe globose, obo-
void or pear-shaped, yellow. Allied genera are discrimi-
nated under Hyplirene.

A. Lvs. glaucous.
L6ddigesii, Mart. {L. (,lauc,>,.l,,;n„. Tlort. 1. Lvs. 3-5
ft. long, very glaucous, primary v. iiis sli^-htly tomentose
beneath, tinged with red, e^i'e<-ially in young plants:
segments? ft. long. less than :; in. wide, unequally acumi-
nate, tlie e.l^-es spiny in yonn- plants; petioles 3-4H ft.

tin' v.iiinu' plant: lirup.' jiear-sliaped, 3-angled, 2}^ in.
long, 1'4 in. tliieli. Mauritius.

ts fan-1

i-li whil

and rather

AA. Lvs. not glniieous.
B. Petiole densely tomeutose, ivith an orange margin.
VerschaiiSltii, Lemaire (L. aurea, Duncan). Lvs. pale
green, 4J^-5 ft. long, the segments 2H ft. long, above
2 In. wide, acuminate, the entire margins and veins
slightly tomentose beneath ; petioles 5-8 ft., densely
tomentose, with entire orange margins, spiny in young
plants: drupe slightly 3-angled, 2 in. long, VA in. wide.
IsL Rodriguez. I.H. 0:229.

BB. Petiole red, slightly tomentose.
C6mmersonii, Gmel. (L. riibra, Jacq. L. Bdrbonica,
Lam., not Hort. ) . Lvs. b-byi ft. long, dark green above,
paler beneath ; segments lanceolate, acuminate, 2 ft.
long, 3ii-3% in. wide, their margins entire, spiny in
young plants, veins and margins tinged with red; peti-
ole 4-6 ft., slightly tomentose, the margins smooth,
spiny in young plants : drupe globose, lK-154 in. in
diam. Mauritius. Not A. P. 4:567 and 7:127; A.G. 13:141;
15:389 and 19:557; V. 9:199, all of which are Livistona
Chinensis. Jared G. Smith.

Latanias are essentially warmhouse palms and require
moderate shading through the greater portion of the
year, and also an abundance of water. A well-drained
and rather light compost is most suitable for them, and
if the soil at the time of repotting is of the same tem-
perature as the house in which the plants are grown,
there will be less risk of a check to the delicate root-
lets. L. Commersonii is a particularly striking palm,
the leaf-stems being quite long, smooth, and colored
bright crimson, as are also tl
leaves, this coloring 1" hm- ■-
young foliage. L. Lit.hh.j, .■<>, i
of the genus, the leafstalks r, a
8 ft., usually chocolate-coh.n-e.l
leaves thick and leathery and t
young, though never develop ii
those of the preceding species,
very attractive, though possibl
than the other two, its leafstalk
slender, and orange-yellow in color, the ribs of the leaf-
lets also yellow and the leaves themselves of a light
shade of green.

L. erecta and L. variegata are trade names, the former
being advertised by Saiil, 1893; the latter by Pitcher &
Manda, 1895. Any specimens in cult, will probably be
found to be varieties of some of the above.

W. H. Taplin.

LATHYETIS (name used by Theophrastus for some
leguminous plant). Legumindsa. A genus of about 100
species, occurring in the northern hemisphere and in
South America, consisting of annual and perennial,
climbing and upright herbs with pinnate lvs., half -sag-
ittate stipules and showy, papilionaceous flowers.

The genus is best known by the Sweet Pea. Most
other forms are perennial, although some of these
are cultivated as annuals. All are free-growing plants,
so independent in their ways that they require a place
to grow by themselves, apart from other plants of like
habit or size. Hence they are to be grown alone, on trel-
lises or against walls, or allowed to form a wild tangle
among strong shrubs. The chief value of the annuals
is for cut-flowers, though their part in the garden is not
to be ignored. As a temporary screen in summer for
shutting out unsightly objects, they are valuable, or for
quickly covering trellises or rough places otherwise
unsightly.

The perennials are of comparatively easy cultivation,
succeeding in any garden soil. The annuals are more
exaetini^ in theii- laapiirrnn-nts. ilenninding a moderately

for tloir I. Hit^. aii.l ..]i.-n -unliLjlii . All tire grown from
seed, -own very early in the ..pen t.. secure the required
coolness for the roots. The pierennials are propagated,
in addition, by division, special varieties being in-
creased by cuttings in the fall, after the flowering sea-
son, or in spring, from old plants stored in the green-
house. The roots of perennials are long and fleshy, and,
when once established, continue for years without atten-
tion.

Ornbiix H, •</(■,■ nn.l vet

883 LA

Lathyrus, characterized
(See, also, Orobiis.) I-:ii
ending in a tendril or in
ules leafy, large and |'i ■
tary or racemose, on Imi
lique-campaniihiti-. ," \-ii
shorter; cor(^ll:^ 'l:iil; Mu
or a union of iln -•■. iln
or roundish, n<ii. l,, i|. w i
cate-obovate or hMmii^t, i

lack of tendrils.
if|ually pinnate,
"F several; stip-
L.'ittate: fls. soli-
iii.-les; calyx ob-

inciirved, obtuse ; stamens dia-
delphous (9 and 1) or monodel-
phous below: ovary a one-celled
pod, several-ovuled; style
curved, usually twisted, flattened,
hairy along the inner side ;
flat or terete, 2-valved, deh
cent.

lahit climbing : Ivs. tendril-bearing. {Latlt'jr
B. Annuals: leaflets one pair.

1. odorAtus. Linn. Sweet Pea. Stem rough-hniry,
winged: Ifts, oval or oblong, mueronulate ; sti|mlts
lanceolate peduncle 2-4-fid., much lunirer than tbi- Ivs. :
fls. in shades of blue, red. yellow ;iiiil wlijti', fragrant,
the shield large and showy, i \|i;iiicl. il. sometimes
"hooded:" pod 1-2 in. Summer. Sirily, I'..M. i;0.-For
culture and varieties, see Sive<t I'm.

2. Tingitinus, Linn. Tangier Scarlet Pea. Fig.
1242. Sts. spreading, winged, glabrous, 3 ft. long: Ifts.
linear-lanceolate, obtuse, mueronulate; stipules lanceo-
late: peduncle 2-fld., longer than the Ivs. : fls. 1 in. long.

LATHYRUS

dark red-purple; shield large, purple, wings and keel
bright red: pod 4-5 in. long. June, July. W. Medi-
terranean region. B.M. 100. — An earlier annual than
the Sweet Pea. and because of its vigor should be kept
away from it or it will run it out.
BB. Perennials.
( . Lis. with 1 pair of leaflets.
D. Stipules narrow.

3. grandifldrns, Sibth. and Sm. Everlasting Pea.
Two-FLOWEKED Pea. Stem winged, 4-C ft. long: Ifts.
large, ovate, obtu.se, mueronulate, undulate ; tendrils
branched, short ; stipules small : peduncles 2-3-fld.,
longer than the Ivs.: shield large, obcordate, notched,
broad, rose-purple, wings dark purple: pod linear, .'i in.

,July. S.Eu. B.M. 1938.-Larger vine than 7>.^//i-
folius, biit weaker and less rampant. Fls. as large as
those of the Sweet Pea. Free-flowering, succeeiiing in
any soil, not requiring much light. Adapted to banks,
along walk-margins in woods, among strong shrubs, and
as a covering for rocks.

4. sylvestris, Linn. Flat Pea. Stem straggling or
climbing, 3-5 ft. long, stout, winged. ^Iii i-n-, ill. . ,, ,p-
ing rootstock : Ifts. linear-lanceolate. :i ■ i m-id
leafstalk: peduncle 3-6-fld., equalin. in.
long; standard rose, with green spot .;, ,; .ings
purple at summit; keel greenish: puil lame ..lai. . J-:; in.
long. All summer. All Europe, in thickets and rocky
places. — Inferior ornamentally to other perennials, but
valuable as a forage plant for cattle and for plowing
under in a green state as a fertilizer. Grows well on
poor, unimproved sandy soil, and is unaffected by frosts
and droughts. For garden culture, it may be sown in a
seed-bed and transplanted when of suitable size. Its

seeds in the wild state are said fo
be to some degree unhealthful,
but in the cultivated form this
quality has been bred out.

5. rotiindiJdlius,Willd. Persian
Everlasting Pea. Low-grow-
ing, winged species : Ifts. ovate;
stipules toothed: peduncles
many-fld., longer than the Ivs.:
fls. large, rose-pink. June. Rus-
sia and the East. B.M. (I.i22.— A
species of easy culture, requiring
a cool, shady and sheltered posi-
tion. Adapted to stony banks.
!S. (L. Stbtho7-pi, Baker). Stems
nged: Ifts. oblong: peduncle .5-fi-fld.:
fls. a mauve-red. S.B.F.G. 333.-A form intermediate
between L. latifoHus and L. rolundifolius. A somewhat
tender species, said to be 6 weeks earlier than any other.
pules broad.

7. latifdlins, Linn. Everlasting Pea. Perennial
Pea. Fig. 1243. Stemwinged,4-8ft.: Ifts. ovate-elliptic
or ovate-lanceolate, somewhat glaucous, mucronate, 2-3
in. long; tendril branching: peduncle many-fld., longer
than the Ivs. : fls. rose, large : pod flat, 4-5 in. long.
Aug. Woods of Europe. -This is the common Perennial
Pea. and one of the hardiest and most easily cultivated
.species, thriving almost anywhere, even among flags and
boulders. A rampant grower, it is a good trellis plant,
and is adapted as a cover to wild, rough places, where
it scrambles over bushes and stones. It succeeds in
shade and grows rapidly, but, like all species of Lathy-
rus, it is impatient of removal, owing to the size and
length of ts roots. Has no place in the border. Its
varieties are not clearly defined. Var. 41bus, Hort., the
wliiti- form, is acbiptiil to the same uses as the type, and
is, b.si.lr-, vaMinbli- to tlorists wanting white flowers in
niidsiHiiiiiir. Var. splfendens, Hort., dark purple and
red, is said to be the best form of the type, but does not
come true from seed. There is a striped form. also.
Other trade names are vars. albiildros and grandiflorus.

8. Hagell&nicus, Lam. Lord Anson's Blie. Stem
3-5 ft. long, smooth, angled, somewhat branched: Ifts.
ovate or oblong-linear; tendrils branched; stipules cor-
date-sagittate, broad: peduncles long, 3-4-fld. : fls. dark
purple-blue. June, July. Straits of Magellan. S.B.F.G.
II. 344.— A strong-growing, woody, almost evergreen

LATH YR as

species covered with a bluish bloom. Since it is a mari-
time plant, salt is said to assist its growth. It is some-
times regarded as an annual. V'ar. ilbus, Hort., "LOED
Anson's White," is the white form.

cc. Lvs. with more than 1 pair of leaflets.

9. paliistris, Linn. Marsh Pea. Wing-stemmed Wild
Pea. Stem slender, 1-3 ft. long, glabrous or somewhat
pubescent, often winged, rather erect: Ifts. 2-i pairs,
oblong-lanceolate, acute, 1-2 in. long; tendrils branched ;
stipules small, lanceolate: peduncles 2-8-fld., scarcely
longer than the lvs.: fls. purplish, Kin. long: pod 2 in.
long. Summer. Northern N. America and N. Europe,
in moist places. -A good bog plant. Var. myrtifdlius,
Gray (L. myrtifdlius, Muhl.). Myktle-leaved Marsh-
pea. Has smaller, obtuse lvs., broader and larger stip-
ules, the fls. pale purple. July, Aug. B;tnks of rivers,
northern North America to N. C.

10. marltimus, Bijel. Sea or Seaside Pea. Beach
Pea. Sti/m ^tnut. l-J ft. lung, angled, decumbent: Ifts.
3-6 pairs. (.\ ati-..l.loiiL', thick, glaucous, nearly blue.
1-2 in. Ion;;; stipulis li/:if-like, broadly ovate and cor-
date-hastate; peduiicjles (j-lO-fld., a little shorter than
the lvs.: fls. purple; wings and keel paler, % in. long:
pod 1}4 in. long, hairy. May-Aug. Gravelly seacoasts
throughout northern hemisphere.— A spreading plant
with creeping rootstock and of rapid growth, very tena-
cious of life. A good plant in rock gardens and in
gravelly soil.

11. vendsus, Muhl. Showy Wild Pea. Stem stout,
2-3 ft. long, finely pubescent, strongly 4-angled: Ifts.
4-6 pairs, oblong-ovate, obtuse, often pubescent below,
2 in. long; stipules narrow, short: peduncle crowded,
&-16-fld., rather shorter than the lvs.: fls. purple, 6-8
lines long: pod smooth. June. July. Shady places and
along streams, Canada to Ga. S.B.F.G. II. 37.

12. spl^ndens, Kellogg. Pride op California. Stem
subshrubby, slender, more or less soft-pubescent: Ifts.
4-6, ovate-oblong to linear, %-l in. long, acute; stipules
narrow : peduncle 6-12-fld. : fls. pale rose or violet, large.
Dry hills of coast ranges, Calif. Gn. 52: 1133. -A green-
house plant 1 ft. long or more, becoming 8-10 ft. at home,
where it dies down during the summer. Elsewhere it
adapts itself to climate but is not hardy in N. United
States. Sometimes confused with a variety of L. lati-

13. montinus, Bernh {Oiuhii^ litteuf, hinn L luteus.
Baker). Stem simple, angled, smooth. Ifts. 5-8 pairs,
large, elliptic-lanceolate, pointed, glaucous below: pe-
duncles mauy-fld., a little shorter than the lvs.: fls.
large, orange-yellow. June, July. Forests of the Alps.

LAURUS 889

S.B.F.G. II. 11.3. -A shade-enduring species with fls.
in erect, spike-like clusters and adapted to borders and
rockeries.

BE. Fls. not yellow.

14. polym6rphus, Nutt. Prairje VETrHLisi;. Stem
rather stout, usually low, Kl:it.r"ii-- nr tiin Iv i.iiln.i,', nt,
erect, a little woody at iln l.:i . ''• ■ i. i: > al-
tered, narrowly oblong-, arm. .: i I I : i ■ -^

narrowly acuminate: |iicluii> 1. J ' ,, ;,^. i-

than the lvs.: fls. purpk-, iaryu. ^i.ii..;! liil,. i,r.i-~v,
alluvial plains, Colo, to New Mes. and Ariz."

15. niger, Bernh. (0»-o6ms wJffer, Linn.). Black Pea.
Blac-k Bitter Vetch. Stem erect or ascending,
branched, angled, 1-2 ft. long: Ifts. 6-8 pairs, elliptical
or ovate, H-1 i". \<<uix. liu'ht green, turning black when
drying; stipiil.s nain.w, small : peduncles 6-8-fld.,
longer than tin- l\s,: IK. purple, small. June, July.
Mountainous and rncky <iistricts. Middle Europe. B.M.
2261. — Slender species, with short rootstock, succeeding
in the shade.

16. vemus, Bemh. (Orobns vh-nus, Linn.). Spkino
Bitter Vetch. Stem simple, somewhat pubescent, 1-2
ft.loug: Ifts. --:'. pair., -^:,l- :.. uniniat,-, li-l,t Kn-.-n;

fls. blue-viol, ■!;■ kr. 1 . ; ' :. ■ .' . n ,' , a .,1,'li,,^',' .Mav',

June. Hills aial w i-, -.,:iMi r.nnal Europ.-. |-;,.M.

521. -The most popular lli.,l.,us. a ..-..Tjipact, tufted plant,
growing quickly in suu or a little shade; best in deep,
sandy loam, in a sheltered position; hardy. Var. ilbus,
a white form, is rare.

L. gaUgiformi£ and L. HelvHicus are names in the American
trade, but cannot be placed botanieally.— i. tnberbsus, Linn,, has
lieen imported by an American amateur. It differs from all de-
scribed above by having tubers. It is a native of the northern
parts of the Old World, and bears red flowers, which are gener-
ally fewer and smaller than those of L. sylvestris.

A. Phelps Wtman.

LATTKEL, Properly Laurus nobilis, but other broad-
leaved evergreens have taken the name. In America,
the Kalmias are known as Laurels. The Cherry Laurel
is Prumis Lauro-cerasus .and in America P. CaroU7iia7ia.
Portugal Laurel, is P. Lnsitanica. Ground Laurel is
Epigjea.

LAUKESTINUS. Popular name of Viburnum Tinus.

LAUKOCfiRASUS. Consult Pruiius.

LAOKUS ndbilis (Laurus is the ancient name) is
the Sweet Bay tree of the florists, the most universal of
all evergreen tub-plants. It is native to the Mediterra-
nean region, sometimes attaining a height of 40 to 60 ft.,
but rarely assuming a true tree-like form. As a culti-
vated subject, it is grown as a small standard tree, with
a close-sheared top. The plant endures abuse and
neglect, the head can be trimmed to almost any shape,
and the growth mav be kept within small limits vear
after year. F.R. 1 :669 (Fig. 1244). It is, therefore," the
most popular of plants for decoration of open-air or ex-
posed restaurants, esplanades, architectural appurte-
nances, and the like. Although much used in America,
it is still more popular in Europe. Of the European
dealers one may order plants with heads trained to pyra-
mids, cones, globes, and the like, and with bodies long
or short. The plant will endure considerable frost. It
is grown in the open in England: "The Sweet Bay
bush in the farmer's or cottage garden comes with its
story from the streams of Greece, where it seeks mois-
ture in a thirsty land along with the wild Olive and the
Arbutus. And this Sweet Bay is the Laurel of the poets,
of the first and greatest of all poet and artist nations of
the earth — the Laurel sacred to Apolki, and used in
many ways in his worship, as we may see on coins, and
in many other thintrs that remain to usi.f thesreat jieo-
ples of thej.asr- Kin, 47, pn, lllll. :;(i7i, AlthonL-li so

) the favaiiy lyaurdcece, which in-
Camphora, Persea, Sassafras,
era. Many species have been re-

890

LAURUS

ferred to Laurus, but with the exception of two. these
species are now placed in other genera. These two true
Lauruses are L. nobilis, Linn, (the subject of this
sketch), and L. Canariensis, Webb & Berth., of the
Canary Islands. The fls. are dicecious or perfect, small
and inconspicuous, in small, axillary umbels; perianth
with a short tube and a4-parted limb; stamens 8-12 or
more, and staminodia often present: ovary sunk in the
receptacle, the style short : fr. a small berry.

The Sweet Bay {L. nobilis) has stiff, dull green, en-
tire, alternate Ivs. lanceolate or lance-oblong in shape:
yellowish fls. in early spring: succulent, purple, cherry-

like fruits Tl II 1 '5 used in cookery and

the making t luse of their pleasant

aromatic fla% I th which the heroes of

antiquity wei k of Laurel leaves.

Laurus Bin > t tr 1 1 italogues is Bejijoin odor-
iferum. L bassafias is the (sassafras tree. L. Cam-
phora is the Camphor tree (see Camphoia and Cinna-
momum). L. H. B.

It is estimated that several hundred thousand Bay
Trees are sold every year in Europe and America.
They are mostly imported from Belgium and Holland,
where they are cult, as follows : Cuttings 3-4 inches
long from well-ripened wood are put in sharp sand,
either under bell glasses or in glass cases. Bottom heat
is not essential. After the cuttings have rooted, they
are potted in small pots, in fairly rich sandy loam,
with good drainage, and can then be put in a hotbed,
with some gentle bottom heat, where they will at once
make a good strong growth. After this they are, as a
rule, planted in nursery rows, in rich sandy soil, with
perfect drainage. They will make a strong shoot 3 to 5
feet in length in one season. These shoots are tied up
to stakes. At the end of the growing season and long
before the cold weather sets in, these young plants, to-
gether with their stakes, are taken up and put into their
winter quarters, which, as a rule, is a well-lighted and
ventilated shed— an ordinary barn-like shed, sometimes
built several feet into the ground and provided with
sky-lights and ventilators. These plants are set in close
rows and watered once or twice a week, according to the
weather. Little or no fire heat is used in these sheds
unless the weather gets extremely cold. The tempera-
ture is kept just above freezing. In the spring they are
taken out and either potted and plunged in nursery
rows, or planted out, as before. Plenty of water, rich
peaty soil and the congenial moist atmosphere near the
seacoast induces them to make a fast and luxuriant
growth. Thus they are cultivated continually until the
plants have bciii tr:iiiicd inio the desired form, and as
soon as they liavr :iltiiiiic^l • n,.ui;h of this form to show
theif character, wlii.li uvnall) is from 5 to 6 years after
propagation, thiy air |.laiiii-ct in properly proportioned
hardwood tub.s ami arc then ready for the market, or to

LAVANDULA

be further cultivated, perhaps for a good many years,
until they grow into large specimen.s. The trees are cut
back and trimmed into shape once a year, after the new
growth is well matured.

The peaty muck soil in which they are grown abroad
is very deceptive to Americans, and many tine trees
have been ruined by not understanding its nature. Its
dark color always makes it look moist. Sometimes
when the soil looks moist enough the trees are really
dying from drought.

In retubbing trees there is danger of using for filling
material a soil that is too heavy. The water then runs
into the new soil, leaving the old soil dry. If the trouble
is not detected soon the trees may be spoiled. The only
thing to do in such cases is to comb out the old ball and
cut back to live roots. The tree can then be planted in
the open to gain a new set of roots, after which the top
can be cut back to live wood. The tree may thus be
eventually brought into a good shape again.

As a rule. Bay Trees are not good house plants. They
do not like the dry heat of a dwelling. They can, how-
ever, stand considerable heat if they have plenty of
fresh air and plenty of water. In spring and early sum-
mer, when they are making and finishing their growth,
they can stand any quantity of liquid manure or of
strong manure mulching, for they are great feeders.
Many people erroneously suppose that this tree affords
the bay rum of commerce. The cured leaves of the
Sweet Bay are used in putting up packages of rice, and
impart a rich and agreeable aroma, jj. A. Siebreoht.

LAVAN'DD'LA (Latin, lavo, to wash; referring to the
use of Lavender in the bath). Labi&tce. This genus in-
cIuiUs the Lavender (i. vera), an ancient garden favor-
ite because of its pleasant odor. The genus contains
about 20 species, scattered from ih<- M'-iliti-rr'nu-aii

region to India; perennial herbs, s\ili-! ■' i "ii.-,-

Ivs. commonly crowded at the basi i iis-

sected : whorls 2-10-fld., crowded im . I.il

cylindrical spikes, which are unbraiMii.i i,i i iinliccl
from the base: fls. blue or violet; calyx tubular, i:i-l.i-
striated, 5-toothed ; corolla lobes nearly equal, or the
posterior lip 2-cut, the anterior 3-cut; stamens 4, didyn-
ainous, declined, included in the tube ; style shortly
2-(iit at the api'x. In the North, winter protection should
be |ir..vi.I.-.l fur Lavender. The plant grows naturally in
dry an.l liilly wastes. J. B. Keller advises a light,
open s,m1.
A. Spike loose : upper floral Ivs. fertile, shorter than
the eahjx.
B. Lvs. not densely woolly.

v*ra, DC. Lavender. Subshrub, 1-3 ft. high : lvs.
oblong-linear or lanceolate, entire; younger ones often
clustered in the axils, white-tomentose, revolute at the
margins; older ones greener, 1-1)^ in. long: spikes in-
terrupted: whorls 6-10-fld. Summer.

Spica, Cav. Dwarfer than the true L.ivrii.lcr, ivliitpr,
the lvs. more crowded at the base of ilh luinnli. v, -|,ike
denser and shorter. The floral lvs. .m hmr, m|:ii.- .ir
linear (rhomboid -ovate acuminate in L. r,r,ii. and the
bracts are linear-awl-shaped, shorter lliaii the calyx,
while in Jj. vera the bracts are almost absent.
BB. Lvs. densely woolly.

lanftta, Boiss. Differs also from the preceding in
having much longer and less crowded spikes. Woolson
says it grows 1-2 ft. high and needs winter protection
at Passaic, N. J.

AA. Spike dense : tipper floral lvs. sterile, comose.
B. Lvs. entire.

StoEchas, Linn. Shrub, 2-3 ft. high : Ivs. tomentose,
about Kin. long : spikes short-peduncled, densely co-
mose : fls. dark purple. Cult, only in S.Calif.
BB. Lvs. obtusely pinnate-dentate.

dentita, Linn. Lvs. pubescent : spikes long-pedun-
cled: fls. deep purple. Mediterranean region. B.M. 400.
-Int. 1900 by Franceschi. w. M.

Lavender (L. vera, DC), a labiate shrub, 2-3,
sometimes G ft. tall, with green or glaucous lvs, and
flowers in cvlindrical, terminal spikes, of a blue tint

LAVAXDULA

named from them, is a native of Persia, the Canaries,
and the Mediterranean region, covering vast tracts of
dry land in Spain, Italy and southern France, cultivated
largely in the last-named country and in the counties of
Surrey and Hertfordshire, England.

In the eastern United States it is grown in but few
gardens, but in California, where climatic and soil con-
ditions seem favorable, it is more commonly planted,
though not upon a commercial scale. The dry soil of
that state and the light limestone soil of the Black Belt of
Alabama and adjacent statis M-.ni to be most inviting
to this industry.

The generic nam.- i^ .1. liv. d i r.>ni the ancient use of
its flowers and leaviv in liath i"rfiimery. The flowers
long retain their strong, fragrant odor after drying, and
upon distillation yield a lemon-yellow, very fluid oil of
aromatic, bitterish, burning taste. Though this is offl-
cinally credited with stimulant and tonic properties, it is
seldom administered in the pure state. Its chief uses
are in the manufacture of perfumery, aromatic vinegar
and lavender water, an alcoholic solution of the oil and
other odorous substances. For these purposes, English
oil has long commanded the highest price, but recently
the French product has been claimed superior. Though
all parts of the plant are aromatic, and both leaves and
flower-stems are used in oil manufacture, oil obtained in
the first half hour of distillation from flowers alone is
much superior to the later distillate and also to the oil
obtained from a mixture of flowers and stems. These
grades, and also the highly valued product of very dry
seasons, are always sold separately.

Lavender is best propagated by cuttings of one sea-
son's growth taken with a heel of older wood, in late
autumn or early spring. When set 3^ in. asunder in
rather moist soil and shaded, they strike more readily
and produce more symmetrical plants than older wood.
Seed does not propagate desired varieties, and division
is not advised, since plants so obtained are more sus-
ceptible to disease than those made from young-wood
cuttings. After danger i.f fn.st. the 1-year-old plants
arr ■> I ) ft, :i-iiii.;.r in r.. v. i: ii. apart, running north
all'! ii'i. I',,. ;■,. ,. ,,!,; M- hedge-method yield
a ' ' ,1 IM\-. light, calcareous,

e\iii -I. - I,, i: -im and air are unim-

peil(-'i lj> ut-i---. .-!■ , .:ir. Upon such fewer

are injured by fro~: , !~ i.f superior quality.

In moist soil so lui; : i • ni. rs the plant as to
enfeeble it, and ii]hu, [ i i. Id and quality both

suffer. Light fertilizing ■ : litc manure or ashes

turned under in autumn, an. i j liuiwiiig, are ad-

vised. During the first year i I ;. Lints should

be clipped to prevent flowenn nage stocki-

ness. Vigorous plants so trim 1,1 mi. -i.w to a height
and a diameter of 5 ft., and when L'—l years old produce
secondary bloom spikes after the general harvest, which
usually occurs in early August. Plantations should be
destroyed when 4-6 years old and the land rested with
other crops before setting to Lavender again. Cutting
in clear weather, in early blossom, before the dew is off
and at once distilling give best results; but no delay
should occur. Cutting in wet weather, in the heat of the
day, holding blossoms long before distilling and expos-
ing them to the sun after cutting result in serious
losses. One pound of flowers yields from K-1 drachm
of oil. aud an acre from 10-25 pounds. The annual out-
put of the stills of Grasse, France, is from 80,000 to
100,000 kilogrammes.

"Oil of spike," obtained from a broad-leaved, much
whiter and smaller species (Ii. Spica), is less fragrant
than true Lavender oil, being analogous to oil of tur-
pentine, with which it is often adulterated. It suggests
the odor of rancid cocoanut oil. Officinally, it is credited
with carminative and stimulant properties, and has been
found useful in nervous languor and headache. It is
used by artists in the manufacture of varnishes, by
porcelain painters, and to a small extent in perfumery,
mainly as an adulterant. From 20,000 to 25,000 kilo-
grammes are annually produced at Grasse.

M. G. Kains.

LAVATfiBA (two Lavater brothers, i.hv^i.iaiK and
maturalists at Zurich, friends of Touruef. .rt i , .1/./ /.,).. ,r.
About 18 species of widely scattered herhs, .slirulis aud

trees, tomeutose or hairy: Ivs. angled or lobed: fls.
sonietiiiirN 2-4 in, arrn..^. variously colored, rarely yel-
low, ^..lii.iiy in iln .ixiN ..!■ l.orue in terminal racemes;

nite iiiMiilinr ,,f lil'iiinni- : i"-tals 5.

Tin- l:- nii^ [m- ,. n, :,r .illn-s of garden value, which
are all .Ii-iihl- ; i: i. . i 'ii. ir bractlets. In Lavatera
and .\ltlia-a r _ :i together at the base; in

Malva ami i . ..n- free all the way, some-

Lavatera i.s In ^ n. .i-in-l i riiin Altlia-a by hav-
ing 3-6 bra.-ili \l ^ ,. . i m - , ;i,|,i ,1,,. u^is of
the fruit surn _ ; ii m n.-t the case
in Althsea. Tin -- i-li'i-- ,ir- --f lin i-,i^n--t c-ultiire, the
first species bi-mg the cunuuonest. and all prop, by
seeds. There seem to be no double forms. They are
far less popular than Hollyhocks.

A. Annual, herbaceous.

trimSstris, Linn. Height 3-6 ft. : Ivs. nearly glabrous,
upper ones angled: fls. rosy, 4 in. across: receptacle or
axis of the fr. expanded at the apex into a disk, inclos-
ing the ovary. Mediterranean region. Var. Alba has
white fls. Gn. 24, p. 89; 51, p. 212 and 53:1154. B.M. 109.
AA. Biennial or perennial, shrubbi) or tree-like.
B. Foliage variegated.

arbdrea, Linn. Biennial, woody at the base, with an-
nual flowering branches, forming a shrub 3-5 ft. high or
less : Ivs. 5-9-lobed, softly downy on both sides, rarely
nearly glabrous: fls. pale purple-red, about 2 in. across:
receptacle small, marked with little pits, not exserted.
Cult, only in the form of var. variegita, which has
mottled Ivs. Gn. 23, p. 114. V. 8:99.

BB. Foliage not variegated.
c. Fls. 1-4 in the axils, pedicelled.

assurgentifldra, Kellogg. Presumably perennial,
shrubby, 6-15 ft. high: Ivs. glabrous or sparingly stel-
late-pubescent, 5-7-lobed, 3-6 in. wide: fls. inirple;
petals 1-lJ-^ in. long, with long, narrow, ul dn-n- . [:i\\ ~.
and a pair of dense, hairy tufts at the li.-i-- - : : i .

fr. low-conical, about as long as the cai-j- i .i i i; i

Island. Cult. only in S. Calif.-Frances.-hi -:.^ , ii in.ii..^
a large, round-headed shrub, with large red lis., and is
one of the best plants to stand saline winds,
cc. Fls. solitary, sessile.

Olbia, Linn. Perennial, shrubby, about 6 ft. high:
hairs of the stem pilose, somewhat clustered, distant:
Ivs. softly tomentose, lower ones 5-lobed, upper 3-lobed,
highest oblong, scarcely divided: fls. reddish purple.
S. Eu. — Not advertised in America, but commonly cult.
in England, where it occasionally sows itself. \y_ ji_

LAVENDER. See Lavandula.

LAVENDER COTTON is Suiitolina Chama-cyparissus.

LAWN. For most people the word Lawn bears a
vague meaning, compounded of their recollection of

turf. Both are correi
portant feature is tha
grass space (Figs. 12
ditions to this deflniti
great white oak, for :

■Ml "|H'n area of
xo-l.imns orad-
lii- aillnitted. A
aud picturesque

against the evening sky, needs only to be seen to fur-
nish an ample excuse for its retention on any Lawn. But
this would be a happy chance, not affecting the princi-
ples which should govern the construction of a Lawn
on an open area.

It may readily appear that the Lawn will, as originally
designed, prove too sunny or too strongly wind-swept
over its extended expanse; but the remedy for this will
be found to lie not so much in planting single trees or
detached groups of trees over the uncovered area, as in
extending limbs, points, promontories and peninstilas
of trees, or trees and shrubs, directly out from the main

892

LAWN

which had been discovered by
months and even years of keen
and intellJKent search in the old
meadows of Ijoth the Old and the
New World from Austria to Aus-
trali:>. Tin- result is an elastic
liniiihss. :ui endurance, depth
■.iw[ lirlinrss of the turf which
Miu'-c^t-- to the tread the deep
stern carpet woven

pile ot some ta
in a hand-loom.

But all can not
standard on their I.

atta

body of hord.Tin- plMi.t :,1 imi . ^■,\„r!, ..nil n-iuiUy Irni.ir
the Lawn and the diirn. m |.i i ,i^ iiai will appear in

any properly unified sd I i ape gardening.

The art of the designer « I i . i iii determining

the relative sizes of the Liam- u-vi <li:-^f enclosing or
framing plantations. A carefol eye must, of course, be
given to the individuality of the Lawn itself, which
should never be allowed to merge into the neighboring
plantations. A like principle applies to all kinds of art
— it is fundamental and vital in its character. The
reader may fancy that its application would tend to limit
the beauty of landscape gardening by eliminating cer-
tain features of natural beauty, such as trees, shrubs
and beds of flowers. I>ut. it he will look at an open Lawn
with discemiiii; an.l , inj.ai la i ic eyes, he will find that
the "moving (• I. a I a virig grass, rich patches

of dark and li^li i a : i il-al with the starry radi-
ance of the bun 1 1 I' ila a ^i i la- ^^rass, and the hundred
incidents of blaziiitc or siilxhual color and form that ap-
pear on the surface of an open meadow," need no add. ai
beauty of tree or shrub to perfect their nearly unaii
proachable loveliness. So important does the wrihi-
consider the essential and peculiar beauty of the Lawn
as distinguished from that of any other part of the
home domain, that he always feels inclined to term it
the true focus of the picture, the central point of inter-
est in any landscape gardening design.

This being the case, it behooves us always to literally
leave no stone unturned or clod of earth uutilled and
imfei'tilized in order to obtain a satisfactory open Lawn.
Did the reader ever really see such an one ; Lit liim an-
swer frankly to himself whether h. lai- ^r 1 a • laa ~r, n a
Lawn which showed no traces 111' I i > n ; aai

early weeds in July, nor any sin it

weeds in August and Septemlii-r, aina. all. a Lauit
which would stand a protracted drouL;hi u itUuui ariiliciul
watering. Very likely he will think it is impossible to
make such a Lawn under the conditions of soil and cli-
mate which each and all of us are likely to believe spe-
cially characteristic of the spot of ground on which we
live. Perhaps, on the other hand, he will declare that In
has seen such a Lawn in some remote place, but if w.
question him, ten chances to one we shall find that 1 i~
observation of this exceptional Lawn is limited— that It
has not wintered and summered near it, or seen ii
ing its periods of " storm and stress." The writer k i
one place where such a Lawn can be seen, and he i ■
to it, not because it is properly a Lawn, for it lack- t
requisite framing plantations; but it is perfect in iin'
first essential of a good Lawn— it is a piece of perfect
Lawn grass. A brief description will show how this
standard of excellence was reached. The Lawn consists
ot siriall jiatalir.^ i.f irrass turf on a private farm in Mau-
cliesti 1-, 1 "titi. i;,ii h iiatch was worked and turned over

withxat I a ly contrived hoes, forks and rakes

until 1 1. I : weed was removed that could be

fiiunil I. tilt t ; til and untiring patience. The soil
was that I.f an alil ^'anlrn. and naturally good. It was
tilled in the must tlii.n,u-li manner and not fertilized at
all, fiir fear new weeds In- introduced. Then, in this
ini-lliiw and n-ee].tive mi-ilinni. were set cuttings orjoints
of: the hardiest and most luxuriant varieties of grasses

given:
1. The Lawn should be care-
ftilly -lailril, either convex, level or concave, in such
cinnparatively long, suave and graceful lines as will ac-
cord with the peculiar conformation of the ground (Fig.

m-).

2. Plow, harrow or spade, and fork the soil of the
Lawn to a depth of tw., fiit. if possible, and keep re-
moving the stones and lanniiiL' the gathered rubbish
for several weeks, or a^ j.iii- a- m.u can persuade your-
self to do it, or pay anv ..m- lUa to do it, with the full
assurance that no matter how muidi you do, you will not
be likely to destroy all the weeds and win the very best
possible results.

3. Enrich the soil by a covering of still richer mold.
Next to this in efficiency are bone dust, superphos-
phate of lime, nitrate of soda, and nitrogenous manures
like ground flesh and bone mixed in proportions suited
to "the special soil, which may vary materially in a dis-
tance ot a few hundred yards. The usual proportions

ai- le tun til the ai-ie uf ordinary artificial fertilizers,

Mirh as ^ii|ii i|ila.s|ihate uf lime and bone dust, or 15 to
j:. uf w, II ruttril stalili- manure. If artificial fertilizers
an- nut availalile. thin take eow manure, sheep manure,
or last of all, because it is the most productive of weeds,
ordinary stable manure. These natural manures are,
after all, the best, save for their weed-bearing qualities.
They will need composting with several times their
bulk of good soil and evenly spreading and harrowing
or raking in throughout the .surface of the Lawn.

4. For turfing, the cleanest grass seed that can be ob-
tained at any price will be found the best in the end.

r

The bulk of this seed should be Kentucky blue-grass or
June-grass {Pon imitensis) mixed with red-top or herd 's-
grass {Ai/f '•.. •• ■'■". y:<r. rulgaris), or A grostis canhia,
the Rhoiii I _ii<s. The advantage of using

several kin - t hat the first-comers hold pos-

session uf ita at iitia a _ainst incursions of weeds until
the stronger Imi ^luuer-growing Kentucky blue-grass

LAWN

gets complete root-hold, when, in the struggle for life,
the earlier growths of grass, being weaker, go to the
wall and are crowded out of existence. How fine this
blue-grass may become under favorable conditions it
will be needless to point out to those who have seen the
grass meadows of Kentucky.

5. On a quiet day the seed should be sown evenly
over the Lawn surface-a task which can be well done
only by much skill and experience. The ground will
then need careful raking with a line-toothed in.n rak.-,

LAWSONIA 893

, ill/ %:

1247 An easy erade for a steep lawn

and rolling with in uon roller the heavier the better
In Aery dry and -n mdy weather it is hardly worth while
to sow grass seed

6. As soon as the grass has grown 3 or 4 inches, cut it
first with a scythe and afterwards with the Lawn mower,
in order to secure a good, thick-set turf. Every spring,
and oftpiier if wet weather prevails, a compacting with
the irciii r.iUc-r will serve a good purpose. Fertilizing on
th'- til]' "f tin- Lawn in the winter is always in order,
pnivi.l..! tin- remainders of rubbish from the stable
iiKimirc tliat iiKiv be used be removed early in spring
before the grass 'starts.

7. The last and perhaps the most important care to be
given the Lawn in the process of its establishment is
the weeding of the first summer. The next is the weed-
ing of the second summer-aiid the third i<! thi^ weeding
at anytime it may need it, ti.. iii:itlrr liuw iiiaiiy yr:ir-^

may have elapsed" since its .•.ni^fru.'tii.n. Tl ni.in

patch and the flower garden m , il ]>., ni.Tr wi-.diii- thnn
the Lawn, if for no other reas.ju than because the u-e
and l.iauty .if t-ither onion patch or flower garden can

niv. r ml. ill. a, equal those of the home Lawn. In it,

skill aii.l j.ati.in'e and the love of beauty find abundant
rewind. Sajtl-el Parsons, Jb.

Lawns foe the South. — The scarcity of handsome
Lawns throughout the South often leads to the impres-
sion that the cause is from a lack of proper grasses pos-
sessing sufficient resisting power to withstand the long,
warm summers. This idea is, unfortunately, widely en-
tertained, and, as a consequence, one of the most pleas-
ing features of landscape gardening is lost. The princi-
pal cause which has led to this oj.iniun is from the
endeavor, in the formation ..f I. awns. t.. use the many
kinds of grass seeds which :.!.■ s.. su..cssful in the
northern states and which av. un^uit..! I..r southern

S..wn during the fall muuth.s in piiipcrly prepared
Ian. I. a very i^ood stand can be had during winter and
eaily sMniiiicr. liut unless there is sufficient moisture,
eitli.r fr..Mi .-..[.i.ius rains or liberal irrigation, most of
til..-.. ..tli.rw i-.. excellent gr.isses fail and die out dur-
in- a |.i-.iira.t. .1 drought. Lawns of an extensive area,
wilt II f..nii. .1 with northern and European grasses, are
th.i. li.i-. una.lvisable South, but where the extent is
limit... I. til.- s.iil deeply dug, well fertilized and artifi-
cial irrigatum available, then a very satisfactory result
may be expected. Several Lawn grass mixtures are rec-
ommended, Imt the best that has come under our obser-
vation is the formula known in Philadelphia as "Ever-
green Lawn Mixture."

There are, however, several native and exotic grasses,
which not only resist the long summer heat, but, if
properly treated, afford most excellent Lawn-making
material. First of all is the Bermuda grass (Cynodon

or Cfiprioja), a plant of trailing and stoloniferous habit.
Although it is known throughout the southern states
under the name of Bermuda, it is, however, a native
grass of Bengal and other sections of India, and found,
also, in Corea. In Bengal it is known as "Doob grass,"
and there highly prized for its vigorous growth of a
soft, dark hue, and thriving where scarcely any other
kind will. This grass has become widely disseminated
throughout the South, where it has received both the
harshest possible reputation as a nuisance when allowed
to take a foothold in cultivated fields and gar-
dens, as well as unstinted praise from those
who have learned its great value as a pasture,
hay or Lawn grass.
..- When required for Lawns, the roots should

be cut in short lengths, — passing them through
a hay cutter is the most expeditious. Let the
ground be well and deeply plowed or dug, well
manured, and after sowing the pieces of grass
t - - roots they must be either raked or harrowed

:: — ■^ in, then the surface made perfectly level by
rolling; or, where the area is limited, the roots
may be planted 6 inches apart. Plant at any
time during February or March, or in the fall
if preferred. If during the spring the soil
should become verydry, an occasional watering,
where this is practicable, should be attended to
until the grass is well established. Neither ex-
cessive heat or cold will kill the roots if left
undisturbed, but plowing up during warm weather will
soon rid the ground of the roots if this is desired. As
the new growth attains a few inches in height, use the
Lawn mower every week or ten days during moist
weather, but even during dry weather the grass must be
kept occasionally clipped to prevent flowering. If the
growth is not vigorous, apply a top-dressing of bone
meal. In the fall a coat of well-rotted stable manure
should be given ; this may be raked off early in the
spring, previously running a sharp-toothed harrow over
the Lawn, and finally rolling it well. In this way a per-
manent and good Lawn may be secured with very little
additional expense. Any soil, unless naturally very wet,
will suit Bermuda grass.

Paapajnyn distU'hum, or "Joint grass," is native of
the S"uthern states, and usually found in moist or low
L'i-..nn.|s. It can be utilized in soils which are too wet
t.. suir till- Bermuda, but at best makes an indifferent
Lawn, a- it is of low-creeping and not sufficiently

BotthaJJia ritgosa, known on the coast belt and
Florida as "Goose grass" (St. Augustine grass), is an
erect-growing perennial plant, with flat or channelled
leaves. It is found in pine-barren swamps and ponds
from Florida to North Carolina, and being well adapted
to the sandy soils of the coast, even those which are
commonly termed salt-water lands, it is therefore valu-
able for such localities. As for the Bermuda, the soil
should be well fertilized and prepared. The rootlets
are planted in rows a few inches apart. As the growth
begins, repeated clippings are required. While it makes
a coarse sod, still its bright green color and adaptability
to soils where few other grasses of low trrowth are pos-
sible, makes it a valuable plant f.ir Lawns.

Many Lawns are injured by all. .win:; ..ih.r i:;rasses to
take a foothold. Sporobolus Jmlfu^^. ..r "Smut grass,"
was originally intro-luced from fh.- W. st In.lies. It
soon forms large tufts, with tall, wiry si. ins, whose
panicles are usually covere.l with a Ma.k fungous
growth. AristUla j'tirpKrasfins. ..r "r.r....m Sedge,"
will soon deface a Lawn if left umlisturbcd. Both
should be eradicated as soon as they appear.

P. J. Bekckmans.

LAWSONIA ( after Dr. Lawson, who published in 1709,
at London, an account of his botanical journey in Caro-
lina I. Liithrarr.r. This genus includes a tropical shrub,
cult, ill Kur..!..' un.I.-r glass for ornament and outdoors
in the tr..pics thr..u;;hout the world. Its fragrant white
fls. iir...lii.f the hiniia or alhenna of the Arabs (Cyprus
of the an.ieuts), which is used in Egypt and elsewhere
bv w.im.ii to color their nails, and by men to dye their
l.iar.K. Ill America it seems to be cult, only in S. Calif.

I genus '

perhaps only (

species, a

894

LAWSONIA

' produ

glubrous shnib, with branches spinv or not. Important
generic characters are : calyx 4-parted: petals 4: stamens
8: capsule globose, 4-celled, rupturing irregularly.

&lba, Lam. Henna Plant. Lvs. opposite,"oval-lanceo-
late, entire, short-stalked : fls. panicled. Native to In-
dia, the Orient, N. Afr. Naturalized in West Indies.

LAYERING. Figs. 1248-1253. Layering is the pro-
cess by which a part of a plant stem in i
roots while still attached to and notirWli
plant, so that it may be able to iii.iiniiiii n: umIc |,.'inlent
growth. The tendency, under l.i ,-ns, to

produce roots from the cambium , ,. i |-;irt of

the stem is manifested by many ].l:iiii , . -im . iilh in the
tropics. It may be noticed in the spitiis c.f Fi<us culti-
vated in the greenhouse, in Epigiea and if 7i us Toxicoden-
dron in the woods, in tomato vines in the garden, in
grape canes lying on the ground, and frequently in young
apple tr.-fs wlun tli.- trunk 1., r..iii,< .•,,v,]v,l with" earth

ith

those plants which du not ruul readily Iruiu cuttings.

The mode of root-production is essentially the same
in either case. The right conditions as to moisture,
temperature, food supply, etc., seem to stimulate the
formation of one or more growing points in the cambium
zone. The multiplying cells force their way through the
bark, and if favorable soil contact is secured, supporting
roots are soon developed. The same results may come,
sometimes more readily, from or near a callus formed in
the effort to liial a cut surface. It is wln-n the food sup-
ply is dclici.iit ..r tic- cell artinn is s,. slow that the de-
tached |,art w.iul.l pcrM, l.ef.. re supporting roots could
be establislie.l, il,al r..,,tiin; wl,ile tlie parts are still at-
tached tu and nourished by the parent plant need be
employed.

The different methods of Layering are simply matters
of detail adapted to the varying natures of the plants to
be dealt with. Usually branches are selected of rather
young wood, which can easily be brought under the soil
and which, when rooted, can be removed without damage
to the old plant. The most favorable season is generally
the spring or time of most rapid cell growth.

1348 A layer nolUied at the

METHODS cjp L.\YEKING
f lioired branch—
Bark ruptured.
Bark ringed.
Trees Axn I Tongue cut.
Shrubs 1 Tip Layered.

Mound- or siool-layer.
I rotted or aerial layer.
Vivii-a AMn ( Ifimple laiirr.
Trench la,,,,:
[ Serpentine h, ,,,■,•.

As shown in Fig. 1248. a suitable lir;iii. Ii i-
ground and held in place by a forked pi]i, -<■

Case

LAYERING

tion of it is covered with 2 or ."! inches of rich earth, the
end being bent to an upright position and fastened to a
stake. The bend and consequent rupture of the bark
may be all that is needed to obstruct the movement of
food-material and cause the development of roots at this

point. If not, a tongue may be cut not deeper than one-
third of the thickness of the branch from below upwards
and near a bud or node. In Fig. 1249 a layered branch
is shown with a ring of bark removed, a good practice
with thick, hard-barked species.

For many low-branched shrubs, mound- or stool-layers
are prepared (Fig. 1250), as follows: In the spring, head
the bush back to a series of stubs, which will produce a
large number of vigorous young shoots. By midsummer,
in some cases, or the following spring, a niound of earth
is thrown around the old stool and the base of the new
shoots, and from these latter abundant rooting is se-
cured, so that by the following autumn or spring they
may be separated and set in nursery rows.

When a branch cannot be brought to the ground,
sometimes the earth is brought to the branch by clasp-
ing the halves of a broken or specially made pot arotind
a tongued or girdled branch and filling in earth and
sphagnum moss to retain the nmisturc; or the mie.s may

1250. Mound

In Fin

.1 in tu the level of the dotted line.
-h'.wn wliat is often called the serpen-
tine layer, ni wbicli the cane is bent, portions being
covered and the intervals left above the ground. It is
said that by this means the tendency of the sap to flow
to the extremity and there make the strongest growth,
is overcome, and even rooting secured the whole length
of the cane. This method is often used with quick-grow-
ing vines like clematis and wistaria, from which it is
possible to secure a succession of layers from the an-
nual growth during spring and early summer.

All of the foregoing operations will be found more
readily successful in the more moist situations ; more
MI ■! .vviul in the nearly saturated atmosphere of the
-"iith. rn states, for instance, than in the comparatively
dry conditions of the prairie states. g. c. Mason.

atural st n the Beechey voy

LEATHER FLOWEK. Clematis Vioma. L. Jacket.
7 J I t Id. t. Leaf. Chanuedaphne. L.

/ood D J Iris; also CijriUa.

a t f tb^h It ir It t

thev should be started early n loors and trinsplanted
outdoors n May Easy to grow

A B jse t elj 1 te

glanduldsa Hook H p d somet n es f,lan lular It

11 n long 3 1 ne broad 1 near the upper ones

ent re rays 8 13 B M 6856 Not c It but des rab

AA Jf ji /ellou so et es t ppe I 7 e

B. Plants hairii. •

ish, its copious villous hairs much shorter than the awn
shaped bristles which are long plumose below the mid
""' " " ' i\t I tew small scattered

1 1 1 m the last

talked glinds win
wo. Cn Jl p 41
Perh 11
platygWssa C i n

coll

II w iiiiiK nly white

awn like bri ties whit h
B M 3719 -Cult m Eu

1252. A horizontal multiple layer.

LEBIDIER6PSIS (Greek; resembling Lebidiera, a
genus now included in Cleistanthus). Duphorbidcew.
This ^t-nus in hiilfs a small tree with rerj hard wood
and ct iinkncwn ^ ilue introduced from a botinical gar
den of n rthein In ii-i by Reasoner Bros Oneco Fla
Lebidierop is w i r duced by Bentham and Hooker to
the rank of a ul .enus of Cleistanthus hut in the
Flora cf British ludia Hooker saj s that Lebidieiopsis
should probal I\ be restored the se* ds hemg globose
while m Cleistanthus thev are nlw IT Mi The seeds
also difter in structure Geneii ' Mi tan

thus are trees oi shrubs h I 1 en

tire fls sm II or nimute im\ill j ikes

monx icu cihx o cleft or 4-i I i i i 1 many

minm i m ii hi iments unite 1 m i c himn m the

cent 1 t tl hi \ ay 3 celled

orbiculaiis '\l . 11 \\s I vs ly-lin lont 1^-3 m
wi I I il I I I ll\ I \ it 1 1 Until tn ifunded

dot- 111

1 11

Il 111 11

1 h 1 1\

Aluell r ntlie hi

p ilidhunn

1 f the h

LfiDUM (ledov

ancient Greek

name of

Cistus)

£/i<(5 (P L\Bi \

[ kTe\ Oinmi

lit ll I w c

\ ergreen

shrul with It ,

lightly

fra„r lit wl, , 1

1

1 11 in

termiii 1 in i

11 \ are

all h I h \ 1

t ever

^reen biul 1 i

Theythrne

1 itua

tions and f i t

Trans

rlantmgise

ilhcient

ball of eirtl i

1 1

11 111

111 andy

BE Plants not liu

Calhgl6ssa Gray Akenes villous pubescent or
partly glabrate pippu of 10-18 very unequal
and ii.,id awl haped \wn B R 2 Ifeoi) (ci
rone. II h I O in, t il, i i,ith „, 1 J

chrysanthemoides i i \ t<i , , i li i nil
)""■'.? IM ) \\ ,n r.h Ih ,1 11 ll I , 1 ,
piMM.u in \ t P R is II wl 1 h 1 tli

above According ti Thorbum thi i i hai ly
annual tr iiler with white fls bloomin„ in sum
mer and autumn

LEAD PLANT is Amorpha eaiiescens.

LEA4)W0RT. Plumbago.

peat and trt-:iti(.l liki- tlu.^c .ii A/al. a and Rhododen-
dron, the young plants growing but slowly; increased
also by layers and division. Three species in the arctic
and cold regions of the northern hemisphere, all found

896 LEDUM

in N. AmericH. Allioil to Rhodoilemlron, but eorolla
polypetaluus. I'N r-iili.-r ■^irnill, ^a-J^ iu. across, loug-
pedicelled, in i. i niihil, limiiri likfi racemes; calyx lobes
and petals .'). ~l I us 5-10: capsule nodding,

5-celled, sepin.i . : i I. use into 5 valves, with

many minute -^i I Ih. i -. cimtain a volatile oil, with
narcotic properties; tlie Ivs. of L. tatifoUum are said
to have been used during the war of independence as
a substitute for tea, hence the name "Labrador Tea.''

palustre, Linn. Wii.n Roskmahv. One to 2 ft. high:
Ivs. linear or linear-ol>l"ir--, n \ .lnh ;ii il.e margin, dark
green and somewhat ru-M , ! i > ly ferrugineous-

tomentose beneath lik. i: i h.lies, K-IM in.

long: stamens 10: capsui' - :;■ Mi...lune. N. hemi-
spliere, in N. America froni ;\ewtimMilland to Alaska.
L.B.C. 6:560. Var. dilatWam, Gray. Lvs. broader: cap-
sule more oblong. N. W. coast of N. Amer., Japan. Var.
decumbens. Ait. With procumbent stems and shorter
usually oval lvs.

latijfilium, Ait. (L. O'rn.iil.hnlin,,,,. Oeder). One to
3 ft., similar to the fin-Micr, l.iit K s. I.n>a(ler, o4)long or
linear-oblong, 1-2 in. luiii,', toieuiiun beneath often
whitish at first: stamens :,-:-. c:iijsule oblong. May,
June. Canada to Brit. Col., south to Pa. and Wis.
L.B.O.0:.534 and 11:1049 (as L. cauadense). J. H. III.
31:20 {as L. palustre). Gn.34, p.31.

L. buxifblium, Berg.=Leiophyllum biixifolium.— L. glandu-
Kimm, Nutt. Shrub, to 8 ft.; lvs. oblong or oval, gl.ibrons,
glaucous and glandular beneath: stamens 10. July, Aug. 13. C.
to Calif. B.M. 7610. Alfred Rehdeb.

L££A (James Lee, Scotch nurseryman, 1715-1795).
Lee&cece. About 20 species of tropical, oriental small
trees or shrubs, some of which are cult, as young plants
in warm conservatories for their colored foliage and
stately habit. Lvs. alternate, 1-3 times pinnate; Ifts.
entire or serrate,- tendrils none: fls. small or large, red,
yellow or green, in cymes; calyx 5-toothed; petals 5,
connate at the base and with the tube of stamens : ovary
3-6-celled; cells 1-ovuIed: fr. aberry. ByBenthamand
Hooker this genus was placed in the order Ampelidete,
which others call Vitaceae. Vitis differs in having the
climbing habit, ovary 2-celIed; cells 2-ovuled. The first
species mentioned seems to be valued particularly for
its fls.: the oilh r iir ic,li:i-( plants which are presum-
ably distinct Ih I . iHit 2 of them may not be

goodbotanicMl ! ■ ! niiiut bedistinguished with-

out a knowleiiL'' -i ^ im ib^u . ts.

Leeas are tropical Imuse plants. L. amahiUs has
beautiful, silvery, vine-like foliage. It makes a hand-
.some plant for pillar-posts, and does exceedingly well
planted out ; but it should be given a season of rest dur-
ing winter time by a partial drying out, when it will
loose most, if not all, its foliage. This pr:ietice slioulil
be followed in any case. It may also be ijn.wn ;is a
trained specimen in pots. Peaty soil is ..tten ncnri
mended, but good light loam, with plenty of drainimc
does equally well.

A. Foliage green.

cocclnea, Planch. Lvs. 3-pinnate; Ifts. 5 on each main
division of the leaf, oblong-lanceolate, dentate, margin
recurved: fls. 60 or more in a trichotomous, flat-topped
cluster about 3 in. across, scarlet in bud, the 5 spread-
ing lobes of the corolla pink above; stamens yellow, ex-
serted, each fl. about K in. across. Burma. B.M. 5299.
-It begins to flower when only a foot high, but the main
stalk of the clusters is only an inch or so long. Adv. by
John Saul, 1893.

AA. Foliage colored or variegated.
B. Lvs. marked bright red ; veins white.

Micholltzii, Hort. Introduced by Sander & Co., 1899,
from Guinea, but not distinguished in their description
from L. (DiiKbilis, var. splendens, which is probably
still cult, iu Eu.

amAbilis, Hort. Veitch. Lvs. pinnate; Ifts. 5or7, lan-
ceohite, acuminate, serrate, upper surface velvety, deep
bronzy green, with a broad white stripe; veins white at
the bases : young lvs. pale pinkish brown. G.C. II.
17:493. Gn. 21, p. 352. Var. 8pl6ndens, Lind., is marked
with bright red and has a red stem. I.H. 31:518.

BB. Lfs. flushnl bronze; veins rosy.

samhnctna, ^Vil^l ' /.. /I'aihrsiihia, Hort. Sander).

I.' '" I' in. long, 2}4 in. wide, oblong,

I mate, coarsely crenate. India,

M I , , I |i. Australia. A very variable

-l-.iL. . Ill- ill. L - n iiiviHV is the judgment of M. T.
Masters iuG.r. III. 2:1:24.x F.E. 10:554. A. F. 13:1284.
Gng. 6:278. T. D. Hatfield and W. M.

LEEK (Allitim Pomim),a. flat-leaved, bulbous, hardy
biennial, is probably a native of the Mediterranean re-
gion, where, particularly in Egypt, it has been used tor
culinary and medicinal purposes since prehistoric time.

of

bulb, lik.
blanched ^
nental coo
boiled and
Except

:.^ed as a renal stimulant.
- are much employed in conti-

I ■ , ,,riTiL' for soups, stews, etc.,
I III III -. and in the raw state.

II I ! Miiin:; our foreign popu-
lation, the Leek i- i ■ ' m America. The seed
should be sown in n m 1 1 iiiiiued, light, deep, rich,
moist loam in a nursery bed or coldframe. The site
should be open, the subsoil dry. When six or eight
weeks old, or about 5 inches tall, the young plants
should be set 9 inches asunder, in drills 3 to 6 inches
deep and 18 inches apart. Shortening both roots and
stems is often advised. As the plants grow, the .soil
should be drawn loosely round the stems and lower
leaves to insure blanching. When blanched Leeks are
not desired, the plants may be cultivated like onions;

1254. A papilionaceous flower— Sweet Pea.

Showing the banner, standard or vexillum ut s :

the wings at w; the keel at k.

indeed, except for earthing up, the cultural methods em-
ployed for these two crops are identical. Leeks are mar-
keted in bunches like young onions and, for winter use,
are stored like celery. As a second crop to follow early
cabbage, spinach, etc., they are in general favor with
market-gardeners. In soups and stews the rank odor
disappears, leaving a mild and agreeable flavor.

M. G. Kains.

Leek, though of the onion family, and also a biennial,
is differently treated and used. The object in its cul-
tivation is to develop the leaves in such a manner that
they become numerous; the flower-stem does not appear
before the second year, hence the necessity of growing
it to full size the first year.

Sow the .seed in March in a seed-bed (with slight bot-
tom heat), in drills 2 or 3 inches apart; when large
enough, thin out to stand 1 inch apart in the row, as
they may attain the thickness of a fair-sized straw. In
May or early June the seedlings are trMiisi.lant...! in the
open ground; they are then cut li.ili ai' iiivn and
shovild also be set deep, so they wil, i iiing

when they attain a fair size. The.-- I is a

rich, moist, light loam; prior to tin 1 1 m.- 1.| mi nii; it
should be well prepared with well-rotted stable manure,
if possible. The plants are generally set in drills 12 to
15 inches apart, and 6 to 9 inches apart in the drills.
They should be well cultivated, and when jrrowing
freely should be earthed up slightly with the hand cul-
tivator or hand-hoe. Some of the successful gardeners
still cultivate them on the celery -trenching system; by
this means they can be watered more thoroughly and

897

will attain a much larger size; also can be conveniently
left in the trench with slight protection, anil talien there-
from for winter use. Care must be taken not to cover
too early, as they decay easily, beginning at the end of

the foliage; this destroys their appearance. The har
dier liinds are used for this purpose and will blinch
yellow down to the so-called stem, which is white to the
root. Leeks planted out in May are ready for use in
September; the sowings can be made earlier and later
to suit the time of maturing, and can be sown in
August and September in coldframes and wintered
over with slight protection, then transplanted to
the open ground in April. The varieties best
known to American gardeners are London Flig
Large Musselburgh or Scotch Flag, Giant Caren
tan, and Large Rouen. j. Qtto Thilow

LEGUMES. The popular name given to a vast
and important family of plants, of which pea
beau, clover, vetch, etc., are common representa
tives. The order is generally known as the pulse
family, or Lerjuminosa. It contains nearly 450
genera, comprising over 7,000 species, and m
economic importance ranks second only to the grassf
(Graminecej. The species of this family are distn

species are widely cultivated as
agricultural crops. Among these, beau's and peas are
important food-plants, while clover, vetches, peas, meli-
lot, alfalfa, lucerne, cow-peas, etc., are valuable forage
crops, cover-crops, and green manures. Many of the
exotic species are of commercial importance. ' The ar-
boreal forms furnish structural timber and cabinet
woods. Many also furnish dye-stuffs, rubber, balsams,
oils, etc., and some are cultivated for ornamental pur-
poses.

In respect to the character of the flowers, the family is
divided into three subfamilies In the large subdivision
to which the ornamental species of Mimosa ind Acacia
belong the flowers are sniill and legular and often
clustered in sphericil ii II n_ b( il The stamens
are free or united inti> i tnl m I inu h f\erted In the
second subfamilv the ri hi i u u ll\ u regular with
the upper petal folded mil 1 ihi ihiis in the bud.
The coffee tree honeyl lu r m 1 tli lii^ genus Cassia
belong m this subdivision M t t tin n itn e spmesof

buted over the entire earth. By far the greater number
are herbs and half-shrubby plants, but in the warmer
regions of the earth they attain the dimensions of for-

leguminous pod— Daubentonia

over the others in the bud '
ted below the banner, are

lower pair, which are sometimes united, form the keel, k.
The keel encloses the stamens and pistil, the latter being
often bent at right angles to the ovary, or coiled. The
stamens are either free or they form a tubular sheath
surrounding the ovary. Often the upper one alone is
free, leaving a slit along the upper side of the sheath
(Fig. 12.55). These flowers are often dependent on in-
sects for pollination, a fact which is of great importance
in raising clover seed.

The fruit of the Leguminosse is a pod or Legume, as
in the bean (Fig. 1256). As a rule, the pods are one-
loculed, and have the seeds arranged in rows. In some
tribes they become several-celled by partitions which
arise between the seeds. These pods become constricted
at the partitions, and at maturity separate into short
joints (see Fig. 694, Vol. I). The valves of the pods are
generally papery or leathery, and open at maturity, often
by a sudden snapping of the valves, which scatters the
seeds. In other tribes, however, the pods are indehiscent,
or do not split at maturity (Pig. 1257).

The roots of Legumes have numerous small tubercles
scattered throughout the root-systems. Fig. 1258. These
are caused by and infested with minute organisms, to
which the name bacteroids has been applied. The bac-
teroids are always present, and probably multiply to
some extent in soils where Legumes have been grown.
They are very minute bodies, which are either rod-like in
form or branched in the form of a Y or a T. The infec-
tion of the plants has been observed to take place
through the root-hairs. Within the plant the bacteroids
assume a new and peculiar form. They grow out into a
branched and flexuous thread, which is enlarged and
nodulose at places. At the point of infection the root-
cells are stimulated to growth, producing the nodules
clKiiM.t.ri-tic of Legumes. The threads permeate the
.iitir.' tnlHivl,.. The old threads finally disorganize,
:iii.l It i~ Lilieved that their protein substances are
uhsorbtd l.v the host.

898 LEGUMES

It has been shown, first in 18SG by experiments con-
ducted by Hellriegel and Wilfarth and later by numer-
ous other investigators, that when Legumes are grown
in sterilized sand, which contains no trace of nitrogen,
they soon die of nitrogen-hunger, and no tubercles are
formed on thfiir ni.its. If. hoWL-vur. a very small quan-
tity of soil extr:pM .ir "I i.:i iri ii<l . 1,'rown from root-
tubercles, is :iiM ! '.. I ;,. - r .', i : . ts as-
sume new vii; 't ■■•• •' < ■ i- n i ,; ;■ > . Tu-
bercles are fi.nu. I "n lli- hhI-. r.ud tlie
plants are found t.> contuin more nitrogen
than was present in the seed. By such ex-
periments it is shown that Legumes can ac-
quire free nitrogen through the agency of the
bacteroids. The physiological process by
which this is done is still obscure.

Some species of Legumes can be innocu-
lated by bacteroids from other species, but
others seem to be dependent upon their own
specific organism. The organisms are spread
in the soil only by mechanical agencies, such
as working the soil, moving water, wind, etc.
If the soil is rich in nitrogen, leguminous
plants can develop, like all others, without
the aid of tubercles.

Recently pure cultures of bacteroids have
been oflfered in the market as Nitragin, to be
used for the pnrpn<;c of innnciilntiiiL' soils de-
ficient in micro. .i-aniMi.-;. Altlion-li several
experimenters flann suricv^ wiili this sub-
stance, its pnirtiral :l|.|.I [.Ml i,.ii to a-rii'ulture
remains yet to bL- ilLuiuustrutLd. The sub-
stance sold as Aliuit, and said to enable
grasses to acquire free nitrogen, is merely a
pure culture of a very common bacterium
present in all decaying matter.

Heinkich Hasselbring.

LEIOPH'tLLUM (from leios, smooth and
phyllon : referring to the smooth foliage).
Syn., />■ iKlrhdii . Ammyrsine. EricAcect.
Sanii M\lti,i'. Kvcrgreen hardy densely
braiirit, <l ^linili, sometimes procumbent,
with Mniill. ,uH;ii»rous, opposite or alternate
crowded Ivs. aiid white or light pink small
fls. in terminal raany-fld. umbels, appearing
profusely late in spring. It resembles in ap-
pearance somewhat the Dwarf Box, and is
well adapted for borders of evergreen shrub-
beries and also for rockeries. It thrives best
in a peaty or very sandy, loamy soil and as
well in a sunny as in a partly shaded posi-
tion. Prop, by seeds sown in pans and placed
in a cool frame or by layers put down in fall.
One species in E. N. Amer. from N. J. to
Fla. Allied to Ledum. Lvs. entire: fls. in
terminal, umbelliform corymbs ; sepals and
petals 5; stamens 10: fr. a 2-5-celled dehis-
cent many-seeded capsule.

buxifdlium. Ell. (Liditm buxifdIium,'BeTg.).
Dense, leafy bush, to 3 ft. high: Ivs. short-
petioled, thick, oval or obovate, about K in.
long; fls. white, pinkish outside, about one-
fifth in. across, on slender pedicels; petals
elliptic, almost twice as long as sepals. April-
June. Pine barrens and mountains, N. J. to
Fla. B.M. (i752. Gn. 42. p. 559. G.W.F.A.
49. B.R. 7:531 (as Ammyrsine). L.B.C. 1:52
(as Ledum). Var. prostritum, Gray. Form-
ing dense depressed tufts: lvs. usually oval,
and deep green. High mountains of Carolina.
Alfred Rehdee.

LfiMNA (Greek, limite ; a large pool of
standing water). LemnAcem. Duckweed.
DucKSMEAT. Duckweeds are common upon stagnant
pools, often covering the water with a blanket of green.
They are easily gathered for schoolroom and home
aquaria, and may be procured from specialists in aqua-
tics and native plants. Ducks and carp eat these plants
greedilj;. One of the common Duckweeds is shown 6
times its natural size in Fig. 1259. Duckweeds are small
floating plants, without any distinct stems, a whole

LEMON

plant commonly consisting of one leaf and one un-
branched root which has no vascular tissue. These lvs.
are called fronds by the botanist largely because lvs.
do not ordinarily emit roots. The plants grow separ-
ately, or cohere by their edges in 2's or 3's, and multi-
ply by similar fronds, which grow out of the edges of
the old ones something like buds. The flowers are
minute and appear on the edge of the
frond. They consist of a pistil and generally
2 stamens which are inclosed in a sheath,
which the botanists have determined is a
spathe by reason of the place where it is
borne and by homology with related plants.
L. minor is said to flower more frequently
than any other northern species. Details of its
flower are shown in Fig. 1260,where there seem
to be 4 anthers, but there are only 2, each
bearing 2 locules. Some botanists consider
the 2 stamens as 2 Hs. and the ).iiitil a third
flower. Duckweeds are pcinnnal plants. In

the

the

fall

ditch or pond, but rise ai/aio in tlo^ ~i'riiig.

contains the smallest (loiv i : m the

vegetable kingdom. Tier. !1 <\n--

cies of Duckweeds, widel;, ■ ; o / /"./,(/-
rliiza is commonly knowi) in Are 1 1. in i>oiaii-
ies as Splrodela pohjrliUn. but .'>|piiudela is
considered by Bentham and Hooker a sub-
genus of Lemna. The common Duckweed
occasionally infests the small lily ponds (arti-
ficial ones), where it is a pest. The simple
remedy is to flush the pond and see that com-
mon goldfish or carp are in sufiicient numbers
to clear off the remainder.

A. Veins 7-11: roots several.

polyrhlza, Linn. {SpirodHa polyrhlza,

Schleid.). Also spelled polyrrhiza. Fronds

broadly ovate or orbicular, attaining 3 or 4

lines d'iam. B.B. 1:365.

AA. Veins 1-5 : root solitary.
B. fronds oblong, 6 lines long, 3 lines wide,
trisiilca, Linn. Fronds much thinner than
in the next, narrow and minutely toothed at
one end, thicker and taslk-like at the other,
usually with 2 young ones growing from op-
posite sides near the base. B.B. 1:300. V.
3:200.

EB. Fronds broadly ovate or orbicular,

t lines long.
minor, Linn. Figs. 1259-00. Fronds usu-
ally cohering in 3's or 4s. rather thick, not
minutely toothed. B.B. 1:366. V. 3:200.
Wm. Tricker and W. M.

LEMON culture in Florida was assuming
an important share of horticultural work
previous to the cold winter of 1894-5, but
siiH-e then attention has been more largely
i/iven to hai.lierfruits. The growing of Lemon
tries is Ihi; inning again in lower Florida,
in seitii.li- tree from killing frosts, and al-
tle.nuh soil loiiditions are rather unfavorable
t« the cultivation of citrous trees, owing to
the jrocVy or poor character of the ground,
there is evidence of interest and some practi-
cal results from the experimental plantations.
There remained after the killing freezes some
younK plant isolated orchards of Lemons in southern
of garden pea. Florida, which have since entirely recovered

Natural size. and have borne full crops of fruit for two or

three years.
The pecuniary reward to a careful Lemon grower is
large, provided he has suitable soil and a situation re-
moved from killing frosts, and, although profits from
other citrous fruits nuvv be temporarily larger. Lemons
are constarii l\ in .l.-ni ni.l, ;in.| I he reward Is Correspond-
ingly eeii .; 11 , ., iially set with budded
trees, all.. I ' i .i . .| ., The young trees after
setting are ai|v,'int;m<"in-ly ninhlied with grass or other

1258. Nodules <

899

Many i

ag plants in the
u' native grasses to
I I uits, as beggar-weed
t beans, etc., part of
toi li J} , the rest left to add
IS later plowed under. In
late autumn most growers apply
fertilizer, usually composed of
sulfate of potash, sulfate of am-
monia and bone-black, which is
broadcasted at the rate of 800 to
1,500 pounds per acre. This fer-
tilizer is not wasted by the ac-
tion of the sun, and is either
left on the surface to be washed
in by rain or is mixed in the
soil by h:irrow or turning-plow.
Fertilizinij is also done in the
e.irly suiiimer. and occasionally
a third u;iplication is made be-
fore ripening of the fruit, but
the rule is, two applications per
year of about the same amount
each. E. N. Reasoxer.

L FORNIA.

for h:
tl t the cu

-Tlv

1260. Floral details
aa, stamens; b, pistil.
iLMi-i have

bee

II - ii - liiily during

I I iiisiderable

1 t uce. Till II I'lwn by the

t lit, which iii'liiii.r. iri.u! :i iiuarter of

a t es and about a uiilliou non-bearing

i\ n the aggregate of Lemon planting in

The e ly product consisted of seedlings

of ex essive size, with juice of low acid

1 f narked bitterness. The closest at-

ue afterwards, to the tcstinir of the

n 1 the varieties Ijrouglit from the Medi-

n to secure acceptable size, thinness of

e 1 n from bitterness, with high percen-

a d n the juice. The result was that a

et e were found and they were demon-

1 1 n these characteristics to the imported

Then, f.ir tin- tirst time, California

mil. rr with the imported fruit,

t LiMUMii^ l..'_-:in upon a large scale.

v'vi- tii-~t ^ui>iilied, overland ship-

1 ken, and the fruit was found to be

Calitn.i ,,: .;:-.-.i~ ||:i-i- altinnril i], ii|»Ution with

1. I.I III ii.hL|iiiiti..ns of climatic and soil conditions to
rli. i,-r..\\ili lit till' l..'inon have required long and close
>tuily tiiid rx]".iiiin'iitation. The Lemon is less hardy
than tlie oranf;e, and will suffer seriously with degrees
of frost which the orange will endure. Almost frostless
situations are, therefore, most promising. The Lemon
will reach perfection in a region where the summer
heat may be slightly less than required to develop sat-
isfactory sweetness in the orange. These desiderata of
very light frost and somewhat lower summer tempera-
ture are found to coincide in places most open to ocean
influences in southern California. Roughly speaking
then, the Lemon region is on or near the coast and the
orange region in interior valleys. Differentiation in
planting these two fruits has proceeded along these
lines quite largely, though it is still true that in certain
places most excellent Lemons are grown at interior
points and most excellent oranges near the coast. The
orange has proved to be, however, rather more easily
grown and prepared for market than the Lemon, and on
the whole, more profitable, perhaps; so that these facts
are to be properly included when an effort is made to
account for the disposition of those owning Lemon or-
chards in the interior to work them over to the orange.

A light warm loam is best suiteil to the trrowtli of the
Lemon, while the orange root s.-i-m-^ t.> Im- ;i<l;ii>ted to a
range of heavier soils. This was ..f innri' iii.iini iit when
the practice was to grow the L.iih.m .mi ii^ ..wii roots,

either fr.-iii euttini;s or by budditiu' "n s iliiii; Lemon

stock. r::ii lii. i.iiiiluctjou of a Lemon tree of less
rioti.ii— ' I uit of less average size and, withal,

ahciili stitisfactory tree, was found to be

attain. I i .hl ii range seedling as a stock for the

Leiii..ii II. .. .ui.l tills is the universal practice at the
]n-esLtit tiiuc. Propagation is by the ordinary process
lit building on a seedling root two or three years old.
Dist.iuces ..if planting in the orchard differ somewhat
according to the judgment of growers, but about 100
trees to the acre is the average.

Pruning the Lemon has been a vexed problem with
the growers for years. The tree is naturally of rangy
growth, running out long leaders which afterwards as-
sume a pendent form and are toss,-. I about in tlie wind,
to the detriment of both tree ami fruit, wlii. Ii is apt to

come at the ends of the long, pliant si s. Thus an

uupruned Lemon orchard beconi.-s alm.ist iiiij.i-netrable
for necessary orchard work. This is in marked contrast
to the growth of the orange, which is more compact and
symmetrical, and needs but slight regulation after a
good form is secured in the young tree. Regular
shorteniug-in of the branches of tlie L.-inon is therefore
necessary, followed by thinnitig ..f tlic n. w shoots, so
that the tree shall not make too nniny li.ai in- twigs and
become too dense in the center. In ilmt \\.i\ the fruit
can be kept within easy reach, tm.l th.' l.nni.'hes stiff
and strong to carry it.

Ample irrigation and frequent cultivation to prevent
evaporation afterwards are essential to thrift and bear-
ing of the Lemon in California. Neglected trees lose
their leaves and pi-ematurely ripen fruit lacking in
juice.

Scores of varieties have enjoyed fleeting popularity in
California and now not more than six are largely grown ;
viz., Villa Franca, Lisbon, Eureka, Genoa, Messina and
Bonnie Brae. Of these, the first three constitute prob-
ably four-fifths of the crop.

The preparation of the Lemon for marketing has been
a matter of discussion and experiment for years. The
bulk of the crop ripens in the winter: the time to sell
Lemons is in the summer. The Lemon ripened on the
tree has very poor keeping quality. Both for meeting
the market demand and to secure a fruit which will en-
dure shipping. Lemons need storage for a considerable

900

LEMON

time. Proper storage, or curing, as it is generally called,
results in thinning and toughening the rind so that it
has a pliable character, a silky finish and is not easily
bruised in handling. Very costly curing houses have
sometimes been found defective in not readily disposing
of the products of evaporation from the fresh fruit. At
present, simpler constructions, consisting in thoroughly
ventilated inner apartments for the fruit, with outer
walls and double roof to protect the interior against
wide tempei-atn re cliaiifffs in the outer air, aro L-ivin-
very satisfactory rosult^. 'i'lic fruit nci-ds fri-ciicni 1 1 - in
extremes of ti.-iii|iiT;iliirr. Mliuuilaiit vc-ntihiti.iu :,ii.| .
no intrusion of wiii'I "i- ;iir '■urn-nts jimi rln- ;ili-' I.' 1

light. When th.-i' rui' ~-r„r,:\. llir Iruit ri;.-.,- ^l..v,|-.,
HM:ri)',l, . ; .ri-l. ,, ■,. -.[..r I i- tli,/u

i-liins

good for 1

without regar. I i- rip. ■! I ;i i ! i^, I. -lies a

certain size. Tin- n-M,l, , ,:. ;,:ri ;, |.i.-kpci be-

fore any sign of cniMii', |. Iim* -.lamiard is

2H inches in dianirii! m. . n. 1 v, iih an iron

ring which the picker can 1.-. I Ih ,iiaiiiitir 'Iccreases
one-eighth of an inch during curing. Late-ripening
fruit, for quick sale, may be allowed to get a little
larger, but no fruit should be above 2% inches in diame-
ter. All fruit must be cut and not plucked from the
trees, and until the final packing for shipment, should
be handled in shallow trays or boxes, piled with air
spaces between them so that the air may circulate and
remove the exhalations. jj^ j^ WiCKSON.

LEMON VERBENA is Lippia.

LEMON VINE is Pereskiu.

LEMdNIA. iSee Navenia.

LENS (ancient Latin name of the Lentil). Legiimi-
nosie. This genus includes the Lentil, I/ens esctilenta,
one of the oldest and still one of the most important
food-plants for man, especially in the warmer parts of
the Old World and the Orient. It is a much-branched
tufted annual I-IK feet high. The leaves have numerous
leaflets and end in a tendril. The flowers are small,
white or pale blue, axillary and borne in pairs. The
pods are short and broad, very flat, and contain 2 flat
seeds which are rounded in outline and convex on both
sides. The lens of the astronomer and physicist was
named because it was shaped like one of these seeds.
Some varieties have gray seeds, others red. Esau sold
his birthright to Jacob for a mess of red pottage made
of Lentils. Lentils are used chiefly for soups and
stews. They are a coarser and cheaper food than fresh
peas and beans, and about as palatable as split peas.
Lentils rank amongst the most nutritious of all vege-
tables, as they contain about 2G per cent caseine, 35 per
cent of starch and only 14 percent of water. Lentils are
also of the easiest culture, but the seeds are often de-
stroyed by a weevil. The seed is generally sown in drills
in March. The heaviest crops are produced on rather dry,
sandy soils. The plants need no special care between
seedtime and harvest. The seeds keep better in the
pods than after being threshed out. Some of the varie-
ties are the Puy Green, Small Winter and Small March.
The genus Lens is placed by Bentham & Hooker be-
tween the vetch and sweet pea, (Vicia and Lathyrus). In
Lens and Vicia the wings of the flower adhere to the
keel, while in Lathyrus they are free or only slightly
adherent. Lens has 2 ovules; Vicia usually many.

LENTIL. See Lens.

LEONOTIS (Greek, lion's cnr, which the flowers are
supposed to resemble). LabiAtm. Lion's Ear. Lion's
Tail. This includes a tender shrub, with scarlet-
orange, gaping fls., cult, outdoors in S. Fla. and S.
Calif. As a bedding plant it is little grown north of
Washington, D. C. and it is farnutclasscd in poinilnrity
by the Scarlet ■>:fj<-. ■vhifli ;-i-f» nn .■.rinll-- riviil iiia--'j
of red in the n.-n-. -i -.i:.",.,. tk,. i ,,,, ■. ]■-..■ ,i,m,.,-.

from the S.-ai h . ..•; i ; .;.■ i ; i

almost plush I, [ ! '

18 in a whorl, ami :; mi i >-, Imi ^ i,j,. n -ur.-- .-; . , h ,,ii

LEONTICE

each branch. The fls. are oddly gaping, the upper lip
very long and uncut, the lower very short and 3-cut. In
the North, cuttings should be started in early spring,
the young plants transplanted to the open in May and
thereafter frequently pinched to make asymmetrical in-
stead of a straggling bush, and if the plants do not
flower before frost, they can be cut back, lifted and
brought into a cool greenhouse to flower in November
or December. A southern enthusiast says that they are
a- iTioy to cultivate as a geranium.

I 1 iiiii-schi writes that the plant seldom seeds in S.

I riiia, and must be propagated from cuttings,

;, it* taken from hardened wood, do not root as

1 I illy as many other labiates. The plants are much
improved by cutting back every year or so.

Leonotis has about a dozen species, chiefly south Afri-
can. Herbs or shrubs: Ivs. dentate, the floral ones alike
or narrower and more sessile: fls. scarlet or vellow;
calyx tubular, lOnerved, obliquely 8-10-toothed ; sta-
mens 4, didynaraous.

LeondruB, R. Br. Shrubby, 3-G ft. high: Ivs. 2 in
long, oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, coarsely serrate, nar-
rowed at the base, slightly toinentose beneath: floral
ones like the rest; corollas more than thrice as long as
the calyx. S. Afr. B.M.478(as Phlomis Leonurus).
R.H. 1857, p. 548. Gn. 53, p. 460. G.C. II. 19:18G.

W. M.

LEONTlCE (Greek, Twn's hot; referring to the shape
of the leaf). BerhryiilitciiO!. Lion's Leaf. About 7spe-
cies of hardy herbaceous perennials, chiefly Asian, of
low growth and distinct appearance. Three kinds are
advertised by the Dutch bulb growers, but perhaps one
of them belongs to Bongardia. Leontice is distinguished
from the highly interesting and rare group mentioned
under Epimedium by having 6-9 sepals (which are the
showy parts), and 6 petals reduced to small nectaries.
Like Bongardia, it has 6 stamens and a bladdery cap-
sule. These plants have a turnip-shaped corm about

2 in. thick, and bear yellow fls. in early spring. Bon-
gardia has only one species, which is described in the
supplementary list of the present article.

a. Lvs. twice ternateltj cut.
Loontop^talum, Linn. Lfts. ovate or obovate, rarely
subcorilati-: jianicli' lariie, dense, leafy. Italv and the
Orient.— Koot used in the Holyland against epilepsy.

a.\. LvR.difjitately exit.
B. Raceme dense, conical.

Alberti, Kegel. Stems several, stout, each giving off
2 subradical lvs. which are undeveloped at flowering
time: lvs. finally on stalks 4-5 in. long, digitately
5-parted; lfts. pale green, glaucous, elliptic; nerves
prominent and parallel beneath: scape 6-8 in. high, ro-
bust: raceme as many as 18-fld.: fls. nearly 1 in. across,
ochre-yellow, streaked reddish brown on back; petals
shorter than the stamens. Turkestan. B. M. 6900.
Gt. 1881:1057.

BB. Saceme loose, oblong.

Altjlica, Pall. According to Index Kewensis, this is a
synonym of Bongardia Rauwolfii, but the following
description, taken from the plant figured as L. Altuica,
in B. M. 3245, is very distinct from that figured as Bon-
gardia Hauwolfii in B. M. 6244. Lvs. not from the root,
digitately cut, only one leaf on each flower-stem, the
leaf having 3 primary divisions, each of which is peti-
oled and has 5 lfts., 2 of which are smaller than the
rest ; lfts. elliptical : inflorescence a raceme, bearing
large, more or less roundish leafy bracts: fls. mostly
erect, having 6 showy, oblong, not overlapping, entire
parts supposed to be sepals, the petals small, yellow,
erect, shorter than the anthers.

Bonaih.v,! 7?.i" .../;■;;, r \ m.\ \.\. :,\\ fi-om the root,
pinnate: Iti :: , ■ -' , i ■ i, whorls of 3-4,

LEONTOPODIUM

LEPACHYS

901

I foot) Compoiitw.

fl iwer most sought by

Ikiu ot pjintv and the

I low plant 4-12 in.

1 h wool, the attractive

1261 Edelweiss— Leontopodium alpinum (

portion being the flat, star-like cluster o£ woolly floral
leaves surrounding the true fls.. which are small, incon-
spicuous and yellow. The general impression seems to
be that Edelweiss cannot be cult, in America. In 1900,
however, it is being extensively advertised as a pot-
plant, and it has long been cult, in rock gardens. J. B.
Keller writes, "It can be grown to perfection in elevated
position of the rockery, in rather light soil and with
full exposure to sun. It also succeeds in an ordinary
hardy border where the plants can be kept moderately
dry in winter." Dreer advises that the seed be sown
early in spring in shallow pans of sandy soil and leaf-
mold and kept cool and moist. E.J. Canning sows seeds
of Edelweiss in 4-in. pots in the greenhouse in Feb.,
pricking off as soon as large enough to handle, and
finally transferring them to the rock garden, where they
flower well the second year; but after that they are in-
clined to die out.

To establish a colony of Edelweiss an English writer
(Gn. 52, p. 146) advises that a few stray seedlings be
firmly planted in a narrow chink of rock so placed that a
deep fissure of gritty or sandy loam may be assured for the
roots to ramble in. Plants in pots may be grown and
flowered when the collar is tightly wedged between some
pieces of stone or old mortar. The plant is best propa-
gated by seeds, as division is not always successful.

Leontopodium has about 6 widely scattered species of
perennial herbs, all tufted and woolly, with ascending or
erect stems which are unbranched except at the very top ;
stem-lvs. alternate, entire: heads small, crowded into
dense cymes surrounded by a sort of leafy involucre.
Edelweiss is still catalogued as a Gnaphalium, but in
that genus the style is 2-cut, while in Leontopodium it
is uncut. Leontopodium is more nearly allied to our
common weed, the "Pearly Everlasting" {Anaphalis
man/aritacea), -whiah lacks the dense cluster of star-
like floral leaves, but in the opinion of the writer has as
much beauty as the Edelweiss.

alplnnm, Cass. {GnapMlium Leontopddium, Linn.).
Pig. 12(il. Lvs. lanceolate, floral ones oblong: fl. -heads
7-9 in a cluster: involucral scales woolly at base, black-
ish at apex. B.M. 1958. Gn. 29, p. 529 and 52, p. 146.

LEOPARD'S BANE. Doronii
LEOPAKD^FLOWEE is Bele,,

LfiPACHYS {I'iTfp
to the thickeneil in
tacle). Compijxi!'!
flower, L. colunn''

': ■■ritir; probably referring
■I ill.- bracts of the recep-
!' - a fine prairie wild-
. unfortunately, there
IS no common nam.. Ii -:r...-. - _'-3 ft. high, has ele-
gantly cut foliage, and bears fls. something like a
Brown-eyed Susan, but the disk is finally cylindrical
and more than an inch high, with 6 or 7 oval, reflexed
rays hanging from the base. In a fine specimen these
rays are 1% in. long and nearly 1 in. broad. There are

5 inches or more of naked wiry stem between foliage
and flower. Typically, the rays are yellow, but per-
haps the most attractive form is var. pulclifrrima,
which has a large brown or brown-purple area toward
the base of each ray. Like the majority of our native
western lis. that are cult, in the eastern states, the
plants have reached our gardens from European culti-
vators. Meehan says it is perfectly hardy in our north-
ern borders, but the English do not regard it as entirely
safe without some winter pn.t. . i i.-n, ^I..i...\.i'. it is
one of the easiest herbaceous [ ; . iLth

seed, flowering the first year, an : )...i..liii

the Old World as an annual l...i.iiii:; i.-n.!. m.' s. . .is
being known to the trade as Vl>^i>^K<i int inti<.h<:t-t-tmu.
For bedding, the seeds are sown in early spring in a
hotbed, the seedlings pricked off into boxes, hardened
off, and finally transplanted to the open, only slight
care being necessary to obtain compact bushes about
2 ft. high. Under such circumstances the plants flower
from June to September, and the season may be pro-
longed by a sowing in the open. This plant deserves
trial in our northern borders,
be thinly sown in the open,

stand, w'ith a fair chance of aiituinnal 1.1. ...in the same
year. The fls. last well in wat.-i- an.t -h..iil.l I..- cut with
long stems to get the benefit of tli.Mliiuatrly-.-ut foliage,

Lepachys contains 4 species of herbs, all American, 3
perennial. Lvs. alternate, pinnately divided or parted:
disks at first grayish, their corollas yellowish, becoming
tawnv: chaffy bracts commonly marked with an inter-
marginal purple line or spot, containing volatile oil
resin. Monographed in Gray's "Synoptical Flora." "
generic distinctions, see Sudbeckia.

A. Bays oval, scarcely as long as the disk at its
longest.

colamn&ris, Torr. & Gray. Fig. 1262, Branching
from the base, 1-2 ft. high in the wild, often 3 ft. in
cult. : stem-lvs. with 5-9 divisions, which are oblong to

seed .

probably

For

i \^^\

1262 Lepachys columnans (X 1 5)

linear in outline and sometimes 2-3-cleft: fls. solitary,
terminating the branches; rays yellow; style-tips short,
obtuse. Prairies. B.M. 1601. Mn. 1:65. G.W.F.A.8.

Var. pulchfirrima, Torr. & Gray (ObeliscAria pul-
chh-rima, DC.}, differs only in having the rays partly

902

or wholly brown-imrple. The plants in the

piireas, Hort. D. M. Andrews, is "a variety with dark
orange-brown rays, almost black."

AA. Says oblong -lanceolate, very much longer than the
disk.
pinnita, Torr. & Gray. Slender, 3-5 ft. high; Ivs.
with 3-7 Ifts., which are lanceolate, sparsely serrate,
sometimes lobed, the uppermost run together: rays yel-
low, often 2 in. or more long. Western N. Y. to la.,
south to La. B.M. 2310. j. H. Cowen.

LEPlDIUM (from Greek for little scale ; alluding to
the small flat pods). Crueiferm. Cress. Peppergrass.
Perhaps 100 species of small herbs (sometimes under-
shrubs) in many parts of the world, with very small
white fls. There are about 20 native species, mostly
western, and several introduced weedy species. The fo-
liage and pods have an aromatic-peppery flavor. The
foliage of some species is used as salad, and the pods
are sometimes fed to tame birds (whence the name
"Canary grass"). There are no species of much orna-
mental value.

sativum, Linn. Garden Cress. Annual, 1-2 ft., glau-
cous when in flower and fruit, glabrous: fls. small and
inconspicuous, in an elongating raceme : pods nearly
circular, bifid at the apex, winged: Ivs. exceedingly va-
rious, but usually the radical ones pinnately divided and
subdivided, the central cauline ones 2-3-cleft nearly to
the base and the segments entire or toothed, the upper-
most simple and entire. W. Asia, but widely dissemi-
nated as a cult, plant, and sparinfrly run wild in the
northpni pnrt ..f tli- V S. •ni.l < 'nir.. In, -Under cultiva-
tion ilii' i.,ir,''. \;iri,- i n 1 1 . i . ■ 1 1 - > I 'I'he curled sorts
have \^ ! ' ,. On Australian

Cress. ■;, ! I !: i-i- are sometimes

on till , :.'ii '' .! , tiL-^'c-d-edged Ivs.,

cut Ivs.. :i!i'; "•]'!' !:. i' I ■ i ■ 1 1 1 1 lire, See Cress.

Othri i i .1 .Mi'notin the trade

yiriiniiiu,, l,:in .Miiitl.i I s ;, ii. I I. hmwii lis Pepper-grass.
Others ai" t ti- i iult-au L. IJiuiinsc. Kuuzf, and the Oceanic L.
piscidiuM, Fuval.L L. jj, B_

LEPTACTtNA (Greek, graceful rays; referring to the
Star-like aspectof the flower). Also writteniepfacd'Hia.
JHubldcete This includes a shrub from western tropical
Africa which should rank among the finest tall hothouse
shrubs in cultivation that have large white flowers.
The fls. have a slender tube, 4 in. long, and 5 narrow
spreading lobes, each 5% in. long and recurved for one-
third of their length. As many as 4 fls. are borne at the
top of each branch, in the axils of the highest pair of
Ivs. The plant might be compared to a giant-flowered,
loose-clustered Ixora. It is not yet advertised in
America, but seems worthy of a trial in some of our best
conservatories.

The genus contains 6 species, all tropical African
shrubs, important generic characters being the large
calyx lobes, very long corolla tube, 5 included stamens,
style branches free or connate, large, lax stipules, and
clustered inflorescence.

Minnii, Hook. Branching shrub, 6 ft. high : Ivs. 5%
in. long, 2% in. wide and larger in proportion, oval,
wavy-margined, obtuse, with globose green bodies be-
tween the insertions of the Ivs., which are stipules:
calyx tube 3 lines long, lobes 1 in. or more long, leafy;
corolla silky within, lobes lanceolate; stamens 5, in-
cluded: style hairy above, 2-branched. B.M. 7367.

LEPTOSiPHON. Now referred to Gilia.

LEPTOSPfiRMUM {Greek, slender seed). Myrtdcea.
This f;i-inis incliulcs some Australian shrubs, which are
cult, outdoors in S. CMf.. and uii.ler K'lass in the North
only bv a few persons «li,.;,r, , ■..]., li ni lln- iiilture of

heaths and other hanhv !> , , '- ' i ]ihmts.

They have great nuniln i wish or

pinkish fls. about % \u. ,i , - . . ,. , ,, . ..huh are

roundish and clawed. I i.ui.i ,rhi ii|jurt,-. tluit they

LEPTOSYNE

stand drought well in California. The genus has about
20 species, chiefly Australian, and has not been mono-
graphed since 18G6, in vol. 3 of Flora Australiensis.
Shrubs or small trees: Ivs. small, rigid, entire, alter-
nate, nerveless or 1-3-nerved: fls. white, sessile, soli-
tary or 2-3 at the ends of short branchlets or in the axils
of the Ivs.: fls. usually white; stamens numerous. The
young shoots are often silky.

Leptospermum bullatum (see Zi. scoparium below) is
an exceptionally good pot-plant for those who can srrow
heaths. It is better than L. Imvigatum. Cuttings taken
from well-ripened wood in the fall or from young growth
in summer root freely under the treatment given Eriea.
For a potting, use two parts leaf-mold and one of sand.
Plunge the pots outside during the summer in the full
sunlight. The plants make a straggling growtli. unless
trimmed into shape. By fall they will be covered with
buds, but it is impossible to force them into bloom for
Christmas. Keep the plants in a cool house with Ericas
or Azaleas until the latter part of February or March,
and then give them a little more heat, say 55° to C0°.
The plants will soon be a mass of white flowers. L. bul-
latum does not grow rapidly, but, like Epacris, as it
grows older it makes fine specimens. It has tough foli-
age, stands much hard usage, and when in bloom attracts
plant-buyers. It deserves greater popularity.
A. Ovary usually 10-celled.

IsBvigitum, F. Muell. Tall shrub, attaining 20-30 ft.,
glabrous and somewhat glaucous: Ivs. varying from
obovate oblong to oblong-cuneate or narrow-oblong, ob-
tuse, mostly 6-9 lines long, but sometimes 12 or more,
3-nerved: calyx glabrous: capsule slightly protrudiVig
above the calyx tube. B.M. 1304 {a.sFabricia Imvigata).
G.C. II. 25:816; 111.9:45.

AA. Ovary usunlhj .-.-•■rUi<}.

B. Calyx tiihr ,jluh,n:,.^.

c. Lvs. flat or with reciirn'<l i,n( nji n.i. i,l,liis,' nr scarcely
pointed (except in Iht lanji' ratitty).
flavfiscens, Smith. Lvs. varying from narrow-oblong
or linear-lanceolate to broadly oblong or even obovate,
usually less than 6 lines long, attaining 9 lines in the
largest forms. Var. commune, Benth and Muell. Lvs.
narrow, 6-9 lines loiiff: Ms. middle-sized. B. M. 2695.
Var. obOT&tum, F. Jliu 11. Lvs. broadly obovate to obo-
vate-oblong, under I'l lines Ion;;. Cult, in Europe under
glass. Var. grandiflorum, Benth. & Muell. Lvs. rather
larger: fls. larger than in any other variety. L.B.C.
6:514.

00. Iivs. flat or concave, sha
or small.

rp-poi

ited, 1

scopirium, Forst. Attaining 10-12 ft. : lvs. ova
linear-lanceolate or linear, mostly under 6 lines
Otherwise, almost exaetiv as in flavescens. H.M.

be of rehiti
branches s|
for the ania

nis. It is said to
rapact habit, the
-Excellent plants

BB. Calyx tube more or less densely clothed with

silky or woolly hairs.

lanigerum. Smith. Lvs. varying from obovate-oblong

to elliptic or narrow-oblong, normally 6 lines long. A

form with lvs. narrower, 6-12 lines long, and large fls.,

is pictured in B. M. 1810. L.B.C. 8:701. I.H.32:.570.

G.C. II. 12:427. Gn. 19:266, and 27, p. 145.-Extremely

variable. Long cult, abroad, but not adv. in America.

H. D. Daelington and W. M.

LEPTOSYNE (Greek, slenderness). Compdsitce.
This includes some yellow-fld. composites, with much-
divided foliage like Cosmos. They are 7 species of
herbs and subshrubs, all from California except L. Art-
nonica. They are the representatives of Coreopsis on
the western side of the continent, but have mostly pis-
tillate rays and always a ring on the tube of the disk-

LEPTOSYNE

LESPEDEZA

903

a«. In the Noith the^i,- i.I

lilt- aip ni..-tlv tr. .it.-d as

half-hardy anmuiK Nmi

nth. It II Ilk III,

popularity of i itli. i ( "-i

111.

promises to olm Ink ir~ i'

1 1 1 HI

America. L. t^liVu n, i, -

I.I I t • 1 ll 1 11 1. 1.1--,

for 5 or 6 week- It- -. 1 -

luiiii ll - |iii 1 \\ ml ean

be sown outd.M.i- - , 1

ll ml 1 1, iiv ]. iti.in is

advised. Itis-n.lt 11 „ ,,

t .111 l..ln. \ ,. k-.ilt.l -OW-

ins r ,..-.. til

II .lnid..m-.ti.ui-iilanted

m Mu . 1 1

ll .uerbyJulv. Two dis-

lim t 1

tuide as L. maritima,

oiU- . 1 '

iiiil IS considered anin-

tell..l 1 t t 1 - 1, Pi

. . .1- ..f the two plants are

easily distini,'uished. Gen

us monographed 188G, in

Gray's "Synoptical Flora."

A. Ba^n

nhnvnfi'

r s' ' 7 - , ' /

" , '■ 1,^ hairs.

calliop 1 t

ha. DC. Co-

reSpi.i'.

1 uit ttgured in

R.H. 1-7 ,,,,,,

/ , n,n„ia. Annual,

1-2 ft lii.,.i 11- . .11 ... l..-

-. i,.\- le«ei. shorter and

b^oadertUaumi.„i<.M/,«,«

, lUm. luug, J4-I in. wide.

BB. SiLils liaiinq sJinif, rigid bristles.
Doilglasii, DC. Annual, 9-12 in. high: Ivs. l-S-times
parted: ring of the disk-As. distinctly bearded. Int. by
Oreutt, 1891.

BBB. Seeds not hairy.

Stillmanni, Gray. Stouter than L. Douglasii : ring of

the disk-fls. beardless. Gn. 52, p. 461. G.C. III. 22:33:j.

B.B. 23, p. 275. Gt. 46, p. 612. S.H. 2:44. Int. 1898, by

Benary.

AA. Says oblong.
B Stems lou, horn a tliicl. base
maritima, Gia^ Perennial Ivs 2 pinnate fl- 3Min
across borne at the ends of branches on peduncles 9-12
in long, ri^s lb-20 IK m long, disk 1 m across
seeds not hairy B M 6241 Gn 49 1061 Not R H
1873 330, which is really i calhopsidea —Makes a good
bog plant

llntl

1 fv at the top

h s 2-3 pin

I ine on short

seeds not

-Piinceschisays

WM

BB St

'-i ft hull 1

nate 11
corynil - 1
hairy Cult ;
the fls aie sv

eet scented

LEPTOXaiNIA dissecta ui I multifida w 1 ilver

foi (. ll I I ints

of th I re

sum ll I lula

Foi de till 11 Its -I ( litel mi K l-e - Kn I-l u of

North iuieiRau Lmbelliteise, 18bb

LEPT6TES See Tetinmiaa

L£SFED£ZA (D Lespedez was a Spanish governor
of Florida, who iided the botimst Michaux) Legumi
nib I Bt SH Cin\ER Between -iO nnd 40 peiennial
heibs -11 1 -I , I ,, \ Ai PI A 1 I 1 A Til ^Mth

the lit rly

equal I I I pod

shoit inl 1 c ll 1 (aiil in tin- litt 1 n, ti m Di -mo
dium, which has lomted pods) In some of the Lespe
dezas theie aie two kinds of fls , — petal bearmj; and
mosth St 111 XI til u- nl 111 th f itili- Th 1 11

verof the bou
nure plant 1
purple fl- hi
cult The mc

genus thus far introduced are L. Sielioldi and Z. Ja-
pinin a. w hi. li .lie hardy herbs sending up many strong,
wiM -li.i.tt- ' 1. h > ear, and blooming profusely in Sep-
t. nil., r ,111.1 ( I. tiil.i-r. Their late bloom is very desirable.
All Ijf-pp.U 7,1- .ire of the easiest culture wherever
liardj. Usually increased by division of the clumps.
Jj. Sieboldi IS readily propagated by greenwood cut-
tings under glass. Monogr. by Maximowicz in Act.
Hort. Petrop. ii. (1873).

A. Occidental amative Lespedesas: of upright or erect
liabit, not showy: stipules and flower-bracts mi-
nute, subulate.
These species are not in general commerce, but are
offered by dealers in native plants. They thrive in light,
dry soils'. Because of the grayish or brownish color of
the toliage, tbev are sometimes useful in landscape-
gardening work.' Hardy, and of easiest culture. Per-
ennial.

B. Fls. whitish or yellowish, all complete.
hirta, Ell. Erect, 2-4 ft. tall, silky-pubescent : petioles
shorter than the Ivs.: Ifts. nearly orbicular: fls. in ob-
long or cylindrical heads which are on peduncles which
usually exceed the Ivs. Dry soils. New England to Fla.
andW. Mn. 6:181.

capitAta, Jlichx. Much like the last, but Ifts. narrow-
oblong or oval, and the fl. -heads dense and short-]
duncled. Range of the above.

c. Peduncles slender.

violftcea, Pers. Two to 3 ft., only
slightly pubescent: Ifts. oval or ellip-
tic: fls. small, in a loose cluster which
IS on 1 stalk usually longer than the
Ivs Range of above

Nuttallu, Darl Two to 3 ft , hairy-
pul PT t Itt- ( \ ll oblong or nearly

cc Peduncles

ot quite ua>

Stilvei.Nutt Most
ly uubranched, 2-4
ft , velvetj pubescent pe
tioles very short Ifts ob
long to nearlj orbiculir fls
m nearly sessile axillary
clusters or heads New
■Vork, south and west
^ frut^scens, Butt {L

■S\it- ) Less pubescent or
ilniist gUbrous petioles
mosth loiiger Ifts oval to
ellintic clusters ^ ery short

AA Oil I t

qioun I I

South It 111

Stipul I I fl lilt

conspicuous
stnita. Hook & ^rn
Japav Clo^ er Hoopkoop

\nini 1 s 11 I wli it pubes
r erect.

1263. Lespedeza bicolor.

I ma very

blong or obovate, and the petioles
11, pink or purple, in axillary clus-
l -in —Said to have been introduced
s Car in 1849 but probably in the
IP that time It is now extensively
t the Ohio river, growing on nearly
On light lands it makes dense mats,

904

LESPEDEZA

Imt on heavy lands grows 18-24 in. high. It is a good
pasture-and hay-plant, and is useful for plowing under
as a green manure. It thrives on land which is indiffer-
ently prepared. For hay, seed is sown early in spring,
at the rate of K bushel per acre. It often yields 2 tons
of hay to the acre. For pasturage in the South, it is
: sown with oats in the fall.

AAA. Oriental Lespedezas, grown as ornamental plants
for the fls.: erect: stipules and fl. -bracts
small: perennials.
bicolor, Turcz. Pig. 1263. Shrub, with slender
branches, becoming 6-10 ft. tall, slender and graceful,
glabrous: Ivs. on thin wiry stalks, mostly longer than
the glabrous blades ; If ts. oval to round-obovate, rounded
at the apex, the terminal one 1-2 in. long: fls. small,
purple, in simple or compound racemes, which surpass
the Ivs.: pod H in. long, somewhat pubescent. Japan.
—Hardy as far north as Boston, blooming in July and
seeding freely. A good slender shrub for adding va-
riety to the border. A white-fld. variety is advertised.
Si^boldi, Miq. {Dcsmddinm pendulifldrum, Oudem.
i. racemdso, Dipj.. /,. Corm-^sri, Koehne). Fig. 1264.
Herb, throwing ii|i >Iimiil', wiry shoots each year from
the crown: sti'iiis an^l. ,i. r. .Idish or brown, hairy (at
least above): Ivs. .lull al^.v. :imi1 light-colored and hairy
hiiiciith, the petiole usually
somewhat shorter than the
blade ; Ifts. elliptic-oblong-
pointed: fls. twice larger than
in the last (nearly % in. long] ,
rose-purple, drooping in very
numerous long racemes, which
at the top of the plant are
panicled: pod nearly or quite
14 in. long, pubescent. Japan.
G. P. .5:11,5. Gng. 1:23. R.H.
1873:210. J.H. 111.30:15. G.
C. II. 20:749. F.S. 18:1888.
B.M. 6602 and Mn. 7, p. 69 (as
i. bicolor).— Blooms in Sep-
tember, and hardy in central
New England. A very desira-
ble late-blooming plant, mak-
ing a large specimen with age.
Does not often seed in the
North.

Jap6nica {Desmbdium Ja-
pdnictim, Hort., not Miq.).
Very like the last, but blooms
a week or two later, has very
numerous pure white fls.,
much lighter colored herbage,
1264. Lespedeza Sieboldi. usually nearly glabrous Ivs.
(X K-) *"'' stems, the Ifts. broader

and less pointed.— Hardy as
the last, and seems to seed more freely in the North.
Perhaps a botanical variety of L. Sieboldi, but distinct
for horticultural purposes.

Other .Japanese and Chinese Lespedezas may he'e.rpected to
appear in the trade. See Franchet. R.H. 1890, pp. 225-227, for an
account of W. China ornamental species, with picture of L.
Delavayi. L. H. B.

LETTSdMIA is a genus of the Convolvulus family.
About 26 species of tropical oriental climbers. An un-
known species was advertised from S. Florida in 1889
and is still procurable. Reasoner and others think well
of it.

LETTUCE (see Laciuca) is the most popular of salad
vegetables. Plate XVIIl. It is a quick-growing annual,
delighting in cool atmosphere and u]irn. l<iii.';c si>il. As
an outdoor crop, it thrives best in siiiiii-, S|.. - inl cure
is needed to grow it in the hot sum ' ' ,i. al-

though heat-resisting varieties 1ki\ I. , ■ .1. Of

late years, the forcing of Lettuce uikm i u I i n ' "ini- to
be a large industry. The moststri...,,^ ii..ul.U iu lorciiig
Lettuce is the rot, due to a specie.^ of butrytis. The
leaves become soft and fall, leaving only the core of the
plant erect (Fig. 1265). This trouble may be prevented
by growing in loose soil, by keeping the surface of the

LETTUCE

soil and of the plant as dry as possible, and by avoiding
a too warm and too moist atmosphere. Sub-irrigation
(see Irrir/ation) is to be advised for Lettuce forcing.
Of varieties, there are two general types, — the cabbage
or heading sorts (Fig. 1266 j, and the loose sorts (Fig.

1265. Lettuce plant collapsed with the rot,

1267). The latter are more used because more easily
grown, but the former are considered to be the fintr

In 1885, Uoff reduced the kinds of Lettuce to 87 va-
rieties (4th Rep. N. Y. Exp. Sta.), throwing tbeni into
three general groups: (1) leaves roundish or but slightly
oblong, spreading rather than upright; (2) leaves ob-
long, tending to grow upright ; (3) leaves pinnately
lobed. These categories were divided into subtribes on
minor leaf-characters. In 1889 (Annals Hort. ) 119 names
of Lettuces were catalogued by North American seeds-
men. Lettuce has been in cultivation for over L'.UUO
years. l, h. B.

Lettuce Out-of-doors.- While Lettuce seems never
more en.ioyable than when it comes from the greeuliouse

during thi l.I.r paris (,( the year, yet it is acceptable

for salad juii]".^.^ ^umI is in good demand the entire
year. In <.im n -louii.l, :it the North, we may have it in
all its perfiitic.ii Ir.nn .lum- until snow flies again in the
fall. Usually it is nuich less of a knack, however, to
have it in the earlier part of the season and up to
August, than in the torrid weather of August and early
fall. For early market we start the plants in the green-
house during February, and prick them out in flats or
sunken thumb-pots filled with rich, fibrous loam, and
after thoroughly hardening them by exposure for a week
or more in a coldframe, we take the plants up, with a
chunk of soil, and plant them out in very rich, well-
prepared loam outdoors, just as soon as the weather
will permit. Tennisball and its various strains and
selections, Boston Market, etc., are good for this pur-
pose. The rows may be made a foot apart, and the
plants set 6 or 8 inches apart in the rows. We want neat
solid heads, even if not as large or heavy as some of the
heads we can easily produce later on from summer
varieties, and we wish to get them as early in the season
as possible in order to be able to put them on the mar-
ket when prices are still high. Light applications of
nitrate of soda, either broadcast over the patch at the
time of setting the plants, or along the rows very soon
after, seldom fail to assist in hastening early growth
and to increase the size of the heads. This is a "trick of

1266. Heading Lett

the trade " well worth practicing. The free use of the
wheel-hoe keeps the soil loose and the crop free from
weeds, and also hastens it to early market condition.

At the time of setting the first plants in open ground,
we also sow a patch with the garden drill, using seed

LETTUCE

sparingly \ml co

vermg it li^-htl

deep, altUou^'h m

good soil the -.

il} even It pi iced

an inch or so 1

surface The var

leties eatilogu 1

able f. I MuniiH 1

ultm lu xU

of thrill 1

11 1 Ii \ii

■«elin II

Stul 1 1

1

of GUI 1

lar m tin n

b tied ui Mid

bKn h r t . il

plantb of drill sown Lettii liii

For home u'se we

leaM tl, 1,1 1 h

apart so tli it th. ^
head-- 1 i

h n 1111 , ,

u-,edt 1

' ' ' 1 1 1

The 1 11

market iilx ihp

llu'il

plmted tho shou
to 20 das s the \ or
ingStolOto thet

thi

Lhe,

every other plant can b i
ones remaining have i I
afterward From earl\ i i i ^ iiuul 1
sow a few rows of the^e -iumiiu i Li i
weeks or so and thu-^ try to provide :
ply of good heads The demand may c
days, or even weeks, but it is sure to r

Is ire delicious

1 II 1 h 1 \ ii| 1 K t line

tiP 1 1 11 111 \ii_u r 1 iilv s 1

It grown for

t ml 1 1 1 1 1 1 111 ^1 nil 1 »lii h « IS

t md not less

o ,| , il (he aisi i| ml mike I tieiiLli s uic Oor

In due time

fe inches deep and hU this «ith «dtei \\ hen this has

1 1 t while the

soaked away, leflU and repeat this flora one to six

1 largest size

times accoidmg to the drjness, of the soil Fill this

, in August we

trench with fine, moist not net soil in which make a

[, es ever} two

mirk and sow the seed is in the sjumg Co\er the row

ontinuous sup

with 1 foot wide board and about thiee da\ s 1 itei put

ip off for a few

some bricks under so as to holil the board ib ,ut two

l^e If we can

inches above the soil \s s n as the plants ire well up

tuni the bricks so is f li lltli 1 ii 1 about tour inches

u| lu 1 take It oft lit 111 1 1 It n\eo clock m the

afteiu on leaving It I1 luml ilii i nine in the morn

V

lug Uucloud\di\ u 111 1 \| suie as the plants

^"11'

develop until the li li i intii h dispensed with

1267

Grand Rapids Lettuce.

manage to have good Lettuce late in the fall it will sel-
dom go begging for customers.

Sometimes we may wish to raise seed of a sort that
suits our purposes. All we have to do is to leave some
of the plants in the rows, until the larger part of the
seeds on a plant have matured. The plant is then cut
off near the ground and exposed on a sheet to sun and
air to dry. The seeds arc then to be thrashed out and
cleaned. T. Gkeiner.

Lettuce for the Villjige Garden and City Yard.-
The value of Lettuce for the table depends largely upon
its being fresh. A very small area may be made to
produce an abundant supply for an ordinary-sized family.
The plant is quite healthy and hardy, when young endur-
ing a considerable frost without injury. It has few in-
sect enemies and the requisites for its successful culture
are few and easily understood. On this account it can
be grown with greater satisfaction and profit on a village
lot, or even in a city backyard, than can mostof our gar-
den vegetables. To produce it of the best quality under
these conditions, as early in the spring as the ground is
at all dry and the grass begins to start, a bit of ground
should be well dressed with tineniflniirp. inittinrr,,,, from
one-half a bushel to one bushel tc. tli. .un:: ■ .ini.iind
then well spading up, working in 1 1^ ■ i milk-

ing the bed as fine and smootli .i- : ■■ ■ M;ike a
mark about one inch deep, dniii in il;- -i- il nt the

gtjwn in acit\ Ml 1 I \ till mil. 1 WW Tracy

Lettui E Fori IS - 1 hi \ _ i il It is one of the prin-
cipal monej crops ot thi in like! ^,udener m winter It
Is giown in hotbeds and hothouses The old way is to
1 list It in hotbeds, but since the experiments of grow
ing 111 houses have been so successful it is grown mostly

For the first early crop to be grown in I 1 i li u i s
thi seed IS sown m the seedhouse il ni \iuii i n in
the 1 ititude of Boston By this mem ili I tin will
be brought into market the latter pirt t i i r I i i tlie
first of November, after the frost has spoiled the out-
door crop ; and thus it often brings very good prices.
The sowing is made in a bed in the house prepared for
the purpose with sterilized soil, so that there will be no
fear of a rusty root or mildew on the plants. The soil
should be 10 inches deep, well moistened and beat up
very fine, with no manure or fertilizer. For every ounce
of seed, prepare a space 0 feet square, raking off the bed
as smooth as possible. Sow the seed and then sprinkle
the bed with water. Then sift on one-fourth of an inch
of either sterilized or clean subsoil, preferably the lat-
ter. In about four days the plantlets will appear. Three
weeks from .sowing, the plants will be ready for trans-
planting. This should be done at the proper time, that
is, before the plants become too large. Prepare the soil
the same as for the seed-bed. If 3 inches of the steri-
lized soil, or some new soil that no Lettuce has been
grown in, can be had, it will be sufficient. Transplant
the Lettuce 4 inches apart in sufficient quantity to set
out the prepared space. In three or four weeks these
plants will be large enough to again transplant into the
bed or house intended for them. Sterilizing is done in a
box 5x4 feet and 3 feet deep, with several punctured
steam pipes in the bottom. The soil should heated to
200°.

In preparing the bed for the last transplanting, the
soil should be well wet before working and then let
stand until the water has all drained off, which will be
in about twenty-four hours. Now ]nit in stable manure,
worked fine with the first heat out of it. which is secured
by piling and overhauling twice a week for two or three
weeks before using. Apply this prepared manure about
3 inches deep and dig into the soil to a depth of 12 to
15 inches. Rake off and mark with the marker 8 inches
apart. If the soil is new no sterilization is needed, but
if old would prefer about 2 inches of the to]i sterilized.
This is done to prevent the mildew and disease that
often comes from old, worn-out soil.

If the bed is properly prepared it will need no water-

the.

e, they may need to be sprinkled
■ the last time. No more water
in to mature. Many think that
it watering, but that is wrong,
lit go down it' the top is kept

becaiisr ti,.' iMi.i - >A'
constantly wet, and a
watered until it begins Ti I I i m :id.

The kind of Lettuce ui;. ihove remarks

is the head variety, eallr. I m m n, i.iii.iisthe Boston
Lettuce. This crop shoiild In- ready to begin to pull in
six or seven weeks from time of last transplanting.
According to the previous statements, it has taken thir-
teen weeks from seed to produce a crop. This is start-
ing in September or October. Earlier than this the time
will be one or two weeks less. It is customary to pull
over the bed once and take out the best ones, and then
give the remainder a good wetting. In about one week
those left will be fit to pull clean. After the first trans-
planting to i inches, it is the surest way to smoke the
house throe nights in succession, once the second week
and once the third week. This is done to keep the plants
free from disease or from the green-rty or louse. If it is

desired to follow with a seeiiiiil en i|M if Lett UI n tin- >:iiiie

bed, the plants must be reaih I. n' ihr ^ ml erni. \\ Inn

the first is taken off, and thus l,,-i. n.i tiue-nf tlir Imu-e.

In hotbeds much the .?aii]e ei.iijM- is imisueil as m il,.-
house; sometimes one will sueeeed better lliau tlie utlier.
For midwinter the houses are the better, and for late
spring the beds.

The best way of heating the beds is by the use of hot
stable manure placed in the bottom of the bed, and
about 8 inches of loam on top. Ten inches of manure,
hot, will hold for two crops of Lettuce. The first crop
will need a little special fertilizer. The second crop

"* require about 3 inches of stalile manure prepared as

for the houses. The be.
covered with coarse mat
beds, after setting, are e.

whe

th<.

the fall and
■anted. The
nats or shut-
uw freezing,

and Vetltilrltril hv ,l:iv win : :. I' ...

Thelui' I:, ri 1..1! : ,. . . - . :iui andthetem-

peratui- 1 . ; . ... |., proper temper-

ature Im ■ _ .._.!,. I .:...', ajid 70° by day.

For eoiii iiri.. 1- '-r^.y- ili)-'iu:;li il.i - i.:i sou, SOW every
week eiiougli seeil to give the plants required. One
ounce should produce 5,000 plants. This sowing is con-
tinued until February 1, which is the time to sow the seed
for the i-ri.|) to lie set out in the field. These plants are

grown in III.'!.. .|- :uiil luirilelied nil' lirfori- 1 i I r \' are set
out; tliiii ■. ii,ins|,l,.,,iteil Irmn siiil'-liril to 4

inches m .: i i... i.l-, .luil nn- ilieii t:iKi.ii u|i and
trans|ilani. .1 m in. in hi. This is a ver\- . I i iVi rent variety
of Letluee. It vmII nut head ill the liouses, while the
variety grown iu the houses will not grow in the field.

A great improvement has been made in the varieties
of Lettuce. The variety grown twenty years ago called
White Seeri 'reniiistinll was a very fine Lettuce and
would pack (i .lozeii to the barrel-box or 10 dozen to the
barrel. Imt ilie iuiprnved variety of to-day will fill 3
dozen to the hurrel Imx and 5 to 6 dozen to the barrel.
The new variety is called the New Hothouse Lettuce,
and will grow in beds just as well as in the house.

Experiments made with the electric light have been
very successful. It not only hastens the time of grow-
ing, but also improves the size and quality of the head.
The writer estimates that the light increases the size
and quality 10 per cent and hastens the time of growth
15 per cent. This is by the use of arc lights over the
houses by night. This could not be praetieed on hot-
beds, because they are covered by iljlit, p., twnnn the
first of November and the first ..r M ' ■' ' ,s are
very short and the nights very loll L . ii.- . Im-tric

light increases the length of the iln . i; .. i; npiilied

it has the same effect as the longer .l.i;, ., it .-priny have
upon the growth of crops.

