®I|e ^. ^. ^tU 7JItbrarg North (Earoltna ^talc CoUeqe , **«>► .*■. NORTH C«OUN« STATE yNIVERSlTV LIBRARIES llllllllJl SO 1898673 % This BOOK may be kept out TWO WEEKS ONLY, and is subject to a fine of '^555 CENTS a day thereafter. It is due on^Q day indicated below: 85i^6 ♦^f 2 1 3g 30 Mr' 4'' V 6Mr'47t 9Au! .-40^ 21 Oct llJuf'SDl 27Jun»5l£ 5 iun'62Z mu 6 191 "^^5a. |,;,ri,nent, Trini- dad, W. I. ^rh.nhr, .,„.,. r,..,„r„l Fniil.1.) ♦Hasselbrino, Ueinrich, Asst. Pathologist, 111. Exp. Sta., Urbana, 111. (Iris. The article " Orchids," and botany of most orchid genera from Gongora to Zygopetalum. Several acan- ihads, as Schaueria and Thunbergia. Also Rust, and has helped on plant diseases.) Hastings, G. T., formerly Asst. in Botany, Cor- nell Univ., Ithaca, N. Y. ; now Science Teacher, Santiago, Chile. (Some tropical plants, as licr- ria, liertliolletia. A few grasses, as Sierochlor, Hokus, Hordeum.) ♦Hatfiem), T. D., Gardener, Wellesley, Mass. {Xiiiiirrnii^ mid ninril <;,„ ir.hi, iin,,^, as Gcsnrra, tlhi.niinl. I.urhrii.llnl. /.,-.-, M.nr.,..l,llierennials. Article on Herbaceous Perennials. ) Kelsey, Harlan P., Nurseryman, Boston, Mass. I Sorlh Carolina plants, as Galax, Leucothoe and I'ardiiydiia. Ihlji on proofs.) COLLABORATORS Kennedy, P. Bevbridge, Horticulturist, Nev. Exp. Sta., Eeno, Nev. (Many genera of grasses in Vols. I and II. Begonia.) Kerr, J. W., Nurseryman, Denton, Md. {Mary- land. Help on Plum.) KiFT, Robert, Florist, Philadelphia, Pa. (Cut- flowers.) Kinney, L. F., Horticulturist, Kingston, R. I. {Celery.) Knapp, S. a.. Special commissioner U. S. Dept. Agric, Lake Charles, La. (Philippine Islands.) Lager & Huerell, Orchid cultivators. Summit, N. J. (Cattleija.) L.\GER, John E., Orchid specialist. Summit, N. .J. (Oneidium.) Lake, Prof. E. R., Horticulturist, Ore. Exp. Sta., Corvallis, Ore. (Oregon.) Landeeth, Burnet, Seedsman, Philadelphia, Pa. {David Landreth .) Lauman, G. N., Instructor in Hort., Cornell Univ., Ithaca, N. Y. {Geranium. Impatictis.) *Le Moyne, F. J., Amateur in orchids, Chicago, 111. {Sohralia.) Lewers, Ross, Fruit-grower, Franktown, Nev. (Nevada.) *LiNTON, S. H., Nurseryman, Des Moines, la. (Rhuharl). ) Lonsdale, Edwin, Florist, "Wyndmoor, Chestnut Hill, Philadelphia, Pa. (Conservatory.) Lord & Burnham Co., Horticultural architects and builders, Irvington-on-Hudson, N. Y. ( Greenhouse Construction . ) LOTHROP & HiGGlNS, Dahlia specialists, East Bridgewater, Mass. (Dahlia.) Lyon, T. T., Pomologist, South Haven, Mich. (Died 1900.) (Pear.) *MacDougal, D. T., Dir. of the Laboratories, N. Y. Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, N. Y. {Sap. Transpiration.) Macomber, J. T., Fruit-grower, Grand Isle, Vt. (Peach.) MaoPherson, James, Landscape gardener, Tren- ton, N. J. (Euphorbia. Has read proofs of several orchid genera.) McParland, J. Horace, Horticultural printer and expert in photography, Harrisburg, Pa. (Bor- der. Photography. Hi I)! an .llii.ifs.) Robinson, Charles Mulford, Author of "The Improvement of Towns and Cities." Roches- ter, N. Y. ( nUcige Improvement.) Robinson, John, Author of "Ferns in their Homes and Ours," Salem, Mass. (Several articles on ferns.) Rock, John, Fruit-grower and nurseryman, Xiles, Calif. {Plum. Prune.) RoHNEET, Waldo, Specialist in sweet peas, Sar- gent, Calif. (Sweet P-ea.) Root, A. I., Dealer in bee-keepers" supplies, Medina, Ohio. (Tomato.) Ross, J. J., Fruit-grower, Seaford, Del. (Peach.) RoTHROCK, J. T., Commissioner of Forestry, Westchester, Pa. {Botliroclda.) KVALS, 6. M., Market-gardener, Savannah, Ga. (Tomato.) Saltford, Wm. G., Florist and specialist in violets, Poughkeepsie, N. Y. (Violet.) Sander & Co., Nurserymen of St. Albans, Eng. (A. Dimmoek, New York agent). (Recent im- portations, particulnrlij orchids and palms.) Sandiford, Robert, Specialist in pelargoniums, Mansfield, Ohio. (Pelargonium.) SCHNECK, Jacob, Amateur botanist, Mt. Carmol, 111. (ntis.) SoHULTHEis, Anton, Florist, College Point, N. Y. ( JToody plants from Australia and the Cape, as Erica.) ScooN, C. K., Fruit-grower, Geneva, N. Y. (Cherry.) Scott, Alex. B., of Robert Scott & Son, Sharon Hill, Pa. (Bose.) Shady Hill Nursery Co., Boston, Mass. (Hcrha- ceous perennials.) Shaw, Tnos., Prof, of Animal Husbandry, Univ. of Minn., St. Anthony Park, Mian. (Medicago. Melilotus.) Shinn, J. C, Fruit-grower, Niles, Calif. (Pear.) SiEVERS, John H., Specialist in pelargoniums, San Francisco, Calif. (Pelargonium.) Simpson, J. H., Botanist, Braidentown, Fla. (Vitis, Zamia and some Florida subjects.) Slatmaker, a. W., Fruit-grower, Camden, Del. (Delaware. ) Small, John K., N. Y. Botanical Garden,' Bronx Park, N. Y. (Polygonum.) Smith, Archibald, Manager Joseph Breck & Sons Corporation, Boston, Mass. (Seeds.) Stewart, W. J., Sec. Soc. American Florists, Boston, Mass. (Syringa.) SoLTAU, Chris, Grower of pansy seed, Jersey City, N. J. (Pansy.) Stanton, Geo., Ginseugspecialist, Apulia Station, N. Y. (Ginseng.) Stockbridge, Prof. H. E., Dir. Fla. Exp. Sta., Lake City, Fla. (Tomato.) Storrs & Harrison, Nurserymen, Painesville, Ohio. ( Various plants. ) Sturtevant, Edmund D., Specialist in aquatics, Station E., Los Angeles, Calif. (Victoria and other aquatics.) Suzuki & Iida, Yokohama Nursery Co., New York, N. Y. (Japanese plants.) Thompson, Mrs. J. S. R., Spartanburg, S. C. ( Pcrfiunvry (lardcning.) Thlhlow, T. C, Nurseryman and specialist in peonies, West Newbury, Mass. (Pceonia.) Todd, Frederick G., Landscape Architect. Mon- treal, P. Q. (Hardy trees and shrubs.) Troth, Henry, Photographer of plants and land- scapes, Philadelphia, Pa. (Photography.) ViCK's Sons, James, Seedsmen, Rochester, N. Y. ( Various plants. ) Watson, H. D., Farmer and fruit-grower, Kearney, Neb. (Trees for the Plains. ) Webb, Prof. Wesley, Dover, Del. (Delaware.) Wedge, Clarence, Fruit-grower, Albert Lea, Minn. (Minnesota.) Whilldin Pottery Co., Philadelphia, Pa. (Pots.) White, J. J., Cranberry-grower, New Lisbon. N. J. {Cranberry.) WiLLARD, S. D., Nurseryman, Geneva, N. Y. (Important fruits, as Cherry.) WiTTBOLD Co., The Geo., Florists, Chicago, 111. (Palms and ferns. Nephrolepis Wittholdi.) Young, B. M., Specialist in nut culture, Morgan City, La. (Pecan.) ABBREVIATIONS I. OF GENERAL EXPRESSIONS cult cultivated, etc. tUam diameter E east. /( feet. in inches jV iiortli. ,S soutli. trap tropics, tropical. n' west. JI. OF BOTANICAL TERMS fl flower. tis flowers. Jhl flowered. /;• fruit. It height. //. leaf. ;/( leaflet. Ivs leaves. St stem. sts stems. fi/ii synonym. viir variety. ///. OF BOOKS AND PERIODICALS To aid the student in the verification of the work, and to introduce him to the literature of the various subjects, citations are made to the por- traits of plants in the leading periodicals to which the American is most likely to have access. These references to pictures have been verified as far as possible, both in the MS. and in the proof. A uniform method of citation is much to be de- sired, but is extremely difficult, because periodi- cals rarely agree in methods. With great reluc- tance it was decided to omit the year in most cases, because of the pressure for space, but the student who lacks access to the original volumes may generally ascertain the year by consulting the bibliographical notes below. An arbitrary and brief method of citation has been chosen. At the outset it seemed best to indi- cate whether the cited picture is colored or not. This accounts for the two ways of citing certain publications containing both kinds of pictures, as The Garden, Eevue Hortieole, and Gartenflora. The figures given below explain the method of citation, and incidentally give some hints as to the number of volumes to date, and of the number of pages or plates in one of the latest volumes. A few works of the greatest importance are mentioned elsewhere by way of acknowledgment (p. xv). The standard works on the bibliography of botany are Pritzel's Thesaurus and Jackson's Guide to the Literature of Botany; also, Jackson's Catalogue of the Library of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. .\.F. . . . The American Florist. Chicago. A trade paper founded August 15, 1885. The vol- umes end with July. Many pictures re- peated in"Gng." (14:1524^vol. and page.) A.G. . . . American Gardening. New York. Represents 14 extinct horticultural periodicals, includ- ing The American Garden (1888-1890). Founded 1879{?) (20:896=vol. and page.) B The Botanist. Edited by Maund. No years on title pages. Founded 1839. 8 vols., 50 colored plates in each vol. (8:400= vol. and col. plate.) Cumulative index. B.B. . . . Britten & Brown. An illustrated Flora of the Northern U. S., etc. New York. 189e-1898. (3:588=vol. and page.) B.F. . . . See F. B.H. ... La Belgique Hortieole. Ghent. 33 vols. (1851-1885.) B.M. . . . Curtis' Botanical Magazine. London. Founded 1787. The oldest current peri- odical devoted to garden plants. The vol. for 1899 is vol. 125 of the whole work. Index to first 107 volumes by E. Tonks. London. (7C90=col. plate.) B.R. . . . Botanical Register (1815-1847). Vols. 1-14 edited by Edwards: vols. 15-33 by Lind- ley. In vols. 1-23 the plates are num- bered from 1-2014. In vols. 24-33 they are numbered independently in each vol. There are 688 plates in vols. 24-33. "An Appendix to the First Twenty-three Vol- umes" (bound separately or with the 25th vol.) contains an index to the first 23 vols. An index to vols. 24-31 may be found in vol. 31. (33:70=vol. and col. plate.) D Dana. How to Know the Wild Flowers. New York. 1893. (298=page.) Em. . . . Emerson, G. B. Trees and Shrubs of Mas- sachusetts. Boston. 2 vols. 149 plates. F The Florist. London. 1840-1884. (1884: 192^yearandpagepp.col. plate.) Editors and title pages changed many times. Known as the Florist, Florist's Journal and Florist and Pomologist. Sometimes improperly called British Florist. F.C. . . . Floral Cabinet. Knowles & Westcott. Lon- don. 1837-1840. (3:i:;7 vol. and col. plate). cix) ABBKHVIATIONS F.E. . . . The Florists' Exchange. New York. A trade paper, wliose pictures sometimes are repeated in "A.G." Founded Dec. 8, 1888. (ll:1298=vol. and page.) F..J. . . .See F. F..M. . . . Floral Magazine. London. Series I. 18GI- 1871, 8vo. Series II. 1872-1881, 4to. (1881:4o0=year and col. plate.) F.P. . . . SeeF. F.K. . . . Florists' Review. Chicago. A trade paper. Vol. 1, Dec. 2, 1897, to May 2(!, 1898. Two vols, a year. (4:6(in— vnl. .,nsi)J. Vols, end Sept. 1. (7:384=vol. and page.) Gt. . . . . Gartenflora. Berlin. Founded 1852. (Gt. 48: 1470= vol. and col. plate. Gt. 48. p. G70=vol. and page containing black figure.) G.W.F. . . Goodale's Wild Flowers of America. Bos- ton, 188G. (50=col. plate.) riBK. . . Humboldt, Bonpland & Kunth. Nova Genera et^ Species, etc. Paris. 1815-25. l.H. . . . I/llIn ..:,n.,nI!Mrl, .■..!.•, <, hrnt. (1854-1890. ) M , , i , , , :,i ,1. .) The volumes ^^ i ■ •■ ■ )-'iisly. but there «| !■ ^iTP- 1. -1854-03. Se- ri. . II, I.Mil h:i. S./nes 1I1.=1870-80. Sfiirs IV. _ is,M-80. Series V. = 1887- 9:i. Srri.s \l. =1894-90. The plates w.n. .nnulM.,v,l continuouslv in the first 10 vol.. Iron, 1 to 014: in vol«. 17-33 tliov nm Iron, 1 to i;i!l: in .ori.- V. from 1 lo l:iil: in Srnr- \-|. Hi, v 1" -in anew with ri„-l, v,,l. \"a!,l:,l,l.. iii,'l, X. - in vols. lUan,l-J(i. s, II,-, \. in tt.,,th.- rf,t 8vo. J.H. . , . Journal nfllo, ■,,!,:,, i.,,n,lou. Founded in 184H a- 1 i , : ■ , ;:,f.lener. Series 111. onlv , .. ,. :,,ning 1880. (III. :i9:504-->, ,:- , Nil,. !-, •• .1 , See F. C. In vol. 1 of this work, sometimes means Lindenia, sometimes Lowe's Beautiful Leaved Plants. See " Lind." and " Lowe." L.B.C. . . The Botanical Cabinet. Loddiges. 1817- 33. 100 plates in each vol. Complete inde.t in last vol. (20:2000=vol. and col. plate.) Lind. . . . Lindenia, Ghent. Founded 1885. Folio. Devoted to orchids. Lowe . . . Beautiful Leaved Plants. E. J. Lowe ami Howard. London. 1864. (G0=col. plate.? M A. B. Freeman-Mitford. The Bamboo Gar- den. London. 1896. (224=page.) iM.D.G. . . Mollcr's Deutsche Giirtner-Zeitung. Erfurt. Foundedl88G. (1897:425= year and page.) Mn. . . . Meehan's Monthly. Germantown, Phila- delphia. Founded 1891. (9:192 = vol. and page opposite col. plate.) N N'icholson. Dictionary of Gardening. Vols. 1-1 (1884-1887). Vo'l. 5 in preparation. P.F.G. . . Lindley & Paxton. Flower Garden. Lon- don. 1851-53. 3 vols. 4to. P.G. . . . Popular Gardening. Buffalo. 1885-90. (5:270= vol. and page. ) P.M. . . Paxton's Magazine of Botany. London. 1834-49. 1(16:376 = vol. and page oppo- site col. plate.) Vol. 15 has index of first 15 vols. R Keichenbaohia. Ed. by Fred. Sander. Lon- don. Founded 1886. Folio. K.B. . . . Kevue de I'llorticulture Beige et EtrangJro Ghent. Founded 1875? (23:288= vol. and page opposite col. plate.) In the first vol. of the Cyclopedia "R.B." sometimes means Belgique Horticole, but the confusion is corrected in later vols., where Belgique Horticole is abbreviated to "B.H." R.H. . . . Revue Horticole. Dates from 1826, but is now considered to have been founded in 1829. (1899:590=ycar and page opposite col. plate. 1899, p. .596=year and page opposite black figure.) S Schneider. The Book of Choice Ferns. London. In 3 vols. Vol. 1, 1892. Vol.2, 1893. S.B.F.G. . Sweet British Flower Garden. London. Series I., 1823-29, 3 vols. Series II., 1831-38, 4 vols. S.n. . . . Semaine Horticole. Ghent. Founded 1897. (3:548=year and page.) S.M. . . . Semaine Horticole. Erroneously cited in this fashion a few times in first vol. S.S. . . . Sargent. The Silva of North America. 13 vols. Vol. 1, 1891. Vol. 12, 1898. (12:620= vol. and plate, not colored.) S.Z. . . . Siebold & Zuccarini. Flora Japonica. Vol. 1, 1835-44. Vol. 2 by Miquel, 1870. (2:150=vol. and plate.) V. or V. M. Vick's Magazine. Rochester, N. Y. Founded 1878. Vols, numbered continuously through the 3 series. Vols, begin with Nov. (23:250=vol. and page.) Some- times cited as "Vick." Cyclopedia of American Horticulture KADISH / // s / ) PHte \\\I 1] R 1 1 tie most popular ot garden v getables po 1 t 1 k th an 1 the product s secured at tl e 10 t i 1 n f e 1 t 1 le e le n 1 gri r hf :/ s r / er\ I la t can thei be rel e 1 upon ; r tj It IS the practice m some ho ses 1 t the > o ng Rad shes Tl e i j 1 I 1 It one e 1 of 11 1 1 for It I reaki g 1 :ends to ce a eirl er i atur t\ Bj eans of ? 1 reaki g f th ta^ out u th p oce s tends to ake the t t e horter and Itho n-l truly Not fre- rdens and in ,IOP0WT inflW*^ 1488 the Orient ar although the cies. See 7i*'r The ey,...vi possible that the Ruilishes of I different species from those in Europe, re generally regarded as the same spe- white or , . ■ "untry all , .i,iaiued. The 'lir, dry, fibrous, hard, woody and fs after four gen- ii form and color, ,• or violet, succu- lent, and good vild V'pe with beet shape and other-. -in .ill ,^ tvpes, the length and diameter of which ::<<■ L-ix. n m ,very instance. All these roots had the .•liara.i.ii-ti.- Ihivor of the Radish well developed. There were others which in flavor ap- proached turnips and other root crop.s of the mustard family. The Rat tail Radish, Fig. 20GG, is grown for its much- developed soft pods, which may be used as Radishes are and in the making of pickles. It is rarely grown in American gardens, although it is well worth raising as a curiosity. It is annual, and its cultivation presents iic. RADISH gaid.i 111 hi^li qualit\ It Is essential to U-i uii t quuk growth, and use the pr 1 < Miiidition Sp, 1 1 irlii r f|iiKk gn wing sorts will 1. . . and bcLoiui pii Thertfoie rii i< a 1 ih( hrst sowing si, be woikid lh< 1 Ik I n I>| feet of Urill i.sh an abundant -supply for one those from a single sowing are louhl be repeated once in 10 or RAILROAD GARDENING 1489 Malagasy name of a palm which fur- rti.lf of commerce called raffia fiber. -MHihigascar, where it grows without hi inn of any kind. One palra leaf, or i-lini long green divisioii.s 2-5 ft. in ives of the sug.n- .aiir. l,ut ,.f a dark green cnln,- ^ni.l iliicker and stiffer. The mi! arranging plants so as to make- nai in.- like |.ii-tures\ Most nf the so-call.M laii.l^ra|M. garden- ■nani.-iit.il -,u ilnnii-. (_'arpet iaiaii\-.-lv .■.isilv as .-onipared I'hry k,st but a > 1 ■ |i|iiiit-n;.- ,if Is as t ol b t as loo 1 c as loi Is go r 1 It mi U It ^ certain seasoi f Av - ■ •■ . 1~ lie R al Rilw ^ De- y \v lart e t t '^ ports y \ tl f,l M I I 1 cting X v 1) t r I ral f Rail- X V. ..■>imM I'ly 1 1 1 ■ for- f ^ -r '.hruhs, ill as the 1 1 1 rind f 2066. ' 1 iihintoer," Icl ints Rat-tailed Radish {X M). .li.-niK-nt gar- 1 Grown for its enormous pods. IS near the ^^■-. T::,.!Mi, page 1488.) l.iM.s conduct I 1 i.wn use. and fr ii'i V 1 1 liave developed 1 1 ' M 1 1 success has planting has 1 1 h' mil , as well as on M 1 1 1 1 1 mgly ri-si-mble the cherry RAILROAD GARDENING , and is -well suitpd for makins sharty alloys": antl RAILROAD GARDENING ousts ; others are low, poplar, oak, s; the forest ■ :,.■ 1, :,•■•■, ur-in.i-t.T that • 1 ,,.i I Inn ..T.lsand 1 »Mll, ^.irii •,,•,■,.-- 1|,:,1 |,r naintain.-d for s a riow.T i^ar.lt'ii that favoi ably impressed officials of the road, and led 1 0 the establish- nilar gardens at other points. and eventually 2067. Plans of Railroad Gardenine. On the left, Auburndale Station. Boston & Albany R. R. The plan provides for a porte driveways, steps to an overhead bridge and to an underground passage. ' " Both reproduced from "Garden and Forest." On the right. Chestnut ; Station, Mass. to the adoption of a system of planting which has, under intelligent, artistic supervision, been radically changed in style till it now stands as the nearest approach to a comprehensive and consistent example of railroad gardening known in this or in any other Among the first railway companies to improve their station-grounds bv plunting were the Central of New -Tr : . l-i-'i., •],.' r:Mi; n ,V- Ohio (date uncertain), I- ' '" - Hi.- New York Central & .1 I- ' le (1881). the Southern i >,, ', I i: a (1886), and the Austin a III, I,,- r ■ .».— At the present time one 01- 1 . I . I ■ i- ill this work have aban- doned Hi I ! at ly increased its extent and iiiii' ' ' ■' ' . . .n i i;i;ni\' new ones have taken il lip. I'loiMMHiii ;nn.iii-ili,. liiitri-.-irotlio Jii.'lii-an Cen- tli'. h-l'a«-a'irl'(lnM~V,i,.ll',',. i1iil,.„i,.l|' Ina \ lv.'■:Hli'll;,^ the Jersey, i d Brook. ,te presi.l, t.iiii .1 •■■ : more at Buckhorn Point, on a HOI-' ■ / - ■ ,;•: li.tween the tracks and tlo- ediio o|' ;i |,rr,i|.ih,u- li,ijl,r overlooking the valli/v of the riioat riv.-r. In 1880. the Boston & Albany Company built a new station .at Newtonville. Mass., and a baggage - master (name unknown) who took charge at that point in 1881 rect planting, but seek to .socun' ilo- .niliollisliment of station-grounds by offering annual loizo^ To certain eraploj'ees. This plan has prov. d fairly satisfactory and should become far more so undor a uniform, well- defined system of improvement and with competent supervision. The planting so far done consists largely of strictly ornamental gardening, that is, of formal grouping, ear- pot-bedding, and of similar planting composed offender niateri.al, but it is encouraging to note evidences of L'lowing dissatisfaction with this ephemeral style of lioitioultural improvement. The most lirilliant and pro- giossive railroad men are (|uick to nionni/o its limi- tations and defects, om o tli. ii iin I I I 1 II' i, tod to the matter, and, seeing its i.i.ia ill i i, suits, to look for something b. n< i i ising knowledge in this direction an . . i, m i *ion o~f t u t r J, f 1 •, imi icr ho \ of I er 1 il 1 i 1 e Ntw \ ork Central & H d on 1 1 nj reports Heretofore tl e I 1 lar(, h of be 1 1 i tl t I 1 ha e I o V re tl r CO nmertial mp rt i ce ca 1 f 1 : harles f tl E) fro the p r 11 1> ll ei gro lids tl at tie e uetlols tl at tl e\ II ure tl e 1 1 da — Posslle leveloi - r 1 mitpd tl o tl rn 1 ork II tl le 1 ^\ tl lof, - ithcrn ra 1 vavs v,o 1 i 1 with chani n g } c \] II \ s *«t 1 1 le i with chani tro ips of fol age ai d bloom expressing tht t\pe of 00 ntrj truer el a 1 n arkmg the ad\ nceint a 11 at t ut L 1 o f on of a s te 1 of a for p 1 1, p t- (1 igl tl s 1 s eral t e plai t ! 1 1 t tl s of den oi - 1 enefit E r « 1 o I I Its RAILROAD GARDENING pared to the possibilities, for roses and half-hardy shrulis thrive throughout the state, while south of the LiTrl; [kiim'Ii 1 -■ iiii-tropical plants make fine growth and / ('«?i7orHjn.— California offers liinit- |,,> ,,|,|,. ) , , for railway horticultural development snOWthat .-.il- ■ ■ ' ■■:!-. A f.w i'\ani|.|is dl r,illlM:nl gardening- II ■ ■■ - • ' li'' s'lnihrni |i:ii-t ..(' iln-vtiiir about 18SIII W'-'i' nil.:, : t'-'l \\Im'!I\ li> |'ri\.iW' riitn-- RAILROAD UARDENING 149;] (Sterculia) and casuarina, which latter does excep- tionally well, eucalj-pti, acacia in all except the most tender vnrir-ties. crrevilloa, liu'nstruni. magnolia, Frax- iiDis Cihi^'j-iiirns iiii.l /■'. ,-rr,i~.<, wlierc wster is avaihiliU'. ri;i|M' nurilf. ;i)iiiiili>ii. nlt'iiiider and pome- grauiiti- ili.itli til.'' I:i~t . wlii, li tluivr in the heated valleys, bignonias ■ •a-il> .: ■ I II-; /'/.r, „,.,( ■.(H.I, /, „M,s ,l,,i-s well, ali,l ( li;i., :. i-, ^ it.. Ms v|,,«i\. A i,,i,^- \,~.l ,,( plants, \ruArr li! Ill,' ,-a-l. ar,. iniiil luiinl . aiii.ni- llii-iii gera- Jl.'.li .■rra,i,.aiia-|.. .... it lias ,1„. ,.|i„iatp, the IS of 1 .cK. of s..il aii.l of :.ky. together with the blue s -a of Italy, Spain and (ireece. The state- 2068 One method of treat ng a r alway 'round Roses m bloom all wmter 1 se\eral pomts Along the ticultural problems aie met 1 tlemums eutahlti and tl W 1 t 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 111 iction It 11 ult hor mbr\ Hu general and the t 1 1 k I ] 1 In some M shifting 1 1( , heie palm f n the Monteie\ 1 to the ancient taj IS a pict ire i p e with the h^. ^^^ ol^^ ^ and the lopes i Mr (I tl ^t 1 n of the California Experiment Static n ) s There seems no doubt that the time will come when one of the s| ecial features of tra\el in California will be the horticultuial disj lav at thousands f 1 II 1 li id gardens scattered along evei\ \dlley fiom San Diego to Sisknou f tie B iht of Haj/ Betneen Stations - 1 e Garden iS. Forest e iitorial previously What IS needed is a gr un 1 covei ng that 1 1 11 1 1 rmanent tl i t rf i c 11 not need its ' t^)ha^c 1 tdte on tai t cutting and itt i 1 cured w ithout the en ri \ ' ' 1 e se t the <^an rate grading and the k | 11 1 slope 1 1 XintiFe piesentalle and ad 1 s 1 1 j 1 loses 1 f I 1 dwarf willows and sumic sweet f in 1 y) r i\ etc ue of \ 1 when once established will pre\ent snitace sc il from I in , ei \\ lit washing will not grow tall enough to inteiteie with 1 1 I] operating the road and if destir\ 1 r 11 soon t ",' 11 1 1 " grow again fiom the root an 1 i The pioof of these dedueti i loads where tl usin Is of i 1 1 I'l'sTf od plants mentioned the biach J chiton t I 1 ale 111 k 1 gether become 111 kciic I wastes from 1 fares ^ ear by year this mourn 1 J o pi ictical oliiections to the use I 1 1 I tw een stations that apply I |I I 1 1 1 tion MZ on the outer 1 t 1 t 1 t aie 100 or moie feet 1 t I 1 Icng tangents and not .h It cui\es 1 neai gi i k crossings The tracks Id never be menaced bv the danger of trees falling iss them in wind storms, nor should the telegiaph iV.H RAILROAD UARDEXING ivires and poles be interfered with, nor tlie view of tlie ine obstructed. Tl\e danger to plmiting from Are can \<-vi'f lip r-ntinlv ciiiniiiateil until some non-spark-pro- ' ■" ''■ " '■ '' .'/ -' ,.',,,-.,// of a railroad be " I :- rr seems little doubt h.ii In ;,iirs Department of of opinion among railroad men is distinctly against the advisability of making it so, except indirectly. It is conceivablf th.at railro.id nurseries and green- of the work ap- as perhaps no and to what ex- i>ves of locust, 111" happiness of III be difficult to I m are turning II a some railway I their holdings lose of growing 1) secure the re- 1 is a feature of T'k 111 iT|.ivsr,ii;in.i'^ .1 : i. - ^ i.rk Cen- ;s on eacli sitlti <>t NKii,'ara I'alls. and tliat lis should be crediteil with comprehensive 1 efforts to secure legislation looking to the f further defacement of tlie palisades of the ■•' /'.-:..,..■. .-I..; '■ --■.'. I, ;,v.vs;oH. -There ■ i 1 111' nt: defacement i I and neglected '":.' ■■ 1,-1. -.11 II 'ii^ "I v,-ay. The more lii' -' i~ ilii i!i-|ii:i\ III' li iili'i'us sign-boards r r:iil\Mi\ li-lii^ III' \\:i\ anil, indeed, seem ■ijlii ..| wiiy nil lii^liv, ,i\ ^ of every descrip- liliMlllit III ;i |in1i1i,- liui-lilirr tliat sllOuld be ■-!!. .!. i.ii' :. ■ ! i :,i . ;.' I." ii Mil iiil.iacent not strictlv responsible in that they might sway ■b Tio( ded reform by con- I.. :,-.v„f "planting out" 111 111- attractive plan- ! ili.y is likely to II of the second RAILROAD GARDENING more effective advertising than by demonstrating the possibilities of the country traversed for liome-inakiug. 1495 3f the industry; but the production of citrous fruits has now largely superseded Raisin-growing in :iU tliH last uicntiiiiii'il .-xcciit tlif Fri'snn district, where iiiK res In sh those \< ■should, as far as possible, be "planted > should be varied, banks clothed, and v: rs supplied, particularly in flat and uninti desi-M.'l . .... ' ;:,,■.„. , the ishilM -,M-. '.■!!- .i: |-;i;-|-, ii^ ii)!j Jiailroad Gardening Literature. — "Seven Lamps of Architecture," by Ruskin. "Landscape Gardening," by Samuel Parsons, Jr. "Ornamental Gardening fur Ameri- cans," by Elias A. Long. "Der Stiidtebau" (Vol. 9 of Part 4 of "Handbuch der Architektur"), Press of Bergstrasser, Darmstadt, 1890, by J. Stubben. Bul- letins of the U. S. Dept. of Agric, Division of Forestry, especially No. 1 (1887) and No. 7 (1893). "Garden and Forest," Jan. 16, 1889; Mar. 13, 1889; Apr. 3, 1889; May 1, 1889; Oct. 4, 1893; Oct. 23, 1895. "Railroad Gazette." June 2. 1S82; Mav 0. 1SS4; n,-t. 7. 1S87: Oct. 21. 1887; Mar. 111. l-n:-;: \|,V. 7. i-'i'i; X.n ::. l-'i'i; r,.l,. k;, 1900. "Raihv.i- . ,.' !■■ .; ■ , ;; ,■' " ■ :■-, IS'hi; Oct. 23, 1«;I7; -,.;■',-'<- , i - ' ' \i.i-. I I. 11)00; Sept. 2:i. ; i-. i;,,,,^.,, ^.,, - ■ nuM. -Kailway World,- A|.r. 7, loTT. ■I'.uk .,u.: >' ■■ r, . ■.Inlv. ISMO. "Park and Ceraeterv and Laudst-M|H i ,:ii JiTiin;: , " Mmvli, 1900; Mav, 1900. "Country Gentlnndi, An-. _'::. 1: ; Aug. 30, 1900. Fr\n. rvi'..ri i\ s;FiM v low, six inches being the lip. With the exception of the "Thompson Seedless." BAIN-BERRY. I?!u RAINBOW FLOWER. Iris. RAISIN. Fig. 2071. Up to about 30 years ago, practi- cally the entire Raisin industry of the world was con- fined to the Mediterranean districts of Europe and Asia. While it is true that Raisin vines wpre pl.-mt.-.l in ,,ili..r widely distant countries at a muc)i . uln i Im. . . j Chile, where it is said thev were ki- i it was not until the early 70's that ; i . |,, , as well as those of the newer distrii i ~ ^t i iliT unii .nnl Australia, were actually found in the tiiarkets of tin- world. Since that time, however, the development of the industry in these new districts has been most rapid, and it has been shown that even higher quality and flavor are possible. ods in again The fir-f iiM-.. made in '- ! ' Califoni; Fair, an i ,- and anni!:. i ,: produca.l Plantin- in >:in. Riverside, El c Angeles and On #^% :m became import ,.,;,. , 1. n, I,, the fornian brands. "0- Crown Imperial Clus- ters," "5 -Crown De- hesas," "4-Crowu Clus- "2-Crown London Lav- ers" are some of the principal brands. The loose or detached berries are, of course, always marketed separately as distinct grades. A gre.at many have lately been " seeded " by means of a specially designed machine, put up in 1-pound and ?'4-pound packages, and marketed for cook- 2071. Table (XJi cooking * 1496 RAISIN RAMPION ii L purio e So e bl acl 1 S e He s "^ Ita a a 1 deep peat sol \\1 1 I a (, e tall bed tl ey 11 oral 0 S 1 a villi o freel I f all 1 orp tl r 1 h t,l er pr ce 1 tl ej -b 11 so v tl en el e fre 1 n tl r ok (1 s ered i or or plant a also 1 e ncrea d bj d Tl f,l o and o tl suit r 1 BOW pr I r 1 lie ret i la t 1 r W M t f A n •Jr d tl M 1 rio HI M 1 tor see 11 K t V I geell It fe le against tliL- Calil'.^ as yet to be s.-.n. For a corapb-tr ing and ourins, ms sel "The Raisin "California Fruits Wickson. ani H ^ s KAISIN-TEEE, JAPANESE KAMONDA (L. French botanist ai RamondiM.hntnri; i f R in tl e ea te plant w 11 harl If . K, . w y^ -V ^.^ i t ^>-*6^ 0 2 Ramonda Py e a a be 0 ere 1 tl e> « 11 ot at tl nfe, 1 '*'' loutot%ret,o 1 f eez ng rv lea e o d 1 le tl t It A ( 0 rofflb p I V ( o op el 0 1 Pyrena ca r " R 1 1 IS alba R H 18 J B 'M ( ( IIl'l 1 n I ore CO ca s to f el 0 Jo tlell 97 pel Heldre chi 1 Bo k (J ncl:ni obovate - oblong to l.aiir. . ; ■- , stipules between the pcti.il. - :iim ally joined together: rts. white-. \ or large, axillary or runlv tiTi bose, or fascicled: fr. a lierrv. ^:lo many-seeded. For distinctions Gardenia, see Gardenia. A. Shrubs having spines. dumetdrum, Lam. (7?. florihihiila. DO.). A small tree or rigid shrub with stout, ~tr;iii;lit. ofnii long spines: Ivj. 1-2 in. long, short-]>.i k.].,! : lis. wliite or greenish yellow, fragrant, not hur. . -nHini v ..r r:irely 2-3 on a peduncle; corolla )4-'i in. :i.-inss: hcrry globose or ovoid, Vi-VA in. long, vellow. Tropical Asia. Cult, in S. Fla. AA. Shrubs or trees without spines. B. Corolla-tuhe }4 in. long. Fitzdlani, F. Mu.-U, A ijhil.n.us tiv: Ivs. oft.i. -m r 6 in. loiiir. sliinin-. ,.l,ov:it, -ol,!,,,,- ,.,■ rlli|ii i,.;,! . ,,l,in., : fld. cymes or tlu- fertih> Hs. s,,lit:,rv': fr. -i..l.nh,r, l'' . ii,. thick or ovoid and longer, hard. Australia. Cult, in Fla. BB. Corolla-tube 4-10 in. long. 0. Lobes of rorolla obtuse. maculita, DC. laarrlh,;,, !-:trniIr,,,hiii . Hook.). A wide, ■tiole charta- usually usually ends of l.long \frica. '"^. CC. ioV.s .,( r.,r,.!/u „,■»/.■. Ruiziina, DC. A tendiT -hnil. with .l;uk green, lan- ceolate, acute Ivs., and wliiic i.i- pah- yellow lis. termi- nal, solitary, sessile: coroUa-tuhe soiuewhat hairy; lobes spreading; fr. cylindrical, yellow, 10-uerved. Brazil, Peru. F. ■W^. Barclay. BANfiVEA (anagram of Rnrenen. and now first pub- lished). i^ai'fHen of Bou.'hr. P.iliunr,,,. i )i„. .,„.,i,.s of palm allied to HyophoflM-. ri..iii wlii.li it .liilrr^. among other things, in its dwarf. t lial-ii, usually .IIm - cious flowers, and in the Howcis hiinu- ari;in-r(l alt.r- nately on the short branches of the spadi.i. Bouche's generic name Ravenea dates from 1878. It appears in Bentham cS; Hooker (3:883) as Barenin. In spelling it is so similar to Bavenia of Vellozo, 1825, that the two cannot be distinguished by pronunciation. In the inter- est of perspicuity, therefore, the name i.s here changed to liiinevea, since both this plant and Bavenia occur in the American trade. Hildebrandtii (Bnvenea Hihlebrandlii, Bouch^). Becoming 8-12 ft. high, but flowering under cultivation when half that height, spineless, erect: Ivs. elliptic-ob- long or ovate-oblong in outline, long-stalked, pinnate, the pinnse 20 or more pairs and narrow-lanceolate-acute : spadix long-stalked, the staniiuate recurved and with short densely flowered spreading branches, the pistillate erect with flliform strict branches thickened at the base: fls. pale straw-color, the calyx 3-lohcd. the petals 3 and joined at the base, the stanntis li: ir. Ma-k. Co- moro Islands (east of Africa). 1,11. i'7: m::. i;.M,(;776. G.P. 4:259. -An excellent dwarf palm. ,1(^, i ilicl l,v W. Watson to be "as elegant as Gi;ni„,„a ,in,,,h.^ and as sturdy as a Kentia. It deserves to take a prominent place among garden palms, its small size, free habit, elegance, good constitution, being all in its favor, while RANUNCULUS 14^ / in the freedom with which it flowers and produces seed we have an exceptional character among dwarf palms." Perfect flowers are sometimes produced, although the pKant is habitually dioecious. Ranevea is one of the most valuable Palms of recent introduction, l. H. B. RANUNCULUS (Latin diminutive for frog: many of the species grow in wot placf s I h'mnntrtihu , h Btt- TEKCUP. CKOWFOor Til. i;i nils i^ h\ tu tlio 1 ii _'i st in the family, compiisiii_ tiiil\ Jnn -p. . i. - \iii, i\ ot these are native oi 11.1 till .ill/. .1 iii\..iili \ii i '\lost members of the genus u. nitmilh limh h, iii_ i.miiil in mountainous regions and in . ..Id in.l t. nip. i.ii. p.iits of the globe. Generic description: Pereiiiii il i i.ii. h .nnii il i h. i lis- Ivs. alternate, simple, entire, l.-b. .i .lis-. . t, .1 .,i .li\ nU'd: marcescent, persistent; jii-til- . ..i m. n . ..uspicuous 1-oxuleil; akenes gi ni-ralh ll.ti.n.il -n t li, papillose of the species native to Amer- ica, see the Syn- optical Flora of North America, vol. 1, part 1, fasc. 1, pages 20-39. The writ- er of the present article has treat- ed the \Mld and 2073. Flower of Bi —Ranunculus a Natural size culti' cies of America in Minnesota 2, part 4, pages 459-508 (1900). The cultivated forms of B. . increasing in number. Thty (1) the florists' section, call. . I true B. Asintinis. Tlics,. i.,, others. They are quite vtiii iM. are the most highly cultn .it. .1 (2) The gardeners' section. . .1 these have larger, broader, , p cut: fls. larger and broath i . ' not flat and spreading but ti forming a spherical flower, as See No. 7. Bota spe- double peonic K. C. Davis. LTURE OF THE Asiatic Ranunculuses. — The ci ■ f Ra in 1.. . II .'..iiflned chiefly to the P. is, an aii.l '1 ..riMii li.iniin- .iiliis B. AsHiticns, since the Asiati, sp, , i, s is f.ir II itti.ictive th.an the Europi ni In Eii..'l iii.l aii.l in oth. 1 European gardens, B l^,.,l,.„s h is I,., n m , ul- tivation a very long time. riikiii~..ii ni.iiti..iis it in his Paradisus, published iii I(. "i II. t.iiii..l it flie double-red crowfoot of Asia." sm. . In^iim. /.• \si, it i'cKS and its varieties have b. . n „i. ith iiiipi..\..l b.ith in size of flowers and variety of c.dors. The flowers are very double, almost globular in outline, and often ex- ceed 2 inches in diameter, while the colors now embrace almost every shade except blue, and some are striped and variegated. A well-grown mass of these charming flowers when in full blossom is a sight not soon for- gotten. They are not as well known in American gardens as in those of England or at least not in the eastern states, since the writer has rarely met with them or seldom seen any reference to them in the horti- cultural periodicals. They are not adapted to either spring or summer bedding. Their season of blossoming in this country is about the last week in May and the first week in June, which is too late for spring bedding, while the season of blossoming is too short for summer bedding. Therefore a position should be given them in the herbaceous border where they will receive some shade during the warmer parts of the day, or a level place in a rock garden with a northern aspect. The roots are tuberous, being like mini.iture dahlia roots. 1498 RANUNCULUS The) arc not haidj at least not m ain of the northern states The tubeis should be oarefiill\ lifted after the foliage has all ripened off (which oicurs usualh t(«ird the end of \u}ju''t) and toitd until the follow RANUNCULUS pa I ted 1 tuhuqe lobes o, 7)in, 1 , ,1 ■! repens U f ' 4 montanus VV Pl,,l ' , n E J bulbosuB EC 1 1 villi J I u and "\s. ,lM,o„. 0 SuksdorJu 'ijpS ' 1 lit Ills II iiulUj mvch y£^ till 1 amlmoieoi le:iesent petal normally only a U ECUS BP ri iihite (ercept in some (lui ble forms) 12 aconitiiohu= 1 amplexicaiilis Linn Fip 207) St em (not 'i-19 che hisli with 2-) flowering bianehe glabrous h s. itire o\ 11 k to lanrtolate nmple\ica ul acuminate, . species of Ranunculus, nn. such as S. aquafillx ML"- :H|iiMtic plants, while 'I ■:'. iimplexicaulis are propagated from seeds or by divi- spring. f-. ( See also the supplementarj* list.) 2. Carpaticus, 4. orthorhynchus. 8. cortusi-efolius, 9. phvt.i,-phyUus, 8. RANUNCULUS elabrous or at first with h-ir> edges soon beeommf» glabrous, glaucous . fls. J-b. either terminal or aiillarj , pui-p white, with vellow st Aniens: sepals pointed, pet- als much larger, obtuse. Mts. of S. E. Eu. B.M. 26G (poor). L.B (' 16.1593. J.H. III. 35-345. G.C. II. RANUNCULUS 1499 PL. -'h. nearh borne Proem il.[ 1. i . i. i 3. ripens, Limi Plmtmoie 1 1 1, ^ li 111 N M.' l-l>"g bv runners, roots, flbious: fl.-t tiiii^ 11, 1 12 in.: Ivs. petioled, 3-divided 11,1,1 1 III 1 ill Ills stalked, ott. n v,un , l..l>i.l 1 1 1 «hdt coarser 1 1 . ho hairj li 1 ll .It Low places. i,,.,H s. 1 s 1 1 1 1 1,. \ . aud westward, als,, Lu ,i 1 \ , \ ,1 , 1 1 II ,«eiea torn {war. floie pleat'} 1 i. .^n i- n t nil lllllK. 1 in gardens 4. montanus, Y^ ilM ll. i m M\ 1 inn , t p Plant Gin. high iml'.s, ,„t „,il, 11 hairs, ,s|„,,,lh 1. « n.l tl . 1 [ • I ilnif. 1-3 111 hi.h ' 111 tin 1 1 1 1 ,ti smooth, oil. 1 111 11 III .Willi,, 1 llitc blunt t„..tl„ is,,,,,, II, ih so claspni. Ill, 1 V s, .nun hat toothed ,1,11 simple „i ., ' iinating the or larger sepals ,^, , , 11 1 li ^hth hair^ petals 5, \UK', li,„.„ll\ nb„A. 1,1. bi gbt ellow, -ni'tl small scale and pore at base: akenes turgid, glabrous- beak strongly hooked, puberulent. May -July. Eu B.M. 3022. LIB.C. 17.1610. Var. dentitus, Baumg (if Co/irificii . Heibirli) Lvs. much muie tootlitd th.iu t-spi plant mil, 1 taller: fls. larger. B M. 7200 lU J_ llJb 5. bulboaus, Linn (if sp„ ,o »s. H .It ) Pl.nt tiom .l-5-p.Ut>,l III. llMM , s s 1, , n'' '' " II , lltS lobed Hs t 11,111 ,111 .. Ill, 1 1 11, .w large, p. i iN 1 ,i„ , 1 , ^ ,i, III II , iials much smalle,,„lt.-u 1,11, v,-a ,ess,,l «,th short beak, .iiid borne in .t gl. lose ead. M>iine and summer. Pi isi.i, Eu , N Atiii a -The double form is perhaps best suited for tultnat ion 0 Suksdorhi. Oia^ R . t- stP lis slendtr 2077. Persian Ranunculus— R. Asiaticus (X }^) ent: head globose. May-July. Wet places, Brit Col. to Ore and Mont -Var platyphyllus, Gray (N. mtii-i- miis UiPPnel Ottpn S tt „i ni„ip high hs lai^pr. 7 Asiaticus, I simple .1 1,111 I petiolati 1 II 11 flexed ; petals 1 iii^i , May, June. Asia Jli 16.133 (var. ui/i-'il"-- of many kinds an iti The Persian and luil 8. orthorhjnchus, II branched, hirsuti t, m .ug hei high, , tiissfoluis \\ 1 I.I,. i,lh ,.ln)yate,gloss5 -iell ,ni si,i, s tapering into rei i lpii.;tli bead of fiuit sl,„i entte, Canary grou]. liit — Not very hardy ami ii, , early spring. It is w, II s,i creased by division ut t!i. . dn ided into 3-5 seveial oi main , Hon in wmtei and .t culture. • It IS m- itumn. d 1 B d d ^Ml hbrou 1 s ternate ) le i 1 ne-ir or pe 1 >-l (JO ato kene fl t 1 gl tl 1 K 1 cr lo pla c AV Ca f ort h i o e e t rn a S \ dr flore pl^no 11 aconit Solius 1 l$i 2078 Buttercups—Ranunculus acris ) loldes Zahl 6 1 BAPE (Bias i • ^ ii this hab become an import i t Rape includes several ^ iriet tv. o purposes ( 1 ) for seed f i C) for the purpose of fin lent feed during late s tures become pose usually di ; produ season tl i 1 thi \ r il 1 \ D«arfr XI f 1 (pre 1 1 1 port u 1 i g. rmii IS impo 1 1 late m tlit s plant the top stable Dwart 1 bagatuinip at 1 gerattd kaf\ t [ 1 tl i i fl 1 i t Rape IS t cool wtather 1 1 uit and may le grown in al ni St an^ pirt of tl e t nite 1 "^tdtes bv sowing it at the pr)i(rtr \ | tl e orchard in the Fast Jtm. ler 1, with goo 1 i< suits 1 1 lant m the work ( t rene Is In the Middle ^\est 1 IS u cd as a nurse plant 1 sown in ( rchards in mulsuiii 1 liuiip 111 bu used for the same purpose John Crmc EAPHANUS (clissitil 1 im fion tl C k Cm Natural size tthnr Radish Chari h \ 1 nch ing htrl s of about b s] 1 i tte aged rose Aiistrn Asia of whuh one R li h filled Lnrtewort s 11 ^ I cor ilM ll RASPBEREY 1501 gen s d V ded nto tw trura) w th the pod 1 u str cted I etween the ee 1 V th the pod not g oo 1 To the former «to p b 1 the Jo nte I or Wh te 1 1 neou 1 known as Rap ) eed now nat ral zed i ea ternmo t tate It w th lend r tap root a 2 3/ ft h oh fl rathe wh te or purpl sh 1 q e a long beak It f o 1 1 edRal he lyme n T th e ond t n 1 R d h II 1 pla e B R vatel K Raphan st um L \a integSrr ma Hook 1 u B M 10 ' \ ( ai II f « th ate oblong i 11 o el at III In 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 llj 1 i 1 1400 1 t Ca re p 0 1 III 1 sal c 1 1 ( Ell] fol a \ 1 1 1 II 1 1 n R sativus L tl 11 1 1 1 a J I 1 1 11 t t 1 HI 1 1 1 1 1 B 1 1( II 1 4 / Ilk ta b u / ; k p o nte an 1 1 1 The ■« nter Ral he 1 1 1 nat Rad sh ha d 1 t th k pon 5 t 1 1 1 i 11 1 U t un w Id n wa te 1 tap root Ik tl t of A.LF He h e t n 1 It KASPBEEKY a name appl 1 totl o e b ble h b 1 1 I 1 ' , 'l , ' 1 1 1 1 1 whehth f t ep t 1 PI te XWIIl Tl 1 A e an f u t R pbe 11 portant n w 1 RASPBERRY sold fresh. Hybrids of /«/;s-known as II. ner/h' example. For further .see Hiihus. Raspberries are extensively grown states Thej thrive best in deep moi loams are preferable for reds and tin bUtks The prime essentiil is tint ible to withbtvnd di< luhr \\ M 1 nr i ^\et Much nil} be 1 n f n i[ i \ ing qu Uitj of " " on species of Raspberry, bei Thi> iiP'o^ the northeastern soil The lighter ea^ ler loams for II I iiid shall be r It mil t 1 Mie o\ ei il li i_lit resist I I 11 I 1 1 iiiipervi iiiiHi^ I ul soiling )ii tiir tiK stoiage of IS the proportion of humus admits water RASPBERRY ments for a series of years, jiul;.'iii: only. No one can tell thr ^'ro^v, , plants; the question must lir ^. ttli d Cover-crops have not been . Mm- likely to receive more attiiiii.ni. \\ will thrive it is well adapted tu th somewhat difficult to uproot in Planting may be done in fall > to be preferred for black-caps, young plantations are pi-efi-nili greater vigor and are less iik.l\ individuality of the pun nt ila: regarded, may be a detenniinri^ ness of the offsprinsf. P.lark , m| b'urying tlir tips ..r ih.- lji- i _: when tlj'\ In — in Tm ilti \\ lib square-pointed teeth : ' ' , I. 1^ advantageous in de- linnts of hl.ick-i urnclit. Tlie ponrcr the s, thstand drought, and the ' more severe should the ) ay give less trouble. »inl . '.' - ■' . '•: ■ il.ru aud their ; '^s-eultivation i I i i mi a thorough . 111. ~f :i ->ii - i:[l;!,jr is abandoned. :iy also help to cliirk the spread of jpiantations may be kept in bearing ep many years if desired, but it is seldom profitable to n do so. o The fi'iii ill iiiiii c;- .-.re in picking and in handling la thereali' ! i.v'er be picked when wet. Red I raspbtii:. 11 I i.ily diflicult to ship and are usually ni:i. ...... I 111 hint baskets rather than quarts. Reds yiiiil less ilnm blacks and usually sell at a higher price. Enemies are numerous. Crown- and cane-borers must be controlled by cutting out and destroying the infested canes. Red rust sometimes sweeps away plantations of black-caps. A piant once attacked can never be cured and should be rooted out and burned at once. Anthrac- nose is especially troublesome. Only planti} free from it should be set, and the plantation should be aban- (incas. 1 . i. Early removal ii certain enemies. RASPBERRY (loned before it becomes badly diseased. Spraying will reduce it but is not entirely satisfactory. Crown-gall, due to the growth of a specific organism of a very low order, belonging to the slime-molds, is .often serious, particularly with reds. Neither atfected plants nor 2082. Shaffer Raspberry— Rubus neelectus ( apparently healthy ones from a diseased lot should be planted, as the trouble is readily communicated to. other plants and trees. Fred W. Card. EAT-TAIL CACTUS. Cereus fUujelUfvrmif. EATTAN. See Calamus. RAVENALA 1503 undersigned received from the Botanical Garden at Hong Kong a few seeds of this small evergreen shrub. The seeds germinated well and the plants grew rapidly, attaining a height of about a foot iu a year. During the summer of the second year the rather bushy plants flowered well aud bore a crop of shining red berries which were very conspicuous throughout the winter. When well grown and bushy the plant is quite orna- mental, its habit being dense and the color of its leaves daik green The flowers aie white, and are li )rne m dense trusses at the extremity of each shoot. Though All ludividual flower dots net in ike much show, the 1 1 uit IS \er\ onuniLiit il w li n k \ tied with masses if bio s lus Till iliut 11 Is I II 1, light soil, much water when in tuU ^\ utli ml \\ Kiti n again.st the hPiiei i\sif the sun Lmi\ s] iin„- tht old soil should be sh\kin out and replaced b\ i ikIi compost. In the v\ntei s garden at Cxotha Oiange c unt\ Florida, the Rauwolfia flourishes with gre it luvuiiince in the shade of other shrubs m rather moist spots Although it is eisih winter killed, it sprouts readilj m spring from When covered with numerous of n object of beauty. H. Nehkling. I'liiiit in Madagascar). 1.^. 1 from Brazil and .Mus:,-like plants be- liii-likc trunk: Ivs. ex- is, thus forming a fan- long, with concave shining red berries the pla KAVENALA {the nanio of tl Scitaminactie. A genus ,.f J .] Guiana and 1 from ."\hi.|a:.'a-r:, coming 20-30 ft. higli, wiili a | ceedingly large, crowded iu '1 ra shaped head of foliage ; peti bases scarcely sheathed : scapes or peduncles in the upper axils longer or shorter than the leaves: bracts spathe-like, many, boat-shaped, acuminate: fls. many, large, in a spathe or bract; petals long-exserted ; sepals free: fr. a 3-valved capsule. A. Lvs. shorter lliun petioles. Madagascari^nsiB, J. F. Gmel. Travelers' Tree, so called from the clear watery sap found in the large box-like cells of the leaf -stalks and which affords a re- freshing drink. Fig. 2084. Lvs. often 30 ft. high, niu- sa-like, very large, fibrous: fls. white, in spathes about 7 in. long. Gng. 5:153. V. 23, p. 136. F.S. 21:2254. A.F. 12:.535. R.H. 1890, p. 152. G.C. III. 2:693. A.G. RATTLESNAKE WEED. See Eieracium venosum. RATTLESNAKE PLANTAIN. Goodyera. RATTLESNAKE ROOT. Prenanthes. RAUWbLFIA (Leonhart Rauwolf, physician of Augs- burg, published a book in 1583 on his travels in the orient; often erroneously stated to be of the eighteenth century). Apocyndce, ) ^) ■ - ■ - stoned fruit, the stones 2-grooved or 2- eut: stones 1-seeded: 2083. "Tip" or layer of Raspberry, seeds ovate; albumen fleshy, smooth, not ruminate, rarely wrinkled. These plants are little known horticulturally. The only species in the America,n trade, apparently, is J?. Chinensis, Hort. Several years ago the H/^V-< 2084 Travelers' Tree— Ravenala Madacascariensis. 95 AA. Lvs. as long as the petioles. Guyanfinsis, Steuil. BccoininK 15 ft. high: lvs. oval- eloiiKiitcil : Hs. white: spathes i-lM ft. long. Offered 1893 in S. Fla. F. W. Barclay. EAVfiNEA. Se BAVfiNIA (name not explaine.l ) . If of 2 species of tender shrubs from ( Its. opposite, l-:i-foliolate; Ifts. Ian.-,-, red or white, borne on rather long ;i\i sepals unequal, the 2 outer being sonic corolla-tube straight, rather long; the 1 RENANTHEBA borne in midwinter. They are old favorites in conser- vatories. They require warmhouse treatment. The genus is closely allied to the flax (Linum), and Sehiwurdtia triffyna is known to this day as Linum trigynum by the gardeners, who usually accent trigynum on the second syllable instead of the first. Reinwardtia is distinguished t'p.m l,inmii bv the yellow Ms.. :i-4 styles and unequal or clcii'h rii L'lini.i-: l.liiiini \y.i~ iii..-tly lihi.-.rosy or white ii-.. .■. -I ■. •-. .'imI r.,'i'ii .■i:iii-i-. ( M !..•■— c n .-vic- characters : -li'iU ".. ...I- :., ■■..iii.ii :c .1. I iijii.'iMii-; stamens 5, i :. )ri:i1iii ■ ;.:■!, ,- In.iin -1 :, In ill-c],.- ; ^'huids 2-3, ad- I - ■ ■'■ li i, I .j CM-: ovary ."i-.i-loculed. i; !ii I' I M . «y subshrubs about afoot high ■ 'li I.I :l .\.rs. They are useful for the dec- rial: I, ■ , ! :,i,,i-y in wiiit.T time, at a season \Vl - ■ . T.. l,;cr |,|-..^Ml,I:,lil.. I.liHil.. it is grov will 1844:25. — The plant offered in Fla. as Lemonia spec- tabilis apparently belongs to some other genus. F. W. Barclay. BAY GBASS. Loli BEANA. Consult Teosintf. BED BAY, Carnlhni. Bed Bud. See Cereis. Bed Campion, 7-//<-/'"'.s '/(.•/f.i. Red Cedar, Jnniperux \'ir f/iiiiiiHu. Bedhead, As.-hpois r„ras.sii-icn. Bed-hot Poker Plant, Kiiiiilinini. Red Morocco, ,l(?n»/.< .i» tumnalis. Red Osier, Cirimx .si,,i.,„ifrrn . Bed Pepper, Capsicum. Bed Bobin, (;. /■.-<.-«,„ i:„i.,,ini,nn„. Red- root, Cea«o/7i»s Ai,.i'n,-unns : l.>a I, ii.nii /,. s . Bed Spi- der. See I)isi-rls. Redtop. S..- ,l(y/<,x/i,<. Redwood, Sequoia; also Ceauothus, Pterorarpitt^, etc. BEED. See Artmdo and Bamboo. Eeed Canary Grass is Phalaris arundinaceu. Beed Mace or Cat - tail i^ Tijpha. BEED, INDIAN. See Ca„na. BEEVfiSIA (.lolin R.-fv.-^, Knglish bntini^t. « !,.-! iv- ■sided toratinie:.t Cuii,.!!!. Sl.rrul,:, \ ■■ ,,f -3 species of trees fr.iin li-.,pi'';il Amu. ' . ■ • i-, thyrsoidea, Lindl. A small, glabrous tree: lvs. ever- green, 2-() in. long, petioled, ovate-lanceolate to lanceo- late, entire, rounded at base: lis. white, in terminal, sessile corymbs shorter than the lvs.; calyx 3 lines long ; petals somewhat longer : capsule oblong-pear- shaped, 1 in. long, 5-angIed. China. B.M. 4199. B.R. 15:123«.-Cult. in S. Calif. p. W. Barclay. REINfiCKIA (.T. T;.;,m..:,,, ,, r,,,.,,:,, :;;,r.1..,M ,-i , curved, sj'i< . !i . i each cell: 1 cell. The loll. .v. k,,-; c |.| . ,..„,■:, Mr I>.m,, Im>.-I, I.hIK growers. c4mea, Kunth. Fls. dull flesh or pink: bracts rather large, tinted red: fr. red, ,3-t lines in diam. B.M. 739. -Var. variegata is also offered. I.H. 9:323. BEINOBCHIS. nalenaria. EEINWABDTIA (Kaspar Georg Karl Reiuwardt, 177.3-1822, scientist of Leyden; traveled in East Indies 181&-1822). IdnAceir. A genus of two species of sub- shrubs from India with handsome yellow, 5-petaled fls. grow, but seUlom make good plants, as they are liable to go to bloom prematurely. Sandy loam is the best compost. Plants that have been grown in pots for a season may be planted out in the early summer, and these will make good plants and furnish cuttings. They will have to be topped frequently and carefully lifted. Young stock is better kept in pot's, as the plants do not lift well. Sunshine is essential during the winter season to get the best development of Reinwardtias. They thrive best in a temperature of 55-60°. A. Lvs. entire; styles S. trigyna, Planch. Fig. 2085. Lvs. elliptic-obovate, entire or minutely toothed, tip rounded or subacute. B.M. 1100. Gn. 29, p. 279. -Grows 2-3 ft. high in the wild. AA. Lvs. toothed; styles 4 or S. tetrigyna. Planch. Lvs. elliptic-lanceolate, acumi- nate, crenate-serrate. B.M. 713G. G.C. III. 10:721. K.ll. 1H(;7:2!11, X. D. Hatfield and W. M. BENANTHr;;.'\ 1-1 IV,. ,n til., roiiiform anther). Oii'liii..:i,linff. .-.miliar or the lateral sepals often I : I dill'ereut color; labellum small, raovably ■ ■ column, spurred or spurless, often with ,.,::.!;. lateral lobes. Culture is similar to that of .1.1 uU. ..inl \:inda. coccinea, Lour. Stems 8-10 ft. high, branched, climb- ing by means of white fleshy roots: lvs. in 2 rows, ob- long, notched at the end, 4-5 in. long: fls. open. 2-3 in. across, in loose, branching racemes 2-3 ft. long, very brilliant; petals and dorsal sepal lim in->|.:iiiil;ite. deep red, blotched with orange; lateral ^i iml- In,-, i, ohlong, broader toward the apex, undulaii . 1. • |. . riiii-..ii, with paler transverse lines; labellum small. .\iitumn. Cochin China. B.M. 2997, 2998. B.R. 14:1131. P.M. 4:49. F.S. 7, p. 163. G.C. 1845:491. -Does not flower readily in cultivation, but is very showy. RENANTHERA Stdriei, Reichb. f. Stem slender, climbing, 10-12 ft. higli: Ivs. alternate, oblong to linear-oblong: panicle about 1 ft. long and nearly as broad: fls. 2H-3 in. long; petals and dorsal sepal erect, linear-spatulate, orange- red, mottled with crimson; lateral sepals pendulous, obovate-spatulate, undulate, crimson with large blood- red blotches; lalwllum very small. Philippines. B.M. 7537. Gn. 53, p. 119. G.M. "39:659. Ldwei, Reichb. f. ( rdnda Loivei, Lindl.). Fig. 2086. Stems very long, climbing, somewhat branched: Ivs. rather crowded, strap-shaped, 2-3 ft. long: racemes from the upper axils, 6-12 ft. long, bearing 40-50 fls. : tls. of two kinds, the lowest pair tawny yellow with crimson spots, the others larger, pale yellowish green, irregularly blotched with reddish brown; sfpnls and petals lanceolate, acute, undulate, on the Ii.h est pah- shorter, blunter and more fleshy. Bmi H.M. .'(..i. I.H. 11:417. R.H. 1868:110; 1884, p. :ii:;. F.s. Jl ■■J.':,i;. Gt. 37, pp. 108, 109. Gn. 11, p. 524; 10, p. :!:4, :;.".:.; :i2, ].. 197. G.C. II. 20:657; III. 27:3. -A very remarkable orchid. Heineich Hasselbeino. EESfiDA (from the Latin to calm; said to allude to supi)osed sedative properties). Heseddcew. Migno- nette. The family Resedaceae includes between 60 and 70 species of small, not showy plants, mostly herbs, widely distributed in warm -temperate regions. These species fall into 6 genera, of which only Reseda is cul- tivated to any e-stent. This genus contains 53 species (Muller, DC. Prodr. 16, pt. 2), most of which are native to the Mediterranean basin, Arabia and Persia. They are herbs (sometimes partially woody at the base) with alternate, simple or compound Ivs., and terminal spikes of inconspicuous perfect flowers. The flowers have 4-7 small greenish toothed or cleft petals and 8—40 small stamens; pistil 1, ripening into a 3-6-horned capsule that opens at the top at maturity (Fig. 208/), and con- tains several to many seeds. Only one species, the common Mignonette (i?. odorata), is generally known, but two or three other species are sometimes grown. Two other species are occasional weeds in the East,— B. Luteola, Linn., the Dyer's Weed, 1-2 ft. tall, with entire Ivs., 4 or 5 greenish petals of which the lowest one is entire; and J?. Intra, Linn., with pinnatifld Ivs. and petals usually 6. A. Lvs. entire or only notched. odorata, Linn. Common Mignonette. Pigs. 1401, Vol. II, 2087. Branching annual herb, at first upright but becoming wide-spreading and more or less decum- bent: lvs. spatulate or oblanceolate, mostly obtn.se, usu- ally entire but sometimes notched: fls. yellowish white, in spicate racemes that become loose and open with age, very fragrant. N.Africa, .Srria. Vi.M. 29. Gn. 55, p. 409. — Much grown for its stivni- and a-rocable fra- grance. It has been greatly ni.«liliccl nn.ln- domestica- tion. The following garden namrs S'iin to Itelong to this species: ameliorata, cuinp'i';tn, uiinia, gigantea, grandiflora, multiflora, pumila. Var. sufiruticdsa, Edw., is woody at the base. B.R. .^:227. Forty to 50 named varieties of Ji. odorata are in the trade. See Mignonette. glatloa, Linn. Glabrous and some- what glaucous perennial, less than 1 ft. tall, with many spreading stems : lvs. narrow - linear, entire, or 2- toothed near the base: petals 5 or 6, the upper ones 3-lobed ; stamens about 14. Pyrenees.- Recommended for dry places, as a border plant. See p. 737. A A. Lvs. : i.Vaa,ljmn.{ S.snffruticdsa,Loet.). ,„„, poj of Reseda White Upright Mignonette. Fig. Jdorata X -) 2088. Straight - growing erect gla- brous annual or biennial plant, 1-3 ft., weedy: lvs. nu- merous, long-stalked, deeply and irregularly pinnatifld, the segments usually linear and sometimes toothed: fls. white, in a very long, slender spike. S. Eu. G.C. III. 20:45.— A good plant for growing as an ornamental sub- RESEDA 1505 ject in the flower border with other plants. It bears many spikes on tall branches, making it a conspicuous plant. Treated as a half-hardy annual. Odor not pleasing. cryatalllna, Webb. Glabrous, sparingly branched, somewhat glaucous annual: lvs. usually 3-parted, or the lowest ones entire: fls. deep yellow, in racemes. Canary Islands.— Has been offered as a garden annual. L. H. B. Notes on Meseda odorata. — In the improvement of the Mignonette less attention has been paid to the individ- ual flower than to the spike as a whole. What the florist has desired is as large a spike as possible. The color and form of the flower and habit of the plant were sec- ondary in importance when compared to size and abun- dance of spikes. Under such circumstances we can ex- pect comparatively little change to have taken place in the individual flower. In fact, we flnd that all the floral parts, with the exception of the color and size of the anthers, have changed little. In the double-flowering varieties, the character of the flower has been changed by the replacement of the stamens with petal-like organs. In some cases traces of the anthers still remain. These double varieties are usually characterized by the small- ness of their spikes, the pungency of their odor (being in some cases even unpleasant), and the tendency of the flowers to produce monstrosities. In the more improved varieties, and especially in those plants that have been highly fed, the size of the flowers is sometimes con- siderably larger than in the average specimen. The average size of the individual flowers is undoubtedly larger in improved varieties than in the unimproved va- rieties ; this increase in size is no peculiarity of the petals alone, but is shared by all parts of the plant alike. The peculiar and characteristic fragrance for which the Mignonette is chiefly cultivated has undergone marked changes during the improvement. It is stated by some writers that the odor of the old garden form was sweeter than that of the more improved forms. This seems to be true. All questions of odor, however, must be left to the discrimination of the individual ob- server. The old garden form has a sweet, pleasant odor, which is not so strong as that of the improved varieties but has a more penetrating and yet a light and agree- able quality. It reminds one somewhat of the wild sweet-scented blue violets. Philip Miller compared it to the odor of ripe raspberries. The odor of such im- proved varieties as Allen Defiance, White Diamond, Urania, etc., is heavy, strong and less delicate than 150C RESEDA that of the old forms. It reminds one, when the flowers are fresh, more of the fragrance of ripe nectarmes or s only after the spikes have ilt that one recognizes the .iin.l-Tii improvi-d varieties ,,.,.,,, V, Im -, f.nv,.d or fed , I , , ! . \ become ;, ., ,, .: ,11 slightly. apricots than of violets, been picked and begin sweet violet-like scout. are likelv to have v. r> high, and in cases ..i or ( po' its'' fullest extent, sure is reduced. Gardeners frequ the ,11. s vi-iv apparent. I., have the power of I rid oils freelv un- .ns, while the more train this power, to when the root pres- ntly assert that Mign ■ ) if grown in given of soil will be less RESTREPIA whose temperature was 50° were grown in flats and benches, while those in the other two houses were grown in 5-inch pots. All were sown November lb Those in house of 75° germinated two days ahead of those in house of ii:,° and three days ahead of house of 5QO i„nl,iiK ,,, IS of growth the plants stood as follow- I I 11 I house, first; cold house, second; mediun, : : I 1 in fragrance they stood as fal- lows; Mi. KM, I !■ ' lirst; hot. second; - " ' UUlil the oui-i'l, I' iiii.ir:itlirp l.M-iime li raise the tBiiii"i:ii inr mI tli.-i-...!] Ih.nsr medium housi- i-ir'Hn I.iiml- "tli, " " /'"^ ''\'|^|^g ^^ tu, I'l'Vl " <'' '' ; ■ ' I :i_'r;ince seemed stronger ",i"V i ' ii li '•• . ilium house, but did not !" '' ' , , ,,' , ,|, .| ilium house. The cool I ' ill , , ,| i„, ill ill I I ''■' |"'"'''''o' ""' *'■"?'■''"''*• old, third, - .f the ethereal oils so fast. Tli' the cool house were less grown in the warmer lim ;mg ; estio in a rich loam it loses its fragrance." To test this matter, a number of plants 2088 Reseda alba nun' as follows: Soil 1. :i |.:irts sand, K loam, % .InuLT, 'j mortar; Soil 2. 2 sand. 1 loam, J^ dung; Soil 3. 1 sand, 2 loam, 1 leaf- mold; Soil 4. 1 sand, 2 loam, 1 mortar, 1 dung; Soil 5. 2 loam, 1 mortar, H dung; Soil 6 Clay loam with some dissolved bone, NaNOa and charcoal; Soil 7. Loam, clay and K2SO4 (NH^^ SO,, PgOs and char- coal The plants varied considerably in the rapidity and amount of ^heir growth. The difference i" frag™nee was difficult to estimate on account of the difference in the state of maturity of the various spikes. By making independent estimates on different days as long as all the plants were in bloom and trying to strike an aver- Ise the conclusion was reached that the plants grown in the 'lighter soils had a stronger and more pronounced fragrance than those grown in the heavy clay soils ThI amount of fragrance given by wilting A^'ers on the heavy clay soils is very perceptibly less than that given off by flowers from the lighter soils. In plants grown in a heavy clay loam richly manured, the fra- grance was hardly perceptible and very faint even on wilting. The influence of the different proportions of manure and soil used was not measurable, as the ditter- STce, if any, in the strength of the odor given off by the different spikes was too slight to measure. Heavy manuring seems to have a deleterioiis effect on the fragrance of Mignonette. Two plots of the same number of plants growing in a solid bed were taken One was manured weekly with liquid manure; the other was left unraanured. The manured plants made more growth and produced less but larger flowers than the unmanured plants. As long as the manuring was con- tinued, the unmanured plot was the most fragrant After dLscon inning manuring for two weeks, the difference Eecame imperceptible and ultimately the plot which had teen manured became more fragrant th.an the un- manured plot. The plants in the unmanured plot were ^"t has be°en'asserted that Mignonette is most fragrant when grown at a low temperature, it being a plant which loves a cool atmosphere. In order to test tne effect of temperature on the fragrance of Mignonette, plants of the same varieties were grown m bouses whose mean temperature was 50° P.. 0.5° F. and ,5 F. The plants had the same soil. Those in the house I, HI ■■ir\-iTHl .l.iHii.lini on iln- iini|>iTatiire in which I'l '1'.' il"ii"i\v'is Mii.iniin'- ill Iln- linn-. I'lants were taken I '' I'l ' (',nl linn-n i~>'tln' I ■ ■ I n ] >■ ' i:il ■■ |i''."i°) house and "i:'i'"tl " ■' 1' "r SI niL- tinin wiili itn- n-sult that after a time no difference in the fragrance between the cool house plants and those grown in the medium house could be detected, although there was a difterence at first. Plants taken from the temperate house into the cool house, on the other hand, apparently did not lose their fragiince until the old ^Pi^es had been replaced by new ones. From these two results it would appear that the influence of temperature is not permanent either as far as the flowers that came i™n'<'d'ate'Jfl"°^^^ the temperature influence is concerned or those flowers that are not yet developed. But the temporary mfluence of temperature is of longer duration in the case of flowers taken from a warm house into a cool house than from a cool house into a warm house. The differ- ence in odor between plants grown in a warm and a cool house is probably due to the more ready volatiliza- tion of the ethereal oils in a warm temperature. This volatilization, when once set up, is probably less eas ly checked or accelerated above a 'J"™^' ™ ;■' ^^''^ ^^ that rate may be; hence the tardiness of the plants to react with the cooler temperature. ^ ^ j„^,^„^^^,. KEST HARROW. Ononis rotnndifoUn. RESTRfiPlA (Joseph Emanuel Restrep, a student of natural history in the tropics). OirhuUcew. A g< 1 us of very interesting little plants, allied to Masdavallia and no^t unlike thft genus in habit and appearance. The stems are tutted on creeping rhizomes each bear^ ing a single leaf and clothed below with scales. 1 he flower-stems appear from the axil of the leaves. They are perennial, producing flowers for several years in succession. Dorsal sepal free, ending in a fil form, clavate tail; lateral sepals united into a broad blade bifld only at the apex; petals like «>« d«rsa sepaU but J-^::^ai^'h^e?^Siri2pi^!'%3^^|9 -irrlf^^lJ^furc snltl^n^;-! <^i~ !40-5.5°). They.thrivnw.nHan.n, inamixt^^^^^^^ ne^r^?^|=-Ti;:r.;^; "" '" -f J-^ h^ ately firm, and rest in a cool house. antenniJera, HBK. Stems slender, clustered, 4-6 in. hieh clothed with imbricated scales, and bearing one 7rLely.more) ovate cordate petioled eaf : peduncle from [he axil of the leaf, ^^^'^'■^'''•^-^'^■L^Zll.lllltl VA in long, lanceolate, tapering into a slender clavate tail v;llo"^ with purple lines and a purple tip; lateral «en:,Is , t.'d into an oblong blade 2-lobed at the tip, vell'ow nrnkfd with red-purple dots; petals small, an- J<^'''",- ,'■ ' I,, .,t the tip. Nov.-Feb. Colombia, Veuezu.U B.M.G288. 1.11.10:601. A.F."6:631. RESTREPIA Day^na, Reichb. f . A small plant growing in dense tufts: Ivs. roundish, acute, cordate: dorsal sepal and petals filiform, clavate, shining, violet-brown ; lower sepals united into a broad, bifid blade, yellow and brown. Costa Rica. Slegans, Kanst. Tufted, epiphytic. 2-3 in. high: Ivs. 1-lJ^ in. long, elliptic: peduncles usuiillr in pairs: Us. l%-2 in. long; dorsal sejial rrcri, hni i.tii . whilr, streaked purple, with a tail :i- l.nu ' , ■ li is clubbed at the tip and yi-ll(>^\ ; hi!- i - ,ii;ile into an oblong, emarginale. (-..nrav. Minlr, \,ll.,w, spotted purple; p.tals like the dor- sal sepal, but spreading and ouly half the size; lip half the size of the connate lateral sepals and of tlic same color but edged with red. \ . iR-zuila. B.M. 5U00. F.S. 7:743. IIeIXRICH HAS.SELBRIN(.i. EESUKRECTION PLANTS are great curiosities, because they seem "come to life " after being appar- tly dead. The commonest ones, own in Figs. 2089-92, are mem- rs ut riir mustard family and the il. mo., iiiiiiily. Others are As- ti.iiis, a i-oiiiyiosite, and Meseui- yaiiil], mum. of the flg-niarigold mily. Tliese are described below. 1. The Rose of Jeric ehuntica, Linn., whicli from Jericho." The plant is a native of the sandy deserts from Arabia and Syria to Algeria. It is an annual and grows about 6 inches high. Soon aftir ric.mring the leaves fall off and the branches 1. m.- w.H.dy and roll up into a ball, reminding one of wiiki i-\v.irk or lattice. Inside the ball are the s. •,,]., ,„■. in iM.tanical language, the fruits, wlii.li aio i ,i i , ,,, a protected position near the tips of ii i mclies. The plants are then uprooted i- ml are blown about on the deserts. Thoso ii.ni- \\ ■ m itMniu'lit by many to be "the rolling thing be fore liie w Iniiuiinl "mentioned in Isaiah, and were brought to Europe by the crusaders. The shape of these balls might be fancifully compared to that of an unopened rose. When the winter rains descend or when the balls are blown into the mediter- ranean the branches at once open ba.k an.l stretchout straight, the fruits open, and the scids i^. nniriiit, very quickly, "often in the fruit," accor.iiim to \\;iiniing. The dead plants do not, of course, "••omr to life." but they retain their hygroscopic properties for many years. They may be dried and wetted alternately many times. The vitality of the seed is doubtless considerable, but it is a question whether there is any good scientific record on this point. The balls are often sold by fakirs and dealers in novelties and attempts are often made to grow the plants at home. Botanically, Anastatica is highly distinct by reason of its short and broad fruit or silicle, which has 2 ear-like appendages at the top. The silicle is divided by a transverse partition into 2 cells, each of which contains a seed. There is only one species. The genus belongs to the Arabis tribe of the Cruciferje, but is exceptional in not having a long, slender silicle. The growing plant has obovate Ivs., the lower ones entire, upper ones RESURRECTION PLANTS 1507 2090. Rose of Jericho as it opens after being toothed, and the fls. are small, white and borne in spikes in midsummer. Excellent pictures of Resur rection Plants may be found in Kemer and Oliver's "Natural History of Plants," together with reliable accounts of the behavior of the various kinds. See also B.M. 4400. 6.0.1872:1068. Gn.4,p. 111. These plants have much folk-lore. 2. The Bird's-nest Moss, Selaginella lepidophylla, is a native of Mexico and reaches into western Texas. 2091 Bird s Nest Moss dried into a tight ball 11 cnil UT if allowed to dr^ ind Many Selagi several of tl make a ti„l lukewarm positi u I 3 A St family i range as ^ crusaders ^(»*Jf^^^ /A ,^^ volucre closes o% er the head of fruit during the dry sea- son, and is loosened by moisture ^^hen the seeds escape. The genus is referred by Bentham and Hooker to Odon- tospernium '^ec Pig 2nP't 4. Se\enl sj ,.< i,.s , f ^f, ^. mliryanthemnm are known to be h^gi I liiu' to Kemer and Oliver, "the cip^t'l ' plants remain closed in dr> we ith i i t thev .are moistened the valves cm. I II il i n I sutuies of the fruit-loculi open li It k .1( liis( t ill I tikis place along the ventral sutnifs ind the seeds, hitherto retained in a double shroud are washed out of the loculi by the rain." It is doubtful whether these capsules are offered in the trade. W. M. Anastatica is occasionally grown for curiosity or for botanical purposes, but the plant is anything but orna- mental. The undersigned has often grown it for classes in botany, sowing the seed in February in pots and keeping the plants in pots all summer. Bottom heat is not necessary at any stage, at least in America. The 1508 RESURRECTION PLANTS plant could be grown in a window-garden. For his spe- cial purpose the writer has been accustomed to sow seeds in Feb. in 4-inch pots, using a light, sandy soil, in a house with a temp, of G0° F. As soon as the seed- lings are large enough they are transplanted into other 4-inch pots, 3 plants to a pot. As to the vitality of the seed the writer can only say that the seeds of Cniciferfe, being mealy, not oily, often retain their vitality for five years < Selagmella lepidophitll i rarely cultivated in ^ evergreen kmds It or by fanciers of fei i I I nnial plant It is iraent, like the I tame gardens IS it is by no 1 e genus The 1 irs and once saw I pi lut which through a stem almost a foot e tiee fern, except of ged m a dense rosette :her than a pendulous writer grew a j 1 t at one of tli. I long cultn in 1 high. It lo I 11 course that th I in which give the ti ii Is i 11 it i i( appearance Whether the plints reef ived d Texas have a crop of spoies on thi m is a question The spores do not discliii.^e when the plants ire wetted Many extravagant stati iiients ire made about the Bird's-nest Moss. The dried plants offered by the trade will turn green and grow unless they are too old or have been kept dry too long. They would probably not grow if kept over more than one season. They cannot be dried again and again indefinitely. If aplant has been grown in a pot for three or four years and is then dried off it will die. Most people who grow these pla place them in a bowl of water with perhaps a little sand and a few pebbles. The water causes thera to turn green and they will grow for a time. Then if taken out of the water they may be kept dry for a time and the process repeated, but each time the plant loses its lower or outer circles of fronds much faster than new ones are made and at about the third time the plant is used up. The writer h^s a fern which could .iiist :is truly l.t- called a Resurrc.-ti.-n I'iant. The fern is PoUll""lnn,i n,r.nnn,,. It is nati- 2093. Another " Rose of Jericho"— Asteriscus. The bracts roll out and make a flat, star-shaped It seems that ^^ /.i;,,. ; the region in will. - it has learned t- i , . ' warm, dry couiitii. - li that dry iip and then a weather comes. RETARDING is the in keeping plants in i' them from growing di object is to suppleineui order to produce thi' - present the lily-Mt' t'p first importaiK-r - 1.,. :. lishments. TIm f ' all the yearn.iii I ami ("ir. ,1 III!,, I, .ksof At c.Ttain lii,i,-s il is dried up moisture conditions are restored it looks as fresh as ever. The plants are growing on the branch of a tree in a ooolhouse and it hiis bi-..n t..st.-d si'Vfral times. " '• ,' '■,.,/. '/•■" I- : I,, outside iindthat r,. III-.. I iTM- ,,|' \ iiri.,11- ;.'pnera Edtvakd J. Canning. of rorcing, and consists 1 1 'J,,, ilni-i-by preventing 11 ii;d season. Its !■,, 1 1, ,,ls and forcing in II fliiy are al- "/, lomiif/orum ■ks from cold lireas in about been retarded u an ice-house RETINISPORA all summer and flowered for Christmas with happy re- sults. The art of retarding plants is making great prog- ress at present, and with the growth of popular taste for flowers the list of retarded plants may be greatly extended in the future. See A.F. I(!:(w4, («.5 (IfliKii. RETINtSPOBA. Often l,ui ,,,,1 ,,i ., ;,,,,i: > -„ii,,| /,■,,(. inosjiora. A genus of .•i.n;,, 1 1 , i, i,y Siebold and Zuccarini on m, i ,1 , i,\ ,,f Chamaecyparis, chiefiy disiiii iiiijii ,1 ii ili. \iijiTi- can species by the resinous canals nt tin- sreds (from Greek rctine, resin, and sponi, seed). Afterwards tlio genus was united with Chania'cyiiaris, but in horticul- tural nomenclature the name is applied to a number of juvenile forms of Thuya and Chamaicyparis chiefiy in- troduced from Japan. As these juvenile forms all resem- ble each other very much, indeed much more than they do the typical forms to which they belong, it is not strange that they should have been considered to be dis- tinct species and even to belong to a separate genus. Even botanists failed to recognize the true relation of these forms and went as far as to place one of them in the genus Juniperus. With the exception of Uetinispora erjcoi'des, which C. Koch recognized as the juvenile form of Thuya occidentalis , the origin of these juvenile forms remained doubtful until L. Beissner, after having care- fully studied the subject for years, disclosed the rela- tionship of the various forms. He slu.wfd hy experi- ment that it is possible to raise the sani.- f..nii 1,'v nmking cuttings from seedlings which havi' siill ntaimil ilnir primordial foliage, and he also pnMi-li.,.1 ra~. s in which larger plants of these doubtful f..iins bad ln-i-ri observed accidentally to develop branches with the foli- age of the typical form. See, also, Gt. 1879, pp. 109 and 172; 1881, pp. 210 and 299, and 1882, p. 152. There are 4 of these juvenile forms generally in culli- vation, each of them with an intermediate form showing either a kind of foliage approaching that of the type or two different kinds of foliage on the same plant. There seems to be no doubt that all these forms have been se- ■ plants. ... ■ genera of the Cupressinese produce in their juvenile state a kind of primordial foliage very different in appearance from that of the adult plants. The first leaves are alwavs lin- ear and spreading, passing gradually into acicular and at last scale-like leaves. In some plants, especially if they have not sufiicient nourishment, the primordial foliage is retained longer than usual and these have probably been selected for perpetuating the juvenile state, by means of cuttings. By continuing through many generations the propagation of those branches which show the juvenile state most distinctly, these forms have become well-fixed varieties and even some- times bear seeds without changing the foliage on the fruiting branches. These seeds, however, produce plants of the typical form and only a few of them retain the primordial foliage somewhat longer than usual. The juvenile forms very much resemble some species of Juniperus in habit and foliage. They bear linear spreading leaves in pairs, changing in winter to a brown, reddish, violet or stcid color, and do not show the regular frond-like bran. Inn- ,,f ili, tvpical forms. The leaves, however, aro m . i. 1 , . . i.l not sharply and acutely pointed as in ,1. > , i ., \ are mostly Kirke whi path, TIni Til. null til,. -. U.. 111.1 ;...ia |,,iii., aiL ,li srribed under the geni-ra and species to which they belong, where also references to illustrations are cited, descriptions may be given here to afford a closer comparison of these similar and much confounded forms. The two forms of foliage in the common rid lar air will shown in Fig. 1203, Vol. IT. For oiIi.t iii,.|iiiis of l(, tiiiispora forms, see Chamacijparis and 77/ »//.;, Chamsecyparis pisifera, var. squarrdsa, Beissn. & Hochst. i/,','M.;\, '!.<,.. ...I. Sii-b. & Zucc). Fig. 419. A ill 1 . I, I I I ..iiii.l-hi'aded bush orsonie- times sni.il I . . i . 1.1 nim-li green foliage almost silvery wliin, mii.h v..iiiil'. usually coloriug violet in BETINISPORA RHAJINUS 1509 ■winter tips of vpreadini; \ r \ elow n known t ^ .r plum 41s \ 1 I Chamaecypans sphaeroidea 1 seeded diu^e with luminate albumen This genus is nit in Benthiiuanl Ho ker s Genera Plantarum but techni »I account-, mi> be £ und in the &jnoptical Flora of Noith America s ir^ei t s Siha and Chapman s Hora of the Southern L i ite 1 States latifdlia Griseb Rei Irovwood Darling Plim slender tiee 20-2o ft high Irs o\ al oblong or subro tund usuallv emargmate 1-13^ in long leatheiy mar gins revohite fls m a-^illary umbels borne in May fr ripens m November or the following spring S S 2 ob W M mculti It II t It Carr {Bet , i Ijt I ill H stiff pyramidal b \\ it in 1 t e irs 1 or almost scile like hs u 1 with spreading In e i le i\ F Thdya occidentalia ^ ii ericoidf s (Bet up I /Hi/ Ir ill ui >1 1 • II 1 .1 Thuya onentahs Ellwanperiana Be ssn H 1 1 nlh two decussata Bei' ^^ Ho hst {h II It ) Fig 209-t Dense rcund beided II 111 „reen folivge changing t Molet r T I 1 ter h s rather rigid bluish green 1 1 1 and with a whitish line al o\ e But r 1 1 It It luite hardy north The inteimediate foin ^■^T Meldfensis Laws (Bet, y Melden i Hort ) has mosth s icular subere t Ivs f the same color as in the pre eding var A> del /en Of Chamaecypans ohtdsa i i i le t i seems to 1 1 III I I t the le 111 -n 11 luish gieen lea\ es Al D G IJOO 1 489 r leploclada Hort is a form r % 2094 Retinisporas ( X ^ ) The specimen on the lett is Thuy i onentahs de ussat^ middle Chamascypans sphieroidei ericoile right L sphaeroidea var Andeljensis RHAMNUS (its ancient Greek name) Including I ) It 1 1! I Bliamn&ceie Bickthobn Ornamental de Lidu 1 1 evergieen sometimes spiny shrubs oi rarely sm 11 I I mate oi opposite simple as in con ] 1 tl m axillary clusters appearing in 1 II the Ivs and berry like usually bl 1 I I 1 I t Tl Bu ktl orn except B atl of 1 I I hand / B f I /I rran 1 i! al e I 1 t I 1 It foliage Of the e\ergreen fe ics whi h aie net hardy north R crocea is tc 1 e recon n en U I t r its rnamental I right red fi ut P ktl ns i u tul f r pi i tin Z =( I f I p ten -A tab ar de ussj,t i — 7i S 4,1 old Hoit -T 1 decuss-ita —R squarroita Sieb & Zuce =Ch c i \ -R squarrdsa Hort — Tl e t 1 A.LFEEI ReHDER decussata REYNOSIA (Dr \lTaro Reynoso 1830 1888 Cuban agricultural chemist and inventor of a machine for in creasing the Mel 1 of sugar) Bhan r dee e Three spe cies of tender shrul s or small trees all natne to the West In lies One ot them is also native to Miami and the Florid i ke\s n 1 was offered by Reisoner Bros piesumally for its p lil le fruits The fls are mii ute and devcid of petals but the berries are half an inch long o\ al and purple or nearly black m color Gener c characters fls perfect calyx 5 lobed the lobes decid uous. o^arj 2-3-locuIed, ovules solitary, erect, fr. a lajc I va 11 P bj II 1 1 I 1 -i cuttings t I I Y 1 un ler 1 R 1 kinds are some t n e 1 ittel those of the Frangula groups usually on If I I and the true Buckthorns on J? cathaitica rn riceme leite t p I i 1 als and stamens 4- | 1 usually undivided cblong '*-i seeded h ] I i I ! 11 orgieen lyes and the fi i t II ik f are use 1 medicinally The wood of B Ftungula is made into charcoal \ alued for the manufacture of gunpowder. 1510 Alaternus, 8, alnifolin* 5. alpiiia, 3, 4. asplenifoli! betuUfolin. Califnriiica Caroliniuna. castanecefolU cathartiea, 1 Colchica. 4. ucndenlalis Purshiank,' 3. alpina, I.itui upriglit, L'ial.n.u^ h cordate or n.inMlccI Klabrous iiiiu:ui\ m Hd. clusters; petals or less. Mountains of S. and M. Eu. L.B.C. 11 :1077.- This and the following species are the handsomest of the deciduous-leaved Bucktliuriis. 4. Liban6tica. Boiss. i /r, /„.,/,;,,-., K.h In:, . /,'. ul>. attaining C ft., with stout, ■lies: Ivs. oval to elliptic-ovate, the base, abruptly acuminate, green aliove, pale green and jeath, 2-5^2 in. long: tts. in fcw- " globose, black, H in. across Lvs. spii Foliage dfcidnoi CO.. Foliage evergreen . alpina Libanotica alnifolia lanceolata crocea Alaternus ). PuTshiana in. Caroliniana 11. FranCTla 1. cathArtica, Linn. (7?. WIrklh,. ll.nt. ). Kickthorn. Hart's-thoen. Waythohn. Kiiim.i-.icukv. Kig. 2095. Shrub or small tree, attaininK 1- II., usiiallv thorny: Its. oval to elliptic or ovate, usually rounded at the Ii:im- or cordate, obtuse or acute, crenulate-serrate, Kliil.nni, or pubescent beneath, l%-3 in. long: fls. In 2-.". 11,1. clusters, with 4 petals: fr. black, about ii in. o.T">-. Europe, W. Asia and N. Asia; often escaped from cult. in the eastern U. .S. B.B. 2:40.i. Gng. 9:2. AA. Winter-buds naked: petals 5: seeds convex at the back, not grooved, with flat and fleshy cotyledons : nn- (trmed shrubs with alternate lvs. — Frangula. B. Fls. in peduncled umbels BB. Fls. in 2-r,-fM. cluster (I. var. Dahiiririi, . with stout thorny . acuminate, crenu- Kiceous at maturity, lM.se of the preced- |i;,ii.' G.F. 9:425 (as h r the name of B. l)st. It sometimes with :: null. I. ^•r^^ Uniiiswi.-k :iiicl X. ,l.to British Ojhiml.i:i and f:,\iS. li.B. 2:406. f.. lanceolata, rur>li. Tall, upright shrub, with pu- lierul.ms l.iMii.'li i.i^ : lvs. ovate-lanceolate to oblong- hiiieeol.ite. :ir ii in i ii:it -■ ur obtusish, finely serrulate, glidmiir-. '•,■ >M]ii, wli.it puliescent beneath, 1-3K in. long: (Is. in few IM rlii^i, IN. with 4 petals: fr. with 2 nutlets. Pa. to AIm., 'I'ex. :iihI N.).. B.B. 2:405. 7. crdcea, \utl. Slnnl. .,r vinall ti'.,'. atlaillin^• 20 ft., with pubescent vcuiil;- Inanriil. i , ■ l\ ,. ,11 l.hiilar t.> iih- long-obovate, denl.-n, --.-n-at,'. .lark -r, , n .111,1 lii-ti'ous pubescent l..ii..atli. ' : I ' . m. I.ni-: Hs. in few-Hd. clus- ters, 4-iiier..ii-. a|„ia|,.iis: ir. I. right red, about H in. across, edlhlr. ('alil, S,.'^, 2 :.".:!. 110. 8. Alaternus, I. inn. Slnnli ..r small tree, attaining 20 ft., wiih -lal.r.ius branches: lvs. oval or ovate to anil ilark ^:iiiii above, pale or yellowish green beneath, L;laliri.ii>. -1-2 in. long: fls. in short racemes, with Ty peials; fr. I.liiish black. S. Eu.-Var. angUBtifblia. DC. (Tf. (n},instifhlitt, Hort.), has nam wer. ol. Ion- lanceolate Ivs. There are also varieties with variegated toll age. 9. Furshijlna, DC. Tall shrub to medium-sized tree- occasionally attaining 40 ft. : young branchlets pubes cent or tomentose: lvs. elliptic to ovate-oblong, acut or obtuse, usually denticulate, with often wavy margin dark green above, ghibrrius or pubescent lieneath, I- tomentella, .>aii; tilla, Uray). A densely white-tm 1872, p. 194 (as 1 llltlets. N. Y. :dso beh.ng here. iilna, Walt. Indian Cherry. Shrub or taining .'!0 ft. : young branches pubernlous : ,.-,1 .iitin . luminals and dark green above, i,.irl\ -.,. -iiin.wliat leathery at length, 2-IJ Inn. I, - ..ill. 11 11- iliaii petioles: fr. globose, a. r..,ss, r. .1 iliaii-iiig to black, sweet, with west to Neb. and Tex. S.S. 11. Fr4ngrula, Linn. (Frdngula Alnur, Mill.). Shrub or small tr.-e, attaining 12 ft. : lvs. broadly obovnte to ob- OVate-ol.l..|.'.'. .•M'l,:. , ..ii'li, , .l.ii'l, ^, , , n :-li,,'. .■, '■I.il.l-ous, 1-2H in ■ •: . ••! • ; •', ■ '. ■ :.i.ll.-ls. Eu.,N. ,\i- , 'A \ ,.. ■,:"! - I ;'-i. •■iiliiva- tion iTi ' ■ 1... ,,11,1, - 11, ,i-. ■ :■■■■•■ II, -i.ii. . ',1-:^. K:3. B.B. 2:4iii..-\ ,.i abpleiiiifolia, l)i|.|.. I.i-. Iiii..ii\ un- RHAMNUS ilulate; an interesting form of verj' distinct appearance with its featlierv foliage. K. Frangnla is a handsome lawn shrub with shining foliage and attractive berries. R. argdta, Maxim. Unarmed glabrous shrub, allied to R. CHthartii^a : Ivs. orbicul.iv-ovate, acuminate, sharply serrate. Closely allied i RHAPIS 1511 been confounded with R I guished even without Ivs l'\ quite hardy.— i?. Eryihrn.t i/l R. cathai-tica: Ivs. alternulc casus to Mongolia and SiIh (R.AIaternusXalpinus). H„ oval-oblong, glossy Ivs. \ more remotely serrate. H glossy foliage.— J?. Jap6rtir,i 10 ft., allied to R. Dahurici fls. with the style almost dn Very similar in habit to K guished in winter by its .li obtuse, slightly siirra.linf; i. glossy light yellowi li 1). winter-buds cln^-'K ■ m L'Herit. Allied i^ I I with 12-15 pairs .it ' 2683. Not hardy - /. bent shrub, allied t ' usually narrowed at pestris. Scop. L"« Linn. Low and deii>.-, vt-i.\ ^i-iii.* to R. cathartica: hs,. uppusit.- u: glabrous, about 1 in._h>ng. Jits . Alps. Hardy.-jB. r«- shrub, about 3 ft. high, n oblong-obovate, thin, istei-n Eu.— J?, saxatilis, I, about 3 ft. high, allied W As Hardy —li tinct/iria. W,aldst. & Kit. Closely allied to the pre- ceding, but Ivs. pubescent. Mts. of M. and S. Eu., W. .\sia. Alfred Rehder. BHAPHID6PH0EA (Greek for neei i iit or seeds are borne on short stmis also surnmniU d by the sharp spines. This palmetto is easily transplanted. The Ivs. are daik shiny green, relieved by a pale silvery gray on the under surface. It is a very beautiful plant, and groups of it are striking. The stem is 2 to 3 feet high and the leaves rise to a height of 3 to 4 feet. jj_ Nehrling. EHAPI6LEPIS. See Bapliiolepis. RHAPIS (Greek, needle; alluding to the shape of the Ivs. or perhaps the awns of the corolla). Pahndcew. A genus of 5 species of fan-palms of very distinct habit, natives of China and .lapan. They are among the fev at the I..1-I 'iiiii_ bushy clumps. Lo,\ ' i I m . densely cespitose i.. < im- .loili,,l with remains of tin t.-ii, uI.lIc h-al- sheaths : lv.s. alternate and terminal, sub-membranaeeous, ccmnate or semi- orbieular, irregularly and digitately 3- to manv-parted; segments linear, euneate, or eiliptical truncate, entire, dentate or lohed: nerves 3 to many; transverse veins conspicuous; rachis none; lignle very short, semi-circular; petiole sleu der, biconvex, smooth or serrulate on the margins ; sheath long, loosely fringed on the margin; spadices shorter than the Ivs., slender-ped uncled: rachis sheathed by deciduous bracts: branches spread- ing: spathes 2-3, incomplete, membra- nous: fls. yellow. This genus is distin- guished from its near allies (for a list of which see Licuala) by the fls. being dioecious; corolla 3-toothed; anthers de- hiscing extrorsely. The name Rhapis is commonly spelled and pronounced Ra- phis, but this is incorrect. !(lh. B. J.I ■its. flabellif6rmis, l/llcrit. (II. Kwaniwor- tsik, H. Wendl.). Fig. 1623, Vol. 111. Stems l!^-4 ft. high: Ivs. ,')-7-parted ; segments linear, subplicate, ciliate-spin- 2096. Young leaf ulose along the margins and midveins, metto not vet truncate, erose at the apex: petioles ser- unfolded (XJi). rulate along the margins. China, Japan. B.M. 1371. R.H. 1872, p. 230. A. G. 13:261. I. H. 34:13. — Var. intermedia, Hort., according to Siebrecht, has Ivs. horizontal instead of somewhat erect. Var. var- ieg4ta, Hort., has been ottered. BB. Ijvs. with 7-10 or more segments. hiimilis, Blume. Fig. 2097. Lvs. semi-circular; basal lobes directed backward; segments rarely more than 10, spreading; petioles unarmed. China. A.F. 7:405. AA. Stems becoming 8 ft. high. Cochinchinfensis, Mart. {Chamcerops Cochinchininsis, Lour.). Leaf -segments much plaited; petioles short, straight and pricitly. Cochin China. Int. by Franceschi, 1900. Jared G. Smith and W. M. ffonnr umnr if. C Sttu C^UiM 1512 RHEUM EHEUM (hha was the old Gm Poli/i/unuicie Rhubarb Twmii perennial herbs accoidiUK to M pp ^2-37), natnes of Asm ami radical, very large, entire oi ili\ ^^"h.'vr"'^^^- Y7/.