The Lettuce, when prepared for market, is pulled,
then washed, and for the Boston market is put in boxes
of 3 dozen each and sold at wholesale by the box. The
smaller heads are packed 4 dozen in each box and are
usually sold per box for about one-half the 3-dozen size.
When packing for other markets, as New York, Phila-
delphia, Washington or Chicago, it is packed in cases
that will hold a barrel. These cases have a partition in

LELT.EXA

the center, so that the Lettuce when packed will not
all fall to one end should the eases be roughly handled.
The expense of sending a case from Boston to New
York is 25 cts., to Philadelphia 50 cts., and to Chicago
75 cts.

The crop from the South has affected our sales very
much in the midwinter, but the climate seems to have
changed in that locality so that it is in our favor, for of
late years they have cold weather there two or three
times each season, thus giving us the market. Our
Lettuce is far superior to theirs and of a different
variety. They have named theirs the Big Boston. It
will be !;ppn that the name of Boston is very popular in

till- T.i-ftii.'.- mrirkef. This inferior I.ettliee cnlliinL- frnra

most when there is but very little sun, and least when
there is most sun; and if the plant is examined there
will be found a diseased root. Here the benefit of the

tuce, and In
very beneii
The prir.
is a questi.i
made by so
Gardeners'

\V. W. Kawson.

LEUCADfiNDEOH (Greek, white tree).
This genus includes the celebrated Silver
Cape of Good Hope (see Fig. 1268), which hi
and unique habit. Its Ivs.
are densely covered with
white silky hairs. This
tree grows wild only on
Table Mountain. In the
first quarter of the cen-
tury it was considered of
great importance for fire-
wood. It is said to grow
poorly away from the
Cape, except in S. Calif.,
where it generally does
well outdoors. It is also
rarely cult, in the East in
tubs, being protected in a
cool greenhouse during
winter and placed on the
lawn in summer. The Sil-
ver Tree attains 30 ft. at
the Cape. The trees are
practically male and fe-

male

dillieiilt t" laisn. There is no monograph of this genus
sin. e .M, ism r s il, DC.Prod. Vol. 14. 1856. but the genus
will I..- revi.«,-.l in a forthcoming volume of Flora
Capeusis.

arginteum, R.Br. Fig. 1268. Branches densely leafy:
Ivs. sessile, 3-6 in. long, }i-l in. wide, callous and black-
ish at the apex, lanceolate, acute, silvery white and silky:
involucres spreading, longer than the globular head of
fls. : nut ventricose, turgid, wingless, the whole style and
calyx persisting with it, obovate. B.R. 12:979. V. 5:282,
283.

LEUCffiWA (probably from Greek, ?e«io«, white; re-
ferring to the fls.). l/eguminbste. This includes a tree
known in S. Fla. as the White Popinac, a rapid grower,
with acacia-like foliage and whitish fls. It is also cult,
in S. Calif. The genus has abinit 9 species, found in

LEUC^XA

Mexico, Guatemala, Peru, and Pacific; islands, but L.
glaitca is found in tlie tropios of l.otU \v..i-lds. It -rows
Wildinthf W.-t T'.^ii. ■ ;il,.| 'n n. ... ,■!: T. ■,,,-. T:,. !r....x
and shrill. < ..I' li' .- ■ ^ '•■•■■ ■' ' ■ '<■ - \' ■'■ . l.ni
belong t.. th.. M.. ■ . .1 i.y

tate : stamens 10, 11..1 tikunlLuur: pwl 1.,lx.m',[\ iiiiciir,
stalked, flat-compressed, chartacoous, 2-valved : seeds
compressed. Acacia trichodes is i. trichodes, Benth.,
but it is not in the trade.

glailca, Benth. (AcAcia fronddsa,Wm(l. A.glauca.
Moench). Spineless: branches and petioles powdery:
pinnae 4-8-paired; Ifts. 10-20-paired, oblong linear, glau-
cous below: pod 5-G in. long.

LEUCHTENBfiEGIA ( ifter Prince Leuchtenberg)
Cactdri r \ \\i( \ n Stems in age forming a trunk
2 in 01111 1 11 li 1 I \ tin shedding of the lower tuber
cles tul 1 I tri iij.,ulir acuminate, spreading, 2-4 in

LEUCOPHYLLUM

907

long, K-% in. wide, with twisted papery spines : fls. fun-
nelform, widely expanded, borne near the apex of young
tubercles: fr. gray, ovate-elliptical, 1 in. long, covered
with scales and crowned by the persistent flower: seeds
dark brown, minutely tuberculate. Only 1 species,
closely related to Echinocactus, but of remarkably differ-
ent form. The plant is readily grown in the manner of
Echinocactus and Mamillaria.

principis, Hook. & Fisch. Fig. 1269. Radial spines
6-8, the central one usually solitary, longer, sometimes
8 in. long: fls. yellow. B.M.439H. A. G. 11:404.

Kathakixe Bran'degee.

LEUCOCRtNTIM (Greek, H.;i//r?,7//). LUidcew. Sand
Lily of r'^l-i .1 . A I :r.]\ ' .;''.. msplant growing a few
inches liij' ' ■ ', . and clusters of pure

white, fr.i- I ' . . . • .. .i\e the ground in early

spring. 111. :N I l--li,i|..'d. having a slender

tube 2-4 in. lou^'. t!i, ^i.juui (...itiou of which is below
the surface of the soil, and ti lobes, each %-lH in. Jong.
They are borne in clusters of 4-many fls., and maintain a
succession for several weeks. They should be desirable

for edging walks and bulb beds. They have a deep-seated

s. not 2-ranked, and an in-
each locule. Perianth seg-
.ersistent: stamens 6: style

pedicels K-IM in. long.

montanum, Xutt. Sand Lilt of Colorado. Lvs.8-12or
more, flat, rather thick, 4-8 in. long, 1-3 lines wide:
J. H. COWEN.

LEUCdJUM (name explained below). Also written
Leticoium. AmaryUidAcew. Snowflake. The Snow-
flakes are hardy bulbous plants growing a foot or less
high and bearing dainty, nodding, 6-parted fls., which
are white, tipped with green, yellow, or a tinge of red.
They are less popular than Snowdrops (Galanthus), to
which they are closely related, and have larger fls., with
all the segments of equal size. There are 8 species, na-
tives of Europe and the Mediterranean region, 4 of which
are cult. Perianth-tube none; segments ovate or oblong.
Baker, Handbook of the Amaryllideae, 1888. The name
Leucojum was given by Linnaeus, but he did not explain
the application. The old Greek naiup, Leriminn .w&s given
by Theophrastus to a plant now suppLsi-.l t.. lie a cruci-
fer, like some stock or wallrt'.wiT. L^ ifi-'^itm is from
leukos, shining, white, and ioii. vi,.l..t. Sncwtlukes ap-
pear about the same time as whir.- vi.iK-ts. and some-
times have a delicate odor, resembling that of the violet,
but the form of the fls. is very different. For culture,
see Bulhs.

A. Blooming In March.

v6mum, Linn. Spring Snowflake. Bulb globose,
%-l in. in diameter: Ivs. strap-shaped, finally 6-9 in.
long, 4-6 lines wide: scape }^-l ft. long, usually 1-fld.:
perianth segments white, tipped green : seeds with a
].;.]., iM. inliranous coat and conspicuous strophiole.
(ill I 11, France to Bosnia and Tyrol. B.M.46. G.C.
II II: ■•;:^1: 341; 23:341. P.G.5:47. Gn. 25, p. 335, and
L '. : . '7. V. 8:69. Var. Carp&thicum, Herb., has
|.,iiaii;h segments tipped yellow. B. M. 1993. J. H.
111.32:169. G.M. 39:105. A choice form, usually bear-
ing 2^ fls.

aa. Blooming in April and May.

aestlvum, Linn. Summer Snowflake. Bulb ovoid,
1-1^ in. in diameter: Ivs. strap-shaped, 1-1'% ft. long:
scape 1 ft. long, 4-8fld.: perianth segments white,
tipped green: seeds with a black, hard-shelled coat and
no strophiole. Blooms end of April and beginning of
May. Central and S. Eu. Mn.9:45. P.G. 1:7. V. 3:342
and 8:70.

pulchillum, Salisb., differs from B. cestivum by its
smaller fls. and capsule, narrower Ivs. and fls. afortnight
earlier. Sardinia and Balearic Isles.

Bin

,ng i

rdseum, Martin. Bulb globose, K-K in. in diam.:
peduncle shorter and usually 1-fld. : perianth segments
%m. long, rose-red, oblanceolate: stamens J^ In. long.
Corsica. -Usually difScult to grow, and little known
horticulturally. j. n. Gerard and W. M.

LEUCOPHtLLUM (Greek, white leaf). ScroplmlariA-
cece. This includes a rare shrub from southern Texas,
the leaves of which are covered beneath with silvery
white wool. It has showy violet-purple, bell-shaped fls,
an inch across, borne in spring. In cultivation it flowered
for til., first timr. in 1890, at Augusta, Ga., with P. J.
Ber.'kiiiaii^ Ir i- niiw cult, in S. Fla.,and deserves cul-
tivati.iii .■\.'i. wli.ii- in the South. According to C. S.
Sari;. Ill, " I'h. i. 1- no shrub of the desert portions of

yUO LEUCOPHYLLUM

the valley of the lower Rio Grande more generally dis-
tributed, and certainly there is not one of them which
more delights the traveler in the early spring months,
when the large, violet-purple flowers of this plant
heighten the effect of its brilliant silvery foliage."
(G.F.3:488.)

Leucophyllum has only 2 species. Lvs. all alternate,
ovate or obovate : calyx .'i-.ut ; c-.m.Ila tube broad and
short; lobes 5, rounded: -i.ujm ti~ 1, .liiiynamous. in-
cluded, fixed at the base nf til.- .(.imIIi : ..vary 2-celled;
ovules numerous : capsule l'\alv.il: .-.•.■ds oblong.

Tex4num, Benth. Loose-growing, straggling shrub,
4 or 5 ft. high in the wild, 8-10 ft. high in cult. Lvs.
H-l in. long, obovate: fls. axillary, slightly hairy within.
G.F. 3:489.

LEUCOSTfiGIA (Greek, ivJnfe roof; alluding to the

attached by its base, with the apex and sides free. The
leaves are mostly tri-quadripinnate. For cult., see
BavalUa.

pdrvula, Wallich. Rootstocks wide-creeping, scaly:
lvs. ne.irly sessile, deltoid, less than 1 in. long, half as
■wide, usually tripinnate. Singapore and Borneo.
L. M. U>

LEUCOTHOE (Greek mythological name; daughter of
Kerens). JSriccLcea. Including Agarista. Ornamental
low evergreen shrubs, with alternate, short-petioled,
usually serrate lvs. and with white, rai-ely pink or scar-
let, usually nodding fls., in terminal or axillary racemes,
appearing' mc.stly in spring. The S. American species,
which ar.- v. ly r:\v- i)i c.nltivation, though they surpass
the other in l..-ani\ ..f tlie fls., are hardy only South,
while tlie ..till r -pi .i.s ean be grown as far north as
Mass. anil \m-i.iii N, ^■.. the evergreen ones in sheltered
positions 111- with ^li^lit protection during the winter.
They are vn \ li.iii.ls..nie for borders of shrubberies or
as underm.iwth iji ..pen woods. They thrive best in
somewhat iu.jist, jieaty or sandy soil, and prefer shaded
or partly shaded situations, but also grow in full sun if
the soil is not too dry. Prop, usually by seeds sown in
peaty, sandy soil in pans or boxes in .spring, and treated
like those of Azalea or Rhododendron; also by layers or
division ; the evergreen species grow from cuttings
under glass in late summer, but root rather slowly.
About 35 species in N. and S. America, Madag., Himal.
and Japan, formerly often united with Andromeda. Lvs.
evergreen or deciduous : fls. in axillary or terminal
racemes ; calyx 5-parted, imbricate ; corolla ovate or
cylindrical; §tamens 10; anthers obtuse or 2-pointed at
the apex: capsule separating into 5 valves; seedsminute,
irregular. Most of the tillii'il g-enera differ by the valvate
calyx, and Chaniteila]iline l.y tlie valves of the capsule
separating into 2 lay. rs, th. inner one 10-valved.
A. Lvs. evergreen : r:ireniis urilhtry, sometimes clus-
tered, shorter limn the lvs.
B. Racemes dense, sessile, many-fid.; pith nf
branches solid.

axillaris, Don (Andrdmeda axill&ris,ha,m.). Shrub,
to 5 ft., with spreading and usually recurving branches,
puberulous when young : lvs. with short pubescent
petioles, oval to oblong-lanceolate, shortly acuminate,
serrulate toward the apex, glossy above, pale and sparsely
pubescent beneath when young, 2-4 in. long: racemes
1-2 in. long: sepals broadly ovate; corolla white, usually
greenish in bud. Min. long. April, May. Va. to Fla. and
Ala. — Var. longlfdlia, Pursh. Lvs. linear-lanceolate.
B.M. 2357.

Catesliael, Gray. T.. C. ft, similar to the former, with
glabrous, slender timl ni..T.' tin'liing branches: lvs.

longer-petioled, ovtn.- l.ui. iai.- t.) lanceolate, ciliately

appressed-serrate, Klos.sy above, usually light green
beneath, glabrous, 3-7 in. long: racemes larger: sepals
narrower; corolla over Jiin. long, white, usually reddish
in bud. April, May. Va. to Ga. B.M. 19.55. L.B.C.
14:1.320.— This species is handsomer than the former,
and also somewhat hardier: lvs. and fl.-buds assume
a beautiful purple hue, late in fall which is retained
through the winter.

LEVISTICUM

BB. Racemes peduncled, with rather few, slender-
pedicelled fls.: pith laminate.

acnmin&ta, Don {t. populifdlia, Dipp. Andrimeda
aciimindta, Ait.). Shrub, to 12 ft., with spreading
branches : lvs. short-petioled, ovate-lanceolate, acumi-
nate, entire or obscurely serrulate, glabrous, 2-4 in.
long: pedicels as long as c.n lln : .m.Ivx very short;
corolla cylindrical, over J-^in. It i;: ^('. to Fla.

AA. Lvs. deciduous: racerne.^ n '/.secnnd,

longer than the lvs. (.s./,;. ... , /. ../: -//i/s.)

racemdsa, Gray {Andrdmeda meemosn. Linn. L. spi-
«<)/«, Don. Lyiinia racemdsa, Don). Shrub, to 10 ft.,
with mostly erect branches : lvs. oblong to ovate, acute,
.serrulate, pubescent beneath, at least on the veins,
1-3 in. long: racemes erect, 2-4 in. long: corolla cylin-
drical, )^in. long. April-June. Mass. to Fla. and La.
Em. 423.

reciirva, Gray. Similar to the last, but lower and
more spreading: lvs. elliptic-ovate to elliptic-lanceolate,
acuminate : racemes spreading and recurved : capsule
depressed and strongly lobed. April-June. Va. to Ala.
G. P. 9: 225.— It grows in drier situations, but otherwise
it is not superior to the former ; the foliage of both
assumes a splendid scarlet color in fall.

L. DAvisiee, Torr. Evergreen shrub, to 5 ft. : lvs. oblonB, ob-
tuse, crenately serrulate: racemes slender, m,iny-rtd.. clustered
in terminal panicles. May, June. Calif. B.M. 6247.— i. Orow-
dna, Maxim. Half - evergreen : lvs. large, broadly oval, ap-
pressed-pilose : racemes terminal, slender : tls. rtitlier small.
June. Japan.— i. 7i('r((ft//rt !)(_'. (At,'arista neriifoliii, Don).
Evergreen, glabrous shrul., with ovate-ol.lont;, ;ii-niiiiiiat« lvs.

.\I.FKED ReHDEU.

LeucothoU Catesbiei is one of our most ornamental
and popular hardy broad-leaved shrubby evergreens. It
is used for massing in connection with Rhododendrons,
Kalmias, etc., serving as a base for these taller varie-
ties. The shiny dark green leaves are borne with regu-
larity on a recurved stem often 2-3 ft. long, and some-
times coloring brilliant bmuze and claret shades in
autumn when expos..! p. tli. .lii, . t rays of the sun.
Leucothoii sprays iir. : ly ilorists in making
up designs and in e.iiii 1 1 . ' ':i lax leaves, usually,
however, in the nior.' nil. .1111,11 [ s. They were intro-
duced to the trade ab.nii l<s;io. Ibe fragrant flowers are
in the leaf axils, borne along the stem in early spring,
and are usually conspicuous, considering the fact that
the leaves are persistent. It is this graceful evergreen
spray effect, with the good color and dense habit, that
makes Leucothoe so desirable as a plant for massing,
and also the fact, perhaps, that it is fairly easy to trans-
plant. Seeds are produced freely, and can be sown in
sphagnum moss and sand under glass, as Rhododen-
drons and Azaleas are grown, pricked off in flats and
planted outdoors in early spring, when the plants are a
few inches high. Leucothoe is also propagated by di-
vision, underground runners and cuttings, the latter
being plunged in sand on the bench and given moderate
bottom heat. It is usually collected, however, in its na-
tive habitat, in small plants, transplanted to nursery rows
and grown for several seasons. Harlan P. Kelset.

LEVEBWOOD. Ostrya Virginica.

LEVtSTICUM (a modification of a name given by
Dioscoritb'S to S4uue umbelliferous plant). Umbelliferte.
LOVAGE is a plant grown for its aromatic seeds, which
are used in confectionary. The leaf-stalks were for-
merly blanched and eaten like celery. It is a tall, hardy
perennial herb, with large, 2-3 times divided radical lvs.
The plant may be propagated by seed sown as soon as
ripe, but when plants are already established root-di-
vision is less troublesome and risky. Division may be
made in the autumn, but better in the spring. The di-
vided plants and the seedlings, when 2 or 3 in. tall,
should be set in checks 3 ft. apart in deep, rich soil.
When well established the plants remain profitable for
many years, demanding but little attention. The genus

LEVISTICUM

has only one species, and is disting:uished by having
the bracts of its involucel grown together.

officinile, Koch. Lovage. Tall : Ivs. dark green,
shining ; segments wedged shaped at the base, cut to-
ward the apex: fls. yellow; seeds 3-ribbed, hollow and
boat-shaped on one side, convex on the other. S. Eu.

LEWfSIA (after Meriwether Lewis, of the famous
Lewis and Clark expedition across the continent to the
Pacific in 1804). Poi-fulAcaci-w. The Bitter-root, i.
re.diviva, is an odd and interesting plant. It has a
thick-brau'-ln-il r.^.r : Ivs. like a Portulaca, fleshy and
linear, ami ImiMNMnn. fls. ijorne 3 or 4 in. above ground.
The fls. art' \-- in. ;nr<iss. rosy, varying to white, red or
purplish, Willi s-U iiruils. The plant has been thor-
oughly tested iu the E;i.-,t, and is desirable for rockeries,
needing perfect drainage, a sunny position and careful
watering while in flower. One of those perennials that
should be planted iu groups for best effect, and also as
a precaution tu prt-vnit loss by oversight in careless

The stnr _ hhlians in spring, and

eaten. Tii- > hitter, but at flower-

ing tiuiLMi I , i ->:!;- II < :i - :1\, and the root when
boili-il ha- iinir .ii ihr imnr lastc. The roots from
whi.-li till- plaiii wiL< .i,.~rnlMd showed signs of life after
lifin:.' Ill rill- li. rhaniiiii for ..■\ rnil years. Pursh planted
thi'iii, ami thrv -irw lor a var. This event suggested
thf name r.il.nr,!. V\u- lino iN. li-nrfd in B.M. 5395

came from a root wln-'h li-nl i n inini.-is,.,l in boiling

water in order to malsc an li. i-liai nini -|.r,ninen. The
root is called spatiilinn or .pailnin liy iho Inilians. The
Lewis and (.'lark e\|io.litioii was plannt-.l in the house
of Bernard -M .Maho,,, :ni .arly American horticulturist.
(See M'JIulin,, I. .\ mil aocount of this plant is given
by Pailleux ami la.is n, L,. Potager d'un Curieux; also
iu R.H. Ls;ii'. ].. _>!is. lo imric characters are: sepals 5-8,
persistent: stamens numerous: style 6-8-parted: cap-
sule circumscissile. The genus has 2 species.

redivlva, Pursh. Fls. June-Aug. Wash, and Calif, to
Nev. B.M. 5395. E.H.1892, p. 298. V. 2:306. Mn. 2, p.
^5' J. Woodward Manning and W. M.

LIATEIS (a name of unknown derivation). Com-
pdsifce. Blazing Star. Button Snakeroot. A genus
of hardy perennials, confined to eastern and southern
N.America. Fifteen or nmrr s|ir.ii s havo been recog-
nized, all of which are b.-st lalapio-l to il,r wild-flower
border. The most showv aro /,. ,;,„o„s ami L. pycnos-
taclujii. All produ.a- their ilo«, i- ,„ waml like spikes
or racemes, the petal, mi ."lonnL' -i i Ip iir, oiu.-ral bracts
often adding to tin . • :-lit rose-red

or purple flowers. I ^ a- .d in late

summer and autnnu \ \ ■ • noiliij.li i.\ oUsets from
their conn liln hi-' , n,:iy he uriiw-u trom seed, which
should hi iiiii. They will grow and pro-

duce flow, r 1 1 than most garden plants, but

thrive be-t ... _ Ii :,':irden soil, and require no

special caie. Whin tAiouped in masses they give best
results.

AA. Bracts of involucre obtuse.

B. Heads hemispherical, %-l in. broad, lS-45-flowered,

and peduncled.

scaridsa, Willd. Stem stout, 1-5 ft. high: lower Ivs.
spatuhite or oblong-lanceolate, 4-0 in. long, l-i in. wide;
upper narrowly lanceolate: heads large, numerous, in
a relatively loose spike; involucral bracts often tinged
with purple: fls. purple: pappus bristles minutely bar-
bellate. Throughout the U. S. and Can., east of the
Rockv Mts. B.M. 1709. B.R. 7:590 and 20:1054. ('i.C.
111.14:593. D.271. P.M. 5:27 (as £. ;,o(r«?is).-Next to
i. elegans and pycno.^tachi/a, perhaps the most desir-
able species for ornamental purposes.

BB. ffeads oblonij. 3-4 lines broad, 5-15 -flowered.

c. Brads not punctate.

D. Heads sessile.

apioita, Willd. Stem stout, rather tall, 2-5 ft., and
very leafy: Ivs. all linear, the lower larger and broader
than the upper, which are gradually reduced to the
linear-subulate bracts of the spike: heads 8-13-fld.,
% in. long, closely sessile, and forming a dense spike

LIATRIS

909

from 6-12 in. long; involucral bracts rounded obtuse,
with usually purplish margins. In the Atlantic and
Gulf states, from Mass. to La. B.M. 1411.

Var. montana, Gray {L.pumila, Lodd.). Fig. 1270.
Lower, 10-20 in. high: Ivs. broader, the lower ones yi-%
in. broad, and obtuse at apex :
spike proportionately short and
heads larger. V'a. and N. Car.
L.B.C. 2:147.

E. Lvs. oblong-lanceolate, rela-

tivehj short. ^^

gracilis, Pursh {L. pnnciflos- '^^

bracts : heads in a loose raceme,
3-5-fld.; bracts of the involucre
few and rather loose. Georgia,
Ala. and Fla.
EE. Bvs. attenuate-linear, the

radical 8-li in. long.
tenuifdlia, Nutt. (L. lavigdfa,
Nutt.). Stem slender, 2^ ft.
high: Ivs. without distinction
of blade and petiole, only a line
or two wide : heads in a strict
raceme, a foot or more long,
about 5-fld. : pappus strongly
barbellate. N. Car. to Fla.

heads

Stem

cc. Bracts punctate:
peduncled.

graminifdlia, Pursh.
comparatively slender,
high : Ivs. ciliate toward the
base, with scattered hispid
hairs: spike less dense, often
becoming racemose : head K
in. long ; bracts of involucre
punctate, rounded at the apex.
Atlantic states, Va. to Fla.

Bracts of involve

-icutec

B. Heads 15-60-f!d.. cylindrical

or turbinate.

c. Bracts with lanceolate,

spreading, rigid tips.
squarrdsa,Willd. Stem stout,
6-20 in. high: lvs. linear and
rigid, the lower elongated and
grass-like : spike variable in ' ' i

length, bearing few to many 1270. Hatris spicata.

:K).

heads, the larger heads
long; involucral bracts lanceo-
late, rigid, and usually bearing pointed tips, squarrose.
Eastern U. S., as far west as Neb. and Tex. B.R. 11:
948 is var. intermedia of this species.

ce. Bracts icilh closely oppressed, mucronate tips.

cylindricea, Michx. Stem 1 ft. high : lvs. and spike
as in last species: heads few, 16-20-fld. ; bracts of in-
volucre abruptly mucronate. Upper Can. to Minn, and
Mo.

BE. Heads S-6-fld., oblong or 1
c. Inner bracts much In)

Elegans, Willd. Stem 2-3 ft.
soon reflexed: spike dense and \
heads % in. long; inner invol
into spreading, [letiiloi.l a]ijM nil:

flowers and papims. \'a., to |.'|a. ami 'I'l x. I;, R. 4:267.
cc. /hio r l.r.irtx ,mf /.,„,,, ,■ Ufin th, fls.

D. Pappus bristles ary plitinust: brauts oppressed.

punctata, Hook. Stem stout, 10-30 in. high : lvs. and
involucral bracts punctate and rigid: spike long and

upper
. long:
longed

wand-like, dense and leafy: hearts 4-6-fld., % in. long;
bracts of involucre oblong, rather abruptly cuspidate,
ciliate on its margins: pappus plumose. Saskatchewan
and Minn, to Tex. and Mex.

DD. Pappus bristles merely harbeUute.
E. Involucral bracts spreading.

pycnoatichya. Mi.-)iv. Sf.Mii stout, 3-5 ft. high : lr«.
crowded thnniL-ii^ m , iIm l.,v,,-r lanceolate, the uiii" r
narrowly liniM I l\ llowered, 5-18 in. I.hil-:

heads about ', 1 1 1 : -il.s inrolucrewith s.|uar-

rose tips acute imi i h h : |i:i|.|.iis copious, minutely l.ar-
bellate. 111. and l:i., t<i Ark. and Tex. R.H. 1885::j24.
Gn. 55:1217.— One of the choicest and boldest species.
EB. Involucral bracts oppressed.

Chipmanii, Torr. & Gray. Stem a font m- two high,
strict and rigid: Ivs. short, the luw.r ntilMULrliurar, the
upper small and awl-shaped: .sj.ikc .1. n^rlv ilowered,
often 1 ft. long: heads about :i ll.l.: lis. lai-r for the
size of the head: pappus grayish, the bristles minutely
barbellate, about % in. long. 'Fla. w.W. Kowlee.

LIB£BTIA (Marie A. Libert, a Belgian woman, who
wrote on liverworts, about 1820). Iri.lac,,,. This in-
cludes some tender bulbous whit. Hd. ].:,ini. [icurable
from Dutch dealers, but for nortl i , . , > inferior
to our common hardy Blue-ey. i i , faiitia

Virginica). The fls. appear tcp li. , j.. , , ,, : ,.. showy
parts beiriu' the inner seCTient^ ,,1 li,, ^,. u, uih. The

tant: lirrianth with. mi any till..- al..iv.- tin- ,i\ary; seg-
ments ..!.. .vat., til.- :t i.ut.r usiKiily sli.irt.r, tirn'u-r and
less showy than the inner, more or less green or brown;
stamens inserted at the base of the segments ; filaments
free or connate toward the base: ovules many, super-
posed: capsule small, leathery, loculicidally 3-valved:
seeds 3-comered.

The genus has 8 species, found in Australia, New Zea-
land, Tasmania and Chile. All are white-fld. except L.
cm-uUscens, which is blue. Botanically it is nearest to
rUplnrrhpna, but in the latter the inner segments are
' In.rt. 1- tlian 111.' ..ill. r ..nes and connivent. Libertia be-
I'.n^. in 111.' all.. ulilribe with our blue-eyed grass
I "^i-Min. liiunii. i.ni in the latter case all the perianth
'.-•gm.juti- arc alj.jut uqual in size. Baker, Handbook of
the Irideie, 1892.

A. Clusters lax: pedicels longer than the bracts.
B. Lrs. S-6 in. long, entirely green.

pulchflla, Spritiu'. Lvs. n..t rigid: stem >^-l ft. long :
inflorescence uf 1 ..i- 1. w .In-t.-rs, which are 2-3-fld. S.
Australia, Tasmania, X. w Z. aland.
BB. Lvs. 1 ft. Ill- iiiorr I'Diij, irith a broad pale midrib.

ixioides, Spreng. Stem 1-2 ft. long: inflorescence an
ample panicle with numerous peduncled, 2-6-fld. umbels.
New Zealand.
AA. Clusters dense; pedicels shorter than the bracts.

formdsa. Grab. Lvs. rigid, 1-1 K ft. long: stem 2-3 ft.
long: inflorescence of many sessile umbels. Chile. B.M.
3294. B.R. 19:1G30. Gn. 45, p. 192 (fine habit sketch)
and 40, p. 441 ^f. M.

LIBOCfiDRUS (libas, drop, tear, and Cedrus ; allud-
ing to the resinous character of the trees). Coniferce.
^yn., ffeyileria.. Incense Cedar. Ornamental, tall ever-
green trees of pyramidal habit, with frond-like arranged,
mostly flattened branchlets, small, scale-like, opposite
lvs., and rather small, ovate or oblong cones. None of
the species is quite hardy North.but L. decurrens thrives
in the vicinity of the city of New York, and even in
sheltered places in E. Mass. It is a valuable park tree,
forming a symmetrical, narrow pyramid, with bright
green foliage. It is also an important timber tree, the
wood being light, soft, close and straight-grained, is
very durable in the soil, and is used for fencing, for
shingles, for the interior finish of houses, and also for
ship and boat building. The other species are hardy
only South, and, though very ornamental trees, they are
hardly cultivated in this country; they are all important
timber trees in their native countries. The Incense

LICUALA

Cedars thrive best in a well-drained soil, and prefer open
situations ; they are liable to lose their lower branches
rather early. I'mp. by seeds sown in spring ; also by
cuttings ill .1. 1 j': - i'l lat.- suiHiner or fall, which root
ratbersf. ' -■ aft. .1 ..n Thuya and Chamse-
cyparis. I : \\'.. X. and S. America, Aus-
tralia an. I --.. 1 ,. .V,,.. .1 L.Tiuiya. Branchlets flat-

tt'Tii'd. lar. r. .,aan;.iii^uiai', fruud-like in arrangment;
I V ^... a I. like, with decurreut base, with or without glands:
II- iii.n.icious or dioecious, terminal, similar to those
.1 ri.iiya: cones oblong to ovate, with 4, rarely 6, woody
s.al. -. ihe lower pair sterile, small and short, the sec-
..n.l ..iM- iiiui'h larger and fertile, each scale bearing two
l..nL' H ini.'.il s.i-.ls, the third pair, if present, connate

decurrens. 'r..rr. {Thiitia CraigiAna,^^!: T.gigantia,
Carr., n..l Xiiti. I. WiirrE Cedar. Tree, to 100 ft., with
erect or s|.r. :..1iiil: , -li'.it branches, forming a rather
narrow. l.:.ili.iy 1.. ..! ; bark bright cinnamon-red:
branchlets imi.h il:.i 1. n. .1, l.riglit green on l.otli sides:
lvs.obloug-ov;iti-, a.ii:.!'. . ■, itlt i..!l^^l. .nrii 111 1.,.-. . U'va
at the apex and a.-m : ! : . .nes

oblong, %-l in. l..nj i . nm-

cronate below tin- a p. ^. :. i um .1 . • iinai. |.:ii 1 - . ;■ u .i ing
the 2 fertile ones, iiitg. i,. Lain. an. I W . X.>. S..^.
10:534. F.S. 9, p. 199. Uu. 29, pp. 2G0, 207. -In cult, the
young trees ire conspicuous by their bright and deep
green foliage, while the trees in their native localities
are mostly of a light yellowish green. Var. compdcta,
Hort. Dwarf compact form of globose habit. Var.
glailca, Hort. With glaucous foliage.

L ChiUnsis. Elull, Trpp, to 60 ft., with compnft. pyramidal

and acute apex: cones ovate; scales with a large, curved spine
on the b.ack. Chile to Patag. G.C. 1850, p.439. Gn. 30, p. 552.
Alfred Rehdeb.
LIBONIA!loribundaandPenrhosiensis. SeeJacobinia.

LICUALA (Molucca name). PahnAcece. Low, shrubby
fan palms: stems solitary or in groups: lobes of the
lvs. long, wedge-shaped, plicate, truncate and variously
lobed or split, deeply and irregularly divided; rachis
very short; ligule short: sheaths fibrous: fls. large.
Species 30 or more, from trop. Asia to trop. Australia.
Allied gciurn in .iilt. are Brahea, Serenoa, Erythea,
Pritchnr.lM lit ::. Triachycarpus, Rhapis. From
these Li. ni! I 1 1 -lied by the carpels of the ovary

3-angled, ii.i.:., ..ii.t; style single, filiform: albu-
men equabl-j : ..nil.ryu ..l.jisal.

A. Jyvs. with lobes more or less grown together: lobes

very broad,

B. Marginal teeth very large, the upper edges bent

■under.
Btimphii, Blume. Petiole spiny below : segments
12-15, the inner ones 2 ft. long and 1 ft. wide at the
apex, the lateral ones IG in. long and 4 in. wide, oblique:
marginal teeth broadly ovate, obtuse, shortly bifid.
Celebes. Cult, in S. Fla.

BB. Marginal teeth with upper edges not bent under.

grAndis, H.Wendl. (Pritrln! ri:^, ./,.;, -.7;.,. Bull). Erect
■ • ■ il... ' ' .'. : -lii-aths: lvs.
IV : <li iider, gla-

palm, the stems clothed
very many, erect-spreadi

brous, with stout, short, stiai.i . ui . . •\ -pines along

the margins below the middle; i.la.le orl.e ular or semi-
orbicular, very closely plicate, wedge-shaped or trun-
cate at the base, concave, the margins with many short
lobes which areobtuselv 2-fid: ligule thick, short, acute,
broadiv ovate. New Britain. I. H. 28:412 and 41. p. 82.
G.C. II. 1:41.-). B.JI. (1704. A.F. 7:1145. F.E. 7:982.
S.H. 1:344.

LICUALA

AA. Lvs. cJigitately divided: lobes narrow.
B. Lobes less than 12.
Jean6iiceyi, Sander. A dwarf, rapidly growing palm:
lvs. deep shining green : lobes blunt, 5 to 8. New Guinea.
Gn. 55,p.71. F.E. 11:291. G.M. 41:341.
BB. Lobes 12 or more.
c. Petioles without spines in the tipper part.
glegans, Blume. Stems thick as a man's body, 4 ft.
high, prominently scarred.: petioles 3-4K ft. long, the
margins with brown hooked spines to just above the
middle; lvs. orbicular; lobes very graceful, the linear-
lanceolate lateral ones gradually decreasing to 11 in.,
obliquely truncate, with acute teeth, the middle lobes 16
in. long, truncate, with broader obliquely ovate obtuse
teeth, lobes with only 2 or 3 folds. Sumatra.

.IGUSTRUM

911

/^^\ r^l%

^

Kky

^^

^''

M*i

ilu.nujhou

ft di

orbicu-

peltata Ro^b I 1^ IJ-l
lar; lobes \er\ \ariill. m kii^th and width many-
toothed at the apex the tttth ^i-i in petiole stout, 3-1
ft. long The lobes of the h s droop very gracefully.
G.C 1872 1657 Indii -Ad% 18% by Pitcher & Manda.
Fig 1271 is rediawn trom M irtius

DD Li h II iiilalhi spieadiiig

spindaa Wurmb |/ h 1 1 , 1 1 Blurae) Lvs 3 ft. or
more m diam orl.ic ul ir n iiit ■rm inner lobes 18-22 in.
long 4S-I m wide it the apex 10-11 toothed, outer
lobes 1> m long lW-2 m «ide 4-6 toothed teeth
rather large triangular ovate bihd petioles obtusely
3-ang]pd, i-^ ft long, with brownish hooked spines.
Java, Moluccas. Jared G. Smith.

Licualas are very handsome warmhouse palms of mod-
erate growth, several species of which have been grown
to some extent commercially. They delight in a tropi-
cal temperature and abundant moisture, and should also
be shaded from strong sunshine in order to produce
foliage of the deep, rich shade of green that is common

The most attractive species is L. grandis, which has
been until recent years a costly species owing to its
comparative rarity in cultivation. It is probably within
ten years that the" first consignment of seeds of this spe-
cies was received in America.

The large fan-shaped leaves of the Licualas are some-
what tender and easily injured, which makes them of
less value for house decoration, but as exhibition plants

there are few palms more strikingthan L. grandis^ and
L. eleguns. L. spinosa and L. peltuta are also well
worth cultivation, though objection is sometimes found
to the strong hooked spurs with which their leafstalks
are armed. w. h. Taplin.

LIGULABIA. All referred to Senecio.

LIGlJSTICUM (Latin, referring to the ancient prov-
ince of Liguria, where a plant was gathered which was
something like this and used in medicine.) rmheVifer(P.

for natUraliziTiL' \\ilh ;i.i ii:il !.■- ;nMl li-'- I-I;i1l1^. Ii li:i- A

bold habit, ;;rc _

pound foliaL;.'. i i: , , , : : , , . - . i i ,.

genus has al."ii: -" -i"-!.- -.:iii.i.J m iIm ih. in

inv

^ "Kf

i and white lis.
)ur manuals or
American Um-

Coult,-l- Mll.l UN.

bellilera;," IBSS.

actaBiJolium, Michx. Stem stout, branched above:
lvs. 3-4-ternate; Ifts. 2-5 in. long, coarsely serrate,
lu-oadly oblong: umbel 10-20-raved: fruiting rays 1-2
ill. loui.'. .Tulv, Aug. Rich ground, S. Pa. to Gulf of
.Mex. B.B. 2:519. -Int. by H. P. Kelsey. w M

LIGtrSTRUM (ancient Latii

hardv North,
and Quihniii,
Longlshin.l.

Olfttcen

In-

L. fii;i

''■■';;

n(

foliag,-

linn

.'ll

and oth

ers K

am

for pla

jting

me

shrubs
spray .

f the

eas

sal

■ iiiense
.irth of
hardy

of the best
in the very
lia Privet).

creased by cuti
tings in suniii
grafted on ly.

fr.

1,'thod.-
11 fall or
isionally

California Pkivet for He
Cuttings 8-14 inches of 1-year \
winter, preferably the foriiier,
damaged by the winter, even a'
These are tied in bundles and
In the spring rhev are stuck in
feet, and kept cultivateil. Thev
1-2H feet high, or at 2 years, wt
sold at 2 years the plants are sometimes cut back to 3
inches to sprout again. They are dug by spade or tree-
digger. These closely grown plants will make a hedge.

, 2-4 f e

912

LIGrSTIiU.M

LUiUSTRL-JI

as shown in Fig. 1272, especially if dug with spade and
given short roots. 1£ 3-year plants, not cut back, are
used, the base is open, as the old wood at the lower part
of the plant has had its side branches weakened or killed
by crowding and they do not readily branch out. Plants

grown by this method are frequently planted in a double

Second method. -Cuttings of 5-G inches of stout, 1-year
wood, are made in Noveiuber. The cuttings are made
short so tliat the roots will not be cut off by the tree-
digger. The Ipuvps lire strijiped off, and the cuttings
tied in small l.im.ll.s. i,^ lirixe bundles mold. These
are buried, dips ii|.. ..^, i- vMntir. In the spring, before
growth starts, tin \ ai.- |.l,iiit.il in rich, mellow land 4
inches apart, wiili i..ws .s in, 'lies apart. To plant, a
back furrow is ^.\„^^,■.\ in ili.- nnt.-i- „f tlir 1,1. n-k, the
top raked off. :i In,,- sii-,-i,'h,.l ;,i,,l |, ,■--,■,! ,l,.\vii. Th,'
cuttings can tl,,i, !„■ iiis,.ri..l ii,'ai-iy lUII |,-ii-tli. Tin-
trampling of th,' r,,\v ^.'ttbs tin- s,,il ,.n,.uuli (,, ,x|„,^,-
the top l.uds. With ;i ,,n,- I. ,,!■>,■ |,|,,iv tli.- I„,li.,iii ..f ih,-
furrow is l<>.,s.-Ti-<l wh.l-,' tl,.' ],l;,nl, rs I, ax,- l.:,.'lv.-.l th-

orhanl |,l..«■

T.

in

il»e Klile

ilauts.

shoot3:,n■ pi

i,'l,.-

I'll they a

•e abou

:; in,'!,,'^ |,,i,u-.

Thisi. I'.i,..,

.•■1 ;,

ilil

■rvals of about thr

•!■ v\ , , k- .hii'lli:;

the su, r.

\i

rail

of soda

may be

lls,.,| 1,> l,a^t,-n

growth. Tl,

s HI

I produce

s a pla

It as sl„,wii ill

Fig. 1273.

The plants

may

be

due in th

0 fall and heeled-in, to

prevent possible

winter-killing.

They

are then sorted

into grades ii

ulp

imt

il ill tlie s

fillL,'!'

-2 feet apart in

rows;;-! r.i

• of a deep fur-
ts. The filling

•1 . ,-.„

i^ <•.',], i|'

I;.

lore filling, fine

Tile |,:„i.l.

,\..>

,,i

.,■ .11. ,1^1,

, li, ,1 u

1 and trampled

firm. \Vl„i, I

lU^ll

,1, 1

IniMtli

lower branches

h,' 1

,M,.l .,f tl

• .■iiltili

i not below the

leveluf til.' tl

■,--,|

.';;■,■

■. Tln-],il

ek process may

beoiitiiiiied

iir t

11- t

■ ellt \vi

h a sickle dur-

ing the early

of the season

especi:

lly on plants of

t'le smaller grade. To get more roots on the branchf
the plants may be hilled-up. They are cultivated wi(
a one-horse cultivator or a two-horse riding cultivato
.\t two years these will make plants 2'.j-:!'.; feet liij;

TRAIiSPOiNT

if plants is re-
ed than when
plants grown by the
lirst method are used,
buds near the ground,
hiise. After pl.inting,
1 lieiK'ht.
secl, as shown in Fig.

As there are

the growth is

the tops may 1

Various

growth dense, resembling a
iitly result from using narrow
1,1 grow at the top.
iiiire Nursery, North Carolina,
in through a stalk cutter and
"'• Hbnkt Hicks.

ISDES.

Alivoni, 7.

Japonieum, 5, 0, 7.

Quihoui.ia.

Amureuse. 4.

KelUrianum.K.

R.-Celianuin, X

anuualifoUuM. 1

KMermnmu. <:

aureo-marginatu

m, loiialfoWim. 1 an,

!■.; ,.,.,,,„,'/,'/,„,„. 1

5.7.

Supp. lis!

Californimm. 5

luciduui, 7, s

bimifolium. 10.

Chinmse. U.

magnoUu'ti.Uuiu. :

ciliatum, 2.

Mass.llongiuimin. 1

mmdia. 2.

excrhum, 7. '

medium, 2. 5.

rorliaiei. 11.

1 , , , ; '

fflahniin. (i.

Nepaleuse. y.

oMuslfnlium. 3.

vill.'.suin. li."

fl,oTi'""!':i'."i.

ovalifolium, 5.

vulgare, 10.

Italic-um, 10.

peiKlulum, 10.

A. ComHa n

.77, the luhe ? or S times longer than the

11. Lis. I

l,.„r-]nn,r.'l'"l'',.rlin

ar, evergreen.

1. Massalongianum, \i~. ( /.. I.„„i

fdliiim, angustitb-

liliiH. iimrlii,

liiiiH . I'.xiini niiihiliil

n and spicatiim.

Hort.). Kr, .

1 , :i ft., with warty aiid pilose

branch!. 1-

■ :,u at both ends, glabrous. W-\i

in.lon;;: y •

small pe,h

.,1 .- :;'._. in. long.

July, Aug. Himal.

G.C. 11. lb. 11

.-i.t-i.-rlul half-hard

• shrub.

ill

T

transplantine.

^. Lvs. oblong to ovate or oval.
tnchlets and inflorescence piihe.

deciduous.

2. ciliatum, Blume (//. Ihbta, Sieb. & Zucc. L. IhMa,
var. ciliAtum, Dipp. L. medium, Hort., not Franch. &

Sav.). .Shrub, to lift.. with erect and spreading branches:

L.

.-t. Ibdta, Si. 'I.. ( /,. ol,l,i!,:t,.lhi,i,. Si.'h. ^ /,n.-,'.). Fig.
127(). Shrub, to 10 ft., with spreading and curving
branches: lvs. elliptic to oblong-obovate, acute or ob-
tuse, usually only pubescent on the midrib beneath,
1-2 in. liiiiK: jiaiiii'li-s lUMl.ling, small, l-l'-o in. long.

LIGUSTRUM

LIGUSTRUM 913

yoii}i(i hrcnichlefs and iiifloirsctnce piibescent or

9. Nepal^nse, \V:,II. , /.. ,</.

Don). Evergreen

. , , , ' i|,|. shrub or tret-, Willi ]iiiIm'^i'iiii I. ]-aTn-lil.-rs: Ivs. oblong or

iH.liih .l:(;,:i!i, I lt::i:i. i ,' il 1 ^i . 1 , J' i.'.J . - oblong-ovate, ;ii'uiii i iiiitr, pulirscriii beneath, 2-5 in.
n habit to the' followina and almost h;ilf-eTer- '""g^ panicles rather large ami broad, interspersed
with petioled bracts. July, Aug. Himal.

cc. Yonng parts (ilahrous: Irs. half-evergreen.
. ovalifdlium, Ila^^k. ( /.. CalifAriui-nm, Hort.

,.■>„:.■„„:. M.irt..in.t Tliiiii I.. . aii.l l.robablvX. midi

cc. Lvs. deciduous or hnlt-evergreen, l-2%i-n. long.
10. vulgare, T,iii7i. Commi.n Pkivft ci- Pkim. Slnnl

at the basf, ellipt
oblong, acute,
glossy above, yi
neath, I'-j-L"-,. i

aureo - marginatum, II. .rt. Lv>.
e.Ui'.l VI ll.jw. \ :ir. variegatum,

Hort. (var. robiisluin ru rl.t/utnw , Hort.). Lvs. varie-
gated with yellow. Var. tricolor, Hort. Lvs. variegated
with yellowish and white, pinkish when young (Mn. 2,
p. 42)".
AA. Corolla irith thr hihr os Innr/ nx tlir Ihnh nr shorter.

Jolium, Nii-hii
ovate or oblc
obtuse, half-evergreen.

1276. Ligustrum Ibota. 'f^JiwV ^^§'

Var. glailcum albo •

grt-.-li, with iL'.rn.w
Kir.'lin. (A. Il,)l,,„„
Lvs. lilic-ar-hinr,.,.i:,t.
Hort.. H-ilh )m.,mIiiI..,

liandsome evergreen shrub, , ,
losing the lvs. in fall; often I-'»\"'-;
owing, and also with the whltl^ll

.h,;ii,n„. L.

.lit .■.1I..1-, n- var. chlorocarpum
li, var. leucocarpum, Loud.,
ithocarpum, Loii.l.. with yelloi
L'at.'.l f..nii^. var. aureum, H'
an. I var. variegatum, II. .rt..

iHi

( /.. /■■.

midrib beneath, at l.a
bent, loose, to i in. I..1
China, Corea. Tw.. f..
vill6sum, Ridubr ( /,.

rub, to 8
i-I.ubes-
L.tii; the

II.-. 1 lis.
.1. Var.

h.neath,

aureo-marginatum, 11. .r
Lvs. margin. al v.-II..h-.
oininim trieolo'r, Hort.
tion, pink when young.

Ii75. Conventional I

1 of California Privet hedges

.anicli-d spikes. ,June-Aug. China. CC.
hustachyum. Dene. Closely allied to L. Qnihoui.

panicle compact, 'J-l 11
Cult, in Japan, not kno\
p. 418; 1888, p. 440. F.

G.C. 111.24:282. G.M. 41:

914

LILIUM

LlLIDM (ancient Latin name). LiUdcea. Lilt. The
Lilies have always been loolced upon as amongst the
noblest of garden plants. Their conspicnous flowers,
striking colors, and their stately forms appeal strongly
to the eye and to the imagination as well. They are
among those good "old-fashioned" plants which fre-
quently and justly come newly into vogue. Lilies are
less understood and less discriminatingly appreciated
than almost any other plants of prominence. The Tiger
Lily is a favorite and old-fashioned flower, to be found
in many of the most homely and unpretending gardens.
Now and then one finds a good group of the Madonna

free h inded clients -with i

pr(

<of theGfld Innded Lih

pulh > liil I I 1 111 mil 111 I 111 I I II 1 11 ill
unknt « II

In the opinion of the writer the three best Lilies for
e\erjbodyto f,row are// fw/xMwm, var splendens L
speci t ion \u mliiiin in 1 L I iniif Iiiim To these
the f n -1 _ I 1 1 I 111 II « ith\ of

gen II I 1 order

gn.n I I 1 nee)

L I iirolor

delphum. p.l nhlliinllil. siiprrl.^m II , M-. /„»,»,

Grayi, Wallichianiim, Philadil/! < ."'"M/kw,

Jfeilijherrense. All these will m, . ■ II, and

many of them are of the easii'>t i- i - i uli mv.

Liii.-- :iii "i,;:iiiH iiii.Ih I1-. i:i: I- ' .■i|.;>llr for their
flow. !■ ■ i . : . Liiracter to assist

in air. . . M .1 .• I. i ' .1 ' I V-rtain species

bear iIm^, i ^ m ..inii iju; \ i ^uch pronounced

colors iliui ili.-y iiiakt- \i-i> filL-.-uvu masses. Such
strokes of color can best be worked into the garden
picture at carefully chosen points in the borders, espe-
cially where the rich sunlight of early morning or late
afternoon takes its rest. For fine mass effects of this
kind the ilivt-rs varii-tii-s nf L. i/xrinis, particularly
var. fill,/, IIS. an- i\rrll.-iit. /,. Ii,iri ini in . var. splendens
1111.1 /,. I,ii,iif„l,,ii,i an- ai-.. sti-ikin-; while other sorts
whic-li Iliads will, but an- of more modest colors, are
X. speciosum. auratum, Chaicedouictnit, concolor, and
Drownii. Lilies of many sorts are highly agreeable
■when scattered— not massed— somewhat freely through
shrubbery borders, or with large hardy perennials.

1 placed, but the

eastern ami M.utlnTii China ami Huriiia, ami tin- adja-
cent islands, are found <lozeus of the most gorgeous
species.

The genus Lilium is the type of the order Liliaceie,
a family crowded with plants of garden value. The
family has over 2,000 well-known species, and of the
187 genera probably half are in cultivation. There are
many monographs of the genus Lilium in rare and
costly works and in various languages. The latest and
most sumptuous one is "A Monograph of the Genus
Lilium," by Elwes, published in 1880, with magnificent
colored plates. It is referred to below by the abbre-
viation El. Unfortunately, there is no recent book
on Lilies in the English language which combines
the horticultural and botanical points of view. The
latest botanical review of the whole genus will be found
in the "Botanical Gazette" 27:2.'i5 (1899), to which the
student is referred for fuller descriptions than those
given below. K. a. Waugh.

Culture. — In the growing of a large collection of Lilies
in the open air, the best results can be obtained only

LILIUM

with a variety of soils and conditions. Heavy soils are
not suited to many of the Lily tribe. A few species, like
L. sttperbum, CuikkIciisp and tiijrimim, may do well in
heavy soil, but a li-lit -oil wirli sand and gravel inter-
mixed, one from wlnrli any .xi-.ss of moisture runs off,
is much better for a laiL'.- ii.lUition. Drainage is of
great importance. Tin- slojie of a hill, if not too steep,
affords, a chance for varied liegrees of drainage; the

^T^^

upper portion- ar.- suited to such as prefer the driest
ground, as /.. l'liil,i,l,l,,l,lciim.concolor and Washiiu,-
tnnidiiiiM. wliili at till- l.ottom. if the drainage be good.
L. tiuriil„i„. /,,'-,.,..„.. ..iiididum and others would
thrive. N" ■ii.:.!] i .,. l.ir tin- cuitiiro .'oiilil be given
for all. A , :i. I ■ :■ -.. Ill- lo 1„. «rll siiiini lo some
Lilies. /,. /'■'./. //)//i.'i(///. <,/■.,„,. tin- varie-
ties of .7..,.'. . II . :, , ' iinllil.i.lll„ii,liim,C„lll„ih;-

iiiiiiiii.M,,, ;- .. ami others seem to like such soils,

ami with .1. . p |ilaniiii^- will stand more drought than in

Lili.s iiko sonir slnltcr from severe winds as well as
midday siiii. Tliey <lo tinely among Rhododendrons.
The point is not so much to shade the stems and foliage
as to keep the ground over the bulbs cool and moist. An
open frame is an admirable place for planting Lilies,
with 3-1 in. of peat or leaf-mold over the bed, which
keeps them cool. Peat is very beneficial also when
mixed with the soil about the roots.

The scales of Lily bulbs shrink by exposure to air.
and in this way the bulb is weakened. Bulbs with
sbniTiken or flabby outside scales are less valuable than
with tiriu and plump ones. They may be kept in damp
soil, boxed tightly for some time, but many of the store
bulbs have lost much of their vitality by the time they
na.li till- purchaser. It is not rare for such bulbs to
fail to (.'low until thr second srason. L. moiwdelphum,
tiiii,-iihil,iiii ami Uriiiriiii lni|iieiitly do not appear above
grouml until the sr.oml siason, if their scales have
been dried to any considerable degree.

Among the kinds which seem to do well in any ordi-
nary light soils, and which, as a rule, may be "grown
with least effort, are £/. aurafttm^ Chnlcedotiicum, cau-
didum, elegans and its common varieties, testaceum.
tnaculatumyffen7'yi,tigrinum,Maiiagon,Maa-iwowiczii,
longiflorum, monadelphum, and the varieties of spe-
ciosum^ L. superbttHi and Canadense are also easily
grown and do well with considerable shade. L. Philip-
pense, Catesh(pi and Neilgherrense are not suittMl to out-
door culture in the North. L. Nepaiensi and .iiili,liiin niii
may be grown in Vermont with fairly good re-iilts, but
.should not be allowed to freeze during wintir. All Lilies
are better if their bulbs are not frozen. Most of thein
will stand .some frost at a good depth, but frost seems to
weaken them and Lily diseases attack the weaker plants
first.

The Lily blight or disease, which seems to affect Lilies
in much the same way that the potato rust does the
potato, is more damaging to some species than to others.
Those from the Pacific coast seem to be more subject to

LILIUM

thib disease than the Iipaii spp le The lisei e i con
moQ in our wild Lil e u 1 f 1 tl

in their natural hat It t li 1 11

rum-, floner'5 folii„e m 1 tl k t /

without seeming to afte t tl 1 il I /

cnnhdum and we now bell m hu 1 1 ill ti h ti

from It The Bordeaux mixture has been touu 1 bene
fitial in fighting the Lil\ disease but the best results
are attained bj using it as a pieventive appljing it to
the foliage before -inv blight appears

In plinting new bulbs it is -nell to use groun 1 that
has not ha I Lilies for sime \etrs A.11 st ilks in 1 f li
age iffe te 1 by blight should be leiu ve 1 an 1 bumel
an i blighted bulbs and scales especialh su h as are
woithless from decay shouU be burned as the e mi-v
help to propagate the disease

As a rule Lilies like i rich soil hut it seem t 1 p the
general opinion of all who have had expen n e in gro v
11 tl 1 thit manures (particular! fi 1 i i

I 1 ! II \ed to come m c i t t 1

"M 1 e application t

carrj down

the(

1 tl I

ic i)« eleqans.
Those that ha\o
ire L *longt

Qportant clia
which the\ differ \ei\
7/7 I , fl )

I 3) ear
of LI

hall

lecommended
The Easter Lilt

m ikes It undesirable and not to be

R B Whtte

nth America a tall and

ot L h i> I I flu urn and one that

1 m a lelatn h hit,h teniperituie

TO as tl e E I tei Lih This vaiiety

1 1 1 \1 It IS a Philadel

I htnith

t the

a good plan to re
1 ill s when quite iipe
he e scales where they
Thej generally change
md make a faiih goo 1
If well ciiel f 1 tl \
1 t tl tl 1 1

1 ; 1

1278 Lllium Japonicum ( X '

f them will eului.lea\(

F H HORSFORD

of the spec, PS o-nnPiai;

les except
t mists It
The dis

i-Diu e:ich bulb, and a third, tin
rs. It is practically irapossibl
;ouil stock of the true variety

feature is
..t Howers
■ t the flow-

troiu cool ti> warm parts or
greater uniformity of sea-
its are readily detected and

1279. Lilium Phdaaelphicum (XK)-

lied by offsets, in which the variety is prolific, a bulb
imietimes producing as many as fifty. When first in-
■ocluced, the stock was increased from the bulb scales,
0.1 from cuttings of the stem before the plant had

Till' Kaster T.ilv i^i not difficult to crow under glass,

:' oil.- Iki^ -tn.iiL' :in.l li>nlttiv l>nll.-\ 'I'lio in-rplexity in

potte.l, 1
cushion

bulb sIhm..

ThebL»t L.uili ,

devoid of clay.

answer. The 5-

iuch pots, and the 9-11 in 5-inch. Plu

frame in the open, <

excelsior; or put tlo

remain (in New ^ m, i

ber. Protect tluin t

beating rains. I;\ .

them will need tran-lrMMi- .ilmmi. l-r .inly
cut-flowers, it is .•u-tMii,;irA to |.iit ili,- :,-, im
into 5-inch pots aii4 t.. piii iIktii ai our,. ,.,, i|

keeping them ratlnri 1 for a time. I'lowi r:

be secured for the holidays.

Keep them cool. A carnation temperature
well until they begin to bloom, when a bight

h. Bring
one bulb
ay be put
strength

temperature of 45°

cgin to open

is partially

becoi.ie dry and shrivelled, inurli of their vigor is lost.
There are three leading commercial grades, measured
by the average circumference in inches of the bulbs, -
the 5-7's, 7-9's, O-ll's. The 7-9 is usually the most ser-

is desirable. Start i
to 50°, increasing to 00°
too soon, remove to a r
shaded, where they ma
weeks. If they are too lat.-. ijiv,- t ■■• lieat. The elec-
tric light run at night will hasten the bloom percepti-
bly. Karely can more than 80 or 90 per cent of a crop
be made to bloom simultaneously. Following are the
dates of a crop which was forced for Easter (at Cor-
nell):

October 9. Bulbs received and potted, and plunged in
frames.

December 11. Brought into house.

December 12. Shifted to permanent pots, and plunged
in a bed in a house having night temperature of 50°.

February 'i. First buds seen; some of the pots trans-
ferred to a warmhouse (temperature for tomatoes).

JIarch 20. Plants in bloom in warmhouse.

April 15. Eastir. I'lanis in full bloom in coolhouse.

Give Easter l.ili, s |,|, ntv i,f light. Keep down the
aphis by tumigatinu' uitli nicotine vapor once a week.
If the bugs get ,-i start, irive tliem a little very weak
tobacco water. Stake the plants when about 2 feet high.
A good plant from a 7-9 bulb should have :i to ."i Mowers
open at once, and 1-3 buds. After flowering, the bulbs
are practically worthless. They may bp planrid in tin-
border and may give a few flowers tint ^.•.■i.,.n: an.l if

well protected they may give sonic -, 1-1,1 ii-cv-

eral seasons. If the bulbs are to 1 , , , lor-

der, ripen them up in the pots by r I , I, ling

water. In rare cases they have ben i,,i,,,i .u.iin the
second winter, but the attempt is not to In- advised ex-
cept for experiment.

AH the above remarks are intended for the true
Easter or Harrisii Lily. Lately L. lo,i;iiflm-i,w itself
has come into use for greenhouse wm-k. It is tisually
more uniform, of lower growth, ami a mater |,|ant. It
does not force so well, however, timl i~ n-inilly ilitlieult
to get for an early Easter. It sli..iil,l I,.- in loinie for
n.,,-,.rati,.n Day. Some of these l„,iii;iib,riinis come
tr,,ni i:,rinnila'nnd others from .bipan. TIm' Hcrniuda-
rr,,«n l,i!n - are less reliable than f,.i-nM-i-l\ . It is |,rob-
al,l, ilnii (111, a and the southern parts ot tin, r, S. will
-row thu stuck iu time. l. H. B.

The genus Lilium is distinguished by having flowers
with the perianth of 6 distinct segments, deciduous,
clawed, the claws usually distinctly grooved; stamens

LILIUM

=liffhtly aflherin;,' to thp

I I'frianth funnel-shape<l,with

' liirh are recurved only at the

ti]. I - III u .1 I in . il.iti', sessile or nearly SO.

Mil.!,'eims II. Isdi.iiuoN. Fls. usually single or um-
bellate; perianth erect, spreading; segments recurved
only in the extended flower, but not revolute; stamens
diverging from the straight style.

^iiligt-iMK 111, Ar'HI iRiov. Perianth broadly funnel-

^iti-inii- l\ M\Ki\i.i.N ri-.. strongly nodding,
; diverg-

I'-i I ii.iM M,i \uoN-. Inflorescence usu-
al' I'lin ilii \Mili ri^. t. ihIiu:; to be erect or only
sliglitly iicpdiling ; perianth funneltorm ; .segments
slightly recurved at the tip, or finally recurved from
the middle. American species.

Subgenus VI. Cardiocrinum. Lvs. stalked, cordate-
ovate: perianth funnel-shaped, usually more or less
irregular; segments oblanceolate, recurved only at the
apex.

LILIUM

917

album, 22, 2,i.

Fortunei, 10.

plenescens. 19.

Alexandras, 6.

fulgens, 17.

alutaceum, 17.

giEanteum, 39.

pomponium, 32.

angustifolium, 28.

Grajl, 35.

pra^cox. 22.

Armeniaaim. 17.

ha;matocrorum, 17.

Pseudo-iigrinum,

30.

17.

Hansoni, 20.

pubenilum, 24.

aurantiacum, 15, 17

. Ueldreichi. 33.

pulcheUum, 14.

auratum, 21.

Henryi, 20.

purpureum, 12.

autumnale. 27.

Uumboldtii, 24.

Pyrenaicum, 32.

Satmannice, 17.

Isabellimim. 31.

roseum, 6.

bijolor, 17.

Japonicum. 6.

rubellum, 10.

Bloomerianum, 24.

KriBtzeri. 22.

rubescens. 12.

Brownii, 7.

Krameri. 6.

rubrum. 22. 32.

bolbiferum, 15.

lancifolium. 22.

sangui7iettm. 17.

Califomicum, 24,

Ledebouri, 29.

Sayi. 23.

28.

Leichtlini. 30.

Sinicum, 14.

Canadense, 36, 37.

leucanthemum, 7.

speciosum. 8, 22.

candidum, 8.

Lishmanni, 19.

spieatum, 8.

Liu Kiu, 5.

splendens, 19.

Catesbsei, 18

longifloram. 5,

striatum, 8.

Chalcedonioum, 33.

maculatum, 8, 26.

sulphureum, 3.

citrirmm, 17.

Martagon, 25.

superbum, 27.

Colchesttri, 6, 7.

Matseyi. 13.

Szovitzianum. 29.

Colchicum. 29.

Maximowiczii, 30.

Takesima, .'>.

Columbianum. 23.

Melpomene, 22.

ooncolor, 14.

mon.adelphum. 29.

eordifoUum, 33.

montanmn. 13.

coridion. 14.

Neilgherrense, 4.

ti^-rimnii, l:i

croceum. 16.

Nepalense. 9.

Dahuncum. 13, 17.

ochrolemum, 3.

Dalhansoni, 25.

pardalinum, 28.
Parryi, 11.

Dalmaticum, 25.

W ..'':■ ,,i-' ;i 1, 2

Davuricum, 13.

partheneion 14.

elegans, 17.

parviflorum, 23.

exceUum. 31.

parvnm, 36.
Philadelphiciim, 13.

Wittei, il.

forSlTsui^n.

PhilippeLe, 1,

s

rBriENT.S I. EULIRlOX.

A. Tuh. sr.n-r,

has,' l„ ,„,,l
B. Lvs. In,,.,

',".'/.„., ■,;.l.

C. JJ.Ujht

Philippense

CC. Height

J (1. '.,■ ,,,; ,-.

D. Fls.

irl,,l, : „„ll,, ,:■,

ll„„- 2.

Wallichianum

DD. Fis.

purplish .„■ ,1.1-

lo\

<vish ; (t nth ITS

brou-n 3.

sulphureum

EB. Lvs. lanceolate, S-nerve.d or

C. WitJl cre,-j,h,:, s„l,l,:,;;:-

nean

sl.i„ 4.

Neilgherrense

CC. Stem ni

thebiilb 5.

longiflorum

AA. Tube wiilenii)/j/jradi<,illi/ from
base to neck..
B. Lvs. narrow-la neeotate,
1-nerved, not whorled.

c. Fls. white or pink (3. Japonicum

CO. Fls. purplish, espe-
cially outside 7. Brownii

BB. Lvs. broad lanceolate, S~7-
nerved, not whorled.
c. Fls. in spik,-, usuall,/

>vhil.' s. candidum

CC. FU. f. .(■ ..,- s..lil.,,-.i. ,1,1-

l,-.,i',.<li ..r j,„rjil,sl, . . . !i. Nepalense
'ccc. Fls. I. .,-,,rs. ,', r. 1 1, j, ink. hi. rubellum
BBS. Lvs. ill lehi.rls.

e. FH.charlemon-yellow.U. Parryi
CC. Fls. whitish or pinkish

or spotted 12. WaBhingtonianum

1. Philippense, Baker. Bulb perennial, ovoid : stem
lK-2 ft. high, slender, erect: lvs. 30-40, scattered: fls.
solitary, horizontal, white, tinged with green toward the
base outside, 5-G in. long, trumpet-shaped. Philippine
Islands. El. 3. Gn. 50:1097 (fine). B.M. 6250 (good).
I. H. 41: 10.— Little known in cult., but a promising
species.

2. Wallichi&niim, Schult. f. Bulb large, long : stem
4-6 ft. high, stiff : lvs. 50-60, scattered, sessile, 3-5-
nerved: fls. usually solitary, sometimes 2-3, horizontal
or nearly so, white, slightly tinged with green, fragrant.
Central Himalayas. El. 4. B. M. 4561. Gn. 10:44.-
Somewhat difficult to grow, and on that account not
popular; but a noble species well worth the pains of the
amateur. Suitable for growing in shrubbery borders.

3. sulphiirenm, Baker. Bulb large, globose: stem erect,
4-8 ft. high: lvs. numerous, scattered, linear: fls. usu-
ally 2-3, pendent on long peduncles, fragrant, sulfur-
yellow, tinged with red outside, 4-7 in. long. Burma.
B.M. 7257. Gn. 54, p. 259 (as L. ochroleucum). R.H.
1895:541. — This is new to the trade, but promises to be
a favorite with the amateurs.

4. Neilgherrense, Wight. Fig. 1277. Bulb globose :
stem 1-2 ft. high, creeping at the base : lvs. 30-40,
crowded, 3-5-uerved: fls. 1-3, ascending, white, fragrant,
5-6 in. long. India. El. 6. F.S. 22:2266-67. Gn. 27:488.
B.M. 63.32. P.M. 1876:237.-A beautiful Lily, too little
known in America. Difficult of cultivation.

3 ft.
lis. often solitary,
tal, fragrant, waxy
hiua and Formosa.

918

LILIUM

El. 7. A.F. 11:1311; 12:1104. B.R. 7:560. L.B.C.
10:985. A.G. 19:709. Gn. 4», p. 3S0.-One of the best-
known Lilie.s in cult. It has been used extensively for
forcing, but for this purpo.se it is now generally super-
seded by the following variety:

Var. ezimium, Nichol. (//. exlmium. Court. L. Bdr-
j-«si(, Carr. ). Bermuda or Easter Lily. Usually bears
more and larger flowers than L. longiflorum, on more

leafv stems. A.G. 18:297. A.F.

12 113 Gn. 30 556; 43, p. 165;

45, p. 215; 46, p 73; 47, p. 172;

49, p 481 and 52, p. 217. F.R.
G.C. III. 22:91. R.H.

LILIUM

mental species, and i

subje,-( to disease. '

{I. pi., macul&tum, pleno-monstrdsum, speciosum, spi-

ofttum, atriitum.

9. Nepal^nse, D. Don. Stem 1-2 ft. high, stiff : Ivs.
scattered, lanceolate or linear, 5-7-nerved: tls. few or
solitary, nodding, slightly fragrant, yellowish white,
more or less tinged with purple, often with small scat-
tered dots inside. Himalayas. El. 5. A.G. 13:249 (poor).
Gn. 35:684. B.M. 7043. R.B. 22:3.-A magnificent Lily,
suitable for the collector.

10. Tub^Uum, Baker. Bulb globose : stem slender,
bearing about 20 obscurely petioled bright green Ivs.,
which are 5-7-nerved: fls. pink, unspotted, about 3 in.
long and broad. Japan. Gn. 54:1197. G.C. 111. 23:321
and335. G.M. 41:477. A.G. 20:31. -Recently introduced
to English and American gardens, and very favorably
received. Promising. Said to force well.

11. P4rryi, Wats. Bulb small, with jointed scales:
Ivs linear oblanceolate usually scattered' fls horizontal
pale yellow about 4 in long with spreading recurved
tips San Bernardino count\ Calif El 12 Cn 18 2r4
(not trpiiil) 4 1 I) 410 BM GOoO I H 33 >')) f f
III 18 _0» (hiMt not correctly shown) -\ t unt mi

mrn in (ult md probably the hnest jell<«
Lil> of ( 1 \ t,rowth
1 Washingtoniimim T II I 11 1

mesa nianj as 20 tii i i iii, | h 1
bite tingLd with pink r iid ml d ttcd
itb purple fragrant Calif El 10 Gn
I no 27 p 344 JH III 33 113 -One of
i( bt t C-ilifornian species for eastern gar

purpOreum Mist (i, n(bescena Wats
r III I iji re slender with smaller more
1 H III 1 perianth segments le s acute

Var. leucanthemum is offin-d. liii

H. candidum, Linn. Mahoxna 1h\ Bulb o-ioul
large : stem-lvs. scattered, sessik acute bract liki
above : stem 2-4 in. high, erect stiff fls 6-25 in t
raceme, 3!^-5 in. long and wide pure white fragrant
Southern Eu. El. 9. Gng. 6:.369. C C III 21 l( 1 Cn
45. p. 281: .53, p. 188: .56, p. 255. -One of the most orna

Philadelphicum
concolor

LILIUM

DD. Stem not bulbiferous.. .16. croceum
CC. Ft. smooth inside, or
nearly so.
D Lvs. broad lanceolate,

c 0 ded 1 elegans

vv L s t eat scatte ed Is Catesbaei

n PhiladSlphicum L nn F g 1" 9 B 1 ar
rh z atou mall v, th tew th ck br ttle le
1 3 tt h gh slender lvs 10-tO th n gla r c

le whorle 1 tlb 1-4 ter n nil or
1 a ked n h sea ere i darker i
Fro n Cana la to N C and w
1 BR oJ4 L B C 1 4 I
1 an cu and 0 <) W !■ \
seem to I e a w

LILIUM

919

in. long, bright orange, conspicuously lamellar-papillose
inside. iSwitzerland, France, northern Italy. Much
cult., especially in Eu. El. 22. L.B.C. 8:784 (poor). -
Closely related to i. bulbiferum, with which it is often
c ntu ed It seems to be confounded w th i el g

o at me It t g hed fro n the fom er 1 y

1 a ng stem le o d of bulbe and from the atter by
hiv ng the Hower n ore 1 t n tly p p ose n de

a 0

tl em

Ths

the no

ourna

I 1

1

been

k

It h a

I

D

lo gs

14 cbncolor

Pulb perenn al

ovod

sma

tem

ehgl

s

0 30 scattered

lanceo

ed lis

rect

1

r ht ca let

un

^

potte

L El

18 BM 116

O

ne of

V

the be

t for garden

eu t thr ftv a

d easj to

A^

grow

Of graceful

upr ght hab t

and

gool

m

tor u

I'f

\

S n cum I

k Taller w
per anth
et w h

th 1

eg

ar^e

k

era B

dAk

§

I
1
\

1 1 1

lb 8 (as L

1

0m ,

•^i

pulchellum Baker A slen

\

Wp^

il

f erhaps

'^

ar^a

v\

\ r parthen
eion B ker L
0 lo A fine
ellow fll var

I II 1

t efullarl
e wtl
th b t

f e of the ve y
be t for ult a

\ar tulgens B k
/

ton

lo bulbiferum
Lnn B o o

Wallace L

A tr tr le c

ta " aurant acum I-

1

tl e SI ec es see

0 be uore c u

s Catesbsi ^\

1 cr6ceum

P

920 LILIUM

A pretty plant, but not successful in cult., at least not
in the northern states.

svBGExrs in. .irchliriox.

A. Ia'H. sessile 10. tigrinum

AA. Lvs. short pelioUite.

B. I'ts. (lull reiWish 20. Heuryi

BB. Fls. ichite, yellowish, or pinkish.

c. Fls. open funnelform, on

rulher short, struii/hl

pedicels 21 . auratum

f I-. Fls. on long, twisted pedi-
cels; seqments twisted re-
volute 22. speciosura

19. tigrinum, Andr. Tiger Lilv. Fig. 1281. Bull)
perennial, globose: stem 2-3 ft. high, somewhat whitish
cobwebby: Ivs. scattered, rich green, 5-7-nerved, the
upper ones shorter and bearing buibels in
their axils: fls. 3-10, or sometimes more, in a
wide raceme, nodding, bright red, thiclcly
spotted with large purplish spots; perianth
segments twisted, revohue .Japan and China.

earance, it stands midway between L. tigrinnm and L.
Iiertnsum. Its free and easy unconventionality of
a'nit will endear it to the heart of the artist Hower-
jvcr. In this respect, it surpasses even L. speciosum.
21. aurS.tum, Lindl. Gold-bani>ed Lily. Japan Lily.
'if;. I2s:!. Bulb perennial, globose: stem 2-4 ft. high:

El. 1.-,
2:1U7;
hare I

platyphyllum, rulro-vittatum, nibrum,
specidsum, virginale, virginale album,
Wittei. The I :. .1.1-1. an. led Lilv is a fav-

- in^- " iipiieurs u>

^t advantage massed and scattered
longst moderately tall-growing shrubs,
is of comparatively easy culture, but

1287. Lihum maculatum ( ^

El. 38. B.JI. 1237. F. 1873:13. -A thoroughly old-
fashioned and remarkably useful plant. It lives and
thrives from year to year in the open border, where it
should be planted in masses.

Var. spUnd6nB, Leicht. A fine variety of more robust
habit, with longer-flowering spikes. Gn. 27:480 and p.
1.52. P.S. 19:1931 (toodark colored). This isto be highly
recommended. In most gardens it should be substituted
for the ordinary Tiger Lily.

Var. plen«3cens, Waugh. An odd double var. R.H.
1873:10 (gii..d). F. I«71:2.i. F.S. 19:1995. Other vars.
are Fdrtunei ami Lishmanni.

20. H^nryi, Baker. Fig. 1282. Bulb globose : stem 2-0
ft. high: Ivs. lalR-e..late l.eL.w. m..re r.vate above: intl.,-
rescencealaxcorymbof t-.Mls.,l.iM,t.at.-.-.itli.l.a>. : 11,
dark reddi.sh yellow, mark.. 1 wiili n I'.w invL-iiL.ily ^.mI
tered brown spots. Ichaui:. \v. ^i. m < liiT.:.. Hn, Ki:>:;ii
(fine); 55, p. 233 (fine), (i.e. 111. ,s:;;.sn. i;.M. 7177 1 1....
light-colored). — Recently introduced to cult., and un-
questionably one of the best Lilies known for general
garden culture. The price of the bulbs still keeps many
persons from j.lanting it. and many others from massing

that it will nn.l..nl.t.-.lly >.....n li.^.-.'.in.' .■hi;.|i.r, an.l Hnd
its w:iv intu .■i.nnii..n u^.-. In hal.it au.l t,'en. ral ap-

ised with

anth -, : . - . , El. 1.3. B.M. 3785.

■j:,:l_':., :. r, ' '. ; . "17 li- |.. 00 (fine); 45, p. 91 ;

|.. III. I: M ■ - : ■ ! I: ::J(iO0. This is prob-

■ th,. 1 '. . _. :,. lal cult. Itisthrifty

h:inh. I'lie habit of the plant

tl..«. I I : I , : inf..rnial. The white

th.- i-.'.l \ :irh n. - ,. n 1.... li ji i.uii extensively by the

..I t'l-.im Japan. There are numerous trade names
lit. most of which do not stand for important va-
. -. The ones of greatest concern are Mel-p6mene
Kraetzeri. The Lily known as "Opal" is a form of

nr. riibrum, Hort.. is a fine, extra strong growing
. witli darker pinki.sh red fls., and is the best for gar-
culture. Gn.36:72G.

LILIUM

si: Br EM

s I\ M\KTACO^

I

/ 1

h Of U 6

,tte,ed 21

Columbianum

B /

)je Mitotic

c L 11
el 1 1

/

4

puberulum

cc BiM

D H 1

.

/ / ;

Martagon

DD Ft

maculatum

DDD tl

' '

E ( /

lull btuL

''1

tl

I 27

Buperbum

EE C .

1 I

, inae uellou

11

1 l.nct ^ou„d

]

1

, ^ 28

pardahnum

f 1 t

/

B /•

///( nutes

21

monadelptium

B J^ /

vil iLlleb

one n, fe

c Lis oouded

j> Perm

ilh segment!, 1 dhu

bioi

J

E FI

1 11 n

Maximowiczu

EC //

/ 1

testaceum

DD P

'

E >/

,

/ ,

pomponium

EE i'/

,

Chalcedonicum

CC i( C</

t >e

1 t

tenuifohum

"T Columbianum

H It not
: high Ivb

2'

a few

long

ing 11

spott

Gn

BM

fls 11

26 maculatum Tl ui 1
12b7 Bulb ferennidl
high Ivs oblanceolat
whorl of 8 12 or son
whorls fls 4-12 in a 1
pedicels bright orange
pie on the lower half T
Gn 29, p 287 B H Ihs

com; nre 1

ht ) Fig
tern 3-4 ft
m a single

- spreading

LILIUM 921

and hardiest species known It is a trifle high priced
t r generil planting but ib worthy a place in every gar
1 u It IS one ot the most formal and dignified of
Lih

sup^rbum Linn \mericav Tt rk s Cap Lilv

Mr

\ u Carolim&num, Chapm [L Carohniinum,
"Ml h\ I Smaller more slender, with fewer fls and
Iioilei Its a southern varietj m dry woods \ a to
Fla and west to La

T 1^ 1 r „ Dnm) )

pnrdalin

1J90 Lilmm pompomum (X X) "^o 3''

purple Persia El 36 and 37 B M 140o Gn 0 9 (as
L ^zoiit'ianum) 39 796 G C III 16 129 -A pretty
species but net much grown m this countrj \ ar
L^debouri, Baker Dwarfer than the species, with nar
rower linear h s Caucasus

922

LILIUM

30. Maxim6wiczii, Kegel {L. LeMitlini, Hook. L.
Pseudo-tiijrhium, t'lirr. ). Bulb globose: stem i;-3 ft.
high, slender, decumbent at base: Ivs. 30^0, scattered,
linear, 3-nerved: fls. few, in a loose corymb, on spread-
ing pedicels, bright lemon-yellow, light orange or red.

thickly do
ith(

irpli- mi

purple
El.

ral .,u;,lii

;;:,,;■,

'■ .\'\\

;;,",

1 till

fls. The

ti.'iil

tural var

i-ii. .

iUt 111

• lui

generally

OlVllLl

111 Ai

ILl'R'

31. test&ceum

Lind

. (L

fsa

belllnum

Kuii?

... /,.

exr,'

Istini

Hort.).

Nankj

FN I,

Hnli

globose:

stem I

-G ft.

high

LI MUM

(lestini'd to hi-ci)iiii' nion; piiiiular in America. Here
belongs L. llvUheU-hi.

34. tenuifdlium, Fisch. Siberian Corai, Lily. Bulb
small, gloljose: stem 1-2 ft. high, slender: Ivs. 20-50,
scattered, very narrow-linear, with revolute margins:
fls. 1-20, racemose, nodding, rich scarlet, self-colored;
segments much revolute. Siberia. El. 42. B.M. 3140.
L.B.C. 4:358, as L. pumiliim (poor). — A deserving fa-
vorite. Very easily prop, either from seeds or bud
scales. Fine for massing. Especially suitable for
beginners.

SUBGENUS V. PSEUDOMARTAOON.
segynents only
"t Hie tip.

'"»•« 35. Grayi

3C. parvum

-. [iments rotate
sin. n,: , ,,.; ., >':,; /'.'/!/ recurved 37. Canadense

35. Griyi, Wuts. Lvs. lanceolate, in whorls of 4-8:
fls. few or solitary, lK-2 in. long, dull reddish br

pre. covered inside with purplish spots. Va. and N.
i; K l-1'i B,M. 72:14. — Hci-imiing somewhat i
1.1 :,mI.i, 1 l,,s,-ly Mlli.-il t., /y. Canadense,

■ ' ■ 1 :(^ a ;,'lll-.lrll |i|Mllt.. Not shoWV,

U91. LiUum

grant, creamy yellow, with sometimes ,a few minute
reddish dots. El. 44. B.R. 29:11(1..., hi-hlv ,■„!.. iv.l i.
P.M. 10:221.-Not known in the wil.i m.,i, ,nn.l -. n. iall>
said to be a hybrid between L. i-du.h.hn,, an. I flmh-,
donicum. If this is a true hyln-i.l ii i^ lli, ..iil> .m.-
known in cult. A fine, stately plaul, willi iihUf.uiilly
attractive flowers.

.32. pomp6nium, Linn. (£. nVbrwm, Lam.). Fig. 1290.
Bull) ovoid, with several lanceolate scales: stem 2-3 ft.
high, thii'k, stitV: h- nm ..r iii..n-, scattered, narrow-
linear: fls. 2-l'i, t - . i.Iiml:'. ..lien bracteolate,

ciiiiiabar-nMl, llih : ;.! .,! , „| iiainlLise within, fra-

grant. N. Itah M ,; I , , lii , III. 8:51. Gn.

2ii::iil7 (Ihic). i;i. 1. \.lii.i..l t.. Ih.- hardv Ijorder,

inleu planting, especially the

ellov

\'ar. Pyreniicum, Baker (/>. Piireni)ienm. Gouan).
A mure robust plant, with wider lvs. distinctly 3-nerved :
fls; larger, yellow. Pyrenees. El. 40.

33. Chalced6mcum, Linn. Bulb ovoid: stem 3-4 ft.
high, stiff: lvs. lUO or innr... .Tuvili'd, :i-.-|-nerved, with
the edges and v.'iin Im !,,>■ .h-iin.il, |.:i|.ill(.-,.: il-. lew
in a raceme, ti."l': < • i. -i. .n- -.mi.'

times with miniii. • i i.- . i ■ ■ ..i.r,., i:i. i:;,
F.S. 21:2100. H.,M..." \ i, , vr, 1 1. .n -li.i.i, plain , an. I

LIME 923

Lilium tiqrinum. Turban L., Lilium pomponium.

Turk's Cap L., /Jliion Mitrl,ui;,i. Water L., Ni/mph(jBa.
White L., Liluon cundidum.

LILY-OF-THE-PALACE. JTippeastrum auUcum.
LILY-OF-THE-VALLEY. Convallaria majalis.

LIMATODES (iT'^l'^il'ly fn.iii tlir i-.m-k for meadow,
rrl'.-rrin^- 1" iIh- Ij.il.iiai .iT iIh- |.|;iii1s). OrchidAcece.
Siinilar to ( 'Mlaiiili.', Imt tlir N|ii]ric(l labellum is not
adiiati- to til.- iMliniiii l>iii ilov,.ly wra]ipi'(i around it. In
Phajus, and in (.^alantliu also, tlie Ivs. are not articulated
to the stem and therefore wither on the plant instead of
falling.

Attt-r restiii? season of Liniatodos is over, say from

ii i . :. li" rature 70" to yo". Do not water till roots
III. and sparingly till leaves are well started.
Ai . ! ii.ii and during flower-sheath growth, they will
111] ■) ]iituso waterings and spraying— water with weak
linnid at intervals of 10 days or so, and every plant will
be a marvel of beauty,
rdsea, Lindl. (rajrhifhe rhuea. Ronth.). Psoudnbulhs

long, elliptiV-l: ,..i,n, ,,, „,„,„,,,, ,,i, ,.,,,. .,.,,„. fp„,i

the base of tli^ • • i , ■ ■ i — i, , ••, • :.■:.!, r, Im.-h-

I'tirtnanense, Prani'li''t \ i ': ■ . mli-

line L. Japonicum r- : . : ; ' n i he

trade. 1' \. W m ,mi.

LILAC. See Syringa.

LILY, in the narrowest sense, is restriete.l to the i;enus
MlnuH.l.nt tin- popular nanus t:iv,.n l.,.|ow also inelude
plants ,,nls„l.. ,1,,. lanillv I., I .a.-eav .Many of them l.,.|ong

to ihe Amaryllis faniilx, African Blue L., .I.;.i/i«/i//ii(s
niNh.lliii:(x. African Corn L., / ri„. Amazon L., Ku-
ril,n-is A iini-oi,ir<i. American Turk's Cap L., I. ilium
miliirliilm. Atamasco L., Z, /ilnlnnilli, x .1 hnii.ixro. Bar-
bidoes L., l/l/i/iriixtriiin i-./iiisln-. Belladonna L., .Imn-
rilllm lii'll.iilniiiiii. Bengal L., Crniinii l.ii,,,i Inl i inn,
Bermuda L., /.ilium l/.n-risii. Black L., Frilillnria
i'limlxliiilniisis. Blackberry L., Ii,l,iii,;i mhi CIiiihh-
.sis. Bourbon L., Lilmm nnnliilum. Brisbane L., Kn-
■l-i/,'l,'S siilnslrix. C&lla. L., Uirlmnl in . Klli iopir.i . Cape
i.,Criiii,m f.ip.'iis,-. Checkered L., Friiilhni.i ,)/,/,-
iiiiri<. Climbing L., (n.iri..x,i ami l.ithniia. Common
White L., Liliinii r,iii,li,l,ii„. Day L., ili.' I.lne and white

<.n.>s are /■•„ i,l;i,i., .- tl„- Vr||.,w an, I oran-,. ^ Himini-

v.illi^. Easter L., I, ilium //ui-nsn. Fniiy L., ;^. /iln/-
riiiilli'X nis.ii. FB.ya.lL.. Oniilliiyiiliiiii .[ r.ihirum. Gol-
den-banded L., Liliiiiu nunihim. Golden-rayed L.,
Liliinii II II ml II III. Guernsey L., Xiriu, Sui-uiiuxi..:.
Jacobean L., Spr, h, li.i /..,«,„.<;ax,,„„. Kaffir L., Srlii::,i-
nhihs i;i,;iii,;i. Mariposa L., Cu I. ■■■In,, ■his. MartagonL.,
J. ilium .Murhuiuii. Orange L., /.ilium iiiuiiim. Peru-
vian Swamp L., Xrphiirniilhi s .■■nnliilu . Plantain L.,
fuiil.iu. Pond l,.,yuii1iiii-uili;ii^i. Sacred L.oi China,
Kuriissus Tii.~rllii,y:ir.ori,iil,ilis. Spider L. St. Ber-
nard's L., Aiilhericiim Liliiiqn. St. Bruno's L., Piirn-
disea Liliiixlrum. St. James' L., Sprelcdia ^rwo.s-i.s-
sima. St. Joseph's L., Lilium candidiim. Tiger L.,

base yellow, r, I . i ■■ • l:, Jan. I'.nrma. I '.. .M ..',:; I'J.

—A hybrid of li. ,,,.] I'.i lu ulln r< ,s7W,^ Limll..

is common in ciiln.: imlei- ihr n: i ■uluiillir

Veitchii, Lindl., wlindi s.a'. .lolin ,Saul .said L. rosea
bore fls. a.s large as those of Valanthe Veitchii, and
more brilliant in color.

Heinbich Hasselbeino and Wm. Mathews.

LIME, The use of Lime in agriculture antedates the
Christian era. In modern times it has been an indis-
pensable adjunct to potassic, phosphaticaud nitrogenous
manures in restoring and maintaining the fertility of
immense areas of soil derived from sandstone, granite,
mica schist and certain shales and slate. Without its
use the wonderful transformation of Limousin in France,
the sandy regions of Germany, and particularly the
reclamation of the sour peat (Hoch-moor) soils of north-
ern Germany would have been difficult or impossible.
Even limestone soils sometimes become so lacking in
Lime near the surface that they stand in great need of
its application.

The necessity of Lime as a direct food for the higher
orders of plants has been indisputably demonstrated.
Its physiological role is of the greatest significance. It
serves also a.s an indirect food by trjinsforming or .set-
ting free other soil ingredients which plants require.
(I) It aids in transforming the nitrogen of organic mat-
ter and ammonium salts into nitric acid, which, in combi-
nation with potash, soda, Lime and magnesia, furnishes
most plants the ma.ior portion of their nitrogen. (2) It
appears probable that liming favors symbiosis and the
consequent assimilation of atmospheric nitrogen in the
case of clovers, alfalfa and certain otliiT li^^'nnies, while
it may have an opposil,' . iT. n u,„,n ,.iIm r.. ■.,u,.uvj. which
m.ay be mentioned s. 11 I.'. : . ' ■ , iJineat-

dering their munurial eon.siiineni.s m.ne readily assimi-
lable.

Noxious iron compounds in soils are so acted upon by
Lime as to overcome their poisonous tendency. The
presence of carbonate of lime in soils prevents the
formation of sour humus and conseqtient injury to a
large class of agricultural plants. Liming makes clays
more friable and sandy soils more compact, thus im-

the texture of each.

cussed below) i

ily grown is a smiiU-fruited,
Rrown from seed and called
iif this sort are shipped from

"cluh I" I
deprriT I. I !'.

Liii,.' I .. -
half iit.Hiioi*
Vttls of from 1'.
worked into tli

soils it i

posting 1

The VI

been km

ter, it l.i

times a'

with ni..i . i' . :•,.,.

-,nn or land plaster may

often li- ■■! •':

Thr inllin n,.. . 1 1, i

|.|:,i,t-i;rowtl. is often as-

tounding. I.ctl , ; m ' '

, I-.. .,,-,,-. iMi,- 'l.jns,

asparagus, olov, r . . i

1 . ■ ,-^s and

poppies are alnn i i -i"
liming is prii.-nr, ,!, w ,i.

• - 1 • .; . -1 until

in, ■. ,, , 1 ,,.,::, M';„l,-lla,

■ ' spruce

and oil,, , 1 ' ,• 1 ' 1

.,•,•.!■.„ to be

injur..! ..,,..

■ 1 l.iine.

Their,,; ,

.. M ..;,, Ih. 1,,,,^ Ivich-

luonil c-l,,', i> . iI,,mil1, 1,. I|.. ,

1 , il,.,l Im lu,.lO«-, SUC-

ceeds ii|,uii v.iv ;,, hI s.mI.

ul.,1, Ih. IWacU Tartarian

fails und.T sin, ii.-,.-.i,vui„^l;

111,..-. M'i,.. Delaware grape

is more- in i,..-.l .,f l.in,.- ih

i„, il„. 1 ,„ rd. Blackcap

rasplit-rrii's il,, m,! s., ,,, 1,.

1..- I,.l|,..| l.y limine', even

upon VITV ;,ri,; s,,il. Ih,,ii-I

Ih.' (■..ihl..,-t. 11 r.-.l r:,-|,-

berry, v^-i'ls t,, il„. in;,i

Theqnin,',M.n„, .•.■:„ i,.,,l .

,r l,n,i.. ,i|i..i, ;,.-i.l s,,i!.tl,;,n

the p™,-. M|,|,l,- c.r ,,.:,rl,.

■Ph.- All,. ii.-.i, liii.l.'i 1

American elm are tlKinkhil

r.,r 1,1,:.. 1.;,,,,, :,,-i.| ^..■' ,

while the white birch sln.ws

nll.-i- II,- , , 1 , ■., ■ 1

success of the beech ui),,ii i

indicates its natural In.in. .

1 ■h.,.1,i II , 1, , , ;,, , ..,',i 1,,,-

to thrive well on liin.si,,,,

currants are ludd, n,t,ly li,l

|,.-.l l.\ lii,,ii,- .III \.,|v .-,.■1.1

soils. Strawbor,i,» ,xhil.it

this ,,h:ir:i.'l. risti.- ..nly in a

slight degree.

Rhnd,. lsl..„„i„u,.sil.,-,|„

Islanil 1 ■ ,,• i ili.i)

1 hi ■ •,,■11 ■ ,-;,ii 1-, ,■- 1 -1 i||,,,|.

soil Wl, ■. , , n -^. ■ •..

l.ii,. Ill,: i,, , . , i:^ li.

W3ll 'sn,,'|.l„.l'v: ■::,'' I.mV :

■' "|',,',I ,,'','i,:im!' .hill -hHi

would biivi- Im , ,, i 1 , , 1 .

i-n \ , |-\ ;,.,i.l soils, tlllTI-

is little fear tl,:,, :.. i

hi .V . 1- l..'i_-ome a perni-

cious weed, as , *

,i,> ..t Ih. wheat fields of

Europe. Surh ^, i n, , i.

, >. 1 Ih.- niitural home of

common sonvl. 1 i i,,Iit

i,,ii- lavorai,le tothe poppy

are also favon,l>l.' i" wl,.:,,.

1 hirley fails upon very sour

soils. Oats sn, ,1 ,a,-. |,i

ii|i..ii extremely acid soil.

though even soils .,1 tl,ai .■!

iiuii.ter produce good crops

of rye and Indiuu i-.nii.

1293. Sour Lime-C

uring summer ami ii.ii.iinn. 'I'ln-re
arieties beside th.- .■,.i.,i,i.,n "Wist
h are propagated l.\ l.u.l.ln.- ..r -ran-
ks of various kiii.l-- hot .->!.. .ially

He who will use Lime intelligently must sttuiy care-
fully the peculiarities of his soil, and of the plants that
are to be grown. H. .J. Wheeleu.

LIME (FRUIT) of literature is mostly Citrus Limetia
of Hisso, or Sweet Lime, which is now regarded as a form
of C. Medica. The Sour or West Indian Lime (dis-

the Cilnis tiifuliula as a stock, the trees will I
stand more severe frosts than when worked
tender roots. ]?. >j_ Re.\

California fruit, though several varieti.
few places for home use.

E. J. WlCKSON.

LIMXANTHEMUM

LIMNANTHEMUM {Greek, marsh flower). Includins
Villiirsiti. 6Vii/i(/»()i'OT. Floating Heart. Almut 20
spt'cios of ;if|\i!itic plants. wi>l"!v -.(vift.-ri-.l in tr'.]M,-;il

LIMNOCHARIS

925

Eu.. Asia; naturalized in District of Columbia. B.l
2:(i2.'J. Gn. 24. p. 53;'5. — Simulates LimnocJiaris Hut:

bnliltii in habit.

AA. Color of fls. white.

H. Seeds rough.

trachysp6nnum, (h-ay. Stouter and larger than j

Uii'itnosiim : Ivs. cordate orbicular, thick, entire or r

by

-Floatins: Heart — is the hardi-
est of American species; its mottled, variegated leaves,

dainty, wliit<'. miniature flowers. It is best grown un-
der natural romlitions. in i>ooIs and still water, and in
water about J it, drc].. It niav also be grown in tubs,
as a surf.H-r r,,^, ,-,,,-. vvitli a few tall plants in the
CLMiter. L. I r^ti-hiisj,. ,'„ii, 1,1, commonly known as the
Fairy Watn- I ,il> , i^ a inii.li stronger grower; Ivs. deep
^•n■l■^. and. wlnu grown in natural p..ii.l-. atiaiii lar^.-
|i!''i|.. ivi i.iTi^. I li in. Iiroad, and bears iiiiiniin r:ili]c il^w i r-.

lIH.rr IlLr W-.ik:-, • A' SHOW. It IS alSO VallLlMr l"!" I II It 111

tun-, ^iiiiiiai- to tile preceding varifi\. /.. h'>h<nhi.
co]„Tiionly . -all. -d Water Snowflake, is ■iiii,|i.i,l,i, ,ll( ilir
most interesting and attractive of any. and d.-i r\ iin: nf
most general cultivation. The leaves an ..t a Iil-IiI :;i. i n
color, heart-shaped, and it produces tlmM i- m ::ii aii r
abundauce, which are much larger and ,i.\. i. d r.Dn
pletely with hirsute glands. Tins,., ijkr tl,.. ntlnr varie-
ties, are produced in clusters ..n tin- pi ih'li s, near the
surface, and, although they ar.' nf imt ..m ihiy'.s dura-
tion, they are produced in ^in h ijnantltiiv tliat there is
never any lack of tin • il> i: ■ 'm r^ all through the
season. In tub cnlim '\ mf ^pncies) will

soon crowd itself oMr ': i , . n irdmarv tub.and,

although the leavn^ n- nn ^ < i'-;ii mi tlm surface, it
does not alTcct the -ro„,i, ,„• ilm iiMilit.Ti.i.snrss of its
flow. Ting. Wiirn L;r.nvii in Iiil.^, 111.' lall.i- slioulil lie

ng leaves or petioles, prodti
: -r of flowers apparently t
iroduces leaves; these, wl
itids and leaf buds again.

f soon emits roots at the broken end
■ flower buds are located; thus it is
iferous. These are verv desirable

niiii~i- ^par. ; it also produces seed in great quantity,

wliii-li, ^\ Inn lipn. floats on the surface for a short time,

tliiii sinks to the bottom; it is best confined to the

limits of a tid). where it grows freely and produces its

large yellow flowers in profusion. It is hard to eradicate

when once established, as it is perfectly hardy.

A. Color of fls. yeJloir.

B. /7s. (iccompunied hy clusters of tubers.

lacundsum, Griseb. Stems sometimes 10 ft. long: Ivs.

purplish beneath, 1-2 in. long: fls. 3-C lines across;

segments ovate, acute : seeds smooth. Jtily, Atig.

Ponds, Nova Scotia to Fla. and La., west to Minn.

BB. Seeds smooth.
Indicum, Thw. Water Snowflake. Fls. white, yel-
low towards the base within ; segments fimbriated,
densely papillose, without a longitudinal fold down the
middle. Tropics. Not B. M. 658, which is a yellow-fld.
*1"''^'^'*- Wm. Tricker and W. M.

LIMNANTHES {Greek. m,n:-<h fh
Two or 3 species of Ann i mm i imhi:
water. Low, diffuse, in i '

white, yellower rosy, -li .i

!•). Gerunu\cem.
M.nviii:; near the

. regular, iln pini m .i -: s.-pals valvate
ands alternating witii tiie jietals; stamens
stinct, at first fleshy, at length hard and
•hiscent, separating from the short axis:

. r.r. TiVs. pinnate; Ifts. sharply lobed or
lin. ar: |i. tals ohlong-spatulate, notched
III- l.-^s \. Ill.\^. white toward the tip: fr.
Inly ,or,u:;at,,l, Calif. B.M. 3554. B.R.

LIMN6BIUM (living in ■pools, from the Greek). In-
cluding TriAuea. Ui/drochurid^cecs. Three or four
American aquatic herbs, one of which is in the Amer.
trade. Stemless plants, spnading liy means of runners,
the large leaves floatin-. .^I.innrnius. the fls. arising

from spathes borne on tin' i i^t.nk. the pistillate

single from a spathe ami tin- staniiiiate 2-4 from a
spathe, all with C white segments or petals, the inner
ones being very narrow ; stamens in a column, bearing
anthers at unequal heights: ovary with several (6-9)
locules and as many stigmas, ripening into a many-
seeded berry.

B6sci, Rich. {L. Sp'iniii'i. Steud.). American Fbog's-
BiT (the European Frog's-bit is Hydrocharis). A neat
floating plant, with purplish, hanging, hairy roots and
long-stnmmed, cordate or ovate Ivs. 1-2 in. long and
I'liri'li^li ti-tieath. Lake Ontario, south and west. Good

1. ill, ,,■.!. mm lUsci, whlle it is hardy southward, does
11. It a|.|.i-ar to be so in New Jersey. Its mottled foliage
and silky rootlets are very attractive and make it valu-
able in the aquarium, but when grown out-of-doors in
summer in tubs or pools, it is very vigorous and soon
becomes crowded; the leaves, inst.-ad of floating, then
appear in an en r I -iiiii.Mi.' -| i^ r.ih.lin f float-
ing leaves ha\ in .! ;■..:..;,:,. |i, I I iLiioneed

of!

It i

ly di-
allow

vision of runin-i-, ; ■ . i

water, where il can n.i.iil .. -..il.

Trianea Bogotensi i- n ■ i nouymous with

i. .Bosci, but it is 111. in ■ iii.it. of a lighter

color— especially in win make such long

runners, and forms nmn .11111. mi mnl attractive ro.
settes of leaves. -Wji. Tkicker and L. H. B.

LIMN6CHARIS (from Greek for

„p-ln,-

BB. Fls. not accompanied by clusters of tubers.

nympholdsB, Hoifmg. and Link. (Also written L.

nyiiiphwo'iiles.] Lvs. 2-4 in. broad : fls. 1 in. across or

more ; segments obcordate, short-fringed. May-July.

Htimboldtii, Rich. (L. CSmmersoni, Spreng. L.
viimiiliiiiilrs, Micheli. Bydricleys Ctimmersomi, Rich.).
Water Poppy. Fig. 1294. Stem prostrate and rooting:
lvs. broad-cordate-oval, thick, mostly floating: fls. and

926 LIMXOCHAlilS

Ivs. arising from braoted nodes, both long-stalked : fls.
2-2K in. across, with 3 obovate-rounded light yellow pet-
als: carpels 5-7, not united. S. Amer. B.M. H248. B.K.
19:1()40.-A handsome plant with the yellow Hs. (lasting

LINARIA

triangular, 1-2 in. high: the fls., produced on a scape,
are pale yellow bordered white. Seed is produced very
freely, and as the seed matures the scapes fall to the
\\;ii.r, till- ^1 . d ripens and sinks to the bottom, and

wl], ic- L/i'iw t-of-doors, grows freely the following

M :i-..n. I li' il"wer-scape, as soon as it rests on the wn-

a short time, which again jM-Miu,. - il.^,>ii-. v.c.iv mjmI
shoots, and so on. Tlie j'l.n ! i : . n in i.-t- cr

tubs or planted out in sliii I, :iil\ -inniiMr.

\Vm. Tkp k] 1^ :,ri.| L. II. U.

LINARIA iLinum, the flax, which the Ivs. of some
siM.-ics risiiul.le). Scrophtilariitcew. Low herbs, some-
tiiii.-s sul.vlinil.>i, of i;!0-l,50 species, widely distributed
ill . \ir:i ti.Mii. mI icL'iiiM'i. several species cult, for the

n.!,ii , II ) . ;ul:ir il-. iui.l Mihrr- |..i- the festooning foliage.
I. ' i> I .11,. III! . -iihvertieillate, in the

' I ' -- I:,. I .1 in. w and entire : fls.

■"Ml! II III' ,i\i;-. '11 111 i.iiiiiiiiil racemes, yellow,

1294. Limnocharis Humboldtii (X %

emarginita, Hn

ater. In habit, remark-
"iiU-x. Grows well in an
.'■intiiiuous bloomer.
[/,. rh, III iM. Rich. L.

glossy i
low fls.

rh.-ery yel-
lii natural
irv rapidly.
In artificial

ponds, planted on the edge the jilant

and spread over a large surface n(

ponds, plant in tubs or boxes and place in shallow

ter or stand the tub or box on some stand, allowing

inches depth of water.

1295. Linaria Cymbalaria, or Kenilworth Ivy.

Limnocharis emarrjinala, or L. Pliimieri. is entirely
distinct from tlie preceding. Tlie light green oblong,
blunt Ivs. are very characteristic and ornamental; petiole

When Lii
to be of 1
I. Thiswc

L-rically for the regula

1295. Linaria vulgaris.
Spray from a side shoot tX Vs).

lar flower. Such monstrosities occur now and
particularly in the Scrophulariacea?.

In America, Linarias are little known as garden plants,
although they are worthy greater attention. They are
of two general classes,— the hardy perennials and the
annuals. The perennials are prop, by seeds and l)y
division, usually the latter. All the species are of easiest
culture in any ordinary soil and exposure, and are largely
able to shift for themselves when once established. The
annuals may be started indoors; or in warm situations
they may be sown where the plants are to stand.

A. Plant trailing: h's. palmately veined and lobed
(subgenus Cymbalaria).

CymbaUria, Mill. Kenilworth Ivy. Mother-of-
Thou.sanus. Fig. 1295. Perennial tender glabrous herb,
but sowing itself freely from seeds, long-trailing and
rooting at the joints: Ivs. cordate-orbicular or rcniforni,
5-7-rounded-lobed, on slender stalks Iohl'it- ilian the
blades: fls. solitary in the axils, on sliiidcr -i. m-. small
but pretty, lila«-blue with a yellowish tlimai: .:i|isiile
globular, splitting from the top. En. -It s.iiiirtiiri.s has
white Hs. Tli.-n- is also a varii-gated-lvd. variety. The
Kenilwortli hv is on.- of the most familiar of trailers
on greenljoiisc' liotioms and in odd corners; also as a
trailing baskit plant in L'nenliouses and dwelling houses.
It is of the easiest culture, particularly in a moist and
partially shaded place. Prop, by division of the long
stems, or by seeds. It will not stand frost, but the plant
will spring up year after year from seed, becoming es-
sentially annual. It has become established in the open
in many parts of the East. Continuous bloomer. A
good basket plant for poorly lighted places.

927

ect or nearly so
Flowers ypUon

It IS annual or bu m
—L Dalmdtica AFil
domca, in the ui
pine, making i \ i
form, lobed C<ti
rmoule-. Pi. ti

It appt irs as .in ornanu iital jilaut. It is ;
Intel esfint; to the general plant lover than to
the garilener. A double-fl<l. form is figured in
G.C. III. 18:554. The Peloria forms may have
5 spurs, or no spurs at all (R.H. 1851: 433).

Maceddnioa, Griseb. Robust perennial, 2-3
ft. hif;li. branching: Ivs. narrow-ovate or the
upper ones lanceolate, somewhat cordate at
the base, ne.irly or quite sessile, entire: fls.
bright yellow, witli (Ircjwr color on the palate,
in hiug \vn!i! '•< ■ • :il i-iicemes. Mace-
donia. Gn. li '- ii I I I . ::i):4G9. — A showy
pl.ant, hard), i : j napdragon-like fls.

most of til'- -.,1-1.11 r. rli;ips a wide-leaved
form of i. I>iili,iiilii;i, .Mill.

BB. Flowers hlite or purple.
C. Peremiiul border plants.

alpina. Mill. Comp.act-tufted pla
less high, with weak and spreading flower
stems: Ivs. linear or lanceolate, mostly in
4's: fls. in short racemes or heads, blue with
an orange-colored palate, the straight or
slightly curved, sharp spur as long as the
corolla. Alps. F.S. 20:2128. G.C. II. 14:105.
— A pretty little alpine, blooming in July
and Aug.

triornitli6phora, Willd. Glaucous, 2-3 ft.
tall : Ivs. ovate-lanceolate, in 3's or 4's: fls.
about :! in a whorl (hence the name, bearing
fliree bh-'h-), rriThrr I.-ir^ro, slender-stalked,
violet- and piii-plr stri|M.(l. with orange pal-
ate, about 1 ill. |..ii:j, lit. spur inflated above
and exceeding ih, I.,li. -. Spain, Portu-
gal. F.S. 22:2-"J7.-A handsome and
interesting plant, rarely seen in Ameri-
can gardens.

cc. Annual plants of the flower garden
(See R H 1896 pp 3 1 374)

b partita W lid A foot h gl e ect
I 1 w th scattered or vert c Hate

1 I fl I -xl n

, good dr

L. H. B.

LINDELOFIA (Friedrich von Lindelof, of
t,ult, a patron of botany). Bonagin-
p. Two species of hardy herbaceous per-
ials from the Himalayas, one of which is
cult. It grows l-lj^ ft. high, and in June
and July bears racemes of drooping, odd-
colored fls. :il...ui ilir.r r..iiii1,- ..f ;,n inch
long,

urplish I.! ,1 1. out 6

-. !„.■ i.,, slikely

ud winter covering. It
is not fastidious as to soil. Easily prop, by
It seeds freely and flowers the sec-
ond year from seed.

Like Solenanthus, this i,'iinis has the habit
and nutlets of Cynoglossiim, l.m tlir stamens
of Cynoglossum are ini'lii.l. ,1. whili. those of
the other two genera iuv r.xscrtcil. Solenan-
thus differs from Lindelofia in b.aving a more
tubular flower, the lobes being relatively
shorter and erect or slightly spreading.

specWbilis, Lehm. Pilose : Ivs. oblong-
acuminate, the upper ones heart-shaped or
clasping at the base: racemes bractless. B.
R. 26:50 {Cynoylossnm longiflorum). J.H.
III. 31 :235. J. B. Kellek and W. M.

LINDEN. Tilia.

LINDfiRA. See Benjoin.

LINDS.ffiA, or Lindsaya, is a genus of about
pecies of tropical ferns, none of which are
advertised in America. Schnei-
der, in his Book of Choice Perns,
says they usually die soon after
importation, even if apparently
in good condition on arrival.
Ill their native habitat he says,
I I lly creep al out

I 1 wh h b fre-

e

r^^^

II vne lal gh

^<\^

t 1

11 11 1 atmos-

^^^

:i:s.^

1 er Latel

t 1297 Ln

a a Maroccana

^^

e attanei

1 y plac ng L nd-

(X )

X

•B pot
k wh

ne rlj failed w th
1 the> a e flrn ly

has ne er been

1 H by " or 3 ,

e esof

t t 1 a

al M t t g n

has ellow sh

other waj s the

ural

ond t on de

rled 1

l&ome deep pur

LINNaiA (

1 f

1

vhorl

ret culata I t Fl p 1 escent p rple ret culated
w tl 1 il I ] late J ellow or copper J ellow the spur
p te I n i shorter tl an the corolla and po nt ng dow n
w I sp ke sho t 1 I nea scattere 1 or ert c Hate
Po t t,al —An old fearlen plant but I ttle known u
Amer ca Runs nto two or three forms

L apan old s 1

tla (L n 1

w black spotte 1

See L heterophylla —L B o sso
ta Hoffmg ) Low ann al witl yel
I nge o he pal e an 1 lauceol te or

ie I Bj so lie botan t>ts Abel a

Flower F f, I'QS «Sten s
1 1 tl II 11

1 I fl

928

corolla roso-colorc'd or white, about % in. lonR,
:. Jiine-Aug. In N. Anicr. sout
tbeMts. B. 3.3:235. Gn. 24, p.

1298. Linnxa borealis (

new copper."

about 4 species of dwarf, un

New Ouiiii'ii, var-yiiif,' consider

illutu lis.

with U-'J stunii-

i once en

t from the apex

.f till' ]']\

iTur bi(cTalIycut

Ir.Mii Ih.

n,i .iC Ibeseg-

K . .<l !

iii iin.efrom

1 In ' 1

1' Miinit. G.C.

■r... pil'

II iiivr.l palm

II III hill

«,il, r.. Huge, at

M iiilr lition,

inniilc I'lirin f,'i'iiilu,ill . 1 1 .| i m mil' :is Ihi' phint attains
Iff. Cnliiiiiil lull, III hill iiiii-il to till) needs of (,'nlainus
II. I ji.i iii-ii.iiii|i v.iW III iiiDst likely to succeed with
,in.i.|i.,ili\.;iii.| iiM liiil. ;i 1. iii|ienitur6 of 70°, plenty of

,-Rtcr, .■Mill - ^hinii- ihiiiuKliout the year.

VV. H. Taplin and W. M.
LIN08'?EI8 (Linum and 0»)/W.s, which genera it re-
cMihics). Vompdailai. One species, L. vttlgAris,Caaa.,
f Kuin|,r, is a K.M'd luudy pennmiid, Krowiiiw lK-2 ft.
i;;-h. :iiiil iii.iiiir' 1 1 n ii ii 1 1 ii I . mill |i,il.- niIIhw beads:
Inn : I I' ' ■ ■ • ■•! .1 I II il I I'l , -li . '• jiuliiiscent,

.'111' I II I' i . : . I, I I -11 Us. It is

n I ■ • . I . ■I ! .1, I ,11 .j , , i. ...ii , . '11 n'ing well

'I'l 1 .• ■ ■■ 'I : I I !" \ ■- I- hy many

riilijaris,
ils yellow
Vrs techni-
L. H. B.

the absence of rays andinyello

LtNUM (classical name). LinAcem. Pl-AX. Temper-
ate-region plants of both heniispheres, of 80 or 90 spe-
cies, lierbs or sometimes subslirubs. They are erect-
growing plants, with narrow alternate (rarely opposite)

LINUM

and mostly entire Ivs., and showy 5-petaled fls. which
open in the sunshine. Stamens 5 and alternate with the
petals, usually united at the base: ovary 1, 3-.")-loculcd,
bearing as many styles as locules, and ripening into a
dry capsule which may or may not be dehiscent. The
fls. are borne in terminal racemes orcymes, and, although
each llowi-r niiiy be shdrl-livcd. tin- continiiily nf bloora
makes III. |.l,iiii li.iiM, Till I. m. i-,m, Inn i imltural

culture ■•! ! ■ II III |. I. . , ; , I i ill. tbo

sun. S.'i ■! - -i I 'II .11.11,1,11 iii.n. I.I ,.•■. II ..-. 1,1 .•., tbo

seeds are often us... I i,, |.i,,|,n^',i(,, i li,in ; l,iii lli.|ilMnts
may be divided. TIi.t,, ai., ^. v . ral iiali\ . I.iniiiiis, some
of which are small 11.1,, w.,.,,ly pl.^uils.

A. Plant annual: fls. red or blue.

B. Bloom red.

grandiilorum, D.'sf. |,'i,c.\vFuiN(i ],"i,ax. Figs. 1299,

i:;nii. I :. , , I , III iMii li\ . I • n.. iliilniu, - : Us. many, alter-

IN. 1^ . ':' •■ i.n. ■ li are 1-3 "in!

I"ii^', II ■•■''■ I' ■' -■ ■'■ I ■ "-' 111. 1-lK in.

across, anil siiiiii 1 1 I, n,, i : i ,i nk) and much
e-tceeding the |i,,M I, ,! i, ,, i,' , pals. N. Afr.
B.M. 4955. R.I I, I I i I \ .Lie garden an-
nual, and populai i.r i; _ i,iij;,i lis. The color

varies in the slia.l.. ui i. .1. \ai. ruUrum has bright
red fls. Var. kermeaiuum is crimson. L. cocctnetim,
Hort., is a scarlet-fld. form. In a warm, sunny place, the
Flowering Flax makes a very satisfactory plant. It is
not adapted to cutting, since the Hs. are not durable.
Will not stand frost.

BB. Bloom blue.

uBitatisBimum.

I, inn. Ft.ax. Mu,

llelds; - : ■. 1

about '..,..1 .1 II,
mostly i,.-.,i,,liii^
i|uite indihiscnt

. L!liitmile,".Mlll.T!

ntural size.

1 wild, is lower and has a dehiscent capsule;
it is probably only a form of the above. — Flax has been
cult, from time immemorial, and it is unknown in an
originally wild state. Some authorities consider it to bo
a modified form of L. j>eren)ie.

LINUM

AA. Plant perennial : f la. yellow or blue {whi
B. Bloom yellow {L. trigynnm, whiih nun/
here, will be found under the geims /,'. ... .
llilvum, Linn. Erect from a soiii.\\ii i

glabrous, 1-2 ft. : Ivs. lanceolate or 1 1

golden yellow, in a much branching' ih i
petals much oxcoodinR the (jlnndular-ciliiitc sc
B.M. :)12.-A 1,'ood half-hardy perennial, but
larly known in this country.

uu. Ill

1,1,,,' (0

per6nne, Linn,
glabrous, 1-2 ft.
fls. rather small.

calyx nerves i

Leioisii).
Austrlacum,

Voss). I.> . I
red or li^'lii '

tty. H.li. 14:11()3 (us L. Hibiricum, vur.

liitm. ( Ty. perinne, var. Austrlacum,

li. II, |iiiiii fale: Hs. rather small, violet-
!■ Ill, mill,' pedicels horizontal or ro-
ll.ii Ni.rth, growing 1-2 ft. high and

LION'S EAE. Leonot

< si'fiut; and
L. H. B.

1.1. L. Foot. Lennlice ; also
^rentinthes serpenlaria, L. Tail. Leonotis LeontiruH.

LfPABIS (Greek, to^«7(/nl■«(7). Orchidiiceo!. A largo

Loes6Ui, Rich. Plants 2-8 in. high: lv.s. elliptio-lanceo-
lato, 2-G in. long; racoirii' with few greenish lis.: lip
obovato poinle.l In .,< .■) iliickets, N. Amer. and Eu.
B.B. 1:477. c i II M in

L. atropurpfn . i ' r , 1 ft. or more high: Iva. 2-4,

nearly rouiul, ,. . , near toKOthor at the upper

part of tho slni. . ,, , m, ^ iM,: Hh. cliocolnto-purplo; lip

ohloilK, olitusK, n>.-iiiv...l. .luiM', Coylon. H.M. .1620.— Tho most
uruamental of the Konus.

Edwakd GiLLETT and IIeinrich IIas.selbrino.

appear
the mai
Americ
garden:

r, 1078-1704).
'erbena is an

fragrant foli-
n mixed bou-
I., nllh long,
i:ill\ l.iirno in
I. Ii.'.iie, pyra-
|. Ik. M. which
i. I > I. Is along

South

III iMTlhern

l.ippia
ritana.
often

tf™j/-j»^.^i»jiT,^^;yj^_.;^.fl«,

'I ' / ■■•hi Introduced

'■. I- I III I ,11 III' I'.' liii" I'r.rennial

I . ,1, ■ I ,1, I ,1 I'- II .-iM •< In the

I I I I , ., ,1 1 ,1,, ,1,1,, 1,1 ,11.1 hoars

ill.-',. . '.I ■!. .■! ■ i'"- I ■■ I,, ..njund.

...III.- Ill ,'i .1. h .', I. II. I hi,.' li.'.i.i, .-nvered
-htly ..verlappint; bniets. The lU. appear
■inning at the l)as(i of the little head.
rites of this plant that it thrives in any

no matter how poor, rapuUy covers the ground,
liers weeds, stands trampling, requires much less
r tliun grass, needs no mowing. <';in he ciisily taken

all take root at the joints.

AA. Plant annual.
nodifl6ra, Rich. Stems herbaceous: calyx 2-parted,
slightly 2-keeled, keels puberulous; the whole corolla a
little more than one-twelfth of an inch long. Banks and
sandy shores in the torrid zone and warmer parts of
the temperate zone.

A. Plant perennial.

can^scenfl, Kunth. Stem somewhat woody at the base :
calyx 2-tiM>thfd, 2-keeled, the keels slightly villous;
corolla conspicuously larger than in related species,
rosy, with a yellow throat. S. America, in dry, grassy
places.

citrioddra, Kunth {Alof/sia citrioddra, Orteg. ). Lemon
Verbena. Lvs. in whorls of 3 or 4, lanceolate, short-
stalked, glabrous, densely covered beneath with glandu-
lar dots: spikes whorled and axillary or collected in
terminal panicles, which may be 3 In. long and wide.
B.M. 307 {Verbena triphylla). Gn.5C:14G0. G. C.II.
11:301.

A florist should always have a few Lemon Verbenas.
Save a dozen plants in spring, shift theiu on as required,
and in tin- sunuofi- iihuigc the pots uutsidc. At tln^

appn.;,rl..,l II- I l.rilr. I|M.,„ ,,,!., II,.. ;.,. . ,ili..u.. , -l:i,i.|

thmi ..'.11' |. ' ■ ■ I ' I , . , 1, .. .! .

then. .. I. . . . . . .; : ... i • . ,. I ! l...i,

shriv,.|,,,_. h, .a,,, i „i, ., ,,l ,.i

in fresh soil, using 1-iuch pots, and start the plants
into fresh growth in a temperature of 55°. In a few
weeks they will be covered with new growths suitable
for cuttings. Cuttings root readily in about 3 weeks.
The sand of the cutting-bench should be a little warmer
than the air. Water the sand twice a day, and keep it
well soaked. Never allow the cuttings to wilt from sun-
shine or dryness. Transfer the cuttings when rooted to
2-inch pots, and in Ainil sliin (.. :;-in.li |i..is. plim-in-

therainamiM iL.tiir,!. wli..rH :,>■ il,,- 1 Ilr .ii' M:iy, wiili

one pinching, <\f\ « Ml hnvc !..■.■, ,nir line, l.ii-.li\ |.l:inls.
They need frc.|iH.iii synn-in- in iiiv\.,.ni Mi-.irks ..!' r,..!
i^P"'''''- \Vm. ^cutt and W. M.

LiaUIDAMBAK(a

>f tlio Latin Uquidus,
'■r. tlir name given by
In t'i;if,'rant sap which
' ii'i'irr.f. A genus of
'III knc.wn being the
. n. .Iilli- and southern

cal

head, st;ir-sli:i|i...l rii;i|il.. IlK.. In-li-.n]-. h s.. hrilliailt iiu-

tumnal color, lii.c.p l'unuiv..ci liiifk ;iini -ky hiiik'''!

branches. Its l.ran.lM.-; ai',. ..Ii.ii-I, in |ir..>i.Mrli..ii. aial
slender, giving it. wlicn \.iiiiiL', a ii,.|r|..ivv. |iyranii.ial
head, which liei-onic's, win'ii ..1.1, a iiaiT..«, ..l.liinu-

crown. Its foliage in aiiti usually assmu..-. a .lii.|.

crimson. Its corky hrau.-lu.s. u,.i a \\li..lly siaul

character, add to its iu.'iur..s.|u. u. s,, an. I I. u.i t.. its
interest in winter. In tlu. suuiiurn .st.alt.s, wluru it t'ru
quents river bottoms and is one of the most common
trees, it reaches the height of 80 ft. or more. Farther
north, where it is found on the borders of swamps and
is rarer, it reaches the niaxinnini nf i;o-7(i It. On drier
and higher gruun.l, it v.. mam-, a -maM n. ,-, In .-ultiva-
tion it is of nni.l..ra1. .| .. , I , ■ I I .1. I. : .. in low,
damp placesau.l i.n lii. Ii. I a .t .li.i^'htof

30-40 ft. Bi'MUlilul at . >. , , la... , II- l,...l.|. a.lapis it to

liarti.ularl\ I., -tn.i au.i [.ark planting, untier which
c.inclituins It - II. . . I .K ». II. ( ino of the most valuable

LiniODKNDRON

trees in cultivation in the middle and southern states;
its lack of hardiness farther north forbids its use there.
It is free from insects and diseases, and is said to with-
stand salt air. Its r. in i<~. uil.l.s the liquid storax of
the Orient. It is j-rnpauar. .1 i.\ ^.rds, which should be
stratified as soon a~ ri].. ni,in\ ..f them lying dormant
until the second yiar. it rii|uiris close pruning when
transplanted.

styraciflua, Linn. Sweet Gcm. Bilsted. Star-
i,i: A\ 1.1. or Bed GiM. Alligator Tree. A native tree,
.sii-l III ft. high: lvs. simple, alti-rnat^', generally i-ouuded

inthe'a.vils of tlii- "m mx; |..l...s ti ianL-nlai- ..n ..i., a.-nte;
petioles G-7 in. li.ni.', slrnil.'!-: lis. a].. la|..u-. ln..n.i.ri..us,
in globular li. .a.!-., ll:.. - ' a a: ■ U' 1 . ! I- ■_• .■ ! '..'.in.

in diani.t. . ... :.i . . .. !..a.ls

solitary. 1.. ..;..■.■'. ..... ,i , i , m. in

calyx, liul iiiini. r..u- -lai - iiil.ihii....l -,-. il ! . .Miiall

globular heads which harden in the fruit, having scales
for sepals, 4 rudimentary anthers and 2-cellpd ovaries,
1-2-seeded: capsules 2-beaked at the summit, forming
together a dense spinose head. March-May. Conn, and
southern N. Y. to Pla., 111., Mo. and Mex. G.P. 2:235.
P.O. 3:111. G.C. II. 14:033. Mn. 4:117. Gn. 24, pp. 106,
107 and 38, p. 208.
i.ortcn(d!i«. Mill. (L.imberbis. Ait.). A tree of Asia Minor.
C'iHua and differiliE in that the lvs. are
A. Phelps Wvman.

smooth iu the axils of the \

LIftUOKICE. See Glycyrrhiza.

LIEIODfiNDEON (lirion, lily, and (JcMdron, tree; re-

r-riing to iho shape of the tlowers). Magnoliilcea.
'n ir 'I'uFK \VHn'K\v..or>. Yellow Poplar. Hardy

.11. Ill .1. . I i ir.-c. of pyramidal habit, with af-

I a .1 |.. : I .ilirrlarge lvs. of unusual shapi-,

I I ' i I uish yellow fls. appearing in

rietics areu-sually grafted or budded on seedling stud
rarely prop, by layers. The seeds are sometimes ho
low, especially those grown along the easti-rn limit (
tin- >|...|-i..s. rini. species in N. Anirri.ai fnan l;. I. an

VI. 1.. Wis., ...ulli to Fla.and Miss.; al- uriiii- i

Cllilia. I.x-.\xitll conspicuous dc.'i.l - ail.i.l. , la

dcr spindle. The Liriodendron is one of the noblest
trees lit tbe American forest.

TuIipiJera, Linn. Fi-. VW. Tall ti-f.v t.. l.-.n. rnrely

to 100 ft., with a tni. I i I..|nri in.li.m ,.l I. n .1, . l ilutl?

of branches for a . . . i . i ... Us.

about as broad as I , . an.i

notched apex ami ■ i . ; i . . i. u. i. lt. i-n

above, pale or glai i....:i. i.i.^:: lis. urccn-

ish yellow, markcil ... I. . ■ •''■ .i iL. i.as.-, m-2 in.

long. May, June, s - l I : I , ' ... |:,M,L'7:"). (Ing.
7:259. A.G. 18!l-J:ts.. M n J. i, I ; a. i-. 1 1.'.. (in. 34, p.
42. V. 20:80. -Var, pyramidale, Lav. ( var. (iislUiiHtum,
Hort.). With upright branches, forming a narrow pyr-
amid. Var. integrifdlium, Kirchn. Lvs. rounded at the

LIRIODENDKON

base without lobes. Var. obtusilobum, Pursh. Lvs. with
only one rounded lobe on each side of the base. Thei-e
are also several vars. with variegated lvs., of which var.
adreo-marginitum, Hort. (var. pan<ich(, Hort. ) ,with lvs.
edged yellow, is one of the best. P.S. 19:2025; 20:2081.

LISTERA

Russelliinus. Hook. (Properlv Ensthma Kn
G.Don). Glauc.us: stvui Kiiiiidi-. or with ii f.

branches: lvs. ^i|i]...v|i,., , ,,i.-, ,,\ ,„■ .,\

3-5-nerved : 1 1 -

obovate,spriM<!. : i

spreailum i iih-
brown. H.M. '.KK
51 and ISBl, p. IBi)
This fine plant i

11.4:

K.H. ]S(i;i
W M

— In the middle West, Liriodendron is universally
known as Whitewood To lumbermen in the East it is
known as Poplar and Tulip Poplar

1 difficult to grow in America
m tae tnd woiid it is usually ticated as a cool
greeiili il i t I n,; sown in eailj spimg

toi sun 1 1 loom The writer has

not ^'1 II \ I irs, but in \ lew of the

mi) be usiliil II I t I I I 1 me

fully, and at t\ i i wfli

over watering si I I II

seedlings ale % ei\ i I l! >

are ready foi ti in \\ mti ^ i II cds,

use small pots Wheulaio i l lints w necdid,
place them in a light, any place and give genei
ous bottom heat For soil, use good loam, sand
and well rotted manure p l Harris

LISSOCHILUS ((

11 ik smoort Up)

Orchiil

) I 1 1 IS ^ nils

nt nus about 30 species dis

IS \U\ I sonit

.t tlui.i

ire vtrj handsonit 1 in

1 III

lit t 1

m America, only a siii

1

1 1

The plants are terresi 1

11

near allies bj the dis

1 1 1

the litt r b 111 n n h 1

1

a ditt 1 I t 1 II

11

veini 1 1

11\

thick lit, i 1

1

stout 1 111

1 1

bull 1 1

i

1 Hi

loan i 1 III

l> 1

1 1 1 us

thej 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

11 lltl s

of wmtci tlie\ should bi alljwed to itst and lie ke

Kr^bBii, A Rioh Lvs in tufts on the young

elliptic lanceolnte 8-12 m long scape 2-d ft

ptdij
stems,
high

-Adv IbJj bj 1 itchei «S*. Manda
L giganlius Welw & Reichb f A gigantic oichidwho'se!

L giowninthe

leenhouse thi. vtai i lund

spicata. Lour

IclK ll llll. II ll

(L ninmnnfilii Biker) Lvs all
n lltl obtuse Jnir\(d with a few

I \ It

11 1 1

II (', / 1

tl 1 st linens b stvle columnar

M ts H R 7 503 and L B ( 7 094,

/ / -Vii densiSldra {L <j,a

II III Holt \an Tubeigcn) IS pre

111 1 1 U 1 t

t ,m w M

LISIANTHUS

II II 1

((Treek, smooth flouei ) Gentian&cecr
1 1 plant known to citilogues as Ij

LISTilKAdttii Mirtml

u l\ 11 im

1 1 1

M li

Heinrich

Hasselbbino

t 1 I( 1S(

M 1"

1 ) Oi

clnd
jme

11 hs

t the
pals

ather

1 1 About 10

specie

ted tiuiu each uthei by a considei
lus has about bO species, all tiopical
I only 2 species.

convallanoldes in si n 4 10 in high, with smooth
louiid o\ ll obtuse cusf iil ile 1\ s raceme 2-1 m long
bearing i-12 greenibh jellow lis June-Aiig In woods
Nova Scotia to Alaska and Calif , south to N t
in theMts. B.B. 1:473.

932
cord&ta.

LISTERA

Very slender, 3-10 in. high : Ivs. cordate-
ovate, nuicronate : raceme 1-2 in. long, with 4-20 minute
purplish fls. June-Aug. In moist woods, Nova Scotia
to Alaslsa and Ore., south to N. J. ; Eu. B.B.I: 47,3.
Heineich Hasselbking.
LITHOSPfiKMUM (Greek, rock seed; the seeds like
link- stones). Borragindcea'. This includes a few low-
growing hardy herbaceous perennials of minor impor-
tance. The best known is L.
■oxIralKDi, a rock-garden
ailer, which bears numer-
is leafy spikes of blue fls.,
I'h about ii in. across, from

Colo

Lithospermum canescens (X 3a)

The common Gromwell, Zi. officinale, is rarely cult, as
a medicinal herb. The rest are procurable from dealers
in native plants. Seeds of the Gromwell and the western
species are procurable, and plants of the other kinds.
L. prostratum is said to be prop, only by cuttings of the
previous year's wood; L. multiflorum by cuttings of

.ots. Th,

I.ii

Habii

LITHR^A

of fls. blue or purplish,
ube of corolla densely hairy, thrice
as long as the calyx.
prostritum, Lois. Gentian Blue Gromwell. Sub-
shrub: Iv.s. lanceolate-linear, margin somewhat revolute:
tube of corolla pubescent outside, densely villous at
apex. S. Eu. This is presumably the plant in the trade,
since L. prostratum, Buckl., is a white-fld. annual
pioperly called L. Matamorense. However, L. prostra-
liim, Lois., is referred by Index Kewensis to L. fruti-
fosioH, which see. Gn. 45, p. 135. J. H. III. 32:475.
BB. Habit erect: tube of corolla not hairy.
fruticdsum, Linn. Distinguished as above by DeCau-
(Inlle, and apparently more of a shrub, with the leaf
margins decidedly revolute. S. Eu.— Not cult.

AA. Color of fls. pale yellow, yellow or orange.
B. isizo of fls. small ; tube about as long as the calyx:

roots not red.
V. Inflorescence sparse : throat of corolla crested with
appendages.
officinale, Linn. Gromwell. Much branched, 2-3 ft.
high : Ivs. l.inceolate or ovate-lanceolate, 2 in. or less
long: fls. dull white. Along N. E. roadsides, but natu-
ralized from Eu.

cc. Inflorescence dense: throat of corolla nearly devoid
of appendages.
pildsum, Nutt. Mostly unbranched, 1 ft. high: Ivs.
linear and linear-lanceolate, 2-4 in. long: fls. dull green-
ish yellow, crowded in a leafy thyr.3e. Western N.
Amer.
EB. Size of fls. large, showy: tube of corolla much

longer than the calyx: roots red, long and deep.

( Iloral leaies reduced to Inacfs no longer than the

calyx

multifldrum, Torr Height 1-2 ft Ivs Imear fls.

light jellow, sj.i, iti l„Hk\ Mts toW Tex

re Floiul l,,n,s I, null lonqei than the calyx
D Inhi iif 1,11,11,1 ' ' III,, •, as long as the calyx:

itii^lb of thiuitl hllli if ,il ull jiiojecting or aichmg
E I h neatly uilhout pidKeh glandnUu iing at the
ba!>i naltd
canescens, Lehm Pii(oon, of the Indians Red
Root Indian Paint Fig 1303 Height 9-12 in or
more fl>- orange Plains and open woods, m sandy
soil, upper Canada to Ala , west to Ariz B M 4389
ee FU moitlii pedicelled glandulat itng at base
utthiH biuiing 10 lety hitkute lobes o> teeth
hirtum, Lehm Height 1-2 ft fls bright orange.
I'lue barrens, Mith to Fla and Colo

) Tube nf <
angusti!6huii

,rV,l '-4

T",nll" \ M 'lo

nlifl

T"

', 'ii „i

1 iii.l late
IS pale

M.

. pile
1 Mia in

LITTa:A Sic

Ago

>i

LITHRa;A((li
of small Sonll, \
Benthamand il-
cult, by some ui

r'.T'* Jlon. Phan.'

■|i-:iT

ivith
vol.

1^;,

;i.-lirs of Ifts.

rlii-irea: A genus
1" Rhus, and by
niis. The plant
M,t to be true to
,. while the true

and odd pinnate.

Aroeirinha, M=,
y-12 ft. high: Iv!

irch. (L. molleo)des,
?. of 5 lanceolate Ifts

Engl.). Shrub,
., the rachis and

LITHRiEA

petiole narrow-winged ; Ifts. 2-3 in. long, glabrous,
with small panicles of greenish yellow fls. and almost
white drupes 1-2 lines in diam. Brazil.

J. B. S. Norton.

LITTdNIA (Dr. Samuel Litton, professor of botany
in Koyal Dublin Society). LilUlceie. Littonia and
Gloriosa are called Climbing Lilies. They are tender,
tuberous plants, with glossy, lanceolate Ivs. which curl
at the tips Into tendrils, enabling the plants to reach
6-8 ft. The fls. are 6-parted, but in Littonia the seg-
ments are not reflexed like a Cyclamen, as in Gloriosa.
Pis. nodding, bell-shaped, orange, 1 in. or more across;
segments oblong, acuminate, ij^ in. long: capsule long,
3-celled; seeds scarlet, about the size of a sweet pea,
round, arranged in 2 series. The odd-shaped tubers are
about 1% in. across andmay be planted outdoors in May.
There are 4 species, 1 from Arabia, 1 from S. Africa
and 2 from tropical Africa.

mod£sta, Hook. Lower Ivs. in 3's, upper ones alter-
nate : perianth segments provided with a small oblong
nectary, partially closed by a ciliated scale on each side :
style 3-cut. S.Africa. B.M. 4723. Var. Keitii, Hort., is
an improved form, with larger and more abundant fls.
John Endicott and W. M.

LIVE - FOKEVEE. Sidum TeUphium and other
Hediuns.

LIVEKLEAF. neputica.

LIVERWORT. A general name for a group of cryp-
togamia (flowerless plants), somewhat allied to mosses
an<l known as Hepaticie. Conocephalus and Marchantia
have been offered by dealers in native plants as suitable
for rockwork and bog gardens. Lunularia is a common
weed in greenhouses.

LIVING ROCK. Consult Anhalouium.

LIVISTdNA (Patrick JIurray, Baron of Livistone).
Pahiiitctir. About 14 species of fan palms from tropical
eastern Asia, Malaya and Australia. Trunks usually
tall, stout, ringed below, clothed above with dead leaf-
sheaths: Ivs. spreading, orbicular, plicate, split to the
middle or below; the segments bifid, infolded, naked or
fibrous along the margins ; rachis
.ihort; ligule small, cordate, free; pe-
tiole long, stout, flat or rounded above,
convex below, often spiny along the
margins; sheaths margined with re- _^

ticulate fibers : spadices long, at first . ^

ascending, pendent in fruit, long- "^

peduncled, loosely branched, the ■i^^

branches slender: spathesmany, long, -^

tubular, compressed, sheathing the ^

peduncle, thick, coriaceous, bifid or . .

2-lipped, 2-keeled or ancipital : no "^^Jtg

bracts or bractlets: fls. greenish: fr. ^:^-=== ^*
smooth and shining, oblong-globose or
ellipsoidal, black, blue, yellow or
brown.

From the seven allied genera men-
tioned under Licuala, Livistona is dis-
tinguished by the following charac-
ters: fls. hermaphrodite: carpels of
the ovary globose, distinct or slightly
cohering : styles short, distinct or co-
hering: alliiniir 11 II. .t twisted, broadly
scooped out Mil ilir ventral side:
branches . r tli. .|,:„ii,,.s not bracted
or the luwcr .hhs hi-artcd.

LIVISTONA

933

only one-fourth of the way down : spadices very slender,
the short slender branches protruding from the mouths
of tubular brown sheaths: drupe globose, Ya in. in diam.,
bright red. Polynesia. First described in G.C. III.
23:177. — Nearly related to L. atisfraUs, but more grace-
ful, with smallei flowers and fruit.

BB. Petioles spiny below the middle.
0. Length of spines Hin. or less.

olivaefarmis, Mart. (Corppha Oebdnga, Hort., in part).
Stems medium : Ivs. glabrous ; petiole somewhat 3-
angled; spines retrorse, 1-3 lines long; segments 12-15
in. long, deeply bilobed, the lobes very long, acuminate,
linear, pendent, with or without very short filaments:
fr. olive-sliaped, solitary, or twin and connate to the
middle. Brazil.

CO. Length of spines 1 in. or more.
D. Shape of Ivs. reniform.

Chinfinsis, R. Br. {LatAnin rt,:ri.,'.„;,„ _ TT..rt., not

Lam.). Stem 6 ft.high, more till imi iMny.with

approximate rings: Ivs. man; i ding the

blade, covered to about the iiiiil': ■ i is.- brown

spines, 1 in. or more long; M.ili i.nn.iin, t-C ft. in
diam.; segments linear -lanceolate, long - pendulous,
deeply forked, filiferous, the lower 1-2 ft. long, 1-2 in.
wide, the middle 3 ft. Idng, the lobes acuminate, 4-8 in.
long. China.

DD. Shape of Ivs. orbicular.

rotundUftlia, Mart. ( Uhamarops Blrod, Sieb. C. Byr-
rhli, Hort. ) . Stem 40-50 ft. high, 1-lX ft. in diam., erect
or subflexuous, brownish black, oliscurely ringed; petiole
6 ft., with recuixc.l spims I ',, m. l,,iii; at the base; blade
3-5 ft. in diam.. sul.MrlMiular. ai li iiL'ili somewhat peltate
throughrevcisii.il nf i1m- h<\y~\ \..\..-,; segments 60-90,
connate for one-tliini tinii- iciiLCtli, hitiil to the middle,
the lobes long-acuminute. Java. K.B. 21:110. F.B.
1:301. S.H.2:2B.

BBB. Petioles spiny from base to apex.
E. Segments of the Ivs. free one-third of the way down.

altlssima, ZoU. Lvs. bright shining green, lK-2 ft.
long; segments free one-third of the way down, bifid at
the apex; petiole 2-6 ft., upper part green, brown toward
the base, inclosed in a reddish brown network of woody

^^X^

^^

A. ii-.<. glaucous beneath.
Jenldnsiana, Griff. Lvs. 5-6 ft. broad, reniform, flabel-
late, 70-^0-till, glaucous beneath, the divisions ver\- nar-
row, straight, shortly and obtusely 2 toothed. Assam.
A\. Lvs. not glaucous beneath.
B. Petioles without spines.
Woddfordii, Ridley. Petioles slender, without thorns,
only '4 in. thick : lvs. orbicular, quite thin, 2 ft. long,
18 in. wide, split into very narrow acuminate lobes, the
lower ones free almost to the base, the inner ones split

1305. Livistona humilis.

vith stout black ;

austraiis, Man. < .
40-SU ft.high: l^s. 11,
diam.. divided to or b
plicate, acuminate se;
the apex. Australia. B.M. 6274. Gn. 26, p. 337. V.9:3

anMi.urlncular ;:-4 f t. in

aiddle into 40-50 narrow,
either entire or 2-cleft at

934

LIVISTOXA

Pos

if iit;tjmnnts droopinrf.
o. IViimber of segments 10-12.
Hodgendorpii, Hort. Stem tall, cylindrical, with tri-
angular Ifaf-scars: petiole rounded on the back, 3-5 ft.
long, red-brown at the base, olive-green above: sjiineM
stout, recurved, V/i-i}/, in. apart, 'i-il'.j in. |..ng: Ir.if
suborbicular, 4K-G ft. in dianu; s.^'iii. itt^ |ilir;iii . ,nii. ■
nate, pendulou.s at the apex an. I .'-7 l..i.f ,1. i1m \.,\„-<
acute. Java. I. H. 21:174. F.U. I : 1J7. i in. l'.k |.. :;'.ij.
GO. Numhi-rnf s,;,„i.

than 12

jr.,

• wanting
or very minute or i in. long; petiole much flattened,
with acute edges bordered with small prickles inter-
mixed with larger ones, often J^in. long. N. Australia.
— Fig. 1305 is redrawn from Martins.

BUbglobdsa, Mart. A medium-sized palm : Ivs. gla-
brous, the rays 10-12 in. long, 2-parted nearly to the
base, the lobes linear, very acuminate, pendulous : fr.
subglobose. Java.— Known in Java as "Sedangan."
Jared G. Smith.

This is the most extensively grown genus of fan-
leaved palms in commerciiil linrtimltnre of the present
day, its coramone.st re|iir.i m.ii i , r i,. mt; the well-known
"Chinese Fan Palm,-/,. . lurli is also known

to the trade, and inipr"!. / ' 'i Borbonica. In

general, the members ,,( ih,- . , ,,,i- jre by no means
difficult to grow, though it is will to make some distinc-
tions in culture between such strong-growing and com-
paratively hardy palms asZ. Cfiiiiensis and Zi.australis,
and the mure tender spi-cies from Java and northern
Austr:i:':i. Ill, i.j vl'i.li f . 1,1,111'dis, L. olivmformis and

L. )■".' ■ ■'.:■• - .: ■• : I,

K"i I !■ I'll :i strong loamy soil well

enri.lii i .,,■':, , i,..i ...i^i.; .lyed stable manure, good

draiuii^r, :iii :i .lunl.un r ui. w:iter and a night tempera-
ture of 00" will provide satisfactory conditions for
sturdy growth.

The more tropical species, of which L. rotundifolia is
a good ex-:iiiiple. make better progress in a somewhat
light. 1 ..il Mil .1 hi^'her temperature, C5° to 70° being
more i ! .i "lu than the cool treatment accorded

their- I . :i..s. More shade is also required for

the \v.;i inl, ill . ji III s, in order to retain the rich green

L. (iHslmlls is a more stubby-growing plant tha
Chineiisis, the fan-like leaves are stiffer and less g
ful, and tlio footstalks are more thoroughly armed
stout spines, while tin- le.ives ;ire .-ilso snniller in ftrt

tion to the pl;ini ili.ui i In i-. ..i' /,, r ;,,„.,,,, ., /, , //,„

dorpii and L. ■'■' < ,i ■ , , . mi v

plants, but Him ■ : . i ■ . r ^i

on the footst:,]! ., ,. ;,, .■ ,; . ,,; / /, , ,, , .•,,,^,,

generally Immmm i . 1 1,, i,.,i, ,., ,,i ii,,! h i,,.,ii^- Ii .li\

somewhat undulated, as IIh.iii^Ii iIhv wi le rri.wded on
the stalk. In fact, sni.Tll |. hints ,,| '/,, r.,l,i„,lif„lia are
usually more symmetri.Ml. ;nid also liavr lMii"i.r foot-
^'^"'^- W. H. Taplin.

LL6YDIA (after Edward Lloyd, who found the plant
in Wales). LiUilieir. About 4 species of bulbous plants,
of which L. Ill 111 II, I was sai.l liv Baker to have the widest
distribution ol imy plint in the lily family. Dwarf
plants, with lianl. -ras.v h s. and small, whitish, long-
lasting fls. : perianili (I parted; segments withering and

alplna, Salisb. (i. seriiina. Sweet). Distinguished
from the other species by having an oblique, somewhat
rhizomatous rootstock and glands on the claws of the
perianth se;rnients. Radical Ivs. 2^, linear, convolute:
sieni ii-u.illy l-(l,I.,3-9 in. long: Ivs. 3^, small, linear:
iN. whiti-li. v.llowish purple at its base. Mts. of Wales
Im .sjjriiy. liinialayas, Colorado. -Adv. 1889 by. P. H.

LOASA (South American name). Zoasdcea. '
plants are too much like nettles to deserve cultiv
though their fls. are odd and interesting. The
from their pricks lasts several days. ICa.li of i
hooded petals contains a bunch ot' siann n-. ii,,
treated as half-hardy annuals. (See ,l„„,i,,/,. )
nus of about 50 tropical American Im ihs, ere.-t or
ing: Ivs. alternate or opposite, entire, lolied or d
pound : capsule 3-5-valvecl from the apex, rarely tw
ovary 1-celled; ovules numerous. The allied i
Blumenbachia differs in having capsules whic
longitudinallv 5-10-valved and most frequently sp
twisted.

1306. Loasa tricolor (X %).

A. Sepals as long as petals.

tricolor, Lindl. Fig. 1306. Annual, 2 ft. high: Ivs.

opposite, bipinnatifld, very prickly: sepals as long as

the petals; petals yellow: crown red: filaments white.

Chile. B.R. 8:6B7.

AA. Sepals shorter than petals .
B. Petals yellou-.
hispida, Linn. Annual, IK ft. high: Ivs. alternate,
5 in. long, 3H in. wide, pinnatifid; segments lobed : se-
))als much shorter than the petals: petals yellow, over
1 in. long. June-Aug. Peru. B.M. .30.57. G.C. III.
22:291. Gn. 25, p. 451. -Cult, in pots abroad.

BB. Petals white.
vulcAnica, Andre (i- Wdllisii.'RoTt.). Erect, bushy
annual, 'J-:; It.hi-li: Ivs. .'l-G in. broad, 3-parted; seg-
ments sen.ii. . I :m1i Willi a long stalklet, the lateral
ones often .li\iii..l intM :! ifts. : sepals .shorter than the
petals; jutaN while: eve of fl. of 2 concentric red

B M MIO

yello

LOASA

lots outside fsew Grenada
R H 1894 p 2 J
BB Petals b)ick >(.d
lateritia, Gill Without stinging hairs stein scarcelj-
any Ivs opposite long petioled pmnatisett segmcntb
rotund t i u teh II 1 j p 1 ii 1 s t ti I fl 1 t
min I
thi

LOBELIA

935

Chi

LOBfiLIA (Matthias von Lobel or L Obel 1538-1616
a Hemibh botanist and authoi Latinized Lob hui,)
Jvo?;eZi )cf(C (by some combined with the (^ n j t ncew)
More thin ''00 herbs (or sometimes sul shrubs in the
tropic ) rf -nide h tri) ution m tempente ai i trnpicil

and acute near the top of the stem and mostly sharp

angle t the 1 fls K-K in across on slender pedicels

! 1 t 1 I o -n th a lighter center the cal>x lobes awl

I 1 s long as the corolla tube 3 lower

I I rge and spreading & Afi B M

1 1 f the commonest of all annu il ed^in^

t r p h season effects In oui hot

! jming in midsummer but

ter and occasional cutting

Seeds

iry V
gne 11 1111 lilt 1 \piil£
May lor lis alone rather tl
for edgings the seeds ma-^
started later or e^en sown ii
open ground For d hi t r
m edgings howe\ t

better to start ti i
the fall lift the i t i

^ >^

the

flow

forms

Th

ag

tenler

11

dinaU

s and /

tives

The

res lit

Is or
ly or

pot 1 I

first

sown 1 1 II

The 1 I 1

countrj 1 J t
forms ot L f I
states if given
Washington tl
able to withstai tl

btcolor 1
oardmalis 7
Ca anillei
compacta 1 a
erecta 1 a

Femllei 14

filgens 9

Gerardi 11

glanduloaa 6

A Plant a

INDEX

Goldelse 1 b
Golden Quee

heterophvll i
hybnda 10
Kalmii 5
Kermesma ]
Ia\iflora H
Lindleyana

r nm 4
R\ou 1
speeiosa 1 c
splendens 8
syphilitica 6
temuor 4
tiieolor 1 c
Tupa 14

Nansemana

1 [or so tt eated) Ion and difftiie
gtowmg
B Bea)ds o> I j t iftt, on o ly the tuo lower anthers
1 Erlnus I / II i Hort sometimes not

Labill L \i Ir i bicoloi Sims)

f igs. 1307-b. I' 1 1 nailing annual or per-

ennial, mufh u-'^l !"!■ ^. Limits. Glabrous or slightly
hairy below. 6-12 in. higli: Irs. variable, the lower ones
obtuse and obovate or spatulate and crenate-toothed,
the upper ones oblanceolate or oblong (becoming linear

Lobelia Unnns is exceedingly variable
fall into three groups

(a) I ' J ! I \ r compicta or erficta,

densi T 1 -n close edgings

sub\ The mist popular

beddi The name oe ta

IS oft

slender ^i I i 1 til

blue V ir pilmila Veiydwai:

(b) To; It, on m color of f 1
and GoLi else w ith \ 11 i h
^^ ith 111 I I It t

(O ( '

Tahiti

Ho e pifi

toni^na Light blue with I
\ ai Koyal Purple 1
Large fld light azure 1 I
tricolor Fls blue or pink

3 R H 18'5

I t rms ^^r
LiuUeyana Rnsp

Ith

ots

BB -Btfu r 01 I HIS on all the anthers The three fol

1 wmg species are probably not m tl e ^mii trade

although they are known i I i 1 he

names sometimes otcur 1 it tl I 1 \

represent are prol al ly f ii II 1 iit

the descri] tions will enal le tl I 1 tin

guish whether th*^ species oceui

2 gricihs Andr Afoot rlesshigh slender decum

bent it the base glabious lower Ivs ovate and deeply

cut the upper ones narrower and pinnatihd (becoming

linear and entire at the top of the stem) . fls. M-% m.
across, blue with a whitish ej-e, the middle lower lobe
strongly obovate, the 2 upper lobes small and curved and
usually hairy: fl.-cluster long and open, more or less
1-sided: seed angled, not winged. Austral. B.M. 741.

yob LOBELIA

3. heterophylla. LabiU. JIuch like the last, hut fls.
larger, (the middle lobe nearly 1 in. Ions) and the lower
leaves parted into linear lobes: seed winged. Austral
B.R. 23:20U. P.M. 9:101.

4. tfinuior, R. Br. (L. ramtisa, Beuth.). Erect or as-
c-eniliiiK, 12-18 in., pubescent: lower Ivs. small, mostly
'''"''' ^Ii . i(Ird, the upper Ivs. linear and mostly en-
' ' MI- large, bright blue, borne far apart on

i'licels, the middle lobe much the largest
•" ' '' '^'fd smooth and shining, compressed.

Au.-.ii.a. V..i\..MSi{&sZ.heterop%yna). B.2:9:i. R.H.
18oU:281. G.C. IL 15:105.

AA. Plant perennial [rarely biennial), usually tall

or strict-growing.

B. Corolla very unequally bilabiate orS-lipped, iJie

lower bp S-lobed and deflexed, the tipper lip verii

small. ' •'

c. Species: fls. blue {sometimes varying to white).

5. Kilmii, Linn. A .slender perennial (sometimes bi-
high, glabrous, branched: Ivs. nar-

mostlv

seeds little tnberculate. Wet pla

;), very light blue, i
liicels. On wet banks

11 N. states: propagat-
by dealers in nativ

a long, loose riiciin- on n
and slopes and 111.1 1 :i, >
ing by offsets. i:.M. j_
plants. Useful ti.i- 1,..,- ^,

C. syphilitica, Linn. Strong, weedy herb, 2-3 ft., gla-
brous or nearly so, mostly .simple: Ivs. thin, oblong-
oval to lanceolate, attenuate to the apex but the point
mostly blunt, small-dentate or crenate-denticulate, nar-
rowed mto a very short petiole : fls. about 1 in. long in a
long, wand-like, racemose spike, blue or purplish, the
tube about % m. long ; calyx hairy and enlarging in
fruit, the lance-acuminate
lobes conspicuous, and bear-
ing auricles in the sinuses.
Moist places, E. states.
B.R. 7:537; 32: G (as i.
glandulosa). Mn. 7:61.—
Var. 41ba, Hort., has nearly
white fls. Interesting plant
■for bog gardens and moist
borders. In dry soils it will
grow, but with less vigor,
oc. Species: flowers in
sliadcs of red (or yellow
<!,■ very rarely white}.
7. cardinilis, Linn. Car-
DiNAi, Fliiwek. Indian
Pink. Fig. i:j09. Straight-
growing) glabrous or very
nearly so, 2-4 ft. tall, usually
unbranched : Ivs. narrow,
varying from oblong-ovate
to lanceolate, tapering both
ways, the petiole verv short
or none, margin irregularly
serrate: fls. bright intense
cardinal (rarely varying to
white), the tube 1 in. long,
the 3 lower lobes very nar-
row, the fls. borne in a long
raoeniose spike in which the

lll-illlS|.hi-nr;,|, tllO

liuch shorter than the
long-linear lobes: seeds dis-
tinctly tuberculate. Wet
places, as in swales, eastern
N. Amer. B.M. 320. G.W.
1309. Lobelia cardinalis. F. 4] . - One of the most
1.x 'A.) Khowy of all native flowers,

. ^ , . , , ""'1 worthy of cult, in any

moist border. It has l.c<.n long in cultivation, but has
probably given no important horticultural forms.

8. splfindens, Willd. Like L. cardinalis, but more
slender, the Ivs. narrower and glandular denticulate.

9. fiilgens, Willd. [L. formdsa, Hort. L. cardinAlis
Hort. , in part) . Very like the last, but fls. larger, deeper
nvl and more showy, the 3 lobes of the lower lip broa<ler:
plant mostly pubescent (at least the foliage), and varil
ously tinged or spotted with brown or bronze: bracts
more leafy. Mex. B.M. 4002 (as i. «pZeHf7en.s, var. a^ro-
sanguinea).-XMng in cult, and a most desirable plant.
Not hardy witbr.m |.i-ot.-,-tioi, in the N. It has given rise
to many Iioril.-iilim M r„,,,,,. sump
of whic"h \u- - \ , ria-i are

onlv

sangmuea iu>,l,.,i,l, I,. Iuuk-s to this
species. The rui^unt L. cardinalis
iVranse«i(ni(i,a purple-carmine sort,
is probably L. fulgens. In Europe,
this Lobelia is one of the popular
bedding plants, but it has never
gained popularity in Amer. In this
country it is usually grown in pots
and treated as a conservatory sub-
ject.

ceo. Species - hybrids or deriva-
tives: fls. mostly in shades
of red, pink or purple.
10. hjbrida, Hort. The hybrid
Lobelias are mostly of French ori-
gin, and they are little known in
the Amer. trade, although they are
occasionally imported by amateurs.
It is doubtful if they will endure
the winters of the northern states,
although they make excellent pot
subjects for blooming in the sum-
mer border. They may also be
planted in the open and lifted on
the approach of winter: or new stock
can be raised from divisions of
the old plants, or from offsets, or from seeds. Many of
these hybrids are most showy, and they should be bet-
— " -•■ probable th.it thpv are de-

ter known in

said to
ind£.
syphi-
these
r pur-
n coUec

rived chiefly from L. fiihn
come largely from /,.
cardinalis are confn-. •.
litica has also, api^Ni. .
hybrid derivatives, |Kn i i.ii

pie colors These hybrids „ _._

tively as £,. hi/brida and £,. perennis hybrida. Two re
cent forms deserve separate mention :

11. Gerirdi, Hort. Tlahitot Z. fulgens or L.cardinalis:
Ivs. lanceolate or lance-oblong, glabrous, denticulate:
fls. in a heavy terminal spike or raceme, rich violet,
lA in. or more long. Obtained by Chabanne and Gou-
jon of the Botanic Garden of Lvons, and introduced to
the trade in 1895 by Rivoire PJre et Fils, Lyons. The
hispid calyx suggests £. «,/p;i»i7Jca. R.B.22, p ll'
I.H. 42, p. 2G8.- It varies into rose-color (var. Lugdu-
nSnsis) and into coral-red, violet-purple, and the like.
Ihe pistillate parent was a form of Z. syphilitica and
t^lie stammate parent was the "Queen Victoria" form of
Jy. fulgens. The plant was named for M. Gerard, direc-
tor of the botanical collection at Lyons.

12. Klvdirei, Hort. (Fig. 1310), comprises still more
If^loL 'yP';\'''t'' ^•'■•y large rose or pink fls. Gn.
5(,:1238, which plate represents several derivative Lo-
belias. G.C. 111.24:233.

BB. Corolla somewhat equally S-Upped. the lower lip
only notched, the upper one ^-parted.

13. Iaxifl6ra, HBK. (L. Cnvanlllesii, Mart. Sypho-
cdmpylus bicolor, Don). Tall, branching herb or sub-
shrub, with thinly hairy stems: Ivs. lanceolate or ovate-
lanceolate, acuminate, sharp-denticulate: fls. nodding,
on long, axillary pedicels, IJ^in. long, cylindrical, the
stamens projecting from the side, red and yellow, pu-
bescent. Mex. B.M. 3G0O. G.C. III. 1:585. -An old
plant requiring cool greenhouse culture, or thriving in
the open in pots. It may also be planted out like i.
fulgens.

LOBELIA

BBB. Corolla with all the lobes united hij the tips into
one lip.
14. Tdpa, Linn. {Tiipa mont&na, Hort. Z. Feuillei,
Don). Very strong herb or subshrub (4-7 ft. tall),
erect and mostly simple: Ivs. oblong-oval, mostly acu-
minate, rugose, tomentose, denticulate: fls. in a long,
terminal raceme, blood-red, 2 in. long, the hooded lip
curving downwards and the column of stamens ascend-
ing ctl^i lobes short Chile B M 2550 R H 1898
p 189 —Cool gieenbouse hardv m southern states with
protection

L amaena ^Ilch^L AI i but the calyx

plain and not hispid N( Ihunb Peien

mal \ lue ti 1 with some nge 1 stem S

Afr BM '2 - I I 1 111' ihMl-

L coronoptfol T itifld

long scapes *^ \ i«

Lmn WvterT with

Ivs radicil an 1 iPf

U'sefid iraonE t 1 1 i i 0(1^1

hybiid toim (t L ime t i \ L i

flata Linn Indian T i "^ 4mer with

ovite pubescent denti il IsmiUllieoi

whitish fls heil ige ^e! il> i ilomesti

remedy -i iK^nKrfa Bel U V U \i v with ridicil
lyrite hs and smill pile bhio lU uu lou„ pedicels & C 111

2 304 L H B

LOBLOLLY BAY Gordonia Lasianthus

L0CH£BIA (probably a personal name). Comprises
a few species, which are now referred to Achimenes.
In the trade are 2 species, i. heieroplii/lla, Oerst. , or
L. i(/ni?scens, Klotzsch (see Achimenes heterophylla,
p. 18), and L. hirsiita, Kegel (see Achimenes hirsuta,
DC, p. 18, suppl. list).

LOCO WEED. See Astragalus.

LOCUST, Common Locust is Robinia Pseudaracia.
Honey l,.=Gleditschia triacanthos. Swamp or Water
L.=(?. aquatica.

LODEMAN, ERNEST GUSTAVUS (Plate X), horti-
cultural iiivi-stifratni- and writf r, was born in Neufchatel,
Switzerland, Jlav ::, IsHT, ami ilied Dec. 2, 1896, when
connected with CMnull rnivcrsity, Ithaca, N. Y. His
parents came t.. Ainni.a when he was two years old,
his father becmiiiiiu'. in 1.^7ii, j.rofessor of modern lan-
guages in the Sialc Nurmal S<-liool of Michigan. The
son entered the Aiiricnltural (_'olles;e of Miehinan, where
he graduated in 1889. It was in this iiistitutiuii that the
writer made his acquaintance. M-Hlr-i rntd iMiking in
self-assertion, he needed encoura^rmriii an.l stimulus
to make a strong investigator and t. arln-r. In a real
estate venture in Florida, before his entering the Agri-
cultural College, he became interested in agricultural
problems and resolved to devote his life to them. In
1890 he undertook work as private assistant to the writer ;
and from this he became assistant and instructor in Cor-
nell University. In the extension work amongst New
York farmers he had charge of the investigations on
grapes and strawberries. He was the originator of the
spray-calendar idea. In 1896 he published "The Spray-
ing of Plants," which is yet the fnll.st lu-.-siniation of
the subject. This was prepareil aliira in<i-i tlinrough
traversing of the subject, both a- auilpii- -umI i-xperi-
menter, including a visit to EnrMjM^ f.ir the jMirpose of
tracing the French hist.. 1 1 ..iiL. iip.-t. He was au
accomplished scholar, ^i '' ■ .an and French

with fluency and poss.-- i. i- knowledge of

other languages. His .■:iii, .i. i; , .i|. rived American
horticulture of a proniisni:: Ifa.I.i. l^ jj_ g_

LODOlCEA. The d..ulik- f.)<...aiuit ..r coco de mer, as
L. Serh,'ll,inim (i.ro|„.rly L. Cfi I li iu},i,'. Comra.) has
been tenned, is ..np ..f ti..- ■.■ia.it- ani.mg palms, its

straight and si]i...,th ti uni ; r. -.ir^ ..■aching aheight

of 100 feet, an.l it is al-.. ,, before its full

growth is attain.-. I. 'I'li. . : I. ..a are probably

the largest known, tl... iii.li i.lnal iiuis being said to
■weigh sometimes 40 pounds, thouyli the largest seen by
the writer weighed about 15 lbs., and bore some resem-
blance to a malformed cocoanut. The formation of such

LOGANBERRY

937

gigantic seeds requires a considerable period of time,
and from the time of flowering to the full maturity of
the seeds is said to cover a period of nearly ten years.
The germination of such seeds is not an easy process,
requiring much room and strong heat, the radicle being
correspondingly large and running down for 3 ft. or
more before the top growth begins. These first steps
in the life of Lodoicea develop some v.ry t.-ii.l.-r j.ro-
cesses Young plants of this palm re [U^i ■. tr .m ■ ■uul
moist heat, and a consider ible am ui t 1 ii

combination with a light but in li jii ) | 1

to their needs Seeds som t i i

minate They ire not ad^eltl 1 i I it

ha\e been sold as cunositi 1 \

Their germination is a gieit i I 11 1 I i

ne-ier grown to any consideial le height a lhe\ it i me
too mill h care and room Seed G II 2b Ibl 111 4 732,
8 417 F S 5 523 w H Taplin

anist)

nth

Fl

a dozen species It i I it i ill tl i] i sis

section of (rilii m hai It Us in\ hi i ite i involu el
late both bracts and cal\x -nhollj or putly scarious,
corolla funnelform eithei regular or one oi two sinuses
deeper seeds winged or mil gined the surface becom
ing rauciHi-in us w hen wetted Suffruticose rirelj an
nual, with si.iiiul..s.--t....tlied Ivs."

L. coccinea, Ii..n, is a handsome coolhouse plant with
brilliant rosi--n-.lt 111. ular-tiairapet-shapedfls.an inch long
in terminal fascicU-s or c-.jiiiponnd braided racemes, with
stamens and 3-lobed stigma i-xsi-rti-d : ]vs. small and
stiflish, oval or cuneate-oval, sharply an.l often spinu-
lose dentate, grayish green: plant siri.t. pubescent,
woody, perennial. Winter bli.onnr. It .1... s nut ajipear
in Ariier. trade lists. L. tenuifdlia, Grav, and L. eiiiisa,
Gray, of S. Calif., are phlox-like ). hints ..i1,-n .1 l.y Or-
cutt, in 1891. The former. Gray siil.s,-.|ii. ntlv i.l.-rn-d
to Gitia tenuifbliu. Gray, and the latter t.. (,i/i.i Jhiiimi,
Kellogg. L. H. B.

LOGANBERRY. The Loganberry is a valuable hybrid
produced at Santa Cruz, California, in 1881, by Judge
J. H. Logan, from a seed of the Aughinbaugh black-
berry, accidentally fertilized from an adjacent rasp-
berry, supposed to be the old Red Antwerp. The Augh-
inbaugh is a pistillate variety of Biibiis vitifolius, the
extremely variable wild blackberry "f California, and
was a chance seedling fonii.l !■■ i. .il. ili. ..aks of Ala-
meda, about 1860. It is a sii > i ., .lark green
vine of the dewberry typ.-. i : : ..t the true
wild blackberry flavor. Tin- I ...lj .m.. 1 1 > unit has many
characteristics of both parents. It is a nch, dark red
color when ripe, and sometimes is au inch and a quarter
in length. The plant has been widely disseminated
throughout the United States and Europe since 1893,
when the California Experiment Station, after five years'
testing, first distributed stock. G.F. 7:466.

The Loganberry is propagated from stolons developed
in the autumn at the end of the canes, or from single-
eye hardwood cuttini^s. Seedlings are especially unre-
liable. Plants sill. ul. I I..- i.aiM..I 1 1 a wtill or tr.-IIis,

yielded four gallmi- -t i r
protection is given, the t
parts of New England ami
to Bulletin 45 of the Rho.
and Bulletin 147 of the Nr
The value of tli.-- hmr,
wherevi-r it i- -......■■...■, k i

but its v;i!.h' :i- ■, .,,,..,,..

determiii.'i i ■■ ■ ■!■!

Chas. H. Shinn.
-In the East the Logan-

LOGANBERRY

iug. Few persons like the liavor of the fresh fruit. It
now seems unlikely that the Loganberry will ever become
prominent in the East. fked W. Card.

LOISELECKIA (after J. C. A. Loiseleur-Deslong-
champs, physician and botanist in Paris, 1744-1849).
Syn., Cham'teledon, Chamwcinlus. £ric&ceie. Procum-
bent hardy evergreen shrub with very small, mostly op-
posite, closely set, entire Ivs., and with small, usually
rose-colored fls. in terminal, few-fld. umbels. Well
adapted for rookeries, forming depressed tufts, but not
easy to grow and rarely eult. It grows best in a sunny

or partly -li:"li 'i |"'~il m :i |'"r"ii-. p. ;>l> :in<i -iindy

soil, win. ■!, , ■.,, ..I ,::■,. .; ■, ,1 ••..'I i,i;i: i.i, li r-

ate suii)'!' ■■ '• I 'I . . '. .1 !.--.■

of Azal.-anr-,i ,.„M,,,^-. :,ll n|M. M-.lv. ,,,,.1. ,■,■]:, -^.

Only one spe,-,,., ,n li.e sul.areCl.- leKL.ns ami i.lyh U.is.

of the northern hemisphere, formerly included under
Azalea, but more closely allied to Kalmia: corolla
broadly campanulate, 5-cleft; stamens 5: capsule 2-3-
celled.

procumbena, Desv. {Azilea procAmbens , Linn.). Only
a few inches high, quite glabrous: Ivs. petioled, oval
to narrow oblong, revolute at the margin, about H in.
long; fls. 1-.5 on rather short pedicels, pink or whitLsh,
about one-fifth in. across. July, Aug. L.B.C. 8:702.

ALFRED REHDEK.

Gramlnem. Dar-
i... i. s of the Old
I in the eastern
. ^ of the same
I i.al.Iy the first
ii liritain, and is
It, wliere it is said
f iiiiiiortance that
;. Jj. temuUntum,

LOLITJM (the ancient Latin

NEL. KtE-Grass. Th.-liiili - ;i

World grasses, 1^ . ! '.

states and 2 ar.. i

region. Perennial U . — i,-

pasture grass to Ijb culm ..i. .

grown there yet to a cousiibra

to occupy the same relativi- p

Timothy does here. A wi.| .1

is supposed to be the "tarts " ot Srrii-ture. It is the

liariH'l, aliliou^'h that name is sometimes, but perhaps

'■rr ...1-1., :i].plir.l to other species. Spikelets sev-

iril II, I . .. - il. . ami placed edgewise on opposite
siil.-^ .•! a , I- .a- a\is. forming a narrow spike. Our 2
cult. s|i...i. - ai.. s|,,, It-lived perennials or the second
scarcely mor.. iliati ati annual, not to be recommended
for periJiaTi. Ill |.a-inr, or lawn, but are frequently em-
ployed for liay or annual pasture. They are successful
only in the moist regions of the eastern states. Seed
sown in autumn or early spring, 25 to 30 pounds to the
acre.

perSnne, Linn. Perennial Rye-grass. One to 3 ft.
high, with flat, shining Ivs. and a slender spike, 4-10 in.
long; spikelets 8-16-fld., awnless or only short awned.

Itilioum, A. Br. Italian Rye-grass. Considered by
many as a variety of the preceding. Differs chiefly in
having longer awns to the florets. ^ g_ Hitchcock.

LOMAEIA (Greek. Lomit; a forage). Pohtporlirlreir.
A genus of rather coarse ferns occnsionnllv witli a sliort
caudex, allied to Blechnum. 8iai ■.itih ..i m Im.s.

parallel with the midrib, and oc<nii' .1 'i. .n

tire space between the midrib ami . ,. i , , . : ili.-
leaf. Lvs.of 2 sorts. Some ,3.5 speeii ^ m . kn..,. n. In-, ly
from the southern hemisphere. l. ji. Underwood. '

Lomaria gibba is one of the most distinct and sym-
metrical ferns in cultivation. It includes several val-

bi.antiful ami L-ra.-cIn I . In tlnir \oniiL,' state Lomarias

"'■■'^'- -'""' I'l'ini- lot- tal.l.. .1. f,iti..iis. principally as

(M'lit.i' |.ii.... s, 1,111 alin- tliry hi'i^iii to l..fin a stem or

mens. Var. intermedia is somewhat coarser than L.
gibba and of more erect habit. Var. crispa differs only
in the pinnffi being more or less crested and wrinkled.

LO.MARIA

It does not grow quite as fast or as strong as either L.
i/iljhii or var. iHtermedia. There are several other va-
li.ii. - . r less commercial value.

I' - it ion is entirely from spores, which are pro-
! !. . ly on the second or third course of fronds.

I j r.s must be treated much like other fern

i . I |. v «bonld be sown or laid upon very fine

1" Ml : .1 lit., l.af-mold with a good portion of very

tin. Ill shallow pans, boxes or flats, and

ki |.! I I ilose atmosphere, well shaded from

tin- -nil. \ I iiip. rature of 75° to 80° is best suited to
them. Tlie pans or boxes should be covered with a
pane of glass, and this must be removed at intervals in
order to keep the germinating spores from damping-off.
After the young plants are large enough to be handled
with the assistance of a small stick, they may be pricked
off and transferred into fresh soil of the same quality,
with perhaps a little loam mixed in and again placed in
a congenial, warm, moist place in the propagating- or
Avarmliniise, and again covered with glass. Give air and
V. 111111111.111 to keep them from being attacked by fun-
L'li- A It. r producing the first two upright fronds, they
may 1.. put into thumb-pots. The soil now should be
on.- hall' loam and one-half peaty or leaf -mold soil, with
plenty of sharp sand. Ample drainage must be afforded,
and the plants kept in a temperature of not less than
60° to 65°.

The Lomarias, above all other ferns, must never be
allowed to get thoroughly dry. They love abundance of
water. Under proper treatment, they will soon make
fine specimens. When the plants are of good size, they
may be grown into miniature tree ferns, and as they
make quantities of roots and soon get pot-bound, they
can be reduced and root-pruned and put back into
smaller pots. With gentle bottom heat, they soon make
a new set of roots and new crowns or tops. When
thoroughly established in this shape, they make fine
decorative plants. Lomarias should never be exposed
to the full sun. Henry A. Siebbecht.

A. Plant with a distinct caudex or trunk.
B. Lvs. 6-12 in. long.

ciliita, Moore. Caudex 6 in. high, 1^ in. thick: stipes
blackish: Ivs. 8-12 in. long, the upper pinnae with a
rounded auricle at the lower side of the base; fertile
lvs. narrow-linear. New Caledonia.

lanceold.ta, Spreng. Caudex elongate, densely clothed
with dark brown scales: lvs. 6-12 in. long, 2-4 in. wide,
with close, slightly falcate pinnae; texture leathery;
fertile pinnae linear spreading. Australia and Polynesia.

BB. Lvs. iy,-S ft. long.
c. Lower pinnm cinn'chJ 'if l>as''.

discolor, Willd. Caudex asirmliim- : stipes black,
glossy, with dense scales at Las,.; lvs. ]'..-:; ft. long,
4-6 in. wide, with pinnae narrowed smMrnly toward the
point: fertile pinna narrower and shorter. Australia
and New Zealand.

gribba, Labill. Caudex 2-3 ft. high : stipes short, with
black scales: Ivs. 2-3 ft. long, 6 in. wide; fertile pinna
narrower, 4-6 in. long. -Var. plat^ptera, is advertised.
L. intermedia, Hort., may be derived from this species.
New Caledonia.

Lower pinnce i

■ bast and distill

Boryana, Willd. Caudex stout, erect, 1-2 ft. hitrh,

w 1. . .Inisely scaly: lvs. lK-2 ft. long, 6-8 in. wide.

iiai i-.uvi-.l and sometimes auricled at base; fertile pinnae
narrow-liuear, close. West Indies to Patagonia, Mauri-
tius and S. Africa. — Probably includes 2 or 3 species,
among them Z/. zamioefolia, Hort.

AA. Plant with a .^tout, short, creeping rhizome.
Sploant, Desv. Sterile Ivs. lanceolate, 6-9 in. long,
1-1^^ in. wide, gradually narrowed below; fertile lvs.
1 ft. long, with longer stalks (6-9 in.) and narrowly lin-
ear pinnae. Eu., western N. Amer. — The large Cali-
fornian form with Ivs. 2-3 ft. long is possibly a distinct
species. The European plant was early called Struthi-
opteris spicant by Scopoli, by which name it is now cited

as the p:irliest generic name. Hardy; needs deepest
shade.

Nippdnica, Kunze. Lvs. l.VJO in. Una:. al>ni(itlv
pointed at tlie apex, tli'- 1 > < i 'i i i >ii _■ d i ('1 i*
duced and strikingly sun III i

Ivs. with pinnae >^ in. 1 1 ■

forming a wing to the rarli I- imi i i i i .1 niiii. \ >■■ In
structures, tough, persistent, !:^ullll•tnlil■^ reti-rn-d to
the last species. Japan. l. m. Underwood.

LOMARIOPSIS. Consult Acrosiiclium surbifiiUiim.

LOMATOPHtLLUM is a genus of the lily family
with :i-.5 species in the Mascarene Islands. They have
the haliit and pi-rianth of Aloe, but differ in the red-
margini '1 '■ i-i - I'l' tr a berry. They are fleshy sub-
shrubs ^■ 'ii I . ■! '1 'Mihte fls. and introrse anthers as
in Saii-i I ]n having declined hypogynous

stamens I 1 ul<-s in a cell, whereas Sanseviera

has eriM I .1 11. n . it. d on the throat of the tube and

solitary ovules. Not cult.

LONAS (possibly a recombination of some of the let-
ters of Sautolina). Compdsitm. This includes an unim-
portant, hardy, yellow-flowered "everlasting" known to
the trade as the African Daisy or AfJi(inasiu annua.
The heads are about three-eighths of an inch across, and
composed entirely of disk fls. There are 14 or more
heads in the largest corymb, which may be 2 in. across.
This plant was removed from Athanasia largely because
it is an annual herb, while the Athanasias are shrub.s
or subshrubs. A more fundamental reason for giving
this plant a separate genus is that it has a cup-shaped
pappus, while in Athanasia the pappus is absent or con-
sists of small, rather bristly chafC or else of hyaline
hairs.

inoddra, frportn. ( AfhntiHsia annua, Linn.). African
Daisy. Fl.sliy. iM-ani'hing, 1 ft. high: Ivs. alternate,
pinnatiti.l. t In- ili\ iMmis linear, entire, remote: corymbs
dense: s,., ,|, r, iil,i,. .1. not hairy. Mediterranean region.

.M.

2S1.

LONDON PURPLE. See Insecticides.

LONGWORTH, NICHOLAS (1783-1863) has been
called the "father of American grape culture." Plate X.
He was born in Newark, N. J. He early went to Cin-
cinnati, then in the young and growing West, and en-
gaged in banking and other business. He early became
interested in agricultural :it"i;r , nri! ] .ntioularly in the
grape. From John Adhiin ! < <-• - ' . ! I'lr C:itawba, and
became the means of lii.i mwing a com-

mercial success in the < Him ,,,:> . ii was a leader in
the company of hortK uhiaal >.; n- and writers
which made Cincinnati famous in ili.' niidiUe of tlie
century. Longworth was one of tlir lii-r in pi r.-.ive
that many strawberries are infertili with tin m-ilvis,
and to suggest the planting of polliiii/crs, althoii^-li the
imperfect nature of the strawberry blossom had been
known long before his time. He also introduced the
Ohio Everbearing raspberry, the first improved variety
of Bitbus occidentalis Longworth was a pioneer of
horticulture m the expandmg West, and, more than that,
he was a guiding spirit m horticultural affairs of na
tional impoitance In 18i6 he published a pamphle

"The Culti\ation of the Gripe

Als,

at 74 ye

rs of age

11 U I
Loiij:n<iii
L H B

LONlCERA (after Adam Lonicer or Lonitzer, a (Ger-
man physician and naturalist, 1.528-158(i). Including
Caprifdiium, XyUstenm, Ninlfia and Cliamrpci'rasiis.
Caprifolidcece. Honetsucki.e. Ornamental deciduous,
rarely evergreen, shrubs of upright or climbing habit,
with opposite, entire Ivs. and tubular, mostly 2-lipped
fls. of white, yellow, pink, scarlet or purple color, often
fragrant, appearing in axillary pairs or in terminal

LOXICERA V6i)

spikes or clusters ; the red, yellow, blue or black ber-
ries are in many species very decorative. The Upright
or Bush Houevsuckles are verv ^ alual.le lor shrub-

tniii- .1.1 L .1/11., • .ilpiyei,

rliriisaiilha. Loin. 1 i 1 ■ I li 1 1 1 in ihn.. 1 m __'iiod gard
soil, and prefer mostly sunny ]'ositioii, but L. aliai
nigra, Ledebouri, liispida and Xylostenm grow as w
or better in partly shaded situations. Pruning may
done during winter except in the early-flowering specii

1311. Fly Honeysuckle. Lonicera ciliata.

like L. Standislii, fraqrantissima, gracilipes and liis-
pida. The Climbing Honeysuckles are well adapted for
covering walls arbors ami other trelliswork* they have
mostly hill I I II sweet scented fls , but are

Manufacture of the base

be

ception of L
unsightly at
with other

rhmhfls lik vi ij fi i s,s A.kebia (1 i Tl 11

1 I I \i their b«aut} to the best i I

1 111 iinble over shrubs and sm I t

til I I ntolium group are mosth li 1

L\ f\ ti n of the southern European | /

piliila while of the Nmtoa group i J j 1 'is li irdj
North at least in a sheltered position this species
makes also a very handsome ground co\ ei and like i
Peril-! ijtnenu.ni, grows well in shade, but the others
prefer sunny positions. Prop, by seeds sown in fall or
stratified and by cuttings of ripened wood ; also by
green-wood cuttings under glass in summer, buti. Cap-
rifolinm. sempervirens and allied species grow less
readily in this way. L. spinosa is sometimes grafted
high on stems of L. Tatarica, thus forming a small
weeping tree. About 140 species throughout the north-

940

LONICERA

ern hemisphere, more than 60 of which, besides many
hybrids, are in cultivation. Lvs. sometimes sinuately
lobed, in a few species with distinct stipules, mostly
deciduous : fls. in axillary peduncled pairs or in sessile
whorls at the end of the branches; calvx 5-toothed;
corolla with short or slender, often gibbous tube, 2-
lipped or almost equally 5-lobed ; stamens 5: ovary in-
ferior, usually 2-3-celled : berry few- to many-seeded.

Chi.

,1«.

eiliosa, 35.
caerulea, 6.
dioica, 33.
Douglasi, 32.
Etrusea, 23, 25.
flava, 28, 30.
Hava nova, 36.
tlaveacens, 3.
flexuosa, 19.
floribnnda, 18.
Fraaeri, 28.
fragrantissima, 11.
fuchsloides, 38.
eigantea, 23.
glauca, 33.
glaiicescens, 32.

K.'ilk.Miii, 19.
Heckrotti, 24.
Hildebrandiana, 21.
hirsuta, 34.
hispida, 5.
hispidula, 32.
implexa, 27.
intermedia, 4.
involucrata, 3.
Italica, 25.
Japonica, 10.
Karelini, 6.
latifolia, 17.
Ledebouri, 4.
longiflora. 20.
Magnevillea, 36.

perfuliat
Phylomi

■\toVi:

17.

Morrowi, 15.
Niaguarilli, 11.
oblongifolia, 9,
occidentalis, .'""
orientalis, 13.
pallida, 26.

35.

reticulata atirea, 19.
rubeUa, 25.
rubiflora, 17.
nipicola, 2.
Ruprechtiana, 16.
semperflorens, 22,

36.
serotina. 22.
Sibirica, 17.
Sinensis, 10.
speciosa. 17, 36.
spinosa, 1.
splendena, 17.
Standlshi, 10.
Sullivanti, 29.
Tatarica, 17.
vadllans, 34.
villosa, 6.
Xylosteum, 14.

A. Rabit upright: fls. in pairs, rarely solitary.
B. Fls. with almost regular 5-lobed limb.
0. Corolla not gibbous at the base: low shrubs, with
slender, recurving or prostrate branches and
small lvs.

1. spindsa, Jacq. {L. Albertii, Kegel). Shrub, to 2 ft.,
with slender branches; rigid and spiny in high alpine
regions, glabrous; lvs. linear or linear-lanceolate, some-
times with 2-4 teeth at the base, glaucous or bluish
green, }^-lKin. long: fls. on slender, erect peduncles
rosy pink, fragrant, with slender tube ; stamens ex-
serted. May, June. Turkestan, Himal. (it. 30:1065.

2. ruplcola. Hook. f. & Thorns Low and almost
prostrate: lvs. often in 3's, oblong to oblong-ovate,
glabrous or tomentose beneath, about K in. long- fls
short-peduncled, light pink, with short tube; stamens
and style included. June, July. China, Himal.

CO. Corolla more or less gibbous: erect shrubs: lvs.

larger.

D. Bracts at the base of fls. large, ovate or cordate.

E. Colnr of fJx. yrllnif Or scarlet.

3. involucrata, B.nks ,/.. /7„r,-,,f„.,, Dipp.). Shrub,
to J tt., with upii;;lii 1, 11,11. Ij,.^, glabrous or somewhat
pubescent: Iv.s. ,-lli|,ti,-,,vat,. to oblong-lauceolafu,
bright green, thin, slightly pubosciit In i„.;,tl, when
young, 2-5 in. long: fls. erect, loni; |,. .In,,. I, ,i ...n.Ha
yellowish or slightly tinged red, vis.,. I. |.,il., -,,.,, t with
short erect lobes, about X in. lonK: I., iri. , l.l ,..k Shin-
ing, almost enclosed bv fh,- ,-i,I;iiLri..i |.,ii|.l, I,, L.fh.ts
May-July. Ontnri.. I.. \l,-,sk;, v,,,,tl, t.. It-,!, •,i,.l C-ilif'
B.B. 14:1179. B.H. :;:_'1L'. ' ■ ■ < l.

4. ledeboilri, Esi.l,s,-li,( L.;,,/, nii,',li,i. Kcll..--!. Simi-
l.nr tn the f.jriiicr, iiut more vigorous, branches some-
times s„rii,eiit.,se, to 15 ft. long: lvs. of firmer texture,
<lark -rein ,il."ve, pube.scent beneath: fls. more salver-
shape,!. Kith r.miKled, spreading lobes, scarlet-red out-
sii e. ;4 111. h,ng; stamens shorter than lobes. Mav-
July. (':Uit. lit. 2:04. R.H. 1843:373. -Much hand-
somer than the former, but more tender.

LONICERA
EE. Color of fls. while.
5. hispida. Pall. Shrub, with spreading branches,
bristly-hispid: winter-buds large, 2-valved- lvs obo-
vate to oblong, ciliate and hirsute, at least when young,
sometimes glaucous beneath, VA-214 in. long- fls nod-
ding, white, salver-shaped, hisid, 1-1^ in. long: bract-
lets none: fr. oblong, bright red. April, Mav. Altai
Himalayas. -Distinct and handsome with its rather
large white flowers.

DD. Bracts small and narrow.
C. CBBnilea, Linn. Much-branched erect or spreading
sliruu, to ,i ft., with glabrous or pubescent branchlets:
ivs. otten stipulate oval or obovate to oblong-lanceolate,
puhesceiit or almost glabrous, pale or glaucous green,
1-- In. ong: fls short-peduncled, yellowish or greenish
white, ,1,-K in. long: fr. blue, bloomy; berries connate
only at the base, but wholly covered by the connate
bractlets and hence seemingly connate. April, May N
Lu., N.Asia and in N. America south to Tcnn Wis"
and Calif B.M. 1905. -Var. viUdsa, Torr. & Gr. Branch-
lets and lvs. villous pubescent. Var. grracilifldra, Dipp.
lli;. h""lV°°!;'-i not Bge.). With upright rather
slender, bright red branches, slightly pubescent • fls
with slender tube.

7. graciUpes, Miq. (L. Phylom^lm, Hort.). Shrub, to
b ft., almost glabrous: lvs. roundish-ovate to oblong-
ovate, ciliate, bright green often with reddish margin
l-.i>5m. long: peduncles slender.nodding, usually 1-fld •
corolla pink, rarely white, % in. long: fr. rather large'
pendulous, bright red. April, May. Japan. GP 10->ir/
-A graceful species; one of the earliest to bloom and
very handsome iu June with its pendulous scarlet Ms.

8. ciMta, Muhlenb. (L. Canadensis, Marsh.). Fig
1311 Shrub to 5 ft.: Ivs. ovate or oval, rounded or
cordate at the base, ciliate. pubescent beneath when
young, lK-3 in. long: lis. slend.-r-peduncled, always in

if,'i,ily tinged red, "A in.
. ('aiiadato Pa. andMich.

pairs, yellowish, som,
long: fr. light red. Aj
B.B. 3:241.

BB. Fls. S-lipped.
c. Oi-nries and frs. connate or partly connate, only
omi.sionally separate : fls. rather small.
D. Bractlets none: fls. white or yellowish.
9. oblongi!dlia. Hook. Shrub, to 5 ft. : Ivs. almost
sessile, oval-oblong, obtuse, pubescent beneath, 1-2K in
ong: fls, slender-peduncled; corolla hairy outside, yel-
lowish white, .sometimes tinged purplish: berries dark

Mth.'^B-'s^" -lio.*^"'"" *° '''"'"'""• ^'""" '° '''■ ""•*

1312. Lonicera Xylosteum (

10. St&ndishi, Carr. {L. Sint'„sis,noTt. L. fragran-
tissima, Lmdl.). Half -evergreen shrub, with spreading
branches, tofi ft. : branchlets with reflexed bristly hairs:
lvs. coriaceous, oblong-ovate to ovate-lanceolate, acumi-
nate, cihate, bristly hairy on both sides or glabrous
above, 3-4 in. long: fls. on rather short curved pedun-
cles, white or slightly blushed, very fragrant, H-^-i in.
long: fr, scarlet, March, Apr, China. B.M, 5709, G,C.
Ill, 5:245. R.H. 1873, p. 148.

LOXICERA

11. fragrantlssima, Carr. {L., or CapHfoUum, Nia-
gunriUi, Hort. ). Similar to the former, but with long
and slender recurving and almost glabrous branches:
Its. broadly ovate or obovate, acute, almost glabrous,
but bristly on the midrib beneath and ciliate, 1-2H in.
long: corolla glabrous outside. March-May. G.C. III.
5:245. R.H. 1873, p. 169. — Less hardy than the former.
Both have handsome half-evergreen foliage and very
early, sweet-scented, though not very showy flowers.

■ill, glandular: fls. dull

12. alpig6na,Linn. Shrub, to 8 ft.,with stout branches:
Ivs. oblong-obovate or oblong, short acuminate, glossy
and dark green above, light green and often pubescent
beneath, 2-4 in. long : fls. long-peduncled, with short
usually yellowish green tube and brownish red limb:
fr. bright scarlet, shining. April, May. Mts. of M. Eu.
and W. Asia.— Very handsome in fruit.

1313. Lonicera Tatarica {X5

1.3. orientiliB, Lara. (L. Caucii.<ir„. r.i

to 10 ft., almost glabrous: lvs.elli|'ii

long-ovate, rarely oblong-lanceolatr, <laik
pale or glaucescent beneath, 2-4 in. Icmi.':
duncled, pale violet or pinkish: fr. black
nate. May, June. W. Asia to Kamschatka
— B'ls. and frs. not very conspicuous.

cc. Ov(

xnd frs. separate.

14. Xyl6steum, Linn. Pig. 1.312. Shrub, to 10 ft. : Ivs.
broadly oval to obovate, acute, dull green, pubescent
above, usually glabrous at length, 1-3 in. long: fls. pe-
duncled, yellowish white, often slightly tinged red, hairy
outside : bractlets pubescent, about half as high as ovary :
berries dark red. May, June. Eu., W. and N. Asia,
sometimes escaped from cultivation. B.B. 3:241.

15. M6rrowi, Gray. Shrub, to 6 ft., with wide spread-
ing branches: Ivs. ovnl nr (il.lnng-ovate. dark green
above, grayish t^iim m — 1. i,,-ith, 1-2 in. long: fls.
peduncled, pun' \' I : ■ I'lbi'seent outside, upper
lip divided ne;nl i i , with spreading lobes:
bractlets pubesn III , ni .mi h- [mih; as ovary: fr. blood-
red. May, June. Japan. A. F. 11:1267. Gng. 5:329. -
Very decorative, with its bright red fruit from August
until late in fall. There is also a var. with yeUow fruit.

16. Euprechtiina, Kegel. Shrub, to 12 ft. : Ivs. ovate-
lanceolate to lanceolate, acuminate, usually dark green
above, grayish pubescent beneath, 2—4 in. long: fls. on
rather long peduncles, pure white at first, glabrous out-
side: bractlets only glandular-ciliate, small, about one-
third of the ovary: fr. red or sometimes yellow. May,
June. Manshuria. Gt. 19:645.— This species and the
preceding are likely to hybridize with the following;
these hybrids are very common, and may be recognized
by the glabrescent foliage and the tinge of pink in the
fls. The true L. liuprechthiun is much rarer than its
hybrids.

hut not

17. Tatarica, T, inn. Fit'. 1313. Shrub, to 10 ft., almost
glabrous: lv~. rMiiliir mi- louuded at the base, ovate to
ovate-laiif<-.'l . - -niietimes slightly pubescent

beneath wli' I i in. long: fls. slender-pedun-

cled, pink, ciiin - im r \ I. i. . tlie upper lip deeply divided,
spreading: brat-tl.ts small, glabrous: fr. red, rarely
yellow. May, June. S. E. Hussia to Siberia. B.R. 1:31.
R.H. 1868:392. Gt. 18:627.- Variable in size and shade
of fls. Var. «ba, Kegel (var. alba rjrandiflora. Hort.).
Fls. white. lar:,-[.. Var. angustildlia, Kir.'hn. ( L. aiir,us-

^)^^^v.

latiiblia,

Hayne, n.>t i:.li;.w.i. Lvs. smaller, obtuse: fls. pure
white, small. with luoacl and short lobes: fr. orange-red.
Var. nibiJlora, DC. {L. .':>ilj!rica, Hort.). Fls. deep pink.

18. florihiinda, Boiss. & Buhse. Shrub, to 8 ft. ; finely
tomentose: lvs. roundish ovate to oval, obtuse, pubes-
cent on both sides, bluish or grayish green, yi-VA in.
long: fls. slender-peduncled, light pink, upper lip di-
vided (not bevond the middle), with ovate erect lobes:
bractlets small, pubescent: fr. red. June. Transcauc,
Persia. Gt. 42, p. 103, Figs. 4-6. — Very free-flowering
shrub, with distinct, bluish green foliage.

AA. Hahit climbing, rarely almost sliriibby.

B. Fls. in pairs, 2-lipped, sometimes crowded at the

end of branches; tube slender. {JVintoa.)

19. Jap6nica, Thunb. Pig. 1314. Climbing, to 15 ft.
high: branchlets usually pnb^si-,-nt wlu-n yimne-: Ivs.
half -evergreen, roundish ovati i > (,i.|.>!ij, i.uIm vc-nt lie-
neath or almost glabrous, 1 ' .- ii.rt i.nli-
celled, white, changing to yi I, ,i; li-li mit-
side, very fragrant, glandulai i'l.i < ■ : i ■ i.i-i.l.', l'.j-2
in, long: fr. black, separatr. .iiim -An- . ( liina. Jajian;
naturalized in some plans tr.nn N. \ . i" X. (.:. B.B.
3:240.-Var. aiireo-reticulata, .\r\,. K.w. i /.. nficulufa
aiirea, Hort. L. hrueh iipuilu rrtiruliil,, . Hort.). A form
of var. flejruosa, vi\t\i the smaller and sliort<-r Ivs. liand-
somelv netted vellow. B.H. 21:59. Var. flerubsa, Arb.
Kew. '(i. «ej-Hd.«(i, Thunb. L. brachiiin'.hi . \>V.). Less
high climbing: Ivs. ovate or oblong, obtusisli, mostly
only pubescent on the veins beneath; peduncles usually
as "long as petioles or shorter: corolla 1-lH in. long,
with the limb shorter than tube: bractlets broad, as
long as ovary. Var. Chinfensis, Bak. (i. Chiiieiisis,
Wats.), Lvs. ovate, acute, ciliate and pubescent only at
the veins beneath, often with purplish hue beneath:
peduncles usually longer than petioles: corolla 1^-2 in.
long, tube about as long as limb: bractlets narrow,
.-ibout half as long as ovary. B.R. 9:712. B.M. 3316.
L.B.C. 11:1037. Var. Hallislna, Arb. Kew. (L. flexudsa

1314. Lonicera Japonii
Commouly known ii

Hort.). Of

HalliAna, Dipp. C'lin-ifnlit

vigorous growth: lvs. usual ,

when young, oblong o\-aio. aium . to i^'.j in. long: fls.

short-peduncled; tube as long as liml.; bractlets broad,

half as long as ovary. Flowering in fall, otherwise

hardly different from the type. A.G.12:663. Gng.3:293.

942

LONICERA

20. longifldra, DC. Climbing .shrub, glabrous: Its.
oblong-lanceolate, shining above, pale beneath, 2-2J^ in.
long: fls. in short-peduncled pairs, sometimes crowded
towards the end of branches; corolla white, changing
to yellow, fragrant, 3-4 in. long, with very slender tube:
bracts small, subulate: fr.white. S.China. B.R. 15:1232
(as CaprifoUum longiflora).— Tender. Int. 1900, by
Franceschi.

21. Hildebrandi^na, Coll. & Hemsl. Climbing shrub,
glabrous: Ivs. broadly ovate or elliptic-ovate, abruptly
pointed, 4-() in. long: fls. on stout peduncles; corolla
5-7 in. long, glabrous outside, yellow at first, changing
to orange-red, with long and slender tube. Summer.
Upper Burma. G. C. III. 24:219. B.M. 7677.-This has
the largest flowers of any species, but is not hardy
North.

BE. Fls. .•se.isile, in usually 6-fld. whorls at the end of
the branchlets, forming terminal spikes or clus-
ters: upper Ivs. mostly connate, usually climb-
ing. {CaprifoUum.)

c. Corolla distinctly i-Upped.

v. Tube of corolla slender, 1 in. or more long, glabrous

inside except No. 27: corolla never bright yellow.

E. Wlwrls of fls. forming a peduncled head or spike:

bract lets large.

22. Periclymenum, Linn. {Caprifdlium Pericljme-
niirn, Roem. & Schult.). Woodbine. Fig. 131.i. Climb-
ing several ft. high: Ivs. all distinct, ovate to oblong-
ovate, acute, l>-2-3 in. long, dark green above, pale or
glaucous bpnonth and sometimes sparingly pubescent:
fls. in a p.-.lMiv'.fl .liii^f head, very fragrant, yellowish

whitf.i! ! ■ ..r purple outside and glandular

pubes.-, I, , I I .1-. June-Sept. Eu., N. Afr.. W.

Asia.-\ I t; l;,n I. \ii. Of more vigorous growth,

sometiuH - Mil. : iK. bright red outside: blooming

all sumni.r. I>n.l,ai.ly '

pSrflorens, Hort., figured inGn.

4.5:30(j, is not very different.

Var. querciJdIia, Ait. Lvs. sinu-

ately lobed; a curious but less

desirable form. Var. serbtina,

Ait. Similar to var. Belgica,

but flowering in fall.

23. 'Etriisca, Santi. Climb-
ing: lvs. broadly oval to obovate,
usually obtuse, the upper
connate into an oval obtuse
disk, rarely distinct, 1-3 in.
long, glabrous or pubescent: fl.-heads dense pe-
duncled, often in 3's: corolla yellowish white,
usually tinged red, fragrant, lJ^-2 in. long, with
very slender tube. May-July. Distributed
through the whole Mediterranean region iu
many different forms. -Var. gigant^a, Hort. Of vigor-
ous growth, with large pubescent leaves.

24. Heckrdtti, Hort. Not much climbing: lvs. ellip-
tic or oblong-elli|iiii-. M.ut.-. almost sessile, the upper
pairs connate, i^laurou^ )m n.aih, glabrous, about 2 in.
long: fls. in pcdiinrl.Mi s|,ikis with few somewhat re-
mote whorls, pur|il tsi.lr and sparingly glandular,

V/i-2 in. long: bractlets about half as long as ovary.
Origin unknown, probably garden hybrid of L. H
and an American species.

EE. Whorls of fls. all, or at least the lower ones,
the ajrits of connate Ifs.

2'). ItAlica, Schmidt (i. Utrusca, Hort. L. Cap.
fdlium, Auth.). Clinihing: lvs. broadly oval to o
obovate, the upppr ccuiiiatf, L'labrous. '2-4 in. Inn;;

brous, fragrant, i" J m. I-hl-; i.i-:M-tl,i- al i half as

long as ovary, smaller Mil 111,' ii|,|„ril-. .Iihm'-Au-. Pro-
bably hybrid of /.. /■:i,it:<r„ aTi.l /.. ('■^inifnliiim, much

cultivated, niostlv nn.l.r thr nai f tli.> latter. Gn. 45,

p. 307 {a,s L.Jilra^,., an.! /.. Cir'-''"''"'"); 54, p. 26.
F.S. 11:1120 (as /.. Cn pyifnliiim major). Var. Tub611a,
Tausch. Fls. dark purple outside.

20. Caprifdlium, Linn. {Caprifdlium hortense. Lam.
C. ptrfotiillum, Roehl.). Fig. 1316. Climbing: lvs.

oval to oblong, the upper connate into a roundish cup,
almost glabrous, 2-t in. long: whorls usually 2 or 3,
each iu the axils of connate lvs. : fls. yellowish white.

times escaped from cultivation and described under the
narai- L. i/niln, Ait., as an American species. Var. &lba,
Ait. (/,. i,,illi,l,i. ilort. L. pjwcoj-, Hort.). Fls. white,
appiariiiy t-uiiy. H.H. 1«5C:141.

27. implexa. Ait. Much branched but less high climb-
ing, evergreen: lvs. oval to oblong-lanceolate, sessile,
the upper connate into an elliptic, acute or mucronate
disk, glaucous, glabrous, 1-2 in. long: fls. in several
whorls, each in the axils of connate lvs., scentless, yel-
lowish white; tube slightly hairy within; limb rather
short; stamens little exserted. May, June. S. Eu., N.
Afr. B.M. 640.

DD. Tube of corolla gibbous or more or less ventricose,

less than 1 in. long, pubescent ^cithin, but almost

glabrous within and slender in No. SS.

E. Bractlets small or none.

F. Disk of commute lvs. mostly roundish, often emar-

ginate at the ends.

28. llkya, Sims {CaprifdliiimFrAseri, Puish}. Climb-
ing to 10 ft.: lvs. broadly oval to elliptic, the upper
connate, bright green above, glaucous beneath, glabrous,
lK-3 in.: fls. in a peduncled head, bright or orange-
yellow, fragrant, 1-1 J< in. long; tube slender, longer
than limb. April, May. N.C. to Ky., Ga. and Alab.
B.M. 1318. L.B.C. 4:338. G.F. 3:190. Gn. 45, p. 307.
—This species is rare in cultivation and mostly the fol-
lowing is cult, under this name.

29. SlilUvanti, Gray {L. fl&va, Auth., not Sims).
Fig. 1317. Climbing about 4-5 ft., very glaucous: lvs.

oval or obovate, the upper connate into a large disk,
becoming thickish and very glaucous above, often
finely pubescent beneath, 2-4 in. long: fls. in short-
stalked or almost sessile spikes; corolla pale yellow,
often marked purplish outside, about 1 in. long;
tube gibbous, only little longer than limb. May,
June. Ontario to Manitoba, south ' "^
R.H. 1856:221 (as i.«ava). G.F. 3:191.- Very hand-
I in fall with the abundant scarlet berries.

30. Brfiwni, Carr.
{L.sempervirens
Jirowni. Hort.).
I'robably l.vbrid of
L. scmpereireiis with
L.Sullinniliorghiic
ril : lvs. <

long, glaucous be-
neath, the upper con-
nate, glabrous : fls.
in peduncled heads,
ge-scarlet, scent-
ess; tube gibljous at
base, longer than

limb. Of garden origin. F.
S. 11: 1133.- Var. Plantier-
6nsl9, Hort. {L. Plantien'ii-
sis, Andr^). Fls. larger,
more orange - colored
less deeply 2-lipped. I. H.

6.

Disk of

less elliptic,

pointed or mucronate at

both ends. See also No.

30.
31. hirsilta, Eat. {Caprifdlium pub(scens, Goldie).
High climbing, with usually hirsute branchlets: lvs.
petiok'd, broadly oval or ovate, obtuse, the upper con-
nate and abruptly pointed, dark green above, pubescent
on both sides when young, 2-4 in. long: fls. in short,
niostlv peduncled spikes, scentless, bright or orange-
yellow, pube.scent without, about 1 in. long, with the

LONICERA

tube gibbous at the base : ovary and braotlets usually-
glandular. June, July. Vt. to Manitoba, south to Pa.
and Ohio. B.M. 3103. Gn. 45, p. 307.

1316. Lonicera Caprifolium (XK).

32. Douglasi, Hook. (£. ff/aiifiJsccn..'!, Rydb. L.glafica.
var. Doiiijlasi, A. Gray, partly I. Climbini:: branchlets
glabrous: Ivs. short-petioletl "r almost ^.-^vilr, tli.- u|i-

33. didica, Linn.
L. parvi flora, Lain

I. L. media, Murr.
riibby, with slender,
liii!.'. c-labrnus: Ivs.

:>bIo

petioled o
obtu

alu

■ith

parent margin, very glaucou- lirmath. I ' ^-l! in. long:
fls. in sessile or short-stalke.l spik.s, -irniish or whit-
ish yellow, often tinged purplish, glabrous outside,
i4-H in. long, the tube gibbous, about as long as limb.
Mav, June. Quebec to Manitoba, south to Ohio and
N. "C. B.R. 2:138.

^uic . ' -' 111 1 ii _ _il,l.ous tube. June,

•IiiU Iiiit. ( mIiiii i ' I , _'1:17G1.-Var Cali-

fornica, ili-.-in.- o '1 ' . . \ (.ray). Of more vig-

orous growth, with lari;e Ivs. to J in. long : corolla
glandular-pubescent outside. Calif.

35. ciliosa, Poir. (L. occidentalis, Hook.). Low sar
mentose shrub : Ivs. petioled, ovate or oval, glaucous

beneath, glabrous but

943

Ih' ui'i'ir connate, 2-4 in.
long: tls. in short-pecluii.l. ,1 Im ail^ ,,r ,,ne orfewwhorls;
corolla slightly 2-lippfil. witli viuiricose-gibbous tube,
yellow to orange-scarlet, sometimes hirsute outside,
i^4-l% in. long. June, July. Brit. Col. to Calif, and
Ariz.

36. Bemp^rvirens, Linn. (CaprimUim sempirvirens ,
Michx.). Trumpet Honeysuckle. Fig. 1318. High
climbing, glabrous; evergreen southward: Ivs. oval to
oblong, glaucous beneath, the upper connate, 2-3 in.
long: fls. in peduncled interrupted spikes; corolla with

ng, scarlet oi
Maj-Sept Conn to FH
781 R H 1856 3( 1 Gn

t-scarlet, rai-ely yello
St to Nel and Te\ B M
p 307 -Vai £14va Regel

yet 11 I 1 I ut tube more

expan 111 II \ minor \it Lvs

oblong or nai i w ol I nt, tl i 1 1 r i inge red

or orange scarlet Very f i ee H I i i tender

B M 17o3 B R 7 oo6 Gn U \ i speciosa Carr

Differs from the type by more 1 1 ill int liet Hs F S
11 1128 Sometimes cult asi 1//; till i auimealso
applied to ii dtoua and a darker led form of i Capn
tolmm

Hnceolate

L angustifdl a Will Eiect shrub to 10 ft

fls long pedun 1 1 1 f In

Himal F & 4 1 1 I 1 - /

shrub or smill I 1 I

fls short pedi i I I I II II

ZabeUL \I I II

fls wl u -J t 'I

tul \tr -L chr sa th l 1 r z Allied to

L \ 1 i 1 rgei 1 umii ite fl Krgei ehang

mgtj t 1 ., t \ \ L Asia Gt 1> 404 Handsome hardy

shrub will 1 (tliLr light gieen foliage and bright coral red ber
ries - L confusa DC Allied to L canescens but fls and lvs

I. BR. 1:70

confounded

uguished by the small subu-

LONICERA

filaments iiliu-li l.ni^rr :mii1 li.'i

vided. Persia. HI' i: ;.'', H;ir<i
Maxim. Shrub, i,. iii ri : l^^ ,.
wliite, fragnmt, L' Inip. ,], :i)i.,ii
Amurland. ci :: : 1 1'^-' Mm

after tlie otliiT I; ' II

Slirub, to 6 fi : I
violet, 2-lipi)fd, i > i .
crdnffca. Regfl - i. Ih i ml
L. Tatariea and X,. 1^ u .iia .
origin.— L. vticroj/hi'/lhi. Willi
about }^in. long: fls. slendi
white, small: berries connatt
L. Minulnu.-nsis. Relidor (1>.

2-lipped: fr.lil
Linn. Shrub,
slender-peduui
nbtha, Zabel I

N. Persia,
gi.— L. Kissel-
elliptie-lanceo-
■b:itka. Gt. 40.

Iceplydi-
MaAM,

N. China!
ibiwering

imrpliah

l.vbridof

v.llowish

lariifblia,3a\\\
peduncled or ;
Royle. Simil.i
small, with a

cled yellowish ^
and L Xylosteui
and Etrusci g
head ■lell
i Tai
oblong I
pale p

LOOSESTRIFE See Lijai

iclu

and Ljtlit

LOPfiZIA (after the Spaniard Lopez, who wrote on
the natural history of the New World). Onciijrdcece.
About 21 species of herbs from Mexico and Central
America. Erect, branching, glabrous or pubescent: Ivs.
alternate or the lower opposite, dentate: fls. usually
small, in leafy racemes or subcorymbose at the ends of
branches, slender-pedicelled; calyx limb 4-iiartfd, in-
equal, deciduous, linear-lobed ; petals 4, short- or long-
clawed, inequal, the posterior ones narrower, the claws
glandular at the apex; stamens 2, attached to the pistil,
one anther-bearing, the other petal-like; ovary 4-celled:
capsule globose, leathery: seeds obovoid,with a leathery,
granulated coat.

albifldra, Schlecht. Fig. 1319. Suffruticose, diffuse,
2 ft. high: young branches somewhat rillous: Ivs. cune-
ate at the base. ovnte-Iancenlate, irrcjrularly serrate or
remotely •l"nt-it<-, I'lVL'^'^t 1'. in Imi^': j.c.li.'.-N linri-

Slightly |M:, , I, :.' '- . I'M . I ..:,. ■ - -I,. .. . |.,.l„h.t,.,

obtuse IIIIM I- • : ' • ■■'■!, '■ : li ( ■ ■ ■ '■■;!,■ !'lllsl>,

den, w^here the i.hmt ditTers fr„in the (.rifjinal descrip-
tion by the Ivs. being usually ovate or perhaps oblong-
ovate, and the smaller petals longer than the sepals. It
seems to flower through the winter.

1319. Lopezia albiflora iXh).

coronita, And. Annual: Ivs. scattered or in whorl.",,
b.ssy. glabrous: two upper petals linear, bright lilac;
«u .side ones larger; lamina roundish obovatc, light
ilac, with dark red mark at base. Mex. S.B.F.G. I.
: 108. -Cult, in S. Calif.

LOPHANTHUS

LOPHANTHUS (Greek, crested riower; application
not evident). LabiAta. Of this genus we cultivate 2
species of liardy herbaceous perennials, which are rather
tall and coarse and bear spikes of more or less purplish
fls. in summer. The genus contains 7 species, all from
America or N. E. Asia. Lvs. serrate, veiny, petioled,
lower usually sul.conlate and upper ovate: tls. small, in
diMis,. s.ssilr will. lis .•riiwded into terminal spikes,
wliiiii iii:iv 1... ini.rrniitid below; stamens exserted;
aiitiM r- ~.|.,iiMicii I. r distant, not approximate in pairs,
till ir .(•lis i.aniU.I ..r m-:trly so. Of minor value.

blue; calyx teeth tinged purple or violet. .July, Aug.
Prairies, Wis. to Rockies. B.E. 15:1282. — This species
grows 3-5 ft. high, on dry hills, and has pale purple
flowers.

scrophularisetdlius, Benth. Height 4-6 ft.: lvs. not
auise-scented, not white beneath : tis. dull purplish;
calyx teeth whitish. Borders of thickets, N. Y. to Wis.
and N. C — This plant grows 2 ft. high and has laven-
der-blue flowers in June.

LOUISIANA

945

LOPHOSPfiRMUM. See Maurandia.

LOSDS AND LADIES. Arum maculatum.
IiOQUAT, See Eriobotrya Japonica.

LdTUS meant several things to the ancients: (1)
tho i4rffk t,Atii«, a l^tniminous plant on which horses
fiii Till- 'All- i.i..ImI.:\ wiiat we call to-day ioffes co*'-

II !' I I I I :;iiMs-foot Trefoil of temperate

!•' L ; .( : I ' . Ml Ijotus, an African shrub, the

trim i.t n 111 ii iMi- . ii.ii l.v certain North African tribes
who were calleil Lntiis eaters. The fruit was said to be
honey-sweet, the size of an olive and in taste like a date.
This was probably Zuyphns Lotus, a prickly .ibrub
whose fruit is, however, considered inferior to that of
the common jujube, Zizijphus satiea. Other conjectures
have been: Celtis australis, a tree which has a small,
sweet berry; Nitraria trUleiitutii , a thorny desert shrub
whose succulent fruit has a stimulating quality, and
RlirimiiKf: A/.i^fs, another N'ortli African plant. "Euro-
pi-.'ui Ijiitus is a name fur liiiiii/iiiros Lotos, a kind of
<lat.- ]i|iiin wlikii i< rn\t. iu s. l^u.. Iiut the fruit is hardly
e.lil.l.-. i:;iTln-i:-v|,tiaii 1, 1.1. 1- or Sacred Lily of the Nile.
TliN is .\iii„i.liii.i L.ilim.wUiAu like the Hindu Lotus,
has rose-colored as well as white flowers. American
cultivators at the present time aliuost universally con-
sider that the true Egyptian Lotus is Nelumbium spe-
ci OS inn, now called Nelumbo, hnt JVelitmbiiim speciositm
is not a native of Egypt, (i) The Hindu and Chinese
Lfiiiis. also lalliil the Sacred or Pythagorean Bean. This
is .y< liiiiil,:. /).. ?(.■,(. better known as Nelumbium speci-
osiini. Tiu- name Lotus was doubtless used for other
water lilies, particularly the blue-flowered Nymplwea
ca-ralea. These plants are described in this work. See
JYelitmbo and Ifymphcea.

Lotus of the botanists is a genus of 50-100 species,
found in temperate regions: herbs or subshrubs, gla-
brous, silky or hirsute: lvs. with 3 Ifts. crowded at the
apex of the petiole and commonly 2 joined to the stem
and resi-iiil)ling stipules: fls. pea-shaped, yellow, red,
rosy or white, often in axillary, few-fld. umbels, rarely
solitary; calyx lobes longer than the tube; keel beaked:
pod oblong or linear. Leguminosse.

A. Lvs. thread-like: fls. odd, not pea-shaped.

Bertholetii, Masf. (L. pelinrhi/nnis. Hook. L.pelyor-
ensis, Hort. ). Small, much-branched, slenderbush, with
a silvery hue: Ifts. whorled, 8-9 lines long: fls. IJ^ in.
long, in loose clusters of about 20 toward the end of the
branches, short-pedicelled, scarlet or crimson fading to
orange: standard recurved like a horn; keel acuminate,
longer than the wings. Cape Verde, Canaries. B.M.
6733. R.H. 18rt.j:308. — Peliorhyncus means bruised or
discolored nose. Called "Coral Gem" in catalogues.
Grown chiefly iu hanging baskets. Prop, by division or
cuttings.

AA. Lvs. not thread-like : fls. pea-shaped.
B. Fls. yellow.

comicuUtns, Linn. Bird's-foot Trefoil. Babies'
Slippers. Perennial, prostrate or ascending, a few in.
to 2 ft, high, glabrous or hairy: Ifts. obovate or ovate,
y^ in. long, the 2 stipular ones broader and very oblique:
fls. yellow, often tinged bright red, .5-10 in an umbel;
calyx lobes about as loui,' as the tube. Temp, regions
and Australia. Var. fI6re-pIeno has showy double fls.—
A hardy trailer for covering dry banks and rockwork,
blooming all summer and autumn. Also grown for
forage.

BB. Fls. pink or white.

austrilis, Andr. Perennial, diffuse, sometimes sub-
shrubby, glabrous or pubescent: Ifts. narrower than in
L. corniculatus , and the stipular ones less dissimilar,
but varying from obovate and under )4 in. long, to
linear and 1-lHin. long: fls. usually pink, but varying
from white to purple-red. Australia. B.M. 1365.
L.B.C. 11:1003 and B. 5:211 (as L. albidus). -Int. 1900
by Franceschi.

BBB. Fls. dark purple or dark red.

c. Lfts. linear-lanceolate.

lacobaeus, Linn. Perennial, subshrubby: fls. about 3

in a fl.at-topped cluster, dark purple, almost black.

Cape Verde. B.M. 79. -Treated as a tender annual

bedding plant.

cc. Lfts. obovate to elliptic.

Tetragon61obus, Linn. Winged Pea. Annual trailer:
fls. solitary or twin, purplish cardinal-red. Mediterra-
nean region. B.M. 151.— Tetragonolobus was once con-
sidered a separate genus, largely because of the 4 leafy
wings of the pod. Grown chiefly for food, the pods
being eaten when young and the seeds, when roasted,
substituted for coffee. Seeds sown in drills iu April.
Plants require no care exLi jit water during drought

L BidamlLiisif 1 pink fill \bjssinian plint was mt to
\meilL in tnde 1> Frimrs hi wli i =n\ s it wis orieimHv sent

but his a different hil i
Ijv Wil

W M

LOUISIANA (Fig. 1320) is situated at the extreme
lower limit of the great Mississippi system, bordering
on the Gulf of Mexico. These bodies of water have an
important bearing upon the climate, and make it pos-
sible to grow some of the subtropical fruits. The pre-
vailing wind is from the south, somewhat cool and always
laden with moisture, and the southern portion of the
state, being only about 30 feet above the sea level, re-
ceives the heaviest rainfall, 70 inches, while the northern
portion, being more elevated and further from the gulf,
has an annual rainfall of 45 to 50 inches. This is, as a
rule, well distributed throughomt the state, the seasons
of greatest drought being early spring and early autumn.
The highest recorded summer temperatures run from
98° along the Gulf coast, to 102° in the northern part of
the state, while the average winter temperature is 56°.
Occasionally a northwestern blizzard reaches down
into the state, causing a heavy fall in temperature, ac-
companied with sleet, and once in a great while, snow.
There was a temperature of 9° in 1895, and 13 inches of
snow. A minimum of 15° below zero was subsequently
recorded in northern Louisiana. These occasional bliz-
zards have forced the culture of tropical fruits down to
the section immediately bordering on the Gulf. As the
soil has such an important bearing on the character of
the fruit, a rough classiflcation of the different kinds
is here given.

First: The Sandy Mills and Uplands. — These occupy
the northwestern portion of the state, along with a sec-
tion in the eastern part, south of the state of Mississippi.
The lands are characterized by sandy soils, with pine
and oak forests, and produce the best apples, stone-
fruits and berries.

Second: The Bluff Lands. — These occupy a broken
strip, running parallel with the Mississippi, from 30 to

946

LOUISIANA

50 mil'-- from its wo'^tern bank, an<l disappear near the
(tulf 111 -niiut ;in- kimwii as "islands." such as "Avery's
Island" and ".Ictfcrson's Island." There is also another
section of these lands on the east bank of the river im-
mediately south of the Mississippi state line. These
lands are characterized by a yellow clay loam, very fer-
'"- '■' fiirf-ts uf iiiaKiiofia, ^ms, oaks, etc. They
' "fill' -t 1 1 lilts well, and an abundance

of;

-These occupy a portion
.irf nf the state, are tree-
,i~ riri' Kinds. The soil is

poor but improves with cultivation, and gradually the
planting of figs, pears, peaches, plums and grapes has
been extended.

Fourth: The Alluvial ianrfs. -These make up all
the other portions of the state not mentioned, including
the river bottoms. The soil is generally dark, ranging
from black to light red, very fertile and abounding in an
abundant growth of timber. They produce the heavy
yields of cotton and corn in the northern portion, and
the sugar cane, oranges, lemons, persimmons, figs and
bananas, as well as other tropical fruits, in the southern
part.

The leading varieties of vegetables are grown in every
section of the state, and the borne garden furnishes an
abundant supply during all seasons of the year, under
proper management. Those vegetables most popularly

grown for ho
gus (on the s!
and Jerusalem

sumptio

folio

Aspara-

nii|ikili ).

, i.i.liv,., egg-

<'l"li. Ill

1 pi.talo

(tw.. crops),

III 111.- V

egetable pear

, celery, cher-

iMuliHo'

iver and field

e vegetables may be

■ar. Cel(

^ry and cauli-

in Angus

it in order to

baga. I I •. , - .' '

vil, garh,:. kill. , ■' ■
pumpkin. Tli. i i
sown several tin ■ 1 1

flower, howevi r.
mature by the i 'liri-inii-i hk-.

The commercial tiuid; si-i-tions are found in various
sections of the state. Along the Illinois Central railroad
a direct line to Chicago from New Orleans, which runs
through the warm sandy pine lands, the most extensive
truck farms are to be seen. The vegetables grown are
radishes, beans, cantaloupes, cucumbers and tomatoes.
The town of Roseland alone, in 1898, shipped 50,000

LOUISIANA

bushels of radishes. Hundreds of car-loads of these
vegetables are sent to the Chicago, Cleveland and St.
Louis markets during the months of March, April and
May. This section also produces enormous quantities
of early strawberries, as hundreds of acres are planted
each year, and shipments are sent by car-load lots from
the stations on this line in Tangipahoa parish. The
]ikiiits an- si-t in August and September of each year,
aii.k as a nik-, are kept but one season. Abundance of
).iii. straw is ust-d for mulch, and when an early spring
trust thri-ati-ns, this mulch is also used to cover the
jilanls as well, oftentimes protecting them .so that the
first and most valuable fruits escape and mature, thus
g the most profitable picking. The varieties
grown are: Cloud, Michel Early, Miller, Bubach,
Gandy, Seltzer and Creole Beauty. The Japan plums
are also grown in this section extensively, the most
desirable varieties being the Abundance and Burbank.
A few peaches and Japan persimmons are grown, but
not so as to become a commercial product.

Another great truck section is found in the immedi-
ate vicinity of New Orleans, and along the river towards
the Gulf on the New Orleans, Port Jackson and Grand
Isle railroad. New Orleans is supplied mainly from
this source, and at the same time enormous amounts are
sent North. The truck grown for the latter purpose
consists of cabbages, onions, tomatoes, beans, peas, egg-
plants and cantaloupes. Cucumbers
are also grown, both in the hotbed and
in the open, oftentimes bringing high
returns when sent North, the winter
prices ranging from 30 cents to $2.50
per dozen.

The lower portion of this section
contains also the great orange groves
of the state. They are located all along
the river, and it is only when a belated
blizzard visits this section that a crop
..S^ failure is experienced. Some of these
S^ orchards contain more than 100 acres.

The stocks now used are almost en-
tirely the common sour and Citrus tri-
foliata. Occasionally the sweet seed-
lings and lemons are used, but not to
any extent. The first two mentioned
are the hardiest stocks known, and
mature their wood, making a more desirable tree.
The varieties grown are : Satsuma, Boone Earlv,
Sweet Seville, Parson Brown, Brazilian, Baldwin No. 1,
Creole, Homosassa, Washington Navel, DuRoi Blood,
Hart Tardiff, Rivers Unknown and Schoenberger.
Besides these, large quantities of mandarins, tanger-
ines and Kumquat oranges of various varieties are
grown. The various scale insects, so serious when no
care is given, are, as a rule, kept in complete control
by the careful use of insecticides, and the laws govern-
ing the importation of infected trees are rigidly enforced.
As oranges in Louisiana are grown on such different
soil from the orange sections of other states, one or two
points must always be kept in view. Beds should be
raised before the trees are set, and the crown roots of
the young tree should be just at the surface of the ground.
These requirements are necessary on the alluvial lands
of the lower Mississippi. The Satsuma. Kewochai and
Oai Dai are Japanese varieties, and when worked upon
Citrus trifoliata stock will stand much more cold than
the sweeter oranges. The Satsuma thus worked is the
most desirable and will stand a temperature of 13° P.
without injury. The orange industry is increasing an-
nually, the crop for 1898 being upwards of 300,000
boxes.

Another truck section is found along the Iron Moun-
tain railroad north of Alexandria ; it is limited to
only a few crops, such as melons, tomatoes and Irish
potatoes. Along the Vicksburg. Shrevesport and Pacific
railroad large quantities of Irish potatoes are grown.
while along the Kan-i- i k\. I'ntsburg and Gulf rail-
road and the Mis-i ; \ railroad, only limited
quantities of trm-k 1 ■ , , . . m ,,ut. From reliable
statistics it is fouml inn hm .ninii-il (.ntput of Louisiana
approximates 40,11(10 tuns <!, tmit ami (iO.OOO tons of vege-
tables. The varieties of these vegetables grown for the
Northern markets are as follows : The Acme and Beauty

LOUISIANA

tomatoes, the Chartier radish, the New Orleans Market
eggplant, the Peerless and Triumpli Irish potatoes, the
New Orleans Market and White Spine rmiinilpcis. the
New Orleans Market cantaloupe, tin- I n uiii1i.;mI-. Flat
Dutoh. Succession, All-Seasons and Non.^urli i:il.K;i-.s.
the Italian and Bermuda type of onions, the I'list and
Best and Alaska peas, the Early Mohawk and Valentine
beans. In the northern part of the state large quanti-
ties of Irish potatoes are grown, and oftentimes the
second crop is very profitable. The first crop is planted
in .laniiaryor February and harvesteil in May and -June.
Tlie seed I'or the s,-c(in,l rfop js ]iri-p:nTd for planting
by -|i.Ti:il irrMtoMMii, (loi^ist in;;' of ^'f^olually exposing

and ex.-it.-s' the eye's 'into gn.wtl'i.' A-^ soon as this is
accomplished they are ready for planting, which is usu-
ally during August. They are harvested in November.

Upwards of 3,500,000 bushels of sweet potatoes are
grown annually, the varieties best known being Pump-
kin, Creole, California, Bermuda, Red and Yellow
Nansemond, Hayman, Providence, Yellow Jersey, South-
ern Queen and Vineless. The last variety is one o£ the
most desirable of the newer sweet potatoes.

The culture of fruit, other thnn oran=:es ami straw-

LUCUMA

947

do

•well in the
ing:

Harvest. Cullasago, Slnnnion. SI kl,.y and K'ed A-tra-

chan. Grapes are grown but sparingly, as the long, warm,
moist season offers the best conditions under which the
grape diseases develop, and the frequent rains hinder the
use of funiricides; however, in the northern and south-

wr-n 111 I ;>,i.~ i.f the state the following varieties have

I" I 1 i iiilile: Champion, Diamond, Eaton, Ni-

11- 1 lielaware, Brighton, Sweet Mountain,

II''.. I .1 I , 1 iiiiques. Only the Chinese type of pears
i,s .11 .111 t;i..,. I., .IS it offers more resistance to the blight
than the others. The desirable varieties are Le Conte,
Kieffer, Smith, Garber, Dai Dai, Golden Russet and Mrae.
\'on Siebold. The European varieties of plums do not suc-
ceed, but many of the American and Japanese sorts do
well. The desirable varieties are Burbank, Abundance,
Satsuma, Kelsey.Chabot.Wild Goose, Robinson and afew
others. The flg is grown universally in all sections of
the state, the best v.arieties being Celeste, Brunswick,
White Iscliia, Magnolia, Angelique, Lemon, Mission and
Reine Blanche. The Japan persimmons are being set
extensively, using chiefly the Hyakume, Kurokume,
Nero Zand, Hachiya, Tsuru and Among. These fruits
are large, showy, and will stand transportation well.
The Elberta, Sneed, Peen-to (in the south) and Chinese
Cling peaches prevail.

The other fruits, grown in a limited way, are quinces,
goumi, blackberries, dewberries, a very few raspberries,
pomegranates, bananas, jujubes and pawpaws. There
are a few other tropical fruits that are grown only for
specimens.

Louisiana abounds in beautiful flowering shrubs and
wild flowers. The planting of all kinds of "ornamentals
is very extensive, roses bloom throughout the season,
and the camellia finds a congenial home throughout the
southern part of the state. In and around New Orleans
,l„. fi,„.,t ,„.„-„i,,.„tal plantings will be found, St. Charles

:*'*"'!' ''" ipal residence street, being especially

i" .' I I: I i 11-^ palms, roses, camellias and orna-
ni . This is not confined to the wealthier

ilii-i -, It I'liily all these ornamentals grow readily
from cuttings with little care, and even the poorest peo-
ple oftentimes have the choicest flowers and roses
around their doorstep. p_ H. Burnette.

LOTTSEWOKT. Pediculatis.

LOVAGE. Levisticum .

LOVE APPLE. First popular name of the Tomato,
now dyhig out ill America. 'Lo-ve-ia-a,-m\s\„ = Nigella.
Love-lies-bleeding. Amaranhis caudatiis.

LOXOSCAPHE (Greek, an olUqne boat). PolypodiA-
ceiF. A small genus of southern hemisphere ferns,
related to Davallia. Indusium forming a compressed.

suborbicular or cup-shaped sac, open only at the top:
Ivs.with linear segments. Forculture, consult Davallia.

theciSera, Moore (Davallia conclnna, Schrad. ). Stipes
3-4 in. long: Ivs. C-9 in. long, bipinnate; divisions 2-3
lines long, J^ line wide. S. Amer. and Africa.

tenicuiacea, Moore {Davallia faeniculdcea, Hook.).
Stipes 6-8 in. long: Ivs. 9-18 in. long, quadripinnate ;
divisions less than ii line wide. Fiji Islands.

L. M. Underwood.

LTJCEBNE. See Alfalfa and Medicago.

LUCOLIA (probably adapted from a native name).
IiubiAce<f. A genus of 2 species of tender shrubs from
the Himalayas, bearing in winter ternniial coryinl>s
sometimes a foot across, composed of 'Jii-in pink or
white, fragrant, salver-shaped fls. with 5 r.iuii.l. il l.ii,, s,
each fl. being lK-2 in. across. A plant of 7.. ^iniiixsnua
is on record which attained 6% ft., bearing 24 bunches
of fls. each 2 ft. in circumference, beside 30 smaller
bunches. Calyx tube top-shaped; lobes unequal, decid-
uous; stamens 5, inserted on the tube of the corolla;
filaments very short : disk annular : ovary 2-celled :
style 2-branched.

D. gratissima is one of the most beautiful winter-
flowering shrubs for house decoration, and deserves to
become more popular with florists for Christmas sales.
The wood ripened after flowering furnishes the best
cuttings. Newly rooted plants require a night temp, of
60*^ at first, but the temp, should be gradually reduced
and the plants hardened off before they are planted out-
doors for the summer. Young idimts slimild never be
allowed to get dry from the tinn- of lirst putting until
they are taken outdoors. For ].ottinu' a liu'lit Miil is de-
sirable. When the pots are well till, d witli inots, apply
liquid manure two or three times a wttk until tlie buds
appear. During the summer tin' plimts slmul,! be syr-
inged daily, as they are subject to ml spill, r. 'riie plants
should be lifted, potted and brouula in.l.'.irs the last
week of Aug. If left out later tiny do not set flower
buds as well. As soon as the buds appear the plants
should be moved to a warmer house, with a night temp,
of 55°. After flowering the plants should be trimmed
somewhat, given less water, kept in a night temp, of
45° and syringed daily. They start slowly, but make
hardy growths for planting out.

gratissima, Sweet. In the wild a tree attaining 16 ft. :
Ivs. opposite, ovate-oblong, acuminate, acute at the base,
4-B in. long : panicle decussately branched : fls. pink
or rose, forming a gorgeous rounded mass; corolla lobes
imbricated in the bud; stamens inserted in the tube,
slightly exserted. S.B.F.G. 145. B.M. 3946. G.C. III.
21:81. R.H. 1843:385 and 1890:180. Gn. 35, p. 58; 41,
p. 469; 55, pp. 42, 107. A.F. 7:443 and 10:679.

Geo. McWilliam and W. M.

LUCtTMA (1

name). SapotAeen-. About 50
species of trees and slnul.s. lar'.'.'ly S. American, two of
which are tropi.'al t'niit iri.-. /,. /.'"''.''.a produces the
Egg Fruit, or 'I'i .s. wln.li is ai..'tii ili.' size and shape of
a hen's egg, and tast.s hke th.' \i.lk of an egg sweet-
ened with sugar. As cult, in S. Fla. and S. Calif, it
makes a large evergreen bush or small tree. It is re-
lated to the Sapodillo, but the floral parts of the latter
are in 6's instead of 5's. D. niammosa produces the Mar-
malade Plum (Fig. 1321), which has a rough and rusty
skin and russet-colored edible pulp. This fine fruit
grows wild in the West Indies and the Philippines.

mammbsa, Gfertn. Marmalade Plum. Fig. 1321. Lvs.
obovate-oblong or spatulate, chartaceous, 6-8 in. long,
2-3 in. wide, mucronate : calyx segments 9-10, inner ones
larger and notched : ovary 5-celled : fr. usually 1-seeded
by abortion. S. America, West Indies, Philippines.

048 LUCU.MA

Kivicba, Gsertn. Lvs. elliptic-obovate, obtuse, mem-
branous, 4-8 in. long, 1%-i in. wide: calyx 5-parted:
ovary Scelled: seed ovoid-globose. Brazil, French Gui-
ana.—Var. angustifolia, Mart., is the Egg Fbuit or
Ti-ES of the W. Indies. It has elliptic-lanceolate lvs.,
acute at both ends. Fig. 1322. Cult, in S. Fla. and S.
Calif. W. M.

i

LUFFA

long, narrowed into a short petiolt-: tls. very small,
usually reddish. — Widely distributed in this country;
offered as a bog plant.

Mtllertii, Mulertt. Lvs. lance-oblong, usually nar-
rowed into short petioles, entire: fls. yellow: fr. oblong,
truncate on top, % in. long.— Int. from S. Amer. by
Hugo Mulertt, then of Cincinnati, and described in
"Isis" (published in Germany) in 1880 or 1881, and also
in the "Aquarium," Vol. III. p. 43, 64. It is now widely
distributed amongst growers of aquarium plants. It
seems not to have been studied by systematic botanists.
It is prized for its graceful habit and because it is ever-
green. Grows well from cuttings and from seeds.
AA. Leaves alternate.

alternifdlia, Linn. Seed-box, or Rattle-box. An
erect shrub, 2-3 ft. or more tall, in appearance not unlike
an Epilobium: lvs. lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, nar-
rowed below, entire or sometimes with mere sugges-
tions of teeth : fls. large for the genus {% in. across),
with yellow caducous petals : capsules large, square in
cross-section. Bogs in eastern states. — Interesting, but
not showy. l. h. B.

LUEHfiA(F Karl vin der Llike A.u'.trinn botnni tin
tere^ted m the C ipe of t ood Hop* ) Iilut a Vli)ut
II sptdes of trefs <ind till shiubs from tlic «unnLr
I irt of \mt-ru twifhii n ilh to tliell\ md h,indsome

Liiciima inn m m o.sn , the " Mammee Sapota " of Jamaica,
is the fruit of a tree found wild also in Cuba and the
northeastern jiart of S. America. The tree is ornamen-
tal, about 30 feet hi(;h, of a pyramidal shape. It is occa-
sionally seen where it was originally planted in pas-
tures near dwelling houses, but except for the droppings
from cattle and horses, it receives no other cultivation.
It requires a good deep soil and an annual rainfall of
about 70 inches. The flowers are cream-colored, about
}4 inch long, springing directly from the bark. The
fruit is about (i inches long, with usually only 1 seed. It
has a russet-colored rough skin. The flesh is of a dark
yellowish red color, soft and sweet; it has been compared
to a very ripe pear, but is more luscious. Marmalade is
made from the fruit, whence the name of "Marmalade
I''"™-" Wm. Fawcett.

LUDWiGIA (C. G. Ludwig, botanist and botanical
author at Leipzig, 1709-1773). Onagrileeai. About 25
species of aquatic or semi-aquatic small herbs, widely
distributed in temperate and warm climates. Pis. small
and inconspicuous in the axils of the leaves, the parts
usiially in 4's. Lvs. mostly small and mostly entire or
very nearly so, usually not distinctly petioled. The
stems are often creeping, sometimes floating. The op-
posite-lvd. species are by some referred to the genus
Isnardia. The Ludwigias have little standing as horti-
cultural subjects. They are sometimes useful in bog
gardens, and one is adverti.sed for aquaria. Three spe-
cies are iu the Amer. trade.

A. Leaves opposite.

paliistris, Ell. (IsniirSia palilstris,lAnn.). Water
PUKSLANE. Trailing in muddy places or floating on .shal-
low water, rooting at the joints : lvs. oval or oval-ob-

n til ut 1 n ti n Hiih lit iitli IS ovarv 5

II 1 i; 111 1 itii i« hi uli ilill\ emiSvahed
Vn undetermined species is ad% ertised in Santi Barbari,
I'lno from Paraguay Franceschi writes that the inner
bark is used generally in Paraguay instead of string
Lnehea is also spelled Luhea and the genus of this
name of the Verbenacese is a South African genus re
ferred to Stilbe

LIJFFA (Tii

thf

Arabic name) Ciiriirlnt<\cea:

bell shape or top shape stiongly 5 lobed corolla of 5
soft yellow or whiti'^h petals, sometimes ragged edged,
stamens usually 3 borne in the calyx tube fr a long
gourd-like pepo, becoming dry when ripe and the fibrous

Okr

sponge

like. Kn

'California

Of late years, the Luffas have come into prominence in
American gardens, being an impnrt:iTiM'i t'i-'.,n t)u- trop-
ics and China and Japan. In otli'f ■ ■ "" ' " 'I ' fruit
is eaten when young, being cooke.l 1 1 ! i nved

in soups and stews. The young fniii -liccd

anddried. (See Georgeson, A.G. Si [ii., i-lv hihI i;,iilcy.
Bull. 67, Cornell Exp. Sta.) In this c.niiitry. Lutfns are
grown mostly for curiosity and ornament. The fibrous
interior of the dried fruit, when bleached and prepared,
is used as a sponge for the bath and for scrubbing
l( whence "Vegetable Sponge"). The culture is the
same as for cucumbers and melons. They are tender
plants, running 10 to 15 ft. The Luffas are widely dis-
persed in the tropics as cultivated plants. The genus
divides itself into 2 groups,— those species ( i. jEgyp-
tincit and L. aciitangula) with fruits not spiny or tuber-
culate, and those with spiny fruits. Only the" following
species are known to be in cult, in this country:

.Sgyptlaca, Mill. {L. cylindrica, Roem. L. Petbla,
Ser. L. Veltchii, Naud. L. fwlida, Hort. [at least in
part], notCav. L. FabiAna, Japdniea, MexlcAna [?] and
noctiflbra d1ba,'RoTt.). Naoa iTO-URi of Japanese. Sua-
KWA of Chinese. The commonest Dishcloth Gourd:
stems slender-running, furrowed, roughened: lvs.
roundish in outline, mostly 15-lobed, coarsely toothed,
very scabrous above and beneath: staminate fis. 2-3 in.
across, wilting in the sun : ovary cylindrical or clavate,
pubescent, destitute of distinct ridges, ripening into a
slender, cylindrical, curved fruit 1-2 ft. long. Probably
native to the Old World, but widely distributed in the
tropics. A.G, 13:526.

acutangula, Koxbg. (L. fwtida, Cav.)- Sing-kwa of
Chinese. Fig. 1323. Lvs. rounded, scarcely lobed, very
iely toothed : ovary lO-ribbed, ripening into a

civ rihhpH frnit Trr»Tiir»«_ Hf _ 4S. Tl_ l.^fi_ T tt T»

L.I

coarsely uoomeu ; ovary ru-iiuucvi, iipcui
Strongly ribbed fruit. Tropics. Gt. 48, p. 136.

LDISIA (after Don Luis de Torres, of
whose personality little is known). Or-
cliiilAceie. Curious epiphytic herbs, with
simple or branched erect stems, bearing
alternate, elongated, fleshy-terete lvs. : fls.
sessile, on short lateral spikes; sepals and
petioles sub-similar, connivent or half-
spreading; labelhim adnate to the column,
somewhat concave, with small lateral
lobes and a large, spreading, entire or l)i-
fld middle lobe; column short; pollinia 2,
on a broad, short pedicel. About 10 spe-
cies. These plants are rarely cult. They
grow well in any warm or intermediate
house.

Wres, Blume. Spike few-fld.: lateral
sepals narrower than dorsal, which is
similar to the petals: labellum bi-auriculate, oblong
sulcate, apex bifid.

L. tires, Liiidl.=Sarcanthus teretifolius.

Heinrich HaSSELBRINIt

LUNARIA {Luna, Latin for moon; name referring to
the silvery white partition of the large pods) Crucif
era'. JIooNwoRT. Honesty. Two herbs of Europe and
W. Asia, both cult, in old gardens. Lvs. rather large,
simple, broad or more or less cordate: fls. purple, in
terminal racemes or panRles rather laige and showy
fr stalked m the calyx becoming a \ ery large, flat disk
shaped silicle with dfidunus v-ilves ind a thin per
sistent "i I turn 1 w m 1 ^ tinoi 1 c niiiartment

The plii.t t . t 1 nvoidiniiy

garden ill i i their showy

fls ,but 11 1 1 1 I t ] ds which

are used iu\ i il U[i l 11 i II 1 Honest j

LUPINUS 94y

because the seeds can be seen through the pods. Prop,
by seeds; or the second species rarely by division. The
species sometimes escape from gardens.
Annua, Linn. (i. 6iV)!«is,Moench). Fig. 1324. Loose-

hiiry plant li -2" ft til
lvs somewhat coidate or 1
irregul-iih toothed stilktd
fragrant m lite spmi^ or
2 in long and so,i„«li,t
at the ends ti| j . 1 «itl, tl
R H 1857 p 11 -I 1 |u „
There is an i„ 1 im ^
lvs , also aw bit, li «, i ,1
rediviva, Lmn Difftis
ennial, the fls smaller and
ish purple), and the pod
tapering to either end. Eu
valuable than the other.

fls

eirh

11 hiii„ IS it matures

1 c .idite couseh and

lumeious pink purple,

summer pods about

I.trsisteut st\le' Europe
111 old fashioned gardens
ith handsomelj variegated
t urn Annual and biennial
from the last in being per-
lighter colored (often gray-
Iliptic or lance-elliptic, and
ope. -Less common and less
L. H. B.

LUNGWORT Merfensia.

LUPlNUS (from the Latin lupus, a wolf ; hpca.isp a
crop of Lupines wms mip|m,s,',1
to destroy fertilii\i. L<:nniii-
nisce. Lupine. A -nnip .if
about 80 species iiM'sth cuuiiiied
to western N. America, a few
growing in eastern N. America
and in the Mediterranean region.
Most are annuals or herbaceous
perennials, one species in cult,
being shrubby. All are showy
plants with conspicuous flowers
in terminal racemes, those of

blue, white or yello
of these, papili
free-blooming. All are of easy
cult, in any garden soil, except
that they are said not to suc-
ceed in soil containing lime.
They are adapted to borders
in masses, and to all places
in which low - growing showy
herbs would be found. Some
make good bedding plants,
others cut-flowers. They are
propagated by seed, the peren-
nials also by division. They do
not bear transplanting when
once established hence it is
recommended to sow seed where
the plants are finally desiied
A few species are of value eto
iioiiiK ilh fi I soiling or plowing

t ,,, 1 11, |inl torolliwith
viuil It-t-if 1 1 ioadlj ovate Stan
dird, ha\ing strongly reflexed
sides wings united at the apex
and enclosing the keel ;

950

.uriNUS

united into a closed tube : pod 2-valved, flattened, pn-
cloaing several large seeds. A very variable genus in
the garden.

There are numerous garden hybrids of unknown par-
entage. Some of these names will be found in the sup-
plementary list. Voss groups these under the name of
L. hi/liri(liis, Hort., or Florists' Lupines. They have
variefe'iited flowers.