^' 2097 Rhapis humihs (See ] 1511 ) petioles: fls. perfect, small, greenish or whitish, pedicel- late, in numerous panicled fascicles or racemes, the in- florescence elevated above the Ivs. on stout, mostly hol- low scape-like stems, which are )iiu\ id.a with sliiatli- ing stipules or oereffi (Fig.2098); iln- p.riaiiih il |.:irl.il and spreading; stamens 9 or li: ..vnry :; .ui-i.cl :iim1 bearing ^ stylos, ripening into a wiiif. ,1 ..r ~..nici iiiii> the species plants a foliage I against a heavy bad 1045, p. 7XJI. Even ornamental subject ■ The Mi; i ,: ■ Several .-|"ii< ^ believed, h"w.' Rhubai-b impm crown or short inale. Ji. Sh, A. FoUacje uml B. Lvs. {at lea Rliap6nticuin, Lii Pontus,"a provinci Plant (in the CT. S It'll, till' marqina of the lvs. nearlij or quite entire. the flower staV!S) acute or iminate. .e.. Pontic Bha, "Rhubarb of .sia Minorl. Rhubarb. Pie- ■iNE-Pi.ANT. Pig 2098. Strong see/rt- undulatur 1 In deserts and siibalpine parts of I -Nearl} ever\«here grown m this I t I u I uient acid petioles which ale used -I uij.. 1 1 pies and sauces \\ ine is sometimes >iii the juite In France, kno\Mi usually as an tal plant There are se^eral garden \arieties pedRcls j,„nt, ,1 11. ,r tin Ins. ,k. n, o\ ,t. ., Siberia —Small plant earlier than if Jihapoiitu BB I/> s obtuse Emorti \^ ] '!trtii till iTid 1 if\ r.tiole« I I I 1 lui itilj 1,1 uulud the fls dirk I nil 1 1" low the middle akene large, j_ \ il Iliiii-ilaya in alpine and subal I M IIS I this figure is questioned by tliiiil s It may represent IS austtale) — toppeiy hue loje o» less lobed^ the margins of the lis or segments usually toothed or notched B its shallouly 01 oh\cniliyrt, thick, branching stetn or caudex oi thi> [ilaiii that niost of the true officinal Rhubarb is derived. Although known to the Chinese for centuries and the product long imported into Europe, the plant was not described liotauically until 1872. Fig. 2099 is adapted from Th.- (iardeu. B. acuminatum. Hook, f- \- Tl I' ■'' iJ'v only a small form of R. Eraodi, witli .aeiiniii! ■ iK are consid- erably larger, and though Ion;: i i n it does not at tain half the size of that phr, . i . r. rl,ara.-ter."- Hooker. Himalayas. B.M. t-T: / !t ■>! f .V Tlioni. Stem simple and densely clot 1' ! ' 'I -i.^u n ^\ ;ird- jjj_ aero; pointing bracts that conceal th. i m Us. few-tld ovate-oblong or rounded, eiitir. \ i- , the ■ shingled bracts are torn aw;, v iw ti,. .:■.,,■:■ i. ,,,i._ ■ ,. Imig cuived , panicleexposed. 3 ft. Himalajti-.. I;,U, l.^.i., j,. Jiit.. Ill ll:Mt. back. J G.C. II. 13:793. A remarkable alpine plant. -A'. 7,',7„,v, Linn. to Fla., V 3-5 ft.; Ivs. 1 ft. .across, cordate to reniform. the nitirgins crisped or undulate, the blade puckered or blistered: lis. OC. green, drooping: frs. about 1 in. long, oblong-cordate, narrow- winged, blood-red, showy. Asia Minor to Persia. B.M. 75yi. " Rivas " or " Ribes " is its Arabic name. — R. spicifdrine, Royle. Dwarf: Ivs. thick, orbicular or broadly ovate: fis. white, in a dense spike rising about 2 ft. Western Himalaya. EHEmHATISM BOOT. Jeffersonia Unata. RH£XIA (Greek, rupture; referring to its supposed properties of healing). Melastom&cem. Meadow Beauty. A genus of about 10 species of N. American perennial herbs, with opposite sessile or short-petioled, 3-5-nerved Ivs. and showy flowers borne in late summer. Fls. terminal, solitary or in cymes; caly.\-tube urn- to bell shaped narrowed at the neck 4 lobed ■ petals 4, ohovate «tamens 8 equal the connective being thick- ened at the base with or without a spui at the back. Bhexia Viigimca is found wild in companj with side saddle plants (Smuu m / / mini, i t md cranber- ries in the low meadows t '\1 1 liii tt It is what we should call a bog pliiit Ii i i | i tt\ low grow- ing tuberous rooted plant 11 iniii. iii ummer and chiefly interesting as hem^ ii t 1 w pecies of a genus belonging to a fimih ilin t w h ll\ composed of shrubby plants from ti i i il uiitius such as Centradenii Pleroma and Ah Im 11; It increases by means of tubers and seeds uid uu 1 t uitible condi- ■i- 'V"~!/: tions soon makes large clumps. Tubers potted in the autumn and kept in a coldframe force nicely in spring- time. A. Stem eylindrieal. Mariana, Linn. A slender, erect, usually simple- stemmed plant with reddish purple lis. about 1 in. across, in loose cymes: Ivs. short-petioled, oblong to linear oblong, 1-1!^ in. long, 2-,5 lines wide, 3-nerved: anthers minutely spurred at the back. June-Sept. Pine barrens, N. .J. to Fla., west to Ky. B.B. 2:474.- Grows in drier places than M. V'lrginica. 1513 AA. Stem angled. B. Petals yellow. \tXea., Walt. Stem becoming much branched, 1 ft. high: Ivs. smooth, serrulate, the lower obovate and ob- tuse, the upper lanceolate and acute: fls. small, in nu- merous cymes. July, Aug. Pine- barren swamps, N. C. to Fla. and west. BB. Petals not yellow. c. Lvs. 6-10 lilies long. ciliosa, Michs. Stem nearly simple, 1-2 ft. high: lvs. ovate, sessile or very short-petioled, 3- nerved: fls. violet-purple, l-H., sho - ped elleil La. ips, Ind OC. Lvs. 1-2 in. long. Virginioa, Linn. Fig. 2100. Roots tuber-bearing: stems about 1 ft. high, branched above and usually clustered, forming a com- pact, bushy plant : lvs. sessile, ovate, acute, rounded or rarely narrowed at the base, 1-2 m. by }4-l in., usually 5-nerved : fls. rosy, 1-1 H in. across, in cymes; petals rounded or slightly refuse; anthers minutely spurred on the back. July-Sept. Sunny swamps, Fla., Mo. 474. B.M. 968. -This is one of the prettiest of the small wild flowers. When transplanted, it seems to thrive as well in good clay loam as in peaty soils, although it sometimes grows in the latter. ST ' F. W. Barclay and T. D. Hatfield. EHINE-BEHEY. Wuim- EHIPID6PTEKIS is 2100. Rhcxia Vireinica. EHlFSAIIS (Greek, »7ii>s, wickerwork). Cactdeece. L mixed assemblage of lengthened epiphytic forms, Tought together by a common character of small fls.. -|,ilM.s or wool, except i], l,\ ,; , ,ln,,H!s. I'-or culture. see Cadiis. INDEX. alata, 14. Houlle.tii, 15. rhombea, 13. brachiata. 2. ianthothele, 7. Saglionis, 2. Cassytha,5. mesembviautlie salicornioides, I. cereiformis. 7. moides. 3. sqnamnlosa, 11. Swtirtziana, 13. funalls. 4. pacl.yptera. 14. trigona. 8. grandiflora. 4. paradoxa, 9. Houlletiana, 15. pentaptera, 10. A. Branches round or nearly so in cross-sec- tion: fls. white ercept in the first species : berry small, white, round. B. The branches of two kinds ] salicomoides 2 Saglionis 3 mesembrianthemoides B. The h KHIPSA rii iicJns al LI 4 lb 3 grandiHora Cassytha virgata ianthothele trigoua paradoxa pentaptera Branche and fr. s angnlai not imnu ■ lis rseil bristles ]1 yellow in- ;;. Ihnrish . . .V.\. rhombea 14. pachyptera 1.'). HouUetiana 1. salicornioldes, Haw. (Haridln snllroniioUh'S, DC). Plant upright, reaching a lii/ight o£ 1» in., richly branched; areolae hardly setulose or lanate: stems cereiform, with cylindric or oblong-elliptic joints: ma- ture or fruiting branches with verticillate, club- or flask- shaped .ioints, with slender base, all apparently, as well as the lis. and fr. growing from the tops of joints : fls. yellow, funnelform, }4 in. long: berry small, whitish. Brazil. B.M. 2461. 2. Saglidnls, Otto (K. brncliidfa, Hook. HariMa Sagtidnis, Lem.). Pig. 2101. Reachingaheight of 2 ft., RHIPSALIS .■?. mesembrianthemoldes. Haw. (i?(ii-(o^n mesembrian- tln-tno'idea, Lem.). Upright, the ends drooping, richly l)r:iiiclied: long branches 4-8 in. long, 1 line iu diura.; fruiting branches a-5 lines long, not more than 2 lines iii (linni., spirally attached, thickly crowded : areolse si>arsi-ly woolly, with 1-2 bristles which project from tlie ends of the branches: fls. near the top of the joint, ;ihc.iit .'i lines in diam., formed of 10 white with vHlow niidstriped leaves: hrrry white. Brazil. B.M.:iii,H.— Hardly more than :\ ■ liiirlrr mrirty of the preceding. 4. grandifldra, II /' . Salm.). Branching, cylindrical, rather I i , i ii.-s reaching a height of 3 ft., with a iIklih. i. i than K in.; ultimate branchlets short, ..ii,-u vtiiuilhue: areolie depressed, bordered by a red lino, sometimes in old branches bear- ing a bristle: fls. wheel-shaped, lateral on the branches, nearly 1 In. in diam. Brazil. B.M. 2740. 5. Cassytha, Gaertn. Richly branching, pendulous, sometimes 10 ft. long; branches rarely 2 ft. long, 1-1 J^ lines in diam., pale green; ultimate branchlets spirally attached : areolae with sparse woolly hairs and fre- quently 1-2 minute bristles: fls. lateral on the terminal joints. 2-3 lines in diam.: berry like that of the mistle- toe, 1-2 lines in diam. Widely dispersed in Central and S. America, West Indies, Mex., Mauritius, Ceylon and Africa. B.M. 3080. 6. virgata, Web. Richly branching, pendulous, be- coming a yard long; terminal branchlets hardly more than a line thick, spirally attached : areolae bearing sparse woolly hairs, with an occasional bristle: fls. lat- eral, .3-4 lines in diam.: borrv nsidi-r- able distance, then becoming again broad and leatlike: fls. 8-9 lines long, yellowish white to yellow: berry red. Brazil. B.M. G089. Katharine Br RHIZ6PH0KA is discussed under Mangrove. The plant is now offered for sale in S. Calif. EHODANTHE. See Helipterum. RHdDEA. SeeSohdea. RHODE ISLAND, HOETICULTUBE IN. Figs. 2102, 2103. Rhode Island, the most thickly populated state in the Union, is distinctly a manufacturing center. This condition of things, which brings the larger portion of the population together into the cities and villages, to- gether with the steadily increasing popularity of its famous summer resorts and the rapid transportation both by rail and water which place the New York and Boston markets within easy reach, affords opportunities for horticultural developments which are equaled by few and excelled by none of the eastern states. At present the growing of vegetables, both in the field and under glass, is the most highly developed horticul- tural industry. The towns of Cranston and Warwick are the center of this industry, where the soils are light sandy loams which are capable, under the skilful man- agement they receive, of producing large crops of excel- lent quality. The following figures, which are taken from the State Census for 1895, give some idea as to the extent of the market-garden industry for that year: Green corn, 1,138,983 doz.; tomatoes, lOfi.a.W bu.shels; cucumbers, 66,268 bushels; lettuce, 2,852,204 heads; beans, string, 40,706 bushels; peas, green, 53,458 bushels; celery, 579,016 heads; melons, 624,980. The greater proportion of the lettuce grown is of the hard-heading type, which is produced during the months from October to May. Over$100,000 is invested in glass for the production of this crop within a r.adius of live miles of the city of Providence. The greater portion of the muskmelon crop is produced upon the sandy plains of Warwick. The early crop is grown from plants which are either started in pots in the glass-houses and trans- planted to the field or planted under sash in the field. The early varieties used for the crop are of the small Gem type, which always finds a ready sale at fancy prices, while the main crop, which is planted the last of May, is largely shipped in car-lots to Boston. For the main crop the large oblong type of melon is the most popular. Besides the large market-gardeners who are located near the cities, many of the farmers who live within a short distance of the manufacturing villages find there a ready and profitable market for the many vegetables which they produce, as the people found in these villages are good buyers who consume large quan- tities of vegetables when they have work. RHODE ISLAND 1515 During the past decade the floriculture of the state has been developing rapidly, not so much, however, in the number of establishments as in thp urea of class. Where ten years' ago the figures wi-n^ ■it\r„ in hun- dreds, to-day they are increased to tli.iu~:iii,l. ,.i .,|i]an' feet. This development is especially imh, , alili in tin- towns which have a population of trcm l:,iiiiii in :i,(ii)(l. The carnation is still the most popular flower, although many fine roses are grown, with a steadily increasing demand for rare flowers, as orchids and forced stock, during the winter months. There are in the state nine local nurseries. The greater part of the business is the growing of specimen plants for use in localities where immediate effects are 2102. County Rhode Island. desired, rather than the propagation and sale of young nursery stock. The fruit-growing industry is but poorly developed, only a very small proportion of the fruit consumed be- ing produced within the state limits. Apples are grown more than any other fruit, the largest orchards being located in the northern part of the state, the fruit being more highly colored than that grown in the orchards along the coast. Baldwin, Rhode Island Greening, Rox- bury Russet and Si^y an- iilantcil more than other va- rieties. Many of tin- nM ni'liariN are past their prime, and there are exi'.-llint "iipnimnities offered for the planting of profitabln nrcliards ujion the hilly and de- serted farms. Among the enemies of fruit, the follow- ing are the most troublesome; apple scab, codlin-moth, curculio and maggot. The original Rhode Island Green- ing apple tree, still standing in the town of Foster, is shown in Fig. 2103, as it looked in 1900. Peaches are receiving much attention at present. From orchards which are favorably located, crops are obtained two out of three years; the average for the state is about three out of five. Aside from the winter- killing of the buds, the most serious trouble is the rot- ting of the fruit. This trouble causes much greater losses in the towns bordering upon the salt water. 1516 RHODE ISLAND RHODODENDRON r o i St net purpl si i peduncles Irs about o I H 4 31 -Bloon aj 1 e tieated as a ten 1 RHODODENDRON ften nearly cover the ent re plant lol age s attra t ve at every ea n 1 1 al u 11 hales of and T\h te None for cult at on n n bloom tl n the of how> Hovers 1 le tl e ban 1 ome {i f, 1(4) -AM 1 tof Pears are fouu 1 t ng state nearly everj llage lot 1 more popular var et es The mere al orchar 1 tl e pr n j al the Bartlett Bosc Clapp L Straw berre are i ro 1 ed town borler g uj tie Bay where tl v re tl e ) r u The t 1 e s rj I ar w r the h 11 crop to grow as accord ng he average pr ce received w are grown n pt on The than tl e s p 1 n ted quant t e I den an I for these fr pl> so that the price ren ne at e In Prov den e and W 1 cons deral I attent on s g ven to the (, ow ng ot a 1 err e I po many farm are fo nd w Id bog to w h ch tl e o 1 care g ven s an oc a n al c t n" of tl e w 1 1 "r w 1 toir 1 1 Tl nd others A fewHinalajai and re often epiph-s tal ai d grow on trees like o ch 1 eg R Dal N U U an 1 n ost of the Malayan full I I I cont li 1 II 1 1 , t late spr ng and ea 1> fall frosts At the present t ne excellent opport eq allv effect RHODE ISLAND BENT GRASS Ajrost RHODOCHtTON (( s nglc pec es a tr Mex CO Lvs co late dentate fls sol tar> calyx con 7 loal allul ng to the In Acew A genus of a ^ graceful ne from it \ ar elj and acutely ax Ua > long pedun ' rano s broad rge bell shaped o cleft corolla tube c 1 nd cal the throat not personate 5 lobed lobes ot long neailv equal capsule deh cent by rregular perforat o Toliibile Zucc Pdrple Bells A v i e w th hal t of Maurand a to wh ch it is all ed I ut more vigorous and 1 tl e arc England f tl e 1 ton erl t w s on he leaut ful barlj 1 1 ri Is 1 1 1 1 t 10 It ha 1 en 1 i^n 1 1 1 I 1 1 as those of Mr H H II II II ■\1 s ( ce A F 1 i 4- il and 1 a tr T\u chi te tl c can b r 1 1 e r {,1 t t t I ait se lected 1 It va n follow 1 O tl 11 le t oi of u table s t at 1 rn If p" lie tie beissh 11 1 1 •>! d tl e burn ng u bj 11 1 11 )e always 1 gl t an 1 1 1 e hedge or wall 1 1 a o shelter at all A RHODODENDRON RHODODENDRON however, on account of their continual growing and bloom ng equ e a a rae g nh u e and t ha e h h uld be all w 1 11 h e the pla 1 uud An y n 11 111 J t U b n I I I 1 1 ly t a pi t d h p ng t U 1 11> f th y g u p at t Ij 1 an 1 g n 11 t tl I p ed n n ng Th hill 1 1 t 1 fa nl e p ally n p p ty I 1 tl 11 t d aft plant ng If th y a f II I II I I not mu h aff ted b t a I 1 I 111 ale dug n fall h 1 1 1 ! I I 1 1 nt 1 out ed ng 60 k nto e II p ra n f de y/ ; / 1 t -Th f II ha d nth ty f r I fo pi nt g n n 1 1 t al f th n th Tl nd 1 tl i / y n on biwn'"'n^ f 'l pale 1 1 fell llo 0 al p 1 1 1 1 1 F L I 1 b ght 0 e la lu B b I y a la e 1 t H H H Wat da k n t n tl} p tt 1 A til 1 P pi p pi p tt 1 I 1 an ng I wth w th good fleaf ol iV II 1 1 h h n n t wh I G 7 C It -Tl u t u c ally w tl th t 11 w i 6 fftl bit I th t n a p 1 d nage If g wn n ) and p at w th an 1 1 1 w II u t them Th p t I 1 I g 1 1 w 11 1 a n 1 1 I I I 1 II n the u wl I 1 I be carefully applied. The Hiuiahivai] ^jm i-n's ami their hybrids will do well in a cocl grecnh.nisi-, where the temperature is kept a few degrees above freezing point during the winter. The Javanese species and hybrids, 1 ght m I 1 t / / I 1 ht 11 11 I Ml] 1 1 I 11 1 14 P 1 1 11111/ t 1 11 t 1 I 1 / / / I nk if / 1/ 1 1 I k 4 8 1-/// I ht I k w th wh e I i M Ih 4 X n I I m on s a 1 t P pag t —All Rh dodend ons a ea 1 p op by I wh h a y all 1 e own n p ng n p n o 1 w 11 d n 1 nd fill I w th a dy peat d I 11 b 1 ly a J 1 ttl w thfane and fan Ij t pla n ly P 1 nd 1 n t e d tall T p e t d g a gla plat ma y be I la ed tl pan n p ad th ta th s h we u t b tak n ff a n a the eds beg y ead Tl e s 1 al f 1 pi a n S Q te ly f n h s th } k 1 ff a tl 1 e handle 1 In an> a t f 1 antag t 1 1 ft the ding a n p 11 lut t 1 t wn t th kly th n 5 tvna nth 1 1 X 3 ll'llll 2104 A e d p a of Ga d R b om u 1 tl e f 11 w ng p ng Tl 11 ng f h dy Rho 11 In ho Id b pla d n If an s and g ad ually hardened off ; those of greenhouse species re- main under glass. Rhododendrons are also sometimes increased under glass by cuttings of half -ripe wood taken with a heel. 1518 RHODODENDRON and if gentle bottom heat can be given after callusing it will be of advantage. They root, however, but slowly, except those of the Javanese kinds, which are mostly propatrated in this way, since they grow very readily Layering is sometimes practiced, especially with the dwarf and small-leaved species, but the layers usually cannot be separated until the second year. For the propagation of the numerous varieties and hybrids of hardy and half-hardy Rhododendrons graft- 2105. Azalea Sinensis, with Rhododendron. ing is most extensively employed. Rhododendron Catawbiense or seedlings of any of its hardy hybrids may be used as stock; li. maximum is also probably as good. In English and Belgian nurseries E. Pouti- cum, which is inferior in hardiness, is mostly employed as a stock, but this often proves f.ifal if the grafted plants are transferred to colder rlin ,t. - /,■ i rl.,,niim maybe used for strong-growiiiL' ■ '' Miid for cultivation in the greenhouse ■■: .h \ ^in . r ,,r side-grafting is mostly practi.-..i , i m - cLIt and saddle-grafting (see G.C. Ill I : ■ Ir.a.^ should be removed only partly :in., .i li.a.lnl back until the following year. li . m^ikiIIv done late in summer or early m i •<.■■ ^'inri- house on potted stock without u-iml' Lnainn - wax. ami the grafted plants kept close and sliadcil until the union has been completed. If large quantities are to be han- dled the plants are sometimes not potted, but taken with a suliicient ball of earth, packed close together and covered with moss. Covering with moss to keep the atmosphere moist is also of much advantage if the plants are potted. See Figs. 2107, 2108. Distribution of Species. — About 200 species are known, distributed through the colder and temperate regions of the northern hemisphere; in tropical Asia they occur in the mountains and extend as far south as New Guinea and Australia, the greatest segregation being in the Himalayas and E. Asia; several species closely allied to those of tlie Malayan Archipelago are found in the Philippine Islands, but are not yet intro- duced ; 7 species occur in N. America. The species, with few exceptions, are evergreen. Generic Description. — hys. lepidote. sometimes lepi- dote and pilose, or quite glabrous or tomentose beneath : fls. pedicelled, in terminal umbel-like racemes, rarely lateral in 1- to f ew-fld. clusters ; calyx 5- parted, often very RHODODENDRON small; corolla rotatecampanulate to funnel-shaped or sometimes tubular, with 5-10-lobed limb; stamens 5-20, usually 10: ovary glabrous, glandular, tomentose or lepi- dote, 5-10-Ioculed: capsule separating into 5 valves con- taining numerous minute seeds. The Rhododendrons possess but few eiamoniic pnipertifs. The hardy close- grained wood of iIm iiiliMi, - 1 -|,, .ir~ i- u'-r.l for fuel; also for i ' i. ; the leaves of some ^i- ■ - > i, . i . - i .in, illy; those of i^. ar^"/. "." :ii. I,.ii.viii \.. !.-■ |...i ..iip.us 'to cattle. The flo\Mi» oi iaii,.a,, .-.j.rtu-.s an- .-..iiif times made into a subacid jelly, bonie authors unite Azalea with Rhododendron, but the two groups are very dis- tinct horticulturally, however closely they may be allied botanically. Azaleas are chiefly deciduous plants {A. liiilirii 1111, stiy evergreen), usually with 5 exserted sta- in.ns. I'l:;. L'lil.'i, Azalea Sinensis, also known as Bho- ,l,ul, ,1,1 r,,H s,iii use, shovis the difference in looks be- ll,,ln - ^\: Is ha end. ni as B. cultivated was prob- Drigina'ted ■ i~ In -I :\. -,.mI„.,1 and hgurcd < ../»-./,- lAn.li. ws, Hot. Rep. (>-)79l. M : i I r -iiriilaioriij.in wen- .afterwards iais,.,l, I : : ,1 between true Rhododendrons »:i- IL i r \.:\^•,■eenB. Catawbiense aod 1{. ('■■lih. nn.. I ,11 I - lint to have attracted much at- teiiti.iii. Ii \^,l- l> li, I'iidizing the product of this cross with the Himalayan It. arboreum introduced about 1820 that the tirst plant was raised which became the fore- runner of a countless number of beautiful hybrids. Prom the appearance of this cross obtained about 1826, at Highclere, in England, and therefore called B. Altu clarense, the era of Rhododendron hybrids is to be dated. Figs. 2104 and 2106 are common hybrid forms. A sec- ond era in the history of the Rhododendron may be dated from the introduotirm of a large nuuiber of the beau- tiful Sikkiiii Hhnd.i.lrMdrons about 1850 and of the Javanese -|h , i..^ -ImhiIv afterwards. A third era will perhaps li'- ir,i. , ,l fr^ni the recent introduction of the Yunnan Klinilci.liiMlrnns. Alfred Rehdeu. Hardy Rhodouendrons. — Rhododendrons, in this ar- ticle, mean the evergreen sorts, more particularly B. maximum and the hybrid varieties of JJ. Catawbiense; in the main, however, the directions for the various oper- ations apply to the Azalea group and to many other members of the heath family. Propagation. — Rhododendrons are increased by seeds, layers and grafts, and occasionally by cuttings. Seeds slinuld be sown under glass, between January 1 and M.iirh 15, in soil one-half peat, one-half pure fine sand, with L'liud drainage. The seeds are small and require 11.1 i-.ivering, the usual watering after sowing being quite sullieient. A thin layer of sphagnum over the surface of the seed-pan is good protection from the sun and keeps the soil evenly moist; it should be removed when ger- mination begins. Seeds may also be sown on growing sphagnum, a thin layer being compactly spread above the seed soil and drainage, and an even surface being secured by clipping. Seed-pans or flats of convenient size are used and they should be plunged in sphagnum still further to insure even moisture; the temperature of the house should be 45°-.''.n° F. Smllings are prone to damp-off and should be ]iri.-l<..l ..If int.. fresli soil as soon as they are big enough t.. Iiaii.ll.-; « Icii piiii-ers. made from a barrel hoop, ar.' liaii.U f..r tlii,s wi.rk. They are slow growers and mu.st he ten. led carefully. Keep under glass, well shaded until the weather is settled. Frames with lath screens make good summer quarters. Winter in pits and plant out in frames in peaty soil when large enough. Never let them suffer from dryness. It has been suggested that the seed of J?, maximum might be planted on living moss under high-branched trees in swamps where the water does not collect in winter. See Jackson Dawson, on the "Propagation of Trees and Shrubs from Seeds," Trans. Mass. Hort. Soc, 1885, part 1, p. 145. RHODODENDRON treated ,i- i I 1 i i I i «u iii \\>\\ prepared s,,il win le w.itei and sh kIl .tie easily fur nished. ?.ee Lai/ e ring. See, also, G F 6.63 (1893) for an interesting account of lajering large plants by bury mg them to the top Grafting IS the < '.111111.111 111. til. id d | i..im_ iti n in.l M. Pontic urn is tin ii u il t I , ti _i «. i m.! readily obtained ti mil s, 1-, \iti iii| is h iv 1 . . n m hU the tenderness of 7f Fo/i/hhwj, but no gieat piogiiss has been made It is asserted that the rate ot gionth is somewhat slower than that of the hjbrids this seems hardly possible, and it is to be hoped that further ex- periments will be made. if. Ponticum should be estab lished in pots in spring and grafted under glass in autumn and early winter, using the veneer-graft (see Graftage, p. 664, Vol. 11). Graft as near the root as possible and plant the worked parts below the surface when planting in the nursery or permanently. With these precautions, and an extra covering of leaves until the plant is established on its own roots, the defect of ten- derness in this stock can be overcome. Nurse carefully the young grafted plants in frames until of sufficient size to be planted in the nursery rows. Pigs. 2107 and 2108 illustrate two common methods of grafting Rho- dodendrons and other woody plants. The details of the unions are shown in Fi,, 2107 and the completed work in Fig 2108 Statements are nude thit cuttings of half ripened wood will tnk lilt It 1 IK t hk h that this will ever pr \ I I I 11 1 1 1 1 I 1 I 1 lilting B maximum 111 til ' ht be worth while to e\i mil ti I „lass particularlj Call, I ,1 -111 I nil u| 11 «hi"h the successful American groweis ot Khod .deudiims nov\ insist is th it the water sujiph shall be sufficient See H H Hun newell m ( F i 201 (ISHO) To effect this (1) make the soil deep and fini nsin., ni iterials like peat leaf mold well rotted 111 iiiiii ml \ 11 w loam all of which RHODODENDRON iOiy natural water supply, nor so near buildings that the border is sheltered from rain or overdrained by cellar walls; (5) mulch with leaves summer and winter, pro- tect from wind and sun with evergreen boughs in win- the 2106. A common hybrid form of Garden Rhododendron. are retentive of moisture; (2) plant in masses, at any rate while young, so thsit they may protect each other and prevent evaporation; (3) sive the bed a northern exposure or a situation where the force of the midday sun is broken; (4) do not plant under or near trees like elm, oak or maple which make undue inroads on the 9G 2107. Grafting of Rhododendron. Saddle-graft at A; veneer-graft at I ter and In summer give heavy watering v weather is excessively hot or dry. *'oi7.-Tlie lifd sliiiuld be prepared by excavating to the desired dinieiisiuiis and at least three feet deep. The poor material should be di.scarded, but the good soil can be replaced, adding enough peat, etc. (see above) to make good that which was rejected: all should be thoroughly and carefully mixed. Peat, al- though excellent, is not necessary. Yellow loam or hazel loam, if not too sandy, is et|ually good and is im- proved by additions of humus. To nearly pure peat an admi.x'ture of sand is beneficial; the essential point is thit all soils for these plants must be fine. The beds should be prepared in autumn and left to settle all win- ter due allowance being made for shrinking. In spring le\el off to the grade of the adjacent hand and do not leive "rounded up." A bed liiirher at the center than at ttie sides perhaps makes a better display of the plants, but it is more likely to dry up and does not catch all the water possible from occasional showers. It is gen- erally conceded that lime soils and manures containing lime, e.g., wood ashes and bone meal, are injurious to Rhoilo.liiidnins; in limestone regions it is undoubtedly ad^is;^lilt■ to ^iib^titiite, for the natural soil, others whieli an- fn-i- fnnii this objectionable element. '/. — Plant in spring when the weather is set- he March winds have passed. If the ball of roots is dry, soak well before setting. Plant closely, so that the tops are only 10-12 in. apart and pay particular attention to "facing" them, i. e.. see that the best side is facing the most important point of view and that all are faced alike. Grafted plants should, if pos- sible, have the worked portion below the -sur- face. Do not plant in autumn. Plants grown ^ on the premises may be transplanted in favor- able weather in summer if great care is taken to prevent the roots suffering from dryness. In plan- ning the original border it is well to leave room for extension: when planted, as described above, the beds can be enlarged at intervals of four or five years, or new beds made from the old stock. Place the beds so that the glare of the midday sun is screened both sum- and winter, and avoid situations where there is any interference, owing to trees or buildings, with a naturally good condition of the soil in respect to mois- ture. If permanent protection is desired, use conifers, iilarly the hemlock, in preference to deciduous Good positions fur linls may lie found along the edges of ponds and streams, and in n-elaimed meadows, witii their cool moist soil, l,iit k.rp aloof from any ground where the wati-i II. -.-ts in summer or winter. Beds, or even single plants, if sizable, may be intro- duced into open spaces in woodlands if the precautions noted above are observed and plenty of air and light are obtainable. It is .somewhat difficult to combine Bhodo- nartic 1520 RHODODENDRON RHODODENDRO> L. Cfinndniiii-, the same condi In hot, dry w in driblets, as enough at one the soil, but at i soeiates and thrive under lc' '■•:'- a- notable ililHiU-li iither ' \"",.i, -r ,1 ,„. ,.,i,..l by the p 1 a u t i li ti s uf Rhododendrons have been prominent features. The success that has attended ly-i bris been ^ fh broughi throu^l ment \ I a Mew to lardj kinds ids of Bho ha\L estal hbbcd tht fact that the following eighteen varieties can well be stated to be the h'ird> \ lueties f i tl e climatic ru tr ng L(e s Pur) 1 ». n .i i.. m :i i i r.ictory manner. The exposure ucca 11..I n. . .^sanlv I..- cuiilined to shel- KHODODENDRON RHODODENDBON 1521 tered loeations, provided soil conditions are sufficiently fav(ir.il)li' tn ni.iiutain a vigoruiis and healthy growth. a that care lie taken in worki .ig in such a niaunei • that ots „f the Kli." ludeudniu wine 1„ not s, iiun^l li are ^ (lis turbed. It is peih.iii- I" in i t" |i i . ^ \U, I. 1 1 1 h '. i .is a mulch on the surt 1, . M tli. _i mimmI . n h mi m. in|it.iig months a raking' ot leaves should be \\. irked thiuugh the beds to a depth of sjx inches to a foot, and it is better that the gardener be not over-particular in raking away these leaves in the spring, leaving the bare sur- face of the ground exposed, with the consequent injury \\ I ride soini \!iii-liid d loi .ifioii w nil ui I 1st. in or northern e\|.,sii,, th. lihododendioii will sue. ..d better than unil'er conditions of southern or western exposure. A southern exposure necessitates careful shading of the plants throughout the winter in oriier to prevent injury from alternate freezing and thawing in the late winter months or b\ Id isting of the flower-buds through too early mowth witli its consequent injury from late spring frosts Win n m issed against a background perhaps shows 1 h the use of the taller-growing vane ill, showy banks of Rhododendrons st cause for disappointment in the .1 Rhododendron occurs through lack hardy st .1 If. from 8-foot bushy specimens down to small plants that could be grown on tor future flower and foliage effects. i.ilsliN '.Mill . ..]iiirai-t II itni I .1 I II I 1 ..t suffi- cient' richness to assure thill .li II- \ iih a large amount of clinging earth. With pi"| . r . .i. iii trans- portation and after-cultivation tin i.suli- sln.w a sur- prisinglv small loss ot pl.uils i'l .i i- . II. . i. d under these ideal c.n 1.1 II i i ^ i i-sults, but so far as tl -. pack- ing, transp.M i .1. d, the results are i-oii. i i . in. x .i i . The areas ti..iii ivln.li ih. i.l.mis . .ui I.. < ollected under the conditions mentiuULd abme are very re- stricted and soon become exhausted of the plants. There seems to be no limit to the size of the plants that can be transplanted with success, as broad masses 12 feet high and as much in diameter frequently are moved and show practically no set-back in the trans- planting. J. Woodward Manning. INDEX. For many other names, see supplementary list, seruginosum, 10. fragrnns,^ _ oyatuin.lG.^ jasrainlfloi-um, 11. imnctatum, 1 trl.t.nni (. Keiskei, 17. piiniceus, 6 ... '.J ..s I'l Kingianum. 6 purpiireum, 5 brach.vcarpum. 8. Metteniiehl, 9 roseum, 3 CahforniPiim, 1 mtiius, U. seiiipervirens campanulatum, 10. mucronulatum. 18 splemlens, 7. Oatawbiense, 2. m.vrtitohum, 16 and strHmineuin, Caucasicura. 7. suppl Wallichi. in cinnamomeum, 6. Nilagiiif Dahurieum, 19. odoratin. daphnoides, 15 olewfoln, fernigineum, 12 flavidum, 7. have constitut.d the mam part of the plants that have been imported, while the B. miirimiim has until lately been practically lost sight of, though the fact remains that for many years B. maximum has con- tributed to the establishment of a class of hardy forms such as the variety Delicatissinium, in which one finds the vigor of growth and size of foliage indica- tive of the Maximum parentage, while the abundance of bloom and color can be traced to that other parent, R. Catawbiensp. Some other varieties are in commerce that have had similar hardy parentage, and some seed- lings are known in this country which combine great merits but which up to the present time have not been offered or propagated largely. Among these could be mentioned the variety "James Comley," a seedling originated by James Comley on the estate of Francis B. Hayes, of Lexington, for which the Massachusetts Horticultural .Society awarded a silver medal in 1898. The great objection to the use of Hybrid Rhododendrons has been their cost and the length of time that was necessary to w.iit for the sm.iller plants to make satis- flvt.M- luij-'lt f.f I r ,.!.,,. ■., 1,M.1.-.1M .ffects. COU- tl. 1-1 Mil 1,1 1 , I I 1.1 lilts of /?. that this plant is practical lor su. 1, |,,n |...s,.s; and the outcome of such experiments ims I.. . n th.it such large private estates as those of William Koid-etVller, W. L. Elkins, Mrs. Eliot F. Shepard. and others, have very largely been stocked with collected plants of Jt. maxi- mum, supplied in car-load lots and in sizes ranging ovahful W.ishingto 1 Wilsoiii, 1.' Wmdsoni, , Foliage and ovary not iepidote: buds with many imbricate scales. Enrlwdodendron. E. Lcs. glabrous beneath or only pubescent when young. V. Plants irith coriaceous, per- sistent h-s. D. Pedicels glabrous 1. Califomicum DD. Pedicels pubescent or glandular. E. Under side of Ivs. whitish. F. Calyx -lobes ni ucli shorter than ova )■;/. 2. Catawbiense FF. CalijX-lobes about as long as ovarii 3. maximum EE. r,nhr si,h- nf Irs. pal,' ,ir,', 11 4. Ponticum CC. Plavt: Irs. i-'illr r llnu. azaleoides BB. Lrs. tomcntose or pubescent beneath. c. Young branches and ovary -10 II.: 1^1. ml h to 20 ft., glabrous: l\ green beneatb, ^-G in. the fls.: clusters iii broadly campanulatc. pie or pink, paler i" ■within, about 2 in. ;i mens 10, with purph silky hairs. May, .In Var. Washingtonianu 18. mucronulatuin 19. Dahuricum 20. praecox . 8 ft. high, sometimes limtly acuminate, pale limes crowded beneath :ilv\ minute ; corolla ii.i,r,l lobes, rnsy pur- Catawbiense, 10. Shrub, 6 ft. . oval to oblong, )us beneath, 3-5 usty pubescent: roundish lobes, RHODODENDRON panulate with oval lobes, purple, spotted brownish with- in, about 2 in. across: ovary glandular. May, June. Spain, Portugal, Asia Minor. B.M. 650.-This species is less hardy than the two preceding and now rarely found in cultivation in its typical form. Var. Album, Hort., has white flowers. There are also vars. with va- riegated and one with purplish leaves. 5. azaleoides. Desf. (R. frdgrans, Hort. R. odor&tum, Hort.). Hybrid between R. Ponticum and Azalea «»- diflortt. Shrill., .-1 few ft. high: Ivs. leathery but thin, elliptic iM imiImm- , ;iiiiie at both ends, dark green above, paler In i, ! , i im. s pubescent when young: fls. funin-lt I M .1: |> li lie. pinkish or whitish, fragrant, lJ^-2 ill. .1. I . , r,,l>v with ciliate lobes. May, .June. — Of garden .iriKin. There are many allied forms of simi- lar origin described under different names. The name Azaleodendron has been proposed as a generic name for the hybrids between Azalea and Rhododendron. 6. arbdreum, Smith. Fig. 2112. -Large shrub or tree, attaining 40 ft. : Ivs. oblong to lanceolate, acute, rugose above, distinctly veined and whitish or ferrugineous- toraentose beneath. 4-0 in. long: clusters dense, pedi- cels short: e:ih\- iviiviiite; rnrnlla campanulate, blood- red, pink or «l ■ ; " fitted, 1-lH in. across: ovarv ferniizi nesily, usually 7-9-celled. March-.Mav. II; I. 1;. 11:890. P.M. 1:101.- Var. Album'. DC. [J.-. ..',.,„, .--weet, not Blume). Pis. white, spotted purple: Ivs. ferrugineous beneath. S.B.F.G. 5:148. Var. cinnamdmeum, Lindl. Fls. white, slightly blushed, darker spotted than the preceding: Ivs. cinnamon-brown beneath. B.R. 23:1982. Var. lim- bitum, Hook. Fls. with rosy limb and white throat, blotched purple at base: Ivs. white beneath. B.M. 5311. Var. Kingi4num, Hook. (B. KingiAnum, Watt. i. Slinib: Ivs. bro:ider, strimijly bullate, very dark: fls. ill . [. ~e,.ii-li I ; i:i,ih'.i'i^ 'ii~i i"'.il'"'rrd ; ealyx larger. G.t^ 111 'i; ■■". \ .1! . Nil:i;:;-iinr.i. 1 ■l.irkr. I-'Is. rose-oolored ...i.r:iii ' - lenuL'liieous bencath. l;,M 1,.-: i.ii ii. \ ,.; , lu.iiiceuni, I H'. Fls. purple ur :,c:n:el. l\ ... v.l.jle liene.ilL. \m. WindSCrU, VOSS (R. Windsorii, Nutt.). lis. deep crimson-scarlet; calvx with elongated lobes: Ivs. white beneath. B.M. 5008. 7. Cauc4slcum,Pall. Dense low .shrub, 2 ft. high, often with procumbent branches: Ivs. oval-oblong or narrow- in. long: clusters niiu: corolla broadly canipanil iii , lilac-purple, about Hi in. across: ovary rusty tomen- tose. June. Va. to Ga., in the mts. B.M. 1671. L.B.C 12:1170. — One of the most beautiful of native shrubs covering extensive tracts of land in the southern Alle ghanies. Hardy as far north as New England. 3. maximum, Linn. Great Laurel. Fig. 2111 Shrub or small tree, attaining 35 ft. : Ivs. mostly acute at base, narrow-oblong or lanceolate-oblong, ai-iiie or shortly acumi- nate, whitish beneiiih. l-li> in. Iohl-: clus- ters many-fld. ; pedii-eN \ i-,i,l : ralyx-lobes oval, as long as ovary; lor.illa rauipuiiulate, deeply 5-lobed with oval lohes, usually rose- colored, spotted greenish within, about IK in. across: ovary glandular. June, July. N. S. and Onr. to Ga. B.M. 951. Em. 2:4.35. Mn. 1:1 and 3, p. 22. D. 16. -This is one of the hardiest species, being hardy as far north as Quebec and Ontario. Three vars. have been distinguished : var. Album, Pursh (R. Purshii, Don), with white fls.; var. purpiireum, Pursh {R. purpureum, Don), with purple fls., and var. rdseum, Pursh. with pink flowers. This species and the former are now often extensively used in park-planting and taken by the car-loads from the woods. If properly hamlled and taken from a turfy soil wiili a sntlicient ball of earth around the roots, tiny are usually successfully trans- planted. 4. F6nticum, Linn. Slirub, 10 ft. high: Ivs. elliptic to oblong, acute, pale green beneath, 3-5 in. long: clus- ters many-fld. ; pedicels longer than fls. : calyx-lobes as long as ovary, the lower ones half as long; corolla cam- These 1 2109. Flower-bud of Rhododendron Catawbiense {X J^). ids are full-formed in the fall. Unless these larse terminal buds are produced, the bush will not bloom the following spring. elliptic, acute, dark green above, ferrugineous tomen- tose beneath, 2-4 in. long: clusters 7-rO-fld. ; pedicels short: calyx minute; corolla funnelform-canipanulate, with emarginate rounded lobe.s, pink to yellowish white, spotted greenish within, IK in. across. June, July. Caucasus. B.M. 1145. -A dwarf, quite hardy species; late-flowering. Var. flAvidum, Regel. Fls. straw-col- RHODODENDRON 3422. Var. roseo-41bum, Briot, with blush tls., changing to white, and var. splendens, Bi-iot, with deep pink fls., are said to bloom very early and may be hybrids. R.IJ. 1868:311. 8. brachycirpum, Don. Shrub, 4 ft. high, sometimes 10 £t.: Ivs. oval to oblong, rounded at both ends, mu- crouulate at the apex, bright green above, whitish or RHODODENDRON 1523 oorulhi r:iiiii.;uiul;trc, riT;iiii\ whitr. ^pMiiid greenish withi.., 1'.--' m, .,.T.i... .In.,.-. .l;i|.;n,. ( I , F. 1 :293.- Has pi-ov.a ..• l.:.-U. init I. yt rare ii. cultivation. 9. Metterniciu. - ,v ; ■. si, rub, i It. high: Ivs. oblong or "i' ■ . niir.iweil at both ends, acute or ol.iii- _,:.:- i.iinc Mt.,^e beneath, 3-6 in. colored, spotted purple within, iK-2 in. across; stamens 10-14. May, June. Japan. S.Z. 1:9. — Like the preceding hardy, but rare in cultiva- 10. campanul&tum, Don. Shrub, attaining IG ft. : Its. elliptic to elliptic-oblong, usually rounded at both ends, ferrugineous-tomentose beneath, 3-6 in. long: clusters raany-tld.; pedicels short: calyx-lobes short; corolla campanulate, pale purple or pale lilac nr ahuu-it white, with few purple spots, 2 in. across. Juiir. Hmiahiya. B.M. 3759. L. B.C. 20:1944. S.B.F.G. 11. :: :JI1. liii.ls. p. 108. -Tills is one of the hardiest <.f tl,r lliiiiahiyan species. Var. aerugindsum, Xichols. i /,'. ,i niiiiiu}.siim Hook. f.). Lvs. with v..r.liri-i^-rol„vr,| tM,i,rntum be neath. Var. Batemani. NirlicI-, i //. /.'.;/.,„..„;. Hook.). Of more robust liahii an.l with lar:;rr ilnu.Ts. B.M. 5387. Var. Wallichii, ll^iok. L\ s. with lax, often cadu- cous tomentuiu, and with densilv woolly petioles: co- rolla more highly colored. B.M. 4928. 11. jasminijldruni. Hook. Snuill shrub: lvs. suhver- ticillate, obovate to oblong, acute, trlahrous. lepidote be- neath, IH-3 in. long: cluster^ i.ianv - ri,|. : pe.iirels short: calyx minute; corolla alin"~i -al\ . r -^lia|i. .1, with the tube 2 in. long and spread! im liint., fiaL'i ant. w liite. blushed outside below the limb, tin- antliers f'uiniiux a redeye; style shorter than stamens, included. Winter. Java, Malacca. B.M. 4524. I.H. 6:203.-A distinct spe- cies, very unlike other Rhododendrons ; it requires a warm greenhouse. 12. ferrugineum, Liim. Shrub. 2 ft. high, glabrous: lvs. elliptic to ..l.loiii;-lallce..lat.-. acute, .leu.sely lepidote beneath, 1-2 in, h.ng: clusters inauy-tld, : calyx-lobes short; corolla t'unuelforui - cam(>aiiulate. with the tube about twice as long as limb, pink or carmine, about % in. across. June -Aug. Mts. of middle Eu. L.B.C. 1:65. (in. 29. p. ,'f.")8. - Dwarf, hardy shrub, handsome for rockeries. Var. Alburn, Sweet, has white flowers. S B F C II 3 '-S 13 hirsiltum L nn '^hr 1 J ft 1 gh with h rsute 1 ranches 1 s o al to ol I 5, 1 ate 1 "ht green an 1 glandular le] lote I eue tl 1 n long cl sters n n fld cal X 1 1 e a 1 I g var> cor Ua s uilar to tl at f tl e I e e 1 ng lobe si orter June J ly All I B( 4 BM 18 3 -Much 1 ke theprecel nit II tl r ves better n cultivat on and does been given previously to another hyl)rid between two Himalayan species and should not be used for this 16. myrtiMlium, Lodd. (R. ovalifdiium, Hort. iS. oi'(i<«m, Hort., not Hook.). Hybrid between H. puncta- tum and hirsiitiim, much like the preceding, but lvs. generally smaller and broader, less densely lepidote be- neath, l-2;6 in. long, sometimes sparingly ciliate when young: fls. longer pediceiled and calyx-lobes narrower "and longer. June, July. L.B.C. 10:908. -Originated in the nursery of Loddiges \. , lit-nuiii.liro.lii.^; (mIuIs .jf tach flower ird the circumfereuce oJ the head; stamens ■ of 2 carpels united at base; capsule several- 26:904.- ellipti.' 1^-2 i. Maxim Hardy. beneath: lis. —B.pvlcherri 1526 RHODOMYKTHS i colored fls. of sdhh- - Myrtiicew. lu^ (> of which is -a \ as Downy M \ i m , This is a l,:u,.l .1 . KHODOMYKTUf EHCEO luirtle; from the rose- f ni\ rtli'-like foliage). r II'. - "r ^hrubs, one I I li'- South ■ I : si/l)erry. ::.'. :I"1MI,- (J ft. or lie through sev- ;m1 are larger than .■ -mall single roses. - aud taste like rasp- ) from early June till August. A striking fea the phiiit is its terminal, panicled inflorescence. .anirl,.~ ar.- oiiiii a foot high, 10 inches wide at ill III atone time as many as 20 full- 'I >'»< hiuls. It is a native of Teneriffe, "ill i.l iiitosoutli..rnCalironiiainl901. the These |.alnrl,.~ an- the lias,, ami r,, III, II, at one ti blown lli.ur,.. :,-..[ luls. It Rhodorhiza l- ., .-. ;;■ .,r iiIm,: Canary Islands. > 1 : 1 1 . a section of th. l , i differ from typi'iu ' '.n^ nu by abortion usually l-.--rt-.l. .1, ai at the base instead of dehisciut climbing herbs or ■owly bell-sliiii-. .1, ill, ill :. angled iiled, 4-OTuIfil. lips more properly Convilvuhis I ^ubshrub: Ivs. persistent, alter- id, entire: fls. long-peduncled, sometimes pinkish white. K.H. W. M. BHODOTHAMNTJS (Greek, rAodoji, rose, and tham- nos, shrub; small shrub, with rose -colored flowers). Uricdeeo'. Dwarf evergreen shrub, with alternate, small, entire h s. and rather large pmk fls., usually soli- tary at the ends of the branchlets. Charming little al- pine shrub, hardy north, hut sonu-w h ■» .litli.-nlt t.. culti- It thrives Imm , , , , ,1. soil II I iitly shaded rockeries. Prop b\ cuttings of rii berries. The color of the berries is dark purple and the flesh is sweet and aromatic. The fruits are produced in quantity and ripen for weeks, beginning in late summer. They are eaten raw or made into.iam. The Downy Myrtle is recommended as a fruit-plant for Florida liy tin- Auieri- can Pomological Society and it i I, in: i , i. ,1 in s, ( ulir. In the South it is generally knii I )/ The distinction between lilio. 1,1 1 , , \l , ,, i, i in the number of locnlosof tlirov n I lu il. 2-3-loculed, with ninny nvuli^s ,,i , ,i< I, , ;,l,...|..:,i , , i ,, - l,i, - appear 2-C-locul,>,l. c.r it i^ ,ii\ i,lr,| mi., nun,, r,.iis 1-OVuled, sn|„T|i,.^,>.l l,..'lll,>^. Myrll,'^ l,i,\n |,:,!l,,l- veined foliage; tlir |),.\viiy .M \ ri I, 1,:,- ,; m r\ ,,l 1\ ^ 'II,,. Downy Myrtle is a native of III, ii,. Min , ;. !i I ;:, the four other species of Kh.,,! i. , and not in cult. Other gen. ri, , i i; site, 5- or .S-nervcd: fls. axilhiiA , l.ii.. - p. r-i -i, i,i : petals 5, rar.lx I; ,i i,,,, i,- i,,,,: , , :-. free: berry :,-lo- bose or ovoid, wiili i. , . i n ,. . . , n. :,ii..,: i\ s. elliptic or obo- vate, short- stalked, lioaiy bilow : peduncles shorter than the Ivs., 1-a-fld. : berry :i-oelled : seeds com- pressed, forming 2 rows in each cell. B.M. 250. E. N. Reasoner and W. M. RH0D6KA. See Azalea Canadensis. EHODOEHlZA (Greek, rose root; the root and wood furnish the fragrant powder known as bois de rose). C'onvolmlAcem. R. florida is a tender subshrub, C-9 ft. high, which bears white fls. something like a morning- glory. The blossoms are about an inch across and last only a day, but a succession is maintained (in southern 1 for I , I .ilso H.d uiidi 1 glass, to Kalniia, but Ivs. alternate: cori>lIa corolla lalth J or.; at the Lud ot thi bianchlefs. light purplish pink, to 1 m across Jla\ Alps of Eastern Eu. B M. 4bb L.B.C 19:1902 Alfred Rehder. EHODOr?POS (Greek, rhodon, rose, and, tirpos, type; alluding to the resemblance of the flowers to those of a single rose. I. J>;,s,)na. Ornamental deciduous shrub, Willi ,.|,]„.-iii- s.iiaii- Ivs. and large white fls. solitary 1,1 11,,. .ii.l ,,i' li,;, II, I, III-, f..lli,\vi-il by black and shining ^,■l■l^ 1,1,,. ,lni|„.- i„ ,-i-triit .liiriiigthe winter. A hand- si, mr :in.l ch-tmrt -liiiil,, l,anly as far north as Mass., in spring and l'\' it- -liinin:.. I, lack fi-, in aiiTiiniii and winter. It thriv.'-. w.ll mi ;,ii\ u 1 -oil. I'mm,. i,v seeds into black, dry, one-seeded drupes, surrounded by the large persistent calyx. kerrioldes, Sieb. & Zucc. Much-branched shrub, usu- ally :^-t; ft. hi-li tin .laptiii l.-i ft.) : Ivs. ovale to ovate- Obloil:;-. i,.-i|iiiii,:il,., -!,iir,,|> iiImI .j.niM', -, ,|,,,. , -ilky- pubes.n , I . : ., n I , ii-, ] .urB white, r . ,- nn.. n.i • , ,l:,n. - ' ' '' I'M. ",805. 43, p. Kis. Ai.FRF.i, Kehder. BHa:0 (name unexplained). Commeliiiaccn . One species, from Mexico and the West Indies. E. discolor, Hance, known also as Tradescantia rlisrolor, L'Her., T. spatliarea, Swartz, and JEphemerum bicolor, Moench. B.M. 1192. From Tradescantia the genus is distin- guished by having 1 ovule (rather than 2) in each locule of the ovary, if. discolor is a short-stemmed erect- growing long-lea-red plant, not nnlike a broad-leaved small Pandanus in hahif. FN. vh\u-. <-:vj]\ inv\ iiKiny in a boat-shaped spath.-lik.' -m ' i'- ■■i-i-'n- i lhh ili.- axil of the leaf and Hill. -Ii I- . : i :'iN 3, free, moreor less |..-tal Ilk. , . ij; staniensG. Var. vittata, 11 — k. ., / - •■. var. i-it/>ita. .Mici. T. dineoloi-. var. ,w,/. .;.,/, i . II. ...k. T. ithe. for i.:;. dark purple beneath an.l I.Miu'itii.liiially with pale yellow. A striking' jilaiit for the warmhouse, or for the open in the South. B.M. 5079. F.S. 11:1169-70. Cult, as for warmhouse Tra- L. H. B. KHOPALA. See Eoiipala. EH0PAL6STYLIS (name refers to the club-shaped spadix). P'l hnavetf. Two species of pinnate palms, both of which are favorite conservatory palms and nearly always sold as species of Areca or Kentia. How- ever.Rhopalostylis belongs to the large group in which the ovule is borne on tlie side and is more or less pen- dulous, while in Areca and Kentia the ovule is at the base and en.t. Fr tin- :> . ulti\ai.-.l ^'.'uera listed xmAer Hi '1 !!!.', j:, iwhi.ii -..m l;ii..|i;ii..^i> lis differs as follows: si-p;.N .if staiiiiiKit.- lis. awl-sli:i|..'.l to lanceo- short petals, valvatf :it t!i.. ii|..\. Tli.' i\v.. -pipifs are spineless palms willi m.'.li nil:;. 'I .■ainli.'.-s : |\^, f.T- minal, equally iiiimaii -..i ; silmih-his .■,|iii,livi;i,ii . ,iii.iii-r- thi. the n.'ht, Willi 1-:; mrves on each side; rachis concave above, si-mlv; |i.ti,.l.' very short; sheath elongated: spadices sh.irr. -iif.'ailiim. with a very short, thick peduncle, and friiiu'. .i. rath, r thick, densely-fld. branches: spathes 2, symmetrical, ohlong, flattened, the lower 2-winged : bracts adnate to the flower-bearing areas, subulate at the apex: bractlets scaly: fls. medium: fr. small or medium, ellipsoidal, smooth. sApida, H. Wendl. & Drude (Areca sdpida, Soland. Khifia sdpida. Mast.). Stem 6-10 ft. high, 6-8 in. in diam., cylindrical, green: Ivs. 4-6 ft. long, pinnate: segments very narrow, linear ; margin replicate ; nerves, midrib and petiole covered with minute scales: fls. pale pinkish: fr. brown. New Zealand. B.M. 5139. Batleri, H. Wendl. & Drude (Areca Baueri, Hook. Kdntia Baueri, Seem. Seatdrthia rohilsta, Hort.). Stouter aud taller than if. sapida: Ivs. larger and broader; segments linear-lanceolate, acuminate; nerves, midrib and petiole sparsely scaly: fls. white: fr. more globose, scarlet. Norfolk Isl. l.H. 15:575. B.M. 5735 Jared G. Smith. RHITBABB, or Pie-plant (see Blieum)^ is com- monly grown by division of the roots, and this is the only luethod liy which a particular type can be in- creased. Propagation from seed, however, often proves satisfn.ti.ry. an.l always interesting, as the seedlings vary -natlv. The seed germinates easily, and if Starr. i| '■:\r]v tin' ]dants become fairly large and strong 111.' ^iiiii.. -.:i...ii. .Although the crop is so easily pro- .1 !, :i'mI ■ ' n :iin and regular after a plantation has .•!p . .: .!, It 1- .me of the most proHtable of iii:ii - '"[.-. . vrn in small places and neieli- l.iirl !^. \ I I-.. i,uiMlii-r lit h.ini.- f.-ar.l.-n.Ts are still with.mt it on th,.ir ].r, i. ;-.^, nli i,-li , ^. ivIhi.Iv s,.i ii.s to want Khubarli pn : ... this phmt giving the first avii.' ;.r f.ir jm s. Rhubarb deliijlit- m . : i \ ,rv lar-.. and brittle leaf stalks I-: : i . . ..M-,.pt fr.mi soil that is ri.aliv ■•lilh.il >.. I .v.-rflowing." The seeillinir-. h.iw..v..r. i;. m any good clean ganlcii siiil. Si.w-.. -1 ... . : . ; i ;ii-, in rows a foot apart ami nut .iv.-r an in.h -l.. |.. 'liiin the plants promptly to stand a f.-w iu.-h.s a]iart in the rows, and give the same thorough cultivation allowed to other garden crops. In the following fall or spring take the seedlings up, and set them in the well-prepared perma- nent patch, not less than four feet apart each way, and cultivate frequently during the entire season. Ten to twenty plants will supply the demands of one house- 1527 hold, possibly with some to spare for the neighbors. In spring of the next year the stalks may be pulled freely. When soil fertility f.ircps a rampant growth, till' stalks will Im' laru.. anil brittle eiimigh without the :ul ha many ( be- come more size. Take up the entire roots an.l .ui th. m t.. pieces, leaving only one strong eye to the pi. ... an.l plant the pieces in a newly-prepared bed (or even in thi- ..I.I ..in' if properly enriched and prepared) four f.. t apart . :..ii way as before. Seed-stalks are produce.l tr. . ly .Im m,- the entire season. These should be i.r.mii.ilj imlu.l up, unless seed is wanted. A few may be left to mature the seed crop. Rhubarb can be forced in coldframes, under the greenhouse benches, or even in an ordinary house cellar. The plants need warmth (even that of a lantern set among them will do), but require no light. Take up good strong roots (2-year seedlings being best) in autumn; leave them out until after exposure to freez- ing, then crowd them together in boxes with a little soil between and under them, and set them underthe green- house bench, or wherever wanted, or plant them out on the cellar bottom. T. Greineb. Rhubarb is a hardy plant and will withstand consider- able neglect, but, like most cultivated vegetables, it responds readily to proper care and good treatment. The large fleshy stems desired in culinary use are produced in part by the great store of plant-food held in reserve by the many big roots of the vegetable. Everything should be done to increase this supplj^ of reserve food. Tillage and fertilizing, therefore, are fun- damentals. In the selection of a site the writer prefers a southern exposure, with sufficient slope to the south to give good drainai;.'. I'l.iw tin- ground 6-8 in. deep, draw furrows a tt. ajiart. s.t th.. plants 3 ft. apart, with the buds one in.h l..|..w th.- I. v. I ..f the ground. If the soil lacks in fertility mix iipost with the dirt that is placed about the roots; never ptit fresh manure next to the roots. As soon after planting as possible start the cultivator, and give a thorough stirring at intervals of 6-8 days up to the middle or last of August. After the ground is frozen ever the rows 3^ in. deep with manure that is :is fi as p..ssili|,. fr..m weed and grass seed. As early in tin- spriim as the ground can be worked to advanlau" . start till inltivator and work the manure into th.. s.,il. ICa.'li alt. 'mate season the sur- face of the soil should have a good dressing of manure. The third or fourth year after planting the hills should be divided. Remove the earth from one side of the hill aud with a sharp spade cut through the crown, leaving 3^ buds inthihillnn.l istnrl.ed. This work should be done in the fall .,r .arlv in th.- spring. As a force. I v..i.'.-tal.l. •. liliubarb is growing in popu- laritv. The plant has h.iice as to whether it is grown in light or dark n.-s. Blanching improves the flavor and reduces th, • a.-i.l, l.'ss.niii- th.. .inaiililv of sugar needed in c... .km-. Diviil.'.l r....|s, «ith 1 :: buds, which have be. n -n.wn in hi-lilv frrt il iz,.!. well-tilled soil will i;i' ,-.. th.. Iii-st r.. suits, n.iw ..ut The rii.its mav I..- pa.-k...l in a r,,i. I .... .:l...ut any bad ellc.-l to ..tin-r tbinus, as th. r.. i. n h.r tr..m the plants, .hid.gmeiit must lie .•xcr.-is..,l in pulling the stems. The work should always be done by an experi- enced person. The writer has grown seedlings for ten successive years. Fully 75 per cent of all the seedlings showed a tendency to degenerate, and 25 per cent were almost a3 coarse as burdocks in appearance. Half of one's seed- 1528 jiM be fllled r, tl.e plants in an abun- miner light is jilace may be S. H. LiNTOX. BARB. — Tlie forcing of Rhubarb has a profitable industry in the vicinity of many of the large cities. It may be forced either in the field where the roots are growing or lifted and placed in ., hotbeds. under green- house benches or in a dark cellar. See Fig. '-'ii:i. M,„.|, tl,.. |..r...-.-,.:.rt of til.' L'hMl , V i„,.|, is supplied. If grown in the dark tlie development of leaf is much less than in the light, while (he color, in- stead of being green, is usually a dark cherry-red, which givc's to 111.- I nidiict :i viry iiiir.-ui ivc- appear- ance. 'I';':- '-.r-f •!(,:. ■,.;i> imiil'- ['.-.hi ] 7." t.i75°. althoui ^ , , , , , i,,. yield and 111:'! • ■ ' ..' ■ • I I ";,•■' , ' '.■ I inif- re- The method which is to be followed in the growing of his crop for the winter market will depend largely .|ic>n loi;d conditions. When grown by any methoil '.nr\, !,,|inr.-s the lifting of the roots, it must be ihiit they are worthless after having pro- . I lierefore this method cannot be practiced il, .. . , ,.xce).t where hind and labor an' cheap, > secure a proliluble crop i.s t RHtJS (nncient Greek nnn building paper. The roof is formec These buildings are usually from •width and of any desire. 1 Lnt'tb. mg a crop the price . cient to pa; rows, every ; suffi- give t single species, too. retain their crim- year, and help to make bright our northern winters. Some species answer very well in 1 may be cut to the ground the strong young shoots that iage. Some are admirable as : a picturesque character that IMlMMWllililiiitil ig of Rhubarb, cove. ■ed with r o ble sa and in is quit.. n-r.vshii W 1 t 1 r 1 1 ow r vears ever, tlx ■V :.r.- Iili< 1 I t I 1 d so 1 e c ,ts the • llUst II.' 1 i 1 for 11 1 e ate ar et es he ob- of tw.. . ':;:'~;::. 1 o g e more leaf i plant 1 ei much dirt upon the roots as possible when they are g- As soon as the roots are placed in position under Of over ' teen have been in cultivation i all species of temperate regions; none of the tropical KHDS 1529 ones having appeared in tlie trade, so far as tin knows. In the following enumeration, two species of (Nos. 3 and 4) are included. itromatica, 5. glabra, 8. snccedanea, 10. atropurpurea, 3. integrit'olia, 1. Toxicodendron 6 Canadensis, 5. laciniata, H. 11. trilobata, 5. copallina, 15, Osbeckii, IB. typhina. H. Coriaria. 14. ovata. 2. venenata, 9. cotinoides, 4. pumila, 12. vernidfera. 13. Cotinus, 3. radicans, 6. Vefnix, 9. diversiloba, 7 semialata, 16. A. Foliage simple. B. Peduncles not plumose in fruit. 1. integrifolia 2. ovata BB. Peduncles plumose in fruit 3. Cotinus 4. cotinoides AA. Foliage compound. B. Lfts. normally S ■"). Canadensis (). diversiloba 7. Toxicodendron BB. Lfts. many. c. Lvs. smooth on both iides. . 8. glabra 9. venenata 10. succedanea cc. £a-s. pubescent beneath 11. typhina 12. pumila 1.1 vernicifera D. Rachis margined 14. Coriaria DD. Rachis winged between lfts 1.5. copallina lU. semialata 1. integrifdlia, Benth. & Hook. Shrub, 2-8 ft. high: lvs. oval, entire, or occasionally long-petioled. with a lfts.: panicles and new growths pul>erulent: lis. white or rose-colored : fr. very large. California. S.S. 3:109. I species. '^^^l^.N^V 2115. Rhus glabra ( 2. ovata, Watson. Another Californian species re- sembling the last, but with larger and smoother leaves. 3. C6tinu3, Linn. Smoke Bush. Venice Sumach. A bush 10-12 ft. high, with simple obovate lvs. and brown bark fls purple m ample loose panicles and on very long pedicels, which become profusely plumose, giving the plant the smoky appearance from which it derives its common name Eaily summer. Eu., Asia. Var. atroptirpiirea, Hoit , is distinguished by the darker /f^l^- ^'^^'-.ri^ %^^:,*^»^ 2116. Young plants of Rhus typhn color of Its indoresc. n mon in cultivation, in itself as readily :is - when killed by lion i - replaced, Ung. 5.11s. 4. cotinoides, Nutt. undivided, oval or ob^ yellow, m large panicl they develoj). Flowei sunies most liiilli int i S.S. 3:9b-<)— Kiiouii , Sometimes c.illi il ( h 5. Canadensis, M n - ing shrub, .i-h ti 1 bescent, petiolate. n appear. Rocky wu." has the lfts. deejilN best cover plants m by Layers. Will II i adapted to di\ , I'l.'k 6. Toxicodendron, , var laciniata '";, -Th IS s],,-, 11 il. :''■'; ,ed to be com- tci reproduce 1ms' not been ,. 005. A smal I tree. 20-40 ft. high: lvs. ivn ite SI nooth , thin : Us. greenish 's: pedi eels beconii ng plumose as s in sp ring, and t lie foliage as- UTl i.sippi valley. Poison Oak. Poison Ivt lant: lvs. smooth or often Slim itc. or lolled, petiolate- iil.l I il « Ih II ilM . .lune. N ml I Ih I K. 11 ill planting |M I . iMiu 1. ill iin, and for tal refore not to bi glabra, Linn. !■ laciniita, ( 1 1 n i i n i i [ i , i _ > - autumn. R.H. IhUJ, p. 7. V. lU.lOl. 9. venenata, DC. Dogwood. Poison Sumach. Usu- ally taking the form of a tree, 10-20 ft. high: lfts. 7-13 on a red petiole and midrib, smopth, shining green above, pale beneath: fls. in a narrow panicle, drooping: fr. small, flattened, white. June. Moist ground, eastern N. Amer. — One of the most beautiful, but unfortunately 1530 RHUS the most poisonous o( the Sumachs. The name R. Vernix, Linn., is used by some authors for this species and by others for M. vernicifera; in order to avoid con- fusion, it seems best to drop the name and to substitute those proposed by DeCandolle. 10. succedinea, Linn. Lac Sumach. Plant 10-15 ft. high* Ivs shining above whitened beneath* Ifts *)-15- fls yellow h fr wh te large E As a RH 1863 p 130 -Po onou 11 typhina I velv I 1 favo 1 manj H icle tr th ( ha rs June J 1> Easter N Amer S S i 10" 3 — \ ar laciniAta Ho -t n wh ch the Ifts are leej Ij cut most 1 t ct tor n F Tra ned n tree fo n c e s dec ded ly p cture que In mass plant ing wher( dense fol age ^M^ cl ters ren ler th plant of great value where o color effect is desired. It will grow in the driest soils Gn. 54, p. 505. 12. pilmila, Michx. Al'wy cent shrub, with 9-13 oi,l i in nearly sessile thyrsuiri i i- tomentose. Mts., N. t'. i" 13. vernicifera, T>r. \ , i Tree-like. •2t)-::o ft. hi^'li ■ above, ])l|lM-srillt Ik-I1':iI ii ' margiiRMi : vini'; )j:vn\\ i i, . plant from ubicli the ,l:ii m' the finely polished w:u-i'. Ii that people have been ])cii-"iM coated with the lacquer, i In. :: 14. CoriAria. TJmi. ]]■■• -ht 11-15 ,.ll,|.ne,,l ,.,,.,, -,.|. . ,,:i,, villous: ' ., . ^ ■. . I . 2117. Rhus semialata. , Tillous-pubes- rrate Ifts.: fls. '■;trlet. globose, RIBES Hi. semialita, Murr. Fig. 2117. PK-int 15-20 tt. high: Ifts. 9-13, smooth above, brown -pubescent beneath; petiole broadly winged between the Ifts.: fls. small, iu a large, many-branched panicle. July, Aug. Japan. — A very distinct and useful species, assuming brilliant orange and red color in autumn. Var. dsbeckii, Hort. ( /i". 0.il„'<'kii, Carr. ). is also cult. jo„^ f_ Cowell. EHYNCHOSPfiEMUM jasminoides, a fine shrub of 1 e 1 1 fa Ij referred to Trachelospermum . 11 ho e er a good botanical genus named Rhyn- I n but t belongs to the composite family. It 1 I e spec es M. verticiltatum, a plant not in It t n KHYNCH6STYLIS (Greek, beaked column). Orchi- n f Tl f, u ncludes a few species closely re- Ut 1 t S lat u and u,sually sold under that name. Fjl')' 1 erl V tl uonopodial stems and 2-ranked, cr led leathery or flashy Ivs.: fls. in de se ra nes from the axils of the Ivs., ned n zed; dorsal sepal and petals sub- s u lar lateral sepals broader, decurrent on the foot of the column; labellum firmly ] e 1 to the base of the column, ohovate, inflexed at the apex, not 3-lobed, spurred, tA tl e I ur straight or curved backwards. For ilture see Saccolabium. retilsa Blume (Saceoletimm guttcltum, Lindl. 6'. pr(Em<5rs«»i,Lindl. S. Bheidii, Wight. .S. retii- sum, Voigt. S. Bliimti, Lindl.). Stem stout, with channeled Ivs. 6-20 in. long: lis. in dense, cylindrical ra- cemes about as long as the \ Ivs., % in. across, white, blotched with pink or violet. June, July. Trop. India to, ^ and Malay Islands. B.M. 4108. F.S. 7, p. 92; 14: 14G3. 1464. B.R. 17:1443 (as V Sarcanthus giiltahis). G.C. 1845:364; II. 1:219 and 23: 5 i 111 Ij 81 f n 31, p. 537. A.G. 20:317. S.H. 2, p i75 —Several var et es are in the trade. Var. m&jus, Hort Larger n all its parts. I.H. 15:545. Gn. 31, p. 69, 36, p. 2.30 (all as Saccolabium Blumei, var. majus). Var. HoldfordiJlna, Hort., an old form with large ra- cemes of waxy white fls., spotted with crimson, the lip being also crimson. Var. gigant^a, Hort., very nnich like the type. Var. D4yi and var. sup6rba are offered. violicea, Reichb. f. (Saccol&bium vioUeeum, Reichb. f.). Lvs. 10-12 in. long: racemes 1 ft. or more: fls. 1 in. across, white, spotted with pale mauve; labellum dark violet. Jan. I'liiliiq.incs. B.R. 3 ^ Ha soniinu s. large, witl lie margined linal panicle f-rranean spe ■ing the finei cies. Ilinel: II ■. .1 )M lli:il ill-l rh'I I grades of lc:UhL-r. 15. copalUna, Linn. Black Sl'mach. Shining Su- mach. A shrub or small tree, sometimes growing to the height of 25 or 30 ft.: Ifts. numerous, entire or sometimes indented or cut near the apex, smooth above, usually pubescent beneath ; shoots also tomentose; midrib winged between the Ifts. : fls. small, greenish, ;ugth of 2 feet. Ueinrich Hasselbiung. KIBBON 6BASS. Phalarls arundlnacea, var. varie- ata. RIBBON TREE. PUtgianthus. EiBES (saiil t.. have come from the O.rman rieb.i, a in dense slightly (1;,! N. Alie -■ : soils, s s es at th, of the branches : fr. I. July, Aug. Eastern succeeds well in dry iful Rhus is the latest ■s a fine specimen plant usually small, borne ou throat of calyx, alternating with stamens: fr. a berry, tipped with remains of calyx. F^ig. 2118. Largely North American, although well represented in Europe, Asia and South America. Species 60 to 70. For culture see C» berry. Cuttings of hard woi 1 m ml mound-layers Thory, Monographie Grosseillier; Card, states. There are*ortKul dark red, and purple flowc useful in shrubbery mis!,e )u II I du Genre 5u 1 I «liich Figs 211 I I I taken) V 1 I u i 1 III tic Currants and Cud cliLruea inbich see m \ ols I ami II) Ribes Lontiins few plants that are generally prized for cultivatiou The most popular ornamental species is the Buffalo Currant J?i//fs uineum which is hardy md pioductne e^er^^^h n IW li\hrid S Go, cl II 1 I iiular for its I it and Its I / /It «m IS also 1 ii 1( 111 ii northeastern ural tonus with white verj •s home of the species are for their foliage and habit INDEX TO SPECIEb I\ AMERICAS TRADE albidum. 16. album, 16. alpinum, 11. Americanum, 1' atrorubens, 16. aureum, 11, 18. bracteosum, 13. flunaum 1 (_ rossulallj hybridum Cynosbati, 5. fascieii latum flore-pli ..16. Lobbii 7 licustre 6 multiflonim 8 nigrum 14 ox\ acanthoides 3 prostratum 9 rotundlfohum 2 variegatum 16 A. Stems bearing tJwini below the leaf clusle}s branches often with niimeious scattered prickles berry sometimes ptitkly (Gooseberries ) B. Fls. red and shouy 4 parted stamens long, exioted 1. speciosum, Pursh Fuch'^ia flowered Goo^e BERRY. Fig. 2119. Branches covered with hne reddish prickles and glandular tipped hairs thorns long slen der, commonly in 3 s Ks small thick shining par tially evergreen: peduncles slendei drooping 2^ flow ered: fls. showy; caljx cylmdraceous K-/4 in long stamens exserted % in or more beyond calyx both bright red: berry small prickly dry few seeded dry California. B.M. 3530. B.R. 18:1557. Gn. 31, p. 333; 34, p. 230.— The most showy member of the genus, but not hardy in the northern states. ciliate on margins ai long greenish or d mens beii\ iii ill mountain 1 1 ( times offered Ix .1. i ad veins caljx lobes nai row or ob ull puiphsh shorter than the sta ..,. ill. \1. lu th, \lleehanv 11 liitl 11 hi, II ii,m) -home 1.1 111 1, itn. iliiit 3 oxyacanthoides Branches sleniler r single or triple sle Liiii, nder d but'ot'te \er\ finelv il 1 )_(-! Vol II n (rooked thorns pointed }i-ys in cc Be i Grossul^ria Linn PEAN L OOSLBI 111 I rigid brani li i In 1 thick at bi 111 It very glossj ] iil ni broadly ovate, tbickish, 2U9. Ribes speciosum, the Fuchsia-flowered Gooseberry ( mall, 5-parted: c. Berry smooth. 2. rotundiSdlium, Michx. Thorns mostly single, very short: Ivs. wedge-shaped, smooth or slightly downy, a CMsprt Linn ) Euro ) \ ol II Bush stocky mostly triple heavy and H-% m long Ivs thick trongly pubescent, lobes ke, longer than the sta- petals obovate, reaching to base of anthers : ovary pubescent or glandular: berry generally oval, large, green, yellow- ish green or red, mi- nutely but roughly pubescent, often with glandular hairs or prickles. Eu., north- ern Africa and west- 5. Cyn6sbati, Linn. Fig. 2121. Thorns commonly .single, slender, tine-pointed : petioles and pedun- cles pubescent and glandular; peduncles lung, flliform: calyx- lobes narrow, oblong, acute, half as long as tube: ovary glandu- lar - hispid : berry large, prickly or rare- ly smooth, reddish North America.— Fruit edible, varia- md worthy the atten- fruit. ble; sometimes cult, for tiou of the plant -breeder. 6. laciistre, Poir. Swamp Gooseberry. Upright shrub, with many slender and straight prickles, and weak .solitary or whorled thorns: Ivs. cordate, with 3-5 small (raieh 1 notched, fjliii I ing, 1-2-fld i: lobes, the ^ni II i ' 1 i il I serted: berry j;l ni lnl n li ii\ N ( ilit t K ( 4931 (asJf suMestitum) G C II 19 11 -ShowT AA. Stemt thornles'! and ptickleless (Cimrnit B. Fix. tmtill wide opt n, greenish ulnte o> yello 1 Lis xtithout reiiinous doti ft led 8. multiflorum, Kit Younger parts pubescent ing glaiiduKr tipped hairs Ivs glabrous above, i II I 5-10 fid I 1 1 1 1 ^ 1 than pedicel hiuoolh stailet insipid or rope and the Orient L B C t has -^ ellow foliage pube 13 fasciculatum, Sieb & Zucc 'V ervlike Jf o/pinMm 1 I liiiu 4 tt fl all ^iten often imperfect, the I 111 I il t1 female b> reason of those of i.- alpinum 1 11 s more obtuse, the I 1 11 the nerves but be 1 , _i I 1 ii I .-II 1 \ 11 k\ scarlet Japan — Chinense M i\im , fiom N China with Ivs soft sent IS offeied by Franceschi b Calif MDG bractoA'! 2121. Ribes Cynosbati ( eued downy beneath: racemes long, dense, pendulous: fls. green or reddish green: fr. dark red, large as a pea. Southeastern Europe. B.M. 2368. L.B.C. 14:1331.- Grown for ornament. 9. prostritum, L'Her. Fetid Currant. Stems trail- ing and rooting, bearing erect branches: Ivs. cordate, 5-7-lobed, the stalks long and slender: racemes erect, bearing flattish greenish white or greenish purple fls. : nearlj ' ' .-<- (sometii I H serrate 1 ' ' ''"-- 4-8 m Ion. m \u\ HI fl smiU i i iii h i i urplish berrv '<; in in diam black and resinous dotted, edible N Calif to Alaska B M 7419 14 nigrum, Lmn European Black Currant Fig 611 Vol I Stem upright branches thick, graj ish Ivs sprinkled with minute bright a ellow resinous dots be neath racemes drooping o-lO fl 1 fls greenish white calyx-tube broadly urn-shaped; lobes small, thick and greenish : ovary and calyx pubescent and resinous- dotted: fr. black, mawkish. Eu. and Asia. — Parent of the domestic Black Currants. l.-i. Americanum, Mill. (B. flrfrifZinn, L'Her.). Ameri- ,^ I'l N, L ( I LI. .-. I , riu'. fil2,Vol. 1. Bush spreading: 1,1 ,1 I I ii ir: Ivs. bearing bright yellow ,. I , . ■', many below: racemes long. jM mill i.iii . I :'' IN. greenish white or yellow, i^-^, H,. I ■ bell-shaped, not resinous- dotted; I" ! I, il like: ovary smooth: fr. black, resembliii . m flavor. Nova Scotia to Vir- ginia, wt I I I I I 1 iiild and Manitoba. BB. J^I^. large, tiihular, 7-e(I or yi'llnn colui-fd, ial>i., ..V I glandular-tipped )i lar-hairy, drj and 1 California and 3I(\ili i ^ mU Vju i. B.R. 16:1349. Gn. ul 1110. Var. vaiieg&tum, Watson. Bush low and dense, ascendme. barely glandulai downy beneath. Var. aibidum, Iloit i 7,' alh„hn„ II.., f i ,s a form with whiti-.li ilnt\ \.11.\\ .1 m1|..\\i~I i..I til.^^e^^ and light-coloiMl tiiut i; II IM U'l 1. 11 .1 1110 (ab if. album}. \ .ir atrdrubens, Ilmt . ..n. with d.irk. blood- red flowers Var flora pl^no, Hoit . has dark, clear double flowers. R H. lb-tj:245. G C. II. 14:U4. All the forms of thib species are worth} ornamental plants. 17 Gordoniinum, Lpui A Inlmd bitween if. sini- 1533 less wide, 3-o-lobed with obtuse doubly crenate some- what out divisions, racemes erect, viscid: fls. large, fragrant. ^ tllon ish or whitish green, the calj's -lobes not <^^V ^\ 1534 RICHARDIA eum but less ornimentdl Calif Card p 480 —R Menziesii Pursh E\troinpIv prickly both m pi int ^nd fruit Calif and OrR HH t —I M H i f = R Amencanum — i? jW / 1 I tin representati\ e of fuhu I har pell 1 1 It nitm Koehne Washington I i 1 II t (lotted with pecu .n e I ( n r C ilif —li Watsoma representative of R Cynosbati Fred W Card 1 of tho ints lu luatics pdtLhe hi h lie at hist la lidteh In 1 1 and th center of the pi mt often decajs quicklj B fl d ii i i distinguished fitm other species I y the lineai dich^t omous floating thallus with the capsule protubeiin from the lower surface. For full description, see Gray' Manual. KICE. See Ory^a. RICE FLOWER. Pimelia. RICE, MOUNTAIN. Oru^nps ?.s sayitltite or cordate. FolUifje spotted. k. Spotted Calla. Fip. 2128. 12-18 in. long, white-spotted all " four times longer than broad, widely spreading, triangular, ob- long: spathe trumpet -shaped, 4-5 in long, 2 in. wide, dull creamy yellow with a blotch of crimson at the base. B.M. 1540. l.H. 7:255. F.S. 21:2258.-Will stand intheopen ith good protection for the Not of much value ex- ept in botanical collections. NSlsoni, n.,rt. Allieil to 1{. ft.. spots, as in Jti. EUiottiaua : spathe scarcely spreading, the limb short, very pale yellow with a purple blotch at the bot- tom.—One of the most recent species. melanoleica, Hook. f. Black- THKOATED Calla. Scapc and petioles bristly below; Ivs. 6-12 in. long, hastate-ovate-acuminate, the basal lobes obtuse, marked all over with oblong, white, trans- lucent spots: spathe pale straw-colored, widely flaring and open from the base, the margins and cuspidate tip iirving, with an ample black-purple spot at the base within. Natal, 1808. B.M. 5765. EUiottiana, Knight (Calla EUiottidna, Hort.). Gol- den Calla. Petiole mottled; blade light green, with a few white or translucent spots, broadly sagittate, with undulate margins, about as large as those of R. Afri- cana : spathe a rich lustrous yellow, lasting about two weeks, becoming greenish with age. Tuber proliferous. S. Africa, 1890. Gn. 46:989. BB. Foliage witlioxit spots. c. Base of the leaf-blade cordate. Africina, Kunth (Calla ^thidpica, Linn. S. ^thib- ;)i(Y/. Hort.). CojrMON Calla. Lily-of-the-Nile. Pig paper is made from S])ecies 10-12. See (in. 46:416: R.B. 23:1,1. , OC. Monogr. Phaner, vol. 2. The true Calla nf this genus; see Calla. For the Black Calla, started late in siininier from dry tubei having yellow and pink spathes seem ' grown without a resting period. /.«n Rehmanni, Knirlrr. Pink .h- P' ise Calla. Dwarf perennial: Ivs. 1:, hii. : s|.,iili.s about 4 in. long, B.M.'74:i(i.-lii Natal tlie si.l.thes are said to be dull rose without, rose-purple within, with a dark crimson blotch at the base inside. In cultivation the spathes are white, with a faint rose tinge to the back and margins. J127. Common Calla Lily-Richardia Africana (X %). Left-hand specimen shows the spadix, the spathe beiug reniov tate br ght green and somewhat e-^cee 1 ng tl e scape spathe short and la her open e e mj wl te v th a black oi puiple throat S Atr D st b ed by \Ia Le htl n (Germ my) in 1818 Thee e 1 vl r ds of th and R Ell o —BangiisU- \ Devoni ensis 11 t I / / ireyana I t 1 g au I flo a Pentlandi Wl 1 t j ofOe leaf hi d lasf te rati er flac 1 lobes separated 1 o n long (w th a Jaked C Smith. 1 /■ bas been red if Cali- 1- that SUUIlil. r n grown :i-^ :;:n:'-!";,'';v..li; Callas will ' irniw :i il th.- M'-.n- n.ui and lunnli itn wh( .,, i,hiii't.-.l ..ut. largest l.l> i.iliis fr. ini sullllllr^-!J]■.-^ taken up i: 11 the an tumn "ivi'ii root-room, with a liberal all.iv,. when well established. TIi. v rl,: light, and in a mir Tbpvp „. ■r. sovr-r: from iIm>-. \', liirl: foot. >-: thou-1, ,ii plants. ,1,. merged; a of ponds. to t'iv,- ; R. £UU ollunni. about ten yeai> :. acciuisitioi tip erect, black-purple at the base within, the lateral nerves usually rather prominent above. B.M. 517G. Gn. 18:202. A'. ArUain!. Hort. Leichtlin. Stronggrowing, with Ivs. sagit- iity of good cultivation ..uI4..,llyan 1 which I V of in- endiM^' > ■ ' I.I .. i I. il:.n /,'i,l,,, i^lni A fiicatia and su 1. Wii-n i;iM."iii.iM. «.■ tli..u-ht it di«a- cult to gn.w. It was first gn.wn in this ,-,,nntry by William Robinson, gardener tn r. I,. Am. s. North Easton, Mass., Mr. Harris, gardmi r i.. 11. II. llunne- well, Wellesley, Mass., and Jlr. .I..si pli Tailliy, of Wcllesley. The last named is a commercial grower, who looked upon his importation as an investment. The bulbs (corras or roots) were expensive,— a guinea yab BICHARDIA thereabouts— and aboutasbigasmarbles. Mr. Tailby seen i RICINUS pot-plant either in tlie dwelling or on sale at lii-s. hi tlic most favored places only is it en- iri fi-<'!ji *]^- frf'st, though the damage to it from 1 ' ' ' ii<.us in or around Los Angeles. : : i ..'II in the full sun, our summer ' !■ it to attain its greatfst beauty ' . ... v.itl]..nt iiri.ti-i-tiuii. .-iimI it may cannot .■.-nii.i r il... results. T:nlliy lias sown seeds outdoors with very gratifying results. Al- jd the plants must bi T?;,7iim7!,i ill Cali, Commercially, the growing of the bulbs for eastern and foreign markets is a sure source of revenue, and is about Our I, $25 up the following year and planted. Offsets sown as ab( s loliage or the common and receives Both these Myriophvlliuu lu.u^.i.^ .1..,mi Ircni llic ba.-e u£ the Callas. For all of these purposes the foliage is of even more importance than the flowers. As It grows luxu- riantly here in almost any location, it is very seldom facts in this article regard culture of the Calla for tli ral market. Ernest Br.\i> RICiNUS (Latin name the resemblance ot the s, certain inseot^i. /.''/'' Herbaceous or i. . :i likein the tr,.|M. . : . large, alteni:iii . i ■ . : ly 7- to mall^ i i - ! . ' serrate, monn .i. i ; petals or disk, in ' '. parently latrr^l i i ■•■■ for the order: tin ni i ■ t pedicelled or s.-il, ^unl nate; calyx ri-,"i I'.nt.d. \ stamens many, i i... i in tli 2131. ~ruit of Castor Bean, showine the seeds EICINUS auch branched, each with very many anthers; rudinieut of pi til none the lower fls longer pedicelled pistillate sepals very deciduous stjlea 3 plumose cap iile 3 loculed 3 seeded explosively separating: into 2 vih ed coccaa when ripe seeds ovoid with a large ca 1537 n „ I ^ e \ilui 1.11 I 111 [ Bean Castor Oil Plant I I 11-3 Half h irdy annual 3-lo 1 till T nited btates 30-40 The laiffe handsome leaves 1 stems blight gieen to dark Klh or iiioith July to ]h fi claw L ik 1 In immaculata He eits Hort R Obejtiii fiuit blood red 8 tt 1 Hort Fifteen feet h \ ar Zanzibarfinsis 1 i flat seeds KlGIDfiLLA (Latin pedicels whRli itt i I stiff) Illl I hardy bull i and di tii i J B b Norton that t igfd referring to tl !_ Baker p 70 Stem 2-3 ft long forked lower I - m 1 ii„ ini hiding petiole fls bright cnm not maiked with black B R 27 b8 F b 5 o02 lo (fls brick red) p ^ Barclay ?INA ( \ o Rnimis professor of botany etc I i : i I Pliylolaccace. Ill ^h. IM.Ii. :m1-. V.'i' u.iicric charai't.i-., .c , r, r,, :,, -i,;. I,\ roc- freely produced, whi be procur ed they If a few leaves are t, si ■ii'"'. ill start "I'l.i'ally 7;,-80° wh en the • should Bl.Mil ■■ ;.• 1 phylla.r. , .'. i-. ■'■" . and of this 11,1 II. 1 . ,, -;i_i •\ |MMi-li;|i.i,- . pindula, Loud., is a form « newhat drooping branches ; semperfldrens, Hort. is said to flower throughout th e summer; vars. gldbula Btrlcta and mimosEeJolia an- icatii'ultnral fo rm s. wl ich are suf- fici.oii;, ,L -T-u ,i I,^ I'i. \r iiiiiiii - ; i" rail idal s, Pelz. &K umbra- cuhfer::. 1" 1 he gla- Vars. riih,.:..:,.ew England mountain region ( repis e&nd f gida X bry ■\ for lines wide: fls. white tinted with ci ms 1 sessile fragrant, 1^ in. lon„' BM 2178 —Hybrid w th _B figured m A P 5 433 AA. Clusteis many flowered coccinea, DC. (Kulosanthe's eocemea Haw Cr ssula coecinea, Linn.). Plant robust shrubby 1 2 ft high Ivs. very closely imbricated, 1-lM m x % 1 in fls bright scarlet, 114.-2 in. long, fragrant borne in sum mer. Cape. Gn. 4G, p. 3G0. B.M. 49o JR. falcata, DC. See Crassula falcata. p -^ Barclay ROCK-BRAKE. See Cnjptogrami ROCK-CRESS. Arahis. ROCK GARDENS. Figs. 2137-40. Nature in time will make a garden even on the unbroken surface of a rock, by clothing it with lichens, algse and mosses of many ex(|uisitc forms having much variety and often striking l.rilliaiirv ill .■,.], .ring. If there are soil-filled cracks and ] k.t^ 111! 11 I'. ms and flowering plants will find aplaoc At l.iw 1 1. \ ;iii.ins. however, these flowering rock-plants :irr riinip,u:iiiv.iy few, for Soil accumulates rapidly and stn.ni; -rowiii- liiTbs, shrubs and trees, aided by favor- alil.- clmi^iii'' f-Miiilitions, soon cover the rock surface or fmni-h -.i .li 11^.- a shade that only mosses, lichens and m this work The I e Cuirent Man uals of North Aiut I Theunciltivatel V cli ire luite as numerous 1 1 (. e es that have 1 e ha e been b it 1 t r n European k 1 I to metto'ta C t i lb la are offered I ) \ r can 1 se j 11 1 c It vate 1 in the open I or ler On a few private places small rock gariei s ha'se 1 en establi bed or advantage has been taken of fav r 1 le lo al coi dit ons to cultivate some a idit onil species an 1 m 01 e or 1 ore botanic gar lens c nsiderable collection 1 h e been at times man tamed chiefly in frame t ei er Uy what h ve pa sed for rock gardens have been ro keries— meie p les of cobbles raised from the surface of turf or piled against dry banks in such a manner as rapidly to disperse instead of slowly conserve all soil moisture. Even the most The .^§^ 2137. A rockery borderine a lawn. self-asscrtivf wpfd fails ti. thrive in surh a L'arden. A lii;i.' I.. I'. , ■] ,,n 1',]^ •■ : - •' . !■'- !, Uiir.lr.l at the >i ' ■ : ■ ' . ' ■ ' lie |.leiit exhibit ■ , r.. \i ■ I I. I I I, ■!.:- . . :: Ml'. enni|, rising 103 and a larger propurtiou of sunny days than in England, to which we must look for the best instruction in the cultivation of alpine plants. This must be regarded in ROCK GARDENS ROCK GARDENS istins? oonrtitions flian keep the !■! shade, iiiulcl! cult pl.infs, extend for a crevices and supplied by long di-l.-n,- . -ih n ..,:n,:. I- I. l-i ri.n pockets hi'twein rucUs io deiilli.-i w I. liform temperature and uniform moi.st movinK water, for frequent freezing bei and rcii'l. ' ■!..,■>• shade, depth of |H 1,1,. I. :, ■ .•■ ! : ■ ■ depth of soils, sulilri y:,: . .1, ,1 III and whether it Iiv liM'ii.^iiii :.: . i ;' • i i . - , I" ing and arranging ilii; rui L- Ji' li.i li.i.i ii I'l'- should not be exposed, hut rather such i;iccs i already covered with a growth of lichens for places and with mosses for shady ;^ To take full advantage of surface ^■*^ in narrow cracks anil small u the face of dry limestone vhere there can be no possible ii.i.h- of moisture. These in- drainage. It places where shrub ■lie of some few ellective plants i number of varieties in small qua,ntit and distorted garden freak: \ usmg I u great ricgated Id be excluded, for ROCK GARDENS thev would only distract the at*;i garden the primary object E% e For o£ rock plmt I. p to th s point reference ha part to 1 tincth alpine i lantb confa e 1 e\ 1 vel t tl h the tie I ROCK GARDENS 1541 be artificial in the sense of made by man, because tevs* leu contain a nat iial bank 01 lope upon which o e mi^ht be eon^tructe 1 In any ca e t 1 il 1 1 e chiracteuzed by simphcitj an! natui 1 I f t no 1 art ot a gar len has the gardener to give expression to h s natuial ta t strut-tiou and plant ng of a roolerv 1 A rock garden or rockery tion (though of necess t i wav) of a nat iril rockv slopi mo inta n s le b t u 1 WArr EN 11 M iNMNL. i or should be an imita 2139 An Southe n Ca forn i k plants n the special w 11 1 tract ve by the plant ng of a large variety of alpine and other plants. The meaningless mounds of stones too often seen in gardens, planted with summer-bed- ding plants or vines, do not represent the true concep- tion of a rockery. A rockery must of necessity often deepei recesses ot the rockeiv were to be found the ROCK GARDENS large-leaved saxifrages, sue lata, S. Slrar.heyi and .'f. jni Si. crassifolia, S. ligu- 'Sfens. Quite at home point iu the- |..iili, «.i- ■upic.: l.y plant, such ;is lilnmii p'lhiialiiiii.AriDill Gunnera minii,-,ii,i , ..r sraimt, wliili> f. bascums and sm-h hkr pliniis wmM lill ii in the shruljs ..n ilic \,,\, ,,| il,,' i,, i > i rockery benciiih ili.> ^1>:m1c oI .. devoted to hardy fern-, wlii.li luxuriance. \\\\\\ the vari'ty <■! i u > ai plants, together with the artistif yet natui of the whole rockery, a more beautiful pla difficult to conceive. With these pleasant remembrances writer built a roc^kiiv in 1S!IS, in tl,,. R,,l of Smith Coll.--,., X,,itliani|.l,i,,, :Mavs., .1 the pattern of tin- unr at Krw, l.ui ai \n-i-- much more liiniird s.alr. 'I'la- |,osiii.ii only one availal.lr li, n.ar iIh- .iuisliiris , proper, on wlial was Imium il\- a Lnassv v, A cutting was ma.l,' ilina.^h il,r ^l.y.- same manner as rhr (ni-> at K.w, latt \> northern aK|.fi-i- ih.' -a! wasall i.ai,l...il ernside. Tli.- |.ail,. uLi. h i- -i :••. . I. • from 3 to C fia i, 'I'l rocks are plai ■ M ran: ■ : i ■ . . : i some 8 or 10 tVd at • hv In^ h- I |...;nl I, -I- large, water-worn bouldi-rsc.lka-tial iii the shaded recess, with a northern aspect, is c five ferns, which at the present time, some 40 species. The whole rot-krry outs with flowerincr sjirnhs, rmd oii I Itc "s.nitbi side are phinn d ^. ■,■,■■ n. - , ri.ni', ,.at purpose of sh.i. : ;,. . , ',. • i a |M.at ery, as well a - , a - '. , ,,. , i, i; the plants luiul ) n.a ^i:!:. r m: ,ii ... alli. turnmg illis, or s. fur the the rock- .11 so that lie writer • subjects fur such I s ..f ,-li- RODRIGUEZIA grow vigorously through the early spring months, and by the first of May they may be planted out pernia- the fail. light e..v tect then the wint exposure, or they branches laid li^rii moved as soon a spring. In plan tin to plant too tliicK to develop so a- aiireu on tiie s.iuthern ted with a few hemlock 1. These should be re- of the garde '■''- ^^as III ihiiaii la. a I .'Ji.'rever they Can gain a foot- iiiliiiiil li'ijii. 1 ;. . I I i I 'iiiuved as soon as they appear, all 11 stiiii.