In addition to those described below the following na-
tive species have liicii ailvi-rtised, mo.stly by Gillett, in
1881, for wcMrn, .-.ll.riM,,.. Probably thev are not

in cult. Th. \ rribed in Hot. Calif.: L.

alblcaulis, Cli-^n^, , nsiflorus, lepidus, lettco-

phyllus, oriiiiiii . .umI r,/;.. ns.

affinis, 13. foliis roseis, 14.

albo-coccineus, 20. grandillunnt. (i,

nlbiflorus, a. HartweKii. 17.

albas, 14, 15, 20. hirsutus, 14.

arboreus, 1. lutous, 1. 10.

argenteus, 5. niicrautlius. VI.

bieolor, 6. mutabilis, l.H.

Oniekshanksii, 18. nanus, 20.

di£fusus, 2. Nootkatensis, 7,
parvitioras, 4.

A. Perennials.

B. Plants shrubby

BB. Plants herbaceous.

C. Lvs. with 1 leaflet

cc. Li's. with several lfls..'l
D. Foliage not conxjii
hairy above.
E. Ifo. of Ifts. 5-;y.
p. IJts. .ohortr
pef -

perennis, 3.
pilosus. 11.
Platteiisis, 8.
polyph.vllu.s, 6.
pusillus. 10.
ruber, 14.
Snow Queen, 1
s\d)carnosus, 1
sulphureus, <j.

, arboreus
diSfusus

lliaii

I'oil i.j ill. Intnl... .'i, perennis
v,i\. Pod -,'4 ('». loini... 4. parviflorus
FP. JJIx. as loiiii ax prli-

ohs .'■). argenteus

EK. Xo. (if Ifix. 111-11; c. polyphyllus

i.r Silhn III r.

striped 7. Nootkatensis

KE. Fls. light blue, tvith a
dark spot on the stan-
dard 8. Plattensis

AA. Annuals.

B. Pis. yellow.

c. No. of Ifts. is-is 9. sulphureus

CO. Jfo. of Ifts. 7-10 10. luteus

BB. Fls. blue, white or red, but self-
colored.
c. Arrangement of fls. in irhoil.i.

D. iVo. of Ifts. 9-U 11. pilosus

DD. No. nfllls. r,-7.

i:- I'i'iii! rin.-n, 12. micranthus

i:r.. '' /"■'.. /k/.i/M:;. aifinis

CO. Arm , . ... . . ' ' , ..,,//, ,-,,/.

u. /." ./'.'...'. I' .'...//f , .<(,/, 'x ... 14, hirsutus

v.. (\,l„r,.i II.,. 1,1, ill' 1.-,. albus

EK. Ciiloi- ,,f lis. hhir Hi. pusillus

BBB. Fls. of '.: I'r llinli' fnl,ii:\.

c. Fiiliiiiii- hiiini uii linlh sides ...17. Hartwegii
t'c. Foliage 9iot conspicuonslii
hairy above.

r>. Ilfir/ht about 6 ft ly. mutabilis

i)D. freight 1 ft. or less.

E. Arrangement of fls. alter-
nate 19. subcamosus

EE. Arrangement of fls.

whorled 20. nanus

1. arbdreus, Sims. Tree Lupine. Lfts. 7-11, lanceo-
late-linear, acute, silvery downy below, entire: fls. some-
what verticillate, in tall, loose racemes, sulfur-yellow,
fragrant : pods pubescent, lK-3 in. long. Julv-Sept.
Common in Calif. B.M.082. Gn. 30, p. 289 and 47:1017.
— Shrub, 4-10 ft. high, somewhat pubescent, not hardy at
the north. Var. Snow Queen or Queen of the Snow is
pure white. Var. lilteus has been advertised.

Lri'IXfS

2. ditfdsus, Xutt. Deer Cabbage. Stem decumbent
and many-branched, 1-2 ft., somewhat woody at the base,
densely silky: lvs. large, oval or oblong-ovate, obtuse,
mucronate, on long, soft-silky petioles: fls. more or less
alternate, on a very long (6-12 in.) spike, light blue, the
standard with a greenish yellow center: pods oblong,
flattish, very woolly. April. Sandy barrens, N. Car. to
Fla.— Hardiness North not determined.

1324. Lunaria

(See p. 949.)

.'t. perennis, Linn. Stn-Dial. Common Wild Lupine.
Stt'iu erict, 1-2 ft. high, rather stout, minutely pubes-
cent: lvs. long-petioled, soft-downy; lfts. 7-9, obovate-
oblong to lanceolate, obtuse, glabrous above, soft-downy
below: fls. in large, loose terminal spikes or racemes,
alternate, blue, varying to white. June, July. Canada to
Fla. B.M.202. Mn. 6:101. B.B. 2:269.-Desirable spe-
cies, growing in the poorest soil, preferring sandy land.
Grows from subterranean rootstocks.

4. parvifldrus, Nutt. Fig. 1.325. Fls. light blue, smaller
than in L. perennis. Columbia river to Yosemite and
Wahsatch. — Fig. 132,") is from a photograph by I). M.
Andrews.

5. argSnteus, Pursli. Fls. blue orcreamcolored. West
ernN.Aiuer. B.B. 2:269.

6. polyphyllus, Lindl.(i.(7ran(fi7Wn(S,Lindl.). Stout,
erci-t spicies, forming tufts 2-.') ft. high: lvs. distant,
iiiiistly radical, long-petioled ; lfts. lanceolate, glabrale
iih.ivc, silky bniry below, 2-6 in. long: fls. on long stalks,
;illiriiate, pedicelled, deep blue : pod I-IH in. long,
iiannw. June-Sept. Washington to Calif. S. B.F.G. II.
nr.i;. Gn. 4,5, p. 459 and 55:215.— A common garden spe-
cies of merit, succeeding in any good soil. Var. albi-
florus, Hort. (var. dlbus), is white, bold and showy. Var.
bieolor, Hort., is variegated blue and white.

7. Nootkatensis, Don. Stem hairy, decumbent, with
long, spreading hairs, 2-3 ft. high: lfts. 5-9, narrowly
obovate-oblong, smooth above, hairy below, mucronate;
stipules lanceolate, nearly as long as the lfts.: fls. in
dense racemes, blue, variegated with red and yellow,
with large veins, variable. May-July. Nootka Sound.
B.iM. 1311 and 2130. -Coarse, stocky species, said to be
unsuitable for small gardens, but of merit.

8. Plattfinsis, S. Wats. June, July. Neb., Wvo., Dak.
B.B. 2: 269.

9. sulphilreua, Dougl. Stem very erect, white silky:
lfts. narrowly lanceolate, densely hairy on both sides,
shorter than the petiole: fls. in tall, dense racemes, sul-
fur-yellow: pods woolly, 1 in. long. July, Aug. Mts.
of Oregon. R.H. 1890, p. 252. -Strong species branching
above, bare below.

10. lilteus, Linn. Yellow Lupine. Fig. 1326. Stem
erect, nearly simple, hairy, 2 ft. high: Ifts. lanceolate,
acute, hairy; fls. on pubescent stalks longer than the

LUPINUS

Ivs., verticillatp, vellnn-, fragrant : pod oblong, flat.
June, July. S. Eu." P.M. Ilii. -Succeeds in tlie iK)ori.,st
soil. Useful foi' i-ni llowiiv. f,>i- the border, for fodder
or for plowing himI'v i" iminove sandy soils. As a
fodder, it may bv led -niu uv us hay,

11. pildsus, Linu. Stem haiiy, 2-4 (t. high: Uts. oh-
loug-lanceolate, hairy: fls. vertiuillate, pedicelled, rose,
the middle of the standard red, S, Bu.

12. micrinthus, Dougl. Stem slender, 3-12 in, high,
hairy: Ifts, linear, H-1 in- long: fls, in short, dense
racemes, somewhat verticillate, very small, violet, stand-
ard and wings narrow: pod linear. Uravelly places,
Ore. to Calif.— A slender plant of branching habit.

13. affinis, Agardh, Stem rather stout, 8-10 in., pu-
bescence very short : Ifts. broadly wedge-obovate, obtuse,
long, more or less smooth above; stipules one-half the
length of Ivs,; petioles twice longer than the Ifts. : fls.
on a long stalk, deep blue: pod linear. Early spring.
Calif.-A free, hardy spec-irs, ol'icn (;[-iiwlng very rank.

li. hirsiltUS, Linn. Bi.ii, I.n im-. Sli.in hairy, 2-3
ft. high, branching toward ilir !•<[<: Ills. 7-'.l, oblong or
oblong-oval, hairy, long-pi'tinlrd : rls. s.mu'what verticil-
late or scattered, large, mostly purple, sometimes varie-
gated with blue or violet; pod large, very hairy. July,
Aug. S. Eu. — Used ornamentally and as an economic
plant for the same purpose.s as li. liiteus. It is valuable
for fodder and for i.lowiri'; iiinlcr. Var. albus, Hort,, has

A'CASTE

951

Vat

Jber,

{dliis :

15. 41bU3, Linn. Wiini: l.rriNK. l^n-ct stem, Vi ft.
high; Ifts. obovate-oblon-, . 7. liiiiA li-luw, 1)^-2 in.
long: fls. alternate stalkid. I i . ciuite large,
white; pods large. Sunnm i \ i , ^ lOu. — Agood
fodder plant said to be ol' ^i. m , ilnm ihaui. Intens,
and remaining green loii:;.-i. .SiK.-.-t-.i., well on the
poorest soil and is valuable lor plowing under. Seeds
are sown April-July, the plants plowed under when in
flower.

16. puslUua, Pursh. Lfts. about 7, mainly oblong,
acute: fls. blue or purple. Prairies. B.B. 2:270.

17. HArtwegll, Lindl. Stem erect, 2-3 ft. high, some-
what branching: lfts. 7-9, oblong, obtuse, very hairy:
fls. in many-fld. elongated racemes, blue; standard whit-
ish, then reddish. June-Sept. Mexico. B.R. 2,"):31.-
Var. 41buB is also sold. Possibly a perennial but cult.
8S an annual.

Var, Cruckshanksii, Hook. (A. ('nirL-shanksii, A.
fray). Fls. large, frugraut, white, the standard yellow-
o.se, becoming violet. B.M. 30j(J.

19. Bubcarnftsus, Hook. Stem 8-10 in. high, ascending,
ilky pubescent; Ifts. 5-7, obovate-lanoeolate obtuse,

1326. Lupinus luteus.

somewhat fleshy, smooth above, silky below and
margins: fls. in pyramidal racemes, alternate; stMinh
orbicular, deep blue with a white spot in the ceiilii-
viilt'd by a longitudinal fold: pod linear-oblong, sill
Spring. Texas. B.M.34G7. — Spreadingspecies of nii'i
20. ninuB, Dongl. Stem slender, i ,-l ft , cti
branching from the biisc, baiiv: Ills, :• ,. liii,:ir i., .
lanceolate pointed, |.iiiir,c,rit I1..1I1

times longer: fls. in rloimai. il. l,.,>s,, ,;

late on slender stalks. l;iri;o, Hhitc, 1 i, ,| . i, , 1,

blue, edged with deeper blue; u ihl- i,j,,|.ii, 1,1,1 m. vv 1,1
brownish keel; pod hairy, .him , ,iiil\ (iilii s |; i'

11.257. B. R. 20:1705.-Tliis M ,in,lii v;,,i,i

are very floriferous, giving 11 li iir,! in ni.iss.s ;i

in the border. Var. ilbus, llmt., whili-, tm^'iMl w
lilac, Var. albo-coccineus, Hort. A very compact ■
riety, the lower half of the spike rosy red, the upi
white; forms ooinpact tufts and is called a super

^ttjl:

W>-

'A-^l V,.

'i'^'..

f#

^-^^^ .y^i^

^"iM^'i

1325. Lupmus parviflorus.

18. mutftbilis. Sweet. Stem erect, branched, somewhat
woody, 5 ft. tall: lfts. 7-9, lanceolate, obtuse, hairy be-
low and somewhat glaucous: fls. large, somewhat ver-
ticillate, fragrant ; standard white mixed with blue,
becoming blue with a large yellow mark in the center;
wings and keel white. June-Aug. Mts. of S. America.
S.B.F.G. 130. B.M. 2082. -Attractive species, erect and
branching but half-hardy.

color. «.o L. iJunuetti. A. P.n ,, - U^ ,m ■, ,

LYCASTE (fanciful name). Orchid,).,., Tin, :•, mis
contains about 30 species, all natives ol S \nirr , , M. \i,-o
and the West Indies. The flowers are fn^rly proilnced
and remain in good condition on the plant for several
weeks. They are normally borne singly on erect or sub-
e.-.-ctbr;n-t,.d s,M|H-s. but soiuelimes twin llnwi-red stalks

'"■'■ni !'-■ u,l,,i,iill,- ,,■, , ,,i,I,,,, ; ,,1 ,,!,■, 1, raring 1-

s''* I ■■''•'• ,.. 1, , . ,,i I ■ .,■,■,,! slicathing

!.■:, ^ , ,, , ', :Hling,the
l:i'i'-| •• ■■ ■■'■ - . i ' ,, I , , ,., ' I.,, . ,, I, :iiid form-
ing a i U, .1,11,,. :,, lis ,,rii,ilKT, project-
in},- i,ii«:ini, uiih :i,' ■ ,1 M.Mirvtid; labellum

3-l"li''il, tlir liilri-ii I I ..111., l.)be ascending or

rcTurx ..I, H nil ,■! il, i' ,' ■ 'sillus on the disk:

liiiilini,! I, In l,\i';isi,, 11, , -,, :,|„, ,irisi-3 from the very
young leafy axi,s, which d.KS iii,t lUn-elop until several
months later. The scape, therefore, appears from the
base of the bulb. Among the species, L. Skinneri is a
favorite orchid with growers. The species of Lyoasta

952

LYCASTE

are very distinct from each other and do not fall readily
into natural groups. This was probably the cause of
Keichenbach's complaint that "it is nearly as satisfac-
tory to study this group as it is to brush hedgehogs."
The arrangement in the key is purely artificial, and does
not indicate close relationship among the species grouped
together.

The genus Lycaste is closely allied to Maxillaria and
has a similar geographical range, being found from
Mexico and the We.st Indies to Peru and southeastern
Brazil. Notwithstanding this wide distribution, how-
ever, they readily subject themselves to one general
mode of treatment, and may be grown in a bright, cool
portion of the Cattleya or warm end of the Odontoglos-
sura department, where they should receive plenty of
indirect solar light, moisture and sufficient ventilation
to ensure an active atmosphere.

During winter, the night temperature should range
from 50° to 55° Fahr., and that of the day 60° to 6,5°, or a
few degrees higher, with sun heat and ventilation. In
summer, the air should be as cool as possible, and con-
tain plenty of moisture.

When Lycastes are growing they need a good supply
of water at the roots, and should never be allowed to
remain dry for a long time, even when at rest. Light
syringing overhead is beneficial at all times in bright
weather when air can be admitted. The deciduous spe-
cies, however, must be carefully watered when at rest,
for it must be remembered that in casting their foliage
they lose most of their active radiating surface, thus
reducing evaporation to a minimum.

For special treatment, they may be divided into three
groups, L. aromaticii, L. costata and L. Rarrisotue form-
ing good types. The Jj. aromafiea section embraces
besides the type L. randida, L. cruenta, h. Deppii, L.
lasiofilossniii. L. miiirubulbon and kindred sorts, all
more or Irss (IcriihuMis. These grow best in pots in a
mixture of ciiiial i>;iiis chopped peat fiber and sphagnum
moss, wilh ;i Mii:ill .iiiiintity of leaf-mold added. About

of broki

lage

little below the rim of tho pot. The bust tiiut; for trans-
planting is .iust after the plants start into new growth,
at which time give a more abundant supply of water.

The L. costata group includes, besides the type, such
species as L. laiiipes, L. locusta and L. Skimieri, which,
excepting theJIast, are but semi-deciduous, large-grow-
ing species. They succeed best under pot culture, and
should be grown in a compost of about equal parts
chopped sod, from which some of the fine soil has been
removed, and decomposed leaves, addinga little chopped
live sphagnum to keep the soil porous and to retain mois-
ture. The compost should become nearly dry occasion-
ally to prevent it from becoming sour.

The L. ffarrisniKf section is small; the type and L.
tetragona a.re e<KH\ examples; all are sempervirent and
grow best under basket culture in porous material con-
sisting of chopped peat-flber and live sphagnum, well
mixed and interspersed with nodules of charcoal. The
compost should be pressed in moderately firm about the
roots to keep the plant steady, and newly imported
pieces should be held in place by copper or brass wire
crossed between the pseudobulbs.

Lycaste stock is usually supplied by new importa-
tions, but plants may be increased by cutting through
■ izome between the pseudobulbs, two at least being

left to each piece.

INDEX.

ebnmea, 16.
gigantea. 3.
grandiflorn, 10.

inodora. 17.
jugnsa, 1,
lanipes, 5.

cimna, lo. lasioglossa, 2.

costata, 8. Lawrenceana, 7.

cruenta. 13. locusta, 6.

delicatissima, 10. macrobulbon, 9.

Deppii, 15.
L. cn"s(nea=PaphiTiia cristata.— i. Ba r

error for L. Harrisonise.

Bifrmaria, 16, 17.
Candida, 7, 10.
Colax jugosus, 1.

Robert M. Grey.

Maxillaria, 9. 10, i:

13. 15. 16.
Measiiresiana, 11.
plana, 11.

punctatissima, 15.

in.

Seuj
ah

(. / III il 1 II il ftiliaf

4'

"

III

B P

1 1 II iliif II lilt a II iiludi

III s/s „, lullosiilts

III III I seated on a common

^

butpe eiirl ,, .III,,,, 1 ,10,

malUi nil I 1 1 \
D Middl II 1 1 1 1 Hum

semi 1 1 1 II- ,

llSllllll II 1 1 III

E Pllr.e uith 1 1 111 nil,
EE Smooth 0) piihes ent
F Sepals obloiiij lain in
late, spieadinq

. gigantea
. Schilleriana
'.. lanipes
i;. locusta
7. Candida
«. costata
9. macrobulbon
FF. Sepals oblong-ovate,
spreading or half-
spreading 10. Skinneri

11. plana

12. tetragona

13. cruenta
DD. Middle lobe of the labelUim

sputulate 14. aromatica

DDD. Middle lobe ovate-acumi-
nate 15. Deppii

cc. Scape pendnlmis, normalhj

several-fid. See Paphinia.

BB. Poll in la seated on S distinct

stipes. (Bifrenaria.) 10. HarrisoniaB

17. inodora

1. jugdsa, Nichols. (Cdlax jugbsus, Lindl.). Pseudo-
bulbs 2-3 in. long, with lanceolate-acuminate Ivs. C-9 in.
in length, springing both from the apex and base: scape
clothed with large bracts, and bearing 2-3 fls., which
are subglobose when fully expanded: sepals broadly
oblong, obtuse, cream-colored to waxy white ; petals
ovate-oblong, obtuse, marked with black-purple, trans-
verse bands; labellum smaller, velvety and covered
with fleshy ridges: side lobes longitudinally streaked,
and middle lobe streaked and splashed with dark pur-
ple. Jan. -May. Brazil. B. M. 5C61. Gn. 16, p. 77 and
49, p. 294.— Fls. persistent for many weeks.

2. laslogWssa, Reichb. f. Pseudobulbs 3 in. long,
ovoid, compressed: Ivs. 8-12 in. long, elliptic-lanceo-
late: scape 1-fld.: fls. 5 in. across; sepals spreading,
narrowly oblong, dull brown or greenish brown; petals
one-third as long, erect, conc.\ve, obtuse, golden yellow;
labellum as long as the petals, ilso golden yellow: lat-
eral lobes short, obtuse; middle lobe oblong, covered
with long, soft hairs; callus ovate, notched. Autumn
and winter. Guatemala. B.M. 6251. -Very odd but not
showy.

3. gigantea, Lindl. Pseudobulbs often 6 in. high,
bearing 2-3 oblong-lanceolate Ivs. 1^-2 ft. long: sca)ie
]-fld., somewhat shorter than the Ivs.: sepals ovate to
lanceolate, 3 in. long, rather olive-green; petals some-
what smaller, lanceolate, spreading, of the same color ;
labellum oblong-lanceolate: side lobes acute; middle
lobe ovate, acuminate, serrate, rich maroon bordered
with a narrow orange margin; crest fleshy, emarginate.
The fl. -stems are said to attain a height of 2 ft., with a
single large flower. In most of the specimens in cult,
the lip is abruptlv rounded off. June-Aug. ; Nov., Dec.
Widely dispersed in Cent. Araer. B.M. 5616. B.R.31:34.

4. Schilleriana, Reichb. f. Plant resembling L. Sliin-
)'cr/ in habit: pseudobulbs 2-lvd.: Ivs. elongate-lanceo-
late, lip to 2 ft. long: scape 1-fld., suberect, 8 in. long :
sepals large, spreading, oblong-lanceolate, 4 in. long,
brown: petals erect, with recurved tips, small, 13^ in.
long, white, speckled with brown on the back; labellum
as long as the petals, white, speckled and tinged with
rose: side lobes small; middle lobe ovate-quadrate,

LYCASTE

crenulate; callus tongue-shaped, coucave. Often the
pai-ts of the tlowei- are more or less spotted and hairy in
places. July, Aug. Colombia. Gt. 1321.

5. lanipes, Lindl. Pseudobulbs large: Ivs. lanceo-
late, 12-18 in. long: fls. solitary, as many as 15 on a
plant, creamy white; sepals and petals oblong-lanceo-
late; labellum smooth: lateral lobes ovate-obtuse; mid-
dle lobe oblong, obtuse, serrate, with a concave, ribbed
callus. Oct. Ecuador. — Lindley says the fls. are pale
green, 2)4 in. long before they expand, without a trace
of any other color.

6. lociista, Reichb. f. Pseudobulbs pyriforra: Ivs.
oblong-ligulate, acute: fls. smaller thau those of L.
Deppii, all green except the white column; the odd se-
pal ol)lijiiu'. ol.lu^t; tlie lateral cues linear-oblong,
acute: pi-inN luni iliwn inside of the lateral sepal; la-
bellum witli ,uiit.- -i.\r Inhes and a semi-oblong, fleshy,
convex nii^MIc Inlio. all i;ri-en; on the disk are 2 narrow
keels, confluent behind into a fleshy emarginate callus.
Peru.

7. cindida, Lindl. Pseudobulbs ovoid, much com-
pressed: Ivs. oblong-acuminate: fls. about 2 in. across;
sepals sprcu.liiif;. n.-llixt'(l and acute at the apices, oblong,
slightly w.Killy at b;isc_'. yellowish green, sometimes
dotted with livht r..<r; petals whitish, revolute, obtuse;
labellum white, with a few rose-colored spots: disk
plate obtu.se emaigiuate at the apex; column hairy on
the inner surface. Costa Rica.-Var. Lawrenceana,
Hort. Sepals and petals tinted with rose, otherwise the
fls. are like those of the type. Var. rubra has been
offered.

8. costata. Pseudobulbs oblong, compressed
long: Ivs. 2-3 at the apex, G-10
in. long, broadly oblong-lanieo

long as the pseudobulb : fls
large, nearly white or creamy
yellow; dorsal sepals oblong
lanceolate, the lateral sepal sim
ilar but falcate, united with the
column to form a blunt spui ,
petals smaller, somewhat undu
late; lateral lobes of the label
lum small, erect; middle lobe
ovate- rotund, toothed. Peru
B.M. 5706 (as i. Barringtotnw,
var. grandiflora) .

9. macrobulbon, Lindl. Pseu-
dobulbs very large, ovate, com-
pressed, with several large, ob
long, acute Ivs.: scapes usually
2 from each pseudobulb, much
shorter than the Ivs. : fls. large,
yellow ; sepals ovate-oblong,
spreading; petals shorter, some
what concive, with recur%ed
tip^: hil"-llam oblong, as long
a-; tlie |..-tal<. spotted on the
di-k with I.1-..W11. Colombia B
■S\. 4■J_^^ ias Mnsilhiria macio

10. Skinneri, Lindl. Pseudo
bulbs oblong-ovate, 3-5 in. high,
1-2-lvd. : Ivs. oblong-lanceolate,
9-12 in. long: scapes 5-6 in
long, each bearing a single

LYCASTE

953

Gn. 25:«0. P.M. 1872:35. G.C. III. 7:424. A.F. C:G31
Var. albo-sanguinea. No description. Var. Candida
Hort. White. Var. delicatissima, Hort. Fls. large, rose
white; labellum white blotched with rose. Feb. Var.
grandifldra. No description. Var. purpurita, Hort.
Sepals and petals rose-white; labellum crimson-purple.
Var. rdsea, Hort. A beautiful variety with deep rose fls.
and a white labellum spotted with crimson. Var. su-
perba. Sepals and petals white; labellum crimson.

11. plina, Lindl. A robust plant, with large ribbed
pseudobulbs and ample-pointed oval Iv^. : tl^. .1-4 in.
across; sepals oblong, plane, rich nnuidcrrp.l iii-iili-;
petals smaller, with recurved tips, wliin-. tii.|i,Ml with
crimson; labeUum smaller, wliiti- siiotird wiili criiiison;
side lobes ci-r ^.u-. mhl.lli' l,.i..' r,.,,,,.^ .i. mI,i ws,,, ser-
rate, crestci ■ ■ !: I I: 1; ". \ ar. Meas-
uresiana, Wi^ -■ ..,,,,.: , ; ■ i,,,,,.,] „.itli
green ;

ept (

thei

pet

12. tetrigona, Lindl. Pseudobulbs ovate, tetragonal:
Ivs. solitary, ovate-lanceolate: scape 1-1-fld. : fls. green-
ish streaked with crimson; sepals and petals oblong-
ovate, rather obtuse, half-spreading, the 2 lower form-
ing a blunt, piojecting angle at base; labellum smaller,
white and purple or green and purple, with a shovel-
shaped appendage on the disk. Fls. not beautiful, but
veiy fragiant, remaining fresh for two months. June.
Brazil B M.314Gand B.R.17:1428 (both as il/aM»ana

tnujoiia).

13 cruSnta, Lindl. Pseudobulbs compressed :
nm obi, mg, membranaceous: scape bearing 1 ye
1 1 leh 2),muchlargerthanthc

Ivs.

5-6

in di:

sepals ovate -oblong, white
tiuged with rose ; petals half as long, broadly
pointing forward with acute, reflexed tips, striated and
tinged with dark rose : lateral lobes of the laliellum
erect truncate ; middle lobe obloug-ovate, reeurved,
with a fleshy tongue-shaped callus in the disk, dark
crimson-purple. The most useful of the genus. Spring.
Guatemala. B.M. 4445. P.M.. 11:1 {MaxUlciria Skin-
neri). Gn. 25: 440; 30, p. 374; 37:397. F. 1861 : 65 (var.).
A.F. 4:519. J.H. III. 34:307. A.G. 14:433.-The follow-
ing varieties are advertised :

Var. 41ba, Hort. A large-fld. white variety with a
tinge of yellow at the base of the labellum and a vellow,
tongue-shaped appendage in its throat. I.H. 27:405.

1327, Lycaste aromatica (X 1

1328 Lycaste Harrisonise

eburnea ( X K) -

sepals ovate, obtuse; petals similar, erect and smaller;
labellum half as long as the sepals ; lateral lobes rounded ;
middle lobe rounded-truncate, crisp on the margin,
pubescent; crest small, tieshy. Like L. aromatica, but
the Ivs. much broader, fls. larger, and the labellum of
dififereut shape and somewhat spotted with purple.
Mar., Apr. Guatemala. B.R.2S:13{M(ixUlariacriieuta}.
Gn. 4i:933 (Lycaste aromatica).

14. aromitica, Ijindl. Fi;. 1^27. Pseudobulbs ovate,
pomi>rp-- - (1 : 1- . iiinnr. -!,. ntliiiig, oblong-lanceolate:
:--:.|M r , .. 1 .' I ' ■" II I lie Its.: fls. yellow, 2^
111, ^H I i I iv :ite-obIong, acute; the

liiiii J I.;,.,; ! I ; ;:: .:i.. 1 I ,'. ;ird; lateral lobes of the

hibulluiu v.uli iiaiii.:. . iTiiji riiiij,' blades; middle lobe
spatul;itf, deiitutr, ri-fur\(_"d, and having a large truncate
plate as a crest. Winter and spring. Mexico. B.R.
22:1871. -Floriferous.

15. D^ppii, Lindl. Pseudobulbs ovate, clustered: Ivs.
3-4, broadly elliptic-lanceolate, V4-2 ft. long: scape
erect, bearing 1 or 2 fls. 4 in. in diameter: sepiil^
oblong-lanceolate, dingy green, spotted with chocolati -
purple ; petals smaller and cuculate, white; labelluiTi
bright yellow, with a few purple spots; lateral lobes
small, rounded; middle lobe ovate-acuminate, recurved,
waved, with a yellow callus. Vigorous and free-flower-
ing. Aug. to May and June. B.M.3395. L. B.C. 17:1012
(both ai^' Maxillaria Deppii). PM. 2:i(3i {MaxiUaria
/>.7)/(i/). — Named after Deppe, but originally spelled
Dippii. \;ir. puuctatlBsima, Hort. Fls. much spotted
with durk ]nirple. Guatemala.

10. Harrisoniae, G. Don. Sonic authors prefer to call
t\xi% BifrenciHa Han-inAnin', Reichb. f. Pseudobulbs 3-4
in. high,4-angled: ivs. solitary, lanceolate: scape erect,
1-2-fld.: fls. 2-3 in., cream-colored ; sepals spreading,
oval, the 2 lower forming a kind of open spur at their
united bases; petals oval, spreading; lateral lobes of
lip rounded, crenate; middle lobe rounded-emarginate,
s; all beautiful purple; inside tawny, with purple
iige callus. Spring. The fls. last a

LYCHNIS

longtime. Brazil. B.R. 11:897. B.M. 2927. P.M.2:i96
(all as Maxiliaria JIarrisoni<e). Var. itlba, Kriinzlin.
Sepals white, tinged with pink; petals pure white;
labellum yellow, with purple veins ; front of middle
lobe white, with rose veins. Aromatic. Pis. last about
threeweeks. Gt. 38:1312. G.C. 11:25:437. Var. ebtimea,
Hort. Fig. 1328. Sepals and petals white; labellum white,
richly streaked with carmine; throat yellow. April, May.
Brazil. A.G. 12:407. Var. citrlna, Hort. (Z/. citrhia,
Lindl.). Fls. large, fleshy; sepals and petals lemon-
yellow; lip white, stained with lilac. Brazil.

17. inodbra, Lindl. [Bifrendria inoddra, Lindl.).
Pseudoljulbs usually ovate-oblong, 4-angled, 3 in. high:
lv.s. solitary, short-stalked, oblong-lanceolate, 1 ft. long
and 4 in. wide: scape half as long as the pseudobulb,
bearing 1-2 large, spreading, brownish green Hs. with
red hairy lips: sepals roundish oblong, tinged with red,
the lateral ones ending in a spur-like pro.iection at base;
petals ovate-acuminate, all recurved at the tip: middle
lobe of the labellum roundish oblong, undulate, having
an elevated process at the center. Resembles L. tetrag-
ona, but its fls. are not fragrant. Spring.

Since these descriptions were put in type, we learn that Lager
& Hurrell have in stock Li/casle fuh-escens. Hook. Following
is a description from the "Orcliid Grower's Manual" (see also

■ hairs. Colombia

Ieinkich Hasselbrino.

lines, and an

L'tCHNIS (from the Greek word for lamp, in allusion
(o the riame-colored fls. of some species). Caryophijl-
l,)r, ,1 . As commonly understood, Lychnis includes 30 to
411 small herbs of the temperate parts of the northern
hemisphere. The teclinical generic characters are so
variable and unimportant, however, as to allow the genus
to be thrown intoSilene or to be broken up into 7 or S dis-
tinct genera ( for the
latter, see Williams,
Journ. Bot. 31:1G7),
according to the point
of view of the partic-
ular author. They are
annuals, biennials
or perennial
easiest culture in or-
dinary garden soil
They are plantswhich
like the sun. They

growing, and the
leaves are opposite
and entire. The cap-
sule usually has but
one locule or com-
partment, and the

central or axile pla-
cental Fig, i:cJ9). The
sfvlivs are usually 5
or rarely 4, in this
differing from Silene
(in which the styles
are 3), and the calyx
teeth are commonly 5.
In some species, the
styles are 3 and the
capsule is more than
1-loculed at base, but
in these cases the
habit of the plant
and minor technical
charactersenable one
to refer them to Lychnis rather than to Silene. The sta-
mens are 10; and the petals 5 and usually with a 2-cleft
scale or a pair of teeth at the base of the blade. In the
following synopsis of the garden kinds, little attempt
is made to follow technical botanical divisions.

1329. Capsul<

Corn-cockle (X IH).
Showing axile placenti

LYCHNIS

Some of the species of LycLnis are amongst the best
knowu of old-fashioned flowers, as tlie Mullein Pink,
Maltese Cross and Ragged Robin. These are essentially
flower-garden subjects. Others, as L. tilpina, are bet-
ter kuown as border or rockwork plants. All species
are easily grown from seeds, the biennials and peren-
nials blooming the second year. The perennials are
often propagated by division.

INDEX.

Agrostemma, 1, 5, elegans, 10. semperftorens, 11-

6, 7. fimbriata, 7. Senno. 14.

alba, 9. Plos-cuculi, 11. Sieboldii, 12.

alpina, 4. Flos-Jovis. 6. Silene, 7.

Chalcedonica, 2. fulgens, 3, 12. speciosa, 12.

Cceli-rosa, 7. Githago, 1. splendeus, 10.

Coronaria, 5. grandiflora, 12. Snecica, 4.

955

12.

Hiiageana
ocuaa,

vespertina, 9.
Viscaria, 7, 10.

A. Calyx lobes long and leafy: petals not crowned.
1. GitMgo, Scop. (Agrosthnma GitliAgo, Linn.).
CoRN-ooCKLB. Figs. 1329-30; also 82.5. An annual weed
in wheat-fields, and difficult to eradicate because the
seeds are not readily screened from the wheat in the
thresher orfanning-mill: plant strict, 2-3 ft. tall, white-
hairy: Ivs. nearly linear: fls.long-peduncled, red-purple
and showy, the obovate
entire petal limbs ex-
ceeded by the narrow
oaljx lobes — these lobes
falling when the fruit is
iipe En -Raiely cult
in old gardens
AA. Cullir Inle^ nntpio
long d and leafi/
p,t ,1s usually

th

2 Chalced6nica, Linn

JIALTE>^E t KObS TeRU
«ALEM tEO'-S SfARLET

Lir,HTS

Fig

l«l

Peiennial 2-3 ft till,
usually loose hiir\ the
stems Simple or nearly
so h s oblong or cor
1330. Flower of the Corn-cockle date-lanceolate, clasping
(Lychnis Githago) in bud. (upper ones often nar-
Natural size. row and tapering ) , short-

pointed, hairy: fls. 1 in.
long, with narrow upward-enlarging ribbed calyx
and spreading, obcordate-notched limb. June. B.M.257.
— Probably Japanese, but long in cult., and one of the
best of all old-fashioned flowers. The fls. are usually
brick-red to scarlet, but there are varieties with rose-
colored, flesh-colored and white blossoms; also with
double fls. The arrangement of the petal-limbs sug-
gests the Maltese cross, hence one of the common
names. Rarely persists for a time as a weed.

3. fiilgens, Fischer (not Hort.). An erect-stemmed
perennial, hairy: Ivs. ovate to ovate-oblong, roughish,
tapering below but scarcely petioled : fls. few, in a rather
dense terminal cluster, bright scarlet, each petal divided
into two broad lobes, on the outer side of which are two
other and very narrow lobes, the ends of the main lobes
slightly toothed ; calyx oblong or ovate, 10-ribbed, with
erect teeth. Siberia, China, Japan. B.M.2104. B.R.
6:478. — Perhaps not in cultivation in this country. The
plant that passes under this name is probably a form of
Jj. coronata. From //. Chalcedonica it is distinguished
by lower stature, much larger fls., and the well-marked
side teeth or lobes on the petals.

4. alpina, Linn. Glabrous, tufted, a ft. or less tall:
Ivs. mostly at the base, thickish, linear or oblong : fls.
pink, with 2-lobed petals (segments linear), and short.

BB. Fls. mostly larger, borne
singly or ill loose chisters,
or at least the clusters not
all terminal.
c. Plant ichite-woolhj
throughout.

5. Coroniria, Desv. (Agro-
stimma Corondria, Linn. Cor-
ondria tomenldsa, A. Br.).
Mullein Pink. Dusxy Mil-
ler. Rose Cajipion. Pig.
1332. Biennial or perennial,
1-2K ft. tall, forking towards
the top : Ivs. oblong, oblong-
oval or oblong-spatulate, the
lower ones obtuse or nearly
so, tapering to a more or less
clasping base: fls. large {IK
in. across), circular in outline,
crimson or rose - crimson,
borne singly on the ends c£
the branches; petals with ap-
pendages at the throat; caljx
with filiform teeth. Eu. and
Asia. B.M. 24. -A common .
plant of old gardens, and
sometimes escaped. The glow-
ing fls. and white foliage make
it a conspicuous plant. A hy-
brid of this and L. Flos-Joi ,s
isflguredinG.C. II1.2, p. 101.

6. F168-Jdvis, Desv. Per
ennial, 12-18 in., mak:
clump: Ivs. in a rosette
cauline, oval-lanceolate, more

or less clasping : fls. small ( Vo in . or less across ) , bright
red or rose, in a rather dense, umbel-like cluster. Eu.
B.M. 398 (as Agrostemma Flos-Jovis).— Hardy peren-
nial, rarely seen in old gardens.

cc. Plant not white-ieoolly , green.
D. Petals S-notched or 2-cleft. (Forms of No. 12 may he

sought here.)

E. Anmials.

7. Coeli-rdsa, Desv. Rose of Heaven. Fig. 1333. A

very floriferous annual, 12-18 in., glabrous: Ivs. linear,

long-acuminate and very sharp-pointed: fls. on slender

1331. Lychnis Chalcedonica.

» ,'<i»V

1332 Lychnis Coronaria

stems, about an inch across, the petals only slightly
notched, rose-red, with a linear bifid scale at the throat;
calyx club-shaped. Mediterranean region. B.M. 295 (as

Agrostemma Ctt^i'-J-osa).— A popular garden annual, lo
ing thejan. There is a white-fld. form; al

fim-

briata, Hort., with toothed petals. The species is itnown
also as Sileiie CaU-rosa. For an account of the lead-
ing garden forms, see Rehder, M.D.G. 1S97, p. 34G.

Var. ocuUta (L. ociihtta,

Backh. n.'inlria ofKhUa.

Lindl. ), is a handsome form

with purple-eved Us. 13. K.

29:53. B.M.4675.

EE. Bi

1333. Lychn

(lis and per
ill Is.

8. didica,Linn.(£.(7ii(i-nn,
Sibtb.). Red or Morning
Campion. Coarse, hairy and
usually somewhat viscid, 1-

ft. tall, forking above:
Ivs. ovate-lanceolate or ob-
long, the cauline ones broad-
based or clasping: fls. nor-
mally red (varying to pink
and white), in loose, elon-
gating or forking clusters
(or at firstsingle on the ends
of the branches), opening in
the morning, not fragrant,
more or less dioecious ; calyx
oblong, reddish, not exceed-
ing K in. in length: fr. or
capsule large and globose,
wide - mouthed, the teeth
recurved. Eu. and Asia. —
Frequent in old gardens,
and also run wild in waste

states. There are double-
fld. forms.

9. Alba, Mill. (i. vesper-
Dun, Sibth.). White or
Evening Campion. Very

ke the last, and perhaps
not specifically distinct, but

Hs. usually white and fra-
grant and opening at even-
ing; calyx longer and green:
capsule ovate to conical,
with teeth erect or spread-
ing, not recurved. Way,
June. Eu.— In old gardens
and also escaped. There is
a double-fld. form. This and
the last are easily grown
perennials or biennials.

10. Viscirla, Linn. Ger-
man Catchplv. Interesting
birdy perennial, 6-20 in.
liiL,'li, glabrous, but with
viscid patches beneath the
II. -clusters: Ivs. long-linear,
the lower ones tapering to-
wards the base : lis. not
large, red, in opposite sbort-

Niituml si/.i-. stalked clusters, which form

panicle; calyx % in. long, reddish, usually somewhat
swollen above the middle, with short teeth. Eu., N.
Asia. 6.C. III. 20:122. -Sometimes seen in old gardens,
and a useful plant with a tufted habit; a most profuse
bloomer in sunny places. There are forms with deep
red and white fls.; also double-fld. V.ir. splendens,
Hort., has rose-pink fls. Var. 61egans, Hort., has scar-
let and white-striped fls.

DD. Petals 4-lobed or parted.
U. Flds-cticuli, Linn. Ragged Robin. Citckoo
Flower (whence the Latin name). Perennial, slender,
1-2 ft. tall, slightly roughened, and glandular above:
root-Ivs. oblanceolate; stem-lvs. lance-linear to linear
and rather small : fls. in a loose, cymose-paniculate
cluster, red or pink, the petals cut into i linear seg-
ments; calyx short-oblong, 10-ribbed. Eu., N. Asia.—

LYCIUM

Common in old gardens and also naturalized in parts of
the eastern country. The double form ( red or white) is
prized for its close-packed, fimbriate fls. An old-time
and deserving favorite, blooming profusely and for
most of the season. Hardy.

Var. plenissima, Hort. (L. plenissima semperfl!ireH.i,
Hort.), is an excellent very double form, bloomiug
from spring till fall, and also forcing well.
DDD. Petals severat-toothed or fimbriate, hut not lobed.

12. coronita, Thunb. (7y. jrrfiHdiYMrn, Jacq.). Peren-
nial, or often biennial under cultivation, erect, glabrous:
Ivs. oval-elliptic and acute, the cauline ones sessile or
nearly so; fls. very large (nearly or quite 2 in. across),
the wide-spreading petals sharply several-toothed or
somewhat laciniate, brick-red or cinnabar, scattered or
in an open panicle. China, Japan. B.M. 223. L.B.C.
15:1433. F.S. 10:979.-Half-hardy or tender perennial,
growing l-lfoft. high, mostly a spring and summer
bloomer. Of this handsome pKant there are various
forms, and to at least some of them, the name L. fitl-
gens is frequently applied.

Var. specidsa {L. specidsa, Carr. i. fiiUjens, var.
specibsa,\oss). Usually not so tall, very bushy: Ivs.
narrower and sharper: fls. very large and redder (usu-
ally scarlet), the petals less toothed and indistinctly 2-
notched. R.H. 1870-1:530.

Var. Siiboldii (i. Sieboldii, Van Houtte. L. lulgens,
var. ijieholdii.iloTX.). Fls. large and pure white, with
lacerate and obscurely 2-notched petals.

13. Haageina, Lem. Hybrid of L. fulgens and L.
corniiatii. and a good intermediate, the fls. being large,
with 2-iiotched petals and 2 short side teeth or lobes
and dentate ends to the large lobes. It is a hardy or
half-hardy perennial, 12 in. or less high, in summer
producing large clusters of orange-red, scarlet or crim-
son fls., which are nearly 2 in. across. Very desirable.
I. H. 6:195. F.S. 22:2322.

14. S§nno, Sieb. & Zucc. Erect-growing, villous per-
ennial, with sessile, ovate or lance-ovate Ivs. and 1-3
large fls. at the ends of the branches, deep carmine (or
in some forms with striped fls.), the petals deeply cut
into several divisions which are again toothed at the
ends. Japan. — Little known in this country.

L. H. B.

L'S'CITTM (Greek, Lykion,a. name given to a Rhamnus

from Lycia, tiansterred b\ Linnseus to this genus I . So-

hindceie Matkimos\ Vine Box Thorn. Ornamental

deciduous 01 evergreen shiubs with usually spiny and

1334. Old-time gardi

Tomato. Lycopersicum 1
(See p. 038.)

LTCiaM

often slender and sarmentose stems and with alternate
or tascieled, short-petioled, entire Ivs. ; the whitish violet
or purple fls. are funnelform and appear in axillary clus-
ters or solitary, and are followed by usually very decora-
tive berries of scarlet or red, rarely yellow or black.
Most of the species are tender, but L. halimifoliioii, L.
CIiiin-nsi',anda,lsoZ.TurcomaHicii)ii&iidL.JUutlu'>iiciim
are hardy North. The two first named are especially
attractive in fall, when the long and slender branches
are loaded with scarlet or bright red frs., which contrast
well with the green foliage. The leaves remain fresh
and unchanged in color until they drop, after severe
frost. The species are well adapted for covering walls,
fences, arbors and other trellis work, but are, perhaps,
most beautiful when the branches are pendent from
rocks or from the top of walls. They are also used some-
times for hedges, and for warmer regions especially
L. Afrum may be recommended. It is much used in
S. Africa for this purpose under tha name of Cafflr
Thorn. The Box Thorns grow in almost any soil that is
not too moist. They should not be planted near flower
beds or similar places, where the suckers are apt to be-
come troublesome. Prop, readily by hai-dwood cuttings
or suckers; also by layers and seeds. About 70 species
distributed through the temperate ainl - iiKi i "i i. :il n--
gions of both hemispheres. Lvs. ui- ' ' : ill,

often lleshv: Hs. axillarv, solitary .u .Ixx

DroUatuiiDi iM.iMi, ^Mui uMi-
mostly J: u. rt bt.-ii>, with

LYCOPERSICUM

957

■toothed ;

Lvs.
halimifblium, Mill. (L.

olla 5-lobed, dull purplish.
•ilg&re. Dun. L. fldccidun

Koch ) . Shrub, with long and slender, spiny or unarmed
branches, recurving or sarmentose, glabrous: Ivs.cune-
ate, narrow, oblong-lanceolate, acute or obtuse, grayish
green, 13'2-2 in. long: fls. 1— i, long-pedicelled; corolla
}4 in. across, limb about as long as tube; filaments hir-
sute at the base: fr. oval, orange-red or sometimes yel-
low, to K in. long. May-Sept. ChinatoS. E.Eu. Gn.31,
p. 334 and 34, p. 63. B.B. 3 : 138. - This species and also
the following are often confounded with i. J^i(ro;j(f»m
and L. Barbarnm, which are chiefly distinguished by
the filaments being glabrous at the base, by the longer
tube aud by the narrower and smaller lvs. They are not

1335. Upright Tomato, Lycope

hardy North and are rare in cultivation, while L. halhni-
folium and the following are hardy.

Chinfinse, Mill. Similar to the former, of more vigorous
growth: branches to 12 ft. long: lvs. ovate to lanceolate,
bright green, i;.,-3 in.: fls. somewhat larger: fr. scarlet
or bright orange-red, ovate to oblong, sometimes almost
lin. long. June-Sept. China. G.F. 4:102. — The larger
fruited form is some-
times distinguished
as var. inegistoc4r-
pum, Hort. (var. ma-
crocdrptim, Hort).
AA. Lvs. small, %
in. long or shorter.

Chilfinse, Bert
Shrub, with slender,
often procumbent
and mostly spineless
branches: Ivs. cune-
ate at base, oblong,
glandular - pubescent
on both sides, grayish
green, J-s-Ji in. long: ^~^
Hs. usually solitary; .^S^^

pedicels longer than O

the 5-lobed, whitish
pubescent calyx; co-
rolla about Jain, long,
pubescent and yel-
lowish outside, limb
5-lobed, purplish
within, about as long
as tube: fr, orange-
red. July-Oct. Chile.
— The grayish color
and glandular pubes-
cence gives the foli-
age a frosted appear-
ance. Int. 1900 by
Franceschi, Santa
Barbara, Calif.

Eichii, Gray. Shrub, with slender spiny branches:
lvs. short-petloled, cuueate, obovate, obtuse, glabrous
or minutely puberulous when young, about i4 in. long:
fls. usually 2-3 ; calyx as long as pedicels, with elongated
teeth ; corolla K in. long, tube longer than 4-lobed limb :
fr. globular, bright red, Min. across. May-Sept. S.Calif.

Wrridum, Thunb. Erect, spiny, much-branched shrub,
to 3 ft., glabrous : lvs. sessile, spatulate, glabrous,
about J4 in. long : fls. short-pedicelled, small, whitish,
with rather slender tube and 3-4-lobed limb. S. Afr.—
As I have seen no specimens of the plant iu trade under
this name, I am not sure whether it is the true L. horri-
diim of Thunberg described above, or perhaps L. Afrum,
which is much used in S. Africa for hedges; the latter
is easily distinguished by its large purple fls.

L. Afrum. Unn. Upright, rigid, M'^'^^ '>- Hi -ii'it'il'i''"'.

small: tis. solitarv, tubular, with s)i," ' i ■ ' ;! i '■' i.il'

N. and S. Afr. B.R. 5:3H. S.B.F<. I' . /
Linn. Spiny or unarmed slender > 1 1 1

fnlium: Ils.3-6: tubeinsiaeaiidtil.nii. ' :,.i ,i

longer than limh. N. Afr — L, /'... , , : I i 1, .\l.-<lilpr-

raneuni, Dnn.). Spiny shriiti, will: . i t ' rljcs: lvs.

spatul.ite, thickish: fls. sticrt i„, ■ h,l,.r tuto

mur-hlongerthanlimb. M.i.liti I II : / -/..s.HBK.
= Ioehroma fiiiOisini(li-s — /, ..m-:;., i' i ! i ' ■ niliifolium.

Dipp.). Allieil ti-i 1, C'l-iii I ■ I n l r oblong,

large, withoi-ini-;i ■■ij,' ■ / ,■■' "i :! -: :;, spreading

shnib, to 3 ft : i ■ lis. pedi-

ce]Ied,pale ^'f' I . ! u long; fr.

globular, briflit 111 \i ■ i-i, i • i.F. 1:341.

Mm-r. Upright spiny shrnli: IvsJn . ■ ' ■ |' -umL

with rather long tube: fr. globular, l, / /

Turez. Slender spiny shnib, alli'-'l i' — i

fls.smaller.tuhemore slender and 111,-. I i. ^ n I im-

Stan, N. China.- i. SHi-y;<-.6os»,«. In,,,, .i„i..l n. L. I,..:,,,,!
folium, dwarfer, more erect, less
bose, small. S. Europe.

LYCOPfiKSICUM ( wolf peach ; probably an allusion to
its inferiority as compared with the peach | . Solandcea.
Tomato. Perhaps nearly a dozen herbs of the western
side of S. America, two of which are in common cultiva-

1336. Leaves of Tomatoes.

Li/copersicum esculentuni, var.
sjrandifoliuvi.
•ar. vulgarc; 3, cross of the two.

LYCOPERSICUM

tion for their fruits. Fls. small, yellow,
nearly rotate when in full bloom, in short
superaxillary racemes; stamens 5, connate
about the single style : ovary 2-loculed in
the non-ameliorated forms, becoming a
fleshy, many-seeded berry : foliage irregu-
larly or interruptedly pinnate, rank-smell-
ing: plant usually pubescent, straggling.
.Tomatoes are probably iierennial,
but in domestication they are treated as it auuual. Ten-
der to frost. See Tomato.

escuWntum, Blill. Common Tomato. Fit;. i:!:;t. I'lnnt
spreading, with grayish green, mostly r.iinlii|ilirai.'
("curled"; leaves and slender, ascending ^Ihimi, : h ,,
pinnate, with small, nearly entire leaflets im, 1 1".>. ,i, iii,.
main leaflets notched or even lobed to\v:ii(ls th.- h:i^. :
fls. in a short raceme of 4-6: fr. medium to small, flat-
tened endwise and furrowed on the sides. — In cultiva-
tion for more than .300 years. Two hundred years ago
red and yellow varieties were known. The great evolu-
tion of the Tomato di<l not take place until this century,
giving rise to the garden race.

Var.vulgire, Bailey. Fig. 1:BG, No.2. This is the com-
mon garden Tomato of North America, distinguished
by very heavy growth, greener foliage, much lai-ger
and plane Ivs., the comparative absence of stiflish as-
cending shoots (in the mature plant), few fls., and
larger, "smoother" (i. e., not furrowed) fr., which has
numerous locules or cells. — There is every reason for
believing that the original Tomato had a 2-loculed
(2-celIed) fruit, but the course of amelioratioH has mul-
tiplied the locules; it has also modified the foliage and
the stature of the plant (see "Survival of the Unlike,"
Essays 4 and 30).

Var. cerasifdrme, Hort. (L. ecrasiUirme, Dunal).
Cherky Tomato. Still grown for its little globular frts

LYCOPODIUM

(in red and yellow), which are often 2-loculcd :
plant less large and dense-foliaged, the Ivs.
smaller, grayer: growth more erect. — Probably
a very close approach to the wild plant. Fruits
used for pickles and conserves.

Var. pyrif6rme, Hort. (L. pijrifdrme, Dunal).
Pear and Plum Tomato. Differs from the last
only in having pear-shaped or oblong fruits.—
Probably occurs wild in very nearly the form seen
in old gardens.

Var. v&lidum, Bailey. Upright Tomato. Fig.
U.ij. A remarkable cultural form, of low, stiff,
erect growth, and small, condensed, curled Ivs.—
Originated as a chance seedling in France about
50 years ago. Looks like a potato plant.

Var. grrandifblium, Bailey. Lakge-leak Tomato.
Lvs. very large, plane, the Ifts. few (about 2
pairs) and large, with margins entire or very
nearly so, and secondary Ifts. usually none. — Of seed-
origin about 30 years ago. The Mikado and Potato
Leaf are the leading varieties at present. In very
young plants, the leaves are usually entire. This race
has produced crosses of commercial value with var. vnl-
(/(u-c. In Fig. ]'SM, No. 2 is a leaf of var. vulijare. No. 1
is var. (iraiiili/olium.and No. 3 is a leaf of a hand-made
cross between the two.

pimpinellildUum, Dunal {L. racemlgerum and racemi-
f dime, L&nge. Holinum )-«(eiHi7;dn(»i,Vilm., not Dunal).
Currant Tomato. Pig. 1337. Plant weaker, very dif-
fuse and twiggy, scarcely pubescent : lvs. with small,
ovate, nearly entire Ifts., and very small secondary Ifts. :
racemes elongating, distichous, bearing 10-40 small,
currant-like, red berries. S. Amer.- Grown as a
curiosity and for ornament. The plant makes an excel-
lent summer cover for brush or rubbish piles. The fruits
are edible, but are too small for domestic use. How-
ever, it has been introduced as a garden vegetable under
the name of German Raisin Tomato. It hybridizes with
L. esculentum (see Fig. 1338).

The other species of Lycopersicum are unknown in
cult. Some of them are very like aboriginal forms of
i. esriiletituni, and it is doubtful whether they are suf-
ly distinct to be worth keeping as species. Pic-
tui-es of other Lycopersicums will be found in Essay 4,
"Survival of the Unlike." l. h. b.

LYCOPODIUM (Greek, wolf-foot). LycopoitUleerr.
Club-muss. Ground-pine. Running-pine. A genus of
fern allies, with erect or trailing stems, narrow lvs.,
ged in 4 to many ranks, and bearing spores in
sporangia, located either in the axils of ordinary lvs.
(Fig. 1339) or in the axils of modified lvs. clustered in
spikes (Fig. 1340). About 100 species are known. Com-
monly used for holiday decorations. The spores of
some species form the officinal Lycopodium powder.
The plants which florists grow as Lycopodiums are
Selaginellas (which see).

A. Lvs. many-rimked.
B. Sporangia in the axils of unaltered lvs.

Seligo, Linn. Stems erect, 3-9 in. long, dichot-
omously branched : lvs. ascending, hollow at base,
glossy green, not reflexed. Northern hemisphere, usu-
ally in high altitudes.

lucidulum, Michx., is more common in lowlands, and
has lvs. wide in the middle and erose.

squarrdBum, Forst. Stems pendulous, 1-2 ft. long, 2-3
times dichotomously branched: lvs. firm, dark green,
spreading, %-%m. long: sporangia in the axils of re-
duced lvs., forming a spike. East Indies.

BB. Sporanqia aggregated in terminal spike.'i.
c. Stems pendulous: lvs. acute.

Fhlegm^ria, Linn. Stems K-2 ft. long, dichoto-
mously forked: lvs. K-?4 in. long, ovate: spikes copious,
lax, 3-6 in. or more long. Tropics of Old World.
CC. Stems erect, tree-form.

c^muum, Linn. Stems erect, reaching 3-4 ft., co-
piously branched: lvs. crowded, linear: spikes sessile,
i-i-H n. long, curved downward. Tropics of both hemi-
spheres, occasionally in our gulf states.

LYCOPODIUJI

a, Linn. {L. dendroldeum, Michx. L. Ja-
pdHioHm.Thimb.). Stems 6-12 in. high, much-brancheil:
Ivs. loose, erect: spilies erect, H-VAin. long. Tem-
perate N. Amer. to Japan. — The common Ground Pine.

LYCORIS

959

;s (

, Lin

Stems trailing, often several feet
long, with numerous ascending .branches G-8 in. high,
which bear sessile, solitary spikes. Arctic and north
temperate zones of both hemispheres.

clav^tum, Linn. Main stem trailing to the length of

several feet, usually much branched : spikes 1— t on an

elongated peduncle. Arctic and north temperate regions

of both hemispheres. -The common Club-Moss.

AA. Lvs. 4-ra>a-ed, on fan-Uke hmiichts.

complanitum, Linn. Fig. 1340. Stems trailing on the
surface of the ground: branches spreading out in a
horizontal plane: Ivs. of the under side of stems re-
duced to slender, spreading, cuspidate apices : first and
second forks of peduncles approximate. Northern hemi-
sphere.—i. Chanuscyparissus, R. Br., is an allied spe-
cies, with stems growing underground.

L. M. Underwood.

LYCORIS ( named after a nereid in Greek mythology ) .
AmaryllidAeea. A genus of 5 species of remarkable
bulbs from China and Japan, with large, 6-parted How-
ers. Four species are in cultivation, two of which are
hardy in New England. Two bloom in summer and two
in early autumn. Two have red fls., one has lilac or
purple fls., one yellow or orange. Three have the peri-
anth segments more or less recurved and fluted or
crisped at the margin. In all cases the fls. appear with-
out foliage, being borne on a scape 1-3 ft. long, in um-

Cl

bels of 4-12 fls. each 3-4 in. across. The white filaments
and yellow anthers are conspicuous features. The leaves
make their growth, die down, and after a long rest the
bulbs send up flower-stalks alone. These plants are
highly esteemed in China and Japan, and bulbs are con-
stantly being sent to the western world, but with us
they seem to be wayward and uncertain, particularly as
to the time of blooming. Lijroris aiirea reverses the
custom of nature. It rests in the wet season and flowers
in the dry season. How the bulbs can remain dormant
during the early.Chiuese summer, with the thermometer
at 85° in the shade and a yearly rainfall of 100 inches, is
a mystery. Botanically this genus is placed next to
Hippeastrum, an American genus, in which the seeds are
numerous in a locule, and usually flat, while in Lycoris
they are few in a locule and turgid. Hortioulturally Lyco-
ris is most nearly comparable to Nerine, but the seeds
of the former are black and of the latter green. Baker,
Handbook of the Amaryllideae, 1888.

A. Blooming in. July and Aurinst.
B. Fls. dull red.

sanguinea, Maxim. Bulb ovoid, 1 in. in diam.; neck
1-2 in. long: Ivs. linear: stamens shorter than the
perianth segments. Japan. — The only species with seg-
ments neither wavy nor reflexed. Baker says the fls. are
bright red. The Yokohoma Nursery Co. is probably
mistaken in giving the blooming period as May and
June. They also advertise var. Alba. J. N. Gerard says
the Ivs. of this and the next appear in March; also that
the fls. of L. sanguiuea are dull brownish red.
BB. Fls. rosy lilac.

squamigera, Maxim. {Amaryllis Hallii, Hort., at
least in part). Fig. 1341. Bulb globose: Ivs. produced
in spring, 9-12 lines wide : fls. rosy lilac, banded yellow.
Japan. B.M. 7547. G.C. III. 21:137. G.F. 3:177.-The
only fragrant kind. Var. purptirea, Hort., introduced
about 1898. This species is hardy in Ne "

1339. Lycopodium
lucidulum.

woods. Sporangia

1340. Lycopodium compla-

Denizen of dry banks. Spor-
angia in spikes.

May. China. B.M. 409 and B.R. 8:611 (as Amaryllis
aurea). G.C.IIl. 17:263 and 18:545. Gn. 47:997.-Baker
says it blooms in Aug. and has bright yellow fls., but
all the colored plates show orange-colored fls.

960 LYCORIS

BB. /Vs. bright red.

radi&ta, Herb. {NerXne Japdnica, Miq.). Bulb glo-
bose, 1}^ in. diam.; neck short: Ivs. produced in win-
ter, linear: stamens much longer than the perianth seg-
ments. China and .Japan. B.R. 7:596 (as 4 ma j-j/»ia rn-
diata). A.G. 1.3:211.— The perianth segments are more
recurved than in any other species. The tube is very
short, while in all the other kinds here described it is
}4 in. long. W. M.

l.i/rnr'' r'"rr„ I,-, ■ heen Cultivated for many years in
Anicn- ■! I.I. r Ml. .ugh it is not a common plant.
Lat.-I>, . . i M.i|...rtations of i. rrtdirt/a, the in-

teresi m i:i , I. i.s widened. These species have

the liaii.l- r !l..... .rs, and are preferably cultivated un-
der glass, though the bulbs are probably hardy in warm,
protected borders; at least they have more than once

1341. Lycoris squamigera (X K).

been frozen in pots at Elizabeth, N. J., without ap-
parent harm. In its habitat in China, i. aurea rests in
the wet season, and the most success in culture has
been found in growing it in a warmhouse, taking care
to cultivate the foliage and rest the bulbs in warmth
and moist earth. The same general directions may be
followed for L. rudiuln. As with all bulbs, a vigorous
growth of foliage is essential to the future appearance
of flowers. Jj, sqnamif/era and L. sangninea are per-
fectly hardy ; their leaves appear in March, mature
and disappear. The flowers come in the nature of a
surprise in July and August. The former species has a
columnar scape 2-3 ft. tall and a cluster of large, ama-
ryllis-like Bowers, of a bright rosy purple, rather attrac-
tive in the back row of a garden, but not of first rank.
L. sanguined has a scape 13.^-2 ft., with small orange-
red flowers, dull and curious rather than striking. The
two former species have the beauty of the Nerines, but
the two latter have none of this resemblance.

J. N. Gerard.

LY60DIUM (Greek, /K'lHiHff). SeUzwicece. Climb-
ing Ferns. A genus of twining ferns, with the sporangia
borne singly under overlapping scales on the under sur-
face of reduced portions of the leaf. Some 30 species are
known from all parts of the world. For cult., see Ferns.
A. Sterile pinnxtles intimate. (Native species.)

palmitum, Sw. Hartford Fern. Lvs. 2 ft. or more
high, twining, bearingpairs of cordate-palmate pinnules
VA-1 in. long, on shwrt petioles; fertile pinnules 3-4-
pinnatifld, with the ultimate divisions linear. Mass. to
Fla. and Tenn. — Requires light, moist soil and partial

AA. Sterile pinnules pinnate. (Exotic glasshouse
species.)

sc4ndens, Sw. Pinnules 4-8 in. long, 2-4 in. broad,
with a terminal segment and 4 or .5 on each side, which
are simple and usually ovate. India and China. — Most
of the American material cultivated under this name be-
longs to the next species.

JapAnicum, Sw. Pinnules 4-8 in. long, nearly as wide,
deltoid, with a pinnatiHd terminal segment and 2 or 3
lateral ones on each side, all unequal and the lowest
long-stalked and pinnate in the lower part. .Japan and
the East Indies. -The common species in cultivation.
L. M. Underwood.

LYOXIA

LYON, THEODATUS TIMOTHY (Plate Xl.pomolo-
gist, was burn in Lima, N. V., January 13, 1S13, and
died in South Haven, Mich., February 6, 1900. He was
the son of a farmer. His school going was very limited.
In 1828, his parents went to the territory of Michigan,
where he was employed in many pioneer pursuits, as
farming, lumber-making, post-boy, tanner, merchant.
He became more and more interested in farming, and in
1844 started a nursery on the farm at Plymouth, Mich.
He collected varieties from the local orchards, and found
their names much confused. His interest was chal-
lenged, and gradually he became absorbed in a study of
pomology, which in that day meant mostly knowledge
of varieties. Articles on the rariotips of Michigan ap-
ples in the "Michigan F.-inmr" :itfrn<-t.-il the attention

of Charles Downing, and u . i !. ... .. i.iid exchange

of varieties resulted. Hi-^ '. : , 'in the list of

correspondents in the r« ^ i i ' i .-t l>owning's

"Fruits and Fruit Trees." I r -.-hi. w ;ii-s, Mr. Lyon
was president of a railway conipany. In IS74, he moved
to the "fruit belt" of southwestern Michigan, where ho
became president of the Michigan Lake Shore Nursery
Association, and where he lived until his death. The
inn -I r \ i^s... i ition was not successful financially. In
1- Ml I 11 xM-ote a full (412 pp.) and careful "His-
I I I ^l 1 I 111 Horticulture," which was published in
III. -. \. 111. . iiili report of the State Horticultural Soci-
ety . a SIM II ij ot which he was president from 187B to
Ibbl, aud honorary president until his death. In 1889,
he took charge of the South Haven substation of the
Michigan Experiment Station ; and here, with his fruits
and trees, he lived quietly and happily to the last.

Mr. Lyon was one of the last of the older generation
of poniologists. Like his colleagues, he was an expert
on varieties. He was one of that sacred company which
placed accuracy and cautiousness before every con-
sideration of ambition or personal gain. His friends
knew that he had not the temper of a commercial man.
At one time it was said of him that he was the mo.st
critical and accurate of American poniologists. The
fruit lists of the Michigan Horticultural Society, bis
labors in revision of nomenclature for the American
Pomological Societv, and his various bulletins of the
Michigan Experiment Station, show his keen judgment
of varieties. Personally, he was retired, modest, cautious
in speech, generous, simple iu habit and manner.

LYONIA (after John Lyon, who introduced many
American plants into England, died before 1818 in Ashe-
ville, N. C). Syn. , Xolisma. Ericicea. Ornamental
evergreen or deciduous shrubs, with alternate sliort-
petioled lvs., and small white fls. in clusters, usually
forming terminal racemes or panicles. Only the decid-
uous L. ligustrina is hardy North, but is less desirable
than other hardy species of allied genera. It prefers
moist, peaty soil, while the evergreen tender L. ferru-
ginea thrives best in a sandy, well-drained soil. Cult,
and prop, like Leucothoi? and Pieris. About 10 species
in E. N. Amer., W. Indies and Mexico. Allied to Pieris
and often included under Andromeda. Calyx lobes 4-.%
valvate; corolla globular or urceolate, pubescent; sta-
mens 8-10: capsules 4-5-valved, with ribs at the sutures;
seeds numerous.

ligustrina, Muhl. (Andrdmeda paniniliiln. Ait
L. panicwWa, Nutt.). Deciduous, much-hriuicluMr
shrub, to 10 ft. : lvs. obovate to oblong-lanceolate, entire
or obscurely serrate, pubescent beneath, 1-2 in. long:
fls. in leafless racemes, forming terminal panicles; co-
rolla globose, whitish, one-sixth in. long. May-July.
Canada to Fla., west to Tenn. and Ark. B.B. 2:570.

ferruglnea, Nutt. (Andrimeda ferniginea, Walt.^.
Evergreen shrub or small tree: lvs. cuneate, obovate to
oblong, with revolute margin, scurfy when unfolding,
especially below, 1-2 in. long : fls. nodding, globular,
white, in clusters in the axils of the upper lvs. Feb.,
March. S. C. to Fla. S.S. 5^34. L. B.C. 5:430. -Hand-
some evergreen shrub, but rarely cult., hardy only
South. Var. arborfiscens, Michx. [Andriimeda rlgida,
Pursh). Of vigorous growth, more rigid and with
crowded lvs., growing into a small tree. Var. fruticdsa,
Michx. (.4.r;io»i6oif?(??is,Nouv. Duh.). Shrubby: lvs.
sparser, conspicuously reticulated. Alfred Rehder.

LYONOTHAJINUS

LYONOTHAMNUS (Lyon's shrub; named for W. S.
Lyon, wlio sent specimens to Asa Gray from Santa Cata-
lina Island, California). ISaxifragacea:. A monotypic
genns confined to the islands of the Santa Barbara
channel, and represented by two forms, — i. floribiiiidus
as described by Gray, and i. asplenifoHus as described
by Greene. These forms differ only in the structure of
the Irs. , as the species is dimorphic. Locally the tree is
known as Ironwood. It is rather plentiful in Santa
Cruz Island, attaining 40 and 50 ft. in height. It is less
frequent and more dwarfed in other islands of the group.

Fls. hermaphrodite; calyx 1-3-bracteoled; tube hemi-
spherical; lobes 5; disk lanate; petals 5, orbiculate, im-
bricate in the bud; stamens 15, inserted with the petals
on the margin of the disk: carpels 2, free: ovules 4:
stigma subcapitate.

floribundus, Gray. Lvs. opposite, lanceolate, petiolate,
subentire, oleander-shaped : Hs. white, very numerous in
a large, Battish, terminal cyme. -Highly praised for out-
door culture and for pots. The clusters are 4-5 in. across.
The form aspleniSdlius has pinnate Ivs. with pinna? cut
to the rib. p. Franceschi.

LYSICHlTUM (Greek, a loose or free cloak; probably
referring to the spathe). Also written Lyskhitoii.
Arctcew. A genus of one species, a plant resembling
the skunk cabbage, offered in 1892 by Oregon dealers.
Nearly stemless swamp herb with large Ivs. from a
thick.' horizontal rootstock; spathe sheathing at base,
with a broad colored lamina or none, at first enveloping
the cvlin(lrio:il spadix, which becomes long-exserted
upon a stout peduncle: fls. perfect, crowding and cover-
ing the spadix ; perianth 4-lobed ; stamens 4 : ovary
2-celled, 2-ovuled : ovules horizontal, orthotropous.

Camtschatcense, Schott. Lvs. 1-2H ft. long, 3-10 in.
wide, oblong-lanceolate. May, June. E. Siberia, Japan,
Ore., Calif.

LTSILOMA is a small leguminous genus allied to
Acacia, but not in cultivation. They are tender trees
and shrubs, with flowers in heads or in cylindrical spikes.
The pods are straight and flat, and the valves open
away from the persistent sutures. Some of these plants
are often called Acacias. Thus A. Acapulcensis = //.
Acapulcensts, Benth.; A. divaricata = X. Schiedeana,
Benth.; A. latisiliqua = i. lalisilmia, Benth.

LYSIMACHIA (probably after King Lysimaehus).
PrimulAcew. Loose-strife. Found in temperate and
subtropical regions of all parts of the world. Erect or
creeping leafy herbs, with opposite or whorled, entire,
usually black-punctate lvs., spicate, racemose or soli-
tary fls., a rotate, 5-parted corolla with an equal number
of slightly monadelphous stamens opposite the lobes, a
1-loeuled capsule, and many seeds on a central placenta.
Only a few in cultivation, and these all perennials. They
differ from related genera in the absence of staminodia
between the stamens, which are usually slightly united.
A. Flowers yellow.
E. Stem creeping ; lvs. round-ovate, obtuse.

nummuliria, Linn. Money-wort. Creeping Charlie.
Creeping Jenny. Glabrous, forming large patches: lvs.
opposite, rarely cordate, petiolate, Y^-l in. long: fls. 8-12
lines broad; sepals cordate or lanceolate, acute, half as
long as the 5 oval, sparingly dark-dotted corolla lobes;
filaments glandular. June-Aug. Europe; also natural-
ized extensively in the eastern U. S. R.H. 1891, p. 303.
B.B. 2:589. -Very useful for rustic vases and baskets,
also for carpeting ground in shady places. Var. atirea,
Hort. Lvs. all or in part bright yellow.

BB. Stem erect : lvs. lanceolate, acute.

r. Plant glabrous or nearly so : fls. S-6 lines broad.

stricta, Soland. Simple or branched, glabrous, 8 in.
to 2 ft. high; lvs. opposite, lance-linear, acute at both
ends, glaucous beneath, scarcely veiny, 1-3 in long:
fls. 3-5 lines broad, very numerous, in a distinct, elon-
gated, terminal raceme ; pedicels 3-9 lines long, slender ;
corolla lobes elliptical, streaked with purple; filaments

LYSIMACHIA

961

glandular. Common on moist ground in the eastern
U.S. B.U.Wl [as L.bulbifera). D. 141. B.B. 2:588.-
Often bears bulblets in the leaf-axils after tlowering.

quadrifdlia, Linn. Usually sinii.l,., ...„„. tinn-s slightly
pubescent, 1-3 ft. high: Ivs. Mriinllai.-, in 3's-4's,
rarely some opposite, lanceolati-, . .1.1. mi: i.r ..v.ite, acute,
1-4 in. long, green beneath, vfiny: II-. axillary, 3-6
lines broad, on very slender pedicels, which are J^-15^
in. long; calyx and corolla as in the last. Dry soil,
eastern U.S. D. 139. B.B. 2:588.

cc. Plant densely p\tbescent: fls. 9-lS lines broad.

vulgaris, Linn. Common Yellow Loosestrife. Tall
and erect, 2-3 ft. high, and stout; branched above, downy,
especially on the stem: Ivs.verticillate, in3's-4's, ovate-

1342. Lythrum Sal

lanceolate or lance-oval, acute at both ends, nearly ses-
sile: fls. in the upper axils, or densely paniculate at the
summit; calyx often red-margined; corolla large, the
lobes broad, glabrous. Europe, Asia. R. H. 1891, p.
303. -Quite showy when grown in clumps.

LYSIMACHIA

date-ovate, acute, subsessile: corolla lobesoval. denticu-
late, glandular-ciliate, acute ; stamens united. Very
similar to L. vulgaris, but diflfers in the calyx lobes not
red-margined : fls. in axillary, equidistant whorls, not
paniculate, and corolla glandular. Eu. W. Asia. B.M.
2295 (as L. verticillaris).

AA. Flowers white.
clethroldes, Duby. Tall and stout, 3 ft. high or less,
sparingly pubescent, rarely glabrous : Ivs. opposite,
large, 3-6 in. long, and sessile, broadly lanceolate, at-
tenuate at each end, radical spatulate: fls. y^ in. in
diam., in a very long, slender, terminal 1-sided spike;
pedicels short, bracts subulate; corolla lobes ovate-lan-
ceolate, obtuse; stamens not monadelphous. Japan.
Mn. 8, p. HI. -Fine for cut-flowers, also for border.

Michx. -Sfir . . " ■ ■ - i /.,,,,' Hiilt.=

Steironem;. la - ' ' ' '■ I' ^ l.ini-eo-

late: Hs.carmin- i . - i i^ '^ i ' "" ^■/!;-

Lvs. lanceolati': il ' "■■'■■• li.M.

4941.— i.panv;//- . I iMlljiry

or in head. Cliiin I ■ M :::.'' I i-'-^'mmhn irii,,,i .--iiiiilar
toL. quadrifoliii, l.ul il-. II. .i ilL,MM. ; i,iiu;a.a i.i..:ui.'. Lust-
ern U. H.-L. pruducla. Fi-riKilil. Siiiiihir to L, stncta, but
lower lvs. often verticillate and raceme very leafy, bracts pass-
ing into the foliagelvs. Eastern U.S.-i. thyrsiflbra, Linn.=
Nauraburgia thyrsiflora. K. M. WlEGAND.

L'^THEUM (Greek, blood; possibly from the styptic
properties of some species, or the color of the fls.).
LyIhrAceie. About 12 widely scattered species of herbs
or subshrubs, of which 3 are cult, in hardy borders.
Branches 4-angled : lv.s. opposite or alternate, rarely
whorled, linear-oblong or lanceolate, entire: fls. rosy
purple or white, in the upper axils usually solitary,

LYTHRU5I

lower down more or less whorled; calyx tube cylindrical,
»-12-ribbed; petals 4-6, obovate; stamens as many or
twice as many: capsule 2-celled, with an indtfluite
number of seeds.

Lythrums' grow about 2-3 ft. high in the wild, but im-
prove wonderfully in cultivation, often attaining 4-5 ft.
and flowering freely. Some of them are called willow-
herbs or soldiers in England from their strong, erect
habit and willow-like leaves. They are of easy culture
in any moist soil, and are usually planted amid shrub-
bery, where they hold their own. They are denizens of
low grounds, swamps and meadows. They flower in
summer and are prop, by division. A nameless species
from Japan has been considerably advertised of late,
but the specimen in the writer's hands is L. a latum.
A. Stamens twice as many as the petals.
B. Fls. in an interrupted, leafy spike.

Salic&ria, Linn. Spiked or Purple Loosesteife.
Fig. 1342. Height 2-3 ft. : lvs. opposite or sometimes in
whorls of three, lanceolate, 2-3 in. long: fls. purpli
stamens barely if at all exserted. North temp, regions.
Australia. B. B. 2: 473.- Best of the genus. Vars,
8up6rbumand roseum, Hort.,have rose-colored fls. Var,
rdseum sup^rbum, Hort., may be the same as the pre
cfdiiig varieties. It is large-fld., rose-colored, more
robust (4-6 ft.), and somewhat later in blooming. It is
an excellent form. It is generally sold as L. roseum
superbitm (not as a var. of L. Saliearia).

BB. Fls. solitary in the upper axils, racemose.
virgitum, Linn. Lower lvs. opposite, rounded at the
base: calyx not bracted. Eu., N. Asia.

umerous than the petals.
stly alternate, obtuse: sta-
mens exserted. N.Am. B.B. 2:472.

F. W. Bakclav and W. M.

AA. Stamens not n
alitum, Pursh. Lv

M

MAACKIA. See Cladrasiis.

MABA (native name). Eienticetn. A genus of about
60 species of trees and shrubs found in the warmer
regions of the woi-ld. They mostly have hard, ebony-
like wood. Closely allied to Diospyros, the floral parts
mostly in 3's instead of 4'3 or 5's. The Ivs. are usually
smaller than in Diospyros. Lvs. alternate: fls. axillary,
solitary or in short cymes, usually dioecious; corolla
bell-shaped or tubular.

NataUnsis, Haw. Much-branched shrub, with flexuous
branches: Ivs. %-'i in. long, C-7 lines wide, ovate, ob-
long or elliptical, obtuse, dark green above, paler be-
neath, glabrous, netted-velned beneath: female fls. soli-
tary; calyx cup-shaped, glabrous, entire; abortive sta-
mens G-7: ovary glabi'ous. Natal; offered in S. Fla. —
Presumably the plant in cult, is the female.

MACADAMIA (after John Macadam, M.D., secretary
Philosophical Institute, Victoria, N. S. W. ). Protedeece.
Two or 3 species of Australian trees or tall shrubs, one
of which produces the Australian nut, which has aflavor
like a filbert or almond, and is cult, in S. Calif. In fa-
vorable localities it be.ars in 7 years. The genus has no
near allies of horticultural value. Lvs. whorled : fls.
small, pedicelled in pairs, racemose, hermaphrodite;
perianth not recurved; stamens afflxed a little below
the blades: disk ringed, 4-lobed or 4-parted.

temifaiia, F. Muell. Australian Nut. Tree, attain-
ing 60ft. : foliage dense: lvs. sessile, in whorls of 3 or
i. oblong or lanceolate, serrate, with flue prickly teeth,
glabrous and shining, a few inches to 1 ft. long: ra-
cemes often as long as the lvs. : fr. with a 2-valved,
leathery covering; nut often over 1 in. thick. Australia.
G.C. 1870:1181.

MACHaiEIUM Tipu. See Tipttuna speciosn.

MACKAYA. See Asysfasia.

MACLEANIA (after John Maclean, British merchant
at Lima, Peru ; patron of botany). I'aecinetlcefs. About
a dozen species of shrubs found in the mountains from
Mexico to Peru. They are unknown to the American
trade, but, judging from the pictures in the Botanical
Magazine, should make fine hothouse subjects for our
largest and finest conservatories. They have clusters of
brick-red or crimson, tubular fls. each an inch or more
long. A branch of 31. speciosissima, which is probably
the showiest kind, bears about 60 to 75 such fls. The
young foliage appears to have a handsome reddish
tinge. The corollas are strongly 5-angled, and the 5
tips are short, triangular, erect or spreading and more
or less yellow. Lvs. evergreen, alternate, short-stalked,
entire: stamens 10, much shorter than the corolla.
Macleanias are probably of difficult culture. Try M.
speciosissima in a large pot on a shelf near the glass,
so that its branches may hang gracefully. M. pulclira
has the same habit and color of fls., but is perhaps less
desirable. M. punctata is perhaps the most desirable
of those with erect branches and stiff habit. Try this in
a warmhouse border, with good drainage and shallow
soil, as some of these Macleanias have thick, fleshy
roots and the fibrous roots are said to keep near the

MACL&RA, or OSAGE ORANGE. See Tnxj/ton.

M'MAHON, BERNARD (about 1775 to September IG,
1816), horticulturist, was born in Ireland and came to
America, for political reasons, in 1796. He settled in
Philadelphia, where he engaged in the seed and nursery
business. He early began the collection and exportation
of seeds of American plants. In 1804 he published a
catalogue of such seeds, comprising about 1,000 species.
He was the means of making many of our native plants
known in Europe. He enjoyed the friendship of Jeffer-

son and other distinguished men, and his seed store be-
came a meeting place of botanists and horticulturists.
He was interested in all branches of horticulture. It is
thought that the Lewis cfc Clark expedition was planned
at his house. At all events, M'Mahon and Landreth
were instrumental in distributing the seeds which those
explorers collected (see p. 767). In 1806, he gave to
America its first great horticultural book, "American
Gardener's Calendar" (see p. 760), which was long a
standard cyclopedic work. The editor of the eleventh
edition of this book (1857) makes the following remin-
iscence of M'Mahon:

"Bernard M'Mahon was no common man. He sought
the American shores from political motives, as is un-
derstood, but what these were has not been determined ;
most probably it was necessary to fly from the persecu-
tion of government. He found American gardening in
its infancy, and immediately set himself vigorously to
work to introduce a love of flowers and fruit. The
writer well remembers his store, his garden and green-
houses. The latter were situated near the Germantown
turnpike, between Philadelphia and Nicetown, whence
emanated the rarer flowers and novelties, such as could
be collected in the early part of the present century,
and where were performed, to the astonishment of the
amateurs of that day, successful feats of horticulture
that were but too rarely imitated. His store was on
Second street, below Market, on the east side. Many
must still be alive who recollect its bulk window, orna-
mented with tulip-glasses, a large pumpkin, and a
basket or two of bulbous roots; behind the counter offi-
ciated Mrs. M'Mahon, with some considerable Irish ac-
cent, but a most amiable and excellent disposition, and
withal, an able saleswoman. Mr. M'Mahon was also
much in the store, putting up seeds for transmission to
all parts of this country and Europe, writing his book,
or attending to his correspondence, and in one corner
was a shelf containing a few botanical or gardening
books, for which there was then a very small demand;
another contained the few garden implements, such as
knives and trimming scissors; a barrel of peas and a
bag of seedling potatoes, an onion receptacle, a few
chairs, and the room partly lined with drawers contain-
ing seeds, constituted the apparent stock in trade of
what was one of the greatest seed stores then known in
the Union, and where was transacted a considerable
business for that day. Such a store would naturally at-
tract the botanist as well as the gardener, and it was

>

1343. Madia elegans (bee p 964 )

the frequent lounge of both classes, who ever found in
the proprietors ready listeners, as well as conversers ; in
the latter particular they were rather remarkable, and
here you would see Nuttall, Baldwin, Darlington, and
other scientific men, who sought information or were
ready to impart it."

M'Mahon's name was given to west-coast evergreen
barberries by Nuttall in 1818, and these shrubs are still
known as Mahonias to horticulturists, although united
with Berberis by botanists. l, jj. g.

(963)

964

JIACODES

MACODES (from mnlcos, length; on account of the
long lahellum). Orehidilcew. Contains but 2 or :i spe-
cies of the habit of Amectochilus, which see for culture.
Sepals and narrower petals spreading: labellura ventri-
cose, with 2 small lateral lobes and 2 calli inside,
turned to one side: column short, twisted in the oppo-
site direction, with 2 narrow, erect appeudages. Ter-
restrial herbs, with few variegated petioled Ivs. at the
base, and small fls. borne in a long raceme.

P«ola, Lindl. {AncectocMtus VeitchiAnus, Hort.).
Pis. greenish, inconspicuous: Ivs. ovate, 2-3 in. long,
reticulated with golden yellow veins. .Tnva. R.B.2l:Gl.

MACE0CH6RDIUM strict!
by l^itrber&Jhuida. is,, l.n^

MACKOSCEPIS

■rtised

.: , lung ; skepo, to

vi^r). .\ sri. i>i<nhi< ^ ■< . :i I >out 8 species of

I, trupiral .Alnrn.M,, , , , . . vhich M. elliptica,

n-t. Saii'irf, \\;is j : it ^ iii.|ii- A; Co. describe

as "11 ,i,u ,■■ I ,'. : , .1,111. with elliptic, light

een l,-.'iv, -.;:,. :, i > ii i, ili,- stcras.aredensely

i-err,l will, . :i..>vl„own hairs. The fls.

; in ,'liisi,M~. , ;..■.. I .ii.cii 1 in. ill diam., resem-

•l)uncbi-s; they are of a soft, velVL-ty, rich browu color,
■ery part of the plant, when bruised or pressed, is
•iingly odorous."

'■Jetieric characters are; Ivs. opposite, large, cordate:
rnes crowded: fls. white; calyx about 5-parted; corolla
lie thick; limb spreading: scales of the crown 5, in-
xed under the throat of the fleshv corolla.

MACEOTOMIA. Consult .
MACROZAMIA ((JreeU. I

ehin.

nil Zamiu). CijcadAceit.
About r,-7 Australi;ui cyoails, which, like most of the
members of this order, make noble foliage plants for
private conservatories. They have the trunk and Ivs.
of Cycas, except that the pinnte have no midrib but are
more or less distinctly striate, especially on the under
side, with several parallel equal veins, the whole leaf
occasionally twisted in some species, but not constantly
80 in any one.

The genus is more nearly allied to Dioon and En-
cephalartos, from which it is distinguished by the fol-
lowing characters: Ivs. pinnate: scales of the female
cones peltate, the shield thickened, ascending, usually
produced into an erect, acuminate blade. Botanically
the group is very imperfectly understood. The writer
has followed Bentham's account in Flora Australiensis
6:2.50 (1873).

Macrozamias are representative rather than useful
subjects, and not frequently seeu. They combine poorly
in any scheme of plant and flower decoration; but as
single specimens, they always attract attention, and in
a grouping of similar subjects, or with aloes, agave and
yuccas they make an effective combination. Their cul-
ture is easy. Sandy soil, with charcoal to keep the soil
sweet, ordinary greenhouse temperature, plenty of wa-
ter during the growing season, which corresponds to
our summer, and rest in winter, are the essentials.

At present M. spiralis is the only name in American
trade catalogues, but the other kinds were offered in 1893
and 1895 by John Saul, and Pitcher & Manda.

A. Pinna very narrow, often nearly terete: cones small,

rarely ahore 4 in.: fr. very woolly.

Paulo- GuiliMmi, Tlill & MueU.(M.plumd.ia,A. Mohr.).

Trunk short: Ivs. 1-:) ft. Ion;,'. B.H. 1877, p.254.

A.\. Piiinir fhtt, iiisrrliil nti the margins of the rachis,

rniitnirlnl at the liiise : cones 4-10 in., glabrous.

B. J,'<irhi's of Ivs. usually raised longitudinally between

the pinnm : cone scales much flattened.

spiralis, Miq. Trunk short: Ivs. 2-4 ft. long: insertion

of trie pinnre mostly longitudinal; points of the scales

usuilly short. G.C. III. i:]:7i. - M.cyliiidrica, C.Moore,

MAGNOLIA

is a distinct species according to Index Kewensis, but
Bentham considered it a doubtful variety of M. spiralis,
being smaller, with the narrow foliage nearly of M.
Paulo-Guilielmi, but with a glabrous trunk and more
terete rachis.

BB. Rachis of Ivs. very flat between the pinna and often

broad: cone scales very thic/c.

Miqu61ii,DC. Cult, abroad. John Saul advertised J/.

Macqui, presumably a typographical error either for

M. Miquelii or else M. Macleayi, Miq., which = Jf.

AAA. Pinnte inserted by their broad base along the cen-
ter of the upper surface of the rachis, scarcely
separated by a very narrow line : cones targe,
pithi'.icent, the scale points broad and often
recurved.
Peroffskyana, Miq. {M. Perowskiihia, F. Muell.).
Largest and most distinct : trunk 18-20 ft. high : Ivs.
7-12 ft. long. T. D. Hatfield and W. M.

MADDER. The root of liubia tinctorum .
MADEIRA VINE is Boussingnultia.

MADIA I Mn.li

cies). '' .

conflni-il t" I M
Their IN. ■< ,
and opcT,iiiL;- in i
called Tarwecds

lu-rbs

'liilean name of the t
Mu species of yello
part of the American confini-nt.
'!•■ for closing in the sunshine,
,, riling or evening. They are all
their glandular, viscid, heavily-
scented foliage, the common Tarweed of Calif, being
var. congesta of M. sativa, which is a useful
plant for sheep pastures

M. elc
an-

siH, ,11,1 try. unasagrace-
ful open habit (see Fig.
1343) and distinctfls. (Fig.
1344), which become more
numerous as the summer
advances. The nearest
genus of garden value is
Layia, from which Madia
is distinguished by the
following characters: in-
volucre deeply sulcate,
bracts strongly involving
the akenes of the rays:
akenes of the disk fertile
or sterile.

A. Rays showy.
B. Plant annual: Ivs.
chiefly alternate:
pappus none.
«eganB, D. Don. Figs.
1.343-4. Height 1-2 ft.:
Ivs. linear or lanceolate,
mostly entire : rays acutely
3-lobed, yellow throughout
or with a brown spot at
the base. Ore. to Nev. I
Needs a shady place.
BB. Plant perennial; Ivs. mostly opposite: pappus

present in disk fls.

Nattami,Gray. Height 1-2 ft. ; Ivs. linear-lanceolate,

sometimes dentate. Woods, B.C. to Monterey, Calif.

-Adv. 1881 by E. Gillett. Procurable from Californian

collectors.

AA. Rays inconspicuous, about 3 lines long.
sativa, Molina. Height 1-3 ft.: Ivs. from broadly lan-
ceolate to linear: rays 5-12. Ore., Calif., Chile, w. M.

UAGNdLIA (after Pierre Magnol, professor of medi-
cine and director of the botanic garden at Montpellier,
1(1.38-1715). Magnol idcew. Highly ornamental and
popular deciduous or evergreen trees or shrubs, with
alternate large, entire leaves and large white, pink or
purple, rarely yellowish flowers, often fragrant; the

M. 3548. B.R. 17:14,58.

MAGNOLIA

MAGNOLIA

965

most ten icr »)t th e'
one of the mo-.t be lut
hauly nuith to Plui i
species are aninn^' tin
earlj flowenn^ tt .
shiubb3 1/ I 11,1 I U
and aftei Hi 1/ I
lowed b\ 1/ s
han.lsoni. t 1 Hi 1
pi,, «iili th \ M

ber but these are exceptions E ich flower lists flora
2-4 diijs, when the petils fall and the cone like fiuit
appeals This giadually incieises m size until Sep-
tember, when the biip,ht coidl red seeds are detached
and hang on long hlaments The seed should be
gvthered when fully ripe put in diy sand until Febru-
ary in the "5 , then m moist sand for a week or 10 days,
when the resinous cuticle can be remo\ed by washing.

:34

; and ^^s:

cs lheMn„nolus1
1 ich, moderately mor
1 1 ing sandy or peatj
Inch usually giow nit
t swamps as J/ il

ti 1 II n 1 I uitmg isdiftirult and 1 ni st

su tulh I 1 1 trmed just when tin ii w

giowth IS stutitipC Piop In seeds si « n ]jii

mediitelv or stiatified and bylaiti Mil

year s giowth put down m spring and 1 n ii 1

or notched Layers are usuilly sp\ i I m 1

tiinsplanted the followina: i n„ I ii

many of them die after ti in i i

siter wny to tike them oft

the new growth has ript n | i

pots ind keep in a close ti 111 mnli' i

established \ arieties and iiici kinds ii

often veneer or side gr-ifted in early spring —

or summer on potted stock in the gieenhouse

or frame as a stock M liiprtitia is perhaps

the best on account of its better fibious roots which

render transplanting safei but M aciimnuita is also a

good stock Sometimes increased by greenwood cut

tin^s taken with a heel and handled under glass

About 20 species m N Anieiica, south to M
Himalayas and E Asia Trees and shrubs with rather
stout branches maiked with conspicuous leafscais
stipules usually adnate to the petiole and inclosing the
young successive leaf. fls. terminal, solitary, the buds
inclosed in a stipular spathe; sepals 3, often petaloid;
petals 6-15; stamens and carpels numerous, the latter
connate into a spindle, developing into a cone-like some-
what fleshy or leathery fr., with dehiscent, 1-2-seeded
carpels; the large, usually scarlet seeds often suspen-
ded for a time from the fr. by thin threads. The wood
is close-grained, usually light and satiny, but not dur-
able; that of M. hiipoletica is much used in Japan for
laquered ware; the bark and fr. of some species have
been used medicinally as a tonic and stimulant.

Alfred Rehder.

Among the finest Magnolias cultivated in the South are
the two native evergreen species M. grnndiftora and
M. gtauea, and the exotics M. pumila and fu.scata, the
last being now referred to Michelia. MuqnoUa qrandi-
flora is a noble tree. It is a native of the middle and
southern sections of Georgia, South Carolina, Alabama,
Louisiana and the upper districts of Florida, and is
recognized as one of the grandest of all broad-leaved
evergreen trees. In its native habitat it attains a
height of from 75 to 100 feet, with very large, oval or
lanceolate coriaceous leaves. The latter vary, however,
ery broad to rather narrow, some with a rusty
uite smooth. The flowers vary
the largest frequently measuring 10-12 in.
when fully expanded; others do not attain

loi-e than half that si'ze. They appear early in May.

1 some sections during the latter part of April, aiid

imtinue until the end of June. Some trees produce
few flowers during August, and even as late as Octo-

rface.

Sow the cleaned seed in a box or coldframe, and as the
plants show their second leaves pot off in small pots.
In July, give a larger-sized pot, and the plants will be
sufficiently large to plant in permanent place during
the following autumn or winter. It is always advisable
to take pot-grown plants, as they succeed better than
plants taken up with bare roots. Magnolias are vora-
cious feeders, and require rich soil and an abundance
of plant-food. Their roots extend to a great length,
and to bring out the stately beauty of this tree they
should be given ample space. The wood is white, and
valued for cabinet work. There are many forms culti-
vated in European nurseries, their main characteristics
being in the size and form of the leaves and size of
flowers. They are propagated by grafting, either by in-
arching or cleft- or tongue-graft. The latter should be
done under glass, taking 2-year-old pot-grown seed-
lings. The fragrance of the flowers varies also, some
flowers being more pungent than others, but, as a rule,
the fragrance is pleasant. The principal varieties are
M. gramliflnra var. gloriosn, with fls. often measuring
14 in. in diameter; foliage broad and massive, brown on
under surface. Seldom grows beyond 18-25 ft. Var.
pneco.r, or early-flowering. Var. roiimtZifoZin, with very
dark green roundish Ivs., rusty underneath.

Miuinnlia glaitca, the Sweet Bay, is an evergreen
tree in the southern states, becoming deciduous north-
ward. It attains a height of 30 ft. in rich bottoms or
swampy lands: Ivs. oval, long or elliptical, with a glau-
cous under surface: fls. white. 3-4 in. in diameter, very
fragrant, and produced from May to July. This tree is

966 MAGNOLIA

not sufliciently appreciated as an ornamental one in
lanilsciipe gardening.

Marjiinlia pumila, or Talauma pnmiUi, is a very
dwarf Cliinese species, seldom growing more than 4 or
5 It. high; Ivs. smooth, elliptical, sharp-pointed, coria-
ceous: fls. 1-1 K in. in diameter, white or slightly
tinged green, with 6-9 fleshy petals, which drop soon
after the fls. expand. The fragrance is intense at night,
and resembles a ripe pineapple. It thrives best in a
rich, partially shaded soil, but a frost of 10° below the
freezing point will injure it. It is therefore best to grow
it as a conservatory plant. Prop, by ripened wood cut-
tings in bottom heat. As this plant is in bloom during
nearly the whole year, and its delicate fragrance is un-
surpassed, it is strange that it is so little known.

P. J. Berckjians.

acuminata, 13. 14.

grandis, 5.

pyra.midata.

aiiffustifolia, 18.

HalUana. 1.

rosea, 1.

auriculata, 11.

^^^T'-

ealicifolia. 1

Alexandrina, 5.

Soulangean.1

CampbeUi, 2.

lanceolata, 18.

speciosa, 5.

conspima, 3.

Leunei, 5.

st(.llat.->, 1.

cordata, 14.

louKifoli.i. IC.

ralainnn. 17

discolor. 6.

macTopliylla, 12.

Tliompsouia

Mxonienais, 18.

major. 15.

Thurberi, 4.

fceHda, 18.

Norbertiana, 5.

tripetalii, 10.

Fraseri, 11.

nigra, 5.

rnibrella. K

Galissoniensis, 18.

obovata, 5, 6.

rirainia,m.

ghtuea. 15, 16.

pan-iflora, 7, 8.

W:.tsoni, »,

gracilis, 6.

pumila, 17.

yul.-in, :i.

KnmdiHora, 18.

purpurea, 6.

A. Blossoms appearing before the !vs.

B. Pctah 9-lS.

1. stelUta, Maxim. {M.RaUedna, Hort.). Shrub or

f

1346. Magnolia Soulangeana,

ir. speciosa (>

beneath when young, 2-5 in. long: fls. white, short -
stalked, numerous, about 3 in. across, sweet-scented;
petals narrow-oblong, 9-18, spreading and afterwards
reflexed: fr. with only few carpels ripening. March
April. Japan. B.M. G370. R.H. 1878:270. Gn. 13:132

G.P.9:195. G.C. III. 7:617 and 17:521. Gng,

6:.-!05. F.E. 0:611. G.M. 38:489. P.M. 1878:
hardy and very tree-flowering; it begins to fl

2. C&mpbelli, Hook. f. & Thoms. Tree, to 80 ft.: Ivs.
elliptic-oblong or ovate, abruptly acuminate, glaucous
beneath and silky pubescent when young, 5-12 in. long:
fls. cup-shaped, 6-10 in. across, white inside and pink,
shaded with crimson, outside; petals obovate, 9-15:
fr. greenish brown, (j-8 in. long. Mav. Himalayas.
B. M.0793. F.S. 12:1282-85. On. 48:1028; 53. pp. '167,
305. G.C. III. 23:89. -Beautiful tree, hardy only South.

BB. Petals 6-9.
C. Fls. pure white.

3. YMan, Desf. {St. conspieua, Salisb.). Fig. 1345.
Tree, to 50 ft., with spreading branches: Ivs. obovate or
obovate-oblong, shortly pointed, pubescent beneath
when young, 4-7 in. long: fls. large, campanulate, sweet-
scented, about 6 in. across; petals and sepals almost
alike, 9, concave, fleshy, 3-4 in. long: fr. brownish, .3-4
in. long, slender. April, May. Japan, China. B.M. 1021.
L.B.C. 12:1187. G.C. III. 9:591. Gn. 21, p. 311; 23. p. 1.38;
24, p. 511; 31, p. 505; 34:667; 45, p. 365; 46, p. 145; 51,
p. 474. G. M. 31: 289; 36:380.-One of the most showy
species.

4. K6bU8, Thunb. {M. TJtdrberi, Hort.). Tree, to SO
ft., with narrow pyramidal head: branches short and
slender: Ivs. broadly obovate, abruptly pointed, taper-
ing toward the base, pubescent below at first, 3K-6 in.
long: fls. 4-5 in. across; sepals very small and narrow;
petals 6, spreading, thin, 2-2^ in. long: fr. slender,
dark brown, 4-5 in. long. April, May. Japan. G.F.
6:66.— One of the hardiest species but less showy; seems
not to flower very profusely.

cc. Fls. 2mrpUsh or carmine outside.

5. Soulangeiliia, Soul. (M.oboveltaxYiilaii). Interme-
diate between the paients. Popular large shrub or small
tree: Ivs. obovate to obovate-oblong: fls. large, cam-
panulate, white, more or less purplish outside, often
fragrant; sepals usually colored, sometimes almost as
long, sometimes hardly half as long as petals, rarely
small and greenish. May. A. G. 15:283. B.R. 14:1164.
Gt. 5:166 and 168. S.B. F.G.I. 3:260. Var. Lenn6i, Hort.
More shrubby: fls. large, deep crimson outside, late.
P. 1864:25. V. 5:196. Var. nigra, Hort. Fls.darkpur-
ple outside. There are many other named vars., like

var. Alexandrina, gr&ndis, Norberti&na, spe-
ciosa (Fig. 1346), differing but little in color
and flowering time, var. Alexandrina being
one of the earliest, var. Norbetiiana one of
the latest in bloom. These hybrids are among
the most popular Magnolias on account of
their early, bright-colored fls. ; they are show-
ier and hardier than the following species.

6. obov&ta, Thunb. (M. dlscnl<ir,'Vetit. M. ■purpurea.
Curt.). Usually large shrub, with stout branches: Iva.
obovate or oval-obovate, acute or acuminate, pubescent
beneath at first, 4-7 in. long: fls. large, campanulate,
white inside, purple outside, scentless; petals broad,
obtuse, somewhat fleshy, about 3K in. long; sepals
small, ovate-lanceolate, greenish yellow: fr. brownish,
ovate-oblong. May, June. China, Japan. B. M. 390.
Gn. 22, p. 485; 24, p. 511; 46, p. 49. F. E. 9:611. Var.
grdoilis, Dipp. (M. grdcilis, Salisb.). -Smaller shrub,
with slender branches, narrower Ivs. and smaller fls.,
dark purple outside.

AA. Blossoms appearing after the Ivs.
B. Foliage deciduous.
0. Fls. white.
D. Buds and branchlets glabrous or oppressed pubes-
cent: carpels glabrous.
E. Li:i. 4-7 in. long, scattered along the branches.

7. parvifldra, Sieb. & Zucc. Small tree: branchlets
and buds appressed pubescent: Ivs. elliptic to obovate-
oblong, obtusely pointed, glaucescent beneath and pu-
bescent at first, 4-6 in. long: fls. long-pedicelled, cup-

haped, white, with large pink sepals, 3-4 in. across.

!09.

A.F. fragrant; petals usually 6; stamens crimsonj carpel:

Japan.
:3. G.M. 38:66.

.M.7411. Gn. 54, p.

Gng.

MAGNOLIA

MAGNOLIA

967

WAtsoni, Hook. Closely allied to the former: al-
it <'l-d.rou- except Ivs. beueath when young: Ivs.
vat'e to ol.long, -t-7 in. long: lis. short-stalked, 3-Rm.
OSS. with i;-9 petals

pels many. June. Japan.
B M 71.-.7. 'i.e. 111. 16:189 and 17:517. Gt 48:1459.
Gn''^ 1-S Gn "4-417 (as M. parviflom) probably be-
longs here. G.M. 34::i05.- Very handsome in bloom;
the beauty of the large, sweet-scented flower is tuuch
heightened by the crimson center, formed by the bright-
colored stamens.
EE. Lvs. S-ZO in. long, mostly clustered at the end of
the branches: buds and branches glabrous.

9. hypoleiica, Sieb. & Zuco. Tree, to 100 ft. high, with
broad, pyramidal head: lvs. obovate to obovate-oblong,
obtusely pointed, glaucous and appressed pubescent be-
neath, 8-14 in. long: fls.6-7 m. across, cup shaped, fra-
grant, with 6-9 petals ; stamens with scarlet filaments,
fr. oblong-cylindric, scarlet, to 8 in. long. May, .lune.
Japan. G.P. 1:305. Gng. 1:8. Mn. 3, p. 73.- One of the
most beautiful of the deciduous species, the under side
of the lvs. being almost silvery white; about as hardy
as il.macrophylla.

10 tripttala, Linn. (jW. P'mftrt'Z^a, Lam.). Umbrella
Tree. Tree, to 40 ft., with spreading branches, forming
an open head: lvs. tapering toward the base, oblong-
obovate, acute, pale and pubescent beneath when young,
l''-24 in. long: lis. 8-10 in. across, of a disagreeable odor ;
petals 6-9,oblong-obovate,4-5in.long; sepals recurved,
light green: fr. rose-colored, ovate-oblong, 2/2-4 in.
long. May. Pa. to Ala., west to Ark. and Miss. b.b.
1:9 and 10. Gn. 22,p. 27; 24, p 50'!; 3!,p 539.

11. Friseri, Walt. (M -"" "'''' I "ii M piini-
«ii(M(n, Pursh). Tree, to l() 11 »iiU « 1 le spreading
branches, quite glabrous, h - .il" \ ,. . ( •.iciatf auiiou
late at the base, acute, gl.uK. sc 1 iit I • im itli. s--" 111
long: fls. 6-9 in. across, sweet si . iiti d 1 . t iN 1 • ulj
long-obovate, 4-5 in. long: fr. ol.loii - 1 u.lit 1 "I
3-5in.long. Va. to Fla., west to Mi ■-^1 11 i)v\
12. B.M. 1206. B.R.5:407. L.BC.ll H>'l- i'" ---^i,
24, p. 511; 44, p. 935.

DD. Suds and branches grayish tomentose: carpels
woolly.

12. macrophJUa, Michx. Large-leaved CuruMBER
Tree. Tree, to 50 ft., with spreading branches: hs.ob-
long-obovate, blunt, subcordate-auriculate at the base,
glaucescent and finely pubescent beneath, 1-3 ft. long:
fls. cup-shaped, fragrant, 10-12 in. across; petals 6, ob
long-obovate, thick, purplish at the base, 6-7 in. long:
fr. broadly ovate, rose-colored, to 3 in. long. May, June.
Kv. to Fla., west to Ark. and La. S.S. I:7and8. B.M.
2981. G.F. 8:105. Gn.22,p.28; 24, p. 509; 33, p. 539.

CO. Fls. yellow or greenish: petals 6, SSViin. long.

13. acuminata, Linn. Cucumber Tree. Tall, pyra-
midal tree, to 90 ft. : lvs. oval to oblong, shortly acumi-
nate, rounded or acute at the base, soft pubescent and
light green beneath, 6-9 in. long: fls. greenish yellow or
glaucous green, about 2-3 H in. high, with upright petals:
fr. cylindric, pink, 3-4 in. long. May, June. N. Y. to
Ga., west to 111. and Ark. S.S.l:4and5. B.M.242j.
L.B.C. 5:418. Gn. 24, p. 509.

14. cord^ta, Michx. {M. aciimin&ta, var. corddta,
Sarg.). Similar to the former, but smaller: lvs. more
pubescent, oval to ovate, acute, rounded or sometimes
slightly cordate at the base: fls. smaller, canary yellow.
GaTandAla. S.S. 1:6. B.M. 2427. L.B.C.5:474. Gn.
22, p. 27; 24, p. 509.

BB. Foliane coriaceous, persistent, but deciduous North

in Ifos. 15 and 16.

0 Lvs qlabrous or silky-pubescent beneath: usually

shrubby.

15. Thompsoniana, Hort. [M. u '"'"■". var. mijor,
Sims. M. ulam;,, yiir. Th.nn ,,s..„,r, ,ni . Loud.). Prob-
able hybrid of M. ,//,.».„ un.l h;;,.!,,!.,. Shrubor small
tree: branches and buds gUihr.jus: lvs. oval to oblong,
acute, glaucescent beneath aud pubescent when young,
5-9 in. long: fls. white, fragrant, 5-6 in. across; sepals
shorter than the petals, yellowish. June. July. G. F.
1:269. B.M. 2164. Gn. 24. p. 511. -Of garden origin.

16. glailca, Linn. (J/. r/.'iri.iuiHa, Morong). Sweet,
Swamp or White Bay. Beaver Tree, i ig. 1347. At-
tractive shrub or small tree, evergreen Soutk: lvs. oval
to oblong-lanceolate, glaucous beneath and silky-pubes-
cent at first, 3-6 in. long: fls. white, globose, fragrant,
2-3 in. across; sepals nearly as large as petals, spread-
ing; petals 9-12, roundish obovate: fr. pink, 1-2 in.
Ions. May, June. Mass. to Fla. near the coast, in the
Sou* extliding west to Texas S.S. 1:3 Em. 2:603.
L.B.C. 3:215. R.H. 1891, p. 347. G.F. 10:403. Gng.

1347. Maenolia glauca (X 'A).

4:342. -A very desirable shrub, with handsome, glossy
foliage and sweet-scented, creamy white fls. Var. longi-
■fdlia. Loud., has lanceolate lvs. and continues blooming
during a longer time than the type.

17. p{imila,Andr. (7V((nr(»m;>«»uM,Blume). Shrub,
to 12 ft. : lvs. elliptic-oblong, acuminate, glabrous, glau-
cescent beneath, 3-6 in. long: fls. axillary, nodding on
short-curved pedicels, globose-ovate, wh'te, fragrant,
about IJiin. across ; petals 0. China. B.M. 977.-Cult.
South.

CC. Lvs. ferrugineons, pubescent beneath: tree.

18. grandifldra, Linn. (i/. fatida, Sarg.). Bull Bat.
Tall evergreen tree, to 80 ft., of pyramidal habit:
branchlets and buds rusty-pubescent: lvs. thick and
firm, oblong to obovate, glossy above, ferrugineous-pu-
bescent beneath, sometimes glabrous at length, 5-8 in.
long: fls. white, fragrant, 7-8 in. across; sepals large,
petaloid; petals 6-12, obovate; stamens purple: fr. oval

968 MAGNOLIA

or ovate, rusty Inown nn.l imlii -icf-nt, :!-J in. long. Jlay-
Aug. N.C. til I'rx > s I I aiiil 2.-V:ir. angtistifoUa,
Loud. (var..s<(/. I! >: . I^vs. hiiiceolate, wavy.

Var. lanceolata, \ < ••■ /- •^'inrnsi.s, Loud.). Lvs.

oblong-lanceiilat "Ilini: > lliptic, less rusty beneath.

H.M. 1952. L. B.C. 9:814. There are many other named
varieties, of which var. Galissonlinsis, Hort., has proved
the hardiest in Europe. For other pictures, see Gn. 22,
p. 28; 24, pp. 509, 511; 33, p. 5^8.

M. comprdssa, Maxim. =Micheli;i r,,n,;,i, ..,, j/ i,,,.,',,f,i
An<Ir.=Michelia fuscata.— JU. sodii/ ' i -i ■

ciduous tree: Ivs. elliDtie toovate-I;UM . i
4-7 in. long: fls. unknown. Japan, (i I '

ALlkLlJ KtHUEli.

MAHfiENIA (anagram of fl^er»i««ni«). Sterculiclcew.

More thau ;i(i herbs and subshrubs of S. Africa, mostly

with incised Ivs. and droop-

^\: ing, bell-shaped fls. Calyx

ipanulate,5-cleft; petals

'), with hollow claws, twisted

ae bud ; stamens 5, oi>-

■ ■ flla-

Qlarged

MAINE

MAINE, HOETICULTUEE IN. FIl' Iff
most northeasterly of the l"ni>. . -i r^ i. ■
tudes 4G° G' and 47° 27' nori I,
71° 26' west. The name \va-
designate the mainland as . I.- i:;.: ii .m i
islands along the coast. Althuuirh its extr
from east to west is but 270 miles, its
broke

eadth
is so

5 to extend for 2,480 miles along the Atlantic.
The total area of the state is 33,000 square miles, of
\. iii li :;,H.J is water surface. The surface of the state is
'I in two great slopes, separated by a broad plain
n I 'iiHito2,000feetabovethesea (seethe maj.). This
I 1 Mil. ilic eastern end of the Appalachian range, con-
iaiii> iiumerous hills and mountains, the highest of
which is Mt. Katahdin, with an altitude of 5,385 feet.

The slopes are much broken by hills and lakes, and
vast areas are still covered by the primeval forest.
'I'lure is thus provided a wide diversity of soil and cli-
iii.nii .1 iihi I,- in different parts of the state, which
;iii ' iiy ftr a considerable range in agricul-

tiii , I -. I'uder these conditions, even from

till I II . iil.nii-nt of tlie state, agriculture has

r.-r,.,M.il :, I,, I i:,ii,. nf :in,.),iM,K 'I'hi rr ^■,,■|■e in 1892,

ea'-h v:,!iii- ..: i. •, ', .,:',,| ,r , '. : ,i'l |.,'l' value of

the

elt, form

ilong:

^. ^ ovary 51oculed, ripening

^&^^*si :^ into a coriaceous capsule

,Jp- ^ V with many seeds. Monogr.

K in Harvey and Sender's

Flora Capensis. By some
1348. Mahernia vcrticillata. the genus is united with
vK>2.) Hermannia. A few of the

Mahernias are cult, as pot-
plants for the profusion of their bell-like (Is. and the

verticilUta, Linn. (M. odoritta, Hort, not of botan-
ists, which is Hermannia Presliann). Honey Bell.
Fig. 1348. Very common plant in conservatories,
and sometimes seen in window-gardens (see House
Plants) : half woody, very diffuse and straggly, not
making a central leader, the terete crooked stems
scabrous : Ivs. small, much cut into linear divisions,
with deep cut stipules: fls. % in. or less long, nod-
ding, usually about 2 together, from axillary shoots,
sweet, fragrant, honey-yellow. — Free bloomer in
winter and spring. Of easy cult. Prop, by cuttings.
Mahernia verticillata is a very pretty twiggv bush
for the cool greenhouse. The branches are long and
flexible, so that specimens may be trained into any
form. It may also be used for hanging baskets. It is
of easy culture in pots, but lifts badly.

glabrita, Cav. Lvs. dentate or dentate-pinnatifid
(not so finely cut as in the last I. covered with stellate
down: trailing. -It is doubtful if ttie plant cult,
under this name is the M. (jUihrata of botanists.
L. H. B.

MAHOE, MOUNTAIN. See Hibiscus elatus.

MAHOGANY. See Sivietenia. Mountain Mahog-
any. See C,rror„rpu.s.

MAHONIA. Included with Berberis.

MAIDENHAIE FEEN is Adianlum.

MAIDENHAIE TEEE. See Ginkgo.

MAIANTHEMUM (Greek, Matt flower). LiliAcert.
M. Convallaria, Wiher, is a pretty little native wild
flosver growing a-5 iuehes high, with 1-3 heart-shaped
shining lvs., and a raceme about 1 in. long of small
white fls., with 4-parted perianth and 4 stamens. It
grows in moist woods, and is fully described in our
manuals. It has been offered by dealers in native
plants under Its synonyms. v1/. bifoliiim, Caiiailense
Hnd Smilaeina bifolia. B.B. 1:431. B. M. 510. It
is sometimes called False Lily-of-the-Valley or Two-
Leaved Solomon's Seal. Foliage dies in midsummer.
Useful for early effects.

ipal

:.ltli.

St chiefly of pine, spruce, hem-
loeli and arliui\ ita'. Farther south, in addition to the
conifers, red oak, beech, birch, maple, ash and elm
abound. Butternut and hickory are found, but are not
abundant. The productions for which the state is espe-
cially noted, aside from lumber, are hay, potatoes, sweet
corn and fruit. Of the first, from 1,500,000 to 2,000,000
tons are cut each year.

Potatoes form the staple crop in Aroostook county—
the "Garden of Maine"— though many thousand bushels
are grown in the southern counties. The annual crop is

MAINE

not far from 10,000,000 bushels. Tbe greater portion of
the potatoes grown in Aroostook county is converted
into starch. The annual product of the starch factories
is from 12,000,000 to 15,000,000 pounds. The average
yield is about 120 bushels per acre, but as many as 500
and even 700 bushels have been obtained.

The production of sweet corn for canning has become
an important industry in the southwestern and central
parts of the state. The total pack in 1890 was about
12,000,000 cans, representing 3,000 acres.
000,000 cans were packed, whili
about the same.

The rocky hillsides of souths
cially suited for producing,' :i;
flavor and keeping qualiti.-. I
grown to a considerable extn i
products is about $1,500,OUU :;;,,,
orchards range in value from ;
ing to the location and distance

Small fruits thrive over the g

e are espe-
■rior color,
lis are also
the orchard
lilesitesfor

J re,

cord-

MALCOLMIA. See Makomia.

UALCOMIA (Wm. Malcolm, English horticulturist of
the eighteenth century). Also written Malcolmia, but it
was originally spelled Mulconiia. Cnictfi^nr. A genus
of about 20 species, ont of wlii.li is callid tin- Virginian
Stock, though it is a imtix i- i>l th.- Mrdii.i run, im region.
It is a charming hanly .inniial d iln- L-a^ir^t culture,
growing about a foot iiii,'li. witli a iiion- l-raiicliiug and
open habit than the comuiou stock (iMutthiohi), and 4-
petaled fls. each about % in. across. Red, white and
crimson-lid. kinds are offered in America, while rose
and lilac fls. appear in the mixtures. There seem to be
no double forms. It is an excellent plant for the front
of a border, as it may be easily had in bloom from spring
to fall by means of successional sowings. Seeds are
best sown in the fall, as they give earlier bloom. Seeds
may be sown thinly. See Atimials.

resorts

and find a ready market at the numerous
for which Maine is noted.

The canning of blueberries is an important indu.stry
in some parts of the state. In Washington county about
120,000 acres, otherwise worthless, are known as the
"blueberry barrens." The annual output of tbe canning
factories is valued at $75,000 to $100,000, and 1,500 or
2,000 bushels are shipped while fresh. In other parts
of the state tliere are many thousand acres that may be
utilized in the same way. Some of the more impoi-tant
bluelierry regions are indicated by the shaded
areas on the map.

In providing for education along agricultural
lines, Maine has not been behind other states.
While Arthur Young and others were striving to
improve the agriculture of Great Britain, leading
citizens of the then District of Maine united in
forming one of the first agricultural societies in
America. As noted by Boardman: "The light
stations first established in this country for the
improvement and the diffusion of agricultural
literature were at Philadelphia, Pa., in 1785 ;
Charleston, S. C, in 1785 ; Hallowell, Maine, 1787."

The first agricultural and industrial college in North
America, the Gardiner Lyceum, was established at Gar-
diner, Me., in 1821, when a yearly grant of $1,000 was
made by the state. The purpose of the school was "to
give mechanics and farmers such a scientific education
as would enable them to become skilled in their profes-
sions." This institution, under the patronage of the
Vaughans and the Gardiners, flourished until 1835, when
state aid was withdrawn. It was continued for two
years at the expense of Mr. Gardiner, and then closed.
In connection with the Lyceum, a farm was utilized for
experiments in agriculture, and "to give the future
agriculturist the knowledge of those principles of sci-
ence upon which his future success depends, and an
opportunity to see them reduced to practice."

In 1865 the State College of Agriculture and the
Mechanic Arts was established under the provisions of
the "Morrill Act." This, in 1897, became the University
of Maine, with a well-equipped agricultural department.
The Maine Agricultural Experiment Station, established
under the provisions of the "TIatch Act" in 1887, forms
a department of the university. In addition to the work
of the university, important educational work is carried
on in the form of farmers' institutes by the State Board
of Agriculture, consisting of one member from each
county, with permanent headquarters at the capital.
There are also two state agricultural societies, one state
pomologioal society, and nearly 50 county and town
agricultural societies which receive aid from the state.
.™„ „ ^ , „ W. M. MuNSON

HAIZE. See Corn and Zea.

MAKART DECOEATIONS and bouquets are dried
grasses and everlastings, whether dyed or not. Tiie
celebrated painter, Hans Makart, once decorated his
salon with dried palm leaves, pampas grass and the
like, to tbe delight of the Emperor of Austria, who
visited the artist's studio: hence the name. See Ever-
lastinos and G.C. III. 6:714.

MALAY APPLE. Eugenia Jambos.

s

1350. Virgmian Stock, Crimson King.

Malcomia is a genus ot branching herbs: branches
often prostrate: Ivs. alternate, entire or pinnatifld: fls.
in a loose raceme ; petals long and linear or long-clawed :
pods rather terete, long orawl-shaped: seeds in 1 series
or in 2 series at the base of the cells.

marltima, R. Br. Virginian Stock. Mahon Stock.
Figs. 1350, 1351. Stem erect, branching: Ivs. elliptic,
obtuse, entire, narrowed at the base, pubescence ap-
pressed, 2-4-parted : pedicels rather shorter than the
calyx : pods pubescent, long-acuminate at the apex.
B.M. 166 (as t'7ie«T(>iHi»s w«r«™«s, showing red fls.,
changing to purple before fading). w. M.

MALLOTTJS (Greek, !coo»i/). Euphorbiiicete. Trees
or shrubs, with broad opposite Ivs., with small dioecious
fls. in spikes or panicles: petals and disk absent; calyx
3-5-lobed ; stamens numerous ; styles 3, almost free,
recurved ; capsule spherical, splitting into 3 parts.
About 80 species in the Old World tropics.

Japdnicus, Miill. Arg. A small tree, with large, ovate,
palmately nerved, nearly glabrous, sub-trilobed, loug-
petioled Ivs.: spikes branched terminal: fls. 2-3 lines
wide; stamens 60-70, yellow; stigmas slightly feathery :
capsules pubescent, Y^ in. in diam. Japan and China.
R.H. 1894, p. 103. -Cult, at Santa Barbara.

J. B. S. Norton.

MALLOW. Malva rotnndi folia.

MALLOW, FALSE. Malvastnim.

MALOPE (name used by Pliny for some kind of mal-
low). M,iln-i,;a. A genus of 10 species of annuals from
the Jliaitt-rranian region, one of which is cult, under
the name (if .1/. ^ini nil i flora. It grows 1-3 ft. high, and
bear* red ur white, 5-petaled fls. 2>^-3 in. across, in sum-
mer and fall. The genus is allied to Altha?a, which it
resembles in having solitary ascending ovules, but has
the carpels crowded into a sort of head without order,
while in Altha?athe carpels are in a single whorl. Also,
Malope has 3 bractlets, while Altha>a has 6-9. Herbs

970

MALOPE

violet or rosy ; bractleta large, eortlnte ; calyx 5-cui ;
column of stamens divided at the top into tilaments.
Culture easy. See Annuals.

trifida, Cav. Lvs. 3-nerved, 3-cut, dentate, glabrous;
lobes acuminate : peduncles axillary, 1-fld. Spain, N.
Africa.-Var. granditldra, Past. {M. grandlflbra, F. G.
Dietr. ) , is said to be much superior to the type, with tls.
2^2-3 in. across, deep rosy red, veined inside darker.
Gn. 21, p. 145. P.M. 1:177. 3t. iinnuJi flora aUia is also
cult.

MALUS.

Piirus.

MALPlGHIA (Marcello Malpighi, 1628-1693, distin-
guished amtoniist at Boulogne who wrote on the anatomy
of plants) Valpuih,,,,,,! \h(nit 20 species of small
trees or shrubs nn stU n itn es cf tropical America, one
of which IS the 1 iil,ul.,(s Hi. ii\ M.tihihra. The fruit
is about the si/o md sh ipe ot i siiiali northern cherry,
but inferior in (iinlit\ It has an acid taste. It is borne
onashrub which grow saboutOft high and has handsome
crimson fls of a distinct appearance. The fl. is about
% in. across, and the 5 petals have a claw about as long
as the fringed blade. This shrub is a native of the West
Indies and is cult, in all the Islands as well as S. Amer.
It is also offered in S. Fla.

Malpighias have opposite, short-stalked lvs., glabrous
or tomentose, entire or spiny-toothed : Hs. axillary, clus-
tered or corymbose, rarely solit;ir\', rtM], rttse or white;

calyx 5-parted, 6-10-gliUMlul:M ; m: us 10: ovary 3-

celled: styles 3, distinct: diii]!.- .; ^I"th-.1, the stones
with or without 3-5 crests or wui-s ,iii the back.

glabra, Linn. Barbadoes Cherkv. Lvs. ovate, gla-
brous, entire, usually pointed, having a few biscuspi-
date hairs which disappear early : umbels 3-5-Hd. : ca-
lyx 6-8 glandular: stones obtusely 4-angled. B.M. 813.
W. M.

MALVA (old Latin name from Greek malache; refer-
ring to the emollient lvs.). MalvAcetf. About 16 species
of herbs, widely scattered, 4 of which are cult, in America
and have escaped from old gardens, while one, M. rotnn-
difolia (Fig. 1352), the common Mallow, is a familiar
weed. These plants are of the easiest culture, and bloom
all summer and fall, having pink, rose or purple fls.
sometimes 2 in. across. Malva is distinguished from
numerous allied genera by the carpels in a single whorl:
ovules solitary, ascending: bractlets 3, distinct: carpels
not beaked or appendaged within. Malvas are hirsute
or nearly glabrous: lvs. angled, lobed or dissected: fls.
solitary, in the axils or clustered, sessile or peduncled;
petals 5, notched at the apex. In the first 2 species the
pedicels are solitary in the upper axils; in the next 3
they are numerous and clustered.

A. Fls. large and sliowy,iyi-3 in. across.

B. Fruit downy, not wrinkled.

jnOBchita, Linn. Musk Mallow. Perennial, 1-2 ft.
high, less hairy than J/. Alcea : stem-lvs. 3-many times
parted, the lobes being linear: fls. rose or white; calj'x
with long, simple hairs. Eu. ; cult, and escaped. K.H.
1851:381.

BB. Fruit glabrous, minutely wrinkled or veiny.

Alcea, Linn. Perennial, 2-4 ft. high : stem-lvs. parted
almost to the base into 3-5 divisions, which are again
3-5-cut, the lobes broad: fls. deep rose; calj-x densely
stellate-pubescent. Eu. ; cult, and escaped. B.M. 2297
(pink, veined deeper). — Var. Sastigi4ta, Koch {3t.
Morinii, PoUini). Lvs. less incised; upper stem-lvs.
3-fid; intermediate ones 5-fid; lobes oblong, unequally
dentate. B.M. 2793.

BBB, Fruit prominently wrinkled-veiny.
BylvfistriB, Linn. P.icnnial or pprenni:il. 2-;i ft. lii:;h,
rough-hairy, brancliiir_': 1\ s. r:ithcr sli:n|ily ." 7 1ol..',l:
fls. purple-rose. Eu., i.in|i. Asia, wa\ siiUs X. Amer.
A. G. 13:471. -Not a.l^.■rtisra. S.'c .!/.;./., mm, n.su|.|.le-
mentary list. Var. Mauritiana (J/. J[„„,;ii,i,i.:, Linn.)
has long been cult, in cottage gardens abroad as the
Tree Mallow. It is taller, smoother and has more
obtuse lobes.

aa. Fls. small, inconspicuoxis, whitish.

B. Lvs. curled or puckered at the margin.
crispa, Linn. Curled Mallow. Unbranched annual,

4-6 ft. high, leafy from
base to top: lvs. rounded,
5-7-lobed or angled : fls.
clustered, almost sessile.
Eu.; sparingly escaped
from old gardens. Gn.2,
p. 315. Vilmorin's
"Vegetable Garden," p.
319.— No longer adver-
tised, but procurable
abroad and still cult, in
America. No part of the
plant is eaten, but the
elegantly crisped leaves
are sometimes used lor
garnishing dishes. Gen-
erally self-sows in gar-
dens.
BB. Lvs. vol curled at

the margins.
rotundlfdlia, Linn. Fig.
1.352. CoMMO.N Mallow.
Stems trailing from a
strong, deep root: lvs.
rounded kidney-shaped,
crenate; leaf-stalks very
long : peduncles rather
slender. — Common bien-
nial or perennial weed, not cult. The flat wrinkled
fruits are known to children as "cheeses." Also locally
called "Shirt-button plant."

MAMMILLARIA

971

M-

■ plant iu the

, much confused name. In the Thorbnrn <

.probably <.ii tli-' ;iutln>rir\- ot K. s I'ar-
man in A.G. 11:539. M.miniata i- ^.l-o ,i>l%rni-.-l 1-% iMimun

dealers and is referred by Vilmoriii - r.lu ii^';i 1 1 n. r.i u^ >\A:-a'-

raleea niiniata. Index Kewensis.li^w f\ ■ i, tri.i^ .M iniiii;d;i to
Sphjeraleea cisplatina. This ri<Mlf will, ikmIlijin. ii.' vi.h.-d
under Sphieraleea. wliirh s(n-. — .1/ ni!'lf^i"t<i <ilhii Hint , is
probably a white-lid. fniiLi nf .,ii.- ,.f tli.- sprrir^ :ili,.v.- liif-n-
tioned. with foliage ni;iii,\- tiiius (ii\iilril —.1/. :'hnHa, linrt , is
referred by Index Kew.iisis t<> .M. s\l\rstii^; by X'thiuiiin's
Blumengitrtnerei to M. .Manrili:iiiM. In l'.ri.lj;.-inan's ratal. igne
Jl.z.brintiis described as a hardy annual, called "Striped Mal-
low," throwing 2 ft. liigh, with white and purple tls. -^^ ]yj_

MALVASTRUM (name made from Malva). MalvAeete.
Sixty or more herbs and subshrubs in America and S.
Africa, of which 2 or 3 are plants of minor importance in
gardens. From Malva and its allies it differs in having
short or capitate stigmas on the style-branches rather
than longitudinal stigmas, also in having a solitary ovule
in each carpel. From Malvaviscus it differs in having
a dry rather than a baccate fruit, and in other charac-
ters. The garden species are perennials of easy culture,
blooming in the hot weather of summer.

coccineum. Gray. A tufted canesoent plant, 5-10 in. or
less high, with running rootstocks: Ivs. not more than
I in. across, pedately 3-5-parted or divided, the narrow
divisions again cut or cleft: fls. brick-red or coppery, in
a short terminal raceme: carpels round-kidney-shaped,
inclosed in the incurvin.g calvx lobes. Western Amer.
B. M. 1673 (as Cristariii <-.«"ci»c.O.- There is a var.
grandiflbrum in the trade, with "large deep scarlet fls."

campanulatum, Nichols. Two ft. or less high, hairy:
Ivs. pedately 3-5-lobed, the lobes deeply cut and toothed,
clasping: fls. rose-purple, an inch across. Chile. P.M.
9:173, and R.H. 1843:325 (as Malva campanulata).

spISndidum, Kell. Shrub, becoming 12 ft. or more,
gray-tonientose: Ivs. cordate-ovate, 5-lobed; fls. rosy
pink, fragrant. Calif. L. h. B.

MALVAVISCUS (Greek, sticky malloif). Malvilcea.
About 25 species of tender shrubs from the warmer
parts of America, one of which, M. arboreus, is known
to the trade as Achania 3rah'aviscus, It is a fine old
greenhouse shrub with erect scarlet fls., which resemble
an Abutilon and never open widely. Abutilon, however,
has no involucre, while Malvaviscus has an involucre of
10-12 bractlets. Lvs. entire,
dentate, angled or lobed:
fls. red, usually peduncled;
petals erect and connivent
or spreading in the upper
half ; column of stamens
truncate below the apex or
."i-tiKitbed : carpels fleshy
out. side, connate into a berry,
later separating.

arboreus, Cav. (Acli()>iia
-". ■ -^ Sw.l. Fig.

base, toothed: fls. convolute in Hit- l.u.l, bractlets erect.
S.Amer. B.M.230.-). -Cult, outdoors iuS.Fla.and S.Calif.

JIfiilriirixciis arboreus is one of the most satisfactory
house plants that can be grown. It is not subject to in-
sects of any kind, will stand a low temperature in win-
ter, and blooms both winter and summer. When pot
firown, the plant is usually about 2 ft. high, but out-
doors it makes a strong, branching growth, attaining 3-5
ft. The bright scarlet fls. remain a long time in perfect
condition. The fls. open slightly at the top or not at all.
This circumstance gave rise to the old name Achania,
which means not openintj. The plant needs a good light
soil and thrives in a compost of fibrous peat and loam.
Prop, by cuttings. The cultivators need not fear the
appearance of white grains on the surface of the lvs., as
they are a normal, w^axy secretion of the plant.

James Vice.

MAMILLAKIA. See MammiUaria.

MAMMfiA (from a South American name). Gullif-
er<p. Sis species of tropical trees, one of which. M,
I, produces the fruits known as the Mammee

Apple or St. Domingo Apricot. These are 3-G iu. iu
diameter, round, russet-colored or brown, with a yellow
juicy pulp, and 1-4 large, rough seeds. The skin and
seeds are bitter and resinous. The fruits are eaten raw
without flavoring, or with wine and sugar, or sugar and
cream. They are also preserved. The taste for them
does not have to be acquired. The tree is cult, in S.
Fla. and S. Calif., and a few fruits are brought from the
West Indies to the U. S. The nearest ally of horticul-
tural value is the Mangosteen, belonging to the genus
Garcinia, characterized by having 4 sepals, while
Mammea has a calyx which is closed before anthesis,
and afterwards is valvately 2-parted. Marameas have
rigid, leathery lvs., often dotted with pellucid glands:
peduncles axillary, I-fld., solitary or clustered : fis.
polygamous; petals 4-6; stamens numerous; stigma
peltate or broadly lobed: ovary 2-4-celled.

Americana, Linn. Mammee Apple. St. Domingo
Aprioit. Fig. 1354. Tree, 40-60 ft. high: lvs. obovate-
obloniT. rounded tit tip, 4-8 in. long: peduncles few or
soIitaf\": ]"'tals wliite, fragrant; anthers oblong, later-
ally dehiscent. l'...M. 7562. w. M.

3tiiuniir,i Ann rir.iiKi is native from the West Indies
to Brazil. The wood is durable and well adapted for
building purposes, posts and piles. It stands damp. It
is beautifully grained and is used for fancy work. The
gum is applied to extract chigoes; dissolved in lime-
juice it destroys maggots in sores at a single dressing.
An infusion of the bark is astringent and is useful to
strengthen the recent cicatrices of sores. A liqueur has
been obtained by distillation from the flowers infused
in spirits of wine, known iu the Island of Martinique by
the name of "Creme des Creoles." The fruit is the size
of a very large orange. It has a sweetish, somewhat
aromatic taste and a peculiar odor. Not much use is
made of it. Seeds germinate freely, and young plants
are easily raised. ■^-. Harris.

MAMMEE APPLE. See Mammea.

MAMMILLARIA i La
nipple-like tub.nie. ,,
originally spelhd .U,i,h
ing or in clustei v iimhi
cal or short-cvlitidfii-al

.• referring to the
. I. Often but not
IS simple, branch-
ii.mly hemispheri-
■pressed or some-

times much elongated; the surface entirely broken up
into tubercles (mamillae): fls. usually short-funnelform,
with naked or nearly naked tube and ovary, borne in
the more or less woolly axils between the tubercles, or
at the inner extremity of a narrow groove on their up-
per surface: fr. globose to linear-clavate, nearly always
smooth and berry-like. The first subgenus is rather in-
definitely separated from the tuberculate Echinocacti by
the smooth fruit, and by the character of the groove,
which in MammiUaria is litifdiy ni.in- thtin an impressed
line, while in Echinm-aitn^ it i^ ^li.iitiL- and so broad as
to be obviously a contitmatinti .d the ^piniferous areola.
The cultivation of JIaiiiiiiillaria iliffrrs in no respect
from Echinocactus, which see.

Review of Subgenera.
Subgenus I. Coetphantha (flowering in vertex).
Tubercles, at least the flowering ones, narrowly
grooved on the upper side, from apex nearly to
base, except in M. maeromeris . Pis. showy,
large for the genus. Fruit green or greenish,
except in M. tuberculosa and M. Missouriensis.

shelli

lid thin-
ilura.

1-24

Subge

Specii
II. Doi.iiaiTHKi.E. Tuliercles cylindric-
conieal. long, loose and of soft texture. Fls.
large, yellow, from the axils of the upper

tubercles Species 25

Subgenus III. Cochemiea. Stems elongated, form-
ing large clumps : fls. in a crown near the
apex, IM-2 in. long, narrowly tubular-funnel-
form, somewhat curved and bilabiate, with
widely spreading sepaloid scales, the whole
flower uniformly waxy red: stamens and style
exceeding the petals: fr. red: one ur hiijit cen-
trals hooked, except ^i.tiirtiiiic^ in .1/. //.'/./.
All from LowerCalitiiniia and adjacnt inlands.
Species 26-29

972 MAMMILLARIA

MAMMILLARIA

Stems cespitose from the
grooi'es of the tubercles,
often denselji so: groove
without (jluiids but often
sphiose for most of its
length: radial spines
fewer and weulcer: cen-

uig

radians
. pectinata
. impexicoma

sulcata

Nickelsae

UisBouriensia

^'^^j:^^^

AA. Blossoms purple or purplish:
spines usually gray or glossy,
the centrals and tips black or
brown: ovary and friiit often
scale-bearing.
B. Badial spines 10 or more,
often very numerous, cover-
ing the whole plant: cen-
tra Is at maturity rarely less
than 4.
c. Glands small in a chain
in some of the grooves:
spines long but weak, not

obscuring the body 17. macromeris

cc. Glands none in axil or

groove so far as known,. 18. conoidea

19. vivipara

20. radiosa

21. dasyacantha

22. tuberculosa
BB. Bad ill I spines less than 10:

central solitary or wanting:

tubercles largeand broad. .23. comuta

Subgenus IV. Eumamillaria. Fls. usually small,
produced from the axils of grooveleas tubercles,
and nearly always remote from the vertex: fr.
usually clavateand red, nearly always desti-
tute of scales .". Species

SUBGENUS

CORYPHANTHA.

Blossoms yellow: spines mostly
yellow or yellowish, one or
more honey-glands usually
found in the groove.
B. i'ls. remote from the vertex.
C. Glands one or two conspic-
uous red or yellow, in the
axils: stems long, in age
making large clumps:
spines rather slender:
radials J^-H in. long,
centrals %-% in. long...

cc. Glands none in the axil... 4
BB. I'ls. cetitral or nearly so:
plants mostly globose or de-
pressed, 1)4-^ '»• *» diam-
eter: radial spines later-
ally compressed near the
base 5

c. Stems nearly always sim-
ple: radial spines rather
rigid and pectinately
spreading: centrals 1-4,
the jippi-r turned up
„mn„., II,,- r.nlials, the
l,,,i; r ,1, //,.,■,, I or hori-
r.,,iil,il. Si„,-i,-;f closely

raphidacantha
macrothele
erecta
recurvata

flue

comlfera
daimonoceras
echinus
scolymoides

SUBGENUS II. DOLICOTHELE.

SUBGENUS

setispina

Fondii

Halei

Juice watery: tubercles rarely

angular.

B. Spines (hooked) none: fls.

yellowisli or whitish, with

rosy stniikrd petals.

c. Steiiix j,r,-,pnrt!,„uif,'hj slen-

(hr: I „!,,■ r,-l,-x short-

0 rii t ,' : III il i ,1 I spines

ml .

that the

. Stems low, usually broader
than high. No bristles in
the axils, except in M.
Candida and M. phi-

r>. Badial spines fen-,
not hiding the

body 3

3
l>l>. Badial spines nu-
merous, snowy
white, covering
and hiding the

lasiacantha
. plumosa
. senilis
. barbata
, vetula

MAMJIILLARIA

BB. Spines one ormore hooked (nid

central, exeept in M. pusiUa

and M.dioica insiihiris.

C. Bristles one or mon foitml

in the axils belir.e,, Ihf

tubercles 40. pusilla

41. Bocasana

42. Wildii

43. tetrancista

44. dioica

45. armillata
cc. Bristles none in the axils,

except perhaps in M. Car-
ret ii 40. Wrightii

47. Goodrichii

48. Grahami

49. venusta

50. Mainae

51. Carretii
».. Juice milky noil, in thr tnhnxhs.

but found or ^' '.. -kn/, ,./,,/ hi
the body. X" li""l,''i >/""•<.
Radial spimx I, ss llnin I'l;
centrnls usiialh/ 1.

B. Fls. yelloiv 52. eriacantha

BE. Fls. hlood-red .'iH. sphacelata

BBB. Fls. carmine 54. spinosissima

.55. rhodantha
5(1, dolichocentra

57. discolor

58. Lesaunieri
5!>. Haageana
CO elegans

A. Jill e milky exuding fioni
H 1 ?i in any patt of th

MAMMILLARIA

973

u t L n and loi

eiing the plant stems at
length cylindrical ot clai
ate axils uoolly 61 bicolor

62 Farkinsonii
63. Jormosa
cc. Spines few, stouter, often
angular, some of the cen-
trals very long and more
or less flexHous : tuber-
cles rather large, angled:

axils woolly 64. angularis

65. centricirrha
M. mutabilis
07. Heeseana
BB. Fls. whitish, yellowish or
flesh-color.

slender, scarcely angled J'i>^. simplex

Oil. Brandegei
711. Heyderi
cc. Badial spines rarely as

many as 9: body mostly

depressed '. 71 . meiacantha

72. camea

73. uncinata

74. Trohartii

75. sempervivi

76. Caput-Medus

77. micromeris

IXDEX.

acanthophlegma, 60. atilacothele. 2. Srovmii. 6.

Alversoni. 20. aureiceps. 55. calcarata. 1-1.

ancistracantha, 1. autumnalis, 66. ciiulida. 39.

angularis, 64. liarbata, 37. Capiit-Jleilusif ,
appl.anata. "'

Lehi

rhodantha, ,i5.
robustior. 16.

RuiioeC'ii. '

deeipiens, 32. Leona. 31. sangiiinea. 51.

deflexispina, 65. Lesaunieri. 58. Scheerii, 5.

densa, 30. longiraamma, 25. Schmidtii, 65.

denudata, 34. maeromeris, 17. scolymoides, 10.

deserti, 20. niaerothele, 2. sempervivi, 75.

dioica, 44. MaiiiiB, 50. senilis, 36.

discolor. 57. meiacantlia. 71. setispina, 27.

dolielioceutra, 56. micromeris, 77. similis, 16.

uple

Trohartii
tuberculosa. 22.
uberiformis. 25.

bicolor. 61,

Bocasana. 41. Carretii, 51.

jonica, 20. borealis, 20. centricirrlia. 65.

lillata. 45. Brandeeei, 69. chlorantha. 20.

Jlissouriensis, 16. sphacelata. 53.

Echinus, 9. multiceps, 40. sph»rica, 25.

elegans, 60. mutabilis, 06. splia:rotriclia . 39.

elephantidens, 24. Neo-Mexicana, 20. spinosissima, .'54.

elongata, 30. Nickelsje, 15. stella-aurata. 30.

ereeta. 3. nivea. 61. stellaris. 40.

eriacantha, 52. Nogalensis, 4. sfellatus, 40.

fissurata: See An- NuUallii. 16. strobilifonnis. IS.'.

halonium. Odieriaiia. 55. siibangnlaris. 64.

formosa, 63. PaUiieri.U. sulcata, 14.

Forsteri. 65. Farkinsonii. 02. tenuis. 30.

fragilis, 33. pectiuata. 12. telracantha. ,W, 6;

fulvispina, 55. Petersonii, 67. tetraucistra, 43.

fascata, 55. Pfeifferi. 55. Texana, 40.

Oabbii. 69. phellosperm

Galeottii, 50, 56. plumosa, 35

globosa, 25. Pondii, 28.

Goodrichii, 44, 47. Pntosina, 60. uncinata, i6.

Grahami, 48. prismatica: See An- venusta. 49.

Greggii, 77. halonium. vetula. 38.

Guilleminiana, 32. pusilla. 40. vivipara, 19.

Haageana, 59. pyr,imidalis, 55. Wildiana. 42.

Halei. 29. radians, 11. Wildii. 42.

Heeseana, 67. radiosa. 20. Wissinanm. 16.

hemispha?rica, 70. Radliaiia. 20. Wrightii, 46.

Heyderi, 70. rapliidacautha, 1.

1. rapMdac4ntIia, Lem. Stems becoming 1 ft. or more
long, 2-3 in. in diam., often clavate: tubercles erect-
spreading, somewhat flattened, often with 1 or 2 glands
in the groove: spines yellow in the young state, soon
grav: r;uli;iK i;-Hi; mitral 1 . longer and stouter, straight
or iiook'.l ill ihr -iiiiir phiiit : fls. about 1 in. broad.
San Lni~ r<.tM-i. .M.\.-'riii- more constantly hooked

form is J/, iniri.-it mill nihil . Lem.

2. macrothele, Mart. (M. aulacothele, Lem. M. Lfh-
manni. Otto). Stems stout, attaining nearly 2 ft. in
height by 4 in. in diam. : tubercles long, conical, at first
upright, in age becoming even deflexed: spines all yel-
low: radials 6-8, spreading; centrals 1-2, longer and
stouter: fls. l]4-2 in. broad. Central Mex.

3. ertcta, Lem. Branching from base and from de-
cumbent stems, attaining 12 in. or more in height by 3
in. in diam., bright green: tubercles conical, short, up-
right: spines all yellow; radials 8-13 ; centrals 4 or
less: fls. 2-2)4 in. in diam. Cent. Mex. — In the groove
close to the spines is often found, especially in the
flowering area, a conspicuous honey gland.

4. reourvita, Engelm. {M. reeurvisplna, Engelm.
31. Nogalensis, Runge). Stems depressed-globose and
often deeply concave, 6-S in. in di.im., forming large
masses 1-3 ft. in diam : t.;!.. r -li ■ -liirt, with usually a

large gland in the gro,.-, il^ iim \: spines yellow

or whitish, stiff, re.ur : , interwoven and

covering the whole |.|:i:, , : ;.i! 1 >-20 ; central 1,
rarely 2, recurved: fls. uIm.ki i m. l..iig, brownish out-
side. Near Nogales, Arizona, and southward in Sonora.

5. Scheerii, Muhlpf. Stems ovate-globose, 3-6 in. in
diam., usually simple: tubercles large and distant,
deepiv grooved, with 1-5 glands in the groove: spines
stout," rigid, sometimes reddish; radials 6-16; centrals
1-5, stouter and longer, 1 very stout and porrect : fls.
2 in. long: seeds large for the 'genus. S. W. Texas and
southward in Mexico.

6. robustisplna, Engelm. {3/. Brdwnii, Toumey).
Much like the preceding, but tubercles teretish, no
glands in the groove or sometimes a single one at apex:
spines very stout ; radials 10-15 ; central 1, longer,
straight, curved or even hooked, rarely an additional
straight upper one: fls. 2 in. long, with very slender
tube; seeds large. Babuquibari mountains south of
Tucson, Ariz.

9/4 MAMMILLARIA

7 cornifera, DC. Tubercles ovate, thick, rather
crowiknl: radial spines 15-17, ashy white, G lines long;
central 1, longer and stouter, erect, somewhat curved.
Mexico.

8. daimonoc*ras,Lem. Vertex impressed,very woolly:
tubercles erect-conical: spines grayish; radials 20 or
more, the upper accessory ones fascicled; centrals usu-
ally 3, stronger, the 2 upper divaricate and somewhat
recurved, the lower horizontal or recurved. Mexico.

9. Echinus, Enjrlm. Differs from the above in the
less <lc-]ir(SM'il sh.iiic and rather more numerous spines.
Southern Tix. to .Mi.'X.

10. scolymoides, Scheidw. At length somewhat ces-
pitose: tubercles conical, bent inwards and imbricated:
radial spines 14-20, whitish or horn-colored; centrals
1^, longer and darker, the upper mingled with the up-
per radials, the lower stouter and bent downwards: lis.
2 in. in diam. Mex., south of the Rio Grande.

11. radians, DC. Stems simple: axils naked: tubercles
oval, large: .spines white, rigid, subtomentose. Mex.

12. pectinita, Engelm. Stem simple: tubercles quad-
rangular at base, conical above; areolae round-oblong:
spines 16-24, yellowish, laterally compressed at base,
stiff, pectinate, somewhat recurved: fls. 2% in. In diam.;
petals broadest above, obtusish. Pecos river and Leon
Springs, Tex.

13. impezicdina, Lem. Vertex deeply impressed,
densely woolly: tubercles somewhat angulate; areolte
round: spines 18-20, gray, rigid, covering the whole
plant; very rarely a single porrect central. Mex.

14. sulcata, Engelm. (if. calcar&ta, Engelm.).
Densely cespitose from the upper part of the groove:
tubercles 7-9 lines long, ovate-oblong, with dilated
base, soim-wluit imbricate, spreading in age: spines
grav. luhl, iii'iiliM ; radials 12-15, the upper 3-5, fas-
ciclrd III I I iii-ved, wanting in younger plants :
fls. L" I ; 1.11, the tube red within; sepals not
friuKiil. I'l \ . 111. Ill tlie Brazos to the Nueces river.

lo. Nickelsae, Rrandg. {M. NickeUii, Hort.). Very
near the preceding, but radial spines more numerous,
14-18, the fascicled upper ones much longer than the
lower, and no central. Mex., south of Laredo, Tex.

16. Missouri«nsis, Sweet (M. Nuttallii, Engelm.).
Nearly simple, 1-2 in. in diam.: tubercles cylindric-
conical, loose and spreading, slightly grooved: spines
white, weak, puberulent, not hiding the body; radials
12-17, spreading; central one longer and stouter, often
wanting; fls. about 1 in. long, yellow to fawn-color, with
reddish streak; sepals fimbriate; petals acute or acu-
minate: berry red, the shape and size of a small pea;
seeds black and pitted. Mont, to Kans. and E. Colo.

Var. Bimilis, Engelm. Cespitose, in clumps often a
foot broad: spines fewer: &. and fr. larger. Kansas
river to Texas.

Var. robiistior, Engelm. {if. Wissmannii, Hildm.).
Almost simple: tubercles longer and looser: spines
smooth, rather short and stout; radials 10-12; central
1: fls. even larger than in if. siMii7is. Tex.

17. macromeris, Engflm. Fie UTC. Low. usually

ioosi- and si.n-ii.linir. 1.11' ..n.-ii iii.-urvr.l ; -r,...ve rather
short; nulials 1(1-17, un.k. ,sl. li.ln- an.l s|,n.u.liug; cen-
trals at maturity usually 4, .somewhat stouter and much
longer, sometimes more than 2 in. long: fls. purple,
often 3 in. in expansion ; petals erose, raueronate : f r.
with several scales on the ovary. Along the Rio Grande
from New Mexico to Texas. See, also, Fig. 746a.

18. conoidea, DC. {M. strobilifSrmis, Engelm.).
Ovate-conical, with densely woolly vertex : tubercles
short, usually densely appressed-imbricate in 8-10
spiral, rib-like rows: radial spines 10-16, straight and
stout ; centrals 3-5, stouter, blackish, the upper ones
erect-spreading, the lower stouter, horizontal or de-
flexed: fls. about 1 in. in expan.sion, deep purple, paler
outside: fr. short, buried and hidden in the axillary
wool. N. E. Mex.

19. vivipara, Haw. Viir. i:\'i\. T.,,w and depressed-
globose, usually cespitiisr. fi.rniiim' large masses: tu
bercles terete and loose: radial spims 12-20, slender bul

MAMMILLARL\

.stiff; centrals usually 4, but sometimes as many as 8,
brownish, the upper erect-spreading, the lower stouter
and deflexed: fls. bright purple, 1-lK in. in expansion;
stigmas mucronate. From southern Br. Am., through
the upper Missouri region to E. Colo.

20. radiisa, Engelm. Ovate or cylindrical, sometimes
proliferous: tubercles terete : radial spines 20-30, white,
with dusky apex, very unequal; centrals 4 or 5, stouter
and longer, tawny, upper ones longer, lowest shorter
and horizontal: fls. lpi-2 in. in expansion; stigmas ob-
tuse. Southern Tex. and northern Mex.

Var. Neo-Mexicina,Engelm. (M. ffirscJifiiiHa. Haage,
Jun. ). Lower, more or less proliferous from the lower
grooves : radial spines 20-40, white ; centrals 3-12,
white below, blackish above.

Var. boreUis, Engelm. Ovate or subglobose : radial
spines 12-20; centrals 3-6, purple-spotted. Very near
M. vivipara.

Var. Ariz6nica, Engelm. Globose or ovate, large: tu-
bercles long-cylindrical: radial spines 15-20, whitish;
centrals 3-6, deep brown above : fls. large, rose-colored.
N. Arizona.

Var. des6rti, Engelm. Low, simple, with slender
nearly cylindric tubercles: radial spines 15-20; centrals
8-10, reddish tipped : fls. straw-colored, with purplish
tips. Ivanpah, Calif.

Var. chlOT&ntha, Engelm. Cylindrical, sometimes as
much as 9 in. high : radial spines 20-25, almost in 2
series, gray; centrals 6-9, stouter, K-1 in. long, reddish
only at tip: fls. greenish yellow. S.Utah.

Var. Alversonj, Coulter. "Foxtail Cactus." Robust
and branching, sometimes 10 in. long, glaucous: tuber-
cles short and broad, somewhat angled, forming more
or less distinct ribs: radial spines numerous; centrals
8-14, stout spreading blackish half way down : fls.
pink. S E Calif

21. dasyacAntha, Engelm Simple subglobose : tu-
bercles terete Ioosl i idial spines 25-35 hair-like,
white, with browni h i; i \ < 1 ntrals 7-13 biistle-Iike,
pale below brown d \ I 11- 1 the most interior one
horizontal sometii 1 h mtiii idsblack with nearly
basal hilum Tp\

1355 Mammillaria macromens

22. tuberculdsa, Engelm. ( ii". s(ro6(7iY<!rmis, Scheer).
Ovate or cylindric. rather slender, somewhat dry of tex-
ture, the spines falling from the older tubercles, leaving
them as dry, corky protuberances: tubercles short-ovate
from a broad base; axils densely woolly: radial spines
20-30, slender, rigid, white; centrals 5-9, stouter, pur-

MAMMILLARIA

aho\p the upper lni„'Li erect the liwest horizon
• 1 tl \e 1 ri'5 1 in m diara pile [ urple fr ''4 m

1 1 \ ith a conic il cap formed of the w ithered re
s jf the flower see K hrowa Tex

cornutaHiIli Dn 111 e il miviho

MAMMILLARIA

29 Halei r

red

"iO elongita, DC (V densa Lmk & Otto) Erect,
G "in long 1-m m thick radial spines 10-lb yellow,
centralb none fls white or jellowish Central Mex

\ ir eclunita, Schum (J/ echm&ta and M eclitnatii
Df I Ridiils a', many as 20, yellow centtals 2 J,
brown — \ stout form

\ar tenuis "^ 1 1 (VI DO 1/ mn ma

Salm ) K liil 1 ] 1 II u centi xl:s

1356 MammiUaria vivipara (X%) No 19

elephintidens Lera Rather large, glaucous

III \ i\ large and thick, becoming hori-

11 I somewhat bilobed spines G-8, all

1 h or gray appressed to the plant

III iiixed fls rose color, 3 in in expan-

\1 \lio

longimimma, DC Cespitose bright green, form
ar^e low clumps tubercles sometimes more than 2

s loiu' spines stiai„ht pubescent, ridials 7-10;

il 1 lis 2 m 01 111 1 m , ^1 m ion Mexico.
1 ubenformis ^ lium Tui 1 h s darker green:

r globosa s hiiin I ul 1 1. iHrk green, very

:tls 2- J

sphcenca

Koseana Br

)[ 1, I 11.

f^inehl ^ Upriiiht

1 ithei it mote flattened ind ippressed la t | i-.;i.liiii::
1 idul spints 8 central 1 brownish sti ii_h hiii.k.-.l,
1-2 in long twice as long as the ladi lis ti Im^rlit rt-d,
fl it ou the broad top and much shorter th in the tu-

27 setiBpina, Engelm Upright branches 8-12 in.
long 2-4 in in diam forming dense clumps tubercles
rather crowded ovate shoit spines white with black
tips i-vdiils 10-12 C( nti Us 1-4, stouter the lower one
stronffh hooked often t«isted 1^2-2 in long, 2 or 3
times as long as the rddials fr led much exceeding the
tubercles

28 P6ndil, Greene Upright branches 10-15 in. long,
lV<-2in in diam making much smaller clumps than the
two preceding tubercles short 0"^ ite not crowded; a.xils
setose spiiif s m three s( ries outer l^-25 short, white;
inner j-b bi \\u I n. i iiti U 1 w "! brown, usually
2of themst, „.h 1, 1 I I m , i„ le m length, much
exceeding th ih i | 111 ti \ d or obovate. dull
purplish red ',111 1 11^

Var Stella aurata ^1 s vh t thi ker

spmes gol len 11 1

31 Ledna P ■- I 1 axils
wooUv radiil [ 1 1 lute
centrals 0-12 11 1 111 I 1 ^est
ivory white at b ISC loNccoiui 1 I lui U I Nuevo
Leon, Mex

32 decipiens, Seheidw (M Giiilleit nuttna Lem )
Irregularly cespitose somewhat cla\ate often ros\
tubercles cylindrical axils spviinglv bristlj radial
spines 7-12, whitish; centrals 1-2, brown, longer; all
slender. Mex.

33. frigilis, Salm. Stems low. usually as broad or
broader than high, extremely proliferous, the offsets so
lightly attached tli:it thi y s.imh fall by their own weight:
radial spines 12-1 1, whitr; emtrals none or 1, rarely 2,
white, with dusky lii.. -'\Kx.

.■54. lasiacintha, Engelm. Low. usually globose or

depressed-globose : tubercles slender, axils naked :

ial spines as many as 40-80, feathery; centrals none.

Tes

^^. !,■'

Ijarger,

Var. denudita, En ere
both plant and tuKeiTli's: -.iiinrs nikni. Curr.

35. plum6sa, Wi li. iim-.ls r, -|iiio-i , nt hn-ili form-
spines about 40, fealheleil lu llie ti|.; eeallals luiue. —

This and the preceding are like feathery balls. J/, jilii-
mosa is sold usually under the name of .1/. hisinctiiilli(( .
to which it appears to be rather closely related. North
Mex.

3G. senilis, Salm. "Proliferous at base: axils not se-
tose: tubercles crowded: spines all white; exterior very
numerous, erect-spreading, hair-like, flexuous; centrals
4-(i, a little stronger, the upper and lower hooked."
Chihuahua, Mex.

Globose-depressed: axils not

37. barbata, Engeln
setose: exterior spine
stronger, yellowish. 10
yellowish, not 11m. li 1
not remote fn.iii tlie
"green." Near (Jliiliu:

38. vStula, Mart. 8u

berry

;loljo,..e ur Ijecuiuiui; subeylindri-
,<lial spines bristle-like, at first
25-30, obliquely spreading, later twice as many and
horizontal ; centrals 1-3, yellowish brown, scarcely
stouter or longer. Mex.

39. cindida, Seheidw. {3f. splKerStricJin , Lem.). At
length cespitose, globose, becoming longer: vertex de-
pressed; axils setose: radial spines bristle-like, more
than 50, horizontal and interwoven; inner spines 8, 10,
12. or more, a little stouter and upright: fls. flesh-color
or pinkish.

40. pusilla.DC. (Cn'c^HSs/p^rJ^j/.t.Willd. M.stelUris,
Haw.). Low, globular, proliferous, making large
masses: tubercles cyliudriml. ■.ninll iniil Im.sely spread-
ing; a.xils with long, hail- like, t.iiiu. HI, l.nMlr,: radial
spines 12-20, very soft ;uiil ilrxiMus; emiMiN Mi, yel-
lowish, a little rigid, pubescent: lis. yellowish white.
W. Indies.

Var. miilticeps, Salm. Larger: tubercles upright,
crowded: radial spines numerous; centrals G-8, slender,
pubescent, reddish yellow. Mex.

976

JIAMMILLARIA

Viir. Texana, Engelra. Larger than the last: spines
in :i siric-: imf.r capillary, crisped, 30-50; interior
lO-lJ. a litfl.- lip. II- rigid, pubescent, white; centrals
5-s, l.iiiL'i r. -tiiutii-. [lubesccnt, yellow at tip. Tex. and

a.Ij.uant Mrx. Cart.

41. Bocasina, I'.is. Depressed-globose, or a little
K'liLCthened, at Iciii^th densely cespitose: axillary
lii-i.stles as Ions or Idm^jit than the tubercles: radial
spines 25-;!0, white, stilt at the base, ending in a flex-
uims thread; centrals 'J-.'!, slender, porrect. short, all
yellow with brown tips, the hooked one brown ne.-iiiv to
the base, pubescent. Mex.

42. Wildii, Dietr. (3/. Wildia>ia. Otto). C.-iiti-,
forming hemispherical cliiinjts: radial spinesh-lii, \ -ry
slender, white, spreailitiL'; ci-utral.. usually .'l-l, a little
stouter and longer. liinii\-\ i-II-'w. Ihmwh at ha^e. imbes-
cent, 1-hooked. Mex.

43. tetrancistra,En!.'iliii, (.)/". /.7i.;?<i.s7J.V)Hn,Engelm.).
Ovate or ovate-cylindrical, rather large, simple or
sparingly branched from the base : young axils spar-
ingly setose: radial spines 30-60, in two series; exte-
rior bristle-like, white; interior stouter and longer,
dusky-tipped or purplish; centrals 1-4, longer, brown
or blackish, sometimes all hooked, the upper ones some-
times straight : seed partly immersed in a brown
corky cup. S. Calif, to Utah. Cact.

44. didica, Brandg. (3/. Goddrichii, of California).
.Simple or cespitose from the base, ovate to cylindrical,
3-8 in. high: tubercles somewhat angular and leathery:
radial spines 11-22, white, with brown or purple tii>s;
centrals 1-4, longer and darker, the upper turned up
among the radials, the lower porrect and strongly
hooked : fls. often unisexual, yellowish white with rosy
streak. Calif, and Lower Calif.

Var. insuUris, Brandg. (il/. Pdlmeri, Coult., not of
Jac). Stems densely cespitose, shorter: axils densely
woolly: spines much whiter, usually all straight. San
Benito Island.

45. armiliata, Brandg. Taller, often 1 ft. in height.
branching at base and along the sti-m: tiilnrilcs
crowded: radial spines 9-15; centrals 1-4. m-arly twi.c
as long: fls. small, yellowish, scarcely spreailiiig. Lmver
Calif.— The plant is marked by darker circular bauds.

40. Wrightii, Engelm. Globose or depressed, top-
shaped below: radial spines 8-12, white, pubescent; cen-
trals 1-3, reddish black, scarcely longer than radials, all
hooked; fls. about 1 in. long, purple. New Mexico.

47. Goddrichii, Scheer. Erect, cylindrical, branching
at base; axils naked : radial spines about 12, white; cen-
trals 4, white below, brown above, the 3 upper erect-
spreading, the lower longer. Cedros Island and Lower
California.

48. Grihami, Engelm. Globose or ovate, somewhat
cespitosf: radial s|iiues 15-30, white, often dusky at tip.
the upper ones shorter; centrals usually 4. usually
blackish from a paler base, the 3 upper turned up anii-Tig
the radials, and. when pale, hardly to b.- ilistingui-lnil
from them: lower porrect: fls. rose-enlorcil. 1 in. in
expansion: fr. nearly 1 in. long. From Texas to S. Cali-
fornia and adjacent Mexico.

49. vantiBta, Br.andg. Globose or hemispherical, small,
often cespitose : tubercles very thick and blunt, concave
at the end, usually extremely glaucous : radial spines
9-15, stout, from pure white to white below and brown-
ish above; central commonly 1, sometimes 2 or 3, the
lower little longer and darker than the radials : fls. rose-
color, \}4 in. in expansion : fr. scarcely juicy, nearly
1 in. long, circumscissile near the base. So. Lower
California.

50. MainsB, Brandg. Hemispherical to ovate, usually
simple : tubercles somewhat incurved, glaucous, the
lower part and the axils often bright rose-red : radial
spines 10-15, yellowish becoming gray, the upper
shorter; centrals 1-3, the upper shorter and smaller,
turned upward, one of them sometimes hooked, lower
central stout, strongly hooked, somewhat twisted, yel-
lowish below, black at tip: fls. flesh-color: fr. shorter
than the tubercles. Vicinity of Nogales, Arizona. — Sent
out as M. GaleoUii.

MAMMILLARIA

51. Cirretti, .Schum. Simple, depressed-globose, rather
small: radial spines spreading-recurved and interwoven,
rather long, yellowi.sh ; central 1, slender, chestnut-
brown, paler below : fl. whitish, with rosy streak in
petals; sepals lone-acuminate. Mex. — The only speci-
men seen has bri.stles in the axils.

52. eriacintha. Link ami l )ttM, Cylinilrica!. rl.ingated,
% ft. and more in li.-iL-hi r' i.ailiinL' Jn inch.v ■ i i,y 2-2 J^
in. in diara. : tulj.-ril.- rn.wiliil. aruiil\- rmiiral : '.spines
all pubescent: railiaU :;ii-:Jl, pal.- y.-li.iw, l.ri-tle-like;
cinirals 2. sTriiiiger, nearly twice as long as the radials,
i:ii|ii.n vi-lliiw. one directed, the other downwards: fls.
\ill"\v. small: fr. yellow. Mex.

"..;. sphacelita. Stems cespitose, cylindrical, G in. or
mure long, 1 in. in diam. : tubercles short, conical from
a broader, rhombic base: spines ivory white with black-
ish tips ; radials 12-18, horizontal-spreading ; centrals
3-4, upright : fls. small^ the petals acute. Mex. — The
proper position of this and of the preceding species is
still quite uncertain.

54. spinosissima, Lem. Stems cylindrical, reaching
1 ft. in height and 2\i in. in diam.: tubercles short,
ovate-conic, somewhat ti tr:i^ ii:il : rnli,] spines 20-2.'),
setiform, white, spreading : > i 1' ' '. Iirownish red,
stronger and twice the lin_ i n.iN. Mex.

Var. sangulnea, Hge. sii m -'■<<, ■■w],:,! .-lavate. rather
shorter and stouter: radial spines Is-i'u, spreading,
white ; centrals 8, only a little longer, but thicker and
bulbous at base, white with brownish base and dark
brown tip, the young ones dark blood-red. Mex.

55. Thod&ntha, Link and Otto {M. Odieridna, Lem.
M. fuh'ispina, Haw.). Stem long-cylindric or clavate,
reaching more than 1 ft. in height, usually 2-parted :
axils bristly: radial spines 16-20, white, bristle-like,
horizontal -spreading ; centrals 4-6, rigid, white or yel-
lowish, the upper black at tip. Mex.

Var. pyramidjllis, Schum. Central spines dark brown,
the young ones ruby red.

Var. PleiHeri, Schum. (U. aurUceps, Lem.). Radial
spines 25 or more, yellow; centrals 6-7, recurved spread-
ing, golden brown.

Var. crassisplna, Schum. Radial spines 24-27, whit-
ish : centrals 6-7. larger and stouter, more curved,
darker.

Var. fuscMa, Sclmm. Axils naked; tubercles 4-angu-
lar at base: ra.lial s|.iiies 25-28, radiant, bright yellow-
ish brown: centrals 6, stout, strongly curved, the upper
very long.

.56. dolichocSntra, Lem. (Jf. (e(roc<fH»ia, Hook.). Sub-
globose (but said to reach a yard in height): tubercles
somewhat 4-angled : areolse elliptic or rhombic: radial
spines none; centrals 4, slender, rigid, the upper curved
upward, 1-1}^ in. long, the three lower half as long, all
grayish brown. Mex.

Var. Gale6ttii, Forst. Radial bristles 8-14, very short,
soon falling: centrals 4, seldom 1 or 2 more, spreading,
yellowish, with points, the upper and lower longest.

57. discolor. Haw. Globose or ovate, glaucous : outer
spines 16-20, white, radiant; interior 0, rigid, recurved,
white below, black above, upper and lowermost very
long. Mex.

58. LeaaunidTi, Schum. Hemispherical or very short-
cylindrical (habit of M. Heyderi): spines brownish,
short; radials 11-13; central upright, stronger.

59. Haage&na, Pfr. Cespitose: heads small, at length
cylindrical, slender: tubercles small, crowded ; a.\ils
woolly: radial spines about 20, pure white, only about
l}4 lines long; centrals 2, black, slender, elongated,
upper 3, lower 4 lines long. Mex.

60. £Iegans, DC i U iir,niih<,iniU(tma, Lehm. M. Po-
toslna,T3.oTt. M. A ' / . Iluli.i. Simple, then prolif-
erous and den-. ! ; .(..pressed-globose, later
lengthened: tiM. . ; -1. very small: radial
spines more than Jn. i.ri-d. like, about 3 lines long,
pure white, interwoven ;uiil covering the whole plant;
central spines 2 (1-3), with brown tips, the one directed
upward, the other downward, about twice as long as
radials, in the axils abundant long white wool. Mex.

MAMMILLARIA

CI. bicolor, Lehm. Simple or proliferous: tubercles
small, crowded, ovate-pyramidal : radial spines 10-20;
centrals 2. less than 1 In. long, stouter, erect, black-
tipped. Mex.

Var. nivea, Scbura. Obovate proliferous tubercles
conical: radial spines capillary: centrals 4, white, with
dusky apex, upper one incurved, 1 in. long.

G2. Parkinsonii, Ehrh. At length dichotomously di-
vided: tubercles slenderly pyramidal: axils woolly and
bristly: radial spines 20 "or "more, slender; centrals 2,
3. 4. rarely 5. brown-tipped, the upper ones 3—4 lines
long, the lower 1% in. turned downward. Mes.

fin. formdsa, Scheidw. Nearlv simple: tubercles 4-an-

gled: v:m1,:,1 s,,!.,... " " "^ -

MAXDEVILLA 'J / I

4-6. short, gray, dark-tipped; centrals 1, rarely more,
longer and struuu'ir. strongly hooked, dark. Mex.

74. Trohartii, s, liuni. Globose or depressed, small:
tubercles v.ry -iruill, .•■niieal, scarcely angled: radial
spines 5, whit.- « itli dark brown tips, the lower longest;
central 1, dark brown, stiff. Mex.

75. semp^rvivi, DC. Globose, blackish green, axils
woolly: tubercles short, angleil: radial spines 3-7, very
short, only found on ymini; tubercles: centrals only
about 2 lines loni;. st..\it. .'..nical. nddi-b. later grav":
(is. dull white with reddi>li Mr. ak. M.x.

76. Caput-Medisae, Otto. l)ipn-.-rd - f,'Iobose, dull,
glaucous grpen, small : tul.irch-s sUudrr, angled at
base: spines 3-6, very short, subulate, straight, reddish
when young, later gray, pubescent : fls. whitish, red-
streaked. Mexico. Moiiog. Cact. fig. 95.

as « . .1 , . the upper ones

of tin * rimes 3 in, long,

OCCaM-iia,!, a v.Ty |. a i ^ .-,.,,, ra i laa -.-l.t. MeX.

05. ceutricirrha, Lem. [M. ariilhin and deflexisp\na,
Lem. J/. FirsteriandKrameri, Miihlpf. M. Schmidtii,
Scke. M. tctraedntha, Hort.l. Copiously proliferous:
tubercles pyramidal, 4-angular: spines irregular, mostly
4-0 radials and 1 central, .sometimes only 1, sometimes
2 centrals with 1-2 very short radials or none; radials
very stout, straight or curved, awl-shaped, reaching K
in.; central stouter, sometimes nearly 2 in. long; young
spines yellow. Mex.

66. mutibllia, Scheidw. (Jf. autnmnMis, Dietr, M.
cirrhifera, Mart.). At length sparingly cespetose, de-
pressed-globose or short-cylindric : tubercles pyramidal,
4-angled: axils with stout bristles in the wool: radial
spines 1-6, very small; centrals 1-4, angled, flexuous,
much longer, particularly the upper one, which reaches

67. Heeseina, McDow. (W. Pefersonii, Hildm.).
Simple, glaucous or ashy green : tubercles pyramidal,
4-angIed : radial spines 10-14, the three upper pure white
and very short, the remainder longer and brownish-
tipped; centrals 4, the upper ones erect and forming an
elevated covering for the top of the plant, the lower one
the longest, 2 in. long and projecting. Mex. — Varies in
color of spines.

68. simplex, Haw. Globose or short-cylindric : radial
spines 12-17, the middle ones longest ; centrals 4-5,
somewhat longer, reddish to black : flower brownish
green without, yellowish or whitish green within : fr.
red, 5^ in.long, clavate; seed "black." Cuba.

60. Brdndegei, Coult. (Jl/. Grt'66ii,Coult.). Depressed-
globose to short-cylindric orclavate: tubercles slender:
radial spines 9-16; centrals 1-4, sometimes shorter than
the radials, and stout, sometimes longer and slender,
white to brown : fls. reddish brown without, brownish
green within : fr. clavate, white, tinged lilac. Central
lower Calif.

70. He^eri, Muhlpf . (3/. Tex.^Hsis, hah.). Tubercles
slender : spines short : radials 10-18, short, slender,
white; central 1, darker, shorter than the lower radials,
brown: fls. yellowish, with pale rosy streak in the petals.
Arizona to Texas.

Var, applan4ta, Engelm. Body much depressed, sum-
mit Hut ur ouncavt-: radial spines 15-22. Texas.

Var. hemisphEerica, Engelm. Top rounded, radhal

71. meiac4ntha. En-. iTti I'u i ;': I'-nally simple:

niidal: riidial s|.in.-v '.-a ■ , . . ':,;■ ..r y.llowish;
centr.il 1, rarelv a s,-.-.,ii,i, ,]|,,!i,, ai.l .lark.a- tlian the
radials: fls. whitish, with reddi^^h streak. Tex.

72. c&rnea, Zucc. Body dark green: tubercles rather
large, pyramidal, 4-angled : radial usually none, rarely
1-2; centrals commonly 4. in upright cross, stiff, grayish,
with ilarkertip. \n vnuiiir growth dark brown or reddish:
fls. re.l<lislifl,,>,l,-..,l,,i-. :m,,x.

73. uncinata, 7ai. .<. D.].ri-<-ipd-globose to subclavate:
tubercles pyramidal, n.)t >tnjngly angled: radial spines

77. microm^rls, Engelm, Cyliiiilric;
high, covered by white spin.-^ : lul.. i
long: spines on the body \ . i\ -l...it,
cessively shortertoward 'lb.' . .III. I-. II..
flowering area the upper tuft ..f ~|.iu.- liaving a clavate
deciduous tip: fls. pinkish white, burm- at the summit
in a dense tuft of wool and spines, directly behind the
apex of the tubercle : fr. red, smooth. Texas.

Var. GHggii, Engelm. Larger in all its parts. This
plant is not a Mammillaria, ami has been recently named
Echinocactus micromeris, Web.

Mammillarias, in common with other Cacti, run into many
forms. Some of these forms may be v;iluable to tlie Imrticul-
turist, ami yet not sufficiently .lUtin.t t.. warr.ant tl..- i.-i^ ihl' "f
deflnite bot.inic.il names, Tli.> t..ll..« ia^' n,-.iii.-^ a..t ... -..aat.-.l

for in the above review, an- ..IT.a-.vl h. tl at.il,.i;.a'~ ..r \ in. ri-

ean dealers: M. Uratidi.—M Itu n.a . — M . rin-lui.m h'n-nsi<nia
(see No. 661.— J/, Donati. — M. filfpriidiila -M tiis,;tt:i h-mm
(see Nos. bb.3l).-U. Lassomeri^Si.. Lesaunieri ( n,-J/, mcln-
nacantha is an uncertain garden name.— Jf. moiUana. — M.
Ni€hol8oni=yi. Nickelsae (?J.— Jf. Jiebsamiana.~M. recurvens,
-M. rigidlspina. Katharine Bbandegee.

MANDARIN ORANGE. Se

nobilis.

MANDEVlLLA (Henry John Mandeville, English
minister at Buenos Ayres). ApocyuAcefg. About4J spe-
cies of tall climbers from tropical America with large,
funnel-shaped, 5-lobed fls. which are yellow, white or
rarely tinged violet. M. siiarroleiis has fragrant white
fls. and is cult, outdoors in S. Calif. Seeds are also pro-
curable in the East. The plant closely resembles Dipla-
denia, which see for culture.

Generic characters: Ivs. opposite: racemes simple,
often 1-seeded, loose, dense or reduced to 2 or 3 fls.:
calyx 5-parted, with several glands inside at the base or
5 scales; corolla tube cylindrical or ovoid; lobes 5,
broad, twisted to the left: stamens fl.xed at the apex of
the tube, included; disk of ,") lobes or scales: ovary of
2 distinct carpels: stigma thick.

Buaveolens, Lindl. Sometimes called Chilean Jasmine
because of its climbing habit and large white fragrant
fls. Lvs. cordate, stalked, glabrous above, glaucous be-
neath; stipules pectin.ate: racemes with about 9 fls.

MANDEVILLA

1. across. Argentine Rep. B.R.2G:7. B.M.:!7a7.
p. 5:j7. (i.e. III. 2:817. P.M. l«:2sy. R.H.

MAXGIFERA

jbular 1

MANDRAGORA

ring to its --

Holaiidrfi' ,1
posed tolir 11 ! i
In Araerif.i iIh nn
apple, Pod, n, lull hi II

Hipprocates; refer-
tlie market places).
■iie of which is sup-
iri(_ieuesis,chap. 30.
applied to the Mav-
tlie.Mandrnke of his-

s used as an

vi-npple, and

Idherbals

.■;.ke, one of

..M.mis sold

i^ 1 .order for

Supposed by

..lives of the

found in the

larffe spindle-shaped root which

abound in L;iiicirul pii'.Luics ■■[ il
which is reproduced in Fi^'. i: -
in America and may be lul: i
its folk-lore interest. M. ■"■■■
some to be the true MandniUr I ;,
Meditfrranean region. M. cdidn
Hilli:d:iyas.

Miiiiilragoras are nearly stemless, perennial herbs
witli thick roots and hrne. stalked, wavy-margined Ivs.,
the later ones beiii^- u nilh ii:m r..\ver and entire, and
rather large fls. v:n i l.iiish through bluish

violet and purplisli i ■ Us. are bell-sbaped,

about 5-cut, netted V Mr. M ne in clusters among

the tutted Ivs. Caljx dtti.lv ..ciii; sinus of the corolla
induplicate between the lobes.

officiniinim, Linn. {M.officiudHs, Nil\.). Mandrake.
Lvs. ovate, the first obtuse, the rest acuminate: calyx
teeth laneenlatp. as long as the oblong berry. Woolson
says it needs a slia.ly \'\:\c,-. K.ll. I,s<.l7. p. i:!l, ■^'. ji.

MANDRAKE in .Viiicr
phylluni) but the .Maiuli

MANfiTTIA (Xarier
at Florence, born 172;t).
common Manettia Vine,

:\i:ivAr

! { Podo-

spreacling yel-

low tips. It is ;i T-'-
pillars and tr. i:
more or less ilr , ■ ,■ . i ..n . r ■ i ■ mi. d into
a bushy form. I i: . .1, ;, . I/. ,i nfi-rred

M. hiU'O-riiliiii. uiili.iii^li liiL- i.iriiiLr is li,..- ..la.jr name.
William Watson writes of .)/. Iiiclor ((in. M, p. G) : "Il
has been in cultivation about fifty years, but until re-
cently it was practically lost, and its place and name
taken by a nmcli inferior species, the correct name of
wliifli I M '"'■ I'liini. I believe we are indebted to
Mr.<.. :, I.I :,. I iM-uvery of the true plant, he hav-
ing 1- I : ' nation in the United States a few
yenrs :iL'. .\ ; [■;m . nt I y the chief recorded diflference be-
tween tiiese iwti sptL-ies is that the calyx-lobes of J/, bi
color are lanceolate or narrower, while those of JU. lu-
teo-rubra are ovate.

The Manettia Vine is a rather old-fashioned plant, and
generally easy of culture. It is fairly satisfactory as a
cool conservatory vine, but is an easy prey to red spider
and mealy bug. The fls. are short-lived, and not the
best for cutting. Some gardeners would rather have
Cupheas or Jucobinia Penrho-iiensis. Manettias are
prop, by cuttings of young growth inserted in sand with
bottomheat. For summer use the vines should have a
sheltered but sunny position.

Manettia is a genus of about 30 species of twining
herbs and slender subshrubs from tropical and subtropi-
cal America. Glabrous or villous: lvs. usually long-
acurainate: fls. small or rather large, axillary, solitary or
in short corymbs or panicles, white, blue or red; calyx-
lobes 4, rarely 5, short or long,'narrow or broad; corolla
tube short or long, terete or angled, straight or curved,
glabrous or pilose within; stamens 4. "Molxea glabra
or Manettia" is advertised in Amer., but no Matsea ap-
pears in botanical treatises.

A. Fls. red, tipped yellow.
B. Calyx-lobes lanceolate, narrow.

bicolor, Paxt. Fig. 1359. Lvs.
lanceolate acute, slightly glaucous:
calyx of 4 or 8 reflexed lobes. Mts.
near Rio Janiero. P. M. Vol. x. 27.
Gn. 56:1229. F.S.2:69. E.B. 21:49.
Gt. 47, p. 2U.-3fai,ettia bieolor is
easy to grow, but it is short-lived
and consequently must be
renewed often. Well-
trained specimens are very
pretty.

BE. Calyx-lobes orate-
acuminate, leafy.

mteo-riibra, Benth. Pu-
bescent: lvs. ovate or ob-
long, acute, narrowed at
the base, tomentose be-
neath; pedicels solitary :
calyx not toothed in the
sinuses: corollatomentose
outside, equally tubular,
straight. Brazil. -The
above is a full translation
of the original description.
AA. Fls. red.

cordiJdlla, Mart. (M.cor-
data, Hort.). Lvs. ovate,
cordate at base, finely pu-
bescent on both sides; pe-
duncles axillary, 1-fld.
Brazil. B.R. 22:1860. B.

Fla. and Calif., and makes a fine subject for pi
out in the North. \v

MANFKfiDA. See Arjave.

1359. Manettia bicolor (

3202. -Cult, outdoors in
ting

' the liotanic garden
. This iiifhules the
r, which has scarlet.

(T>.4tin, mango-bearing : Mango being
• I. f the fruit). AnacardiAce/e. A genus
ropical Asian trees, of which M. Indica,

MANGIFERA

the MiUKo IS cult everj where in the tropics The fiuit
(ti,? 1 10) IS laige (4-5 in long) and kidney shaped,
the skin being smooth, lather sott pile green, jellow or
half led iiid resinou*^ Inside is a laige seed neiilv as
long as the fruit The shell of the seed is rough and
fibious , the kernel is sh iped like a bein and is some
times loasted and enten like chestnuts In a poor
\aiRtv of Mango the pulp is so full of tiber that the
fiuit IS sunl pd ntlipi th in eiten ami btginueis &i\ it

in 1 I 1 iiti uliih tiue cf the common or

tui] I It Hit inipiored kinds iie not un

pi I I hi le lie Slid to be 1 0 or nioie

teeiiie 1 Mil I ' ' II \e aswcet, lesin

ous ti i„'i 111 no

In the ti 1 I I article of food

MAN jllFERA

Mil

. qu 1

next to the fines

I be Mango is e\t in ii \\

Indies and slightly lu ^ 1 i i ^ i V Ut 1

ot itshistorj in HoiuHi, f un 1 in Lull Im 1 Dn o
Pomolog> U is Dept of A„'iic , f ii m nhith the tol
lowing ficts lie taken No fiuit stiiod higher m th^
lopulai esteem in i aits rf south Hon 1 i thin the Man.'i

Jimii , t th I lilt IV,, „ I I , ,,_!,, ^Mio In

thtii eighth \t ir ti ni seel t«o Hindi tl.es bote
lUlliOti lilts s„meot these truits weighed a loiind hi
ill cises wheie the tiees were well caied foi the\ pio
dui ed fiom 4 OHO to 9 000 Mangoes each when once well
HI beaiiiirf Mangoes weie shipped to Chu igo and
biougbt bOcentsadozen The fiuit ripens lune-Sejit
TheonlyvarietiesaiUeitised in America in ISW weiethe
Common or Tuiientiiie Cole Black Long No 11 Apri
cot and Apple The follow ing have been adveitised in
the past: Alphonse, Banchore, DeTanibria, Green Mexi-
can. Melachoton, Pirie, Yam. The Mango can be fruited
under glass in the North. It requires a winter
pe '

re of (
M n

t ee

een g ows 30-40 ft h gli
t I ( eFg Idhl) The ti
a e mall an 1 p i d n

1361 Mangifera Indi(

In Jamaica it has become thoroughly naturalized and
one of the commonest trees. In wet districts it is liable
to cease fruiting after a few years, probably on account
of its vigorous growth It i= r '<m'mi n If'd to treat it
a one w ul 1 othe f u t 1 n t n

w ng th 1 f 1 t a

g 1 a ty n st n
g wn f n e d 1 1 I i

I t th p nta 0 1 111 1 e

ualm tlodempl 1 The k 1 ill

h t kn wn a g aft ng by an 1 1

Any k n 1 of so 1 su t t \\ p ^ j.

Ml tl la -The Ma go de to be

plan 1 on w II p ote tel Ian i all o e ou h Fl la
Th h t 1 h gl w 11 d n d andj Ian 1 t 1 le
f b t 1 M g tl al n 1 1 k 1 k

tl t nk b k t on e t o 11 I

> hand ome Th h

11 E N R E

a I t le

n I I I 1 4 IJ

n 1 a t

ul wl h

11 V t I alte n te

1 tl I p l>g u d a?

pa t 1 r tal 4 5 lapp n tl e m i He

all) thknl ftl ann lo45

980

MANGIFERA

than the ovarv; petals inserted at the base of the disk,
5, rarely 4, with 1-.') veins, which are prominent on the
upper side but scarcely so at the apex; fertile stamens
1-2, inserted at the base of the disk. B. M. 4ol0.

W. M.
MANGO. Consult J/.ni-

MANGOSTEEN.

MANGROVE (probably an
alttn-td Malayan name) is a
name applied to species of
Khizophora (Greek, root-
In ariiin)- The Rhizophoras
are perhaps 5 or 6 in num-
ber, and are widely distri-
buted on tropical shores.
The genus gives name to
the family Rhizophoracea;,
which Bentham & Hooker
1362. The beeinnine of eermi- place in close relation to
nation in the ManKrove. the Combrelacece and Myr-
tacea-. The common Man-
grove, H. Manyle, Linn., is one of the commonest
plants on the swampy shores of tropical and subtropi-
cal seas. It is not in cultivation, but its strange meth-
ods of propagation make it one of the most interesting
of plants. The following account is reprinted from
Bailey's "Lessons with Plants:"

The Mangrove grows on the low shores of tropical
lands. It extends as far north as the twenty-ninth par-
allel in Florida, and occurs at the mouth of the Missis-
sippi and on the .-..aNt of Texas. It is a spreading bush,
feet upon the shores, but
~ places. It is an important

MANIHOT

shores. In the quiet recesses of the Mangrove swamp
aquatic and amphibious life tinds refuge. The shell-fish
cling to the trunks and at low tide they are exposed, thus
giving rise to the stories of the early explorers that
oysters grow on trees. All this will recall the accounts
of the l>anyan tree, and there are wild fig trees (the
banyan is » ttg) in Florida and southward which behave
in a similar way. It seems strange that roots should
strike out into the air, but the reader may have observed
the "brace roots " near the ground on Indian corn; and
many plants, as the ivy and trumpet-creeper, climb by
means of roots.

becoming a

agent in th(

the ai
furtln

not ui
them

'be fruit

arly

rr.i h:i~, inlosperin. The cotyled
iiiiriannn, l.ut a woody tube grows from

s fr the fruit to the point a. Inside

this tube is the plnnnile. The hypocotyl continues to
elongate, becoming thick and heavy at its lower end.
When (J inches or a foot long, it breaks away from the
joint «, cirrying the liberated plumule with it, and strikes
root-end down in the mud. Roots push out from the
lower end, and the epicotyl rapidly elongates and rears
itself above the water. A piece of a Mangrove branch is
shown natural size in Fig.
l.%5. An aerial root is push-
ing through the thick bark.
The root makes a strong
curve when it strikes off the
branch, and then grows di-
rectly downward towards the
water. The branch from which
it springs may be only a few
inches above the water, or it
mav be 10 feet; but the root
pushes on until it inserts it-
self in the mud, and there
makes a root system of its
own. These long, lithe, de-
scending roots (Fig. 136(1),
swa\ingin the wind, arechar-
acteiistic featuresof the Man-
grove swamp. Usually the
banging roots are un-
branelied. but now and then
the till breaks up into short
branchs (Fig. l.'!()7) before it reaches the water. These
long roots remain attached at the upper end, and become
trunks. The Mangrove plantation, therefore, beconie.s
an interwoven mass, and thus marches on into the tidal
rivers and the ocean, catching the Hotsam and .ietsam of
the sea; and thereby it builds land and extends the

MANIHOT (nat
About bU speties of pe
milky juice occurring in tropical America, mostly in
Brazil Nearly alwajs smooth and blue green colored:
l\s. alternate, entiie or palmately lobed or divided:
fls. large for the order, racemose orpaniculate, terminal
or axillary, monoeceous; calyx imbricate in the bud,
campanulate or radiate, often petal-like, 5-lobpd ; petals
none; stamens few, in 2 whorls in the angles of the
disk: capsules .•!-celled, .■tseeded. Not nuu-h grown in
greenliMii-i -. ^ \c I |,t in f.iim-.if M. I'^ihi.ahi . The eco-

' \.' ■ ■'■ I. : Mil r"(]uced. Ac-

-,,.m:.-> :nr l.,'~, :;|-M„|, in pea

United M
and sand,

athe

ine shoots, rooted umler a bell-glass in sandy peat.with
iiitlom heat. The first species is grown in Florida, and
U are procurable from southern California. The culti-
ation of Cassava is now attracting much attention in
•lorida.

Glaziovii, Mull. Arg. Ceara Rubber Tree. Lvs.
^ng-petioled, peltate, deeply 3-5-palmately parted, or
he upper entire; divisions entire, broad, ovate-lanceo-
ite: fls. paniculate: bracts small. Brazil; extensively
rown in Ceylon and India. — Its juice gives the Ceara
ubber.

utUissima, Pohl. Cassava, or
JIanioo Plant. Bitter Cas-
sava. Figs. 1368-G9. Roots
Heshy, cylindrical, sometimes
weighing as much as 30 pounds,
and 3 ft. long, very poisonous:
stems knotty, about 3 ft. high :
lvs. long-petioled, not peltate,
deeply 3-7-lobed ; lobes lanceo-
late,entire: bracts small, entire:
calyx glalirous outside, puberu-
lent within, yellowish, 5-parted :
filan)euts glabrous ; anthers
short: capsule and ovary dis-
tinctlv wing-angled. July. Bra-
zil. B.:H. 3071. -Cultivated ex-
tensively in the tropics, where
the Cassava made from the
roots is a staple food. Tapioca
is made from the root-starch by
drying it in pellets on heated
plates. The poisonous juice is
pressed out in preparation or
rendered harmless by heating.
palmita, var. Aipi, Mlill.
Arg. (J/. J(/.(, Pohll. Sweet
Cassava. Closely related to
the last, but the root more red-

dish colored and non-poisonous: anthers elongated:
capsule only angular above, not winged. Brazil. — Used
as the last, but not so extensively.

J. B. S. Norton.

The cultivation of Cassava is of the simplest descrip-
tion in the West Indies. A piece of the stem, 2 or 3
feet long, is planteil in somewhat sandy ground and left
to its fate, with occasional hoeing of weeds. In suitable
soils in the driest parts of Jamaica, it produces enor-
mous crops with little or no attention.

Ceara Ruliher has not been cultivated in the West
Indies to any extent, but it is like Cassava in its capa-

bility of growing in dry, sandy soil. It would probably
yield more rubber if grown in districts where irrigation
is possible. Wm. Fawcett.

MANITOBA. See Cumuhi.

MANNA. See J/;in</i.

MANNING, EGBERT (July 18, 1784, to Oct. 10, 1842),
was one of the most thorough and accurate of American
descriptive pomologists. In 1823 he established his
"Pomological Garden" at Salem, Mass., for the purpose

2368. Flowers and fruit of Manihot utilissima. Enlarged.

of collecting and proving varieties of fruits. At the
time of his death this garden contained more varieties
of fruits than had ever been collected in America. Pears
were his specialty, but he had all the fruits which would
thrive in his climate. These fruits numbered nearly
2.000 varieties, of which about one-half were pears.
These varieties were gathered from all parts of this
country, and also from Europe. The new pears of Van
Mons, the Flemish scientist and propounder of a theory
of plant variation (see "Survival of the Unlike," Essay
V), were introduced largely by him. He also received
valuable acquisitions from Robert Thompson, of the
fruit department of the London Horticultural Society.
In 1838, Manning published at Salem his "Book of
Fruits, being a descriptive catalogue of the most valu-
able varieties of the pear, apple, peach, plum and cherry
for New-England culture." It also contained bush-fruits,
grape and hardv treps and shrubs. It was published as
"First Series for 18:!8." which indicates that its author
intended to issue otiier parts. AH the descriptions
were drawn from the fruits themselves. The book was
well illustrated. In this work he was assisted by John
M. Ives: and Ives made a second edition of the work in
1844 under the title "Book of Fruits," and a third in
1847 as "New-England Book of Fruits." At this day it
is difacult to appreciate the work of a man like Man-
ning. In those days, varieties were all-important. The
scientific management of orchards had not yet arisen.
Varieties were confused. Manning and his compeers
opened the way for correct nomenclature and systematic
pomology, and established the idea of testing varieties.
His decisions on nomenclature were accepted as final.
He was one of the founders of the Massachusetts Horti-
cultural Society. For a reference to the position of
Manning's work in our history, see the article Hortieul-
tiii-e: also Tilton's Journ.Hort. 7, pp. 157-8. His son. of
the same name, is secretary of the Massachusetts Horti-
cultural Society. l. h. B.

MAN-OF-THE-EARTH. Ipon

pa

111 11 rata.

MANURE (from old French wmnHi'rer, to cultivate by
hand; Latin »ia»«s, hand, and o/)e»vi, works). In the
broadest sense, Manure is any substance applied to the
soil for the purpose of increasing productivity. The ex-
crements of animals, mixed or unmixed with straw or

982

MANURE

other absorbents, are usually spoken of as barn Manures.
Commercial Manures or " fertilizers" are usually concen-
trated forms of nitrogen, potash and phosphoric acid,
mixed or unmixed (see Fertilizers) ; green Manures are
living plants plowed under to furnish humus and increase
productivity; amendments are substances, surh as lime,
which may increase the growth and healthfuluess of
plants by improving the physical con
ditoin of the soil and by setting free un-
available plant-food. In gentral farm-
ing, barn Manures are usually applied in
the raw or unrotted state; in hortknil-
ture, rotted or partially rotted. Horse

MANURE

nures when spread over the mass from time to time in
small quantities. The quantity and value of Manure
made by domestic animals is not realized by those who
allow it to be scattered over large, open barnyards or
allow it to remain for considerable periods under the
eaves of the barn. Extended experiments at the Cornell
Experiment Station showed that the following amounts
of excrements were produced
daily for each 1,000 pounds of live
weight of animal:

Sheep 34.1 lbs.

<'.;ilves UJ.Slbs.

Cows:::;:.".!.";;:::; 74:1 ii.s:

^

Manure is used for hotbeds, while cow Manure, mixed
with soil, is best for forming a moist, rich, potting
earth. Dung, the solid voidings of animals, after weath-
ering tor a time, is also a valuable addition to potting
earth. Florists often keep a number of dairy cattle that
an abundant supply of bovine Manure, which is sovalu-
in floriculture, may be at hand. (

t or in solution.
■Til and tends to
■hosphoricacid,
cw.ll-developed

are used in small qua
Nitrogen stimulates the vi_.
produce rapid growth and <! .^ i
a:noiigothere£fects, has that •
plump seeds and fruits; pot
fects, as well as increase aii(

Barn Manures are more highly pri/,. d tlian f.imu rly.
Waste of their valuable coustitueiiti is udw laiKoly
avoided either by applying them to the land d.ay by day,
as they are produced, or by more rational methods of
caring for them until they are partly rotted or oppor-
tunity is afforded for most suitable application to the
land. Covered yards or pits are now sometimes used
for temporarily storing Manures, where they can have
water added if too dry and if likely to "flrefang;"or
absorbents, such as straw, dry muck, f^ypsum and the
like, may be used if they are too \vai. ^^ ' Win ., li. ,I,Iing
is abundant, the animals may take i : in the

covered yard, as they will solidify I'l '>,,•." • innp-

ing it, thereby diminishing loss by i m'"" " nta-

tion. Salt and gypsum both consent- i.iani-i."..! in ma-

Fowls 39.8 lbs.

Animals fed on a highly nitro-
L't-nous or narrow rationias 1:4),
,1- \-r^. Up [Mt's in the above in-
i . consume large
r water and produce
;. iirj- :iiii..iint of Manure, the
weight of wliich often exceeds
the amount of food consumed;

or wide ration (as liU) consume
comparatively little water and
produce less weight of manure.

Some conditions affecting the
production of Manure and its
value may be stated as follows:
If the plant-food value of Manure
is computed at the price that is
paid for the same constituents in
fertilizers, it is found that the
value of Manure produced by ani-
mals is equal to 30 to 50 per cent
of the cost of their food. Young
animals produce poorer Manure
than mature ones. The excre-
ments of animals which give a
product, as milk or young, are
poorer than those from non-pro-
ductive animals. The more abun-
dant the ration the less complete
the digestion and the greater the
value of the Manure produced.
Concentrated and nitrogenous
foods result in richer and more
valuable excrements than uncon-
centrated or carbonaceous foods.
Liberal salting and excessively
succulent foods diminish the
value of Manures. The amount
and kind of bedding affect not only the quantity but
the value per ton. Animals kept in cold quarters drink
little water, digest their food closely and produce a Ma-
nure relatively sniall in amount and poor in quality.

Rich Manures are relatively more valuable per unit
of contained fertility than poor ones. Plants are most
benefitted when they receive extra nourishment in the
early stages of their growth. Coarse, low-grade Ma-
nures should be weathered or rotted to improve their
availability, even though some loss may occur. A unit
of plant-food in high-gradefertilizersor well-preserved,
rutted Manures is worth more than in low grades. The
\'aluable constituents in farm Manures are not soquickly
available as they are in high-grade fertilizers, but they
have an additional value, since they furnish humus,
lighten the soil and increase its power to hold moisture,
while assisting in liberating the mineral constituents of
the soil. The value of Manure as set down below is
determined by investigations during the winter months,
and the nitrogen, phosphoric acid and potash are com-
puted at 15, G and i% cents per pound, respectively.
The indirect beneficial effects of Manure are considered
an equal offset for the slightly less availability of their
plant-food constituents as compared with fertilizers:
Kind of Manure. Yaltie per ton.

Sheep $3 30

Calves 2 17

1369. Manihot.

whose roots prodi

(See p. 981.)

983

L m te i amounts of t ed 1
wh ch the forego ug figu
Kndofa n al

ised n the tests £r

es were made

re a d CI r es oil o t so

aluable constituents The loss o
sposed at Ithaca in loose heaps of
uring six months, was as follows
1R89 Horse minure

IbbO Mlied compi te 1

n ed be-

he t llovng

1 u m b

A i

n

es

ee 1 besce the ea J

anmdinacea

L

nn

F gs 13 0 1 Branehe 1 ' 5 ft.

1 gl t erous

1

ovite 0 long and po nted fls.

n 1 e n an o

1

1 e e 1 pio nd h Trop.

Aner B M

e t e ce of a ow root

eeAr

eu lie! Bern la

Arrow Root 1

el fr u the o ts It

hr ves along t

(_

le c t ite I.

There s a fo n

thl

en and yellow.

A^ Ze es q

e

a allel I j7 f-

coIo ed ba s € o I r-

q o II a
splendida Lem G ab o 1 ft or le s long,

la e o ng lanceolate w th ba e s bcorlateorso e-
1 t c a e shoit icum nate at apex a ove si n ng
In k g een a d marked w th pale green tran verse bars,
beneath Molet red. Brazil. I.H.lJ.4Gi 8. Bj ,ome re-
garded as Calathea (C. splendUla, Kegel). Resembles
Calathea Yeitchiana. but more robust.

/;

as the plants can utiliz(
and development aie n
amount of moistuie tl
Five tons of pie ii I
phosphmc aoid
pounds lespecti
of wheat with sti
gen, 18 lbs of ph i
of polish Wist soil, c

of

ilal 1

ifhcu

"X

ypey

seed have been exhausted ii 1 tl t
plants have secured a firm hjld or
by manifold rootlets Except whe
wise most suitable an i conveuiei t
nures should be spieil tl ii It in tl
or early winter on tl e siirfa e ^^l
are growing thus iniititinj nituie
taining and luci easing piuducti^ it\

MAPANIA (aboriginal name) C
6 01- 8 desciibed species in tropical co
ing stiong peiennial herbs with broii
arising from the ci own indUiirefl <•
leafless scapes the sm ill \ eitett 11
hypogvnous scaks ii ii lis j sr i
stiemas nutlet se le nil i
the Ainer trade is M pandanaeinha ^
isnot^iven and it
this genus (see( t

I P Roberts

as

paudanus like

ful

stifflsh hs

1

Eu

■opcan srai len

1

M

In.

M himihs \

i-X Ken ei s 1

11

1

bei

igtie jllei m

II

It

obi

0,lgStlOD„l.l

el

1 1

petioles and taper

intc

long till h

Iti

s also known as

Pa

idanophqlh

1 esented
P wi

II 32

T\endlanh Hoit
L H B
MAPLE See^oo Flowering M = .16k ((/ »

MABANTA ( B. Maranta. Venetian botanist, died 1754 1 .
12 tropical American herbs.

undulata. Lind. & .
Kegel I. .Six to 8 in
the blade about 4 i

• tJiea tinduldla,
■ . ovate-oblong,
and unequal at

984 MARANTA

base, very short-pointed, the surface undulate, beneath
purplish, above deep shining green, with a whitish
feathery stripe through the center. Pern. 1.11.19:1)8.

leuconeilra, E. Morr. (M. Kerc}ioved>ia,E. Morr. M.
Kerchi>vei,H0Tt. Cahithea Kerc!iovei)>iu,iioTt.). Dwarf,
6-8 In.: Ivs. cordate-oblong, usually obtuse or very
short-acuminate, grayish green with oblong purple
spots on either side of the midrib. Brazil. I. H. 26:353.
Massange&na, E.Mo

f0^ i

k-v.,'?

V {Calathea Massange-

s^v

Ti it nil. Hort.). Larger in

Xj^^Mf^ \

"'drj

y all its parts than the last:

^^[ki i

1

V Ivs. elliptic-ovate to ob-
ovate, rounded or trun-

"^^\ i

'A cate at base, the apex

W ^^\ F

r

■A abruptly short-pointed,

\\ \ P

ll li«ht purplish beneath.

\ V W

W the upper part marked

V V Vx

»{, with three colors, -olive

'^«^ \ \ l\

M green towards the mar-

^^ \ w

/y gin, broad central band

Es^^^^ \ 11

// of silvery gray, blotches

^^^\ \i

// of purple or maroon be

>^k 11

1 /'

/ ttt-een the two. Brazil.

^eil

/I

f F. S. 22:23G4-3 (as M.

■^

\ /»

hiiom.ura, var. Mas-

'

«v fjf

s,n„,e,n,„). J.H.III.30:

\l

490 (as var. florentina).

bicolor, Ker-Gawl. A

.

YJ

foot high: Ivs. roundish

Maranta arundinacca

i

ovate, rounded or sub-
cordate at the base, more
or less wavy on the mar-
gin, abruptly short-
pointed, liglit purple be-

low. pale glacnous

green

1 above, with a relatively light-

colored central ba

,nd ai

id verv dark green or brown-

green blotches mi

dway

between the rib and the mar-

gins. Brazil. B.R

. 10:71

S(i. L.H.C.in:9Jl.

The following nan

les arp

f..i,. : -..■,. .-..■. ■ -., M.

Baraqulrii = Calathea Bh i

ntfera. Hort. (a form of f:i

6 in. long, ol.lifim-ly

oval, ,■

,'.■:'... , .,,•,•,■■,,.,, ■,.■ ,iiTp

green si..its ,., i. ,, -

l;,,,',

1/ ; . 1 . •,:_-. :. ;::,I..l

with yell" i;

.• 1 ■■-•■..■ . ; ..■ly

Brazil.- 1/ /

^ : ."!; V.', ■,, ■■, ll";.;:

the following n
'ihnracensis, ex
t. Legrelliana,

MAEATTIA (name from J. F. Maratti, an Italian
botanist of the seventeenth century). Marattiiiciw. A
genus of large, coarse-leaved fern-like plants with the
sporangia borne in larire, boat-shaped conceptacles on
the under surface of the leaf. The species are strong-
^ of tlicm reaching con-

frajtinea, Smith (.1/. rl.t/nii.t. Endl.l. Lvs. bipinnate,
6-l.T ft. long, on stalks often 1 in. or more thick; pinnules
4-6 in. long, ^^-IVi in. wide, of a leathery texture and
naked surfaces: receptacles submai-ginal. West Africa
to Malaysia and New Zealand. l. Jl. Underwood.

HARCHANTIA ( Nicholas Marchant, French botanist ) .
Miirchnntii'ir.ii'. A common liverwort, spreading its
leaf-like forkingthallus on moist earth. M. polym6rpha,
Linn., has been offered by dealers in native plants, the
sods of it being sold for colonizing in rock gardens. It
often grows on damp sills and walls in greenhouses.
The flat thallus is often 4-5 in. long and 1 in. or more
wide, from which rise peduncles 1 in. hiirh, bearing the
antheridial disk or shield and the star-like carpoceph-
alum on similar .stalks 1-3 in. high.

31AKRUBIUM

MARGUERITE or PARIS DAISY is Chrysaulhemuni
frill, .■<,■, „s. Blue Marguerite is Felicia amellodts.
Reine M., of the French, is China Aster.

MARGYRICARPUS (dveek, pearly fruit; referring to
the white berries). JtostUeip. Five species of South
American subshrubs, of which J/, seiosus is a heath-
like plant cult, in rockeries for its numerous small
white berries, which are seen to best advantage against
dark background. The nearest genus of garden value
is Acsena, which has tls. in heads, while those of Mar-
gyricarpus are solitary and axillary. Branching shrubs
with inconspicuous lis. which are sessile and have no
petals. Lvs. alternate, crowded, overlapping : calyx
tube persistent ; lobes 4-5: ovules solitary, hanging from
the top of the cell.

aetdsus, Ruiz & Pav. Low-growing. Pern, Chile.—
Int. by Franceschi. Hardy in England. Sometimes
called Pearl Fruit.

MARtCA (meaning doubtful; the author of the genus
did not explain I. IriilAcea. Eleven species of tropical
American plants allied to Iris, but with shorter-lived
flowers and convolute inner segments. Three species
are procurable from Dutch dealers. The fls. are 2-4 in.
across, the outer segments large, white or blue, the
inner ones smaller,with complicated and beautiful color-
ing. They are planted in the fall, and are hardy with
winter covering. The genus is nearest to Cypella, but
the style crests are petal-like, while in Cypella they are
spur-like or flattened. Kootstock a short rhizome: lvs.
sword-shaped, 2-ranked: fls. blue, yellow or white.
Baker, Iridea?, 1892.

A. Outer segments pure white.

gTicilis, Herb. Lvs. 1-lM ft. long, }4-l in. broad:
fls. 2 in. across. B.M. 3713.

AA. Outer segments white, marked at the base with

brown and yellow.
Northi4na, Ker. Lvs. lK-2 in. broad: fls. 3-4 in.
across. B.M.' 054. I.H. 42:40 (var. sp/cndfiw).

.VAA. Outer segments blue.
Cferiilea. K. r. Lvs. 1-lK in. broad: fls. 3-4 in. across.

P...M. :.i;iJ las i-iip.lla cwrulea). B.R. 9:713. Gn. 25, p.
j;i3. K.W. 1:40.
J/. Califiirnica. See Sisyrinehiiim.

MARIGOLD. The oldest kind is the Pot Marigold, the
dried Hs. of which are used to season soups. It is also
cnlt. fur ornament. See Calandula officinalis. The
French Marigold is Tagetes patuhi ; the African. T.
, nrlii. The African Marigolds are mostly pure lemon-
or orange-colored; the French ones have these colors
and brown also, and are often striped. For Cape
Marigold, see Dimorphothn-a. For Fig Marigold.
see Misembryanthemum. Marsh Marigold is Caliha
palustris.

MARINE IVY. Cissus i>ieisa.

MARIPOSA LILY. See Cahvhorlus.

MARIPOSA TULIP. Cahirhurlu^.

MARJORAM, SWEET. 0,-;,;,inum.

MARKERY. MERCURY. See Chenopodium.

MARROW,|VEGETABLE. See Pumpkin.

MARROBIUM (old Latin name of obscure meaning).
Liiliii'itie. A genus of about 40 Old World species, in-
cluding the common Horehound, a hardy, perennial,
bitter-aromatic herb, growing 1-3 ft. high, with whitish,
hairy, crenate lvs., and axillary whorls of small whitish
fls. It is a native of Europe, Asia and northern Africa,
now foxmd as an escape from gardens in waste places
of nearly every country of the world. Horehound is

MARRUBIUM

iiseil in larae quuntities for confections and medicines
furcoinrhsHndculils.

Jl.inuliiimi comprises similar perennials branched
from the hiise, with wrinliled and creuate or cut Ivs.,
and manv Hd. axillary whorls of small white or purplish
fls. : calyx tubular, 5-10-nerved and with 5 or 10 awl-

vulg4re, Linn. Common Horehoukd. Height 1-3 ft. :
stems ascendiufr: Ivs. ovate, stalked : calyx with 10 re-
curved teeth, the alternate ones shorter: fls. white.
Summer. B.B. 3:84.

Horehound (or Hoarhound) in America has become a
coramou weed in N't-w Euirland, Indiana and upon the
Puciflo coast, e^p.-: lii;,- -.i.::, ■'{ S.ii Vn.ur-..,. Frcun
the last region i- "i' -i 1! ■ ',. p,: ;i. :r -ii'^iliict
considered useful ;i ■ ^ ; 'Id.;.

The leaves and t-i- . ■ .■,i.,.iM,i, - ,,i ,,,,>-.• ;uid

sipated li}- -'•■'! .• i . d.iiti.iu to its wdl ku.iwn uses

and, in 'I'' ■ . : .■. d'ol.-tiii.-nt pn.p-ni.-. The

plant pr.l'-- li' , ■■ irm. rather rirh, li^lit soil. It ni:iy
be readily i iMpa-o.^l l,y ilivision of the clumps or by
seed sown io tlo' spriiiu' where the plants are to remain.
The drills sh,,,,],! i,.. 2 feet apart and the plants 1
foot asunder. Witli elean cultivation and moderate an-
nual m.inuring two aljundant cuttings should be ob-
tained each year. Since the market is fully supplied by
the wild plants and since, when once established, it will
grow almost spontaneously, the cultivation of Hore-
hound is not recommended e.xcept to supply private
needs. ji. G. Kains and M. B. CouLSTON.

MARSDfeNIA (William Blarsden, 1754-1836, wrote a
history of Sumatra). AscIepiadAcete. About 50 species
of tropical and subtropical shrubs, mostly twiners, of
which about half a dozen species are cult, in Europe
under glass. Jl. Bnijlei, a fiber and dye plant from the
East Indies, was introduced liy Reasoner in 1889, but is
now lost. The genus is allied to Stephanotis, whieh has
large white fls., while those of Marsdenia are usually
purplish, lurid, greenish or pallid. Lvs. opposite:
cymes umbel-shaped, simple or branched, terminal or
axillary: calyx 5-parted: corolla bell-, urn- or salver-
shaped; lobes narrow or broad, overlapping to the right:
crown of 5 scales: seeds comose.

E6ylei, Wight. Lvs. 3-6 in. long, 2-4 in. wide, ovate
Cordate, aeiiminate, pubescent or tomentose beneath;
l»tiol,s ii.-o in. long: cymes 1-1^ in. across: fls. 3-4
lilies ill diiiiii.; corolla somewhat bell-shaped; lobes
laiLo-. tlesh\ : stigma not extended beyond the anthers:
seeds ■. in. long. L. H. B.

MARSHALLIA (Humphrey Marshall, wrote Arbus-
tum Americanum, 1785, the first American work on our
trees and shrubs; also founded one of the first Ameri-
can botanic gardens). Compdsitce. About 9 species of
perennial North American herbs, of which only one
species, 3/. cwspitosa, seems to have been offered.
Marshallias are tufted plants, growing about a foot
high, with entire lvs. and scapes bearing solitary ray-
less heads about li4 in. across. Somewhat like tlie
common Scabious. These are rose-purple or white,
■with blue anthers, and appear in spring or summer.
For fuller description, see our tnanuals.

MARTYNIA

985

caespi

tdsa. Xntt. Tufted, gl

abrous: lvs. sj

atulate-

linear;

u|iper ones linear: b

-.acts of the i

ivolucre

linear:

disk-tls. pale rose or

white: seeds i

iversely

pyrami

lal, villous on tlie angles

. Limestones

Ml, Ark.

to Tex.

B.M.3704. B.B. 3:443.

MARSH MA T,T.O-W. AUhcea

offiehuilis.

MARStLEA ir,„,v:ni.M M.ir-

-ll. l';i;:;n, l.o

n,i-r of

last pa,

.i;raf

von Ml

rsi-lj. P,',- : ,• 1/ .

lesspla

1 !■• -. , 1 |e;r.

'1 .'lover

or oxali

s. one speeles .,, iwiieh,

Linn., is

sold an

1 is also run wild in the

It is a

creepin

g plant, rooting in the

nud on the ma

rgins of

ponds

md making an attract!

ve cover. The

petioles

grow 3-

5 in. tall, or taller in the water, and bear at the

apex 4 bright green obcuneate or triangular leaflets.
The sporocarps or fruits are nearly sessile at the base
of the petioles. Prop, easily hy pieces of the runners,
and is likely to become a weed. The young leaflets
close at night. Europe and Asia. Mn. 6, p. 107.

MAETINfiZIA (Rev. Dr. Baltasar Jacobo Martinez
Companou, archbishop of Santa Fe,who sent many early
collections of plants from Peru). PalmAcew. Orna
mental palms, with spiny ringed trunks: Ivs. pinnate
the segments broad, wedge-shaped, alternate or grouped
the apex truncate and ragged: petioles and rachis
spiny, as are also the spadices and spathes of the in
florescence: fls. rather small: fr. globose, 1-ceIled,
orange, scarlet or rose-pink. Species 7. Trop. Amer.
Jared G. Smith.

Martiuezias are beautiful palms, and make fairly
good house plants. They must have a stove tempera-
ture. They do not require a great amount of soil. Light
sandy loam, with plenty of sharp sand, is best. They
need abundant moisture. They sometimes flower in
cultivation, but the 4 kinds given below are distinct by
their foliage and spines. Like all armed palms, they
are slow to germinate, but after the first or second
year they grow fairly fast. The commonest and best
kind is J/", cuiv/otofe/m, whichhas fewerspinesthanthe
other species and, unlike many other palms, shows its
true Ivs. at a very early stage. It resembles the fish-
tail palms (C'aryotal,but the lvs. are a lighter green and
generally larger. M. erosa makes a better specimen at
5-6 ft. than when small. It is much more jagged at the
tips of the lvs. Being very spiny all over, it is less de-
sirable. M. Lindeniana is more like the first. The
spines are longer but not very numerous. M. Grana-
tensis is of coarser habit and slower growth, and desir-
able only for large collections. h. A. Siebrecht.
A. Zivs. divided into segments.
B. Segments in groups.
C. Apex of .■<r,,,iirntx ?.^h,hfd.

caryotaefdiia, HBK. Stems at length 30 to 50 ft. high:
lvs. few, 3-6 ft. long, Imbt (,-reen; Ifts. in groups, 6-12
in. long, 4-6 in. wide at tlie apex: stem, petioles, rachis
and nerves below, den.selv clothed with long black
spines. Colombia. G.C. 1872:181. B.M.6854. F.R.2:49.
cc. Apex of segments with a point projecting from the
upper margin.

Llndeni4na, H. Wendl. Stems 9-15 ft. high: pinnae
in opposite groups of 4 to 6, the groups widely sepa-
rated, long-wedge-shaped, 10-14 in. long, 8-10 times as
long as broad, with a short, projecting point at the up-
per margin, the nerves ciliate-spiny toward the end:
petiole densely covered with grayish brown hairs, with
many rather large black spines 1-2H in. long: rachis is
also spiny above and below: midnerve of each segment
a trifle shorter than the lower margin and spiny be-
neath, like the rachis and lateral nerves: lvs. dark
green above, lighter beneath; terminal segment broad-
est: fr. rose-red. Mountains of Colombia, at an altitude
of 6,000 ft.

BB. Segments in 2-4 puirs.

er6sa. Linden. Lvs. with 2-3 pairs of narrow Ifts. at
base and a pair of broader ones ;it tlo- ap-N. all oblique
at the apex, bearing long, brown, nee, II.- s|i;,ped spines
on the veins and midrib: rachis cylindrical or obtusely
angled, mealy, clothed with spines like those on the lvs.
West Indies. G.C. 1872:1297.

AA. Lvs. bifid at the apex.

GranaMnsis, Hort. {.U. Graiiadensis, Hort.). Lvs.
roundish oblong or roundisli ovate, entire at the base,
bifid at the apex, evenly toothed along the edges: pet-
ioles and rachiswitli dark brown, needle-shaped, spread-
ing or reflexed spines, 'j-1 in. long. Colombia.

.Tared G. Smith.

MARTtNIA i.Toiin r^larr,,,. li;'.ili-17i;.8. professor of
botany at (■ainbridge, botanical author and editor of
tlie 1 .]■_'. -t . l-r .,t of .'\liller's "Gardeners' Diction-
ar\ ' /' ' About 10 species of coarse annuals

froi I , i.ii-ts of America, a few of which are

cult. 1 : ;.,„.- ,.r tor ornament. Thev have large
sho'.sy i!-. lull Ii !.!;e those of Catalpa in form, the 2

986 MARTYNIA

upper lobes being smaller than the 3 lower. The fls.
are 2 in. or more across, chiefly lilac, purple or j-ellow
but spotted and marked about the throat with other
colors. They are heavily scented and interesting, but,
like all other parts of the plant, they are clammy. The
plants grow I'y ft. or inoro hi-^h, and should be started
in a hotbed inearly ^ininir in tlir< North and transplanted
to the open. In tli.- iiinMli- auri southern states seed
may be sown iu tlir "I'lh '■'■ It. apart each way where the
plants are to remain. Thu capsules are taken when
small and tender and pickled like cucumbers. They
have a very distinct appearance by reason of the long-
curved horn which splits from the top as the capsule
hardens.

The small family to which Martynia belongs is allied
to the Bignonia family, and the fls. are much alike, but
the habit and fruit are different. Martyuias are either
annuals or perennials, with large tuber-shaped roots,
prostrate or suberect atid clammy: Ivs. opposite or al-
ternate, long-stalked, cordate, coarsely wavy-margined
or toothed, or palmately lobed: fls. 5-8 in a short, ter-
minal raceme: capsules with 2 short or long horns.

The first three species described below belong to the

subgenus Proboscidea, which has 4 perfect stamens and

long-horned capsules. They vary considerably in the

foliage, roundish or wider than long,

.S-Iobed, sharply 3-cut or entire except

the notch, which is always found at

the base, margin toothed, angled or

U wavy.

MAHY, BLUE-EYED. Tra,h^c„i,lia rinjiiiica.

MARYLAND, HORTICULTURE IN. Fig. 1;J73. Allot
lis state lying south of Baltimore possesses notable
orticultural possibilities. The lamls art- ciuitc- varialilc

iiposii

very s

Fl h.

1 (II kJi,

proboscidea i I V f );m Mill ) Unicorn

Pi 4NT Prob ' 1 Ui2 L\s roundish

often oblique i wavy lobed 4-12 m

wide fls also \ il w Banks of Missis

sippi nat neii uM ^ i Icn L M lOob V 3 lol —
The picture (l-i^ IJ -) shows fruits one third the
size at full matunt\ The right hind specimen shows
the woody part after all the soft puts hi\6 been
macerated

AA Fls purple

frigrans Lindl [M foimbia'ViXm ) Less stout than
M. i>>oboi,eidea. h s. roundish to oblong cordate, somi
what lobed and wavy-toothed, 3-5 in. broad. Mes. B.M.
4292. B.R. 27:6. R.H. 1843:248.

AAA. Fls.

elloii

Cranioiaria.Glox. Proi
agenusdistingiii~li. 0 i.\
corolla tube, wlii!- i
out at a very sli'i i i
mately lobed; ulu _ n- ■
long. Colombia. — ^"um-
name are M. vnihuxml, ,

• Linn.,

:i iiilieis swelled
■' 1 :-i' I i ■ I'live. Lvs. pal-
: ii> : r.,i..!i;i tube about 6 in.
th.. ],i,'aits sold under this
iithers are M. fragraiis,

W. M.
MARVEL OF PERU. Mir,, hills Jalapa.

judicious and rational treatment. Inil ^f

early fruits and vegetables, the natur;i ■!

soil, the mild and equable teniperatut I f .,,,,_ i

the influence of the expansive waters uL l..l l iiL.-.:i ^ake
bay, which cuts the state in two, as well as from
geographical location and convenient access to all the
principal eastern city markets, are the conditions which
combine in a presentation of rare inducements that are
not fully appreciated by the rural citizenship of the
locality. Fully three-fifths of the farms in Marylaml,
by circumstances as above briefly indicated, are specially
adapted to horticultural pursuits. The eight counties
forming a tier, extending from east to west along the
northern boundary of the state, do not enjoy so wide a
range in horticultural favor as the central and southern
counties. The wonderful development of the fruit and
vegetable packing or canning industry in the state is to
a very noticeable degree encouraging, and accomplishing
a diversification for the promotion and betterment of
horticulture. In the city of Baltimore the "packing"
business has assumed huge proportions, but independent
of this, the business has in the aggregate, throii;;liout
the several counties, reached a large volume, whi'-b is
annually increasing. Caroline county, centrally Inciti-d
on the Eastern Shore, annually operates more than :i
score of such houses. Strawberries, blackbi-nii<,
peaches pears peas tomatoes and sweet corn c ii ti
the principal articles canned No fane\ pii i. t i
her fruits or vegetibles iie ohtnnied m th 1 il

mg with niikin demands Thou ind <f
a IPS lu this nte aie now devoted t i i
tjmitcts and sneetcoin lor the pai kiii„
hou e Summarized this means more ma
nure —better method — bettei land

For many years the peach ni untamed
undisput 1 upremncv in the fruit inteie ts
of Mu\l T 1 Fntl I nsm extended the
acre-)., i ' I it\ foi pioper caie

andiuli theencioa hmcnt

of di ease and lu m extent that has

served to ciicum i i n i i r ted ambition for
large orchards and hi i I Ud i i b f,iowing of much
of its fascination In theaggiegate the orchaid acreage
IS still immense but old orchards are ^oing out to a much

northern ti i t til is

of the sni I I

generalh ..i i i i i i

than chein 1 r i i i c^ii i U i u ii u 1 li b

EasteinSboie e\ el m the u jduction of pen b ih in
quantity and quality Plums of the n itn e and Jip meso
pecies receive considerable attention, and in nnn\ in
stances prove more remunerative than other fniiis.

Small fruits of all kinds are grown in i^nni iiiini.:, .■.

The large fruit interests of the Stat n-

tain a large local demand for nursi i is

shared by the forty nurseries in viiihii hi ; iln'
commonwealth. Several of these est:ii' ' . " ii.c

the propagation of peach trees a speii I : -m

by the hundreds of thousands, and lii-i in

a wholesale way to their fellow-nurse i-.\ mhh m i... :niMrs
less favored for^propagating these in-i-s. In a ii« of
the Western Shore counties tobacco still figures to some
extent in soil products; on the Eastern Shore tobacco
has been superseded largely by sweet potatoes, to the
deft. led hen.-Hf f.f both land and landlord.

TIm- (Ii\i.i..ii ..f the state by the Chesapeake bay
kr,; !', I II Shore out of touch in more wiiystlniu

..,:, 1. .. ..f the state. The experiment st;iti..n

is l.ir,,i,,i ,>ii tlu Western Shore, where the horticultural

MARYLAND

interests are on lines more or less distinct from those
on tlie Eastern Sliore. Greater harmony obtains between
the conditions of the Eastern Shore and of Delnware ;
hence it naturally follows that horticultural relations
between the Eastern Shore of Maryland and the state of
Delaware arecloser and more intimate in many respects
than those between the two
"shores" of Maryland, and
doubtless will remain so
unless counteracted by the
establishment of an active
and well-equipped sub-sta-
tion on the Eastern Shore.
The entire peninsula, com-
prising Delaware's three,
Maryland's nine and Vir-
ginia's two counties, should
properly constitute one
state, as nature seems to
have intended. If these
fourteen peninsula counties
were banded together by the
ties of statehood, and thus
governed solely by their

othei«i-.e than piomnte and
accelerate the piogiess m
hoitRultural ad\an p i ent
and mike it by on enti ted
art and piactice whit it i
bynatuie \uieii F len

It IS caul le t Ml itiu,
a popul 1 t 1 t IS

large a i its

MASDEVALLIA 987

winged or wingless column, in some species sensitive.
Pollinia 2, without caulicles. The Masde%'allias have no
pseudobulbs; the leaves are variable in size, oblong to
linear, thick, sheathing at the base; the peduncles bear
from 1-5 or more flowers. The species of the M. coccinra
group are relatively simple in form, but are usually priz

3 3 Maryland The strong

near i

ith an overflow suffi-
IV raoie in the large
and vegetables, easily

aff 31 1
hortK
del er

I etri latni

?- Thei

with its rapidly improving
to other cities an 1 towns,
nt in 1 „ues impetus to all
II 1 t IS the main

tein Mary-
^f share of
-.1 le owing
New \ork,
I Ufi 1 \l As enibly
\cr until quite re-
r protect by appro-
ultuial intere tsof
v| le 1 h mdre K of thousands
1 piotect the oj stei and hsh in-
he small fiuit crt pleaches into
milli n of IjII isannuill> \ Id to this the peaches,
y 1 I le I 1 iins cherries etc —then couf le to all
tl t t veget il le pi J luctRn fhioughout the'

1 II tl is and crowd it into the two words —
/ t t and heie aie the data in the form

ct uui 1 L ut tuei material and the nearest appioach
to sjntheti il stxtistics that is available That horti-
cultuie takes rank with the greatest iniustiies of the
state IS obvious to any unclouded cjni] rehension The
soil of hfteen of the tweut> three c aunties comprising
the comm uwealth re\ e ils uniuist ik il le e\ i lence that
nature in \ )\ n^ pi 1 ] I mue 1 i 1 i Hunt h rticultural
destiny fii them h 1 1 n„ out cousj i uoush among

health pleasure and prosperity Violent extremes of
heat and cold so troublesome annoying and even
disastrous m many other sections are rarely if ever
expel lenced heie. Industrial evolution is steadily giving
trend toward higher development of horticulture in the
«'=>'«"• J. -W. Kerr.

MASDEVALLIA (Joseph Masdevall, a Spanish phy-
sician and botanist). OrchidAcew, tribe Epidindr'.as.
Masdevallias are inhabitants of the AnJerican tropics.
There are more than IJO species, and various hybrids
and garden forms. They are not showy orchids, but are
odd and often grotesque. The petals are small and usu-
ally hidden in the calyx-tube, but the 3 calyx lobes are
greatly developed and give character to the flower. Often
these lobes end in slender tails several inches long. Lip
of the corolla short, articulate with the base of the

for their brilliant coloring. Those of the M. Chimcrra
group are remarkable for their fantastic shapes. Of late
years many new kinds have been introduced, and the
genus is somewhat confused as to the specific limits of
the various forms. Jlasdevallias are polymorphous, and
herbarium specimens do not show specific characters
well. See " The Genus Masdevallia," by Florence H. Wool-
ward (1890). L. H. B.

Masdevallias are found growing at high elevations,
ranging from lj,000 to 12,000 feet above sea level, in
norl;hwestern South America and Central America, with
a few sparingly distributed elsewhere over tropical
America. These regions are generally subjected to two
rainy seasons annually, often with very short intermis-
sions. The atmosphere, though somewhat rarified, is
very humid, the temperature in the shade seldom rising
above 65° P., and often dropping to 40" in some dis-
tricts. Heavy fogs are frequent, especially in the fore-
part of the day, and during the greater portion of the
year the under-vegetatiou is in a saturated condition;
the high winds prevalent in these districts, however,
counteract to a great extent any evil influence which
might otherwise arise from it.

The heat of our summer makes it quite impossible to
imitate wholly the above conditions, but with a proper
house, such as is afforded Odontoglossums of the cris-
pum section, very satisfactory results may be obtained
and the many species will be found of comparatively
easy culture. A low, well -ventilated, half-span house of
northern exposure, with an upright stone or brick wall
on the south side, is best adapted to them. The house
should be provided with canvas roll-shading, supported
on a framework elevated 15 or 18 inches above the
glass in order that the cool air may pass freely beneath
it. This will help to guard against solar heat during
summer. Houses built partly below ground are not to
be recommended, as the atmosphere soon becomes
stagnant and inactive, causing the leaves to fall pre-
maturely. Where it is convenient, solid beds are pref-
erable; benches, however, will answer the purpose very
well, and when used should be covered about 2 inches
deep with sifted ashes, sand or gravel; the benches and
floors should be hosed down once or twice daily to af-
ford all the cool moisture possible.

In winter the temperature should range between 50°
and 55° F. at night and about 60° during the day or 5°
more on mild days, with weak solar heat and ventilation.
Artificial heat must be dispensed with as early in spring
as possible, ami during summer the temperature kept
as low as the weather will permit, ventilating freely,

988 MASDEVALLIA

especially at night, wlien a liglit syringing uverbead will
also prove beneficial. Widday syringing in liot wiatlier
is often injurious and should be done with caution if at
all. More benefit will re.sult from hosing down the
shelves and path.? at intervals of three or four hours, as
it will help to reduce the temperature.

Masdevallias need a great deal of water at the roots at
all seasons, and the soil should never be allowed to dry
out, as they have no fleshy pseudobulbs to protect them
against extreme changes. Light syringing overhead
during winter and spring in fine weather will assist in
checking tbrip and red spider, and a weak solution of
tobacco may be added with good effect.

The best season for repotting and basketing the plants
is during November and December, and the best gen-
eral compost is a mixture of clean peat fiber and sphag-
num moss chopped rather fine and well mixed, some
sections requiring in addition a portion of chopped sod.
About one-third of the space should be devoted to clean
drainage consisting of either broken charcoal or pot-
sherds.

M. corlacea, ehphanlieeps, Perislena, Jteichenhachi-
ana, and kindred species, grow best in small pots, and
should have one-third cbopi.. a >nd :i.bkd to their potting
compost. Af. macnira, Srhhim^ . 'i;,r,i,; n.iis, amabilis,
coccinea, VeUchiana, tr'niinml^inr.. /.nijisticta, miiscosa,
and thenumerous other alli.'l -i.i-. i. >, i;row equally well
in either pots or baskets, but sbuuld the latter be used
it would be well to add a small portion of chopped sod to
the compost to make it more firm and less porous; the
sod has a cooling effect on the roots. M. bella. Crirderi,
Chestertoni, Chlnwfra, HouUeuna and their allies nearly
idl have pendulous flower-scapes, and should be sus-
pended from the roof in baskets in a compost of equal
parts chopped peat-fiber and live sphagnum, with a little
leaf-mold added. The flower-scapes often penetrate
through the conipnst; fnrtliis reason little or no drainage
should beused.as ii ni,iy v,-\:<y\ their progress.^

To increase tbi' ^imi-u the i-lants must be divided dur-
ing the early wiiit.r; this will give them a chance to
reiistablish tlienis,-lv..s before the following summer.
They must not be broken up into too small pieces, as it
has a tendency to weaken them. Cult, by R. M. Grey.

Review of the Sections.
Section I. Scape 1-fld.: calyx-tube rather nar-
row, tubular or somewhat funnel-shaped: label-

lum plane Species 1-7

Section II. Scape 1-fld.: calyx-tube broad, gib-
bous or basinlike: labellum plane Species 8-24

Section III. Scape several-fld.: labellum plane

and narrow Species 25-37

Section IV. Scape mostly 1-fld., pendent or sub-
erect: labellum saccate, or at least much broad-
ened : tails very long Species 38-44

Section V. Scapes 1-fld. This section differs
from all the others by the suhterete Ivs., and in
having the tails inserted below the apex of each
lateral sepal Species 45

abbreviata, 26.

Kran.lini.ra, 1.2.7

platyglnssa S.

amabilis, 4.

I..ilvsti<-ta, 27.28.

atrosanguinea, 7.

iVan-y'ui':;.'?.

/.si'llarhia. :i"J.

Armeuiaca, 7.

l,i,T..al,vi.hira, -2-.

ra.-emosa, 33.

Backhousiana, 38.

H„ult,..,n.L. ;ci.

Biirlasana, 6.

igiim. 2.

Keiclienbac-hiana.

i)ena, 43.

inllata. l:i.

35.

Bnddterti, 2.

infracta. 37.

Jl,i:zlil. 38.

c.-iloptera, 20.

ionocliaris. l.->.

rosea. 3.

ciihira, 17.

leontoglossa. 9.

rufo-lutm. 11.

Carderi, 40.

Undeni. 7.

Schlimii, 34.

Chestertoni, 41.

lineata, 4.

Shuttleworthii, 18.

Chimiera, 38. 42.

macrura, 14.

striata, 4.

civilis.U.

macalata, 30.

superba, 2.

coccinea, 7.

Massangeana. 2.

Tovarensis, 31.

coerulescens, 7.

melannpus. 28.

Crostii. 33.

militaris. 2.

triaristella, 45.

conehiflora. 7.

Moormmi.-H.

Ir„cliilus. 32.

coriacea, 10.

Veitchi.ana, 1.

cornioulata, 13.

niditica, 10.

WaKeneriana. 23.

Davisii. 5.

nycterina, 43.

Wallisii. 38.

Denisoni, 7.

pachysepala. 21.

Winni.ana, .38.

elephanticops. 24.

piichyur... :iO.

xantliocorys, 18.

latTd.^^-

pallida. 20.

xanthina, 20.

Peristeria, 12.

MASDEVALLIA

Cilli/jr-lohes ijldudillar willi

Cali/j'-lolitis nut (ilatulutar.
B. tail of the dorsal lobe hang

the dorsal lobe

4. amabilis
.j. Davisii
i;. Barlseana

7. coccinea

liflora.

1. Veitchiina, Reichb. f. Tufted: Ivs. 4-0 in. long, ni
row: peduncle erect and slender. 1 ft. or more, with 2
more bracts (the upper one remote from the flowei
calyx with bell-shaped tube, the expanding lobes 3
across, orange-red, with purple shaties. criandular-biiii
al>ruptly contracted into short, ,narr.i\v taiK ; i.ct;
white, hidden. Peru. B. M. 5730.
Hort., has a dense hairy covering mi liir .|.. r~.il l.i"' cf
calyx; and also on the outer part of tlie lai. lal l..l.es,
the inner part orange-scarlet.

2. militiris, Reichb. f. & Warscz. (31. lunea,
Reichb. f.). Much like the last, but differs in having
elliptic or elliptic-obovate Ivs., which are long-petioled,
and in the lateral calyx lobes being only prominently
pointed, not tailed, the dorsal lobe very narrow and hang-
ing forward between the other two: color orange and
scarlet; petals white, exceeding the column. Spring.
Colombia. B. M. 5962. I. H. 26:333. - Var. Massan-
ge4na, Hort. Lateral lobes longer: fls. larger. \ar.
B6dd8Brti, Hort. Calyxyellow; lower lobes sbadeil with
red on the upper surface. I. H. 26:357. Var. grandiflora,
Hort. Fls. rounded; lateral sepals brilliant verrnilioii,
bordered with crimson and suffused with purple. Var.
Bup^rba, Hort., is advertised.

3. rdsea, Lindl. Lvs. oblong-spoon-shaped, keeled:
peduncle drooping and slender, bearing a single fl. :
calyx tube 1 in. long, red and violet; calyx-lobes rose-
lilac, with red tails; petals vellow, the lip hairy at the
apex. Ecuador. G.C. III. 16:657. July, Aug.-A pretty
and free-flowering species.

4. amibilis, Reichb. f. & Warscz. Lvs. 4-5 in. long,
oblong- or spatulate-lanceolate, about half the length of
the erect, usually 1-Hd. peduncles: fls. varying from
purplish crimson to yellow; lobes ovate-triangular, the
lateral ones with short tails and the dorsal ones with a
long and ascending tail ; petals narrow, yellowish, longer
than the column. Peru. Sept.- Dec — Var. line&ta,
Linden & Andr6 (var. stridla, Hort.l, has yellowish fls.,
tinged and striped with red. I.H. 22:196.

5. DAvisii, Reichb. f. Densely cespitose: Ivs. oblong-
lanceolate, G-8 in. long, petioled, blunt at the apex:
duncle erect, about in in. bmg : caly;
yellow, c.l,-ri I rrl- M ;,,. .1 Willi deeper ye

short tail ~ , !■■ i.il ^ i-n-' i lliali llie eoluil

large

the

ith red, with 2 obscure keels.

shaded and t
BM.UIOO.

6. Barlaeina. Reichb. f. Lvs. spatulate, acute: pedun-
cle slender, nearly 1 ft. long: fls. scarlet; calyx-tube
curved; dorsal sepals short-triangular, produced into a
long tail; lateral sepals larger, semi-ovate; petals lig-
ulate, white. Peru. — Reichb. states that the lateral
sepals run internally one in another; they are connate

7. coccinea, Linden (M. Lindeni, Andr^). Fig. 1374.
Lvs. sptitulate. oliliiM. or retuse, 6-10 in. long: pe-
duncle 1 ft.or more lonir: calyx crimson-magenta; dor-
sal lobe with a small, triangular base, prolonged into a
longtail; lateral lobes oblong-ovate, scarcely prolonged;
petals white, longer than the column. May. Colombia.
BM. 5990. I.H. 17:42. F.M. 1872:28.-Var. conchifldra,
Veitch. Fls. large; lateral lobes of labellum rotund,
concave. Var. Harryina, (M. ITarryii'ta, Reichb. f. ).
Lateral lobes of calyx oval, falcate, the tips usually
crossing or turned toward each other. May. F.S.

MASDEVALLIA

21:2250. Var. Armeniaca, Hort. FU. apricot-yellow,
veineil with red; throat of the tube yellow. Colombia.
Var. atrosanguinea, Hort. Fls. large, with the lateral
sepals crimson spotted with magenta, points falcate,
turned toward each other. Colombia. Var. coerul^scens,
Hort. Lateral sepals broadly semi-ovate, apiculate,
erimson-masenta spotted with bluish purple. Colombia.
Var. Gravesise, Hort. Fls. white. Var. grandifldra, Fls.
large, rose-purple. Columbia. Var. D^nisoni, Hort.
Bill's Blood. Pis. crimson-purple.

CO. Lvs. oblong to Ian

MASDEVAI.LIA 989

which is spotted with brown and ribbed, bearing long,
very slender brown tails ; petals yellow. Colombia.
Var. inflita, Veitch. Paler in color, and with smaller
spots; lobes broader and golden yellow. Colombia.

B.M. Tiro.

, elephanticeps

III. in. coriacea

11. civilis

12. Peristeria
/. .i:i. comiculata

14. macrura
1.'). ionocharis
Hi. nidiUca
17. calura
BB. Scape longer than the Iva.

c. Fls. rather smalt, with a
broad, basin-like tube:

plants dwarf IS. Shuttleworthii

I'.i. Estradae
2(1, xanthina

21. triangularis

22. hieroglyphica
2.'!. Wageneriana

CO. Fls. larger, trith a
deep, gibbous tube .

8. platygl6ssa, Reichb. f. Densely tufted: lvs. spatu-
late-lanceolate, narrowed into petioles, 3^ in. long, as
long as or longer than the drooping bracted 1-2-fld. pe-
duncles: fl. small (1 in. long), pale yellow, nearly globu-
lar, the lobes pointed but not tailed, the dorsal one up-
curved : ovary red ; petals linear, as long as the column.
Colombia (?) B.M. 7185.

9. leontogldssa, Reichb. f. Tufted: lvs. oblanceolate,
.short -petioled, spotted beneath with red: peduncle de-
Hexed, mostly shorter than the odd fls.: calyx narrow,
the lobes gradually narrowed into fleshy tails or long
points, semi-transparent, all of them greenish yellow
outside and more or less hairy, crimson-spotted within,
the dorsal lobe not greatly unlike the others but often
somewhat ascending; petals white with crimson lines.
Colombia. B.M. 7245.-The specific name ( "lion-
tongued") refers to the bearded lip.

10. cori&cea, Lindl. Lvs. linear-lanceolate, usually
somewhat surpassingthe erect, 1-fld., spotted peduncles,
which are about 6 in. high: fls. fleshy, the calyx-lobes
nearly equal and wide-spreading, triangular at base but
gradually narrowed into long points or short tails ;
lobes greenish yellow and dotted crimson inside; petals
white and crimson. Colombia. G.C. HI. 21:93. — Lvs.
C-8 in. long, with purplish dotted petioles.

11. civilis, Reichb. f. {M. rufo-lutea, Lindl.). Lvs.
fleshy, linear, keeled, 5-6 in. long: peduncle less than
2 in. long, erect or nearly so: fl. solitary, rather large
for the size of the plant, the deep calyx-tube purple at
the base and yellow at the top, the long-pointed, flat-
tened lobes yellow: petals small, white, the labellum
dotted purple. Peru. B.M. 5176.

12. Peristiria, Reichb. f. Tufted: lvs. oblanceolate,
sometimes retuse at the apex, 4-6 in. long, twice longer
than the rather stout, erect, 1-fld. peduncles: fls. with 3
long, wide-spreading tails, which span 4-5 in., the tube
somewhat gibbous beneath; back of the fl. greenish vel-
low ; tails honey-yellow ; throat and base of lobes
spotted with crimson; petals linear-oblong, white. Co-
lumbia. B.M. 6159. F.S. 22:2.346.-Named from its re-
semblance to the dove orchid, Peristeria.

13. comicuUta, Reichb. f. Stems short and tufted:
lvs. spatulate, very short-pointed, mostly exceeding the
1-fld. peduncles : fls. with yellow, inflated calyx-tube,

1374. Masdevallia coccinea

14. macrilra. Reichb. f. Stems short and tufted, each
bearing a solitary If. and fl. : lvs. broadly spatulate or
broad-oblanceolate, very obtuse or even retuse: pedun-
cles 8-10 in. high, erect: fls. with 3 long tails, which
span 8 in. from top to bottom; calyx -tube red-purple on
the outside; lobes triangular-ovate in the basal portion,
dull red and purple-spotted within, the cylindrical tails
yellow, the lateral ones 7-ribbed; petals yellow, spotted
brown. Colombia. B.M. 7164.

15. ion6charis, Reichb. f. Lvs. ovate-lanceolate, ex-
ceeding the erect peduncle : fl. whitish, purple-spotted
at base, the lobes triangular-ovate, with yellow tails;
petals cream-white. Peru.