- anil tlic almlr i.hKiia should be gone over at least once ppearaui'e in ten days ti. kfe]i eai-h plant from encroaching on its : would be neighbors, and to keep all in good order. . , , Ed-wakd J. Canning. mind the KOCKET. See nesperis. X hat altrr ROCKET CANDYTUFT. See Iberis coronuria. "^!]l,ll^'.\\ ROCKET, YELLOW. Ilarbarea vulgaris. ,■''' I,'",';';. ROCK ROSE. S,;-c;st,(s: -.iWo IT.Ii.n, I J„„n,i,i. ROCKY MOUNTAIN BEE PLANT. B0D6£BSIA (Commodore Rodgers, U. S. Navy). '(ixitraqHrnr. .\ ffcnils nf one sppnies, a hardy herba- poiis )H-rfii,iiaI f.T wlii.-h th.- f.illn,.,-iTi:- iialnas have ,aa, |,r.,|.i,-..l l;,-,a ,.,^' |a,a.a I,, a! I:n- , laaif of apan aaa - I . i : : I • ; .1,. aud igbt ! I age The plant is a vigorous grower, and under favor- able circumstances has been known to make a clump 9 ft. in diameter, the largest Ivs. being a yard across and borne on stalks .3 ft. long. The fls.,are borne in mid- summer on stalks 4-5 ft. high. The general style of infloreseenee is that of the popular Astilbe, to which it is closely allied. The fis. are very small, but make a does not last as long, forcing. Rodgersia is a i of Japan and is jiresui states, li I- "III I III ii . The plaia , : i: but SCI 11. ■■ Althoimh ai I ■ . to pret:.T a mill I |.. I sii amenable to iiliali>ine regions I irinths; I i i.ilossom growth, and anil Jilaai- III- |i..l-|i| a III I. a I III,, aariil -nailllloUSe ; here tlicy snun iii'mtinaTc. anil as sunn as large enough to handle they are transplaTited eitlier into other pots similarly prepared, or into small, shallow boxes. They podophy 5-lobe.l; s large pani mliurcseence and 5- age. Other generic 2-3-loculed; styles 2 k, scaly: radical Ivs. scorpioid, forming a 1^(1:141. G.M. 33:477. W. M. EODBIGUEZIA (Emanuel Rodriguez, Spanish bot- anist and apothecary). Orcliiddcefe. A small genus of South American orchids, a few of which are cultivated for their irraiaful laacincs of delicate flowers. The flowers ara iiiarl\ always fragi'ant. The plants vary somewhat m lial.it. Sume species form neat, compact RODRIGUKZIA tufts, while others, like E. decora, hare long, strag- gling rhizomes difficult to keep within the limits of a ROLLINIA 10^6 Pseudohulbs elongate-ovate: Ivs. ob- ipreadiiiir, undulate: raceme pendulotis, . sTv("n, witli vfllowish borders; sepals -rT-isij; iHijiN ^iiMihif: labellumlauceo- iRod Urow Rodriguezias in very shallow pots tilled with tough peat, and .veil drained. Rest them in a tempera- ture of 50°, giving little water. The growing tempera- ture should be from 6.i-75°. Give plenty of moisture and shade from direct sunshine. The stronger-growing kinds will need thicker potting material in baskets; they do well wired on tree-fern stocks. During season of growth, syringing is necessary. A. Fls. large, white, : ipotted or rose. B. Saceme erect... . . 1 . iragrans 2. decora BB. Raceme pendulous ..:i. venusta 4 Candida T pubescens AA Fls small deep ,< ■>se o> spotted red 0 secunda AAA Fls greenii.li 7 crispa 8 plamlolia frigrans, Reichb f (Builmgtonia frcLg ,ans Lindl ) Lvs tufted racemes er ect fls pure white except the middle of the labellum which IS stimei 1 w ith \ ellow ver\ fragrant loner st I als united entii e dorsal se pal acute labellum cu< ullate lebind wi tb a 2 parted pubescent ippend >ge n the hsk April Ma> Bi i?il G.C 111 4 1,1 (the plan t IS here figured with a pendu lous raceme) decora Reichb f {Bn lingtbmadfcoia Lem ) Plant with a long slender ihi zome with ovil 1 Ivd pseudo bulbs scape nearlj ere till 11 1 n 1 llos veni:ista Lvs 111 droopin^ i I.H 5 lbs . Candida I oblong pubescens I 111/ hnqttmiapubesct I 11 Lv-^ t it 1 1 i kteled racemes i | dul u t 1 tl lilt Ihs fls puie white II II u 2-lobed histitt Uteril lobes erect furnished with lamellae column pubescent, in which it differs from the other species secunda PIPK F UI 1 1 1 II I i s ^ • 'y. ■ '■ ,• 1. •:.,;..,,,, ■ ! ; , , , .i |M ■ ,: M, ,■ ihe dor- :il .. ;. .■.. ■ :■ .:_..•,■., r.-flexed, iM.rt.T il,:,i, III.- l.-v.T -,■!.;, I-. IVl,, l:r:i;,il, l;,.-\1.1748, .504. L.K.C. 7:fii;(l (as anmrsa recurrn). Heinrich Hasselbring and Wm. Mathews. EOGlfiRA. See Bondeletia. -< ^%i-':^ 2141 Rodriguez a secunda (X 'a) RdHDEA (Mith Rohde physician and botanist tf Bremen) L htcef \ monot\pic genus from Japan essentially a tender foliage plant with 1 ixuuant radical hs 1-2 ft long The fls aie 1 ii ii i tit lvs in short thick dense spikes ! globular bell shaped -inthi style nearh n i ti tr - berr> Rib le house dec i t I Thej are (eit II 1 being but si _,! tl\ I i II i ^^ I coli Jap6nica Roth Root i long m ih ' stock with flesh-s fibeis hs t>picalh ^r rosette erect oblanceol ite berry al out t small cine with a red i ulj bM b 18 I I 1 perianth li^in 1 peltate u ill} 1 seeded for dwelling rler positions the foliage 'st weather ifter \ 1 aureo striata falc4ta falcata var latimaculita macrophylla margmata minor pygm, }ce , \ho it "0 tree nd shrubs of tl 11 I \ ! It t A 1 ^ing the 1 I 1 lobes del \u n I will ai j I Sieberi A DP ( l the \oung growth i tipci pointed siuo tl ( 1 m long) gree t reddish ti lewhat glol ose i in the isl mds t in iTUiana piobabh lutioduced into soutl IS yet very little knc\ iftpr thp astronomer T. Ronnie ROXDELETIA sion of remote canyons, and nothing more magnificent coukl be imagined than a sleep canyon-side covered witli the great bushy plants, tliicltly covered witli the enor- mous white fls." The blossoms remain open for many days. J.BtRTTDAVV. Tlio RnmilPTn f-rm 1..- trnn^plniitp,! .nffl- if ,-iit to als ;; pet- flliturm l.ui ;i,; I,, l. • :,' , -:.■:, .a- 1;. . : capsule 7-U-loculi'd, dulu-iii- lu ilir lui'l'ii--. ih- ■, alvps separat- ing by their margins from tlie firm persistent placentas. Coiilteri, Harv. California Tree Poppy. Matilija Poppy. Ijvs. glaucous, .'i-.5 in. lonff. pinnately cut: pet: seeds hardv. ii i ■ .1, ■■. :• ;. of tli'e -..;- i ih.^ I the peo|.i.- «di ij.,i Ijui KOMULfiA (Bomuli of Rome). Irirldcece. crocus-like bulbs from rope, till- (':ipe :ind t)o slender jdants wiili li from criiiis.in and (.ui'i and also yellow. Thuj differ in being less bar and short flower-tube, radical, with a few s scape: fls. solitary in ing peduncle; inriauil William Falconkk. s, fabled as one of the founders A genus of about Xi species of the Jlcditerranean region of Eu- liral Africa. They are small and ■ . an iii.h or so across, varying ar.. .■Ims.'Iv alli.'d t.. ('r.,.-iis. but ly, ai i .11 lt:i . .iiL' a l-i;.j ;•' diincle heavy soil. It needs no water here except the winter rains. It is very hard to grow either from seed or divi- sions." W. M. ^^ rdsea, Eckl. {Trio bose, %-% in. thick: duncle 1-6 in. long, perianth witli a slKirt Clusiana, bright yellc has been ini A. F!s ,er ( 'A-, ipped i)i.';/M/ r,'s,,,. i\.r. I. Corm glo- l\s. '.-I fi. JMiiL'. st-taceous: pe- -ii-lld : i.iii.r M.atlic- J-4 in. long: ,u,i„l Mia,.. I iMi.. xvithayellow I'l^i'. :i!-i:i I ,1, iMi,;r^ the outer ii ' . : ' ' -air. S.Africa. - ^ I as If. Celsii). ' , "" . K I . I. has a larger ai-riiN.» all ,i-.Miarli purple Stripes feathered. B.JI. 1470. . yellow or white. conhna Clusiiliiu, Lange). Fls. ,vitli lilac. Spain. A white var. of England, p. -^^ Barolav. EONDELfiTIA (Rondelet. ir.nT-lRnfi. phy oian 2142. Tlie fcllnWIII- 1- Top spriE of Romneya hi-h. Til.- Ifi'.', . : ndonihn llir l^.^^ flower 1" 1 fullN the flow,,., luav .n l.lant. duo to til., scarcity being i.— llian ' . i-.nrnMiia »,. transplant .•■. .. ai,niHln„-el With- corolla 11. 1 .: IMa-tirii Imi I the .Matilija .■:,■ grows in parti. -n "Many people ha in that region. : is found in sea southwanl into B si.l.., and also U| It 1 does not havt have a 4-lobe. century to a 1 Rondeletia ing out when given root-i a pot it makes a compact feet high, which bloom in nal, flat-topped clusters of 1 profuseat any time, bnl . three months. Anaddiii"i foliage, so that it is ah\a\ - ' ■ . 1 ! !■ ■: ii>; inserted i .1 J I .i r ,|,M.leloculicida . , :■ .l.-^.-ribcd below tb; /■ '■"rdata is often said 1 HI!,, that dates back half il.ua-ai . laiT. -^ jf, ■:1„ is a half-shrubbv plal.t. stuo but wb. of sho RONDELETIA easily at any time, and these may be grown in pots for a season. "Barring the tendency to stooling. they do well planted out. Sandy loam and leaf-soil is the best compost, and a warm greenhouse, with sunshine, fur- nishes the best conditions. t. D. Hatfield. A. F!s. red. B. I/vs. opposite. odor&ta, Jacq. (Rondeletia speciosa, Lodd. ). Lvs. ovate, nearly sessile: clusters 10-30-fld. : fls. crimson to brick-red, with a conspicuous yellow throat; lobes ROOT -GALLS ROOT CELLAEo je ROOT-GALLS. Abnormal enlargements often appear on the ri.iots of plants. These enlargements are much more frequent than is generally supposed, but from their position under ground are rarely observed. From an economic stjndjoint thL\ have not ietei\ed the attention that thej merit \ltl 1 Ii tl t 11 1 1 J t gill IS usually applied to the nl 1 1 t f loits due tj insects and other I has a miKh wider application as 1 i \\ers The piesenieof nodules 1 I m thi, roots of pUnts has been di 1 t iuthiis under the names root „all lu t kULt 1 t swelhn,;s ett In cises in which of h) peitroi hied tissue is : 1 een assignt 1 to the enlii je the cause of the known specul ua ments Ihistlit (II \ 2143. Rondelc elliptical to roundish. Cuba. Mes. B. 2:53. B.M. 3953. B.R. 22:1905. F.C. 1:36. L.B.C. 19:1893. P.M. 2:242; 16:354. R.H. 1891:522 (throat not conspicuously yellow). BB. Leaves in -Ts. anbmala, Hort. Figured in J.H. 111. 35:251 with 8 fls. in a cluster, the fls. % in. across, with roundish lobes. The color is said to be coral-red or deep scarlet and the throat is presumably yellow. Habitat (?). Imperfectly known. AA. Fls. pink to white. B Bo'.eoflis moie or leti cotdate cordata, Benth (i? cot data. Planch Hort not Roth ) Pig 214^ Lis oi cordate , eenei ilh said to have pink or flesh coloied fls with a yellow throat (as in F S 8 754, page 13) but it RH 1878 230 they are shown as pure white (xuate tlnji mala Frauceschi says it i BB P c Coiotta 1 ' amcBna, Hems] broader than m I 2-5 m long fls lose throat Guatemala F m supplementary list cc Cotolla lolji gratissima, Heiiisl oblong ellii Ti 1 _ i rounded it Ih 1 i ;o Mexico ) date hioadly oiate I h ) Lvs elliptic, shorter acuniiiiHte, conspicuous w also if ! ( i ' 1 How g,ili {k .. l^^ ( I ne h lui al iniur\ causing exces sive callous de\ elopment root burls etc In addition to the abo\e the causes of these enlarge ments are oftentimes obscure or unknown The foi-m :-; Lmii \\ hite fld West Indies and Hook a pink fid species from trop A guished from those mentioned above by t ' desii able additions tlie,ibove i? imencatia -B JBackliousu er IS easily distm ! much longer ealyx- 2144. Root-ealls due t. of crown-gall on the apple. bla( number of other plants is as yet cause is concerned. It may be organism as that causing the croi kberry and a large unknown so far as laused by a similar ■n-gall on the peach 1.146 ROOT -GALLS 11 1 ipricot m the Southwe t but as -set it itraains to I II ^ tigated s\ llii ^s on the loots of the mulberry are said to be 1 t thp h\peitrophy of the lenticels bome in\es ti r I 1 ve attribute 1 srill like r ot errowths in 'some f f J I \ be lead zed from other rcot II by the presence of the ts The joung insects by I fill tht epi lermib of the I 1 I king the sap cause ti II levelop Ihe m t t 11 1 on the diseased lo t u ill tiges of develop The most effective method of h I ling the insect in check api irs to be in the use of re sist-int 10 ts 1 e the grafting of the m re tender vaiieties on 1 Dt if those that are sti 1 ,(_r inl better able to re sist the attack of the insect Bisulhde of carbon m some in stances has proved eftectn e m killmg the lice The trown gall appears to be the most harmful of root diseases affecting cultivated These galls have been reported I \ h ] r It aim >nd prune I 1 1 kberry I I t further ROSA tissue of the de%el i mg gall is soft and sucmleiit, with noduless of wood\ tissue scattered through it The galls vary much in size and nia\ reich a diameter of ten inches But little IS known as to remedies for crown-gall. As tie dispise IS primarily a nuiserv disease the most II t 1 c Ij IS in securing stock for planting from I 1 nursery The disease can be held in 1 I f extent in infested orchards b\ cutting off I lilt ippear on the tree boles at the surface of It 1 I I 1 1 h ing to the wounds a paste made from II t 1 1 1 hme J ^ TouMEY. KOaUETTE or EOCKET-SALAD (E,uia satlva, Mill ) i low growing hardy annual from southern Eu- rope whose leaves resemble those of radish and turnip, is much used b^ the French as a spring and autumn salad and pot herb The flavor of the joung, tender leaves which are the paits used bears a strong resem- blance to that of horse ladish In America it is but little grown The first sowing ma\ be made m earh spring, the seed being diopped thinly in shallow dulls a foot apart, with successional plantings each second or third week through the season The soil must be rich and well supplied with moisture else the leaves will probably be tough and acrid Inter culture is the same as for spin- ach lettuce and similar ciops Frequent watering and tillage in hot dry weather to insure rapid, vigorous giowth should result m succulent mild flavored leaves. In summer the plants run lapidlv to seed in spring and autumn thej will produce abundanth after being cut The pale citron yellow flowers emit a perfume re- sembling that of oiange blossoms jj (^ Kains. RdSA Till / 1-1,. Orna- odd [11 III li-li, car- n iment il usuiUv scailit tiuits Ihcieis piobably no tl wer ill le i ] ul ir ml better known than the Rose. From tune immi m ri il i et h ive sung its praise, and the love ot it lit 1 tl i 1 tht most ancient II \t 1 rice It is re- I lie his played a I t tl e Chinese and tl I 1 t 11 wei known and md It IS the double-flowered documents in tl I markable tc n t I far inferior \ i I Japanese It i i II cultivated m a d uble st Garden form whose image the word Rose almost in- variably brings to our mind while to the wild single- flowere 1 R ses mu h les itt i t i 1 i 1 een given. The ornini it I I t 11 h fully appre- ciate 1 I 1 \\ 1 i I 1 I charm and gra t 1 1 the bold and domii 1 eclipsed the more 1 1 is The longer bloon 1 111 Iso a factor in their t II I 1 \\ 1 1 I 1 not perhaps, be c 1 I I 1 1 1 1 of the gar- den 1 1 11 11 1 I to rival other orn 11 11 1 1 1 1 1 ent of pirk and plot. Ace I 11 I I 1 to each species, they can 1 11 I I ses Most of the spe- I I r b ft and may 1 tor covering / losa, S. hu- I e kinds, like ornamental slopes and likelv to occur at greater depth on lat i I the gall has i uniform outer appeal becomes warty from unequal growth ,nd maj al c leds The fruits of most species are decorative and often emain on the branches all winter Ihe red stems of t cf the species of tl ( 1 i 1 Cinnamomeae I s are effectn e m w i 1 lit liage of most I tl e American specH ) ]! inge or yellow tl iitumn and so docs th t t / /os «, which is In ROSA 1547 xg ti aud J g tea are hardy he Rooes are of ens e Itivation k rt t I ex I t n a loo BB Sill 7 1 I 1 «j IfU J 1 iteo ) yellon Stipule For general notes on cultu Sh Ti N I\ BiNKSi^ (Species Nos 14,15) Fls laige sohtaiy uhite pedicels and tecep tacle pi icklij \1V hMM iTi(SillRsN0 49) Agathi 16 ■»lbl 18 41 ,1 alba plena 14 41 alpma i6 Altaica 42 Haubo. 1 44 put 1 Andiete 41 hemisphffinca 44 prostr 1 I ( Arkansana 39 Hibemica 42 pro I 1 aivensis 7 hispida d4 f> pulcl ell 11 Alishmca 16 humilis 25 26 pumila Haul 10 BanksiK) 14 incamiti 16 Fy^SefaO Be male IS a 11 Indica llandsuppl berbenfoha 1 me, mis 42 Rapa 25 btcolor is Mrtcrmpdio 2 Rapini 44 bifera 1 Iwara 2 rechnata 37 6(an;« 38 39 Kamschatici 41 RegeUana 41 bill la setigcra 39 lasMgati 49 lepens - B .1 mci IJ Ln retciana 11 reversa 42 P y , 1 , 40 Leschenaultii 8 rosea 41 longitolia H rubelH 4' Lucise 5 and suppl rub g 1 I "l luoida 2u r tbif I 4 lutea 4i rubri 41 1 luteapleni 14 rubi 111 41 lutescem 42 rubr, 1 c iloc I'rp I '41 iyoni 26 Jlfocaitita 4S rugo 41 Camellia 40 S1J1 4 canina 2" maciantha 10 sea 1 f ir I t - Manetti 11 sempe 1 leis 11 microphylla 50 mmima 11 mmutitolia 46 setig 1 4 ■. 1 3J mitissimi 42 silvestri mollis 20 simpl 1 I 1 mollissiina 2C &»ut( 4 1 mosohata 8 spmosissiiui 42 cnstata 16 multifloia 2 stellata 4 Damiscena 1" museosa 16 stylosa 9 Dawsomana 2 myn-icantha 42 sulphurea 44 Devoniensis 11 ^lpponensls 40 ternata 41 Dijoneusis 16 nitid-v 27 tetiai III 4o Eglanteni 21 43 Noisettiana 1' rhiuleii,i 1 EiiEelmiiini 40 Nntkana U tome t 4 Feu lien 31 Nutt-vlliiia ''4 trigi till 1 f»iox 41 nl sippl 0/ ^ « ( n 11 till 11 ten i„ii I J til 1 1 lb 11 s» U ( ;; ; \ 1 g 1 in 1 18 fp ml i ) 7 ; ( t 11 im la 11 t liol b b ! a t h 10 III/ 1 4 11 Foitme ni 1 Watson mi filgraus 11 P ' \yl 'mtica 24 Wiihura 2 Francofurtana 19 Persica 1 Wiehuraiana fraximfolia 38 pimpmelhhlta 42 Woodsii 32 KEY TO THE GROUPS. (For a horticultural elassifipatiou of Roses, founded i rily on garden values, see the article Rose. ) A. Lvs. simple, witlwiit stipules: fls. i/ellnir ... Subgenus Hulthemia (Spei-iis No. A..I. Lvs. pinmitc. si:p„l„f,- Subgenus Eurosa (Sim'lU-.s Nos. B. Styles erxi-rlerl br/jniiil the mniilji ,.f llie re- ceptaele. C. JldXSerted styles connate into a cnlumri, (See Fig. 2150 right.) Climbing or creeping : style about rix long as stamens Section I. Svstvi..i'. (Species Nos. Upright, with arching hruurh.x: .s7;//,s shorter SectiovXIII BRACTEAT.a; (bpecies No Stipules adnate D liva of floueimg branclihts S-5 folio late large and firm s( iiis u unlly with piiektes and bii\lt il / light, on long pedicel /I I btistly lepnlliefler I fl ft 1 inn Secti Lii ->\ tties Nob 16-19) ts 5-9 folio II f fli then FF S^„ „t 1 1 t 1 1 1 lit 1 t the base uith often sleudei u In sties Sepals ttftei flo caducous fi only at the bolt Section \U t i I Nos 24-28) Sepals 'aZa 2148 0 Sec aftei flou ciducons at the b ) TION VIII etiiig iipiight ui.iiallij entui ft usually smooth, with the bottom and nail (See Fig CiNNAMOME^ 1 Species No^ 29-41] tha Secti c 2148. Various forms of Rose hips. About natural s a, Rosa rugosa: b, B.pendulina: c, R. humilis. 1549 spray of Rose hips. SUBGENUS EUEOSA. Systyl^. a group of about 13 species 'nil lull I ir(iii), mil marled bi/ the styles 42) bri.itl,.^: fis. irliilc ur yellow, ninly pink Section IX. Pdipinellifoli^ (Species No. FF. Sepals pinnate at the outer edges: Irs. on flowering branch- lets 5-7-foliolate. Prickles straight or hooked, rather stout.- fls. yel- low Section X. Litter (Species Nos. 43,44) Prickles slender, straight: fls. pink or white: Ifts. not orer ^2 '"• long, incised Section XII. Minutifoli.*; (Species Nob. 46,47) Dim. Lrs. of flowering branchlets 11-15- Pricklii^ 1. ulnl,, II, /.iiirs below the base of Peti"! 'I'll, -.1.11,, ui/mbose: fr. large, very prickly.. Sh. 11 ...\ XV. Jill KoPHYLL^ (Species No. SLTIIMARY OP SECTIONS. Numliei Name .Species I.. III.. iNDicji: 10-13 IV'.. Baxksl^l 14,15 (Jallic.^! 1(1-19 VI.. Canin-^5 2U-2.i VII.. Carolin-e "4-28 VIII.. IX.. PniPIN-ELLlFOLIE 4-' X.. LcTE.r 4:1,44 XI.. Rleke.e 4.-) XII.. MiNUTIFOl.I.E 40,47 XIII.. BRicTEAT.^^ 48 XIV.. L^VIC.AT.I! 49 XV . . SUBGENU.S HULTHEJIIA. Only one Asiatic species distinqvi>,hed from all other Roses by the simple exstipitliite hares. Kei to SpttiEs OF SECrIO^ 1 A. StipifAes pectinate: prickles ttsualli/ tn pain 2. multiflora AA. Stipules entire or denticulate: p)icUes scattered. B. I/vs. of flowering branches S~5- foliolate, pubescent beneath 3. Watsoniana 4. setigera BB. Lvs. of flowering branchlets usu- ally 9, glabrous r,. Wichuraiana BBB. Li-s. of flowering branchlets 5-7- fiihiilate. ,: Siliiil- oi'ili . aliiinitli, ,111,1111 cc. Sepals lanceolate, gradualli/ acuminate: fl. - buds elon- gated: corymbs u sua III/ many-fid b. inoscliata 2. multiSlora, Thunb. (B. polydnfha, Sieb. & Zucc. 'i. intermedia. Carr. B. H'jc/irmp, Koch). Deciduous brul', Willi Ai^iiiciis, loua:, n-i-ui-Miitc , or . Ii!Tibui2r branehes 1ft** i-5 oblong \ t f I 1 It h iil\ 111 11 t riate tomeiit I I 1 1 I I I 1 1 1 I t w tomentosa iiiiil 1 H A Mluable ha Ml. tics with double lis ai ibly hybrids with iS atven \\eudl roun.1i 2152 Rosa setieera (X ue irly M) See No 4 semperviiens pedicels glandular hispid st-y lo usually pube subglobose or ovoid oiange red June Juh rope N Afr B E C 465 — ^ u prostrata \i. piostxitn Lindl ) Lfts innll i 1 n \ ai scAndens Isichols (if i long or o^al obtuse fr sul double fld garden forms pi i i 1 i x' clinibin^, Roses Less hard> tli iii lln p. ((din following 7 arvfinsis Huds (J? lepens Scop i? i tli^strii, f^ B M 20j4 Var capreoiata Neill Athshire Rose Lfts alh ■) lu>,ei fls double white to deep pink I be a li\bnd with if Gallica Hardj 8 moscMta Mill (S Brundni Lindl ) Mi sk Deciduous shiub with sarmentose or climbing bi ii lfts 5-7 o\ il 1 11 111, nil th Kunimate si 1 1 in acioss in!,lc 1 s iiall Ji h b s 4 V (,-V.7 B M M. ■^ = ' Rambler Rose See Jso 1 Hit isA A(.isc//i, handsome free flo ROSA Section II. ^TYLOs.^? species, with the ii/ij 9. styldsa, Desv. Sli prickly: Ifts. 5-7, ova centl)eueatb, ^4-- in. lo or liglit pink, VA-2 July W Europe mental value Section III Ivdk-^ tei Asiatic speciet uith uprigh or procumbent stemt> pricl les scattered hooked^ feu Itti, J--> ,11, ill/ 7 infloies en I J-iii mil II t ■sepals en ■ a hybrid be ilirul). with long, arching branches, vatt'-ublong, acute, serrate, pubes- loug: lis. in few-fld. corymbs, white in. across; styles glabrous. June, Red Ros (1 5, 2) -Of little orni ROSA 1551 green branches: Ifts. ratliiT thin, ni(istl\ stained with purple: tls. usually solitary on slender pedicels, crim- son or deep pink. B.iM. 284. Var. viridUIdra, Dipp. Green Rose. With mon- strous green Hs. ; the petals are transformed into small, narrow green Ivs. F.S. 11:1136. Var. Man^tti, Dipp. (i?. Manmi, Hort.). Pig. 215G. Of \igornns growth upright, pedicels hispid gUndulai Hs dtep pink, single or semi double This viiiety has fl xed 10 gigant^a, Oollett Pre cumbent flowmni, brinche pedl.elsin il sepals entn 1 II 11 It Burmi ( III 1 1 II 1 onh south Ii 1 1 il 1 th Fortun s ) nil. ■i ello (Beiutv Jf (tI izi nwo >i\ ) wit Hige dml le s ilnu n \ello Hs h„-ured in B M t()7t IS ^1V 01 hjbridof this -pecies 11 ChinSnsis, Jacq (B I dica Lindl not Linn ) Chin R .sE Bfn ( IL Rose Lofl upiuht h rnl with slend 2153 Rosa eetigera Praiiie Rose \ni frigrrans Tli m 1 / / ' 1 \ ir odoratissima Linn) Teim ENTH ilivK i SimiUr to the fol lowm.; but Hs moie ti i,'rant s Union pmk 01 light rose fr ovate BR 10 b04 Mjie tender th-iu the othd var Indica, Kothne {S Indica var iii^/ibis I indl ) Monthly Rose Stems rather stout J-o ft hi„h glaucous green with brownish red prickles fls pmk to whitish with glandular pedicels fr obo 7? Liu) II iiina Hort S In I 1 1 I t hiub usually not I 1 1 Hs about 1% in I 1 aie single and I Its belong to this II I -. 0 7) .11 hols (il* sempeiflbren'i Curt < KiMSON Chinese Rose Low iickly or almost unarmed, dark been recommended as a stock foi forcing Roses {,io\\s leadily from cuttings but is n t <\u\t haidj 12 Noisettiiua Tli m \ isi 1 ri K >sf Ch\mpnf\ Rose Supposi 1 Inl n 1 t / < li 1 n i\ ind Ji in 1 chata s;tnisn|ii lil 1 f tt «ith li .. 1 ed 1 Idlsh pricl 1 1ft 1 1 ' I I 11^ I 111 «] It I i lon^ sumiii ^ I 1 11 I nil lIu Noi sett I I I It I 1 I, N J hn ( lijiupney of < lull II •si ii 111 s, , 1 t the Musk Rose fei till/ I I \ I 111 I ( hiiii Rose Fiom the seed of this laliil I 1 ilii I \ I tte a floiist at Charleston oh tun I 1 K will h was ifterwards distiibuted as Blush \oi ette li\ his biother Louis Noisette of Pans 13 Borb6nica Alorren Bourbon Ruse Supposed hybrid of il' C/iiH«)isis and A' Oiilliiii Upright shrub with pi 1 kl\ mil iftfii ^luiilulu hispid branches Ivs doubl 1 i> I I 111 I theN .1 (tl ( hmi '11 protection north Ji hybrids ( hybridizing v lica group) have givi or Remontant class ^ te icute shining fls puiple blooming in !oses are hardier than I (1 Roses but require Hi 1 Its varieties and Il 1 r .sfsof theGU II Ihliiid Perpetual 1552 \ ar pilimila Jacq {B Atiiti'i with creeping root t ck li ( ' 1 - ) \ ar centiSolia I (.ABBitE Rose Lt 1 ieb or onl) beu 54 Baltimore Belle Rose-Rosa set eera (.X %) No ino. Rl ^ anil's n'f,! tl ', , , slightly fia t ^ I 1 11 V»r alba pl^na 1 ^11 f< l^ •) 39 Var lutea plena 1 1 i H f B R 13 HOo 15 Fortuneilna Lindl i a h\brid ot M B k r and if te! igata t limbing shrub with hpirii gl> 1 ricklv stems Ifts i t fls large double white on hispid pedicels P ^ C 2 p 1 Section V Gallic spe le t f e f sh 1 1 JF 6c very variable /jon iipnght 1 1 irckles A If \A J rli la> serrate 11 Gallica ,ol ql td«lar f R G n ca 1 Damascena IS alba 19 turbinata ir GAlhca Ii.n D ft 1 1 11 I 1 A,l t 1 rul rarcK tt i ng feO£ iicl rati g on li S tu \\ il I Agatha red e the With most important forms, rather small, very double piiriile tls., tlir cuti r petals spreading, the inner ones eonr;i\i t.'. >! I.-, (-:17, 17-21). Var. incarnita, Voss i /. ^lill.). Lfts. narrower, elliptic-ovate: r:H I Iluw- ering branches unarmed: tls. l;irL'< i I' in m-'ii, soli- tary: fr. ovoid. B.M. 70;i.i. Var. macrantha, ll"rt., sim- ilar to the preceding, but fls. pale pink. Gn. 52:1148. Var. officinalis, Thory (Ji. proiniicidlis, Mill. Var. plena, Regel), is the typical form but with double'fls. trigiut p^tala I) k tl I I r I tl coi r I I e the Rose chleli^ cultivated in southeast 1 tl e n nn ifacturing f attar Gt 18 p 129 2155. Rosa Wich See No 18. 61ba, Linn. Upright shrub, becoming 6 ft. high: stems with scattered booked prickles and sometimes with bristles: lfts. usually 5, broadly ovate, serrate, pubescent beneath, 1-2 in. long; upper stipules dilated: ROSA 1553 fls. single or double, solitary or several, white or blush, fragrant; pedicels glandular-hispid; receptacle usually smooth : fr. oblong, scarlet. June. Probably hybrid of R GaUtca and S cunnia 10 turbmita \it (I? t lancnfuitAiia Borkh ) Ip ruht hi il f iinii t ft t I,, iMth ti u^ht Li It tlie b I ipil erect jfter nearly so fr turbl nate June h Galhci mA h ninamomia and caducous iftn floit and petsistenf A Foliage pubescent on both sides 01 den>,elij glanduhn 20 viUosa 21 rubigmosa AA I ohaqe (jhthioiii 01 iieailijso 22 canina 21 ferruginea 20 TlUftsa Linn T / TT 1 1 T , l,t 5-7 o\ al to oTiti 1 1 beneith ■=4-_ in I 11. 1 1 I 1 u Ifts fi millii I 21 rubiginosa I n 1 / Mill n i 1 mn j SWEETBRIII E( I X I I I hrul It null. It nitb hooked pnckles 1 tt 11 iiiiv <1 with biistlis Itts 5-7 orbicular to oval doublj gl mdular seinte dark green above and glabious pale beneath and often pu bescent glandular on I>oth side ' -1 in long fls 1-3 on hispid short prdi .1 t n-lit link lK-2 in acioss receptacle u ualh „i m liil n In | i I fr subglobose or ovoid oringe red t 11 1 t with upright spreading usually caducous | il Inn 1 uiope naturalized in some localities in tli L 1 t 1 1 _ 232 —A handsome hardy Rose of compact h iliit with blight green foliage exhaling a very agreeable aromatic odor Theie aie some double forms and hybrids with other species 22. canina, Linn. Dog Rose. Upright shrub, attain- ing 10 ft., with often recurving branches: prickles stout, hooked: Ifts. 5-7, oval or elliptic, doubly serrate, glabrous or slightly pubescent or somewhat glandular beneath, H-IM in. long: fls. 1-3, light pink, on usually glabrous pedicels; sepals reflexed, caducous: fr. ovate, orange red or scarlet glabrous June Eu N Afr., \\ Asia naturalized in some localities —Much used as a stock for grafting Vill ) Upright shrub attaining b ft wi h slemler purplish branches Jerrugmea \ ill ( /? vered with glaucous bin straight Ifts 7-9 ellipti serrate bluish green an 1 i prickles few hooked or OS ite 1 mceolate simply I I tinned with red, usuallj hispid glandul 11 i h I 1 ils long with dilated apei upright sj n i liii_ t 11 lil\ caducous fr. subglobose scarlet June Mount tins of M and S Eu. BR T 430 -Effectne by its reddish foliage fls less conspicuous Hdrdj Septkis mi Carolina Contains only Ameitcan ■-/' I / II ill/ II tl)i I It ^hiubs stems slender, uitli II I ill I I I il I I 1 1 1 1 \ placed in pairs and oft II I I I III I II upper stipules usually II II I I III III 1 1 hi feu (Id sepals spread- inii aft r fl II 1 il 11 the outer ones entire or and narrow 28. foliolosa 24. Carolina, Linn. (J?. pnhUtris, Marsh. R. corym- bdsa, Ehrh. R. Pennnijlrihiica. Michx.). Fig. 2158. Upright shrub, attaining 8 ft., with slender stems: '"' usually 7, elliptic to narrow-oblong, acute at both ( usually pubescent beneath, %-2 in. long; stipules row: fls usually corymbose, pink, about 2 in. ac fr. depressed -globose, glandular -hispid, about J^ in. high, like those of the following species. June-Aug. Nova Scotia to Minn., south to Fla. and Miss., prefer- ring swampv and moist ground. G.W.F. 3."). Em. 2:4"' Mn. 1, p. 86.-Var. Huttalliana, Hort., has larger appearing later and continuing until September. 1554 ROSA 25. licida, Ehrh {B hiiwih^. \ar liiiiillit ri\ iln.nt 2 in diross; .sepals usually entire: tr lil ■ iliit 1 the preceding June, July. Newfoundl in I 1 \ ^ md I'a B B. 2:231. Gn. 5.5, p. 428 -W II I I .1 borders of shrubberies, handsome III iinin 1 il 11 ^ sinning foli- age and bright pink tl 1 r. I.. 'I'rx. C.F 3:101. -LikL- ilu. prcciuiii.„. .1 h:u..l,,.,iuc dwarf shrul with graceful foliage. Section VIII. Cinnamome.*:. Many American, Asiatii and Eurnprnii spicirf!. Ki-ect shrnhs, with nsiialli strairihf prh-h!:-:, ,„ /u,;,- nr sr„tt.-rrrf. avrl nftrti Irit) . Prickles in /luir.s iit the bits, of petioles: braiiilux ,il„)ii-inis. B. Sepals decitliinns; ir. ahnnf '4 ni. across, u-illi r. ,11 u »■ „!., „, n . . , l' BE. Sepals perxisl, III. irrrt nftrr floweriiuj. c. Stipules flat. D. Ji'ls. in usually many-fid. corymhs, usually 1% in. across ( larger and some- times solitary in Mos. SI and S2): fr. about X «". across: stipules usuafly entire and narrow. E. Fr. g/iilinx, . irilji nil or F. Sepals qutle entire ISO. pisocarpa .il. Fendleri FP. Sepals with few lobes OH the outer margins 32. Woodsii EE. Pr. globose - ovate, with prominent nert;, ^._. in. high :;:;. CaliJornica DD. Fls. usually snlilinii. J m. across or more : fr. '.../». 34. Nutkana ricl-les sr.ittei;,!. sviiiiliinrs in pairs in iVo. 41. Stems and branches almost ?(«- armed, without bristles 3(1. pendulina 37. reclinata 38. Virginiana Stems anrl branches ivith numer- ous prickles and bristles. .'. lirinichrs and prickles gla- liriins. 11. Fls. corymbose: fr. with spreading sepals .S9. Arkansana DD. Fls. solitary: fr. with erect sepals 40. acicularia ■c. Branches and prickles tomen- tose or pubescent 41. rugosa ttaining 10 sties: Ifts. l.ir-serrate. 29. gymnocdrpa, Nutt. Stems si 5-9, broadiv .lliiiii.- '.. • ' ■■ - : ■ ' usually ghil.i...... 'I irv or few, pale pink, alMiiii. I n ,■.•: ;., 1 1 . ir. orange- red. June, July. Bill. Lul. Lu Lulil., ia,,i Lo -Mont. 30. pisoc4rpa, Gray. Stems slender, with slender, straight or ascending prickles, without bristles, some- times unarmed: Ifts. 5-7, oblong to oblong-obovate, simply serrate, pubescent beneath, ]4-\% in. long: fls. pink, about 1 in. across, on short usually .smooth pedi- cels: fr. globose, with a very short neck. June to Aug. Brit. Col. to Ore. B.M. 6857. 31. Fendleri. Cr.'^n. Sti-ms S ft. hi-h. with slender or ret-lirvi'.! Iiri.l l< -. - iii.~ n it:, rm. .1 : 111 -, :,-7, oblong usuall\- i;l:i I- I . : ' ,1- glabrous. ~li..rt, sni.iiitli: fr. globose, nil, with little or no neck. W . Tex. and New Mex. B.B. \ ,-\-\- decorative in fruit, which 1. 111^ :: ft, high, with slender, ■kl.-, ..ti.ii bristly: Ifts. 5-7, , ..r .l.iiil.ly glaudular-serrate. 32. Wofidsii, Lin straight or recurv. obovate to (ibl.nii^. solitai : ' I : 111, arviss, on very short th]iiMl.ui.l\. high; Ifts. 7-9, broadh neate at the liase, sini) cent beneath. H-2 in. 1. I,'.h!,h„l . setiq ,Cr^p., corymbose, rarely solitary, pink, sometimes white, 1)2-2 in. across; outer sepals with one or few lobes. June, July. Minn, and Brit. Col. to New Mexico. B.B. 2:230. Mn 3:116.— Adapted for covering dry slopes and barren places. According to E. L. Greene, the true B. Arkan- while the form .•.mn i in ili.- n-i..iis ii.inli :iim1 west of these locality's is a .liir.i-.iii s|„',i..s, f,.i- whi.-h he proposes the name //. /n-atitimla ; tins f..riii is .i.-scribed above. The true B. Arkansnna, Porter, dirtcrs by Its glabrous foliage, glandular and bristly stipules and re- flexed sepals. At the same place (Pittonia, 4:10-14) Greene describes four other new species belonging to this section. 40. aoiculiris, Lindl. Stems low, densely prickly: Ifts. 3-7, broadly elliptic to narrowly oblong, rounded at base, simply or doubly serrate, pubescent beneath, K-2 in. long: fls. solitary, deep rose, l}^-2 in. across, fragrant; sepals entire and nearly glabrous: fr. globu- lar to oblong, i4-l in. long. May, June. Alaska to On- tario and Colo., N. Eu., N. Asia, Jap. -A very variable species. Var. S4yi, Rehd. (B. acictMris, var. BourgeauiAna, Cr^p., partly). Fig. 2161. Lfts. glandular and pubescent beneath, usually somewhat doubly glandular-serrate : fls. larger, often 2% in. across : fr. usuallv globular. Ontario to Brit. Col. and Colo. B.B. 2:1967. Var. Engel- manni, Cr^p. in herb. {B. Eiii/ehii(nini,'W&tti. ) Similar to the preceding: lfts. distinctly doubly glandular-ser- rate: fr. oblong, to 1 in. long. Colo, to Brit. Col. Q.F. 2:377. Var. NipponSnsia, Hook. f. Lfts. smaller, K-% in. long; petioles bristly: branchlets and pedicels glan- dular-hispid: fls. IJ^ in. across. Japan. B.M. 7046. i.l.iivate, usually cu- iiiiire or less pubes- es usually entire: fls. 41. rugdaa, Thunb. Pigs. 2148ff, 2162-4. Upright shrub, attaining 6 ft., with stout stems den.sely beset with prickles and bristles: lfts. .5-9, oval to obovate-oval, rugose, shining and dark green above, glaucescent and \\ 2161. 3 li- \ Rosa acicularis. ar. Sayi. 3.'-J 1 firm, ■' 4-2 in. long; peti- oles tomentos.- hm hi". IP. -ijl.ules dilated: fls. soli- tary or few, inn [ !■ in. across: bracts large; pedic.N |.i; .rptacle smooth : fr. de- pressed-globusr, i i t. .: Toss. May-Sept. N. China, Cor. :,l ril ■ ■ species. Vars. Wrox, C. A. Mr 1 ■. A. Mey. B. tirox, Lawr. /.', /; ,)ii.l. ff. Andrew, Lange). Stoui .m„ iv^. thick, very rugose and sliiiui.t. across. S.Z. 1:28. B.K. 5:412 ). t.t ' l"!'!; !■'. I'. .'.;i7. G.C. II. 14::i72. Gn. 40, p. :i24 ; ' MM ,.,,. |. l:!(. I.H. 18:47. Gng. 1: -; 5:339. \ 1 , 1 : ' \ 1 l> ::ii;7. Var. Kamschitlca, Kegel ( /,■. A .,. ■ ' ;."' . 'I. \'.Mit. 1. Less densely armed Ivs. thi nner. I^•^ fr. smaller. B.K. 5:419. B.M. 3149. Besides these the following forms are often cultivated : Var. 41ba, with fls. Gn. 9:20; var. alba pl6na, with double white fls.; var. rdsea, with pink fls.; var. rilbra, with purple fls. ; var. rdbra pUiia, with double pu Gt. 24:840. R. rtigfim is one of ' Single Roses, especially for shrubberies ; it is very hand- some on account of its dark green shining foliage, large fls. appearing during the whole summer, bright red con- spicuous fruits, and its beautiful orange and scarlet fall • • by reason of its numbers of hybrids 1 (louble-fld. Garden I new race of hybrid s and long bloomi orge Bruaut il H. rnqosa with a form 446, 447. I.H. 42. p. R. multi flora, R. spinosissima, R. 1^ there are probably p.ri4K; .VJ. p. :ix4. K.H.1895,p. Hybrids are also known with amomea, B. microphylla, B. 'rniana and R. humiHs, and I.I i.r. /•'.»■ Old World species. 7 h'lr: jri-irl-les straight, scat- (X fiiiil mixed with bristles: II 9: stipules narrow, with di- iricles: fls. solitary, without '■('ct and persistent. tR. pimpinellifdlia, Linn.l. lb. with upright recurving or nooth o gla d lar h sp 1 June Eu W \ a to CI ara)l \ ar Altaica TI / w g 1 fl L ndl) More n 1 p 1 1 ootl B R 11 888 t n o3 1159 A. F (_Dg 0 Vdr hispida K 1 e ( i? / ? =; B ! P 1 ) 1 11 1 1 1 1 1 1 H Hon i 1 1 1 1 1 \ mit ss ma A\ 1 1 1 A. 15)7 I 4 0 * r pl^na 11 . •- t N 1 (-/." gl ,! Ill H 1. 15 ^ 1 1 B 1 < 1 ely 1 kpd |l er- Iglt mynac&ntha W D Kocl {R j a th DC ) hes ver p cklj Iv doul ly glandular serra mall 1 11 1 t 1 1 h 1 Red Ros (1 6 ) a I 111 1 Me pnk and arlet •w th. R pe 1 lar and probably of the same j arentage 4'i Eglantena L nn notMlI (J? luttii . Mill. ) . fe'lii ub with long, slendc i often sarinento-^e or climbing ruits of Rosa rugosa Var. pl^na, Hort. With double fls., often cult, under the name of Per- sian Yellow. B.R. 1:46. F.S. 4:374. S.B.F.G. 11. 4:353. Var. Hirisoni, Hort., Harrison's Yellow Rose, is of paler color and iv little less double than Persian Yel- low, but it blooms more freely, is more vigorous, hardier and easier to grow. It is of American origin and may be a hybrid <.f Persian Yellow with .Rosa sjiim^xi.^sima. Serice^. (Ill, .Isiiiiir speviff. with the prirkh-s hi jmirs: slip- irith erect dilated (Utricles.- fh. out bracts: sepals entire, persis- ght. E. tetrapita la, Royle ) . At- aining 12 ft., with prickly ind often bristly branches: 2163. Rosa rugosa Natural size. becoming 10 ft high, usually v Ifts .5-<),hroadlv ovate to oval, do dark .MM 11 .lb. .^, ottdiLdllldnlu ibes ; beneath, white, 1 4(i mmutiSoha ong: across ; petals usually 4, sometimes 5: fr. globose or turbinate. May, June. Hinial. B M 5200. R. H 1897, 1) 444, 445 TiioAmeri- II, III -lendei Kill incised I I II nd di I ^epaU .lu shrub, 4 U ikutate, Mij. Caht. ROSA 3 M 2847 B K >l lOJJ ( ( HI (, 497 207 —Handsome cliniliins Ru e hut not hardy h\bnd with if liaiik iir is ii" tniliinedna I A hj hrid w ith a Tea Rost is the Anemone 1 large single light pink H M D ( Is'lf M5. \\ MiCROPHYLL 1 I "S. qht In •^pleading shiuli fis 11-15 ohpid ii/e)il aiDielei (1 r,lh 1 1 >1 ,," "'1 cadiKo,,-. 1 i„ 1 ^f, ril h.nad, 1 1 , t nt thu outu ones pinnate carpeh H of reoiptacle icrophylla Roxb Much branched spreading t) tt ln„b with straight or ascending prickles: l-lo elliptic to oblong elliptic acute sharply ser- glabrous or pubescent beneath : fls pale pmk often solitary 2-2K in. short pedicelled sepals and yS^f^ fei eptacle pri"kh tr depressed- pulx S I I t III I I . leptil-, lefUnd lift,) n 48 bracteita, Wendl (Jf Maciitnea Dum ) CARTNEY Rose Stem uuill\ii( uiiilnntir tose villous tomi i i ih i n 1 1 1 | 1 1 1 1 5-9 oval to ol \ above and soni i I >/-2 in I .ng rt . II III ioi -Handsome half evergreen climbei not Section \1\ xng shiitb u eialtii S St, liracts larqi 40 laevigata bious 1K-2X in loii„ 2K-3K in across fra^ densely bristh fr 1 China, Formosa, Japan 2166 Cherokee Rose — Rosa laevigata (X ^2) Commonly known as li Sinica No 49 globose l^''-2 m across \erv prukh Tune July. China Japan B M 6o48 -\ ar plena Hort With double fls BM 3490 BR 11919 Not quite hardy north <^ometimes hybrids with i? C/iuiew'.fs and with h I -w nit under the name of i? microphylla. II I Im{ 111 / I iii/osn has large single purple fls., I ^leen foliage and very piickly I I \i.,orous growth and will probably 111 il Ml plant SUPPLEMENTAKY LiST. (The Roman figui-e indicates the group to which belongs.) 7?. agrestis. Sari. (VI). Allied brislles: peilioels siiio.jth: lis. siii mbigiuosa. Without >scoEA 1559 •intha, Smith (VI). Allied to E. prickles, without bristles: Ifts. Us. pale pink, small; styles slightly . At'r., W. Asia.— i^. niicrocdrpa, >t Lindl. ) (1). Branches slender, itu-s: Ifts. :i-7, ov;il.--l;inceolate; R. moschata. sho bably Fries (VI). Allied to K. eanii Lfts. pubescent beneath; petioles tomentose: fls. pink, sho pedicelled; bracts large; sepals upright after flowering. E W.Asia. Very variable. Var. Fra?beli, Rehd. (R. canina, vi Fruebeh Christ) Of \'igorous growth lfts simplj or don) serrate bluish gieen tls smill (VIII) AlhedtoR Prickles s hum 'li glandular-serrate; fls. usually Smith (VI). Allied to R.villo> prickles often slit,'litly .-nrved: Wall (VIII) El small orbicul ir t iry pink large BM 7666 B0SAN6WIA See Su B0SCH£BIA (name uneiplained ) PahnAcea A enus ot one species i p iliii from !>e\chelles allied to I\,ii.li..ili. \vhi(h s, , tn iliffiicni.s Tt is slender, mbigmos 1 lu ,11 i Tritt (R Hackeliin, Dwart Ifts tomeut fragrint tin Pi„b,l,h l.^ Hort =R com; Rochebr (I) A Itts usualh 7 n Lyeth Lindl P phjUa Climbini hose large whit B inacrnphi/JIa 'll I bini I V si,l (I II i\ ii \ h nil I lu |iii M\ spadix lit 11 ^ 1,1 111 Ik Ii m 1 1 I itli I nil I 1 ,ll\ 111 1 1 s|,,ithe3 ' "Irpa-A ones\,,\'MsVei,rthe"u'p('"'.'l''odiiu'us 'fls"piu"f"i fusl simth (\ I) form, small, black I sa Ltts melanochbetea, Wend! {Vei seliaffiltm melanochate^, whitish -if Wetiill I liuiik 1 ,-J> ft hi„h, i-3 m in diaiii , v,nh 'I'ti 1ft.''n ? inxii\ I II I I 1 11 I hIm 11 Miiiii,; with a riuK of spines fl-s Tr" I'elou I - , ' -7 tt Ion,. . petiole VA-2% et/ (Mil) tt I 11 1 I ,1 lund miininK fiom the top - ..■:, rr.■[^ l,,.l.|v l.i ,\:,y. The success of the K....- in ilii- a question of the sele.-ti..n,.ra.|; l|.;;.lil.' \ :.l nil. -, Tin-.' varieties are mostly th. ■ n mN ..I val-Mi.- I\ |..'- Iin.l species. In n..>st i;:ir.l.'n 1;..-.- trai'.- III.- .iri-in:.! -n. -i- ■ '-. .ili : ,: . la-sittcation is ot ■, ,:,. iin,in, the leading garil.M. ■■ ■• ■ ■■! -:- ■■ I . . For a garden Clas.il:.- i, , ■! .■ :-.'l.- 1- Bak.n- ■: .■ ■■■■-. 1 '■ i. l:..| iss.-.). R0S.J 3i-..i.l:.l,- l;..l..Tl 11 II I !■■. ■'■ later editions; "Manu n I: ■ ■ Prince, New York, l.H In, i . ', ■ - New York, 1847, and In • ■ i n n Culturist," New York, 1 > .n . I; : i I Parkman, Boston, l«li(l; "TIh- K..-. . li. Louis, 1882; "The Rose," H. H. Kllwani 1882, 2d ed. 1892; "Secrets of It..-.- '' Hatton, Huntington, N. Y., Ib'.ll. F..r books in all languages, see "Bildin^'ralia de la Rii by Vergara, Madrid, 1892. Following are the equivalents of some of the comi names of Roses: York. \V. .1. Rose Banks Rose Bengal Bourbon Champney Cherokee Cinnamon Mca. Dog Eglantine ' A'. rnl,,,,nio ,s-„. Moss Musk Noisette Prairie /,■. (.■„ll,,;,. /.'. „„..-:rl,„t, /.-. A',h!„i„., A", riiiiun.'' :!;:" Horticultural Classification oS Koses.-The garden classification of Roses presents considerable difficulty, as the several groups have been so nmch mixed that the original characteristics of each overlap at nearly all points. This is parfii-ularlv true of the Perpetuals, of Class I. Summer-flowering Roses, blooming once only. A. Lanie-fliiiririil (/louble\. 1). Oroirtl, hnnichinii or Pruveme Moss Pompon Sulphurea Damask and French Hybrid French Hybrid Provence Hybrid Bourbon Hybrid China le,il L. Small flowered {shirjie iiiHl double). H. tirnivtii eUmhiny: fix. produced shiglxj BB. Grou'lli .•ench Damask spinous: Ivs. light y : free - flowering : growing in any soil; petals li:. i ;■ _ -iMili-ln; makes abundanceof wood, win. :i -i m.kI Im ■ ImiiMd nut ; perfume develops in the dried pei;its. Hybrid French or Hylirid Provence, a less robust group with smoother, short-jointed wood and gener- ally light-colored flowers. Type Princess Clementine. Other subdivisions inchnle hybrids with nearly all of the Perpetual group. Madame Plantier is a Hybrid Noisette. Coupe d'Hebe is a Hybrid Bourbon. Hybrid China (China x French and Provence, par- taking more of those parents). Growth Tre-re riiiVnse than the French Rose; foliage siiiu..ii, u.i,,!,.' nid remains on the bush late in the >- : m- merous and strong. Vigorous of Kr.i. > ,, and generally well adapted, to poor smi r.^iim ■ imr little pruning. Garden-group 3. Alba, or White Bases. A very distinct group; all light-colored flowers of moderate size: leaf whitish above, deep green below: spineless (some hybrids with other groups are very thorny), of free growth ; prune closely. Type, Peleoite Parmentier and Maiden's Blush. en group 4 A lendei hoots s fl prodlK e,l t limbing Roses; lie for t and tr Useful for pot cultiva- fls \ ary from white to Jeep Rami of til, Gu. be I II I r nils ii.;hiiii:,' may grout li' I 111 1 til hlim I i\i„ of garden Roses, mostly nj ill floweitd lud which do not readily respond to high cultivation They are more useful as flowering shrubs in the garden than for cut flowers. The blooms are generally short-lived. Austrian or Yellow Briers. Small leaflets: solitary flowers: bark chocolate-brown. Very hardy, but re- ipiire pure air and dry soil; will stand very little pruning, producing flowers from the upper ends of the old wood. Types, Harisoni, Austrian Copper and Persian Yellow. Scotch or Spiny. This group is well recognized by its excessive spininess; the spines are also very sharp: compact. Imw 1,i,s1,..s. flowering abundantly and early: flow<-r~ , i,:,il, ,l.nii,|,.. Multiply by under- ground .suck, r ' Ml,- hybrid o"f this group, Stanwell, is a 1 Sweetbrier. I n -i in:;,ii-li, ,| by the fragrance of its leaves: the fruits are also decorative: foliage small: flowers light-colored generally and not held of much account. Lord Penzance Briers. This is a nrou|> of hybrids of if.rn6((/Jnos«(theS\v, iil-ii, i . ;,i,,i M,. .iMir'hirge- flowered varieties, e-i" " ' Diiiiask. The results are hardly ,i , ■ , , i is yet: a few are to be found in ,, ,, . i , .,,i . , speaking they may be fcroiip divides itsilt iMtii li ml 111 Multitliira true and Polyantha 1/ »"' ' Hi | n nt t\)ie is cliaric teristicof the ^ tni ii li i ili. il \ i ^ l« mj; produc ed in lar^e cor5nil>s in.l . uiiiiiiiii, o\,i t i oraparitnelj long time lliis t,i<.u|i is imlHulirh well adapted to the \Mld Kirdiii llieit iie iiiuuj li\brids, which ire ROSK brills ha%e l.i i ii lusid from Hjbiid Peipttml and lea % III. 1 ^ 111^ lii_i Bowers, scented, suth ire (jardeiu i ' i iut\ beveral hybridists ire now Willi 1 MIS, and he next fin a eiis promisi 1 lupments W A Mxndi in New Jci I \1 11 W il U in Massachusettb and M Horvath in ( ilnu m thus engaged Cherokee {N hiiujula) of the southern states can be grown satisfactorilj awaj flora its native regions onlj m a greenhouse Pigs 2152—1 The Biuksian (B Banksiw) Two varieties of this are known, the yellovp and the white Requires gieenhouse treatment e\ergreen needs \erj little pruning mi rtly shortening the shoots that haie blui.ini il ^ I 111. «% iriety scentless white vaiiety pos SI ^111-, til, I il .1 i)t violets flowers are produced in ^1 H I 111! ih I ui^ (lusters I ml. 11 ,1 ii|. s Pumpon A small How ered Provence tTirilen ^loup 9 Hybiid Perpetual, or ffybrid Re- montant A large and comprehensive group of much aixed origin The mixture with other groups has be ome so involved as tn u nili i si p u itioii piutii dlv mpossible The . h n i i n n III I I , 1 I IS lift upright f,rii\Mli 1 Is ot ill tjpi s t.ih . I I I ii\ SLintLd Chill I ^1 I II , u Ki fiom the purt III _■ of a deeper gretn in I ^t forcing Roses an in ilu i i i | i n iln gieatest development foi \ii i m n Kil.iit Scott IS a type of this diss mil i in i hum Mn NeiUedeLjon, H P and I . 11 si i , i, IhlnulTci The La France tjpe belongs In 1 I i_ _Pii Garden gioup II J/oss A. piiintuil tiowcring group of the Provence See Summer Roses ind Fig 2157 Girdon !;roup 12 Botiihon Dwarf and compict ^r i(i,'Borho»icu,etL ) is the 1 u portant group of hardy Roses Tht are crosses of Provence and Damask I 1 1 i I > bons. Bengals and Teas, and \ice veisi in nl i\ -., ^ Hybrid Perpetuals, in regions of se\eie wmtLis, oIIli the amateur the greatest promise of sutcess A warm sunny spot shieldi d fiom strong or bleak winds should be chosen for the Rose garden A piece of woods or a hedge offer good protettion if they are far enough away from the bushes so that thej do not shade them or rob them of nourishment Dean Hole says, "The Rose garden must not be m an exposed situation. It must have sh( Ut i 1 ut it must ii t b i\( sh.ade. No boughs ma\ diik n ii lii| m lui u no roots may rob the Rose \ tiill i 1 i I \[ I to late frosts than vail, v in.l is ih , i i. I, ti.i I Ih spot tb. 50il fol strong rich clay or lo;iiii lli n li I i Roses soraetinn s do well in gravel or suiHi\ s il II ! m ! !'■ ij • tn ds nf \ ' i do. The ground should b. | I i i 1 .i. i tli and all stones, grass and n i I Late autumn is the best ti ii li n U Roses. The writer has set . n i I i lIMiid Perpetuals and Hybrid Teas win n In w is < nipelled to shovel away several inrhes ot snow and bieak up the frozen crust of the earth with crow bar and pick a\ before lie could dig the tiench m which he planted tli.iii, ;iih1 yrt he did not lose one of them. Put out late in till' full Willi tlif. earth well firmed around them and propirk I ri'it ii.d, hardy and half hardy Roses aie alin..-i -111,' ti. I ..me through the wmtei all right and make a g.iud bU.um the first s„i,nii«-, In i . i.thei way can Roses be set out so ipn M I II as in a trench dug the proper depth i I .1 plants should be set so that thf i i . inches under the surface of the gi. Ill I 1 In i ..nly way to secure immunity from su. K.is ^i.iwing trom the root into which the bush has been budded The best fertilizer for Roses is rotted cow manure. The next in value is the manure from the pig-sty. ROSE 1563 Nearly all of the Hybrid Perpetuals and Mosses will stand the seveiv winters in the northern states without protection, but it !~ li.--t i. |if..f('ct them. Ah Bourbon, Hybrid Noisett. , [1\ In nl Cliina and Hybrid Teas in the northern, and m -.nin' i.l ih.' middle states, must be protected; "exc.lsn.i- " ii..l around the bushes to the height of 12 or 1.') inches gives snlli.i.nt pi..ti.|'tion. When the leaves are out and the I. mis w.-ll l.irnied a mixture composed of three parts ..f wh.'at llnnr ami one of white hellebore sprinkled on tli. Lilia^e when wet after a rain ..r .l.'W .lis|,i,>,.s ..f tlir -i .hingerous foes of flour paste that lii.l.K tin- liillrlioi'.' ..n till iis work is done. A tea mail.- ot t..lia st.-nis will .lestroy the insects should be done iu the spring before the sap begins to flow. The following embrace the best of the Hybrid Per- petuals: Alfred Colomb, Anne de Diesbach, Baron de Bonstetten, Baroness Rothschild, Clio, Earl of Dufferin, Fisher Holmes, Fi incois Michelon, Gloire de Margottm, den Jacqueminot (Tusta\e Piganeau, Hemrich bchul theis Jtan Lubuid, Jeannie Dickson, Jubilee, La Rosii re, Louis V m Houtte, Mabel Moriison, Mine Ga buel Luizet, Mmhionessof Lome Mirgaiet Dickson, Mane Bauinann M ,i si ,11 I> w ,1,1, , ■\Its T l,n Laing, Pierre Nottm 1 i ' i I I I i i . n of Queens, XaM i i i I ' 1 i n. i The Moss 1 i is a universal fa\ i i I i i i i 1 bia cihsand Omim. ii Mi.ss 1 i„ Jl 7 s. \ . „ 1, ,fl, tsaie found on most of them They must be closely piuned The Perpetual Moss Rose (Bosc, GalUea, var »i»s cnsd ) Thi se are like the Moss Roses e\. ept that the> .are autumnal be.arers Mme Edwatd Orj , S ilet and Souneit et Nottmg are the best of this class The best Sweetbiier (i?osi/ i Hhnininsa) Egl mtiue la a name given to a Rose found in i wild st ite in \aiious coun- tries One variety kn.mn is i inni ni Sweetbner, a native of England, is pn I wt, i \ i known It owes its populaiity not to its II i 1 ut i ih perfume of its foliage The attempts m i i. t . .1. \ . I |> the flower and still retain the fragrance ot its foil ij:e h«enot yet been successful No better Rose can be found for hedge- making. Austrian Brier [Rosa Eglanteria) : This Rose has 7or9 1564 ROSE leaflets and single flowers of a coppery yeUow color. It is so hardy that it can brave the most rigorous climate where man tills the soil. Persian Yellow, Hariaonii and Copper are the most valuable varieties. They should be pruned sparingly. Hybrid Climbing Roses. These are especially useful as pillar Roses. The most valuable are Climbing Jules Margottin (See Fig. 2179, page 15G7) and Glory of Ches- hunt. The Prairie Rose {Bona netifjcra) is the hardiest of climbers. This qualify, witli fhf rai>iclity and vigor of growth, has givi-n tin in a wi.lir i...|.iilarity than any other climher.-i. 'rin- i i.in ol thi I'nui ir is the only fra- grant Pra.rio H.isr. |;,,ltiri,..i . I'm II. i litr. 2154) is the ties an': i,ii!- -i '■ !'■ :>■■ . ■: ' M. ri' ■■<<•'! TriuiM- loses: Bourbon Rose {Rnsn Boin-bon- ip for the most part is composed of au- ■s. Tlipy are popular as garden Roses. Ill . I bloomer. Appoline is the most I ii.ody and Malmaison are also dc- I'll moderate growers of this group Another prarl ire is to Im high on Ijner stocks i grow them as standards, Americans prefer the free-growing bush, blooming from near the ground (Fig. 21 74). Edjr-.n-d M. Mir.LS. Another View o! Gar- den Rose - Growing. Roses iii,-iv 111' sni'c-i ss- fuUy Kn.un in aiiv si.il that will pniilii.T lair crops (it i;r,-iiii, Mi,'ila- bles or grass. Certainly the best results will be obtained in the favorable soils and nations, but every who loves a Rose ana possesses a few feet of ground with plenty of own Rose garden and find pleasure and health in cultivating the queen of fl labor, Kvrn tin- rilv ivsiilinl . whnsr house has been erected on tbi: site ol' an exliausted bricli-yard, can at a small expen,se secure sufficient good soil from the outskirts and manure ROSE from the adjacent stables to make a Rose garden that will grow as good plants and flowers as those of his more favored friends who have acres at their disposal, provided alwavs that the sunlight can reach the beds for at least half of the day. The on-iiaralioii of the ground is the first st.p of V :ii ■ . provision must be made for til' 1: : _. ' , , I xcept in very extreme cases, 111. 11 ' I.I'M ni.iiiioncd will be found amply I. 'I'bf coiii|M.sition of the soil should depend lass of Roses to be grown, for the Hybrid I. ' i lilts do best in a heavy soil containing clay, Willi. I h.isH having Tea blood prefer a lighter, warmer The beds may be made of any desired shape, but a width of 4 ft. will usually be found the most satis- factory, as a double row can be planted at intervals of ■_".. ft , "hi'-d "ill 1..- all that is necessary for the stt".i:' ' .,, • ', I' '.tics, and the blooms <-!iii be uMi ' I III 1 1 bout the necessity of tramp- ized by itlautiiig The plants will then be 1 ft. from the edge and 30 in. apart, and each plant will be fully exposed to the light and air and will not interfere with its neighbors. In preparing a bed on a lawn, the sod and soil should first be entirely re- moved and placed apart; then the best of the subsoil may be taken out and placed on the other side of the trench, :ind. lastly, the portion to be discarded, milking in all a depth of at least 2 feet. The floor is then loosened to the full depth of a pick-liend, the good subsoil replaced nttd ~!' — mixed with a generous dress- ingof well-de<'omjir»scd table the surface soil ami sod well broken up and also thoroughly en- riched with manure, and the bed filled to tho level of the ad- joining surface with enough good soil added to replace the dis- carded earth. Wlien the lied has settled the suiface should l>e at leist one inch below til It of the adjoining s 1 m order that all 111 rainfall be re- I iiKd The writer be- any d the plants suffer 2m. Marcchal Niel Rose (X H). e of the most popular of the Noisettes. tor want of moistu If the bed is intended for the hardy Hybrid Perpetual or Remontant class, it" should contain a fair proportion of clay well mixed with the soil. A suf- always present in a heavy loam. If KOSE rt tl Tea o-hter I oper from the dealers ■ sho Id then Ve pad ( 1565 Qly the ithan If th and on tl orth the U d -B 11 Mare dva 1 \ s the I to e prope Ro eb deep Ihe scrl ve t n El tiro loon db the e l;^ 1 i pened choke and kll tl and V so o s wood wh u the are en leavor ng t velop From the elat po nt of V ew t Ipha jecton to I dl ke a goo 1 gro th nd a ta r bloo n n the olio V ng season W th the t n er to k he ^ 1 > tf 1 of all wl 0 1 ' ' *el \lm\\ t finer 0 f 1 R gro n n 1 s ther 1 e 1 and grafted I i Id 4 ) P B d Jioie Holes at lea t 1 f t m depth anl Id be n le fo e h vl t the the lul was f wb 1 ta t place 1 roots sjreai o ( no o t ro s e 0 1 free from lu t t uu F M u B ho Id never be pi el n act a contact w 1 tl e root but ear at 1 and where tl e new feeding roots can easily reach when growth begins -)7 enal le any one to dis firm substance handle of a spa wh el has been fir pla p i n tl e " o in an upr gl t po 2175 Flower of 1 : Manett Rose w 11 answer n el ) used a a stock F ess tl e 1 all of earth fl 1 between the 1 ands to Ico en tl e ea th w thout nj r ng the r ots till tl e hole w th water nsert the pi t a very 1 ttle leepe than t tood n tl e pot fill in with soil and pack the earth around firmly. Pot- 1566 ROSE grown plants will always require staking if the varie- ties are of upright growth. Tea ii'oses. -Where the climate is too cold to winter out Tea Koses successfully, a charming effect can be obtained by planting in a bed 6 ft. in width, the rows one foot from the edge and 2 ft. apart, and the bed of any desired length or any multiple of 3 ft. A sectional frame made from tongued and grooved white pine fenc- ing, 2 J^ ft. in height at the back and 2 ft. in front, fac- ing east or southeast and fastened together with hooks and eyes or screws, the whole covered with ordinary coldframe sash (G x 3 ft.), will preserve the tender va- rieties through a severe winter. The sash should be freely opened when the temperature is above 30° F. and air admitted (lnrint' tli.- .hiv wlien it is 10 or 15° lower. Always close 1.. inn .nn It ;iii.| open as soon as the sun 11^' the sash to keep the 'ii is just as essential as ' I , if abundance of flowers is desired. A few days' neglect in opening the sash when the temperature is above 30° will destroy most of the buds for the coming .June, as they will be forced out. and one cold night will kill them. Protect from rains or snows, and do not water. Suffli-ii'nt moisture reaches tlie rciiJts from the outside to keep the plants in a healthv condition. The 'writer has a num- ber of Teas that have been grown successfully in such a bed for many years. They give hundreds of fine blooms from May until November and remain so vigorous that many of the new shoots are half an inch in diameter. inif i?o.ses. — These ■pry effective back- and if trained on vire fence give a beautiful display. The strong-growing varieties should be planted 8 ft. apart and will each easily fill a trellis 9 ft. high. They also look well trained on the house porch, but are much more likely to be attacked by insect enemies there than when planted in the open, where the birds have free accps:s to thom, with no fear of disturbance. The hir.l- vill ivt .1.. ■_".'«! work where they are in constant scs grown on porches arc II . i i l.y nplii.lis aiirl slugs, the leaves bei'^m! , i ,.| vki l.-t..nizc(]. which rarely occurs will I, :■ . ; rii..l in ili. ..|" ii. If Roses are wanted iir^un.! |,..i-l,r. il,,. .M i.M-.i|,ln ll,i'. white and pink, and the ('nni-.in l.'.nnlilrr .mh !..■ s.ilrly planted, as they are nut :iiiiii-k..| l,x' tlir ^luj-. Imh iIi.- blooms do not compare f:i\ mimI,I\ a iili iiiaiiv.itliir Kn.-i^ of their habit. The otli. r ^;Mi.■lh- niii iilso be grown around porches, proviii. -I i where the drippings fv"in il them and they are kept If • accomplished hv fr..- ^ ,., fusion to be d--' ' i - ! i ' ' m. Only a few m : '["i-as can be grown suc- cessfully in tin I lulmielphia. Many of the finer varieties m-.' n-n hi. -- h, n-, in spite of all the pro- tection that can In- given them, unless they are covered with glass. Lamarque, Bouquet d'Or, Cloth of Gold, Triomphe de Rennes, Mari5chal Niel and Reve d'Or have, in the writer's experience, all perished in the first winter, but Reine Marie Henriette, Gloire de Dijon, William Allen Richardson and Celine Forestier will do well and yield satisfactory results. The finest climbing Tea for this latitude is Reine Marie Henriette. It prur blooms finely and makes a magnificent growth, as may each be seen in Pig. 2177. The trellis is 10 ft. wide and 9 ft. in le high. hold These varieties should be pruned sparingly by simply men 2176. A typical dormant Rose as it should be planted. A, point where bud was inserted. can be planted Mil not fall upon ii::s. This can be the hellebore in- ROSE shortening-in the too vigorous shoots and cutting the laterals back to two eyes. Tie all to the trellis in a fan shape, dividing the space as evenly as possible. Fig. 2178 shows the same Reine Marie Henriette pruned and trained on trellis. These continue in flower until November, the early bloom in June being the finest, but many good Roses may be gathered throughout the summer and autumn. With the hardy June-flowering varieties the writer has not hail nuich e.vperience and can only recommend Crimson Rambler and Cheshunt Hybrid from actual observation. Both of these are effective in their masses of bloom for about three weeks in each year. Space has been so precious in the garden from which these notes were made that only the most satisfactory varieties were cultivated, and such kinds as Baltimore Belle and Prairie Queen do not compare favorably with others that occupy no more room and give much more gratifying results. Hjlhrid Sweetbriers. — The recent introduction of the Marquis of Penzance Hybrid Sweetbriers is a val- uable addition to our collection. All of t'he 16 varie- ties given in the accompanying list are desirable. The foliage is abundant, healthy, vigorous and fragrant, and the exquisite shadini,' of p.ai-b variety forms a beautiful contrast with the i among them, for a where there is suf should have a hi apart. The only i over-vigorous grn the oldest shoots i Prunimi Ihr el u kng e ap A uade haf fi u{, a a oba a 0 y and Af ba be n Ctiltii'tition. — Just before growth commences in the spring, the surplus rough manure should be removed from the beds and all the remaining fine particles forked in. Deep cultivation is not desirable, as the roots are likely to be injured or broken. Three inches in depth is quite sufficient to cultivate a bed that has not been trampled upon, and this should be done with a 4- tined digging-fork, which is less likely to cause injury to roots than a spade. The beds should then be neatly edged and the surface raked off smooth and even. Fre- quent stirring of the surface with a sharp rake is all that is necessary afterwards, until the buds begin to develop. Then half a gallon of weak liquid manure ap- plied around the roots of each plant just before a shower will be eagerly appreciated and assimilated. The manure water should be prei>ared beforehand, and of appi all .-plant given a full r:ui..n. ( 1)1,. |H is.,i] should dig a shallow trench with a gMr.irii tii.M I iiiMinid each plant, the next follow and fill Willi till- liiiuiil manure, being careful to avoid be- srairi'hing the leaves; afterwards the bed can be raked over level and the rain will wash the dainty food to the eager roots, and thrift and glory will result. This feed- ing may be repeated with benefit every week until the season of bloom is over, after which stimulation should cease and the plants be permitted to perfect the new wood for the next season's growth. Little pruning is necessary with "cut-backs." So much' wood has been removed in gathering the blooms that but littlr- ,i,orr- i« left than is needed to keep the plaiii- v!-r>n.ii^ :,n,l healthy. There is another advantage fruti iIm' -y-i.i,i of close pruning: all growths are so si i"im ,iimI '\i-^.r- ous that they are better able to resist any iinoa.ls either of insects or disease. The greenfiy seldom ap- pears, but when detected may be readily kept down by repeated syringing with tobacco-water or Quassia llfusi, The belief that Roses exhaust the soil i and require to be cha accepted, aud is true planted the m.,'oi<>\is cialh if 1 ^'iiicioiis . few years ground is generally , but when beds are ind budded Roses find siifficient nutri- suppoit a healthy I 111 my J ears, espe- 11 mure be applied 1 1 lied liberally dur- A top dressing of iltivation will restore ing the de%elopment of tlie wood ashes after the first spi the potash to the soil and materially increase the vigor of the wood and flowers. 99 Slugs are usually found on the under side of the leaves and may be discovered by the skeletonized appearance of the leaf. To destroy them, make a decoction of powdered white hellebore, with one heap- ing tablespoouful to a pail (about four gallons) of boil- ing water. After cooling, apply with a syringe or, better, with a whisk broom. Push the top of the plant away with the left hand aud, with the broom dipped in the solution, throw the drug up and against the leaves. One thorough application will usually suffice, but if the slug has appeared in previous years, anticipate his com- loCS ROSE ing ami apply the hellebore solutiim before any mischief has been done an H 1 CountL ■> 1 1 U\toi 1 1 Edinburgh Duke ot I Verdier Fisher Holn Jacqueminot Giant t Her Maiesty James Bi Hopper James D Piul Morrison Madame Or il Maichtoness of Lome mann Mane Verdier M ing Mis R R Sharn 2169) Pride of W alth II de R bin R sslvi I Mm I 1 1 ' I // \ IVli Al I I ^ t I the following rtlditi I II I \ I lie Baldwin Bt 1 1 I I K I! ii\ Lady t Ian 1 I Karr ( omtesse Riza du Pir i 1 le de Lyon Prancisca Km II Ua Sprunt Madame Lanil 1 M M inian Cochet Madame Joseih bub witz M iiit \ an Houtte Papa Gontier, Sa frano &ou\ enir d un Ami The Queen White Manian Cochet Jl/oss ifotfs — Comtesse deMurmais Blanche Moreau Crimson Globe Laneii Princess Adelaide Climbmq ffnie!r seems I" I. 'I •'•.' . erity of the winters, w liere Im;iv\- falls nt -iMe,N all iiilre.iuent, and the sprint;- late and liekle, warm winds from the southwestern i>rairies alternating with chilling moisture-laden breezes from the lake. The beds are excavated to a depth of 2 ft., good drainage given, and then filled with a compost of rotted Plate XXXVI. Rose. American Beaut: ROSE sod and cow manure. Each spring following, some ma- nure and bone meal is forked into the surface. Liquid manure is given in June when the Koses are in full bloom, and a few times thereafter. The Roses are thoroughly sprayed with Bordeaux mixture when the leafage is fairly out, and once every three or four weeks of Rosa rugosa {> afterwards. Hand-picking seems the best method of destroying the worms affecting the buds, and frequent drenchings with the hose abolish the other enemies. In the fall the canes are bent down and fastened to the base of their neighbors, and renjain procumbent until the spring cutting-in, which is delayed as late as possi- ble in order not to incite too early a start and to force the buds to "break" low down. After the leaves used in the winter protection have been removed, and the board roof also, the sides of the "box" are allowed to remain a short time in order to shield from the winds. The winter of 1898-9 was unusually severe and did more damage to the Roses and other material than any other winter which the writer has experienced at Highland Park. Following is a list of the so-called Hy- brid Remontants ( H. R. ) that wintered then — under pro- tection—and came out in good condition. These varie- ties mav therefore be considered the most suitable for this and kindred climates: Prince Camille de Rohan, H. R. ; Magna C'harta, H. Ch. ; Mrs. R. (i. Sharman Craw- ford, H. R.; General Jacqueminot (Rousselet), H. R.; Captain Christy, H. T. (Hybrid Tea); La Rosiere, H. R.; Cai>tain Hayward, H. R.; Mrs. Paul, Bour. ; (har- den Favorite, H. R. ; Louis Van Houtte, H. R.; Paul Neyron, H. R. (Fig. 2W.n : J'>hn Hopper, H. R. The following dozen were in fair condition after the winter and recovered their form during the season: Mme. Victor Verdier, H. R.; Pierre Notting, H. R.: Anne de Diesbanh, H. R.; Ulrich Brunner, H. R.: Bar- onne Prevost, H. R.; Eugene Purst, H. R.; Prince of Wales, H. R. : Altred C the writer in 1883 crossed with polli ii i.l ( u m i il Ui queminot, and the last three were de%cIo])Ld timu sieds of B Begeliana in Germany as stati d b^ L Np ith of Rixdorf near Berlin. They aie ill fine double Roses of the class shown in Fig 2183, of the two pioduiid it Ames, and all have retained to a large exttnt tin t.ili u. and habit of blooming ot B. rugosa Tin bus-i m I> rw/nsa as introduced from Russia bv the wiit. i is .li\ i.l, ,1 into two very distinct classes The one ti. mi tin \iiiur valley in 2183 The I A t h^ 1)1 Ills of Lorn ruqosa foi the prairie A < =Iowa Agiicultuiil College.) very stiong, upright grower stiongei thorns thicker and I 11^1 1 lli.wi is thin the Japan 11. 1 111.. 11. fiom Russia In 1 . ml. lit 111 li il.it. When 4 ft. ,t top I.l tuU5 0 ft Its leaves type, ai trial that both tUu cessfully two degr B. rugosa. The work of cros of the male parent. At the same time we pollinated the blossoms of our native species Hosa blanda and Mona Arkansana with pollen of General JncciucmiiH.t and other Hybrid P,-r- astoii rugos.' I ■ ' l'"-'''l " Im'II Ihr |„,[|, 1, .,r :,,,y Mam I Promi'.., .■-''■. ."m /,■' !'' J"'^'' Im -u\'!''.\luhy. .11. 11 IV.. HI Ii'i'.a.m,'",'. ■...,1 Ihcso „.,". ^vi-l'r 'iM, 1,. -I'l,',': . . . " III .[..able ered in tl llow.-s i;,r,^ii, 1.'. t.. 150, southern Hill. li;,nci-o,i„ "l'U-..v,-i |.., - \ i:;.,r of least one growth. N,-ar ly all sli.iH^ ^1 i1m rriiM^^.i'i TMlor ..!■ i„.tals might wj . . i.:..i, 1. A liu.ses will . '.1 bloom, when but ' : I : . t me of soil and very slight difference in ;m Ml be utterly worth- less; while a like m;) i . .■ I., i \ arieties will give as good returns as those first mentioned. C'onsi-,|iic-nlly the common inquiry at a nursery as to "What art- tin- best dozen Roses I can grow!" is usually m<-t l.y tin equally pertinent query: "In what part of thi- lity cl,> ses do fairly well everywhere, and among esse de Brabant more nearly produces a con- jp of blossoms than anv other. For this ently r, center pollen better rugosa hybri.l petals, Genera The m: cture of one of h ^s in Europe, oi pollen of Generi a near affinity to £ her cultivated varieties 1 in a profitable way with be found that will cross ■its. At present, how- ,./ seems to be the most lire Roses of the North- ..iil.lc- vari(-ti<-s with GO ith n.-ult to budded the tvjM-. th.- l.,-st hyl.n.U ..f /.', / ".;- grow from i-nl lings. \Vi- liml that tin readily on strong seedlings of our native species. It may be in the near future that the seeds of the large-growing Wild Roses nf the Black Hills will be used bv pn.i.at'ators for st,„-l;-!-rnu-in.'. Wbf-n that . theN<.rl|. li M '., .: ^II. .•,. I.. !•;::.-■ of ninr.' ... - - ■ '.I able. lawi .f tin variety three years old that stands 7 ft. high, with several stems three-fourths of an inch in diameter, J. L. BUDD. Hoses in Southern California. -In many localities in southern I'alif.nnia tin- Queen of Flowers attains a per- fection prnbaMy fniiiMl nowhere else. That this perfec- tion is inif i,'i.|n-ral throughout southern California is partially nwini,' t.i inh-erse conditions, such as great in Hin.li- in- in |.art is ilin- to i In- hn-k of intelligent treat- ment. The ehief obstacle to suceesslul culture is the attempt to produce blooms every day of the year. Although this practice is quite an impossibility with any Rose, the evil is still persisted in by ninety-nine in every hundred possessors of a garden. While Roses ihir was here for many yea ippearance, and some of t i.winir on many of the old :'d thus far are worthy of a place in the chief causes of failure by the lie lack of an intelligent knowledge 1. Iiiir. II.. Ill ri-eurring periods of .1 1 ing periods are best i vater supply. Most . r -tvled "gardeners, •' auds gar.l. niii:;, .i- lii. plaiiis when dormant and .iudiciously ]n-iiiie.l III-.. nii^i:;lii ly ,.l.|..i-ts at best. The most obscure spet nl.taiiial.le with the ])roper exposure is the place to grow Howers, To obtain the best results the Rose requires the same amount of rest here that it secures where the winter season leaves the grower no alterna- tive. But the same amount of rest may here be given semi-annually, with equally as good and perhaps better results than is possible with one long annual period of inactivity. The writer firmly believes that with a proper exercise tl... .1 i, II . ,i^i(-nce. Clinuite is the all-important f.i: . I I, . . iilture in this section, and if that be Ml haracter of the soil makes little dif- the growth of many Roses, there beini.' f. .s i.Ia. . -- \v li.i e Moss Koses thrive, and these must 1 . '. 1e or partial shade. Niphetos and Man 1 examples of Roses requiring partial ni... u i n-- suits are desired. Many localities caiin.n ^i..w ibe two (ast mentioned, or such as Perle des Jardius, Meteor, Catherine Mermet, Francisca Kruger, Reine Marie Heuriette, and many others, on account of mildew. Even among varieties whose buds are immune, it is often impossible to get foliage unaffected. Injudicious watering is more largely to blame for these unfavorable conditions than any other agency. Laurette is a Rose which often produces the only perfect flowers to be ROSE found amon^ \ nundred ^aiieties aud this is particu liih the cise in places visited b> heavj frosts Ldu lette iemiinm„' unscathed while all others are raoie or less bUsted The great Rose of the eastern United States, American Beautj , is almost a complete failure here and is not i\orth growing except in a very few will favored gardens, and // e\en tUeie it is far from being perfect ROSE 1571 wmtei and spring La Fi inte foi nian\ ^ears was the leading Rose in California and grew \\ell budded or on its own roots, in almost anv localitj , but is now iipidly becoming a thing of the past, though it can never be wholly discarded, for it is still in a few gardens, the queen of the family Its involuntary retiiement from Rose gardens is due entirelj to a ' die back (an- thracnose), which affects manj other plants than the Rose, but seems to have a special liking for La France. Thus far no cure has been found. gratte 1 Ot tbi 1 , M Niel is f le iM st 11,1 11 -^^^^ RoV hi thin 1 i"lK mxrked V i'l'i"i 11 J, 't pie raai t 1 best on h 1 11 opinions suiting ' rosarian 1 doesnjt 1 '1 of an> si 'h I 1 n 111 11 I how rau( hi In 1 t 1 it or h >w n ll Ix 1 1 111 i It raiy be The best Rise she has eve oot grafted. but of course this prouedur e is too e\pen sne f(ir the g eneral nu lan Meteor, stock is budded on Manetti or Maiden's Blush, though the Dog Rose (Bosa canina) and even the Banksia are often used. Those Roses grown on their own roots are usually propagated from hardwood cuttings, grown out of doors, and December is usually the best month, though the writer has successfully rooted them from October to March, according to tlie variety. Rust bothers us but little; likewise scale, though in many neglected ganlnis tin- imsli and climbers alike may be found coven .1 wiili Imth tin- rose scale and the red scale of the orange. Fullii's r..se beetle is a nuisance only in small areas, but greeu aphis is quite a pest in Below will be found a list of the best dozen bush and half dozen climbing Roses for southern Cali- fornia compiled from lists furnished the writer by the best SIX nurserMuen and growers in Los Angeles. An increasing demand for Maman Cochet is quite marked, and the few White Miman Cochet yet grown here seems to mark it as the coming white Rose for this The following lists place the varieties in the order of their desirability for either florist or fancier, when grown out of doors : BH.s-7i ifoses.— Marie Van H..,iii.. .M:Hl.-iii- l.ambard, Maman Cochet, Papa Gontier. 1 toria, Laurette, The Bride, Cath. ■ ,'v Mi Perle des Jardius, Caroline Tesinui , In-. > mv (7?;m6ers. — Lamarque, Mareeliiil .\iel, ('liiiiini venir de Wootton, Bsve d' Or, Reine Marie Henriette, Gloire de Dijon. This list will be found to be the best for Los Angeles and vicinity in general. The intelli- gent nurseryman or careful purchaser should be able to make the slight changes required by peculiar condi- tions. To Mr. Frank Huston, nurseryman of Los Angeles, the writer is indebted for many valuable points con- tained in this article; also to Mr. Wm. S. Lyon, whose little booklet, "Gardening in California," contains the best practical treatise on Rose-growing ever published on this coast. Ernest Braunton. 1572 KOsi. Some Recent Kose Hybrids {Iio\a muitilinra, Ii.ru- gosa and If Wnhifidinntt crossed uith tni lous types). — It is now about sixteen veiirs sinte the undersigned became interested in hvbndizmK Koses especially >'^^; Harison Rose t so far with no ;i-i I : I ii')W has about 500 Inbrid^s, tlin. .:ii "lii, mi:m). V, nil .liffering varieties of Hybriil 'i'la^ Mini V.lluii llaii.~ui, iiu the Dawson, witli results .still to be determined. All these were crossed out of doors with every precaution possible, but the results are not so lilsely to be as good as when the work is done under tlie more perfect control of the greenhouse. A cross between the Dawson and Crimson Rambler has so far re.sulted in a single deep pink flower borne in clusters. -^ sihfi uie.l.d of tliL- M,iss;i.-lius, tts Hc.itK ultur.al Society in 189.'!. In this batch of seedlings was one that was very double and in color like Magna Charta, but unfor- tun it( \\ scum- one eUi- w.uitfil it ;iiid one day it disap- ]M n I [I I I II I n I I I h I 1' r has also crossed /, l^ yet has obtained II II I I II I On the contrary, 218S. Rosa rueosa, var. Kaiserin (X K). them all .m Attention ;t given to R. Wichuraiana . The possibilities of crossing this seem to be unlimited. No Rose that the undersigned has ever tried yields so readily to hybridizing. The first attempt was with Jacqueminot, always using i?. Wichuraiana as the mother plant. The results were excellent. While some plants were nearly J7. Wichuraiana they were entirely different in sha e and color; they had the clusters. Yellow X R. rugosa ( ;lier .-satisfactory, use. The flowers ' growth prostrate intetl. The plant In makin fully reraoA of anthers when the fri opens after plan to pot house in Ula: the Hvlin.K, ROS.-S .-,11 li, Wli pla the ground. There is no est hybrids of Wichuraiaua ~ -r Ihr^,. hyln-ids, it is ■'I.' liiL'lil\ r,,i,,n.l Roses i"ii 11 w.Hil.l liavc Ijeen at M- writer lias always care- " lore there were any signs Imiugh the petals while in 1,1. I'd over the fiowersboth I. t.i guard against insects. "I date on a small wooden i.r. Sometimes the yield ..ne in a liip and many I . ^ .l..ulittiil of the cross tlower out of doors. All iiiated in the greenhouse lilts than in the open air. fi-oiii l.iid weather there labors. A sli a warm and, after : i the yel- there is pi. ■olor but which are 1 of less vigorous -r double flowers a ttraiana crossed duced one with r ilized by Bell. 1. a slight degr ug and with stc Massachusetts Horticulturjil Society. IMi'.i; this l.ids fair to be the forerunner of a tine race. It. l\',rlf u r,i mini crossed with Trioraphe de Luxeml)..ui- . In I., rhina) has given several di' il-ivn-^ ,,r seedli not always indicaii ih. n i, il ri,aiai-ter; ir it is well to wait lo, il.. ., r.^ml ,.r third s discarding. Ctittings. -These are a common means tion, both under glass and out of doors, short cuttings 2-3 in. long can be made and December from wood of the current vi They should be plant, d j,, sainl, in llai> kept in a cool gr,.-niniu-.>. 'I'ln y ri'oi in March, and can eiilnr I"- p.,iir,l in ilinmli on in fiats until M ,v .,r .hmr. ■...]■. n il,. planted onl in r .| : .:ii'ii.l.. ]>':,u- - '.,r flora, h'. , ana, IMa.i., Rosa 1h>, the stock being a bit of B. multiflora root; its age is about three months. Bosa multiflora is an ex- cellent stock for garden Roses, since it does not sucker; this great advantage, too, is also obtained by using the root-graft as above disn ilir.l. Some of the commercial florists use Manetti sio, k ilaniiil in thumb-pots. Cut back to the root, tins ,- -i,ii,r -mited and kept in a warm, close frame nniil inni.-.l: tiiey are afterwards grown on in pots until lurm- enouyh to plant out in the beds, in wliirh tin v will llower the following winter. There is soum ilitiviitirc of opinion among gardeners as to the respeitnr ni.rits of own-root and grafted plants; just now many of the foremost growers prefer the lat- ter for forcing. It is a perplexing question and could only be settled by a series of exact experiments costing much time and money. It is also quite possible that matters of temperature, soil, moisture and food are e(iually iiiiportatit factors. /..111. 11,. r; - I Ills method is employed only when few plants mr n,|iiireil; it is cumbersome and wasteful. Layer in spriiii;, using wood of the last year's growth n liere possible the bark of the buried portion should be abiaded Ditision —This is an easy means of mci easing B lucida, B mtida,B Caiolma B spuwussima, ^ Crimson Moss and manj other varieties which / sucker Plant thickly m good soil allon them to grow from three to four years then lift ind It will be found that the increase is large , . fter 1 growth ] sery may be omitted with the qui-ke kinds which are to form new plantations on the same estate B M T^ atson Budded Roses vs Roses on their own Roots —For the a\eiage amitmi I |l ntei w , mnot too strongly recomiii nt ili 1 ii il ilit\ t iwu rot t serving enough i n ti ti lit} i i I 1\^ n suckers or sj i ni ti in ih i I I i 1 n I I 1 Rose and the \ 1 1 i\ tl it i lull I in hi I upon some viruti tl i \ ih i n il i is not to be readily not 11 1 I i l ' ihnwith Rose growing In tons | h isers of budded Roses allow tli i uts from the roots to grrw np i t mm h m til V will produce i 1 t t\ \ II 111 ire easilj The i i i n i n westiini\i« i oi k tor budding Roses 1 Vi i 1/ / lii and that seems to be about the best adapted toi the purpose Rota multiflota de la Gtiffrpiie is also used more or less, but is generally considered not so desir- U ■*/! ^1 '-«i'^,v/ 'P'*rt It '"I'l be found that the increase is *2."* f'P * %!. (»>* *«? / llf%^ ".I'' t''^* plants so obtained are salable iftf I, ' ' l ''""if"' ^]\K ' I '$' year s growth in the nursery The\earinthi ROSE 1575 able, since it is not as hardj as the Jlanetti and is still more likeh to throw up sutkers troiu the roots, m which respect the Manetti is bad enough. Ho^a etniuia (Dog Eose) and J?osn pnh/aiithn aie largely used m Europe as stocks upon whith to giaft Roses. They hare never been largel\ used in this i,.uiiti\ , the Ma- spuij^' II I I the following suiimier u .ill 111 1 ti,i part of June or tarhpat.t I il\ wli i m r the stocks are "^ in such . • n liii II tl I 111. haik peels read '^ iluring that season but the spring folio mg the top of the stock is cut off lust abo the bud, and it is allowed to grow. With a good season, the buds usuallj make suffi -^ jj I cient glow th to be salable the following / i - - fall. The ton .,'oing is written solelj m connection with the outdoor growing of Roses. Exctpt t.i pioMde good rich deep soil of friulN l.e.n\ qualit}, there ale n( cultuial diitcti.ms th.it the writer caies upon. Rose plants aie not often attacked b-s anj fun gous disease. sa% e pdhaps mildew, whi. h occasional makes its appearance conseqtient to sudden cli changes, such as occur toward fall, when the perature may be at 80-90° one day and 40-45° the An application of Bordeau.\ mixture is of value in checking mildew. The en-at.-r i.rop..rti..ii ..f R..ses handled by the unilersi;.nie.l are pi-.'i. :..;;. t.. I from cuttings, and fluently are mi tli.'ir "w.i ri...ts. In growing Roses in this way, it is cusr...i.:tty t.. i:.k.> into the greenhouses about the first of li. . .■.i.l.. i- II. .■ best and strongest plants that are in sinrk; tl.. n .ut them back so as to leave only two or tl.r. ■■ . \ . - ..im.. f.n-h shoot, pot them and place them in a 1 I. ...is,., w ht-re they are allowed to stand two or three weeks without a great deal of heat. They soon begin to make roots; and when the white roots show through the soil about the edge of the pot, they are given a little more heat and brought on more rapidly. They are then forced until just ready to flower, and before the wood has become too hard the plants are cut back and the severed wood made up into one-eye cuttings, which are placed in propagating beds of sand and given gentle bottom heat, where the\ take root in the course of two to four weeks, accord ing to variety and the condition of the wood. After thoroughly rooted, they are potted into 2- or 2^2-inch pots and grown on until late in the spring or early summer, when it is safe to plant them out in the fields. There they will remain two seasons, usually, and by that time attain sufficient size to be dug and marketed. Jackson & Pekkins Co. Eose Forcing. — There is no branch of floriculture in this country that in anyway approaches Rose forcing in importance, when commercial and private practice are consi.lered. The large number of private greenhouses er.'.t.Ml f,,i- III,, i-ultivation of the Rose by wealthy p.'"|.I.- ill ilii- I. ...i.try within the last decade'cannot be a.l. q.ii.t.ly . -t.iii.ited. But the great demand for choice K.K.'s :...!i.i.i; ;.il flasses of buyers throughout the coun- greeuhouses specially erected for growing and forcing Roses, and each vear sees some improvement in the style of construction as well as in methods of cultiva- tion. The ir. i.. r:.l i.i-mciples of Rose irn.w iii- :ire prac- tically th. i.lM U , I li|. V « I I .1 iilv II. , I,. but the .li 1 I ill. term th. m i i II the metli...l ■ I -n. ■ ■ i i.i ul. i i i .. i t i i I m i. , . . \ We shall presume that a propagating house is to be piepaied for bt.«t^ig the young stock. This is a green- house m which a bottom heat of not less than 00° can be maintained as long as the cuttings are in the sand dur- ing the winter, the mean temperature of such a house should be about 55 or 5b°. The style or position of the house IS of no great consequence if the above tempera- ture can be maintained. !?tart, then, by making a bench having space for sand 2>2-J inches deep. Take a clean, sharp, gritty sand, without any coarse stones in it, spreail it evenly all over the bench, then beat it ' L brick oi block erf wood until it is firm; water 1 a fine rosi wateung pot, and all will be ready for the cuttings The best time to start prop- agating tor the coming season's planting is ihout the middle to end of January. Hav- ing the above all ready, select good, clean, healthy shoots of 2 or 3 ejes in length, preferably those "just below where a bud has been cut : cut the bottom ,the 1 .s.-h ■a.-li operation, from the cutting to the full bearing pla Types of forcing Roses are shown in Pigs. 2189 and 2190. leaf clean off close to the eye; make a clean cut diagon- ally across the shoot just below the bottom eye. If the leaves are large and heavy, remove the end or fifth leaf- let. Then, with a lath abf.ut 2 inches wide laid straight across the bench anil liel.l firm bv the left hand, and with a thin knif.' in th.' right liui..l. ilraw a line about IK inches dee], .ii tl..- sm.i.I; in this ].Iace the cutting, pressing each .l.-w t. i.. thf l.-.ttnin ..t tlie opening, leav- ing just enough r.M.iii L.twcu la.-ii .-utting so that the leaves do not overlap each other. As soon as the row is full, press the sand as firmly as possible around each cutting; then give a good watering with a fine rose watering pot. Repeat the same operation on each suc- cessive row till the whole are put in. Shade from bright sun and never allow the cutting to suffer for want of water. If the weather should be at all warm, a light syringing overhead daily will greatly benefit the cut- tings; Ufver use vi-rv .-..ill wnter on f'hem, but water of ali.i.it th. sal... ii iii|i I iiiiii I- tli:it .if the air. Treated as .ilHi\ . . I'l, - Mil. nil . h rooted in about ■;n .ln^, .iimI I li.iM iii.ide roots about ' ■ m li'iig til' \ -Ij iiM Ih I tiliill\ lifted from the sand with a fiat stick to av.n.l br.