16. nidlfica, Reichb. f. Lvs. oval or oblong, about the
length of or longer than the peduncle: fl. white, veined
and dotted with crimson passing into yellow on the
lobes, the lobes hairy and with long, slender tails,
which are yellow in the lateral lobes and crimson in the
dorsal lobe; petals white, with crimson lines. Ecuador.

17. caltira, Reichb. f. Lvs. mostly shorter than the
peduncles, oblong- lanceolate : fl. glossy crimson, with
slender, flat tails; dorsal lobe somewhat triangular at
base, the lateral ones round-ovate; petals crimson, with
white on tip and margins. Aug. Costa Rica.— A free-
flowering species.

18. Shiittleworthii, Reichb. f. A small species, with
lvs. only 2 in. long, on distinct petioles of equal length:

990

MASDEVALLIA

MASDEVALLIA

pveral, l-fld.,
fit- (1 in. nrra
■, ilotted witii
,lt, very si,-,,,

vertopping the

aaller fls. of pale yellow, dotted

. xanthocorys, Keiehb. f.,

ith brown or

19. Estridae, Reichb. f . Very densely tufted : Ivs. and
petioles 3 in. long, the blade broad, spoon-shaped, and
often retuse at the apex: peduncle usually somewhat
exceeding the Ivs., erect, 1-fid.: flower of marked col-
ors—the upper concave lobe yellow at base and violet-
purple above, the lateral lubes violet-purple at base and
white or straw colorf.l ahov.-; tails filif.,nii. ytllow;
petals white, viiy small, ('..l.inil.ia. P...M.(;iTl.

20. xanthina, K.irl,!,. f. Lik.' tiic la-t. ,x.-([.t that
the flower is viIImw, with a )iur]ili-li s|...t on tin- lateral
lobes. Var. pallida, Hort., has tls. abnost white. Co-
lombia.

21. trianguldria, Lindl. Lvs. oblanoeolate: peduncle
erect, about 4 in. tall: fls. yellow, marked or spotted
with purple, the tails dark crimson; lobes similar, tri-
anf;nlar-"valr; j.ctals wliitr. the lip spotted with pink

hleroglyphica,

ral or oblong:

peduncle sLii.rt :,!•■. :,! .; m, l-mi'it Hnivt

lowish at l)iiti'Mr. ;.. .-..1,-1 i.,i i- iv n..

son; lobes tr: ,

of the dors;ii , i :

purple at its. l-u- , i^^ !:ii- _, ■ II ■ .. . .1 ■.:■.'■.

23. Wageneriana, l.iri.lrii. \-, ly -ni.i
tractive, tufted. 2-.'{ in. In nli ; 1\ - . s| ti-
des equaling or i-x.'i .ilm- iIh- h^.. m

tlie upper one inclined baokwanl-,. I.il,.
or ovate; petals yellow, odd in >li.i|i>. i
anil toothed. Venezuela. B..M.('.i-l.

24. elepMnticeps, Reichb. f. An mi
broail-spatulate, obtuse: peduncles 1
flower single, party-colored— the dorsa
light yellow, the lateral ones ribbed and
tube gibbous at the base below, all i>i
produced into stout yellow tails (..m
crimson ), arranged so as tosuirirest tin
trunk of an elephant (whence tlir sp. r
lorabia. F. S.10:!I97. Var. pachys6pala
Moomhia. Reichb. f.), has the dorsal i..l
crimson and the tube spotted.

SECTION in.

Lvs. f
pilla:

B. As.

cemcs, iiiiijli
creHulale o
toothed

, larger, often expanding
al-thl.: aiiiilix „f the

abbreviata
polysticta
, melanopus
, caloptera
pachyura

■Uh bl-

and shaded
or red.
). Lateral sepals united,
forming a boat-shaped

Clip ;

3. Lateral sepals nearly

plane, at least not

strongly eucullate.

E. Tails of the lateral

sepals very short

or none

EE. Tails of the late
sepals long.

33. Tacemosa

Heichenbachiana

base 3fi. maculata

37. infracta
Reichb. f. Lvs. oval-oblong, papillcse:
peduncle hairy, 3 times exceeding the lvs., with 1 or
more yellow fls.: lobes triangular, with reflexed tails;
petals narrow and yellow with a brown line in the cen-
ter, the lip bearing a raised yellow disk and moving up-
ward with a jerk when this disk is touched. St. Do-
mingo.—Pis. yi in. across.

26. abbreviata, Reichb. f. Lvs. oblong-Ianceolate:
peduncle many-fld., about 6 in. long: fl. white and freely
dotted with red, the tails all deep yellow, the lobes ser-
rate on the edges ; petals white, longer than the column,
serrate. Peru.

27. polysticta, Reichb. f. Densely tufted: Ivs.narrow-
.s|iatulate, ulituse and often retuse: peduncle exceeding
the lvs., .aiM.ut 8 or 9 in. tall and many-fld.: fls. pale
lila.'. s]ioti.d with purple, the margins of the sepals
ciliate but, not serrate, the tails very slender and
spreading (fl. 2-2>^ in. across) and yellowish ; petals
spatulate and serrate. Peru. B.M. 63U8. l.H. 22:199.
R.H. 1880:250.

28. melandpus, Reichb. f. Much like jV. poh/xHcta:

.■Mhir.-.l tails; petals iinear-iii.iunu'. tucthi-.l l.il.iw the
airrx. IVru. B. iM. (J2oB (as il/. /yo/i/s/ic(«).

J! I. cal6ptera, Reichb. f. Lvs. oblong-ovate : peduncle
sli'it |.j (ir 0 in.), many-fld.: fl. white with crimson
-ir.aks. the tails all slender and orange; dorsal lobe
kr, iiMlatnl somewhat hooded; the lateral ones ovate-ob-
Iwiij; petals white, crimson-keeled, serrate. Peru.

:;ii. pachyiHra, Reichb. f. Lvs. oval-oblong: peduncle
en It, slender: calyx with triangular, short-tailed lobes,
velluw, with transverse bars and spots of reddish crim-
son; dorsal sepal triangular, with a thick tail etiualing
the sepal in length; petals pale yellow. Ecuador. G.C.
111.22:255.

.n . TovarSnsis, Reichb. f . Lvs. rather small, oblong-
si.atnlate: peduncle 5 or (i in. long, sometimes exceed-
ing the lvs., 2-edged, several-fld. : fls. clear white and
tfai,'rant, the tails yellowish at the ends; dorsal lobe
I'-j in. long, very narrow and produced into a reflexed
tail; lateral lobes oval, gradually produced into tails
■shorter than that of the dorsal lobe; petals white.
Dec, Jan. Colombia. B.M. 5i)05. l.H. 20:3«3. Gn.
48:384. G.C. 1865:914; 1871: 1421. -One of the best of
the genus.

32. Ephlpplum, Reichb. f. {M. troehllus. Linden &
And.). Lvs. broad, oblong, 5-7 in. long: peduncle
erect, about a foot long, sharply 3-4angled, stout: ca-
lyx with the dorsal lobe eucullate, yellow, dotted with
brown, K in. in diam.; lateral lobes united, forming a
deep boat-shaped, chestnut-brown cup, with several
ridges which are greenish outside; all the lobes pass into
yellowish tails about 4 in. long; petals white. Colom-
bia. B.M. 6208. l.H. 21: 180. -According to Index Kew-
ensis, M. trochilus and M. Ephippium are distinct
species. The former is described as having terete

33. racemftsa, Lindl. (M. Crdssii, Hort.). Stems
creeping: lvs. oblong-ovate, much shorter than the sev-
eral-fld. racemose peduncles: fls. membranaceous,
orange with red lines, erect, 1 in. across, tails very
short or none; lateral lobes ovate, hlunt-pointed, curv-
ing outward so as to form a 2-lobed limb, tlie dorsal
lobe H in. long and pointed. Peru. — Not a popular spe-
cies. Requires a coolhouse.

MASDEVALLIA

MASSACHUSETTS

991

B AI b 40 L

II

o3-

3o Eeichenbacluana Endres Densely cespitose Its
oU u e late 1 oitei thin the several fl 1 pe 1 mclet,
fl er larl re 1 on the o it ide yell wish with re I reii s.
oi tl e n 1 le all the lol es with turned back tailb the
lol e» triangular Co ta Rica

10 macul4ta klotz ch <£ Kirit L i irrow I Hn
ceolite I earl J or qu te e i i I tl II

lelin le (which is b 10 in t 11 1
tu el 1 lotted with re 1 11 I I
orange \elIow or frreemsh tl 1 I I II

crimson with yellow on the mil tl t 1 liu j

petals yellowish. Venezuela. P.S. 21:2150.

37. inlrActa, Lindl. Cespitose: Ivs. oblong-lanceolate
to narrow-lanceolate: peduncle about 6 in. long, several-
fld.: calys pink-purple; dorsal sepals cucuUate, lateral
sepals entirely united, forminga wide, gaping tube, with
cucullate sides and apex, passing into slender, j'ellowish
tails; petals whitish, dotted with pink-purple. Brazil.
F.S. 23:2389.

SECTION IV.

38. CMmsera, Reichb. f . Fig. 1375. Tufted: Ivs. ob-
lanceolate-obtuse, 1 It. long and 1% in. wide: peduncle
wirv, erect, lateral or pendent, several-fid., mostly
shorter than the Ivs.: fls. opening in succession; calyx-
lobes ovate, yellowish, much spotted with deep crimson-
purple, tapering into slender tails from 3-11 in. long,
purple-brown; petals white, marked with crimson; la-
liellura saccate, white, yellow or pinkish, very variable.
Colombia. R.H. 1881:130. G. C. II. 3: 41.- One of the
most fantastic of orchids, and the type of a most inter-
esting group.

Var. Effizlii, Hort. (iV. BdzJH, Reichb. f.). No long
hairs on the calj-x-lobes, the lobes very dark-colored,
with short warts; labellum pink, not yellow. Color the
darkest of the section. Often regarded as a good species.
Sub-var. rdbra. Spots on calys lobe brown-crimson.

Var. W&Uisli, Hort. (J/. WdUisii. Reichb. f.). Calyx-
lobes with hispid pubescence, yellowish, spotted with
brown-purple; labellum white, yellow within.

Var. Winniana, Hort. (J/. Wnuilhm, Reichb. f.).
Calyx-Iolies elonirated, densely black-spotted. In part
distinguished from var. h'azlii by its longer tails.

Var. Backhousiina, Hort. (^^. lifKlIinuKitlna, Reichb.
f.). Lvs. narrower tli;iii in the ty)..-: tls. large; calyx-
lobes more round, palcv, n.it sn tliickly spotted; tails
short; labellum nearly whiti . r.i li.ips adistinet species.

39. Houtteina, Rri.lil.. f. i M. i,s!lf„r)n„. Reichb. f.).
Densely cespitose : Ivs. Iiiii-;ii- to hm linear, much ex-
ceeding the drooping .ii- <liH. x,-,l Mid. peduncles (which
are 4-5 in. long} : lis. rr<:iiM\- ytllnw. spotted with crim-
son, the long hangim,' t;iils luownish red; calyx-lobes
semi-ovate to triaii^rular, somewhat hairy (as are also
the tips of thi' t;iilsl ; petals white or pinkish. Colom-
bia. F.S.20:21liii.

40. Cirdcri, Reichb. f. Cespitose, with strong ascend-
ing foliage and banging spotted 1-fld. peduncles: lvs.
oblanceolate, 3-5 in. long: peduncles green-bracted, 3 in.
long: lis. bell-shape, % in. across exclusive of the tails,
white, with purple and vellow bars at the base • tails
very slender an I spreading 1 m long yellow petals
small, white, linear ol long and obtuse Colombia B M
7125.— A graceful and pretty species

41. Ch^stertoni Reichb f T ifted Ivs oblong or oh
long-spatulate o ll 1 1 rl r | t 1 n w 1
somewhat longer tl ) 1111
peduncles: fl. '' II I I
and streaked witl | I 1
greenish, more or 1 I I I I 111 1
petals yellow, ver\ sn 11 till B "M ( -Oil
and distinct.

42. nycterina, Reichb. f. Often confused with 31.
Clumwra, but a smaller and less showy plant: tufted:

e late somewhat fiesh\ channelled, 6 in.

\ed into a petiole peduncle 1-fld., 3 in.

fl triangular 'x3m with tails 3 in. long,

Irownjellow and purple-spotted; petals

e 1 spots pouch like serrate. Colombia.

Is (as M CI ft) -Odd.

Reichb f L^ s oblong lanceolate, chan-

it 8 or 9 m loi ^ naiiowmg to the base: pe-

Iro jmgorhoriz ntal / ft. long, slender:

1 d spider like triangulai in outline, 3 in.

across with stiffish tails 4 in. long, of

which the dorsal is recurved and the

others standing forward and usually

crossed the fl pale yellow, spotted

w ith purpli h or brown ; petals white

ellowish Colombia. Oct.-Dec —

One of the best of the Chimaeras.

1375.
Masdevallia Chimaera.

(XM.)

44. radiosa, Reichb t //
Lvs. oblong or lanceolate '/
peduncle 2-3-fld., drooping /;
or deflexed: fls. yellow, dot '
ted and splashed with pur
pie, the prominent tails all
purple; petals yellow, pur
pie-spotted,
whitish. Col

SECTION V.

45. triaristeila, Reichb. f.
Lvs. about 2 in. long, in very
crowded tufts : peduncles
longer than the lvs., very
slender, erect, wiry: dorsal
lobe of calyx ovate, hooded,
tail yellow; lateral Iobe.s coloring throng:
their length, linear, united, at length div
ing into short yellow tails ; petals yellow, \
a red midline. Summer. Costa Rica.-
o£ the smallest of orchids.

The followinE hrn^- I... n .i|'-,.|, ,1 :,, \,,,,.|i,..

most of them air ,. i; , ,

phnra.—M. Ohel.^oi i \ , . ,

Jlf. pi»erdsa=Sc,t| i !.,,,-!,' ;/,,,,,.,
M. piinctdta=S<-:ii'^ " ■ r ' ''" w '/-,-:. .r'(,
HEns'RiCH II.\ssKLBuiN.i and L. H.

MASSACHUSETTS HOKTICULTUKE. Fig. I37C. The
horticultural interests of Massachusetts are fully equal
to those of agriculture proper, when we consider the
production of fruits, vegetables, flowers, and the labor
and expense applied to the growth of ornamental trees,
shrubs and plants and their use in decorating the
homes of her people, among whom there are probably
more comfortable, well-kept and beautiful homes than
can be found in any similar area in the world. The peo-
ple of this state probably consume more of the luxuries
of lite than any other people on the same area, and
among the so-called luxuries may be classed fruits,
fancy vegetables and flowers.

The soil of Massachusetts is generally considered un-
productne and poorly adapted to horticultural pursuits,
an 1 this is true in so far as it refers to large areas of
excel tionally fertile land, of which that in the Connecti-
cut valley is the only section of more than a few acres
in extent Everywhere about the state, however, there
re small areas of land suited to the growth of almost
e ry crop succeeding in similar latitudes. Bv busi-
le s ei terprise, persistent effort and skill, profitable
1 itcultiral crops can be grown. The local products
liigelv supply the markets in their season. Apples are
al o exported

The amount of fruit produced within the limits of the
state is not nearly up to the home consumption, except
cranberries and possibly the apple in some seasons. Even

MASSACHUSETTS

Showing some of the leu

iu seasons o£ an unusual crop in the state, large quanti-
ties of apples from other states are shipped into our mar-
kets, because iu many cases they are of superior size and
beauty. Pears are shipped into our markets from the
southern states and California, and as the market for
this fruit is limited, prices often rule very low. Eastern
Massachusetts is admirably adapted to pear-growing.

Peach trees can be grown up to about ten to fifteen
years of age when given the proper attention, but the fruit
buds are frequently killed in the winter, and not more
than one crop may ' e produced in three years. However,
even under these conditions, when the trees are planted
on rather light land and well cared for, one crop in three
years is often more profitable than most other fruit or
vegetable crops. The fruit on trees properly cared for
is large, of the finest color and quality, and the fresh,
ripe condition iu which the grower can put it into the
local markets makes it quickly salable at the highest
prices.

Plums are not grown to a great extent, the larger
markets being supplied chiefly by New York and Cali-
fornia. Few orchards remain productive longer than ten
or twelve years, on account of the black-knot, leaf-blight
and brown-rot. Within the past four or five years .Japa-
nese plums have been largely planted, but have borne
little fruit up to this time, so that their status in the
market is not fully established.

The cherry, owing to the attack of the black aphis, the
plum curculio and brown-rot, is very little grown as an
orchard fruit. A few vigorous and productive trees
may be seen here and there by the roadside, about old
homesteads or on the lawn, where they live longer and
attain greater size than when grown under a high state
of cultivation in the garden or orchard, because of the
fact that when grown too rapidly the trunks crack on
the south side and the trees soon die. Our markets
are largely supplied with cherries from California, New
York and other states.

Small fruits are more grown and more nearly supply
local markets than do the large fruits. The supply of
very early fruit comes from the southern states of the
country, but homegrown fruit is so much superior in
quality that it sells at reasonable prices, notwithstand-
ing prices may have been very much reduced by an over-
supply of the southern product. Of the smaller fruits,
grapes are profitable mostly when grown on rather light
land and at high elevations with a southern exposure.
The chief obstacles to success are early frosts in the
fall and late frosts in the spring. Currants are grown
to a considerable extent, almost every garden contain-
ing more or less currant bushes for home supply, while
many large plantations may be found near every lai-ge
town or city. The conditions of success are a rather
moist, rich soil, with the bushes trained into a very
compact form and pruned so that tho fruit will l.o

borne on wood that is not over tlir. r i , :,r^

old. Gooseberries are little grown. ,ii i' 'i •

niand is rather on the increase. Them is

can be as easily grown as the currant, whilr i1m llnr.i. an

MATRICARIA

sorts and their hybrids, many of them, require
much care and skill. Like the currant, the black-
berry is largely grown for home use, and also
for market. It succeeds upon a great variety of
soils, can be grown cheaply and sells at good
prices. Few plantations will be profitable on the
same land more than from five to seven years un-
less the soil is strong and rich. It is the practice
of most growers to plant a new lot every six or
seven years. The red raspberry is the most pop-
ular of the bush fruits, and when successfully
grown is the most profitable. For success it re-
quires a deep sandy loam, retentive of moisture,
but plantations must be renewed after six or eight
years' growth on one piece of land. The black-
cap raspberry has found less and less of favor
each year with our people, and can only be sold
at very low prices in our city markets.

Tlir- lin=infss of market-gardening has made
r;i|ii.i -;i iri' - in the state in the past ten years, and
tin- .1. i]i:ni.l i<ir choice vegetables continues more
or I. -!, I lie \e:a- round. Even in the matter of
(•uii]|)i;tUion with vegetables from the South dur-
ing the winter, our local growers have reached a
good degree of success. In almost every part of the
state may be found forcing-houses for the growth of
lettuce, tomatoes, cucumbers, rhubarb, asparagus, etc.,
and notwithstanding the cost of such structures an<l
the fuel to keep up the necessary heat, the increase in
the number of forcing-houses within the past two years
is a certain indication that the business is profitable.

It is perhaps in the growth of cut-Howers and house
and decorative plants that this state excels in horticul-
ture. As a rule, the largest establishments of this kind
are located near the large cities, though in some cases
they may be found in some of the more rural towns.
The horticulturists of Massachusetts do not understand
their advantages in having the best markets in the world
at their doors, and a great variety of soils suitable for
the growth of many of the varied crops. By persistent
effort and superior skill they could supply these markets
largel-y, and thus retain within the state much of the
wealth that now goes outside to pay for the produce that
could be raised at home. g_ f. Mavnard.

In commercial horticulture, Massachusetts is not the
equal of some other states, although its market-garden-
ing and floricultural interests are large, but its influence
on the horticulture of the country is more important
than acres and tonnage. The best hortisulture is that
which develops under difficulties, because it develops
the man. The love of the country and attachment to its
own soil are strong in Massachusetts. Individuality has
full course. It is a land of home-loving people. It has
developed the amateur horticulturist to perfection,—
the person who grows the plant and dresses the i

the 1

The

IV la

!iHecti(

lOf

rand

choice plants, and great number^
tidy garden-homes. There is ke.^i :i i.ii ^ .1:11 i-,n of the
merit of well-grown things. Tl ! Iir Mas-
sachusetts Horticultural Sociei\ I .;i-iiable.

Since 1829 it has had its stated ,li - 1. -1,1,-, ImM iispe-
riodical shows, collected its library and rei'onls. It is a
center of education and culture. The establishment of
Mt. Auburn cemetery in 18:U was Ihe beginning of the
movement in this country for cemeteries in the open as
distinguished from the churchyard. l. jj. B.

MASSANGEA comprises one species (M. mnsaica,
Morr. ) , which is now referred to Guzraania, 0. musiica,
Mez. It is not known to be in the Amer. trade, although
it is cult, in the Old World. It is from Colombia. It is
stemless, with 20 or less broad-strap-shaped, entire-edged
Ivs., which are marked transversely with purple, and a
head of small fls. (corolla shorter than calyx) which are
covered by very showy red bracts. B.M. 667,5. I.H.
24:208. -Known also as a Tillandsia, Billbergia, Cara-
guata and Vriesea.

MAST. English name for beechnuts; American for
any woods-nuts eaten by swine.

MATRICARIA {mater, mother, from its use in dis-
eases). Compisita. From Chrysanthemum it difi'ers
mostly in the akenes, which are 3-5-ribbed on the interior

MATRICARIA

iace and nblpsg on tbe 111 al o lu havmg a higher or
moie conic il lecepticle and biicts lu few rather than
many seiies Matiicuiis aie annual or perennial
weedy heibs often hei\ ilj "scented about 2o species in
mani paits cf the w ill The foliage is much cut or

JIATTHIOLA

093

Th M

plants m cultivation and

The> are commonly con

s-inthemum and fe% erfew

r\ le IS a form ot CI lys tn

1,1 I, ) It IS a good

uble heids ^lo^iug 2 ft

Luognentu inuualLhljs

I luuualb or biennials

mod mm Linn

l\ or quite glabrous

II fiom Euiope and

I d \ idtu or dis

n

phys

tun 2 tt oi It s hi^h s It 1 u j i „ but be

0 miug snuoth 1 ushy in f,i \ tl 1 {.ttioUte twice
<ln ided the ultimate segments o\ ite and often 3 1 1 ed
tl heids loosely corjmbobe m the garden friius usually
double white — \ handsome plait piobably of Old
World origin, useful for pots, and blooming till fiost

Other introduced species from En. are M Chamnmnia
Linn., a glabrous, m .ch-V)ranclied annual, with tinth dissected
Ivs., 10-20 truncate white rays, and an oblong neiih terete
akene with 3-5 laint ribs: and M. disco^rfea DC (M metric tn
oides. Porter), a very leafy and glabrous annual with no rijs
and a lightly nerved oblong akene. L H B

MATRIMONY VINE, See LricUim

MATSfiA. Consult J/n (If «in.

MATTEtJCCIA (from C. Matteucci, an Itahi
cist). PolypoiUAcete. A small genus of nc
perate ferns, with leaves of two sorts, the sterile grow-
ing in crowns from erect rootstocks, and the fertile
growing from the interior of the crown. Our species is
kuown as the Ostrich Fern and is one of the most easily
cultivated, as well as one of the handsomest of our na-
tive species. It multiplies rapidly by offsets sent out
from the rootstock. Commonly known as an Onoclea or
Struthiopteris.

Struthibpteris, Todaro (Struthiiipteris Germritiica,
Willd. Onoelhi Strutliliipleris. Hoffui.). OsTKiuH Fern.
Lvs. (sterile) 2-(J ft. long, with the lowest pinnai grad-
ually reduced; fertile lvs. 10-15 in. long, pinnate, with
the margins of the pinnie closely iurolled and covering
the sori. Eu. and northeastern N. Amer. — Wildenow re-
garded the American species distinct, but by most
botanists it is considered as identical with the European
species. L^ jj_ Underwood.

MATTHtOLA (Peter Andrew Jlatthioli, 1500-1577,
Italian pbysirian and writrr on nhintsi. Sometimes

spelled J/" A ■ I',-" ..,. . -I" I, I . I LI.IFLOWEK,

when usfd : ■ ; : i . r, , I ■ I, I a or some-
times Clii'iri.: :i i . i r .!■ II i. I Diantlius

Cari/ophiill" <. Ir in iiiiiitliii.. iiM I, iiilllinver, this

genus dilters in its wim.',-d seeds, whirh arc as broad as
the partition, the stigma lobes erect or connivent and
often thickened on the outside, the silique not 4-sided
(terete or compressed). Of Matthiolas there are prob-
ably 30 species, widely distributed in the Old World and
Australia. They are herbs or subshrubs, tomentose,
with oblong or linear-entire or sinuate lvs., and large,
mostly purple fls. in terminal racemes or spikes.
The true Stocks (Fig. 1377) are of this genus. The

Virginian StocKs are diffuse small-flowered annuals of
the genus Malcomia (which see). Stocks are of two
general types, — the autumn-blooming. Queen or Bromp-
ton Stocks, and the summer-blooming. Ten Weeks or
Intermediate Stocks. By some persons these classes
are made to represent two speci< ^ V. .'i -• mnt and J/.
annuo respectively. It is proli:ii>'' ' ■■ > ■ < ;■ iliat they
are garden forms of one polynn lOveu if

distinct originally, it is not pi>s- , : -tinG:uish

them by definite botanical l1i:i;.- ; i-. -i-cks are
amongst the most common of all yanlcn tlowers. The
two types cover the entire blooming season, particularly
if the earlier ones are started indoors. Most of the gar-
den forms are double, although some of the single
types are desirable for the definiteness and simplicity
of their outlines. The colors are most various, running
from white through rose, crimson, purple and parti-
colored. The fls. are fragrant. For culture, see Stock

1377. Ten Weeks' Stock— Matthiola incana. var. annua (.X%).

incana, R. Br. Common Autumnal or Brompton
St0(.:k. Biennial or perennial, becoming woody at base,
but usually treated as an annual: erect-branching,
closely tomentose-pubescent, the stems stiff and cylin-
drical: lvs. alternate, tapering into a petiole, long-ob-
long or oblanceolate, entire, olitnsr: fls. with saccate
lateral sepals and hui:.' j.. iiN \ 'I'l l-n: . Inws and

wide-spreading limb, 1 ' i l.sinan

open, terminal, erect riM ■ i' i i 'm:!-4in.

long, erect. Mediterran, ,ni r._i"t,; a,-., I 1, ..i Wight.
-M. ijlahrata, DC, is a ylal.ivii., I. an,.

Var. Annua, Voss (M. unima, iiwKvt). Ten-Weeks,
or Intermediate Stocks. Fig. 1377. Annual, le.ss
woody, blooming earlier.— A shining-lvd. variety is
known.

994

JIATTHIOLA

bic6rnis, DC. H.ilf-slu-ulpby. .str:L,;;-lin.!? annual or bi-
ennial: fls. smaller than those o£ M. itu-tina, purplish
or lilac, fragrant by night, closing by <lay: pod terete,
long, 2-hornecl: Ivs. pinnatifid, or the uppermost entire.

Greece, A.sia Minor.

jlf.x;„.„(/,/,v;,r (' ];.n,. \ :',,.K , :. 1-III-.J II, I-..M.7703

MAXILLARIA

EB. Cali/.r ijhihi-OKS, shorli'r.
semp6rllorens, Ort. Fls. lavender-colored ; throat
rhite. B.M. 460. -Cult, in S. Calif.

.A. Seeds with a JaceratnJ or irni/uhir iriiiij.- rtili/r

serrate. {Si(bgeiiiif I , „ , i

B. CoroJta lobes "> '• Inil.

erub§8cens, Gray. Lvs. -..nr ,i i,;,i n immilar in out-

MAURANDIAf.'iftfrMn

J/. It.

which is procurable in a greater range of colors than
the others. Maurandias are desirable vines for winter-
flowering in cool greenhouses, but since they bloom the
first year from seed, they are almost wholly grown for
summer bloom outdoors and treated like tender annuals.
They have a slender habit and grow about 10 ft. in a
season. In the fall the vines may be taken up and re-

I'.m':' ': ■'■ :i*riu^ is TM'urest to the snapdragon,
tliiHi: !i I : iIm iliiAcr is not closed. The plant

kiiii.'i. : ...' \\\ ■.\~' Mfinrandla antirrhiniflora

when- tliis phint is fi^'ured.) It is a climber and requires
the culture of Maurandia. Maurandias climb by the
twisting of the leaf- and (iower-stalks. They are glabrous
or pubescent: Ivs. alternate, or the lower ones opposite,
halberd-shaped, angular-lobed or coarsely toothed:
calyx 5-parted ; segments narrow or broad : corolla tube
scarcely bulged at the base; posterior lip 2-cut; ante-
rior lip variously parted: stamens 4-didynamous.

/^?-^:

1378. Maurandia scanden

A. Seeds tubercled, wingless: calyx segments

Irs. hastate, not serrate. [Subgenus Ilumaurandia.)
B. CahjT distinrtltj gln»rhilnr-pilose: segments long-
all, uuate.
Barclaiina, Lindl. Umi illy, but not originally, written
Barrlai/aiia. BK 1') 11(18. L.B.C. 14.1381. V. 5:353.
—The following trade names advertised like species-
names are presumably all color-varieties of this species :
M. alba, albiflora, £'»i< rijiina ro\en , purpurea grandi-
flora, variui. The last is a trade name for mixed
varieties.

BB. Corolla lobes acute.
Gray (Lophosp^rmum scdndens, D. Don).
Fig. 1378. Perhaps only a botanical variety of the pre-
ceding. B.M. 3G50.— A hybrid with the preceding is

shown in B.

W. M.

HAUBtTIA (after Prince Moritz, of Nassau, 1567-16()5,
patron of Piso and Marcgraf ; by his aid a Natural His-
tory of Brazil was published). Pahniiceit. Very grace-
ful fan p:dnis, almost spineless : stems very slender,
obscur(-l> lihji '1: 1 . pinnatelyflabelliform, semi-circu-
lar, orlii' ■ l-sliaped, the lobes lanceolate,
acumin:,!. _■ ur short; petiole cylindrical:
ovary |i.ii..ii> .i.ijnil. There are U or 7 tropical
American .s(,t,:i>;o.

flexudsa, Linn, f . Moriche Palm. Stems without sto-
lons : Ivs. 20-30, erect-spreading, 9-16 ft. long ; blade
2yi-i ft. long, yellowish beneath; lobes %-VA in. wide;
petiole stout, rigid, semi-cylindrical, equalingthe blade:
fr. nearly 2 in. long, depressed-globose ; seed W^ in. long.
Trop. Brazil.— Offered in 1889 by Reasouer Bros. In
the Amazon delta this palm grows to 150 ft. or more in
height, with a trunk often 30 in. in diam. at base. "The
fruit is spherical, the size of a small apple, and covered
with rather small, smooth, brown, reticulated scales,
beneath which is a thin coating of pulp. A spadix loaded
with fruit is of immense weight, often more than two

men could carry between them." ( ) Wallace,

"Palms otthe Amazon." Jared G. Smith.

MAXILLAKIA (Latin, wonV/n, jaw; referring to the
mentum). OreliidAcea. Mostly pseudobulbous, epiphytic
orchids, resembling Lycaste in general appearance.
The genus contains over 100 species, dispersed at va-
rious altitudes in Mexico, Brazil and the West Indies.
About 15 species are offered by dealers in America.
Many of these have small flowers and are of value only
in collections. They are, however, easily grown, and
blossom profusely. Among those given below, tho
large, white-flowered M. granditlora and M. venusta,
and the white and purple M. Satideriana are probably
the best species. Rhizomes short or long, creeping or
erect, and clothed with distichous Ivs.: pseudobulbs
clustered or scattered on the rhizome, 1-2-lvd. or
densely distichophyllous at the apex of the rhizome:
Ivs. leathery or subfleshy, plicate or plane and keeled,
distichous: sepals subequal, free from each other but
united with the foot of the column and forming a pro-
jecting mentum; petals similar or smaller; labellum 3-
lobed, movably articulated to the foot of the column:
lateral lobes erect; middle lobe with longitudinal cal-
losities. The scape arises apparently from the base of
the pseudohnlb, on the very young leafy axis, but lower
down than the corresponding new growth. Pollinia 4,
seated on a broad, scale-like stipe. The distichous ar-
rangement of the Ivs. distinguishes this genus from
Lycaste. For M. ffarrisoniw trndletragona , see Lycaste.
Heinrich Hasselbrino.

Maxillarias are of easy culture, and can be grown un-
der various methods of treatment with fair success.
The best compost consists of clean peat fiber taken from
the several species of Osmunda, and live sphagnum,
both chopped rather fine and well mixed together. After
the receptacle is half filled with clean drainage and the
plant properly placed, the compost should be pressed
firmly in around the roots, interspersing it with nodules
of charcoal. In their native habitats, many of the fine-
rooted species growon rocks and treeswith verylittle com-
post attached. The base of the pseudobulbs or rhizome
should rest on a convex surface raised a little above the

MAXILLARIA

rim of the pot when finished. JIaxillarias delight in a
cool, moist, shaded looatiou at all seasons where the
winter temperature will not exceed 58° F. by night and
not over 60° or 65° by day. During summer they must
be grown as cool as possible with ventilation at all sea-
sons when admissible, especially in wet, heavy weather.
Water should be given in abundance while the plants
are growing and not too sparingly when at rest, as the
plants are subject to spot if kept too dry. Weak liquid
cow manure is benefici.al occasionally during root action.
Maxillaria has two recognized horticultural groups or
sections; viz., caulescent and stemless. The caulescent
section embraces J/. (fHiiiYo/io, 3/. rnr(n6i7is and kindred
species, having scandent rhizomes and often obscure
flowers. These should all be grown under pot culture
and afforded supports to climb on, such as small c\lin
ders or rafts of open woodwork with a little crmpost
worked in the openings, or Osmnnda ihizouK s un ited
obliquely in the pots to which the |I iit lu itt ich
themselves as they grow upward, an I tl i 1 u| | lu 1
with moisture for the young roots. I tl tils
section belong those with clusteri' I i u 1 1 ull as
M. fusc(itn.:ir.r,,;n„Jiflnra, M.hit,., II M ,ili 31
Sanderiiiiia and J/, niiusla. Some of thtsi. ha\ e i ery
showy flowfis. Nrarly all do best undei pot culture
if. Sa)idirniini aii'l others are exceptions, however,
and grow best under basket culture, not too much com
post and an airy position. Demand for MaxilHrias not
being great, the market usually relies on new iinpoiti
tions, but stock may also be increased b\ division be
tween the pseudobulbs as the plants stait new action
Robert JI Grey

angustifoUa, 12. Lehmanni, 3. Sandeuana 4

elegantula, 8. Lindeniie, 5. stri it i 10

Utscata, 6, 7. Inteo-alba, 9. tenulfolli I'i

grandiflora, 2. picta, 6. \ariahibs 12

Henchmanni, 12. rtifescens. 7. venusta 1
Houtteana. 11.

.\. Pseudobulbs clustered on the creep
iiifi rhizome.
B. Fls .mostly ivhite Jarije a)i(l shoH II

c. Sepals long-lanceolate 1 venusta

CC. Sepals broad, ovate, triangular
or oblong.
D. Middle lobe of the labellnm

tongue-like 2 grandiJlora

.j Lehmanm
DD. Middle lobe of the lahellum

rounded 4 Sanderiana

) Lindeniae
BB. Fls, yellow and brown.

C. Sepals and petals nearly aliU

oblong 0 pictal

7 rufescens
CC. Sepals and petals dissimilar,

the latter smaller 8. elegantula

9. luteo-alba
10. striata

MAXILLARIA

995

Pseudobulbs more or less distant
an ascending rhizome: Ivs. gri
like: fls. small and numerous.

Houtteana
variabilis
tenuifolia

1. veniista, Linden & Reichb. f. Pseudobulbs oblong,
compressed, 2-lvd.: Ivs. oblong-lanceolate, acuminate,
plane, 1 ft. long: scapes 6 in. long, bearing a single
glistening white fl. 6 in. across: sepals and petals long-
lanceolate, acuminate, spreading; thr i:it.-r;d st-pals
wider, labellum much smaller; mid^il.- 1<.I,.- tii;in-ular
recurved, obtuse, yellow; lateral Ic.I..^ m ry .il.iiise,
bordered with red; disk with a roundrd. Itairv .■alius.
Winter and spring. Colombia. B.Jl. SL'OO. U.(_'. 111.
12:307 (abnormal). — A large-fld., showy species.

2. grrandifl6ra, Lindl. Fig. 1379. Pseudobulbs clus-
tered, oval: Ivs erect, plane, keeled, ovate-obloDg, 1 ft.
long: scapes erect, 3-6 in. long, bearing solitary, large
white fls. 3-4 in. across; sepals broadly ovate to ob-
long; petals ovate acute, suberect, with recurved tips;
labellum saccate, white, much-striped with purple on
the sides; middle lobe tongue-like, white, bordered with

yellow. Aug. Peru and Colombia. l.H. 17:14. -A very
showy and beautiful plant.

3. Lehmanni, Reichb. f. Fl. -stalks nearly 1 ft. in
length, bearing white fls. nearly as large as those of
Lycaste Skinneri: side lobes of the labellum light ochre
outside and light reddish brown with chestnut veins
inside ; middle lobe triangular, wavy, sulfur color.
Ecuador. — Resembles M. grandiflora , but distinguished
by the character of the lip.

1379 Maxdlana grandiflora ( nearly

4 Sandenina, Reii-hl f Pseudobulbs orbiculai to
bioadlj oblon„ 1-1 ' in long hs few 6-10 m long,
oblanceolate, plane, keeled, scapes 2-3 in. long. fls. 4m.
across, pure white, with the bases of the segments pur-
plish red, broken upwards into blotches; dorsal sepals
oblong-obtuse, concave; lateral sepals triangular-ovate,
forming a broad mentum at base; lateral lobes of the
Labellum almost obsolete, middle lobe rounded, crisp,
bright yellow, throat dark purple, with a club-shaped
callus. Ecuador. B.M. 7518. R.H. 1894:.526. J.H. III.
26: 495. -The finest known species.

5. Lindeniae, Hort. ( 'A. r.h>i<

PI a

abling .V.

andmoreopen:sep:il :i '
3 in. long, pure whih : ; ' '
white; labellum fleshy. ..i- ..
curved, pale yellow, with .vr.
lobes. 8.H. 1:219.
6. picta. Hook. (M. fuscita, Klotzsch). Pseudobulbs
.high, ovate, furrowed, bearing 1-2 plane, strap-

Rich & Gal.?).
t the fls. larger
date, spreading,
nd wider, erect,
jwhat crisp, re-
s on the lateral

shaped Ivs. 1 ft. long:
sepals and petals ol
orange spotted with
purple spots outside :
side lobes small, rout
Winter. Brazil. Colo

> :. li iii. iii:,'h: fls. nodding;
Ml'-, incurved, deep
I. white with deep

III! i"ii^% whitish, spotted;

inidlouo recurved, apiculate.
B.Jl. 3154. B.R. 21:1802.-

996

MAXILLARIA

acuminate: scape short, with 1 small fl.: sepals and
petals oblong obtuse, yellow-tingeil and spotted with
reddish orange; side lobes of labellum small, sharp;
middle lobe elongate, sub-quadrate, emarginate; all yel-
low, spotted with crimson. Trinidad. B.R. 22:1848.-
Not valuable.

8. eleg4ntula, Rolfe. The bases o£ the segments are
white, the outer halves pale yellow, marked with choco-
latecolor. Nov. G.C. 111. 22:420. -From theillustration,
the sepals are ovate-lanceolate, wavy and recurved, the
lower pair broader; petals smaller, pointing forward,
concave, wavy, with reflexed tips : Ivs. lanceolate-acute.

9. liiteo-41ba, Lindl. Pseudobulbs long-ovate, 1-lvd.,
2K in. high: Ivs. broad, obtuse, narrowed at the base,
1 ft. long: scapes 6 in. long: sepals 3 in. long, Vi in.
wide, tawny yellow fading to white at the base, brown
on theback, the lower pair drooping; petals erect, point-
ing forward, one-half as long, white to brown and yel-
low above; side lobes of the labellum yellow with pur-
ple streaks; middle lobe recurved, hairy, yellow, with
white margins. Colombia.— A robust species, which
soon fills large-sized pans, making very ornamental
plants.

10. Striata, Rolfe. Scapes G-8 in. long, bearing soli-
tary fls. 4-5 in. across the sepals: dorsal sepals ovate-
oblong; lateral sepals ovate-attenuate, forming a broad
mentum at the base, often twisted and recurved ; petals
narrower, wavy; both sepals and petals are yellow,
striped with red-brown ; lobes of the labellum crenate-
wavy, white with purple veins, the lateral ones re-
curved. Aug. Peru. G.C. 111. 2n:(;:il. G.M. 41 :7n.5.

'«-

13S0. Maxillaria Houtteana (X about J^).

11. Houtteina, Reichb. f. Fig. 1380. Rhizome erect
or ascending, clothed with brown sheaths: pseudobulbs
2-2Ki>i. long, linear-oblong, compressed: lv=i. solitary,
6 in. long, linear, obtuse, keeled: scape l}^;-2 in. long:

MAYTENUS

fls. nearly 2 in. across; sepals ov:it. : ^\ ■ r>il;it, . ,lirty
yellow outside, red-purple within, V, i: i jij,

and spotted below; petals smaller, r. . i, -, -

pals; labellum without lateral I"!" . i,_ ...lu-i-,

yellow with red-brown spots, and :iu ill dLi;iua lallus
on the base. April. Guatemala and Venezuela. B.Jl.
7.733. — Fls. last about a month in the coolhouse.

12. variibilis, Batem. (jV.oH!/n.5/irta«, Hook.). Pseu-
dobulbs oval, compressed: Ivs. solitary, plane, linear-
oblong, olituse or emarginate: fls, solitary, small, dce]>
purple; sepals linear-oblong, acute, the lateral ones
produced at the base; petals subsimilar; labellum ob-
long, retuso, fleshv, membranous at the base: disk with
a small callus. Midwinter. Mex. B.M. .3014 (as M.
Uenchmannij.-A small plant, of interest only to
collectors.

13. tenuiJdlla, Lindl. Rhizomes erect, bearing ovate-
compressed pseudobulbs at irregular intervals: Ivs.
linear-lanceolate, acute, recurved, grass-like, plane: fls.
small, spotted and shaded with purple and yellow; se-
pals ovate-lanceolate, margins revolute, retiexed; petals
ovate, acute, erect; labellum oblong, reflexed, with an
entire, oblong callus. Spring. Mex. B.R, 25:8,— Not
valuable

M. dichrhma. Rolfe. Allied to M. venusta, but the petals ore
suffused on tho lower half with light pinkish purple, the lip
being margined with the same color: sepals white. Grows
freely in a coolhouse, the fls. lasting for a long time.

Heinrich Hasselbriso.

MAXIMILIANA (after Maximilian Joseph, first king
of Bavaria, 1756-1825, not Prince Maximilian Alexander
Philipp, as said by some). PalniAceie. Ta'.l, pinnate-
leaved palms, spineless, with ringed trunks : Ivs,
with linear pinnte in groups, the raidveins and trans-
verse nerves prominent ; rachis bifacial, strongly
compressed; petiole plano-convex. This genus is dis-
tinguished from Attalea as follows: petals of the male
fls. minute, much shorter than the C exserted stamens:
fr. 1 -seeded; pinnie in groups instead of equidistant.
From Cocos and Scheelia it differs in the above floral
characters and in the plano-convex instead of concavo-
convex petioles. Fr. yellow or brown, ovoid, with fibrous
or fleshy pericarp and bony endoearp, the latter 3-pored
at the base, acuminate at the apex. Species 3, St, Kitts,
Trinidad and S, Am. For culture, see Pnhiix.
A. Pinvo' vi'rtictUate.

Maripa, Drude (Attalen Mar\pa, Mart.). Stem thick,
very tall: Ivs. 15 ft. lone; segments ensiform acute,
divaricate, the lower 3 ft. long, 2 in. wide, gradually
diminishing upwards. Brazil.

AA. Pinnte in opposite clusters.

rtgia, Mart. (Attalea amygdallna). Fig. 1381. Stem
15-20 ft. high, 12-16 in, thick at the base, 3 times as
thick above because of the persistent petiole bases : Ivs,
15 ft, long; segments more slender, papery, disposed in
opposite clusters, the upper as broad as the lower,
Brazil. G.C. III. 1:232. Jarf.d G. Smith.

lowers of the

MAT APPLE. Pn^ophijlhim. fiee also Passifloru.

MAYBEREY, JAPANESE GOLDEN. Name proposed
by Luther Burhaiik for J^iilivx pnlmatus.

MAYFLOWER of English literature is the same as
the hawthorn. (')•"/(/!/».« Oxyacantha ; of New England is
Epi'jaii rrpin.i : of the more western states, Eepatica.

MAY-WEED. A„ll„-mix Cntnl,,.

MAYTfiNUS (fnnn a Chilean name). Celastrdcerr.
A genus of about 50 species of trees and shrubs mostly
from South America, some from tropical America. Bo-
tanically they are near our common bittersweet, Celas-
tnts seantlens. Aside from habit, Maytenus differs from
Celastrus in having the ovary confluent with the disk
instead of free, and the cells are mostly 1-ovulcd instead

3IEDICAGO

997

of 2-ovuleil. Maytenus consists of evergreen, unarmed
plants: Ivs. alternate, often 2-ranked, stalked, leatUery,

Medea, for

Maximiliana regia.

stamens 5, the latter inserted under the disk; disk or-
bicular, wavy-margined: style none or columnar: cap-
sule leathery, loculicidally 2-3-valved.

M. Boaria is a beautiful evergreen tree, of graceful
habit; in Calif. 15-25 ft. high, but in Chile said to at-
tain 100 ft.: branchlets pendulous: Ivs. small: fls. min-
ute, greenish, inconspicuous: aril scarlet. Perfectly
hardy iu (_'alit. as farnorth as San Francisco, and highly
viilu. .1 t.r .; i:;iTiii-ntal planting; recommended as a

sti , i .■ tree: timber extremely hard. Propa-

t'M ..Hi seeds, which are produced in abun-

daii>-i . "I- I r^'iti -.urkers.

Mayten. Fig.
olvKamous, the

Boaria, Muliiui (.1,^ CliU,'n.-<is.
1382. Lvs. ovate-hniceoUite, t
glabrous: tis. small, axillary, clu
males with 5 calvx teeth, petals and stamens: c
the size of a pea, 2-valved, 2-seeded. Chile.
20:1702. J. Bi-KTT D.

MAZE. See Lahijrinth.

MECONOPSIS (Greek, poppy -UVe). Popoverrleew.
About 10 species of herbs, natives of the Himab.vas,
China, Europe and western North An-, r, , I h,. w .Nh
Poppy, j)/. Ciimhrica, is suital>le f"i t ■ ' i ..ws

about a foot high, and has rather In: , ; ^ , 4-

petaled IN. bor.je in summer. The i:. i ,- i- i . -t t.i
Ai-j-iiii!,. . I.i:i does not have pricklv In ^. I'd 'iiniiil or

r i.-.entire or rarely i.il.-d .1,- ,l,--,.,.tr.I:

t! :. .1. yellow, purpleor Mu.-: ov:u \- Mv,.i,l,

vii'i ,1 -iniii I. Ill distinct style and a si ii,']iia of -l-r, ravs.
J. H. Keller writes that tiie Welsh Poppy is of easy
cultivation in ordinary garden soil and sunny situation,
and is prop, by seed or division.

Cimbrica, Vig. Welsh Poppt. Perennial: stems
slender: lvs. long-stalked, pale green, slightly hairy,
pinnate, dentate, with 5-7 segments. Rocky woods and
shady places, western Eu. G.C. III. 19:071 (a double-
fld. form).

idible root.
3f lvs. and

MEDflOLA (u:uiitd after

supposed great medicinal virtues), ii

Cucumber Root, from the taste of t

This native perennial herb has h who

bears small and not very showy fls. It is offered
by some dealers in native plants. Medeola is
nearest to Trillium. The fls. are umbellate, the
perianth segments all alike, colored and decid-
uous

Virginiana, Linn Fi_' 1 s ^tem slendei
1-3 tt high, cl 11 I \ I I 1 1 1

wool lower wli 1

late, pointed, netl I I

sessile uppei \\ I 1 1 t 1 I t

top subtending a sessile uml el ot simll lecuned
fls lune Bo^'gy soil, >.ew England to Minn ,
liHl lud southwaid B M 131b D 129
M iniaiaguiiiis Linn = Asparagus medeoloides

MEDICAGO (name originally from the country
Media) Lttiiiminosa. Forty to 50 herbs (rarely
shiubs) in Europe, Asia and Africa, with small
pinnately 3 toliolate lvs. and denticulate Ifts.,
and mostly small, purple or yillow tls. in heads
or short racemes: stann-iis 'J :niil 1 , .lia.lelphous:
fr. a small spiral or cur\ I'.l, ii'ni;)i or [ii]l)esceut
indehiscent 1- to few-seedf.l |"h1: II. with an ob-
ovate or oblong standard and obtuse mostly short
keel. Three or 4 species have become weeds in
the East. A few are somewhat cult, for ornament.
The one important species, from an agricultural
point of view, is Alfalfa. One species (and per-
haps more) is cult, for the odd pods, which are
sometimes used by Old World gardeners as sur-
prises or .iokes, and are occasionally grown in
this country as oddities. Some of the Medicae-oes
simulate clovers in appearance, but the twisted or
spiral pods distinguish them.

A, Flowers pnrple.
sativa, Linn. Alfalfa. Lucerne. Fig. 1384. Per-
ennial, glabrous, growing erect 1-3 ft. and making a

entire: fls.

axillary racemes:

998 MEDICAGO

pods slightly pubescent, with two oi- three spirals. Eu.
— Xow widely cult., particularly iu dry resions, as a
hay and pasture, being to the West what red clover is
to the Northeast. See Alfalfa. A hardier and drought-
resistiug race (known as rar. Turkestinioa, Hort. ) was
introduced from central Asia in 1898 by N. E. Hansen,

an Cucumber Root.

. 997.)

under the auspices of the U. S. Dept. Agric. (see Han-
sen, Amer. Agric. Feb. 24, 1900; Circular 25, Division of
Agrostology, U. S. Dept. Agric).

AA. Fls. yellow.

B. Plant annual and herbaceous.

lupulina, Linn. Black or Hop Medick. NoNEsncH.

Diffuse, the branches often rooting and becoming 2-3

ft. long, deep-rooted, and difttcult to pull up; plant gla-

MEDINILLA

brous or slightly pubescent : Itts. oval to orbicular,
toothed: stipules broad and toothed: Us. small, light
yellow, in pedunculate heads : fr. nearly glabrous,
spiral, becoming black. Eu. — Extensively "naturalized.
Has the appearance of
a clover. The yellow
clovers with which it
is likely to be con-
founded have larger
heads, which soon be-
come dry and papery,
and the stipules are en-
tire. It is sometimes

used as a forage or hay \ Mxlal J\

plant. Of no ornamen-
tal value.

prostrita.Jacq. Stem ^^^^^^^^^2
prostrate: Ifts. linear,
dentate at the apex:
stipules linear- subu-
late : pod glabrous, spi-
rally contorted, 2-
seeded, black. S. Eu.
— Advertised as an or-
namental plant. M.ele-
gans, a name for a low,
yellow-fld. species, is
also in the trade; it i^ ^^^
may be any one of 4 or

soutellita, Mill. Snails. Erect or spreading, soft-
pubescent: Ifts. broadly obovate or the upper ones
broadly oblong, prominently toothed: stipules falcate,
toothed at the base: fls. small, solitary or nearly so:
pod large and prominently reticulated, K in. across,
like a snail shell. Eu.— Grown for the odd snail-like
pods, which are used as surprises. See the article Cat-

:: { fj

erp:

liar

BB. Plant perennial and irondij.
arbbrea, Linn. Tube Alfalfa. Moon Trefoil. Two
to 8 ft. tall, with hard black wood: Ifts. oval to obovate,
light green, toothed at the top : stipules linear-acute,
entire: fls. orange-yellow, in rather loose, axillary, pe-
duncled clusters: pod spiral, 2-3-seeded. S. Eu. L.B.C.
14:1379. — Offered as an ornamental plant in S. Calif.
L. H. B.
MEDICK. See MecUcago.

MEDINtLLA (after Jos4 de Medinilla y Pineda,
governor of the Ladrones). Melastotndeete. A genus of
98 species of tropical plants, mostly from the East
Indies and Pacific islands. M. magnifica is one of the
most gorgeous tropical plants in cultivation, and one of
the most desirable for amateurs who have hothouses.
It is a native of tlif Philippines. It has handsome

1, .■..;,,!, .Imimi, ;. I,:,i1m iv n,li:.-.. ;mm1 r,,r:il nM. n-petalod

n , ,. ^ , : ,' : . ,,.■.. , ; ■. 1 .,, ■...i,„^ in p,-iHlu-

1.- i. : ,;,.■, ...,:,, , i,n,i, |,„i,i;. and

fl, ;,!.• |.ii,ki.,l., .ii,,i U,,. .-^.nn- .,.l..i- ImKfs the large,
sht)\\y bracts, which arc sometimes 4 in. long. Hooker
says: "Its most beautiful state is, perhaps, before the
full perfection of the fls., when the large imbricated
bracts begin to separate and allow the buds to be par-
tially seen. As the expansion of the blossoms advances,
the upper bracts fall off, but the lower ones remain and
become reflexed." This truly magnificent plant flowers
copiously when only 2 or 3 ft. high, and a large well-
kept specimen in flower is a sight that is never to be
forgotten. The numerous long, bent, purple anthers,
with their yellow filaments, form an additional feature

Mc(

inilla is distinguished from allied genera (none
ch has garden value) chieflv bv the curious ap-
,'es of the stamens. The stamens arc 8, 10 or 12,
terior connective, 2-liitieil or 2-spurred, the pos-

MEDINILLA

species described below are ghilirou;
sessile Ivs. and long, terminal, pendvih
cles, with floral parts in o's.

A. Us. coral-red or rosy puilc.
magnifica, Lindl. Figs. 1383-G. Lv-;. with

MELALEITCA

AA. Fls. while.

Cdrtisii, Hook. Lvs. with 2 nerves beside the midrib

■which run from the base to the apex of the leaf: bracts

long and half or more
groove or dark line. S
Gray, Amer. Journ. Sci. IBi /).

MEGASfiA. See Saxifraga.

MELALEtCA (Greek, me!a^, black, and h »J-os,white,-
be bUtk trunk and white branches of one of the
pedes). MyitHtnf This genus comprises about 100

1385 Medinilla magnihca 1 young specimen

speties of A.usti il

slodoK this pest att(.

F L Harris

UEDLAB ''ee Mespilus The Loquat is sometimes
erroneously cnlled Medlar For Japanese Medlar, see
Pholmia

MEDUSA'S HEAD Enphmhiii Caput Nerln^a

MEGAEEHiZA (Gieek fo, ;„, ' M (n,ui,l,,,r
By Beuthani A. Hookei mil l\ i -mmu : I )(
Monogr Phiner 3) this , nu i i 1 ii 1 i 1 Inn .
cystis, butWatsou (Bot C ilit 1 i _41l di tnuuishes

Several
s called
le allied

ibuted of nil the

1000 MELALEUCA

i-pccics, with ninny changeable ami uncertain rariatintis,
found throughout tropical Asia, isiie.'ially thi- linli.in
Archipelago. The plants range in six.- I'luiii shruli-< to
trees 80 ft. high, the large trees liavin- nI.ihI. r. in n.ln-
lous branches, the small trees ami slirulis riL'i'l. i r.'-t
branches: Ivs. often vertical, elliptical or lanceolate,
straight, oblique or falcate, acuminate, acute or obtuse,
when broad 2-4 in. long, when narrow G-8 in. long, nar-
rowed into a petiole, thin or rigid: fl. -spikes more or
less interrupted, solitary or 2 or 3 together, from less
than 2 to more than 6 "in. long: fls. numerous, white,
elongated; stamens greenish yellow, whitish, pink or
purple, glabrous, 5-9 in each bundle, less than 3'2">-
lonii; claws sometimes very short, sometimes exceeding
the i"t:ils, .aeh with 0-8 filaments at the end. The Ivs.
\ i, |.| 111.- Will-known green aromatic ca,japut oil used in
iiiniii-iiM-. 'I'he bark is pale buff, in many thin, easily
si-|. united layers; it is very diiralile, lasting longer than

timber, and is siii.l l-.li.-iii -I iiii|"-i\ h.us to water; it

is valuable for j. . l i, i ' ! i ■ -1 f.n- root's and

-for boats. TIm ; i

.-ilELASTO-MA

IS fa

AA. Li

micTom^ra, Sc

scale-like, but thick, i" :

% line long: fls. sulfur-\ •

ular, terminal heads, Ilo- :- ii- ■ -

a leafy shoot: fruiting lu-a.is .I.-mm-,

open.

AAA. Lis. mostly opp

B. Manjins of Ifx. rrr

hypericifolia, Smiili. Lvs. o).|.osi

i-llow

li.n-U iifS-5.
I l\ iqipressed, ovate,
ly abovt

small, ill glob-
iwing out into
iilar, the calices

I'his species belongs t(
I over i^ in. long, wbil<

nal claws long. L. 1

a series in which the stamens 8

in the other G series the stamens never exceed % in.

BB. Margin of lvs. not recurved.
decussita, R. Br. Tall shrub, sometimes 20 ft. high :
lvs. mostly opposite, often decussate on the smaller
branches, oblong-lanceolate or linear, 3-6 lines long,
rigid: Hs. rather small, pink; when in oblong or almost
globular lateral heads or spikes are usually Imn-.Ti, and
fertile when in oblong or cylindrical intcrniiiiid spikis
forming the base of leaf y branches ; stanu-ns im.i ;,i,ov.-:;
lines long, very shortly united in bundles lit' lii-ir.; calyx
lobes more or less scarious and deciduous or wearing olf
when in fruit, attached by the broad base, more or less
immersed when in fruit in the thickened rachis. B.M.
22G8. L.B.C. 13:1208. M. B. ConLSTON.

MELANTHIUM {Gre&-k,Wack nower; from the darker
color which the persistent perianth assumes on fading).
Lilideea. Leafy perennial herbs 2-5 ft. high, with
thick rootstocks: lvs. linear to oblanceolate or oval: fls.
greenish, white or cream-colored, borne in a large, open
terminal panicle. The genus is nearest to Veratrum, but
the sepals of the latter are not clawed as they are in Me-
lanthium. Perianth segments usually oblong or oblanceo-
late, with or without glands at the top of the claw. Of G
species, 2 are African, 1 Siberian and 3 North American,
only 1 of the latter being in the trade.

Virginicum, Linn. Bunch Flower. Stem rather slen-
der, l.-iu I. -. I ir, 1 ft. or less long: panicles U-18

in. loll ; ' i ! 11. s across; double gland at top of

claw. I i! I" woodlands and meadows from New
Enirhni I i.|li,:i;i! Minn, to Tex. B.M. 985 (Relonia.i
Viniiiiinn.^iM. by H. P. Kelsey 1801. A showy and
striiving phiLt.

^[. jiinceum is advertised by Krelage, of Haarlem, but its
botanical position is to be determined,

MELASPHfflRULA (a little black sphere; referring
to till- bullilets on ilic stem). IridAcece. A genus of one
species fioiii ilio t'ai.e i^if Good Hope, a small, rare bul-
bous plant procurable from Dutch bulb-growers. It be-

lonirs I

a trill.-, in which the flowers are spieate,

11. ii 1 u:; i: I . . , .ill.] li. . r more than 1 to a spathe. It ro-

-. ' I ' i - I regular perianth and simple,

' 1 i ' : -iiirs to a different group of

L" 11.. I'l 111. II -I 111. ns are one-sided and arched.

ijaiicr piaci-s 11 iicHM-cii Crocosma and Tritonia, differ-
ing from them iu having a small perianth without any
tube and very acuminate segments. Baker, Iridea?, 1892,
and Flora Capensis, vol. C. For culture, see Bulbs and

Ccr. Corra globose, Kin. in diam.: stem
I ft. or more long: lvs. about G in a 2-
n.sctte, linear, H-1 ft. long: spikes few-
lls. yellowish green, veined with purplish
.across. Spring. B.M. 615.

Ij-ia

grramln

- .. ,^^W^''^y-'i^?

1387. Umbrella-tree— Melia Azedarach, var. umbraculitormis.

MELASTdMA (Oreek for hhick and iiiniifh ; alluding
to the color left in the mimtli when the berries of some
species are eaten). This genus, ivhich gives name to the
great family Melastomaceai, with 2,000 species, is little
known in cult. It is not the most important genus of
the family, either horticulturally or in number of species.
Cogniaux, the latest monographer (DC. Monogr. Phaner.
7 ) , admits 37 species. The larger part of melastomaccous
plants are of tropical America, but the true Melastomas
are natives to tropical Asia, Australia and Oceaniea.
They are shrubs or rarely small trees: lvs. opposite,
].i'ti..!ate, oblong or lanceolate, thick and entire, stron,:rly
ii.rM .1 lengthwise, often handsomely colored: Hs. soli-
tary ..r fascicled on the ends of the branches, purple
or V..SC (rarely white), large and showy; calyx mostly
5-lolied; petals usually 5 and often unequal, ciliate on
the back; stamens 10 as a rule, very strongly unequal,
part of them being short and small: fr. a leathery or
fleshv berry, breaking irregularly, 5-7-loculed and con-
taining many small spiral seeds. For culture, see
Medinilln. Nearly all tropical melastomaceous plants
require a high temperature, partial shade and consider-
able moisture. Prop, by cuttings of firm wood. Adver-
tized in S. Calif.

A. Lvs. strongly 5-nerved.

decimKdum, Roxbg.(ilf. saw/ulneum, D. Don. M.Mal-
abdthrirum, Sims, not Linn.)! Three to 4 ft.: branches
subterete nnd liirsiit.-: Ivs. lanceolate or lance-oblong,
long-aeiuniii.it, . tli. n.rvi-s (or at least some of them)
and the p. i i.l. , ..It. n i. .1 : fls. 1-3, large, nearly or quite
2 in. aer..--, ilo p. i.i- i..si.-colored and refuse. Java to
China. H..M. :)■".> an.l JL'tl.

AA. Lvs. strongly 7-nerved.

cindidum, D. Don (3/. Mahihnthrieum, B.R. 8:672, not
Linn.). Branches 4-angled, the youngerones pubescent,
as also till- i.iiiol.-^: Ivs. ovate-acute, setulose above,
villose b. ii.,itli: tl-. ::-7 in a cyme, rose-colored (some-
times wbii. ' 1. .il...iit til.- si/.eof thoseof 3/. decemfidum;
calyx-lolii-, -lioi-t. r ihiiii the tube. China.

MalahAthrirnm, T.iiin. DiffrTFi from the last in having
t' . , ' I .' . : i,,,iit . .|ii:.l t.. the tube, or .sometimes
, . -. ,,i,|..i.j ..I .1- ;.i. ..blong,acuteor short-

:i .1, ~. n. ]..-.. 111... ve and beneath: fls.

cor,!nl.u.-i., i.uii.Il, iuu..;li .-mall.jr than in the last two.

MELASTOMA

E Indii to Au'itral -Pioliablv the M MahihatJiii
of hoitieultunstb is one of the above species Not kn
to be in the Amer trade L jj

.MELILOTUS

AA Leaies once pinnate
Azadirdchta Lmn [M Jnpfmxen H-is^k

ith 9-1 D Knee
Itts fls -nhite
t the branches

the Its are 1 or J inn
Hnc eol itp in 1 Tirj m^
tue B M lUOb

1388 Mehcocca bijuga (sprays X Vi)

npir the battle tii-1 1 ( t s-in Tacmto Texas but with no
re 1 1 of It nitr i hu ti >n theie If the flowers are not
cru polhnitel with the (oraraon soit the percentage
of seedlings which leproduLe the exict umbrella shape

1 J Deickmvns ind L H B

MELIANTHUS (mel honej and anthos flower)
& iptinl<tit<F \lt )ut 0 species of e\ergreen shrubs
natn es of South -Vtrica Can be grown out of doors lu
S C ilif Polnge has a disagreeable odor when bruised
h s ilteruite stipulate odd pinnate Ifts unequal
lied toothed fls in axilUr\ >ii 1 tiimmil racemes
nting hone\ plentifulh il ' i i II iii| lessed
with or without a sat hi ]i t i c and

I iie( tar bearing gland w uhiii , n rone

1 itne, stamens 4 di<l\iMii / i i tnus \s

JJ inujui , which has been mtit iu ^ i nuu -^ \ n
A Cuhjx gibbous at base
m4]or Linn Stem flexuous glabrous sometimes 10
tt or more m height with a wideh i re pm, root Ivs
^1 1^ I ti It or moie long thi u| ] i i i i II i stip

ult _i HU tr gether into ouL I n i \ piece

itti li 1 to the lower part of il i-ll 3-4-

iTi 1 lu - in wide racemes I i II In r more

in length bratts ovate acui

nin It tl 11 II 1 wn 1 in

long capsule paper% 4 lobeil at the apex 1-lK in

long seeds 2 in each cell

black and shining Cape

B R 1 45 R H IbOT p IJl

AA Caly II 1 II 1 1 H

" ''/ /in »6 at base

minor Lmn \^ -i ,„

1 .., fi|ules2 subulate

lateral flee Itr 1

1 n- (-10 lines wide ra

cemes (,-12 in 1 n^ iil t in

nil il tl dull led capsule

1 fuse at each end scarcelv

4 lobed h lines long Cape

\ t B M 301, which IS M cc

M B CouLSTcaJ

MELIC6CCA (( 1 1

' 1 ferring to the

taste of the tiiiii s

I J species of

tropical fruit ti ,

i 1 and Trinidad

The Spanish 1 im )/

li in S lla and

S Cahf Its tiui, , ,

1 in lie an.l shape of

plums green or > ellow lud

hue tikisint grape like

fli^oi The large sieds a

re sometimes re i ted like

chestnuts The tree glow

slonh attamini. 20-00 ft ,

and beai tn h

It I m h, tiuitnl in the

North undei _l ,

abruptly luiiii it

1 1 III liMl 1 talyx i

parted se^iii in

iinin n 1 1 1 1 4 sta

v mens 8 di k m

lit 1 1 1 , Il ite sub

1 sile ovar^ 2 c,

II 1 1 1 I kd

bijiSga, Lmn

Si I I 1 1 ( jjjEp

1 1 1 elhp

t. 'Unceolite enti

r, _l 1 II Iiitish in

ttiniinal m ernes

Nitui ihzed 111 the West

Indies Beirs se%

eral decrees of trost The

foliage IS distmc

t the compound Ivs with

winded petioles re

sembling those of Sapindus

•.upuiuDia, the \\

est Indian Soap berrj

MELILdTUS (Greek for honey lotus) Le

gumiudsa: Sweet Clover Perhaps a dozen

species of annual or bienniil t ill growin^,

sweet siuellin^ herbs wideh li mint I in

temperate and subtropii il regions L\ inn i h

foholate the Ifts toothed and mosth n n 1 i il n II

■nhite or jellow in slender long stalk d xilliix i i

cemes cahx teeth shirt md ne^lI^ i in il timliid

fld.), »im1 M. alba, hr.v. i wliit.-il.l. i, lia\.- l.r.-,„nc
ivecds aL.Tig niailsi.lrs ami in \va>tc jihu-.-s.

The latter, M. alha, is tlio commoner. It is an erect
herb, often higher than a man, flowering abundantly in
spring and early summer. It is biennial. It is said to
prefer soils rich in lime, and it thrives on poor and dry
soils. Under the name of Bokhara clover and sweet
clover, it is grown somewhat as a forage plant. Cattle
come to like it for grazing, particularly if turned onto
it early in the season, before other herbage is attractive.
It may also be cut for hay, particularly the second
year. About 10 lbs. of seed is required per acre. It is
au excellent bee plant. L^ jj^ ]5_

MELlSSA (Greek, bee; because the bees are fond of
Balm). Liibihtie. About 8 species of hardy perennial
herbs from Europe and western Asia. M. officinalis is
Balm (which see), a sweet herb, with white or pale
yellow fls. A variegated form is cult, for ornament.
It has silvery \^]:;^ hiar] ihl-, M. i:,t„vina, Benth.=
Calamintha I' il i lidit purple fls.,

and may be ti.l i i >
thecalyx beinL: t'iii-:< o ^r L-itiii"!
have dentate l\s.: whorls tew-ii

Hs. whi

a 11.1 officinalis by
itiii.iu- ai ihe base. Melissas
ew-iiii.. iiix, axillary, secund:
Lilla tube recurved-ascending

MELOCACTUS (melon-cactus, referring to the shape
of the plant bodj ) Cacticeo' Stems globose or ovoid
with vertical ribs crowned at maturity with a cepha
hum —a prolongation of the axis denseh covered with
small tubercles imbedded in wool and bt uing in then
a\ils small flowers and 1 in 1 li iluti tli q

pcarinceof an Eclnnoi i un i iii t II \ i '\I umnill lu i

1389. Melocactus communis (Xl-5).

communis, la
areolae nearly I
curved, subiilai
hemispherical.
height of 8 n
pierced by niai
fr. % in. Ion:;, -
flower, red, \\ -
Head," B.M, :;i

89. Ribs 10-20, acute:
pines 8-11, straight or
ephalium at first low.

MELON. See Muskmeloti and Watermelon : also
CitniUus &m\ Cucumia. M. Fapaw, See Caricti I'apat/a.
M, Shrub. See Solanum muricatum. Chinese Preserv-
ing Melon is Benincasa.

MELdTHHIA (probably a name for a bryoiiy-liko
j.laiit; III. Inn is (treek for apple, which may rei'er to the
sliape of ihe fruit), Cucurbitdcea. About .54 species of
sleiiiler herbaceous vines, climbing or trailing;, aniiuiil
or perennial, with small yellow or wliii. il- , i 'h 1 in the
warmer parts of the world. Three 1 i n lo

the trade as M. scabra, Mukia nfu/., r 'imie.

suavis, the last being perhaps tin- nr-i I m -r ihreo
are slender, but rapid-growing, ljaii-iiain\ , annual
elimliers, which may be grown indoor,s in winter, but
preferably outdoors in summer for covering unsightly
oli.jeets. They are presumably more attractive in fruit
than in flower.

The latest monographer, Cogniaux in DC. Mon. Phan.
Vol. a, 1881, makes three sections of the genus. M.
seabra belongs to the first, M. punctata to the second
and M. Maderaspatana to the third. M. punctata has
sensitive tendrils.

Section I. Eumelotheia. Fls. usually monoecious,
males mostly racemose ; anthers subsessile: fr. mostly
with long and slender peduncles: seeds usually not
margined.

Section II. Solena. Fls. mostly dioecious, males
corymtiose; anthers borne on rather long filaments, the
eiuineftive not produced : fr. mostly short-peduncled :
s.a.N mostly imirgined.

Sraiioii III. MuKiA. Fls. moncecious, males elus-
ion'I; .iniloi- sulisessile, the connective apiculate: fi-.
su)i~i s-ih. ; SI L- 1.1s margined, usually pitted.

8cS.bra, Nanil, Lvs. rigid, entire or acutely 5-lobed ;
tenilrils iinhranehed: anthers roundish, with a wide con-
iie.tive, the eells straight, not plicate : fr. ovoid or ovoid-
olilon^', i.litiise, :i-celled, rather large (1 in. long, yi in.
thic-ki, with broad parallel stripes of white and green.
Mexieu.

punctata, Cogn. (PiUgyne sudvis, Schrad.). Lvs.
niembruiniu.s, cordate, angled or slightly 3-5-lobed,
wiiite-siiotted above, pilose, short-hairy or scabrous be-
low, margin remotely denticulate: fr. brown, lightly
|iitte.l, about 3 lines thick : seeds small, about 2 lines
Ini^', strongly compressed. S. Africa.— Int. 1890 by
llen.l.rson & Co. as the Oak-leaved Climber. Melothria
liKiii-liita is a beautiful climbing herbaceous perennial,
lietter known as Pilogyne suavis, and sometimes called
Zehiieria suavis. Even when protected, it is too tender
to stand the northern winters. It blooms in clusters;
fls. small, white and star-shape, with a strong musk fra-
grance: lvs. green, small and glossy. Being a very
rapid grower, it is desirable for covering verandas or
for house culture. It will .low. 11 in any part of a living
room where it has liL^ht. It will grow as much as 16
feet high in one sumna i- l,v having a liberal supplv of
water every day ami laini.l manure once a week. After
growing outdoors it .an la- lut il..wn to r. inch.'s, potted
and taken into tin' lion-,,, for Un- winti-r. In lli.' sjiring
it can be cut back, auain lilam.al ..nt ami it will ilo wa-11.
The roots can almost In- .•all.. I tiilieron-, ami .am bo
kept dormant during' tin- w iiii.r, the saim- as Dahlias,

Maderaspitana, Cogn. (Miilna scahrilla, Am. \. Lvs.
sealirous or sliort-hairv beneath : fr. small, globose :
seeils pitted. Trop. AsiaandAfr.-" Fruits reddish when
ripe." J.M.TI,orburn,S;Co. James ViCK and W. M.

MENlSCIUM (Greek, a crescent; referring to the
shape of iln- soril. P'lh/podidcea. A small genus of

l.-in^. stout: lvs. 2-4 ft.
: lanna. 1-4 in. wide,
il- sli:;liilv pubescent;
:-12 transverse arches.
L, M, rN'DF.RWOon,

MENISPERMUM

MENISPERMUM (l.i.eK ,n,<,,,s,,,U V, in

other in Siberii, China anil J ^pan Moonse eds aie tw in
ing ^ ood> vines, with alternate long petioled Ivs , which

MENTHA

1003

nniijni\ IS ,

(1

ne About 30
the north teiu-

ihzcd in North
■ le 01 less for

«hichis found

uiiiute globules

(Wii

uini. species of

t 1111

It

lit "t lU plants
« IS ,„, finally
Ml iitiuental

i-Kre"^

hution

nth een-

^ York

loots"

Ml higan,

. tha

of

lud m

anywheie eK I

noithern Imli

Mitcham, bun > i I I- u linn i-

Saxony

Peppermint plants ma\ be grown on any land that
Will produce good crops of corn, but its cultivition is
most profitable on muck soils of reclaimed swamps It
IS an exhaustne crop, and on upland ib rarel> included

the

ely

13<^0 Leaf of Men spermum Canadense iXA)
peltate near t\ e marff an I ax liar or u] e:

ates and

1

1 lints of

an

-

t n^s of

0 be u ed

m Au„u t or early s

Canadense

Coniov MooNTSEED Fg 1390

1 tere e flo e t p escent when

n" 10 ft or more

vested earl n No

date ometunes

are c re 1 1 ke 1 ly th n r k

B long pet ole at

to the wl ere tl e o 1

1 t in
1 u der after
Clean culti-
d oft n t is
1 > han 1 espe-
epared F re-
es w th b tter
o the o 1 f cut

the

ei

I fl 1 '0 and n the 1 1

one Uorl fr lu h black 4 n n
re e 1 ng mall grapes R h o
th cket a 1 lowHnd Q ebeo to Man oba
and south to &a B M 1910

Daftncum DC In hal t much 1 ke the
abo e 1 11a 1

country L H B

MENTHA (from the Creek name of the
nymph Mmthe) Labidtce The term Mint
often applied to various species of the La
biatfe lb most frequently used to designate
plants of the genus Mentha This genus
is characteuzi d 1 1 it ((uire stems and op
posite mill I in 1 union with others

of the CI 1

I lij Its aiomatic

fraf,ian<

1 1 pink or white

Howers \Mi 1

li-hth iirrcu

lar coroll i u i 1 1

'11 f nil n

aiillarv whorls in i

1

Some of the s]

tion of certain spi 1

1391 A Mint Still.

A 'Mint still" (Fig. 1391) usually consists
t (used alternately), wooden or galvanized
Dut 7 ft deep and 6 ft. in (li:im. at the top,
]>erforated false bottom ami a tiglit-flttiug,
uvei a condenser of nearly 2u0 ft. of block

1004

water runs, a boiler tn
tin can with compartm.
gravity. The yield ot
per acre, averaging aljn
variety now generally i;r'

laitl a receiver or
•■ oil separates by
10 to GO pounds
r Black Mint, the
L'hree kinds of pepper-

thi^

: recognized : (1) American Mint, "State M
of New York {M. piperita), long cultivated in
country and occasionally naturalized ; (2) Bliick M
or Black Mitcli:im f .U. plpn-itf. -•:,i-. ,.•..'.,■...■..■ i . n m

productive vurii-tv iiitro.lu.-,.,! if I >. • i. . i .i..,nt li

and (3) Whit.^ .Mini, ...■ Wlm, W ■ h' .,--
rita, VHT. offii-ncilis], Ir^s |iri.'lii' ■ ■ ■ ! len-
der for profltulilt- ruliivaticn, lull \ic[ciiii^.i X i-ry
superior grade of oil. Peppermint oil is usud in
confectionery, very extensively in medicines, and
for the production of menthol, or more properly
pipmenthol. Pipmenthol differs in physical pro-
perties from menthol derived from Japanese Mint.

Japanese Mint, M. arvensis, v&v. piperascena, is
cult, in northern Japan, chiefly on the island of
Hondo : not known in the wild state. It has been
intrndnccl px-porimcntally in cult, in England and
the T'nitr.l siiii.'x, hut has not been cult, commer-
cially in \\ir~. iHiiiii-a. Its oil is inferior in qual-
ity to iliat ni \h iillia piperita, but it contains a
higher ptrrLuianx- u£ crystallizable menthol, of
which it was the original source and for the pro-
duction of which it is largely used. It is propa-
gated by rootstocks carefully transplanted and cul-
tivated by hand-labor. Two crops, rarely tlini'. are
obtained in a season, and by aliuiiil mii t. riili/in;;

and intensive culture large yiill ' : ■ ; It

is usually continued tlM-ee year^ I ( : : n^r.

and then a rotation of other cn.i I. i^ii- i-i ir.nii
three to six years. Three hoi-iii-uhiuiil \aii>iifs
are recognized, being distinguished ehietly by
form of leaf and color of stem. The va-
riety known as "Akakuki," with reddisli
purple stem and broad, obtuse leaves, is
regarded as best

bpearmmt is cultivated on peppermmt
farms for the production of oil The
plants are propagated and cultivated
similar to peppermint and distilled in
the same stills The oil for which there
IS a smaller demand than for pepper
mint oil, IS us( I ihi ll\ in mi li ii in 1
to some e\t i I il !

lent in drinl
in the vicii ii

supplj salo I I

of the I Iniit
ductn I I
"Mint 1 I I
km w I

the t II ill I 1 I I i

lamb and .^rei n p< is I su| j 1\ this 1
mand it is often cultivated in the
kitchen garden It is easily propa
gated by the perennial root-stocks, and
persists year after year with little care, thriving
nearly all kinds of soil, providing it does
too dry.

The Pennyroyal of the Old World is Mentha Pulegium.

A. TTliorls of fis. ill terminnJ spikes or some in the

B. Spikes thick: Ivs. petiolccl.
c. Lvs. lanceolate, acute.
piperita, Linn. Peppekmint. Perennial, by runners
and rootstocks: stems erect or ascending, 1-3 ft. high,
branched, glabrous: lvs. lanceolate, acute, sharply ser-
rate. l-H in. lonK. irlabrous or pubescent on the veins be-
neath, pun. tall-, with minute oil globules: fls. in thick,
terminal siiik.s, 1-:; in. long in fruit, the central spike
finally rx.r.Mi. ,1 l,y tliu lateral ones; calyx glabrous be-
low, its sluup teeth usually ciliate; corolla purple,
rarely white, gl.ilirous. Introduced in cultivation from
England and occasionally naturalized in moist ground
in various parts of the country. Known as "American
Mint" or "State Mint]" in New" York.

Not known in wild
ingly introduced int(

Var. vulgaris, Sole. Black Mint. Rather stout, 2-3
ft. high: Ivs. 2-3^2 in. long; stems usually purple and
foliage dark-colored. Native in England, t'ult. in re-
cent years in England, Saxony and America.
CO. Lcs. ovate or subcordate.
citrita, Ehrh. Bkhoamot Mint. Perennial, by leafy
Stolons, glabrous throughout: stem decumbent, 1-2 ft.
loiii,'. hrancluil: lvs. thin, broadly ovate and ob-
tuse iir the uppermost lanceolate and acute; fls. in
the uiii)ermr)st axils ancl in slK)rt. ileiise. terminal
spikes; calyx glalir"n - . wiili -utiulate teeth; co-
rolla glabrous, ypiii I I Ml,..! from Eu-
rope, in New York, N. l ■ ■ , l i.n.la and Oliio.
-The fragrant, leniMi -, . ,,r, ,| ..,1 w distilled for
use in making perfumes,

BE. Spikes slender, interrupted: Ivs. sessile

c. Plant glabrous: lvs. lanceolate.
spicita, Linn. (Jf. riridis, Linn.). Spearmint.
Pig. 1392. Perennial, by leafy stolons; stem erect,
with ascending branches 1-2 ft. high; lvs. lanceo-
late, shnrplv serrnte, '>M in. or less in length:
whnrK ,.t 11- ill iiani-w , interrupted spikcs 2-4 in.

loiiL'.ilii M ;:i' I ''ding the lateral ones;

i/aly\ti.tli II ; I I ate. Widely naturalized

aliiiiit .ilil -anlrii- ilir..u-Iiiint the older settled por-
tions of the I'nited States; native in Europe and

cc. Plant pubescent: lvs. elliptic or ovate-oblong.
rotundifdlia, Huds. Round-leaved Mint. Peren-
nial, by leafy stolons, pubescent throughout, some-
what viscid; stems slender, erect or
ascending, simple or branched, 20-30
in. high : lvs. subcordate at base,
mostly obtuse, crenate-serrate, 1-2
in. long and about two-thirds as wide,
reticulated beneath : tis. in dense or
interrupted spikes 2-4 in. long; calyx
pubescent; corolla puberulent. Nat-
uralized in moist waste places from
Maine to New Mexico.— Sometimes
used as a substitute for peppermint
or spearmint.

aa. Wliorls of fls. all axillary.
B. Plants usually decumbent: fls.
nearly sessile.
Canadensis, Linn. American Wild
Mint. I'erennial, by runners and
routstorks: stem usually pubescent,
with spreading hairs, erect or ascen-
ing. simple or branched, 6-30 in.
high : !v ;, ovate-oblong or lanceolate,
glalirou- or nearly so, 2-3 in. long,
slender-pctioled, the petioles often
ly sessile whorls of light purple fls.:

1392 Mentha spicata— Spearmin'

exceeding the nea
calyx pubescent,
gins of streams. New Brunswick to British Columbia
and southward to Virginia and New Mexico. It is a
common plant. — Often called peppermint, for which it
is frequently mistaken and for which it is sometimes
used as a substitute. It is variable in habit and also in
the character of its oil.

BB. Plants somewhat rigidli/ erect: fls. distinctly

pedicelhd.

arvensis, var. piperiscens, Malinvaud. Japanese

JliNT, Perennial, by running rootstocks. pnherulent or

. ■: Il II, "i. l!-:! ft. high: lvs. lane, nKilr and a.niti^ to

!■ i, II- and obtuse, narinu..l ai the base,

1 ■ . in i"ii-. sharply serrate, will, l.nv i,,-tli: lis, in
rather 1. .,.><•, axillary whorls, in distiuetly j.edieellate
umbels, usually shorter than the slender petioles ; calyx
pubescent, its subulate teeth about half as long as the
tube; corolla puberulent. Ltstee H. Dewey.

MENTZELIA

herbs.

tary or
5 or 111

MERTENSIA 1005

loose tube at first and afterwards

vhci

.ilV.n.l I ■ i I ;ii-.- not generally

in .-iili. i r. Although M.

Li mil. n ],.,- hi I J li-. II :i liiiln r ronimon plant in
,Milti\:iii.iM. it is little known in the wild, being
lii-.il,;,li|v- a native of central Calif. The seeds
.'.In.uM !"■ M.vvn where the plants are to remain, as
till y do nut li.-ar transplanting.

A. Color of fls. ijellou-.
B. I'ts. openiuff in hright sunsjtliw.
c. Petals 1 in. long.
Lindleyi, Torr. & Gray (Bartdiiia afirea,
Lindl.). Pig. 1393. Annual: stem 1-3 ft. high,
branched and straggling: Ivs. 2-3 in. long: fls.
about 2>^ in. across, bright yellow, very fra-
grant in the eveniuL', lirartial; petals 5, broadly
obovate, nearly as I. ma. I as Ichlc, rounded at the
apex except i

tral Calif. B.M.

CC. Petals 2-2)4 in. long.

Isvicaiilis, Torr. & Gray. Biennial: stem 2-3

ft. high: Ivs. 2-8 in. long: fls. yellow, 2J^-3 in.

across, bractless; petals lanceolate, acuminate.

Neb. to Calif. B.B. 2:459.

EB. Fls. opening towards night.

Hilda, Torr. & Gray. Biennial: stem somewhat
slender, 1-5 ft. high: Ivs. 1-3 in. long; fls. creamy
white, 1K-2K in. across, usually bractless; petals
10. Dakota to Kans., Colo, and Tex. B.M. 5483 (as Bar-
toniamida). B.B.2:458.

AA. Color of fls. pure white.

ornita, Torr. & Gray. Annual : stem 2 ft. and more :
Ivs. 2-6 in. long: fls. 5 in. across, opening towards night,
fragrant, usually bracted; petals 10; stamens 200-300.
Dakota and Mont, to Tex. E.H. 1878:430. B.M. 1487 (as
Bartonia decapetala\ B.B. 2:459.

M. B. CouLSTON and W. M.

MENYANTHES (Greek. 7iieii, a month, and anihos,
flower; perhaps because it flowers for about a month).
GenlianAeeie. BrcKBEAN. A genus of 2 species of
small perennial bog plants with creeping rootstocks and
small, 5-lobed white or purplish fls. borne in late spring.
They are procurable from dealers in native plants. The
genus is one of the few aquatic groups in the gentian
-family. It is allied to Limnanthemum, but the fls. of
the latter ire n t I ear le 1 or creste 1 on tl e f ice as tl e
«re Mel^>^ tie L ill alternate stalke I co oUi
s ewlat f ni el or 1 ell lapel stamens m erted on
the tubeof thecoiolla hj pofej nous glands o style long

trifohS,ta L nn BncKBCAN Abo it 9 18 m h gh
1 lion ol o te 1 1/^ n lo g ra e e

north te uperate reg ons B B ' 6
^ -Tl e 1 s are sa d to be ed in Per

1393. Mentzelia Lindleyi < ',1.

Soc. 17:438, 1880) into tu.. m-.iU]is, based on the anthers.
The 2 species descrilini bil..w l.olnni; to the group with
small, oblong, versatile antbers, wliii-li aro fastrncd at
the middle rather than the base. They arc Inirdy s]niiig-
blooming plants with about 3 Ivs.. ami IN. i-l'., in.
across. These rare plants are procurable; lioni Hutch
bulb-growers. They are pretty, small-fld., early-bloora-
ing, hardy, fragile plants which persist well under good
garden cultivation.

A. Blade of petals odlaneenlate, ohtnse.
Cauo4sica, Bieb. Tip r: ■•r.u-r ,■,.,■..]]., -, lih. iits appen-

corms sessile. Caura . , 1 •• > r. M ■• > ',

AA. Blade ../ i" •'"/- .'■'■"■. "'■'■•'' . "- "'■■.
soboliSera, Fisch. & Mey. Segments not appendaged:
a very small new corm produced at the apex of a shoot.
Asia Minor, Persia.
M r th ca s advert sed by \ an T be gen

J N CERirD I 1 W M
MERTflNSIA (after Mertens a C i I tin t)

VI

of

MEECUEY a 0}

I

B Ee

e

MEEENDfiRA

^1 1 sh name

of t

f formeily

F Al out

lOspe

t the Me 1

terra i

eloi g to tl e

same tr hew thLuI 1 u

u a

IB 1 o

b tCol 1

cum has areil corolla t

ibe

wh le the o

tl er two genera

have 6 very long-clawed

segments which

are merely con-

lOOG

MERTENSIA

Tlif common Jlertensia is
remain undisturbed for yf.
rockery. Its leaves die clci
The plant sliould have a sin
and rich, loamy soil. ,)/. N
even more desirable. Tin-
not as distinctive in form.

The foliage of ^f. iilbirira
lasts through the
summer. Mertensins
may be prop, by seed
if sown as soon as
ripe, but with uncer-
tainty by division.
Although of secon-
dary importance,

'-' Mertensias add vari-

ety to the border and
are nearly always
attractive to plant-

Fh

pulmonarioldes,
1394. Vireinian Cowslip or Blue Bells Kotli. (J/. Virr/hiini,
— Mertensiapulmonarioides (X ,':i). DC). V I K (i I N I A N
Cowslip. Blue
Bells. Fig. 1394. Very smooth and glabrous: Ivs. obo-
vate or oblong, or the lowest large, rounded and long-
stalked ; veins conspicuous : fls. generally more nodding
than shown in Fig. 1395. Spring. N. Y. to S. C. and
Tenn., usually inhabiting low or moist grounds. B.M.
160(asPulmonaria). B.B.3:B0. Gn. 23, p. 4fi3, and .32,
p. 173. V.3:181; 7:244; 11:180, and 12:140. Mn 4:33.
AA. Fls. iiilh the upper portion more hell-shaped and
in-iiiiiiiu-iit spreading lohes : filaments shorter
thtiH the (tutliers or only a little longer.
B. Tiihc of corolla 2 or S times as long as the hell.
oblongifdlia, G.Don. About 9 in. high, smooth: Ivs.
mostly oblong or spatulate-lanceolate; veins inconspicu-
ous: calyx lobes acute. Western N. Amer.— Not easy
to cultivate.

BB. Tithe of corolla not tivlce as long as the hell.

c. Calyx-lobes ohtuse, oblong.

Siblrica, G. Don. This and the next grow 1-5 ft. high

and Iki". I.r. i,,!, A, iiiy Ivs., the upper ones very acute or

acuTiiii 'I' '/ ^' 'v"'-/(, is pale, smooth and some-

wh:it _ 1 hs. oblong- or lanceolate-ovate.

E. Sii , i; ;i]i.l Sierras. Gn. 18: 259. -Offered

by su.iic Aiucnr;,u .kalurs.

cc. Calyx-lohes acute, lanceolate'or linear.
panlculata, G. Don. Greener than M. Sibirica, rough-
ish and more or less pubescent: stera-lvs. ovate to ob-
long-lanceolate. Lake Superior and north, E. Asia.
B.B. 3:60. B.M. 2«80 and B.B. 2:146 (as Pulmonaria
panlculata).

M. umhrdtili^, Greenm., from Orpgnn, a roreiitlv described
.species, is offered by Horsford. Alii. -1 !■■ M >/'., <-.;, Imt has
larger corolla and longer laueeolutr .1.

G. C. \. \V. M.

MESCAL BUTTON is Eehiu,i,„.t„s II ,;/ >,,.

MESEMBRYANTHEMUM I Greek, midday flower;
the lluwirs usual he, j.rTi in snnsliine and close in shadow).
Fir.;;,!, „ . ,„■ .1/, N, ,„/,,■;;,(.. n . Fir; Marioold. The type
genus .if :. iiMniiv ..f ...MMtMii-niorf. tlirin 20 genera and

about : -1.. .1. M n|, ii ,!-.!, 1 1, vi,., I 1,1 .Iry tropical and

subtiM[ i I' I . TM-ra known to

embryauthi-muni itself includis s.iiui-:iOO species, nearly
all of which are South African, according to Sonder
"abounding throughout the arid plains and sands of the

MESEilBRYAXTHEMUJI

country to the south of the Orange
■ f the Great Fish river." Four s|„-,.i,-
1 by Bentham in Flora Austr..li i, :-
Hi iinni&i\([ (vqiiilaterale) ViTt' \\:\ " '

iiir in New Zealand, Cannn.

1 r.uiran ri-ti.iu. Tlievare sui-c-iil. m |.|,.i

■III -" IN- Miiiilis. They are allic.l 1

iltliough lacking the

I - Hue leaves. Hortic

ii' !: II I piiiiii . ami arc classed wil

si ! '■■■' II i-ii.l'. . "Wing largely to ili.' ilni'-n 'i ■•. n, mak-

iii_ -|M-cimens. Many "i >ld

ai i-iiu. One species, M . is

a . Ml,,!, Mil, 1 1, ill-.- plant, being known a- ]■ ■ I'iai i . imi it
is one of the least showy in flower. It is gr.n\n t..r the
thick glistening foliage. It propagates readily by seeil
or division. The be.st available account of the Meseni-
bryanthemums is Sonder'a elaboration of the S. African
can sjiicies (293 numbers) in Flora Capensis, Vol. 11
•'■'^'■'--l L. H. B.

In Misembryantheraum the leaves are mostly oppo-
sitr. intire or the margin somewhat spiny, fleshy and
often subcylindrical or triangular in cross-outline; flow-
ers jH-rfect and regular, axillary and solitary or some-
what corymbose ; calyx gamosepalous, usually with 5
unequal lobes and the tube adnate to the ovary; petals
very many, in one or more rows, usually linear, white,
yellow or' rose-color ; stamens very numerous : ovary
most commonly 5-loculed : fruit or capsule opening
radially at the summit, hygroscopic: seeds very numer-
ous, small. "The capsules are tightly closed in dry
weather and open naturally after a rain," writes Sonder.
"If thrown in water until it becomes thoroughly soaked
and then removed, an old capsule will open out its capil-
lary valves, radiatinu' from a center like a star: and will

close tlli-ni ajii.li 1.. I I;-,. Till- iXp. ntiMM li.avl.O

repeated s, , i ,,: i ;■ ,-••,: i ,. n ,:,-, i .^ ■!,,,,,, i,,;;,.!;.

iiuni, or FiiT -Mai .

,, ,| ,. .

ariio

jority of the spe. h

a ihe

I.e. They are f.Mn.

nost luxuriantlv mi •.

A , l-arna

, iM.'ky

. sandv plains, 'ni.

•\ an- su.'

,ul,nt

fleshy-leaves, and a

re tUerel-.i.

re able

E- drought thev have :

to put up with in

Knowing that these

plants del

ight in

IS, tliis L'ivas till- ki\

• to their cultiva-

II 111 l"il -. i iin- -lam

lil lir take

n that

plants with thick,
to stand the sever
those arid places.

tion. When grow

the pots are well .ii - l.'ani, mixed

with brick rubbish ^i.i.d compost

for them. In sunimrr lia y ,aii l.. |.|a.a M .mt-of-doors
in a slightly elevated and sunny pusition, where they
will produce an abundance of itheir showy blossoms.
On the approach of cold weather in the fall they may
be placed in a cool greenhouse with a dry atmosphere
and plenty of air. Very little water is 7Mr.!r,i ,!-iriTiL- the
dull months of winter. Someoftlu ; a a: ' -^n.i.l
window plants. M. cordifolium. \ a is

largely grown tor edgings for beds. J,., .ai/i

and M. tricolorum are good showy aixnual. i'li'iamaticn
is effected either by cuttings or by seeds. Cuttings should
be dried in the siin for two or three davs before they

are inserted in sand.

acinaciforme, 10.
acutangidum, 22.
lequilaterale. 12.
albinatum, ;{.
angustum. 4.
aurantiacum, 14.
aureum, 15.
b.irbatum, .31.

densum, 33.
depressum, 7.
edule, 13.
elegaiis, 28.
felinum, 2.
floribundum. 30.
gemiuatum, 21.
glabnim, 26.
inclaudens, 17.
linguiBforme, 5.
mutabile, 16.
mtu'icatum, 20.

Robert Cameron.

pomeridianum, 25.
pustulatum, 8.
rubrocincttim, 11.
spectabile, 19.
stellatum, 32.
stipulaceum, 23.
subcompressum, 29.
tigrinum, 1.
tricolor. 9.
tricolonim. 9.
variegatum, 27.

MESE3IBRYANTHEMUM

A. Epapulosa: Pliint twf bearing gUttcriiirj papUhe or

projections (species 1-23).

B. Plant stemless or nearly so.

C. Lvs. 4-6. .'tpmi-terctf at thf base, thickening and
tii'iiu IniHs at the apex.

1 . tigrinum V I r ■ ■ s Jaw. Stemless or essen-

tially so: h - J m. or less long, glaucous

green and i lute, the upturning edges

with I. .11, 1 I i.ith, the keel entire: fls.

n. Ill _ Mllow. B.E. 3:2C0.

_' f-liini'i 1' Fig. 1393. Lvs. triquetrous, rhom-

lic i 1 iir less long, hut narrower than in

thi • I It i;laucous, faintly dotted with white,

the i.il-i s Willi h oihate teeth; keel entire: fls. nearly
sessile, yellow.

cc. ics. 4-0. tviriiietrnu<!, thickened from the base to the
middle, but tapering to the apex.

3. albin^tum, Haw. Stemless: Its. curved -triquet-
rous upwards, with a, recurved mucro or spine at the
apex, hearing elevated whitish dots: fls. sessile, yellow.

MESEMBRYANTHEMUM

1007

DD. Stem, or at least the branches, erect or prominently

E. Fls. yelloiv, orange or copper-color.

K. atirantlacum. Haw. Stem becoming 1 ft. or more

high, much bruiu In .1, ..m. Tiii;r s decumbent at base, the

branches som<*\v)i * ii .1: lvs. 1 in. or less long,

smooth and i;li!: i ri(|uetrous: fls. orange,

with petals iJ4 in. I -ii^ ,ii. iiout 3 series.

13. aireum, Liiiii. Larger: lvs. l'5-2 in. Innc;. cylin-
drically triquetrous, smooth and u'lanrwu-. minroiiate;
fls. golden, 2 in. across, the petals in inaiiv ^i i-i.^, B.M.
262. — In this and the last, the lower lv>. ar. i.li.n nearly
connate at the base.

EE FU rose color or purplish
F P f I ft H k 1 - b I t II

1 I t

1 m tab le W W \ 1 or redd 1

1 1 I long CO

t1 II il 1 k n Ipe

4. angustuin

1 other hooked.

D. Pol, I

5. linguaeSorme, I
pflexed and ^mn,

arly sessile, yellon

J/.

nti. P. dun, I. 1 III. or more long.

6. cultratum, Salm-Dyck. Lvs. 2-ranked, thick,
tongue-shaped and curved like a pruning-knife, blunt
at the apex: fls. yellow, on a somewhat 3-angled pe-

7. deprSssum, Haw. Prostrate: lvs. narrow, tongue-
shaped, recurvpil-depressed, acute: fls. yellow, with
petals somewhat reeui\td.

8. pustuiatum, Haw Lvs. 2-ranked, narrow, tongue-
shapeil. long and .i^cending, blunt, bearing pustules near
the base: fls. yellow.

BB. Plant With an evident erect or prostrate stem.

c. Fohnge Iv^. di.stivrt or , ^^, nt„i!h/ „o {not truly per-

f„l,„t, „„, ,„„„., I, ).

D. St^n, ., ,.,<„h , I , sirate.

9. tricolftrum, Haw. {JI.f,i,,.J , Unit ) Stem 1 ft.
long: lvs. cylindrical, acuf. jm.h. J- ; m l.mtr.

petals acute, the anthers lir<.Hii (.n _'4, p S'l. -There
is a white fld. fnrm.

in acinacifdrme, Linn ^t, m .nti. ulate. 2-3 ft. long,
till- \ mii_' _i..\Mli , ..iii|,i, x^, d l\s opposite, 2-3 in.

the 1^1 1 I dil It. 1 " I I I. .1 1 t I .11 across, "the lar-
gest ill tl . _ 1 ft size of a goose-
berry , and I I iidsome.

11. rubrocin t iiii , .Iv a form of the

last, .hit. nil. 1 i,a ..., .. 1, i ..i.c on the keels of the
hs. B K J(i 17..J.

12 aequilaterale. Haw. Differs from iT. acinaciforme
cliK li\ in iliinii. 1 l\s. and .smaller fls.: fls.. fragrant,
I'o 111. .1. r.jss. ^atlve to Australia, Tasmania, Chile and
S. Cahf.

EE. Peduncle without bracts.

13. ^dule, Linn. Stem angular: lvs. opposite, 3-4 in.
lonir. trifpietrons, curved, the keel serrate: fls. large,
yeH.iw iir pnriil. . the stamens 8: fr. edible, being one of
the II. itr, nt.it [i--. Grows well on the sea cliffs in S.
En-la, 1.1. mikiii- l„ng, hanging masses (Gn. 55, p. 235,
with iiiftni-.-i.

1395 Mesemb yan hemum fel

(X%)

1 ncladdens H 1 t bed f om tl e la t by

1 1 I I u I I I I et 1 Is crow 1 1

u] I 1 an 1 n ta shap I

(th keronon ed^e)

FF P f Isofo I I

18 bUndum Haw Two ft w tl n n o b an I

11 or le s Ion co np It quet on

I I de na ow m n t 1} dott 1 acut 1

1 pale rose the petal too bed B R

99

spe tib le H

wha h L 11 JO

0 mur catum H w l t 1 1 nt I lu 1
1 le tl n n 1 I 1 delt

n 1 to th d y gla ri II If ant th(

p als a ut

F 1 ge I s t Ij 0 not o perfol at
D L s t q t 0 s

1 gem nitnm H w D ft 1 hrubby tl <

a utingulum II

DD L
'3 St p 1

I t jl I
■ th ere t le u

1008

MESEMBRYANTHEMUxM

AA. Papulosa: Plant nHualli/ beariiiy i/li/lrriiiii pit-

pilUe, vesicles or projections on .itemmind /Vs.,—

hence thepopular name Ice Plant (species 2-1-33J.

B. Boot annual or biennial (ctilt. as annuals).

c. Fls, white or rose-color, sessile or nearly so.

24. CTystalUnum, Linn. Ice Plant. Fig. 1396. A

common plant in window-gardens and hanging baskets,

and readily grown from seeds (which are offered by

seedsmen), procumbent: Ivs. flat, fleshy, ovate or long-

spatulate, usually clasping, undulate, covered with

glistening dots or elevations: fls. small, whitish or va-

.■)L', Bteliatum, Mill. Tlirei- or 4 in. high, fleshy and
tufted: Ivs. crowded, Ja in. long, glaucous, semi-cyliTi-
drical, scabrous, with many hairs at the apex: pedun-
cles hairy: fls. reddish violet, the calyx campanulatc,
a in. long.

nil. d^nsum. Haw. Much like the last: Ivs. longer,

r i!id convex beneath, ciliate also at the

i r: fls. reddish violet. R.H. J8G9, p. 3.i(!.

['■^ of Mesemhryanthprnnms which nrp 7int

rying to light rose-color. S. Afr., Greece, Canary
Islands, S. Calif.-Grown for its glistening foliage.
Fls. open in the sun.

cr. Fls. yellow, long-peduncled.

25. pomeridiinum, Linn. Stem simple or forking, the
branches ascending, hairy on branches, peduncles and
calices: Ivs. lance-spatulate or spatulate, narrowed into
a petiole, ciliate: 2 of the calyx lobes longer than the
petals; petals linear-lanceolate.

26. gl&brum, Alt. Glabrous : Ivs. lance-spatulate,
petiolate and dilated at base: fls. straw-colored, darker
at the eye; lobes of the calyx linear and unequal.

BB. Boot perennial and the stem becoming somewhat

woody.

C. Lvs. flat, petiolate.

27. cordifdlium, Linn. Stems 1-2 ft., diffuse, minutely
papillose: lvs. opposite, ] in. or less long au<l nearly as
wide, cordate-ovate, somewhat papillose: fls. solitary,
peduncled, purple, the petals short and linear. A var.
variegAtum is in cult., and is a good half-hardy trailing
plant.

cc. Lvs. compressed-triquetrous, not petiolate.

28. ^legans, Jacq. Shrubby, 6-12 in. or more tall,
branchy, whitish or red : lvs. crowded, % in. long and
very narrow, very glaucous, scabrous: fls. numerous,
mostly panicled, pale red (or whitish), the petals 54 in.
long.

ccc. Ia's. terete or nearly so.
D. Branches hispid or bristly.

29. Bubcompr^ssum, Haw. Erect, 2 ft.: lvs. not
crowded, % in. or less long, narrow, very blunt, green-
i.sh canescent, flattened-terete: fls. solitary, purplish;
calyx lobes unequal.

.30. floribiindum. Haw. Tortuous in growth, the
branches not over (i in. loni,', mere or los.i decumbent:
lvs. less than 1 in. lung, vi-rv narrow, tereti-, curved,
obtuse, a little thicker towards the apex; fls. small,
axillary, rose-color, the ."> styles exserted, the petals
twice longer than the calyx.

DD. Branches not hispid.
31. barbAtum, Linn. A foot or more tall, diffuse and
decumbent: Ivs. ii<>i .-rowdrd. l-i in. long, spreading,
green and pcllnri,!. ,, mi . v iindi-ical, with 5 or (i hairs
at the end: Hs. -..lii:n v. v, ,l.li>li, the petals entire and
2-3 times longer ihan ilir .mIvx.

MESOSPINlDIUM (Creek compound; meaning ob-
-.run-). Orrhuliirni . Till- plants Cultivated as Mesospi-
nidium are referred by some to the genus Cochlioda. They
have the habit of a slender Odontoglossum, with sheath-
ing lvs. at the base of the pseudobulbs. Fls. in racemes
or panicles; sepals and petals sub-similar, expanded;
labellum with 2 longitudinal ridges, adnate to the col-
umn, with rounded lateral lobes and a narrow middle
lobe: column long or short: poUinia 2, seated on a rhom-
boid pedicel. These plants are evergreen coolhouse
orchids, and thrive well in baskets of peat and moss,
with plenty of water. Cochlioda has about 5 species, of
which the following is often cultivated:

sangulneum, Reichb. f. Pseudobulbs oval, 2-1 vd.,
mottled: lvs. ligulate, sharp-pointed, shorter than the
iiiritiy iM. cir npiiig panicle: fls. numerous, small, vivid

I ' ' r sepals are partially united, oblong;

I I I vate. Peruvian Andes. B.M. 5627.

i; ...,..,,,..,„. iioiphb. f., is described as Cochlioda vulcan-
ir.i ii.,.,ll,.i:,,i,ruiJLrnitme. HeinEICH Hasselbring.

M^SFILUS (Greek, substantive name). Bosdcete.
Mespil. Medlar. From Pyrus, with which this genus
is united by British authors, Mespilus differs in bear-
ing the flowers singly on leafy growths of the season
(the fruits, like the quince, having no true detachable
peduncles as pears and apples do), and in having the

but

,-ered by the over-growing
Dne specie' of true Meipilus
Pocke, in Engler & Pi intl

^/"^W^

top of the ovaries
receptacle There i
but some authors (e g ,
"Die Naturhchen Pflan
zenfaraihen") include
some of the Crda^gus
sptt ics in the gtiins

The common M( II n
IS Mfisptlns Germanica
Linn , native to ( > nir il
Euiope To a coiisi.l, i
able extent in ii ufs it
Europe it is grown Ic.i
its acid fruits, but m ilns
country it is \ci\ litili
known It is put. ti\
hardy in centnl \. h
York, and Its culti\ iti. n
requites no special tit it
ment or skill It makes
a twiggy, tough wooded
bush or small tiee, 10 to

Ih. I l.i_, IS soft
UMl luxun [or leaves
lance obloug or long ob- ^
long, pubesttnt simple,
serrate. The fruit (Fig.
1397) remains hard and
frosts. With the freezing'
fruit becomes brown and
after it is touched by fro
or in drawers in a cool, dr;
which follows is known as

ened, it is agreeable for eating from the hand, partic-
ularly for those who enjoy fruit-acids. It also makes
good preserves.

. nr ,lecay, the

.v 'on shelves
M iiiiig process
rii finally "

MESPILUS

AIcU r ■> pe I

r 1

from seel altl o gli seels

(! ke tlo e t

not geiramate the fir t

J ear On tl

1 1

med varieties n av be

„ afte 1 or 1 111

M II

1 aj al 0 be worke 1 ou

] e r tho (

ce The Dutch or Hoi

1 11 nl he N

1

ire the lea 1 ng var et es

n e f t t tl e t

111

tten " inches m d anieter

lilt 1

11

but s better m qual tv

MICHAUXIA

1009

a thei The
t a Ip I y fl r
Metro lerob tl

shaped, minutely silkv. X
IS J/" j-oiiis/n.-The typic;
onlj %ar. variegata.

M floribUnda is not advei
ported by an Ithaca tl«)rist u
C 11 s emeu lanceolatus CFij

:B.M. 4471, which

an ng n
h f In 1
api a entl
really te u I

1 ter as n F „ 1 b 1
W 11 am Scott s Flor t
lefers tl e follow ng j
I ta see to 1 e i o e t
/ t (b,ee iuiplementarj
The plant known to the
1 1 en ^rown *

b t

5 je

W M
rol tl

th i

pe ns haye been sen 1 ng A e 1 1 ] t

1 ttle V ushes that now arr I \ 1 Tl

t> flor ht can perl ap 1 j I I t 1

B hes for ever> ten f 1 nt t 111 II t

0 neh pot w 11 flowere It 1 1 a e 1 i 1 1 o

1 placed nan o lern ba ket e t nlj look noyel an!
•itt a t ye The Bel a o tl e un^ plants n peat
a tl y lo o t 1 r 1 oo 1 d pi 1 t tl e lo very

ell 1 f 1 ^1 t tl t ! afmoll

C t 1 I 1 e-rly

I I 1 I 1 I I I 1 t Ma-i

b t I I 1 1 \\ 1 1 f lant

nrr kill | I I ] I th u

le to

t then
t th
1 k
F 1

thought to havewhite fls. Lvs. opposite, petiolate, ovate-lanoeo
late fls. in an umbel-like, decussately branched panicle
A tr lia.— -M". semperflorens, Lodd.=OalIistemon lanceolatus
~M pecivsa, Sims=Cailistemoa speciosus. W.M.

MEXICAN TEA. Consult ClienopocUum.

MEYfiNIA. See TliunbergUi.

MEZEBEUM. See Daphne Mezereum.

MICHAtXIA \ 1

an St who In 1
much on Amei
si.ec es of rati
Or ent of whi I
g y 4 1 tt 1 I
11 e anl 1

tl I uri le 1 1
fl ye IS I irtPl I

ment l^o 2 m 1 i i,
f rtheback of a hardy 1
( wh ch should be fresh )

^^^

n IS desired before Easter

William Scott.
Flowers red.

A.Cunn. L

opposite, elliptie-ovate, obtuse,
a nerve near each margin and parallel,
■ence a 3-forkpd cyme: fls. red; calyx
Zeal. B. iM. 4471 (erroneously as M.

top-shaped.
floruhi).

AA. Flowers yellowisli.
fldrida, Sm. Lys. opposite, obovate-oWong, veiny, gla-
brous: inflorescence a thyrse: fls. yellowLsh; calyx top-

■ gene

1 le 1 1 t tl t i 1 1 1 cuing laterally

b I ttle holes letHeen the 111 oi b\ small sol tary
yal e Mi hiuxiai li tmguished from thecthei geneti
of this gioup l\ the 8 10 parted corolla \\itli nairow
spreading flnalh reflexed Icbes mil mS 111 cellcdc\aij
Michauxias are erect plants hispid or glal lous I\ s ir
regularly toothed or lobed the stem hs tew fls tern i
nal 1 strung along the bnnches the tr p ones opening
first peduncled or nearly sessile white oi pale rose

campanuloides L H^r Lvs lanceolate m outline
uj 1 el ones sessile acute almost clasping cal>\ with
rellexed appendages shoiter than the lobts, stamens 8.
Asia Minor. B.M. 219. J. B. Kellek and W. M.

1010 MICHELIA

MICHfiLIA(P. A MicheIi.lC79-1737. Italian botanist).
Magnotidce<e. Twelve to 17 species of temperate and
tropical trees, mostly natives of mts. of India, 2 of which
are cult, in our southern states for their handsome mag-
nolia-lilce foliaffe and red or li:il>- yellow, fniKiiuit lis.
Fls. mostly axillary, solitary: s> iiiN iml i.i,!- iiN;!:ir.
9-15 or more, in 3 or more .s' ri 'l

nolia; carpels in a loose spiki-:

2 or more: fr. a lonfr, loose di- . i ,. ; i,,.. -; ,•.,::,.:.
carpels, which split down tlir li;i ^v . ... .1., hki .M.iyuL.h.i.

Champ&ca, Linn.

long, 2><i-J ill. I.r.i.i.
puberuloiis t.. n. :itli
sepals oblonu', :..mIi

■. .• iKitiv of the Himalayas:
liu' I., i, l.ing point, 8-10 in.
: ,.l...v. , |i:ileand glabrous or
I ', in. I.. rig: fls. 2 in. across;
liii.ar: tr. 3-4 in. long.
.v.v. n.ju'crs i;d.
fuscita, Blume. Lvs. elliptic-lanceolate: none of the
sepals or petals linear. China. B.M. 1U08 (Mag>tolia
fiiscdlu). M. B. Coi-LSTON.

Mifhiliri fiisriilti is one of the most popular garden
shrubs in the soutliern states. It is known as the Brown-
flipwend or Banana shrub; also Magnolia fitseatu. It
is slinilil.y ill Ik. I. it. attains a height of 10 to 15 ft. and is
II. ii'.!:. li III in the middle and lower South. The
shin . • '^ and petioles are covered with brown

tnni. li . are 1-1 K in. across, brownish yellow,

e.l_ i I .- limine, exhaling a strong banana fra-

grain . . I in i! I,, .1111- period extends from the end of

left.

lithe

servatory i

northern sections.
P. J. Berckman's.

MICHIGAN HORTICULTURE. Fig. 1399. The loca-
tion of the lower peninsula of Michigan is a most fortu-
nate one for the pursuit of horticulture. Flanked on
either side by a great body of water, the climate is modi-
tied materially both summer and winter, thus affecting
the kind and quality of products that can be successfully
grown. Peaches are regularly ripened on a parallel
that forms the northern boundary of Vermont ; even
figs have been ripened in the open air in the south-
western corner of the state. This modification of cli-
mate affects not only temperature, but humidity; and on
the side of prevailing winds during the heated season
there is greater immunity from drought as a result of
the moisture-laden atmosphere.

Michigan is covered with drift, and the soil in the
western portion is, in considerable measure, open and
porous in character, but having as a constituent proper-
ties admirably soiled to the growth of trees. The kind
of timber gn.win- natnrallx' ii|..ni tin- s..il nf western
Michigan ba-, . i. ■,■..> ..l manx |H.,.|ii,. with r.-ard to the
character of III.' -ml. i',l^.n\ in i-.- h.-nv-v tinili.i- has usu-

maple and basswood. Thi-s'i....' inn. I'w.-t

ern Michigan to the growth .n ii,,- i,,,,,

a strong factor in favor of .. u i i

the finest orchards are ii)inii I In

There was a wide ran ■:.■ I r nn -n - n :i.,..,i. .,,
Michigan, and the . n i ,i i n

brought by the Fnin i i ,i i ,i . .■ ;. .: i . , > . ,n
wonderful vigor and ii , '! i .i ii,,, tr.,,

are still standing in li Mn .M inis..ionary

stations. For a go... I i . : . i tin- .arly settle-

ments in the statn. t- . n in ].f<..lurts were

raised simply as an tn-.- [. .nun i ■ .-i iln- lanii liome or

the town garden. iMa.k.-i Imrn. nlmi-. h-is i.,||owed the
rapid growth of cities and tin- .l.v.|..].iii. nt ...f modern
methods of transportation.

The apple-growing region cnvirs tlm s.iuthern part,
extending northward and covering what i.s known as the
"Thumb" (south of Saginaw bay), reaching as far north
on the Huron shore as the Straits of Mackinac, and
on the western, with a somewhat wider belt, to and in-
cluding the Urand Traverse region. This same area

MICHIGAN

is well adapted to the growth of the pear, cherry, and
most of the small fruits. Peach-growing for profit is
followed in a rather narrow belt along the west shore of
Michigan, technically denominated the "peach belt,"and
upon reliefs of ground over a much wider area, extend-
iiiL- ' :-'Ti T.vr-tity to forty miles toward the interior from
I I M .n: the northern terminus of this belt is

I I I -.- bay. At the date of this writing (1900)
, 1 1 ~ing apple region lies in the middtewest-
iiii |i.iii ..I ill.' lower peninsula. The aggregate acreage
ilevuted to apple-growing in the 39 apple counties is
202,587; and the acreage of peaches in the 12 counties
in which this fruit is grown commercially is 39,051.

In the evolution of commercial horticulture in Michi-
gan, specialties have been deveh.p. .1 i.n.l \., . tin. I the
peach a leading product whereviiii lully

grown. To illustrate the rapid in 1 i 1. :.'row-

ing in the state, it is enough t.. :. il.it th. a\.rage
number of trees planted in the state aniniallv. between
1890 and 1900, was 750,000. The shipments' from the
western part of the state are uniformly large, and the
aggregates are often, in productive years, enormous.
The color of the fruit is not as high as we find it in
southern latitudes, but the quality is superior. From
the lake ports a large proportion of the peach crop is
shipped to Milwaukee and Chicago for distribution, but
from the interior places of shipment, peaches are dis-
tributed in every direction by rail. The development of
the small fruit interest for market has been in the region
of large cities and lake ports. From the cities at the
mouth of tlie St. Josepli river, in the height of the small
fruit -.■ — n. ii i- iii.t i:.r.- t.. Iia\ .■ tin ^lii].inents aggre-

^'tit.- L'li.." I 1' . ill' 'i.. . 'I'll LI iinliistry is widely

s.-aii.ii'l" . I ' ,. I ,n. i-n i.-ni ,.i ih, l.iwer peninsula.

'I'll.- .'..Inn . . i I. I III .- .. I I , I : . Tin. 1 1 iitii the character

of the s,.il. In.- I ii-i I I n i|- '. i; hiy of fruit. In

recent years a li - ;, - i , , Liven to this in-
dustry in the \i i i i \ i i'.uren county,
from which i-n i i i-N are shipped
annually. Plum- ..i. l ii v n ii\.i .i luLn- portion of the
southern peninsula, and to some extent, in the northern
peninsula, but the fruit reaches its greatest perfection
in Oceana and Mason counties.

The wide range of horticultural products grown in
this state, and the wonderful development of certain
specialties, in localities suited to them, have been due to
the admirable method of disseminating exact and valu-
able information upon horticultural subjects in every
corner of the state. This has been accomplished by or-
ganization. The state horticultural society, with its
numerous branches; the organizations devoted to com-
mercial horticulture; granges, farmers' clubs and insti-
tutes, touching in their work, according to locality, the
various branches of horticulture, have all been valuabla
means for disseminating information. The Fruit Cata-
logue of the Michigan Horticultural Society has been a
text-book fur every planter: this, in recent years, has
been mi|i|.1i m- nt. .1 in .-.1111111 ai.l.' l.nll. I ills from the hor-

ticullnr.ii 1 ' ii ■■■ 1-1 iin - .[-' run. nit station; and

the linn. .1 I , III. f. .: ii-n't i.-ni' ■, I . :is a profession,
bec.iinin LI. !. I .1.1 - . L .i.ilv i.iiblic-spirited

ami w .n ...jni;i.i. .1. M1...1 . .... .\-.-rs have never

l.n..|i L'liiii \ ..1 ii..ul...-iiiiL 1.. .1 I I. r products in at-
'■■in-ir. .. «:i . ^ III int.. . ...... ami even inter-

iind

' ■:■- iliat w. r. ill early days considei-ed to be

-iin[.lv Liii.l. n pr... hints hav.' developed to such an ex-
tent that now they are field crops; this is notably true
of celery, chicory, mint, potatoes, cabbages, tomatoes,
cucumbers and melons. The quick and satisfactory
communication from the lake ports with the large cities
of Illinois and Wisconsin has stimulated the culture of
the muskmelon and tomato to such an extent that they
are not now reckoned as garden crops. Kalamazoo
celery is shipped over a large area of the civilized world.
The soil seems admirably adapted to the production of
a high grade of product, and the method of growing and
handling has reached far toward perfection. It is true,
also, that other points in the state are developing as
celery centers, and giving their names to the exported

product, this applies to biand
jii\eu Muskegon, Tecumseh,
■^ ()m1 inti and Ionia

rh( littuii nidustr% conducted

IS aUo become a le
■ crop undei ^K=;s and
nts to the Kige north

and depenils uj on th w], 1, -. ,1,
market to tiki c in i.t tin <.ut]iiit
Chicago seems tu aiis.nb e\ei\
thing of this kind in the esteru
part ot the state, while Detroit
•draws its supplies from the south

The

the

LllHi^^ Jit 1 1399 Michigan, showing horticultural areas.

shipments follow the cirnation mshed by the seedsman, who also does all necessary
expert work in the roguing and cleaning of the crop and

end the season. It is predi
urists that because of the r;
nars-elous growth in the s
ipper peninsula will evolve

; popular with the market
le of the important facto
shore of Lake Michigan i
-.s„rt business. The wlm

~"ii, the
inrative

population has lirought the rii^ht sjiirit into tlie culture
of orchard and garden products. Everything indicates
a most promising future for Michigan horticulture.

CuAKLES W. Garfield.
The soil and climat.- -f .Mi-- i-:m ;ii- well :i.laiit...l t-
the production of hi-h ' .M:,nN- "f n„r gar-
den vegetables, and l-n.- . . •.;-at..Tli. irrul-

MICONIA (D. Micon, Spanish
iileetF. Cogniaiix, the latest mono
'lianer. 7) admits 518 species to
ir |.l:iiits known to the trade as
n.st |...iiularof these greenhouse ]
,.i,i,nf,rtiiii. is placed amongst t

raph. It 'was first illustrated a
go as 1859. Miconia is a tn.]!
f trees and shrubs, with large a

names have no ;
magniSica, 1

1012

MICONIA

robust: Ivs. very large (becoming 2-2J.,' ft. long), broad-
ovate and wavy-edged, arched, rugose, upper surface
lustrous green, lower surface red, the very prominent
veins white or light-colored: fls. small, panicled. Mex.
R.H. 1859, p. 359. — Discovered by Ghiesbrecht and first
shown by Linden in 18.17. One of the ln-st and nio.'^t

Ktrikin- ..I :.|i .-M-T\:iTuv»- I.,!..,-,' -Mlil.rt.. X'm.s

MIGNONETTE

sides as well as the base; the stalks are also continuous
with the rootstock, and not joined to them, as in the
true Davallias. Twenty or more species are known.
For cultivation, see DuvaUia.

A. Lvs. once-pinnate.

marginilis, Haker {M. scdbra. Hort.). Lvs. rising

fr-M,,, ;, rr, .pin- rootstock. lg-2-t in. long, 9-15 in. wide,

rs. Its Ivs.

uzy.

ched

spectinda. Rod. (Cyanophfjlhtm spectdndum,
Nichols.). Lvs. oval, V/i ft. or less long, 6-7 in. broad
in the middle, the upper surface dark lustrous green,

the iin'^er --le g-e"'"-'- -'■'i

gray Brizil

'b promin

and

1400. Miconia magnifica.
» the tr.-lde as Cyanophyllum magniflcum.

a;,'c jilaiit, with hir^r, liiir f.iliage." Probably a smaller
type nf .)/. s/irrlaiKlii. Imt very pretty when the lvs. are
expanding. Said by Nicholson and Mottet to be much
inferior to the above. L H B

MICEOKfiNTIA (Oreek,

ularlv bitten
& Gris. = J/,
possible that
tiopsis divarh

re amongst the smallest in the palm family.
I are minute. The true Kentias, of which
e is cultivated, have liirijer fls. and fruits,

vliitc. til.- liittir V. riiiill.'ii. TIm iiiitliers are
I. lis,- in Krnii'.. Ihii .i , ; , I ^-nl versatile

li,'.. Mirr.,k,-ni i;i ;...,■, ; i iirraa and

■A. I.ut in ili.-^r li,,. ,. M -. ^n,. iM- ^,re irreg-
I cir :it il;r :i]MX. A. -.;,.( ./,.i. .,'i.<, Brong.
l,,n.!;. iilni ^innitix, Beuth. .t Hook. It is
'/.( .inicilis of the trade is Ken-

alluding to the
graceful green-
ing the shallow,
I attached to the

platyphylla, D' I, i n stout stalks

from a stout, s.m, , i il.l; ultimate di-

2-12 to a segment, uue in each tuotli. India to Japan.

hlrta, Eaulf. Lvs. 3-6 ft. long, on stout stalks, tri-
quadripinnatifld; ultimate divisions oblong, broadly
toothed; rachises hairy or pubescent: sori 2-20 to a seg-
ment, 1 or more together at the base of the teeth.
India and Polynesia. Var. cristata is also ojfered by the
trade. F. 1878, p. 59. Gn.Sl.p. 428. F. R. 1:769.- J/.
cristata, Hort., presumably belongs here.

M. hispida, Hort.=i L. M. Underwood.

MICKOMfiEIA (mikrns, small,
flowered). Lnbiitie. This genus rompri>
species of herbs and subshrubs. l-( nr r iIIa
in tropical and temperate regi'ni
Mediterranean countries. Lvs. u-n i: i
toothed: whorlsaxillary or in tennn; .. , :.
calyx 13-nerved, 5-toothed or 2-li|.ii' 1. . -t
upper lip erect, flatfish, entire or notched, 1
ing, 5-lobed; stamens i.

A. Fls. 1-Sintheaxil.i.

Doiiglasii, Brntli. YriTr-v Pi-rv,. p,-rf
long, slfiidi-r. 11 :.■''-■_' - .1 .■■■ ii- -

a part: small-
•ises about 60

llv .li-trihuted

mall;
ipped,
iiread-

Woodlands, ll-i

I-. I.i s, .■:.lir, Sandy

soil. -Offered 1

y'E

Gillett

, Ibb

AA.

Fls

numerous

.-.t the axils.

rup6Btris, Bentb.

A d(

nse,

low-growing perennial

plant, woody a

tin

bli^c.

H ill

l.n.slrat,. st.ins, which

turn up at thi

■.•liiili.

vin- a linifli likr efifcct

when in bloom.

I.\

Iiii\ 1

111 ~

..l.ir aii.l t;,M.' .if |.enny-

royal: fls. abu,

.li'l

, -llKll

ilr, Milli lav. n. In- spots

on the inner -

..l.rs. home lor several

inches nlon- tli

\

fr.im cuttings and seeds.

J.N.d.-ranlxM

i,,i !■

IS from July until heavy

*\,,l

ti.ry for rockery and in-
in American catalogues.

formal l...r<l. r.

:,.]•:. r

l-iM

but is in cult. 1

y an

ateur.s

>^-

Eu. M. B. COULSTON.

MICEOSTYLIS (Greek, small style). OrchicUcew.
About a dozen species of this genus are in cultivation in
the Old World. No species have found their way into the
American trade. They are herbs of terrestrial habit,
cult, for their richly colored lvs. The species in cult,
are all from tropical countries, and require a close,
damp house or, better, a Wardian case or bell-.iar,
within which the air maybe kept moist enough for their
requirements. The lvs. are more or less broadly ovate,
rather succulent, with sheathing bases. They are mostly
beautifully colored. The Hs. are borne in terminal ra-
cemes, like those of Goodyera.

Heinrich Hasselbring.

The Mycrostylis are deciduous orchids

,• grow

rather

lose th.'ir |..li,i_. . ami .vantiiallv r.stjn- lli.-ni .|uite dry
in a temperature of about 110° F. during winter. They
will probably suffer in a Wardian case or bell-glass.
Thev certainly will after growth is completed, if not at
all times. R. M. Grey.

MIGNONETTE (Fig. 1401) is a universal favorite.
Though there are many fragrant flowers of easy culti-
vation that exceed the Mignonette in beauty, it is prob-

MIGNONETTE

able that no other flower is so generally grown for fra-
grance No home garden is complete without some
Mignonette It needs a cool soil only moderately rich,
shade part of the day, and careful attention to cutting
the flowei stalks befoie the seeds are ripe It grows
1-2 tt high, and is treated as a half hard) annual If a
sowing be made lu late April, followed bj a second
sowing in earlj July, the season niaj be extended until
severe fiosts Those who wish to ha-ie homegrown
Mignonette m the window during wmtei may sow seeds
in pots lite ID summer Fi w tl .«. is will piu-se as dis
appointing if the treatmmt i 1 !■ 1

Years ago Mignonette w t si i n 1 1

flowers. E\ery floiist ^'i tl i t

florists' roses, carnations \ i i ntli m iii

the Mignonette lost some ot Us it liti\< iiii|MntAnte, but
■nithin recent jears a new eia has opened tor it It is
now a highly specialized crop, being little grown h\
general florists, but grown on a liige scale by a few
specialists

For the botanical status of Mignonette, see Ee>,eda.
C. E. HUNN.

Wholesale Cultivation of Mignonette. — Owing to
improved methods of cultivation practiced in recent
years. Mignonette has become a staple in the cosmo-
politan markets. A few years ago growers contented
themselves with little attention to the plant, letting it
take care of itself after phi -

the side of rose bi-ds or l,.-i
growers having iiiinb- it^
the result has bi-cii th.> pr
finding such favu- tli:ii I
abandoned. As \-i i. ■ !! _
offered to the puM:
long they will tuki : i ,
plants, htv !., ,.

the seed in a row along
Now, however, certain
u' and seed a specialty,
..11 of improved strains
I. cnreless methods are

l-lants in pots are not
I ations are that before

L.vorite Christmas and

well fitted, since they

.uuping and odoriferous

are useful hous
qualities.

Mignonettes in beds or benches for winter-flowering
will succeed in almost any soil, but the be.st is a good,
turfy loam, taken from an old pasture plowed as early
as possible in spring after the grass begins to grow
nicely. In the preparation of this soil, the pasture
should be plowed about 4 inches deep and the earth
heaped up immediately after plowing. When heaping,
a layer of soil should first be made, then a layer of
manure, and so on until the heap is completed, the top
rounded off a little so as to throw off the surplus water
of heavy rains. One load of good cow manure to six of
soil would be about the right proportion.

If the plant is grown in beds, eight inches of soil will
be sufficient, and the beds should rise slightly from the
sides to allow for settling. The rough parts should be
raked off, and a board laid on the soil and tramped upon
until the soil is firmed evenly. l;.-.k.. it :i,L;aiii t.. r..uKhen
tlie surface, mark outrows Ii-hltiIiw i^.:- ;. i'..i.i ;.j.;iil. with
cross rows at the same distan..-. s..\v tli.' ^,.,.,1- j,, the
corners of the square thus mail.-, ...v. r v. rv lii,'liilv, and
when the sowing is completed, give a light watering
with a fine rose watering-pot to settle the soil around
the seeds. After the plants are up and growing and
have made their second leaves, thin out to one plant,

If. Oar

soil

•lid be taken at this
referable to leave the
ion as the plants are
1 tie them loosely to

large en...i;jli. -t,.!,.- tl,,.|,
prevent th.-iii fn.in lallin;

If the seed is sown in .July for a November crop, the
ventilators must be kept open day and night so as to
admit all the air possible, in order to keep the plants
stocky and short -jointed. Temporary shading in the
middle of the davwlieii the sun is liot is very necessary.

After till- YV.mU b.-iu to show the flower heads, all
the side sli....ts sli,.iil,| l,e removed from around the
heads down t.. Ih.^ st.ni. Leave three or four of the
strong bott.jiii side shouts to come on for a second
crop, and so on as the crop matures. Always have
another crop coming on to take the place of the one that
was cut. By keeping the plants neatly staked and tied
there should be a continuous crop from November to
May. When the plants have reached a good size,
watering is of the utmost importance and should be done
in the mornings and only on bright days, so that the

MIGNONETTE

II t Mignonettes in pots requires much
1 !_ c aieful w itering, staking and tiain
n t til. ship, u.iuir. d \11 this takes

.liethll.ll 1 1 I

a little hole 1 I I

in 2 or J set 1 L I

to settle the s il ai II I \ I 1 I

up thin out to one \\ | I I t

one. Keep all the i 1 II [I

to prevent them fr i I I I lit

to let the plants get dr\ at this time If the 5 recen e a

check at this or anj time for want of water Ihey get

hard and will never make good pl mts afterwards

1401. Mignonette— Allen's Defiance.

hen the plants have filled the pots M-ith roots shift to

pot shift t
age must 1
bricks wil

1014

MIGNONETTE

material with a little rouKh stuff from the potting bench
and pot the plants firmly, leaving the space of an inch
at the top of the pot for water. Watering should be
done sparingly until the plants fUl the pots with roots.
By this time the plants .should be 4 inches tall, and the
center shoot should now be pinched out to induce enough
of the side shoots to form the foundation of the plants.
The center shoot will produce 2 or 3 side shoots below
where it was pinched, and with C or 7 bottom side shoots
will form the basis of the plant. Rub off any other side
shoots as they appear. After the plants have grown to
a height of 6 or 7 inches they must be staked and tied ;
a stake in the center for the center shoot and one for
the side shoots will be sufficient. After the plants have
attained a height of 10 or 12 inches, and before the flower
heads begin to show, pinch the center out of all the
shoots with the finger and thumb at the same time so as
to induce the plant to flower all at one time, for if pinched
two or three wprks .np.art the flower heads will come
irregularly and tli.- ;.lni- • -ri'l not look so well. As soon

as the flower In i ! ' :, ■ . i ..a- the plants should )):i\-i-

a little weak liiii;! it i i.-i> a week and as tie y

develop and tin ' - ■ .l.-d in the pots they will

require more tv. li i ,. I 'i;i .ii",iit a bushel of sheep iii;i
nure in a bag and drop it in a barrel of water for two oi-
three days before using. This makes a very good liiini.l
food for the plants; also chicken manure treated tho
.same way but used in lesser quantity— about a h;ilf a
iMishi'l to M ^'iillons of water will be about right. If i ho
|.|;irii~ loi\o hocn Carefully Watered and attention \r.n.i
to ^t;o^lllu' and training, the grower will be amply i.
war.lod with nice specimen plants having from 12 to jo
Uower spikes to a plant.

Seed-savitui. — Plants wanted for seed should be care-
fully selected. Only the very best plants with clean,
healthy foliage and large bracts or flower heads, with the
florets set close together, are the ideal plants for sood.
If the plants are growing in a house or near oth.r i>l,uits
that are not so good they should be covpred w itii mos-
quito netting to prevent the bees from cross-l'i rtilizini,'
them. After the heads have set, say from 20-2."i i""l~.
the center should be pinched out, for if allowed to •.'nw
and set more the seed will be of an inferior qnalit).
When the seed begins to turn brown in the seed-pods ihn
pods should be picked off and laid in an airy room for a
day or two on paper, so that none may be lost. After the
pods are dry, so that the seed will rub out clean, the seed
should be cleaned, put in a package and placed in tin
boxes to keep from mice, as these pests are very fond
"f '*• Robert McMillen.

MILKWORT

MILDEW. This name is given to a group of fungous
diseases which attack leaves, shoots, flowers and fruits.
The true or powdery Mildews (Erysipheae) appear as
a thin, white, powdery coating on the surface of the
plants. The disease is usually accompanied by dis-
tortion and dwarfing, and often death of the affected
parts. In some cases, however, as in the maple Mildew,
the affected areas of the leaves retain their chlorophyl
and remain green in the autumn long after the rest of
the leaf is dead and yellow. The mycelium is always

.o'j II,- i-t ,.i:,.il;iM. It. Iiiinn- i!m -nnini.r .Mildews are
propai,':it.Ml by l-.^.-U.-d spon-s, many of which are cut off
in succession from erect, simple branches all over the
diseased surface. Other spores, by means of which the
fungus passes through the winter.' are prodncfd in sacs

inr-lnsod within hollow sphovirnl n ,-, ,,t:o-V «, r:,".. ,> ,„.ri-

[Inited States, cnn-
iwing species : Tin

fur or spraying with Bordeaux miMuro. i;itli,r of these
fungicides kills the mycelinin and v],iirfs of tin- fungus.

The downy Mildews or fal-.- .Mihli ws l.olong to the
PeronosporeSB, a group of fnoL'-i wi'l<-l\ so|.ai"ated from
the true Mildews. The nivrrlion. i- i.ar.i-itie within the
tissues of the host, <.nl\ tin- fiuitin- liiaiehes appear-
ing at the surface (SIM- Ki-. ,s7'.l). 'I'll,, fiiiitin;.' bratiches
have a characteristii- foi-m ami ioiiImhI ..i lamilieation
fill- earli genus of the gmnn i : ' i-ni -, i,!..i. lliey
I'l'l^o .m new host-plants, or :, I ;.i • ... ,.'i ii.v.iin^'
thri ail .lirectly,or,inmostea-i l;.-,. ■ ,-■,,! I, -[„,,-,.
i- .li^rharged in the form of -...irin - 1. i . -, - : |, i, -wini
aliout for a time and finally come to rest ami pioiluee
the infecting mycelium. Re.sting spores are produced
sexually in this group within the tis.sues of the host.

This family contains about ten genera, of whieh the

MIGNONETTE VINE. See.

MIKANIA (Prof. J. G. Mikan, of Prague, or his son
and successor, ,1. C. Mikan, who collected in Brazil).
Cnmpdxitrp. This includes M. xranrh'ns. the Climbing
Hempwee.], n .•onmion n.ative wend, loit ii pretty one. It

has (li^iMn-i I'l'li.in-, III, l\-, Klin' - ewhat heart-

.shai.e.l ,. ! . i , , I i, I ' I . iiuiiiate. The fls.

are VI r i i ,i,,:i ;i i i . iii l.orne in dense

oIustiTs I L' in, ,nro-~. riii-r ,in-iir,, as iu all the Spe-
cies, are emnposed of many small heads, each containing

4 fls., surrounded by an involucre of 4 bracts. The genus
contains about 60 species, mostly found in the warmer
parts of America. Shrubs or herbs, the latter twining,
rarely erect: Ivs. opposite, usually stalked: heads spi-
cate, racemose, corymbose or panicled: fls. mostly white
or yellowish. Nearest to Eupatorium, but the latter has
an indefinite number of involucral bracts instead of 4,
and contains erect plants.

StSndens, Willd. Climbing Hempweed. Described
aljove. Moi,stground,NewEng. toPla.andTex. G.W.F.
ai. — Very rarely offered by dealers in native plants.

Sinderi, Hort. Hothouse climbers, with variegated
foliage. Int. 1899 by Sander & Co., who say the Ivs. are
richly embellished with dark velvet-purple patches ;
veins of mature Ivs. white. The Ivs. are about 6 in. long,

5 in. wide, boldly toothed.

M. violdcea, ofrei-od by Pitehor & Manda in 1893, is little

ust of crucifers. Modes of
re set forth for each specific
on literature of the various
Heinricu Hasselbrikg.

UILFOIL. See AcJiilha.

MtLIVM (ancient Latin nan
ever, belongs to a different •,'. i
Grass. Contains 5-6 species ,
perate Etirope and Asia, oin- n

-C ft. higli: Iv

A. S. Hitchcock.
MILK PEA. Galactia.

MILK VETCH. Astra/rnus.

MILKWEED. .l,«c?f/)i<i,s- in general; A. Cnrmili
articular.

MILKWORT. PobjgaUi

MtLLA (J

Milla w

as head girdener at the Court of

Miduli /

/ ( /

Bentham & Hooker restrict the

gem. Ml -I

(

Mill Its author intended) to one

speci '

1 - .,1 Biodiffia the genus diifers m

thef. t

1 are not lointed and the pen

anth

\ ^npr\ed MiUa and Brodisea

I 1

tl 111 bilf of the western henii

sphere lu Souih Vn

, .1 .1 tl ^enus Tntele.a which

is by some re

f 1 1 1 1 1

Mill 1 ^ thers to Brodiaea and

bv still other

ki] r 1

1 11.1 r lli.ie IS one Triteleia tl

unifloui] 1.1

lUIII 1

1 iiltn 11 .1 In his monograph

(Jourii I 1.1.1

s 1 1

1 1 iker reteis the Trite

leias t. ■\hlli

111 1 till

h 1 It. 1. IS followed b\ Index

Kewe.i 1 1 u

1 III 1 1

1 1 1 iiiit (f (. Ill 20 p 4il)

he ret . tli i

1 1 1

h W 1 .1 iP. . \i.. 1 \. id

Alt's <. - 1

1 1

1 1 1 ^lill 1 1 1 1

The \ -

1

to Tut I

1 i

they M

11

Vol 1

1 s ll \, .en ,11 ill. kn

ared

_ nu, m \ ol 1\

Mill,

1 peiianth with 3 nerved seg

ment «

1 nearly to the base fa nearh

1 « sessile oblong obo\ ate

capsuk M biHora i

n 1.1 1 ( ape 6-18 m high

from a sm-»ll .

oil 11

iM 1 Mii_ l-o (usualh 2)

star hke, wax

i « 111.

III-. 1 t il 2-2y in across

with obi .1^

1 Ml 1

-III .It h ro.i^h

nearh .

1 1 \ ^ -VI, X t .III

Mex 1 1

- It II 1 1 .1 111

M,ll

f tl 1 t 1 tl 1 11

bulbs li 1 1

1 11 St ,, M XI III s,, 1 1

Bethlehfi 1

i I i

«^l ill 1 11 till- v, ,

Thefts aicot

a chai

miug waw n 1 1 11 n 1

are borne on

Ions ste

ms The^ u x II it i ,

cutting and last levei

al da^s Pliiit 1 HI til 1 1

MILTONIA 1015

MILTONIA (named for Lord Fitzwilliam Viscount
Milton a pitron of horticulture) U>iludacerv This
gioup contains some of the most beautiful orchids in
eultnation The pseudobulbs are closely clusteied and
sheathed with lon„ graceful daik green Its forming
pi ints o\er 1 ft in diameter bearing: numerous large
fts The) ire heibs with short pseudobulbs bearing
1-2 hi at the summit and fen oi nnn\ sheathing Ivs

bulb t .

1 11 1

Frees7as
though si

beveral bull's'sl
\eral stalks will

MtLLEK DUSTY Seeiy./mi

MILLETS are import int agricultural grasse
true Millet or Broomcorn Millet f Fui >i . run i

mill ,1)11 11, I 1 1 AI 1 Ml 1 , I vr ,
th Foxtail Millft / Af

can Millet il i I i

•■•III I Barnyard u Japanese Millet is Punuum tit
</iilli Pearl MiUet is Piiumetum typhoideum

\ "s HlTCHfOfK

MILLfiTTIA (mmr 1 ... li n . if Di Mill t^t f ( i

.1' I I 11.11- . I iiM xxs laifee oiKlpmuite It.

,'1 I It III II T tl shows in axillary racei.i

"It .1 I I 1 1 1 II i| I or paniculate and termm il

A Fls pnrple

Ciffra Meissn Iron wood A South African tree

20-30 ft high with verj hard dose grained brown

wood md dark rough rugul. se bail I\ in iI n

neled petioles G-b m lon^ Itt 1 m I i i i

2-3 lines long panicle i -s m I i

vety used as a medicini 1\ th K iin li i I 1

soner Bros 1891

AA Fls uhite
Jap6mca Cray A Japanese woody climber Lvs
light green odd pinnate Ifts narrowh ovate 4-li p m
IHm long 1 m apart racemes simple nodding 5-8
in long Probablj not hald^ m the North Procurable
of dealers in Japanese plants SZ 1 i3 {fiiitaita
Japoniea)

of well til 1
sand or puh
ish with )

ing After growth i
supph TheBrizih
forited pans nitb i I
root mixed with con

lould the
of diffus

1016

MILTONIA

M. veriUariit, as grown by tlie respectetl William
Gray, of Albany, was well worth a long journey to
see. He had specimens in r2-inch pans in perfect
health and condition, which were a lovely sight. When
asked for the secret of his notable success, Mr. Gray
pointed overhead to the ventilators (outside temperature
20°), which were open just enough at top and bottom to
allow a gentle circulation of air. Mr. Gray added that
he kept up plenty of atmospheric moisture and was very
careful about overhead waterings on close, warm dav<.
Wm. JlATiirw-.

Though the genus Miltonia is clo«f ly alii. -1 toiidiu
toglossum botanically, the cultural r< .|iiitiiii- nt ^ .n-t in
many cases very different. Species X"s. 1, J, :;, 1 ainl in
do well under the same general conditiuus of uulluic
recommended for Odonlorjlossnm crisjjum (which see),
but 5° more heat during the winter months should be
given them.

M. spectabilis and M. flavescens should be grown in
baskets or pans suspended from the roof in a innipo^t
of clean, chopped peat liber and live sphagnum, lili. rally
interspersed with pieces of charcoal, to which th.' r...>i,
freely attach themselves. They can, if desired, aN.. Ii.-
grown on orchid rafts with a little compost l.itwa.n.
They require stovehouse temperature, a moist atmus
phere and acopious supply of water both at the routs ami
overhead when growing.

M. Candida, M. enneata and allied species thrive best
in liberally drained pots or pans in a compost of routcli.
chopped peat and sphagnum, interspersed with pieces
of broken charcoal.

A warm, moist, shady location, such as is afforded in
the Cattleya or Cypripedium department, where tlie
temperature can be maintained at 60° to 65° by ni(,'lit
and about 70° by day during winter, suits Miltonias best.
The compost should m-ver be allowi-d to beeonu- dry
during the growin-- -la-.m, an.l -ii..uM n.A.i- r.iiiain

dry long even wli. n ■ '■■ iii:i ■ '■'■■• "In a. I

syringing is neci-ssa I ,-i ,:i .,..r '..i.. ..i..; ■ iiMj..
to which this greii]. I . . ' \\ , , i ..[■■■■ i, . i m .■

Endresii, 3. iii.ta, J

flavescens. 12. I.arpar.a

gigantea, 2. laija.lli,

A. Paeudobulbs rrn,r,J, :I.

ous dark or i/nn/iji

iug Ivs. at the base.

B. Labell-um sagittate •

^(.■gmetits of perianth broadj

dvdle to oblong.
c. Perianth uniformly colored
white, rose or pnrple Ti.

cc. Perianth variegated, yeUmi
and brown or brown au<

Clowesil

Candida
. cuneata

Warscewiczii
. Russelliana

ilavescens

or less marked witl
lubellum; sepals ai
lum large, broadly

MILTONIA

s. ( OdontogUssum Ildslii .Rclchh.i.) .
vvly ovate, 1-2 in. long: Ivs. numer-
io. long, narrowly linear-lanceolate:
IS long as the Ivs., bearing 2-3 large
ill. across, pure white, with a purple

lH..;l, y,A:.:. \ ar. alba. Hull. I'l.,. lar-;.', Uu'kil.;,-
lurple l.aml ..ii the petals. Liu. 26:4.JT. F.M. 1S75:1G4.
.13:1453. Gng. 6:327.

vexilliria, Nichols. iOdnntnqUssnm vexill&rium,
■lib. f.). Fij. Ijn-J. Poe,„lr,Va,|i,^ i't;-2 in.long: Ivs.

in. loiiLT. iKirrciu h- , i!.-^ a- i. .. ■, , -latc: scapes some-
■s i; from a sii.-i. i i-uder, and longer

1 lie- Ivs., :;-4 IM : . ^ of the genus, flat.

It t ill. loii^'; ,sri.al- ml [i ; ai- ■ .\ ate-oblong or obo-
■, jtale or dark rose, sometimes with white margins;
Hum large, rounded, deeply emarginate, narrowed
I sai,nttate claw, deep rose, whitish at the base,
aki il with yellow and red. The Hs. are extremely

alilo in shape and color. Spnna ami .ni-, - na r,

itirii slope of the And.-. ' i: M . 7

2ii:li:!. P.S.20:2058. R.ll : , .■ . . ;

findresii, Nichols. [OdontogUssum Warscexrlcsii,
III), t.). Pseudobulbs small, tufted: Ivs. numerous,

-lanceo"

clined .

11. in diameter, flat, white, will. . -.",.. ,,.-t on the
ibellum and a rose-colored M . ...of each

eminent; sepals broadly oval. ; | . . , : ; labellum
i-rv broadly fiddle-shaped an.l _' I I..]. 1. li, Costa
:iea, H,M.(ilU3.

4. Phalsen6psis, Nichols. {Odontogldssiim Phalandp-
ln. Ijiml. it Keichb.f.). Pseudobulbs ovate,with grass-
ke Ivs. 8-10 in. long at the base and apex: stalks 1-3-
■i,. shorter than the Ivs.: fls. large, flat, white, with
he labellum variegated and streaked with crimson ;
epals 1 in. long, oblong, pointed; petals broader and
ounded: labellum larire, broadened aml'J-lobed in front,

Colombia. 1. H. 3:U1!I. Hu. IK, ji. \V1 : 2li. p, -S.VI; X,. ji.
2li!l; 36, P..S15. G.C. II. 25:364. l.H. 2»:417 (var. (hxm-
rians, more vivid).

5. spectdbilis, Lindl. Rhizome creeping, with tlm
pseudobulbs placed about 1 in. apart, with 2 Ivs. at the
apex and few sheathing Ivs. at the base: Ivs. linear-
oblong, 4-12 in. long : scapes erect, sheathed, 6-8 in.
long, bearing a single fl. about 4 in. in diameter: .sepals
and petals nblon I, obtuse, slightly waved,white or cream-
oolnreil; labellum 2 in, lomr. very broad in front, pen-
dent, s.im, what umlulat.-. rose-purpic, with darker veins.
Tlie lirsi .Mill. . Ilia intr...ln.-.-.l into cultivation. It blos-

I 20-,

bicolor, Ha

arge-

ttd.

\'ar. Moreliana, Hort. (.1/. More-
variety is very distinct in color.
ep purple; labellum of the same
ided with rose. In habit the plant
ery detail. B.M. 4425 (as v&T.pnr-
.]. F. 8.10:1008. l.H.2:71. Gn.

1017

G.F. 5:108, 109. A. P. 9:1087 (both
No description available.

HeIN-KII'H H.i.SSELBRING.

MIMBRES.
MIMOSA (I.

with a wuue crest. H.ii. i7:J.i.i.

7. Cldwesii, Lindl. Pseudobulbs ovate-oblong, leafy
at tbe base and bearing 2 narrow ensiforin Ivs. at tbe
apex: scape erect. 1 ft. long, many-flil. : fls. .'! in. across.

cindida, Lindl. Pseudobulbs ovate-oblong, 2-lvd.,
I t'lw Ivs. at base: Ivs. oblong-linear, I ft. long, 114

apex: Ivs. ■!:>>
erect, 5-8-iM _

sepals and |m.i;„. i:,„-- ;,

brown, greciii>li >.-ll.j« :i
same color; labellum o
creamy wbite, witb 2 pa
robust, free-flowering pla
Feb. Brazil. B.K. 31:8.

.H.

epals and
vy, bright

V on the
.It purple
iiies. each

iite-rotuud, slightly wavy,
"1 ridges on the crest. A
f thehabitof J/. caHdirfti.
237.

300

Willi l„|iiin,:.l.' ..llni ^..uMliv.- Ivs. ( s..ii„.tiii„>s the Ivs!
reduced to pliyliudui): lis. usually with 4 or o united
petals, aud a very minute or obsolete calyx: pollen
granular: pod flat, oblong or linear, breaking up into
1-seeded joints when ripe.

A. Serbaceous plants.

ptidica, Linn. Sensitive Plant. Humble Plant.

Fig. 1403. Cult, as an annual, but probably perennial in

the tropics, erect, branching, hairy aud spiny; Ivs. long-

petioled, with J or 1 sult-(ii^ir:ite jiinnnle lmr;if-i.blong

ating

axillary |
joints i
-Easilv
The pl:ii

The iii..\
When th

M. p„ai

spiny

ilants.
r leaf-
these

The

Latin for modei^t

Dig.

10. Warscewfczii, Reichb. f. (OdontogUssmn Wi'llniii
Hort. Oiiricliiim fttscdtum, Beichb.t. Oncidiiiii, ir.7
tniii, Hort.). Pseudo-

AA. Woody plants.

B. Primary pinn<E 1 pair.

Spegazini, Pirotta. Spiny: pinuffi 2, bearing very

luuienjus Uts. : fls. light purple, in globular heads or

long, much

bulbs
flattei

obloug, obtuse, 5-0 in.
long: ils. 2 in. long from
the tips of the lip to that
of the upper sepal, nu-
merous, borne in a
branched nodding pani-
cle; sepals and petals
cuneate - obovate, waved
aud crisped, pale reddish
browu.with whitish tips;
labellum oblong, fan-shaped, bifld, wii
rose-purple disk on the center of v
brownish yellow blotch. March. Pen
S. 18:1831.

11. Russelliina, Lindl. (Oncldiiim
Lindl.). Pseudobulbs ovate, ribln-.l,
rowly lanceolate: flower sti-in- Juk
sepals and petals ovate-obl'>t
brownish purple with green mi
cuneate, refuse, apiculate, vich i. mm
on the disk margined with wiiite. i'l>.
dull in color. Dec. Bra

12. ilavSscens, Lindl
linear-ensiform: r.acemi
with bracts: fls. stellate,
what spotted with ymri'l
ceolate, acuminate; hil.i

M. hk-nlor and var. Candida are advertised.-
Hort. (MUtonopsis Bleui, Bleu.l. Ganlcn hvl.r
vexillaria and M. Roexlii Tm.i !ii. ,I;,,i, i„.m,<.,

fls. large. 4 in. across, wli ;. il t|,, i,i i

tinged with rose-puri.l'

pink. The sepals and i.i ! :

1403. Sensitive Plant C
Normal position of the leaf
on the right.

ith a large
;.M.5843. f!

Mussellidnnm,

. B.K. 22:1830. P.M. 7
Pseudobulbs narrow:

-fld.

stalk sheathed

Int. by

BB. Primary pinncE 2 pairs.

GuayaquilSnsis, Steud. {AcAcia GuayaquiUnsis,
Desf . ) . Pinnae i. with 3-5 pairs of ovate-obtuse glau-
cous Ifts., of which the lower ones are smaller: opposite
stipular spines at the base of the leaf. Ecuador.
BBS. Primary pinna 5 pairs.

Ceratdnia, Linn. (Acttria CfraMnJa, Willd.). Pinnm

about 5 pairs; His. (ilH.Mite: pods glabrous, somewhat

articulate aud spiny. Small, -piny tree from W. Indies.

BBBB. rrini.inj pnniw 6S pairs.

acanthocArpa, i'oir. [Araiiu acanthocdrpa, Willd.
A . In.,rlni,ir,i,iiha, Huiub. & Boupl.). Pinna) 12-14,
■Mill ii-l.'i pairs of oblong-pubescent Ifts.: stipular
M'lm - -^ : II-. in heads on twin axillary peduncles : pod
talvaie. -I'iiA'. Mex. — Bush or small tree.

D^nliardtl, Tenore. Ornamental shrub: branches gla-
brous or minutely hairy, striate, usually bent at each
thorn: Ivs. hairy, the pinnae 12-14, the ultimate Ifts.
small (% in. long) and crowded and falcate-oblong-
acute: fls. in club-shaped, axillary clusters: thorns 1-3
in. long. S. Araer. — Cult, in S. Calif. Int. by Franceschi.
L. H. B.

1018

MIMULUS

MlMULUS (Latin, a Ultle mimic, from the grinning
fls.). Scrophiilaridceie. This genus includes the Monkey
Flower, M. litteus, and the Musk Plant, M. moschutiis.
Monkey Flowers are something like snapdragons, though
they do not have a closed throat. They are 2-lipped fls..
witli 2 iipiii-r .'uiil .T lipwcr I.pIh's. wliich are all rounded
aii'i ii-uiiH- irr^ L'lil.irl-, .i'I:i-!Mrl imd dotted with brown

Tl !i tinial, they are com-

M I ' i I.. i.iisiderably used for

<lo..i.,. rill Jlu.^k riiuii ia Mi"»" l"r its scented foliage
and pale yellow tls. It is soiuutinies used in hanging
baskets, but the foliage is so sticky that it gathers a
great deal of dust.

Mimulus is a cenus of al)out 40 spci-ii'S, niostlv Ameri-

ctli ;

at the throat; stamens 4, didynaniuu- : rji.-
or linear, loculicidally dehiscent.

The kinds described below are all |.. i.uiii
by underground parts, and most of tbim ai<-
wet and shady places in northwestern Anicric
monograph by A. Gray in Syn. Flo. N. Amp
part 1, pp. 273, 442. They mostly grow 2-4 fl
bloom all summer. Mimulus CiiUfnriiirii is :
Diplacus is generally referred to Minuilu^.

The seed has great vitality, and will
y years in the place where once seeds

MIMULUS

sharply toothed, upper ones smaller: corolla 1-2 in.
long. Alaska to Chile. B. M. 1501.- iMonkey Fluwers
nearly always have yellow throats with brown dots. The
lobes are sometimes clear yellow. In var. rivuliris,
Lindl., onlv one lobe has a large brown patch. B.R.
12:10.30. L.B.C. 16:1575. In var. YoungeAna, Hook.,
every lobe has such a patch. B.M.3363. B.R. 20:1(174.
In the common strains these patches are more or less

ol Mimulus luteus (X 34).

broken up and the fls. irregularly mottled and dotted.
F. 1863:73 (as jtf. maculosus). V. 10:289 (as M. liy-
hritlu.H). A very distinct set of colors is represented by
v:ir. variegitus.Hook., the throat chiefly white, but with
_' yrll.iw lunt^itudinat lines dotted with brown on the
nil. Mil- lol,e of the lower lip: all the lobes bright crim-
snii-pui-jik-, with a violet revers... B.K. 21 :17!K1. B.M.
3:i3(;. L.B.C. 19:1872. Modifit.l ;.- ^l.-rriiM,; ,,n,l..rvar.
roungeana. R.H. 1851: 261. r : : : [ . li.tures
cited above bear various lej;. m n.it here

repeated. The variet.nl names -; "i iippear

C. Foliage not sticky or clam

inl.

1 . luteus

2. cupreus

CO. Foliage st

el.-l/ (dill I'himili

1.

D. Stnm,,

s iiulthrusi „iit

f Hi,

E. Lvs

plinni/, hi i; hi.

1...

:;.raoschatu3

EE. Lvs

pa , ■•ill. l-e, III, ,1

4. Lewisii

DD. Stamr,

f"ti„

5. cardinalis

EB. Plants shruhl

,l'.i,'n','„sl'ain',,'

lii'.i'r

C. Lvs. lineu

■.mithtt.ljituolli

il III

entire..

6. glutinosus

cc. Les. lance

n'late, 'serrate'."

D. Fls. ye

low

7. Cleveland!

DD. Fls. h>

ck-recl

.8.parvlfloru3

AA. Color of fls. vio

(■/, puri)le or til

r.

B. ir.s-..s-/nK-?e.s-.s

■ jiedicels longei

Iliin

1. liiteus, Linn. Monkey Flower. Fig. 1404. Gla-
brous, the larger forms 2-4 ft. high : lvs. parallel-veined,

2. cupreus, Regel {3f. U'lte^ts, var. ciiprea, Hook.).
A riiiUaii si)ecies, differing from M. luteus in its tufted
habit and the Hs. yellow at first, finally becoming copper-
colored, and the lobes possiblv rounder and more nearly
fcinal, the throat vellow, spotted brown. B.M. 5478.
Gil. 24, p. 177. K.H. 1883, p. 284.

3. moschitus, Dou^d. JlrsK Plant. Perennial, by
creeping stems 1-:; ft. Imii.': fls. pale yellow, lightly
dotted and s|.l:ixli.-.l wiili hi-own. B.C. to Calif, and
Utah. B.R. i:i: 1 1 is. -This and M. luteus have a broad
throat. Till' tls. .n-.- iK.riiiallv about % in. across, but in
F.M. 1S77:24.S i var. Hnrrisonii) they are IK in. across.
H.-mly. cvii-irrirn trailer for damp, shady .spots. Fine
for iiiantiiii; iiiiili-r cool greenhouse benches.

4. Lewisii, Pnrsh. A more slender plant than the
next, greener, and merely pubescent: lvs. minutely
toothed: fls. rose-red or paler, the lobes all spreading.
Shady, moist ground, B. 0. to Calif, and Utah. B.M.
3353 and B.B. 19:1591 (both as M. roseus).

MIMULUS

5. cardinilis, Dougl. Villous: Ivs. sharply toothed:
fls. red ami yellow, the upper lobes much growu to-
gether and refiexed, the whole Hmb reraarkablv oblitiue.
Water-courses, Ore. and Calif, to Ariz. S.B.F.G. II.
358. B.M. 35C0. R.H. 1857, p. 137. Mn. 6:101. F.
1843: 193. -Hardy in Mass., with slight winter covering.
Blooms first year from seed.

6. glutindsus, Wendl. Two to 6 ft. high, nearly gla-
brous but sticky: fls. orange or salmon to pale buff,
rather obscurely 2-]ipped,the lobes toothed or notched.
Rockv banks; common from San Francisco south. B.M.
3oi (M.aurantiacus}. A.G. 12:737. A.F. 12:1107.

7. ClSvelandi, T. S. Brandegee. Subshrubby, glandu-
lar pubescent: fls. golden yellow. G.P. 8:135. -Cult,
only in S. Calif., where it is native. Not advertised.

8. parvifl6rus {Diplacns parvifUrus, E. L. Greene).
Rigidly shrubby, but flowering at from 3 in. tu 2 ft.
Glabrous and glutinous ; Ivs. narrow I >■ <>v:tt<'. r..;ii-^ily
serrate: caroUa 1 in. long, nearly tuiHiliir: |.il„.~ cpial-
rate, very little spreading. Santa (/ni/. Ulaii.l. (ahf.

9. ringens, Linn. Stem sq\ian-: r:\]\\ t.-.tli l..n^- ami
awl-shai"-a: tis. vi.ili-t. Wi.'t [.lar,--. ( ana. la tu Iowa and
Tex. B.-M. J>:i. I).:::.!.

10. alatus. SnlaiMl. St. ^111 s.,i]i,-what w inured or angled:
calyx te.tl, >l,..it aii.l l.v..a.l. W.t j.hi.-.-, western New
Eng. to 111., south to Tex. L. B.C. 5:410. -^-ji

MlMUSOFS (Greek, ape-like, but application not ob-
vious). Sdpotciceie. Tropical trees, with milky juice, of
both hemispheres, of about 30 spi-.-i.-^. I,v-. tlii.k an.l
shining, simple and entire, alternat.' : il-. ].. rt..r, ^ani..
petalous, the corolla of G or m..i-.' 1..I.. -. I.nt 1. arini.-
twice as many appfii.la;,'..s in tli.- ~iiiii-. -, ili.' .■
6 or 8 sepals in tw.. r... . -ruii.i.^, ; " i;-,'
on the base of tli- - • : ■ ' . : ■ '

a globose, l-G-s.. .'. .; .. ■ r • . :

Mimusops are til , . , i,. , . ; , ,

A. Stamiiioclia (or interior appendages) S-loothed
at the apex.

globdaa, Gsertn. A large tree, yielding Balata
rubber: Ivs. obovate or oblong, 2-6 in. long, retuse
or apiculate, gravish- calyx of C parts canescent;
corolla segments as long as the appendages m the
sinuses: fr often 2 in m diam , globose West
Indies and Venezuela

AA. Stammodia enttie or onhi stil)<!i natr

Si^beri, \ DC Becommg 30 ft till h- . llii.ti.
to obovate, letuse, green, 2-4 m l..ii_ si. n.l. i
petioled: coioUa segments 6 obl..ii-, iii.l t\i . . diii-,
the narrow appendages, feitile st uneus 0 st imi
nodia shoit triangular, neailv entiic fr nearly 1
in. in diam brownish or \ellowish, said to be edi
hie. Key West to TrinuUd

Elfingi, Linn Tall tree (becommc' "0 ft > Ivs
elliptic and short a( umin itc ( i- ' i i '

bold at the bise petiole U in I i
about 6, nairow lanceolate ftrtil
inodia pilose, acute entire oi n. ir' tin

or less, ovoid, 1 or 2 seeded, yellow, tdibk L lud

dispar, N E Brown Sraalle
Etemji: hs small
rusty-tomentose whe

green, the petiole '^ m ..i I. ^^ 1 ii_ m.I th, l.l ..U ^4-
in. long: fls 12-16 in umb. I ntii ii| 111. 1 1 m. lie.
sepals 6-8 in two series j t .1 I -_i m tin ^ iip
linear -lanceolate \tllii\\ ^1 im. n^ ( -s st niiin.id
lanceolate acumiii it. .limn II I ti si/c ot m oli\
yellow. Natal —hit l.\ I 1 .11 . s. In L H B

MINNESOTA

1019

MINNESOTA, HORTICULTURAL STATUS OF. Fi -.

1405. Minnesota has an area of 84,287 square miles.
The surface is gently undulating, except in the extreme
northwestern portion, where, in the Red River valley,
are large, fertile, level prairies. Its roughest agricul-
portion, along the

Mississippi riv.r, a

1.1 in iimnv places the bluffs reach a

height of 4(111 f.-.t

al...v.- the valley. About one-half

the state, eiiil.ivi.-in

'til.- n.irtheastern and eastern parts,

was origiiiaih- In-

> ti' timbered, and much timber

still remai.i- 1 -i

■1 :' 1.. astern portion, while many

scattered -1

:i ..1- will be found elsewhere,

especiallv ,.;. •

There aiv m .n

;,. - 1 In. number of which has been

estimated at In,

'I'll, y are especially numerous in

the central au.l 11..

■til. Til portions, where they greatly

modify the .liuiai.

..r lands in their vicinity. There

are great vai-iaii..i

s ..f .-liniate between the extreme

■.■ 111.' sinnin.-i-s are very short, and

l.l.'a~ant. I.iit ...•.■asi..nally s.-v.-ri-, an.l 40° below zero is

The soil is generally rich and well adapted to a variety
of crops, but it is very variable, and there are some very
extended areas in the northern part where there is
much sandy laud that should never be used for agricul-
ture. The undulating surface, variety of good soil ami
vegetation, and abundance of lakes, afford many very
picturesque and beautiful locations for successful horti-

mowfall is light, and
g the winter. The
1 the transition from

tree than M
oblanceolate obtuse
but become ^Iibrou^

winter to spring is very
an generallj
quently earlier The
an.l suiiij\ ui.l \rgetat

MINA lobata is //,

.lao)

M sangiunea :

ape aie natue tiiiiis tl. it
fivoiable locatmns tin .1
veil known tultn itc.l su

1020

MINNESOTA

fire species first named do well under cultivation, and
large quantities are raised for home consumption and
are profitably marketed. The Concord, Worden, Dela-
wa-e -nd g-ap"- "*' ="n''"- -^—■g.-t"- "-= <><.<,ii,r -.i,.,.,]
1 the manj t,ood lo tosaogtle lake si o es and
tier er bluff
w thstan 1 n;, 1
ter h cl a Id
Ho e er o a
Del ware g ap
t s ra d t
of the eas n eh
enough n I o bj o
to anj {,reat \t t

Apples are ra 1 on
and east rn M nt ota

southea tern port on b I 1 to

the r cult at on Tl e 1 en

tral states generally pro I

of Oldtnb rs; s the stand
can be grown successf 11 n g o
as St I aul an 1 n a s na 1 waj 1
IheTal nan Sw
to s ffer n

pies o
sorts
r ety
lepre

Minneapolis together have upwards of 3,000 acres in
their public parks, which are well cared for, very
beautiful, and visited by at least two million persons

n e M esota State Hort cultural So et s a ery

all o er t e t
q ant t e 1 c
gro n
bt ne
1 sh
tl It

sit t ctory tre yr 1

Pear g ner 1 y bl t,l

to 1 atl e rl}

var ety tl at t.

It a

R n I e a 1

1 as tl I

of

sea 1

ou 1>
t on
to b> o

Vege a le f all tl e k n Is gro
state are cry ea ly ra ed an I tl i

bage, cauliflower, celery, peas, lettuce, potatoes, beans,
corn, cucumbers, tomatoes, squash, watermelons, musk-
melons and eggplant are to be had in abundance, and
the markets are often glutted with them. Native rausk-
melons and tomatoes occasionally retail at 10 to 15 cts.
per bushel. The canning of vegetables is becoming an
important industry at several points. The climate
seems to be especially favorable to vegetables, and there
Is much less trouble from diseases than in many more
humid sections.

The demand for ornamental horticulture is consider-
able and rapidly increasing, giving investment to per-
haps $200,000 in the greenhouse business, and adds no
small sum to the receipts of the several large and the
many small nurseries in the state. The love for horti-
cultiire is also shown by the immense sums spent by the
cities and small towns for public parks. St. Paul and

OCock— M ab

located in various parts of
the state. One of these is located at Owatonna, and is
devoted almost exclusively to the raising of seedling
apples. The Agricultural Department of the university
had over five hundred in attendance in the school year
of 1899-1900. Four hundred of these attended the agri-
cultural high school, where, in addition to the other
agricultural studies, much attention is paid to horticul-
ture and forestry. Samuel B. Green.

MINT. SeeMfnIhn.

UIBAEILIS (Admirafiilis, meaning wonderful,
strange ; shortened by Linnjpus to Mirabilis ) . Nyetagind-
cece. About 10 species of the warmer parts of America,

MIRABILIS

bular 1

in Jf J
simul

ore a 1 1 1

the ba e '-tj le 1 w th
dened caps le 1 ke an 1
Dial herb although gr I

Ivs pet ole 1 an 1 oppo 1 M I

late and nearly or qu te sess le n the mvolu
A I ol e 0 ta net onl t on fin

'J

JaUpa Lnn

Fig 140( Ere
ingreal ly fro
high beir n" p
tulei f nnelf ru

1

1
H

vello □
in tl e att
O-Llockl
late h t

I pe

nd 1
net 1

1 0] n
(whe
n„ ntl

MISSISSIPPI iu:ii

a Tvill probably remain in the English language as
™:.-hIv naturalized word, like Gpranlum and Chrys-
nuui. Eulalias probably rank among the first half

as Ne \ I t 1

enough to be 1 fte 1 and

A A In ol ere conta

Calif6Tnica Cray PI i
the ma j sten s ascend
Ivs th ck or almost fle 1
short stalked volucr
tain ng 1 3 rose p rple
men somet mes protr 1
Little known n cult vat (

AAA I oj t

mnltiflora

B.M ( f p

fro u C lo to '

longifldra I

in. long a 1 a all fl
very fragrant at e en ng
plant but le s fre i ent tl
fro seed It has been hjbr

L H

MISCANTHUS (Greek slo a ten an la tl os a
flower), arammeo! Eulalia Com puses about G spe
cies in southern and eastern Asia se-\eial of which aie
cultivated for ornament Tall perennial grasses with
ample terminal fan shaped panicles allied to the sugai
cane and Erianthus Include'! the Fuliliis rf tl e tnde
but not Eulalia, Kunth wl 1 t 1 t 1 II

Trin., by Hackel. Spk 1 I

of the rachis, one neail
usually awned. Glun

arises from the base of tl II II 1

panicle its beautiful feithen ni- laue li leised
by seed or division of roots

Although many progressive nuiseryraen now adver
tise these favorite grasses as Miscanthus, the name

1407 Miscanthus Sinensis

Which under the u ime of Lul ilii i!> one o£ the

most popular of ornamental grasses.

dozen most popular grasses cultivated for ornament.
They are remarkably hardy and are universal favor-
ites for bedding, riii.' ^'1 il,.- ii'li rt. -I .ilMJ ii.^l ,i,-

signs for a bed of t-ri, - ; . i | t , ,,

Donax as a tall ceiih i ;:■'■. -i; , "isiJ. -i i- I ,, i,,:i-.

sacohirifer, Benth.(~'iiiii liiii. - .a ••iti.-n .s.i,-. /,,/,■; i /.,,■,,,■),
Distinguished by its nearly or ipiite awiiless spikelcts.
China. Gt. 1862 :357. - Procurable of dealers in Japanese
plants.

Nepalensis, Hack. Himalaya Fairy Grass. Spikelets
one-fourth as long as the brown involucral hairs. Lvs.
smooth on the margin. Occasionally cultivated. Hima-
layas.

Sm6nsi3, Anders. {Eiih'iVn Jnp.'niiea. Trin.). Pigs.

1022

MISSISSIPPI

45 inches in the northern part, the amount increasing to
about 00 inches in the extreme south. The winter tem-
perature is rarely as low as zero in any portion of the
state, while the extreme summer heat rarely reaches 100°
in the northern part; while near the Gulf coast 95° is
the usual limit. The first frosts usually occur in Novem-
ber, and spring frosts are rare after the middle of March.
The soil is extremely variable. The western portion of
the state, known as the Yazoo Delta, has one of the
richest alluvial soils in the world, and one well suited

fur the growing of vegetables,
of the state consists largely of y
fcTtile and liable to serious injui
very fertile valleys between tli^
ern section has a strong lime s.
five. Nearly all of the soutlur
sandy loam soil underlaid with
inches, makiiij; those lands an

MISSISSIPPI

about the last of May, and shipments continue from that
time until August, or later. Elberta, Mountain Rose,
Georgia Belle, Lilly Miller and Chinese Cling are among
the more popular varieties.

Pears grow well in all parts of the state, and, until
about IS'Jo, were planted more widely than any other
fruit trees, but since that time the blight has been so
widespread and so severe that very few new orchards
have been planted. Fully nine tenths of the trees are
either Le Conte or Kieffer, the latter being the more
resistant to blight.

Ajil.lr (rrrs make a fair growth and bear well for some
y. :u -. liui 111 r. , nil' less vigorous with age. and are shorter
li\iil tliaii in iii'ire northern latitudes. Nearly all varie-
11. s n|M n .hiring the summer and fall, and very few,
.V, 11 ..f til.. "I..ng keepers," can be preserved through
til. Willi, r. Till- fruit always commands a high price
ill III.- I. ..Ill markets, which makes the trees profitable,
iviii tli..iii.'li tlu-y last but a few years. Considerable

Iruit sily Karly Harvest and Red June, is shipped

from the nortlieastcm district, but no other part of tho
state produces enough for a home supply.

Plum trees are of uncertain value. The Wild Gooso
,.w nr- flie more common sorts,
! ~..i I. .n hards may grow well
I . the majority succumb
I ].v. Cherries are rarely

.. II .[iiitc commonly for homo
of tlie state, and in the Gulf
aportant market crop. The fig
does not succeed under orchard conditions, but a few
trees grown m-ar tlic liouse do well, and many of tho
older fr.-. - |.i ...In..- Milin |„,ini.!s ,,r nmn- of fruit an-
nually. :.■ i ' . ' II I'.'ii.ly tiiark.t at tli.' .■iiiiiiing

factorir- I I ' I . : . I ill.- M..11 \ari.ty. ami the

demaml i" 'i. I'l i ■: I ..■nts i..-r |...uiiil is lar in excess
ofthesiii. 'HI an- Kf'vvn alo.iKtlmCllIf coast.

and the Japanese '
and while some ti.
and bear heavily i
after producini^ i '
successful. Fi^'s
use in the centra
coast district are

but ev
make

Am. .111 1 1 s strawberries are the most im-

portant, 1.. iiiL -1 ..', II i.\ thousands of acres. They aro
grown miiri- cNtcnsivcly in the central district than else-
where, though there is a considerable acreage in tho
northeastern district also. In the Gulf coast district
tlie plants grow well and bear abundantly, but the fruit
t'r.iwii tli.r.. is usually softer and less desirable for
slii|.[.im: iliiiii that irr.'wn in drier localities. Bubach,
c'r. -.■. 111. liiiii.ly, Warti.-ld and Michel are the favorito
\ ari.ti.s. Mii|.ni'-nts lii-gin about the first of April, and
the hulk of the crop is gathered during the next six
weeks, though occasional shipments are made during
every month of the year.

Grapes grow and bear as well as it is possible for them

1. The nurlli.asi.Tii .li^tn.'i, .-..v.-riu-- III., territory

along til.' M..I.1I.' 1.11. 1 iilii.. riiilr..iiil rr..ni Boone-
villesmiih I.. W'.-i I-.. ml.

2. The central ilistrii.|, .•..\-.Tiii-: th.- tcrrit.iry along

the Illinois Central railroad from Dur.ant south to
Brookhaven.

3. The Gulf coast district, covering the territory

along the Loui.sville and Nashville railroad from
Bay St. Louis east to Orange Grove.
Peaches are grown more extensively than any other
fruit, and are shipped to northern markets from nearly
or quite every county in the state. The long growing
season enables the trees to come into bearing rapidly,
and a small crop of fruit is usually gathered the second
year from planting, while the trees often continue fruit-
ful from 15 to 20 years. Although the trees themselves
are never injured by cold, the fruit crop is occasionally cut
short by spring frosts following warm winter weather,
which sometimes brings the trees into bloom before the
end of January. The early fruit is ready for market

price. ( iiiiiii|.i..i III. I . II .... I ■ s and

Scuppenmng | I.'- ,..'..,../.'../../ ,. i- n \i.liii.i.|. native
species which is grown in all parts of the state for home
use and for the manufacture of wine, but is not a ship-
ping variety.

Blackberries and dewberries grow spontaneously in
all parts of the slat.' an. I l.n.-. i.r..\..l .11111.' i.i-..ritahle
in cultivation, th.' Lini'i M . ; i .• i i.hritls
beingthe favorit.- van. li. '.. , i ■ ■ i -...jse-

berries do well in any im 1 1 ■ i m,. -1 'i . I.- III. '. make a

new growth and i i.' im.. i.i....iii — n i.i i. r ilie tail rains

begin, and .soon 1" in.' -.. ^.'iik.n. .1 i.s t.. he worthless.

Raspberries do well wh. n ].li,iii..l ..n s..ils containing
suflicient moisture. I.ni ar. se|.l..in ur..wn for market
excepting in the imrtlieasterii district. Turner is the
favorite variety, and the blackcaps are rarely seen.

The growing of early vegetables for northern market
is followed more extensively and is more generally prof-

MISSISSIPPI

itable than is the growing of fruits. Field plantings of
radishes, peas and other hardy sorts begin in January.
Shipments begin by the first of March and continue un-
til the melon crop is harvested in July. The first crop
of Irish potatoes, mostly Early Ohio and Triumph, is
ready for market in May, and in August a second crop
is often planted which matures in November, when it
finds a ready home market, or is left in the ground until
early spring, when it is placed on the northern markets
as ""new potatoes just received from Berniudu," and
brings a high price. This second crop, however, is un-
certain, as it is difficult to secure a prompt growth if
seed from the early crop is used, and it is often impos-
sible to secure northern seed so late in the season.
Sweet potatoes are grown in all parts of the state, and
are shipped fn.ni July \intil JIarch. Asparagus is a
profitable- t-Av\y i-n.p vAiirh is grown quite largely in the
central di-trict, mimI -.mis wholly free from rust or
other disia-.-. IJliul.arb i-< unnhle to endure the heat
of the long summer, ami tlii> rr."t-- «.."ii .Ifcay. Beans,
beets, cabbages, peas, radi.-ln- :■'-! .m... .^ arc all grown
so largely as to be shippi-d m ; i iiom a num-
ber of towns in the north. ,i : lal districts.

MISSOUBI

1023

The wild American era!
enduring the rigors of
in the same forests will
and papaw. The north,
like Concord, are aiinui
on the other hand, the
of which the southern S
cultivated sort, grows
While the berries and si

the

ental

nearly all the j.i
tains from Bo-i
Denver and Pu
Detroit on the i
ton on the s..ui
ing states to t
fruit is produia
fruit. The >Ii

Tilt

the

!i is grown in all parts uf the state, and
vl ..I liy the cardoad to all parts of the

... n.-tnn to St. Paul, Omaha and Denver.

.^1: iiul. LT.wcrs ship by cardots, and in June from

10 to 20 oars are shipped daily from Crystal Springs,
with nearly as many from Madison Station and
Booneville, besides smaller shipments from many
other points.

From the central district, shipments are
about as follows :

Beans, Mav 10 to June 10.

Beets, April 20 to June 15.

Cabbage, May 1 to June 5.

Carrots, April 20 to June 10.

Melons (Gem), June 20 to July 20

Peaches, .Tune 1 to August 1.

Peas. :\I;,r.-h 2:-. to April 2:..

l'..Ia!....-, Iri-li.Mav 1(1 t.. June IT,

Turnips, March 20 to May 1.').
Tomatoes, May 25 to July 4.
Watermelons, July 1 to August 1.

shipments of apples to European
The following figures give the
fall in inches for the past six years
bv the U. S. Weather Bureau:

also favorable to the

and peaches are sent to

ast of the Rocky moun-

.11 tlie east to Omaha,

■ : ti..mSt. Paul and

. .1 li'ans and Galves-

. - milling and graz-

,, . 1. wlu-re but little

I' til.- stai.., -ive cheap
a..rili\v.-st, while direct
If ports affords cheap

average monthly rain-
, recorded at Columbia

There are a

iimibrr of canneries in the state.

s-fnl b.-ing those at Booneville

nd Bil.ixi. 1...

..iMiiianlv growers find it more

rofitabl.- t., si

|. |.r...lii<.ts to northern markets

lan to s.-ll at

li.-. s wlii.-h canners can afford.

an- availalil.- ..1. which definite

1 1 . • 1 1 1 . ■ 1 1 1 s . , ]•

i.-l, ]in.l.al.lx-

-lii|.s 1,1. .i-.. than any other single

.iliT. Th.. si

|. 111. Ills „f fruits and vegetables

■.„„ that |.la.

■ I. iit.d to 638 cars in 1898,

1410. Missouri.
The diagonal shading in the southern half designates the Ozark up-
lift. The double-line sheading along the Mississippi and Missouri rivers
shows the loess formation. The short-line cross-shading designates
the parts where frait-groiving is much developed.

amount to not less than 5,000 cars annually, in addition
to nearly as much more which is shipped in small lots.
The northeastern and central districts ship principally
to northern markets, while the Gulf coast district finds
its markets in Mobile, New Orleans, and on the many
foreign vessels loading in Ship Island harbor. Nearly
the entire business has been developed in the last 15
years, and each succeeding year shows a marked in-
crease in its volume. New localities are being opened,
the work is becoming better organized, and, with the
increase of the business the markets are becoming
more steady, prices more uniform, and the profits more
satisfactory than in the early days. The business has
by no means reached its full development, and will not
do so for years to come. g_ ji_ Tract.

MISSOURI HOKTICTJLTURE. Fig. 1410. Its central
position gives Missouri a medium climate, favorable to
the growth of a variety of horticultural products. The
native flora embraces both northern and southern plants.

Jan., 1.89; Feb., 2.57; March, 2.97; April, 4.52; May,
5.87; June, 4.56; July, 4.85; Aug., 2.81; Sept., 3.60;
jQct.. 1.40; Nov., 2.87; Dec, 2.02.

While these figures show that the rainfall is ample,

and well distributed throughout the y.ar. the n nls

also show that the percentage of siiimy .lays in this im-
mediate section is high. Durimr Au-ii-i. S. |.ii ml.ir
and October especially, when iimst of our fruit is ma-
turing, the average amount of bright sunlight is con-
siderably higher than that of the majority of our orchard
states. No doubt the intense sunlight and proximity to
the airy prairies are important factors in producing the
rich color and high flavor of Missouri fruit, and may
also account, in part, at least, for its comparative free-
dom from many of the fungous diseases which are
known to thrive best in a moist, cloudy atmosphere.

The topography and soil of the state are both favor-
able to fruit-growing. The undulating areas, intersected
by the Mississippi and Missouri rivers and their tribu-
taries, are amply provided with both soil and atmos-

1024

MISSOURI

pheric drainage. The soil varies from the light, deep
flinty soil of the Ozarlis, and the drift of the "loess"
formation (see Imva), to the rich soil of the prairie open-
ings and still heavier soils of the river bottoms, and the
swamp lands to the southeast, affording choice for dif-
ferent purposes. The immense crops of corn and gar-
den vegetables, sometimes grown in young orchards,
and the clover and cow peas, grown to prevent washing
of the soil in steep hillside orchards, prove (perhaps
too frequently), that even the so-called "fruit lands"
are capable of yielding a great variety of products. In

fact, one great reason why Missouri has not earlier
taken front i-anl5 as a fruit state is because natural con-
ditions for general agriculture are too favorable. It re-
quires too great an effort to exclude the encroaching
blue grass and live stock from orchard areas where
thrifty young trees fruit themselves to death in the
unequal struggle for existence and the reproduction of
their kind.

The last report of the Missouri State Horticultural
.Society (1897) contains Secretary Goodman's estimate
• iiiid value of fruit produced in tlie state
.11""--: Apples-north Missouri, S.fiOn.niiH
! Miss,.uri, 3,500,000; s..nili Mi^-.inri.

of the

li.Mi

Tata

l.UOU.Ui"
$3,500,0

value of pears, cherries, plums and grapes, $1,500,000.
These, with nuts and miscellaneous fruits, reach a total
value of $20,000,000 for the Missouri fruit crop for 1897.
This report is based upon figures obtained from the
various railroads and shippers, and may be relied upon
as being approximately correct. Considering the fact
that a few years ago Missouri could hardly lay claim to
being a great fruit-producing state, the above figures
indicate very rapid growth of the industry in recent
years. In 1898 more young trees were planted than
in any previous year, showing an accelerating tendency
toward this line of business. A number of orchards in
the state comprise over one thousand acres each. The
size and number of these large orchards is annually be-
ing increased.

It will be seen that the apple is the leading fruit, ex-
ceeding in value all other kinds combined. Careful
study shows that other things being equal, the best
prices prevail in those parts of the state where the most
apples are grown, and where, consequently, there is the
sharpest competition among buyers. The peach ranks
second in importance, and the berries third. The city of
Sarcoxie shipped 239 car-loads of strawberries in 1897,

MITCUELLA

and now 1,500 acres of strawberries are growing in its
immediate vicinity. Liberal is one of the largest black-
berry centers. Hermann and several points in the Ozarks
manufacture large quantities of grape wine.

Aside from the work of the Agricultural College and
Experiment Station in the promulgation of horticul-
tural work, the Missouri Botanical Garden at St. Louis,
being of international influence and importance, cannot
fail, with its splendid equipment and able mana;.'('iuent,
to lend an especially strengthening influence to tlu- hor-
ticulture of the state in which it is located. The Mis-
souri State Horticultural Society, with nearly one hun-
dicil loc'al societies as auxiliaries, under the competent
liailirship of its ofBcers and organized effort of its
numbers, is doing much toward the development of hor-
ticulture.

While horticulture is already one of the leading in-
terests of Missouri the possibilities of the state in tliat
direction have not yet even been approached. Only a
small portion of the soil naturally well adapted to fruit
culture has ever been cultivated, and there are nuiny
1 bases of horticulture that have not been developed,
n recent years however, steps in advance are rapidly
I nvtiUcn The best growers no longer cling to an-
t tn 1 ti n and obsolete practices, but are evolving

I 1 I I 1 to the new conditions of the West.
( I t \tcnsive business training are invest-

1 1 and their business ability, combined

II lit the practical grower, is resulting in

and general management of the in-
\ IK ties, better adapted to local conditions,
11 ited Our native fruits and nuts are
t it ju and iinprovi-d vuiicties of these are
h lU tht result The \v"il.ii,- uy ■ f .n.plus and in-
ferior fruit by canning. ■ - !• r and wine-
making and distilling is n, • .■ \ ;ilue of the
fruit product and the cmtiium- .i i ..iiiii.ns, peas and
i>thir garden vegetables is i|iin.- .xiiiiMM-ly carried on
in some sections. In fact, the horticulture of the state
is ill a rapidly growing condition, and bids fair to reach
viiy important proportions. j. p. Whitten.

MITCHfiLLA (Dr. John Mitchell, of Virginia, one of
the first American botanists; correspondent of Lin-
nseus). SubiAcem. This includes the Partridge-berry,
one of the prettiest and hardiest of nati\e perennial
trailers. It has small, shining, evergreen, roundish Ivs.,
sometimes marked with white lines, and bright scarlet
berries, often borne in pairs, which remain all winter
and make a charming effect when peeping through the
snow. This plant can be easily collected, and is also
procurable from many dealers in hardy plants. It
tliiivfs under evergreen trees, forming dense mats.
Tin lis., which are borne in spring, are small, white,
Willi pinkish throats, and are fragrant. The berries are
iilil.lr, but nearly tasteless. Fls. twin, the ovaries
united into one; calyx 4-toothed ; corolla funnel-shaped,
4-lobed; lobes spreading, densely bearded inside, val-
vate in the bud : fr. a 2-eyed berry.

1412. Partridge-berry-Mitchella repens

ripens, Linn. Partkidge-berry. Squaw-rerkv. Fig.
1412. Lvs. opposite, round-ovate, petioled, with minute
stipules: fls. in pairs, on the apex of a peduncle. Nova
Scotia to Minn., south to Fla. and Tex. G.W. F. 42.
D. 81. Mn.3:49. L. B. C. 10:979.-Attract.ive in half-
shaded spots in the wild garden and rockeries. Propa-
gated by division of roots.

JIf.oMta, DC, from Ecuador, is the only other species. It has
solitary, sessile fls., and ovate, acutisli lvs. Not cult.

M. B. CovLSTox.

MITELLA

UITfLLA (diminutive of mitra, a cap; applied to the
form of the youdg pod). Saxifraqiircf. Mitkewort.
BisHOP's-CAP. Six or 7 species of low. ^l,•lHl. r ]n n-ii-
iiials, with somewhat creeping rootst'M-l,~ ;in'l i.nriMt's
of small and greenish or white fls. Cli^'lv irl^aij t.>
Tiarella, but the petals of the latttr av .nni-, ^^llll;• in

iler petioles; those ou flow-
ering stems opposite, if any-
calys short, ,')-!obed, the
lubes valvate in the bud,
spreading: petals 5, inserted
on throat of calyx, very slen-
der; stamens 10 or ."i, very
short: fr. soon widely de-
hiscent. Natives of N.
Amer., 2 species in E.Asia.
-Offered by some dealers
in native plants.
A. Scapes usnally leafless.
B. Fls. numerous.
trifida, Graham. Lvs.
r.Mmd-renifi.rni or cordate,

one side of spike; petals
5-parted, small; stamens
opposite the calyx lobes.

Calif, to Brit. Col. and
..•kv Mts.

MOLUCCELLA

1025

Fls

(about

niida, Linn. Fig.
1413. Lvs. rounded or kid-
ney-shaped, deeply and dou-
bly crenate: raceme 4-6 in.
long. Does well in moist
shady situations. May-July.
Westward to Brit. Col. A.
G. 13:518.

AA. Scapes bearing leaves.
B. Lvs. on sca})e alter-
nate.
caulescens, Nutt. Raceme
: stamens alternate
the pinnatifid petals.
Col. to Ore.

. on scape opposite.
'11a, Linn. Lvs.

A good plant for the rockery. jyi. B. CouLSTON,
MITREWOET. Mitella. False Mitrewort

lla.

MITKIOSTlGMA {Gvee^., mitre-shaped slic/ma ; from
thr .■uiisj.i.ai.iis stigma, which is club-shaped, the 2-cut
sninniit siiu-i^csting a cap). Bubiuceir. This includes
the clianiiiiii.' evergreen tender shrub known to the
trade as Gardenia citriodora. It makes alow or medium-
sized bush of compact and branching habit and bears a
great profusion of fls. which resemble those of the
orange in odor, size, color and general appear.ance. The
fls. are white, salver-slinpoil, 5 lobcd. ti]^pf■^l witli ]iiiik
in the bud, and borm- in il.n~.- axillary .lii-t, r^. 'I'his
delightful plant is a fav.nii,. in \i„- SmuiIi. t.iijcili.r with
the Cape Jessamine, l.nr i^ jitil./ Ivoown in niuiln rn rcn-
servatories. The g.'nns <ontains _' sp.<-lrs. For distinc-
tions from Gardenia and Randia, see Gardenia.

axiliare, Hochst. (Gardenia citrioddra. Hook.). Lvs.
opposite, petiolate, elliptic-lanceolate, subacuminate,

glabrous; stipules awl-shaped from a broad base: calyx
not ribbed, lobes lanceolate, acuminate, equal: corolla
tube twice as long as the calyx, lobes obovate, obtuse.
S. Afr. B.M. 4987. R.H. 1859, p. 175 ; 1886:348 (excel-
lent!). F.S. 12:1254. w. M.

M'MAHON. See p. 963.

MOCCASIN FLOWER. North American name for
species of Ciipriptdiinn.

MOCK ORANGE. See Pluladelphiis.

MOHRIA (from DanielMohr, a German botanist; died
1808). Schisa'Acea. A genus of South African ferns,
having the habit of Cheilanthes, but the sporangia of
the Schizfeaceffi. A single species, M. caffrdrum, is rare
in cultivation in America. l. m. Underwood.

MOLE PLANT. Euplwrbia Lathyris (see Fig. 800,
p. 564).

MOLtNIA (J. Molina, a writer upon Chilean plants).
Graminece. A genus of perenni.il grasses allied to Era-
grostis, containiTiL- a ^inj!. ^jui'ies. Native of central
Europe and t.-n-. ■■ ■' ■■ >-'-i ami -i.aran-iv introduced

in the United >■■ . !■ iira.'i,.! : ~|.ikrl,,ts 2^-

fld., more or Ir-- , ,:, Dna - -.mi, >\ liai nnequal:

fl.-glume3-uerM .1, rciuan -i ..n lia.'li,]".ini.al l.utawnless.

ceerdlea, Moench (Alia cartiha, Linn.). Culms tufted,
1-3 ft. high: lvs. rather rigid, slender pointed. The
usual form in cult, is var. varlegita, with striped lvs.,
used for bedding. a. S. Hitchcock.

MOLUCCA BALM. Moluccella laivis.

MOLUCCfiLLA (dimmutive made from Molucca).
Also written j5/<//i( ./;« Labidta This mcludes the
Shell Flower, a qu imt old auuml plant that self-sows

Mi

1414 Moluccella Isevis (X',)

in old-fashioned gaidens but is now rarelv advertised
for sale. Its chiet featuie is its great cup shaped calyx
an inch long, which is much larger than the inconspicu-
ous corolla (See Fig 1414) Later four white seeds or

1026 MOLUCCELLA

nutlets appear in the cup or shell-like calyx, and add
to the interest. The corollas are frupin;.'. the upper lip
forming a sort of hood, wliiidi iri:iv In- notched or not,
the lower lip ■'■ ■•"i. iln' ^i'l■■ h.i" - i" ihl- ..i.i.Mig and
somewhat orr<'f. iIm- ninldli' I ■! ' ! riy heart-
shaped and 'li(|.lv n.ii.li,,!. >m '. \ .1 names

only 2now n-iiiMii, in iliis-,n"- ' : I i-i.-s. Ben-

thani & Hooker phicp this k.-iuis nciir Laniium. Other
genera of garden value in which the upper lip of the
corolla is concave or vaulted and often villous within
are Stacliys, Leonurus and Phlomis. Prom these Mo-
lucctlla is easily distinguished by its calyx. These
phiiits lire hardy annuals, flowering in midsummer. The
Ms. iiri- white, tipped pink, scarcely, if at all, thrust out
of the calyx, and borne in whorls of (i-10.
A. Cah/riinl /.ri.-lhi.

ISevis, Linn. Shell 1''i.i.wi,k. .Mom-cca Balm. Fig.
1414. Height 2-3 ft.: Ivs. iv.ini.lisli. with coarse round
teeth: calyx ob.scuridy ."i-iinf,'lc.l. W.Asia. B.M. 1852.
— Fls. odorous.

AA. Calyx beset with long prickles.

spinbsa, Linn. Height 6-8 ft. : Ivs. ovate, deeply and
sharply cut: calyx with 1 long spine above and 7 others
below. S. Eu., Syria. B.R. 15:1244 (as Chasmonia in-
<;t«n).— Annual or biennial, with brownish red square
stems, bristling calyx and gaping corolla. Said to have
been cult, in Eng. since lo9C. ^_ jl_

M0M6EDICA (mordeo, to bite, since the seeds appear
to have heen bitten). Cucurhit(lce<e. There are 25 spe-
cies of Jlomordica, chieHy African, according to Cog-
niaux (DC. Monogr. Phancr. :!). Thev arc annual or per-
.■niiinl tendril-cliinliing hei-hs,,t tr..i.ii'-!il countries, some
of wliich are cnlt. f<n- ,.i-Ti:nn.iit and i,ls„ f,,r the edible
fruits. The fls. are nM.n(i'.-i..us ,.i- di.ecious. the stami-
nate solitary or panieled, the ]>istillate sulitary. Corolla
and calyx similar in sterile and fertile fls.: corolla seg-
ments 5, often extending nearly to the base, making a
rotate or broadly campanulate flower; stamens usually
3, the short filaments free, one of the anthers 1-loculed
and the others 2-locnli,l: -i-, 1. inule and long, with 3
stigmas: fr. obloni; .t i i ■ '■ . rical, small, often
rough, usually many -. i. i. i . unes splitting into
3 valves, but usually mi. in r, m : seeds usually flat-
tened, often oddly nun ked .,> s.iil|.iured. Tendrils sim-
ple—in this distinguished from Lull'a. Momordicas are
known to American gardens as ornamental vines, but
the fruits of M. Charanlia are eaten by the American
Chinese. They are tender annuals. They thrive where
cucumbers and gourds will. M. JClaterium of the cata-
logues Is Ecballium, which see.

ill

Charintia, Linn. Balsam Pear. Running 10 ft. or
nion-. the stem slightly pubescent and furrowed: Ivs.
roundish, dull green, imbescent beneath (at least on the
riba), 5-7 lobes with rounded sinuses, the lobes sharp-
toothed and notched: fls. yellow, 1 in. across, both the
sterile and fertile solitary: fr. yellowish, oblong, pointed,
furrowed lengthwise and tuberculate, C or 7 in. long,
at maturity splitting into 3 divisions and disclosing the
bright scarlet arils of the white or brown carved seeds.
Trop. Asia and Africa, and naturalized in W. Indies.
B. M. 2455. A. G. ]3:!)25. B. H. I8«9, pp. 630-1. -The
Chinese about the American cities grow this plant under
the name of La-kwa, for the edible pnl|iv arils ~iir-
rounding the seeds, and also for the e.lil.le fnni ii^. If
(which is prepared, usually by boiling, bell iie ii i^ii|„ i.
The rind is sometimes dried and used m nie.liemal
preparations (see Bailey, Bull. 67, Cornell Exp. (sia.,
with illustr.). The odd seeds cause it to be called the
"Art Pumpkin" by some.

(ill.

not

WONAKDA

fls. solitary, nearly or quite 1 in. across, yellow, often
with blackish center: fr. orange, 2-3 in. long, ovoid and
more or less narrowed each way, smooth or tuberculate:
seeds compressed, nearly smooth. Widely distributed
in Africa and Asia, and naturalized in the W. Indies.
O.C. 1848:271. R.H. 1857, p. 182.-A neat vine, growing
4-6 ft.
AAA. ISmrl ntnr Ihr top of the sterile peduncle, entire.

involucrita, E. Meyer. Much like .If. Balsamina, but
teeth of Ivs. blunt, with a short nmcro, fls. larger, bract
much larger: fls. white "i- nvam. white, often dotted
withblack: fr. sulfur-N'elhi ,\ . . t.ih -in - i" scarlet, burst-
ing, 2 in. long. S. Afr. ' K' H 1 \l . Jialsamina,
va.r. leucantha). B.M. (I'J; liir and grace-
ful climber, with the piilnn li i im i :iL':iinst the calyx,
like an involucre. Int. to Amer. trade about 1890.

Jlf. Cochinchininsis, Spreng. (M. mixta, Roxbg.V is a large
species with 3-lobed Ivs., pale yellow, purple-eyed lis., 4 in.
across, and an oblong, bright red fr. 4-7 In. long. Farther In-
dia. B.M. 5145. r.S. 14:1478. G.C. III. 16:531. G.M. 37:777.
L. H. B.

UONARDA (after Nicolas Monardes, a Spaniard, who
published in 1571 a book containingthe earliest picture of
an American plant. See Fig. 1077). LabiHtxe. Horse-
Mint. This includes the Oswego Tea (M. didyma),
one of the most brilliant of our native wild flowers, be-
ing surpassed in the intensity of its red only by the car-
dinal flower. It is a rather coarse herb, with large heads
of gaping, wide-mouthed fls., which have none of the
refinement of our cardinal flower. For mass effects.

Balsdmina, Linn. Balsam Apple. Slenderer and
more graceful, bright green throughout, glabrous, the
foliage smaller and neater: Ivs. cordate-orbicular in
outline, 3 in. or less across, 3-5-lobed, with rounded
sinuses, the lobes and the few notches or teeth acute:

1415. Monarda didyma (XK).

however, these plants are very striking. They grow
wild along the banks of streams, lighting up the dark
comers of the woods. This suggests their proper place
in lainls.;i|.e ^'ar.b-iiing. They should be grown in
masses, in \\\\i\ s|„.t- against adark background. How-
ever, tlie\ e:ni, ii. leaned, be growu in an Ordinary suHuy
border with.mt mnre meisture than usual. As abedding
plant they would be inferior to Salvia coccinea, the
flowers being shorter-lived. The white- and rose-colored
varieties are less desirable. M. fistulosa is the same
type of plant, and is procurable in colors ranging from
white, flesh color and lilac, through rose and crimson to
deep purple, but not scarlet. This species is very vari-
able in height. The lighter colored varieties are usu-
ally less robust.

Monardas are easy of culture, thriving in any good
soil. They spread quickly, and therefore need frequent
separation, which operation is best done in the spring,
as plants disturbed in the fall will often winter-kill.

Monarda is a genus of 9 species of aromatic American
herbs: Ivs. usually dentate: fls. often borne in dense
heads, surrounded by an involucre of colored bracts;
calyx tubular, lo-nerved, with 5 nearly equal teeth; co-

irt.). Fls. deep pur-
(as M. pufpurea).
!.)■ Fls. flesh-color
ih'a).-Will grow in

MONARDA

Tolla narrow or dilated at the throat, 2-Iipped, middle
lobe of the lower lip larger than the lateral ; perfect
stamens 2. There are 2 sections of the genus, the spe-
cies here described belonging to Eiinionarda, in which
the heads are generally solitary and terminal, the sta-
mens and style conspicuously thrust out, and the root
perennial. The following grow 1V^-2J^ ft. high. One
of the common Horse-Mints is lf./)Hnc<o((i (A.G. 14:15),
but it is not in the trade.

A. Calyx slightly hairy at the throat.

didyma, Linn. (U. Aa^miihin, Pursh). Osweoo Tea.
Bee-Balm. Fkagkant Balm. Fig. 1415. Stem acutely
4-angled: Ivs. thin, i.vate-hiin-enlate, acuminate. B.iM.
145 (erroneously n- :/. f!,iu!., ,,, var.), and 54G. Yars,

Alba and rdsea, 11 '■ -1. hut the latter should

be conip:u.<l will: , s. In 1893 John Saul

advertised , I/. A , iHU-ticulturally distinct,

calling it tlie liia-i "t .Muuanlas, — Suited to moister
positions than tlie others,

AA. Calyx densely bearded at the throat.
B. Li's. piliohd.

fistuldsa, I>iiiii. Wnj. i;ii,.,\m-i ^.iin.'ntM- r,ill.>il
Berganiot in inn [ .i nt

the Old World i- 1/ Iv

angled: Ivs. lii-im i ;' im ' lur. , i,ii,r ni;iM .1/.

didyma. Vi.r. rubr:., ' . i r, ,n,s.„, ,„• n.sy red.

Var. m^dia, (ir.n

pie. S.B.F.(;. :iv i i .

Var, mbllis, K.i.ili. , M. ,„

to lil.w, B.M. -llQh i;i: M. .

BB. Lvs. nearly sessile, at least below.

Bradburiina, Beck. Fls. light purple, spotted darker
on the middle lobe of the lower lip, which is much
larger than the lateral ones. June. 111. to Tenn. and
Kans. B.M. 3310 (erroneously as M. fistulosa}.-A dry-
ish position suits it best.

F. W. Barclay and W. M.

MONARDfiLLA (.liminutive of Monarda, having its
aspect, iulLuis.-euci- iiud caly.^;). Labiittw. Annual or
perennial sweit-suiellinf,' herbs, natives of California.

or purple, COni|i;irl. .! m Ir.rm , [,:, l |,,:h1- ", )lh .■.!) invo-
lucre : calyx tulmi;'' n n ■ ■ .t ■ j" : , I . : . ,i, :,-

toothed; the teeiti i.-[ i ■,•,■-,■ ;i.|.i i . .-i ■ . .i t, i : i in
throat naked witlihi . -imnn- i. .x-. ii, ,i. "Tin idjow-
ing have been advertised, and can be secured through
western collectors.

A. Fls. large, comparatively few, loosely glomerate.

macrflntha, Gray. Perennial, tufted, about 9 in. high :
bracts of the 10-20-fld. head sometimes whitish or pur-
plish tinged: corolla about VA in. long, glabrous, orange-
red, its tube fully twice the length of the calyx; the
lobes lanceolate.

Var. nina. Gray (Jf. nhm. Gray). Pubescent: bracts
whitish or rose-color: fls. smaller; corolla not twice the
length of calyx, white or tinged with rose-color, the
slender tube pubescent.

AA. Fls. smaller, more numerous, densely capitate.

B. Plants perennial.

c. Veins of lvs. numerous and prominent.

villbsa, Benth. Bracts ovate, leafy, pinnately veined,
cc. Veins of lvs. not prominent.

odoratisBima, Benth. Bracts thin, membranous, whit-
ish or pinkish, inclined to parallel venation.
BB. Plants anmial.

lanceolita, Gray. Lvs. lanceolate or oblong, 1-2 in,
long, tapering below into slender petioles, the margins
even and entire: bracts leafy, ovate or oblong, mostly
acute, abundantly veined between the ribs or primary
veins by cross veinlets. jj. B. CouLSTON.

MONfiLLA. A section of Cyrtanthus.

MONfiSES (Greek, single delight; from the pretty
solitary flower). A'rit:dce(e. One-flowekeh Pyrola. A
genus of one species, a low perennial herb: stem de-

MONSTERA

1027

cumbent: lvs. roun

ilish. elustered at

base: fls, single.

drooping, from top .

.1 vlnrnlni- -, :i|M. ;

J-i; in. \»UK. whilo

or rose-colored, (i li

- n.widelv-sl.ivad-

ing, orbicular; filan

hi' . ■ ■ ' •: . il.

nak.-d; al.lh.Ts as

in Pyrola, but con-|

iir n.n -;■ ; inn ni

1. M. grandiilora,

S.F.Gray (.!/.» »,//

■ wsin tiM.i.st wood-

lands from I.Mbra.b

nr t'.. .\la-k:i,'ni

mi. idle states and

westward alon- ih,-

lie.lllitailis. It li

as I.e. Ml offered by

one dealer in native

MONEYWORT, or Creeping Charlie, is Lysimc

MONKEY FLOWER. See Mimulus luteus.
MONKEY PUZZLE. Araiiearia imbricata.
MONKSHOOD. Amnilum.
MONOGRAMMAdlfcck. a shntir linr: alludingt

. M. rNDKHWOOU.

rring to the single
side of the anther-
t 4 species of stem-

house foliage plai
the trade as hertt
green lvs. 4-6 in.
der surface of tij.

primulsefiara, Hook. f. (BcrtnUnin primulcfflbra,
Hort.). Glabrous: lvs. leathery, broadly elliptical: ca-
lyx lobes broadly ovate-rounded. B.M. 5818. F.S. 18,
p. 102. G.C. 1870:309, figs. 53, 54.

MONOPANAX, Referred to On-r.
MONSTfiRA I Latin../ ,„,.„. I. r).

be remembereil after the tirst look. (See Figs.
1417). As the plant climbs, the stems emit long,
roots, many of which never reach the ground, but su
the fingers of some fabulous monster. This grote

■T/^^Si.

/■■'■

n

^

1416, Leal of Mousteia deliciosa.
Grown under glass in the North.

1028

MONSTERA

banana. Tlie fruit grows about G
like a long pine cone, the rind beii
gonal plates, as shown in Pig. 1 II
satisfactory greenhouse subjeit, .
and being a great curiosity, e.vcii'
visitors. It is generally kept in a 1.
in a coolhoiise also. It is conini-.n
a spreading rather than climbiL

. long, and looks grow in two i

vcrlap one another. Wh
Bull, it was shown growing o
.aiMviti.- fiishion, and emitlin
iii"-t like a Alarcgravia. bii
itr,l ihc lirst name was foiin

the

developed when III' !• i i' I :. ii !i. i . ..im:;

stage the plant i- ^ -lil;. .iII-a, ,1 m ,■ ..,.■,■ a

dead log or tree-ft-ru trunk, in tin- njanni-r of I'liiludrn-
dron, which see for culture, llonstera is a genus of i;t
tropical American climbers, with ivs. more or less
densely 2-ranked. Engler in DC. Mon. Pban. Vol. 2.
(1879).

delicidsa, Liebm. Ceriman. Figs. 1416, 1417. Young
Ivs. 1-2 ft. long, leatherv, pinnately cut, perforated. A .F.
7:253. G. 11.41:329. Gn. 21, p. 39 (poor).

acuminata, C. Koch (31. tenuis, C. Koch. MarcqrA-
' ' /"i/-./(/o.ra.. Bull). Shingle 1'lant. Young Ivs. a' few
entire. Gn. 29, p. 290 (both kinds of

1417. Monstera deliciosa, climbing i

Pittvl

specimen of this kind cuiti

by Wm. Falconer in A. P. 7:253.

As a conservatory plant it does best when planted out
in a bed of rich soil, where It can be kept within bounds
by .iudicious pruning. It is not particular as to soil, as
it fills the pots in which it is planted with thick, succu-
lent roots in a very short time. It is one of the best
plants for enduring the varying conditions of tempera-
ture in a dwelling house, as nothing short of a freeze

to hurt it. PropnLTM
with part of the leaf attrirln ,1 \\ '
In the American trojii. ^ j/i,.
a very warm, moist clim.iir I't i
Although it naturally gi^^vs Ijy
and creeping up, it appears to b
pelled to grow on the ground

:ion of the stem,
ilr n.oting.

. r f :h hciosa requires
,■■ |ir>.iluction of fruit.
Hr..liing itself to trees
more fruitful if com-
nthout climbing. The
'fruit is green in color until it ripens, when there is ;just
a tinge of yellow, and the outer rind comes off in bits at
a touch.

Monstera acuminata is the correct name of the as-
tonishing plant known to the trade as Marcgruvia para-
ftoxa. The adult Ivs. are something like those of M.
deliciosa, being now and then prrfm-itril. tut L'rnnrnlly
pinnately cut. The young Ivs. ;ir •:• • '- ' •■ r. m. br-
ing much smaller, entire and 1i':n I i|i i 1 II i-.inr
of the most striking cases of ilin; I ; I:: ;,. : laiid in
horticultural annals, though thai il /',',r. ;-/.. »s is
more familiar, and similar ones occur in I'hilnck-nriron.
In its young stage M. acuminata is a very handsome
hothouse climber, with thick, roundish, waxy Ivs., which

■ C. II.

:13.
Fawcett, G. W. Oliver i

MONTANA, HORTICULTURE OF. Fig. 1418. Mon-
tana, from all standpoints, is nothing if not unique.
The third largest state in the Union (Texas and Califor-
nia being first and second respectively), there is added
to the natural capacity for great local variation found
in a state covering 145,310 square miles, the additional
feature of its being traversed by the main range of the
Rockies. The eastern portion of the state is plains
I'ountry, with a mean average altitude of 2,800 feet above
sea level.

Miinf 111!' sr.ntlifrn luniiidarv. p.-rbaps 125 miles west

' i:.i . ■• i.| ,|||.: ■ 'i. I '■ ..'■ I ... , I'aiii-, I M IV' a I'd the north-
I I I Hm -law line are the

laiMr i;ii. 1,1..-. ",11 1-1 111. -i. Hm- \:,:<r Taws, while dot-
t.il over the cast.-rn central i)c,rtii)n of the state are the
Moccasins, the Big and Little Snowies, the Belts, the
Highwoods and the Crazies. These, with the exception
of the Belts, are isolated from other mountains, or
iletached spurs from the main raiiL'.-. aial aliound in the
exceptional advantages wlii.h aii-r lii.ni good soil,
favorable exposure and emu i ni. nt m. aii^ t.u- irrigation.

About the center of the scutlu in siai.- line the main
range of the Rockies is euLountcri-d. Tliis range tra-
verses the state from this point in a northwesterly
direction, and after entering this range and proceeding
westward one is never out of sight of mountains until
reaching the western confines of the state.

The summits of the main range vary from 7,500 to
10,000 feet above sea level, and present mighty barriers
to the winter storms which sweep madly over the coun-
try to the east and south of Jluntana, ipften bringing
intensely cold weather in th. ii i .il . , Tlit-n, too, the
climate of the state is s. n : l.y chinooks,

those much raisunderstoc.l . , im . i inn air which

rob winter of all its terror- ^ .i- ,,-ii.al by thiin.

The botanist and horticultnn.^L l.a\i nun h to learn, as
yet, concerning the effect of altitude upon plant growth.
In a general way, it is supposed that 9,000 feet is the so-
called limit of timber, though, as amatter of fact, it often
happens that above tliis point the crowns of the moun-
tains are <'uinin>srd of living rock devoid of soil and
other nei.1.,1 a.ljMii.t^ i.. tree growth. Illustrations of
the unwilliiiuiics^ ot' plant growth to be circumsoi-ibed
by altitnilin.il Ihm - af found in the city of n.-nvcr,

which lio- -. li . I 111 • -.a ]■;.]. TIl.Ti, ii,al.> Irros

have br.ai ,',|','| , I ,':■ : i i' ..'•,1 I, ,' fi ,,i,| ' 1 I I I ,iliiial

habitat ai • , , ■ i ■ , . ■ -, nni lo

in- in .Minn.sofa, 5, .-.tin f.et n.-ar.T to s,a l.vel. Another
point in instance is found in the sugar beet chart of the
Department of Agriculture. This is designed to show
the belt of country in the United States best adapted to

beet-culture. This starts on th^ At ant.e m the a'^tuae
o£ New York city, exteuds n..,.lv .lu,- w.-stward to the
western line of Wisconsin, and u.. druukanl e^ erpur.uea
amore erratic course than it in niakin-' it- wayfromthe
Great Lakes to the Pacitie, at tin.- head ot the Gult of
California. ., .. „

Horticulturally speaking, Montana covers the entire
ale of the limits of fruit production m the United
t,.ai.o:=. except the citrous and other subtropical truits.
In no other state of the Union is there more need of the
scientific experimenter, not so much to determine the
species adapted to Montana as to wisely select the varie-
ties of species that will give best results. There is one
safe rule to observe in western f nut-tree plantins,-
avoid alkali soil. Ati.r an artive t.x|»ni-nr.- <it .. .'■'•"■^
of tree-growins: in Minii>'-"t:i and th.- lak"a-. 1''
writer is convin I tliat nMii- tailnr. s m c.rrhaninm in-
sulted therefrom planiniL;- m ,ill-.:i[i -.id than ii-ni ,ui\

MONTANA

1029

horses, and ■

nld for from $2.30 to $5 each. The
next plantings were made near the present site ȣ fe-
vensville, in the Bitter Root valley, by Bass Bros. Their
apple crop for ^

Root '
id

marked ad
It also has
ries, plum

llev is

soil exactly f
grapes and

timated at 10,000 boxes. The
e southwestern part of Mon-
■s in lentrth, with an average

■^ed t

rare that alkali

i'liomenal succes

leading out from thr ni.'nntain--

found on suitabll- mvliard l'"'all"

Montana owes nnndi "I ii> 1'
fruit culture to iiatural cniiditi.i
these is the abundant supply ot
for irrigation. Irrigation in orcl
or plant under complete control,
son, water can be supplied to supidini.nt any .xi-.tiin,' '':'' I";
lack of moisture, and by withholding this artiticial aid i ne pom'

in the latter part of the sea-

son, perfect ripening of the [- ~~i- — __ __

wood is accomplished and . < ( J~, \ T

the tree placed in the best I -• r^ ' f

physical condition to endure '
sudden climatic changes
Again, it is customary to
flood the orchard late in the
season, after the foliage has
fallen, with the result that
root killing is absolutely un-
known in Montana. So free
is the state from disasters
of this nature that budded
trees are succeeding re-
markably well wherever
they have been set in close

proximity to the mountains
Another decided advantage

is in the physical formation

of the state ; the make-up

of the mountains is not, as

many suppose, a shaping up

of every range and peak to

a sharp rocky apex, but m

all ranges there are vast e\

panses of open plateaus ex

tending back onto lower

outlying spurs. Heading in

the mountains, usually near

the summits, are deep canons leading down

to the open plains country at the foot of the

clav, fully one-half oi

tiou are lost from tin !■ ini

immediately after irn_':n i-n- Inn. r I; .11:1 n;-i ■"'^^''

r.ihinM TV ial purposes. The main dilEculty there experi-
, ni-d i- in the selection of the best varieties for gen-

.Iogist<

3nd in this one valley every variet7

There is a constant movement of air from the upper lu
the lower plateaus through these . uion^ or c isimud b-,^
the superheating of the air of tin 1 w i 1 \ < 1 duiiii_r
the middle ot the day. Theheatn, iiu . i i •'

tial vacuum, and the cooler an ■ t il i[ [ 1 I \ 1 tl
down to occupy this. This is espi 1 dl\ run in tli < 11
lier night hours. So common is this as to give tht name
"canon breezes" to these currents, which are plainly
to be felt miles away from everv extensive canon's
mouth far out on the open plains This constant cur
rent of air, passing over the surface of the earth, wards
off frosts and gives fruit immunity from this great
cause of loss to those growing fruit outside of moun-
tain districts.

Early orcharding was attended with almost prohibi
tive conditions. In 1864, trees were set in Missouri
valley by John G. Pickering, who is still In ing and
planting. Some of the trees originallj set arn aln e and
bearing. Trees then came in bj way of Utah on pack

1418. Montana.
The shaded parts show hortu ultiiril aieas

""•^ of apple that is now gron ing m the combined nurserie
of New York state The only bais theie found to tin
successful cultu ation of all ■
tliL brt\it\ ot tht giortin.,'

ages.

gition di I ^ 11 I iiL I an
grown caiiics lu undui \
compared with fruits grown without irrigatK
In the phenomenallv dry 1

1030

MONTANA

is beins attempted in Flathead valley, a large north-
western valley, with the liest results. The raUKe of
varieties is fully ;i-i wid.- :is that of the Bitter Root, anil
as the ;i!tiiu.lt' i-- iiIuhii [\)i) [rrt less it is to be expected
that tull\ a- t,'"M.l irsulK will eventually be attained.

Sonu- ililliiMilty is cxi.iri.Ti.'i-d from frosts in the Flat-
head country, hut as the heavy growth of deciduous and
conifer timber, which covers the majority of the bench
lands in this region, is cut off, no doubt the increased
circulation of air will prevent serious loss to fruit from
frost. Among other valleys achieving marked success
in fruit and vegetable culture, are those of the Gallatin,
Yellowstone, Upper and Lower Missouri, Clark's Fork
of the Yellowstone, the Judith, Milk, Marias, Teton,
Madison and Jefferson. In these valleys the better
apples, cherries and plums are readily grown, and it is
safe to say there are not IGO acres of farm lands in the
state where, if the planter will avoid alkali soil and set
trees with reference to the possibility of irrigating them,
the Transcendant and Hyslop crabs, and the hardier
of the standard apples, together with the small fruits,
cuuuot be successfully grown. g_ ji_ Emery.

MONTBRfiTIA. See Tritonia.

MONTEREY CYPRESS. Cnpressus maerocarpa.

M6NTIA (Guiseppe Monti, professor of botany at Co-
logne in the first half of the eiirlii' ■ i-li •• iiimx ). Por-
tulacdceiT. About 18 species of Aim ' ' , includ-

ing the Winter Purslane, a saliid ■ : noun to

the European trade as Clnytiiin<: , I'liis odd

plant is perhaps cult, in America l..\ a f i. v. fanciers of
rarer kinds of vegetables. In hot countries it may be
more desirable. It is an annual plant forming a com-
pact tuft about 9-12 in. high. The Ivs. are all from the
root, tender, thick, fleshy, with a slender petiole about
2 in. long, and a blade about K in. long, which varies
from lanceolate to rotund. The most remarkable feature
is a sort of cup an inch or more in diameter, from which
arise the racemes of small whit.' fis. One of these cups
crowns ca-'i ..r ilir .1. Ill-, nlij.-li an a iniMTOUS. Slender,
leaflet-, :■.!,'..,•• . I : ! ' Ivs. The name

"perf'i!' a Jilaiice of the cup

toajMia.; i, in 1/ ,,.-,,..,.,, in- cup is usually

2-lobca. ami llic .,|acu , run., inu. ,li, y-.UTj'rtoTO, which
rarely has the cup transformed into two almost dis-
joined Ivs. The Winter Purslane is now a weed in many
parts of the world. The seed may be sown all through
spring and summer where the plants are to stand.

Montia cannot be distinguished from Claytonia by any
one character, but the cultivated plants of both genera
have been sufSciently discriminated here and under
Claytonia. The latest monograph is hv B. L. Robinson
in Syn. Flo. N. Amer., V..1. I, part 1. fasc. 11 (1897).

A. Stcmx irillioul Inir !,:■<.
B. Pedicels short, seldom rx.-rriliini 11, ,■ fruiliiKj cnlyjr.

perioliita, Howell {Clai/luiiia in'i-foliilla, Don). Win-
ter Purslane. Rather coarse, green, often reddening
with age. Banks of streams, Calif, to Ariz, and Mex.,
north to Brit. Col. ; common near Pacific coast. It grows
wild in Cuba but is not luitive there, as often stated.
B.M. 1.13G. R.H. 1897, p. l.a!).
EB. Pedicels in fruit 2-ri liii.s lox//, much loiu/er thiiit

thr CilljIJ-.

parvifldra, Howell lOliij/tdniii parrifldra. Dough).
More slender, green or slightly glaucous. Calif, to Brit.
Col., east to Idaho and Utah.

AA. Stems with numerons small alternate Ivs.

parvifWa, Greene (Claytdnia parrifdlia, Moc). Fls.
rose-color to white. Plant has bulblet-like offsets.
Moist rocks, Brit. Col. to Rockies in Mont, and Alaska.
This and the preceding one have been advertised, but
have little if any ornamental value. -^ jj

in England for Chrysan-

MOONFLOWER in America always means Ipomcea
Mona-Nox and related species ; in England it rarely,
if ever, means this, but Ch rysantJiemiim Leucanthemnm
our common white weed or ox-eye daisy. Moonttower

MOONSEED. Meiiispermum Canadense.
MOONWORT. Botrychium; also Lunar io
MOOSEWOOD. Dirca palustris and Ace

MORiEA (probably named after Robert More, botanist,
Shrewsbury, Eng.). Mnra a ar. ai,;, i miuf- Imlbous
plants much like Irises, but IP ; iayarenotso

hardy as the common Irisc- , alual lis. hist

only a day or so. Moreea is a i i ai r.n s|.ri'ii-s,

45 of which are S. African, a i an diirily

from tropical Africa. Mum , - : a r ; ., muta-

tive of Iris. No one chaia i a. , , u,,,

genera. Morieas have iv ] : a a In-.s

usually have one. The lilani. m - arc u nail:: in-uailcl-
phous inMoraja and free inlris. Irises grow citlur from
rhizomes or bulbs, while Morasas mostly grow from
conns, except the subgenus Dietes, which grows from a
rhizome. Most of the showiest Moraeas belong to the
subgenus known as Mora-a proper. Species 7-13, de-
scribed below, lielong to this group. There is another
subgenus which differs from it in having the ovary ex-
tended into a long beak which looks like a perianth tube,
but none of this group is cult. The Morseas proper nro
about as tender as other Cape bulbs. The amateur may
find some suggestions as to their culture under /lulhii.
Iris and fj-in.

Hy far the birgest and most remarkable plant of the
L-aiiii- i. 1/ , a li'iihinsoniana. This grows li-K ft. Iii-h
a II I i.it of the NewZealand flax, 7'A.ic»/("»i

'- ' ' I lalid specimen mentioned in B.M. 7L'12

Inn. la7l^.^l|s between June 20 and Oct. 1. Tlie indi-
vidual (Is. are 4 in. across, fragrant and last only a day.
At Kew this noble plant has been successfully grown in
the south end of a house. The stately plant picinnd in
G.F. 10:255 grew in a Calif ornian garden and was saiil to
be Ifi years old from seed. The finest picture, however.

Dietes, 10.
edulis, ».
finibriatii, 8.
glaucopis, 5.
iridioides, 2.

Robinsoni!
spatlijtcea,
tricuspis, 4

Rootstock a short creeping rhizome.

(Subgenus Dietes).
B. Color of fls. chiefly white.

C. Ifeiqht Of phints f!-.t ft

1. Robinsoniana

2. iridioides
:i. bicolor

liool

''I'suhye'lns "lieu sseu.r '!!)'""""
C. Color of fls. chiefly orange-
red 4 . Pavonia

CC. Color of fls. chiefly u-liite.

D. Spots blue 5. glaucopis

1)1). Spots brown (i, tricuspis

B. Iiiuer seqments conspicuous.
V. Height of stems i-of in.

D. Lvs. hairy all over 7. papilionacea

DD. Lvs.hairy only at the edges. S. fimbnata
CC. Height of stems more than
S in.
D. Stems provided with 1 long
wiry leaf, just below the

inflorescence tl. edulis

DD. Stems not so provided.
E. Fls. usually 1 or Z on

a stem 10. spathacea

EE. Fls. loosely corymbose,
fls. small.
p. Spathes %-% in.

long 11. juncea

FF. Spathes 1)4 in.

long 12. tristis

13. polyanthos

UOHJEA

MORINGA

1031

Rnhi,,so,,la,ia, F.
iiii-iits spotted red
IF. 4:;!,-)5; 10:255.
,s 72 ::;;«; 1119:457.
li'Tii,'. with many

1. Eobinsoniina, Hook.
Muell. I. Wedding Iris, (i
and yellow near base. H..M
J.H. 111.32:569. G.M. 34;.-,r,;

2. iridioldes, Linn. Sfen
short, sheathing, lanceolate

basal rosettes: fls. over 3 in. across. wImN'. mai ki.l yel-
low on claws of outer spfiments; ^tvl.' n, ,t, marked
with blue. B.M. 093. L.B.C. 19:lti(.l [ 1 r,s rms^iiolia).

3. bicolor, Steud. Habit of M. iriilioidi'S: fls. 2 in.
across, yellow, with beautiful brown spots on the outer
segments; style crests yellow. B.R. 17:1404. L.B.C.
19:1886. P.M. 9:29 (all as Iris bicolor).

4. Pavdnia, Ker. (Tris Pavbnia, Linn. f. ). Outer
segments without a distinct claw, orange-red, with a
blue-black or greenish black spot at the glabrous base.
B.M. 1247. -Var. villdsa. Baker. Lvs. pilose: outer
segments hriubt purple, with a blue-black spot on the
hairy claw. B.M. .".71 ( //■',- r,7/„..„ i. Var. liitea. Bak.-r.
Lvs. gbil.n.us; lU. v.Ol.nv. ui,-p..tf,.,l. B.M. 772 (.)/.-
rma trimspis. \ar. I>a,,n. In J/, I'aroina and ,ilaiir„-
pis the inner se;,'uiLiLts have a large central cusp and 2
lateral lobes, while in J/, triciispis the inner segments
have 3 large cusps.

5. glaucdpis, Drap. Outer segments white, with a
blue spot. B.M. 168 (erroneously as Iris Ptivonia).-
In this species the outer segments have a short, distinct
claw, while M. Pavonia has none.

6. tricuspis, Ker. Outer segments whitish or lilac,
■with a purplish spot. B.M. 696.

7. papilion&cea, Ker. Fls. red or lilac, yellow on the
claw; style crests erect. B.M. 750.

8. fimbriata, Klatt. Fls. lilac. R.H. 1867:271.

9. «dnlis, Ker. Fls. lilac, spotted yellow. B.M. 613.
—Var. odora has white fls. Var. longifoUa has yellow
fls. B.M. 1238.

..M. 0174 (Dietes

11. jiincea, Linn. Fls. lilac, in 2-3 clusters.

12. tristis, Ker. Lvs. 2-3, produced near the base.
1-2 ft. long: clusters of fls. 4-6: fls. dull lilac, uchn-
or salmon-c i.ldriMl, with a vellow spot.

B.M. 577 {Iris tr,slis).

13. polyAnthos, Tlimib. Lvs. about 3,
one from iirar tin- Iias<- nf the stem, the
others from thr li.w.-r t'ork^, '.-1 ft.
long: clust,-rs,,f iN. ,-,-_■,.: lU. hla.'.

M. Marh„ii .■Mlvr,ti-...l I-Ma l,y \-,,,l Tn-

Dietes.— J/.A'(6a/rt/it7iun/t^Ins .'iisyniiciiium. :

MOREL. SeeMiisJtroom.

W. M.

folin, a tropical fruit tree cult, in S. Fla. and S.
Calif, (see Fig. 1419). It has heads of small white fls.,
.followed by globose or ovoid, berry-like fruits about 1
in. long. The genus contains about 40 species of shrubs,
trees and climbers in tropical Asia, Australia and the
Pacific islands, and 3 or 4 tropical American species.
Lvs. opposite, rarely in 3's: fls. white, in axillary or
terminal, simple, panicled or umbellate heads; corolla
tube short or long; lobes 4-7, coriaceous, valvate in the
bud.

citrlfblia, Linn. Indian Mulberry. Fig. 1419. A
small tree, with shining, broad or narrow, oval lvs. on
very short petioles: stipules large, broadly oblong or
semi-lunar; fl.-head on solitary peduncles 1 in. long

usually in the axil
limb truncate: coro
fruits vellowish, fles

f rviry .ith, r j.air of lvs.: calyx
1 .1-, Ic.IhmI. tula- about % in. long:
V. in a -li.liM,,.. orovoid head about
1. 11::;:;::.

uik. Stipules more acute: calyx
MM'- or trnwi-l-shaped, white, leafy
. long. Olfired in S. Calif, and

M. B. COULSTON.
from the native Malabar name),
hree species comprise the family
bers of the senus .Moringa. They

Africa an.l i' h , , , . > . i ,,. ,.,iMla.n ..f

the famiU .M..iUi„i ..,i„. ui, ,.. .i. u unme. Ben-

tham & Hooker all> it with Auacardiacea-. Euglur and
Prantl place it between Resedacefe and Sarraceniacese.
Grisebach joins it to the Capparidaceie. Others ally it

■■\

MORlNA(Louis Morin, a French botan-
ist, 1036-1715). Dipsdceae. Seven or 8
species of perennial herbs in western
and central Asia, from 3 in. to 4 ft. high.
Lvs. opposite or whorled, narrowly ob-
long or linear, spinous-toothed : fls.
whorled; whorls in spikes, surrounded
by wide-based floral lvs.; bracteoles
among the fls. few, spiny.

longiiolia, Wallich. A handsome plant
2 ft. high, with thistle-like foliage: lvs.
0 in. long. 1 in. across : fls. showy,
deepening from white in the bud to pink

Cult, in liu'ht, san^'l'l- 'liK '«'i't'h |.,',','lral
shade. Pro]., by se.-,l aiel 1a .livi^inn in
early autumn. Useful in tin- rockery and
border, and with other foliage plants.
June-Aug. Himalavas. B.M. 4092. B.R.
20:36. R.H. 1857:514. -Whorl-flower is
a catalogue name. ^' \'^^ . . ''

MOKlNDA (Latin, moms, mulberry, ^V_-^

and Ilidica, Indian). Biiljidcew. This 1419. Morinda citrifolia branch with leaves, flowers and fruit (X K).

includes the Indian Mulberry, M. citri- Also vertical section of fruit (fruit sometimes larger) and enlarged flower below.

w

o

1032 MOBINGA

with the LeguminosoB, which it resembles in external
appearance. Fls. perfect, 5-merous; calyx cup-sliaixd.
5-cIeft, the lobes reflexing; petals 5, one of them erect
and larger- fertile stamens 5 alternating with 5 or 7

1421.

Morinea oleifera—

the Horse-radish Tree.

staminoflia, the anthers attached on the back, and l-lo-
culed: fr. a long, 4-9-angled, 1-locuIed pod with 3
valves, the seeds immersed in the spongy contents of
the valves.

oleifera, Lam. (if. plerygospirma, Gjertn.). Horse-
radish Tree. Figs. 1420, U21. Small tree (reaching
25 ft.), with soft wood and corky bark, the young parts
:: piiiiiaic, 1-2 ft. I. .Hi;, all parts

pubescent : Ivs. i
stalked: fls. wliin
often'lK ft. l.ii.L
seeds. India, Imi
Indies. -The ll"r
pungent tastp ui
The young tr. i^
nuts) yield an oil.
The tree is some
U. .S.

the

pod
Qged
the W.

uhe

L. H. B.

MORMdDES (Greek, re grotesque creature). Orchi-
(larete. This genus is remarkable for the interesting
form of its flowers, which suggested the name given to
the genus by Lindley. The plants are rather large,
with long, tapering pseudobulbs sheathed by the dry
bases of the fallen Ivs. : Ivs. long, plaited, deciduous in

beariii;; liiaiiy sh,.\vy tN.: ^.p.'iK :,ii.l jirtal^ Mil.ci|ntil.
mostly narrow; hili.'llMiii lii-nil\' iiniti'd with tin- i-dluinii'
with ruvuhltr ]i.ar:;ilis, rar.lv (•"ncav. tlirircl t,. oTn-
side; cohimii withont apiMiKlagcs, twi.stcd in tbc oppo-
site direction from the labellum. Distinguished from
the closely related genus Catasetum by its perfect fls.
and wingless column.

MORUENIA

Mnrmodes are commonly found in poor condition
among the collections, which is the result of neglect
rather than difliculty of cultivation. They should be
grown in small baskets suspended from the roof, in a
compost of equal parts of clean chopped peat-fiber, sphag-
num and sod, interspersed by nodules of charcoal, and
the whole pressed in firmly around the roots. The roots
like to work among the charcoal, and this also serves
the purpose of dividing the compost, thereby allow-
ing it to dry out more readily. Mormodes do not require
an abundance of water at any time, and the compost
should frequently be allowed to dry out during the
growing season. When at rest, an occasional ap-
plication will suffice to keep the soil moist and
the pseudobulbs from shriveling. Rebasketing

should take place at tin- coiniii't iiient of new

growth in spring. 'I'hi y all ri iiiiin- warmhouse
temperature; the Cattl. \ a nr ( yin i|ii.lium depart-
ment affords them a jiroinr h"ati..n regarding
temperature and moisture.

Cult, by Robert M. Grey.
CoiasBUS, Reichb. f. Pseudobulbs 6-12 in. long, clothed
with brown sheaths: Ivs. elliptic-ovate, 10-15 in. long.

. 2 ft.

alk:

[uling c

bellum ovate, long-acuminate, \ ery revolute, yellow,
somewhat sprinkled with pink dots. March. Cent.
Amer. B.M. 5840.— A plant of striking appearance.

pardlna, Batem. Pseudobulbs 4-7 in. high, stem-like,
sheathed by the bases of the lanceolate, striate Ivs.,
which are 4 times as long: raceme nodding, many fld.,
shorter than the Ivs. : fls. yellow, spotted with reddish
purple, fragrant, crowded on the upper end of the stalk ;
sepals and petals ovate, pointed, convergent; labellum
nearly like the segments but with 2 lateral acute lobes.
July, Aug. Me.x. B.M. .3900. F.C. 3:11.3. -A curious
and rather rare plant. Var. unicolor, Hooker (Mar-
tndcles citrina, Hort. ). Fls. of one color, all yellow.

.M. .3879. l.H. 1:25. G.C. III. 14:181. Var. auran-
tiaca, Rolfe. Sepals and petals golden yellow; label-
lum yellow. l.H. 39:144.

Buccinator, Lindl. Plants 1-2 ft. high: Ivs. lanceolate,
membranous, striate: fls. pale green, with an ivory-
white lip ; sepals linear-oblong, the lateral ones reflexed ;
petals erect; labellum subrotund-cuneate, with the
si46s rolled back, giving it the appearance of a trumpet.
April. Mex. B.M. 4455 (J/^. (cM^tj/iJio.sn |. -This plant is
extremely variable in color, ranging from nearly white
to chocolate-brown, the various forms being either
spotted or plain. Its forms
have been described under
at least 7 distinct specific
names.

luxata, Lindl. Psem
bulbs 4-6 in. long: shea
ing Ivs. 1-2 ft. long, narr<
lanceolate, plaited: raia-
much shorter: tls. l* in.

cal, concave, obsoletely 3-
lobed. July. Mex. B. R. uii stami. w-i Pi«tii-
29:3.3. R.H.1889:132.-Very Vate catkin la'te catkin
fragrant. The fls. are re- of Russian of Russian
m.irkahly distorted. Var. Mulberry. Mulberry,

ebiirnea. Hort. Fls. creanty Natural size. Naturjil size,
white. Thi- is a very effec-

tivi- j.laiit, superior to the type. G.C. II. 18:145. l.H.
■'^ ■•'•'• Heinrioh Hasselbring.

MORNING-GLORY. Ipomoea purpurea.

MORKfiNIA (Professor Charles Morren, Belgian
botanist). A&clepiad^cete. One or two pubescent twin-
ing shrubs of S. Amer., allied to Cynanchum, but dif-
fering in its convex 2-lobed stigma (flat or concave in

never to hare been biought into culti\atiun l-i n t chi
says it IS a noble vine foliage very distinct Argen
t ne and Pansruaj

1425

P St Hate flower of

Russian Mulberry

LuHrged

MORUS (the ancient Lit u i me) Lttclcee or
Moiihece. MuLBEERr. About 100 species o£ Mulberrj
have been described, but the latest monographer (Bu-
reau, DC. Prodr. 17:237 [1873|) reduces them to 5.
Some of the names are now referred to other genera.
Many of the names represent cultural foi-ms of M. alba.
Mulberries are grown as food for silkworms and for the
edible fruits. The silkworm Mulberry of history is M.
alba, and the fiuit b.aiiii^ Mull.. ii\ ..f l,i~t..rv is M.

S am nate flower of

Russian Mulberry

Enlirged

M.ulha th, \, « \ni.nca
The Miili.. 111. - ,!.■ tipp«
the Old .111.1 Ne« \\..il.l '
monoecious flowers, b..tli -
axillary catkins, the :ii ^
The calyx is 4 parted: -t .
inclosed in the calyx-loii. -
flower there is one ovary n i
lobes are adherent to the o
late flowe

irmg
alba

. also
The
^.by

1 ill. I 'III 11. 1 tor a
.11. .11 111 tli. s, lima and
111.1 111 the re.iring of
.w largely passed away
'(s gave rise to one va-
ns, the Downing. This
lie name has been pop-
id to a good variety of

[iperate i

iof

1426. Fruit of
Morus alba.

ies), Thorburn and Ti..
and in some parts of tli -
are grown, particularh t).
the South f.iniis of tlie Ti.it
Hicks an.l Stul.bs These .-
hog pastures, as the annual
berry thrives m any garde

gests a blacklierry in extern.il appear-
ance (Fig. 1420).

In North America the Mulberry is
known chiefly as a fruit-bearing tree,
ilth.mgh It is never planted exten-
sn . I\ iii.i till- fruit is scarcely known
111 th. iiiuk. r. Two or three trees
il.. lit th.' Ii..iii.- grounds are suflicient
t.. ~.iiiiiil\ •' tamily. The fruits are
sweet and soft. To many people they
are too sweet. Because of their sweet
ness they are of little value for culi-
nary uses. They usually drop when
ripe. They are harvested by being
shaken on sheets or straw. Birds are
exceedingly fond of them. In the
East and North, varieties of il. alba
1^ the New Ameri-
... I present nurser-
. il..- Pacifle coast
s of M. niiira-
I . I .11. In parts of
ti'/'ia are grown, as
uUar for planting in
hi' fruits. The Mul-
It does well even on

are chi^tl

gited
Now a
le 1
h

gi tt 1 s 1) W 1
grafting is teif i
using cion which

1033

e For fruit 1 earing ^ur
tioni .0 to 40 feet ij-art

re offshoots of M II i
reat hardiness to w tl land

Thev are sef 1 f i 1 w

e now mostly wci
One of the m t
ol slow F 11

letli 1

I I 1 t 1 ope

t \ M

1 tl e So ith Th.
prevent sprouting.

buds removed

I 1 efore they are planted with a long

1 i.iMariety (see Fig. 941). The cut-

^ IS I iiiiise, and the cion takes root of itself

are raan\ Mulberries with ornamental forms,
e the most popular in America at present is
eeping, a chance seedling of the Russij

1427 A method of Eraftine the Mulberry.

a, the cion. b, matiix to receive cion; c, the graft tied;

d, the graft waxed.

berry tube. Wht n grafted several feet high on straight

Ru-H 111 -t 1 1. .1 ..III- of the best of small weep-

iii_M.\. 11 1 I I It originated on the grounds

.il I, 111 I I . . , Mo., about 1883. Various

,ut 1. .iM.i 1 1 ..f M nihn. are seen in fine

(Fig. 1420)' IS 1.11. .1 1 1 ' t . .,t Mulber-

ries is interestiii I m n on the

same tree there m i i I. .mis, while

different trees of 111 .i.i |. . n . Ii..w strong in-
dividual traits. The must stiikmg ■s.aiations are in the
lobing of the leaves.

A. Lvs. moitly bright and glabrous above, and usually

glossy.

B. Style vnrii short or practically none.

dlba, Linn. White Mulberrt. Figs. 1430, 1432 B.

Lvs. light green, rather small, smooth or very nearly so

'ath

.■hiefly for feeding the silk
[. e along roadsides and in the

1034

MORUS

fruits are an inch lonp;, but they arc oftener only half
that length, and one sometimes tinds trees on which tlie
fruits are barely a quarter of an inch in length. Now
and then a tree bears fruit nearly or quite black. Birds,
poultry and hogs are
fond of these Mulber-
ries. The trees are usu-
ally very thick-topped
and bushy growers,
but occasionally one is
seen which, when
young, has branches as
straight and trim as a
Northern Spy apple.
These half-wild trees
are seedlings, and this
accounts for their var-
iability.

Var. TatArica, Loudon
(J/. Tatdrica, Linn.).
Russian MtJLBERKr.
Figs. 1422-25, 1431. A
hardy type of Moms
alba which was intro-
duced into our western
states during 1875-77 by the Russian Mennonites. It dif-
fers little from the type of Morns alba in botanical
characters. As commonly seen, it is a low-growing very
bushy-topped, small tree with small and much-lobed Ivs.
The fruit is usually very small and insipid, and varies
from creamy white to violet, deep red and almost black.
Var. nervdsa, Hort. Fig. 1420. Lvs. contracted and
jagged, and very stroi]f,-ly nnirkfil with many white

veins. It bears fruit a half I, long. Among the

uld find a place,

MORUS

III ti folia, Poir., which Bureau refers here, is probably
M. Jiidica, Linn.). Fig. 14^2 A. A strong-growing
small tree or giant shrub, with dull, roughish and very
large, long-pointed Ivs., which are seldom or never
prominently lobed, and which are often convex above,
bearing black, sweet f r. ; style evident. China, where
it is the chief silkworm Mulberry. — Once much grown
in this country, but not now well known, particularly
not in the North.