-,.kiiig th.-ir roots, and potted in 2- or 2X-inch pots, using a good fresh soil with only a little manure added, — not more than 1 part manure to 8 of soil. As fast as potted they should be placed in a 1576 ROSE greenhouse having a temperatur and shaded with sheets of nt-wsim from bright sun for a few il i\ ^ t dicatlon of starting into t^n.Hili shading will be required "ill 'I' weather and the season ot ili^ ' the young plants at any ^t i_ moisten the whole soil nicih required afterward. Do nipt i plants, hut place tln-iii "In i of about 56° at nighi luw some in- lal time that • ly upon the .t over-water -t enough to tl and then as h.ule of other In- full bene- ■ n -I- vliad- bHght''da5l!''ln a'bl>ut'fiv.- t., mk w,..-ks frcmi tlv; ''.me of first potting, the plants will be ready for a shitt into a larger size pot, -3-inch size will be large enough. The same class of soil can be used as for the first potting, The : Beauty, now the most popular florist's Rose in America (X ^y). shows 11 specimen grown in the open. r, in other words, to be put The benches should hold .J inches of soil aiid the bottom slats of said benches should be placed not less than %-% in. apart to allow tor ample drainage. If plants have been grown in these benches previously, the benches should be thoroughly cleaned and -cniblied out bo as to get all in.sects, eggs, etc i" n \l-". all the soil or surface of the house uniV. Ill' nil -li'Mii.l l.e scraped very carefully and swept mil ,-1. .Ill .111.1 i-< irticallv all the inside of the house When this is done, take two or iiliui HI liiiiii-ii.iie and burn it in 111 il,c ill. 1 1 II while the sun is III, ^iiliiii I- VI t (in fire and buru- thor.iiighl three luni the house, pii I, i iIM \ m ui, in* m still hot. .\s -'" 11 1 111' -uliiii I- "1 1 ingsufflcieiitU , vhut upth' Imu-' .i-n leave it till the m-xt innrniiig. Atti-i should be thoroughly washed with h" tire inside surface. The house is theu soil to be put in. This shnnld be ' fresh loamy soil, prrt' i-il'l' "t -i ntl to each part of maiiiii' 'II * ' ' ' of soil, the whole tli"i up. This compost -li vance and be turm '1 ' ' i i wanted for the green that is necessary now issilllf 'V broken , I I II I. ire it is se. It tins ha^ l.ii-n done, all to bring in sufficient soil to fill the benches. Level it all over without treading or press- ing in any form; then start f. fill the h.iusp with plants. For the ordinary v:i in fact nearly all thi inches apart from ji right distance. Wli around the ball of t IS planted water tin to the bottom of tl whole of the soil. I straight to each in.l whole; tins will mo: unduly wet. Give all air pc 1 night during hot weather. start their roots into the m - ' " whole of the benches and pu--- .1" -•'' ■'- i""'l- ■' 1' - sible. Be careful not to break tin' pLmts ui domK -"i but it is absolutely necessary that the soil should be thoroughly settled and firm. After this, rake the whole surface over with a blunt -pointed raki- so as just to make it level, water a- I" t"i'- .ni'l .is s.."ii .i- .^ carried. This l u ROTHROCKIA 1577 bei aded all! days, thoroughly soaking the under side ol all the foliage. " If the greenhouses are constructed to gro^^ plants on the solid bed instead of raised benches, the same method of cultnation should be followed and not more than 5 or ( inches of soil should be used on the surfan have a thoroughly drained border m ill other respects cultivation would be the same as for bench system. After the plants [,tt into thorough, strong, vigorous growth m\ producing abundance of flowers, sa> frc iii Christinas onwards, a mulching of well 1 composed manure every five or six \ 1 very limited quantities will be beii.ii if the plants have made extra strong and all the soil is occupied with i t i ii benches towards the end of Februar\ li |iii i manure can be applied once in very thiee i four weeks with considerable benefit Thi treatment should carry the plants siicces fully through to the end of their bloomiu^ season. If the plants are kept in good, healthy vi^ orous condition they could be carried through for a second season's work if necessary T do this it would be necessary to dry them ell somewhat, say through July and part of Au gust for four to six weeks, so as to ripen tli wood thoroughly without wilting the leavt completely. Then they could be pruned bi k to good, sound, plump eyes at the base of th strong shoots and all the small spray grow tl cut out. Then the plants can be lifted with a good ball of earth, so as to save as much rt the roots as possible, replanted into new soil, and practically treated the same i young stock. If grafted stock is preferred instead r t own-root cuttings as above described, they can be treated according to regular instruc- tions given by many authorities on grafting. Cultiv tion of these is in all respects identical with the abov except as to the rooting of the cuttings. Joi ROSE ACACIA. Bohinia hispida. ROSE APPLE. Eugenia Jambos. ROSEBAY. Same as Oleander. See iVfr ROSE CAMPION. Liji-lniis Coronaria. ROSE, CHRISTMAS. Ihlh'h.n-us niger. ROSE, JAPANESE. Ken-ia Japonica. ROSE MALLOW. Hibiscus. ROSEMARY or OLD MAN. See Bosmarimis. rN.MA A lorcme lea Rose — Ivlrs. W. C. Whitney tA y:il. ROSMARINUS (Latin, sen-rfpic; the plant is common on the chalk hills of the south of France and near the seacoast). Labidlw. Rosemary is a nearly hardy sub- shrub, with aromatic leaves which are used for season- ing. It has small, light blue flowers, which are much sought for by bees. Oil of Rosemary is a common preparation in drug stores. It is a volatile oil distilled from the leaves. The Ivs. are also used in making Hun- gary water. In northern herb gardens it lasts for years if given well-drained soil and some winter protection. Franceschi recommends it for hedges in S. Calif., espe- cially for dry and rl:i!its, ivitli h:,ii.l-'.nv green Ivs.. i-itli.T ^ini|.| ■ ihiiikm,' i1- t,-ii;illv SpicUOUS, in ;iXlll;if\- or l;ihl;il i ;m- , ': pairs, hi-nii:i|'lirci(lllc', l-r^iiilnv ; |.. I : ' : rather straight, iHit little (liL-iti-cl :it tli.l.:i-r: il somewhat globular; ovary sessile; ovules 2. pi-ii orthotropous. A. Hairs rust-colored. Pdhlii, Meisn. {E. Corcovadfnsis, Hort.). A tree, with branches clothed with rusty colored woolly tomeutum: Ivs. 1 ft. or more long, pinnate, witl 5-8 pairs of Itts. which are 3-5 in. long, on stout petiolules 1 in. or less long, ovate or ol liquely ovate, acuminate, acutely serrate: fls, K in. long, white or yellowish, in nearly ses- sile axillary racemes 3-5 in. long. B.M. 6095. AA. Hairs golden. aiirea, Linden. According to Belg Hort. 1866:202, this species was named for the golden hairs covering the upper parts of the stem and pet- • ioles. Brazil. — Rare and imper- ^^ M V^ fectly known, but still offered in ^iLaf \ America. It. Mnghei, Hort., is a plant offered by Siebrecht which does not appear in botanical works. F. W. Barclay. RUBUS RUBBEK PLANTS. Various plants furnish Rubber. The best gutta percha is said to be produced by Isonau- dra Gutta (which see), a native of India. For the Rub- ber Tree of Soxith America, see Hevea Brasiliensis, p. 741. The Rubber Tree of tropical Africa is Landolphia florida; see B.M. 6963. The Rubber Plant of horticul- turists is Ficu.i elastica. RDBIA (Latin, red: referring to the color of the dye extracted from the root). Biibi&ceii'. Ji. tinctontm is the dye-plant called Madder, the long, Heshy roots of which are ground to jiowcler. According to Thorburn, JIadder furnishes a good green fod- der if cut the second y<-iir when in arely opposite: Ivs. small to minute, u axillary or terminal cymes, 5-mer- nvolucre none ; calyx - limb wanting ; corolla rotate or rotate- bell-shaped, 5-lobed: ovary 2-loculed or abortively 1-celled. tinctdrum, Linn. (B. tinctbria, SalLsb.). Madder. A scandent herbaceous perennial: Ivs. 2-4 in. long, hort-petioled, mostly lanceolate, not cordate, in whorls of 4-6: cymes terminal, panicled, spreading, leafy. p. w. Barclay. ROWAN. Aucupar ROYAL CROWN. Encomis. ROYAL FERN. Osmunda r galis. ROYAL PEACOCK FLOWER. 2191. black Raspberry, RtTEUS (Latin name, ultimately connected with ruber, veA). Bosdcew. Bramble. Blackberries and Raspberries. A most variable and puzzling genus, ning perhaps 200 fairly well-marked .species and numberless intermediate forms. As many as 1,500 spe- cies have been described. The genus is particularly strong in Europe, where the greatest number of specific names have been made (see Weihe & Nees, "Rubi Germanici." 1822-7; Focke, "Synopsis Hnbnrum Germa- TiilP," 1877; Babliington, "Hritisli Hiil.i," l,si;9; W. M. Rogers, "Key to the British Kulii.'MMurii. I'.olanv, 1892). l''„cke describes 72 species iiiljal.iliiig i hiiikiiiv. There trge extension of the genus in the Himalayan region, about 50 species being recognized (.1. D. Hooker admits 41 species in the "Flora of British India"). The species extend eastward into China and Japan. Hemsley, in his "Flora of China," admits 41 species. In Japan, Franchet and Savatier admit 22 species. In North America, about 40 species are now recognized, but they have not been studied critically, and it is probable that many more specific types will be recognized in the near future. No end of 'species could be made, but it is doubtful whether a great multiplication of species- names would contribute anything more than confusion to the literature and knowledge of the genus. There is fornia. 1 ' , i or less r^'il. .\< ■:;•-• ': is a genus of ali-n: ; : evergreen shruli^ 2 of which are ii:ii i - i ■ the Cape. The -rim- i- ,1 other genera of the ebony hermaprodite instead of di single series. Other generi Flora of Tropical Africai: fruit; lobes 5, rarely 4; eoi-ulhi l>ell- or urn-shaped, 5-cleft; lobes reflexed; stamens 10, inserted at the base of the corolla -tube: ovary conical; styles or style- branches 2-4: fr. globose to oblong, leathery, indehis- Idcida, Linn. Tender shrub: Ivs. ovate, the younger ones silky: peduncles about a third as long as the Ivs.: corolla bell-shaped. S.Africa. B.R. 32:40. Iruitbearing shoot. \frica and the rest to ished from the 4 or 5 l.\ the flowers being orilv 4 in tlie ■■ 1 i,, areilescrii.ed in (. Indies." Baker a. ritius and the Se\ ciesin"Flornof t 1. r^ 1 taken from the '"' ■'" , ' Ho].e r.-gion. Rubus is closely allied to Rosa, from which it differs chiefly in the structure of the flower. In Rosa, the torus is hollow (formerly said that the calyx is hollow or urn-shiiped) and contains the dry fruits or akenes. In Rubus the toi-ns is eoinex. conical or elongated, and bears the mostly soft or imlpy fruits on its surface. Rubi are cliieily slirnl.s with "stems (canes) that die RUBUS after one or two years, but some of them have uerba- ceous tops. Most of them are more or less prickly. Many of the species are creeping, decumbent or half- climbing. Leaves simple or compound, alternate, the compounding on the pinnate order and the leaflets mostly 3 (several in some of the tropical and oriental species). The flowers are mostly white or rose-colored, usually in corymbs or racemes but sometimes solitary ; calyx 5-parted, the lobes persistent; petals 5, usually obovate; stamens many, inserted on the calj'x-rim oi toru-i rim ; pistils manv, clr.selv packed on the torus, usually betoni ing drupelet'* but sometimes dr\ when ripe. The drupelets aie usu ally more or less coheient at matur ity, the collective body tormmg the "fruit" or "berr>" of horticultur )sts In the R isjiberiies. the co 1579 Sectk fls. di. Stamens n upright leafy -berry or Bake- ,'ious, and much juicy: stalks: Ivs. apple Berry prized for its ii-uiis, hric.nt;^ hn-r. Section 2. Cylactia. FN. |»-if.M't or polygamous, singly or several together at the ends of the shoots: Ivs. ternate or pediform (5-parted), or sometimes only AA. Shrubby species: flow- ering shoots arising from woody canes of 2 or more years' growth. B. Plant spineless. Section 3 Anoplobatus {batiii IS Greek for bramble) Upright slin'i'l. Mv„ ,11^ with 71 I them 111 till 1>. \> which also have species, chiefly ti Although the Fu grown 111 '^^ ti and thr I from till and friim I ( liiseh allied to _' Blackbeiries, 1 m indigenous ml if. unisif, X B ItheiK!, IS istlv unieliable, s are produced species, 1 1 1\ nil 1 i ■ 1, .u-.o produce t of value A number of the species are useful as i mental subjects, particularly the Rocky Mou) -R. dehcwsus, the old-fash lom .1 Biiir Ki.se roscefoltu-i), Wineberry ( A ' ) R. cratirgifolms. Fonts ^i t age, and sometimes foi its i / occasionally giown. Soiiu t i ii i | i mtivr spiiips ire offertd t\ ihilt-is m n jeit bun and ground iit> of must shrubbj Rubi dp (in the removal of the canes aftei mice After flowering, the cane beconirs dii outright. It should be removed to tlu lie meantime other ones have arisen from these will bloom the following jear. That IS, the stems of Rubi are usually more or less perfecth biennial, the first year they make their growth in stature; the second year they throw out side branches on which the flowers are borne; after fruiting, the en tire cane becomes weak or dies (Fig. 2191). Removing these canes not only contributes to conserve the vigor of the plant, but it also adds to its appearance of tidi- ness. These remarks apply with particular force to the cultivation of Raspberries, Blackberries and Dewberries. For other accounts of Rubi, see Blackberry, Dewberry, Loga u berrif , J?a spberry . Pocke (Engler & Prantl, "Die Naturlichen Pflanzen- familien") divides the genus Rubus into 11 sections, seven of which are concerned with the species to be described in this work. These seven are as follows: A. Herbaceous species: flowering shoots arising from the crown of the plant. Section Iff. Dalibarda. Stamens about 5: fr. scarcely juicy: fls. perfect, on creeping leafy stems: Ivs. simple, not lobed. The present writer prefers to con- sider Dalibarda as a distinct genus, and it is so treated on p. 453 of this work. hiai kin I lU s) SEfTiON 4 Batothamnus. I'pnght shrubs, with simple 01 temate hs , sm.iU leaflets and dioop- ing fls. in mostlj short clusteis. Section 5 Idseobatus. Raspberries, with the co- herent drupelets separating trom the torus Section 6 Eubatus. Blackberries and Dewberries, with the diui elets adheiing t 0 the toius whe ripe index anihtisszmi s,28 heterophjUus, 24 phcenioolasms 13 albmus Zi jiomDunius 19 albus It, humlfTsM i\ Fotamm S AUighenien SIS 23 Ida-us, 15 Rdudu 27 Ameiicanu 2 mMiUs, J3 io.,b.-ic<-us, 32 laciniatus, 20 losaflmus 12 aigu'tus 25 leucodermis, 18 rosa-folius, 12 BiiUmnus 31 macropetalus, 35. sativus 22 C'lnadensis 21 32 Menziesu 11 Sa^atien 10 Chama>moi as, 1 MlthlgHueiisis 32 semperurtns, 30. coromrms 12 micionlnllus 8 setosus I'J^ cr.ita?gitoln MMH'inKihn. 21 2b dehiiosus n mimf„ln:>, lo spect.ibilis 11,19 16 iiHKleitus 17 ^^ stiisosus 16 «ll™ri"""l' sulnre, tu• t but mulched plants have subsequ. ntl 1 1 1 inters well Se Tl s i An plobatds A Lis mo Sthj 7 lohed 4 trifidus Thunb Fire Ras "BERRY 'Strong grow ing and erect 7-10 ft tall hs 1 t K iillrd 3-5 or even 7 cleft seiri e H 1 1 e duncles villous berr> of med ith pointed drupelets Japan -N 1 1 11 prized for its bright autumn fol 1 1 me "Fire Raspberrj ) AA Lis 5 or le s lohed B Pediincl n OS till 1 fJd 3 deUci03U3 T T RASPBERKi 1 ing 5 ft l\ 1 A| I N 1 3-a lobe 1 11 boine 1. earlj herais, 1 drupel esteem ft eUx 1 11 iss. I 35G I- ^ t p 2^1 45 p.74 1 1 M 41 508 -One 1 1 1 berries ii d deserving le kn wii t u h in Miss The fls It semble single roses BB. Peduncles se ^eral to many fid. 6. odoratua, r.imi Fi..> .; R^^PP P,,KV i\lri,- BERRY (errone.>u-K i 1 i withtheshred.lv. , |.,' |;||.^,,. pubescent bem.iil , iii:ir gins serrate: tl-. 1 _ m. n. ■"-i- [.iirj .-. -. '. rr.il t.- RUBUS nnn) in the cluster the st jnN hhIi i I n^- |)oint, the peduncles and pedicels ghiii I il i i l i i berr^ flat tish and broad (:5i m an I i I light red edible but not \ alued No\ ^ i ^i 1 ii IGeorgia (Fla 'I Gu 34, p 230 B M 1 II III jl 133- Piefers rich shady woods and I. mk-. li nukes a bold subject in a foliage mass, and its fls aie nearlj as large as single roses although the color is less bright It spi eads rapidlv from the root and o\ ertops weaker plants 7 parvifiaruB, Nutt (J? "\ " > "M \ Differs last in having w I s glandular pedum I 111 1 southward in th itne ot B odoratu'. tl I clusters 1 1 Pacific tern rep K lb 1368 Seltion 4 Batothamnls A Lis simple, but moie 07 less lohed 8 microphyllus, Linn f {li palmtllns, Thunb ) ■spreading, often slender stemmed plant growing 4 or 5 tt tall, with many short, but stout nearly straight spines Us lather small, 2-3 in long as a rule, narrow o\ dte acuminate or sometimes nearlj tiiangular ovate- acuminate, rather deeply 3-5-lobed and the middle lobe long and acuminate, the margins very sharp-serrate: fls. white, nearly or quite ^i in. across, with broadly ovate petals: fr. small (ir.l ",-TliiM, \,,Ii,,. .Tapan.- Sparingly introdun 1 1 1 ut little known here The M 1 I htr Bur bank is said to bi i h 1 ) les and the Cuthbert Raspbem (A 1) Ma\lierr\ IS desciibed as producing a Ur^e ^ellutt edible berry iipenmg in advance of the Strawberij 9 crataegifdhus Bunge Fig 2195 fafter Card) Strong, ere t > 1 n 1 .- nm h spreading plant (3-5 ft ), with t 1 II 1 1 us canes that bear few and small oblong ovate to cordate ovate, acu 1 11 1 the margin coarsely serrate and I 1 m small clusters terminating slen II 11 ts ibout K in across fr small, orange I N ilue Japan —An excellent plant for hold 1 md for covering waste places and giving t I I reds in the fill Pi rfii th hard^ in central Niw \ rk Burbxil T Inbrid of this and a iitifohus the 1 tt II seed 10 Savatiin (h ^1 Franch l.i :,,-,■ irk to Lake Superior and south 1" 1 ■• ".■• ■mnpolitan Blackberry, and in.^ ■ i i.iins. The ^i^i^U^/^ ^ V i203. Rubus into the me forms, but runniu ' intermediate gradations. Prom "Short-cluster Blackberries" of 1 derived, as Snyder, Kittatinny, .-kly: —Distinct in its extre species by all manner o1 this plant the common the garden appear to b( Erie, etc. 23. AUeghenUnsis, Porter (R. viUdsiis, var. mon- tAnus and iJ. montA.nns , Porter, not Wirtg. ). Very like B. nigrobaccus , and perhaps only a cosmopolitan type implant smaller, branches and leaf -stalks usually n growt'hs very glandular-pubescent : very long-pointed, closer-toothcl smaller: fr. small, long nti-l iim-T-' the top, the drupelets mm '. I \ ■ r\ juicy but of good flavor. Innicin nnl .i.ntario to Virginia. — Common on i-. ni^' ■■ . i ,.ii.,i,., iiil,,rd- ing much edible fruit. In n- iii.il i inn ii~ -.en in the wild, it is very distinct from 11, nlfjrof t h par ticularly in its fruit. 24. heterophyllus, Willd. Pig. 238, Vol. I B nigto hacaisxB. villosus, in many forms both wild and culti vated. In cultivation this hybrid class is represented by the "Loose-cluster Blackberries," as Wilson Wil Jr., and Rathbuii. The plants are usually half erect thorny, mostly more or less glandular-pubescent on thi young growths: Ifts. broad and jagged: fl. -clusters small and usually forking, with long pedi- *« §g\A^v- eels: fr. rather loose-grained, ^^^T^\ with large drupelets. The plant is not infrequent in regions in which both B. nigrobaccus and B. villnsvs grow. It is usually easily distinsriuslicl b\ the half- erect li I li 1 I I 11 I I M ,'ularly tootheil 1 I which are n..t I n,. In some .• 1-^1 111. I II I ~ natur- ally st.and :)-t ft. high. Group 4. Leafy-cluster Black- berries, with little or no glan- dular pubescence and short flower - clusters that have more or less small Irs. inter- mixed. 25. argiltus. Link ( /.'. frondd- sus, Hi-.l /i' ./'.',/(.-,■. var. frondi'sii I ... / . , ,:'ctus. Hook. ). I . . .' ..- \ 1 ry like B. ni;i,:>l„ir^,. 26. fWridus, Tratt. (if. argiifus, var. fUridus, Bailey). Canes armed with hooked prickles- pedicels and ca- lyx pubescent, snmetinK-s glandular : floral Ivs. small, mostly weilL-i--..l...Mit.- an.l ..l.ins,- : n.-rlust.-r small. I- i:v..|. Niilnt I'.-uit.-., Fig. 91.- .1,. - I.. I... this species seems to be I.I Mi-vissippi, and perhaps also in niMi ir may be is only to be de- . till siu.lii-s in the field; but in its is readily separated from B. argutus. less erect (often climbing?! than if. be 27. K4ndii (if. ar 209. Low and wiili ometimes becomim .rickles, the canes bin, usually becoiiii Fie. and good. ^ .! . iii woods and thickets, New Brunswick i . 1. . - , r; to be looked for in the mountain.s ..: i .i I: impresses one as a weak woods form. -..lu. ;ini. - -. .uiiug nearest if . Canadensis but oftenest su^jji-stiug B ingiobaccui but it seems to hold Its characters better than most Blackberries. but 2203. Cultivated foi utose beneath. cuneiidlias, Pursh {S. acnlitis- s.Keasoner). Sand Blackberry. . 239, Vol. I. Plant stiff and thorny, lally not over 3-4 ft. tall, the prickles many, hooked, and ver^ strong, the young gro^vths! white- Ifts on bearing canes ni( small and thick, wedge-oh to wedge-oboi RUBUS 1585 drupelets, red to red-black, sour. Swamps or low sandy soils. Nova Scotia to Ga. ami Kan>.-lif no value for the fruit, but sometimes .itl'iiril l,y .Irali-rs as a sub.iect g the ground in nn.i^t placns. The leaves Uy persist through the winter, and in sunny places they assume a fine bronzy hue. Group 2. Soft-caned Dewberries, with the stems thin and little woody or even almost herbaceous and the peduncles 1-2-fld. 31. Enslenii, Tratt. (R. riUdsus, var. humifiisus, Torr. & Gray. B. Baileydnus, Britt.). Plant weak, with slender canes Iving on the ground, the prickles small and relatively "fiw or even none, the flowering canes sometiiin-v aini^vt li.rl.a.-iM.ii^ althoutrh having survived the wini'v; II i ~. vntull and thin, ..val-piiinted to nearly ovate, irr.-^jiilarlv and sharph- M-irati-. nearly glabrous (or hail y .m ih.- maiuins ami the veins): fls. of good, size, wliii... -.ilii.ny i -Mmetiines in 2's) on short, leafy peduncles: fr. -mall ami iiearlv globular, loose, black, .ift.n :: 1. .■<;ajdy places. New York / and Jlirh. t" .Mis~. Kvol. Native Fruits, Figs. 77 and 87.-Has been confounded with R.vil- loins, but, as Bubuses go, it seems to be well distinguished. Probably not in cultivation. The h,ill rammon Northern Ih strong, prickly, i:liiiij canes and 2- 3'>. villdBUS, Ait. {B. Canadensis, Authors, not Linn.). Figs. 2211,2212. Canes strong, often several feet long and usually armed with strong re- curved prickles, not stand- ing alone when full grown --/ but often rising 2 feet from / the ground, the shoots mostly glabrous or becom- ing so: Ivs. of medium size or becoming very large on strong plants, firm and thick, th „ 1 DlN h lis Connecticut t:> the II III > % — ^ -fx- "f ^^oug\ ) Pacific Co\si Dewbh I ^ Widi h ti iihii, w itli slmder, more (I! I I III II I 111 I I I ill With long 1 II I I , , II 1 les hs X I 11 lion the 2207 Cultivated iorm o£ Rubus murobjt us EUBUS sweet In the raountams particuliih m the Coast Kangeb of the Pacific slope also iii Id iho — It has come into some piorainence as a fruit jil iiit withm the last dozen jears Named varieties art lu^hmbaiip^h Skagit Chief, Belle of Washington md \\ ishington Climbing Blackberry The spec les is | i ipleiinglj ^ i riable and well niaiked ch ii i i i i i t be asso ciated with the ditteient si\u i[ 1 i m i I Loganberry (which see p ')J7) is said t ! i I ^ I 1 1 M tneen this species and if Iihiii^ Ji iiti I i n idedashav ing been crossed with i? ixittiiiit Ims b\ Luther Bui bank TheM-iinmoth Blitkbeii} ot Calitornia is saidti be a cross between if ittifolui^ and the ^\ ild Black berry of Teias (if u)(ri(hi6 /) tsee Pacific Rural Press Sept 4 IblT for description and portrait The account says that the Mammoth produces berries of immense size, supposed to be the largest Blackbeiry ever grown berries 2% inches in length being frequently found * * * The canes of the Mamm ith are verj peculiar being Yer\ laige mil tin ] \\ \ tmI with small shoit spines The i in tiii nh iiiMmh giow thick and ning habit and t-i w ti lA ^ » t i iO ft in a season Late in the fall the tips or stolons seek the ground and take root." The variety is partially evergreen in California. The fruit is said to be more acid than the old Lawton Blackberry, but " when perfectly ripe is sweet and of superior flavor." 36. dumetdrum, Weihe. Fig. 2216. Canes long and slender, terete, often 10-25 ft. long, trailing or half- prostrate, glaucous, thickly beset with rather small somewhat curved spines: Ifts. usually 3, mostly broad- ovate, pointed to acuminate, irregularly sharp-toothed, becoming bronzy and brown in autumn: fls. small, white, the calyx white-tomentose, on short pedicels in a cluster terminating leafy growths of the season: fr. of a few large black drupelets. Europe. — Lately intro duced for the covering of banks and stony places, for which it is highly recommended. Its autumn color is attractive. Hardy in New England. R. biflhnts Ham Raspberry apparently allied to R occi- dentaiis ind pri7ed in cult tor itb glaucous white canes; reaches 8-10 ft with strong -irching canes th it bear strong, recurved prickles Itts ov ite or ovil incise sel^^te whitish beneath lis large -ind white 1-3 on diuopiug peihcels beiry amber colored si/eot the i ommon Risplierry the calyx at first erect but finally spre I hng Temperate HimaUj i B M 4bi8. -if CaptnsiS Burbink Under this ghly nf IS glowing in places - > t I luight ot b-10 II Ilk Blickeap Rasp liort rusty down 2211. Small form of Rubus villosus, the northern Dewberry. Generally kno^vn as H. Canadensis. No. 32. and few short scattered prickles ; the fruit is fully as large or larger than Shaffer's Colossal Raspberry, of a purplish wine or mulberry color, and of excellent quality, though the berries do not separate from the receptacle as freely as they should; it is a very promising berry- plant." See Burbank's "New Creations in Fruits and Flowers." June, 1894; also Gu.48, p. 126. The picture represents a very rugose leaf with 5 shallow nearly rounded lobes and very irregxil stems with curved prickles, and a sran globular short-pedicelled fruits. It is i.r —M.Japom'cus. Veitch. Known to hurt gated form (K. Japonicus tricolor): sl-l"i> 6:461.— ii. steliatu H. ITT. rith and spiny: Ivs. •scent beneath. white, in con- succulent. B.R. fruit, prized in ' way of N 'C^ 1588 RUDBECEIA RUDBECKIA EUDBfiCKIA (after the two Professors Rudbeok, father and son, predecessors of Linnseus at Upsala). Compdsitce. Cone-flower. As defined by Gray (Syn. Flora N. Araer., 1886), Rudbeckia is a genus of 21 spe- i of North American herbs, many of which are hardy and perennial, bearing in smnmer showy fls. which usu- The only full .1 Golden GL ., - i 1896. Tl]. . I known. .\ i plain- ~... For the firm um- Fig. 829, Vol. H. The Cone-flowers i l.iirently. is Rudbeckia ir.at popularity since iiite seems to be un- ' Id Ills found it I -Its. See Gng. 6:.370. ikiu inflorescence, see W. M. iltivation in almost i ■ liady position to one in HI- found inhabiting " Mic garden under the .iil„mghii'. laciiiiula ch better if -lure. J{. hiiiii. our .lalled by the children -will thrive in the driest, hottest situation, where many others would fail. Tlie best kn den plant, and prob, the showiest, is Gol Glow, which the under signed considers the best perennial of recent intro- duction. If cut back severely 2213. Rubus tivated form Bartel Dewberry See Rubus, page ally have yellow rays, though in one species (R. atto- rubens) the rays are all dark crimson, and in the other species the rays are occasionally more or less covered with purple-brown towards the base. Under Rudbeckia are'often included in nursery catalogues certain plants which Gray refers to Echinacea and Lepachys. These ultural group [l"w-fld. genera, til fls. ranging s.in. The chatt liiidbeckia and three genera form an in Rudbeckia and T.. r m li- ■; while Echina'M , from flesh colm :Hii i of the recepta.-l. i u nm deciduous in Li|.a.li.\ s. Among the hardy herbaceous species, there are sev eral with striking habit and distinct foliage. There is a wide range of color among wild plants of the same spe- cies, and specinicns with the brown-purple color at the base sliniiid lir suiiu-iit for. The rays may be few or many, slioii .umI IhmimI or long and narrow, toothed in various ua\-, -i.n Iik.- or making a continuous limb, droopiui; "I- lioriz'.ntal, and always setoff by the disk, which may be purple, black or yellowish, high and col- umnar or low and roundish. Tlie season of bloom could be extended. The flowers of many of the kinds are e\ cellent for cutting. econd crop of flowers Autumn Glory iked when better known. It is fine for much longer blooming prriod t 1 { nil. .1 up to agam "ill , il, lue tall floweimg ^ the lighter colored flow I r -such as Tot is albus. Lady i-for a ce ter or baok- iioups of the taller Rud H »ln h ]s ti.ii till and RUDBECKIA RUELLIA 1589 tremely durable and seem in harmony with such sur- 5. hirta, Linn. Black-eyed Susan. Yellow Daisy. roundings. Rudbeckias are easily increased by seeds, Biennial or annual, 1-3 ft. high : Ivs. 2-5 in. long: rays cuttings or division. \\- c.KoKy. golden yellow, sometimes orange at base. Dry and open ground; common over wide range. B.B. 3:416. Gn. 49:1055. 6. Jiilgida, Ait. Perennial, 1-2 ft. high: rays 12-14, 1 iu. long. Pry soil. Pa. to Mo., south to La. and Tex. speciosa, Weuderoth. Perennial, 1-^ ft. high: rays in. long. Moist soil. r-.,. u, :\Iirl,., ^C3SW>£^ .^X^.1VVWt3, ™S' P"''*' >"'■■■■ ' ■' '" ii"i"''''"us; disk -^'N. j^r^^ 'si^fa:^*:^ <^^^k ....^^^^'-^^v finally coluiiMin, i _' m. io,,-. W .t ground, 9^ ^^^uk^^.-^ XmS^^ ^^^a^W^ ^V &a. to Fla. imd Tex. »,i,. 47:10U(i. T:ji'^< .i^fB'JSS&^ ' 'i^^lw ^^^m!^^^ ^\ ^- ™*^i™a, Nutt. Closely allied to H. nitida '^'^jy^^^^^^^a^ -'*'^^fl»l jMsWl^l^^-^^ ^ and differing as indicated in the key. Moist /x^^P^ ^^^^ ^jiSJ ^^7j^gff^\^^yA pine woods and plains. Ark., Lii., Tex. Gn. 10. laciniata, Linn. Perennial, 2-7 ft. high: lower stera-lvs. 3-5-parted, upper ones 3-cleft: 2216. Rubusdumetorum. an Old World Dewberry (X }^). Page 1587. rays yellow, few or several, soon drooping ; disk cvlindric in fruit. Moist ground, Canada A. Base of upper Ivs. cordate-elosp- to Pla.. west to Mont, and New Mex. G.F.2:281. Golden ing 1. amFiexicaulis Glow is a full double form. Pig. 2218. Gng. 5:5, 117; AA. Base of upper Ivs. not cordate- ti-.MO. A.F. 12:274, 275. Gn. 50, p. 411. G.C. III. 20:339. clasping. g angustlfdlia, Linn., is Helianthus angustifolius.— JJ. j\\ i !> ) " ', Ruelle, aFrench botanist). D. Pliiiitx hrisihi-lnnrii. A i ii iillni, , .: I nut 150 Species of herbs Or E. Na,,. '..-■, .„. h.u.i .... 4, bicolor ,l„„l,, „„ Miiescent, villous or rarely EE. I^:nis 1^,' ,,:. h.,,,1 ."i. hirta II , I iKen- DU. Ph,,,!.'^ ,n,nh, .jl,,!.,:.,,... ^,;, , ,,,,,„ m^ r. F.. Ll-s. un.slhl r„l,,;' i;, hllglda ,,,, _,,,. -jf»r^ EK. Lrs. irri'iiiil.irlii .•irrnilr. 7. Speciosa DD. Height 4-9 ft.. l: Lvs. (upper ste»i-i vs. ylau- '.)3-ch:fl'. nitida maxima superba, 4. subtomentosa, c triloba, 2. 1. amplexicaillia, Vahl. Annual, 1-2 ft. high : rays yi in. long or more, yellow, often with a brown-purple base; disk brownish, finally somewhat cylindrical. Low grounds. La. and Texas. B.B. 3:418. 2. triloba, Linn. Fig. 2217. Biennial, 2-5 ft. high, bright green: Ivs. thin: rays 8-10, deep yellow, base sometimes orange or brown-purple: chaff awned. Moist soil, N. .J. to Mich., south Ga. to La. and Mo. B.B. 3:415. B.R. 7:525. — Blooms the first year from seed. 3. subtomentosa, Pursh. Perennial, 2-5 ft. high, ashy gray: Ivs. thick: rays 15-20, yellow, sometimes with a darker base: chaff blunt. Prairies, 111. to Tex. B.B. 3:415. 4. bicolor, Nutt. Annual, 1-2 ft. high: Ivs. 1-2 in. long: rays yellow, with a blackish purple base or all yellow. Pine woods or sandy soil. Ark., Tex., and east to Ga.-Var. superba, Hort. Haage & Schmidt, has heads 2 in. across : ravs yellow above, purplish brown below. Gt. 47, p. 220. S H. 2, p. 169. sule oblong or club-shaped terete or compressed, ti-20 seeded: seeds compressed. c. Fls. blue, iyi-2 in. long. cilidsa, Pursh. A hardy perennial herb, about IM ft. high, erect or prostrate, hir- sute or pubescent: Ivs. long, sessilf- I 1 -li.iit p 11 oled, VA-?, m 1. n- II- -> i itary or chisn h ci .i\iil.ii \ blue, 1^-2 m. long. Aus;.. Sept. In dry, light soil, N. J., south and west. B.B. 3: 203.— Prop, by seeds or di- vision. CC. Fls. rosy, 2-e in. long. macrintha, Mart. It forms a compact, many-stemmed ,\ 1590 shrub l-() n li long fls large rose with purpl RUELLIA tivation and plants for ai furnish fnir - will havi. Ion and pottfd. jf the best greenhouse flowering rnttiiin:s rooted in September iriiiL' |.l:irits in January. These, 111. il "111 in lute spring, when they r >|M I nil. 11^, which may be lifted Lis. markec! witli while. c. Fls. ivhite, often veined irilh liJac. Devosi^na, Hort. A low-growing tender Brazilian species, with lanceolate Ivs. marked on the upper sur- face with white along the nerves and having the lower surface entirely purple: fls. rather .small, usually white, with blue stripe, axillary; corolla-tube suddenly dilated and bent at the middle. cc. Fls. carmine or rose. Makoy&na, Hort. A compact, bushy plant resembling S. Devosiana, Hort., in foliiige, but differing in the color of the fls. (l>riglit i.armiiic) and by their somewhat larger size. Bra/.il. IM'.. 'Jl : ll«i. R.H. 1896:576.-Pre- fers shade. It is sui.l ilmi tli.- cidor of the foliage is better when soot is niixi.l wiili the soil. AA. lilossiDii.s oil loiu/ peduncles. B. Fls. blue or purple. tnberAsa, Linn. A perennial herb, 2-3 ft. high, with oval or ovate Ivs. 2-3 in. long and blue fls. l}4-2 in. long, in terminal, nearly naked panicles; stigma single: capsule 12-16-seeded. Southwestern U. S.; cult, in Fla. Bn. Fls. red. V. Pedinn-lis iinirli hmiirllal . axillary sprays in .summer, lirazil. l-'.M. is80:4iy. cc. Peduncles hut little branched. formdaa, Andr. Pig. 2219. A low-growing, tender, herbaceous perennial: Ivs. ovate RUMEX hairy on both sides; fls. on straight, axillary peduncles; corolla scarlet, showy, IH in. long, the upper 2 lobes joined for half their length. Summer. Brazil. B.M. 1400. -Cult, in California. R. vdrians, Vent. See Dsedalacanthus nervosus. F. W. Barclay. KULlNGIA (after J. Ph. Ruling, a botanist of Giittin- gen). Sterculiiicew. This includes two plants cult, in S. Calif. li. parriflora is highly recommended as a rock plant by Ernest Braunton, of Los Aiiireks. who (.'i-.iws it in quantity for its trailing linini .n.l iii\ii,..K I.I siii.iU pink fls. borne in spring. Frmii ■ .i Ii. i>, minis, I is odd and pretty by rci.-. i ' .-..litiiiL; ..r the leaves. A genus of al...iii i: -p. . i. .f shrubs or underslii-ubs from Australia, cxi'ept one a native of Madagascar. Lvs. various in size, entire, toothed or lolieil; Hs. mostly white, small, in cymes; calyx .5 lobed; petals 5, broad and concave or convo- Iiiti'. at (he base, with a small, broad or linear ligula at till' tcjt; stamens shortly or scarcely .joined at the base, :. with. lilt .anthers, petal-like, 5 perfect, short: ovary sissili . .', lelled; ovules 1-3 in each cell. Flora Austra- A. Lvs. IS in. long. pannbsa, R. Br. Eventually a shrub, several ft. high, but flowering freely at a young age: lvs. scabrous-pu- bescent above, densely velvety hirsute below, on older plants ovate-lanceolate to lanceolate, on young plants broader and often 3^-Iobed: cymes shortly peduncu- late: fls. white. B.M. 2191.— The plant offered in Calif, as Pomaderris apetala is said to belong here. AA. Lcs. usually less than 1 in. long. parviSWra, F.inll. A low shrub, with branches H-l% ft. long, asi'cnding or prostrate: Ivs. ovate or ovate-lan- ceolate, obtuse, deeply erenate, mostly lobed: fls. pink- ish, in shortly pedunculate cymes, p. w. Barclay. EtMEX (the Latin name). PoUjgon&cece. Dock. Sorrel. Herbs, mostly perennial, with strong roots, of more than 100 species in many parts of the world. Most 1 at the base, 2219. Ruellia formosa of the species are weedy plants, but some of them afford leaves for "greens " and others are useful for ornament. All are of the easiest culture. Prop, mostly by seeds. W^H 1591 plants bee Dock and 6orrel A Dockb lis not hastate fls perfect vendsus lalh le bearing t or less tall gla I ovate lanceolate 1 tire the "^tipular wings of tr. large auU thin, entire, veined and showy, the pedicels hanging in fruit. Mo., west. — Recently offered as an ornamental plant, because of the very showy wide-winged fruiting calices. hymenosdpalus, Torr. {R. Sdxei, Kellogg) C'ANAiGKE. Raiz Colorada. Erect, reach; :i ft., glabrous, the root of clustered fusi- form tubers: Ivs. oblong-lanceolate, some^ times 1 ft. long, narrow a either end. short-petioled. en tire, gray-green, somewhat mot tied beneath: fls. perfect, lai-ge in crowded panicles green fru t ng calyi. lobes % n acre t re ve nj the ped eels dr0( T r IT to r-vl f B M II 1 I 1 I f wh k 1 1 t Cal 1 la o e ornamental I 1 1 1 1 t nn e ure 1 fro n the lahl a Ik 11 ture on tl e econon c u es of the jlant con It reports, of exper ent stat ons n Ar z Ctl f aul el e here occidentalis Wat Stout perenn al each ng 3 ft "lal ou 1 I n e late to te 1 nceol te ore or 111 tl e brous root I 1 lilt I 1 i g and obtuse, le with sharp 1 ) \ol I) the li petioles slei 1 I I now aeumi- 1 I nate infloie [I II irger part of 1 el the Hs steril | 1 1 wii gs en- le 01 ill tire or very neiil idite- center ovate each with a t 11 1 1 outer umed or small scales reflexed L 1 \ 1 1 ed m tems are some places in this - 1 tit 1 i ring t growing gieens but later in t lii^etlanii' 1 t I soutatus Linn Frlnth Sorrel Lower with many least not bran hin„ piostrate oi as en in g stems gl lu ous Ivs. somewhat fleshj the radicil nes 1 u„ stilkel ind i. i- date ovate obtuse the stem Ivs si it stalke 1 and has- tate fiddleform and acute r s nietim s 3 1 ted wings thm coidate without callosities Eu Asia —Grown in several varieties m Europe, and sometimes cult in this country for greens. It summer Sorrel. cordate lo i' talke 1 o tl( " of tl e fr 1 tr angul r hat to tl e i ve n I aero s Lai ra ior tl e cont nent descen 1 ng along the Rocky Mts acl ng Texa —Once ntrod ced as an orna nental t beca e of its prof se and so newhat showy W I f Ij f ! AcetosSUa, Linn. Common Field or Sheep Sorrel. Common in all old fields, where it indicates sterile soil: Ivs. oblong, from a hastate-lobed base; fls. reddish, in erect racemes. Not cult., but the sour root-leaves are sometimes used for greens. Eu. BB. Plant anntial. less or near cordate-ori)i< without calli cate-cu- ud leaf- : wings cult, as RUPTUKE-WOKT. Rer,. 1 rcle a the ba Eu ay places —An excellent root Ivs be ng used in T 11 often 3 3/i ft 1 ro nded at the I 11} 3 the nflores 1 ope and ow one I n ol 1 fields -Not \1 f r e e co late at "■ ned w ngs long 3 nflorescence some EtrSCDS (an old Latin name Brooji. a genus of possibly Europe. Erect shrubs, with and branches (phyllodia) si sistent veined, sessile leaf springing from f^e midrib of phyllodiuiu aculeatus, Lmn Shrul l^ oi ate lanceolate ^ 1 ' u 1 i point fls 1-2 short 1 f 1 11 i Spring Gn 34 p 2 1 1 11 Fla an 1 s t Uit A.- hijjl I ). Lilidcem. Butcher's 3 species scattered over minute bract-like Ivs. muUtmg leatheiy per- like bodies fls small, the lower surface of the -i ■'1 ft high phyllodia t I ling into a spiny I I 1 1 p 1 ^ m thick. is It 1 545 -Cult in f the 1 with le I n thick. F W Barclay erect (3 ft. or more tall in fr. ), furrowed, the pla Flowering Kuali RUSSfiLIA (Alexander Ru ssell. En-l ish vliysiciau and author of "Natural His .t..r\ ..!' A Si:rophulari(tcea. About a d. 117,. 'i .r M. -..i.'-i shrubby plants with angular , 11 pendulous branches: h 's. iisu:i ll\ ^ likeonthebrii>,.lM"..o| i: , 1.1 l;; ill red, in dense .., 1..-^ ■ l|..«cr; calyx 5-part,-,l; . ,,„ . Ic.bes spreading an.l n ; 1, ii . • . ^ h.irt or wanting; sfam. l.L'li.li. ... L'.elled: seeds nuraemu 1. A recent synop- sis of Russelia 1. I'l : 1 , 1 ; ■ liiMSO in, with a key to the species, will li. ■ 1 ■• ■ . Am. Acad . Arts & Sci., vol. 35, No. K;. Mn-ii, Russelias are ol ea~ ■ '■■ / '•iDirea and its varieties make excellr ' 'it-.' being almost continuously in bloom. A. r,',h, juncea. 7,..:-. . i: l'^. ,. ""■ itiugs: ■■KM Plant. ^^Z :-:: : ni.what 111., top: bract.- ..,, il,,- i.i„i,rn. i.M.otely flowered: |,rMunr Irs ,1,, iip.alccl. 1 ; , 1 ; I \|.4:79. -Vars. Lemoinei :ni.l eleganti . . Iivbrids of if. j.nn:,, :,n.l //. ,.., nil. III". 'l and produces several Kiii.l- • ■( s |H,r.- , .nil. J- u|„.u (heter .lni^i..i 1 -..mIs. Patavina, Linn, (//n;,/,././, .///,.<„ /'.;/.,,.,.,,„, II, .rt.). A liardv perennial herb 4-11 in. hi-li: Us. :;hil.n.iis. flie lower obh.ngsp:,tulat,., r,an..wc,l al tlie l.as,, lli,- others trisecti-d a,i,l bu'lliial,- : ,-,,rynil. .hnse: p,-d„-els some- what lon.^'er than the lis.: lis. ::,>hl, 11 yellow. .June, July. P. W. Barclay. RUTABAGA, or SWEDISH TURNIP. Consult Bras- ..,<•« aniiiiistris, page 177; also Turnip. RUTLAND BEAUTY is Convolvulus Sepium. RYE. See Secnie. RYE, Wild. See JSlymns. Ivs termi t tl I HI lUtely multi filameatau', on the raaigins lachi^ shoit ur long ligule SABAL (pos il h but the auth i t mdcew Spmele the robu t ru i base clothe I il nal oibiculir oi i fid segments lineii induphcate in the short a In It t tl t margii 1 branchi t throat bi t 1 biu lu u 1 11 ^1 brous white or ^reen tiuits small globo e bUtk the short stjle basal Species 6 Floiida to Venezuela and one in Sonori Some botanists make the species names all feminine others neuter. j ^^^^ (_, smith The Cabbage Palmetto (Sabal Palmetto) grows m groups of a few specimens to several hundieds or e\en thousiuds in the rich black soil on the banks ot the St Johns and Ockliwaha in eis of Florida, forming i glori St who IS blind to most of help being o\ei whelmed .t this, ,,,lms Th.i lie nse toliage of the ith of which form ous sight, and even the the chaims of natuit c by the beuitN lud „i ui found noitliH ii cross \ 11! / a beautitiil in hi, ii ; i dh when in flower Th suggestions ct nituie in otti u followed bj planteis w have a feeling for niture like landscape ef fects The Cabbage Palmetto thrives even in the poor sandy soil, and it isgreatlj improved by cultivition Even good sized trees are ; not difficult to transplant if the whole stem IS carefully dug out and all of the roots and leaves are cut off If the stem his been set at least three fift ilrop nnd tlu soil IS kept well watered itti i | I uitin. tl. Palmetto is almost suie to In. In i l.lin, ,i to the P^ilmetto, all of thi s il ,K i,i. iiti. n I in this work ale cultnated li\ (111 un.lcisi^nc I on high pine land m southern Flondi I n der these conditions the Saluls hue pro^ ed a great success, as also ill species of Phceni\ and all Cocos of the austialis Upe, while thi species of \V ashmgtonia, Er-\thea Ln iston i and Trachj carpus have been anentiiefailure S. BlacUin nuinum is in the jud,;ment of '^ the undersigned the huest of all the fan leaved pUms that can be grown in Floiida All the species that form tiunks are obiects ^-I of great be lutv when well gi own The> need '^--5 to be well fertilized oi the lower lemes will "^ suffer and flnalh die tlius a, ti n hii^ nmch from the elegaiK < "t th i m, i, II, ai grow naturall} in 1 1 li 1 1 i I ,11 thrive c\ ceedmgly well in til. ^ nn\ , ' 1 1 well fertil ized and watered ml, i I I itilizt.l tm much, and the m , , , m.i w it. i theygetthefast.il I i mii 1 il,i must be set dei pi , i n i ,1 i\ makes a hollow ili. ,,, , m , , ,,, , ,, i ih mi _ it deep m the centei Jlii-.,.ni.i u In. Ii le. . n . s the jjI ml The Cabbage Palmetto { Saft I Pah) ttn) is rich m hi t 1 al t It I tf 1 t r It impel isl I II K I go 1 p le foi tl e 1 ler m sea I tl t hiiig litl II 1 ft the bi es of the leaf tilk remain up n tl e ti ink toiinmg a unique chevaux de fuse which adds much to its picturesque uess This palm when pot grow n is valuable for greenhouse c ilt i t tl e North The Dwait r ist as low a temperatui e as 10-17° F I t| wei spike rises above the leaves to i h , i . t 6 loiii/ii, ,11. what resembles the Cab- bage PalractU) iii.l ii 1 ,Li spikes extend far above the leaves g ^ Reasoner. INDEX AdansoTii 1 Hnogendoipi s i iniiwi 1 jg. 22i4 The -Sabal Palmet 1 Adansoni ( ii.ins iS minus oi miiioi, Pers. toii/plia iiini :i I I c| ii.it I inn ) Dwarf Palmetto. Hh_eP\lm St. in vli.iit liuiiid m the earth l\s 2-3 It Ion.,, blade cirrulii in its outline somewhat longer ilim the petiole glaucous segments slightly cleft it tlie apex spadix erect much longer than the Ivs., -I. tt drupe y^i in thick, black Southern states, b M 1434 1504 SABAL L'. mauritiae!6rme, (iriM-lj. it We SACCOLABIUM bilid lobr,. Wt.st liidifs.-'J'liii ii;i »'■ tloes nut appear iu the Amcricun tic!', i' , cens, Lodd. and Hort., probably l.rl i . i to Grisebach. Nehrling writes: " .'^ trade rivals S. umbrae uliferum in iHaiiy ; of growth. Its leaves, though smaller, have bluish green color." 3. Palmetto, Lodd. Cabbage Palmetto .Stem erect, 20-80 ft. high: Ivs. 5-8 ft. hnia beautiful Fig. 2224. \\r.m the ].iiii.|.-; -i-iiM-iits deeply cleft; --liidix :.|i]i:Hling, slinrlrr t)i;iii iliL' Ivs. ; drupe bhu'k, '.-', in. Inllg. .Snutbcrii sl;.l,s. S.S. 10:507. A.F. \l:i^ls.- s. Morini, Hort., is referred to S. Palmetto by Voss, hut Nehrling describes it as a stemless plant from Mexico, more beautiful than the Dwarf Palmetto, bearing immense Ivs. on strong stalks, the Ivs. attaining a height of 6-8 ft. S. Pntmrttn has been confused in the European trade with .V. M,.n,;ninm. i. Blackburnianum, lilazebrook (S. umbrae ii I ifiriim, Mart.). Stfiii ;;ii-lii It. liigh, thickeued at the middle: blade ample, orbicular, glaucous, rather rigid, shorter than the petiole; lobes about 40, ensiform, bifid, fila- mentous, rather rigid. West Indies. G. F. 4:307. G.C. II. 2:777. Loudon's Gard. Mag. 5:.52-57, with several figures.— Tliis species has also been confused in the trade with 6'. Mejrieunum. 5. Mexicinum, Mart. Stout tree, with trunk some- times 50 ft. tall and 2 ft. iu diam. : Ivs. very large, some- wide, divided to the middle I rum, iits, which are filamen- :ti, in diam., globose or ■i- II. sh. Tex., Mex. S.S. ■ rill- species is more robust •nia; it forms a broader and jrows more quickly." The following are mostly trade names, but at present they an be only iraperfeotly ik.siiil.ril; .v. aenileseens. W. Bidl. i. native of Colombia intrn.ln I m 1-7' Xiipnrr-ntly only the 6 ft. into many narrow tous on the ukul sometimes 3-lob( ■, I , 10:508. -Nehrliim than those native denser crown of Iv juvenile state lias I Lite, plicate, with a strongly m.irkeil oi cannot distingiiisli from S. glaucesc writes Nehrling, " smaller in all its green {indoj: afiiir ery SABBATIA (Liberatus Sabbati, Italian botanist of the ci-littiiiih century). Geutianiceie. About 13 species of Atlantic North American annuals or biennials with show)^ rose-pink or white Us. in summer or autumn. Fls. 5-12-merous, in cymes orterminating the branches; calyx 5-12-cIeft; corolla rotate, usually with a yellow eye, the lobes convolute in the bud; filaments rather short, filiform; anthers linear or elongate oblong, ar- cuate, recurved or revolute; .style 2-cleft or parted: capsule globose or ovoid, thick-coriaceous or at first fleshy: seeds small, numerous. Sabbatias require a light, sweet soil. Seed may be sown in fall or early spring. The plants are easily transplanted. A. Fls. 5-parted, rarely G-7-parted. B. Lvs. narrow -oblanceoUtte to linear, r. Color of fls, rose to white: Irs. obtuse, brachiita. Ell. Stem but slightly angled, 1-2 ft. high: Ivs. mostly obtuse, obscurely 3-nerved at the ba-i : il- li".! \ . lijiht rose to white, 1-lK in. across, in tli>i II ! -.the lateral peduncles bearing usu- all\ I -alyx-lobes narrowly linear, shorter or II. Ill h, ■ iiiiiliiii.' the corolla. May-Sept. Ind. to N. (.'. and si.uth. B.B. 2:B09. CO. Color of fls, white, fading yellowish: Ivs. acute. lanceolAta, Torr. & Gray. Stem simple, 1-3 ft. high: Ivs. about 1 in. long, shorter than internodes, acute, 3-5-nerved, the floral reduced to subulate bracts: fls. about 1 in. across, white, fading yellowish; calyx-lobe more than half the length of the corolla. May-Sept. Wet pine barrens, N. J. to Fla. B.B. 2:609. BB. Lvs, wider, cordate-ovate, clasping. angul^ris, Pursh. Stem sharply angled, lK-2 ft. high: Ivs. 3-5-nerved: fls. fragrant, showy, light rose to white, 1-2 in. across, in much -branched pyramidal or somewhat corymbose cymes; calyx-lobes linear, much shorter than the corolla. Rich, light soil in open fields. W. Canada to Fla. B.B. 2:610. aa. Fls. S-13-parted. cliloroldeB, Pursh. Stem truly biennial, 1-2 ft. high, often decumbent, loosely and sparingly branched above: :::,i:'i';i, h!:,'!:n's;;;;i;,s-uol;g'thecJ:ist.''Mass:, tla^H.!.:'^^ 'i'iii'i"ii F. W. Barclay. SACCHAKUM (saccharon, old Greek name for sugar) 1 i .rt , is animiiieiv. Species 12. in tropic:d rcf,'i..iis. mostlv of ■ '1', ':.'•■" the Old World. Tall un-- - \m'Ii - i -111111 .■hhI .■implc 1 'l''.'rt'' panicles, the branrb. ■ ., ,:, , 1 ,, ib,- i.n'iler small, slender spik.b' ! r i . m .1..1 ., ikv ,s. Ion- hairs, niflfers fr.nn 1 ii:.i,:! u m 1, . 'i,:' 1 1,. ^.n . l.-i. .Mrmless I'gUucouf Wb'-'i ' -■■.•: .1; riilniiil. il III ln,|,ir:il iiliil M.blr.,|,i- "is very .. Trunk by ,1,1 ■ , , .,!!.. -1. Ill, X:il IN ,■ ruiiiil i-y II 11 ]> n,i\\ II . but ''^■''^'■Zmi f.ir u'lui-l, 1, '■: :. ' inVti.-s have lost the power'to 1 l:!;i.lr IHi'ibiir bl 1 1 M produce fertile seed. Rum ' "l"'';'il is 1 in 111 11, -r,! 1 1 . 1 , i I. 1 . 1 iMiitcd molasses. l' "'ill oSficinclrum, Lmii;. >, ,; m: Cane. Stem 8-20 ft. high. 1 i-«li:it 1-2 ill. thick, tliinl empty glume wanting. ' , "■■"''■ A. S. Hitchcock. i-'','"iii SACCOLABIUM (name referring to the saccate label- l'"in rif |,„„y ,,,..,,,,.;;,..,„, K!.i,.hv,i,. iHTbs ,vitl, erect leafy -1-,,- ;,,,.,■,■ ,. 11, j.. 11. 1.. .■.., 1 ..ri.wth at the .: ■. .. .-. 1. - : - i , i.^uallycban- \.\ ' ■ ■ 1: '■.■•■ ..•,•. y ■• 1, , '. .1 species a SACCOLABIUM small; sepals subequal, free, spreading, the lateral pan- not decurrent on the base of the eolumu; petals similar, sometimes wider; labellum united with the base of the column, spurred, the mouth of the spur open pollinia on a filiform stipe. About 20 species Can be piopa gated l)y otfsets and by cut backs Fresh stock is con staully imported. Heimkich H\sselbring This interesting genus embraces a number of prett\ and distinct species fioiu Borneo Cochin China, Indi i Java and Manila. The) ate closelj allied to the genei i Aerides, Phalsenopsis ind Vanda and require somewhat similar treatment, but do not il« ivs acclimatize them selves us readily to irtificul cultn iti 11 mil s _i\en a lalest or Cy|>iipediuiu depaitnient Thela^ „i uii„ 1 ecies with thick, succulent leaves requireaw um moistatnios phere where the winter tempeiature can be retained at 65° to 70° F. by night and about 7o° duiin,^ the day and in the summer or growing season 10 degrees m advance of this. All succeed best when suspended from the roof in pans, baskets or on blocks where they can have free circulation of air about them it all times receive 1 rect benefit of the sun s luflui n< e which w ill harden their tissue, and wheit the ( nipost may readily and frequently dry out, duun^ tht listing period especiallj Grown otherwise the mjie sue 1 ulent species such is S. gigantenm (aVandi) make soft weak tissue, whRh is susceptible to wet spot a usually fit il disease Clean chopped sphagnum freely interspersed with broken pieces of charcoal, is the most sitisfactnrv growing ma terial, and this should n< t be pu sstd m so hi mis is to must always !„■ Hi'lnK 111 I illi 1 1 I h 1 il potsherds (.1- otlirv -111 il 11 11 1 11 I 1 in l\ I timd with copiHT wiiT t I I til III 111 ] ill 11 111 iwise being more or less t i]i be iv^ tli > ut li ibk to woik loose, under which conditions they cannot become prop erly established. Shading should be applied to the glass from February until November to break the sun s direct rijs but dur ing the balance of the j ear when the solar light is weik its direct influence will be found benehcial In bnght weather during the growing sexson the plants need a liberal supply of water both at the roots and over the foliage, but during the testing period and in wet m clement weather, water and syringing must be carefully and sparingly administered Judgment in this respect is very essential to the successful cultuie of these plants. The supply of feaccolabiums is kept up by fresh importation. These cultural directions appl) also to the genus Rhynchostylis Robert M Gret A. Fh iose coloied Hendersoniinum, Reichb f Dwarf Ivs 4-6 m long strap-shaped, subacute distichous on the stems but spreading in various direttions laceme upright, about as long as the Ivs.: fls. forming a cylindrical mass, bright rose, "A in. across; dorsal sepals orbicular, con- cave, lateral ones larger, obovate-oblong ; petals obo- vate; labellum a blunt, straight spur with 3 teeth at the mouth, white. Borneo. B.M. G222. ampuUiceum, Lindl. Pig. 2225. Dwarf; stem 6-8 in. high, with 2 rows of Ivs.: Ivs. strap-shaped, channeled, apex truncate and dentate: racemes nearly erect, 4-6 in. high: fls. deep rose color; sepals and petals ovate, veined, spreading out flat; labellum linear-falcate, one- half as long as the petals ; spur slender, straight. May, June. N. India. B.M. 5595. P.M. 13:49. J.H. III. 32:463. — Var. MoulmelnSnse, Hort., is a geographical variety with stronger growth and larger fls. AA. Fls. orange or scarlet-orange. curvifdlium, Lindl. Stems short: Ivs. linear, 8-10 in. long, 2-toothed at the apex: racemes somewhat droop- ing, 6 in. long, dense: fis. 1 in. across, bright orange scarlet; sepals and petals ovate to obovate, spreading; labellum orange, blade linear, truncate, spur obtuse. May, June. Burma. Java. B.M. 5326 (as /S.miniatum). I.H. 13:493. SAFFRON THISTLE 1590 cerinum, Reichb. f. Stem short, thick: Ivs. strap- shaped, obtusely 2-lobed: raceme dense, half drooping: fls orange with a paler spur; sepals oblong; petals o\ ate bunda Islands iw n lilnt p-.tt ,1 Hith blue I 1 III 1 II h 1 ft high with de- 1 II hill I nies 0-9 m long: III t III lij iiid the tips of the I 1 II I I 1 lis cuneate oblong. ctel^ste R fls whitt \M segments sk\ obtuse Hbt 1 July, Aug s 9 Blnmi, Limll =V-in 1 1 1 III I — S" g\gant?um. H J iiiJl =Rhynchostylis = Klij iichostylis violacea. Rhe&dii, Fight-Rhyni-linsfyiis ,,4,i.,-, ■- ,,.,,',.,,,-„, Uriclib. f.= Ihynchostylis viokiccu. Heinrich Hasselbrino. SACRED BEAN of Egypt. Nymphoea Lotus. SACRED BEAN of India. Nelumho nucifera. name for Tulip-tree, Lirio- SAFFLOWEE. Ccirtlwmns. SAFFRON. Crocus sutivus. SAFFRON, FALSE. Carthamus tinctorius. SAFFRON, MEADOW. See Colcliicum. SAFFRON THISTLE. Cartlmmus tinctorius. 1596 SAGE SAGE {Salviii offichialis). For at least three cen- turies this shrubby, Hbrous-rooted perennial from southern Europe has been widely cultivated in kitchen gardens for its aromatic, whitish green, wrinkled, oval leaves. These are arranged oppositely on ascending or decumbent branching stems which seldom exceed 18 in. in height. In early summer the upper parts o£ these bear generally blue, though sometimes pink or white flowers, followed by almost black spheroidal seeds borne in the open cups. The name Salvia is derived from salvo, to save, in reference to the plant's use in ancient medicine; the name sage, from its supposed power to make people wise by strengthening the memory. In modern medicine it is but little used. In domestic practice it is, however, credited with tonic, sudorific, carminative, anthelmintic and stomachic properties, and is frequently used as a gargle for aphthous affec- tiims of the iiuaitli aud pliarx iix. Its pleasant, though |,n\wi-i'ii I -iiH 111 ML' , '>li I ' li ■ ii Ii :i V fs are used for flavor- in ,1 , , ,/ I M ; i ! ■■( i-lieese, for seasoning ., ii, ,1 ! ill' ■' I ■ dressings with lus- ,.,,,, 11. 1, iM i' ih II I i'l'i-k. goose and duck. , iln.. to a volatile niii^' rapidly dissi- ^li-mld be gathered isr they are then iiav be "made. For sii'ice this plan is he plants are cut in and the stumps, it iitumn ; or if grown nnion way, they are Plants grown "from [ice three crops in a 1. airv room is best SAGITTARIA iibbed to a powder and as a secondary cit-c, \\ li cut only once — iKiiii. 1\ . cuttings (see beliiw i «i season. Upon a smill for drying, the ).l.iiii^ racks or the floor. "C ti Upon a larger scnl. ,l current of warm ;iir : After drying, the It-av stored in air-tight vessels. Sage does best in an open, sunny aspect and a well- drained, mellow loam of medium texture, rich in humus and nitrosfiioiis mntf(.r. Stable manure or a fertilizer conTaitiiiiL'' ii'ifii^b. ]i1i a.lvocates, but practically all agree upon the ],l.,\Miti; .-,11,1 harrowing of the ground in June or Jiih :,li, r li:,r\ , .-ting an early crop, such as beets, cab- ba-.' , r p,:,-. .\n,,ut twi.-e ill the three weeks after allowed to till the space. Atih, ' .i i m should make about two marl., ' : i second at least three. This p i i i i ~ In .\iiii.ii,'ii ilir i;r,-,n. I.r, ,:i,M,.:, vi.cl varieties are in far L'iT;,i,.r .Liniiml tluiii 111,. ,-,.l.,ri..l and the narrow- Icavi-d kin, Is. Tin- l„st vari.ty UiM.wii to the writer is Holt Mammoth, which is exceptionally prolific of large leaves. It is said to produce no seed. ji. q_ Kaixs. SAGE BRUSH. Species of Artemisia. SAGE, JERUSALEM. See Phlomis. SAGENIA 1,1. rivation unknown). Pohjpodi&cece . A genus of fiins, iiHistly ,,f large and coarse habit, with superior niiil im i h, m shaped indusia fixed by the sinus, as in 1 1' i .: i . i with veins uniting freely to form are,,l, hided veinlets. About 2."i species ar,' I-. n. lii -< 1,. from the East Indies, a few from tropical America. deciirrens, Presl. Leaf-stalks narrowly winged from a creeping rootstock: Ivs. 2-i ft. long, 1 ft. or more wide, cut down to a winged rachis and with 4-8 pairs of pinnae 6-12 in. long, 1-2 in. wide : sori large, in two regular rows between the principal veins. India to Polynesia. l.. m. Underwood. SAGINA (Latin, fatness; perhaps alluding to the forage value. Caryophyll&cea. Pearlwort. About 8 species of annual or perennial tufted herbs, mostly from the temperate regions of the world. Lvs. awl -shaped: fis. small, usually comparatively long- stemmed; sepals 4-5; petals 4-5, entire or slightly emarginate, minute or none; stamens equal in number to the sepals or twice as many: ovary 1-loculed, many- seeded: styles of the same number as the sepals and alternate with them. BUbuIita, Wimm. {S. pilifera, Hort. Splrgula pil- Ifera, Hort. Spirgula subulMa, Sw.). Peaklwort. An evergreen, hardy, densely tufted little plant, cov- ering the ground like a sheet of moss: lvs. very small, stiff, aristate on the margin, linear: stems branching and creeping: fls. white, studded all over the plant on long,very slender peduncles. July-Sept. Corsica. R.H. 1896, p. 435. R.B. 20:153.-Var. aiirea has lvs. marked with yellow. A good rock-plant in shady places. Cult, similar to Arenaria. Prop, by division. P. W. Barclay. SAGITTABIA (Sagitta is Latin for arrow). Alis- mtteea. Arrowhead. A small genus of vei-y variable aquatic plants, the number of species depending on the point of view of eacL author. Nearly or quite 100 spe- cific names occur in flip genus, but Micheli, the latest monograplnr I In'. M.,ii,,L'r. Phaner. 3) reduces the species to i:;, l,.iii ,! w In. li are doubtful. In his mono- graph of tlir Am, ri,:,ii l,,inis (6th Rep. Mo. Hot. Gard.) Jared G. Smiili :„linii~ Ul si.ecics. The present ten- dency amongst Aiiiiri,;in '.\ rii.r- is to recognize several rather than few spiM'i's. In ,s,iiini,,ii with most aquatic plants, they are wi.l. h ,li-n ii.ui, ,1. They occur in many parts of the worM, in l,"tli t,iiiiierate and tropical SAGITTARIA regions. Most of tlie spc'ips liiivp an in bogs and sliallow |".iiil-. mihI .iN buttercup-lilse flowi-r^. uliirh ar.- h., small whorls on an vi [ s. ■;(])<', Tin- for colonizing in the c.pen, l>ut .S'. J/. the most popular species — is grown ii plunged in open ponds in the summer. The arrowheads are perennials of easy culture, although likely to be infested with aphis. Prop, by division, or sometimes by seeds. Plants of mostly erect habit, the Ivs. and scapes aris- ing from more or less tuberous or knotted rootstooks : Ivs. typically arrow-shaped, with long basal lobes, but sometimes long and linear: fls. imperfect, montpcious (stauiinate fls. usually in the uppermost whorls) or di- cecious, with 3 white broad petals and 3 small greenish sepals, the stamens and pistils numerous, the latter ripening into small akenes: inflorescence composed of successive whorls of 3-stalked fls. Sometimes the Ivs. are floating. A. Sepals of pistillate fls. (usually in the lower whorls) erect after flowering ^ and the pedicels of these fls. thick: carpels not glandular. Montevidfinsis, Cham. & Schleoht. Giant Arrow- head. Very large, sometimes growing G ft. tall, with leaf -blades 1-2 ft. long: Ivs. arrow-shaped, with long, diverging, sharp basal Inbps: fl«. vr-ry laru'' i:2 to nearly blotch at the l.a-r. A I'L'.Mili 11a t" i'.razil. I lill.' ami I'.-ril. cult, plant from .-eeds sent to Euglaud iu Ls^^l; from Buenos Ayres by .John Ball. It is now a popular plant for aquaria and lily ponds. Tender to frost. It is spar- ingly naturalized in the southern parts of the U. S., on both the Atlantic and Pacific sides. SAIXTPAULIA 1597 A\. Sipnls of pistillnte fls. reflextd after flouering: j'liluth of these fls. slender: carpels somewhat qlandnlur. B Hunt!, at base Of whorls united, as if only 1. pusiUa, Nutt. I S. nittaxs. m part. S. siibulAta ,'&u-. hanly or tender, annual ..r | ■ i. ■ T: ' ■ t rli,ai..|.(..N which grow in lar-' ill ■ !. i, 1. riaiM an re- gion were foir.Mli.V U-iil : - -lar alnl J,'l:i^>. i'^ they yield a hM-^„ j.eia-, nluKi- .A s...la. 1 l,c a.sl.ea ot such plants were known to the trade as barilla. The species have probably never been in cultivation and have no horticultural interest. SALISBUKIA. See Ginkgo. SALIX (ancient Latin name of widow). Saliciice.ee. Wiuww. A genus of trees and shrubs characterized by simple Ivs. : bads with a single bud-scale: Ivs. in lax scaly spikes (aments) : the fls. subtended by a single entire scale and nearly or quite destitute of perianth; the stamiuate fl. with 1, 2, or 3-6 stamens; the pistil- late fl. of a single pistil composed of 2 carpels and 2 more or less divided stigmas; at maturity the pistil dehisces, setting free the small appendaged seeds. The wood is lisht, soft and diffuse porous. For the stnrninat- alal ].i-lillatp flov,a-r- of Willow, see Figs. 831 ar^! -■ ' :, \'l M. 'I! .Hl,!i.- .a- "pussies" are also 1 . ,..i I • i:: j I ni the north temper- I :i J I" a I iiaiii ' ■! Ml analogous to that ■ I !i llucalyptus in sulitropical regions in that it ' MS in wet ground and absorbs and transpires .|uantities of water. It has been used to plant SALAD PLANTS. The prin America is the lettuce, which is not always expertly, for salads. high lla> I MM , I MM ■ ! M. Tins |,laiit is said to be a ;-■ I i I ii li Miiilins and forcing houses, I MM I iiiM v.nh white mustard and is |Mi I |i .1 ■■ . I mI . m. h mmmi - and all. Corn salad is aiioiliMi I -mm in Manlinsand used for salad -i 1 1 ; m- . m :, m, those who do not rcli-li ■ m ,m , i i i , - ■ m m ,i -i .toss. tuce and other saUnl-; also jouoj^ ..nions. Many other plants are used in various places and by various per- sons for salads. Besides the salad plants proper, many vegetables are used in a cooked or raw condition for salads. Such are cabbage, cauliflower, brussels sprouts, potatoes, lima beans, beets, Jerusalem artichoke, etc. With salad plants may also be included pot-herbs, or "greens." effect of heavy rapiil sn.ams a- i All species are rca.lily pi-opaL has been suggested that the britil of some species, notably t-lje Bla is an adaptation to facilitate naturally the distribution of the species. Certain it is that twigs broken from the tree by the wind are carried down streams and, be- coming anchored in the muddy banks, grow there. It is one of the most aggressive trees in occupying such places. .^*a^ *^ ' t. 2231 Same tree i The genus is repress neuts. It is, liowever, temperate regions tlian are several speciei Sal ted by species in both conti- mucli more abundant iu north a south. In the frigid regions a and several allied species are among the few woody plants extending into extreme arctic regions. The arctic sjiecies are among the most diminutive of \\uo.l\- pliiiiis. As one goes south the species incnasc- mi ^i/r, >miim. of the specie-s of north temperate, tri>pi<;il ;iiii| >imjiIi it-niperate zones are large trees. The iirli.n . -r, m ^|„., i,.s all form wood very rapidly. Specimen^ "t Whirr Willow which may not be of great age look v.iicrr.l.lr liMin tlieir great thickness. The wood is light in w.iu-lit ami color, finely and evenly porous. The wood ha.^ bii n extensively used in the manufacture of Lj:uupowder. It has also been used for many other purposes. Certain species have for many years been extensively cultivated in Eu- rope for materials with which to manufacture baskets. 6'. viiiiiiiulis appears to be the favorite species for this purpose. Basket Willow is now extensively culti\ated in central New York, and considerable manufacturing of this material is done there. As ornamental trees the Willows present little variety The bright yellow catkins of some species are attractn e in spring. They are considerably used as nuise trees for slower growing trees that require partial shade while young. The red and yellow branches of certain Willows are very bright and cheering m winter The wei-|iiin,' f..nris are very popular, but they are often plant. ■,! «iili liitl,. sense of fitness. The cultural re mark- uii.lrr /'.././,/»»■ will apply to Willows Willows an- rari/ly propagated from seed The seeds are very small and contain a green and sboit lived embryo. A very short exposure of the seeds to the air will so dry them out that they will not germmate The safest way to secure seedlings is to plant the seeds as soon .as the capsule opens. Many hybruK hxvi been described based on specimens found m natuie that presented characters intermediate between rn denized specie-*. .Artificial hybrids have also been made between many -it i.-v Tlif dioecious habit of the species seems to t.Miliiii. ,1 jiollination, and it seems probable thai ! , iio forms so frequentlj met with and amygdaloide cc .B«<7s la iqe ;i« le,,/ •.!,, of Salix alba C. Large tr ' i fragilis alba vitellina Babylonica elegantissima cc. Shrubs . ..lb 11 argophylla AA. Scales of an ent bla •/; above, per » i s te-} 1. MostUi shrtibs. B. Stametlx 2. c. Capsules Im ry. u IB 1!) 20 Caprea discolor Bebbiana humilis triatis sericea petiolaris viminalis Candida cc. CapsnUs (lie jroi 4-.21 23 24 myrtilloides cordata irrorata incana BB. Stiniiciil.. ..2.5 2G sris 1. nigra, Mmi-I. lil. l!l. \: h Willow. Fig 2233. Tr..,-, :!ii-4(i I'l. iml : !.,■ ik Haky, oftei becomiiif; sli:iu'-\ : wil: s 1, ittle at base ; buds small: i. ^. 1 ■1:. >n. botb sides Var finely and i-v,nlN . m .: u . ,;t scales oblong'. ■!' < i:" ovate-conic:il, ;j i tinct. E. N. .\ \ ,u, ia Lvs. elongateil, ii:u...'a uu.l : p6ndula is cult. 2. amygdaloldes, Andersson. Peach-leaf Willow. Tree, 30-40 fh high: bark longi- tudinally furrowed, less inclined to be flaky: lvs. broader, glaucous beneath, on rather long, compressed petioles : aments loosely fld. : ovary lanceolate-conical ; style very short. Central and western N. Amer. 3. Idcida, Muhl. Shrub or low, bushy tree, 6-15 £t. high : branches yellowish brown and highly polished : buds large, flattened and recurved at the apex: lvs. large, broadly lan- ceolate-acuminate, serrate, dark green, shin- ing above: aments large, appearing with the lvs.; scale pale green, deciduous; stamens 4-5: ovary pedicelled, rather obtuse, glabrous. E. N. Amer.— A beautiful plant, deserving of more extensive cultivation. 4. pentindra, Linn. {S. lanrifdlia, Hort.). Bay-leaf or Lauhki.-Leaf Wiluiw. Sliruli conspicuous. Europe ; 5. frAgilis, Linn. (S. selUflnn, Sm. Tree, r.n-i;n ft hiL-li. pvmT.i.t in I, Ml.it and of V.TV r;iiH.i ..,,,, Ml, IM, h..^ l„.,vw,. „b- liqucly:. . . I'.li: • -i. ; ■ inicd: SlightlVliiur, •.^ln ,, ^ ..■...■:,,.■, I;/m1,'h"- neatli, i^IaTnluUir serrate : aiiu-iits appearing with the lvs. (the staminate tree rare in America), seldom bearing good seed, slender; scales deciduous. Eu., N. Asia. On. 19, p. 517; 55, p. 8!), - r,. il> .■■;:ii> .(, .1 and also growing s|h ■ , ' ■: t,i:ires. A company of jii i i \iiier- ican farmers t<' | i,,., . ■ Willow some fifty year.-> .i.,,.. .Ahm;. ..i ilu.^i occur now throughout the country, the trees being 40-50 feet high.. A stake cut from a tree and driven in the ground will soon establish it- hyb rid \^ (i. 41ba also 2":iii trunk, no low sh b thrc ughoi who nto a tree. Var. decipiens' i-llow: huds black in winter: I 11-1, 1 M- green. Probably a , Willow. Fig. 2234; ■, ,;, , , Hith short and thick rent 111 habit : branches yel- Ivs. ashy gray and silky ng a white appearance to the n. long, elliptical. Ku. Gii. 55, p. H7. - ll-r.-i(,f',.rc associated with the next s|..,-, - I, I , li it differs in color oftwit;^.,, > ,i ■■,,lor of lvs., as also in its g,n, , II is only occasionally seen in An,, ,i i ,,i,,l h.is been known as 6'. alba, var. ai-iinih/d. S. sptendens. Bray, and S. regalis, Hort. These forms, not easily distinguishable from one another, can be readily distinguished from the following spe- cies. 7. vitellina, Linn. (S. bldnda, Anderss.). Yellow Willow. Becoming a very large and venerable appearing tree, the rather short trunk often 4 ft. or more in diain. It is often pollarded. The crown is deliquescent and rounded in outline. Branches yellow: lvs. silky-hairy when young, glabrous when ma- ture, glaucous beneath, the whiteness inten- sified after the lvs. fall. Aments appearing with the leaves. Abundant in E. N. Amer. Mn. 8, p. 25 (erroneously as S. a/6a). -Dis- playing many variations, the most obvious of which are: Var. adrea, Salisb. (var. a«rn)i- tXaca, Hort.), branches golden yellow, espe- cially just before the leaves appear in spring. Var. Britz^nsls, Hort., bark red. These as well as other choice varieties are grafted. Var. p6ndula. S.H. 2::;(;i, 371. (in. 55, pp. 15, 22. 8. Babylonica, Li in, |.S'. ;)?'«,/»/oi.k,..n-s \Vii,i.,,w. Fij;. 22:U. A tree of weepiliL; !,■ Mt ::" 1 n high, with long, sleii- der, oliv,' . ,-. , ,■ 1,,;. 1 , -; buds small, acute: lvs. 2-11 i. 1 1 r at base and apex : aments a; , . , : - ilie lvs,, slender, the pistillate ;;r.,,i: , ,1 iile small, 1 in. long. Caucasus, (in. 1, 1. 371; 34, p. 527; 39, p. 4. myrtilloides; ,■;. nigra; 6. fragilis. 72; 55, p. 92. S.H. 1:261. -Long known in cultivation and often grown in cemeteries. Several forms recognized, some of which limy be hybrids: Var. atrea, Hort., branches u'olden yellow. Var. annularis, Forbes, lvs. twisted back so as to form a sort of ring. \'ar. dolordsa, Rowen. Wisconsin Weei'inij ilicr iinrtli. \":ii'. Salamonii, I ' ■' v ■ r. ■ :-,.r- tor this. \:ii'. Japonica, Tliuiib., lvs. more decidedly ti", till 'I; amints longer and looser. 9. elegantissima, Kuril. THrKLOW'sWEEP- iNi: \Vii,,.\\. Tree with more spreading li:,!,;, :,i,,: I i : , r crowu than 5. Babylonica: , , mil pendent, yellowish green, ,, I idled with brown: appears to I,,' ii,,ii, i,:ir,:\ than S. Babylonica. Japan. Un.5.-..p.24. S.H. 2:363. B. Sifboldii, Hort., is this species or is closely related. 10. interior, Rowlee (5. rubra, Rich, not Huds. N. IniHjifhIia. Muhl.. not Lam. ,S. fluvidlil". ^.,,::,,i! .,l,,l ,,l!,, I r, .1 1,1 .■iiillinrs in part ). i ■ ' ; , ' .,,,,,. tr,n„ a low slir:.!' •, ., ,' 'i ..,,■,,. 'ii'. ■, "« 11,;;' along sir, iilr^ 1111,1 m:,, -ii,,i,^ t v. i-- ^ tli and brown lu clcnsely loiiH-iiluse ami ;;la\ : buds plano-convex, with an obtuse anil rounded apex, very small: lvs. nearly or quite smooth, sparsely canescent to extremely ca- nescent.sessile, linear-elliptical, remotely den- tate, the teeth narrow, sometimes quite spin- ulose: stipules conspicuous, ear-shaped, ob- scurely denticulate, deciduous : aments of on much longer k-afy t.ra irhe^. very loosely fld.: fls. fascicle.! in .In.i axis, a distinct iiitc i\ nl !■•■ \\rrTl lllr f a » ' i<- 1 <• S . first appearing in May ,i m1 ..11,11 l..-ariiii,' a second set of amuuts in c : ■\^ -iMiina !■: -.■al..s usually glabrous or sojii. >.,,il •., l..'Aa.-(l the base, narrowly oblciiL uous after flowering : lil 1. • ■ ■ ^ : '.;■. irv below, smooth above : , :.|.-.li. ~ -. -Ml... clothed when young witli a|. pressed silvery hairs, becoming nearly si looth at maturity: stigmas short, sessile. Ce itral N. America. - The pistillate ament, hix a aiithesis, becomes more so as the I'apMilr^ i ,atnre. and by this guished fi-..i.'. ivhitr,! -,„', .s.' ■ 11. argophylla, Xuttall arqophftlhi. An.l. ,--. n. ' ■ .■::-'.■.';,■.■. var. tir- goi,hf/lh,.^:n-,u,. >■, // ... |;.a"' am 1. Tree or laix-e ^hruK, IJ 1 ■ ■, ■ j: l-a.,,iig dense thirk.-t. l.ut n.a . branches iM-arly -lal.n.u ai,-l . \.-. . .Iin-ly tough ; bark tuniin- It-.i 1 l.r..wi, 1 ii;!)! yellow or .iraiiKe ju-t lirf !.• I.I....1UM1-, niak- ing a tlll.-K..t .It It a 1II..M .■..ii-|.i.ai..ii- "II- entirely or rarely miiint.U an. I i. im.iidy denticulate, clothed eqiiallv ..n l.otli -ides with an appressed silky i.iil.is.-, n,.,., which more or less conceals tin- veins ; stipules obsolete: scales oblong and obtuse in the starainate ament, narrower aud more acute in the pistillate ; lower half of the filament densely crispy hairy: capsule lanceolate, cov- ered with straight appressed silky hairs, closely sessile: stigmas s.-ssil.-; mattir.- cap- sule often nearly glabrous.- 1 1.-, a-ioiially the leaves remain upon the plant ..\,-r winter. the young shoots appearing in their axils in spring. Ament surpassed in length by its leafy peduncles; appearing in May in Ore- gon and northern California and flowering in- termittently all summer. This species is dis- tinguished by its narrowly lanceolate, entire leaves, obsolete stipules, small and rather narrow aments, erose scales and hairy cap- sules. S. argophylla occurs on the Pacific slope from southern California to British Columbia. It is a western representative of the long-leaved Willows. Not advertised, but a beautiful species common along streams and irrigation ditches. 12. Caprea, Linn. Goat Willow. Fig. 2235. A small tree, 12-25 ft. high, with up- right branches: Ivs. large, 2-5 in. long, l-I! in. wide, rounded or subcordate at base, ru- gose, very variable: aments appearing before the Ivs., large and showy, especially the stam- inate ones. En. Asia. -The typical form often occurs in yards where it has sprouted from the stock upon which the more popular but scarcely more ornamental variety, pend- ula. has been grafted. Var. p^ndula, Hort. Kilmarnock Willow. Dwarfed form, grafted on stock about 4 ft. high, and forming a weeping shrub. Often planted in yards. .S. mulltnlrris is supposed to be a hybrid, and probably belongs with S. Criprea. S. Caprea, var. tricolor, Hort., is said by F. W. Kelsey to be a round-headed tree, with "tricolored foliage." a. palmtrfdHn. Hort., is said by F. W. Kelsey to be of vigorous growth, With large, deep green Ivs. and reddish purple young wood. 13. discolor, Muhl. Pussy Willow. Figs. 2228, 2229, 223i. A shrub or short-tmnked tree, 10-20 ft. high : buds very large and nearly black: Ivs. smooth and bright green above, whitish beneath, irregularly crenate-serrate: aments appear early in spring, before the Ivs., closely sessile, enveloped in long, silky 14. Bebbiana, Sarg. Pig. 2234. A small tr. short but distinct tn size, conical, brown ; dry soil ami ean be used to good advantage against walls and in rockeries. 15. hilmllia. Marsh. Prairie Willow. A shrub. ;i-H ft. higli, varying nuich in stature, 7. Salix alba; 16. tristis, Ait. Dwarf Willow. Fig. 2234. A diffuse shrub, 1-1^^ ft., with long deep-set root : branches grav, slender: Ivs. small, 1 in. long, lim-ar - lam eolate, very short-petiol.al : aim-nts small and rather few- 17. sericea, Mai>li. Sn.kv Willow. A shrub usually 4-S ft. liiyh, dillusely spread- ing from base: branches often reddish: buds obtuse and rounded at apex, cylindrical : Ivs. very silky beneath, sometimes becoming less so at maturity : aments densely fld., appear- ing with the "ivs. : stamens often orange-red; capsules short-pedicelled. ovate-oblong, nearly truncate at apex. Northeastern N. Amer. 18. petioiaris, Sra., not Hort. Fig. 2233. A low shrub, .i-.a ft. high: branches slender, the whole plant much slenderer than S. sericea, with which it frequently grows: buds smaller and more ])ointed : Ivs. only slightly silky when young, soon glabrous, more evidently toothed: aments rather loosely fld. : capsules rostrate and pointed, distinctly pedicelled. Central and northeastern N. Amer. — S. pet io- laris of the trade is S. iiicaiia. 19. yimin&Us, Linn. Osier Willow. A shrub or small tree, 10-20 ft. high : branches slender and straight: Ivs. linear-lanceolate, beautifully silvery, 4-10 in. long; margins revolute, entire: aments appearing before the Ivs., golden yellow. Eu. Asia. — Most often seen in plantations for basket material, for the production of which the plants are cut near the ground every year. Willow culture in experienced hands is often profitable. ( For details, see Simpson. Osier Culture. Bull. 19, Div. of For., U. S. Dept. Agric. 1898. 1 This species does not thrive in this country as well as in Europe. 20. cAndida, Fluegge. Hoary Willow. Fig. 22.33. A shrub, 2-5 ft. high: young branches hoary, becoming smooth and red with age: buds" reddish, rounded at the apex: Ivs. lan- ceolate or linear-lanceolate, 2-4 in. long, dark green and wrinkled above, covered below with dense white tomentum, revolute: aments sessile, appearing before the Ivs.; staminate of reddish capsule densely white woolly, with red style and stigmas. N. Amer.— This spe- cies hybridizes freely with S. eorrlafa, and several natural hylnids have bi .n described. 21. myrtUloides, Linn. I'l-. •JJ:;^ A shrub, 2-5 ft. high, with rath.r -La..!, i- l.r..wii iwi-s: at both ends, entire and smooth, reticulate- veined: aments rather few-Hd. : capsules red- dish, glabrous. N. E.N. Amer. and Eu. Usu- ally grows in cold peat bogs. — Probably not in cult. The plant sold under this name is probably some form of S. purpurea, which S. myrtUloides closely resembles in general appearance. 1602 I section Penzoraa), parted, the lobes Imi short, indiii li i SALPIGLOSSIS calyx tubular or short, 5 cleft or ■ir (oroll 1 tubular or urn shaped, '1 '1 ' ' ' I s 5, acute, often id oi oblong, 2- .-nuV' '"Wff- ''^mm^ l»M.u,r^ V<35 Staminate i i of Goat Willow— Sahx Caprea C I 1 lit nn 1 .ubtedly some I I I I 1 1 I several snp- I I 1 111 d Var p6n- 23 irrorita, Anders Colorado Willow. A dense diffuse shiub, 8-12 ft high branches stout, covered with a white bloom buds laige Its linear lanceolate, 3-4 in Ions: ^ m nuU ^'k 4 n ihoM u'Uuoous beneath, undulate SI 11 iti mic nts II 11 im 1 1 ture the h s , sule glabi u 1 24 incana, 'si «;i|Mrn>. Nutives of extra-tropical regions, mostly AnuriiMii herbs or shrubs. Lvs. often small, entire, long-petioled: fls. white or yellow, 2-3 in. long (section Eusalpichroa) or only about Kin. long SALPICHRoMA feee balpuliroa SALPIGL6SSIS (Ureek, tube and to,„,ue, alluding to the form of the corolla and the appeal ance of the style). SolanAte'P A genus of possibly 2 or J species of annual or biennial plants, natives of Chile The only species m cult, is ,S sninnta vvl 11 h w IS formerly divided into about ( 1 1 1 I ft I 1 of the flowers a ■,1,1,1,11 1 111 size of flowers and range 1 1 1 nt time amongst our ver\ 1 Plants about 18 in high, em 1 1 11 h 1 t „1 1 ulir hairs: lvs entire, wavj m ir„iued, dcutate (. imiiiitihd fls. long-stemmed, large, funnel-shaped, ranging in color from various shades of purple and blue through nu- merous reds and yellows to creamy white, and usually SALPIGLOSSIS beautifully marbled and penciled with several colors. Calyx tubular, o-cleft: corolla funnelforin, widely bell shaped at the throat; lobes 5, plicate, eraarginatc: stamens 4, didynaraous: capsule oblong or ovoid; valves 2-cle(t. The varieties of Salpiglossis require the general tr(':itiiic'iit L'iviii iialf liMi-dy annuals. They prefer a dffp. liuHir li.li ^Mji nut i^iven to sudden extremes of nini^tiir.- ;in.| .li vim'^^. I'Ijc- seeds may be sown indoors by till- iiiiiliUi- of .Maii/li, or later, or may be sown out- doors in early spring. Care must be taken that the early sown plants do not become stunted before being planted out. They bloom for several weeks in late summer. The flowers are useful for cutting and last well in water. The plant is also excellent as a green- house annual for late winter bloom. Seeds for this pur- pose may be sown in late summer. sinuita, Buiz and Pav. (S. varidbilis, Hort. S. liy- brida, Hon. S. urandifldm, Hort.). Fig. 2237. Hardy annual, 1-2 ft. high, suberect, branched, sticky-pubes- cent, with tis. 2 in. long and wide, ranging from straw- color and yellow through scarlet nearly to blue, with great variation in venation, and markings: lower Ivs. petiolatH, elliptic-oblong, wavy-toothiil or pinnately cut: Vars. aziirea, atirea, coccinea, piimila, nana are offered. V.23:1L'VI. Un.29. p. 166; 40. p.T.'i. K.H. 1S4;I:361. Var. Buperbissima has a more columnar manner of growth with a thick, unbranched stem. G.C. HI. 22:363. A.G. 18 ^^B"^- F. W. Barclay. SALFtNGA {Snlphi.r., trumpet; referring to the shape of the calyx). Melastomdcece. Here belongs the dwarf stove foliage plant known to the trade as Berfolonia margnritacea. The Ivs. are large, heart-shaped, metal- lic green above, with lines of small white dots running from the base to the apex as do also the .t prominent ribs; the lower surface is a dull but rich crimson. For culture, and botany of allied genera, see Bertolonin. Fls. 5-merous: calyx tube 10-ribbed, limb with 5 ob- scure or elongated lobes stamens 10, opening by a . single pore at the apex marganticea T i i i n a lis pedicelled in dichotom rms cvme^ white or rosy white Buzil F S lb 1697 W M SALSAFY is the spelling preferred in England, Sal sify in America SALSIFY (formerly some times spelled S(thafy) is Ptaqopoqoyi pomfohus, one of the corapositie Fig 2238 It IS a garden escu lent, being grown for the fleshy root This root has the flavor of ousters, hence the plant is sometimes called Vegetable Oystei and Oyster Plant Sslsify is perfectly hardy. The seeds (which are really fruits) are sown in early spring, about be prepared, in drills where the plants are to stand. The drills may be 2-3 ft. apart, tools, or half that distance In the rows, the plants are thinned to stand 2-5 in. apart. The plant requires the entire season, in the North, in which to grow. The roots may be allowed to remain in the ground until spring, for freezing does not harm them. In fact, they are usually better for being left in the ground, because SALTBUSHES 1603 they do not shrivel and become tough as they often do in storage. If they are kept cool and moist in storage, however, the quality is as good as when the roots 2239 Plant of Russian thistle remain m the gnmnd At least a part of the crop should be stored, in order that the table or the market may be supplied during winter and early spring. Salsify is biennial. The second spring, a strong stalk 2-3 ft. tall is st-nt up from the crown of the root, and in spring or .■^liy suiiiiih i- an abundance of light purple flower-lna'is ai-.- io-mIu.-M. The flowers, or heads, close about i n. I'ln l.av.s are long linear and grass-like. I'ln- n.otv aiv small, well-grown speci- mens being about 1 ft. long and uiilnauched, and about 2 inches in diameter at the top. The skin is grayish white. Salsify is easy to grow. and it has no serious pests. It is a vegetable of secondary im- where it thrives l.ost. Eight to ten lbs. of seed is sown to the acre. There are few varieties, and these have no marked char- acteristics except in size. The Mammoth Sandwich Island and Improved French are probably the best varieties. Salsify is na- tive to southern Europe. In some places it has escaped as a weed. See Tragopogon. Black Salsify is Scorzonera; Spanish Salsify is Scolymus. L H. B. SALSOLA KALI, var. TrS,g:us, is the Russian Thistle. Figs, 2239, 2240. Some of the bulletins devoted wholly or Inrtrnly to this weed are Calif. Ii)7. I'ol. L's. Iowa ,33,Ohio55, Wi- ::7, ,::i, Sr, auV, the following puMnatiMns of V . S. Dept.of Agric. : Farmer's Bul- letin 10, Bulletin 15, Div. of Bot- any; also Essay 8, "Survival of the Unlike." In the unoccupied ■ lands of the upper Mississippi valley, the Russian Thistle has covered great areas, and it has spread eastward along the rail- roads. With good tillage and short rotations of crops, little need be feared from the pest. SALTBUSHES are plants recommended for alkali lands, belonging to the family Clieiio- podiAcew and mostly to the genus Atriplex, which see. Used for forage in the dry regions. The introduction of the Australian Saltbush (.i^ri>/cx semihnrcatn) 2240. Sprig of Ru has been a great event in the thistle. Nat. si; k 1604 SALTBUSHES progress of agriculture in the arid regions. Farmers Bulletin No. 108, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, givus 1 pages of information. about Saltbushes. SALT-GKASS. Distichlis. SALT TKEE. Halimodendron argenteum. SALVIA (Latin, to keep safe or healthy; referring t <,;«. Sage. A subshrubs and Sage, Clary, S.- plants. Salvia i Labiata^ .1.-- i ii. SALVIA in the fls. (which are usually insignificant) colored bracts or floral Ivs. at the tops of Iht The various varieties are known as the Clary, Ked-top Clary or White-top Clary; Sage and Purple Sage. The two species ( and Horminitm] seem to be much confused i lot'ui'^. Imt ilic plants may be separated by in^r i-liai-aib-r- : iln- upper lip of the caly in .<. s.iur.ii. aii.l truncate in Hormim lip .if til I ilia N sickle-shaped and . Selarett,\mt M rai-ht Mi an.l la.nrav in // cording to D.a 'aialnlir lnuli "f iIm-i' -i ■ and Showv ll-ral l.aMs. It l~ 1" I" Voss' trfa'tmiMil -r i!,,. m., .|„.ri,.. .|: \ le follow- 3-toothed ; the upper iiLi . . I . I I-. 2241. The I ; : ; ; :m,- the two fer- lil-- aiilh. r-, ..!■ rallM I- a Ml lu-r cells. The jK lints ;i ;inil 4 indicate places where other anther cells might be expected. In some species of Salvia the points 3 and 4 are occupied by pollen-bearing anther la-IN: ill .itli.r^ "liv sterile cells. The lii.ilv rMiinr, till- l' and 4 is not the fila- iih'iit. I, lit I li. iiiiiiipctive," the filament liiiML- tlir -inallirliody which loins the -I-.' 1i. IM- .•..la.lla. Till- -vtiai- while the large bracts under the wlmrl- ..| i]..