1428. Teas' Weeping Mulberry.

althoii

ikiug

in monographic

effects :;-.• i:. :. I l,-,-i->- III Am

atWashihL'i>.ii, I i,. l,i-i.,,-y .-r
obscure. I)i-!ilr .lr-rni„-,l ii ji
long ago as ISL'ti, ami ji i^ di
works. It is of iM.rnriiliuriil <iT-

The following nam. s,« lii,!, ,„„• may tiiul in horticultu-
ral literature, arc referable to JJ . alliii: ci/drona (f ).colom-
bdssa,ConstantinopoUtctna,gtob^tia,interm^dia, Itdlica,
lacini&ta (of some), lucida , membrandcea , macroplifiUa,
Moritti, Komina, rdsea, urticccfdlia.

BB. Style evident or even prominent.

Japdnlca, Audib. (M. dlba, var. styldsa, Bureau).
Lvs. usually large, dull, rather thin, long-pointed, the
rounded teeth very large and deep, or the margin even
almost jagged, the leaves upon the young growth usually
deeply lobed. China, Korea, Japan. — This species has
been introduced lately. It is tender in the North when
young. The fruit is described as short-oblong and red.

P^^^

AA. £,vs. dull (jrecH, iiwsllit rough or i>ubescent.

B. FiiU-grou-n lis. more than 4 in. long.

multicaaiia, Perr. (M.dlba,y&r.multicatilis,hovidon.

M. alba, var. latifblia. Bureau. M. Sinensis, Hort. M.

1430. Morus alba (XJ<).

nigra, Linn. Black Mulberkt. Lvs. dark, dull
green, rather large, tapering into a prominent point,
commonly very rough above, usually not lobed, the
base equal or very nearly so on both sides, the teeth
rather small and close, the branches brown: fr. large,
comparatively thick and fleshy, mostly dark-colored.
The black Mulberry is a native of Asia, probably of
Persia and adjacent regions. -This is the species which is
cultivated in the Old World for its fruit. In America
it is very little grown. It is not hardy, except in pro-
tected places, in New England and New York. The
Black Persian Mulberry of the South and of California
is probably of this species.

ribra, Linn. Native Red Mul-
berry. Fig. 14:!3. Lvs. usually
large, very various, those on the
young shoots deeply lobed with
very oblique and rounded sinsues,
in the base of which there are no
teeth, the upper surface rough and
the lower one soft or variously
pubescent, the teeth medium op
comparatively small and either
rounded or bluutish: fr. deep red,
or when fully ripe almost black,
variable in size, often very good,
nearly always having an agreeable
slight acidity. Mass. to Fla., Kans.
and Tex., mostly in rich soils and bottom lands. S.S.
7:320.-This native Mulberry has been tried for the
feeding of silkworms, but with indifferent success. At
least three of the named fruit-bearing Mulberries be-
long to it, and a yellow-leaved Mulberry, which is

MORUS

somewhat grown for ornament, also appears to be of
this species. The curious lobing of the Ivs. on the
young growth is shown in the upper spray of Fig. 1433.
the nearest approach to this lobing is in the Japanese
{Moms Japonica), and this affords another of those
interesting parallelisms which exist between the Jap-
anese and eastern American tioras. The red Mul-

MOVING PLANT

or calyptra (c) which is shed at
opens by means of a lid or operculum (
flee is usually guarded by one or two
peristome. None of the Mosses
are horticultural plants, al-
though Sphagnum Moss is
much used as a packing ma-
terial and for holding moisture
about pots, and as a medi
which to sow delicate seeds. It
is collected from bogs. Club
Mosses are not true Mosses, but
lycopodiums (which see). The
"Moss" on fruit and other trees
is mostly lichen. The Florida
or Spanish Moss is a flowering
plant (see 2'(»ondsia). l.h.B

MOSS PINK. Phlox stiliilafa

MOTHER OF THOUSANDS.

MOULDS. Tl..- t.Tiii MmuM i-< i.-,.ii.Tallv :i
smallfunK"ii-i.'r"wih»hi.-l, :ip|i.-arv mi ,l,.,-;
matter, such as fruits, l.uth fn-sli and iirt-sirved, vege-
tables, etc. The Moulds are very simple fungi producing
immense numbers of spores, a fact which accounts for
their presence everywhere, in the air, in dust, and on all
exposed bodies. As a rule these fungi are not directly
injurious to plants; they are normally saprophytes and
perform a great service in disorganizing organic matter
which would otherwise accumulate on the earth. A
few of the spfcirs may become parasitic. Thus, species
of Botrytis nf'.,; nt^rtf!.: !--ttuce in forcing-houses which
are too cl"-" " ■! 'I"!! . ' imiationbudsand violet plants
are also I r. - i i,i..l by Botrytis. The mould-

like growth- ,1 ; l.ciiirds in damp cellars or in

greenhouse i I;. - n. -iri-ile mycelia of higher fungi.

These do m^t atrmk plants, but sometimes, as in the case
of violets, grnw c.vi-r ami smother the plants. (See also
Diseases, Finnji. Heinrich Hasselbring.

1431. Russian Mulberry— Morus alba, var. Tatarica (

berry is the largest tree of the genus. In the So
often attains a height of 70 ft. and a diam. of 3 or 4 ft.
The timber is used for posts and light woodwork.

Var. tomentdsa. Bureau. {M tomentliia, Raf ) Lvs
very soft-pubescent and whjtish beneath, often glossy
but rough above. Tex. — A large fruited form of this
was introduced in 1889 by T V Munson as the Lam
pasas Mulberry.

BB. Fnll-grown-lvs. usually S m or less long
celtidlfolia, HBK. (M. Mexicdna Benth If mi to
phi/llti, Buckl.). Much smaller tree th i "
rarely more than 25 ft. tall, andwith
smaller and smoother lvs and
smaller, sourer black fr. which
ripens earlier and is not so gord
Lvs. cordate-ovate, more or less
lobed, mucronate-serrate, neail
smooth on both sides: fr shcit
ovate or sometimes nearly glol
lar. Tex. and Ariz, to Ecuad
S.S. 7: 321. -Occasionally plant I
for its fruits. L. H B

MOSaUITO PLANT. See Cyn '
anchum.

MOSS. A general name for many
humble green plants of the crypto-
gamia (flowerless plants), mostly
with distinct stems and foliage
leaves. In North America there
are about 1,200 species, distributed in numerous families
and four orders. They have solitary, mostly stalked
spore-cases or capsules arising from the apex of a leafy
stem (Fig. 1434) . The capsule is covered with a thin cap

MOUNTAIN

ASH.

Plirus A

"noius atigus

tifolia.

M. Ebony.

yemopanthes

fasein.

tUiris. M.

/ K. IntiMia. M. Mahoe. nUiisciis elaltis.
I. Mahogany. Cercocnrpiis. M. Mint. Pijenanthe-
iiilii. M. Rose. AntigonoH.

MOURNING BRIDE. See Scabiosa.

MOVING PLANT. Desmodittm gyrans.

Polytrich
Nat. size.

MUCtTNA (Brazilian name). Legmnindsw. Between
20 and 30 mo.stly twining plants, widely distributed in
the tropics, onr of whi.li is somewhat cultivated as a
forage plant. Tin -. nn^ i^ nIHciI to Glycine, which in-
.Iml.- 111.' Soy Bean. The Ivs. are
laij-'r ami :i-foliolate: fls. long or
oljloiig, large, usually dark purple
(sometimes yellowish) but turning
black when dried, the corolla much
longer than the narrow-lobed calyx;
the keel long, boat-shaped and usu-
ally twice or thrice longer than the
obtuse standard and also longer
than the wings: stamens diadel-
phous (9 and 1) the anthers not uni-
form in kind: pod usually hairy,
bristly or pubescent, containing
globular pea-like seeds. The Mu-
cunas are either annuals or peren-
nials. The fls. are borne in axillary
clusters, and the pods are usually
long and beset with stinging hairs,
priiriens, V>C.{Odlichos priiriens,
Liun. D. muUiftdrus, Hort.). Cow-
itch. CowAGE. Fig. 1435. Annual
twiner, the branchlets somewhat
appressed-hairy and the Ivs. more
or less silky-hairy beneath : petioles
usually longer than the Ivs. : Ifts.
ovate or the lateral ones rhombic-
ovate, obtuse but apiculate : fls.
several to many, dull purple, l}^-2
in. long, in more or less drooping
racemes: pods f-shaped (the ends
curved in opposite directions), 2^
in. long, ribbed, densely brown-or
gray-bristly. — Tall - twining vine,
(See p. 1035.) common in the tropics of both hem-
ispheres. The hairs or bristles on
the pods are dislodged by the touch and they are very
irritating to the skin, often raising blisters. These
hairs also constitute a remedy for intestinal worms, it
being supposed that they kill the worms by irritating or
stinging them. It is a variable species.

Var.tltilis (JJf.M^ats.Wall.). Velvet Bean. Banana
Bean. A cultivated form, differing in the mostly
shorter pods, which are only velvety (not bristly-hispid).
Widely grown in the tropics.— Of late it has attracted
attention in the Gulf states as a fiirai,'i> and green-ma-
nure crop, but its use is still in the ■ \;m i Im, niil .hm'i' in
most places. Cattle have been tm " in the

mealmadeof the beans ground in til. : !. luive

been made sick by eating the gr. . i. . ..„. .i i . ,.ii~, and
chickens have been killed by boih r.nv ami cooked
beans. Because of its vigorous growth, the Velvet
Bean promises well as a soil renovator, as the cow-pea
does, although it can not be be grown so far north as
that plant. It is a good ornamental plant, growing
10-20 ft. high when supplied with support. The hand-
some globular beans (%-K in. diam.) have markings
which suggest the castor bean.

capitata, Sweet. Cult, in India and Japan (A. G.
13:728) as a housi-li..l.l vi-i;i'tal>le (as a shell bean), but
doubtfully distiiiri ii-..iTi ilo.al.ove: fls. usually fewer on
erect or ascendinu^ [....IiiimIos : pod mostly larger and
flatter, less hairy and iMM-oming nearly or quite glabrous
at maturity; bean larger, somewhat flattened. — Not yet
reported in this country.

nivea, DC. Also cult, in India, and perhaps a cul-
tural race of 3f. pruriens: fls. white: pod large, black,
becoming glabrous. L_ jj, g,

MlTEHLENBfiCKIA (after Dr. Muehlenbeck, a Swiss
physician). PolijijonHcerB. A rather small genus of
climbing or erect, usually slightly ^■hnil*'"- j'lmits. nil

inhabitants of the south temperat.. I- - :.ii. rnit...

with sheathing stipules at the 1.. -. \iial,

small, fascicled in the leaf -axils; i . ■ i i. .rly

equal lobes; stamens 8: ovary l-cll. .1, I ..\nl..l: styles
3; akene obtuse or acute, 3-angled, crustaci.o\is, about
equaling the succulent perianth. All greenhouse plants,
very various iu appearance.

MULCHING

compl6za, Meissn. A twining or drooping, somewhat
shrubby plant: stem slender and much-branched, gla-
brous except wh.ii viry young : Ivs. very small, 3-5
lines long. liu^lir l'i-. .ii. about equaling the petiole,
mostly fid.ll..-slia|.i .1, raiily hastate; sheaths small, tu-
bular, deciduous; i!s. l-i;. in somewhat racemose, pubes-
cent clusters, gix'uii and inconspicuous: fr. with a suc-
culent, transparent, whitish, persistent perianth. New
Zealand.— A graceful greenhouse basket plant, but may
also be made to twine. Fruit clusters glistening, showy.
Is sometimes called Polygonum by florists.

platyclidos, Meissn. (Cocc6lolaplahjclAda, P.MucU.).
A yciy iiiti-ii. sting erect, shrubby plant, with broad,
flat, ribhonliko, glossy, delicately striate branches, re-
placing the Ivs., which are scanty or entirely wanting:
Ivs. membranous, oblong-lanceolate, sometimes hastate:
bracts and stipules very short: fls. white, in few-fld.
clusters : akenes included in the fleshy perianth, which
at maturity is bright red or at length deep purple and
quite showy. Solomon Isls. B.M. 5382.— Frequently
grown in greenhouses because of the odd flat stems and
showy fruit.

M. adpressa. "Meissn. Large, diffuse, bushy plant, with small
pink rts. in paniculate spikes: Ivs. up to 2 in. long. brnadl.v ob-
long, often vlate. elabrous. Australia. B.M. 3143 (as Poly-

fi.muni). Cult. Ill Europe. j;_ jj^ WeIGAND.

MUEHLENBfiEGIA ( Dr. H. Miihlenberg, who wrote a
work upon American grasses in 1817). Gramineir.
About 60 species, mostly American. Spikelets 1-fld.
The following is offered by one dealer in native plants.

glomer&ta, Trin. An erect perennial, with rather
short appressed Ivs.: panicle contracted and spike-like:
empty glumes nearly equal, l-nerved, extending into
short awns: fl. -glume longer than empty glumes, ex-
cept the awns. Wet ground, nearly throughout north-
em l^'- S- A. S. Hitchcock.

MUGWOET. Arte.

uhj.rns

1%

nus of one species, an unimportant plant advertised
one specialist in Pacific coast bulbs. It has a slender
scape 3-12 in. high, bearing early in the year an umbel
of 5-15 greenish white fls., each about }4 in. across.
The genus is close to Allium, but instead of a true bulb
it has a fibrous-coated corm, and also lacks the onion-
like odor. Generic characters are: perianth subrotate,
persistent, of 6 nearly equal, slightly united segments:

MUKIA. See Melolhria .

MULBEEEY. Discussed under Moms. French M.
Callicarpa Americana. Indian M. Morinda. Paper M.
Broussonetia. The wild Rubus odoratus is improperly
called Mulberry in some parts of the country.

MULCHING has four general objects: (1) to con-
serve nioisiiii'.. in the soil by preventing or hindering
evap.n-atioii ; ( 'J ) to protect plants from winter injury;
(:>) to k.e|i the surface of the soil loose and friable;
( 1 1 1.1 a.M plant-food to the .soil.

'I'll., nioi^rme which is available to agricultural plants
is 111 111 in ilie soil by means of capillary attraction.
The soil niav lie conceived to be full of irregular capil-
lary tulies wiiic-h have a general vertical direction. The
upper ends of these tul.es or s|,a..is are in contact with
the atmosphere, and they ar.- (.onstantly giving off
moisture into the air. If tin- npi'ir ends of these tubes
are covered, as with a board .r :. ii.n!..)i. tlie evapora-
tion into the atmosphere is i. i i. . !> 'i r|,t if they
are covered with a mulch fif a ■ i-t, a similar

result maybe attained. Tin- n i : i ildi may be

made on the spot by tilling tie- upjn i i ., ■ ilireo inches

of soil. The philosophy of summer tillage is to prepare
and to maintain this mulch of soil, thereby interposing
a relatively non-capillary stratum between the moist

MULCHING

soil ami the air. This earth-mulch may itself be dust-
dry, but it protects the soil beneath. There is more or
less evaporation into the interstices of the earth-mulch
itself, and some of the moisture ascends through the
mulch and escapes into the atmosphere; but it has been
found by long experience and by experiments that the
earth-mulch greatly lessens evaporation. The frequent
stirring of the surface soil in summer is said to make
the land moist; as a matter of fact, it keeps it moist.
"When it is impracticable to keep a surface mulch by
means of tillage with horse tools or a rake, it is some-
times advisable to use straw or manure. Mulching
newly set trees is often desirable when it is not possible
to till the land or not practicable to water them. The
ideal mulch to conserve moisture, however, is the loose
soil, since the stirring of the soil not only affords the
mulch but also sets at work various chemical and bio-
logical forces which make the plant-food more available.
All herbaceous plants and most shrubs are benefitted
by a mulch in the fall, no matter how hardy they may
be in the given locality. Nature's mulch is the debris of
fallen leaves, grass and other litter. The autumn leaves
which blow into the borders and the clumps of shrub-
bery, afford the very best winter mulch ; and yet
it is a common practice to scrupulously collect and burn
these leaves in the fall, and then if the plants are
mulched to apply manure. This is doubtful wisdom.
The herbaceous border will be benefitted by a loose, open
mulch, 6 to 10 inches deep. If the mulch is of such
character as to become very hard and dense, and to hold
too much water, it may be injurious. Leaf-mold, loose
muck or peat, autumn leaves mixed with some litter
which will prevent them from packing too hard, manure
which is not too strong in nitrogen and potash, fine
straw, sawdust, shavings, pine needles, evergreen
boughs— these are some of the jnaterials which may be

1037

nntige If the mulch has
^ It nn% 1 (. left on the

I amy co\ eriug which will
i I tcuiid in the woods. Too

surihtes the welfare of

II ct and burn every stray
ce manj kinds of dirt

5 of the soil loose and
m the beating of heavy
The vegetable fiber
i^hich wirks inti th(_ suit ice also pre\ents the particles
of he-i%v cli> ^oiK fr m lunmng together or puddling,
boils -nhich are covere 1 with a mulch do not bake.

\Ahene%er the niukh contains soluble plant-food, the
soil receives the leachings and is enriched. Stable
manure is an ideal mulch for enriching the soil, but if
the manure is fresh and strong, it is likely to injure the
crowns of some plants. l jj p

rhich

are

leilh

fbiectioi

Jille

The

mu

Ich keeps the

surf ic

nellow bee

luse

It protecl

s It fl.

uns

and

the

weight (

f sn, V

MULLEIN. See r,

'rhasc:

»»H. Mullein Pink. Lychnis

MDESAYA (T a
Gottingen). V,'--. . .
Ivs. pinnate; h
late,cuneatH..r
solitary and axil:,ii; .
cymes; sepals 5. ovat

-e'or'l

•:>v. ITtiviTfll, professor in
- ..r .|,rul>. wiilM.ut thorns:
1 ,ln,„i ,„■ ,.Il,i,,„.al-lanceo-
: IN. r,,„i|i:n-^iTi\.'ly large,
l.rn.nial o.rvnil.. ur axillary
aiiciM.late, united only at the

base or in the lower third; petals 5, linear-lanceolate,
free, imbricate; stamens 10. free, inserted on an elon-
gated disk, the alternate shorter: ovary ovate, 2-5-celled,
narrowed into a long and finally deciduous style; stigma
capitate; ovules solitary or 2, superimposed or collateral
in each cell: fr. a small elliptical or round berry. Four
species in Indo-Malay region.

ez6tica, Linn. Okan,:]- .Ikssaminf. A viiy variable
evergreen slinib <ir >ni.il! tv'-. y>\ni'^ lii:inrlirs jiubes-
cent : Ivs. glalirMH^. :i->-f,,i,Mi;,ir ; Iik ..Ii1h|u.-, short-
petioled, about 1 m. l-nm. ..lH,^:ll,. ,,r ilh|iti.al, entire,
shining above : lis. iain|iaiiiilai.-, ' . in. lu diam., pure
white, very fragrant : «'\ at \ "J im ll,.l : l"r. a small berry,
elliptical, reddish, glandular-. i.ittid, 1-2-seeded. India,
China, Australia and tlie raritic inlands.— A tender tropi-
cal shrub, with dense folia^'r and of upright -bushy
habit. Cultivated to some extent on lawns in southern
Fla. and S. Calif., and in hothouses. A fine ornamental
pot-plant, blooming when small. Murrai/a exotica "needs
ample pot room and a liberal supply of plant-food. An
annual application of boii'-nMal win ii repotting in Feb-
ruary intensifies the cipl.iii.f till- f.'Iiai,'!', increases the

quently. When properly tn at.-il, tin- lirst crop of flowei-s
usually appears here [(ienr,L,na) during May, another dur-
ing July, and this is succeeded at interval's of from four
to six weeks until fall. For winter, give it the tempera-
of a cool greenhouse, but during summer it thrives
best when given full sunshine outdoors." P. J . Berck-
s, A.F. 11:13C7 (picture).

Koenigii, Spreng. Lvs.'lO-20-foliolate, pubes-
cent or rarely glabrous. Along the foot of the
Himalayas in India. — A small, strong-smelling
tree. The bark, leaves and roots of this species
are used in India as a tonic.
elongSlta, DC. Lvs. 4-6-foIiolate, glabrous;
4-5 in. long, much longer and more lanceo-
late than any form of M. erotica : bark on
sleniler branches pale yellow. Burma,
panicnl&ta. Jack . S atixwood or Cos-
metic Bark Tree. Arboreous: corymbs
few-fld. or fls. solitary. -The wood of
this species is considerably used be-
cause of its strength and endurance
and light yellow color. The bark is
used as a cosmetic. By some consid-
ered to be a form of M. exotica.

H. J. Webber.
Ut'SA (named after Musa, the physi-
cian of Augustus). ScitaminAceif. Ba-
nana. Plantain Tree. Large herbaceous or
slightly shrubby plants with immense undi-
vided leaves, forming a very conspicuous fea-

1038

MUSA

turo in the tropical forests of the Old World, where
alone it ia native. Characterized by the elliptical pin-
nately-parallel-veined Ivs. with the sheathing petioles
forming u false stem-like structure: lis. unisexual, in
clusters, each cluster subtended by a large, colored bract,
and all arranged in a dense terminal panicle borne on a
stalk rising through the center of the false stem; peri-
anth of 6 parts, 5 of which are united in 1 piece, desig-
nated below for convenience as calyx, and 1 free, here
termed the petal ; perfect stamens 5 : ovary inferior,
3-celIed, many-seided : fr. large, more or less elongated,
indeliismit. pulpy "i- dry. Plants of great importance
in the tiopir^, wIm r.- I]\<: t'ruit is used for food. Bananas
are iinp'irti -I inii) ilii' U. S. in great quantities from
Cuba an. I ( riiM;il AiniTica, and are also grown in the
Gulf .sUilLs i.sLU! liamnm). Several species are grown
extensively iu the North solely for decorative purposes.
Latest monograph of the genus by Baker, Annals of
Botany 7:205 U893). K. M.Wieqand.'

The principal species grown for its fiber is 3[usa tex-
tilis. Its cultivation is confined almost entirely to the
Philippine Islands, where it is grown in immense dense
groves. The product of this fiber Banana is known in
commerce as Manila hemp. This species is a very tall-
growing one, reaching a height of 20 or more feet. It
produces an inedible fruit filled with seeds, from which
it is readily propagated. It is little known in this
country.

As decorative |.lnii, in iMnlsrapo gardening few sub-

jectsequal til ..r Bananas. Theiramense

leaves arohitiL' ' i i i rnm the top of the "stalk,"

which is in nail) , i i n - I Inng leaf-stems so closely

united as In iMim. mm- |n:irih-al purposes, a real stem,
give an ilTrri, .rC iid|nr;,l Inxiiriance. As they are of
really na>y umwih. tin ii- I nltivation in temperate cli-
raati-'s i< .in 111.' iii.ii a~.>. 'I'lic smaller species, some of
them \\\\\< ni.iii I. .1 ..!■ \ arifgalud foliage, are most useful
for 111 -Mm mil |..' I ~ .111 a small scale.

"^'.iiiii .1 II I..' obtained from nursery or florist

firm, I , . . Ml- early summer and kept growing

in pnu HI I In .. Ill . r\ atory or house until settled warm
weather ]iermits open-air planting. They should then be
given considerable space in a well-enriched bed, having
a situation sheltered from the prevailing winds and
where water can be applied during dry weather. The
Banana is impatient of shade, doing its best in strong
sunshine. Heavy winds tear the large leaves, and hence
a sheltered location is best for preserving the beauty of
the foliage. By autumn the plant will be large, and if
desired to carry it on to fruiting, it should be carefully
lifted into good soil in a large tub for growth under glass
during winter. By the following summer it should be of
sufficient age and size to bloom and fruit in the open
ground. The plants may be stored in a light, frost-proof
cellar during the winter, but by this means the foliage
will be lost and the plant suffer a severe check. When
it is desired merely to have their foliage for ornamental

.stored in dry sand through the winter. In the spring
these will throw up shoots, if given heat and moisture
in the greenhouse or hotbed. e. N. Reasoner.

Basjoo, 3.
Oavendishii,
Ohampa. 4.
Chinenais, 1.

seminifera, 6.
Sinensis, 1,
Sumatrana, 7.
Troglodytanim,4.

iponica, 3. sapieutum, 4.

\. Fruit edible, seedless {except rarely

Noa. Sand 4): petal ovate, entire.

B. Lvs. SS ft. long: plant dwarf,

4-6 ft. high; fr. 6-angled: fls.

1 in. long I . Cavendishii

BB. Lvs. 5-9 ft. long: plant taller,
8-30 ft..- fr. 'S-5-angled: fls.
VA-2 in. long.
o. Foliage very glauconn hrmiitli.

firm: fls. rose-red 2. Martini

JIUSA

cc. Foliage green on both sides
[except one var. of .iVo. 4),
thin: fls. yellowish white,
except in two forms of J\'o. 4.
D. Fls. S in. long; bracts ob-
long, brownish : petal
equaling the calyx: male

fls. persistent 3. BasjOO

Ml. Fls. 1% in. long; petal half
the length of calyx: bracts
lanceolate: male fls. de-
ciduous 4. sapientum

V. Fr. mil cdihlr: pulp scanli/ or none.
B. PInnt ttill (SO-40 ft.), not stoton-
ifcroHs: pttal S-tuothed: false-
stem bottle-shaped: fr. very

scKdy 5. Enaete

Bu. Plant low (iStt.), stoloni'erous:
pita I linear {ovate in No. 6),
iiilire: false stem cylindrical,
c. Fls. about 12 to a bract; petal

ovate (i. seminifera

cc. Fls. only about S-4 to a brad;
petal linear.
D. Lvs. large, 5-6 ft. long: fr.

with stipe %-l in. long. . . 7. Sumatrana
DD. Lvs. smaller, S-4 ft. long;
fr. nearly sessile.

E. Bracts bright red 8. coccinea

9. sanguinea
EE. Brads pale blue or red-
dish lilac 10.

1. C&vendishii, Lamb. {M. Sinensis, Sagot. M. Chi-
nhisis. Sweet). Chinese Dwarf Banana. Dwarf
Jamaica. Stoloniferous : whole plant 4-7 ft. high : false
stem cylindrical, 3^ in. in diam. : lvs. conspicuously
spreading, oblong, 2-3 ft. by 1 ft. ; petioles short and
stout; blade when young spotted and blotched with red,
in age rather glaucous: panicle drooping: bracts ovate,
dark reddish brown : male fls. persistent; calyx yellow-
ish white; petal one-half as long: paniclevery large, the
fruits 200-250, small, 4-5 in. by IK in. or more, yellow,
slightly curved, broad, obtuse, narrowed to the sessile
base; skin thick, flesh delicate and fragrant. Southern
China. Int. from Mauritius in 1829. Gn. .32, p. 243; 40,
p. 203; 44, p. 490; 50. p. 101. G. C. III. 22: 107. -Stands
more cold than most Bananas, and its dwarf growth
readily allows of protection. Good for planting in tho
North ; good, also, for shipping. ■ Grown extensively
along the coast of the southern states and in the West

2. H&rtini, Hort. Similar in habit to M. sapientum:
lvs. oblong, long-petioled, quite thick and not easily
broken by the wind ; veins and stem commonly reddish :
fruit rather small, yellowish. Int. from the Canary Isls.
R.B. 18, p. 107.— A foliage plant good for exposed places.

3. Easjoft, Sieb. & Zucc. {3f. JapSnica, Hort.). Japa-
nese Banana. Stoloniferous: whole plant 12-18 ft.
high: false stem cylindrical, 0-8 in. in diam. : lvs. ob-
long, thin, 0-9 ft. by lK-2 ft.; petiole about 1 ft. long:
peduncle 1 ft. long: panicle dense, nodding: bracts dull
brown: petal nearly equaling the calyx: fr. 30-00, ob-
long, pointed, 3 in. long, gradually narrowed to a sessile
base, usually containing a few seeds. Liu-Kiu archi-
pelago, cult, in Japan. B.M. 7182. R.B. 22, p. 1.52.
R.H. 1890, p. 203. Gn. 55, p. 3. — Decorative; valuable
because of its resistance to cold; may be planted at the
North.

4. Bapifintum.Linn. Common Banana. Figs. 187, 188.
Stoloniferous: plant 20-30 ft.high: false stem cylindrical,
4-0 in. in diam. : lvs. oblong, thin, bright green, 4-7 ft. by
l>^-2 ft.; petiole slender, 1-1 K ft. long: panicle often
4-5 ft. long: bracts ovate-lanceolate: fls. IK in. long:
fr. in the typical form, 3-4 in. by lK-2 in., forming 3-4
bundles of about 12 . a.h. n.uiKled above, narrowed to a
sessile base, brit'lii m Il.iw: il. sh good, seedless. Na-
tive in India aad K. In.lian NK. -Widely cult, through-
out the tropics for the ex.-ell.iit fruit, and also more
rarely for the fiber, which is interior to that of M. tez-
lilis. Most of the commercial Bananas are obtained
from the numerous varieties of this species. The Ori-

MUSA

noco, Horse or Hog Banana, is probably very near the
typical form of tiiis species. It is very iiardy, ami mucli
grown in Gulf states: fr. 6-7 in. long, not gooil unless
ripened on the plant. The Fig Banana resembles var.
Champa, but small fruit purplish : dark Its. and stem
often blotched ivith black. Not hardy.

Var. Troglodytanim, Il-rt. ^^. r., '.'-■•. , Lii;n.

M. L-r<n,nsr,.,n.s. Rui,i|i|,. . - . !; ■ • , ' ■

Ivs. narniw-ul.luiiu' : I,i:m' _ -

yellow or orange, rarely wiiii a Uh >,-,.l>. il.-^li .\ci1m«,
sweet and mawkish. India and I'acilic Isls., rarely
cult, in U. S.

Var. Ddcca, Hort. (M. Dacca, Horan. M. paU'istris,
Hort.n. r>'.'"\ B\v\NA. Rather dwarf: stem glau-
cous: \y~ ' ''■ '.■■!', j-laucous beneath; petioles with
red niai „ ■ \ . i in. long by 2 in. wide, its tip

and bav, _ _ . ilavor good; skin thick. — Tender,

not go."l I-r . >.-! .lilt, ales.

Var. Ch4mpa, Hurt. (.)/. Champa. Ylort. M.orientum,
Hort.). H.^kt's ('HoicE. Lady Finger, or Golden
Early Banana. Chimpa. Stem and midrib of leaf
tinged with red: fr. jiale straw-yellow, about 6 in. long;
skin very soft and thin: flesh luscious and delicate in
flavor, ripens quickly. Hardy in cool climates. Best of
all for growing in Florida. Much grown in W. Indies.

Var. paradlsiaca, Hort. (J/, paradlsiaca, Linn.).
Plantain Hanana. Ccw.iking Banana. Adam's Fig.
Male tl^. III"!-'- jH r-i~T--iit : fr. 40-bO on a panicle, very
large, 7-1 1 in. Inn-, cylindrical, yellow, acutish; pulp
firm and 1.-- -a.rl,;u in.-, not very good unless cooked:
Ivs. 5-7 ft. an.l |i.ti<.!.- -J ft. Ion- India. R.H. 1888. p.
09. L.li.i . , :i.>4. -I nit. iv.iywhere in tropics, espe-
cially in Cul.a. .Mii-f ."iiinH i.ial Bananas are of this
variety. Tlie Jlariinjiiu.- ilanana is probably merely a
form with .--liylitly .smaller fruits (7-8 in. long). Im-
mense quantities grown in W. Indies and Cent. Amer.
Fine for shipping.

Var. rtibra, Hort. (M. rfihra, Firming). Bakacoa
Banana. Red.Tamak-a Banana. Red Spanish B.^nana.
Stem, pi-tiuli-. tls. and iiiidrilMif l.-af ilnll la-cl : fr. lar!;(.,7-li
in. long .at lirst. .lark i-i'.l. lip.nini;- L. a v.-llowi^h ia.,1, ,if

very g..
formerl
Indies,
is one <

1- purposes, although
iia is intermediate be-
golden yellow or red-

tween tliis and \ar, ' !<■! >,
dish, 8-9 in. long, blunt.

Var. vittata, Hook. Rather dwarf in habit
the long fruits copiously striped with white and often
also rose; spathes bright red inside. B.M. 5402. — Very
decorative.

3. Ens^te, Gmel. Abyssinian Banana. Fig. 1436.
One of the largest species, very luxuriant : Ivs. ob-
long, acutish, bright green,up to J(l tt b\ ; tt jietiole
shoi t and broad; peduncle short, p 11 I i il 1 Im^e
bracts ovate, dark claiet l)rown _' m.

long, 2 ranked, 20 or less m e i. 1 i ,p-

shaped ; apex 3 lobed ; jietal sh.ni i i < i | I. ng-
linear: fr. coriaceous, dry, 2-3 in. lunt, se> N i-4. l.lack,
glossy, nearly 1 m. broad. Abyssmni. U.C. II. 15:4,!5;
21- 19; III. 16:696. Gn. 47, p. 5; 48. p. 40b. B.M. 5223.
K.H 1888, p. 32. V. 5:.53. F.E. 11:470. -Most commonly
cult, of all decorative Bananas, and probably the finest;
also most hard V of all cult forms, gro« ing freely during
the summer. Seeds germinate easih m hotbed.

IS not in the

G. seminif era. Lour The tvpiral fni
trade. Vn zehrina H.it i \r ,l,,,ini H.ntl Ner^
similai I 1/ Hi \ . _. t iti\ . liiiHt.is but

much - I I I nil i \ h , t\ ii sin UI,

oblonu 1 1 i(,liM, ,11 \\i~i|,i _ripen-

blotched or stii],f.d \Mtli bl.ick or daik puri>le above -
A very fine ornamental variety.

7. Sumatrina, Becc. False stem 3 ft. high: Ivs. ob-
long, 5-G by 1J< ft., glaucous, blotched with claret-brown ;
petiole slender: peduncle hairy: panicle drooping, 1-1'^
ft. long: male fls. deciduous: bracts short and rounded :
female clusters few, distant: calyx 1 in. long: fr. cylin-

MUSCARI 1039

drical, curved, 2-3 in. by }{ in., narrowed suddenly to a
slender stipe. Sumatra. I. H. 27:375. — Used for decora-
tive purposes.

8. coccinea, Andr^. False stem slender, 4-5 ft. by 2-3

in. : Ivs. small, oblong, 2-3 ft. by 6-9 in. ; petiole long and

slender: panicle dense, erect, 6 in. long: female clusters

f.-.\ : 1 I acts lani-e-oblong, bright red, tipped with yel-

' \ vrll.,\v. 1 in. or more long: seeds very small,

_, I M. 1\ i.ro.luced in cult. S.China. B.M. 1559.

'.>. sanguinea, Hook. f. Falsi- stmi slmdi-r. 4-.' ft.

bright red: calys
long-trigonous, 2
variegated with
tubercled. Assair

, pale green,
small, black.

than the fnnaio. i|. , . . : \ yillow, 1 in. long:
fr. oblong, ol.siuii I i .n. . ■ llowish green, 2-3 in.
long; pulp v.rv -.uniN ml lu.a-lv edible: seeds 2
lines in diani..black,tub.r.-li-.l, rare in cult. India. B.R.
9:706. L.B.C. 7:615.-Int. into California.

1436. Musa Ensete.

M. Fm. Yieill. (M. Seemanii. F. Muell.).
entum. Lvs. larger and firmer: fr. 5-6 in 1.
edible, seedy. Cult, in Europe. G. C II
Hort., differs from M. coccinea in its s
length of calyx). Cult, in Europe. B ^
Eoxb. Similar to M. Ensft.- triuik oft, a
enee at base: panicle drnono, . , , tlm ' I

of 3 loosely coherini; i i (I

R H. 1877, p 277: Iss, ,
Manila Hemp. St. ai
glaucous beneath, ohlon. i m , i i .i ], i

ilile. filled with seeds Mubt miportuut ot coi.Uige plants,
iimense quantities exported from the Philippines. Int. by
■ Pomology, U. S. Dept. of Agric , in 1SS9, but no longer
K. M. Wiegand.

MUSCAEI (Latin name referring to the musky odor
f -I/. iit.K-<ri,iiiiim }. lyiliaeeie. Gkape Hyacinths are
hari}iin-, liar.lv, spring-blooming bulbs (see Fig. 1439).
'hey are .somethiug like a hyacinth, but the clusters are
mailer, and the individual fls. are smaller and of differ-
nt shape. The fls. are more or less urn-shaped, con-
tricted at the mouth and have 6 small teeth instead of

1040 MUSCARI

prominent perianth-segments, as in the true hyacinth.
The common Grape Hyacinth, which every garden lover
Itnows, is oallfd JI. bolrijoidts, which means "like a
bunch •.( .'r:.|" - ■■ i:vrryh..,ly wli.. li:i- any Kn.un.l f..r
gar.l, ■,,!-, ^•:.. ,:•: i.:r, .■ ^..,i,m Lull- ..t tin- .-oii,,,,.,,,

kin.l.K- . - •■ I .■."■! "In..-. All th.. ntl,..rUi,i.N

descnl.l i.b.^ :,r.. i:,„.-i,-i-,' plant ., .m.T.-M,.,:r .-h.-lly
to skilled amateurs. Among them the most remarkaljlc
is the Feathered Hyacinth (M. comosum, rar. mon-
sirosiim), which is a mass of lilac shreds (see Fig.
1438). Any species of Muscari is likely to have some
sterile Us. at the top of the cluster which are often of a
different color, but in the Feathered Hyacinth there is
no suggestion left of the urn-shaped flower, sterile and
fertile fls. all being cut into fine strips. This attrac-
tive plant has lately been sold for fancy prices by a few
progressive florists.

All Grape Hyacinths are very much alike and are very
interesting, botanically, horticulturally and from the ar-
tistic point of view. There are perhaps 40 species in Eu-
rope, western Asia and northern Africa. The group needs
botanical revision badly. The chiefly literary sources are
Baker in Jour. Linn. Soc. vol. 11 (1871), and in G.C. II.
9:798 (1878); also Bois.sier's Flora Orientalis. The
width of the Ivs. is an important character, and Baker's
measurements seem to refer to herbarium specimens.
Live plants should be wider. (A line is a twelfth of an
inch.) W. M.

Grape Hyacinths are neat little early flowering bul-
lous plants, good-sized colonies of which give dainty
effects in the border from February to INIay. There are
numerous species of these, flowering at different times.
They are mostly dark purple in color, either self colored
or tipped with white. There arc also a ii-w white and
yellow forms, and several specii-s with tin. I. In.' (lowers,
the rarest color among flowers, tliou^'h iliis w.nild never
be discovered in catalogues. .U. S .'.rilsia mnu . one of
the trill- liliii- foniis. is quit.- till- |.r.iiir-i ..!' tin- genus.

Tip- l.lalit kmnvii to llh' trail. ■ a- M. I , n.j ,1 1„ I „ „, i.v St/Cl-

Iniil i"\ullv"a i'lii.iuh .-a'l'lirr.' 'I'lir usuariwiiis yrown in
ganlens ai'e mo.stly Ijluu (purple) iiud wLitf forms of
M.botri/oides. il.oonicum is very dark. The Dutch
catalogues offer numerous kinds to suit purses in all
stages of decrepitude. Muscari offer no difficulties in
cultivation. A medium soil perhaps suits them best,
but they are usually thrifty growers, and persistent in
the garden if foliage is allo'wed to ripen. They mostly
make offsets freely, and produce abundant seed.

J. N. Gerard.

album, 4. Grascun

atroe(eTuleuin, 15. orandif,

Anchm.S. Heldrpi

hotryoides. 4. latifolii:

Qoschatum. 1

Subgenus I. Moscharia. Perianth
urn-shaped, but with a relatively
long-tubular base; segments minute,
even for the genus, roundish, spread-
ing and thickened on the back

Suljgeuus II. Leopoi.dia. Perianth
obovoid-urn-shaped, grooved above,
3-4 lines long; segments triangular,
reflexed, not thickened on the back:
raceme loose, and longer than in the
next. Particularly characterized by
the conspicuous bearded appearance

of the sterile fls 2. comosum

3. Grsecum

Subgenus III. Botryanthus. Peri-
anth more or less urn-shaped, grooved
or not above. 1-2 or rarely 3 lines
long; segments triangular^ usually
reflexed: raceme dense, 1-2 in. long.
Sterile fls. inconspicuously bearded
or hardly at all.

MfSCAKI

A. Fertile fls. a little longer than
broad, I. e., obovoid-tjlobosi' .

li. Lvs..i-4: fls. lS-2b 4. botryoides

nii. I.rs..-,-4;: fls.S-12 .-,. Heldreichii

v.\:i:. /..,-. ..'-.J: fls. 6-10 (.. lingulatum

.\A. r.rt,l. lis. 114 times as long as
hi-n,i,l. i.e., obovoid-oblong .

B. Color of fls. black-blue 7. paradorum

BB. Color lively dark lilac or blic .

c. Lvs. S-i lines broad 8. conicum

cc. Lis. 1-S lines broad.

D. Fls. violet, fragrant 9. micranthum

i)D. Fls. blue, faintly odoroii.ilO. Szovitsianum

BBB. Color nearly white II. pallens

^AA. Ft'ftlli fls. twice as long as
l„o,i.l.l.,..„l,„rol,l-c!llimlncal.

. . . 12. racemosum
. ..]:;. latifolium
'/. i I. neglectum

1. moschatum, Will.I. i ^^. smn-rolms, Fii^ch.). MrsK
HVACiNTH. Lv-. ,1-1.. 1 ft. I. .11-. '..-?4 in. wide: raceme
loose, l-:i ill. 1..II-: 11-. 2II-.-.II. I.lii.-. Asia Minor. B.JI.
734. Gn. liH. ],. i:;7.-Ua,- tl,.- .j.U.r of musk. Vars. ma-
jor and minor are advciti.sLd. J/, dipcade ma.)or and
minor have appeared in the catalogue of J. M. Thorium
& Co. since 1878, but these names are not in Index
Kewensis. Thorbum & Co. write that this is the Nut-
meg or Musk Hyacinth, Muscari moschatum, and that
M. dipcade still appears in Dutch catalogues.

Var. fli,viun, Lam. (M. flAvum, Van Tubergen. M.
macrocdrpum. Sweet). Pis. yellowish (Van Tubergen
says clear yellow). B.M. 1565.

a, Mill. Fig. 1437. Lvs. .3^, 1-lX ft. long,
K-1 in. wide: raceme loose, 6-12 in. long, 40-100-fld.:
lower fls. fertile, olive, tipped brown, borne on long hori-
zontal pedicels: upper fls. sterile, blue or violet, borne
on long up-curved pedicels, making a corymbose cluster.
Mediterranean region, Orient.
B M. 133 (as Hyacinthus co-
?HO.sM.s).— An interesting form,
but rare in cult., being great-
ly surpassed in popularity by
Var. monstidsum, H o r t .
Feathered Hyacinth. Fig.
1438. All the fls. sterile, and
cut up into fine shreds. Gng.
7:29(1. A. F. 14:1286. Gn. 26,
p. 137. —A charming and novel
plant. Also called Fair-haired
or Tasseled Hyacinth, and
Shredded Lilac. Sold also as
M. mnnstrosum, M. plumo-
sitm, M. plumosum monstro-
sum.ete. For other trade syn-
onvms, see under M. commu-
taiiim.

Magazine.)

a, Heldr. Differs
from M. comosum in having
its sterile fls. in a short,
dense, conical spike, the pedi-
cels of which are very short.
Greece.

4. botryoides, Mill. Com-
mon Grape Hyacinth. Fig.
1439. Lvs. linear-lorate, 3-4

liiiis wide: scape 6-9 in. long: fls. pale blue, odorless.
Ell.. Orient. B.M. 157 (as Syacinthus botryoides). A.
F. i:i:1197. Gn. 26:453. R.B. 20:3.-The following va-
rieties are offered: album, cameum, caruleum, leuco
phniim, Lelievrei, ma.jus, pallidum and pallidum
grandiflorum. These range from white through flesh-
color to sky-blue.

5. H^ldreicliii, Boiss. Lvs. linear-flliform, subterete,
IH lines wide: scape 4-6 in. long: fls. amethyst-colored,
with conspicuous white teeth. Greece. Gn. 26:453.

G. lingulatum, Baker {M. Aiiche.
BoUs. ). Lvs. 3 lines wide: raceme c
Aeeording to Index Kewensis this is

, var. Unqiiliitiim,
ate. Asia Minor.—
L fjood species, but

pliimosum,pIiimosnm monslrosnm ,
euin . It is apparent tliat lie regards
form.s as varieties of M. vommu-

16. polyanthum, Boiss.
from J/, neijhvhim and <
pedicels and the capsule
2 lines wide.

17 compdctum, Baker.
compai fic^ m an obscuri

Lvs. 2-3 lines wide. Differs
7mmiilaliim in having longer

If Atlaiitiiu,

aziirmm Hi.it >

Hva( mthu^ -izurt-u- ulii h ii
lude-^ Kewensis tyn ih 71 J
\ ir amphibohs (51 Fiejm.i
Van Tubergen.

inter

luliHigen also .idvertises
-31 M>itHuyi, IS, offered by
W M

I Ameri-

trachysp^rmum, Nntt \M <liiiiiuAliim,va.T. Hodkeii,
Torr. it (ira\ ) Di i uiiiIh iif h •> , except the radical,
opposite, bipinii itihd Ms \ i How tr scabrous. Spring.
Saskatchenan t.. th. Ipp. i Missouri, the Platte, and
S W Montana — Procurable from dealeis in western
natn e plants

MUSHROOM. While 1

J. X. Gerard says the plant sold under this name is the
same as Hyacinthiis a^ureus.

7. paradbxuin, C. Koch. Lvs. 3, ]/,-% in. wide. Ar-
menia.

8. cdnicum, Baker. Lvs. about 6, narrower: fls. violet-
blue. Habitat unknown. Gn. 51:1106 (?)--Van Tu-
bergen says fls. black-blue.

9. micrinthum, Baker. Fls. bright violet. Habitat

consider-

B.M. G85j.
filiform: scape 3-5
or nearly so. Cau-

in. long, 1-1^2 lines
rranean, Caucasus.

10. Szovitsianum, Baker. Pis. bright bl
alily larger ( ',j in. across, but only 1-12
31. mifranlhum). Persia, Caucasus.

11. pillens, Fisch. Lvs. numerous,
in. long: raceme 12-20-fld. : fls. white
casus, Iberia.

12. racemdsum, Mill. Lvs. 5-6. 5-6
thick: fls. odorous, dark 1.1m-. M.dite
B.M. 122 (as ffii(t,'i„lhus ,„,,,„„,„s]
and grandifloriim pi-.K':/ air . .11. red.

13. latifdlium, 3. Kirk. Lvs. always solitary, %-l in.
■wide : sterile fls. 6-10, much paler than the others.
Fhrygia.

14. negrUctum, Guss. Lvs. numerous, 9-12 in. long,
lK-2 lines thick : fls. odorous, dark blue. Mediterranean
region. Gn. iOil.-.'i.-Tbis .liffcrs from M. commutatvm
and J/. pnhiinitliHiii in liavinir tin- segments of the peri-
anth trian-iilai- aial r.ri.-x.-.l. .)/. ,„.jJeHum multiflorion
and M. }ii '/h rl/iw Aihi t'fir/mi are trade names. See
supplementary list under J/. Allanticum,

15. oommutitum, Guss. Lvs. 5-6, 5-6 in. long, lK-2
lines wide: fls. odorless, dark blue; segments very short,
not recurved. Sicily.— Krelage advertises vars atro-

botiyoides CX K)

lawns, pastures, etc. By others the word is employed
for all edible species, while toadstool is employed to
designate poisonous species; such persons usually
make an incorrect application of these terms to many
of the plants. The word is probably derived from the

1042

MUSHROOM

French word "mousseron," and is sometimes pronounced
by English-speaking
i\ tnndstoril are some-

.lilli.ult, tiii-refore, to
11 ..f tin- wiml Mush-
!.■ laii^'i; "f fonns for
a liortk-ultiiral sense

(Fig. 1440) in cul-
vith which we an?

1 at once to a (le-
Inpraent, etc., and

I'omparisons of a
■ this large group.

form of till- ci.iiiiii'
brella-shapi'cl. himI
The prominiiit pmi
ring(n); andtheciq
cap, or pilens, as i
expanded part, am
diameter. It i'* n*^n

MUSHROOM

color, and as the plant ages become purple-brown or
blackish in color, due to the immense number of spores
borne on the surface. One can gain a good idea of the
number of spores borne on a single plant by cutting a
cap from a Mushroom, just at maturity, and placing it,
gills downward, on a piece of white paper for a few
hours. The spores fall from the gills and pile up in
ridges, giving an exact print of the spaces between the
gills.

The parts of the plants enumerated above
are easily seen. Other important structural
characters are seen with the aid of the mi-
croscope. A thin section across the gills
when seen with the microscope shows the
structure as seen in Fig. 1442. The middle
part of tho ffill i« tlir. tr,n::,f^ n„ .ittirr side

of th.j tr:iiiia is tin- -"'■; -"iiii.osed

i;f hranrli.s ri-ni il . - . : .: [..ruling

sll.Tt rulN. Thr .-.■»• .... : : umiu

turn give ri-.. t.. tl,,- /..,-./-.. . i ,, - i.l, .i„ i, ,-lub-
shapc-d bodies, which form a palisaili. layer of
cells over the entire snrface of the gill. This
palisade layer of the basidia forms the fruit-
ing surface, or hymenium.

At the end of each basidium are either 2
or 4 slender, pointed iirocesses. the slerig-
tmtfii ( sing, sterigma). These bear each a sin-
gle spore, the basidiospore. The usual num-
ber of sterigmata on the basidium in the
Agaricini is 4; but in Agariciis i-ampcstris
the number seems to vary from 2 to 4. In
plants grown in a Mushroom house, 2 have
been found, while plants from the field show 4.
,j. Whether the number 2 for cultivated forms

is constant, or 4 for the field forms, has not
been determined.

Dfviloi.ment of Aq.n-irus ,;n,iiu-xtri^.-'Y\u- spores of

theMiislin."ni in tl,.. II. 1.1 |., . -1.;. 1 .1 , ..[i. i, ■,. ,i itr and

proclil.-.. 11. ■« lii\... linn. . , ' , I ^. , ', ! '.I- is not

inter

. I . .nfully
IT. lull, 1- whit-
ili. 1.1 .iitached
..i.N lire what
• .-..nis (if my-
:•)■ slender and

ilelicate whitish threads. This is the vegetative portion
of the Mushroom. If the soil at the base of a tuft o£

in a majori
less scaly, .
ration of i

ing are
young

...I ih. iiii'i t I.!.. ..f the cap are of great im-
in sleiwiiiu' rriiiiicmship, and al.so probably in
tion in the case of plants propagated under
onditions, sinee tliey form the fruiting surface
isliroom. The u'ills are in the form of narrow,
es, shaped somewhat like a knife-blade, at-
y one edge to the under side of the cap and
■ from a point near the stem out to the margin
ip. The longest gills extend for this distance
■: '.tt' triiin'.nilar areas which are fill.-.i ^vitli «ii.--

-1....I. r L'ills, all reaching tli. ....... i.. ..t ii...

. '. . iiiire under surface ..I , . .
■ ' . 111. The surface of r. ;

-iirf; of the plant, and tliis . .■..ii..iii\ in iln

lent of the gills provides for a very large fruit-

The color of the gills when the plant is very
white. They soon, however, become pink in

.•ling plants in a Mushroom bed be washed away, a.
1 1-.- number of these cords will be exposed. This is
li. part of the plant which grows and spreads through
he siiil, absorbing solutions of the organic matter in the
nil for food.
Button *7rtf;f.-After an abundance of the mycelium,
r spawn, is formed there appear here and there on the

MUSHROOM

cords small rounded bodies formed by the upward
trrowtU o£ the threads of mycelium. These increase in
size and grow toward the surface of the ground. Each
one is the young stage, or button, of the Mushroom. As
it enlarges, the upper end ajipears as a round body on a
short stalk, thus outliiiiii- in ilir DnKi-yuni.- mmu.- the
ditTerent purt^ ..f tli.- inatniv phmt. 'I'll- ljiM- ^hv Imi-hl-
ing on tin- uiidri- side ■■f III.' .•.■i|i. 'V]i:\ :ir.- ai ilii- liiiie

y a loose growth of niycel-
er part of the stem to the
ns the veil. Tlie gills are

1043

Mdr
IIH'II

<■■'!■

iind

11,.. ex

the \

eil i.

ruptu

ret

and

hen

it han

.■\t a

Fir

IWli

I'o

Silii,

/ ../■ .1

III

jg on the stem (seen

tlie large number
does not vary to i
mon Mushroom,
istie fruit struct
fungi. For this r.

formity on the part of syst

generic name for the

retained the genus Agnn. u-

and it's near allies, altli.ni-

Psalliota. Some have .ini

some Psalliota, others Prate

to restore the antiquated genus Fungus, and call our

plant Fiingns campestris. This is not the place for a

.■\lu~lii-o.iin. Saccardo

li. imon Mushroom

■. i.riiini; the subgenus

1 111.- genus Agaricus,

still others propose

1442. Section of a eHI of Aearicus campestris.

>., trnnia ; sli.. l.ymenium ; b.. basi.lium i St..

Iiy the veil, is exposed bef.n. 1 ■ t I - i !' : r. ~

by the rupture of the veil. 1 li- M i : ,

etc., belong, therefore, to til.' II ; m. ii..tii\ . . i.- In tin'
Oasteroinycetes,on the other lian.l, the >p..n-.s nr.' ma-
tured before the hymenium is exposed, as in the puff-
iiall, earth-star, etc., which open after the spores are

ipe.

discussion of the merits of any of these names, but it
seems better in the present instance, at least, to use the
generic name Agaricus with the limits of Psalliota

iilliir Spi'i-ies of the Genus Andricus.— There are a
iiiiiiili. r ..f ..tber species of the genus, as thus limited,
w lii.li. li..;iuse of their size and esculent qualities, are

Afj'i .,,,,,,,. 111,. Iliirse Mushroom, grows in
gni--v 1 '111.^ .luring the autumn. It is a
lar;;.r i : ' ■ < iii.'ii .Mushroom, has a thicker

iVifs of the ITiiii

pn.perly set forth til,' i.riii.M,,i.-..i ,i,. ,,..„ ,.i,,l

by some recent systematic u.uL... Tl., ...i.u,^, luei.t
depends on the character of the fruiting surface or
hymenium.

A. Fruiting surface uneven; i. e., in the form of plates,
tubes or spinous processes.

1. Agaricaceae, fruiting surface in the form of plates

or gills.

2. Polyporaceee, fruiting surface in the form of pores

or tubes.

3. Hydnaeese, fruiting surface in the form of spinous

or tubercular processes.
AA. Fruiting surface even; i. e., not as in A, except in
the case of plants of a gelatinous texture.

4. Clavariace«B, plants more or less erect, standing

out from the substratum, and covered on all sides
by the hymenium.

5. Thelephoracete, plants either erect or diffxised over

the surface of the substratum, one side only {in
the case of erect plants usually the under side)
covered with the hymenium.
C. Treraellineie, plants of a gelatinous texture, vari-

Agaeicace^. — The common Mushroom, Agariais
campestris, belongs to this family. The family Agari-
cacesB is made up of what are now popularly termed
oi/io-ics. Very manv of the si.eeies w.-re ..u.-e placed
in the genus .\<;:iri.'ii-. TI.. l-mh- I" .mh,. -- 1 ,.-. that

genera. In thus mu ;,;,j ;;,. >.;., jn., ',_,!;. us

aloii" II .- si,,., . I . .
the sil ^^1U nl (iil
tnely white the cap tt
with a shoit thick d
{ 4 itibiufe I r I

a long stem
has soft sc I

SllllCOlllS t

l^^ ei The | I
grnvsni t
heai I

dark scales on the surface of tht tap whii h foira a solid
patch of dark color at the center In agf the cap is more
or less flat, and it has been called the flat-cap Mush-
room {A.placomyces). The stem is long, enlarged below,
and the ring is double, exactly as in the Horse Mush-
room. Agaricus eomtitlus, a small species, rather rare,
but with a wide distribution, is regarded with suspicion,
by some.

CoPBiNUS.— In the genus Coprinus, 3 of the edible
species are quite common. The spores are black and
the gills and more or less of the cap dissolve at maturity
into a black fluid.

1044

MUSHROOM

MUS

IROOM

Coprinus comatus, the Shaggy-mane Mushroom, or
Horse-Tail, occurs in richly manured lawns or parks in
early spring or late autumn. It is white in color, with
a cylindrical cap 3^ in. long and 1-2 in. in diameter.
The cap is very shaggy, the scales often being black in
color, while the fills' arc at first salmon color. The rinir
oti the sti 111 i-i til.- and movable. It is "nt- t,{ ihi- lust
of tlir .-.hl.l.^ .Mu-linir.ms.

(■■■/,,■,„•:., ,,!,.■ i„. ,//<u-i'».<!, the Ink-cap. -im'.v- in -imihu-

wide. It is nearly sn'.n.i!,. ,-,, .| -r;n)-ii in .-.il,..'. Tint

ring is fixed and not ;i: ; . . > : : K^ -t -. •n ,iu>t :is

the margin of the c:ip i i " '1m -t. m.

Coprinus micacm:. ':. _ :i.iiiil' ( '"iniiiii-. i;rM\v<
about old stumps atnl i i^i i -."i - "i- i-ilnr luivii ,| .ind

rotten wood. It is slii;ill< r 1 li:ili l In' l w .. -|Hri,.^ - mini- r-

ated above, and tan in .clnr, ili.' <-:t\' \\li.n I'n-li Krm:;

covered with thin, lu"-. . il:il.\ >ralr- \\\,i.-\, -li-irn m

the sunlight like niir:i p;.rlidr-, but thny ;ir- .^isily

rubbed off or washed off by rains.
Lepiota. — Of the white-spored agarics the genus

Lepiota, with an annulus on the stem and the gills usu-
ally free from the
stem, contains sev-
eral edible species.
Lepiota procera^ the
Parasol Mushroom,
grows in pastures,
lawns.and sometimes
in gardens. Lepiota
naucina, the smooth
Lepiota, grows in
similar places and
is entirely white.

Amanita. — The
genus Amanita is
closely related to Le-
piota, and contains,
besides several edible
species, a number of
poisonous ones, a few
of which are themo.st
deadly of all the
.■Mushrooms. Amanita
jiossesses the charac-
ters of Lepiota, with
the additional charac-

v,il,f(,niiiiii; an outer
':iyri- ni' •,'i-eater or
Ir^sri- tlii.'kness and

ours, the cap is green. In nil,. , , ,. i

iiKiy be entirely white. The vnl , , , ; ,,[ ; ( ,

at the apex as'the young plant i.. r.\|,aiiil:n„'. and i.- iiii
as a cup with prominent lobes, as shown in Fig.li4J, In
other cases the volva is ruptured irregularly, so fhat
portions of the universal veil are left on the surface of
the cap. In still other cases the volva splits in a cir-
cumscissile fashion, that is, circularly or transversely
about the middle, the lower half remaining attached to
the surface of the bulb at the base of the stem, while
the upper half remains loosely attached to the upper

surface of the cap, and is torn apart into scales as the
cai) expands. In these forms the volva forms a narrow
rim or margin on the outer angle of the bulb, so that the
latter appears saucer-shaped. The cap is rather slimy
when moist. These great variations in this very poi-
sonous species should make the novice very cautious
n-anliiiLC iln- >p.(iis of Anianiia, nr in.li-ed any species
mI .Mii-ii,,„,in with v.bi.ii b.- 1- II. .t ,|uite familiar.

Tbi- ~p,ri,- ..f Anianita u~nall\ .■.aurs in WOOds OF

cum pest ris or the L<
open grassy places,
cannot be relied on alt
especially the white fo
from woods, and in s\
the smooth Lepiota, since thi

tir usually in

n.as of habitat

b adly Amanita,

"nii.l in lawns far

f;bi. lie mistaken for

vhite in color. The

deadly Amanita is usually deeply seated in the ground,
so that the stem might be broken in gathering it when
the volva would be left in the ground, and it might eas-
ily be mistaken for some species of Lepiota.

Amanita verna, the Destroying Angel, is by some re-
garded as only a white variety of A. plialloides. The
entire plant is white, the volva splits at the apex, and
thus a prominent free limb of about three lobes remains
at the base of the stem. The free limb remains more or
less closely applied to the stem. The annulus is broad
and entire, and hangs down as a broad collar from the
upper part of the stem.

Amanita virosa is very near A. verna. It is distin-
f which remain
■ the scaly char-
acter of the stitii, <-ii'ira<-tci-.. "tifii - how every grada-
tion into . I .,■, ,-,'•• i:.a|, I. ,,'!, In.l-.IIIOUS.

Aimni.li: f,<,' i. I iNoa poisonous

specie.-, tliniijb II ' 11 I ■ named above,

since ilm pni-.m.n.- . Hi. I .an bi- ■laniinnicted if treat-
ment Is promptly eniplnyeil. The volva splits trans-
versely into several concentric, interrupted rings which
persist as scaly rings on the upper part of the bulb on
the base of the stem, ami as scattered scales on the sur-
face of the cap. Tbn .all i- M ll.a.. i-n la- la-aiiLaM-Ilow,

.sometimes reil ill ' - ' a i ■ i ■ : mIi s out

sothat white f.iiii a . t . _ .white,

as are also the till- anil .m -i.in, la..., I f^iiitua

is a closely rehitr.l spL-cn- with ib,- s,.im- c...b.i on the
cap, but with yellowish gills and veil, though variations
in the color are shown in different plants when the cap
only may be yellow. The scales are usually yellow, but
may also be white.

Of lb. .III.;. I i.s may be mentioned Amanita

Cam:!,. I, \ aaric" or "Cffisar's Agaric." The

cap is I. I i- yellow, with prominent strise or

ftin-nw- n : iiaiii. Tlie gills are oi-iinKc. though

1..'.'. .'V."|'M'...ial'l'vin't'li'|.'lar...". i ...'■' .' . , t'' '' ■ . ' :' -plitS
al III.. a]...x an. I I- IlII ai ' . ' . . i i - a cup

XMlli a i.n.nniH.nt rrri- hnn., .,.,iii..|i u-n.iii. hi- . L.-nlvtO
tlo- stem. The volva i> «l,ile, „l„l la,, l> a,,- |...ril,m's of

it left on the surface of the cap. It is a very beautiful
species, occurring during late summer and autumn in
woods, and is more common in the southern states than
north.

Amanita rubescens, another edible species, has a
volva which is more or less friable, that is, it crumbles
more or less into loose particles which easily wash off
from the cap as well as from the base of the stem. The
entire plant has a dull reddish tinge, and when bruised
or cut quickly changes to a deeper reddish color due to
a reddish juice in the plant. Small forms of the species
ilo not show the color so well.

I nnir it<: X n / if a rlo , ths Solitary Amanita, is one of the
' : i. < of the genus. It is almost pure white,

. I the cap often being grayish, and some-
. ... lilts of brown in the scales, especially in old
l.lant, . 1'. -io\vs in rather open woods or by roadsides
in woods. The volva is entirely broken up into mealy
particles which easily rub off, or there are conic scales,
especially toward the center of the cap. The veil is very
delicate and easily torn into shreds, which disappear
soon. The stem has a large bulb, which tapers into a
long, root-like process in the soil. The plant is said by
some to be edible. Amanita strobiliformis is a closely
related species, if it is not identical with it, and is said

MUSHROOM

I

P n

n h u

B n n

u f

up n h

t n

A

bu h ha a p

nd

dgn?

und d f

J

u

0 u b wu h

P P

fo

otA

bu y w ho g

(P n u )

O h

of econom

inportan e m y

db p

te n n

fl h and h

A

n

p m h

a f n 0

1

w

1 P

h

k ng b a k

d f n

um

fa B h h

1 P

n h pn

IT

tu

1

\ n

a.

fa ng n ag Th

kn wn Fa y R ng

r

n

g

T

b

P

ti h

h

^ n

h

0 p

p

crumhlin_'
reddish .■
the cai>
gills, t...,
species, Ji'
but the gi

s a)i.l -1

■ ' liV'i'i'/- 1.

\:,..-|:.T . Mil. If
i-li or purple cap,
lis in color. The

taste is mild. //.r-~
The cap is rosp .•.,!.
from the cap, the n
and warty along the
and the taste of the
Of the tube-beari

.■■^'in of the cap i
ridttes, tlie stem
plant is peppery.
Dg Fungi {Pohfpo

"isr.nons species.
■W easily peels off
s deeply furrowed
s white or reddish

racete) the genus

pitted. Monhella esctdenfa, represented m Fig 1444,
.shows well the general character of the genus. In
Helvella, containing several edible species the cap is in
the form of several i usualh U\ i ii ii gular flaps, some-
times free below from till- t III III. times united with
it. Lastly, the Triilll.- nil lit I m utioned They are
subterranean Fungi hmuhI 1 i .,1 hose in form, flriu.

1046

MUSHROOM

and contain the spores inside of the rounded mass
within sacs. Few have been found in this country, be-
cause they have not been diligently searched for.

Geo. F. Atkinson.

Mushroom Culture. There is no science of Mushroom
niltiire. That is to say, one does not know why he
f:iiN. 'riii< i- irpiiv-iient to saying that he does not

kn'i.v \vh Im ,., ,1^. By practice and experimenting

"II' III 11 < I'lps a method, and if he persists

li iiii; -kilful, but it is next to impossible

liir liiiii I" iiiiiiM I iii^ kiiDwledge. If he writes an article,
ho descrilK's liis im-thod in detail and deprecates other
methods; but the learner will be as lilcely to succeed
by some other method, and neither man will know why.
There are few people, if any.whosuccued uniformly with
Mushrooms. B.ils nunli- tin- saiin ,l;iy :iii(l of the same
material, plaiilnl Iimmi iln -um -| ivii, and similarly
cared for, may ;;n . mi \ iliih 1 1 m r- uli-. One bed may
fail outright, ami .ninilHr may |iiiHiii,c a good crop".
Persons who nuike uuiluim tajjiiiiu-iL-ial success of
Mushroom-growing accomplish it by having many beds
or by proceeding on a rather large base: it is infrequent
that all the beds fail. The biological problems con-
cerned in tlie prDiiaL'ation, growth and appropriation of
food of till- .■\lii-<lii-..i,in must be understood before one
can Iayi|i'\\ii |iriiMi[ik'S for the culture of Mushrooms.

Decav ill:,' v.;;rtali|r matter, a uniform and rather low
tempei-atiirc. a unifnrai supply of moisture,— these are
the general requisites for Mushroom-growing. The de-
caying matter is supplied by horse manure. The manure
is allowed to heat and is turned several times before it
is placed in the bed. The heating itself is probably of
no advantage except as it contributes to the decay of the
material: heat can be supplied by other means if neces-
sary. The broken and decaying manure is placed a few
inches or a foot deep in beds. When the temperature
is reduced to 90° or less the spawn is planted. As soon
as the bed has cooled sufficiently, it is covered with
earth or litter to regulate the temperature and moisture.

The cultivated Mushroom is native in temperate
climates. In the United States and Canada it grows
naturally in fields and pastures. But it is grown in-
doors: this is because the conditions can be better con-
trolled under cover, particularly the temperature. Now
and then some one makes a success of growing Mush-
rooms out of doors, hut this practice does not promise
nmi-li for most jiarts of Aniorioa. In parts of Europe,
f.M-o«-iiii; in thr ojicii is m.irr successful. Cellars or pits
aru favorite plar,-s in wliicli to grow Mushrooms. The
conditions art- uniform. Caves are favorite places in
which to grow Muslirooms, because of the slight fluctu-
ations of temperature and moisture. Cellars and caves
are dark : thereby has arisen a belief that darkness is
essential to the growing of Mushrooms, but this is an

of young Mushrooms (X K)

error. They often grow well m an unscreened green-
house. Pastures are not dark. Spawn may be planted
in a lawn, and Mushrooms will sometimes come; but it
is seldom that the conditions are right for a crop.

Mushrooms are in edible condition at any time from
their first appearing above the ground to the time when
the rim of the cap begins to turn up and the flesh to
lose its softness. See Figs. 1440, 1441. For pickling,
"buttons" are usually preferred; these are the young

Mushro
pandeil.

Mushrooms s
usually the latt<
dried, and will
tions are given.

growing. The soil •

(Fig. 141.')) taken before the cap has ex-

' flake" spawn

riglit.

is broken into large lumps or flakes, and is planted in
the desired place; the mycelium spreads through the
bed and in time bears the fruiting stage or Mushroom.
Formerly the spawn was gathered as needed, but since
about 1830 it has been made or produced as a com-
morei.ll product. For this purpose the spawn is grown
i< .-tnr M-. i,.r,,I matorial. wliirl, inav lio driod and
tr- ■•. I r!,i. iiKikin- of ^pawii is a l.u~iii,-s ,,f

ulso

-like

material iFig. 1440), although not all of the French
spawn is made in France. The English or brick spawn
comprises nine-tenths of the spawn used in America.
The brick is made of a mixture in about equal parts of
horse manure, cow manure and loam. Those- are wet
and mixed until the material has the consistom-y of
mortar. The material is then spread on a floor and is
allowed to dry until it can be out into ])ioo.s, or
"bricks." While the bricks are still in.ii-i, a Ii..!i tlm
size of a walnut is made in the brick i i ' ■ . - i n is
inserted. The bricks are then place.; ,i , ,: ,,i m

a mild hotbed, where they are givon - i -as

will cause the mycelium to penetrate lii. lu ;liwruu.,lily.
When the mycelium has ramified througliout the mass,
and the surface has a cloudy look, the brick is dried and
stored. This brick may be likened to a yeast cake.

Expert Mushroom-growers believe that spawn which
is made over and over again from the mycelium tends
to become weak and to produce small crops of thin-
fleshed Mushrooms. They believe that the spawn now
aiul then should lie inoculated afrosh from the spores.
Spawn made directly from flo- s]..ii-is is known as
"virgin spawn." It U mail, liy incr],.. rating the
abundant spores of ripe Mii-liciun- witli tlio material
of which spawn is made. It i^ ].r-..l.aMc that many of
the larffp, thii'k Mushrooms which ouniu up in odd places
in the irrcfnii.'iiso arise from spores.

:m i-hroom-, have been known as edible products from
vri) caily tiiiiis. Pliny mentions them, but his writ-
iiii;^ aro mostly warnings not to eat them because they
are poisonous. He places them "among those vegetable
productions which are eaten with risk." The following
are some of his remarks respecting the Mushroom:

"The generative principle of the Mushroom is in the
slime and the fermenting juices of tlie damp earth, or
of the roots of most of the glanrliforous trees. It ap-
pears at first in the shape of a sort of viscous foam, and
then assumes a more substantial but mombranous f.irm,
after which, as already statetl. the young Mushroom ap-
pears. In general, tliese plants are of a pernicious na-
ture, and the use of them should be altogether rejected;
for if by chance they should happen to grow near a hob-
nail, a piece of rusty iron, or a bit of rotten cloth, they
will immediately imbibe all these foreign emanations
and flavours, and transform them into poison. Who, in
.fact, is able to distinguish them, except those who dwell

MUSHROOM

in the country, or the persons that are in the habit of
gathering them? There are other circumstances, too,
which render them noxious; if they grow near the hole
of a serpent, for instance, or if they should happen to
have been breathed upon by one when just beginning to
open; being all the more disposed to imbibe the venom
from their natural affinity to poisonous substances. It
will therefore be as well to be on our guard during the
season at which the serpents have not as yet retired to
their holes for the winter. The best sign to know this
by is a multitude of herbs, of trees, and of shrubs, which
remain green from the time that these reptiles leave their
holes till their return ; indeed, the ash alone will be quite
sufficient for the purpose, the leaves of it never coming
out after the serpents have made their appearance, or
beginning to fall before they have retired to their holes.
The entire existence of the Mushroom, from its birth to
its death, is never mure than seven days."

Two huudn-.l vi:ir^ :uid more ago Mushrooms were
cultivated. Tli.'f..n"wiTii,' directions, given by Philip
Miller in 1 7.'. J . an.- v.iv like methods which are some-
times advi-.i-il to-(l;i\-. with the exception of the method
of securing the spawn :

"In order to cultivate them, if you have no Beds in
your own. or neighboring (iurdens, which produce
them, vou should look ubro^id in ri.-li P;,stures, during
the M.'.nths of An.iKst and .s',)/, ,„/„,■, until vou find
th.-m itlK.t l.ri„-the S.-;,-nn wh-ii th.-v :,r.- i.n'i.lu.-e.l i :

full „f Miiall white Knul.s, whi.-h are the Otf-sets, or
young Mushrooms: these should be carefully gathered,
preserving them in Lumps with the Earth about them:
but as this Spawn cannot be found in the Pasture, ex-
cept at the Season when the ^lushrooras are naturally
produced, you may proNaLly find some in old Dunghils.

especially where thm' ha- l n much Litter amongst

it, and the Wet hath ih.i pr,,, riai.d it to rot it; as like-
wise, by searching ol4 lIotlinN. it maybe often found:
for this Spawn hath tht- Appiaraiice of a white Mould,
shooting out in long Strings, by which it may be easily
known, where-ever it is met with; or this may be pro-
cured by mixing some long Dung from the Stable, which
has not been thrown on an Heap to ferment; which
being mixed with strong Earth, ami put under Cover to
prevent Wet getting to it, the more the Air is excluded
from it, the sooner the Spawn will appear: but this must
not be laid so close together, as to heat; for that will
destroy the Spawn: in about two Months after, the
Spawn will a|i|.f-ar. e-|.e.-ially if the Heap is closely
covered with old Tliatrh. or such Litter as hath lain
long abroad, so a^ uot to ferment: then the Beds may
be prepared tu receive tiie Spawn: these Beds should be
made of Dung, in which there is good Store of Litter;
but this should not be thrown on an Heap to ferment:
that Dung which hath lain spread abroad for a Month or
longer is best: these Beds should be made on dry
Ground, and the Dung laid upon the Surface: the Width
of these Beds at Bottom should be about two Feet and
an half, the Length in proportion to the Quantity of
Mushrooms desired: then lay the Dung about a i?oot
thick, covering it about four Inches with strong Earth:
upon this lay more Dung, about ten Inches thick; then
another Layer of Earth; still drawing in the Sides of
the Bed, so as to form it like the Ridge of an House;
which may be done by three Layers of Dung, and as
many of Earth. When the Bed is finished, it should be
covered with Litter, or old Thatch, to keep out Wet, as
also to prevent its drying: in this situation it may re-
main eight or ten Days; by which time the Bed will be
in a proper Temperature of Warmth to receive the
Spawn; for there should be only a moderate Warmth in
it, great Heat destroying the Spawn, as will also Wet ;
therefore when the .Spawn is found, it should always be
kept dry until it is used; for the drier it is, the better
it will take in the Bed: for I had a Parcel of this Spawn,
which had lain near the Oven of a Stove upward of four
Months, and was become so dry, as that I despaired of
its Success: but I never have yet seen any which pro-
duced so soon, nor in so great Quantity, as this. -

"The bed being in a proper Temperature for the
Spawn, the Covering of Litter should be taken off, and
the Sides of the Bed smoothed; then a Covering of

MUSHROOM

1047

light rich Earth, about an Inch thick, should be laid all
over the Bed; but this should not be wet: upon this
the Spawn should be thrust, laying the Lumps two or
three inches asunder: then gently cover this with the
same light Earth, above half an inch thick; and put the
Covi-rin- of Litt.-r over tho H,d. layii.ir it so thick as to
keei> out Wit. and iiro.,-i nt tli.' II. d from ilvying: when
theM- B.-.l- ai-.- maili- in Ihr .^|ninL' in' Aulniiiu, as the
Weatlnr is in tlio^,' Sia-i.n- trni|.riai.-. so the Spawn
will thfu take murh ^oon.i-, ami the .Mushrooms will
appear perhaps in a Month after making: but those
Beds which are made in Summer, when the Season is
hot, or in Winter, when the Weather is cold, are much
longer before thev produce.

"tin- Kvoat .Skill in niana-ing of these Beds is, that
of kn.pin- iliini in a |iio|„ i- Temperature of Moisture,
nev.-i- vnib-iin- ili.ni t.i ivr.jve too much Wet: during

ceive gentle Sliowers of K;iin at ji-m;.!)- riinis; and in
long dry Seasons the Beds ^1 :■! n • ■. and-the?i
gently watered ; hut by no m. i - ,1, Wet to

come to them: during the Win- ; . . a.., must be
kept as dry as possible; and s,. .. ; - I , .j..rrud, as to
keep out Cold: in frosty or very cold Weather, if some
warm Litter, shaken out of a Dung-heap, is laid on, it
will promote the Growth of the Mushrooms: but this
must not be laid next the Bed: but a Covering of dry
Littir lietween the Bed and tlii> warm I,itr.-r: and as
oft.-n a- the Litter is found to ,|. ,■ i;, . it -honld be re-
in-w.-d wirh fresU: and as the i olii na i. a-. ,. the Cov-
erini.' ^lionl.l be laid so much tlinkir. It these Things
are ol,.. i-v.-d. tli, re may be plenty of iMushrooms ob-
taiiud all tin- ^".■ar: and the.se produced in Beds are
minh In tt.-i for Tin- Table than any of those which are

ni r.-ifirtion and Plenty,
il I'la.-fice of the London

mannnr of securing the
VlM-n-roinbie would apply
He says that the spawn
ig of horse stables, from
ml melon beds, old Mush-
Is. horse mill-tracks, old
_'linu' Mushrooms are seen
n.'in kitchen-gardens in
-' . II, and in old pastures
n to tind the spawn is in

of winter. The frequent
covered mill-tracks,

producing tin- dr -n- ali
according to tin- trnn -
Gardeners." A-i<lo ir
spawn, the a.h na -r,
very well at tin ni ■ -■
mav be obtain' I :
hotbeds, comji ■
room beds. h. . i . -;
dung-heaps where -- -n
to rise naturally in tin
which Mushrooms hav
and meadows. The In-
the autumn and the ea
occurrence of Mushro

where horses worked on tram-cars and on power ma-
chinery, led to the use of the thoroughly tramped manure
as spawn. This spawn gave very excellent results, prob-
ably because it was partially -«r,l,,l from tin- spor.s of
the Mushrooms whicli ri|"-no'l ilnr.; ami w.-r'.' trani|in,I
into it. It is probabli. ihat iln, mill-tiark s|.a\vn univn

rise to the idea of the .Mn^lir n Inn-k, wlin-li is now ilie

chief means — at least, in Englainl lunl America— of
growing Mushrooms. The name "mill-track" is still
used as a trade name for Mushroom spawn, although
very little, if any, of it really comes from mill-tracks.

In America there is only one book devoted whollv to
the growing of Mushrooms. This is by William Fal-
coner and known as "Mushrooms : Mow to ( irow I'liom "
(1891). The Department of Ai.'i-nultni-.. ami om- ..,■ two
experiment stations have issued hnll.tins .jn tin- sub-
ject. L. H. B.

For Mushrooms, a suppy of fresh horse manure
should be procured, if possible each morning, that from
grain-fed carriage horses being the most desirable.
The strawy portion we discard. The manure is thrown
in a heap on the floor of an open shed, and is turned
over each morning forafewdays. Before theheatofthe
manure has subsided sufficiently to permit the bed being
made, mix about one-third as much loam screened
through a K-inch sieve as there is of manure. We
have had better success with loam mixed with the
manure than when it was not used. The rank heat
having escaped from the heap, it can at once be made

leil. a Mepth of from 9 to 12 inch
TliP iiuumrc is placed iu layers :
; ]Mw-ihl.' with a wooden mallet <

quality. English Milltrack spawn usually gives the best
results. The spawn is broken into pieces as large as a
walnut and inserted 2 or 3 inches deep, some 4 or 5 in.
apart each way, pressing the surface firm after the in-
sertion. Ten days later 2 inches of good loam is spread
over the surface and pounded in hard. The beds are
then covered with mr-ndow hay or straw, and, given

proper atmos].lM-fi' ti'lirioiis, should require no further

attention until nfi. r .M:i-lii ms have appeared, which

maybe in fmir \v.-.k~ ••r ri.t until four months later.
The time whi-ii the lirst buttons will appear is very un-
certain. It does not do to be of a highly strung nervous
temperament in Mushroom culture. We have spawned
beds and despaired of success, when we have been grati-
fied by ijettitii; a first-class crop thirteen to sixteen

A ii I' Mi'MfM I-'- is inimical to tlit' well b.inL' "f
Jlii-ii, .. iti^, .i.iii -iii-ci.-ss is uncertain whrn- surh r.,iMli-
tiun^ iM^i. ii 1^ L^puerally conceded that watriiii:.' tin-
beds ..Ul-u dot-, more harm than good, but it uni-t li.;

remembered that the fact of the bed bi i-iniLr .Irx mily

retards the production of the crop, ami ibn ■ in-i I, --ni
the chance of Mushrooms appearing utiii liu u,t\ luis
become sufficiently moist. If the beds un- nunb' v. ry
compact there is less probability of them drying out and
less likelihood of their injury by any sudden excess of
either drought or moisture. When water has to be
given we prefer to use it of a temperature of 85° to 90"
and to water only the dry portions of the bed, which are
wetted as evenly as possible.

When the first crop is exhausted and the bed has be-
come somewhat dry, we use warm water and add a little
nitrate of soda to it, covering the surface with hay after
watering. This usually induces a good second crop to
come.

We start to collect manure for the beds early in Sep-
tember, and continue to do so until early November.
Usually the beds are made under the ))enrbi ^ .,t ^■■lur
of the houses, where a temperature of .".:i t.i i,u i an be
maintained, but any cellars or caves wluia -ihb a liiu-
perature can be kept up are even better tluiu -ic ti-
houses for Mushroom culture. The beds are always
kept as dark as possible. Cockroaches, wood-lice and
other pests must be poisoned or trapped, else they soon
ruin a crop. W. N. Craig.

MttsJiroom-growing is interesting work, and it is the
uncertainty that is the cause of it. Most Mushroom-
growers are in doubt when spawning their beds as to
whether Mushrooms will appear, or the work be a fail-
ure. The writer has had e.vcellent success with Mush-
room culture and remarkable failures. Failures in a
Mushroom crop are not easy to explain. The fault may
be in making up the bed, or it may be in the spawn. A
few years ago a bed was spawned with three lots of
spawn; two beds were a success, while the other was a
complete failure, — a proof that the bed is not always
the cause of failure. Mushrooms may be grown suc-
cessfully under the greenhouse benches, providing the
drip can be kept off the beds; also in cellars; but the
preference is for a Mushroom house built for that pur-
pose. The house of which the writer has charge is
built into a bank in such a position as to require very
little fire heat to keep up the temperature. Of course
air-sp.aees must be provided in the walls, according to
the size of the house.

Two methods of making the beds may be described:
(1) Collect fresh horse manure until there is enough to
make a bed. The manure should be kept where it can
be protected from rains, an open shed preferred. Turn
the manure every other morning for a week, or until
danger of burning is over. In making the beds, from
9 in. to a foot of manure is used. Beds should be thor-
oughly firmed, putting in a layer of manure, then firm-
ing, then another layer, until the desired depth is
secured. Assuming that the bed goes up after making

MUSHROOM

.lav^ at't.f -].:i\- ,,'■ , . .; 'h _' ill. of good loam.
ii..Mcl l.^aiu fiami ■, ■ ^ -.'I I r.au the garden, and
als,, ,,bl ruse ^,,il ba. Im.'i ii-i.l w itli good results. It
is customary to mix a little soil through the manure
before making the bed. After the soil is on the bed
and firmed down, a covering of straw will be beneficial,
as it prevents the beds from drying,' out. .Should they
dry out, water must be a]i|.li^il. wiiili -b.mld be at a
temperature of 75° or Sii". M : i -bould be gath-
ered from six to eight ■ i ikiug the bed.
Keep the house at a teni]i. ! o i;o'>. (2) The
second method, which s. . a - t.i-tter, is for
every load of fresh hors' I M , ,: :.| :i load of old
thoroughly rotted manuia : oM Mushroom
manure. The aim is to a _ manure to pre-
vent the other from bunun,-,. I h. i ... are mixed, and
the following day the bed is made. This method does
away with a great amount of labor turning the manure;
the bed also has a tendency to hold the moisture a
greater length of time. The details of making the bed
are the same as in the other method. This is a simple
way to make the beds, but the results will follow with
as much certainty as with any other method.

WiLLiAJi Turner.
TJie writer^s first trial with Mushrooms was made in
a soap box under a bed, and the Mushrooms did well.
That was i5 years ago. The next year he went into the
business on a larger scale, growing them in the cellar,
and a good crop was the result. He received $1.50 a
pound, or $220 for the lot. A cellar under the parlor was
devoted to the crop, and $.'850 worth was sold. Then a
place was built under the ground with good ventilation,
but it was not a success. The drip was too much. A
cellar under the carriage house, which had no drip,
made a good place, leading to the belief that a place with
a Mushro:)m house under a building is the best place in
which to growtbeni. Thcvm-eil a tlrv pbiee. If we have
a dry summer ate I lialii laia- in ^. ni. mber, or heavy
dews, we will pi. ! ; -: i, i n m the fall out-

doors. In growiii M I I ■ imitate nature.

The money tlitit i . i in one year

would make a |. i. |..i...ii~. I'e.iple get

wild to grow ."\lu-i! -- i . . . ma. a .roi., but others

get nothing. Tli. .: _ a. i - 1 ir\ a liii b- at a time.

He should learn ilim i h. . . ;. i i. n.a-^ of (iirinaiit men.

Mushroom spawn runs best in anything that is dry.
It is difficult to find out what moisture is wanted, and
to get the material in the right state. The writer pre-
fers to secure his manure on the cars fresh from the
stable. Turn it over eight or nine times, once every day,
so it will not burn, and put in dirt. To twenty tons add
five cart-loads of earth. This earth is secured from sod
from the hedges around the farm, taken the first of .June
and piled up to rot, .so it will be ready for mixing in the
manure. When the manure is in the right state, put it
in beds 8 inches deep. The beds (made in houses) are
made up like bunks on a ship and are 100 feet long, 4
feet wide and 3 feet between the beds to allow a man to
go through with a wheelbarrow. One house is 20 feet
wide. It contains 13 beds 100 feet long. It is heated by
hot water and the temperature is kept at 00°. There are
three large houses, and all of them with greenhouses on
top, where lettuce, cauliflower, parsley, rhubarb and
radishes are grown with the same heat that grows the
Mushrooms. English spawn is used. It should be fresh
and new. The spawn is placed 6 inches apart in the
beds, in pieces the size of a black walnut. When the
heat goes down to 90° the spawn is put in, and in six
weeks the Mushrooms are ready for picking. The beds
last from three to four months. The Mushrooms are
packed in boxes and shipped to New York.

S. W. WORTMAN.

The Trade in Mushrooms.— The tT&Ae in Mushrooms
has grown from a supply of 30 to 50 pounds a day to
the enormous quantity of one-half to three-quarters of a
ton. In fact, the trade has increased in proportion with

li

w atl
t hi

MUSHROOM

1 1 1

I t M

1 1

Th p

1 t upply a I
d mand I th mm m nth a f w 11 d w 11 1 t
th y p 1 ad ly m the h at that d al lo n t

t handle aytkth fefthew al
upply f n J ne nt 1 O t 1 th 5 -n Id u Ij g

t wa t Th g

and

th

1 If

tag f th
" th

JIUSKMELOX

1049

11 11

H

P 11

I tak £ u t 50 1-

tl

1 ll

1

1 Wl

nt 1

II

1 h ni tl ma k t
1 h m If the p

ll

i

1 1
n th tl 1

1

1 1
11

P'

11 g nly t th b tt

h

tb 1

bj unnn

t a the p g i

W

thth fig

1 1

allj 1

1

I th p

f th 1

I 1

1 1 1

g d t 1

1 t 1

tl

ll

1 k Tl

th m J 1

1 1 1 1 M 1

[11 1 t th f 1

;

1 1 1 1
1

( J

f the t p d 1
1 It

g wn 1

1

1 1

111 t

1

1

'"h 1 11 f

^ hm w

M

1

w 11 1 t and d 1

t

I

1

1 It

the f gn a

n 1

Ea

me £ h nn s a n w

1

1

mak n k t I up

f 1

nd an I p g ad We

ii

1 1 1

1

1 1

b I e that th

mpt

n an b d ull d and p

1

1 11

bly t ebl d at

g

'h^

fit f Id at half the p nt
b £ e 1 ng £ me h

1

1

1 1

' 1

p We xp

that w 11 make a

P

alt

f Mu h m and ell n tl

I

ll

1

n 1 e

4.E HDE 0 & Co

tl

} 11 1

1

MUSK The

n M

k Plant £ the ga d n
\ n plant The w 1 1
J, I lat n

ii
t

t
al
t b

nwh I tl
p 11 nt
a £ th

Th
h

Ittl k

V 1 1
M kPl nt £E

I

h w

n t a e k 11
y natu e f th

nd the fl a

m plants

uully

th 1 lant

MUSK MALLOW = 27,

ctis mosthatw. The Mu 1
seed of commerce is also E
hiscus moschatits Marsh M
IS AWuea officituilis

alf bushel or bushel
x.-.l loam and short
tM sci'ure a quick
"ii-hly established

hills. Tl. is i. ,!,,„.■ I. v.lk'-in
of earth aii.l i-r|il:i.in^. jt Mit
manui-e. Th.- |.huiis :ir.- t
hold on tin- soil ;i,i,i \., 1,,,,.
before the <li-v wc^ithcr ,,f J

In the soutliern states, the seeds of melons are usually
planted in the field where the crop is to mature. In the
northern states, however, the plants are started in
forcing-houses or hotbeds. As a rule, hotbeds are more
satisfactory than forcing-houses, since the plants can be
hardened off better. In forcing-houses, the plants are
likely to be too hot, even though there is no pipe heat,
and they tend to become very soft. Plants which are

the foliage completely ^

the poison.

There are two general types of commercial Musk-
melons in North America— the furrowed and hard-rinded
kinds, which are known as cantaloupes, and the netted
and s(.fter-rijHl(*(] types, known as nutmeg or netted
lueLois , Fiu'. 14471. In the southern states the word
canf;ilnii|,i> N ii^, .1 generically for all melons, but this
use "f the tiriii is erroneous (see Cucurais, page 408,
Bailey. A. G. 14: LMlf,: Waugh, G. F. 8: 18.3). The vari-
ous strains of netted melons are the ones mostly grown
in the North for the home garden and for early market.
The cantaloupes are mostly longer-season varieties.

10.30

MUSKMELON

Twu important striins of the npttoil m( Ion tspo
lia\e come into great iiroimiiem t iniiicntM ii>
Osafee, de\eloped m sourhui liin M) hi^ iii ii
Rocky Ford, developed 111 I 1 iil \ii ili i ini|
strain of the same cla-^M-. Ill M nii ilMul t \ \<
developecl in Cinidi ] li iiii m I n u _i

MUSKMELON

of the Fiendi It is \ uiable
I coniniouh pMifoiiii md clcti
gretn inodoious flesh of fair

1448 The OranEC i

Chlto Melon— Cucumis Mela

pickles and conserves Of these are tlie so called Snake
Cucumber (Plate Xl\) and the Oiauf,e or Chito melon
(Fig U48) The latter has been much advertised in
recent jears as a preserving or mango melon (for mak
ing " mangoes " or mi\ed pickles) It is a small leaved
slender vine as compared with the common Muskmelon,
and it bears an abundance of yellow or orange fruits the
size of a hen's egg or lemon. It requires no special
culture. The Snake Cucumber is grown mostly as a
curiosity in this country, but it may be used for pickles
and preserves.

Another type of Muskmelon is the winter melon.
These are described as follows in an Experiment Sta-
tion publication (Bailey, Bull. 95, Cornell Exp. Sta.):

"There is an interesting class of melons, little known
in this country, which gives fruits of long-keeping
qualities. These are known as the winter or scentless
melons. They are mostly of an oblong shape, with
green or grayish hard rinds and commonly a white or
L'ir. II ll.sli, uhi.li ,,11,11 i;irlis ;ilni,.st ,'iitirely the char-
;i.r,ri-ii,- :,r,.n,,i .■( tl.,- .M u-ki,i,.l,iii. The leaves are
LjriH I'llly l.ii-i-r ;iim1 -iv.'ii.M- iliiiii thiisi' ,,f the common
111, -I, Ills. 'I'll,- fruits . -in. |.i,k,.ii just l.i't'ore frost, when
tliey appear to lie as inedible as siiuaslies, and are stored
in a fruit-room to ripen. The true winter melons re-
quire a long season. We have planted them upon good
soil on the first day of June, and they have barely come
to maturity before frost. There is little difficulty in
keeping some of the varieties until Chri.stmas, if they
do not get too ripe in the field, if the fruits are not al-
lowed to become frost-bitten, and if the room is cool
and rather dry.

melons wliich we iKivr u-i-.nMi. line- t\|,,- luis a solid
interior, lik,' a ,'ii,'iiiiilic r. .■iml lii,- s,.,.,|\ ;,i-i- iniliedded
firmly in tlic stnu'iur,' ••f tlic iMiit. Tli,' other class
has a si.ft iiit.'i-ii.r an. I tli,- Im,,s,' v,-,-,Is ,.f ordinary mel-

Jltlon de Malte

White \iii

the W nil 1 I

melons lu, i i i i

making ol ions, n,

For other melon t\ | , s
for a sketch of thi h. t ii
tlieni see the article iii \
on Cucumis ] h jj

The Muskmelon a tuut <f
much commcicnl \ dm is
^rown in diftrrent locilities under \ arie<l niitliods
Where tin \ u, -i,\\n in largest quantities is m the
South tin mill tin t hods are emplojed linn the
seed IS ill 1 I I 111 lull of well enriched soil tliui to
five to < 1 h lull 111 I \(ied with about 2 in ot sod
when then i ,liii_, i , t chilly weather after jil iiitiiK.,
they are covered with litter or straw until the soil ami
temperature become warm. Among private giirdeners
throughout the country, and where climate and soil will
admit, melon-growing' is followed with a great deal of
e:\ro ami tmnlile, mainly because the area which they
ri-,|iiir,' to iiri.ilni-,' a fair percentage of good fruit can-
in. t l.r all,.tt,,l them, and consequently close care and
lust ,iiltivaii,,n ate r,'i|nired. The first thing is to pro-
vi,le u traiiii' or pit, in which, after a slight hotbed has
been made, and upon which the soil to the thickness of
about 2 in. has been placed, the sash will be only 12 in.
from the soil. Then place pieces of evenly ftut sod 2
in. thick by 4 in. square, with the grass side down, on
the soil, laying them close together, the edges touch-
ing, and with a sharp-pointed trowel dig out the center
of each piece of sod, barely penetrating through, and
fill up the space dug out with good soil, somewhat
sanilv. In ea,-li of these places ,hv,p tw,-, seeds, either
of Mn-k- ,,r \Val,i-ni,-l..n; kiin sli-litlv ni.,ist ami also

must 111- ,\,nis, ,1 t,, k,,,'p them growing, hut not too

fast, as the 1 ts will i.i-ni'trate the sod, and tlie plants

will wilt \\1h 11 iiiiiisf, in'<l to the open ground. The
matter of \, m ihiiim; ami other care is easily given, and
they can I"- transfi-n-, ,1 at will when the weather per-
mits, as they will bear the transplanting without being
injured. The transferring must be done by taking out
each piece of sod with a trowel and setting in the open
ground where wanted, making the hills of Watermelons
6 ft. apart each way ami the MnskmelonsS ft. in the
rows and 0 ft. betw,-, n the rcws.

Another excellent ,i|„iati,iii , niployed by gardeners
for the quick growin^^ ami full ilevelopment of the finest

JIUSKMELON

fruit is tlie placing of well-rotted manure at the bottom
of each hill. It is necessary that this be thoroughly
rotted, as the paramount idea is to feed the roots with
moisture and nutriment which this will supply. The
best plan of preparing for this manuring is to dig holes
a full spade deep, then fill up to within 4 in. of the sur-
face with the manure, then cover with 3 in. of soil.
This can be done several days prior to putting out the
melons. The object of this expensive treatment is to
furnish the roots with food and moisture through the
heated season and induce a free growth, which will over-
come scalding and also attacks of enemies.

The abb e method w 11 apply to b th Musk and

Watermel n The so 1 be t su ted to melon grow ng

1 1 n When the so 1 is of a cla ev natu e

11 t e of san 1 s benefic il M k xielo

11 el suece f Uy on sone of the 1 ge

I i 11 111 j.rvate place For th s nl a
1 1 f var et es are sed— p pill the

111 rts w th pron nent nett n" on the ex
by th s method is treated under the

II 1 re a staple art cle arao " the people of
ler 11 nlal otheE-'ypt ans Tl e tl n k ne 1
Pers an t [ are vet grown i d note 1 for b " very
sweet an 1 of fine flavor and are 1 e ter r a ve

1 ght so 1 The c u t es in outhern \e Je along

the coast upplv the lar^e narket of ea ter tew th

the fa ou C al a o Per n the see I of th s arietv

hav ngbe or all pr cur IfronSijr a the nlan 1

grower 11 e to u h va e e as the famo is Jenn

I 1 H k k \ te 1 and "VI ller

11 11 ears of the

111 II 1 Osage Tr

1 I 1 I 1 I M 111 Rock} For 1

endure tr n i r at n ell Tl 1 I II

ket ar ety o n eh use 1 n B i

h gh pr ce It s one of the 1 e t t | I

for keej ng i al t e of ell 1 11 I 1

flavor It nVef nl nailed e nL u 1 kt

Muskmel n grow n lu te I o a 1 ale n

tl e souther tate 1 t o ly fo the r 1 1 markets
The alle f tl e M ss ; j pa t c I 1 a lapte 1

forths lu tr New Jer ej \\l o e 1 It of the
M k uelo rop the sea hore tra le tl e n t \te
s e kno vn a I as th n rket s a lie to the

grower f m h ve the r ent re f t ken uj

for tl I Tl 1 o ha e a ethod not pra

t ce 1 1 a goo 1 one for e\ten 1 ng the

p ck per od The r fi st plant n"

IS 3 fo r week later tie jlant

aga n 1 1 II 1 ] 1 " | k a on

n the aue pa h and 11 1 t ]! t i

tl e field w th m n mu n 1 11 n by

the largest planters are I 11 1 1 T ny

Netted Ge and t reen (_ 11 ent

5 ear ha e they added su
Gem and Tr umph

MUSTARD pe f I

MYOPORUM

1051

t e the E erald

J Otto Th LO'n

{ B I 1 / d e al o se 1 for u ak ng t

The M 1 t 1 ome prol fie wee Is but s nee

they an .mim.il. th > .ire easily kept in check by means
of good fjniiinir i sit Wreds).

As a i.-ulin;iiy v.L.'>r:ilile. Mustard is used for "greens "
(which s.Mi. For thi-; purpose, the large soft basal
leaves ar.> .l.-in-il. Tln-se leaves grow best in . early
spring. ;iltli(tiiu'b tlicy do fairly well in the fall. . If sown
late in the season, the plant makes few bottom leaves and
run quickly to seed. Perhaps the best of the Mustards
for greens in this country is Brassica Japonica (Fig.
2GS, Vol. I. ), a species which has long been grown in this
country, but which has no other well-known name than
"Mustard." This often seeds itself and comes up the
following spring. Some of the large-leaved forms of
Chinese Mustard {Brassica junceaj are excellent, and

should be better known. One of the oriental species
(B. napiforinis) makes an edible turnip-like root (Fig.
263, Vol. I.). Mustard needs a rich quick soil for the
producing of the best foliage. Sow the seeds in drills
1 ft. or more apart, and thin to G in. in the row.

MUSTAED, CLOWN'S. Tberis amara.

MYALL. See Ac

Qisspelling of Meijeii

MYOPOEUM (Creek worls referr ng to the transi

cent res no It th 1 I )/^ ,u ) «■ Abo t

spe e of I 1 \ I INewZea

land to C 1 1 | t 1 e a f a

or te he I I 1 1 I I I 1 re i b

grow ng 1 1 I 11 \\h te £

lobe 1 fl I are le

s rable f i It

manj th

ann all

al vaj s ha 1 If

gro vu in sn all pots for roo n

spr ng

1449. Myoporum laetum (X /a).

tions based on the shape of the fls., the number of the
corolla-lobes and stamens, which vary from 4-6, and
the number of cells in the ovary, which vary from 2-10.
Usually the calyx segments are small and narrow, but
in one section they are large and leafy.
A. Lvs. lanceolate.
laetum, Forst. f. (Jf. perfordtum, Hort.). Fig. 1449.
Lvs. 2—4 in. long, lanceolate or obovate- lanceolate, acute
or ohtuse, finely serrate above the middle, bright green,
shining: fis. white, 4-9 lines wide, with rounded lobes,
which are hairy inside. New Zealand.

MYOPORUM

parvifdlium, R. Br.

shnib: stems 2 ft. 1"m
or linear-spatulate, tl
apex : tls. with rath
within. Austral. ]',.
301. V. 7:L>0.-X..t :u

the

iite toward the
eh are woolly
<n. Gn. 24, p.

purple berries^

W.

MYOSOTfDIUM ((ireek, like a fori/et-me-not). Bor-
rii.i'nnirrii . A ^Tiiiis uf only one species, known as the
(jiaut ForKet-iiie-ii.it. It comes from the Chatham
Islands, oil' New Zealand, and is neither hardy nor
suited to general greenhouse culture, but it should be
tried by some of our expert southern amateurs. Tlie
individual fls. are about % in. across, and as many as
30-60 in a cluster. A plant grown outdoors in Cornwall,
England, had about 20 such clusters. The fls. are 5-
lobed and not a pure blue, being whitish toward the
margins. They are borne on a stout, succulent stem
1^2 ft. high. The ruiit-Ivs. are very large and numerous,
heart-sha|.e,l. 1 .>itl, -IMI,. m in. I,,i,ir.

Thi- .liMi- I :■ ' i' : I'.iin.pe inl858, but

the wlii'ln ' I ■ . N. iihout flowering

again. \li"i!: !■-: I' ,1 ■ ■ iiii|inrted, and in a

few f:i' ■[■'•; ■ .: ' , I ■ • , ■ , i.irM't ^neceeded.

In IsV" 1 •.,.:■,. r ..... \- .., ,, n,-TheGar-
den ■■ - . . ' ' I'ii'' plants

requii.. ;. . : I . .. :..,:... - rini;ed in

mer. They shouhl he kept abscilntely free from in.sects,
particularly aphids. The fine specimen grown in the
Cornish garden (Gn. 50, p. 150) was placed under a
high wall with a southern aspect, and sea sand piled
about the roots.

As a genus, Myosotidiiim is close to Myosotis, but
Bentham& Hooker consider its flowers nearest to Cyno-
glossum and its fruits nearest to Rindera.

ndbile, Hook. Giant Foroet-me-not. .Root-lvs. gla-
brous, glossy, succulent, parallel-veined, obtuse or re-
tuse; petioles thick, grooved above. B.M. 5137. Gn.
.•!0:575 and 50, p. 150. G.C. II. 25:681; III. 21:293.
G.M. 31:219. J.H. III. 32:327.

MYOSOTIS (Greek, signifying mouse-ear, from the
leaves). Borragimh-ea-. F(in(iET -mk -not. Scorpion
Grass. A large genus "i" l..u. in, nni.il or annual, more
or less hairy, branehiiiL . i,t herbs, inhabit-

ing both the north an. I , i; lite zones, but the

cultivated forms cotu in i .. ' ii i i Ijirope. Lvs. al-
ternate, entire: Hs. -mi i i i.!:e-t|...^o. at first
recurved, teriniinii r I . ' ■' ii:eorolla
salverform, .'> I"b. il. I I. i -ns 5, in-
cluded: ovary .il t ;ilni . ; u . r :iiiit form-
ing 4 smooth nutlets :i II, ntn .1 1. I In i . . ■ | . . .. .' I, ' bv their
bases. The following are all lnii-.l\ :,i II, •■ .\i.rih and are
grown in America mainly for init nl .h.or |.l.inting. The
fls. are normallv blue, often |.ui|il.. «lnn v.ung and
turning blue with age. White-thl. forms n,u-. alba) of
all the species may occur. J. B. Keller writes that
Forget-me-nots prefer moist, half-shady places, but that
an open, sunny border will do if it is not excessively
dry. The perennials are easily propagated by division
or cuttings.

A. Bairs of the cab/x all straight, oppressed:

perennials.

B. Lobes of the calyx much shorter than the ttibe.

palustiis. Lam. Tki'e Fouoet-me-not. Stetns from
slender, stolon-like rootstocks, slender, decumbent, and
rooting below, appressed, puljescent or nearly glabrous,
6-18 in. Ion;;: lvs. oblong-lanceolate or oblanceolate,
nearly se-silc: r:M'eme loosely-fld. : pedirels in fruit
mueli Imii;-! r ili:in the Calyx, spreadini;-; i.ilir^ .if the
calyx .leiiiiiii. :irntish : corolla bright blue, witli n \ello\v
eye, limb il;it.:i-t lines broad: nutlets an;;leil ami kciird
on the inner side. May, June. Europe, Asia. (i.e. 111.
22:307. Gn. 52, p. 461. -Requires ,lamp, sha.ly giouml.
Escaped from cult, in the eastern states. Var. sempfer-

Jlorens, Hurt., is a dwarf form, 8 in. high, flowering all
summer.

BB. Lobes of the calyx as long as or longer than
the tube.

l&za, Lehra. Similar to the preceding species, and
also rooting at the lower nudes, pubeseenre all jtppressed

and scanty or wanting: ra \ ' u i ■■ I :\ Ihl.:

calyx lobes much longer. o\ ,. ..tolla

limb smaller and conea\., _ |ralc-r

blue; throat yellow: nutlm- .nuiun '..n\i \ im,ii, -utes.
May, .June. North Europe. Asia, A/uer. -ittows best in
muddy places.

Azdrioa, H. C. Wats. Decumbent at the base and dif-
fusely branched, 1 ft, high, densely setnse-hispid, with
reflexed hairs: lvs o1,1.,i,l-. nliru-.e or rrtn.-'i., appn-ssed
hairy above, hirsni- . m, ■ , h. , i h i . i i, i... ■ mi nios
sub-secund, den~< Im.ar,

spreading, clothe. 1 ' ; i i

I the
with

last, 3-3J^ lines broad, deeper indigo-blni.; tl
a whitish eye. Azores. B.M. 4122. V. 6:7n.-^iuitable
for planting in damp, shady soil. Var. coeWstina, Hort.,
is a forn; with light blue fls.

AA. Bairs of the calyx, or at least some of them, hooked,
spreading.

B. Corolla small, about 1 line broad: limb concave:
calyx hairs alt hooked.

arv6nsis. Lam. Annual or biennial, erect, branched,
7-20 in. high, hirsute-pubescent: lvs. oblong or oblan-
ceolate, sessile, obtuse or acutish: raceme loosely-fld.:
pedicels in fruit much longer than the calyx: calyx
deeply 5-parted ; lobes equal, linear, acutish ; co-
rolla blue or white, 1-lK lines broad: nutlet convex
outside, keeled inside. June-Aug. Eu., Asia.— Will
grow well in dry ground.

BB. Corolla larger, S-4 lines broad: limb flat: calyx

with only the lower hairs hooked.
3ylv4tica, Hoftin. Perennial, hirsute-pubescent, and
either green or . in. i. i . . r. t. 1-2 ft. high, branched
above: lvs. obloni: : . r n.ecdate, nearly sessile,

acutish: pedicel- i exceeding the calyx:

calyx deeply eh-l I. I I II . '■<■ nairs, except a fewat the
bas'e, erect and suai-hi. i.n.nns ion? nnd loose: co-
rolla blue,.?-! lim- l.T..a.l. uiih a y.-llow -yf. nutlets

Spring. Dry soil, Ku., N. AMa.-C..nim..n ui imltn alion.

Var. alp«3tris, K...h (J/. »/;yfs/,/.s. 1'. W. S.-hmidt).
Differs from the tv]..- only in its dwarf habit, 3-8 in.
high, mm-e dense raeeme, with shorter, thicker, ascend-
ing-peilieels, rarelv longer than the calyx: nutlets
larger. Sumnnr. i'u. GXJ. III. 17:650.-Flowers said to
be fragrant in tin- evening. Var. stricta, Hort. All the
branches ere.t and strict: appearance peculiar. G.T.
45, p. (iO!l, \'ar. aiirea, Hort. Foliage golden yellow.

dissitiilora, Haker, Biennial : very similar in
habit to .)/. s,ilr„l,r„. but lowri-, il-s HI. hi-h, wlnde
plant elollo'il with i.|.....| -^|.ri .i.linu' ..r a|.|.r..vv,.,l >|iort
hairs: l\.-. lar-.., ^|...|tulal..-i.bl..nL;, acute, l.ri-lit i.'rec.n :

incurved, 2-3 times hmger than the calyx: hooked hairs
almost absent: calyx segments lanceolate, much longer
than the tube; corolla 4-5 lines in diam. The most im-
portant difference is in the nutlets, which are distinctly
stipitate. Spring. Switzerland. R.H. 1896, p. 278.-
Var. elegantissima, Hort. Lvs. white-edged. The name
3f. elegantissima has also been applied to forms of M.
valustris and sylvatica. g. jj. Wiegand.

HYBtCA (ancient name of no application). Myri-
cdce(e. This includes a Japanese fruit tree which bears
black or red fruits something like a blackberry. It was

introiluced to luilt. in Calif, in IWJ under the name of

1/ ,.,i,',,,, ai,,! I iilK .1. -.ill.. .! in 111. ■■ I 'a. 111.. Rural Prcss,"
l,-,,m v, h ''} derived. The

tr..e alia . I' .1 'I'll. . li.t-like, ever-

;;■,■,., .n an. I I. alio rv . Tl.. I run ri p. i. ■ i n .1 nl y. Itisalmost
globular, being about 1 in. Iouk and :-4 m. Itroad. It is
den.selv covered with small elevations, and contains a
single seed-stone of light weight. There are 2 varieties

MTRICA

of the fruit, the light rose-colored one being finer flavored
than the dark red. The berries are vinous and sweet and
used in all ways like our blackberries. The tree is sup-
posed to be able to stand 15° above zero.

Myrica is a genus of about 35 species of trees and
shrubs, of ten aromatic : Ivs. alternate, entire, or variously

cut: male fis. borne in short catkins on the new growth ;
stamens 2-16, usually 4-0; female fls. mostly solitary;
drupe globose or ovoid.

N4gi, Thunb. (.1/. rubra, Sieb. & Zucc). Fig. 1450.
Bush or tree: Ivs. 3-5 in. loner. <>t>](>riii:-l:in*'poIate, taper-
ing at the base, entire or serrate; hkiI.- .-itkins axillary,
solitary, cylindrical, J^-l.^S in. Imh-; ^taiii.n;^ 6-10; fe-
male catkins shorter than tli.- nuil. , f. « IM. Tropical
and subtropical Asia. B.M. 57J7.

M. asplenifulia. See Comptonia. W. M.

MYEIOCfiPHALUS (Greek, toi ■f7iousand-hea<led).
Comp6sit<v. M. IStnartii is an odd sort of everlasting
flower, known to the trade as Polycalymma IStuartii,
being offered in only one of the largest American cata-
logues of annual fls. It is a half-hardy plant, growing
about 1)4 ft. high and bearing yellow and white heads.
Myriocephalus is a genus f about 8 annual or perennial
herbs, all Australian, often hoary, especially when
young : Ivs. alternate, entire : clusters or compound
heads terminal, usually globose or hemispherical : heads
exceedingly numerous and sessile on a broad, very flat
receptacle, surrounded by a general involucre of numer-
ous narrow bracts in many rows, each usually with a
scarious tip or radiating appendage. In 3f. Stu(n-fii
these appendages are 1-2 lines long, hrond. wliitp and
very conspicuous. Flora Australiensis :>: :,:,: i IhilOl,

Stilartii, Benth. (PoJyeahhnnia Si!,,,,!;:, v. ^]w\\. &
Sond.). Pubescent or woolly, not niurl] lu.-nn ljr,l : ivs.
linear or lanceolate, 1-2 in. long: clusters huiiiisplicrical,
1 in. or more across : partial heads 5-8-fld. : seeds woolly ;
pappus of numerous ciliate bristles.

MTKIOPHfLLUM (Greek, ten-thousand-leaved).
Hal.-igordceic. The Parrot's Feather is a favorite
aquatic plant, with delicate feathery foliage, composed
of numerous whorls of finely cut Ivs. The one which is

MYRISTICA 1053

often seen in vases and fountains in public parks has
the uncomfortable name of MyriopUijltxim proserpina-
coides. It is a half-hardy plant from Chile, with weak
stems which grow out of the water about 6 inches. It
can be planted in a water-tight hanging basket, and if
water can be kept standing on the surface, the plant
will hang grafi-fully over tlie edges. The other species
here describeil are lun-.ly plants, which are com-
mon in our eastein p.ui.N. Anyone of them can be gath-
ered for the acinaiiiini. an. I ilii-two following are pro-
curable from (lealeis in a^iimiics and aquarium supplies.

Myriophyllumis a genns ei al.<.ut 1.' s|.ei'i<-s of a.piatic
herbs, found from the fri-i.l z.nns i.. tin' trupies. l,vs.
wliorled, somewhat scattered .n- alti rnat<'. t!ie emeised
ones entire, dentate or peetunite, the suliini-rged ones
pinnately cut into thread-like segments: fls. small.
A. Li's. (il! alike.

proserpinacoides, Gill. Fig. 1451. Lvs. in whorls of i
and 5, 7-10 lines long: segments 20-25. Chile. Appar-
ently established in Hopkins' pond, Haddonfleld, N. J.,
having escaped from cult. B.B. 2:505. — Differs from the
2 following in being dioecious. The female plant is the
one in cult. Likely to become weeds.
AA. Lrs. above the surface of the water different from
those below-
B. Lvs. whorled in 3's and 4's.

verticillitum, Linn. Floral lvs. longer than the fls.,
pectinate: stamens 8: petals deciduous: carpels even.
Native of Europe, but common in our ponds.
BB. Lrs. whorled in 4's and 5's.

heterophyllum, :\lielix. I'loral lvs. ovate, lanceolate,
sharply serrat. : stamens 1: ]jetals rather persistent:
carpels l-2■rill^e.^ and i-.iuulieiied on the back. Lakes
and rivers. Ont. to Fla. and Jliun.

Wm. Trickek and W, M.

MYBlSTICA (Greek, alluding to the arenn.tir qnali-
ties of the plants). MuristicAcea. Nutmi:... Jlynsinas
are of many species (perhaps 80), but nn.st of tlie Nut-
megs et'coniiinr.i. are ilie |,nidiirt ot'M. fragrans, Houtt.
(.1/. ,„.,s.h.)l„. ThnnI,.: .1/. ..;/„ , „/,/,.., Linn, f . ; M.
aroiH.il, r,i. i,,,n.. I, -heun in I'l--. I ir.L'-::. Tliis tree is
cultivated and iniiiiraiized in tlie \V. Indies. The genus
Myristica is the only one in the family. It is essentially
an Asian genus, although species occur in America and
Africa, and one in Australia. The Myristicas are dioe-
cious trees with alternate, entire, pinnate-veined lvs.,
and small fls. in axillary clusters. The perianth is 2-4-
(usually 3-) lobed, in a single series: anthers 3 or more,
connate: ovary single, 1-loculed, ripening into a fleshy
fruit. The Nutmeg of commerce is the seed. This is
surrounded by a ruminated aril, which furnishes the

1451. My

orhyl

proserpinacoides {X K).

mace of commerce. The fruit of M. fragrans is short-
pear-shaped, lK-2 in. long, hanging, reddish or yellow-
ish, somewhat fleshy, splitting at maturity into 2 valves
and disclosing the brilliant scarlet laciniated aril or
mace. Inside the aril is the hard nut or shell, and
inside the shell is the Nutmeg. The details of the mace

1054 .MYRISTICA

and Nutmeg are shown in Fig. U.j3. For a full illus-
trated and historical account of the Nutmeg, see B.M.
2756-7 (1827). L. H. B.

The Nutmeg tree requires a position in well-sheltered,
hot, moist valleys in the tropics from sea-level up to
400 or 500 feet; it will grow and produce fruit in Ja-

A

maica up to 2,000 feet, but the fruit is not so abundant
nor the nut so large as at lower elevations. The soil
must be a deep, rich loam, well drained. The seedlings
have a tap-root which is very easily injured in trans-
planting. The method usually adopted for growing
them is to sow the seeds in bamboo pots, one in each.
When they are ready for planting in their permanent
places, the bamliuo is slit, and the .soil, with the plant,
gently put into the prepared hole. It is only when they
first fl.)Wif (li;it it is |,(,s.sil,li- to toll the sex of the tree.
X.itl,;h_' i- I;m..vii ..f tl:. r,,r„!itiniis which determine
flir ■ I:' ■ ;, ': ' i: 1 1 :i I ] iiv .] lortion of male trees
tc. |. I ! I - I , ili'Mi^h sometimes 40 or

fii) 1 1 ' . . M ■ ' ' I ; I : ■ , I ;ill ill- ' iih.M' male or female.

:iltl,

feni!

Wm. Fawcett.

M'S'REHIS (from the Greek word for perfume). Urn-
iellifene. Myrkh. Sweet Cicely. One perennial herb
native to Europe, and an immigrant to other countries,
sometimes grown in gardens for its pleasing scent and
anciently used as a flavoring in salads. In America
Myrrhis is represented by Osmorhiza, which is known
as Sweet Cicely. Two or three of the American plants
have been named under Mvrrhis, but Coulter and Rose
(Revision N. Amer. Umbeliiferse, 1888) contrast the two
genera and refer these species to Osmorhiza. Technical
characters distinguish the two genera.

TheMyrrh of theArabs is the gum of Balsamodendron

MTRTUS

Mi/rrha, a burseraceous tree which is now referred
(Bingler in DC. Monogr. Phaner. 4) to Commiphora.

odorita. Scop. Myrrh. Soft-hairy or pubescent, erect,
2-3 ft. : Ivs. thin and soft, 2-3-pinnate, with narrow-
toothed or pinnatifid segments: fls. small, whitish, in a
compound umbel which is devoid of a general involucre:
fr. % in. long, longitudinally ribbed. Eu.— Herbage
sweet-scented. Rarely seen in this country, l. jj. g.

MYKSiNE (an old Greek nam
application: the Myrtle is-Vi/Wii
&cem. About 80 widely s.;itii n
trees, of which M. tlorii'"' '
but is probably no long.r
Ivs. leathery, mostly (

clus

for the Myrtle, of no

r:iiii III II II is ) . Mymin-

■ I<^ of shrubs or

' i.lTi-red in Fla.,

- or tomentose:

I ssile or pedun-

fr.

shaped drupe, dry

fleshv

i."iw:,.ii«Li, n.Br. (M. Sapdnen, Roem. & Schult.
.1. /. ,,,i,,/, A. DC). Glabrous: Ivs. 3-4 in. long,
luathury, obuvate, rounded or notched at top, revolute at
margin, rusty and dotted beneath, devoid of pellucid
dots: clusters of fls. peduncled : corolla imbricated.
S. Fla. to Uruguay.

MYRSIPHtLLUM. Consult A.yi'ini.ius.

MYRTLE. Mi/rfus communis. Crape M. Lm/rr.
siriiiin.i. Running M. Kmco minor and others. Sand
M. l.,h,.h!iUum.

M-?RTUS ( Mill-

, the ancient Greek name). Mijrtil-

, Mni;i!i-. Mi.-^fly shrubs: Ivs. opposite, entire,

I. II iiiiii iiromatic: fls. white or rose-

I 1 1 1, my, the central on short, lateral

I il\\ tube turbinate, 5- (rarely 4-)

.,!i..|, u ii.ilh. 1-1-1 I. lit; petals 5 (rarely 4) ; stamens
iiuiiicnius, ill' several rows, free: ovule 2-3-celled: fr. a
berry, adnate to, or included in the calyx-tube. A ge-
nus of perhaps 100 species, mostly subtropical natives
of S. America and Au.stralia.

Myrtles are grown in pots for greenhouse, window or
room decorations, or, in Calif, and the South, as out-
door ornamental shrubs. They are easily cultivated and
readily propagated from firm or partially ripened cut-
tings. They like an abundance of water in summer, and
should never be allowed to get quite dry at the mots.

commiinis, Linn. The clas-
sic Myrtle. A handsome
shrub, 3-10 ft. high, both fls.
and Ivs. strongly scented :
Ivs. small in the variety
usually cultivated: pedun-
cles solitarj', 1-fld., about
the length of the Ivs., bear-
ing 2 linear bractlets below
the fls. : berry black. July.
S. Eu. — Several varieties
are cult., which differ chiefly
in the shape and size of the
Ivs.; there is also a varie-
gated form. Makes a good
hedge in S. Fla. Everbloom-
ing in S. Calif.

Li^ma, 1
,i,iiriih)lu. DC. A'. Luma
LuMA. Shrub, 3 ft. or higl
or : peduncles 3- to !
branched: fls. larger tha
those of M. commmiis. S.
Chile; hardy in S. Calif, and probably northward.

Ugmi, Molina [Enghiia Ugni). Ugni or Chilean-
GuAVA. As usually seen under cult., this is a shrub 4
ft. high, but in its native habitat it is said to become a
tree 100 ft. high: pedicels 1-fld. : berry purple, glossy,
edible, with a pleasant odor and taste. Wood very hard
and heavy, much used in Chile for press-screws, wheel-
spokes and select implements. Chile; hardy in S. Calif.
B.M. 4026. R^^fTO, p. 403.

M. ((U»f(p»Sl/Soands=5gDifctnyrtus tomentosa.

after the mace is removed.

disclosing the

BrKTT Da

noPEimr UBJUxr
H. C. SttU CtUefe