\m i ^ ai'- green. However, DeCandoUe refers ti, >. >.;,wr,i i«,, pictures in B.M. and B.R. where the -ituatimi i> re- versed, i. e., the showy colored parts are the bracts un- der the whorls of flowers and there are no sterile bracts at the top. Moreover, the flowers in the cases just cited are anything but insignificant, being fully an inch long. Among the Salvias cultivated for ornament there are two large cultural groups, the hardy and the tender. The hardy species are mostly border plants, blooming in s)iiiiiL'' and early suniiuer. The tender species are barely 2241. Section of I" Salv inth cells, re forced bliterated Salvia solen- many cases 2 of the dens (X 1). or devoid of pollen. Showing stmc- Within the generic limits of Salvia ture of stamens, the variation Is astonishing. The color of the fls. ranges from scarlet through purple and violet to azure-blue, white and even pale yellow, but there seems to be no good pure yel- low. Pig. 2243 indicates something of the range in form of corolla and calyx. Some flowers gape wide open, others are nearly tubular. In some the upper lip is longer than the lower, in other cases the lower lip is longer than the upper. The lower lip is always 3-lobed, but frequently it does not appear to be so, for the lateral lobes are iiimli leihieed while the midlobe Is. greatly enlarr;e,l, ..It. n .lee|.ly lobed, and becomes the showy part nl' tie- tl.ivMi, The calyx is small and green in some, lai -i , rcl-ne,! ami showy in others. In many cases, as N. '.,.,, ,,»/,,. ii ..r,.lla and ealvx are of different ciiI'M^ I -i. i,- ,. i im it- r re and deciduous to a lar • - , : i, : • i i i r , -M-r than the fls. There ai . • • •' i !:■ ■ i-'i'l. --me- times 2, sometiiia - iii:iir . In ^|iih' .ii' 1 1m -, am! many other wide variations, few atteiiiiits have been made to split up Salvia into many genera, presumably from the feeling that the structure of the stamens makes the Salvias a natural, not an artificial group. Three Salvias are cultivated for their leaves, which are used in seasoning and also in medicine. These are the Common Sage, S. officinalis; Clary, S. Sclarea; and S. Hormiiium. For the commercial cultivation of Sage, see Sage. Clary is a perennial plant, but is cultivated as an annual or biennial. The plants run to seed the second year, after which it is better to pull up the old plants. The seed may be sown in spring, in drills 12-20 in. apart or in a seed bed, from which the seedlings are pricked out in May. In August the first leaves may be gathered and the plants will continue to yield until June or July of the following year. Clary [S. Sclarea) anil its near relative. Salvia Hor- minum, are plants of e\r, |it i.iiial interest. They are cultivated tor their culiiiar\ an. I i Ininal value and also for ornament, but tli.ir m uanu nial value lies not tant groups, the seal !■ ■■ n i j. i i i- im -i eaileil for; of the blue-fluwenil km. is. ,s. ,,.Wi „., is il„- ii,„st popular of the bedding class, and 6'. fintteusis the most popular of the hardy class. S. patens probalily has the largest fls. of any of the blue-fld. kinds in cultivation. The most widely used of all Salvias cultivated for ornament is Sali-ia splcndens, or Scarlet Sage. This is one of the most brilliant red-flowered bedding plants in cultivation. It is generally grown in large masses. It does best in full sunshine, but may be used in shady places to light up dark woody recesses. It should have a dark background of some kind by way of contrast. ell-managed tained in full splen.l It is propagated li>' < troublesome to kei | they are particular!) plants ss of Si'arlet Sage may be main- ir fr-n, fie miiiaie of July to frost. . !• ! r seed. It is rather I- . I lilts over winter, as !\ 1 . , ,: ..lis of aphis and red ■el"!! , in:|-riaiii to get seed of an iety .if euinpa.'t habit, and to sow the or In a frame in time to get good lors in May. A good raceme is over a foot long, with :JL) or more fls. in a raceme, and 2-6 fls. in a whorl, each flower being 2 in. or more long. Some varieties have erect racemes, others pendulous, and there are white varieties, together with some inter- mediate colors. A poorly managed bed of Scarlet Sage gives a few flowers in September and is cut off in a short time by frost. Wet seasons delay the bloom, and if the so'il is too rich in nitrogen the plants will make too much growth and the fls. will be late and rela- tively few. The same principles of cultivation apply to other tender Salvias used for bedding. Florists some- times.lift a few plants of Scarlet Sage before frost, pot them and find that they make attractive plants under glass for a month or two. One advantage that Sa tria spleudens has over many other red-fld. Salvias is that its calyx is as brilliant scarlet as the corolla. Special attention is called to the supplementary list, nearly every species of which is distinct at first sight and seems worthy of cultivation. There are many showy, bright red-flowered Salvias which i 2242. Salvia splendens (X K). No. 2. SUMMARY OP SUBGENERA AND SECTIONS. Subgenus I. Salvia Proper, Corolla irifli a hni ring ivshlr: nnfflrinr pnrtinti nf fhr rnii iirrfirr t reeled ..nt,,;, nix. hr„ri,u, ,n, ,n,fh,r r.ll ,rln.'h Sectio)! 1. L'lis/iharr. Shnil.s (ir sul>shrul.-i, ran herbs. Teeth of the calyx scarcely enlarfceii in fru posterior lip of the corolla erect, straight Includes officinalis. ion f. ffymendsphace. Like Section 1, but the of the calyx enlarged in fruit, membranaceous and ■ posterior lip of the corolla straight In the ori- !" c i, s, sii-kle-shaped in the South African. No Ih liini'isphace. Herbs, usually tall and liu^:; tuctli of calyx scarcely enlarged in fruit: ■ior lip of the corolla falcate, compressed. In- ith no hairy ring I'nective deflexed, ■ villous extremity. /[,. r- -!■ Mill- lip of calyx trun- cate'. ■':' ■ li MKill anil n-iiiiitc: posterior lip of cor-r ii-ave. Includes Horminum. N ' ."/i.vjs. Posterior lip of calyx 3- toc.tlhl: po-irii, r lip of corolla falcate, compressed, lucludts argentea and Sclarea. Section 6. Plethioxphaee. Calyx ovoid (instead of bell-shapetl or tubular, as in the two preceding sections) : posterior lip of calyx concave, 2-grooved, teeth 3, very short and connivent: posterior lip of corolla straight or falcate, concave or compressed. Includes bicolor, pra- tensis and sylvestris. SUEOKNfS for witl, spec Section 7. Caldsphace. By far the largest section, characterized as above, and within these limits, im- mensely variable. Over 250 species, including azurea, cacalisBtolia, coccinea, farinacea, fulgens, involucrata, lanceolata, leucantha, patens, Sessei ami splendens. Subgenus IV. Leonia. Corolln with ii hairy ring in- side: anterior portion of connective sometimes di- rected ontward and bearing either a fertile or sterile anther cell, sometimes deflexed and acute, rarely reduced to a short tooth. Section S, HchindspTiace. Bracts imbricated, spi- nescent: posterior lip of calyx 3-toothed: connective bearing a perfect anther cell on the posterior side. Includes carduacea. Sertinv 9. Ptim'Uphace. Bracts imbricated, not s(iini-s-s.-iianipsia.ia, 'JU I.,;ph,irantha,6. variegata, 24. imrphijrata.e. Verbenaca, 25, f;llgeiisV4! pratensis, 24. verticillata, 11. grandiHora, 3. 33. Pseudocoecinea, 5. violaeea, 15, Greggii, 1. purpurascens, 10. vulgaris, 15. KEY TO SPECIES. (Based on gardeu characters.) Color of rornlln rlritt rca,unthont a ■•■''■■■;■:.■ •'/ rorihl '::■ ■1. splendens , rutilans DD. yv«.sc »/ / rs. (■ iirdiite.. 4. , fulgens c. Upper Up n D. Base of »)«tA or Utile shorter. Ivs. cordate : bracts vsiially foil ■ 7,d at base of wlwrh. E. Louur /,,, , 'ii-ir,- as I'll,,/ as «/)/" ' . coccinea EE. Loifir /,,, ■ 1 Irnh ■ l.,i,,iir thin, I'I'I" (1. Eoemeriana DD. lias,- of If S. Ill ilrordali : linii-ls mintitc, den duo, IS.. 7. Sessei Dior of corolla bin ,., ,n„M^ , p,ir,,U- D, L, ,i,llh ,,f ,;,,;. II,, ,li'iil'-r Ihiii, lli.il „ DD. L,'„,ltl, ,,f ,;,,:.ll,, „„sll/ ,jrn,l,r Ih.i calyx. E. Whorls 10-tO-fld. F. Inis. entire FK. Li-s. lijrati' SALVIA DDD. Wh'n-ls ahniil .' fl,l. E. />„,;, I, u I, ,,„,,„, 1 1 2(i. lanceolata EE. Ih,,„l,..„ I.. ,'.„„, „l. Y. I.,s. iHlii,' ;;7. patens FF. Li:i. crenate 28. cacaliaefolia 1. Grfiggii, Gray. Readily distinguished from the common red-fld. kinds l>v the fai't that miiv the lower lip is showy. This i^. imi'm 1 (!n ,. ,' ,,f the co- rollii dull purplish. TIm i ,i ,,,,,,- j, highly distinct. Though :, ,, I L M,-o it is ofterc-d l,y several ,lr.,|. ,,,i,. John Sa.il ,•,.„. i,l,.r.-.l it "in :,,, •, ,. : w , ; _i.,„.D.C. Slinii., : n 1,,..], I . ■ . , , , , , , narrowed at I'.-i-. ' M . :... : :, , ,, . :■ i ,,;,;,, , |||, sfaort; ■J. splendens, K()- I lawl. Suaklet b.vcE. Figs. 2241, 224_'. I'iie innst p. .pnlar of all red-fld. Salvias. Tender per.niiial hell, tr..)ii Brazil, 2-3 ft. high, with scarlet tls. 2 in. iir mure l.jiig, borne in terminal pyramidal ra- cemes G in. or more long, with 2-6 Us. in a whorl and 30 or more tis. in a raceme. Lvs. ovate, acuminate, serrate: calyx scarlet, large, loose, plaited; corolla tubular; up- per lip undivideil: lower lip .'Mobed. the lateral lobes much narrow. I :umI i. il m >:, I' i;, s r„s7. - Var. Bruanti, Hort., int. b. '■ i , . iiieiit over j.re- vious forms 111 n- compart habit. with b 14:781; ire proliably no- le tr.-ide mostly Var. Souchfiti, C. Ji,a„.l,,.. „/;,.„ I., pp., I , shotiu-mlored fluiiil 1,'s. D. Upper lip of eat, I.I- .i-t,„>\ upper lip of i;,',;,lt„ f„, 3. C'r, /•,• .,/ cahij- purple. Ill corolla while 1 EE. Color of calyx and corolla not as in e. F. LTpperlii, nfeornlladiffer- GG. 77,. FF. Cpi.,1 dill,- 20. involucrata .H. 28:432 is l.riu'bt Nellow. Striped red. Gn. 21 :.S30. There are about a dozen varieties with personal names. Section 7. :t. riitilans, Carr. A plant of unknown habitat which is probalily a horticultural form of S. splendens, differ- ing in having a small green calyx, whorls nearly always 2-fld., and inflorescence axillary as well as ter- minal and panicled instead of merely racemose. R.H. 1873:250. -The plant figured in G.C. II. 15:117 as -S. ni- filavs has an unbrancbed raceme, with 6-fld. whorls and small calyx. Offered as late as 1893 by John Saul. 4. Itilgens, Cav. Cardinal Salvia. Mexican Red Salvia. Diti'ers fr. spletidens in the darker red of the Hs., the e..r,I;iii K- .in.l the calyx, which is dull colored and (III |.i. , i 1 iriate but hardly "colored"; also the 3 lol.i o. '. r lip seem to be all about the siimp size anil : : :i li nine plane instead of bav- in? tie- la. n;, I ,1,, I. Ill-, -I ■\lrvira,i =)iml> or herb, 3 ft. \"-i I ■ ,'. . . ..I •! ,',•. • I. (■. i.'ii ;i.M!i... not acu- iiiiii:!'. Ill; I'. I •'. T.ii ■ I :i'i ' ■■ , I', II..I 1,1 be ad- veMi . .1 |., \ • . <' .l;ii , iHil ,,, I--, .,i;,. ^lated that ,s'. ,s,,.', „.;,,. ;,i ,1 .s. ,,.;,,, „^ „,.,-,. ii,,. !„., ri.iiiinon red- I. C,il!i.r purple 2 I. liraci.i aicl'-.'shapid .2: n. Bracts ovate or wider. 3. Stem panicled above 2; JJ. Stem sparingly branched. K. Moot often tuber- KK. Itoot not tuber ianthina azurea pratensis Verbenaca 5. coccinea, Linn. This name is said to be loosely sed in tr:ide catalogues for S. splendens, and it is oulitful whether the true ,S. coccinea is in cult. Per- nnial or annual, 2 ft. high: lvs. .-or.lat,: tN. deep scar- as npp. rge and ■. to Fla. and Tex. . lactea. Tloit., is a.herlised. Section 7. ar. Pseudo- coccinea, (iray (i'. Psendo-coccinea, l.(, is a tall varieiv wliich is hirsute on stem and oles, insteail of ^'labiate. B.M. 2864. Eoemeriana, Scheele ( S. porphyriintha, Decaisne. i)7ii/<' erennial, 1-2 ft. high: SALVIA date: fls. scarlet, 1 m. or more long; calyx purplish or reddish towards tips; lower lip a trifle longer than the upper, the middle lobe large and 2-cleft. Tex., Mex. R. H. 185i:301. B.M. 4939. F.S. 11 ; 1080. - Considered hardy by Thorburn. Section 10. 7 S^ssei, Benth. (.S me:hi. .^cheidw ). Fig. 22-11. R.mukal.I. f..| lt^ In..'. 11- iJ in I, .114 Hith)".l.ll\ ildi, \. .1 I. «. ] 111. «l I. Ii i~ iM.t lol„,l iHit iiH n K J 1607 Fig. i-hiub. h- u\.iiL, »Li 8. oarduicea, Ben 2243. Unique among Salvias tor Its thistle -like foliage and fringed H- The h s and the large (■i)n-.|ii( u.ms l.i 1. fs u.- very pri. k I \ .t,.1 tli. lil ,. 0. Col comiiiiiii hardl> i\. mb ariae, P.. ntli ds lo bracts. Height 9 in.-2 ft.: Ivs. few, wrinkled, radical ones long- stalked, oblong, pinnatifid or bipmnatifid ; divisions obtuse. B.M. 659.5 (lis. lilac).— Offered by Orcutt. 10. officinalis, Linn. Saoe. Woolly white, south European subshrub, varying greatly in breadth and of Ivs.: fls. purple, blue or white, large or small: whorls few, dense, 10-20-fld. — The form commonly cultivated as a kitchen herb is var. tenMor, Alef., with blue Hs. and Ivs. 3-t times as long as t.rnad. Other forms are: var. albiflora, AU'f., witli wliitc Hs. and Ivs. 3-4 times as long as broa-. -v: ,t.. lan.-eolate, c.arselv and irregula^l^ s,.|-iai, ; .i|-ihi- I vs, lanceolate ..r narrower. R.H. l»7:i:!IO. (_.m. 9:19; : is, p. .5H.-A1- thon-l, a native of Texas, it is offered by s everal dealers iiL hardv li.-i-baceous perennials. It is als io treated as a liardy annual. Section 7. 17. leucantha, r.av. Fig. 2243, Drli^ itfnl Mexican IS, and Gn. 21: ly-fld., but in B.M. 4318, they are mostly 6-fld. IS, argentea, Linn, Biennial, 2-4 ft. high, viscid: lowvr l\s. r>-s in, long, oblong, crenate, rugose: inflor- escei a |.ann I, -l-l^.. ft. long, usually composed of 3 branc-li.-s: wlmiN distant, about 6-fld.: fls. whitish, purplish ]inl"-s,-i lit above; upper lip or galea much longer than the lowi-r, .Modit.-rraii.-iin region. F.C. 3:112. — Seems to be ron-idn.-d a hardy perennial by American seedsmen. Ii is wonh .-nltivating for the woolly white foliage alonr, Si-rtiMn ,",, 19. bicolor, Lam. Hardv hicniiial, s|.riiii,--hlooming plant, with large blue fls., tin- hmi i- li|, «liii.- at first, but said to fade quickly to a in-i> hioun : Ivs. all cor- date at base and stickv -pubi-sc-.-nf : low.r ..m-s ovate. 13. hians, Ro ennial herb fru purple fls., the petiole 4-8 in. long: racenis long; upper lip 2-lobed, low midlobe and broad revolu B.R. 27:39. R.H. 1845:145. to, piottilv speckled B.M. 1771. il.M, , L'-:; ft. high: Ivs. 20. involucrata. ruii.-ate or hastate; 'ith large obeordate The corolla is swc throat and not w 14. Sclirea, Linn. Claky. Biennial (according to UeCandolle): Ivs. broadly ovate, cordate at the base, the largest 8-9 in. long, 4-5 in. wide: fls. pale purple or incised and d.-ntato; u|i|H-r on.-s laii lato: upper lip of corolla Iiooih-d, lowor li]i :Moln-il, N, .-\frii-a, Spain. , Cav, This has ,iust enough purple in it from the scarlet-fld. section, but it mt color and distinct form of flower. oUen in the middle, constricted at the wide-gaping. The species is also re- markable for the large, showy, rosy purple, deciduous bracts. Lvs. long-stalked, ovate, acuminate, serrate, rounded-wedge-shaped at the base: inflorescence dense. B.M. 2872. B.R. 14:1205. R.H. 1858, p. 239.-Var. 1608 SALVIA Deschampsiina, Verlot, has brighter colored corolla and calices. R.H. 18G9:l:iO. Var. B6thelli ( S. ^«7ie;/(, Hort. ) is a horticultural form of more compact habit and fl.s. described as rosy crimson or puce. Gn. 21 :3.'!G. — Sec- tion 7. varieties, are said to be more or less spotted red: lower •\ Viir. rubicunda ( N, - Whi.-h lllMV in- lls.,1 1 I ^ . Ameri.-a. 'Vur. alba, L .. iiiMi :|'n. '|,'r,,l,:,i'l ' p,-,i- ciiralilc- fr.,rn 1 '.rrur.uiv : \':ir . atroviolacea, albiflora, aii.i variegata: ilu- last has pale blue tls., witli the lui.ll.il.r ot tlir l..\M'r Up whitc. 2.-,. Verbenaca, l,i..n. ( .S'. .s>, fh,ut„„;,W\]h\.). Hardv l.rn-lilii:il li.Tli ■•,■. 111! i'liii . r:ii> , «liiii-li i<-. Hereprob- :il,i> Ih.|,,ii -^ -. , - ..I 1 ■ ■■•" ini.lr, which 'm-''m"!'l''"i.'". I "-'m'-'i!' I'l-liili' iiiiiT'i-A.'.l at liasc, upper ■ . : ' '. rinil .-..nl: n- ;it l.ase: corolla about 21. ianthlna, Otto & Dietr. (S. Hdveyi, Hort.). Ten- ilu'r 1., \|. ..I r. I'l f.s. „//,,,.., 1^ I.-.' ,,.l'. .Ill . .1. 1.llt I N 1 Is \ z 1 1 AI X al !• Hi .il.;i!iU sviK.iiviirc.us with S. --S.rliuli 7. M. |i.r-innial, 1-5 ft. high: ■iiif : upper Ivs. narrower, 11-, varying to white. B.M. , varying insensibly into the '' patens Cav 11 most popular tender blue-tid. Salvia. Peren nial herb : stem pilose 1-2 ft. liifili: Ivs. pelio (,<, Pifchi-ri. Torr.), which rnnii.i. n , ,. .... , . his Viir. grandifldra, Be 2:i. sylv^stris, Liim. Hardy perennial herb, with pur- ple-violet Hs. : lower Ivs. petioled, upper one.'< sessile, all oblong -lanceolate, rounded or cordate at base: whorls (i-lO-na.: corollas twii'e as louf; as caly.^;. Eu., Mts. of Sic 2246. Salvia prater.sis ( > B. 3:109. P. 1840:222. Var. 41ba, Hort., is ad- vertised in Europe. Sec- tion 7. 28. caoaliaefolia.Bcnth. Tender blue-Hd. peren- nial herb with triangular, mostly basal Ivs. and glutinc villous hlossouis, which are swollen at the throat; uniliiiato. villous lioiicath: inflorescence generally a ] i.li- of I i'futi;il and 2 lateral racemes: whorls 2- :\lcx. li.M. :Vj:t, F.S. 22:2ni8, fin. 2]::«6.-8ectio 24. pratfensis, Linn. Fig. 224G The most popular hardy blue-fld. Salvia. Perennial herb, sometimes tu- berous-rooted, the fls. normally blue, with reddish and white varieties. The Ivs., especially in the southern 1609 Lem ot Ho t 1 a hi A t pped 1 pu i iper 1 p 4 d bea t f lly s iff sed v th red at the a Uoleofthelovei 1 p IH410 Fbl V>i7 Se SALVINIA ( V i Heer Kegel fls Htely oft re Wa 1 ntto D ' S H span ca h n s n luded prol al ly ot wortl e It vat ng blue fls scarcelv longer tl an ' 5 3 >) S H t Italy 1 m summer but many II r 1 > not uu lerstan ling 1 1 It 1 and often diei> m the uter after iipen ng a crop of spores C et a broad ai till t half f ill of lo im an I then till the pan with iter Afte tl t 1 leared pi ce tl e fealvimas a the urt T at h for tl e formation E the sp 1 Kfow in masses near the m ot the I 1 lea es After the plants e the i I i 1 la n m tl e o 1 Tl e Hi t ofte I greenhouses in a ^lon ig cond t I I I res Silvm 1 1 lant It is a crjptogan n 1 ha tw k I I I 1 ge ones and mm ite ones he po I 1 e i abo\ e are technically [oio rp t II f sporocarps 1 or 2 i> n I in or i porang a each of wh ch jnti 1 1 I 1 The other sporocarps in : e clu ter pe litelled microspoian a |ei h of hi o t ner is microspores For filler anl lUust ate 1 le cr ption see Britton an 1 Illustrated PI to t on — S la ; lo les Hlik s a az blue fld Me\n ^out 10 fld ry a tract RH leo roldes GIo a LH 1 t 'fld harv I 1 1 has pr shrul Ln nle florescence s i i long H rlv p r 11 t to 6-S h b f I a R z& Pav tl e lower 1 p large and 1 ed wi h 17 14 9 (as b tol nsa Be tl ) — S si 1 f om A les of E a lo w 1 off 1 y purple cal es Inflo e cence long lower 1 p larger B M o947 — i> scab osoefol a Lam (S Habl z :e fld Salvias a s gilarlyattra and tl e sle le more 6 fld d sta on 7 Very des rable W Ud ) One of the ad to 1 e hardy Per SAMBtrCUS ( er el tr Lat of the El 1 Ij le W M perhai s 1 tr ent ; of El lei 1) C j file Eleer Al out 0 lecie ot tr e o sliul (rireh lee n al leil ) w th opposite pinnate 1 Itt en ate or la c mate and nu nero s biuall ^vl ite fl in con p d cymes tr a ]uicy drupe or berry re 1 bla k wl ite or green -V val lable genus for the planter of which tl e golden forms are too much ised and the Aniei can spe cies SO de^s a.n\ I b t 1 ttle Eitl er ma se 1 r s ngle tl III \ 1 t for the effect ve u e of S ( / 1 / 1 e 1 a 1 fro n natuial plai t 11 | are i term ngle 1 the wh t H lit tra t ng strongly with the re i ti i t t tl e 1 tt He 1 Iv j. ropa gated by c ittmgs either of woo 1 or i t S t h> s IS one of our m nor fruit plant El leiberry w e is a common home pro luct The Bra lar 1 Elderbem n tro luced m 1890 b\ Bran It has fr iita fully three ti nes as large as the -n 1 1 1 err s Botanically Saml cus s closely allie 1 to Vib iin m hem" e ent ally 1 t i guishe 1 ly tl e 3 j loculed ovar^ of \ iburi um 1 e ng i lal character c il x 3 o lol p 1 3 5 parted loVes ge erally none or coi vex st le 3 part lous from apex diuped o t 1610 SAMBUCUS A. Color of fruit black or blackish. B. Fruit not glaucous. c. Height 12-25 ft. when full grown. nlgrra, Linn Common Eukopean Elder A large shrub or small tree, lZ-2) tt high, with rough bark, old wood hard, j ellow, fine grained 1" " SAMPHIRE cc. Height S-12 ft. Canadensis, Linn. Common American or Sweet Elder. Fig. 2247. Shrubby, 5-12 ft. high; wood with white pith occupying the greater part of the stem: Ivs. pinnate- Ifts 5-11, smooth fl& white, in a flat cyme fr black Fruit ripe Aug , Sept \ ar aiJrea has j el Var variegata his \rll(>\\ish white mark ings \ ir laciniata h is tht Ifts \ in oush lit ml in 1 iiti d \ ii glauca his wiiiti j, lull u flielenes L,ng 6 bb Cu o I s IB! i.'s -This IS the comni 111 I II i II i m. in mid 2247. Common £lder, blooming in summer— Sambucus Canade flat 5-rayed cymes : fr. blaok i.r iliirk ixrcrii. - Mav, .Tunc The following horticultural viirs. hit sufli.-i.ntly .lisiin- guished by their namos : arpr6ntca, aiirea, heter'ophylla, laciniata, pulverul^nta, pyramidilia. rotnidifolia, varie- g4ta. Of these v:ii' -. ■ - ■ • i. i .as., n of its yellow foliage; ^' /by reason of variously cut In , . , i ,. , i . il'ective in mass planting. \";.i , ../ ././.. i ii..[ .. instant in its variegation. S. hiln-opli iill:i . Inciinnln, rariegata, etc., of trade catalogues, are presumably varieties of S. ciated The 1 ippre BB Flint qlaiitous, i e , itiongly uhit tied atth a mealy bloom glaiica, \utt Arborescent, 6-18 ft high, glabious throughout Ifts 5-9, o\ ate to narrow 1 j oblong Pacific coast east to Idaho and Nev Seed offered 1901 m S Cdhf Gn 53, p b8 AA Coloi of fiuit ted B Petioles glabious racemdsa, Lmn Lfts oblong acu minate, unequil at the base fls pani cuUte IvativeofEu Asia and closely resembles the next , perhajis a little taller and the twigs usu ilh 4 angled \ ars m the ti ide are plumdsa, plu- mosa aurea ui 1 lacini4ta, which are ilii 1 similar forms of S mill \ 11 / ' ' -. / coasts above hi,;h til 111 I 1 It I 1 itain as sea fen nel paisle\ ptit mil St Petei s heib It belongs to the tamilj t mbellifeiw The plants which attain a height of ti im 1-2 ft, ha\e somewhat linear, „'laucous green, fleshj lca\cs, K in long small, white or j ellow isli flow ers, which appear in umbels during July, and oblong, yellowish, fennel like, smallish seeds of light weight, which ripen in early autumn and lose their germinating power within a year. For more than three centuries the crisp and aroiiKitio leaves ami yi.iin- stems gath- '.•i-i-l in A irjn -I ..r '<. |.l. mli.T have ' s.iiiiphire |.U uuinll.i I. nil v.i.ik .salt and le propagated by root division, seed as soon as ripe, the plants :rom 1-1^ ft. asunder in rows 'a crithmifoUa),& native of the nt (ireat Britain, is an erect . tall, with small, fleshy leaves SAMPHIRE and yellow flowers in small, umbel-like clusters. Thougli grown and used like true Samphire, for which it is often sold, it lacks the pleasing, aromatic taste of the genuine It belongs to the family Compos it(e For Marsh Samphue s^ee Salicoi ma jj G Kaivs SANCHfiZIA ( itt 1 T( s Sanches professor of hot any at C liiz) 1 ' itlt i (P Strong erect heibs or half shrul I \ i 1 uit h large opposite entue oi slighth ti tin 1 rt 1 uuf ledorpuiple uiiittd into heads or spikes it the ends ot thi In iiicln i niih panauKte cdl>x deeph t{ iit 1 ^iii iil li n^ tube of the corolla lon^ (^liiili] il ni wliif \ iiiii cose above the middle limh 1 |u il h il i luiil lobes perfect stamens 2 lusLitcd hcluw the iiii.ldic of the tube with 2 aborted st miens bctn enn them anther 2 celled the cells mucronate in front style long with one dn ision small spurhke ovaij on a thick disk 2 loc lied with i ovules m each cell About 8 spe cies in Peru Colombia and Brazil n6hili3, Hook Plints stout eiect smooth except the inflorescence stem 4 uncled h s ^-9 in long oblong ovate to oblong 1 mceoKte obtuselv toothed narrowed into winged petioles connate fls 2 in long }illow m heads subtended h^ hiight red biuts the heads foim ing a panicle Ecuador BM 'i>'ti Fs 23 2-H7 \ ir glaucophylla, Lera (var lanrgnta Hort ) Lt s vane gated with pale >ellow or white along the veins F 1867 p lo4 I H 14 o28(asS «o6i?isl 16 580 - 'i. hot house plant which is ver> attractive when well grown but which becomes straggling and weedy if neglected Grown mostly for its foliage Heinrich Hasselbring. SANDAL-WOOD. See Adenaiithera. SAND-BUK. See Cenchrus. SANDEESdNIA (John Sanderson, discoverer of S. aid-diilidrii ). Lilidcece. A genus of 1 or 2 species from Natal; tuberous plants growing 1-1 K ft. high, slender, with many sessile stem-leaves and yellow or purple glob- ular bell-shaped flowers, pendulous from a number of the upper leaf-axils, the segments with pointed nectaries at the base. Perianth gamophyllous, urceolate: seg- ments deltoid or lanceolate: stamens 6; filaments fili- form; anthers linear-oblong, ovary 3-loculed. Glass- house plants, to be treated like Gloriosas. aurantiaca. Hook. Lvs. 3-4 x }4-H in. : pedicels H-1 in. long: perianth orange-colored, %-l in. long. Nov. B.M. 471U. R.H. 1868, p. 311. p. w. Barclay. SAND MYRTLE. LeiopJiylliim. SAND PEAR. Puma Sinensis. SAND VERBENA. See Abronia.' SANICULA 1611 SANDWORT i Engli: SANGUINARIA (Latin, blood: referring to the yel- lowish red juice of the plant). Pupai-erAceie. Blood- root. A single species common in woods of eastern North America. Eootstock several inches long, about K in. thick, horizontal: lvs. radical, cordate or reniforni, usually only 1 from each root bud, on petioles about 8 in. long: fls. white, often tinged with pink, 1-3 in. across, mostly solitary, on scapes about 8 in. long, ap- pearing just preceding the full grown leaves; sepals 2, fugacious ; petals 8-12, in 2 or 3 rows, oblong or obovate, early deciduous: capsule 1 in. long, oblong, 2-valved. The Bloodroot is a showy spring flower usually found in woodland, but not a true shade-loving plant, since its growth is, to a great extent, made before the foliage of the trees expands. In cultivation it prefers a rather light soil, but will grow anywhere. It will do as well in sunlight as in shade and will even grow amongst grass. If care be taken not to mow down the leaves until it has perfected the root growth and buds for the follow- ing season. The roots are best transplanted after the leaves have ripened, until the autumn root growth com- mences, but they may be moved when the plants are in flower. The roots are offered at such low prices by col- lectors that the plant should be used to a much greater extent fur spiiui; gardening. Canadensis 1 itih Bioodroot Red Puccoon Pig ApiiI-AIay B M 162 GWF plena has more numerous nar F W 2248 Bloodroot— Sanguinana Canadensis (X h) SANGUIS6RBAil iiii i m i I ,,, i . | uted me- dic 111 il pi p I II I 1 lood"). i?«w/ , VI iir II I lenuial heilis with (i.iui 1111 II I I I II I null flow- of them imperfect) the stamens uuuieious (laiely 2 or 4), the pistils mostly 1 or 2 the petils none the un- colored cahx inclosing the matuie akene The Sanguis- orbas are natives of the north teniperite zone Two species are sparingly cultivated in this country See Poterium. minor. Scop. (i'o^eriMm SangxiisSrbn , lAnn.) . Buknet. Perennial, growing in clumps, glabrous or sparsely hairy: lvs. long, odd-pinnate, narrow, the small Ifts. 6-10 pairs and orbicular to oblong and deep-toothed: stem% 1-2H ft. tall, terminating in small globular or oblong heads: lower fls. in the head staminate, the others perfect, the stigmas purple, tufted and exserted. Eu., Asia, and naturalized in this country. — Sometimes grown in the herb garden for the fresh young leaves, which are used in salads. It is also an interesting plant for the hardy border. Also recommended as a pasture plant, particularly for sheep. It thrives in dry, poor Canadensis, Linn. Taller, larger in every way than the above: Ifts. oblong to almost triangular-oblong, truncate or cordate at the base, long-stalked, obtuse, sharp-toothed: fl. -heads cylindrical, 2-6 in. long, the fls. all perfect, whitish. Low grounds, Mich, east and south. — An interesting plant, worthy a place in the hardy border, and sometimes sold for that purpose. It produces much foliage. Grows b-Q ft. tall. ~l^ h^ b_ SANlCULA (Latin, ;o ;ieaZ). UmbeUifera:. Sanicle. Black Snakekoot. About 20 species, nearly all Ameri- can, mostly perennial, glabrous herbs with alternate, palmately divided lvs. and small yellow, white or pur- plish fls. in compound, usually few-rayed umbels: fr. nearly globular, small, covered with hooked bristles. Woodland plants with insignificant fls. Useful occasion- ally as a ground cover in waste shaded places. The following species have been offered by collectors. 1612 SANICULA A. Fls. yellow. MSnziesii, Hook. & Am. Stem solitary, 1-2K ft. high, brauchiijg ; Ivs. round-cordate, 2-3 in. across.rery deeply y-51obed: fr. about 1 line long, becoming distinctly pedi- cellate. C*if. AA. Fls. purple (rarely ijellowish). bipinn-tifida, Dougl. About 1 ft. high, with a pair of opposite Ivs. at the base and 1-3 above, long-petioled, triangular to oblong in outline, 2-3 in. long, pinuately 3-5-lobed. fr. sessile. Calif. AAA. Fls. greenish white. Maryldndica, Linn. Stem stout, lK-4 ft. high: Ivs. bluish green, the basal loug-petioled, the upper ses.sile, 5-7-parted : fr. sessile. Atlantic to Rocky Mts. Com- mon in woods. SANSEVIfiEIA (after Rairaond de Sangro, Prince of Sanseviero, born at Naples 1710. The spelling Sanse- viera is not tlie earliest). Hirmodoidcert. Bow-stking Hemp. A i.'r,,us ,,r ;,Im.ui, Hi s -i,- fn.jii Afri,-a aii.l the East lii.lp-, ..( • ..c iili;ill>- l.h.l.r r..liai;.- |.l;.lits. al- though Ih.iiiIiIiiI 111 ll.m,!-: rli i .-. unr ^li. nt . Hi-li \ . <. .me- fleshy, tin:., ..;■- .. !.■..■ fibrous: In oft. 11 .. long: HI.:: they may lie raised fro These cuttings form re mouth, after which a which produces the n the cutting. Sans of lite, clustered, narrow, often 1 a broad base. i\' division or loutS in. long. itter about one ud is formed, distance from Lilture and are well adapted to house decoration, since they do not re- quire much sunlight. A rather heavy soil suits them best. A. Lis. fjnt. Guinefinsis, Will.l. Lvs. 1-.'! ft. long, 3-6 in a cluster, oblanceolate, railiial, .link ^'leeii with lighter transverse markings: scape with iiilion-sc-enee aslongasthe leaves; bracts 3-4: fls. greenish white, about IX in. long, fra- grant. B.M. 1179. G.C. III. 4:73. AA. Lvs. concave. Ze;l&nica, Willd. Lvs. 1-3 ft. long, 8-15 in a cluster, sword - shaped, subterete, variegated with transverse markings of a grayish white : scape longer than the lvs.; bracts many: Hs. whitish green, 1% in. long. BR. 2:160.-Rarely blooms in cult. AAA. Lrs. cylindrical. eylindrica, Boj. Lvs. often .3-4 ft. long, 8-10 in a tuft, terete, solid within, dark greeu, often banded with paler lines, acuminate, occasionally furrowed : scape with florescence shorter than the leaves ; raceme about 1 ft. long: fls. creamy white, tinged with pink. B.M. 5093. G.C. III. 10:222. R.H. 1861, p. 448, 450. F. W. Barclay. SANTOLtNA (derivation of name doubtful). Com- pdsita. About 8 species of shrubs or rarely herbs, na- tives of Europe and Asia, mostly in tlie iMediterraiiean region. Lvs. alternate, aromati.-: iii:..Liti^ iiil,.i.ii lously dentate or pinnately lobc.l : il . i . . rarely white, of disk fls. only, n. ' ! > used fo beddiui ally may lie lakiu' l..l..r. lr..'-.i jii ih. lall. They are easily rooted iu sand. Chamaecyparissus, Linn. (S. incdna, Lam.). .Laven- der Cotton. A hardy half-shrubby, much-branched plant, l}4-2 ft. high, with small evergreen, silvery gray lvs. and small globular heads of yellow fls., borne in summer: branches and lvs. canescent. Var. incJlna differs but little from the type: involucre pubescent. 5. alplna, Linn., is Authemis montana, Linn., which makes a pretty ground cover and has yellow lis., Imt appears not to be in the trade. F. w. Barclay. SAP SANVITALIA (after a noble Italian family). Com- P''>silie. A genus of about 4 species, natives of the southwestern United States and Mexico. Annual, usu- ally low, much-branched herbs, with "i.i...-it. . |.. ii..Ii d. mostly entire leaves and sni;ill >..lit;iiy li. ...i- ..1 il-. with yellow or sometimes whit. i:i\-: nn. I.i.i. -Ii..rt and broad, of dry or partly lu-i l.a.- ...i- i.i.i.i-: i...]. tacle from flat to subulate-conical, at I. . ■ ... i.nii it.- chaffy bracts concave or partly coii.l. i ' .... n. ~ all or only the outer ones thick-wall. ;i..- rays usually 3-angled, with the an:;!. i . rigid, spreading awns or horns, those . . t : I . . .hi . ' i . 1 1 flat and wiuged. procumbens, Lara. A hardy floriferous annual, grow- ing about 0 iu. high, trailing in habit: lvs. ovate, about 1 in. long: fl. -heads with dark purple disk and yellow- rays, resembling small Rudbeckias, less than 1 in. across, numerous: akenes of the disk flattened and often winged and 1-2 aristellate. Summer to very late autumn. Mexico. B.R. 9:707. R.H. 1860, p. 127.-Var. flore-pl^no, Hort. A double-fld. variety coming true from Slid, and as vigorous as the type. R.H. I860, p. 70. Sanvitalias are of easy culture but prefer a light or sandy s„il iu full sunlight. f. W. Barclay. SAP. The term sap is applied to the juices of the living plant. Sap is composed of water containing min- eral salts absorbed from the soil and organic substances constructed within the living cells. The water taken from the oil by the roots or other absorbing organs may contain potassium, sodium, magnesium, calcium, iron, and nitrates, phosphates, sulfates, and chlorids. As the fluid passes from cell to cell in the living tissues some of the mineral salts are withdrawn and used, and the water takes up some of the organic com- pounds which have been formed by protoplasm. As a consequence of this action the sap of difterent parts of the plant is unlike in composition, and the sap of any organ varies with the change of season. The water or sap of a plant may comprise as much as 90 or even 96 per cent of its weight. The mineral substances enumerated aliove may be found iu nearly all saps; howev.i-. tin- limits <.f tliis note organic substances which ur in ili. -:i|i "f various species. The more important .'ins m;.\ l.r Lci-.niiied under the acids, sugars, or carbohydrates, and asparagin, or perhaps some of the proteids or albumens. Many plants have become valuable commercially because of the large proportion of some useful substance which they contain. Among these may be mentioned the sugar maple, the sap of which contains over 3.5 per cent of sugar, and the sugar beet and sugar cane, in which the proportion is very much higher. Sap is forced from the living tissues into the woody cells and vessels, and these serve as conduits in conduct- ing the sap rapidly from one part of the plant to an- other. The constant transpiration of water from the leaves demands an enormous sujiijlv of water from the roots. The uiiwanl liassai.'.- i.f this supplv would be too slowif comlii.'t.'.l tl,r..ui;li lli.' l.vii,:; .-..lis. Tlie water taken in bv the li\ ini;- .■.■IN ..!' il... r,...is i^ forced into the dead(T'lls,.r tlir i t- :ii,.| is .liinvn ii|.«ard through irt of the r of trees ,s also es- oil plant. The amount of sap exuded in the process of bleeding is very great and may be equal to the total volume of the plant in some instances. A specimen of Betula papyracea gave off overt"! lbs. of water in 24 hours; Aqiive Americana. r.'.."i ll.s. in -Jt hours. A vine may bleed from one to tw.. j.int^ .l:.ilv, while the cucurbits also exhibit very vi-..r,.i,s 1,1. ..I,,,-. A half gallon of sap has been known to exu.le fr.inia tropical liana in ele It . be noted that the flow of sap from the suga SAPONARIA 1613 due to i 1 1 1 the g 11 tree i 1 1 Du 1 1 1 beeo 1 1 1 wood 1 the t \ 1 anltl 1 Tl 1 1 be fo 1 1 nertl t 1 1 1 sel wl 1 II Tie 1 I a thro gl tl e 11 t r e that ar e f o ii a few force wl 1 1 ft he I f 0 the bore 1 nto ols slowly lay II t av 11 e P t kes place I at a rate lo The 1 fro the of sai hand ^ 1 1 I SAPlNDUS L 1 1 /, dian alludin^ to the I S ji I Idcew Soapberry A. 1 I s of trees shrul » oi woo 1 le tr p al legions of the whole w W h Item ate ex stipitate al i n tl 1 te n all m lateral or teimmal race 1 il^ o 01 tuse rarely petaloil petal i 1 I il ebcei t an 1 1 earmg just above the short cl i v illo IS or ciliated comb oi appendage di»k annular usuallj crenate hearing 8 10 stamens seeds with long testa and no aril black or nearly so The fruit has an alkaline principle known as saponin which makes it useful for cleansing purposes. The fruit was much used in eastern countries before the in- troduction of soap and is still preferred for washing the hair and cleansing delicate fabrics like silk. A. Lfts. 4-7. Saponiria, Linn. A small tree with rough grayish bark : lfts. oblong-lanceolate and acute to elliptic-ovate and somewhat obtuse, opposite or alternate, entire, gla- brous, veiny and lucid above, tonientulose beneath: rachis usually winged: fr. lucid, 6-8 lines in diam. S. Pla.,W. India and S. Amer. Cult, in S. Pla. and S. Calif. Lfts. -IS. maT^niltus, Willd. A tree reaching ultimately 60 ft. in height: lfts. 7-13, lance-oblong, acuminate, glabrous above, paler beneath and somewhat pubescent on the midnerve, 2-5 in. long, the upper nearly opposite, the lower alternate; rachis wingless, narrowly margined or marginless : fls. white, sometimes tinged with red in pyramidal panicles; petals ciliate and bearing near the base a 2-lobed villous scale; filaments villous: fr. yel- low, about 8 lines long. May, June. Kan. to Tex., Ariz, and N. Mexico. B.B. 2:402. -Cult, for ornament in S. Fla. iltilis, Trab. A species from S. China which is not distinguishable from H. marginatus, Willd., by descrip- tions. Lfts. 12-14, acute, glabrous: fr. glabrous, nearly globose, strongly keeled. R.H. 1895, p. 30-t. — According to Pranceschi this tree is cult, in Algeria, where it comes into bearing in 8-10 years. "The berries contain 38 per cent of saponin. Trees have been known Ui yield $10 to $20 worth of berries every ye&r. The trees prefer dry, rocky soil." p. -^v. Barclay. SAPIUM (old Latin name used by Pliny for a resin- iferous pine). Mttphorbi&cece. About 25 species of milky-juiced tropical trees or shrubs. Lvs. opposite, petioled; petioles and scale-like bracts biglandular: fls. in terminal spikes, the pistillate single below, the staminate in 3's above, all apetalous; sepals imbricated. nited below stamens'' 3 filaments free capsule wth ^ 3 1 ee le 1 loc le e or le HI a 3 w nged cen 11 n ft 1 1 seb fe 1 1 / f M ell St I I M I 1 EE Lv 1 ' n ^ a y coat As a fo 11 reg on ug wi 1 I I II mak ngc 11 ^ I 1 Nat ral z 1 1 I I 1 1 N RTON SAPODILLA 0 NASEBEEKY on e of Achras Sapota 1 ( i I 1 / M 11 ) a t ee f tl W 11 L tr 1 V 1 tl So th A It t 1 f tl I le Wo tl FH fo t f t F 41 It o e f tie 6 ;o/ It is an evergreen tree, the thick, lance-oblong, entire, shining lvs. clustered at the ends of the branches. The fls. are borne on the rusty-pubescent growths of the season; they are small and perfect; calyx with 6 lobes in 2 series; corolla 6-lobed, whitish, scarcely exceeding the rusty calyx; stamens 6. Fruit size and color of a small russet apple, very firm, with 10-12 compartments containing large black seeds, the juice milky, flavor sweet and pear-like. The fruit is much prized in warm countries. Prom the juice, large quantities of chewing gum are made. As ordinarily seen in the South and in the West Indies, it is a bushy tree 10-20 ft. high, mak- ing a handsome subject. It is said to bear well in pots. L. H. B. SAPONAKIA (Latin for soap; the roots can be used like soap for washing). CaryophytlAcete. SoAPWORT. A genus of about 25 species of annual or perennial herbs, natives of Europe and Asia, allird to Sili'iie :uid Gypsophila. Calyx ovoid or oblong-tulHihir, r.-ti.diliid. obscurely nerved: petals 5, narrowly cl.nvr.i. liinli in- 10: A. Stem stout, erect. officinalis, Linn. Bouncino Bet. Pig. 2250. A per- p.i-i ■■ [laiiiculate cymes; caly\ ulal.rMu,, iIh- ti-i-ih 1 ri:uui;l,irl\- acuminate; petal l..i.i-s olxivatc en- tire, notclied at apex. July, Aug. Europe. -Var. flore- plfino is quite double-flowered. S. Cnnedsica, Hort., is said to be a deeper-colored double form. AA. Stem slender, decumbent. B. Lvs. obtuse: plants annual. Calabrica, Guss. A low-growing annual, with pink fls.: lvs. oblong-spatulate, obtuse, about 1-nerved: fls. 1614 SAPONARIA in a loose corymbose panicle; calyx-teeth ovate, obtuse, membranous-margined. Spring. Italy, Greece. R.H. 1831:281. -Var. 4Iba is also in the trade. Seed should be sown in the fall for spring bloom or in April for ' flowering BB iii actite plant fie I petennial ocymoldes, Linn btem^ much branched, 6-9 in high half trail ing Ivs ovate Unceo late about 1 nerved -null acute fls bught pink m loose broad ilba luclud •^ / Hort lohn lul ^e 1 tote unknown botanists J B Kellek and F \\ Bakcla\ SAPEOPHYTE(Greek, . 1 111 organic bacterii tli it do n t sub sist on living plants or 1^) animiN no longer cone sponrts with ficts The 2250 Saponana integrity of the discovery of ce ing bacteria w appropriate the the fun„i « I upon a I I the bal room ( I classed IS sill ih>tes JoHvW Harshberi er SARACA (from Satar the name of the genus m Lies of tropital IS abruptly 1 ! 1 1 petioled "-3 tf 1 1 L.-W/" « r 1 tn„'rant cil ■*^^.kM'^'^-^' lectPd in c nipact roundish .„,, , j"^ panicles which are shorter ^^^ ^ saprophytic plant- than the Ivs., stamens usu Mushroom ally 6 or 7, inserted on the fleshy annular ring at the summit of the calyx-tube; style long, curved: bracts red, appearing as a calyx; pod4-10in. long, 4-8-seeded; seeds oblong, compressed, IM in. long. B.M. 3018. -It SARRACENIA has flowered well with greenhouse treatment at height of 4 ft. It is suitable for outdoor planting only in tropi- cal regions. Procurable from southern Florida. P. W. Barclay. SAKCANTHUS (name from Greek words signifying e of the \ anda rarely 1 firmly with 2 Ue lobe They t r in the growing season ulture with fern root and s When at rest, give -very little the tem (_ ulture \ luda dull giet labellum white lat with red b | I 1 M 3071 Heinrich Hasselbrin and Wm Mathew SAECOBODIUM Lobbi SARC0C6CCA fl J sbj of small jellowish fls , and a small purple plum like fruit Its proper name is S prunifdrmis, Lindl (A sallqna Muell ,S salici fdlia Baill S eotidcea 'iweet) It IS treated as a cool greenhouse plant B R 12 1012 S ,rcd ? qto a The plants are pr ze 1 1 1 1 I cts becau e f tl e r od i tj all I 1 at at ache to the u The r e to tlese h 1 r Is are ku 1 o pec al sts and fane ers Hel amj hora not n the Amer can trade but all the o her spec es are They are con dered to be d fficult to ma uta n n perfect cond t on un ler cult vat on and wheneve po s ble pla t are frequently renewed from the w Id They re be t treated a se aquat c plants {. ve plenty of n o sture at grow ng eason Keep par t allv lor a t n w nter The botan al pos t on of the s r e'P not settle 1 O 1 nar 1) t pi I I I I 1 SARRACENIA 1615 INDEX. acumiEata, 6. flava. 4. picta. 4. alba, 5. limbata. 4. purpurea, 2. Atkinsoniaua, 7. Maddisouiana, 10. J psitL-ina, 1. atrosanguinea, 4. Mandaiaiia. 11. rulira, 5, 6. Catesburi, 4. maxima, 4. limelii, 4. Chelsoui, 8. mel.anorhoda, 12. Sivaniana. 14. Courtii, 9. Mexi-cana, 5. Sweefii, B. crispata, 4. minima, 4. undulata, 5. Drummondii, 5. vaviolavis, 3. erythropus, 4. Mitehelliana, 13. Williamsii, 15. Fildesi. i. I <- 1, b T r Wrigleyana, 16. A Pt 1 I J I I t l!j 0 obl q !j B H 1 I jtheonfce 1 psittac na I I 11 mall (not exceed ng 6 n long) II 1 I II road w nged green be low but pur^ 1 II 1 e n ddle and purple with wh te spot on the t i 1 boo 1 den elyandretrorselyha ry w th n petals purpl h y^ n long P ne barren swamp Georg •» Alaba a Plorda G C II 15 816 i s '0 '>06d F 18 p o4 BB Sood n tt 1 e t or soo Cruc fe m U 1 r Dro ericea? Tl e fl ar and d t n t epal a 1 i carpel 3 u tel to miny ovul es on a le pi the flower 1 rg and 1 a ratler b ff cape pet le fi idle hapel n ur t nt ^ 1 ct beneatl h dl t 1 t a br a i In n n of ^h cl the t ap ule See t ( C 11 1 81 If 11 40 Sar a en ee dl 0 Gn '> purpilrea Lnn Common ' T HER Pla^ t of tl e North an 1 he one on wh ch the genus wa 0 n le 1 Side Saddle Flower ' oJ P t her a cend ng reli el} hot ml tl ck 8 1' n ng enlar n pn r Is nore o p p! V n 1 1 ro d w I'ed ry 81 If 11 40 l t f 1 1 1 1-11 It 1 to the '•rnKKi 1 1 ee dl 0 Gn ''h p 1 anl 4b p 0 Rocky M BM 849 L B C m L H B 4 308 r C II 1 8 1 F S 10 10 b M 1 81 W F 50 \ arable In ' 1 I I 1 1 f tie fl yell w h WM// III n I ll e el \ i Lo 1 1 W/ 1 1 pe vas c It" w 1 II 1 lit e the } ar 1640 1 ■ 1 u 1 I ,S T de cant who wa gardener to B 1 / 1 p orl They are K ng Charles the F rst w ' l' ' ' h h re n ade of 1 1 1 of be ng AA Pt J s e t long a 1 1 t 1 f Ir a e Iv B ff ! 0 1 d CO 1 1 po t """^r de p" of tl f m 1 b r oil and pot berl i variol4ris M h P " 4 M |1 111 n, of 1 e no s s g e P he n I f M 1 other n ec vo u plant are grown a D o Ion etle 1 II ly ^ ngton 1 Dr ser and Pn gu eula 6 n n„el no 1 1 1 2253 / r t e w 11 w on n ve ne 1 w 1 ] [1 1 1 lor Sarraccn a pu pu ea 1 t J f tl ' ' 1 How h wl 1 o er n th 11 1 ol (X ) 1 1 I 1 e ned w th u j 1 1 ore long ellow ryel II 1 1 1 1 low 1 gree I 1 N Car to Fid B M 1 10 L B C 9 803 Alu 4 1 Lu 4b p ''03 whl tho e b 1 II II 1 1 t II nonth S « ne n t n jort i pint Out t Iaf,en le ofh>l 1 b 1 a pa ent i \ S ; / a an I S t t k n h f,I color ng n the leaves P I t on si ould be effected by d y on of the rh t tl e t ne of repott ng th s should be do e 1 e tore growth begins. New forms are raised from seed. All of the species intercross readily. S:irr;u'enias thrive best in a substance through which water will pass readily. During the growing period they iipi'd an abundant supply of moisture. They are l>est grown in a sunny coolhouse. Greenfly and thrips are the most troublesome pests. Greenfly is most abundant during the earlier stages of the leaves, the thrips appearing later. q_ -^r. Oliver. 102 BB ff od expa ded erect or soon beco g o Ba ofloodn cl co traded or rec r elattl s des 4 iliva L nn Tall the narrow trumpet 1 ke p tchers ft long wh ch are yellow sh green a d not spotted the w ng very narrow the hoo 1 ovate and soon be o n ng erect and ha ry and purple potte 1 w th n petals VA in. long, but enlarging to nearly or quite twice that length, oblong and drooping, light yellow. Bogs and swamps, N. Car. (Va.?) to Fla. B.M. 780. L.B.C. 20:1957. R.H. 1852:121. F.S. 10:1068-9. Gn. 30, p. 367; 48:1031; 57, p. 326. Mn. 2:113.— This seems to be the most vari- able of the Sarracenlas, and some of the forms referred to it may be distinct species. Var. atrosanguinea, Bull. (S. atrosanguinea, Hort. ). Small: lid or hood ovate- acute, deeply stained with red. G.C. II. 16:13. I.H. 27, 1616 SARRACENIA p.SGhis. Var. crispita, Hort. (S. cWspate, Hort.). Dif- fers from the species " in the deeper wing to the pitcher, the strongly relieved ni;ir^'ins of the sepals, the white petals, the hhinii r. 1. .inMral ovary and the shorter and blunter lol.r- i,. li;. .li I, of the style." Pitchers about 2 ft. loii^'. ii,( . II. 1.,:.,:;:;, 16:9. I.H. 41, p. :i01. Said by son.r t :, hybrid of A.'. rubrd and .s'. rhir'', l.ur Masters does "not so- :iiiy ^'rounds for the sugges- tion." Var. erythropus, Bull (&'./?»- 3^. i,. r-, , n, in- 1 ' V ^ upper part of Lli,- |.ii.l„-i .i,l,l> >.-,- [piiimij riegated with purple reticulations and wMnlil creamy white inter-spaces, the wing WM m narrow; lid roundish, the base some- Me W what contracted. Ilatfish or with Wu M recurved mostly wavy mar-ins. be- M 7 coming erect, liis|Md on ih.- inner In'/ face : fls. 4 in. nno.s, r. d lirown. /// Pine barrens, S, \\\ Ca. and ailjaeent /// Fla. (i.r, II, \:. ..;:;; l(i:8. F.S. If 6:560; 1" 1 ' ! 1 II, 11. p. 303. -A III very Mr;: ,, , with its tall / / 2254. pitch. -r, -i,o,,,i. ,:,,M-«ated at the / / Sairacenia top. Var. rubra, 1 1..!.. has pitchers varioU with deep rrd iiiarkilr,'-. Var. 41ba, j (X 'a) flowers. \'ar. undulata i .s'. mn/nlatu Decne.) has stouter less elongated pitchers, and strongly undulated lid. S. Mexicuna, Hort., is said to be a small form of this species. SASSAFRAS that of the last species." Masters. Raised bv Veitch. G.C. II. i:!:7L'.-; l.-,:817. I.H. 27:3«8. S.H. l:iS9. y. Courtii. .^. ,'.,...,,.( .; S. psittaciiia: "It has de- cumbent I ^ in. long and colored a rich deep criiii m being intermediate between that of 111 [ill, hi>.' Raised bv Jlr. Court, at Veiteh's, .->.ll. 1 .1,,. 10. Maddisoniana. S. psittaciiia crossed with ^S. va- riolaris: compact and dwarf: pitchers short and broad, incurving, ascending, green with dull red veins: lid large, ovate and undulate, deep purple-veined. 11. Mandai4na. S. flava,vaT. rubra x S.Drumnwndi: Described as follows in Pitcher & Manda's Novelty Catalogue of ISfl:!: "A few plants of this rare and beau- tiful T>!'"it b:r^ b, ,.,, rnnrrfrd. "rnwincr ii] I'onipanv with N ' - ' ■ ■' - /'■ ■ I'i-b it is no doubt a lit white mottlings. The lid incurving, undulated at the with red and blotched with iirpurea x S. Stevensii, the ii-ea and S. flava : "In habit pitchers being obliquely as- e those of purpurea, 6-7 in. rrowing to either end, and a across. The color is like that Raised at Veiteh's. iHinmondii purpurea : • will ot ,s'. /uirpiiffd , but more erect-growing and 111- -raceful: pitchers 9-12 in. tall, rich green with ni^on veins: lid reticulated with red, undulate. t. Swaniina. S. purpurea y. S.variolaris : aspect of /lur/nn-rfi . but more erect: pitcher 12 in. tall, funnel- ipi-. sliu'htly curved, greenish purple. .'>. WiUiamsi. Supposed natural hybrid of S. piir- r,,i and .S. il,n-i, : "The pitchers are 9-12 in. high, ■ct, bright light green, streaked and veined with mson, with a broad lid like that of S. purpurea. It s imported by Mr. B. S. Williams, with a consign- nt of />'. flava." Masters. G.C. II. 15:629. 1(5. Wrigleyina. -is! 11,1 S. Drummoiidii,VB.r, cen those of the pa- curved, mottled with right light red. G.M. long ai reddisli short -a( erect ai lous |H Swam,. witli ,s'. minat. , Mast. II. H^ I :-. Ii.i-iidizo in the wild luiata,, I'C. Lid long-acu- . r.2:1163. Var. Swe^tii, Walt. S. Sweitii, DC). . with a narrow wing: lid Types. 7. Atkinsonitoa. S. flava,vaT. maxima x S. purpurea: More like S. flava; pitchers long and slender, green, with red reticulations: lid broad, cordate, red-veined. 8. ChMsoni. S. rubra fertilized by S. purpurea: "The pitchers in direction are midway between the erect pitchers of rubra and the somewhat spreading tubes of purpurea, in length they resemble those of rubra, in form they are intermediate between those of rubra and purpurea, and the lid is almost the same as SABSAFABILLA of commerce comes from species of Smilax. Wild Sarsaparilla of America is Aralia nudicaulis. SASSAFRAS (Spanish, Salsa fras, Saxifraga; medici- nal properties similar to those of Saxifraga were attrib- uted by Spanish discoverers). Laurdcew. Ornamental deciduous tree, with alternate, simple or 3-lobed leaves and small yellow flowers appearing in few-flowered ra- cemes in early spring and followed bv ornamental dark blue fruit on red stalks. The Sassafras usually affects light lands, although it may grow in clay loams. It is a desirable tree for ornamental planting on account of its handsome light green foliage, which is interesting with its varying shapes and its orange-yellow or bright red color in autumn, and on account of its decorative bright-colored fruit. It prefers, at least in the North, and sunny It is not easily SASSAFRAS . plauted when old on account of its long tap-roots. Prop, by seeds sown as soon as ripe; also by suckers, ■which are often freely produced, and by root-cuttings. One species in eastern N. America. Fls. dioecious, rarely perfect, apetalous; calyx 6-parted; stamens 9, the 3 inner ones furnished at the base with 2- stalked, orange-colored glands; anthers open- loculed: fr. an oblong- ovoid, 1-seeded. dark blue drupe surrounded at the base by the thick- ened scarlet calyx. ofHcinile, Nees (S. Sassafras, Karst. ^S. variifdlium, Kuntze. Laitrus Sassafras, Linn.). Figs j (winter tieel 'jb Tree, 30-faO or occa sionally 9U ft high young branches bright green : Ivs ovil and entire, or 3 lobed al most to the middle 2255. Sassalras tree. obtusish, silkv pubes cent when young gK brous at length, 3-4 in. long: fls. yellow, M in across in several - fld. racemes, umbellate when unfolding afterward at the base of the young branchlets fr J^ in. high. April, May. Mass. to Ont. and Mich south to Fla. andTex. S.S. 7:304-305. Em. 2:360. (_ F 7 21o Gn. 31, p. 449. Alfred Rehdek SATIN FLOWER. See Sisyrinchium. SATUEfilA, or SATUKEJA. See Samry SAUNDERS, WILLIAM (Plate XLVl), hoiticulturist and landscape gardener, was born at .St Aulre\s Scotland, in 1822; emigrated to America in ]h4b wts appointed botanist and superintendent of pi \ i„ating gardens, U. S. Department of Agriculture in 18b iiid died at Wsshington, D. C, Sept. 11. 1900. U hen Mr Saunders first came to America he served as giidtner in a number of places, first at New Haven, toun ind later near (.rermantown. Pa. He was instrumental at this time in the improvement of a number of import ant private and public properties, such as Clifton Pxrk in Baltimore, an estate of 400 acres; Fairmount and Hunting Parks in Philadt-lphia, and cemeteries at Am boy and Rahway. >:. /. :!■ r ■ v . Mr. Saunders most im portant piece nt ■ :i|.f gardening was in connection witli ii ■ ^mi.1 laving out of the Gettysburg CeiinMii ' . >-. -n ,i i-i- fiiiiJliiiig tl i woik he took up his duti./> a^ f,tii.i-iiiit,ih!i lit r.f 1 rin and grounds of the U. S. Depaitm • Through his efforts much was .1-,,. , , ing the streets of Washington in 11, i i : and the improvement of the parks, i'li^ ;;r' I 1 1 U. S. Department of Agriculture were 1: 1 t ii 1 planted by Mr. Saunders, and for a number of yens after the work was inaugurated he was act \el> ei gaged in introducing plants from all over the w ill testing the same and making distributions T\here\ i it was thought they might succeed. One of tl e mo t im portant of his introductions was the na 1 i i t,e which was first called to his attention by a -n n nn ti m Bahia, Brazil, about 18G9. Mr. Saunders secuie 1 al it a dozen budded trees and planted them in thi gieen houses at Washington. Soon after some of the bu 1 wood was distributed in California, and these few trees formed the nucleus for the large plantings of the navel oranges now at Riverside and elsewhere. ^ 1 ile Mi Saunders had been known best as a horticulturist he was prominently identified with many other imj ortai t movements looking toward the advancement of agrio il ture in this country. As early as 1855 he was a ti eh engaged in an effort to organize an association of tain ers, and this work eventually resulted in the f rn a tion of the Grange, of which he is often called the SAVORY 1617 father. His sturdy character, sympathetic nature and kindly disposition endeared him to all who came in contact with him. g. t_ Oallowat. SAUEOMATUM {saura, lizard; referring to the spotted flower). Araca, Perennial liirbs. with uni- sexual naked fis. Till''!- Innrin- :i -ii j!i- |''<':iir ]. af one year, the next yi III ' u ; ■ . ' • :ii. spotted below: blaiii' ; , i - : ■ ; i : spathe soon witheniiu, li ■ .- m .. i l,i base, more or less comiau, i;.^ i.i.t.ii ^- lanceolate, black-purple, variously s|" i - . , - i,. India, Java and Trop. Africa. DC. Jb'n i i The following are hardy bulbous i-l, : . ' _i' and curious flowers. The fls. are pmili I li ■m .inn. until June, and the bulbs have kept well in a drv >tate for a year. There is little danger of the bulbs shrivel- ing or rotting. Plant them 6 in. deep in pots or in the garden. Easily managed by the amateur. guttatum, Schott. Petioles 3 ft. long, not spotted ; leaf segments b-8 m loi „ 2 J in w le the lateial smallei spathe tube green on the 1 ack 4 in 1 ng the upper thud narrowed I lade 1'' in 1 ng ' m wile be low gradually narrowing aboxe olive green on the back yello-ni h green withm with dense irregular black purple spots Himalajas B R 12 101 (as Arum venftsum '^chott {b SnUnie Schott) Petioles spotted i\ tt long leaf segments b 10 in long 4 m wide the lateral smaller s), itbe tul e 3-4 in long purple on the back blade 14-lb in long 3 in wile te low about 1 m wide from the mid lie to the a) ex pur pie on the back yellow withm and ^ith crowded oblcng purple or black spots Hiraala\ ns B M 44bo and F S 13 1334 (both eironeously as * giittitiim] Jared G Smith SAURtTRUS (Greek 1 nJ^f I lef rring to the curve of the ] ike ot rt ) P / c 1 i The LiZiRL b TiiL 1 ahai h perei i i I 1 pi 1 si falle for the 1 og gai den It 1 as 1 een pUnt It gi «s fr somewhat fle h\ wrinkled carpels 3 4 mdehi¢ united at base c6muns Lmn I z ATI s T4 L Fi 2> Hei-'lt ft SAVORY Sum mer S ury is S t 2256 Sassafras officinale ( X K 1 1 t I 16 Lmn Lil tr Cultivatelm kitchen "irUi s f r Its atom' f,ie n parts which are gatl i 1 i ] n t fl The I 1 nt re tl 11 p I r li or t r eai n crop the\ 1 a 1 p tnn 1 I 1 1 1 tl 1 1 pds sown m March W 1 tpi Sav ij ( s t 1 1 1 ) IS a hardy Euio pean perenmal spec e haMn^ much the qualities of 1618 SAVORY the annual. It may be managed like thyme. It has woody, slender, very branching stems 12-16 in. tall, narrow, very acute leaves, white, pink or lilac flowers and brown seeds, whose average vitality is three years. M. G. Katns. SAVOY is a kind of cabbage. SAW PALMETTO. data. •,^~i 2257. Sauru l.-ft^ in the (includiii 1 175 spen. - i ! I 1 zone, many "f tlit-iii a hemisphere they seen ica. The Saxifrages perfect small white, ; cles or corymbs; cih equal; stamens iiii^s styl fr. .a^ o,. (.See page 1617.) rock and to break; said by that many of the species grow ' others to the supposition that 11- stone in the bladder). Saxi- lioPKFOiL. As outlined below H genus contains upwards of liputed in the north temperate ne and boreal. In the southern » be known only in Soutli Amer- ■ herbs, mostly perennial, with low or purplish flowers iu pani- Mlli ". IoIhs; ji. tals 5, usually 10. ,„ so,,,,. s,„..„-s only 5; I the root-leav,-s. M,,~t m tl„. si as rock-gardcti plants, alt bers of the Megasea or I'.i used as border plants. < given to rock and alpine i: ifrages are little known t them are abundantly hard sufl'er from the dryness a mer. Partial shade in su, results with most of the should be given ample <■ useful kinds for this en Megasea section. These and are admiral. Iv adai.t,-. forcint? n,i.l. , .1 i^- i i- otth.-s, |,| I , ii Th|. ai|i or less pi 1 -i-i. Ill till i_i ifolia, make dense mcss-l Aizoon may be taken a, dense rosette of leaves a u,,t,\ ,,, ,1,1 spi-cies of the .III 1.1 \ |ii mis of bold habit, il I. , I... I ...1 k .iiid for spring ,.ts with more s, 111. 11, llii , 1. as .S-. opposit- ike mats; others, of which S. 5 a cultural type, produce a t the surface of the ground, SAXIFRAGA from which arises a flower-scape. Some of these forms are very interesting because of the vari-colored or sil- very effect produced by natural incrustations of lime on the leaves, particularly on the leaf-edges. Give shade. Most Saxifrages make stolons and offshoots freely, and by these the plants are easily propagated ; they are also increased by division. Sunn- make bulliltts. The number of species of S.i'.ii i hl. ,, iiii i-l i-,,l,i- vation in rockeries and in lioin. - i , .i iln i.il mg: I tho in North America. Very few ni m. .|.,,:i \,:,\,- in m modilied to any extent under duiiK'siicatinn. Tlit^rt- are a number of important hybrids, two of which are iu the American trade: S. Andrewsii, hybrid of -S. Geum and S. Aizooii, is somewhat like the latter parent; fls. pale white with purple dots; Ivs. spatulate to ligulate, very obtuse, crenulate-dentate; stem erect, few-leaved, glan- ■ " " ^ per- , tall. /S. hybrida splendens cordifolia. 5 Cotyledon, : crassifolia. Fortnnei, 33 by S. INDEX. Huetiana, 7. integrifolia, 25. Japonica, 33. Milesii. 3, oppositifoli peltata. 15. purpurea, 5. purpurasceus, 6. pyramidaUs, U. indifoUi Stracheyi, 2. superba. 8, 33. Taygetea. 17. variegata, 31. Virginiensis, 24. Wallaceana, 28. Lvs. with many small punctate glands or dots on the surface, usually large and thick and the petiole sheathed at the base: plant acaulescent , with a thick roothtock. Bergenia or Me- gasea. B. Margin nf fiaf ri>)ispifuously C.Bii nlliol. Mar of leaf more or less miniate nate: lvs. not pubescent. c. Heape and inflorescence gla- brous 4. crassifolia 5. cordifolia cc. Scape and inflorescence pu- bescent 6. purpurascei A. Lvs. without punctate dots or glands {sometimes pitted) on the face, usually not large nor with sheaths at base : root- stocks {if any) slender or short. Saxifrage proper. B. Seeds spherical {Cymba- laria) 7. Huetiana BB. Seeds fusiform or oblong-obo- vate. C. Apex and margin of leaves bearing a feiv disfiurf pores Sitr Arrinujnii.,,! „ nate (best see, ing stems). E. Leaf-marqir, crenulate oi tire, more o tate with lit S. oppositiSolia f h-s.„U,r- 11 oji floiver- is reflexed, ■ nearly en- r less crus- ne 9. lingulata 10. Hostii SAXIPRAGA EE. Leaf - margins spread- ing, serrate, sometimes both margins and up- per face criistate U. Cotyledon 12. Aizoon CO. Apex and margin of leaves without pores. D. True stem all subter- E. Plant propagating by means of subterranean bulblets produced o n the very short - jointed caudex 13. granulata 14. rivularis EE. Plant propagating by non-bulbiferons shoots. F. Foliage peltate, large.l5. peltata TF. Foliage not peltate. SAXIFRAGA 1619 rs. slabi 2. Strilcheyi, Hook . f. & Thorn . (S. unguicuma, lort., not Engl.). Fig. 2258. Habit of S. ligulata: LIS on botli sides, obovate, usually not at all base, the margin ciliate and from crenate- learly entire ; pedicels and calices pubescent, />. G. Pet, I Js chrysantha 2258. Saxifraga Stracheyi (X K* the flowers ;ire appearing iu earliest .17. rotundifolia 18. punctata 19. Mertensiana Shape of petals lanceolate- II. Shape of petals orbicular 2 DD. True stem above ground, the plant propagating by evident stolons or offsets. E. Petals all equal. P. Pistil more or less ad- nate to the calyx-tube at its base. G. Foliage stiff a}id withering rather than failing, not divided, the mar- gin usually setose. 2 EE. Petals unequal, the two lower ones much larger than the others 3 bryophora , leucanthemifolia , Pennsylvanica , nivalis . Virginiensls . integrifolia , Camposii caespitosa . aphylla sarmentosa 1. liguiata. Wall. [S. Schmidtii, Kegel). Strong- growing plant, with large radical Ivs. 3-8 in. across and orbicular or obovate in outline and cordate at base, the margin scarcely undulate but ciliate: scape becoming about 1 ft. tall, this and the pedicels and calices gla- brous: fls. white to light purple, orbicular and clawed: fr. subglobose, drooping. Himalayan region. B.M. 3406, "the sepals too acute and the leaves too undulate," according to Hooker. L.B.C. 8:747. R.H. 1868:271. —Not perfectly hardy at Boston. By error, the name is sometimes written S. lingulafa , a name which properly belongs to a very different species ( N'c. (i|. Var. rtibra, Hort.,is a form with red-purple tls. V:ir. specidsa, Hort., has showy blush or rose-white fls. Var. clUata, Hook. (S. cilidta, Royle), has Ivs. hir- sute on both sides and the margins strongly ciliate. B.M. 4915. G.C. III. 5:365. the scape beoo {sometimes yt wider above t erect. Kashnii (as S. ciliatu) .il. • ri- tall: fls. white or rose \ treth oblong and often 'iv;ite-lanceolate, usually I. B.M. 5967?. B.R. 29:65 •J.H. in. 32:281. 3. Mllesii, Leichtl. |S. ^'(rdc/iei/j, var. jnjesti.Hort.). From *'. Stracheyi it differs in having longer Ivs. (9-12 in. long and 4-5 in. broad), white fis., oblong calyx-lobes, the petals distinctly clawed: corymb dense. Himalaya. 4. crassifolia, hmn. (S. cuneifolia, Hort.,not Linn. S. Sibirica. Hort., not Linn.). Fig. 2259. Strong-grow- ing species with woody rhizome: Ivs. obovate to long- obovate. narrowed at the base, undulate-crenate: scape and inflorescence glabrous : fls. lilac or purplish, nu- merous on the inclined or drooping branches of the elevated panicle (scape 10-16 in. tall). Altai to Mon- golia. B.M. 196. G.M. 34:67. Mn. 10, p. 74. 5. cordifolia, Haw. Very like the above and probably only a form of it; differs in having broader, round-ob- long, and more or less cordate Ivs. Altai. Var. pur- purea, Hort., has purple fls. 6. purpurdscens. Hook. f. & Thom. Lvs. broad-obo- vate to short-oblong, the margins entire or slightly undulate, somewhat cordate at base: scape 12 in. or less high, bright purple, hairy: fls. deep purple, nodding, the calyx-lobes very obtuse: fr. elliptic-lanceolate, erect. Sikkim (India), 10,000 to 15,000 ft. altitude. B.M. 5066. — Very handsome because of its purple scape and flowers. 7. HuetiElna, Boiss. Annual or biennial, but grown from seed as a hardy garden annual and used for edg- ings and borders of small beds: dwarf, about 0 in. high, compact in growth: lvs. reniform and shallowly 5-7- lobed, the lobes obtuse or short-apiculate, long-petioled, bright green in color: fls. small but very numerous, long stalked in the axils, bright yellow, the petals ovate or oblong: seeds small tuberculate Asia Minor —Very effective little plant 8. oppositifdlia, Linn. Stem or ciu dex perennial and leafy, the branches rising 6 in. high and bearing many small persistent thick se dum - like lvs and giving a moss like aspect to the plant sterile shoots with lvs. imbricated m 2259 Saxifraga crassitolu four tary on the ends of the annual leafy shoots, lilac or white, the obovate petals exceeding the stamens Rocks, alpine and boreal parts of Europe and North America, extending into northern Vermont. L.B.C. 9:869. -An excellent little rock plant, making a sedum-like mat, the foliage of a purplish cast. There are several cul- tivated forms, as var. 41ba, fls. white; var. major, fls. 1620 SAXIFRAGA large, lilac; var. FyrenMca {or snperba), fls. very large, rose-purple. S. oppositifolia in evergreen. It makes a good carpet under other plants. 9. Iingul4ta, Bell. Radical Ivs. in a rosette, numer- ous, linear-spatulate and somewhat acute, sulcate above, the margin erose-crenulate and somewhat ciliate and crustate with lime; stem lv>. >lii.rii r, the margin carti- laginous and less crustat.: - .h" iimh- 1-2 ft., erect or flexuose, and bearing ;i iIin r-^'ii i.mi. i,. of small white fls. with obovate or ol.h.im ..li.Aair li-nerved petals. Apennines and Alps. Var. Lant03c4na, Engler (S. Lantosc&na, Boiss. & Reut. ). Lvs. short, more or less attenuate below, btit not at the apex, the margin thin. Maritime Alps. G.C. 11.15:109. 10. Hbstii, Tausch. Radical or basal lvs. many, some- what erect, flat above and the apex obtuse, ciliate at the base; stem-lvs. oblong and nearly or quite obtuse, cre- nate-serrate: corymb o-9-fld., the fls. white or the ob- long petals somewhat purple-spotted. Apennines and Alps. 11. Cotyledon, Linn. Tufted, the basal lvs. forming attractive silvery rosettes, and sending up long panicles to a height of 1-2 ft. : basal lvs Ungulate to long-obo- vate, short-apiculate, plane, margin cartilaginous and dentate and bearing many pores; stem-lvs. lingulate- lanceolate ; fls, numerous, white, the petals cuneate- obovate and :i-5-nerved and the middle nerve usually bifid, the calyx glandular. Mountains of Eu. Var. pyramidalia, DC, is a robust form, with a large, mauy-fld. panicle. 12. Aizoon, Jacq. {S. rosuUris, Schleich. .S'. rfc^u. Lap.). Fig. 2260. Much tufted alpme plant, forming small dense rosettes and sending up a clammy pubescent, many-fld. scape 5-12 m. high: basal lvs. spatulate, incurved, thick and persistent, the margins white and cartilaginous and porose; stem-lvs. smaller, spatulate or cuneate, serrate towards the apex: fls. small and many, cream color to nearly white, the petals obovate to elliptic .mil )-"■ IK rved, and some- tiiii. - I II I I I !!■ base. Alpine •them Vt. variable. Linn. Meadow and Lake .>u|n i, 13. granulata, Saxifrage. Plant erect and branched when in bloom, 6-20 in. tall : ,/ radical lvs. reniform, incise- // lobed, the lobes entire or cre- ' nate, pilose, stalked ; stem-lvs. few. rly sessile, e, somewhat bell- shaped, more or less drooping, about 1 in. the petals ob- ohlo md much contracted i the base and ; nerved. Eu., N.Afr, m^^-^ -^ As -This is acom- 1260. Saxitraea Aizoon (X K). mon Meadow Saxi- frage of Europe, blooming earlv in May. It is an attrac- tive plant. A full double form is in cultivation, being prized for planting in moist shady borders. Not hardy at Boston. 14. rivul4ris, Linn. Matted little plant, with stems ascending 1-3 in. high: lower lvs. round - reniform, prominently 3-5-lobed, long-stalked; stem-lvs. narrow- ovate to lanceolate, entire: fls. 3-5, white, the petals ovate. Eu., Asia, N. Amer., in this country occurring as far south as the White Mts. and Oolo. 15. pelt4ta, Torr. Umbrella Plant. Strong plant, sending up large peltate leaf-blades or petioles 1-3 ft. SAXIFRAGA long, the many pinkish or white fls. borne on long hairy scapes overtopping the young foliage: rootstock stout, horizontal; lvs. orbicular, much lobed or cut, almost centrally peltate : fls. i4 in. across, the petals elliptic and obtuse. Margins of streams, Calif. B.M. 6074. F. S. 23:2441. G.C. III. 27:139. Gn. 26, p. 545; 55, p. 6. Gng. 7:307. — One of the largest of all Saxifrages, and the only one with peltate lvs. The If.-blade often meas- ures 1 ft. across, and the rhizome 2-3 in. thick. The fls. appear in advance of the lvs. in early spring. Hardy in Mass.. with slight protection, and a most desirable plant when l>ol(l ellects are desired. 16. chrysintha, liray. Dwarf cespitose plant with creeping shoots and rostilate, imbricated oblong-ovate, glabrous and fleshy lvs.: flowering stems 1-2 in. tall, filiform, glandular-pubescent, 1-3-fld., the oval petals yellow. Mts. of Colo.— Has been offered by dealers in native plants. 17. rotundifdlia, Linn. Root-lvs. thick, cordate-orbic- ular, dentate-lobed, long-stalked, clustered, but not rosulate; stem-lvs. nearly sessile, often narrower: fl.- steras 1 ft. tall, erect and somewhat branched, hairy: fls. white, the oblong-elliptic petals spotted with purple. Eu. and Asia. B.M. 424.— A very pretty plant for moist places. Var. Taygetta, Engler {S. Taytjetea, Boiss. & Heldr.). Basal lvs. very long-stalked, reniform or nearly orbic- ular, 5-9-lobed : fls. only 1-2 on the ends of the branches (several in S. rotundUoUa itself). Greece. 18. punctata, Linn. Plant 1 ft. or more high when in flower, more or less pubescent, the scape leafless : lvs. at first pubescent but becoming glabrous, reniform, equally and strongly dentate or crenate: fls. white, not punctate, the petals obovate or oblong ; the sepals acutish. Asia and boreal N. Amer. 19. Mertensiana, Bong. Very like S. punctata, but the lvs. incise-lobed and the lobes 3-toothed : sepals ob- tuse. Alaska. 20. brybphora. Gray. Dwarf, the scapes about 3 in. high and branching: "lvs. 1 in. or less long, oblanceolate to narrow-oblong, entire and ciliate, usually rosulate: scape leafless, the branches 1-fld. : petals lance-ovate, white, 2-spotied at the base. Mt. Dana. — Once offered by dealers in native plants. 21. leucanthemiSaiia, Michx. (S. Micliauxii. Britt.). Viscid plant 5-20 in. tall, much branched, bearing many small star-like white fls. and long-spatulate toothed lvs. : petals lanceolate, unequal, the 3 larger ones cordate at the base and with a pair of yellow spots. Va. to Ga., In the mountains. 22. Pennsylvinica, Linn. Tall stout herb, sometimes 3 ft. and tii-n-" hi^li, vi-.-i.l , ml..-., ■,•„». lo-arly or quite simple: l..i I '• ■ - '" '' I " long, oblan- ceolate, o I, . I , I, , ,, ; ;. -M.elow, the scape ilea);, i :!. : ; ' n i i . tuning open: fan Va. lanceolate. Swamp-. ■ i-n m I s., — Recommended as a !»':,' |ilaiii. 23. niy&lis, Linn. Iiuart. lie Ihiwering branches ris- ing 3-6 in.: lvs. ovate or oli.,\alr. thiekish, crenate, narrowed into a petiole: tls. .aintaii- .m a naked scape, the head sometimes bran<-h.'l. \shit,. ihr ol,h>iig or obo- vate petals persistent. Al|iiiii aii.l nr.iic regions of as far south as Arizona. 24. Virginifinsis, Michx. Low, viscid pubescent jilant, 1 ft. or less tall, from a rosette of obovate or spatulate, crenate-toothed thiekish lvs.. which are narrowed into a petiole: cyme small and close at ih -t l.ut h. r,,niiiii.' loose and open: fls. small but noun, iiull wliiir. ihr jnial^s oblong-obtuse. On rocks and m ^^ I-, r;,-i, m r. S. as far south as Va. and Tenii, - A loriiv ^piini; ll^wer, and sometimes planted. There is a auublelld. furm. 2:.. integrifolia. Hook. Plant a foot or less tall, vis- i-i.l iMilies.a 111, leafless except at the base, the short cau- dex somewhat woody: lvs. ovate and very obtuse, entire or very nearly so: fls. white, small, in a more or less loose panicle, the petals obovate and twice the length of the spreading-reflexed calp-lobes. Calif, northward.— Once offered amongst native plants. SAXIFKAGA onchial s L nn Dwa f and ag'ng p tal Ian olate D n) PI p fwflwdtll htd what spatulat A. a and Ala ka 8 Campds B & R ut (S WalJ d H t ) T f t d an i b gh g n -s i i h fl t h y an I m w d la 1 patula e w th an al uptly la ng end 3 lid i m t n s aga n t th d fl t u b n h ng 3-4 n h gh e fl n a wh t mewh t b 11 hap d, th b oad p t I mu h x ed n^ the ll h i P t 1 the a d ntate " wh L ani tl H B SAXIFKAGE S 5 f ga SCABIdSAiL 1 ^ 1 ° t 7 i rr t m d l.hl A.F. 4:493. -Once introduced here, but does not endure the hot climate well. An attrac- tive species. 29. CBBSpitosa, Linn. Exceedingly variable species : dwarf and cespitose, the fl stems erect and nearly leafless ant somewhat glandular-pilose (3^ in high): Ivs. usually cuneate but times nearly linear, usually 3-fld and some- times 5-fid, the lobes linear and obtuse and nearly parallel: fls. few, white. 1-10 in a raceme or panicle, campanulate, the pet- '' als spreading, oblong and obtuse, 3-nerved. Eu. 30. aphyUa, Sternb. IS.leptopliylln, Frtel.). Small, loosely cespi- tose species, producing many or several rosettes at the surfite of tht ground and sending up short, almost leifless, 1 tld or 2 fld glandular scapes: Ivs. thinnish, entire or 3-5 lobed fls. light yellow, the petals linear and acute and about as long as the calyx-lobes. Eu. 31. umbTosa, Linn. Londov Pride. St. Patrick's Cabbage. Erect -growing plant, the nearly leafless branching fl. -stems reaching 6-12 in. high and spring- 11 4 4, rarely 2, all perfect. For . see Cephalaria . In any moderately good garden soil a succession of flowers is produced from June until frost. The flowers are very service- able for cutting purposes. Propagated by seed or division. Many of the peren- ^ nial species act like biennials in culti- ^ ■. o(-;n„ and often flower the first year from seed. 5. atropur- piirea is a common gar- den annual. atropurpurea, 4. brachiata, 6. candidissima, 4. Caueasica, 7. lea, 4. ochroleuea, ibaria. 3. perfecta, 7. iota. 4. pumila. 4. nifolia, 8. stellat.i, 5. 2261 Saxifraga A liaJualleul B Fl!, II II BB Fl^. i! I Webbiana, 1 . ochroleuea . Il:;',i, 8. graminifolia, l.nm, A |»rriMii:,: i.ii., ^liat iie-Oct. Eu. B.R. 10:835. J. B. Keller and F. W. Barclay. SCAPHOSEPALUM SCALLION, a name for the Shallot; also used for onions that do not make good bulbs but remain with thick necks, but generally pronounced and written .?c«(!- 1)0)1 in this country. The word is connected with Asca- Jo)))r,()i, (Allium Ascalonicum). SCANDIX (Greek, P6cten-Vei ■efdUiui). Linn. See Chervil. in reference tn the rough- im. Fig. 2263. A hardy garden an- ith finely cut Ivs. and small white -Little grown here. P. W. Barclay. SCAPHOSfiPALUM (Greek, boat and sepal; alluding to the form of the lower sepal). OrchidAcew. A genus rei-entl> -.i.ar.ilr.l IMini M.'i-il.vallia ii| inn the character of till' l.ii.ral -.i':'l-, V, lihii aii iiniti-il into a boat- shu|".l "I .:iii. Ill lial.ii ih. |.l:iiii^ I'M-mble Masdeval- lia, exri|ii that tlir paiis n t ilir rliiznuie are longcr, thus making the tutts less compact, and the racemes assume climbing habits, becoming very long and bearing fls. for months in succession. The dorsal sepal is free or nearly so: labellum and sepal small. The genus con- tains about 10 species. Grow in a coolhouse well protected from the sun. Keep the summer temperature as low as possible. Give plenty of water when growing. When at rest, water sparingly but do not allow the plants to become entirely dry. Use as small a pan as possible. The culture is like that for Jiasdevallia. gibberdsum, Rolfe (Masdevdllia gibherbsa, Reichb. f.). Lvs. 3-5 in. long, oblong-obovate or lanceolate, ob- tuse: peduncle 6-10 in. long, warty, bearing a loose ra- ceme of 4-8 fls. : dorsal sepal boat-shaped, with a long tail, dull red, with strong, greenish ribs; lateral .sepals partly connate in a concave lamina, then snreading horizontally, yellow, spotted with red yellowish tails. Colombia. B.M. 6990. punctitum, Rolfe {Masdevdllia pn»ct!)ta, Rolfe). Densely tufted: lvs. elliptic-lanceolate, subacute, 3-5 in. long: peduncles pendulous: fls. small, dull yellow- SCAPHOSEPALUM ish, thickly speckled with crimson ; dorsal sepal broadly ovate, concave, strongly 5-ribbed, ending in a stiff incurved tail; lateral sepals spreading horizontally, falcately incurved, with a filiform process near the tip. Colombia. B.M. 7165. Heinkich Hasselbring and Wm. Mathews. SCAEBOKOUGH LILY. VaUoia purpurea. SCARLET BUSH. Hnmelki. SCARLET LIGHTNING. Lychnis Chalcedonica. SCARLET PLUME. Euphorbia fulgens. SCARLET RUNNER. A red-flowered variety of Phaseolus mul/illvn(s. SCHINUS 1623 trade one species is offered, S. Mexic&na, Seem, {S. cce- ruMseens, Hort. ), now more properly known as Achi- menes Scheerii, Semal. Stem erect, hairy: Ivs. ovate, hairv, dentate, stout-stalked, opposite: fls. solitary in the axils, stalked, the corolla 2-2K in. long, the tube inclined or drooping and curved, the wide-spreading 5- lobed limb blue-Durple. Lvs. with a metallic luster. B.M. 4743. L. H. B. ^^hi-.^f\ SCHAUfiEIA (after J. C. Schauer, professor at Greifswald, 1813-1848). Acanthdcem. Erect, half- shrubby herbs, with entire lvs.: fls. yellow or red, in a terminal thyrse or spike; calyx 5-parted, segments linear or setaceous ; corolla-tube long, gradually broad- ened upward; limb 2-lipped, the upper lip interior nar- row, entire or emarginate, erect, lower lip cut into 3 subequal, recurved segments; stamens 2 each, with 2 parallel anthers, about as long as the upper lip; aborted stamens wanting; style filiform: ovary seated on a disk, 2-loculed, with 2 seeds in each locule. About 8 species from Brazil. Closely related to Jacobinia, from which it differs by the equal parallel anther cells. It is distinguished from Anisacanthus by its setaceous calyx- lobes, and from Fittonia by its habit. flavlcoma, N. E. Brown (Justicia flAva, Hort., not Kurz.). Pig. 22G4. Halt-shrubhy plants, with erect, branched stems, up to 4 ft. high: lvs. opposite, petio- late, ovate to ovate-lanceolate, shining green, undulate: fls. light yellow, 1% in. long, borne in erect, feathery panicles; calyx-lobes long, subulate, glandular-hairy, persistent after the corolla has fallen. Autumn. Brazil. B.M. 2816 (as Jtisticia cali)rotrielin}. B.R. 12:1027 (as Justioia flavicoma). L.B.C. 'Jii:l'.iL'l (:is ,l,isliri,i calli- tricha).— This plant has b. i i iitu-;r,l wiili .s\ rnly- cdtricha, Nees, and has Imii; l">'ii .■ultivair.l midrr that name. S. caZj/cdfWc/to, Nees. lia^ :i --u ih .-mIvn and broader ovate lvs. which are very ubiuse or suiicurdate at the base. Heinrich Hasselbring. SCHEfiLEA (after Scheele, distinguished German chemist). Palmd.cen. About 10 species of pinnate palms from tropical South America. They are spineless, tall or dwarf: leaf-segments arranged in regular series or grouped, linear, in young plants unequally and obtusely 2-cut at the apex: fls. yellowish, diceciousor raon(Bcious, the males very numerous in the upper part of the branches, the females few or solitary in the lower part and sometimes peduncled; petals of the males long- club-shaped or cylindrical; stamens 0, shorter than the petals: fr. 1-3-seeded. butyricea, Karst. This species is cult, in S. Calif. Pranceschi remarks that it comes from Venezuela and is a magnificent palm with the habit of Attalea. H. A. Siebrecht writes that it is rare in cultivation and that it is more interesting than beautiful. On account of its large stem base or crown, it requires so large a pot or tub for the size of the plant that it does not make a ver5' ornamental subject. "^, ]\I. SCHEfiRIA (Frederick Scheer presented the original species to the Royal Botanic Gardens at Kew, he hav- ing received them in 1850, through J. Potts, from Chi- huahua, Mexico). GesnerAcetv. A name proposed for four Mexican and tropical American herbs which are now referred to Achiraenes (which see). From Achi- menes, Seeman, its founder, distinguished it "by its truly infundibuliform, not bilobed, stigma." In habit, the genus suggests Achimenes hirsuta, A. pednncnlata and A. mulHflora (see p. 18, Vol. 1). In the American I flavicoma (X Ya). to the trade under the name of Justicia flava. SCHtMA (said to be an Arabian name). Temstromi- d-cece. About 9 species of tender evergreen trees and shrubs, with 5-petaled white fla. about 1% in. across. Here belongs a neat little tea-like shrub about 2 ft. high, known to the trade as Oordonia Javanica. Schi- ma and Gordonia are closely related genera, distin- guished by Bentham and Hooker as follows: Schima has inferior radicles, sepals scarcely unequal, ovules few in each locule and laterally affixed; Gordonia has supe- rior radicles, sepals markedly unequal, ovules numerous in each locule and pemlulous. Other generic characters of Schima: peduncles 1-fld., usually erect: fls. solitary, in the axils or the upper ones crowded in a short raceme; petals connate at the base, imbricate, concave; stamens numerous: ovary 5-celled (rarely 4- or 6-ceIled); stigmas broad and spreading: capsule woody: seeds flat, kidney-shaped. NorfinhEB, Reinw. (Gordonia Javanica, Roll.). Tender evergreen shrub, 2 ft. high or perhaps more, branched, glabrous: lvs. alternate, elliptic-lanceolate, coriaceous, entire: fls. solitary in the axils, white, 1% in. across, shorter than the lvs. : petals obovate. .Java. B.M. 4539, -A good pot-plant for the warmhouse. Readily in creased by cuttings. w. M. SCHlNUS (Greek name for the Mastic-tree, Pistacic Lentisciis; applied to this genus on account of the resi nous, mastic-like juice of some species). AnacardiAee(e Resinous, dioecious trees, with alternate, pinnate lvs. sessile Ifts., axillary and terminal bracteate panicles small whitish fls. with short, 5-lobed calyx, 5 imbricated petals, broad annular disk, and 10 stamens: fr. a glo- bose drupe. About 17 species, all South American ex- cept one in the Sandwich Islands, one in Jamaica and one in St. Helena. Only two are cultivated; they are semi-tropical and grown in the warmhouse at the East and in north Europe, in the open at the South and in Calif, as far north as the San Francisco Bay region. Molle, the old generic name, is from Mulli, the Peru- M611e, Linn. P Peppeb-tree. Fi and more, with rn branchlets when t glabrous, nf mn 2 in. In.l-: :' ripe fruit- 1 1 crispata 3 decora 6 immaculata Lansberpttti, Lavalleei, 1 SCHISMATOGLOTTIS INDEX. (S L refers to suppleuieiitarj li MX 16> ( /••■ Cisco. Valued as a I - in . . asastreettree,for \N I: ■• ii . I suited, being too s|in .1.1 III u :ni.i in-n too low. Molle ^v■.\s 11 Ki-n<-ru- iiaiiieu- Tournefort, and placed in apijositioi Schinus by Linnieu.s (e.xplained above). terebintbifdlius, Raddi, with racemos fls. and Ivs. composed of seven broader somewhat serrated Ifts., is aparinglv me fcith in cult, in S. Calif., and proves hard; Fra dep^ndens, Orte;;a iP„r,n,., .1,,. DC), is ashrubi.r si,, all tr. r. «i or less droopinK liia,,rh. - Iv-. long, oblong or "iinvati: il-. m ll-iv long, produ.M.,1 i„ ,,i,„. iiMiii cenies ab.n.f a- Imr' ■ ,'i. i. ■ - ernS.Ai.i.T. I;.M , - r..- ■■ 19:1573 (/'. ././ ' ■ ' genus Duvaila wa- ,li-liM-i,|.|ii ,1 by its simple foliage, Init it is n genus of Schinus. ScTiinus MolU is everywhere California, where it all:.ins a 1,, i,, itself. It was a gn-;,t tliin- fi.,il,i before the water sy-i. Ill- Im.I i , a- ciency. Now the | ■ I'-ri" i i .- justly so. Next t l-ai ■ i Pepper-tree H..... iin r- i-i numerous, have 1" , i . n orchards of citro,,- n , : 1 ft. in diameter, hav,' i., in -i,' li., cause of their proximity t ai,_-i hi„-ii,lens, .r Jos. BuRTT Davy. one nurseryman nas actuaiiv ,-.i,,-.ii in m ii rri.]nr- trees to people who ordered ti,n,,,. I,,.- Ai,i;i'l,s Ima-ts some magnificent avenues of then,, .v. ^ /-. Iii nlhifnliiix is but little known in this region, the tallest tree being only 15 ft. as yet, but it is likely to be extensively planted in the near future. Eknest Bbaunton. SCHISMAT0GL6TTIS i plants 11 1 \ in beaut i bachia 1 1 1 1 plant u 1 but the> lie! teurs in h i g 1 could 1 e 1 lamt contdii s il t 1 1 1 Archipeh 1 1 tl cau lex 1 1 ^e o\ate or Ian 1 1 e or pale yellow 1 ai egate 1 plants 1 fertile 1 11 iscxual t te at the ape\ 1 le le titi te of pollen female 1 •"> 1 loci led c-sules ai i tropou yellowish r scirlet EnglerinU( M 1 2 18(9 Pore lit lie see Dietfenbacl a •■ eeals 0 Ph lodenhon to 1 htht gen is IS somewhat closely allud ivs. lanceolate - oblong , base not heart-shaped. B. Petiole longer tJitni blade 1 cc. Mo Ih, 1. Lav411eei, Linden. Lvs. lanceolate or lanceolate-ob- long, rtiniided or narrowed at the base but not cordate, lil(itelie<. - Var. immaculata inu-, I...,iii,| -, .l-,-- lilie sporophylls i'oriiied of a clustri- of .-IikntI^ ci-ni- pacted pinnae, each with two ruw.s of .sp .langia! which in common with the family are pear..shaped, with an apical ring, opening by a vertical fissure. pusilla, Pur.sh. Our only native species, growing in sand barrens mainly in New Jersey. Lvs. an inch long, grass-lilie: sporophylls 2-3 in. long, with 6-8 closely compacted divisions, forming a spike at the apex. Known locally as Curly-grass. The prothallus only re- cently studied is found to resemble protonema. being filamentous rather than thallose as in ordinary ferns. L. M. Underwood. eels and showy scarlet or black, berry-like fr. in droop- ing racemes. The Asiatic S. Chineiixix is hardy north, while the iKitiv.- .s'. .■ ii,,ii mn ,,iilv I., ^-n.wn .south. They may l.r n^^r,! f,.,- r,,\-,-i'u,- i —I, . , n. r., ^lirubs or fences, and ^.i m tw ilnnc i.-t m |.,;iu siuuled and somewhat nmisi |.I:m'.- m :, |,..i,,ii.. , !,,:,iii. Prop. by seeds, by gretiiu 1 .utiiim- immIi i ^lass, root- cuttings or layers, and aKc \'\ ^u.k.i-. Six or 7 spe- cies, chiefly in E. A^ia. fi.nn lniii:i i.i N. Cliina and Japan, 1 species in N. Aiih i ira. I,\^. i \-i i pn I :ite. usually ovate: fls. slender-siaikcd. m l'<\\ -iM. :i\iilai-\- clusters, dicecious ormonoecicu-: m paK :iii(l |iri:j|- 'j- !■_', la.t dif- fering; stamens .".-l.'i. hmh,' ,.r I,-., .-.niiKiir: cai-i.i-ls numerous, imbricatiil in tin' il , ilix rl.i|iin- iniM linnies disposed on the el"ii;;;)tcd lihiurin rt'(a'[it;irlc, fieitxi Paxt ) Pig 2^67 The most variable of the species, with many horticultural forms distinguished 1626 SCHIZANTHUS by height of stem and color markings o£ the fls. Typically 2 ft. high: Ivs. 1-2-pinnatisect; the segments entire, dentate or incisely pinnatilid: fls. varying in depth of color, the lower lip usually violet or lilac; the upper paler, its middle section with a yLlloH blotch at its base and spotted with purple or violet B M 2404, 2^21 (as 6 poirigens) BR 9 725 18: 1^62 (as var humiUi) — Var nana, Hort , is somewhat lower growing. Vir mveus Hort , iL-^- iddle s( ,i (Svn. Holmlixens). The II ■//..;,..;;,...,, 11,1 ;iiiiii_- : mil, .li^M maybe rec-iinii' . , , ' 1 .1 ,.,:,.■, I •-■■ , „,7„s, to avniil . , . , , ,,,,,,1 for shrub, «iil, ali.-inai.-. |.i. ■ .■■ ' i.i . • 1 Ivs. and small, whitisli fls. in aiii| , I ■: h nit insig- niflcant. Very gracilu. ilnij- .Irooping feathery panicles of IT. 11 I i , inl u .11 adapted forbordersofshrubli.il' .i i... ii.li spiriniens on the lawn, but imt (|iiiir In.i.ly n..iili. They grow in al- most any well dinin. .1 ^uil, uml iln In st in a sunny posi- tion. Prop, by .s... ,1s nsniilly s.nvn in boxes in fall and only slightly oovir.d « iili soil. ,,r liy layers; sometimes also increased by greenwood cuttings under glass taken with a heel, but usually only a small percentage of them take root. Two or perhaps only one species from Oregon to Columbia. Lvs. without stipules: calyx 5- cleft, almost rnt.itp ; petals .t ; stamens aliout 20; ovaries 5, surroiiinlril by nn r-ntirr ilisl;, lii-velupiiig into 5 distinct pulii-s,-.. Ill I s, ,■,!,■. 1 ak.n.s, I'.nnnrly usually referred to S|iirii-a, l.ni ii slmws .-ii.-.i- allinity to Cer- cocarpus and other ^'eu. ra ..f thi- ruti-niilk-ie group. If all forms of this genus are united in one species it must bear the name Schizmiofiis arqentcns, Kuntze. By some the genus is .still retained with Spiraea. ^ /' ^' ] ^ ^] 2268. Schizoeodon soldanelloldes (X K). discolor, Ra,t.(Holodiscns discolor, Maxim. ). Fig. 2269. Shrub, 20 ft., hardy with protection in Mass. ; Ivs. ovate or oblong, truncate or narrowed at the base, pinnately lobed, usually glabrous above, pubescent or tomentose beneath, H-3 in. long: fls. creamy white, small, in ample panicles. July. Oregon to Guatem., east to Colo. Gn. 4.5, p. 56; 47, p. 188; 49, p. 104; 50, p. 278. SCHIZONOTUS G.C. III. 25:21.— A very variable species, of whicli the following are perhaps the most important forms: Var. ariaefdlius, J. G. Jack (Spiraa arlittbUa, Sm.). Large shrub, with arching branches : Ivs. usually truncate at the base, ovate, with dentate or entire lobes, pale green and pubescent beneath: panicle drooping, ample to 10 in. long. B.R. Ii;:i:!ii5. O.F. +:(il7. Var. Purshianus, Rehd. IN/'. ■r,.<,:.h,r. I'urshl. Similar t„ tin- f,.rmer, but Its. wliitMi-t.,in,.|ito^,. lM-n,-;,tli. V:ir. hssus, Kchd. (Sp. fuss,,. Lin.ll.. :„h1 pn.l.al.ly Ilalndls.- 1,^ „„sln)Us. Heller). Simihir t.. var. a n„ loliiis in liul.it. but smaller: Ivs. crenate at the base, narrower, with entire lobes, whitish-tomentose beneath ; panicle drooping, loose, to 5 in. long. Var. dumdBus, Dippel {Sp. du- mdsa, Nutt. Sp. Boursieri. Carr.). Erect shrub, 8 ft. high: Ivs. cuneate, coarsely toothed, pubescent above, whitish-tomentose beneath, X-1 in. long: panicle erect, rather small and dense. R.H. 1859, p. 519. This last form is the least desirable as an ornamental plant. 5. purpurdscens, Gray, is Solanoii ).iiri>Mr.i^.-. n ~ 'hTriie, a Californian Asi-lepiail, not ill cult. It ■ : ' •• 'tli .is- cending stems 1 ft. high, eord.'ite-ovair I ■ il pur- SCHOMBURGKIA 1627 le fls SCHIZOPfiTALON (Greek, .c«< and petal; in refer- ence to the pinnately cut petals). Cruclfene. A genus of possibly 5 species of annual herbs from Chile, with alternate, "sinuate, dentate or pinnatifid leaves and pur- ple or white flowers in terminal racemes. The main ge- neric character lies in the shape of the petals, which are flat and pinnately cut into regular segments. Walkeri, Sims. Plant 1-2 ft. high: Ivs. sessile, sinu- ate, dentate, the upper linear : fls. white, fragrant. B.M. 2S79. R.H. 1880, p. 355. -A very pretty annual of quick growth K. w. Barclay. SCHIZOPHRAGMA to cleave and 1 e wall of tl e valve f aqA c Ornamen i II t 1 pet cjme ot a the m a d tt wall 1 of 1 pa t 1 Lk 7/ t ng ot du oval to broadlj Ion July Japan S 34 I 81 -Ihe pe es s n lo 1 I 1 I 1 4 1 t>le 1 o 4-5 lo 1 1 e n 1 ter le fl cons t only f n 1 e h t I 1 a n" the branchlets of the flo f 11 11 11 11 1 1 1 hydrangeo les '^ / II fa CI 1 11 long 111 I II nate 1 I 1 1 I ly dentate 11 u 1 ill 11 la 1 ous 2-1 n 1 g V ne p 1 n 1 d h n b oa 1 marg nal tl pe 1 elled con ovate wh te sepal abo t 1 Z 1 6 100 C 1 p 301 often conf unde 1 w h Hj J ea ly d t n 1 ed by t mar nal fl h n 4 e{ als It h s 1 een on ntrodu ed un ler the name C S a iiifegerrima, which is a Chilean plant with entire ever- green leaves. The plant usually thrives best in a shady exposure. Alfred Rehder. SCHIZOSTYLIS (Greek, to cut, and«^v't'.• alluding to the tiliform segments of the style), iriddceiv. Two species of South African perennial herbs with tufted, sometimes fleshy roots, narrow equitant leaves and a slender scape bearing 6-12 red sessile flowers in a dis- tichous spike. Perianth with a cylindrical tube and bell-shaped limb divided into 6 nearly equal oblong seg- ments: stamens inserted on the throat of tube: capsule obovoid-oblong, obtuse. cocoinea, Backh. & Harv. Crimson Flag. A winter- blooming tender plant: stem 1-2 ft. high, bearing 2-3 Ivs.: basal Ivs. 2-3, about \M ft. long: fls. bright red, about 2 in. across. B.M. ,5422. F.S. lC:1637.-The fol- lowing cultural notes are taken from Garden and Forest 9:16: "The species blooms from Oct. to late Dec. and is useful for cut-flowers at this season. It is perfectly hardy in England but of little use here except for indoor use. The roots should be planted out in rich soil in spring about 8 in. apart, and encouraged to make a strong growth. In the fall the plants may be lifted, potted and placed in a cool greenhouse, where they will flower. After flowering they may be stored in a frame until spring, when the fleshy roots will need to be separated (leaving 3-5 buds to each root), and planted out as. before." y. W. Barclay. discolor (X Ya). SCHOMBIJKGKIA (named for Dr. Schomburgk, nat- uralist and geographer, who explored British Guiana). Orchidclcete. This genus contains about 12 species, in- habiting tropical America. They have the habit of Cattleyas or Lffilias, except that they are less compact. Pseudobulbs long, fusiform, bearing several brown scales and 2-3 leatln ry Ivs. at tlir summit: fl. -stems from the top of the |..rii,l,,l,iilli^. -,., mutinies very long, bearing a terminal rarniM' .,i paiNrl,- of showy fls. The fls. are like those id' l„'p|ia , \r,|,t tliat the sepals and petals are narrow and undulate and the labellum does not completely envelope the column. The labellum is always evidently 3-lobed. Give Sehomburgkias plenty of heat and a light place near the glass, which should be slightly shaded during the hot summer months. Give freely of water in the growing season. Rest them in a temperature of 55°. S. tibicinis and S. Lyonsii are to be classed amongst the showy easily grown orchids, resembling Laelias. tibicinis, Batem. {Epidindrum tibichiis, Batem.). Fig. 2270. Pseudobulbs X-VA ft. long, taperingupwards: Ivs. 2-3, oblong, leathery: raceme 4-8 ft. high, bearing 1628 SCHOMBURGKIA numerous fls. each 3K in. across: sepals and petals ob- long, undulate, crisp: lateral lobes of the labelluin large, cucuUate, middle lobe small, emarginate: lis. deep pink, speckled with white on the outside, rich chocolate-red within; labellum white within, deep rose color at the sides, with a short chocolate-red middle lobe. Summer. Honduras, Cuba. G.C. III. 4:212; 9:651. — Var. errandilldTa, Lindl. Fls. larger and paler, with more yellow in the lip. B.R. 31:30. B.M. 4476. F.S. 1:54. S. tibiciiiis requires less compost than the other species. 2270. Scho LJonsii, Lindl. linear-oblong Ivs. bearing 12-25 fls., about 3 in. Ion;;: rows of purple sp. •white, with a yell- horned. Aug. , G.C. III. 26:203. rdsea, Linden, peduncles and labellum oblong, undulate, uarrowt It 1 ft. high, with 2-3 :ies erect, 9 in. long, by a reflexed bract Related to S. undulata. Bracts, ight rose: sepals and petals jarrower than the labellum; labellum 1 li'lirs^ and a smaller subrotund mid- ri-p. * Ntlombia. -' ii,|.,l,iilbs numerous, long: Its. ob- -. xrili.wish brown; sepals and petals oblong. uiicliUatc; labellum ovate-oblong, obscurely 3- lobed. Guiana. B.B. 30:23. B.M. 3729 (as 5. mar- ginata, var.). undulata, Lindl. Fls. in a dense raceme; sepals and petals linear, undulate, crisp, longer than the labellum, rich brownish purple; labellum cucullate, middle lobe oval, acute or obtuse, violet-purple. Jan. Colombia. B.R. 31:53. Heinrich Hasselbrin'O and Wm. Ma die lobe, m crispa, I , SCHOTIA (Richard Schot, companion of Jacquin dur- ing his travels in America, 1754-59). Legwmindsm. A genus of 3 species of small trees or shrubs, native to S. Africa, with pinnate leaves and panicles of hand- some crimson, pink or flesh-colored flowers. Calyx 4- lobed ; petals 5, nearly sessile, either ovute to oblong or SCIADOPITYS small and scale-like; stamens 10, free or shortly con- nate: pod oblong or broadly linear, coriaceous, com- pressed, the upper margin or both margins wingea: seeds 1-6. A. Ji'ls. OH rather long pedicels. B. Petals longer than the calyx. specidsa, Jacq. A tree or shrub, about 10 ft. higli: Ivs. variable in form, which fact has led to much separation of this species into varieties and species: Ifts. 8-.32, linear, oblong, or obovate: fls. crimson, in terminal panicles. B.M. 1153 (as S. tamarindifoUa). -Advertised in .southern California. BB. Petals shorter than the calyx. brachyp^tala, f>ond. A large shrub or small tree: Itts. ,s-lii, l.u-rr tlian in S. speclosa, ovate-oblong or ol"'v:iii : |.:iiiii N - many-fld., axillary and terminal: calyx ml.. . ..111. .1. irimson; petals very small, linear, liiiMi'ii i.y till- i-alyx. — Cult, in southern Florida. AA. Ph'i. nearly sessile. latiidlia, .Jacq. Becoming a tree 20-30 ft. high: Ifts. 4-8, ovate-oblong or obovate, usually \%-l% in. long, K-1 in. wide: fls. rosy or flesh-colored, in much- ched panicles; petals longer than the calyx.— Ad- F. W. Barclay. uthem Californi; schbAnkia gardens in .Mum Ahout 10 ,-|.. if tliP lall ■ botanic Brieb. .. mostly ives and 8-12: ]...il linear, acute or acuminate, spiny all over, becomiiii; 4-valved, several-seeded. uncinata, Willd. Sensitive Brier. A hardy her- biu'. j. r.niiKil. branched and decumbent, 2-4 ft. l"ii^'. .ii.i sith short prickles: Ivs. very sensi- fix.. ! ... |.inn«e; pinnae with 16-30 Ifts.: fls. piiiK, :i. j.iiil.i li.-ads nearly 1 in. through. Mav- July. \ a. to 111. and south. B.B. 2:256. F. W. Barclay. SCHR£B£R& (perhaps after J. C. D. Schreber, 1739- 181(1, physifiun and naturalist). Otedcew. A genus of 4s|. ..■!.- .1 1 L. - Horn Africa and India, with unequally pi II I. .1 flowers in very much branched cyiii. ! , ;:ii -bell-shaped, irregularly 4-7-lobed; <-ur..il:. ,.h . I -!.:.[. ...1: tube cylindrical; lobes 4-7, spr.a.liiiL': -laiiiins 2, near the top of the corolla-tube: swietenioides, K'i>xb. A tree, about 40 ft. high, nearly glabrous: Ifis. .'i-7. ovate, acute, 4x2 in.: fls. white, with brown marks, about % in. across, in many-fld. cymes. Cult, in southern Florida. SCHUBfiKTlA is a subgenus of Araujia, but in this work it is accounted for under Physianthua. SCIAD6PITYS (Greek, sltias, skiados, umbrella, and pitys, spruce; alluding to the position of the leaves). Coniferm. Umbrella Pine. Evergreen tree, of narrow species is hardy as far north as Portland, Me., and is a beautiful conifer of compact, conical form, with glossy dark green foli- age. It is of rather slow growth. It thrives well in a moderately moist, loamy, and also in clayey soil. Prop, by seeds and layers, and sparingly by cuttings of half -ripened wood in summer ; but seedlings are to be pre- ferred, as they grow more symmetrically and more vigorously. Monotypic genus from Japan. Lvs. linear, deeply furrowed on both sides, disposed in whorls at the ends of the short annual shoots ; they are of two kinds: the true lvs. are small and bract- SCIADOPITYS like; the upper ones, crowded at the apex of the shoot, bear in their axils needle-lilie Ivs. of another kind, which, however, are considered by some botanists to be leaf-like shoots, or cladophylla, but linear and con- nate in 2"s, while otliers believe them to consist of two connate Ivs. corresponding with the If. -clusters in Pinus. Their morpholo^cal structure points towards the first explanation, while they are Ivs. in regard to their physiological function. 'Fls. monoecious; the staminate oval, consisting of spirally disposed '2-celled anthers and appearing in dense c-Iiivt,.,-^ -.t thp fv'\-' ■■f the shoots; the pistillate are solit:n^ :" lii. ..mU,,i li,. shoots and consist of numerous s|. 11,1 ii subtended by a small bract and Injir:' .. > oblong-ovate, woody, the bracts coiiiKiii.A iih iIm lir..:Hll\ orbicular, thick scales, spreading at the margin; seeds oval, compressed, with narrow wing, emarginate at the apex. The wood is nearly white.very strong and straight- grained. verticillata, Sif-Ii. \ Ziirr, Fmiikilh I'ine. Pig.2271, 2272. Tree, attain > J - : i .ling branches forming a narmu : , ' - ;m1, in old age loose and with peiiilul^M- i.i :ii:. h. - : -.lilr like Ivs. dark brown, % in. long: needles i:,-;;.') in each whorl, linear, stiff, obtuse, deeply furrowed on both sides, dark green and glossy above with a white line beneath, 3-6 in. long: SCILLA 1629 -^'f* •an. Umbr< I 3-5 1 verticillata (trimmed). ■ long, dons 2. Japan. S 32, p. 149; 37, p. 437. Mn. 4, p. 154. Ung. 1:25. Gn. 28, p. 204, 205; 38, p. 499. R.H. 1884, p. 16, 17. -There is a dwarf var. and a var. with variegated foliage, both introduced from Japan. Alfred Rehder. SClLLA (the old Greek name used by Hippocrates ; / injitre, according to Miller, alhiding to the poisonous bulbs). LiliAceie. SyuiLL. Wild Hyacinth. Blue- bell. About 80 species of perennial bulbous plants, widely distributed in Europe, Asia aii.l Africa in tem- perate districts. They are reraarkal.lr r,,r ,.a~y culture, quick growth and beautiful blue, rc^i c.r wliit'i- il,.wers, blooming early in the spring (somr in :iiifunin I, and therefore, desirable plants for the wild garden, rock garden, or border. Some are stove plants. Some of the South African forms have handsome spotted foliage. Generically, the Squills are distinguished as follows: Bulb tunicated, large or small: Ivs. radical, 1-several in loriform, lanceolate, oblong or nearly autumnalis appearing after the fiow- iple, leafless: fls. in racemes, which are several- to many-fld., open, compact or spi- cate; bracts small, sometimes minute, hyaline: pedicels short or long, sometimes filiform: fls. small or middle- sized (1 in. across), segments of perianth distinct, peri- anth blue, porcelain-blue, rose-colored or whitish, open rotate, cylindrical-campanulate. or open campanulate, segments persistent for some time; stamens 6, affixed at base or below the middle of the segments; anthers ovate or oblong, dehiscing longitudinally, introrse; ovary sessile, stigma small capitate; ovules 2 in each l"-iil>-. v-ircly s-10. ascending: capsule globose; seeds 1 ' III I li li I I II r..rely more; testa black, appressed; ill.umen. The genus is distinguished ' ' ". chiefly by the color of the flowers I, I ininth, trom Syacijnthiis by the seg- m.n:- , I I I 'ill thi. l.ase or very nearly so. Great Hrii: :i ; ... Mn.r vprHes of Scilla, S. veriia, S. aHt:>^ - ,..,/./„,., while Germany has, in ad- *■. I.if.l.n and .S. llxlica. Among the early flowers there are none more valuable than the Scillas. They vary considerably in form of flower and foliage, and although typically they have blue or lilue-piiri. ' l.ri.N li.-Uvcni S.il- and subjects. 1 5-in. pot coldframe his period mav b._- shaken .jut ut tliu suil and tt.jred. Urginea Scilla, formerly called Scilla maritima, needs to be mentioned in this connection on account of its yielding a medicine for many centuries held in The tra.le name ..nfilve.l. Man- the so-called lior tienllurai v|i. .u.., ; n.l i-a.-rs niav united as mere va lia! lia\-.- lieel'i fined botanicallv. The f..llow.uir nan H.~ are believe. include all those : in the American tra de, but other ; cies are known to fanciers. INDEX. amoena. 13, hyacinthoides, 11, 3. paniflora, 4, ] autumnalis, 6. Italica. U. patula. 3. Peruviana, 7. bifolia, 9. Japonica, K. campayuitata, 3. monophyUa. 8. pr,:,■ ni.tmi-iiil .: ilx. broadh/ r,n,i/Hiiful.-i imrple, 1% lines long: single ovuie m o-ai'li "1 ilie ovarian cells: capsule small, globose, grooved. Flowering in winter in its native home, Algeria. 5. CMn^nsis, Benth. (Barnilrdia sdlloUhs. Lindl.). Chinese Squill. Leaves 2 or M, orinnlnii' ^r r v.-, r,]\ua: the scapf. rather hard, aciitr, cliiiii'ii I!- ' :'!■ ir.ill, (ivat(-: scape erect, slender, nr wimil ! ! ■' lo- cate, dense, elongated: pediia 1^ ^Immi, !.i . : h. minute: perianth rose-colored tipiicd wiih u:' ■ u , -n^ma a mere point. June. China. B.M. .'{788.- Half hardy. A beautiful species with the dense elongated raceme of rose-colored flowers, worthy of cultivation in any rock garden. P. No. of fls. IS.. FF. No. of fls. 4-,S. March 13. amoena FFP. No. of fls. 6-SO: ra- ceme at first conical, then open 14. Italica FFFF. ;V(). of fls. '20-fM: srilins /-,;.• hriirls 1. iestalis, Salish. (,S. niitnv«. Sm. ,S. nnnsrripta, Hoff. and Link. S. cpV»h.-, Sali-I.. I. Cmmmon Bue- BELL. Harebell. Lvs. lo-ls in. I.iii^-. '_. m. 1.v..:h1. sub- fld.: bracts in' paiVs : lis. I.liii . puipir, whii.- or pi„k, droopiui;. Ajnil tn .liinc. Wi-t.rn Europe, I Jrcat Brit- ain. B.M. ltiil.-Ani..iiu- til.- -arden forms are alba, white; caeriilea, bine; Ulaclna, lilac-blue; rdsea, rose or pink colored; c^rnua, nodding. This is one of the most beautiful of Squills, fragrant, thriving best in some- what shady and sheltered places. Originally placed in the genus Hyacinthus, on account of the general form 2273. Scilla Pei 0. autumnfllis, Linn. Autumn Sqihll. Starry Hva CINTH. Lvs. several, obtu.se, channeled, half-terete, growing on through the winter and dying away in the spring: scapes several: racemes corymbose, spicate, open : perianth rose-colored, % in. across. July-Sep- tember. Europe (Great Britain), North Africa. B.M. 919.-Hardy. The flowering stems generally precede the SCILLA 1631 Its. but occasionally the two come up together. As the flowering advances, in most cases a tuft of Ivs. similar to those of .S". rerna shoot out by the side of the stem for the following year. 7. Peruviana, Linn. (S. cilidris, Hort. S. Ctiisii. Pari.). Cuban Lilv. PERUvnAN Jacinth. Hvacinth OP Peru (once thought to be a Peruvian plant). Figs. 2274 Scilla Per 2''Ti 2274 Bulh l-ir„H ovate tunicate Ivs many, broad linear b-12 m long margins ciliated with mi- nute white bristles channeled sl ipe rt bust terminated bj 1 many fld t ninl brjad ind cfrapact raceme of purple lilac reddish ir whitish fts fls rotate corolla persistent, anthers shirt Ma\ June Region of Medi- terranean not Peru B M 'W (tu 27 p 288 R H. 1882 p o08 -The Hy It inth if Peru IS not hardy in Mass. It propagates fre( 1\ bj oftsets It flowers all through May and June and f jrms a most attractn e object in the herbaceous border or bed 6 Peiumnni however has one fault that may tell against it in the opinion of many cultivators— It never flowers two >eirs in succession it seems to need a whole -year s rest after the effort of pro- ducing Its large spike of flowers 8 monophyllos. Link (S monopliyUa Plan S pii- nnla Brot ) Dwarf Squill Leaf solitary inclosing the base of the scape 2 m long, H m broad involute, ovate acuminate with a callous apex glabrous scape erect slender usualh -y-lO fld pedicels long ascending, springing from a small sheathing bract perianth bright lilac I3 in across open spreading fllaraents lilac blue, dilated at base anthers erect blue May Spam Portu- gU BM 3023 -Hardy 9. blfdUa, Linn. Fig. 227o. Bulb tunicated, oblong- oval: Ivs. 2, seldom 3, cucullite, 4-8 in. long, M-K in. broad: scape 2-8-fld., ebracteate: fls. stellately rotate; jierianth blue, sometimes reddish or whitish: anthers blue, versatile. March. Native to Europe, Asia Minor. B.M. 746.-Harih-. Sevi-r.-il varieties r,f this exquisite rdsea. .btn all filul S[,rri... ;.. ||.,.\ ,;i-| ;i;rMr(l. ll js Ml f thC UlOSt olKiriuiiig uf harily, early spring-flowering plants. 10. Natal6nsis, Planch. Bulb thick, large, ovoid, sub- globose : Ivs. broadly lanceolate, glabrous, 9-12 in. long, 3-4 in. broad, ascending: scape erect, terete, 1-lJ^ ft. long: raceme dense, simple, elongated, open, many-fld. (50-100): bracts solitary, subulate: fls. pale blue, stel- late, rotate: pedicels long, pale blue. Natal. B.M. 5379. F.S. 10: 1043. -Suitable for greenhouse culture. 103 It is a graceful and elegant species, suitable for culti- 11. hyaciuthoides, Linn. (S. parvifldra. Salisb.). Hyacinth Si^cill. Lvs. 10-12, spreading, 1-lK ft. long, a-lU in. broad, narrowed at both ends, minutely ciliate- denticulate on tin- margins: scape straight, long: ra- cemes many-tid., broad, open: pedicels long, 1-1^ in.: bracts wliitisli. minute, persistent; perianth bluish lilac, open, caiii|iai]uhite. Aug. Region of Mediterranean. B.M. lUO. -Hardy. This species is noted for its ex- treme shyness in flowering. The bulbs are sometimes 2 in. in diam., and produce a profusion of offsets. In Fish's "Bulb Culture" several varieties are mentioned: csBrillea, fine blue; ilba, flne white, free-flowering; rdsea, distinct flesh -colored; rUbra, deep red, large and 12. Sibirica, Andr. {S. amce Squill. Fig. 2: " , 4-6 in. long: scapes Lvs 1-3- fld.: fls. rotate, horizontal or .In.c.pin^', with short pedi- cels; perianth deep lilur. Maicli. Kussia, Asia Minor. B.M. 1025. Gn. ll,p. Hi.-,. P.M. 14:l(ii). L.B.C. 2:151.- Hardy. This plant ought always to have a little shelter. It forms attractive tufts and has a desirable habit for rock gardens. Several trade 'forms exist; viz., Alba, multi- fldra, pallida. 13. amoena, Linn. Star HvACtNTH. Fig. 2277. Lvs. 4-7, flaccid, ascending, glabrous, 6-9 in. long, i^-% in. broad: scapes several, equaling the Ivs. : racemes sev- eral-fld., 4-8, open: fls. distant, l4-% in. in diam., blue: pedicels ascending or spreading. March. Austria, Germany. B.M. 341. — Hardy. It grows luxuriantly, several flowering stems being found on the same plant. 14. Itdlica, Linn. Italian Squill. Bulbs ovate, clustered together: Ivs. radical, several, flaccid, spread- ing, lanceolate, acute, 4-8 in. long, H-}4 i°- broad : scape solitary, slender, longer than the lvs.: raceme dense, many-fld.: pedicels filiform, spreading; bracts in pair fragrant, rotate, blue; ^' . white: anther- 663. L.B.C. 1.1 flowers than luii dantly compeii.^a fulness and the pale blue : perianth us at aiM'x; filaments 1... M:nvli-M:iv. B.M. ^phiiali.-.sl,.>s brilliant re.ss of its blue by the fragrance. It is also taller than either of the others. 15. Japbnica, Baker {Ornithdgalum Japdnieum, Thunb. Barndrdia Japdnica, Schultes, f. ). Japauese Jacinth. Bulb ovoid, 9-12 lines thick: Ivs. 2-3, fleshy, herbaceous, 6-12 in. long, 4-16 lines broad, acute: -3, strict, erect: raceme 20-60-fld.: pedicels 2275. ScilU bifoIia(XX) ascending: bracts minute, linear, white: perianth 1% lines long, rose-purple: capsule turbinate, trisulcate, 2K-3 lines long; ovules solitary in each ovarian loeule. Japan. 16. v^ma, Buds. Sea Onion. Spring Squill. A delicate little plant, with a small bulb and narrow- linear lvs. 2-4 in. long: scape seldom 6 in. long, with 1632 SCILLA several small, erect blue Hs. in a short, terminal raceme, almost flattened into a corymb: perianth segments scarcely above 3 Hues long, spreading. Spring. A plant occurring in stony and sandy wastes near the sea in western Europe, reappearing farther east in Den- mark, on the Rhine and Sardinia. -Hardy. John W. Harshberger. 2276 b,.iUa i bir ,.a SCINDAPSUS (in old Uieek uime trin ferred to these plants) A^Acece Climbing perennials differing from Monstera in floral characters and m the loug- petioled, long-sheathed, ovate-lanceolato or ovate-acu- minate Ivs. Species 9 or 10. East Indies. Scindapsus comprises one popular and worthy warmhouse plant, that known to gardeners as S. argyneus. For culture, follow directions gi\ en under Philodendron pictus, Hassk Internodes of the stem 3-4 in long, 2 in thick, petioles Vi-i m long, blade 4-6 in long, 2^-S^i in wide one side hilf as wide as the other, coriaceous bri„'ht gn i n(dr\iiig bUck) obliquely ovate- cordate V"" argyraeus, yii.,'Ur (S niqyimis, Hort. Pdthos aigyttrii'. Ibitt ) is the cult form, with broad, deeply cordate li af lil ides which are spotted and blotched above with sil\ er\ white Celebes, Philippines, .T"iva etc 2277. Scilla ! i(xy3) S. anomalus, Hort. = Monstera acumiuata.— S. Cuscuaria Presl., is now referred by Kngler to Cuscuaria marantitolia Not known to be in the trade. It is a question whether thi Aglaonema commutatum sometimes mentioned in horticul tural literature is this species pertusa. titolu . S.Jier(iistw,Hort.=Rhaphidophora Jaked G. Smith. SCOLOPENDRIUM SClBFUS (Latin for bulrush). Ci/perAcea>. Bul- rush. Sedck. a larj,'!' i.'i.-uus of rush-like or grass-like plants iulKiliinii- Mm aI...I.- globe, and characterized by perfect tlov. ■ < wliich are solitary, clustered or urabfll.ii' i naily arranged: perianth of bristles"!' II. iiM. imi ■ nin-. .1 infniit: ovary one-loculed, with one :ii!:itnJiM.iis uviile; style not thickened at the base, 2-:i-elett. Only a few species are in cultivation, and tliese are all perennials (except perhaps the last), suited for shallow water or damp places. The larger are important for use in aquatic gardens. The nomen- clature of those in the trade has been very much con- A Stem leaf I atrftvirens M r tl I II 1 e 1 above styles 3 liastern Holoschcenus 1 ^t ff and rush like from stout o t t k teiu 1 eiel slen ler cjlii Irical 1 J t h „l I s 1 " 1 al St ff erect and n irow lur ve 1 1 1 cts se e 1 the larger one appearing as a t t f tl sj kes veiy numerous and II 1 I I k I I nl "1 1 liar 1 ghtlrown I 111 I ol ft Eu Asia -lit 1 variegitus H rt w th t u I 11 t 1 1 11 ith „reLn an 1 j ellowish hite Dimi or Irj I AA btems u th leij si oit basal le es oi i one lacustris ^ 1 I (tKeat Bulrush Eootstocks very 1 t c te smooth tall tout and 1 111 reli 1 to a ten 1 asal 1 t re t unlel com] ound i he 1 f 1 11 ical pale 1 1 lou^ 1 - ol t St 1 b B p 1 1 1 nvarllj 111 1 tl 1 gho It t^ le t water N A Eu A.sia In E i i mon the „ stjlel form i 1 s var "di gynuB Godr (S Tabeit r t ( m 1 nd Hort ) it IS scarcely distinct \ ar zebrlna Hort is a foir with alternate bands of green and j ellowish white often known as Juncus lebrinus cimrms Vahl (S iipditus Spreng not Hort Is6l- epi nncihi Hort / set&ceus Hort ) Fig 2278. Densely cespitose forming turf stems 3-12 in long, vcr\ lender or filiforra cylindrical erect or more often Ir 1 11 , 1 IS il ht th leafless or with a very short 111 t T 1 1 I U 1 11 1 1 1 bract subulate, about equal- II tl I I I t tl I tt r usually solitary oblong-lan- e t t I I ! ] 1 1 n^ ^ il obtuse, pale 1 1 n I 1 " akene in gr nh \1 mopoli- gri eful g a very K M SCIEROCABPnS (Greek hatd and fiuit referring to the bony, fructiferous bracts). Comp6sit(T. A genus of about II species of mostly Mexican herbs, with branch- ing stems and terminal pedunculate radiate heads of yellow flowers in summer. uniseriilis, Benth. & Hook. (Gjimnipsis nniseridUs, Hook.). An annual herb 1 ft. or so hi^di, loosely branched, with alternate, delt.u.l ■, \r,A , ^ i r . :,i,Ie quality which is somewhat it ■' I ' !■ : i.it of salsify and pars- nip. It i- ;i i : ': III. I. is of cooking em- ployed furiii.'-' ^■ -I i.iiM' -. I tM [Miiicular value of the Spanish UysU-i i'lam, .i>i,l,- ii,.iii allording a variety in the kitchen garden, is its large size and productiveness as compared with salsify. The product may be nearly twice as great, for a given area, as for salsify. The seeds are much easier to handle and sow than those of salsify. They are sown in March or April. The seeds, or rather akeues, are flat and yellowish, sur- rounded by a white scarious margin. The roots can be dug either in fall or spring. Tlic greatest fault of the Si-:iiii^li (>\^\.'\' T'laiit lii-s in tin- prickly character of Ml. ■ li iiink.'^ ill. |.l;iiit uncomfortable to III. i ■■•- ar. ..fi. II III 11' in. long and 1 in. ilii.K. li I- - ii.i iliat 111., li.n.-aiid stalks are eaten like cai,i. '-'IKS i.y thr [...i|i|. .li ^:ll,lnlanca; also that the flowers are used t., a. lull. rut., -ailnin, Scolymus Hispain< ... Ijim,. i^ a biennial plant na- tive to southern Eur..].... Fin radical Ivs. are very- spiny, oblong, pinnatiH)- in ihc axils of the stem-leaves. Calyx in aiiili. ^is licll^haped, gibbous, with a helmet-shaped pri>jiri],,n; siaiii.iis 4. ascending and parallel, all fertile, tliL' two iiutcriur longer: an- thers ciliate, pilose. alpina, 5. galericulata. 6. Mociniana, 7. angustifolia, 8. tirandiflora, 11. orientalis. 11. antirvhinoides, 9. lateriflora. 10. resinosa, 3. Balcalensis, 1. macrantha, 1. Wrightii. 4. brevifolia, 2. ssllf I F„li. c. lliiini in:ni,ii,h, III 1. Baicalensis CC. Ilahil rrr.l. I). FI.-<. Ill I, i-iiiiiinl racemrs.. 2. brevifolia DD. Fls. ill luils of sleiii- E. Plant irilh moiiilifiirin tubers ;!. resinosa EE. Plant without monili- form tubers 4. Wrightii BB. Foliage serrate or dentate. o. Habit prorumbeiit .i. alpina CO. ffabit erect G. galericulata AA. Lvs. pelioled. B. Color of fls. red 7. Mociniana BB. Color of fls. vol ml. <: Maniill i,f Irs. etilirr. T>. Shiipr iif Irs. liiirnr K. angTistifolia iii>. Shiiiiv III Ivx. oiiiniHi '.I. antirrhinoides CC. .Minmil of les. .i.rralr. I.. FU. .f J lilies loiifi in. lateriflora DD. Fls. longer 11. orientalis 1. BaicaWnsis, Georgi (S. macrdntha, Fisch.). A hardy perennial herb, almost glabrous: stem half erect, about 1 ft. high: Ivs. lanceolate, obtuse, ciliate: fls. blue, in many simple racemes; calyx-hood incurved. July, Aug. Eastern Asia. 2. breyifdlia, A. Gray. A half-hardy, compact per- ennial, H-1 ft. high: Ivs. numerous, oblong, narrow, about % in. long: fls. dark purple, about % in. long. Blooming season long; summer. Dry limestone banks, Texas. 3. resindsa, Torr. A hardy perennial, a few inches high, resinous: Ivs. H-l in. long, oval to oblong: fls. violet-blue, 1 in. long. Plains of Colo., Wyo. and Neb. SEA BEAN 4. Wrightii, Gray. A tufted perennial, about 6 in. high, with numerous oval, ovate or spatulate-oblong Ivs. about 14 in. long and violet or rarely white fls. K in. long. Kansas to Texas. .5. alpina, Linn. A hardy spreading perennial, about 10 in. high, with ovate, serrately dentate Ivs. and large, purple and white or somewhat yellowish fls. in den.se, terinin:ii r.u-i- s, .Inly and August. Europe. R.H. 18Sl):l-:.-A iKinilM.nn- rock or low border perennial. 0. galericulata, Linn. Hardy, perennial by flliform st J <■' i-n. 111, p. 60G, the plants are of easy cultun il, : inliouse treatment and may be grown a- i i i : ; n^ or in smaller pots with a single sti-iii. \ will flower at about 1 ft. in height, fniiihu, .u,- var,il> rooted. 8. angustifolia, I'ursh. A hardy perennial, about Gin. lii!,'li. with Ivs. ',j-l in. long, narrowed at the base, and violct-lilnc tls. :'4-l in. long, with the corolla-tube slen- der. Moist K'roun.l, northwestern United States. 9. antirrhinoides, I'., nth. Resembles the larger- leaved forms of N. aii.iiislifi'ilia, but has longer petioles and the Ivs. inosily ol.iuso at base and also shorter and broader fls. 7-10 lines long. Moist, .shady ground, north- western United States. 10. laterifldra, Linn. A hardy perennial, increasing by slender stolons, 1-2 ft. high: Ivs. ovate to lanceo- late, 1-3 in. loni;: rac-mes .axillary or terminal, narrow, leafy bracti'd: tls. I.ltir to nearly white. Moist soil throughout llio ri.ilril Slatrs. 11. orientalis, Linn. i,s'. grandifldra, Sims, not Adams). A hardy pirimiiiul, procumbent: Ivs. long- petiolcd, ovate, dentate, tomentose: fls. purplish, with a yellow throat or almost entirely yellow. Altai Mts. B.M. 6,3.'). J. B. Keller and F. W. Barclay. SCUTICARIA (Latin, scutica, lash or whip). Orchi- ddeetp. This genus is remarkable for its long whip-like leaves, wliirh are channeled on one side. No evident pseudobulbs are formed, Itut each shoot terminates in a loni;, pi-ndnlons haf. Tlie Ivs. are rather crowded on the short rliizonio. l-^ls. solitary or several, on short pediincl.s. In stiiKiiiif till- Hs, resemble Maxillaria, but till- plants an- t-asily distin^'uislied by the terete leaves. Si pals and petals .similar, the lateral ones form- ing a inentum: labellum movable, 3-lobed, with large, erect, lateral lobes: pollinia on a transversely elongated stipe. Two species from South America. Thcsi' plants reipiire a temperature similar to Cattleya. and l.alia, I. lit slionid be grown on blocks or in shallow iiaskrts in a niixiuro of equal parts peat fiber and sphag- iiiini. S. .SI,', hi .loos best on a block, as the plant grows downward in an inverted position. The compost should 111- kijit nioist at all times, particularly while the plants arc ill action. They are propagated by division. Stefilii, Liiidl. Lvs. attain a length of 4 ft., as thick as a goose-ipiill: fls. on sliort scapes; sepals and petals oblong, coniiivent, pale yellow, with chocolate blotches; labellum large, cream-colored, striped with brownish purple. Fls. at all seasons. British Guiana. B.M. 3573. B.R. 23:1986 (both as Maxillaria Steelii). Hidwenii, Planch. Lvs. IK ft. long: fls. with spread- cucullate, white with flesh-colored spots. Brazil. B.M. 4629. F.'i. 1 -.Til ihoth. &s Bifrenaria Hadwenii). G.M. 41:5.')8. Heinrich Hasselbeing and R. M. Grey. SCYTHIAN LAMB. Refer to Cibolium. SEA BEAN. Consult p. 1.35, second column ; Sea Buckthorn is Hippophae ; Sea Daffodil is Hijmeno- callis. SEAPORTHIA SEAF6RTHIA (Francis Lord beaforth) Pnhndc Seafotthta fhifUWy is a name f iniiliii to e%ei\ ^aide who has room m his conserx Uor\ tor till spfciii greater extent in sin iller sizes ind t )r i ^i tT i ^ ii i of purposes, but it has been supeiseil It i I the Kentias (Hnu ea Belmoiennn anil / forth la elegans is often called the \ doubtful According to Flora Australiensis 7 141 (1878) the proper name of Seafdrthia elfgans, R. Br., is PtyclioapSrma ele- gans, Blunie. It is SECHIUM 1635 ments numerous, more or less toothed or irregularly jagged at the end. Prob- ably the pla legans are Archonto- phainix Cunninghamii. For S. robusta, see Sho- palostylis. -vv. M. Coecoloba SEA-KALE (Crambe mari- tiina, Liim.) is a large-leaved, strong, cruciferous perennial, the young shoots of which are spring, usually fter having been blanched', ^hp plant is little known in •Inith \irHin I hut It IS worthy i\ . iilii\ 111 II 111 111. li(,me gar- II -II] I lie in . s nil lit of good It I -I I- ill \ilii II M ,;etables demands a deep, two or three plants. Usually the fruits are sown without shelling. The seedlings are raised in the seed- bed and transplanted when one year old to permanent quarters. On good soil, plants of Sea-kale should main- tain their vigor for five to eight years after they have come to cutting age. As soon as they begin to show signs of decline, new plants should be propagated. Although the plant is hardy in the northern states, it is always benefited by a liberal dressing of litter or ma- nure in the fall. Plants may be forced in hotbeds or under the greenhouse benches, as recommended for rhubarb. Sea-kale has large, glaucous, cabbage-like leaves which make it a striking plant for ornament early in the season. It also throws up a strong cluster bearing many rather showy white flowers. However, the plant is rarely propagated for its ornamental value. Sea-kale grows wild on the seacoasts of southwestern ^"'•oPe- L. H. B. SEA LAVENDER. Statiie. SEA PINK. Armeria. SEASIDE GRAPE. Concolnbu. SEASON VINE. Cissus sicijoides. SEA-URCHIN CACTUS. Hchinopsis. SECALE (the ancient Latin name, said to be derived from seco, to cut; according to some, applied to spelt). Graminefe. Species 2, S. fragile, an annual of southern Russia, and S. cereale, the cultivated Rye, which, ac- cording to Hackel, is deriviii fn.ni tlit- perennial, S. montanum, native in tin- iihiiiiiiiiiiiv i,| s.iuthern Europe and central Asia. Sjiikiliis wiih ;; pi i feet fls. sessile on opposite sides of a zi.i,'z;i- raihis, fnriiiing a terminal spike, empty glumes subulate and 1-nerved, by which characters the genus differs from Tritiounij in which the empty glumes are ovate and 3-nerved. cere&Ie, Linn. Rte. Fig. 2280. A tall annual com- monly cultivated in Europe, less so in this country, as a cereal. Also cultivated here for annual pasture. Fl.- glume long-awned. Much more commonly grown m New York and New England than westward. A. S. Hitchcock. S£CHIUM (by some said to be derived from Sieyos, w ith which the genus was once united, by others to have ,1.111, tiom th, (Tieck s<;,os. .4 "fold." because swme are Mue itstlf, with hcibiiious amui.il stpii covering arbors m warm countries. Tl a large corky tuber, sometimes weighmt edible. Thefiuitisin,,'uliilMil.l,Ml, , 2281, from natiii 1 -■ 1 im 1 group of tht 1 1 fruits. The mi I K upper speciin. n I lie.,nin upper end of tl i\ i ii i whilst fruit, but the .1 nil 1 ii i i- | 1 le veee- are not to be In 1 ^p,, ,u il manner the fruit is sPPill . s n, t,, before ttiH t. 1 1 1 1 III also by variiMi 1 1 ii t 1 ngs. If cream m early face vl ) he preterred, since it allows the plants to caie. Seeds give plants that are strong ir cutting about the third vrar The see eally fruits or pods, and each fruit may p 1636 SECHIUM late are solitary or in pairs on a short pubescent axil- lary pedicel. Corolla 5-lobed, green or cream-colored. Stamens 3, united into a glabrous or glandular column. Lvs. 4-6 in. across, cucumber-like, cordate - ovate and 5-7-angled, pointed, somewhat scabrous above. Ten- drils opposite the lvs., :j-4-cleft. The plant grows 50 feet in warm clinuites. G.C. 18(;.i:.jl ; III. 24:470; 28:450. L. H. B. 2281. Fruits of Sechium edule (> SECURINEGA l LutiTl. x,r„r/^. liatc-ll. Deci.l '■ ,,.:,:..■ ally M,, .. axilhi.-N rlM^i.T- -r ^.-li.,,:' , .M:.: .;i|. i. species and the only om- jn > nhi It is fairly hardy at the- .\ni.iM \,i i. the tips of the young hiMiirhr- i. i forms a handsome round iuisl] .' i It seems to grow in any kind ni .i by seeds and by greenwood cutiii 10 species in temperate and America, Asia and Africa, als.i m ii,;li none in N. America. FU. imi-. miiI, dnr. cious in axillary, few-lM. j-y ni' - "i- -"lit stamens usually 5, witli ;i ,> Inl.i il disk at tillate fls. with entire .li-l. .unl :; 'J partf 3-lobfd dehi>.-,ni ,:,, ramifldra. .1- M : ■ Mey. J-'lihi.h'i . - ..!■ -olitary; sepals 5; i( (I disk at the base; pis- I :; 'J parted styles: fr. a -,-eded. .( suffrwticdsa, Fisch. & ill. Aciddtonramifldrus, : lvs. short-petiolcrt, oral the base, entire, bright "i- \ell"wi-li l-i-.cii. L-lal.n.ns. thin, 1-2 in. long: staniinat.- iK. aliMin 1 ',, lines aei-M--, in 5-10-fld. clusters; pistillate solitary: Ir. al.nut i.in - fifth in. across, greenish. July, Aug. .'^. Siberia to Amurland and Mongolia. S.Leutoppnis, Mvill.Arg., belongs to Fliiggea, a genus of 6 species distributed through the tropics of Asia. Africa and Australia: it is chielly distinguislied from yvU"l. .-i-e .■ •,,>.■ ...I tl,,. •,.n(r,-, Is, ,,.,;„.,., fr ,s SEDGE. Consult Carex and Cyperiis. SfiDUM (Latin, sedes, to" sit: the plants fix them- selve.s on rocks and walls). Crassulicece. Sedum is a large group of flcsbv-Ieaved herbaceous plants, mostly hardy :md liermnir,], he'ln.liTi- tli. Sfn„rrrn,i :ni,l T.ive forever. TIm ■! .■■■■■ m- ■:•! :■•!• r ■ . '■ genus iiii-l;! yellow llo„, 1- The r..liaL:e ,. ably vtiried: t entire or s( r broad and Ibi minute and i erect and bus SEDUM ing barren shoots, terminated by dense rosettes, while the flowering stems are erect and often furnished with leaves of an entirely different shape. Sedum is a genus of about 120 species, all found in the temperate and frigid regions of the northern hemi- sphere except a solitary species in Peru. Herbs, rarely shrubby at the base, glabrous or glandular-pubescent: flowers in cymes: petals 4-5 (rarely 6-7); stamens 8-10 (rarely 12-14). The genus is closest to the House- leek an.l other species of Sempervix uiu, but the floral low. There is also a good horticultural review iu Un. 27, pp. 314-316 (1885). Sedums are of the easiest culture. As a rule, they prefer sandy soil, and are very averse to a wet position in winter. They are standard plants for caritetiiig poor and sandy waste places where few other things will grow. The little yellow-Howered plant with pulpy foli- age that spreads in nearly every eiiiK'tery is S, iliiiii nrri'. Sedums are also ^rw i;j1 l;!...!;!. - in all r..rin- '.r reek- especially the I the species may help to solve the difficult problem of carpeting the ground underneath the trees where the balconies and h Sedum acre, how is often the onl Sedums are pl;i against them are and anybody cat tl together, it lias been thought best to t lit types and to make the key as shaqdy s possible instead of giving generalized ns through which the plant lover may searcl • distinguishing marks. INDEX. .Taponicum. 18. Kamtschaticum,16. l.v.lnnn, 33. „, .,.,«,. Indium. 18. \l!' I'lnowlczii, 5. roseum. 1, 10. nibrum. 7. sarinentosum, 26. Selskianum. 6. sempevvivoides, 3( olj^tus'atum, IJ. oppositifoliulll, 20. populifolium. 15. pulchellum, '-'T. purpurascens, 7. Phodiola.i. robustum 24. stXmfe'nu.'i'.'ll)!' Telephium. 7. telephoides. 8. tematum, 13. Tiu-kestauicum, 2 vanegatun.,9,18. villosum, 39. SEDUM Section I. Herbaceous Perennials, i. e., pUnils iluit die down to the root durintj winter. {In greenhoii.ie culture some become evergreen.) A. Floirers iiv isextia I I . roseum AA. Flowtr^ bisexual. c. Arrangement of Ivs. oppo- site 2. Asiaticum cc. Arrangementof Ivs. alter- nate. D. Height about 4 in 3. Mlddendorffianum DD. ffeight 1-2 in. or more. E. Stems glabrous. F. Sepals equal 4. Aizoon FF. Sepals unequal ... H. Maximowiczii ee. Stems pilnsr G. Selskyanum BB. irs. broad: mul.-^ tub, rmi..;. c. Arranqei,n„t „f /,-,.. ...■„/- tered [m r, hi ,.i.,.nxU. in S. Tel, pi, in,,,). D. Marqii, ,,f i,-:s. ,1. I, I,, I, . 7. Telephium DD. Man/ill ,,!' I,'.:. I,, ,, ,1,1 eiilir, .s. telephoides cc. Arrangeii,, 1,1 ,,f // .s. ../-y;..- site [sometimes in S's in S. spectabile) . D. Buds obovoid, abruptly pointed !>. maximum DD. Buds long and pointed.lO. spectabile Section II. E^'ERGREEN Perennials. Foliage does not die during the winter. a. Foliage flat, broad and rela- tively thin: Ivs. spattclate or wider. B. Ia>s. in tufts or rosettes {at least those of the barren shoots), c. Fls. yellow: anthers yel- low. D. Bach fl. }4 in. across. .\). spathulifolium DD. Bach fl. i{ in. nrrnss..'l:2. obtusatum cc Fls. white; anthers r,;l- dish. D. Barren shoots with !/■.■<. in S's l.i. ternatum DD. Barren shoots u-ilh scattered Ivs U. Nevii BB. Bvs. seatteted, i.e.,nottiifted. c. Stem erect: fls. whitish or pinkish 13. populifolium cc. Stems {barren ones) pros- trate . D. Fls. yellow. E. Ma rg in of I i- s. coarsel,, tooth, d above the middle. F. Petals lan,:eiilali'..\i',. Kamtschaticum PF. Petals linear 17. hybridum EE. Margin of Ivs. entire .U. Japonicum DD. Fls. pink, rose or white. E. Arrangement of Ivs. opposite. P. Base of Ivs. nar- rotved 19. stoloniferum 20. oppositifolium pp. Base nf Ir: SEDUM 1637 AA. Foliage jiioc, ../■ h .is Ivs. usualhi In,,, I,-. i,.,l „■,,!, r than lanciiilat, {knI.ss in ifo. 28). B. Apexoflvs. sharply pointed. c. Fls. yellow. D. Inflorescence decurved.24. DD. Inflorescence not d e - curved. E. Cymes scorpioid . . . .'2^,. Ewersii Anacampseros Sieboldii EE. Cymes umbellate 2(j. sarmentosum ■c. Fls. lilac or while 27. pulchellum Apex of Ivs. blunt. c. Fls. yellow. D. Lvs. ovoid, bitter 28. acre DD. Lvs. oblong, tasteless. .29. sexangulare :c. Fls. white or pink. D. Plants usually glau- E. Anthers black 30. dasyphyllum EE. Anthers purple 31. Hispanicum EEE. A nthers pink 32. breviSolium DD. Plants not qlnneous. E. Fls. pinki.^h : buds ■5-anqled 3:1. Lydium EE. Fls. white: buds ob- hinq .'W. album EEE. Fls. white : buds roundish 35. Monregalense nx 111. Anvi -M,^ i.r Biennials. These die after ; rin,/ and I, „,tn,,,. A nnuals flow, r the first year, ni,,!.- Ill, ^,,„H,I. fla ,,ln,,ll. Fls- Section I. Herbaceous Perennials (Species 1-10). 1. rdseum. ^-"f i« /,■;,, „;■;„/„ iici Rnnt^t..cl tlu- .,Hi si-riberl that has im ^ I 1 A neat-growing Iilant suitalilf f.ir i.i> I ' 1 i 1 1 .nl row of borders. 2. Asiaticum, ^i 1 1 II 1 1 1 iJin.: lvs. opposite, linear, coai - 1 1 1 iih.il: fls. greenish, yellow, in .-■ Ilciral parts in .I's. Summer. }i\\n < ul'i i., \ .dii-oad and possibly in America. It^ iiiii"~i iiiiin.itiiiil tohage maizes it very distinct. In Iiimi.i 11 1^ ^.nd to have red flowers. It seems to suftc r tunu tin- wi-tness of an ordinary border in winter, and ^lioukl i.inl.ahl)' be wintered under glass. 3. MiddendorUianum, Maxim. Lvs. alternate, ob- hau'eulate, dentate toward apex: fls. yellow, in a flat- toppediyme. Summer. Amurland. — Accordingto J. W. Mauuinji, it grows 4 in. high, and has deep green foli- age which becomes a rich purple in winter. Woolson says it is densely tufted. 4. Aizdon,Linn. Height 1ft. or more, usually l>^-2 ft.: lvs. alternate, oblong-lanceolate, coarsely and irregularly toothed for the greater part of their length, 2K x % in. : fls. yellow, % in. across, in a loose, panicled cyme 1-3 in. across. Late summer. Siberia.— An old garden favorite, suitable for the hardy border and for rockeries. 5. Maximdwiczii, Regel. Height 1 ft. : lvs. suboppo- site or alternate, oblong-ovate or oblong-lanceolate, regularly toothed: fls. yellow, in a dense, flat cyme. •July, Aug. Japan, Amurland. Gn. 19, p. 203; 27, p. 316. — By .some this is consiili-red a variety of fil. Aizoon. It is similar to S. Ai:,„,„ in IiriLif but larger, differing in the sepals of uii.-.|ii,il I. ni:ili :iii.i in the peculiar flask-shaped fl.-buds. wliidi m. ,lil;ilfd below and nar- rowed into a long bi'iik aliovr. Desirable for borders; also used for carpet beds. Seeds, as well as plants, are offered. 6. Selskianum, Regel. Also spelled Selskyanum. Height 12-18 in. : lvs. alternate (%), serrate in the distal third: fls. yellow, nearly 1 in. across, in a hollow-topped, leafy cyme. Late summer. Amur., Manchuria. — Re- sembles S. Aizoon but has narrower and pilose leaves. reilexum Offered in 1893 by John Saul. 7. Telephium, Linn. Orpine. Live-porever. Fig. 2282. Height 12-18 in.: lvs. scattered, rarely opposite, stenopetalum oblong-ovate, obtuse, dentate: fls. pink, spotted red, or n Al 0 fo al rt el Th i tl t tlr Ifelt r ol I f 1 ape has bee II alo fewl Ic M t 1 Clare 1 1 io 0 ell bE T HE FR KEEN Pere n al ( Spec es 11 3j) 11 spath I fol un TI I H 1 F ^ '^ 84 Barren stems pros ro ett s of I atul te I Ivs of ; ttere 1 oblo g a te all 1 e 1 te / o s n ter 1 tic e flor 1 parts 4 s n 1 0 th B M IJ B R " 14 B re t ] ro t te w h t rm I 1 t 1 I r f, to a I I t tl ba e I r nkl t w th appre 1 scattered 1 nailer than tho e of the barren ' across n forked cvm s whose bra che 2283 Showy Sedu 1 t p qle 1 p rl ip t It 1 tchcr A, M "nl T r 1 r Album \ purpure m 1 roseun 1 Ka tschat c I 11 SEDUM 17. hybridum, Linn. Creeping, glabrous or glandular- Ivs. alternate, stalked, spatulate, coaisely toothed in the upper half : tis. yellow, in umbellate cymes 2-3 in across; petals linear. Summer. Siberia 18. Japbnicum, Siebold. Diffuse Ivs scattered or opposite, spatulate, acute, entire fls yellow J-2 m across, in teiminal and later il panicled omeb petals lam eo late. Var variegatum Hort has Ivs. with golden blotthes according to John Saul S w„croph,,Uum a,„eo nunqin SEDUM 1639 dtnm," Hort., is probably a variegated form of this species. 19. Btoloniferum, Gmelin (S. spiirium, Bieb.). Bar- ren stems trailing, marked with annular sears, rooting at nodes: fl. -stems ascending 6 in. high: Ivs. opposite, spatulate, coarsely toothed above, the margins studded with hyaline papillae : fli. pink (nr white), H in. across, "in cymes 2 in. nc-,, -uith. r. rnddi-h .Tnlv, Aug. Asia'Minor, PevM. 1 V i.n -JT, |. '.r. R.H. 1891, p. 52.-!.-Coiiiii ii ..I 'Ith.is the disadvantage of attcpl h nls, l.ut "cue always knows where til l"ni i i i, i hK 20. oppositifdlium, Sims. Very close to S. ifotoiiile- rum, but the Ivs. are brighter green, more regularly decussate, and as they are broader at the base they overlap one anotlu-r a IittI" and produce a neater ap- pearance than m N ■./../..» Anthers oraniri-. .ni'inlm B.M. 1807. Auir. ( .lu. .,mi, I', isia. 21. fiwcrsii I ' ' s - - m„ r,,. i, „,,» D, f i Stock tl, ' I ,1.1 der hi 11 globo-. Ill > - 1 , ^11 1 1 M I ters says it is i ,il , , i, i ,, , ,i, , ult., Imt well worth jiut culture. Var. Tmkestanicum, ll^rt., according to J. W. Manning, grow s I m In^h h s deep violet fls. in Sept. and Oct., and is h ,u]\ iii M.i" 22. AnacAmpseros, Liun i.Iiiimhis l.irr. n Iikum-Iics rooting at nodes: fl.-steiiis . i. . i n.Mi-li h s l.lmsli green, orbicular or ohn\.it. ol.iii-t . .r.liti, .mii.ltd, greenish with reddish m.ii _iiis tIs \i(,l.i,i|in acinss. in dense, globose cymes. (VntrulEu. B.M. 118. -Suit- able for rockeries and edgings, tively rarely produced. 23. Sifeboldil, Sweet. (41 nu-ou purplish, erect, afterw.iiil .1. ii 3. sessile, sinuate, blui-l fls. pinkish, H in. acr.is I'M -,.,58.— Very useful for rockeries n ,1 I , i I i \ ,, vaneg&tum, Hort. US', varieijutum. Hort.. not W ats ), bas h s. marked with white. I.H. 10:373 (green at margin, yellow down center). 24. reflfexum, Linn. Glabrous, l.arren st. iiis trailing- fl. -stems 8-10 in. Iiu'li I u i , , i I n il, barren stems mt,, , , m , inflorescence d, , m >, I , % in. across, yeH,,\\ . i|,,i ,1 |, ,,, ml i, s I i _l n i Var. cristatum, Jl.isi. (.s. iiiniisno-,,nii .mil , nlni^iinii , Hort.), has tasciated stems toriuiiig a crest like a c.icks- 25 stenopfitalum Pursh Glabrous: steins 3-B in. high elect tiom a decumbent base: Ivs. crowded on barren shoots sessile fleshj lanceolate, K in. long: fl liiuht \ 11 w 111 scorpioid cymes, floral parts in 5's. K 1 \ Mt ~(M1 ud bj Gillett in 1881. Rare in cult. _( sarmentosum Bunge t labrous : Ivs. opposite or wli il 1 111, 1 II >ellow Mm across, in a flat-topped, uiul II t I il.dcvme China. - Var. c4meum (S. ( ( turn Hort ) has pink stems: Ivs. Ill 111 I \ nil iiiu.,iiial stripe of white or cream-color. Tin \ 111 i\ 1 ^1 «n in gieenhouses and for carpet beds ind edgings 27 pulch6Uum Michx. Glabrous trailer, 3-6 in high h s linear, terete-pointed, gibbous at base scarcely H in. long: fls. rosy purple Y in across: inflorescence i !-4 hrtiK lied cjme, with erect fls. ciuwdtd ill 1 rows along the upper sur- t II e ind e iih piovided with a leafv bract. lune-Au„ U S B.M. 6223. Gn. 27, p 315 GC II 10 685. -The minute foli- .mes iich tints of red, brown and purple The branches of the inflorescence are 3-4 m long and gracefully arched. Acre, Lmn Stoneckop. Wall Pepper. Love Entangle. Fig. 2285. Barren stems creeping, branched, about 2 in. long: fl. -stems 2-3 in. high: Ivs. ini- nutp, I4 in. lone or less, crowded, thick, ovoid or nearly gliil'ul II tls ' III. across, in 1-sided cymes having 2-5 t.iik^ luu. lulx. Eu., E.Asia. Gn. 27, p. 316.-This IS till I 1,111111, ,111 ^t species native to England and one of the ci.iiiiuuui -t 111 cultivation. It is iiiiii-h used for edgingand carpeting bare spots, especi.ilh m 1 1 in, h iies. Thrives best in poor soil. Thelvs. ha\i 111 1, 1 nl lisle. Masters says it may often be seen on tin winiinw sills of London alli\s, and adds: "It is om i,t tin- 1 om- iii.iiii -t I. iM ,,,iisulered of all plants, hut ^ erv few iid yc Dlored. Not ' i\e or hardy as urn. Var. mk- i-t Larger and iibust thi ipara- igms: several times as long as thick, and <, rather than.-). Euroi.e, rare In Amei-ii-M, ,,I , n , 1 ' 1 1, 6 iu. hiLli 1 July. -Ml, I dasyphyllum, Liun. (,l , 1 , , 1 I ml pmkish; nthe ^ispanicum, Linn, (ilaucous: fl. -steins 3-4 in. eddish: Ivs. J-4 m. long, linear, greenish gray, Qg reddish, studded with flne hyaline pimples at 1640 SEDUM the tips: cymes 3-7-branched, umbellate: buds 5-G- angled fls pinkish white K in across Julv Central and southern Europe -Readilj distinguished by having the floral parts m b s 32 brevifbUum, DC Glaucous Its m 4 rows i tenth of an inch long pinkish denseh tovered with i meal} pubescence Hs '4 m iciciss jetiN white «ith pink midrib, anthers pink \Acstein Mediterranean region —Manning sajs it grows -t m high and blooms m July and August baid to be exceptionally sensitive to superfluous moisture at the root Lvrtium I 1 ( I I 1 u I ( 111 lii^'h Ivs M m Mth a kiis Oregon which is now offered in the East, but is probably not cult in Eu It grows 4 in high and flowers from June until Aug Said to be annual Lvs lanceoHte )4 54 in long acute « IS , 11 1 n dlbum, Lmn Gcli s altei across reddish Desf ) lular h s I I h, pointed, isici L B C 5 464 nate, V- in long, linear buds oblong fls ^ in 1 July Eu N Asia Gn 35 MonregaUnse, B Glabrous except inflores linear fls H in acioss, ' stamens pinkish N Ital Section III Anni 4LS or Bievnials (Species 30-39) 30 sempervivoides, Pischei Scarlet STONECRor One of the show lest in the genus ind remarkably dis tmct if nit unir|ue h\ th( oul 1 of the fls Habit of , bouse leek 4-s lu high hs 411 lO in a rosette -nedge shaped 1\ s ot fl stems cl isjuiig greenish red oblon^ acute cymes J-4 in across dense Hs scarlet Juh Asia Minoi Gn 19 378 R H 1846 5 -Seems not to be offered m Ameiica 37 Formosftnum, N E Br Height 6 m stem le peatedly branched m a dicbotomous or Irichotomou' manner lvs 1-1 in wlioils it branchings of stem witl ill> 1 i on mteuuks flat spatulate fls jel low Formos i 38 C86riileum Pig 2286 Glal 1 high h s 54 m C ihf m I'lOO red cj 1 Ji m across, pal I B R 6 520 Gn 27 p 1 - ( 11 39 viUdsum, Lmu GUndu high with no barren branches as thick fls few dull rose ( Masters I in a small loose c>me mountains of Eu -Thi; ^ \ I M 4 Is Sa, h soil lubescent 3-4 m 2 J times as long ^hlte according to gs and ston} nils ery few that pre fer wet feet The white fld form is advertised by ( dealer in perennials Tae species, however annual Natural planting of maple seeds S Jirauiui offeied by Krelige Haarlem Holland appears not to be recognized by botanists — 5 Calabricum is a name gi\ en without description to an Italian species which is still offered by Krelage — S debile Watson an American species was offeied m 1881 by collectors but is probably not m cult anywhere — S Douglasn Hook is a yellow fld species from s that part ot the plant ug and which is used for n tf clinical or botanic il fhi minute dormant plant Each embrjo IS the result of a distinct process of fertilization m which the pollen of the same or another flower has taken pait Ihe ovule is contained m the o\ ir\ The ripened o\ ir\ is the seed case or peric u p The ] 01 1 carp, with the pirt tl t 1 ^ iniated with it ill) as the fruit I there is onl\ one 11(1 the St el in 1 I here and t Many of tl ticulturist The winged seeds ashes are leally fiu walnuts butternut are grains ot corn berr\ The keys < seeds (Fig 2288) fruit part is the po aprhs ,, 1 ,, lis „ the mill I t ,1 iwing of the d pi 11 II \ isible stage in ^ I swill 111 (1 Thereafter tl ruptur 1 iiid tlie c uilicle appears \\\\ n tl ( luh 1 protrudes the seed has sprouted, and this fact is take as an indication that the seed is viable (Fig 2289 t nearly approach 1 lanted This test weak and are not ns ind to push t st made nditions pared device, and the germii SEEDAGE pared soil in the open, may be as great as 50 per cent. Viability varies with seasons and other conditions. While it is true as a general statement that the older the seed the less the viability, yet the reverse may be true within narrow limits. Sometimes lettuce and melons that germinate only 50 per cent in December, germinate 70-80 per cent in April. In order that seeds shall germinate, they must be supplied with moisture and be given a definite tempera- ture. The requisite temperature and moisture vary with the diilerent kinds of seeds, and thev are to be determined only by experiencf. in any medium which supplit s tions. Although seeds are mil ground, such practice is not ui ' ' They may be planted iu cocoaim medium. However, thi- -r'niml i sites for germination. ::ud ii .il- for the young plantlet wh.ii t' !■•■: and, furtliermore, thf iil.'iiits arc ii planted I iu the many eeds, rapid certain when the seeds sown in cocoanut fiber other medium, for the conditions may be more imi- forr is fairly ger pie plants are transplanted to the soil. The depth at which seeds siiall be sown de- ends on many conditions. Iantr,l ,lr, .,„.,■ n,aii in the til L((ual to twice the diameter of the seed is an old gardeners' rale. This applies well to the sowing of most seeds under glass when the soil is well prepared and is kept watir.d, Imi in the open ground three to four times tiiis .Itptli i^ usually necessary. The finer and nioistii- ilu- scil. thr shallower the seeds may be planted, other tliiiitrs Ik-Ih;,' equal. Better results in germination are secured when the seeds are sown in a specially prepared seed-bed. The conditions may then be better, the gardener is able to protect the young plants from cold and from insects and fungi, and he is enabled also to economize time and labor. In transplanting from the seed-bed to the field, the gardener unconsciously chooses only the best plants and thereby the crop is improved. The seed-bed may be in a forcing-house or hotbed, or in the open. If it is in the open, it should be near the buildings, where it can be visited frequently and where water may be applied as needed. If the bed is to be used late in the season when the soil is naturally dry, it is well to cover it the previous spring or fall with a very heavy coating of ma- nure. This retains the moisture, and the leaching from the manure adds plant-food to the soil, there- by enabling the young plants to an early start. When the seeds are to ped and the surface is then in ideal condition. In the handling of voung plants in seed-beds, one must t.ike pains that the |)];uits arc not t.". thick and tliat llicv.loiM.i suffer for lii;lil, cIm- become ".Irawii practically wortliless. Ir greenhouses and hotbeds it is well to handle common vegetables and flower seeds in gardeners' flats (Fig. 2293). These flats are easily handled, and the soil is so shallow that it can be kept in uniform conditions of temperature and moisture. The seeds of some of the finer and rarer kinds of ornamental plants require special treatment. These treatments are usually specified in the articles devoted to those plants. Details of the handling of very delicate seeds are well discussed in the article on Orchids. AS! that i of which those of melons, pumpkins and cucumbers are examples, retain their vitality unimpaired for a number of years, and gardeners do not ask for recent stock. Seeds of corn salad should be a year old to germ inate well . Very hard, bony seeds, as of haws and viburnums, often do not germinate until the second year. In the mean- time, however, they should be kept moist. Seeds of most fruit and forest trees should be kept moist and cool, otherwise they lose vi- tality; yet if kept too moist, and particularly IcH. close or warm, they "ill spoil. Nuts and liar.l seeds of hardy plants usually profit by I'ciiiij liiiii. .1 in sand ..1- -:i\'. ni]-i -iicii prac- tice is known techni- cally as stratification. L. H. B. Seed Breeding. -The marvelous industrial and commercial devel- opment wh ich has char- acterized the latter part of the nineteenth cen- marked than in the art and practice of seed ffrowinsr. Whatever luav liavc been their ilitcllc.-ti.al l.clicf.mOSt as if seed was indeed essential to the pro- duction of a crop, but only in the way that water and manure are essential. The only question was whether c might be desirable that the seed all be of some particu- lar kind so that the crop would ripen all at once, but beyond that the breeding of the seed was given very little consideration. It is only within a few years that a majority of even good cultivators have come to recog- nize in their practice the fact that the possibilities and limitations of a crop are as positively determined by the seed used as is the character of the fruit of an orchard by the trees of which it is composed. There have al- ways been exceptional men, who fully appreciated the importance of seed selectioTi nitfl In-ccrljni.', which they practiced within their own ;:■.•• • - nrr- a supply for their own use, btit c nal seedsmen formerly gave little heed I" . :. ., I lireeding, be- ing quite content to "rnc,|r ,,iii i,:i mns or poorer plants rather than to select atid IncM only from the best. Now, every seedsman who values Ms r'-piitation maintains more or less extensive sl.ick sicd lanns. pies and with the same soit of skill and care that is used in the breedini: of aninials. The general nicilio.l followcl js Cn-^t to form a clear a variety and wlna: i i ■ !!> i i lani of that sort should be. Then a few i ' i ' n -which come as near this ideal as possii i and the seed of each saved separately. 1 ; : , i. lots are planted the next spring in coiiti;;iiMU. L,|..rk-, and the plants given an opportunity for their most perfect development. As they approach maturity the lots are carefully examined. the seed ;ild It 1642 blocks ither freneral powe inferiority or a large portion ot tntirior jilan* tire block is condemned and r.M.i, ,i cnr, ( v . n i so some very fine individuiil ii|;iiii^ :irr d, ^im remaining blocks are then can riilly.xaiij in. (i ai selected which shows the clo.scst adliurL-m-i.' tu ti type, and from it a few plants are selected 2293. A eardcner's Hat. or shallow box. in which seeds are sown and small plants handled. A good size for a flat is 16 x 20 inches, and 3 inches deep. seed saved separately for planting in blocks the sue- ceediiis; year. Then the remaining plants of this and till III 111 I l.liHk- which escaped the first weeding out are \ ' ■ '' .iiiiined and all inferior ones removed, ai.'i "■m the plants which still remain are -aiiil i-LiiiMi Ihese are usually sufficient in quantity to plani a liolil. the product of which i'< nspil hy the seedsman for his general stock scccl. I'rnin tip- ^tock seed he grows the seed which he otYi r^ lii^ rii-imni-rs. The same process is repeated every year, m ai Ira^t r\ory few years, and results in marked iiiii.r.i\ i ni.Tit, if not in ty(M'. at ]■ n^t in the fixing and making'- |.ifniani iii tin- ^■iii.il i|naiiiii- ,,( the variety. HaviiiL' thus ..hiaiiir.l slm-k sii'il wliifh is of superior iinalily and snfi- ti> fields, a that ma SEEDAGE ercial seeds, for which 1 agri- Thi- ijiiuM . 'I • Ills cannot be told by a mere casual inspection hnt is ascertained only by a careful test. This should include three steps: (1) an examination for purity {freedom from foreign matter), (2) vitality^ Unl.'-- . .■ ■ . ,','•'■:. •,-■, .■,-■■' , ■■ , 'M , V Wheat ing of a sni-li- shiMi r\ li is a long, elliptical open ing (Pig. 2294). The triei is thrust through the side of a bag of seed at dif ■ erent points until aperture is covered seed being allowed dish. lid other ii|il.v. sistingof twohol- iiiMilr ilii- other, and about iiictir. 'I'lii-y are pointed at icries ot openings along one at will to open or close the he holes open, is thrust into '11 bag for its entire length. inner cylinder is turned, so the sampler removed. For l~ one uses a "trier," consist- I r()pen at one end and taper- just above which on one side 2294 Clover seed t cr 1, the t t 11 1 1 1 nt a ill'tiu^^ln nd't'obae Ni.i- .;. I. I mined. ]iii!d> will ill a given kind of first-class com- :it sri il ^liiinlil show depends largely upon the iif -M.wlli of Die species and the difficulty of ob- f; pun- ^1 id of that species. Most vegetables and s are grown devoid of weeds, and their seeds asily cleaned, hence they should be practically Grasses and clovers, on the other hand, are more s liable to be mixed with other species in the field. >ri '■, ilii I I' :iii III!-' "f -"iMi' \-arieties requires ' . .1 - I ' I ; " ! . . ', .'. ralile loss of good ' I i I to be expected produced in a small garden, where other plants of the same species are growing in near-by gardens and fields. TT. TT. Tkacy. Seed Testing. — Seienti lie s d ti-tiim-was inan-nr:ited in 18G9 by Dr. F. N-idii . dni, ,• ,d ilir i:vi,iaM,ient Station at Thar.ind, sa- \,\vlii.i iiiiini- -id l.v tlio large amount of ini|.nriiies and ine .nv Lri-nninating Thes,- ards , hi. wove vision if fou- nd m eccssary. Byn of a hand len> ard CO Uectio n ot econonii the sa mple : next del. thistle , Mil d nii;-t:ir Russia .n this lie. 1 ■iirKle, .|1 oats, 0 ir will 1 Ha- V .are |in by reference to a stand- ds. the foreign seeds in nd. If dodder, Canada :>f weed seeds SEEDAGE jected; also if 1 per cent o found. The reference collection of seeds should be kept in neatly labeled glass bottles, without necks, tightly stoppered and systematically arranged in shallow paste- board boxes ( see Fig. 2295 ) . A convenient size for these bottles is 2 in. long by 3-5 in. in diameter. A tray holding 100 of such bottles should fit into an ordinary herbarium case. If the collection is large, a card index will be of great assistance in finding the specimens. Germination Tests, — The seeds used in germination tests must be taken indiscriminately from pure seed which has been thoroughly mixed for that purpose. The selection of plump, nice-looking .seeds for these tests, as frequently practiced, impairs the authenticity of the result. Tests may be conducted in the laboratory between damp cloths or bluttcrs, or in porous saucers, or in sand or soil in n -r. ■ imi.u . S.i-ds which are known to ger- "uUl be tested in a greenhouse • ry. The same is true of any '-' < Mniitions of germination are not SEEDAGE 1643 minate \ species well. adti While damp blotters serve as the best .substratum under ordinary circumstances, and especially where a large number of tests are to be made, they do not answer as well for fine, slow-germinating seeds like tobacco and June grass, and many flower-seeds, owing to the fact that the blotters sometimes adhere too closely to permit the proper circulation of air. This may be remedied to a certain extent by placing narrow strips of glass between the folds, but main reliance in such cases should be placed upon soil tests. All tests are to be made in duplicate, using two lots of 100 seeds each of peas, beans, corn, cucurbits and others of a similar size, and 200 seeds of clover, cab- bage, lettuce, etc. The more seeds taken for test the less the chance of error. However, 5 per cent to 10 per cent of variation may be expected between the two lots of seed, even though they might have been taken from the same plant. In the case of a greater variation than 10 per cent the test should be repeated. Seeds upon which moulds form quickly are likely to be old stock. The seeds should be inspected daily, a note being made of those having sprouted, which are then thrown out. In testing seeds of the pea fam- ily (Leguminosse) one-third of those remaining hard and fresh at the close of the test are usually counted as hav- ing sprouted. The average of the duplicate tests is to be taken as the percentage of vitality. Averages should not be made, however, between results obtained by different methods, -uch as blotters and soil. Laboratory tests are preferably made iietween damp blotters placed in a metal chamber heated by gas, the heat being controlled by athermo-regulator. The blotters must be free from soluble chemicals. Blue blotters will be found less trying to the eye than white. The irerminating chamber may be of any form which allows proper control of the conditions of light, heat, air and moisture. The standard chamber adopted by the association of Ameri- can Agricultural Colleges and Experi- ment Stations was designed by the ^"3"^"^' writer, and serves equally well for Aeric.'for small bacteriological purposes or experi- seeds ments in plant physiology as for seed testing (see Pig. 229())- It IS made of 20 ounce corrugated copper and is 2 feet long 18 inches deep and 2 feet high outside meisure ments The outside except the bottom, is covered with two layers of felt, each K inch thick K water spice is ifForded b's the double wills which Battle simila may be used for the insertion of a thermometer, if de- sired. Owing, however, to the influence which the ex- ternal atmosphere exerts upon thermometers whose tubes are partly exposed, provision has been made for holding two thermometers in a horizontal position, one on the inside of each panel of the door to the chamber, by means of hooks of stout copperwire (Fig. 2297, a, a). The door is made in 2 panels, each consisting of 2 plates of thick glass set about K in. apart in a copper frame, which is covered inside with felt. The inside margin of the door is provided with a projection (Fig. 2297, c) which fits snugly into a felt- lined groove (Fig. 2297, 6), extending around the front side of the cham- ber. The door is 3 in. shorter than the front of the chamber, the remaining space being closed with copper and provided with a ventilator (Fig. 2296, h), which per- Used bvtl and Ameru jitket into chamber d burner f gas door slides mits the exit of carbon dioxid, and can be closed tightly with a slide. Perfect closing of the door is further ef- fected by a copper slide extending along the front mar- gin, which catches flrmly at the top and bottom of the chamber (Fig. 2297, d,d). This device, together with the groove and Its corresponding projection, are adapted from the Rohrbeck bacteriological <'lKinitKT. The out- side door is furnished with a fraiiic into which slide two plates of galvanized iron pniiiti d dead black inside and covered with f.-lt 1 V\kr. 'J2:"',. i , j 1 . By this arrange- ment the intcri.iT' oi' rlic rli.tnilirr may be kept dark or exposed to In , , ' : :: >. .1. mi ,, -half may be dark and the rest ; . ! .n. In ions remaining the same. By rai-iti:^ iIm-m read without oiK-niui^ tli be Glass plates of various colors may be substituted for the slides, if the effects of different rays of light on plant-growth are to be studied. Seven movable shelves, placed 2M in. apart, are held in place by copper ledges H inch wide. These shelves are made of brass rods IH in. apart, and each one is capable of holding up 60 pounds weight. The tempera- ture is controlled by a low-temperature thermo-regulator (Fig. 2296, b). A very low aii.l .■.|iial.l.> llame is secured with a microbunsen Imimr 1 I'i^'. 'IVM't. e). One of the openings into the war.r jacK. f i I'iu'. '1'1W\, a) is 2 in. in diameter to admit a Koiix tlimuo-ri'gulator, if a very 1644 SEEDAGE even temperature is desired, as in bacteriological work. Fresh air or different gases can be forced into the chamber at one of the openings at the top (Pig. 229(i, c, c) and out at the bottom (Pig. 2290, f). Each of the openings at the end (Fig. 229U, „ , /', <;) is closed with a screw cap. The chamber is provided with tiiree tin- lined copper pans, ■ •ording to ihr Li i-thod. The pans hold porous s a The chamber when empty weighs about 100 pounds, and ■is therefore easilv moved. The shelves will hold about 60 blotter tests, with an equal jmber of duplicates. It rests of groove in'.iiamberinto upon a detachable base consist- whicli fits c. projection on ing of a stout iron frame 15 in. door; d. d. Joor fastener, high, inclosed with a sheet-iron Other Forms of Germinating Apparatus.— The so- called "Geneva tester," invented at the Experiment Station at Geneva, N. Y., consists of an oblong pan of galvanized iron or tin with ledges near the top upon wliidi ;ir.- >us|.. Pig. 2298. Over tii.^,. r.,A^ iv, /m i cloth, arranged in I"!. Is. wiHi .M.h hanging down into tin- wtiiir, wliirh of the pan. The lower edges of the I at o) to hold them in place. The s, tween these folds and are kept hum traction; no provision is made for r. perature, the pan being placed in . 2297. One-half of door (in hooks for holding lid the inside metal rods. ig a strip of of the strip s Tlie bottom Porous saucers of unglazed clay set in shallow pans containing water are often used for fine seeds. Owing to the dilficulty of procuring clav saucers of equal po- rosity plaster of Paris geriiiinatinu- .li-I.es (Fig. 2299) are recommended. These erm 1,. mieii l.v any one at a trifling cost by means of a wccdrn mold, with a detach- able top which consists of .-in "i.liriin \ |.,ii f glass to which a Petri dish is atfaeli. .1 ,;], i.. rn-. ;■ ;ii(i. A very simple appar.at\is i I.. in Pig. 2301. It consists ..r : ih. ■, i , :,: ■.. dipped," whicl 2298. Geneva seed -tester. inside and out to |.rr\eiii nisiiiiK. The bottom of the basin is covered wiili waiei, .hkI .i small flowerpot sau- cer is placed inside. The seeds are laid between two layers of moist blotting pa|ier placed in the bottom of the saucer, and a pane of glass covers the dish, which is to be kept in a temperature of about 70° P., such as an ordinary living-room. The basin may be left partly open f-om time to time to permit exchange of air and SEEDAGE gases. By using a good-sized dish with small saucers, and renewing the water occasionally, several kinds of seed may be tested at once at little expense. Extremes of temperature and excessive moisture must be avoided. A still simpler germinating ouTIit than this and quite satisfactory for most cereals and \r;:, t;dij. -eeils con- sists of two soup plates, one i;- ' i , and two layers of cloth to hold the seed - i le.uld be kept niiiist but not too wet. -.1 , ■ irhook of IlloT'. S. n. |.;irti,M'ii[ of A-rl. i, ' ,- , i • ' , ,. Isl.) 7: „ . .. ' '.. . \ I. i.ii.> I •,.. ,.i 'n ■ ,.;,, F.) is u. I,. !• ,. ,: -::, .,,/ ,1 • • . , ■. ~' S,-eds of '■• I. 1., I : .1 . ,u,.i iM.uld be .suljje>ua lo aluri.aUuy U la|,. i .uul . ., ol Ja C. and 30° C, the higher being used for six hours out of the twenty-four. Duration of Germination Tests. — For purposes of comparison it time for condn periods have In tically the sam For laborato desirabl have uniform periods of tion tests. The following this country and are prac- 1 throughout Europe. beet fruits, r\ e -ra~-. llaiothv. ami .i.i. i- rj'e grass, and timothy; 28 full days for poa and Ber- muda grass. Soil tests are to be continued two days longer in each case and the sprouts counted only at the Special Trrnt (iom. -Soaking placing them in practiced, is lo seeds of aspai okra, and to advantage, should be pi. dory to Germina- 1-15 hours before ilier, as frequently a rule. which moulds develop upon onion seed, it should be soaked for an hour in a solu- riou consisting of one part bichloride of mercury to I, "do |,.i,t- ol' «;,i,r. Su.di .,,e,K a^ okra, asparagus, I : I ', I , lie sprout better if ! , n not to injure the ^, !■: I ,, : , ,,: ,1 , ■ , i, , , , i,,:,de of the value of Ural ill , ■ ,i ■ T, ,,, • i,,M, iM I ,, :,u to hapten germ- epended must I.e iak.,11 Tiot to idant ll„-s,,,d^ I lo,,|,|y. Seed of red-lo], and .Iniie i;rass should ho ^..wn upon the surtare and tlio li-liresi [.os^jldi ver of soil or sand given it. P.eloir |d,iniiim ihe soil should be thoroughly watered, ami alh r -owitrj ,a fine rose spray should be used to av,,Mniiiij I ,'i|iiv L'lnmes (chaff) a mirror- Itox ( I'lL' L'::oL' I is II ~i iiil, dills eon nsts of a box of hard ami li ^ 111 li iL li. I lie 1 r ,!d 1,1 11 m- oiuii. and the top eon- sisiiirj ,,r ,11 ,,i,!ii,,ir\- pane of gla-s. The inside of the box I 1, 111,1, i 1 ,i, iiii Idiiek. Attached by hinges to the upiH r 1 111 JO, I Ihe box in front is a rectangular piece of id, ! 1 I, 1 hoard, 12 X 8 in. in size. A smaller pier, ,1 ,11 ,11 , nil, 8 in. sc|uare. is attached to each end of ilii 1,,,- .: 1 . ill,,,,. 1 1 ,1_, , ddi. o i„,;inls are for the i.nri'o , , , ,i,i '! , u 'hi. In the center of ilio i 1 ■ , 1 11 111 , : oi. in size, reflect the light winch elUers ihe open side of the box up through the glass top. Grass seeds are spread thinly over the surface of the glass top, and the mirror adjusted so as to throw the light up through the seed. The operator faces the SEED AGE apparatus witli the open side opposite to liim and to- ward the light. The mirror should be so arranged that it will not throw any light into the operator's face. With this apparatus the outlines of grass seeds within the glumes can be ck;irly seen, and the ehaff can be removed with the otht r iinimriii- - <'\' Hh -.miple. A much simpler niitlnMl d nl. m il \ mu the sound seeds in grasses eonsi^i^ in tin \i-i-..( .1 liiin- of glas.s, over the surface of wlu.h iln- ^1 , ,1. i li..r,.imlily wet, has been thinly spread. This glass i» licld up to the light, and with the forceps the good seed may be easily picked out. It would be well for the purchaser of grass seed, especially of meadow fox-tail, awnless brome and vel- vet grass, to make use of this simple test. For labora- tory purposes the mirror box is to be greatly preferred, since the seed can be handled much better when dry. Testing Beet Seed. — Special methods are also re- quired for testing red and sugar beet "balls," each of which contains from 1 to 7 seeds. Three separate lots of 100 balls each ar.- ■!. .1. .1 v' i.!i -i ■ :ii -,.,,..,- t^ represent average ^n ' between the hands, - - 11. 1 1 . blotting paper or s.-mu ,ii ,1 . -n- 1 n.i j' C, for 18 hours out ..1 J4. il.,- I. ~i "1 : ■■ ' 1. In .3, 5, 8 anJ 11 days the balls are .>: V n- ever 1, 2. or 3 seeds have sprouted ill ;i ■> ■ t 1 ,i!n\- are carefully cut out with a knife, .ni.! ' ■•( the ball is removed to a s.-cond se.-.l K. .1. ' in- hered to correspond witli the immli. r nf tli, -.■. il - « h j.-h have germinated in tir- I. nils ]il ■.! tlin-rin. .\i the next examination tin- -pri.uird x,r,ls ar,. a-ain <-ut out and the clusters ri-iiiovt-d to anntln-r Ited, numlxr'-d to agree with the total number of seeds per ball which have sprouted. The test is closed on the 14th day. when the sum of all the germinating seed of each lot of 100 clusters, together with the number of unsprouted seeds, is ascertained. The average of all the clusters is taken into account, especial care being exercised not to count as seeds any cavities which were empty at the beginning of the test. Test for Genuineness or "Puriti/" of Slock. -The genuineness of the seeds of vegetables and other horti- cultural varieties of plants can only be told by means of a field test, which should be ntade in such cases whenever possible. The purity of stock of such seeds is of far more importance than a high percentage of purity and germination. In making field tests of differ- ent varieties of seed a check test should be conducted, using a sample, for purposes of comparison, which is known to be authentic. The different tests must be subjected to the same conditions of soil, etc. The gen- uineness of the seed of grass, clovers, and other forage plants can usually be ascertained by mere inspection and comparison with a standard collection. Gilbert H. Hicks. [The preceding article was prepared for this work by the late Gilbert H. Hicks, of Washington, D. C, in 1899, while in charge of pure seed investigations for the U. S. Department of Agriculture. It is printed practically as it was written. The subsequent changes in the De- partment methods are given below by Mr. Hicks' suc- cessor. L. H. B.] SEEDAGE 1645 The methods ami apparatus in use j TitlieSeedLabora- tory of the T. ^ H. !■ u:in. , Aj 1 aulture have un- dergone somi- .hi'; ■ i 1 ■ ig was written. These chang. - 1 ny result of ex- perience and ai. m - . -i : : While purchasers are urse.l i>. . ; is doubtful whether, under tin- - n '.. Z. t sfcds, it 1 . '^ ..' irade in the United States, arbitrary stano . ' ll value. The comparison of the price an.: ..iliV-rent grades offered means more than a ; , n,l which it is seldom practicable to enfmv, \ • . ..1 iiispec- tion that would certainly detcri i- would make the seed too expensive <■><■ :< The standard chamlar is ),..» . :- .: « 111: asbestos laggi.m M,,..:nl .,r -API, 1, ll: :. -,,,,'. i!i."r,,ov,-redwith thela-. '.. .... -. . ..■■.! i..'' \u- .iouble doors. An an- 1 :.!'. ... ^. .. ■ Ir. E, Brown, has Thr I. .ii I . . .i ■■ I .r r.. -.;..-., --I'nl -nnuina- tionni' . ...:■..:-■,■. ,1. Let- tuce nil: I ... I I ng best results. \ „ I _'.,-.:. I . , :.; , entirely inhibit. t;t-ruuiiat,..ii. ^.■,..l.s i.t ti-n.siiiii,., uu ihe other hand, demand liO" C, while vine seeds give best results under a temperature alteriuiting between 20 and 30° C. A constant temperature at 20° C. is seldom used. Seeds naturally i.reriniiiate under conditions of constantly chaimin- I- nil" I 11 III-.- and favorable natural conditions shout. i I . . I as nearly as possible in the lab- oratm Is ll I Mm- grass seed is not tested in the greeiilniii -I . in ii. r r.sults being obtained in the cham- ber by means of alternating temperature. When seeds, as of sugar beet, are sold on a guarantee, the re-test should be made under conditions similar to those under which the original test was made. The energy of ger- mination, that is, the percentage of seeds that sprout in about one-fourth the full time, nearly represents what the seed will do in the field and is of greater importance than the full time test. a_ j_ Pieteks. The Seed Trade of America,.- Harlij ffistory. -The lii-tni\ ni Tin- seed business in colonial times is largely nnr ni iiniinrtatiou from Holland and England, when small hucksters carried a few boxes of popular seeds with an assortment of dry goods, foodstuffs or hardware. Corn, barley, peas, onions, fruits and vegetables, nec- essaries in fact for direct use, first claimed the atten- tion of the colonists. Towards the end of the eighteenth century we berin to tind rnf.rnivr.s to the saving of stock seeds, and in tin n.iv nm.rs ,,f the day are a number of adv.rii-, m. 1 . ' m ' ■ ;- rs who dealt in seeds. Agricnllnial -. . : .n: nlc of commerce as early as 1747 ( I'iit.i ,1., .1 iinniis, beans, peas, carrots, cabbage and cmliflowii, etc , being raised for seed in the colonies at that time, though chiefly im- ported. At that time Boston did most of the business. rj«-- Among the earliest advertisers of seeds for sale were Nathaniel Bird, 1763, a book dealer of Newport, R. I.; Gideon Welles, "on the Point," 1764; Samuel Deall, a dealer of general mendiandise in New York in 1776; William Davidson of New York in 1768. while in Phila- delphia, in 1772, we find one Pelatiah Webster advertis- ing clover and duck grass seed; .James Loughead "colly- flower" seed in 1775; while David Reid kept a general assortment in the same year. Development of American Trade. — It was not until the opening of the nineteenth centurythat America began to find that seeds could be grown here as profitably as they could be imported. Grant Thorburn, in New York, and 16-16 SEEDAGE David Landreth, of Philadelphia, seem to have been the largest dealers atthattime. Thorburu's was perhaps the first business of importance devoted entirely to stock seeds, though this honor is disputed by the descendants of David Landreth. Thorburn, in his autobiography, says that he began his business by buying out the stock of one George Inglis for fifteen dollars, Inglis agreeing to give up the market and to devote himself to the rais- ing of seeds for Thorburn. This is but one of many small beginnings from which has grown a trade which now amounts to many millions, and this relation between seedsmen and growers is largely typical of relations which have obtained in the trade ever since. Eailway and I'„stiil .S', ;c("r,.-\Vitli the (ievelopnient of the railway iui'l il:- i-. i:il -ri\i>. ili. i.n .im -- -ri-w by leaps and V)"in, i i i i , i li- tor different varieti.- : i I , i . . , , nry to the countrymiui ih' l:m i. i -i > ' . ■•.iti> •■■.n- sumption. Then- i^ |.i.ilr,,;, - ,ii.li lia.-. been more widely benefited \>\ ! ^md improved mail facilities, but of liif XI i , ..f their privi- leges by members of ('..hlm i . i -ily tended to negative this benefit. Tin 'iijii ii[ Im fn-ticent distri- bution of free seeds to pi(.ii. . r- ,,n.| ii. . .h srttliTs was a form of agricultural encour;m'i- nt a^'ainst wliic-l) there could be no adverse criti.-i-m, l.ut it has .1. -.nerated 2302. Mirror box for testine Brass seeds. into an abuse, which is estimated to have taken a trade of some $4,000,000 during the past two or three decades out of the hands of the men who have built up the business. Cataloqiies. — Gra.ni Thorburn'.s catalogue of 1822 was the first to be issued in pamphlet form, and it was the pioneer of the many finely and carefully illustrated catalogues with which we are familiar to-day. These catalogues have been largely instrumental in facilitat- ing the specialization of the industry and its subdivi- sion in the hands of the country dealer, who buys seeds at wholesale, combining as they do the most complete lists and illustrations of varieties with directions as to methods, conditions, and seasons for planting. They are distributed literally in hundreds of thousands. It is of interest to remember that up to 1844 the word- ing on the bags was written by hand, a laborious and expensive process, which of itself is an indication of tho smnll v-liime of The trad.' nt tli.at date. I ni I'^'rf^ '< in! I:'.r i>'nL< .s'/.f// v//<'x. — With regard to the ,\|.Mit Mf -...Iv. A. I. ri.1,1-' a. Iniirable report for 1899 in I 111- ^i-arlii.iiix uf tin- I )i|i:irt iin-nt of Agriculture may 111- taki-ii as ilii- lai. si iiili.i-niatiiin. He says in part: ''The statistics of exports date from 1855, and no sepa- rate records of imports of seeds were kept before 1873. Clover and grass seeds, especially timothy, have always taken the lead in the seed export trado. and until recent years garden seeds have i-- i n a i nn-iclerable factor in the total values. In l ■ 1 iniio bushels of clover seed were exporii i > I u -I within a few months. How long this n ..i. i.i.i . ii.-d we do not know. From 1855 to 18(i4 il.. n i, m. n , ..id of any seeds exported except clover, but tin- value of exports increased from $13,570 in 18.35 to $2,185,706 in 1863, the war ap- pjirently having no effect on the trade. The total value of the clover seed exported during this period aggre- SEEDAGE gates $5,393,663. During the decade ending with 1880 clover seed was not separately entered except in the last year, but the total exports of seeds amounted dur- ing that period to $20,739,277. The aggregate was in- creased by more than $3,000,000 before the end of 1890. Prom 1891 to 1898 there has been a slight reduction in the average annual value of seed exports and also in the amount of clover and timothy seed sent abroad." Development of Home Jntliislry,— The importation of staple garden seeds had largely decreased by 1870, and with the exception of a few staples in agricultural and flower seeds, America may be said to have become to a great extent .self-supplying. The greatest development of this industry has taken place since the close of the war. In 1878 J. J. H. Gregory estimated that there were in all 7,000 acres devoted to garden seeds, while the census of 1890 showed that there were 596 seed farms, containing 169.850 acres. Of these farms, 200 were established betw-'-r- isuo mtm) 1h90, and it is likely that about 150 nmr. ..-. -i..i,,| during the same period. The censu- i ■ . ir, do not give the actual acreage devni. ! ; i; seeds. As many seeds are grown by ili — not i. Lularly in the business, it is probable that census returns as to acreage are un- der rather than over the mark. The statistics available in the United States Census are very imperfect, partly owing to the lai-k of a continuous system in presenta- tion, botli iti tliM ti turn- nf home industry and also in custom li.Mi . it .-hiefly to the reluctance of seedsmen ;i' I : r . make public the results of their bnsiin - n. n.a;. ,,, , vi-n the methods themselves. fonfru't .s./^t, ,,! ../ (>,..*(■ru(liieiieii in this country. Number of Firms in the Trade. -The main business of the country is in the hands of about l.'iO tirms, liut practically every groceryman in country towns and vil- lages carries a stock during the spring sesison. These men, however, deal as a rule with the larger houses, •and constitute the principal class of middlemen for retail trade. niiol.sale Seedsmrn'f! Lr„,,v,' : Ti^ Ohjrrts.-On August 2-4, 1900, sonii- 4-J of tie- l.-^,,lin- li,iii-i-s ,,r the country incorporated ilienisehes ju ttie A\'lielesali> Seedsmen's League. Hiih the ,.l,jert c,f retjtilatiii- the general interests of the ti-aih'. The elliei. (.( tlie League is in Philadelphia; its ]iresident, F. W. Bruggerhof, of New York; vice-president, S. F. Leonard, of Chicago; secretary and treasurer, Burnet Landreth, of Phila- delphia. The climate and soils of the United States are so varied that entirely different methods of carrying on the seed business obtain in different trade centers, and one of the principal efforts of the League is in the direc- tion of agreeing as to the uniform listing of prices for crops of the same seed which mature at different dates in diflierent localities. It is hoped in this way not only to prevent the sacrifice of stock by growers in early dis- tricts, but also to prevent the demoralization of the general market, caused by the publication of clearance prices by seedsmen in an early district before the market has been adequately supplied by seedsmen in those districts in which the stock matures at a later «<^''«o°- J. M. Thokburn & Co. SEED-BOX, Ludwigia alternifoUa; probably also sometimes applied to plants that have loose seeds in inflated pods, as Crotolaria. SELAGINELLA 1647 SELAGINfiLLA (dii inutive of Latin Selugo, old •■liniiiii'llAcew. Club Moss. A ipieal plants of diverse habit, Innate annuals to erect or even ^ily leeognized by the produc- es- powdery microspores from < arises and larger microspores age just within the axil of the terminal leaves ot the stem, which often form a 4-angled spike. Ill all iiur cultivated species the Ivs. are in four ranks, the two upper smaller and pressed against the stem, giving it a flattened appearance. Selaginellas are graceful fern-like greenhouse plants, often known to gardeners as Lycopodiums. large genus of ranging from in climbing pereiu produe Africana. 33. cuspidata. 21. patula, 4. albo-uitens, 13. densum.. 12. Pervillei. 33. amoena. 30. denticulata, 2. plumosa, 6. apus, 12. elongata, 37. Poulteri. 18. arborea, 5. Emmeliana, 22. rubella, 17. argentea, 30. erythropus. 35. atroviridis, 14. tUicina. 36. rupestris. 1. aurea, 2, 9. Uabellata, 32. sarmciitosn. 4. Braunii. 31. geniculata, 37. serpens. 3. Brasiliensi.s, 11. gracilis, 25. serndata. 7. Brownii, 9. grandis, 28. setosa, 35. cmsia, 5. hasmatodes, 36. stolonifera. 8. Californica, 15. involvens, 1ft. caulescens, 30. Kraussiana, 9. varteg^t*:;, 9, 3 cognata, 26. laevigata, 5. lepidophylla, 2C Victoria., 24. concinna, 7. 1. viticulosa, 29. eordata. 38. Lobbii, 26. Vogelii. 33. cordifolia, 3S. Lyallii, 34. Wallichii, 23. crispa, 32. Martensii, 16. Wilklenovii, 2 Cumiinghami, 10. moUiceps, 39. A. Lvs. all Sim iilar, many - n anked. JVutice spec: AA. Lrs.J-nniknl '.oyiVrn'sorlVj'u ■rming "" "I'l"'- ' nnl ,1 /..N-rr plane. without JU.uts. F. Branches one-eighth i n. or less wide: stems 6-9 in. long .. 2. denticulata 3. serpens 4. patula FF. Branches % in. or mc ij-f wide: stems 1-2 ft. lo iig 5. uncinata 6. plumosa EE. Stems articulated .. 8. stolonifera 9. Kraussiana DD. Plants annual: lvs. and stem weak and flaccid. . . ..10. Cunninghami 11. Brasiliensis 1-2. apus 13. alho-mtens CC. Main stems ascendin a < branched nearlij or quite to the base. D. Boots confined to the low -. stolonifera, Sprint;. Stems a foot or more long, witli u Tiiere <.r less iKikeil tip, angled above and below, with shcirl, i-ipiiipoiiiid branches: lvs. of lower plane cleselv set, riiriil, acute, sliort-ciliate and minutely auri- cled at base. West Indies. 9. Kraussiana, A. Br. Stems 6-12 in. long, flat on the back, rounded on the face, copiously pinnate, with compound branches: lvs. of upper plane spaced on the branches and main stem, acute, slightly imbricated over the stem; lvs. of upper plane obliquely ovate, acute. Afrie:i, Madeira. — -S. Brbwnii, Kovt., is a dwarf form fr(jiii the Azores. Vars. adrea and variegita are American trade names. 10. Ciinninghami, Baker. Stems copiously pinnate, the lower branches compound: lvs. of lowerplane ovate or olilong, cordate and very unequal-sided at base, much imbricated over the stem; lvs. of upper plane 11. Brasili^nsis, A. Br. Stems copiously pinnate, the lower slightly compound: lvs. of lower plane mostly spaced, acute, cordate at base, ciliate and imbricated over the stem; lvs. of upper plane half as long, cuspi- ilate. Brazil. — Similar to preceding, but with longer leaves. 12. ipilS, Spring. Pfeni-- 1 t in leii;', nntrled above, with short, simpl i-i ' i k- ,,,, i . - |,.. ,,f upper plane pale green. -• < • i i i ■ . rordate on the upper side; h^. ' i, ■ i ;■ ■ :iie. Canada to Texas. — i>i/co;ie>/' "■:..''- .' 'i.;< , iiiln . ,ii i-.l :it the Har- vard Botanic Garden, is said to belong here. 13. 41bo-nltens, Spring. Stems slender, trailing, the lower branches slightly compound: lvs. of lower plane spaced on main .stem, s'hort-ciliate, bright green; lvs. of upper plane one-third as long, cuspidate. West Indies. 5. uncinata. Spring iLni-opfidi, nillacmsia, HoH.i. St. n,s 1 -_> I somewhat naki'.l ii|> I., \oiel produced on the upper side; lvs, of upper plane cuspi- date, much imbricated. China. — In 1893 John Saul offered "5. ctcsia arhorea " with the remark that S. laivigata was a synonym thereof. 6. plum6sa, Baker. Stems 6-12 in. long, flat above, often forked near the base: lvs. of lower plane close, bright green, much more produced on upper side of midrib, ciliated on both sides at base; lvs. of upper 14. atroviridis, Spring. Stems 6-12 in. long, ascend ing, doubly grooved above : lvs. of lower plane spuriously 3-uerved, Arm, broadly rounded; lvs. of the upper plane half as long, long-cuspidate, much imbricated. India. 15. Califdmica, Spring. Stems 4-6 in. long, 4-angled, copiously pinnate: lvs. of lowerplane ovate, minutely SELAGIXELLA cuspidate, denticulate on the upper side at the base; Ivs. of the upper plane very small, ovate-oblong. Said to come from Lower California, but not known at Kew and doubtfully in cultivation in this country. •'*"^ 2304. Poorly grown specimen oi Club Moss, unsuitable ior table decoration [X'^). Martensii. SELAGINELLA 1649 with Fig. 2305. This speci flat ( _ oblong-lanceolate, serrulate but not ciliate, slightly im- bricated over the stem at base; Ivs. of upper plane ob- liquely oblong, long-cuspidate. Mexico. — Exists under many varieties in cultivation. 17. rubfiUa, Moore. Stems 1 ft. long, somewhat erect in habit, reddish brown, with 2 grooves on the upper face : Ivs. of lower plane dark green, becoming reddish with age, obtuse or obscurely cuspidate, ciliated and imbricated over the stem at the upper side of base; Ivs.. of upper plane ovate-cnspidate. Native country not known. -Has been in cultivation since 1870 Var varie- g&ta, Hort., is cultivated. 18. Pdulteri, Hort. Veitch. Stems densely tufted, slender, subefect, 2-3 in. long, three to four times dichotomously forked: Ivs. of lower plane spaced sub orbicular, obtuse, bright green; Ivs. of upper plane nearly as long, but ovate and acute. Azores 19. inv61vens. Spring. Stems densely tufted, 2-6 in long, deltoid, branched nearly to the base h s of lower plane crowded, ovate, with a distinct cusp bright green thick, rigid, serrulate on both margins hs of upper plane nearly as long, ovate-lanceolate, cuspidate Japan to India and the Philippines. 20. lepldophylla, Spring. Resukrection Plant Stems 2-4 in. long, densely tufted, spreading m a clost spiral so as to form a flattish expanse curling close h into a ball when quite dry: Ivs. of loner pi ine obhqu obtu ely . , gri :the tuse. Texas and Jlexic'o to i'eru.-Oftin sjld dij undi i the name of "Resurrection Plant" (which see) as th. absorption of water will cause the bill with a dull brown exterior to expand and show its bright green upper face of the stems long after the plant is dead 21. cuspidata. Link. Stems densely tufted 6 in oi niiin- loll-. I.i\iiirlii-d nearly to the base, with coi)i(iuslj (•oiiipuiiiid liraiM'lies : Ivs. of lower plane obliqueh o\ -ite cuspiilat.-. ililati'il and ciliated on the upper side it the base, pale green edged with white; Ivs of upper plane nearly as long, obliquely ovate, cuspidate A plant oc curring under the horticultural name Liicopoiluim t >i iHfoHum has the stem a foot or more long and simple in its lower part, and doubtless represents a distinct species. Cuba and Mexico to Venezuela. 22. Emmeliana, Hort. Pig. 2305. Stems 6-12 in. high, the primary liraiiches ascending, bipinnate : Ivs. of lower plane close, oblii{uely ovate, those of the branchlets nar- rower and minutely spiuulose; Ivs. of upper plane raised above those of the lower, one-half as large, spinu- lose-serrulate, short-cuspidate. S. Amer. ? Named for Th. Emmel, a German gardener. 23. Wallichil, Spring. Stems 2-3 ft. long, with lan- ceolate branches and simple crowded branchlets: Ivs. of lower plane crowded, smaller towards the end of the pinnules; Ivs. of upper plane one-fourth as long, cus- pidate: spikes %~1 in. long. India and the East Indies. —Highly ornamental. 24. Victorise, Moore. Stems 3-4 ft. long, with lanceo- late-deltoid, caudate branches, with the lower branch- lets forked or slightly pinnate: Ivs. of lower plane crowded, a line long, truncate at base and obscurely petioled; Ivs. of lower plane one-fourth as long, short- cuspidate: spikes 1-2 in. long. Borneo and Fiji Islands. 25. gricilis, Moore. Stems 2-3 ft. long, somewhat roughened, with lanceolate branches and simple branch- lets: Ivs. of lower plane ovate-falcate, adnata to stem on lower side at base; Ivs. of upper plane ovate-lanceo- late, cuspidate. Polynesia. 26. L6bbii, Moore {S. ,:„,,i,'il„. II,.rt.). Stems 3-4 ft. long, with lanceolate-ililtoi,! IhmihIics and contiguous simple or forked branclil.iv ; 1\ v. ,,| Imwit plane oblong- lanceolate, acute, brighl L;r'M'ii, ii iiin-ute at base; Ivs. of upper plane one-thinl as loui;, olduiuely ovate, cus- pidate. Borneo and Sumatra. 27. Willdenovii, Baker. Stems reaching a length of many feet, with spreading deltoid branches and much compound branchlets, the ultimate short and contigu- ous : Ivs. of lower plane crowded, ovate or oblong, tinted with blue, ob.scurely petioled; Ivs. of upper plane one-third as long, obliquely oblong, not cuspidate. In- dia and the East Indies. 28. grtlndis, Moore. Stems lK-2 ft. long, branched above: Ivs. of lower plane crowded, lanceolate, acute, rather firm; Ivs. of upper plane one-third as long, as- cending, much imbricated. Borneo. 29. viticuldsa, Klotzsch. Stems with deltoid 2-3-pin- nate branches: Ivs. of lower plane ascending, acute, short-ciliated and much imbricated over the stem; Ivs. of upper plane one-third as long, obliquely ovate, cuspi- date Central America 30 caul6soens, Spring (5 amoena, Hoit ) Stems stiff, erect, the short final bianchlets cuilmg when dry Ivs of lower plane crowded, o^ ate fakate hi ight green, h s of uppet plane one third to one fourth as long cus -J^ / ., 'K Var. arg^ntea, 31. Braiinii, Baker. Stems deltoid and flexuous above, with deltoid erect-spreading pinnae, the pinnules short, deltoid and spaced: Ivs. of lower plane ovate-rhomboid, usually revolute at both edges ; ivs. of lower plane short-cuspidate. West China. 1650 SELAGINELLA SELENIPEDIUM 32. ilabell4ta, Spring. Stems cn-c-t. diltuid. ,]i-<;,m- pound, with contiguous final bramlil. i I . i 1 . .< r plane obliquely ovate, acute, bniiH 11 ■ i ated at the base; Ivs. of upper phi : ' cuspidate. Widely distributed in tiojiil n ^ i hm of the forms of this is cultivated as ^'. i-rispu, Hcirt. 33. Vdgelii, Spring (S. A frictlna, A. Br. -S. PervHlei, Spring). Stems decompound above, the lower pinnie deltoid, petioled, 3-4-pinuate: Ivs. of lower plane lan- ceolate, ascending, often revolute on both edges, trun- cate at base; Ivs. of upper plane minute, strongly cus- pidate. Africa. 34. Li^allii, Spring. Stems deltoid above, the lower pinniB bipinnate, the final divisions K-1 in. long, Vs-K in. wide: Ivs. of lower plane oblong-lanceolate, falcate, acute ; Ivs. of upper plane minute, a«ute. Madagascar. 35. erytliropus, Spring. Stems under a foot long, del- toid and decompound above, the lower pinnffi 3-pinnate, the ultimate divisions one - twelfth to one-eighth in. wide]: Ivs. of lower plane oblong -lanceolate, acute, strongly ciliated ; cuspidate. Tropii to be astai-vi-d Iwnn ^ -[h ncs. 36. hffimatodes. - : ( // -.i/ia, Spring). Stems 1-2 ft. loiiK. tin .!' ; ' ■ 1-1 'innate, the ultimate divisions 's-V in. il- I ..I lower plane ascend- ing, oblong-rboiiilioiil, :unitc, dilated on upper side at base, not ciliated; Ivs. of upper plane minute, cuspidate. Venezuela to Peru. 37. geniculita, Spring [S. elongtUa, Kl.). Stems 2-3 ft. long, decompound, with lower pinnse 3-pinnate, the divisions ascending and pinnately arranged: Ivs. of lower plane ovate, acute; Ivs. of upper plane one-third as long, ovate-lanceolate. Costa Rica to Peru. 38. cordifolia, Si.rin- ( N. .•,„■,?-;/,(, Kl.l. Stems trail- ing, a fo.,1 li.nu'. Willi .iM.n 1 whip-likr ti|i^: h -. ol |.i-A. r membraii.iu-. .'ilniinl .m iln subcordatf' ; l\^. i^l' iipiMT [.l;ii date. West hi.lir-. 39. moUiceps, Sin-iiiL' i N- mi erect, ll-:i in. I"n^. In-nlralr unequal-sided, serrulate cm tli per plane one-half to one-thin lanceolate, cuspidate. Africa. idten ending in lit I.-, pale green, li;i-, dilated and aiireolate, enspi- \i', inin-ti compounti: uti-, dark green, very iper edge; Ivs. of up- long, ovate or ovate- the( ctly into position. an inch and ' i . , , small pots I.I L^i,; ■:,;,.; I : :ii Syringe thum li^lul> iIihl '.ji I'uii' i week, at the end of which time tbty will take root They will soon grow into salable plants. The popular S. Emmeliana, which is generally con sidered by florists a variety of S. cusiiUlutu, require: different treatment. It is much slower and sometime: requires about nine months from the making of cutting: until the young plants are ready for potting. Fill regular fern b.ixes with fern soil, adding on. part in flVr .d' -:in.l. IIImI pi: ^ llllnlv ^•, 1: rt 11 1 at U l'. frondsoftli: -: /'. . ' •:'. i ■.:.■.- li:ilf :il inch long. -.■;'■.:■; i • ■ ' ■ ; i l ■ ■ •! ■ ; 1. :ili:l |.n just enoilf.'!, l ;,. L .,.>,,.., ... - l i,: nillin- tll.".nin-lll>..'::MT VMlli Ld:,--. IHnl po.: H: :: !• 1 : i p. ■ I':, t U n larg be left until large enough to be potted. The following list of Selaginellas for special and gen- eral purpose is not designed to be c plete. but iiierely suggestive. T'::r :- l-:'i:il pili| -. ^' . .'.,.?.■...'.:':(, Kraussiaihi . 1/ ■.'.!'■ :. i ' : . ■ ni; the soil, S. :!■ ~ / . . liana and ,s. U :..i :....,,... M kinds: for m nii.Pi l«.s. , .^. /•: .'. ' ■-■ ■ 'id r I. I "I ill! u'liLus call for special mention. ^S'. ...,,,,,, I- n iii:.i k:ildi- tor its changes of color during the dav. In the morning the foliage is bright green; during the day it gradually becomes paler as though bleached by the light ; toward night it resumes its lively green hue again. For S. Upidophylla, see Jiesur- 'I'll.- l.dlowiii^' s]ir. i.- also deserve a few running noiis: N. li,<:nn'n \~ all old favoi'lte whlch is ofteu in- .■orr.cilv laliill.:! N. W i IhUnovii in collections. Its United States Nurseries. and so: desceiii latter I Wilhh beds, for .■.■^.■r,^r^ i and for liidiii- ilir -i and the likr. S. r I subjects for taldr . jardinif-res. For I hi should be a densr. r green, not a weak. Pigs. 2304 and 2:i0.-|. bouquets of flowers stead of asparagus the more difficult s wardian case for ex L. M. Underwood. iirite plants in every good con- ily admired for their feathery, \ have various shades of green, ri-markable for metallic and iri- •dt,'ing for gr cenhouse ts under the benches. large tubs, orchid pots ■ v are also c lelightful M 11 -roMii S. ,.|:i,dnella of llnriy :iiid lr:dliery Selaginellas are also employed in fronds being used for "green" in- r fern. Occasionally a fancier of ecies grows a large specimen in a :io(Mi,-, ,i,ri. 1. Ill like habit. The braiudilets iw 11 lip Irojii III iping stems and do not root Ml iIkii ilii^ sp.cics is usually prop, by division \V. H. Taplin, X. N. Brcckner and W. M. SELfiNIA adrea, Nutt., is a hardy annual of the mus- tard faiiiilv. a native of the U. S. from Arkansas and Texas to the base of the Ro,dr satisfactory de sciiption It IS li I wmg account, how ever, will sum t ! I idmgt\i(s This ^pi 1 I Imnis 1 si en a SELENIPEDIUM 1651 V 1. lit (t the ^.tULia Cy im h IS been sepaiated by net genus, Paphiopedilum, id m horticultuial wiitmgs HeINRIOH HASSELBEINf, All Selenipediums enjoy plenty of heat and moisture in the growing season, March to November (65-90°) Give good drainage. Use chopped sphagnum with broken clinkers from the furnace, and the addition of a little leaf-mold, raising the material as high above the 1 of the pot as possible. This material is especidllj to be recommended for Give slight ~'i:i'l.-. :m,.I - glass. W.iN ' S. Sargtiii ., - three-fourth.^ Lull o; .1k of coarse fern ro(.t, uii rim. Place the plant "ii top with chopped si>li:i:;i coar.se sand or pulvfiizi- in a growing condition. Lin.; ind ided pla I 1 HI lies near the 1 _Ni The four s s Jilimii and I I It 1 Fill pots ill I thin layer t t I.\p1 of the I till ' to 3 m on t 111 i i mixed with IS K, I p the moss Wm Mathew s (Including some n Ainsworthii, 6. albiflorum, 1. albo-purpureum, H. atratum. 15. Boissierianxim, 17. ealurum, 12. caudidulum. 2. eardinale, .5. caricinum, 19. caudatnm, 14. Dominianum, 16. gigauteum, 1. grande, 15. Hartwegii, 10. advertised undei Cypripedii Klotzschianum 18 Lindeni, 14 Lindleyanum 9 longifolium 10 Luxeniburgense U magnitlorum 10 iiigreseens, 14 Feared. 19. porphyreum 4 reticulatum 17 RcezlU, 10. SargentiinuB Schhmu 1 lichomburgku vittitum 7 Wall.su 14 Warsceiiiczi Weidlichianum 3 PetaJs , Petals I 1 Schhmu 1 Sedem 1 Weidlichianum 4 porphyreum 1 cardmale f) Ainsworthii 7 vittatum s Sargentianum > Lindleyanum 10 longifolium 11 albo purpureum 1-' ealurum 13 Schroederae 14 caudatum I gi ande K Dominianum 1" Boissierianum Is Klotzschianum I I caricmum 1. ScUimii, Linden (Cypripedium Schlimii, Linden). Fig. 2306. Lvs. 4-6, ligulate, leathery, sharp-pointed, 9-12 in. high: scape longer than the lvs., hirsute, often branched, 2-8-fld. : sepals less than 1 in. .long, ovate- obtuse, the lower a little larger than the upper and con- cave, white or spotted with crimson on the inner side; petals like the sepals, labellum an elliptic bag with a contracted opening white with a large crimson blotch m front staminodium ^ ellow Late summer Colombia BM 5614 PS 18 1917 -Vai Fls white except the -s ellow stimii blotch on the 1 ibelhim 1 H 21 I and sup6rbum are ilso advertised 2 Sideni, Hort Fig 2307 I ^ 12-18 m long tapering to i | i high, about 4 fld but often s( n 1 1 1 ering branches from the axils t farst fls have fallen fls 3^ -4 i lower sepal owl, greenish white acute with faint purplish green late, twisted purple shiding to i base labelhini rirh emus nimi purple hehinil s] tt 1 i albifldrum, Linden odium and a suffused ^ i \ ars giganteum I 1 I I itter the Rii ss the petals, pet sepal oblong, US petals lanceo ■nish white at the sl till r to paler I 111! lietween < lit free floweungpliiit 1 M I i> ls-q470 ^ ar candidulum K i I t i s | [ i i t Is white tin„'id\Mth rose Kbclhini diik.i use \ Inbiid be twciii s I inoifohum and .S Sc/i/imii, var albiflorum Till t II wing names are also in the trade grandiH6- rum, sangTuneum, supSrbum. ' Weidliclu4num Hoit \ garden hybrid between s Ifntii III ml s s lliiiin It h irdly differs from s ^ 1 ,11 (, -\I 4 J,t (IS Cyjmpedutm Weidhm 4 porphyreum Ken hi t {( i// j / Imiij ilnn um cardinile, Ri ichb f [Cypripedium caidindXe, .hb t ) L-ss long, straight doisal sepal blush- 1652 SELENIPEDIUM white, slightly streaked with green ; petals broad, < oblong, undulate, white tinged with rose-purple the base; labellum intense purple; starainodium f Garden hybrid between S. i^edeni and S. Schlimii. 27:495. 6. Ainsworthii, Reichb. f. (Cypripf >.]],, wish green, faintly stri-MkiM « ii h i.ut i.li : |..« i r -. i-.i K ..\ ute-obtuse, rter tli; ing. h ■■)se-colored niarL-iii- :-i;.l "iHi :i ^^lllI^ hii.' .m ill. I'dgt; labellum 2 ill I -liiHlril Willi ilnll iMirple or brown in fr.iL' i.ll.iw. s|i(.ii..| with pale purple. C.i-i I,: I: ■•} .ViTn :,n.| ciMT. I.H. 20:138. R.H. is::;. I, i;i. I :i.:, pp. l.^. l:i. l-'.-M. 1874:119. F. I.s71:l_'ii- >. Ill It', sonietinu's considered as a dis- till.t s|H, n -. i^ .,f more robust habit, having lvs. 2 ft. loiiir iiiiil L'n.ii scapes. Var. magnifldrum, Hort. {I'lipni'i.tiinii iiiniinUlbrum, Hort.), has the petals niargiii.-il with white. A. P. 7:707. The following varie- ties also are distinguished in cultivation: grandifldrum, latifblium, and roseum. 11. Albo - purpHreum, Reichb. f. (Cypripedium dlbo- /)H)7)»»T!()H, Reichb. f.). Lvs. long, strap-shaped and recurved: fls. larger than those of S.Hedeni; sepals oblong-acute, subequal, whitish, with a purplish tinge on the margins; petals 5-6 in. long, linear, hanging downward and twisted, purplish; labellum purplish on the borders, the indexed lateral lobes nearly closing the mouth, white, with dark purple spots. Garden hybrid between ;S. Schlimii and Dominiaiium. Gn. 21, p. 332. — A var. BupSrbum has been advertised. 12. caltirum, Nichols. (Cypripedium cahlrwm, Reichb. f. ). Lvs. numerous, tufted, long acute, channeled: scape much taller than the lvs., brownish red, branch- ing: fls. large, about 5 in. across the petals; dorsal se- p;ils oblong-ovate, pale green, with longitudinal pur- plish ribs, Hushed with red on the outside; lower sepal lir.i:i.lly ovate and much etals lanceolate, pale green in and at the base, - label- M *nr-<5rj.« longiMium and .S. Sedeni. P. 1884:145. -There are several horticultural forms, one known as Bougidrii. 13. SchroBderae, Hcrt. ( Ciipripi'dinm Sehr(Pder(P, H..rt. V.iti-h, ex-Keichb. f.i. I ■hint of the habit of N. s,,l. III. with fls. resem- lilin- III.. SI' of S. albo-pur- iHin III,, I. lit larger: upper nhrr . ite in the middle, crimson-purple labellum purple outside, inflexed own blotches. Garden hybrid be- ll red and with bright red m:ir- ith pale red veins, deflexed side Brazil. B.M. 7446. G.C. III. 15:7 SELENIPEDlUiM SELF -STERILITY rather stif high, abon pale jell..' greenish I often itt 1 -\ II atratum \]\\l il i '^ ini,Eaz- IG. DominiUnum, Hort. (Vypiipednim Dommi&mim, Reichb f. I. Fig. 2309. Lvs. numerou',, about 1 ft long, acumin.ite tls >ellci\Msh triPen, wilh cojiiitr brown sb.iilis mil ill iikiii..'- Ill lliiiii.li.i I. .Iilisli brown, itti. ulit. 1 111 11 ml 111 1 N II « Il -I I I li ml A hy- brid 111 iHi I II ^ /' I I ^ ' ' It IS mter- meiliit lMt«.. 11 th. I II nt. I ut int. I- In 111 s i kome Canddllei Edgew ) A hardy perennial with hnel> cut fern like foliage and stem often 8 ft high I i ii hf 1 with numerous umbels t mhellife-ife About herbs mostly from nately decompound of smill white or ils obovate emargi of white fis olate acute fi I 1 sally four to si\ I I much the bioi 1 III s a novelty in Anitrua in Ih u in 1 foliage plant for single lawn specii SEMECABFUS I use of fruit ]ui cies of tropical V leathery h s an I fleshy oblont, Anacirdium I I iiiowlj lance 1 1 1 ressed dor I I 1 iteral ridges 1 1 -Offered as rec immended as a F W Barclay lized about the s m smooth black is used for pr SEM£LE( mother of Bacchus) I/ihdcew The Climb ihc Butchers Broom is a tender evergreen mu which attains a height of 50-60 ft and is lemarkible for beinng its flowers on the margins of the lea% es instead of on separate flcwer stalks These fls are small yellow 6 lobed blossoms about three eighths of an inch across What i] | it 1 I \ s «p t I i callj cladophvUa i t I t I I 1 It organs which h i\ e tin f i not the morpbologj Si I I of 4 genera known as tl \ bers ot which ha\c clil i 11 1 the Butcher s Broom (7i ; i ) m h i m^ i utl ci in stead of J and m ha% mg the fls boine on the margin of the cladophylla instead of along the midrib. Aspara- gus differs from both in having the fls. not borne on SEMPERYIVUM d the filaments free instead of grown nus of one species, a native of the 1 1 plant Is not known to be cult m s but it IS suitable for outdoor "s nth Franceschi (Santa Barbara) I Tl siuilax and has dirk green I 1 t 1 mistaken for some of the I s 1 nt 1 1 in_ chidodiv SEMPERViVUMd itn I ,f f HOISELLEK Abcut I I t 1 scatteied in the i I I World The\ are ii 11 I | 11 I Mill vse b\ ro tt (1 ^ 1 I 1 I I iient plant therebj suggi t n^, tl i i il ir 1 1 11 and chickens The h s are thick short I iknt The fls , which are boine m panicled le mosth \ II n ^t pi li U n or some sh i Ic it rose or i i I i Iniduvl fls are larger thai 1 I tei s arc Hon I 1 foil ige ^^ ,.' roots of houses i of S globifeium parent plant by 2310 Rosette and offsets of a H. the pli 11 1 1 h ml roll il out The the pettiest fthemall b\ reason the \oung rosettes These webs themseh es and are incidental to I num is closelv related to Sedum but the fl 1 1 I Its au multiples of 6 or some larger numbei while the flonl parts of Sedum are in 5 s The genus IS a difficult one for the botanist. It has been mono- graphed by J. G. Baker in "Gardener's Chronicle" for SEMPERVIVUM INDEX. SEMPERVIVUM 1655 ng. anomalum, 7. expansum. I. montanum. ; arachuoideum, 8. flagelliforme, 6. pumiluni, 7. arenarium, 13. glaucum, 3. Ruthenieum Atlantieum. 4. globiferum, 12. soboliferum, catcareum, 2. grandiflorura, 10. tei'tonim. 1. Califoniicum. 2. Heutfelii, 11. lumeiUosiun. Subgenus I. Sempervivum Proper. Floral parts 10 12 b 01 14 t, Lxi inded petals uidely sp. Diiiiionl El odaufhw lis teddish Groitp 1 C Imta Lii of the baireii loiettes glabio i. on the fues ihcn natuie shottlj tihatcd on. th edgeb onlj A. Std t t p nfl I- > -ip <• n 1 B !■ I I III I 1 tectorum BB 1 I calcareum AA. hed I f J I 4 Atlantieum B Petals btiqht ted BB Petals pale ted Group 2 P ih ire>ifia Lis of tht haiien shoots de- cided! j i I f n f ices a^ uell as ciliated at the edget, ttji ' ' tuft of spteadtng hans A. Heiql t meiotii the I D montannm fl I ( JIagelhforme BB .B / t 11 II 7 pumilum Grotip u 111 1 tl hail en 10 ettes stronglj III II U I f in i I ed u ill a tuft of bin III not flee j haiis at the cii ] (None in 0U1 trade ) Group 4 iiachnoidea Diffeiinq from tie ntl n i In i fl tips tiette like tl III II 1 II 1 i 1 ^ arachnoideum ( Fls yell I height 9 Buthenicum height 3-i ill 10 ^andiUorum SuBCENUS II DiopoGON I Ural paits m 6 s Co- rolla permanently bell shaped uith ascending close peta Is A. Pet 1 1 If I II I liq I It II n HeuffeUi AA. Pet 1 1 II ell tei I 1 1 I I 1 t 11 moti ipliitbjn bhndei '.t ilk B Lis oboiate enneate V globiferum BB Ltb oblanceolate 1 arenarium 1. teotdrum, Lmn Houseleek Old Man and Wo- man Pig 2310 Height 1ft rosettes ^-4 m acios^ Iv.s. obovate cuneate cuspidate 114-2 or finallj S m long, pale green with a distinct re 1 1 r n n ti] i „hth t j a sixth of an inch ling pan 1 I 4 !.■, composed of in 1' so ij 1 1 1 1 i. across petals pale red k I 1 I I j 1 i mens often chinge 1 t j tl 1 I | | 1 ■. Eu. Ouent —Jar expansum 11 i a 1 to 1 t e broadei h s and moie oi en lu tttca 2. calcareum Joi 1 {S Oil f i c im Hort ) Height under 1 ft ) iiren losettes 2 in ilioss Ivs oblanceo- Intp t glaucous «ith a distinct red brown tM' [ anicle 3-4 m long and broad with ^- i ches fls % in across petals pale 1' I the keel both on the back and face. C';il< t Dauphmy 3. gladcum Teiiore Height (-9 in.: barren rosettes 2-3 in. acros l\ s oblanceolate cuneate, less glaucous than S. cat ai urn with onlj a very faint red-brown spot at the tip ] uu les 2-3 m across: fls. 1 in. across; petals bright rr 1 Siiiijlin \lps 4. AtUnticum 1 11 i It n nlylft. : barren ro- settes 2-3 11 1 1 I ...iate-cuneate, pale green, hardh i nirle 3-4 in. across: fls. lin. acr i i i I Vilas Mts. B.M. 6055 (as S. tectum \ I I I iiin -The Ivs. of the flowering stem aie biifehtlj culuitd withered, excepting towards the base 2311. Spiderweb Ho 5. montanum, Linn. Height G in. : barren rosettes 1^2-2 in. across, the new ones few, and borne on red pilose peduncles 1-1J4 in. long: Ivs. 60-80 in a rosette: panicle very dense, lK-2 in. across, the lowest fls, nearly sessile: fls. 1-lH in. across, bright mauve-red. Fls. about the end of June. Alps, Pyrenees. 6. flagelliSbrme, Fisch. Height 3-4 in.: barren ro- settes 1-lH in. across, the new ones long-peduncled: Ivs. 40-50 in a rosette: fls. 6-8 in a dense head, all ses- sile or nearly .so, 1 in. across or more ; petals bright red. Fls. early in .June, before any other species. Na- tive country uucertain. 7. pilmilum, Bieh. (^^. rt«(5»(aZMm, Hort.). Height 3- 4 in.: barren rosettes at most 1 in. across, the new ones numerous and short-peduncled : fls. 4-8, in a dense head, all sessile or subsessile, 1 in. across ; petals bright mauve-purple. Fls. in middle of June. Cauca- 8. arachnoideum, Linn. Cobweb or Spider-web Hou.seleek. Fig. 2311. Height 3-5 in.: barren rosettes }4-% in. across, the new ones crowded and sessile: Ivs. oblong-cuneate, pale green, the tips of nearly all con- nected by long, soft, white hairs: panicle dense, few- fld.: fls. less than 1 in. across; potals hritrht red. Py- rciMMs to Tyrol. B.M. 68.-,S'. ^.w^„^.^■„„K ('. H. Lehm., ^:ii(i til .lirtVr in having shortci-. hmm-c oliox atf-cuneate l\^. aiMl ilutter and more coniiKict ro^ciir^ :iii;irrL'n rosettes globosi-. 1 I', mi : • . -'nmg ones attached to ihr \,:,u :,: -,i, i ,. !• ;. :■ . iImc:u1 and easily becoming iIlUi'Ih .1 ii.ii. it .ti.4 i-lliu„ aL.iJiit: Ivs. 60-80 in a rosette, obovate-cununtc, the uuti.-r ones tipped red -brown, especially on the back: fls. 1 in. across, pale yellow; petals obscurely tricuspidate, con- spicuously fimbriated at the edge and on the prominent keel. Mts. of Austria. B.M. 14ri7. - riil.-- i In- > "luig rosettes are thinned out the plants n-' iii>t -<■ hk. ly to flower. Under the name of .S'. .//. / 1/- i "/.., I.hhlimis seems to have confused all the yelinw tliKM*tes which he knew. 13. aren^iium, Koch. Very close to S. globiferum, having the same height, the same globular deciduous rosette, etc., but with narrower Ivs. and the petals larger and more strongly fimbriated: Ivs. oblanceolate: fls. l-lJi in. across; petals pale yellow, distinctly tri- cuspidate, with a linear end tooth, strongly fimbriated at the edge and less so on the prominent keel. Tyrol. Gn. 49, p. 220. if. nipestris is advertised by one American dealer, but it seems to be unknown to botanists. VF. M. SENEBIfiRA (after .fob. S™,-I„i r, n „M„rali.t of Geneva). Cruc'if(r,v. Ahout i; -;. ■ r ;.' .. linii.ini annual or biennial herbs fi'iiii iln . : ., i, ,..ii-..r Europe and Asia, aud AuNiialia. ,. ; ... i ,;.,,,. m ii. or pinnately cut Ivs. and .Miiall wIiHl mi hilI) i-uriiU- fls., in short, axillary racemes: sepals short, spread- ing, equal at the base; stamens free; siliques in pairs, small, laterally compressed; valves 1-seeded, indehis- cent. pinnatifida, DC A .•niniiion weed in many parts of the world and soinriiuM s n-, ,1 .as a pot-herb in foreign countrirs: jilaTii ' .1 ft. Iii-li: Ivs. pinnately lobed: fls. white, small, nunn rous p_ ^ff ^ Barclay. SENECA SNAKEROOT. Pol; SENfiClO ( \a mately from .s< to the hoary y: largest genus o in all parts of t members and I" variable and ili tion. A distill:; character of tli Is of this genus, ulti usually reinfo that give tile calyx. Tlie h being i.i-nllat absent an-l ih and .'i-i The .akee. soft Wlullli, > species swell wetted. Befo apparently kI nence a Cinera, bv Be.i SENECIO the Farfugium i I \ \ \ s h i florists, b ntki purple ragwort commonly known are known as dust i | is sometimes tontoun I I w th s ( All other species are ot very ramor importance to the horticulturist Of the TO or more species native to the United States and Canada, about a half dozen have been offered by dealers in native plants, but they are practi- cally unknown horticniturallv. Most of the species aie wholly herl.aee.ais. b„t i„ S,,„tli Afriea aii.l South America II taii\ -;...■!'-- are -h i-i.mIm. . s ■ -lie.'i-- are evenarbor. ' . •• I • i -i ■ ■ i •■ ■■ . 1 1 -■• . ■ '■ ■ I'ira and the ( '; • i i 'i ■ ■■■:■•; as i:,! M I II :i II I I iMiiin) and Cineraria I ,1 s 11 i:,„iHa. ..nee;,,- ,i!:mi.| I... Mi ■Teenliouse Bud hardy lilts. It is impossible to give general cultural . The species are not difficult to manage, and most of them propagate readily by means aiod cuttings and seeds; the hardy species vided. INDEX acanthifolius 9 DougHsu 17 lug ns 13 albu^ 5 eiHg.ns 1 .oglobsu^ 8 Anteuphorbmm 1 erettus . nmculatum 2 traenteus 2 Eiiilhnehate 3 'itima 9 •vrtRuHtus 1 exilt.tus IJ mikanioides 7 lureo micuUtus 2 Farfinnniii 2 pal, aureo marginatum tastigi itus 1j Pal, men 10 9 nrandi 2 Pet IMtlS 11 aureus 14 Jacobaa > pul. her b Bolanderi 16 Japonua S purnti , c indidissimus 9 J ipomcus 3 ideni 7 Cineraria 9 K t-mpteu 2 spii uilo.i 1 Dona 12 Ltgulana 2 i SUS] pensa 1 A i>tem flahi) H itli joiiiiLd aiidii i.Ol Uiihiniiihts heads ray less 1 articulatus AA i,tem nut fl^sln, B 6(((;cs of iinojucie tomeuhat Oltlhlfl'lli 1 "i<1 oii,jI,„iit ll Cineraria U Palmen EE Heihaqegieenoratmost only grayish, not white to)>u>itof,e F ics la,y, palmat.hi vein,,} 11 Petasitis FP it's ,„„i ,n.„.i duilil II, , ,, il,„. on, s ,1 ,1, , „l 12 Dona jastigiatus Bolanderi Douglasii 1 articulatus, ^ili {KIpdihi lutuuhttn Haw) Candle Pi^NT PI uit br inching, t,l.ilji"if' lud tte'.b} 1-2 ft high, the branches swollen at intervals, hs tl it and f5esh> , petiolate, laeniiate or luncmate with acu mmate lobes beads (lis((,i(l and all the floiets jierfect white, in small coim; .. on n ikid pLduniUs ikeius dowuv S Atr -1>, ilM| ^ til. .,11,1,1 n. -t Kl, ,i,i , m lultivatiiin bein,? ^i..\\ii \ ith 11, ,i „ iil ,iiv ,s (Khuiia) Antiup'i ll >'"" "- ii i -.„,,. m,,. -. . i, iQ collectinns iltb i,_!i ,( i ii t 1 ,, \\,i t li in Ih. American ti , 1 ' , i ii, nl. I li ln^l, with fleslix I 1 1,1 ,,,, ,,, ,11,1 , solitary oln, , I i tii ^ | in inch long L ^1 , ' , , V i 1 , 1 t i tins plant' IS <,ne ..t tb. ..11, ^t ( ,,tiMtion having \Lcording to Dodon 1 11 t , Europe m 1570, and cultivated m Tii 1 , i garden in 1596. * * • The nami 1 / w is given because of its being a reputed ir acrid poison of the (, ipe riifili.,il Kteniia spmulosa and A s,i /, „■. the American trade, but til. \ a. in, 2 K*mpfen, DC (L„i,il,n„, h Zuec 1, Fin ftiqiiim C Ktitli /.i, Benth ) Rhizomitous peienniil se on slender ducculent woollv petiole b-lO m aciobS), oibiculir to iieaih i luse, angulxi toothed green fl ^t tulent woolI> , blanched, withonlx heads large, with light yellow i i\ acioss pappus white and copicm — Vai aureo maculatus II. nt / ,,1.1 1 Sub & mini Kixnipfeti, iig up many Ivs l\s luge (often Lin ud of glcLted it is, howe\ei a must w iil \ i , .,,, ii..l only for the house but for 1,. .l.liii^ in il, | . n in shady places The plant ishu.h i- t u n iili i^ W i-liiiigton when 6>et permanently m tin .>|.i n i im tmin his jel low spotted Ivs (the comni.iMi 1 ) iii.l iimth. i li is white spotted hs Another form (var l.nld species, with strikiiii,^ t i-rr-i iialtit ami lari4f IN. in siniiiner. Perennial, although It lias been (iescnbeil as annual. In protected places and well-drained soils, it is hardy in southern New England. 7. mikanioldes,Otto(S. scrf)i(fens,DC.). German Ivy. Fig. ^i:] I. Sli !i(l( r aiul srlahrnus, tall-twining: Ivs. ovate or drill'!. I ..\ all' iti onthtir, nmstly with a deep liasal sinus, -l,aipl> ,'i 7an-I.al . .r an.i;le-lohed : head small, discuiil, \. 111. XV, HI r .■liistiTs ou axillary and turnii- nal bran. In -. .^. .\ I r. - X'^ry coninion conservatory and window-ijarili n plant, easily propagated by cuttings. 8. macroglbssus, 1>(', Lvs. mostly hastate, often with acuminat.' hasal l.ili.-s, Init various in shape: beads only 1-3 tog.thi T, an. I I., arinir vrllow rays. S. Afr. 9. Cineraria, In . .,,,( >narlUma,'Lmn. Seni- cio ,inii,tlui:>i^ II li-, 2315. Perennial, 2 ft. or less tall. In .MM I, ■ ii I n- base, very white-wooUy throiiiil I: I |ii! I I. .' nh olilung and obtuse seg- leria,,,^ . I .. .'... 10, Palmen. ' i sHgh'tly''t~ :...!,:. I , :'■ with V.II..W .■:..-, a. GuadAlupc Isl.. L,n Santa Barbara. 11. Petasitis, DC. 2316. Robust perenn young parts, branch 6-10 in. across. Ion; strongly several nr green above but gr;i long open panicle, th .iiial lianlin plant, sometimes the commoner Dusty Miller is another one is Artemisia Stel- tnentose all over, ilong- lanceolate, "le : heads few, 1., in a corymb, by Franceschi, .-luti (Cinerdria Petasitis, Sims). Fig. ,al, 2-3 ft, tall, gray-floccose on the BL'- Iv- b.'tb radical and cauline, r -1 ill . I . a, lat,. -ovate-orbicular, I \ . .1 ' inany-lobed, dull y I i! . Ill ath: heads in a n .■} liialia' i! in' "lucre % in. high. SEQUOIA the few rays light-yellow. S. Amer. B.M. 1,^.36. -A striking plant for winter decoration, the star-like fls. (or heads) being produced in great abundance; now becoming disseminated in this country. 12. DAria, Linn. Erect, 3-4 ft. : radical lvs. oval-ob- long, dentate, somewhat glaucous, stalked ; stem-lvs. oblong - lanceolate, sessile and somewhat decurrent : heads yellow, with 5 or 6 rays. Eur. Hardy perennial. 13. Itigens, Rich. Perennial : floccose-woolly when young Inn l.'ii iiiiii^ h' ally or quite glabrous, 6-24 in. tall, tin- - I', naked above: Ivs. spatulate to oval or : 'l.nticulate: rays 10 or 12, yel- low, con -I I \\ I i.ru U. S. in the mountains and to Alaska. — \ ai. eialtatus. Gray, has been offered: 1-3 or 4 ft. tall: lvs. thickish, longer-petioled, abrupt or subcordate at base. 14. aiireus, Linn. Perennial: an exceedingly variable and cosiii.'i...|itaii •jvnn|i. by some aiitlmrs split into sev- eral s|ii-''i' - ' 'I I, '"IIS. l-_' tt. lall: lvs. mostly roundial ill ■ , n.l,. .Mnhi - lan.-colate and pinnatili'i ■' ■ ., ■ I ■ "i - man) . ' . ', in. high, with throughout the U.S. 15. fastiglitus, Nutt. Perennial: mostly pubescent, the stem strict and simple and 1-2 ft. high: lvs. all entire or very nearly so, lanceolate or spatulatc-lanceo- late, obtuse: beads M-K in. high, with conspicuous yellow rays. Idaho, Oregon, Washington. 16. Bolinderi, Gray. Perennial: glabrous or soon be- coming S.I, the stems weak and slender and 6-30 in. tall: lvs. thin, paliiiati-ly fi-ll-lobed or incised, or the stem- lvs. pinnai. I> .Ini.lial: beads several, %-\4 in. high, with 5-S ratin r bni^; yillow rays. California, Oregon. 17. Dotiglasii. HC. Fi.g. 2317. Woody or even shrubby at base. Willi inan> st.ms. 2-3 ft. tall, with the aspect of an aster: ixs. -ni.all ami linear, or the lower ones pin- nately part. .1 inh. lilif.irm divisions: heads numerous, %-i4 in- liii;li. with ,s-18 conspicuous yellow rays. Nebr., W. l. jj. B. SENNA. See Cassia. SENNA, BLADDER. Colutea. SENSITIVE BKIEK. See Sclirankia. SENSITIVE FERN. Onoclea sensibiUs. SENSITIVE PLANT. Mimosa p„t}iea. SEQUOIA (after Sequoyah, otherwise George Guess, a Cherokee half-breed of Georgia, about 1770-1843, in- ventor of the Cherokee alphabet). Cnnlferct. Big Trees of California. Redwood. Tall, massive, often SEQUOIA gigantic forest trees, with trunks usually heavily but- tressed at base, covered with thick, fibrous bark, deeply and widely lobed; heartwood dark red, soft, durable, straight-grained; sapwood very thin and nearly white: Ivs. persistent, alternate, often dimorphic (especially on young trees) : fls. naked, monrpcioii'i, solitnry. the stami- nate terminal or axillary; stinmii^ iiunirn.us: cones maturing in one season. Oii.r wnl.lx ili-triliuted in several species throughout tlit- iiitrni.r i.l N.nth America and parts of Europe, but now liiiiitc.l tc. two species, which are conlined to the mountains of California. The wood of S. sempervireiis at present forms the bulk of the redwood lumber in the trade, and is used on the Pacific coast wherever a light, durable, easily worked material is desired. Most wooden buildings are constructed with this lumber in California, and it is sometimes exported to Europe to be employed as a sub- stitute for red cedar in the manufacture of lead-pencils. Logs with a curly grain are highly prized by cabinet- makers, from whom they have received the name "curly redwood." The wood of S. gigantea resembles that of S. semper- virens, but is coarser-grained and lighter (In weight), and is therefore not adapted to :is wiilc U'-i' as the latter. It is very durable in contact with tin- s..il, li.nvever, and is widely used for coarser coiisti-urt ii.ii woik. ties, fence- posts, vineyard stakes, sbinglr^. iiii.l tin- liki'. As an ornamental subject. N. n- //./..///,. /i.s- will be valuable wherever it is hanl> . Ii i^ rmlMr insistent upon a cool, moist, foggy cliiiinti , lic.\\r\, r, and is in this respect inferior to the otiur s|Mri,^. although a va- riety known as S. semperl-iren.s, var. git to be doing well in southern California. S. gigantea has been more widely pla and in JEurope, and in sheltered locations has maintained itself for a number of years. The most notable exam- ples are those in the Ellwanger & Barry grounds, at Rochester, N. Y., which are now about 40 yrs. old, 30 ft. high and 12 in. in diameter at base of trunks. When seen in the winter of 1900-1, however, these trees were beginning to show the effects of the rigorous climate by their dead and dying tops. This species is far more ; reported the East ^^^-^ 2316. Senecio Petasitis (X ii). hardy than S. scmpervirens , and even in the dry climate of southern California is reported to be doing very well. A weeping variety known as S. pendula is advertised, which originated some years ago in European nurseries, and is described as having "all pendulous branches, closely pressed against the stem." Both species are said to dislike heavy soils, and to thrive best when planted in deep sandy loam. Both are easily propagated from seed, which sprout readily in a few weeks. 2317. Senecio Douglasii (X M'- A. Lvs. dimorpliic, nsuallg 2-ranked: buds scaly. sempSrvirens, Endl. California Redwood. Fig. 2318. Tree, 200-400 ft. and more high, with a slightly tapering trunk, 10-20 and sometimes 25 ft. in diam., and often clear of branches for over 100 ft.: branohlets and lvs. distichously spreadini;. tli' 1 or three years and sihimimim^ 'I branch, the larger J4-:' i '"■ l"rm, cone oblong. 54-1 in. h'liL'. ' . in i-sistent for two i(; on the same iller scale-like: and iiersistent 1. ('..i,nned to \" '. - -When ii,,i), . V 1 porous iDUg-nvuU snouts, olluu pruuuciiig iuLiciia:iiaijti; trees. AA. Lfs. seldom or not at all dimorphic, not 2-ranlied, often imbricate: buds naked. gigantea, Decne. (S. TTellingldnia, Seeraann). Cali- fornia Big Tia i . n.-. ?"VX Tree, 200-350 ft. high, with heavy m- ' ' . -"metimes 20-30 ft. in diam. and oft. I, i i i h.s for over 150 ft. : bark of old trees fi'iii' i - -i i^ : lu-anchlets hardly dis- tichously arrauj;..!. i.i li.Jul..,!,,, cord-like, forming rather tangled masses; lvs. ]„ to U in. and sometimes K in. long on stout shoots, and usually closely appressed and scale-like: cone ovate-oblong, 2-3K in. long, 1-2K in. thick, opening only slightly, retaining its original form even wlien dry, and persistent. W't^t' tii slo|.( sof Sierra. Nevada. S.S. 10:.536. Akmji.h \' . S im I'.i,m;ai-ch. Taxodium was the group in wliirli ,S', ,,/i..;.( xemper- rii-ens was at first placed by Lainjn rt tfun the- speci- mens obtained by Menzies in l,:i.i, an. I ii ii-mained there until 1847, when Endliclnr . ^lahli-h.d Sequoia for its reception. The type-spcirs .,1' ■|'a\M.liiim is T. distichum, the deciduous cypress. Lilir nearly all lax- ads, the deciduous cypress has a very ancient relation- ship among fossil trees; it once grew on a large part of western Europe and portions of England. Forms of Sequoia, whose ancient history constitutes one of the most interesting chapters in fossil botany, once grew in immense forests in Europe, Asia and North America. The first fossil remains occur in the lower chalk-forma- tions and increase in extent to the tertiary strata, in which they are numerous. In miocene times, fossil Se- quoias extended "from the Hebrides to the Steppe of Kirghis." Asa Gray and others have told the story of the rise and fall of this great and strong family of coni- fers, once as powerful as any tree-group in the world. 1660 SEQUOIA SEQUOIA lint cut off, swept away and destroyed by the glacial age until only the local conditions prevailing in the Coast Range and Sierras of California preserved the two re- maining species to the present time. According to Gray, S. Langsdorfii, the Sequoia which is found in the miocene in Europe, appears in the miocene of Alaska, Greenland, Spitzbergen and Iceland, and it much resembles S. ^, aempervireus. An- other fossil species, S. Sternbergii, found in Greenland, seems to have been the an- cient representative of S. giganiea. Ac- cordmgtothemvesti gations of the United ^" ^o - States Geological Department the wood of the -^rizoni, petrified forest is that of a species of lequoia whose wood went down under a primeval sea, was covered with sandstone and rose i^am into the present continent If f i n I lin \ ling ago these things h i] i II ' gi swers Millions of \ \ i m regard to the pen 1 1 '^ Greenland Siberia ii 1 i i I 1 measure that period ( iilj I > % is epochs But the \ ihie and inte quoias are greatlj increased b-s a their pi tie is til lit m dtrn ■ pom it I 1 1 I 1 I At tl I lit Redwood occupies only a 1 11 I 1 the ocean nor is it con tinu 1 I tl I lit Redwood, or California sts iiIn 111 a tl w small and isolated groves ill less than faft\ square miles along the western si le f the Sierra Ne\ id \ range Compared with the enoi nic us territoi y oni p op iipie 1 b^ species of Sequoias the m dein repres i t tu t f) incient and boil iral le f imily are re 1 i I! area The hrst kno« n of the Se i 1 more valuable speii While , Big the the and n I I I 1 tl Pacihc coist 11 i ] I I I ti\c I w rs t tt e tree aie enormous no other known ooniter so persistently sprouts from the stump so rapidly makes new forest or so well resists fire But it does not thri\ e farther inland than the limits of the sea fog and a large part of the original area covered b\ this nc hie tree has been denuded by successive fires and destructive lumbering methods Small Redwood forests occur m Monterey county, but the most southern forests of commercial importance are in Santa Cruz. The belt, broken by the Bay of San Francisco, extends north through Marin, Sonoma, Mendocino, Humboldt and Del Norte to the southern bordi-rs i.f Oregon. Tlic n-:il Rcdwi.oil forests are all cont.iin' .1 w iiliin n -i rli. ..r ,■..:,- 1 1:iih1~ "(in miles long ;iri>l r;.r. ' . . m :1 .... 'r. ,,,- ■■;, n:;|, . :,],.. The actii.-il Ih„Ii, - ..: i:. ! . . i :,l .., il,i i. i ..i uv merely a ehiiiii nt I..MI I ,.i,,. ., j., I ,;, ,1 I,. ,• 1,-s or by large iiiras on v.lji.i, U..: - o. ..r _m .; . A small grove, now practically .1, .t)->r,l. ,-..:.u.{ lii n >,ai-s ago on the cast side of fin- l'..i\ oi S: n I immi-co. in Ala- meda county. Well-lioi-fv, ii;i\r loiiiMi l;,il\MHi.l logs in a perfect state of prcsirv.it ion in various part.s of the Coast Range far south of where the tree now grows, even to Los Angeles and San Diego, showing that in some former period of greater rainfall and more sea-fog. Redwood forests extended much farther along the coast. The .Vniiii \>I,.i.. the Redwood thrives is compara- tive! \ < I I 1 ■ 'd by cool summer winds from the soutli\,. i: .!■ delights in rich, sheltered moun- tain \:i'o \^ .([Ml hri ill., slopes, in dripping fogs and in heavy wmiei rams. Going east from the ocean, in the Redwood region, one suddenly comes to the top of a ridge, to overlook oaks and pines, and at once reaches the plainly marked edge of the Sequoia sempervirens forest. irii-e)is is sometimes called seeond in size anion-' the i.'iaMt i-onifers of the Pacific coast, the tallest tre. y. i auili. iitirally measured was 340 ft. high, exceedin- m li. i-hi tie- tallest of the Sierra species, and it is probal.l.- that tree- exist which rise to nearly 400 ft. and so deserve to take the tirvt |ilaer an u' the conifers. Many trees of 20 and even i;j ti . in diahn ii r at five feet from the ground, and from :;o(i i,, ::j., n in height, are still standing in the Redwooil i^i, -iv, Tlio finest groves of Redwoods contain many .~i.i-einiens that range from 1:J0 to 250 ft. or more in height and have a diameter of from 12 to 18 ft. In such forests the trunks rise in clear, red-brown shafts to a height of from 75 to 150 ft. before they branch; they stand so close that the masses of timber that exist on each acre are greater than are found in any other known forest, and through their fai distant tops the sun seldom leaches the warm sheltered soil of the great Coast R-m.^e t iii ns With proper management under the pin il I tihe forestr\ the Redwood region as it il I be main tained, and Its future \ K It I I but other wise in fort^ or fifty y i I 1 \ ilue of the entire area will 1 i m1 The state < t California has tl | uated $2o0 000 for the puichase ft 1 1 forest of the Big Basin m '^int nimission is now Archibald I IS in 1831 loduccd to nere) i y It is I II he •Silv. I in cultn forms 1 I I 11 but cannot >et 1 e e ill 1 h\c 1 \u le IIj d«ail Kid wood is jet extant Larger leaded or more compact forms can be selected from the foiest and the tree re sp iiids e-isih to sell tiun and cultuie It thrnes in >- I 1 1 tl s I 1 1 to vallev, iii the Sierra foot I II I I t southern California so that t 1 1 useb can be greatly extended tl I It I IS 1 en lii-(lv planted m Lui II I I 1 I 1 IS w IS to have I 1 rich soil near tl i Endl 1 I hn qt ma of SuiK\ 1 n 1 II 11 mn md of 2319. Sequoia EiEantea(X K Sargent) is undoubtedly one of the rarest of all living species of trees, and one of the most easily visited and studied. It is the best living representative of a geologic age long passed away. Besides this, it is the most im- pressive and noble of all known trees. But nearly all of the small remaining group of Big Trees exceiit the Mariposa groves are owned by private individuals and are being cut down or may at some future time be de- SEQUOIA strovecl The f mou s C1ll^Pn<. nno v^hl h IS his toucUh an.i ^ci entih t-ilh . t ' I 1. r St of anj Bi, rrt-t „li>np « 1-. 111 1 I' 1 inberman lllVC t th 1 1 unlei,s he Jlet- 111 pi lie tr.iii th, . 1 the gen eill „n\ innient Ol siinii 111 1 1 " sociation .s>rae til e Spqo lias aie in th. s IIU II I m 1 Cxeneral Grant na tional parks but prnate timber cl aims hold in^n\ of the bes t trees he.e ami sawm lis are now at this wonderful species to unique, but it lepioduces \ The seeds, e-seii undei HP 1 ver-^ low ^\t ilit^ mil s the age .ncd by ^ ears old Sequoias not onlj m Lnslish, but in othei piesent conditum (1101) of the nomenclature of aous Callfo^nl^ Pi_ Trn. is iiiit itunate Ac r toistiKt lilt 1] I t 111 11 fill I, luster Code IP s nirae s / //. ii.n i I li irdcd be in istl FnUi li I I 1 I I 111 ( It Redwood SEREN^A vered with deeply obliquely fissured, tubular sheaths, the sprpadins; bi alternate branehlets very sl.n.br: ing the peduncle: bractlpts niiiiut. black, an inch long. Speoiis L'. 1 anches branched, the s|i;itlips many, sheath- : lis. whitp: fr. ovoid, Un-uhi to .s. Carolina. serrulata. Hook. f. Saxv I'mmk creeping, branching, 4-s li, I.hil: outline, fan-shaped. sli..ri. i ih: edged petiole; segmeiii- -h^lnly. IT.., Fi-. L'.'.-jn. Stem x.-J-l It, ...uvular in 1 111.- -l.-n.i.-i-, .spiny- .1-1 :it 111.- ,.,.,-x,with- shorter tban the y i-.: 1 r :># ^:kk( ^yp. ■ -1 1 1 otheis b ISP then '^ ' In lectmg this Sxi^ent anove, bluish green below, 2x2 ft., divide. I ii.iiii. I. ihi- base into narrow linear-lanceo- late I '. . r..d by P. W. Reasoner in 1887. First . I 1 .1 Differs from above in arborescent habit. III 1. . i..ii-,.ipli. N. rninlt^, [jiinll.. was offered in 1881 in the eastern states by western col- lectors, but it is doubtful if any member of the genus is in cultivation. SEEtSSA (Ci iIm TiMlian umii.l, /?..'. M,-,-.r, \ single S|,..ri,.. IV.:. .i:'l . , •.■•: '. ■ . . . '.-■.-• <^r.:'~ of mud.-n.l.' ii- I . . ■ Ivs. and rati,,. I ,i,.i;i, , . ...ii . . I sessile in tlic li al a.-.il.. ur u rumial : r-i-lla Inula I- shaped, 4-(i-lobcd, the lobes :j-lobed; stuniciis inserted on the corolla-tube; style shortly 2-cleft: fr. subglo- bose, 2-celled, 2-seeded. foetida. Lam. (S. Japinica, Thunb.). The yonne Ivs. are ill-smelling if crushed. Suiiiiii.r. I;.M. :;r,i - 1 H- fered by importers of Japanese jilani-. \ ar. viirieKata has yellow-margined Ivs. Oflen-d m l-'i.", I,\ I'ii.Imi \ Manda. p. w. J'.akm.av. SERPENT GOURD. See Trichosantlies. SEERADELLA is an annual is valuable as a fodder |ilani ■ soils. It may be used I'.r |>, sometimes out twice in a -. ,i~.. with winter rye. The plani Div. of Agrostology, 1'. ■- !> G. Smith says: "At th.- 1' from two cuttings wa.s 1 : does not require lime. an. plant which sandy sterile r hay. It is to the tains with 1 > of slender, low-growing annuals yllow fls. which are too minute to ral value. Lvs. odd-pinnate; Ifts. SERVICE-BERRY is Amelmichier SERVICE-TREE. See Snrhns. SESAME. See .S.snmum. SfiSAMUM (<:,,, 1 ,0,,,. ia|... 1, \,v Tliyrr the Aralii^-i. /■ ' ^ . ■ ■ .' : from 111. ha aial 1 . .1 ,.. 'i . . axillai-v ih.«. - . I 1 . S.Inill'inu.v.],:. i: 1,., !...,<. Ameriaa mahi- tin- mn i. ..! 1:. •■ 1 : half tlinir «. i-hi ..I .. : I benne-, u-in-ih . m- tn,.| ..:, . n.. 1 ..'!..i' not ea>i. V i .!'■ I ■'.'.. I ' ' ' inln.lia 1..1 ...■■:....: Lm. oil ami . . .■ ... . .'•: I .■ I I.. I raanurarl um ..1 -".if im.l annh-ral i"n "1 ,,; cult, in -tliern states as a nuMli.-mal hcrh, the muci- laginous leaves being used in dysentery and diarrhoea of children. The oil of Sesamura, however, which is expressed from the seeds is in large doses a laxative. Indicum, Linn. {S. orient Ale, limn.). Lvs. variable, 3-.5 in. long, oblong or lanceolate, the lower often 3- lobed or parted: corolla pale rose or white, 1 in. long, tubular, 5-cleft, the 2 lobes of the upper lip shorter. ies of ir the Also .Tuly. B i\I. 1G88. — White- and black-seeded varieties have been known for at least two centuries. Runs wild in the extreme South. ^_ jj, SETAEIA (se/a, abristle; referring to the bristles be- low the spikelets). Oniiithiea. Hackel places the num- ber of species at In. hm -^i a ihni r an.] ^I, n ill describe 28 species from North \ > i ' - i;inusname Chffitochloa). W'ai n i :i 'M. Includes several weedy si.ia a , I .. I s.„f„„rn.S. nthn dense ound ill - I : :■ . ■ ■ The seed is iclosed in ,ln ih.ai iin^ yliina., v.lii.I, 1- .Kually finely -aii^\aTsi-ly wrinkled, a character which distinguished II- Iruit from other similar grasses. The generic name t 1 hi^i- iirasses is confused. By some they are referred I l\.i|ilioriis, and by others, more recently, to Chseto- hloa. ItAlica, Beauv. Common Millet of the United States Germinica, liii JIi: nearly approaching the wild S. vlridii : bristles much longer than the spikelets. macrostachya, HBK. {S. Alopect'tms, Fi.sch. S. alo- prr'n-'>'"'' ■■■ . var. in-jr't nf the trade). An erect or as- - -I.!--! - ;.,ir.,..|.i -like slender, tapering at apex: 1 -i I ... J, ^i-1 in. long; spikelets one- I ill I -_, ii I _ Iniie one-third to one-half, sec- i-inl 1 ... iiiM.i. 1.1 ihi. . Ii.urths as long as. and third gitiiiic i-.|iialiiig the spikelet; first glume inflated about the base of the spikelet. Texas to S. America. mtigBa, Griseb. A coarse stout grass resembling Common Millet. Spike yi in. thick, as much as a foot liiiii,'. taia-iiiiL; alinvi- ami below: bristles l-;i, scarcely '._. ill. h.iii:: ~]iihi III- . .lie-twelfth in. long, elliptical; lii-i -li ihinl a- li.iig as, second and tliifd ef|iial- itiL' fill- ^jiiki li I ; ll.iwi ring glume smooth. JIarshes of Uiilf .staii-s t.. I ■iiitral America. a. S. Hitchcock. SHAD-BUSH. Consult Amelanchii-r. SHADDOCK. See Citrus and Pomelo. SHADE TEEES. See Trees. SHADING. See Greenhouse, page 090. SHAGBAEK. See Hiekorij. SHALLOT U AlUum Ascalonicum, Linn., native of Syria. It is grown chiefly for the small oblong-pointed gray bulbs, which are used in cookery for flavoring; the leaves are sometimes eaten in a green state. The bulbs are of mild flavor. Shallots are little known in North America. They are grown as garlics are (see Garlic), the bulbs or cloves being separated and planted early in spring in any good garden soil. Each bulb produces several, all cohering by the base. The mature bulbs are 2 in. or less long and only about half that in diameter. The leaves are small, terete and hollow. The plant is hardy. The bulbs will keep sev- eral months or even a year. Small onions are some- times sold as Shallots. l. h. B. SHAMROCK SHAMROCK. Half the world is sure that Shamrock is the wood sorrel, Oxalis Acetosella. The other half is equally certain that the true Shamrock is white clover, Trifolitim re/ims. In the time of Speuser's Fairy Queen, Shamrock was said to he good to eat. This applies to the former plant, but not to the latter. Moreover, according to Sowerby, the wnod-snrrfl is in perfection on Saint Patrick's Day, wljil.- whitr rl..vrr is not. The wood-sorrel is sent in grt-Mt c|u;uifiii. < from Ireland to London for Saint Patrick's .lay. ( >n the other hand, it is said that clover is the plant most com- monly used in Ireland. Half a dozen other plants have their followers, and these are all plants with three leaf- lets. Nevertheless there are those who deny that Saint Patrick used the Shamrock as a symbol of the trinity. These declare that the water cress is the true Sham- rock. The question will alwavs remain an open one. See Dyer's "Folk-Lore of Plants." -^ jj SHAMROCK PEA. Parochetus communis. SHAW, HENRY, founder of the Missouri Botanical Garden, i.u]iul:irlv known as "Shaw's Gardens," was born at ShcfflcKl, England, July 24, 1800, and died at St. Louis, Mo., August 25, 1889. He came to the United States in 1819 and engaged in the hardware business until 1840 in St. Louis, where he continued to reside until his death. After retirement from active business he traveled for a number of years, and in 1849 laid out a modest garden about his country house in the suburbs of St. Louis, which, nine years later, he extended so as Bv special act of the General Assembly of the state of Missouri, approved in March, 1859, Mr. Shaw was empowered to provide for the conveyance of his property, either during his life or after his demise, to trustees, for the perpetual maintenance of his garden as a scientific establishment. In 1885 he endowed a department in Washington University, known as the Henry Shaw School of Botany, and on his death left nearly all of his property, valiied at some $.1,0(10,000, to a board of trustees tor tlie iii:iiiitcn:tii'o. improvement SHOEBLACK PLANT 1663 Mr lover of plants for tl,.-,Ms..|vos .,,,1 a lirn, hoi fliience in molding desiral)le traits in human character. His garden was always open to visitors, among whom he particularly wclconii-d the self-respecting poor. Thirty years before his death he gave to the city of St. Louis a park site adjacent to his garden, which, like the latter, was improved under his personal super- Special provisions in Mr. Shaw's will, aside from the general arrangements for the development of the garden — in details of which he allows his trustees a very free hand — are for an annual sermon "on the wisdom and goodness of God as shown in the growth of flowers, fruits, and other products of the vegetable kingdom;" lireniiiinis for an annual flower show; and two annual l>an(|uits, ros]i,.rtiveIy for the trustees and gardeners (See pige 1064 ) AA Ll s si/li 11) (ibule arg^ntea, Nutt {L utcimlra Greene) Buff\lo Bekk\ tig 282 Vol I Upiight shrub, or sometimes almost tree form reaching 18 ft tall, thorny, the voung growth silverv tomentose hs oblong cuneate oblong or oblong lanceolate Mher\ on both sides fls jiUowish, in dense small fisticles at tht m dc s fr ^'lobular or ovoid about \ in long red 'i i"l' li, fill l.i.iiiis nrtiii-ular or broadly ovate- orbiculai-, ott.ii sli;;liii\ ■il.itc, at the apex obtuse slender, 3-8 in. lull 1 iM ii !■ ^ '1 n. n- ilw ti.|.: il. jti- clined ornoddin ; 1 , i i. ; - 'U' i.l.iu^r Intirs undulate. Mts. .■: '. i ■ i: 1 i : i '. ||. i:.::i:iri; 111.5:397; 111. K i i '.i' :> vn-, -Ml. III. :;n:'j!i:i. G.M. 34:353. O.W.P. '^4. (i.F. 1 : .W.). A. (i. 12:287. Mn. 6, p. 83.— A very attractive plant with the look of a Pyrola; very local. On the culture of Shortia galaci- ...... „ .. . .. ; follows: "Shortia, like xini. Very like S. galacifoUa: lvs. cor- iliaii long and deeper toothed, — sinuate- II III flora and only repand-toothed in S .1 pan. — Offered by importers of Japanese le known horticulturally. l H. B. SHOT, INDIAN. See Canna. SHOWER OF GOLD. Catalogue name for Genista. SHRUBBERY, Shrubs and bushes have two values: u intrinsic value as individual or isolated specimens; value as part of tin- stnn-tiirc or design of an orna- lented place. As in.liviilnal s|nciniens, they are grown nr the beauty of tin- spn-irs itsi-lf; as parts of the vndscape, they an.- oftm ^a-own in masses, eonstitut- ig a shrubbery. It is often advisable to plant shrubs specimens, in order to produce the character- ty of the species; but the tendency is to plant l>' as isolated specimens, and the emphasis ' II r ir. to be placed on mass-planting. ' I over a lawn destroy all appearance : u|...se in the place (Fig. 2322). Every ' is equally accented. The area has no n iduality. The plants are in the way. Iiwn. The place is random. If the I 'il, the spotted and scattered effect is sheared shrub have i A mass of planting emphasizes particular parts of the place. It allows of bold and broad contrasts. It may give the place a feeling of strength and purposiveness. The slirubbfry-mass usually should have an irregular .'iiilini- mil! L'ln.ially r.mtain ninrc than one species. 11.:!- n.i\ .■iiiil inirnst increased. Fig. 2323. II II-.,. ^liMiiiii lie )ilaeed on the boun- :. I 'I nii:iiiHiii:iI i''inci-pt of landscape gar- I . ' :. I ■! iIm |i|i shall be open. Fig. mda folia, Harlan P. Kelsey : I,. 1.. .1 ;.i , - r . III.- r.iinidationsof buildings, II- i».i-l-i- ;i_ .,,1.1, ai.il.inv.s. Judicious planting lu.iy itlim ihi an^':ii.iMi\ of foundations and round oft' the corners o£ the yard. Fig. 2325. Individual speci- mens may be used freely, but only rarely should they be wholly isolated or scattered. They should be planted somewhere near the borders, that they may not inter- fere with the continuity of the place and that they may have background to set them off. The background may be a building, a bank, or a mass of foliage. In most jilaces, the mass or border-planting should be the rule and tlie isolated specimen the exception; but, unfortu- ii.ii, ly. tins rule is usually reversed. It is not to be nniii'isiood, however, that boundaries are always to be iilaiiir.l or that foundations are always to be covered. L. H. B. The terra shrubbery is applied to groups of woody plants of comparatively small size. The line between shrubs and trees is not very definite. A shrub gener- SHRUBBERY allv h»s a number of stems springing fiom the gn uii 1 and a tree Ubuallj has a single tiunk but this is not umformh true m either case The chief value ot shrubbery comes from its use in m artistic win although some hrubs have edible fruits Man\ shrubs such )- liU s me of the spi rea goo ebeiiies and emi nir j i In I t\ \ i\ eirh lu the season and s m lil I i il i iMj Im ind the Juneberrv are covi i 1 « iil i | i i i i i t M semis It this time Fum i nh | iin, until \ \ ml i in till] iitrlititul I L\ mill « is lie to be found )ii I 1 in u liml n I ti ii lun until the foUowin^ spiin^ Ml mi ntiltiiut Til ii on their branches the 1 1 I Ml t th I i I 1 _miiing and birberne th SL tiuits are n richh It the> can be sem ti m i )s like some of tli \il m 1 height of lU oi 1 ) t . t liv ml Daphne Ciuuntm grow to I height (f nh i t \\ iii Ins The leaves of some like the ch k 1 ii\ 11 unl i^ s barberry the hizel \iliuiuuni (1 .w I 111 I iiuiichs aie beauti fulh loloied m the till III ill I dendrons laurels (Fig Ji20) and niili mils, ind the daphne alreadj named, are examples of shrubs having evergreen foli- age. .Some leaves, like those of the Halix liicida, are glossy ; others, as those of the common hazel, are hairy; some are thick, and others are thin; some large, some small; some entire, and some lobed, serrated or compound. Throughout the season the foliage of a good collection of shrubbery will present the greatest variety of color, including all the hundreds of shades of green as well as yellow, white, gray and purple. Even in winter shrubbery is wonderfully attractive in appear- ance from the gracefulness of its stems and branches, and from the color of its bark. With the right selec- tions, it will serve SHRUBBERY dogwoods 2324 The Shrubbery . or other ightly ob- 2323 Variety and arc increased the This great variety in foliage, flower, fruit and habit of growth makes shrubbery adapted to very extended use in the development of landscapes. It is especially appropriate along the boundaries of ornamental grounds (Fig. 2324), upon steep slopes, and in the immediate vicinity of buildings where foliage and graceful lines are needed to connect the walls of a structure with the ground (Fig. 2325), without making too much shade. It might with advantage replace the grass upon all sur- faces too steep to walk upon with comfort. The foliage of shrubs that are well established remains green when dry weather turns grass brown. The broad mass of shrubbery will take care of itself when the grass needs frequent attention. Even some level surfaces might be improved m places by exchanging a lawn covering for the covering of low woody plants. Often a broad, open space over a lawn is an important feature of a landscape, since it allows extended views. Many times a landscape would be more interesting if the green underneath this open space were produced by a broad mass of shrubbery ' ' ture forest instead of grass. g borders or groups of shrubs, the ground to be occupied by such a group should be entirely spaded over or plowed. Perhaps no better ad- vice could be given than to pre- pare the soil as it should be pre- pared for a field of corn. The bushes should then be planted so that there is room for about two .years' growth before their branches intermingle. If placed closer they would have a crowded appearance from the start and would not join their branches as h nmoniously as when the new I th is allowed to choose its I '-^ifion. If placed farther hr effect is also bad. Oc- illy a single shrub at the I I 11,111 of a belt may stand out ilmost by itself, but generally the effect of a group should be that of a continuous mass of \ arying foliage. In arranging different shrubs the taller-grow- ing kinds should generally be placed in the center of the group, and the lower species along the border, the space being graded trom the highest to the lowest. The reason for this arrangement Is that the lower plants would be killed by the shade of the larger ones if placed back of them, and moreover would not be seen ; but one should avoid too uniform a slope. For 1666 SHRUBBERY In a continuous border there should be places where shrubs of larger size occupy the lull width so as to bring growth of considerable height into the lawn. The arrangement should be varied so as to avoid all monotony, but in securing this variation a mixture of miscellaneous shrubs of all kinds does not give as good an effect as broader areas of single species or genera slightly interspersed at the margin nitl another kind Stnight rows should he laborer ( i t \\ 1 i t I I tl i will SICANA genus is reduced by Bentham and Hooker to a section of Potentilla, but Britton and Brown keep it separate chiefly on the ground that the pistils are only 4-12 in number instead of very numerous as in Potentilla. Sib- baldias are densely tufted, hardy perennial herbs with woody stems. The Ivs. have prominent stipules and 3 leaflets, each of which is characteristically 3-toothed at the apex. The fls. are about ^ in. low yetals iiui h smaller than the re- mark il li c ih\ which has 5 broad 1 I es altt mating with 5 smaller and n irr wtr lobes or bracts. procumbens, Linn., ranges from the arLtic regions to the summits of the White Mts and m the Rockies comes as far south as Utah. It is also found in arctic and alpine Europe and Asia. B B 2 217 -This plant is recom- mended by some persons, but is not known to l^e advertised for sale in America ^_ jj. SIBTH6RPIA (John Sibthorp, pro- f 1 tany at Oxford, author I r-eca published ISOB-IS). I ew A genus of about 1 t hardy or tender peren- 111 il reepmg herbs mostly from the tropical regions, with alternate or tufted roundish, long-petioled Ivs. and yellow orange or red fls. solitary on axillary or fascicled pedicels: calyx 4- 5 cleft corolla subrotate, with a very short tube 5-8 cleft; stamens usually equal to the number of corolla-lobes; inthers s-igittite capsule membran- ous compressed loculicidallj dehis- s splitting to the middle n A hariU trailing perennial with very hs oil I uhr less til in ' m across. four feet fl\ e feet iiices apart measured along I somew 1 t I t three t t I I parallt 1 I The 1 1 I I all th. 1 1 appeir t I i exteml 1 i I and shik ihc ^i u 1 i nothing will grow then the approach of winter si a perpetual mulch T secured tl i In t m ii tl they Hr I The of thi \ei\ I shrub 1 1 1 graceful w i\ I i il w ilk cut away the encr I i t si tli it tin mark of the kii I 1 ^i h tn tii nut will help to ret f tli. Irimhrs The value of shriiM tnisi t ipj ri elated as it she uld be Those who are interested in the subiect will do well to read what is found in the various books on landscape gardening, Bulletin No. 121 of Cornell Uni- versity Agricultural Experiment Station, thi articles on shrubs and shrubbery to be found in the volumes of "Garden and Forest " and in other hi ral journals. O. C. Simonds. SIBBALOIA (Robert Sibbald, Scotch naturalist). Bosileeie. About 5 species of alpine plants, one of which has been suggested as suitable for rock gardens. The 1 111 1 It I h is the 2 1 «,rpink. (HI 1 is 1 1 lin Saul, variegata lit 1 1 «1 F -U Barclay. ame) Cue irlitAce oe Two or .T SICANA (Peruvian name) species of tropical American tall climbing tendril ing Mnes, allied to Cucurbita but differing in h wide spreading or reHe\e(l ciljx lobes and the not united. S. odorilera, rvaud., the Curuba of the tropics, has been introduced as the Cassabanana, but long known in the South. Fig. 2327. It is a very quick- growing and interesting ornamental vine: plant gla- SICANA brous, the stems angled: Ivs. large (often 1 ft. across), nearly orbicular in outline, deeply cordate at the base, strongly about 5-lobed and the lobes repand-toothed or angled : fls. solitary, monoecious, the corolla small and yellowish, urn-shaped, with small reflexed lobes; stig- mas 3, each 2-lobed : fr. like a slender vegetable marrow, 1-2 ft. long, smooth, nearly cylindrical, orange-crimson, with a very strong aromatic odor. R.H. 1890:516. — Prob- ably native to Brazil, but occurring also in Mex. and the West Indies. The Curuba seems to be grown in the tropics as an ornamental plant, although it is said to afford edible preserves. The plant climbs 30-.i0 ft. It is well worth growing on summer arbors, or under glass if one has room for it. The fruits are very interesting, fragrant and ornamental. Perennial. S. atropnrpurea, Andre. Has shorter subpyriform. brilliant violet-purple fruits, and purple-tinted under surfaces of the Ivs. Perhaps a form of S. odorifera. Uruguay. R.H. 1894:108. — S. spherica. Hook. f. Fls. large and spreading, more like those of Cucurbita: Ivs. reuiform, 3-.5-lobed: fr. globose, size of a small orange. Jamaica. B.M. 7109. L. H. B. SlDA (from the old Greek name for Ifymphwa aiba; given withoiit explanation by Linnaeus). Mah'dcew, A genus of about 80 species of herbs or shrubs, mostly native of the tropical regions of the world, with usually serrate, dentate or lobed leaves and small or rarely large, mostly yellow or whitish flowers, which are solitary or in clusters, axillary or disposed in terminal branch- ing spikes or heads; bracteoles wanting or rarely 1-2 and bristle-like: calyx 5-dentate or 5-cleft; staminal column divided at apex into many filaments: locules of ovary 5 or more, 1-seeded. A. Lvs. large, lobed. ITapSea, Cav. A hardy herbaceous perennial 5-8 ft. high, from a stout root: lvs. 3-8 in. long, 3-7-lobed; lobes triangular, long-acuminate, irregularly serrate: fls. perfect, white, about I in. across, in terminal corym- bose panicles. June-Aug. S. Pa., W. Va. and Va. B.B. 2:422. -Culture same as for hollyhocks; prop, by seed. Index Kewensis refers the above species to JYapcea dioica, Linn., but according to Gray's Synoptical Flora of North America the two species belong to separate genera, the fls. of the first being hermaphrodite, of the second dioecious. Napwa dio\ea is a strong- growing perennial 5-9 ft. high, with large radical lvs. often 1 ft. across and 9-11-cleft, the segments cut into lanceolate, serrate lobes: fls. dioecious, white, smaller than in Sida Napcea. For pictures of the two plants, see B.B. 2:420, 422. AA. Lvs. small, linear. £lliottii, Torr. & Gray. A hardy perennial herb, slen- der, 1-3 ft. high, with lvs. 1 in. long and yellow fls. Sandy soil in the southern coast states. Offered by western collectors in 1881. f. w. Barclay. SIDALCEA (compound of Sida and Alcea, related genera), Malvdcece. About 20 herbs of western North America: lvs. palmately cleft or parted, stipular: fls often showy, pink, purple or white, in terminal racemes or spikes, mostly without bracts or involncels beneath; stamens united into groups in a double series; carpels 5-9, reniform, separating at maturity. Some of the Sidalceas are annuals, but those in cultivation are hardy perennials, being recommended for the herbaceous bor- der. Of easy culture. Prop, by seeds or division. For monograph, see Gray, Syn. Fl. N. Amer., vol. 1, p. 302. A. Fls. white, tvith bluish anthers. Candida, Gray. Plant erect, from more or less creep- ing rootstocks, the stems somewhat branched above, 2-3 ft. tall, glabrous or nearly so: radical lvs. nearly orbicular, cordate, obtusely lobed or deeply crenate; stem-lvs. 5-7-parted, the divisions narrow and often notched: fls. 1 in. or more across, white, in an erect spike-like raceme. Rocky Mts. Gn. 24, p. 396; 28, p. 29. R.H. 1891, p. 356. AA. Fls. normally colored {rarely white forms). B. Mature carpels smooth (not reticulated). 8pic&ta, Greene. One or two feet tall, sparingly SILENE 1667 lvs. parted into linear and often lobed divisions: fls. rather small, purplish, in an oblong, more or less in- terrupted spike, the pedicels short or almost none. California, Nevada and Oregon. BB. Mature carpels conspicuously reticulated. malvsefldra, Gray. Stems erect or ascending, 1-6 ft. or even more, sparingly hirsute: lvs. green, small, in- cised-crenate, the upper ones 5-cleft or 5-divided, seg- ments narrow and entire or broader and pinnate-lobed : fls. 2 in. or less across when fully expanded, purple. Calif. -Var. Listeri, Hort. [S. Listeri, Hort.), known also as "Pink Beauty," has satiny pink flowers. It is of European origin. li/ S327. Sicana odorifera the Cassabanana (X V4! camp^stris, Greene. Two to 5 ft., often branching above, gla- brous or sparingly hirsute -pu- bescent : lvs. green, the lower ones rounded and variously lobed, the upper ones 5-7-parted into narrow divisions: fls. about 1J4 in. across, in strict spike-like racemes, purplish, thepetals often laciniate. N. Calif, to British Columbia. Oregina, Gray. Less hairy than S. campestris, the racemes be- coming branched and paniculate: fls. smaller. Oregon and Wash- ington. L. H. B. SIDEB6XTL0N (Greek, iron and wood ; referring to the hard- ness of the wood). Sapotdceee. About 60 species of trees and shrubs, mostly tropical, with sim- ple lvs. and small fls. in axillary clusters: fls. 5-merous or rarely 6-merous ; calyx-lobes roundish or ovate, u.sually obtuse, nearly equal; corolla more or less bell-shaped ; stamens at- tached to the tube at the base of the lobes and oppo site to them; staminodia scale-like or petaloid: ovary usually 5-loculed : berry ovoid or globose. Hastichod^ndron, Jacq. A tender tree, with some- what variable lvs. usually oval or ovate-oblong, 2-8 in. long, and small yellow fls.: fr. about % in. through. West Indies ; cult, in S. Calif. — Pranceschi says it yields a sort of chewing gum. p. m^_ Bakclay. SIDE-SADDLE FLOWEK. Sarracenia. SIEVA BEAN. Phaseolu lun branched or ; or less hirsute: SIL£NE (Greek, seilanos, a god described as covered with foam, connected with siulon, saliva; referring to the stickiness of stem and calyx). Catchfly. Cam- pion. Caryophylldcecf . A large and scattered genus of herbs, varying greatly in duration, habit and style of inflorescence, but always with 5-petaled fls. ranging in color from white, through pink and rose to purple. The petals are notched at the apex, rarely toothed or fringed 1668 SILENE and generally have araall tooth-like appendages at the base of the blade. The calyx is si.niHtinies inHated like a bladder, generally lO-m-rviil. M.ii].-in]ii--i 20-nerved: ovary 1-loeuled, many-ovuhil : -tyl.^ ncmly a: cap- sule dehiscing at the apix ihim i. irar.ly lii teeth or short valves. There is a full l...t:iiii.-:.[ Tii.iuograph of Silene, with a key, in the Journal of the Linnean So- ciety, vol. 32 (189C), by P. N. Williams, a specialist on the whole family of Caryophyllaceae. The account is mostly in T,atiii, and lias frw di-s.-riptions. ■\Villianis at the base. Only u few uf the known species are in cultivation. Silenes are of easy culture. They mostly bloom in summer, and a few continue well into autumn. By good management the season of bloom may be continued through spring and summer. Toward this end the seeds of the common annual kinds should be sown in early autumn, insti^ail of sjiring. As a rule, the common kinds pn I', r :. :hi.I\ I. .am and full sunlight, but the rock-gar.li ' i i I i ; m.' special treatment, and other suggesliMii It I. Ill are given after the specific descripli.il, li ; iK.pular kinds are the pink and Of tlie pere aeaulis, 7. alba, 3. alpestris, Californica, 17, Caucasica, 9. Cucubahts, 14. Douglasii, 10. pendnla. 1. Pennsylvan petriBa, 8. plena, 2, 6. SB. I',l„ls .III,,. „l „,.,.r i. Armeria compacta Dunilinii II, ,1 III, ml. B. Heuiht a l,;r ,,i,-l„s. c. aiems 1-11,1. or f,,f-fl,J. D. Cah/i 20->,rrv,,t. i„fl„l,',i after uHtlu'sis. E. Fls. rose Pumilio EE. Fls. white c. maritima DD. Oaliix 10-nerved, not hl,i,l der-Uke after anthesis. E. Lvs. linear. F. Cahl.,- h,'llsl„i/,.,J.... aeaulis 8. petraea %E.irs".„'l,l. .'„,". 'r),',"„',''.'.,l,',i.'. F. Pl.nil ,:lnl,i ' 9. Caucasica PF. Plant ,,l,iii,liilcu- .10 . vallesia CC. Stems maini-fl,l. D. Petals 4-l,ihed 11. alpestris DD. Petals 2-liihed. E.FIS. erect 12. Schafta EE. Fls. nodding ,13. Peunsylvanica JB. Height a fool or more. C. Calyxinflated after anthesis. ,14. inJlata 00. Cahjx not inflated after an thesis. D. Petals laciniate or fringed .15. stellata DD. Petals not laciniate. E. Fls. crimson, scarlet ot deep red. F. Apex of petals sharply ^-toothed ,16. Virginica PF. Apex Of petals various .17. Californica SILENE EE. FI.S. while lu pink. F. Inflorescence leaf)/: fls. borne in forks of branches 18. Menziesii FF. Inflorescence composed of I o n g - peduneled cymes 19. Douglasii FFF. Inflorescence denser, vertically spicule ...20. Scouleri 1 pf^ndula, Linn. Trailing, hrnnr'hril animal, with I'' '• ' l-n ,1 or rosy fls. which Ih..-.,i,i,- j.i ihIuIous when I I I, ,iii\ is past: plant piili.-c nt : l\-. lanceolate: ;i!:i\ or in pairs in the a.\il~; .•al\\ Ki-nerved, i„,i I, hui, Ill-like after anthesis. but .-on^iriL-ted at the apex in fruit; petals emarginate: seeds kidney-shaped. Mediterranean region. B.M. 114. — Var. Tabirrima is of- fered; also varieties with single and double rose-col- ored fls. R.H. 1884, p. 113. Var. compdcta is offered. Gt. 49, p. 55.i. A good bedding plant. 2. visodsa, Pers. Biennial, viscous-villous: Ivs. un- dulate : racemes verticillate; peduncles opposite, 1-3- fld.; petals bifid. June, July. Eu., N. Asia.— Accord- ing to Ellwanger & Barry, var. plina grows 1 ft. high and has bright rose double flowers. Use basal cuttings. 3. Armaria, Linn. Sweet William. Catchflt. Fig. 23-2S. Annual, 1-1 J^ ft. high, with many-fld. panicles of piiik, n.-y or white fls.: glabrous except for the wide ^lii-kv Iiaiids below the nodes at the top of plant: Ivs. naii: IN. borne in corymbose panicles; calyx tubular- .liib ,Mlia|>i-d, 10-nerved; petals emarginate, appendaged. .Souni.iii Europe. — Var. Alba, Hort., is also popular. 4. compacta, Fiseh. Much like .S'. Armeria but bien- nial, with mure ca,iii].ai't iiitli.rescenee, longer fls., pet- als ai-iiie and eniire ai apex, and a more easterly geo- graphical range. K. Eu.. Asia .Minor. L. B.C. 17:1638. — iS'. compartii of s^nne tradesmen is likely to be a com- pact-growing variety of 6'. pendttla. 5. Pumilio, Wulf. Pigmy Catchfly. Dwarf peren- nial, with linear Ivs. and solitary, rose-colored fls.: height a few inches: calyx faintly 20-nerved, inflated after anthesis, wholly green or wholly "chocolate-crim- son"; petals 'undivided," according to Williams, but prettily wavy-lobed in Gn. 11:55. Austrian Alps. — A rare and choice plant. Niven says it has hard woody roots which are easily damaged in transit, and there- fore those who wish the species should secure seeds. Woolson advises a sunny position and rich sandy soil. 6. maritima, With. Seaside Catchfly. Trailing perennial, with numerous white fls. borne on few-Hd. stems. It has larger fls. than S. inflata, with fewer fls. on a stem, and the petals not so deeply cut at the apex, and 2 small scale" at tin- ba-^t- ..f ea.'b petal- lv<. various: calyx 20-n'-r> , ,i n ti .-..l -it't. r .i,ti:,.i- I'.u. Gn. 57,p. 372.-The -. n glaucous than those li ; rn^i ,i, ' - n. is said to have a li'>^ r:iiiii.liiij hnKn :ni,l r ,,|,,r((l fls. Origin unknown. This desirable form seems un- known in America. Var. pl6na, Hort., has fewer fls. tlian the type but they are much larger, extremely double and remain in bloom longir. Niven says, "This variety makes a lovely rock ]il,iiii , .iii,l ,,ii-lii :ihva\ s to be placed in such a position III. I , m ' im .biwii by the weight of blossoms, ma \ i :, liik'. "ta rock; otherwise, if planted m ; nb i , im* u^l be- sprinkled with soil after every ,sli,.^\ei ,_.! r.iin. " Ni\"en adds that this variety produces no seed and is more easily propagated by cuttings than by division. Gn. 11, p. 12; 57, p. 126. 7. acaiilig, Linn. Cushion Pink. Moss Campion. Moss-like, tufted perennial about 2 in. high, with red- dish purple fls. about 14 in. across, borne one on a stem. Rootstock much branched : branches short, covered with remains of old Ivs. and crowned by dense, spreading clusters of short, green linear Ivs., from the center of which arise the fl. -stalks: calyx campanulate, glabrous; 11, this species is readily in- i eds, which it produces spar- idency to become dioecious. Ill somewhat smaller fls. SILENE 8. petraea, Walldst. & Kit. Tufted subshrub, 4 in. high: Ivs. linear: fls. small, solitary; calyx club-shaped; petals bifid, with a bifid appendage, and ciliate on the claw. Caucasus.— Fls. white, according to J. Woodward Manning. 9. Caucfisica, Boiss. This and .S. Vallesia are peren- nial, alpine, white-fid. plants 4-ii in. high, with the flowering stems laterally ascending from a terminal rosette of Ivs. : the stems are usually 1-fld., sometimes 2-3- fld.: Ivs. oblong or lanceolate: calyx 10-nerved, not inflated after anthesis. Caucasus. For distinctions from 5. Vallesici, see that species. 10. vallesia, Linn. Swiss Catchfly. a very rare plant found in the highest and most sterile parts of the Alps, differing from .S. Caw-asica in being glandular, rather than velvety, the stem-lvs. long, the fls. long-peduncled and the calyx more widely inflated. 11. alpSstris, Jacq. Alpine Catchfly. Perennial white- fld. plant 6 in. high, the fls. borne in panicles: stems tufted, dichotomous : fls. in corymbose panicles; calyx short, top-shaped to bell- shaped, 10-nerved, not enlarged after anthesis; petals 4-lobea at apex and provided with 2 teeth at the base of each petal in the throat: seed cristate-cili- ate on the margin. Eastern Eu. — It forms a dense mass of un- derground stems and is easily prop, by division or seeds. One of the best. 12. Schifta, G. Gmel. Au- tumn Catchfly. Woody- rooted perennial 6 in. high, with rosy fls. borne on stems which arise laterally from the rosettes of Ivs.: Ivs. obovate: fls erect; calyx 10-nerved, not inflated after anthesis; petals wedge-shaped, notched, bearing 2 scales at the base in the throat. June-Oct. Caucasus. B.R. 32:20 (fls. "purple"). F.S. 3. p. 286 C. 13. Pennsylvinica, Michx. Wild Pink. Perennial, 6-9 in. high, from a strong tai)root and with rose or white fls. in small, dense terminal cymes, viscid-pubes- cent: Ivs. mostly at the base, spatulate or oblaiu-Holate, the 2 or 3 pairs of stem-lvs. much shorter and lanceo- late : petals appendaged, 2-lobed, the lobes dentate. April,May. Eastern U. S. B.R. 3:247. L.B.C. 1:41 (as iS. tncaniate). — Handsome. 14. infiata, Sm. (S. Cucubalus, Wibel). Bladder Campion. Bladder Catchfly. Cow Bell. White Ben. Perennial, 2-3 ft. high, with many-fld. panicles of white, drooping fls. about % in. across: plant branched, glabrous, glaucous or downy: Ivs. ovate, obovate or ob- long: calyx 20-nerved, inflated after anthesis; petals deeply cleft. Eu., N. Africa, Himalayas. -This species is not advertised in America but is probably cult, here, possibly as iS. marlfima, of which it is considered by some a variety. S. inftata is said to be essentially erect instead of procumbent and the petals more deeply cleft. The young shoots are said to be eaten by the poor folk of England as a substitute for asparagus; they taste something like green peas. 15. Btell4ta, Ait. Starry Campion. Readily told by its fringed white and nodding fls. and Ivs. in 4's. Per- ennial, 2-3 ft. high: Ivs. ovate-lanceolate. 2-3 in. long: fls. in an open panicle; calyx inflated; petals laciniate, unappendaged. Woods, Mass. to Neb., south Ga. to Tex. B.M. 1107. SILPHIUM 1669 Silene Armcria ( pubescent: stemunbranehed: Ivs. spatulate or oblauceo- late: fls. 1 in. or more across, loosely cymose, nodding or reflexed after anthesis; petals broadly lanceolate, 2- toothed at apex. N. Y. to Minn., south Ga. to Ark. B.M. 3342. Gu. 22, p. III.-,. 17. Califdmica, Dni:iiM[, !•■ i' inii:il, I in. to 4 ft. high, procumbent or suliM. , -ii .(i n. I, scattered fls. and a taproot ^l ■ . ii,; st.ins several, leafy: Ivs. lanceolatr ..i ..\ ;d. , iIijm ir : lis, 1 in. or more broad; petals variously clett. most commonly with 2 broad lobes, flanked by 2 narrower ones, appendaged. Coast Range. -Offered by western collectors in 1881, but probably not in cult., though presumably a very distinct and ciesirahle plant. This species seems to have been overlooknl hy Williams. 18. Menziesii, ll.ink. I'.rennial: stems weak, dichot- omously l.ian.li.il, li-lj in. stly in long-iteduncled. .Jiine-bept.— A .-..ini . i - species in western N. AnuT. I;--. i. i. m >, «. i-ianical va- rieties with no iniii.Mi.c;' li-raMliil. rriM , ~ .s. ItoiKjtasii is still found in out- .asu-ni .auilipiiiie. \ ar. Macoilnii, Robinson, was offered in 1881 under its synonym 6'. Lyalti, Wats. 20. Scoilleri, Hook. Perennial, 1K-2K ft. high, with white or purplish fls.: root stout: stems unbrauched: Ivs. narrowly oblanceolate: inflorescence 6-8 in. long, verticillately spicate: petals bifid, appendaged. Moun- tains of Oregon and north. -Offered in 1881 by western 111 a..;. ..^..;, . ,,n., W.M. SILK COTTON TREE. See Bomhax and Pachira. SILK FLOWER. Anizsiu. SILK OAK. Grei'illea robiista. SILK TREE. Albizzia Jidibrissin. SILK VINE. Periploea Grwca. SILKWEED. A,-:elepias. SlLPHIUM ( from the Greek name of an umbelliferous plant of northern Africa). Compdsita. Rosin-weed. A genus of 11 species of tall-growing hardy perennial herbs native of the U. S., with somewhat coarse leaves and rather large, sunflower-like heads of flowers which are yellow, except in one species : heads maiiy-fld. : involucre of thick, somewhat foliaceous bracts; ray-ils. or at least their ovaries in more than 1 series, fertile, and with elongated exserted deciduous ligules: akenes much flattened, falling free or only with the subtending bract. Silphiums are of easy culture in any good soil. They require full sunlight and are propagated by divi- sion or seed. a. Foliage much cut. Iacini4tum, Linn. Compass Plant. Stem about 6 ft. high, leafy at the base, much less so above: Ivs. 1 ft. long or more, once or twice pinnately parted, the lobes oblong or lanceolate: fl. -heads several, sessile or short- peduncled, 2-5 in. across ; rays 20-30. July-Sept. Western prairies. B.B. 3:408. aa. Foliage not cut. B. Stem-lvs. small. teTebinthin&ceuin, Jacq. Prairie Dock. Stem about 6 ft. high: Ivs. nearly all basal, usually 1 ft. long, ovale, cordate, dentate: fl. -heads lM-3 in. across; rays 12-20. July-Sept. Western prairies. B.B. 3:408. 1670 SILPHIUM BE. Stem-lvs. large. c. Lvs. connate-perfoliale. perioli&tuin, Linn. Cup Plant. Stem square, iisually dentate, branched above, about 6 ft. high: lvs. thin, ovate or deltoid-ovate, the lower contracted into mar- gined petioles, the upper opposite, connate-perfoliate : fl. -heads 2-3 in. across, with 20-30 rays. .July, Aug. Western prairies. B.B. 3:406. 2329. Silene VIreinica (X %). (Soo page leCil.) cc. lyvs. petioled or simply sessile. inteKrifdlium, Michx. Stem 2-6 ft., obtusely 4-angIed to terete: lvs. lanceolate-ovate to ovate-lanceolate, oppo- site: fl. -heads 1-2 in. across, with 15-25 rays. Aug., Sept. Western prairies. B.B. 3:407. p. w. Bakclay. SILVEK BELL TREE, Ralesia. S. Bush, Anthi/llis Barlm Juris. S. Tree, l.iucadendron ; a.\so Ehragiiiis. B. Weed, J'otrntilhi i.!(., marked on the lower purt of tin- tub.- with iMiipli- .li.ts and lines; calyx-tube entirely united with the ovary, equally 5-parted, the segments lanceolate, spreading; corolla-tube obliquely and narrowly campanulate, swol- len and recurved at the base; glands of the disk 2: cap- sule I-celled: seeds many. ornita, Benth. & Hook. (Bosandtvia orndta. Van Houtte). A hybrid of the above species with a garden variety of Gloxinia with flowers of a bright red ; the re- sult is a plant resembhng ^>'. conspicua, biit differing in having the leaves tinted on the veins ami jn-tiolcs \\ifli purple and in having a somewhat more il.-;iritiy sli,i|.((l flower, pure white with purple lines on tiir .mt.-iih t !■ - ■' ' ■ 'a Ivs. .-ntire: liling smilax). LiUAcew. False lit i') species of hardy perennial ■ regions of North America and 'ig. 2'SJO) and simple leafy stems of small usually white or ing in fruit: fls. white long. Arctic regions, sons for rock garden advertised in America SMILAClNA (nsc Solomon's St:ai.. A herbs of ilir i.niii.r SMILAX A. Fruit red. B. Plant with 2-4 leaves. trifoliata, Desf . Rootstock slender : stem 2-15 in. high: Ivs. sessile, oval to oblong-lanceolate, 2-5 in. long: fls. in a simple raceme, few to several: berry M in. through. Bogs and moist soil in the northern U. S. and Asia. B.B. 1:430. BB. Plant with many Ivs. racemdBa, Desf. Figs. 2330, 2331. Rootstock rather stout: stem 1-3 ft. high: Ivs. 3-6 in. long, oblong-lan- ceolate or oval, sessile or nearly so: fls. numerous, in a panicle: berry ^ in. through. In shaded or partly shaded places throughout the greater part of the U. S. B.B. 1:429. A.G. 13:519. AA. Fruit black, or green and black. B. Pedicels 2-7 lines long. sessilifdlia, Nutt. Rootstock slender: stem 1-2 ft. high, slender: Ivs. 2-G in. long, lanceolate, acute, flat and spreading: raceme open, sessile or short-peduncled: berry 3-5 lines through. Early summer. Pacific states. BB. Pedicels 1-2 lines long. Btellita, Desf. Very near to S. sessitiMia: Ivs. usu- ally folded and ascending : raceme shorter and more crowded. May, June. Moist soil, throughout the greater part of the U. S. B.B. 1:430. F. W. Barclay. SMlLAX (ancient Greek name). Liiidcece. A genus of about 180 species very widely distributed over the world, usually wooily climbers, which ascend by means of the coililij .i;.]- r'i:iL- -- -f t!;, ].rti,,l,: .nrin tirn. s shrubs or r;.' ■ '■ i ■ ■ ^ :• ■ • ■, ■.,■■,,•:•■■, i .•• ;• • \. , .i. ,■ twigs : rool ■ ■... , i.i , .: _•, ,-,.; -.l - ■ ■ •, . . I- ; merous, rathV-r's'iualirdiieious^lu \ixilhiry,' ses5Ue''ur peduncled umbels : pedicels nearly equal in length : berries usually globose, 1-4-seeded. There are 17 species native of the U. S., nearly all of which are useful wild garden plants, having glossy at- tractive foliage. The last three noted below have been offered by collectors. For Smilax of florists, see ^s- paragus medeoloides. A. Lvs. usually variegated. Exotic species. B. Plant climbing. argyr^a, Lind. & Rod. Tender foliage plant: stem wiry, slender, armed with short, stout thorns: lvs. lan- ceolate, becoming 8-10 in. long, dark green, blotched with gray. 3-neryed, short -petioled. Bolivia. I.H. 39:152. — According to G.F. 8:305 the above species is a robust healthy plant doing well in a moderate temperature and . duickly forming ornamental specimens. It uould be given a rich, fibrous soil and a light lid sunny position. It may be propagated by alf-ripe cuttings of the side shoots with 2-3 j-es inserted in a moderately warm bed. Plant partially climbing. 2330. Rootstock of Smilacina greenish white flowers: perianth of 6 equal spreading segments; stamens 6, inserted at bases of the perianth- segments: berry globular or nearly so, 3-celled. Smilacinas are of easy culture in any good soil. They prefer a rich loam in a moist but not wet, partly shaded place. They are handsome plants both in foliage and flower. S. racemosa is probably the most attractive. The plants may be forced slowly for bloom in the late winter and early spring. 1 or 1 lirilf hiu-dy iili.-rolatc, 1 shrub often with spines: '■—11 in. long, witii Wllitc. .-,-'.1 i-iierved: fls. lltr.l. in niany-tld. umbels: ber- ii-in iIIn :;sHeded and, aocord- ■krr. liluisli, whi le Franceschi 11 hi- laiiilogueas i shining red. !8, p. 015. green. Native species. Stem herbaceous. herb&cea, Linn. A hardy perennial with a somewhat procumbent or climbing branched annual stem 4-6 ft. high, unarmed: lvs. ovate to lanceolate acute to cuspi- date, obtuse or cordate at the base, long-petioled. 7-9- nerved: umbels 15-80-fld., long-peduncled: fls. carrion- scented when open; berry bluish black, H in. thick. Apr.^une. In woods or fields throughout the greater part of the U. S. B.B. 1:439. BB. .S7fl, c. Foliage evergreen. lauritolia, Linn. Stem stout, high-climbing, armed with straight pricltles: branches angled, mostly un- armed : Ivs. leathery elliptic or oblong-lanceolate, 3- nerved : umbels 6-30-fld., on short, stout peduncles: berries black, ovoid. N. J., south and west to Ark. 2331. Smiladna (XM). SOBKALIA 1673 SNAKE CUCUMBER. A form of Cucumis Me!o. SNAKE GOURD. See Tricliosanthes. SNAKEHEAD. Chelo»e. SNAKEROOT. Black S. Cinih-ifi,,,,! yacemosa and Stiiiirii/'i Miirihtiiiliia. Button S. l.iittrix. Canadian S. is .1 .■;.'-•» I,.. Seneca S. r..hi.,i:h, s, „ni,i. White S. SNAKE'S BEARD. Opluop,i,i,'ii. Snake's Head Iris. Hermodacttjliis. Snake's Head Lily. Fritillaria Meleagris, SNAKE'S MOUTH. Pogotiia. SNAKE'S TONGUE. Ophimjiossiim. SNAPDRAGON is Aiilirrhiiuim. SNEEZE WEED, neleniiim. SNEEZEWOOD. See Pt.rroj-glon. SNEEZEWORT is ArhiU,;,. SNOWBALL TREE, rihitnium Opuliis. SNOWBERRY. Consult Chiococca and Chiogenes; cc. Foliage deciduous. Wdlteri, Pursh. Stem climbing, angled, prickly be" low: branches unarmed: Its. ovate to ovate-lanceolate obtuse or abruptly acute, 5-7-nerved: umbels 6-15-fld., on short peduncles: berries coral-red or rarely white. Wet soil, N. J. to Fla. west to Mississippi river. B.B. l:-ii2- F. W. Barclay. . SMOKE TREE. Jihu.s CotUus. SMUT. A prevalent disease of many cultivated cereal grasses and other plants caused by the attack of a fungus of the class ustilagine*. sometimes producing swellings on various parts of the host, the swellings being eventually filled with brownish or blackish spores known as chlamydospores, which emerge, as a fine dust- like powder, when the outer membrane of the hyper- trophic tissues bursts or cracks. The smut on Indian corn may be taken as typical. The disease usually ap- pears first on the leaves, afterwards at the junction of leaf -sheath and blade; finally the ear of corn is attacked, and the tassel. On the leaves blisters are found; on the ear, large, whitish polished swellings appear. As the spores mature, the swellings become darker in color, and the inclosing membrane finally ruptures, ex- posing the dark olive-green mass of spores. Unlike most other cereals, maize can be inoculated at any age. Several smuts have been described; viz., loose smut of oats (Ustilago aveHa), maize and teosinte smut (Ustilagozeai), stinking smut of wheat (TilMia tritici), rye smut (Urocystis occulta), onion smut (Urocystis cepulnm, Lindl , with large white yellow-veined Us , 6 WiUoni, Rolfe with large white fls. shaded with rose and spotted with purple , also various forms of S macrantha, as vars nana, pur- purea and albida Heivrich Ha'i'selbring. Sobralias are charmint; i In K iii 1 where room can be given to laige plants tl II i i \ the space and care they require M a succession of flowers which is more or less lapid The individual blossoms are of a size to equal almost any orchid flower, and quite as graceful in their general appearance— far 2332. Sobralia macrantha more graceful than most Cattleyas even. Where space for large and bushy plants can be afforded, some of the Sobralias will prove most charming plants, having the double advantage of presenting in a well-grown plant not only beautiful blossoms but a subject which is thor- oughly good-looking as a foliage plant. They also have the added advantage of being, in most instances, of rather easy culture. Given a suitable soil and a liberal supply of water they are almost sure to grow and bloom, although they will do better if they are given their time for rest, when less water is allowed without per- mitting the material about the roots ever to become quite dry. The flowers of many Sobralias are very fugacious, some lasting only one day, but nearly all of the varie- ties make up for this fault by a succession of flowers more or less rapid through a blooming period of, in some instances, many weeks. In size the individual blossoms vary from that of an ordinary Cattlexja labiala to one scarcely an inch and a half across, and the plants themselves present as great variety, ranging from such as ,S'. fragrans, which grows less than a foot high, to that giant of the tribe S. Cnttteija, which will reach a height of nearly ten feet. They also give as much va- riety in their coloring, ranging from a shade of laven- der which is almost a blue through different shades of purple to the rich claret color of S. Lon-ii, and from yellow to the purest white. p. j. le Motne. A. Fls. white {see also Nos. 4 and 6). .1. leucoxantha AA. Fls. yellow. B. Height 2 ft 2. xantholeuca SB. Height 1 ft :(. fragrans AAA. Fls. chiefly purple or rose 4. macrantha 5. BrandtisB Ci. Fenzliana 7. Holiordii 8. Cattleya 9. Lowii 1. leuooxintha, Reichb. f. Stems tufted, 3 ft high, spotted: Ivs. 4-6 in. long, lanceolate, acuminate: lis. (i-7 in. across; sepals linear-lanceolate, spreading and rrcur\ t'd. white; petals shorter, oblong, undulate above, :il i pun- white; labellum with a ventricose tube; limb iiir-. . .ircular, notched in front and the margin irregu- i;irl\ lohulate and wavy, throat golden yellow, with a few brownish stripes. Aug. Costa Rica. B.M. 7058. R.B. 23:20.1. ,I.H. III. 33:77. 2. xantholeilca, Reichb. t. Stems about 2 ft. high, tufted: Ivs. spreading and drooping, lanceolate, 6-7 in. long, with speckled sheaths: fls. solitary, lemon-yellow, with a deeper shade on the lip: sepals linear-lanceolate, spreading and recurved ; petals similar but shorter; blade of the labellum orbicular, crisp and undulate, margin crenate. Guatemala. B.M. 7332. R.H. 1890:12. G.C. III. 5:9. Gn. 22:366.-A species with flowers about as large as S. macrantha, imt plants of more compact habit. 3. {rigrans, Lindl. A small species with stems about 1 ft. high: Ivs. 1 or 2, oblong-lanceolate, 4-5 in. long: fls. 2-3 on a long peduncle, about 2 in. long, pale sulfur- yellow ; sepals oblong, spreading; petals similar but erect; middle lobe of the labellum fimbriate on the mar- gin and having many fimbriated crests. Columbia. B.M. 4882. -One of the smallest of the genus. 4. macr&ntha, Lindl. Fig. 2332. Stems tufted, reed- like, 4-7 ft. high, leafy all the way up: Ivs. broadly lan- ceolate to oblong-lanceolate, long-pointed, 8-10 in. long: fls. several at the ends of the stems, rose-purple, with the front of the labellum deep purple; sepals linear- oblong, i}4 in. long, reflexed and twisted ; petals broader, oblong, wavy above; labellum 5 in. long, with the expanded portion almost circular, 3 in. across and 2-Iobed at the apex, very wavy; tube long, whitish with- in, with a yellow stain in the throat and several thin yellow ridges. Mav-July. Mexico and Guatemala. B.M. 4446. P.S. 7:669. P.M. 14:241 (var.). G.M. 31:559. Var. Kienastiina (var. alba) has white fls. 5. BrtlndtisB, Krzl. Stems 3 ft. high: Ivs. lanceolate, acuminate, 8 in. long: fls. purple-rose, paler outside, with the labellum darker and having a yellow disk; sepals linear; petals twice as wide; middle lobe of the labellum very broad, divided into 2 diverging, rather acute lobes; anther-bed with a long recurved horn on each side. Resembles a medium-sized S. macrantha, distinguished by the long horns of the column, and black spots (not hairs) on the leaf -sheaths. S. Amer. 6. Fenzliflna, Reichb. f. Stems slender: sheaths blackish, asperulate: Ivs. oblong, acutish: fls. rose- colored; sepals oblong, acute; petals obovate-cuneate, three-fourths as long as the sepals; labellum spreading, front portion ovate, notched, crenulate; horns of the cohimn equaling the anther. Nicaragua. — Var. 41ba, Hort., has pure white flowers. 7. H61fordii, Sander. Plants of dwarf habit: fls. rose- carmine, deeper in the lip, shading to whitish in the throat. Habitat not stated by Sander. 8. CattMya, Reichb. f. Stem stout: Ivs. oblong, acu- minate, plaited, bearing several lateral clusters of strong, thick fls. of a firm fleshy texture, with purplish brown sepals and petals and a purplish lip, with a white column and three yellow lines over the center of the lip. Colombia. SOBRALIA 9. L6wii, Rolfe. Au imperfectly known species in- troduced about 1892 from Colombia. It grows about VA ft. high and has fls. of a bright uniform purple. The following trade names are not accomited for : S. mag- nifica.—S. Pfaiiii.—a. virgindlts. Heinriuh Hasselbking. SOIL. The soil is a superficial covering of the earth's crust, more or less well adapted to the growth of plants. It is usually only a few inches thick. Below this i.s a subsoil often ditTi-riiii.'. espii-ially in humid climates, from the soil propi i- in .-"l.ir, trxturi-, nr i-liemical com- position. A very siiikiii- .iiliiiiti..,, lias l..-i-n suggested by Sir John B. L:i\v.s. hIi.. nmM.l.icd tlie soil to be rotten subsoil, and lln.^ sutsuil rutting ruck. The term soil is occasionally used in a more comprehensive way to include both the soil and the subsoil. The soil adapted to the growth of the higher plants consists of fragments of rocks or minerals, organic matter, soil solution, and a soil atii...s|,li.n-. The mineral fragments vary in size trcMii tlir liiiivt I'lay particles to gravel and even bouldci-. I'hr ..ricanic matter is derived from low organisms, fruiii pnvious vegetation, or from growing plants; as also from stable manure, and occasionally fish or animal matter added to the soil by man. The soil solution consists of water carrying dissolved substances derived from the soil grains and from the organic matter, as well as from fertilizing materials artificially applied, and constitutes a nutrient solution from which the plant derives its mineral constituents. The soil atmosphere differs from the ordinary atmosphere above the soil in being richer in carbon dioxid and nitrogen, and containing more water vapor and less oxygen. In origin there are two main classes of soils: seden- tary soils, formed by the disintegration and decomposi- tion of rocks ill |.Ia.-,-: and Iraiisi.uii,.! s..ils, iiirlinling alluvial is Iktu iis U. S. Department of AKrifuUure a lu.al nana i- au-ia. .1 for each type untler which tlie speciiia rliaiaii, is arr given; examples of this are Hartford saiulv iMam. Xur folk sand, San Joaquin adobe, CTlendali- jurss. The physical properties of soils cuiiia-ni tlii> si/,' ami arrangement of the particles, and the relation ,'i iIh-si- to each other and to the organic matter; als,. th, sml atmosphere, the soil moisture, and the pliysi.al fur, as zation so that crops may annually remove larger quan- tities of nutrient substances without any particular exhaustion to the soil. It is certain that these nutrient materials do not ac- cumulate to any considerable extent in soils in humid countries, as they are liable to be leached away and also to recombine, forming diflficultly soluble compounds with the material of the soil grains. A soil is in good heart or good condition when the physical conditions, such as the water supply, soil atmosphere and tempera- ture relations, are favorable, and when the weathering of the material is sufficient to furnish an abundant and constant nutrient solution in the soil moisture. One of the most potent agents in the weathering of soils is the organic material contained. This is unques- tionably due largely to the amount of carbon dioxid formed, which reni tion which will be maintained on the (gradual with, natural wi-ath.-rins,' is ,,fti-n la.t siitli,-i,-iit in .amu 2333. How the gardener makes his soil, by letting it decay in piles. The larger pile is composed of sods. The physical prujierties of texture and structure, that is, the sizu tiial arraiiL-, i:a lit uf the soil grains, have a i;rfafcr ]ira,(i i ,■ >■ with field crops and the lahitiun (,f , I, 1 , i,r extensive cultivation than iipun hurti, iilini ,1 , i,>|i~ .itlii-r in the field or green- house, where uiti-nsiit- nuihuds are used. Particularly in the eastern states, where the natural rainfall is re- lied upon for the water supply, these physical proper- ties have great influence in determining the relation of crops to soils. This is due in large part to the influence 1676 SOIL of the physical properties upon the water supply, and the commercial values of many soils are dependent largely npnn thi« onp c"iiilifion. This is notably the case Willi til.- .arlv tni.k .ini,^. with corn, wheat and grass hiri'N. :iimI -aiiIi ~|h, i;,i |,i-..ducts such as celery, cranliii 11' - :iim1 miIm r In.i i iiiilniral crops. With inten- sive ciilii\ at).iii, liowrv. r, tin- tlavor, appearance, tex- ture and general qualify of the crop assume greater commercial importance, and even with intensive meth- ods these are largely influenced by the character of the soil. This is slii.wn in a strikiiif; manner in the l.-cali- sive'sN ^1. I'l .'.;■ ' ' ,:■:.-', '..•;. ' . i-i '•' .' ■ . ': '.: the till.' !• 'i:!- .■! !"• i"M, - ■•••i: . lets, t .ii.- ■ ;iii.l !■'■■ ■ III -U.I r .li-. I h -, '.'i .lii iiM sary that one .should have u knowlodfe'e of the I'ncthuds of cultivation, but should have the proper soil condi- tions as well as suitable climatic conditions; and to such an extent has this specialization been carried that different varieties of roses, for example, are best grown in different localities where the soils are slightly differ- ent. These matters must be realized by the horticultur- ist in order to attain the highest degree of success in anjt particular undertaking. Milton Whitney. Soils for Potting. — Strictly speaking, there are but two distinct kinds of soils, though there are several modifications or physical differences in both. These are mineral soils and organic soils or peat. Peat is formed in temperate climates by the accumulation of vegetable matter in swamps, or in some parts of the world under peculiar atmospheric conditions (see Peat). Mineral soils, which cover the greater portion of the earth's surface, are formed by the disintegration of rocks and stones through the agency of water, frost or the atmos- phere. Peaty soils are composed almost entirely of vegetable matter, with but little mineral matter. Min- eral soils are just the reverse. The physical differences in peat are practically reduced to two; viz., the ab- sence or presence of fiber. The physical differences in mineral soils vary ccnsiderahly from almost pure clay to almost pure saml; in.l.rd. tin- mechanical (or physi- cal) analysis of niiiH r.il ^"il^ is based largely upon the proportions of .-Imv ami sand. The following table, taken from Tanm-r's "I'irst Principles of Agriculture," is self-explanatory : Name of soil Percentage of sand S.-ind 80 to 100 Sandy loam 60 to 80 Loam 40 to 60 Clay loam 20 to 40 Clay 0 to 20 It will be seen that when the proportions of sand and clay are equal or nearly so, the soil is then termed loam. Should clay or sand predominate it is then spoken of as a clay loam, or sandy loam. If other substances, such as lime or gravel, bt- present, the soil is then termed a calcjirfiiiii i.r a L'r.u-.ltv soil. Tlir ' t soils can be still further known bycliiii lint to the average gardener this is not Till' I 'I iiivi-r, it is an operation of great nicety aiMl il.i n quires an experienced chemist lo perform. Tin iIh niaal constituents which plants derive from tlir -ml an- |iii si-nt in most soils, though in vary- ing dr;;iii , lull ill. \ are sure to be present in ample quantity in lli.. imltin:; soil selected by an experienced gardener. The air and water may furnish as much as 98 per cent of the material with which the plant bodv is built up in some cases, and only the remaining 2 per cent be strictly derived fiom the soil. The three most ini|«irtant nutrii-nt elements are nitrogen, phos- phoric ai-id an.l |i"tasli. Of the three, nitrogen is the most iin|iortani. I.iit all are present in varying degrees in most natural manures. Moreover, nitrogen composes four-fifths of the atmosphere and the soil absorbs it chemically through the action of bacteria when the soil is in good physical condition. Hence the importance of remembering always that air in the soil is as Important as water. Sorauer, in his "Physiology of Plants," page 56, says: "The ideal condition of a soil is one in which it resembles a sponge, and in which it will retain the greatest amount of nutritive substances and water with- SOIL out losing its capacity for absorbing air." Therefore it will readily lie seen that the physical condition of soil is far more important to the gardener than the chemical. Mineral soils vary according to locality, but when the topography of any particular locality is of a hilly or mountainous character, the different variations or phys- ical differences may often be found within the radius of a mile. The capacity of soils to retain moisture va- ries considerably. A clay loam is far more retentive of moisture than a sandy loam. The experienced gardener ferns, most i.t lln- Ki-i.-an a. nml ( lismra.aa' lir -rl.Tts materials whicli a gardener should always have on haini when he has a large and varied collection of plants are : leaf-mold, which is made by collecting leaves and stor- ing for at least two years, turning them over occasion- ally to facilitate decay; living or fresh sphagnum moss; sand; charcoal, and some convenient manures, such as pulverized sheep manure and bone meal. Growing plants in pots is very different from grow- ing them in borders or the open ground. In pots, espe- cially the larger sizes, the capacity of the soil for ab- sorbing air is in a great measure restricted; therefore, the experienced gardener digs the turf only from gowl pasture or meadow land, so that it shall be full of the fibrous roots of the grass. Soils containing fiber will absorb air much more freely than that without fiber. But before using the turf for potting it should be placed in square piles, turf downwards, for at least six months in order to kill the grass and all vegetable life. Fern root should also be collected and stored the same length of time in order to kill out the ferns. Fig. 2333. Raw aud very coarse soils are usually sifted before used for most greenhouse plants. Shallow sieves are used for this purpose. Fig. 2334. 1^-^ 2334. Sieves for siittne or riddling soils. Except for .sowing seeds and for potting seedlings and freshly rooted cuttings, thoroughly decayed and homogeneous soils should not be sifted, but should be broken into small lumps, as the small lumps assist ma- terially in aerating the soil. If the soil is sifted too much it becomes very fine, packs close and allows too little aeration. Leaf-mold is decayed vegetable matter, or humus. It may have little manorial value, but is used by gardeners to make soils "light " or spongy. For most young plants a good proportion added to the soil is ex- cellent, as it encourages root growth. Sand is the best medium for rooting cuttings of the majority of plants. It Is also added to soils to increase their porosity, especially when potting very young plants. Silver sand is best for all purposes because it contains less oxides than red or yellow sands. ced ffardene SOLANUM ft. high, with truilii 1677 2335 Solandra erandlflora is usually given, that is, if plants are to be grown on as specimens, but the proportion of nutrient substances used in a potting mixture vhould be determined by the vigor of the plants It iv i1h n ^ 1.. tti ? t.. use too little plant-food than too much it t mu li i- used it often becomes available fastei th m il i t^ "t plants can absorb it, and hence cau^. -, n-rmi t ids to form in the soils which are fatal to the rui.ts «1 iiio-t plants. Many amateur plant - growers in then oi er aniiety to grow fine plants make this fatal mistake In most gardens the greenhouse space is limited, and a gardener cannot always develop his plants to their fullest capacity or he his to reduce hi^ variety and numbers. For instance, we used to grow fancy pelargo- niums three and four feet in diameter, hut we found we either had to grow smalkr specimens or reduce the va- riety of our collections This, then, determines in the mind of an experienced gardener the composition of his potting mixtures His aim should be to grow the finest possible specimens lu the smallest possible pots and space, and all the cultural details given by the writer in this Cyclopedia have been with this idea in mind. Edward J. Canning. SOJA. Consult Soy Bean and Glycine. SOLANDRA (after Daniel C. Solander, a Swedish naturalist and traveler, 1736-1786). Solandcew. A ge- nus of about 4 species of woody vines native to tropical America, with simple, entire, shining leaves and large, white, solitary, datura-like iiowers: calyx long-tubular, 2-5-cleft ; corolla funnel-shaped; tube cylindrical; throat obliquely and widely bell-shaped; lobes broad, imbricated ; stamens 5, inserted on the corolla-tube : berry globose, pulpy. A. Plaiit becoming IZ-SO ft. high. grandifldra, Sw. Pig. 2.135. Lvs. obovate - oblong. ;.R. 18;: B.M. 4:143. -Cult, in ^. Calif. Ha. D. Don, has bright yellow fls. with streaks nf pur- ? throat Jiud is longer and more slender than S. ifrwn- lul the lobes are more conspicuously fringed. Slex. 531. p. W. Bakclat. Solandras are attractive plants and their needs are simple. A warm greenhouse— one in which the tem- perature is never allowed to fall below 50° — will suit them very well in the eastern states. The plants would probably do well outd'MU-s in Florida and the far South. They like plentx- ..f li^ht :,ih1 Miuslii,,,. :,t all seasons of the year. an..iim-- times cult, as a cui-iusitj. Il Iimk lu-t-n iIkhi^'Ih, liy some to be till- original of the Totato, but this i.s now given up. Darwin describes the plant in his "Naturalist's Voyage." As grown by the writer, the plant has given little promise in the production of tubers, for the tubers are small and soft 3 Jimesu, Torr Low and slender 12-18 in tall un der cultivation the small angular branches glabrous or 1 t H „1 1 nl u h 11 1 1 in or less - withstanding fiost Mts of Colo , nd Ariz B M 6766 — Isometimes < uriosity The tubers do not appear (o» oUected) fo, the edible simple Black Nightshadl Mo ih Annual 1-2 ft branch •irlyso Ivs simple and en iieate ov ite pointed long azureum >\ MiBha 2 Seitiitl 1 boreale 1 maqnificum 2' Capsicastnur 1 9 maigmitnm 17 TJxan," MeloiiBeiid. 6 ToiieM munoitiiiti 5 tuber s 11 ■mutinim 11 vmbellnl ; mnhellit. nigrum 4 I'l Pseudo Oapsicnm Wirv \ 8 intanum b pyraeantlniiii IG 1) integnfolium 7 Rintonnetli II Weill I .Inmesu 1 jasmmoides 20 Kantonnei 11 WeiKll ,1 the pedl ill | (if a pel — \ I Dakotas, often calk I -~ freely in w 1 used then t i | that the i 1 In warm u n apparent^ witlu though the nlant 1 of the SoUnacea" Tl man\ md perhaps must I Dun^l in the Prodromus w 1 diffused o\er the world evpei lallj A Species heaiinq ^indeiqrouiiil t il ei\ h \ piiiiiiili (See Baker Journ Linn Soi 21 foi account nt the tubeiiftious Solanunis ) 1 tuberdsum, Lmn Potato Fi„'s 1920 19'!0 2336 LoH weak -.tenmied much lirani bed perennial with tender. Iicili.ireims tops, and perpetuating itself asex- m Old r r ( .. 1 I streiks in 1 | I 1 4-6 m l()n„ in I I 1 1 V elevations d P "ill (.( Ill i llll-Tlnsili tracted some attention in this country about ten ago. It appears to have been introduced into the I SOLANUM a in 1882 by Gustay Eisen. A full and botany was made in Cornell Till- fruit is aromatic, tender and -u--. -t- an acid eggplant. In a the fiuit .rly States from tiuatem review of the histo: Exp. Bull. 37 (isyi) juicy, and in tastr drawer or box tbi t the North the sea i mature in the open early The Pepino i when grown in pots in a cool or mttiiii ii t i u \ ill set its fruits free]} It is readily j i | i., i 1 1 i i i of cuttings of the growing shoots TIil i 1 uit \\ lU w itb stand a little frost 6 Melongfina Linn (S ^nsdmcm Linn ) Erect and much braucheJ herb or subshrub 2-3 tt tall woolly or scurfy spiny h s large and heavy ovate or oblong ovate becoming nearly glabrous above but rtmainin„ densely tomentose beneath shallowh smuite lobed fls. large mostly in clusters the cab \ w oollj and often spiny the spreading, deepU lobed purplish corolla 1 in or more acioss fr a lai^^e berrj India Var escul^ntum Ivee {S e!,cutentHma,DdS oiigetum Dun ) C< MMov E( I PLVNT CtCinea Squash Auber GiNE I like S Pseiido Capsicnm but the white fls \eiy numerjus and the fr ovoid or olive form orange red A hoiticultural form perhaps ahjbrid A.l o known as 6 hybi idtim Hendersoni 11 Eantonnrtu ( irr (Van ously I I! I s / 1 ^ I ( Bun toilet 1 1 J I I 1 Elect bushj 1 1 I I _ \Mi „ tt tall glabiou h I 111 \ ite en tire altennte fl lai^e violet blue 2-5 together in the axils in or less in red 1 ery cm amental drooping Parifeuay and Argen \^ tina R H 18a9 p ^J^' fr. 1-2 2338. Solanum integriiolium (X Jt). . species grown for its ornamental fruit. 135.-i?. muticum, N. E. Br., is probably the same. (It. 43:1401. An excellent plant for blooming in the open in summer. Easily prop, by means of cuttings. 12. umbelliferum, Eschseh. Perennial, ■.lnuhby at the base, hoary-pubescent or soiiicii s almi'si tihibrous: Ivs. obovate-oblong, varying Ir.nn i.l.iiisc tc. acute: fls. violet-blue (or sometimes white |, iii uiiihcl like clusters, Ji in. across, showy and fragrant. Calif. Variable. — 6'. umbellatum, recently offered, is very likely this species. EE. Lvs. prominently lobed. 13. avicuUre, Forst. {S. lacimAtiim. Ait.). Strnng. erect herb or subshrub, 4-G ft., ghiliriiii> : Ivs, lar;:. . pinnatitid into long nearly linear or lain Ian acute lobes: fls. blue, 1 in. or less across, tin i.ilia ini.nn nently lobed, showy: fr. oval or globular, varying,' licmi green to orange-red, about %-l in. in diam. (said to be eaten in New Zealand). Australia and New Zealand. B.M. 349. DD. Plant more or less spiny: grown for the mass effect. E. Flowers mainly blue. 14. Indicuin, Linn. Strong shrub, sometimes taller than a man, with many stout often recurved prickles^ 1680 SOLAN UM more or less hairy: Ivs. ovate, sinuate or lobed, woolly beneath, usually prickly: Hs. blue, 1 in. or less across, triangular-lobed: berry globular, about % in. in diam., smooth, yellow. Tropical India, and in China and the Philippines. -Offered by Franceschi, S. Calif., who de- scribes the fls. as white. Variable. 15. T6rreyi, Gray. Strong pcioniiial herb, with close grayish pubescence an.l -iii-ii,' . ,il, i.ii.ll.-: Ivs. ovate, with subcordati' ..r ! ■' ' 7 -iiiuate lobes, the mi li^-il.l.: Us. about 1 in. across, star-shaped, white with tinge of blue; pietty S. America. P.M. 8:5. B.R. 33:33. Gn. 43, p 433 45, p. 162; 50, p. 19; 51, p. 3,58; 53, p. 28.-A most useful deciduous climber for the coolhouse. and much grown. Half-hardy, and useful for the open in the "^outh. Will grow 10-20 ft. if given a cliaii.-.'. Vai-. in:'andi!ldnim, Hort., has very large trusses of Hs. ami is a robust grower; excellent. Gng. 1:259. Var. varie- gitum, Hort., has variegated foliage. 21. Seaforthianum, Andr. (S. aznreum, Hort. % S. veniistum, Kunth). Beautiful slender climber or trailer. 4-1 n ft., iniiiutrly pubescent: Ivs. with 3 Ifts. (terminal (.Tl. Ini-L-. t' .,r til. 'ippri- oTirs simple, the margin en- ii'i '!. '■' .' i;.-; ■. ..Ill, ■ tN. many in long, droop- Ill .1 I ; .H..II. II at the apex, the corolla ni:i;,.' 'I I 1,1. Mi^ , lai slia|..-ii. u.suallv 1 in. or less ail'.-.; iV. .....Ill, -lain.. lis, s.-ark-t. Brazil. B.M. 1982, 5823. B,K, 12:;tL;;i, R.H, 1893, p. 177; 1897:424. -A very beautiful plant for the coolhouse. Begins to bloom when very young. DD. Fls. lllrrii', 3 in. nr ttwrr rirross. 22. "W^ndlandii, ll....k, r. i .s', W.-,„ll,nHlii miii/iiifi- cum, Hort.). Fig. li:!!-'. 'rall-.-linil.inu', L.'l:il.ri>us. with a G.C. in. 14 .Jl, 311 2339. Solanum Pseudo-Capsicum {X K). No, 8, 19. '^arscewiczii,Weick {S. warscetviesioldes, Hort.). Strong, erect plant, 3-4 ft., usually with a strong cen- tral stem, densely rusty -tomentose and armed with many short stout hooked or straight spines: Ivs. large, the blade often more than 1 ft. long, rather soft, tomen- :1147. F.E. perhaps the Blooms in ; "S. Wend- 8:828. —A splendid greenhouse climber, most showy of the cultivated Solanums summer and fall. Ernest Brauntou writes landii is a magnificent climber in 'liis .liniat.- (Lo- Angeles), reaching .50 ft. or more anil 1ki\ iiiLr iiinl.. Is 1: inches across. It is perhaps the sli..\\ i. ^i \iiii in Call fornia when in bloom. It is .genei-all> lianly hiji, ul though some winters nip and even kill the vine in thi colder and lower parts of this city. Cut up an old vine any kind of wood, stick the pieces in sand or light soil SOLANUM inil wait. Every cutting will grow. When in a robust :oniiition it !.« a gross feeder. It should be in the full lun, though it does well anywhere." .«. hetaceum. Cav.. is r\Tlioman(lra. for which see Vol. t.— S. (■r;j(n(j», Velloz., is a slirnb or small tree, with cyphomandra- ike Ivs. and the young parts clothed with ehaflfy hairs: fls. rhite: fr. globose, hairy, inclosed in the calyx. S. BraziL B.M. SOLENANTHUS 1681 species are here adopted from Koch's Synopsis Florse Germaniea>. Some white-flowered forms have been re- corded. A. yjs, 2-4 on ft scape : corolla split halt way to the buxe; filaments half as long as anthers. B. Pedicels pnbescent. montina, Willd. Lvs. roundish; margin slightly and remotely crenate: fls. violet. May-July. BB. Pedicels roughish. alplna, Linn. Fig. 2343. Lvs. roundish; base more or less kidney -shaped; margin entire or somewhat wavy: fl.s, violet, with darker streaks. May. B.M. 49. G.C. II. 24:457. AA. Fls . solitary : corolla split a third of the way to the base: filaments about us long as anthers. B. Pedicels roiighish. pusilla, Baumg. Base of lvs. heart-shaped or kidney- shaped; margin somewhat wavy: fls. copper-colored, verging on blue, the fringes straight, not spreading. May.' BE. Pedicels pubescent. minima, Hoppe. Lvs. roundish : fls pale lilac, streaked purple inside; the fringes spreading at the tips. June, July- vr. M. SdLEA (after W. Sole, author of a monograph of the mints of England). VinlAcecr. A single species native to the eastern U. S.. an (,r.r>.n.-M..„. ,„.,.^„„inl i-'_> ft. high, with mostly ol.|..iiu-. n.in ,-^^ I ■, ■,.■ II, ,1.. 1, :i. ,.^ :i-5 in. long, and .small iM.iiil If , i il • . i ■ n.n \' or in pairs in many I.I I III |. I .qual; petals nearly e(iu;i I. .■miiin , m n, h |) iIh h ,■ Irugth, nate at the broad apex; stamens with hnKnl (■..nn. .-lives wholly connate into an ovoid sac open onh l..nv. , n tin- free tips, a rounded or 2-lobed scale-lik.- i^hnnl ;Hliiate to the base anteriorly. c6ncolor, Giug. (lonldium cdncolor, Benth. & Hook.). May, June. Moist woods. B.B. 2:450. — Is offered by F. W. Barclay. allectors. SOLENANTHUS (Greek, tube and floioer; referring to the form of the corolla). Borraginctcece. About 15 species of perennial herbs from Europe and Asia with alternate leaves and blue or rosy flowers either in long, - like, bine, sue SOLDANflT.T.A (Latin, a small coin: referring to the shape of the lvs.). Primvh)ce,f. Ab out 4 species of alpine plants 2-3 in. hitrh, «ith n...M..,i fringed flowers of vi,.Iet ..r ].u.-|.li-h I.I II. . ,ii..l ,il...ul 'o- ?4 in. across. SoldauHlav ai. m,„...i^-i lli. ni..~t 1 III. 1. us flowers of the Alps, though not the .-..i iiini.ii. vt. .s' III- ;.-».( .i^e, ii.K the mountains to the 1 ine of l,el-|.etual s„..A. (,, ,,it Mien, in "Flashlights on Nature," de- cl.in- th It il„ fl.,wer of Soldanella a ctuallv thaws its wti\ 11]. Ihi..ii-li a solid block of ice. Solilanellas are cultivated in this country ..III it . 1' 1 .i-e rock ear- dens. Those who have hfi .11,1 dwell in the region of changeable win . . i..|.tto grow these plants in pots undei .. i 1 II ..t nature's winter covering, Accordin.; i.. .1. LI, K ,.1.1, they prefer a half -shady or shady position and are prop, by seed or Sohlanellas are native only to the Alps of middle ;iinipe. TIn-v are sleii.ler, glabrous, perennial herbs, ,iili-ii..i, II.- I - b.iig-.stalked, thick, roundish, . I ' kiilnev-shaped base, entire: I .1 l.-w, about 6 in, high or less: il I .,t.,. .1 .'[i .-lit. The descriptions of the 2343 Soldanella alpina (X K) shoitei biactless, scir- p irted egments nar- lit c lolla tubular, the spreading stamens ex- nutlets 4 1682 SOLENANTHUS Apenninus, Hohen.t Cynogldssuni Apentilnunif Linn.). Plant hardy, 214-3 ft. high: Ivs. rather coarse, the radi- cal ovate-oblong, those of the stem long-lanceolate: fls. blue, forget-me-not-like, in dense, axillary, panicled racemes. May, June. S. Europe.— A useful plant amongst shrubbery or in the back part of borders. Prop, by division or seed. f. W. Barclay. SOLIDAGO (according to Gray, from "soUdus and Olio, thln.,l ..hn,.|.- when in bloom, for rem : ; .:!..•...' ; -u.j. The observation m ;. ,i, i. . a, \ ... a :. aa ||, a flue collection of m :, i ; i li ; •,,,,; ; 1 1 .ii'al excel- l..,uhl l„ n.a.nlaiued and augmented bv -npj.U iml:— ". ..I .soil aud civiug good care. Too often itU i .dn il.a 1 hecause the plants thrive under poor con, |]ii,. lis m tin wild, thev do not profit by superior condiiiins m tin ^^ aialeii; but this is an error. SolidagOS alV elen |u ,-en, iial lierl.s with simple alter- nate leaves, an,l manv Mn all xallow ll-alelv wllitish) heads in spike,, ,h^,,e,. , i..in|.. .1111.1 i.ann.l.s. or ra- cemes. The In ;nl- a,. ,,l,|,. ,,.. ..r narr..» .a.in paiiulate, with small, in., il, .nni. .; ..a'il. , .-aaaiaina f. • u florets, the .III ' . " a . ... ,a. 1 , a, ., i.. l^^TlWy'ol'"^.:.:;,,.^, .an: characteristic of e.i,,i.eiii ,\., 11 11 Am. Il.a, «ln 1. ah.^lll Ijll species occur. There are sc ;veral species ou the Pacific coast, a few in Mexico and South America, and two or three in Europe and northei ■n Asia, making, altogether, nearly 100 species. None of tlle m n - an. « .11 known in the trade, al- though any ..1 . - .■\pected to appear in the catalogues of .i- .a . i n.- and hardy plants. For descriptions m ih. ^|i. . i. -. see Grav's Syn. Fl. N. Amer., vol. 1, pt. 2; for tin- species of "the northeastern states, also Gray's Manual and Britton & Brown's Flora. The following have : been offered by American dealers: bieolor. Linn. petioHris Ait csesia, Linn., Pig. 2344. pulier'ulaVNutf. Canaden.sis, Linn., tit;. 2345. Rirt.lellii. Frank. rigida, Linn. Dru'mmondii.Torr. & Gray. ' rigidiuscula. Porter. elonsiita. Nutt. rugosa, Mill.. Fig. 2347. confertiflora, DC. sempervirens, Linn. juncea. Ait. serotina. Ait. lanceolata. Linn. — var. gigantea. Gray. latifolia, Linn. Shortii, Torr. & Gray. Missouriensis, Nutt. speciosa, Nutt. negleeta. Torr. & Gray. speetabilis. Gray. nemoralis, Ait., Pig. 2346. striota, Ait. occidentalis, Nutt. uliginosa. Nutt. odora. Ait. ulmifolia, Muhl. Ohioensis, Ridd. Virgauvea. var. alpina, Bigel. patula, Muhl. L. H. SOLLYA (in honor of Ri..Iiar.l n..i-man Solly, 1778- 1858, an English botani-i I /' " ..,..,... Two species of Australian evergrei 11 I !\ ^. narrow: fls. nodding, on slender [...la. la.; .i in I.. ose, few- flowered cymes; sejials .1] nn.a. i.a.lh [..tals obovate, spreading from the liase; anthers conuivent in a cone around the pistil: capsule many-seeded. Propagated by cuttings in sand under glass, or by seeds, which germi- nate readily. heteroph^Ua, Lindl. Australian Bluebell Creeper. Small shrub, 2-6 ft. high, with slender, twining stems: Ivs. variable, from lanceolate or oblong-linear to ovate- SONEEILA lanceolate or ovate-oblong, obtuse or slightly acumi- nate, entire, 1-2 in. long, usually narrowed into short petioles: cymes 4-s-l-JH.l,. terminal or leaf ..j.posed: fls. bright blue, '-'. 11. 1.1. a. .iiil\. I;.M . aaa;;. H.B. 21:253. B.R. 17:ltr... liai.l^ aa.l niiaOi .aijinal.al in middle California a a. I a a i . ..i i a\ ... iie ..a a ■ mi ..f the brilliant blue of it- ll.u.as. IN]...ially \aliial.le for covering banks, roekwork and low fences, preferring to scramble over other plants. Also grown as an herba- ceous border plant, being kept within bounds by the shears. The roots are very attractive to the California pocket - gopher, who plays sad havoc with it if not watched. ' j Buhtt Davy. SOLOMON'S SEAL. Polytjonatnm. SOLOMON'S SEAL, FALSE. Smilnrina. SONEHiLA (adapted from a native name), ^felas- tomacert. This includes a number of dwarf, tender foliage plants which must be grown in the greenhouse all the year round. The plants belong to the same '>i;f 2344 Solidago caesia cultural group with Bertolonii and the Malay archipelago. The fls. are usually rose- colored, K in. across or less, and generally disposed in seorpioid racemes or spikes. The genus is monographed in Latin by Cogniaux in DC. Mon. Phaner. vol. 7 (1891). The species described below are all caulescent plants with Ivs. distjiictlv petioled, those of each pair being of equal si z. (.\i.|.i m s'. maculata) : fls. 3-merous; sta- mens :<,, I. ..a ia ' .a'. Soniiil. a esteemed in Belgium, where they hav. ! -i .1 bv Van Houtte, Linden, Van in the rlcrxo), Hen pictiiriitii, I'l''!" :ni'[ ,...,,..:,. \ -aii^i.n-iory explana- tioned below. In addition ih. a. are al...iit l.'i kinds with personal names that vary fi..ni iln- i\ p. s mentioned be- low in their variegation. Th.i. ai.' also s..iTie hybrids between Sonerila and Bertolonia which arc known to the trade as Bertonerila. The most important of the species mentioned below is S. margaritacea. It was long thought impossible to grow Sonerila and its allies outside of a bell-jar or Wardian case. The Belgians now dispense with the "double glass" and grow these plants in tropical or even temperate green- houses. For potting material they use a compost of SONERILA fibrous peat and chopped sphagnum, sprinkled with sand and interspersed with bits of charcoal. The plants should have a partially shaded position, and should never be syringed. Never allow water t( leaves. The species seed freely. The varieties are propagated by division. ^, jj. Sonerilas thrive best in a close and moisture-laden atmosphere with just enough ventilation to keep them from melting or decaying. A temperature of not less than 75° suits them best. Cuttings of well-ripened growth are placed under a glass case or bell-glass in a bottom heat of 70-80°. Care must be tak^ ing to allow the drops of condensation which gather the glass to dissipate. For potting material use fl screened leaf -mold, with plenty of silver sand inter- mixed and a little finely chopped fresh sphagnum on the top of the pots or pans. These plants have shallow roots, and require plenty of drainage, consisting of fine broken potsherds mixed with either charcoal or finely ground SONERILA 2345. lidago Canad 2346. Solidago nemoratis. soft-coal clinkers. When the phmts have made their full growth (which they do if started at the proper time in early spring) they start into flower. At this time the plants should be hardened off by gradually with- holding water, and they should also be kept a little cooler. When fully ripened they may be cut back in order to furnish material for cuttings. Keep the old stools a little warmer and they will gradually start into new growth again. These plants make choice decorative plants in pans or even in wire baskets and can be used for choice table or mantel decorations. H. A. SlEBRECHT. INDEX. argentea, 7. Mamei, 6. pieta, 3, 4. guttulata. 4. margaritacea, 5. punctata, 4. Hendersoni, 6, orientalis, 4. .speciosa, 1. maculata, 2. A. Foliage not variegated 1. speciosa AA. Foliage variegated. B. Cali/.r Jinx rutin r Jvng and sparse Ilia ,nliil.rr li,n,:< 2. maculata BB. CalJiJ- ,!lul,n,,is ,.r rarely dotted- c. Ni>. ul luri-cs 7: margin of Ivs. minutely serrate :i. picta cc. No. of nerves 9 or 7: margin i4 Ivs. sharply and prominently serrate. Ivs. opposite, cordate-ovate, green above, sonietimes crimson beneath, mostly 7-9-nerved: fls. purple or rose, 4-14 in a cluster. 1 in. across. India. B.M. 5026; 4978 [S.elegans). P.S. 23:2442. 2. maculata, Roxb. This differs from the other spe- cies here described in having Ivs. of unequal sizes. The larger one of each pair may be 3-5 in. long : the .smaller a half or third as long: Ivs. ovate or oblong, unequal at the base, minutely denticulate, 9-11-nerved: fls. violet. India. R.H. 1865," p. 91, is too poor to deter- mine. — Probably not in cult. 3. plcta, Korth. Erect or ascending, with scurfy or puberulous branches: Ivs. short-petioled, broadly lan- ceolate, wedge-shaped at the base, minutely serrate, 7- nerved, lined with white along the primary nerves: fis. rosy. Sumatra. — S. picta of the trade is probably S. orientali.i, var. picta. 4. orientalis, Linden. The botanical status of this name is doubtful. In horticulture it applies to a group of varieties sent out by Wm. Bull in 1891, and remark- able for two novel features: some of the varieties have dark purple or bronzy colors ; others are peppered all over with an infinite number of small, light-colored dots. All have dark purple nerves. In I.H. 37:113 the date and unequal at the base, with 9 or 10 nerves, en- tire: color of fls. not recorded. Habitat not stated. The typical form is said to have bronzy Ivs. with an ama- ranth reverse. Var. guttulata has green Ivs. peppered 1684 SONEKILA with Qall white dots and is pale green below. Var. lucli like the preceding variety but has paler leaves. Var. picta li:i^ the purplish Ivs. of the type, with au iri.L'tjIar Inn.-, "hite strip of silvery gray down the mid. II. . \ ;.i-. U..l.rit yallier, R.B. 20:61, has dark green Ivs, |„|,|i.i-,'.l wliite and with a lanceolate figure of silviT .lew u ihu middle. Said to be a hybrid of v.im. pii-lii an. I iiiuii.-lata. It has the stripe of pne and the d.jts .>t tin- ..llier. 5. margariticea, Lin.ll. This is the most important ferriiii' <■■ •':' <- -.- ■■ ■ ' '■■ ■•'■<' ']-<^ '- "v,.;.n the of llj.' I i'l- M ; .■•. I. ... M ..... ■. ,.\y ser- rate, 7 1. ■■: . i-ii !■': 'I I" '"■'• . ■■"■111.' at the base: il- i-.i-n . ';^l .Mni, !■' v, 1 I . 1 il'i; (iic-rves too parall.-li. l.lLJ:lii. i,.,\v.. |r,, _ Sn|.|..,st.d to be native guttata, \:u-. maraai itai-i'ii. is t-i r..n...usly referred to Sonerila insteail of Salpinga. Sulpinga margarita- cea is readily told from Soiierila margaritacea by its 5-nerved Ivs. and floral parts in 5's. 6. H6ndersoni, Hort. This is referred by Cogniaux to S. m.ii'i". ' ' " . "f wliich it is perhaps merely a horti- cultiir 1 I i irade purposes it is convenient to treat ii I'fcies. It seems to be the chief pari'iii III III' ■; ,. |.i|pinent of the numerous hybrids with I1I..1.I1.-.I i..lia;.'.-. It differs from the type in hav- ing a broader leaf with a shorter acumen and rounded base, and especially in being covered with irregular blotches, which, however, do not cross the nerves. P.M. 1875:159. I.H. 23:230. -The blotches are all about the same size. S. Mctmei, Linden, has more regular and roundish blotches, which are nearer white and on a darker ground. The under side is netted with rosy pur- ple. I.H. 23:254. 7. argentea, Il.irt. ( .s". HiUiilirsuni, var. arrjinfea, Fouriii.'i-I. l-'.>r hi.rti.-ultural |.u\-p.isi-s this may be treatc.l as a .listin.-l s| i.'s. i-lia ra.-l.-rized by its silvery foil. Pith dark green except on the nerves. This is the parent of most of the forms that have a silvery cast of foliage, just as S. Hendersoni is responsible for the irregular blotches. I.H. 23:230. — Sonerila Alp. Van De Sande shows the Hendersoni and argentea blood in the large silvery blotches, most of which are larger than in Hen- dersoni. ntali. berless minute dots of Robert Sallier, but the very and more broken for by 1 ulersigned. SOPHORA (Sophera. Arabian name of a tree with ppa-slia|n-d (lowers). In.-Iuding Sli/plinolobium and Eda'ayilxia. I.t aa 111 i ii.< ^1 1 hiia in. ntal deciduous or ever:^r(-.ii ir.-.s ..r ^I|||||. .1 1 .1. p.'rennials with alten.ai,-, ...I.I i.iiiiL-.i.' I-.- :..■ i.-eous. yellow, whitish .11- VI. .1,1 11. .U.I .,1.; i.i :i,.| i,.-,rr..w monili- form p.. lis. 'I'll.. I...-1 1 1 ,.. . .. , V, .7,n">nira, is hardy as far ,i,.,.|li a~ M . ,1 ...msfo be si.iii..« liai liaiili. !■ 11.. I I . . iih large p.-eially r.- white rk green SOPHORA 10, free or connate only at the base: pod stalked, almost terete or 4-winged, rarely compressed, few- to many- seedeii, monilifonu, in.l.liisi-int or tardily dehiscent. The fls. and frs. of .s'. ./../....,.,.. yield a yellow dye, S. tomentosii has mcliial |ir..|..-iii. -, ;ind the seeds of S. se- cuHdiflora contain ,..|.|,.,mi,.-. a ii..isonous alkaloid. S. tetraptera is a valualiU- iinil.er lia'c- in its native country. 2348. SoDhora Japonica, plementary list. ) * affinis, s. L. granditlora, 4. pendula. 1. alopecuroideSt s. l. Japonica, 1. platycarpa, 2. australis, s. L. Korolliowi, s. L. secundiflora, 3. Chilensis, 5. Macnabiana, 4. tetraptera, 4. Ghinensis, s. l. macroearpa, 5. tomentosa, s. L. chrysophylla, s. L. microphylla, 4. violacea, s. L. A. Fls. white or violet. B. Lx-s. deciduous: fls. in terminal panicles, c. Calyx rounded at the base. 1. JapAnica, Linn. {Styphnoldbium Japidnicum, Schott). Japan Pagoda Tree. Tree, attaining 00 ft., with spreading branches, forming a dense round head: Ivs. 7-9 in. long; Ifts. 5-13, distinctly stalked, ovate to ovate-lanceolate, acute, rounded at base, dark green and glossy above, more or less pubescent beneath. 1-2 in. long: fls. yellowish white, % in. long, in loose panicles 15 in. long: p...l .listiTi.'tlv stalked, glabrous, terete, 2-3 in. loiiu'. '..in. l.r..a.l. .l.iK-Sept. China; cult, in .lapan. (in. l'I, |.|.. I'lii. Jl I, Jl I ; :;<,l, p. 222. U.M. 38:665. (ing. fi, ). .'I , . M.li.ii. is'is: 1 si. ^ Var. pendula. Loud. Pigs. 2::is, ■.■■:ri w-i. '.,. ... .,i,.i -;..r..i..,- y.. rHii,i,-,us branchi's. \: M i-.'. I'l' i-i . ' . 'i ■ •. I'.'i: 'J4, are sever:.! .illli.l l..iui. ;i. . . . I ' i > n.ll duced from E. Asia, of sim i: . i ; i . i. . i .ii.. . the same hardiness; th.x ii. i' i nn under provisional names : : , . /. ,, kowl, tomentosa and I'ichi' > i' . ; r .li.-ii .. "I'l' mentary list. The pictures i.f the \Vi.e|.iiig Soplio (Pigs. 2.348, 2349) are adapted from Revue Horticole. CO. Cahjx nnrrnired into the pedicel. 2. platycArpa, ^laxim Tr. r . simil:.r in liabit to t preceding but w.tl i. ....;. i. :i,. 11-15, altt nate, ov;iti- 1.1 .llipi I. .i . ... '..glabrous eel: ablo iind 2-' ally opposite small Ifts.: lis. papilionaceous, in or terminal leafy panicles; calyx with 5 short teeth; standard orbicular or broadly obovate ; stamens i-.H. Lis. persistent; fls. violet, in terminal racemes. 3. secundifldra, Lag. Small tree, .35 ft. high, or shrubby, with short, slender trunk and upright branches forming B.R. 9;738.- usuaUy 11, pubeseeut 1 central or e: ['Pressed ■ly from 1-W in'. ^''■'-'K is cult. It has 15-17 oialong, acute Ifts., spariugly pu- ; above, densely beneath, and pale violet flowers. Alfred Rehder. 2349 Sopho a Japon c AA Fli jello ax Uai i race ei 1 5 e {HI d ) E Pol 4 jed fh abo t lA n lo q 4 tetraptera A t Shrul or small t ee 30 40 ft h gh w h lender p ead ng branches !f numerous al uost sess le obo ate to 1 near silky p be e t beneath fls n " 8 fl 1 r dulo alout 1 long pod 4 1 Spr no- Ne Zeala 1 Lord H 1 ninlez Ch le -Tie f 11 w n- v ton Va grandifldra H k f / / fid s 1 1 ) I t 1 1 1 W I 11 1 1 1 1 rt ■wn" b 1 1 II 4 1 11 19 lir \ m oplylla 11 1 /' pi /II A J 1 1 t ) 0 be larolo 11 1 II 1 4 / n long fl 1 1 1 lo - as w n- 1 i 1 I 87 also een 1 1 BE p ; / ' J macrocarpa 1 / / ; Shr 1 11 11 11 tone t 1 1 1 11 1 slkyi 1 1 1 11 1 1 n sh 111 terete III 11 11 1 1 SdPHEO-LffiLIA. Orchid hybrids between Sophro- nitis and La?lia not advertised in American trade cata- feoPHEONlTIS (Greek ol 1) Or h !> e tl e wall f tl e o ary column sho t the t g at c f e co er w like pro- lect o at I II h Th s ge u s closely The e 1 1 i 1 o C attl yas ai 1 Sophro- Lwl tl e of the Cattleya ho ise. In gro n i ate supply of water and , lenty of t 1 1 1 e n at 0° 55° an 1 water sufflc ently to ke p tl e fro u shr el g Crow tl em n si allow pots w tl plenty of dra nage a 1 a thin !aj er of fine tu f y fern root g no sphagn n grandiflora L ndl ( >> a R 1 b f ) Pseudo- 1 11 1 erel 1 1 1 11 1 1 c fls soli- tarj bort ill 1 1 across br 11 ant arl t ften 1 1 1 w th an orange Kl ellu sepal ol 1 1 1 , tals b oadly ellip- t c label! m narrow 1 f I le 1 le Flowers dur- » the whole w nter Orga Mt B M •) 09 P.S. 1 1 I 16 P M 9 19S C 5 443 (var o a) 31, 1 S 8 48 10 I H « J I H III 34 31') G C II. 1 111 III 1 4 ( 1 } \1 c^mua I 11 \ 11 Ill 1 (fa R H 188fa 492 1 1 t w th a creeping 1 z 1 1 1 1 I e 1 1 11 1 ovate thick a 1 I therj 1 t 1 r an el long fls 4 8 on a stem fron the ax Is of lei b ght scarlet or red lish erals and petals ovate; I lell n ovat t I ter oncave W ter. r o I o f Al BR 1! IPJ 1 1 I I t 1 n 1 a epals a 1 ] 1 bl 1 It te 1 1 ellu n rho bic- obo ate flat \\ n r C g Mts B az 1 B M 6880 He ne h Ha elb no and Wm Mathews. lers of nks of t gether v spread I ers and a dsome g The I owy, I 1 :illd 1686 SORBARIA soil and thrive also in partly shaded situations. Prop, by hardwood cuttings; also by root-cuttings, suckers and seeds. Four species in Asia and one in N. America, formerly usually united with Spirsea but easily distin- guished by their stipulate, pinnate Ivs. and the 5 carpels being opposite to the sepals. A. Lvs. pinnate. B. Panicles with upright ramifications, dense. c. Fls. Ys in. acro.is. sorbifdiia, A. Braun (Spiraa aorhlfblia, Linn. Bii- sillma sorbifdlia, Rat.). Fig. 2350. Upright shrub, 3-5 ft. high: Ifts. 13-23, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, long- acurainate, doubly serrate, stellate-pubescent beneath to .Japan. A.G. 11:1. cultivation in somu 1.. ';;,i,n"" '!'■, grandifldra, M ■ < sorMfdlia,v;ir.„h > Shrub, 1-:! n. III. :i acuminate, d"iil.|\ - icles.-!-5 in. long: H.s, beria. Gt. 9:295. m. BB. Panicles w •ith spreafJi r-. )'niniq In ■aurhrs p„l Lindleyana, M:,Ni,n 15-21, I,ui.',-,,i:,l.-. l..ri--.H-,nini,;,lr. n.UTMU.i at tli.- l,.-,s,., 3-4 in. long : panicles 8-12 in. long and about 8 in! broad: fls. K in. across. July, Aug. Himalavas, China. F.S. 2:108. B.R. 31;;i3. Gn. 47, p. 222; 49, p. 229; .'•>5, p. IIG. cc. Toung branches glabrous, usually red. Aitchisoni, Hemsl. (Spirrra Aitchisoni, Hemsl. .S. sorbifdlia, var. angustlfdliff, Wenzig). Shrub, 6-8 ft. high, with upright or as.-ni,liiir, liftl. l.rnnched .stems, usually bright red whin ■, -i !" li 21, lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, lu-ut u -• ■■■■,■.] at the base, simply or obscurely d.iui-. . > in . . ,lal>rous, 2-4 in. SORBUS long: panicles to 12 in. long, leafy at the base: fls. % in. or more across. Julv-Sept. Afghanistan, Cashmere. G.C. III. 28:255. M.D.G. 1901:]8.-A very desirable shrub with handsome graceful foliage, much hardier than the preceding species. Aug. Call I G. cm. JL- Mass., but, 1 is likely to L S6BBnS (: hip, : killed by too much Alpked Ki of .S, d.linrsll y birds. They are not particular as I i well suited for planting on rocky )f tlie Aucuparia group are more ai i moist mountain regions; those of tli aria group, which grow specially wri tings. Varieties and rarer kinds are usually budded or grafted on allied species, but most kinds will grow on /S. Aucuparia or Americana and on Hawthorn. The trees are very subject to borers. About 30 species distributed throughout the northern hemisphere, in N. America south to Fla. and New Mex., in A«ia south to the Himalayas. Lvs. simple or odd- pinnatifida, 6. dnmestica. a. nialifnrmis. a. Sargenti, 7. dulcis, 1. melanocai-pa. 14. Scandica, 10. e.hdis, 12. mieranlha.S. •SorfctM, 5. erythincarpa. 111. microcarpa, 3. spuria, 7. fiistigiata. 1. Marai'in,. 1. subpubeseens, 14. Fennica. 6. Nepnirnsis. 12 & Suecica. 10. Fifeana, 1. supDl. list. Thianschanica. 2. flabellata. 11. Thuringiaca. 6. flabellifoliH, 11. 71I>.Y,,' 12.' Tianschanica, 2. floribunda. 14. „cci,l,-nlalis. 4. torminalis, 8. SORBUS A. Foliage piiiinilt-. B, Ll'S. ress 4. sambucifolia CC. Fruits '.. III. or n/"..' inriiss. apiil, - or ,iiiir-sh.i,.r,l. irilh groiiji. sji. ri'' s ■,-: . I r>. domestica BB. Lis. OxIjI in, I, ml, l,.„„r,l the the tip/i, r jiiirl. ,;,,,i,i,g much on the s,t„i, i,l,u,t ,niil occa- sionnlhi ,,iihi I,,Ih,I. Hybrids. r. lluhli'irr, -like 6. hybrida .1. II, iliii shrill. -like 7. spuria AA. Full, I, I, sniipl, . B. Shil.'s ..': Ir,,s „r rarelji shrahs. C. Under s,,l,, ,.f Irs. „lnhrnus at lenijlh, ,ir, , I,: lr<. I.ilird: fr. iYo. X I . 8. torminalis CO. Under s',!, , / / . ,. F. l!,ls,, „f the HSIUlllll I, r„il ,1 I II I, nil.' les. Ml, sihi r,,iiii,l,'il 0. latifolia Fr. Base ni II ml,' I,, „h- long - „rii I, Irs. broudhi ,-iiii,,ii, 1(1. intermedia EE. Pairs of i;i IIS .:-.-,.- ii ml, r side of r.iiis ,1, IIS, hi snnieii irliii, . i„,ii, i,i,,s, .11. flabellifolia DD. Lvs. ii,,l ,,r lull ,,l,s,iir, hi Inhril: i„i,rs „i r, ins 'i-l .'.\:1. Aria BB. Sillies .5; shriilis irilli rr,„,il,lil 1687 with the Ifts pi nil iteh 1 I \ 11 pendula II it 1 I i i 1 I i 1 i i i 1 il us, 1,1 \ 1 Roshica II It 11 1 ttl lit lit tilt I \ fructii 1 iteo 1 1 I Fi- ieana II 1 II I H Mth t 11 II 1 t I V I ^ 1 ^1 lined %\< d ct S U,nst,ea -ind S t i „ n ili^ 111 1 m T lesser degree that of S Aucuparia is vilued till lies of tools and similar small articles [see Pi 1 ' Tiansch^mca, Rupi iP i i n i 1 ) e i Res 1) SmiU tree oi shuil I i i tl i i In, \ jung bi tuchlets glabrous i I I i i ill \ I u s 1, M -\hi> baiidsoneinaccoimt of 1st ot its daik gieen ioliage and red brown Amencilna, "\[i mieiuntha Dum ( DOGBERR\ Fig spreiding biand slightly pubescent beneath 1^ — 1 m 1 dense 3 6m broi 1 liose bright led Ter> small and t i i Imencitna, DC S \^ Mountain Ash t timing W ft with liiubliv Itts 11 17, 11 ite glabrous or t gieen abo^ e paler ill to '4 m across in lis cor^ mbs fr glo uith the cilji lobes 111 Nent undUnd CO. Fruits hl.iel;: Irs. ,il,l nearhi si, 14. mclanocarpa {Aueiipari,, ,jri,i,i,. speeies 1-4. ) 1. Aucuparia, Linn. 1 I'rn,- European Mountain .\-ir I- Ronnd-headed tree. 20 1 i< . young branchlets pub.-.. petioles more i.r l.-ss 1. , ; oblon.-LM....l:,.., . .... ."'ivi'""r.L'. 2351! ; .1 ..;, .. . high: incider: green 'i^ . ■ ■. , , , . ■ ., 1 .. h, lir'oad. tonu-ni.-- -!■ -.MM. Ill, ... •.i.s; sta- mensiibont as l.mg ..- 1. across, bright red. JhiN . ' Siberia.-Var.diilcis, Ki Almost glabrous ; prti..!. late, 2-3 in. Ion-. -1;. 1 . . ' - i .... ... '■. *-i;,'and , M-erl.). M 1, ; .1. .-hinceo- ..■i,..:ul,. Tl,.- iinits are of an agreeabl.. :. ■ ■ .1 i.- where hardlv in : : laciniita, Beis^n , :- n hjinU -■ .-..1,1 n.irtln rn .-liniates . «il! -mw. Var. dulcis iln.. and i;l.;i.'rful form Sorbus Aucuparia to Manitoba south to Mich and N C S S 4 171 172 -V« microc4rpa Torr &Grij(S mtctoeatpa Pursh) has narrower foliage and mm sni ill fiuits about ^^ m across i sambucildha, Roem (Pipu imlu if ha Chim & •^chlecht ) Western Mointm'^ \ 11 ^1 II ti or shrub closely allied to the piece 111 1 1 1 I to ovate lanceolate obtuse to short 1 i 1 late glabrous and dark green al nd usually pubescent beneath when \ 1 1 , fls M-' " > , -4 111 1 I ' ' corynil 1 hi i joung 1 right <- I I id whe 1688 SORBUS 4 1 3 1 4 — \ er ar ble spec es the ea tern for u resembles more the p e 1 ng spec eb and nter ned ate forms are not uncommon in the northeastern state The most dist net forn is var Grayi Wenz (var p m la Sarg Py s occ le td! s Watb ) Shrubby Ifts U o al to al ol lot g obtuse v th only a fe teeth at the apex 1 lu sh green or 1 s 1 ^ n acres Wash to Cal f Or P 10 85 6 a b c fol a is often jnate mto a er Ifts IS le toment e 1 , p b b li sh wh te I broad fr /^ - --.; ^Jii %° II 1 II - 1 1 udtr the V i w <> T^ Hjbridsof d f ^ I %^ .py'Z f 11 1 1 11 1 ] S p r tie 1 , 1 1 r trobably 4 \s^' tl ft , whle 4*- ' J the ore 1 1 fru t ** ^^>- ha. e S A 1 rent A s lar po nted ^ r f J 1 1 ^^1 s org 1 1 A 11 I probably / f *t^ a hybr d ot S 1 a d 6 el u pa was ""'V^ /I ^ named S 6 g t D pp N \ V V (/- JO, / Vo «) '' / IV a\ i \ torm nal s ( 7" Us Ehrh Tor ^m\ M /In/ 1 Roem ) Wild 1 N/ s 1 1111 1 v th spread g 1/ b 1 1 till II at 1 gl tly 2352 Sorbus Amer can i(a ) cord te to 1 oa lly c e te angula 0 ate serrate lob 1 ral tr 1 lower s n ses reach ng abo t halt 1 ccose confoun le 1 w th tl e prece 1 no- sp c loth a e very tomento e when y ung '-4 1 1?4 n hand ome n a t n w th tt 1 1 r of 1 r crl t long fl wh te A a acr 1 r loose red fru t So et mes a t / / f 1 t ue t e corymbs fr 0 al J 4 n b gb brown Amer can nu ser e un 1 1 b fol lotte 1 Ma J ine So tl ern an 1 m d lie Europe - (Cor 6 y 1 The fol age t rns hr el t red r fall 5 dom^stica L {P P I / es9 1^ ) mist ca b n th Co E 9 latifdl a t fdfdla Bechst P Tree Fig Jo3 Hull t 1 1 t termed P A var lat fdl a w nter buds gl t | II 1 Hort To III 1 ' obovate oblong t 1 1 ■)! f) Tre t serrate w th a 1 broadly ovate to ovate base green an 1 1 1 ately lobe! with short 1 neath at least 1 ite lobes and w th 6-0 1 Una. ross n 1 11 | i 1 t entose beneatl tose corj ubs fr 1 4 11 1 1 I ^ fls about A n 1 0 ueu w th red 0 orange cheek | 1 1 1 1 al So 1 fr globose or 1 lit mis r 11 ,par 1 aped P3 to s 1 1 1 M 1 1 etolro si rei M 1 onally SI \ Vt 1 \\ \ 11 1 1 111 F ro^e II II I <- often nfo n 1 1 1 whch t ain St nl or flowers except ly tie A /^ often 1 gl tl name of S g hjbr d s var J I Use) and sal SORBUS pinnately lobed with broad and short, irregularly ser- rate lobes and 5-8 pairs of veins, whitish tomentose be- neath, 2K-1 in. long; petioles yi-% in. long: fls. about }i in. across, in broad, tomentose corymbs: fr. orange- red, globose or subglobose, about Jj in. high. May. Northern and niiibllr Euin|.r. -Tlii^ is sometimes con- founded with .S'. hiiint,!,! :i;;,i ,. n i , i, l, i , ,1 to be B hybrid of similar oriffiii. Inn it i- -,ii,niil\ a -.md species. It never bears distuni l,at!-i- :t! ih' do not reach farther thiiii ■ !■ ilii 11. jlabelUfoUa, S. Sri /• fblia, Arb. Kew. J/-i" ' Uta, Hort.). Small tr. r, : . to broadly oval, obtusr. I base, incisely lobed :ili< lobes truncate or rounch i white beneath, IK-'J' i' : n across, in dense, wliiii mI SORGHUM 1689 1 the middle. var. flabeUi- le. 6'. flabel- Ivs. orbicular ni.-Mtp at the nil ihi' short '■ • 'i. snowy .!..!> '4 in. 12. Aria, I'lantz i /'.//^s .1, Hort. Il.ihina An.,. ,M...l.l. \' 25-50 ft. high: Ivs. nmiMlVli ' usually cuneati- at tin \<;v~>-. acii sharply and dinil.ly smai. . of dark green and ghilimu^ ■.>\»<\ neath, 2-5 in. long; piti.il. ^ ' - globose, orange-red. al...Mi '. and southern Europe t.. llim sirable tree for dry and .-xi...- ornamental in foliage "ii a.-.-. colors of the upper and un.l.r - eral vars. are known. Var. Cret Decne.). Lvs. orbicular-..!., n at. lK-3 in. long, with O-ln i.aii-- Var. Decaisneana, Kih.l. i.l P^rus DecaisnecLiia, Ni.'!..! - i - l.\ - . Ilipii.- i.. ..Idong- ovate, acute, irregularl-. .' . J i ,i. , :;-(, in. long; stamens longer than ].. i : :. : I'n.l.al.ly fron] the Himalayas and s..ii .■ .s'. .\, imlensis. Var. §dulis, Wenzig (/';/' • '.V.ii.i.). i, vs. ellip- tic-oblong to oblong, i..nii.lt-.l ..I .iiult- at the apex, 2-5 in. long: fr. oval, J.2-J4 in. high. There are some garden forms, as vars. atirea, chrjsophylla and lut^B- oens, with more or less yellow foliage. , ..„,../ .striata. . Ana ii'wea, -lAM-TKKK. Fig. or oval head, to oblong-oval, use at the apex, Lture, bright or -tomentose be- ig: fls. %-%\n. \-mbs : fr. -sub- .■ May. Middle nd Siber.-De- tions, and very the contrasting he leaves. Sev- 1. [Aria Gneca, , . I. .nl.lv srrrate. Lav. {Aroiiia groi 13. arbutifdlia, C. .Y,..<. IS and 14.) {Pfl itifUia, Linn. f. ti, Pers. Mespi- Itis arbulifdUa.ynT. erythri'cdipa. Michyi.). Red Choke- berry. Upright shrub, 6-12 ft. high: Ivs. short-peti- oled, oval to oblong or obovate. acute or abruptly acu- minate, crenately serrate, glabrous above except some glands on the midrib, whitish or grayish green and to- mentose or pubescent l..ii.atli, ]'■,-:: in. long: corymbs tomentose, few to many il.l,, II', m. broad: fls. white or tinged red, %-}4 in. a ■!■. .— : fr. -iib;xlobose or pear- .shaped, bright or dull mil, ala.ni '1 across. April, May. Nova Scotia to Minn., south to Fla. and La. B.M. 36li8. G.F. 3:117. U. melanocarpa, C. Kooh (Pj/rMsnJgro, Sarg. Arbnia niijra, Koehne. Pi'/riis arhiitifdUfi, var. nigra, Willd.). Black Chokebekry. ('l..soly allied to the preceding, usually lower: Ivs. oval t.. ..I...vati., abruptly acuminate or obtuse, pale green ami ulal.r..ns .,1- nc-arly so beneath: ctxlyx and pedicels slai.i-..n^ ..r 11. arly so: fr. globose, about "n in. across, sinning 1.1a. 1.. Nova Scotia to On- tario, soiitli to Fla. and .Mi.-b. .\|.ril-.lnn... H.B. 2:237. Var. grandifdlia, Dipp- (/'./)"« ./<■.. i..MV./,„. l.in.ll.), has larger, obovate or broa.Uy obov.-n,- h-, an.l larger fls. B.R. 14:ll."i4. Var. subpub^scens, I. in. 11 . bas tlie Ivs. pubescent beneath when vouiil^ .\n int.. m. .liate form between the two preceding s|.i-.-n s i- fiLHi-. .1 in B.R. 12:inne as Pi)n(s florihiinda, Lin.ll.; ^in.il n f..niis are found wild occasionally in tlic in.rtb.ast.i-ii states. Both species are handsome shrubs; S. mei/nmcarpa is prettier in foliage and in bloom, while S. arbuti folia has showier and usually more numerous fruits. The fruits of both species remain on the branches during the winter. •S. alnifnlia, Wenzia pilris, Crantz (Pynts clLamienicspilus, I'oll. i*. aipma, Dur. Aria Chamsemespilus, Hos.). Upright shrub, 6 ft. high, allied to S. Aria. Lvs. elliptic to oblong serrate, almos' glabrous. 2354. Sorbus Aria corymbs about 1^ Miiidle and sont densiflon *^p^( li Dipp ) Hjbnd lanoearp I ^tlruI ight pet tls in dense inge to biownish red fl >ra Heynh (Pjrus t Dur \roni.i alpina oblong I n. I. I I I ng styles o « Iv I tlol il Uu, . 1 . 11 1 I Alfred Ivehuer SCRGHUM The genus Sorghum is referred to An dropogon bj Hackel and others ind its botanical rela tions are discussed under tli 1 n mi It t rnis 1 section of that genus onl) one s, 1 1 1 ot economic importance The various 11 s known as Sorghum Broom Coin i\ ' ' 1 dem Corn, MiUo Maize Dutra etc .r 1 ' 1 I . lnvmgbeen 1690 SORGHUM derived from the wild species, S. Halepense (Andropd- gnn ITnleprtixis). Others luaintain these cultivated fornix n-- v:irii-ti..s of a distinct speeips. Sm-qhnm rnl- :l-ir. ' I-..'- Snrr,)tum). The cuiti v:,t.-.l f..rni-^ ;,re :iiiiii. '- ■ I jointed stems, beiiriii- Imil'.- t.'i-iniiial jKii, li ■ (II iiaturally into tlirrr L;rMii[,v. ,|. jM-nd- iiiL- n| ilM.f iiv.s: (1) Broom C..rn. in \vl,i.-h the branches of rhi' panicle are elongated and are thus adapted to the manufacture of brooms; (2) the Sugar or Saccharine Sor.i^hunis, with loose panicles, the SOUTH CAROLINA SOUTH CAROLINA, HORTICULTURE IN. Fig. 2.155. Owing to the combined influence of varieties of soil, latitude and elevation, the climatic conditions of South Carolina and the range of horticultural productions are remarkably varied. With reference to its adaptation to amateur and commercial horticulture, this state may be divided into four belts by lines drawn roughly from southwest to northeast. The coast region, embracing a tier of counties border- ing the Atlantic ocean and a number of fertile islands, is ..specially adapted tu commercial horticulture. A con- -l(l<'|-:iii|- :itr:, i^ .[.■, ,.:,.,| 1,, ^,..~, ; i , .; , nrl', N , _•,■!:, IdeS tO i. . I',. , ..!,.• .-.,. , I, i:. ,:, .. The African Millet, Mniil:.r l.ut al...,it Im (Viiriously spelleil Doura, Dhouro Egyptian Rice Corn, Guinea Corn, Lirved stalk. 2355. South Carolina. To show horticultural species of Rumex (which see) acid leaves which are prized for s." Leaves of some of the native i are gathered as pot-herbs in many In llie Old World, liowever, sev ■ , ■ -I...I- ' I... . .il.>. The c,.|,.ibihLie. „r i!.,„ ic.;!..u l,aw in,;, ,,:,;, ,-,,, I .a I Iv de- veloped ou account of the habit and pi.lii .d -ra island cotton and rice culture. The fuiiuiiii^ di-i a>e known as asparagus rust has seriously nienai ed ihe asparagus plantations. The Pine Belt, or second zone, embraces two forma- tions, popularly known as the Upper and Lower Pine Belts. The latter covers an area of about 9,000 square miles; the former 5,000. The Upper Belt embraces the best farming and horticultural land- .d III. laie. The surface is generally level, wiilt ' ' n "f 250 feet. Both of these belts contain : . ■ iiecially adapted to vcirotable- and fruii ,:;>'. mj, .-pecially melotts 'Pttese iodnstries are receiwi.t; ne-u. .oid more. attenti >. I , .. .1 as the landowners become more fainiinn I ' , 'etisive methods necessary for suc- cesslnli - and the commercial requirements for sni - iidl\ iiindling large crops of perishable products. Asjiaragus, early potatoes, watermelons and cantaloupes are at present the principal crops grown for the northern markets. The sweet potato grows to perfection in this region, 400 to COO bushels per acre being easily pindnced. Recent experiments by the Agric-nliuial Depaiinient of the Experiment Station in preparing' llie swr. i potato for compact shipment seem to open the \sa\ ftir carrying this vegetable to all parts of tlie world. This section is especially adapted to the flg, the oriental types of pears and plums and to the early varieties of peaches and apples. While af- fording every facility for commercial horticulture, there is, perhaps, no part of the globe where an abundant supply of fruits and vegetables may be more easily and sly provided for domestic use. Fresh vege- in season may be gathered from the garden every l;,,:- , ,, forli.e :,.. th.- other had of El SORREL -TREE. Oiydendrh SORREL, WOOD. Oxalis At SOUR GUM. See Nyssa sijh SOUR SOP. Ann,ut murirnto SOUR WOOD, (h-yilviulrnm. of fruit and v. _. nd.le are grown timing I i grapes, such as lielawai markably exempt from d five in other sections, southern fox grape typ the amber-colored variety, Scu].peni"n;r. succeeds well from the mountains to tli. -i ' I'l,, ,■ \ arieiies .,f ilie same family are more pr ' • 1,. s, npi" rmmL'. such as the Mish I\li i ' lit I'nlp. 'I'leana-, James and Flowers. Tie : . :i . - -; -. of ihe-e va- rieties adhere to the sti in,, .md ^inw in Iniiadie.s of from 16 to 24 grapes, heuce may be as readily shipped as the Delaware. When trained upon vertical trellises and pruned in early fall, the yield far exceeds that of any other type. The Piedmont and Alpine regions, ranging in eleva- tion from 400 to over 3,000 feet, varies even more than the hill country in variety of products to which it is SOUTH CAROLINA SOUTH DAKOTA ver valley an 1691 the Big Sioux ills, 1 the have converted the £ai gardens. The typical mountain % white canvas, laden with luscioi cabbages, mealy potatoes and fragi of the" rude methods of the inhahi region, are only suggestions of tl fertile vallevs and mountain co tion of skilful hands guided b; the high hind ilities of the s under the manipula- rained head. J. S. Newman. SOUTH DAKOTA, HORTICULTURE IN. Fig. 23d6. South Dakota, the twenty - seventh state admitted into the Union, lies a little north of the center of the con- tinent, between lat. 45° 57' N and 42= 28' S and long 9ii° -16' and 104° 3' W. of Greenwich. Its shape is ai,nro\imatPlT a rectangle. Its extreme length from *'/; t;, ,v. -f'i= :i86 miles; extreme breadth north to J,,,, 'in ,.,,1. -■ area 7G,815 square miles; population ,,,, I . , , ! The Missouri river divides the state j,,, , .|ual portions. With the exception of a s,i' , ' ,,. II ill.- northeast corner, the southeast part is iowrit 111.1 mU the streams flow in that direction. The state may be divided into three sections: (1) the Black <: (2) the Table-lands The Black Hills in the southwestern part are outliers of the Rocky Moun- tains, and the ex- tensive and very rich deposits of the Missouri, the Ja river on the eastern b.inb-r. In th.- sniuhern part tiie valley of the Verrailli"ii i .-n .i-r- lit.' ]ii:i..ii li.iw.-.n the Sioux and the Jam. 1 I ■■ - ■ r \ :.ll._v- nr.^ .ill very fertile and blen.l i ' ■ ''' i':"" ili.'.Mi- Rouri at the south. Di\ . i - .i-ri il lu.- Il..uri-li. - m these rich valleys, espi-.-i iM- in il... -..iiili.rii an.l intii.. eastern part of this se.-ti..n. In ili'' lii-li.-r ur.'un.l in the northern and western |.:ii-t. -t....k r:ii~iii!.' an.l ''•'"'■" ing are the main indusiri..^ ..win:; tn tl... h-N-er raiiilall. Since the defining of tlie artesian-wiil hasui, giiieiai agriculture has been encroaching upon the grazing areas. This basin reaches from the Missouri river eastward to some distance beyond the .Tames. The pressure and flow of these artesian wells varies from a t.-w pounds to 200 pounds per square inch. ,\ iL.w ..f .....r.. than :i.U0O ga - Ions per minute has l»-.-n ..l.i,iin.-.l r.i.in an .s-inch well. These wells are from Inn i., l.r.nn I . . ■ in .l.pth, and afford a valuable means .if nriyati..i, an.l .-h.-ap water- power. The water is supposed to come from the Kocky Mountain region. The amount of this supply which can be used has been roughly estimated at 326,80o,600,000 cubic feet annually, an amount of water sufficient to fill a river-bed a mile wide, 20 feet deep and nearly 600 feet long. When this water is more generally utilized, it is conflilently believed that the horticultural area shown on the map will be extended to include the en- tire state east of the Missouri river. Horticulture in South Dakota is to a considerable ex- 1 in the experimental stage. Most of the plant- west of the Missouri river, with the exception of the Black Hills. Five branches of the Missouri flow from the western part of the state across these lands from west to east. These are White, Bad, Cheyenne, Moreau or Owl, and Grand rivers. The rainfall in this part is too light to make general farming feasible, but the native grasses are very nutritious and stock-raising is profitable. Cattle, horses and sheep are raised in im- mense numbers and feed the year round upon these ranges, the dry climate curing the grass into the best of hay as it stands. , „ .u » The eastern section contains three river valleys that cross it from north to south, viz., the eastern half of ing of orchard fruits has been dc cial test" winter of 1884-8.'). heiK safe list until aftt nee the last ' vill be difhcult i next test glance at the map will show that the state extends well below the north line of Iowa, and as a matter of fact we find that the South Dakota fruit list partakes of both Iowa and Minnesota in its characteristics. The southern tier of counties in the southeast corner of the state can raise varieties of the apple which are not at all hardy- northward in the state. It is interesting to trace the orcharding belt along the great river from far down in Missouri northward between Iowa and Nebraska and northward into South Dakota. In the Sioux and James 1692 SOUTH DAKOTA SOUTHERNWOOD river valleys considerable fruit is grown as far north as the Minnesota line. North of this the orchards are few and far between, the country being: new and grain- raising, stock-raising and dairying affording more prof- itable sources of income. In making up a list of apples for planting throughout the state, it will be a safe rule not to plant any vnrifty less hardy than Oldenburg and Wi'Mlfliy, <^-^|H-.M:t!K- if the planter desires along-lived, fiintiM! ..i-IiuJ : ... i cannot afford to experiment. Thf .^i .'. II . .1 Society recommends the following 1. i ; i cultivation in all of the twelve Irmi di-in.;. i, Oldenburg, Hibernal, Charlanioff, Wealthy. The largest orchard in the state is in Turner county, consisting of 7,000 trees on about 132 acres. This o'r- c1kii-(1 was lilantfd in the early seventies and still yields -■ winter of 1SU8-9U -killing " winter by states. Effnrt.sare tost., as everything below ground should be Siberi.in. (See Hull. 65 of S. D. E.\p. Sta., and Am. Pom. Soc. Report, 1899, p. 143.) (,)f plums, only those of the .\merieaiia tvpe, such as DeSoto, Wyant, Wolf, Fore>t liar.lrii, K.illi'ngstoue and Hawkeye, are of any value f.n- t.'in,ial eultivatiou. However, in the southern tier i,f iniie-, already men- tioned the Miner does well aiid N inn. I, -mwn. Prunim AiniiiriiiKi is indigenous tlirnni;li.,ni tin- slate. Many innl'.'il'ly supersede ' jirairie settlers, and tin • varieties named above, nnesota and Wisconsin. ry profitable and the ;; ■reasing. The main troi ider stocks upon wliieh t anaged are M them is < been the ; liave been , Southern all winter- 1899-1900. The wild fruits are le whenever possible, but the -1 ui^on ]uire seleetiun, acting iiamly the i.ii'li. - Ml the Russian sorts v, i !i lin 1 n^ keeping capacity ot the best American winter varieties. Several Siberian fruits have also been taken in hand. These were picked up by the writer in 1897-98 when sent on a ten months' tour of exploration in eastern Europe and western and central Asia by [' . s. n- . n lun ..f Agri- culture Hon. James Wilson. ']']•■ i I . i .iiure in March, 1901, granted an appr.i|.ii . , ... no for a "plant-breeding building," for iin|.t .. . . .i i:i iinns in the breeding of horticultural and af;n.uiiural |>l.iuts. Of conifers, the hemlock, white pine, balsam fir, arborvitie and Norway spruce fail on the open prairie, while Jack pine, hull pine, .'Scotch pine, northern red - iii-ii.'i. :.i: .i.i M ..:i in mi., i, , . \ i ., . ~ , i )■, . . I ii .[,-■,,, i.,ns trees, ^' I. • •■ .:-i-, black recognize the fact that species covering a wide geo- graphical range vary greatly in hardiness and that the local indigenous form should be planted when possi- Floriculture is still in its infancy, there being very few greenhouses in the state. The rich soil makes it easy to raise large crops of vegetables, but so far the trucking interests have assumed no importance, ex- cept near the larger towns. Agriculture has been exten- sive, rather than intensive. In a state yielding heavy crops of wheat and other cereals, with a soil so rich that commercial fertilizers are not thought of and barn- yard manure so little considered that many farmers prefer to move their barns rather than their manure heaps, and with the burning of straw a common prac- tice, the hoe is rarely seen; gang alul sulky plows, self- bind. 'i'^ ,.in.l il.lii... .i.lilv ;ii.,is ;,|... (In- ni..ii- favored P"l"il..' I : 'iL-. HI ni. il,...i-. Eastern The list of hardy trees and longer were it not for the fact i often comes when the ground i The State Agricultural t'..l flourishing insiii ni i..n. ih.- ; aliout five liun.ln.l. Tli.. It Station is in (•..nn.-.'l n.n vnll: iment busy mers' ill I I . ... I •,:...: liiili..ii..,sothat : I ' .1 1. .i li..ni time to _-ii..ulinr..l in. -- ..f Hi. -liil... The twelfth iiiK was held at Sioux Falls, .lanuary 22-24, limate is very salubrious, and many people din poor health in warmer and moister lections fiu.l relief here. n. E. Hansen. SOUTHERNWOOD {Arfetni.iia Ahrotamim,-whiah see or lioiiini.iil a...-. .lint I is a European herb. 1901. Th suttV •) "for its pie family e often readily SOUTHERNWOOD tonic properties, which resemble those of wormwc It is seldom offered by seedsmen in this country cause of its slight importance. jj. q. Kain: SOW BREAD. An old name for CycUimen. SOY BEAN {Gh/riiie Jiispi.!,,. which sc- for l...t;ni description) is a legiinic. and wliili- it lia~ Iliu; lie . staple crop in .Japan it lias hut suuii'\vh;ir r. ,■. nily I cultivated in the rnitt-d Stati-s, Figs. I'Jl. I'.i:.. It irr to perfection only in a tropical or seinitropical dim In its native country. .Tapan. the seed is an impor human food prodm't, liut in the United States its p cipal use at present is as a forage plant for farm SPARAXIS 1693 the nil ze f rop js a food tor stock although it is coarse 11 leit ml St ilk It thines best upon a -narm, well drained loamy soil, and seed should not be planted until all danger from frost is over. The laud should be prepared by plowing and harrowing in the early spring, and the harrow should be used two or three times before the seeds are planted. Best success is attained bv planting in drills, rows to be from 2'.;.-:! ft. a|iart and tlie hills in the row 18-20 in. apart. Duriim tin' .;nl\ p.riods of growth cultivation should be fiiM|iH tit. ]in foraliiy with a tine-toothed im- plement. Aftir til.- jilaiits have grown so that the ground is well sliadcd thf tillage may be discontinued. It is doubtful whethertheciiriiigof the plants for hay will ever come into general practice, but the crop may be largely grown for green soiling and for ensilage pur- poses. It may be cut into the silo with corn and serves to improve the quality of the food. To the horticulturist the Soy Bean is valuable chiefly as a soil renovator. The soil of the orchard can be given clean culture during the early summer and the Soy Beans may be sown broadcast about .July 1 and harrowed in. One bushel of seeil prr aire will he required. One bushel of rye per acre shoiilii ho -ii-,\ n .it the same time, for when tlie beans are kill. .1 .l.nvn l.y the frost in the fall the rye will then servr as a i-ovir-crop during the winter. When the soil is so hard and unforbidding that clover will not thrive the Soy Bean may be made to .serve as a nitrogen-gatherer, and when plowed under it serves to greatly improve the physical condition of the land. See also Gh/cine. ' l. a. Clinton. SPANISH BAYONET. See Yucca. SPANISH BROOM. Sparfium juneeum. SPANISH LIME. Mflln.m, hijiuja. SPANISH OYSTER PLANT. Scohjmtis. SPAKAXIS (Greek word referr erated spathes, a character whi genus from Tritonia). Iriddc spike ng to the torn or lac- h distinguishes this (c. Wand Flower. ining " Cape bulbs " of letaled, more or less r two across and ex- of color and throat Ijopular than Ixias, lants an- dwarfer and y C-lL' in. high, the reguia tures ; late ai simple 3-celIed; r,.r. -siLuaM, is ..sseMtially distin- i ' ii t illii-d genera by the sub- 1 ill arcuate stamens, and : I s. Other general fea M-i.iis .iiiiiii; Ivs. linear or lanceo- l ill a ha.^ai rosette; inflorescence a d spike; perianth-tube short: ovary lany, superposed. Sparaxks is native the southwestern provinces of Cape Colony, S. Africa. .\ltlioui;h a frw jilaiits of S|iara\is are occasionally iMiltixainl in .\niiri.-:i In Imlh laii.'ji i-. one may search tliroii-h iiiarix AiiMiiian r.il :ilo-ucs without finding tliiMii list.il. ill. Diioli liuii- m-ouir-^ olfer 25 distinct kinds. \\ iii'li ,'. liii- :niiT of ilio number of vari.'ii.- ' i 11 /' IN, .\i-.-,,nli.i- to J. G. Baker, i' i-- - ■ ' ■ i ... in ,-i hroa.l sense, vary- st important and variable '.Mill t-i.^nIni. ].. .N,,.|lii, .11,,;. I- -I^le-I„.all.■|l.■s. ,.l|uilat- eral stamens, and iari;.. Iir.ii.i^ ulin-li are not laciniate. B.M. 5.555. F.S. 17:ls|ii, i h,, iM :,;i,-,-, 14. p. 281. This plant is said liy F. \V, llnrhiilLo lo he "perhaps the most graceful of all tlie Cajie Inds," A. Throat of flower same color as seg- B. Fl/ysmall: segments %-% in. loiiq 1 . bulbifera BB. Fl^.lar.irr: s.'.n^riils 1 i,,. ,„■ i„„n- l"i"/ 2. grandiflora AA. Tl,iy„l ,.f Ih.ir.r l.ri.jhl ,„n,nr. .„l,„ of each segment 3. tricolor bulbifera, JKer. Corm globose, K-iM in. thick : basal Ivs. about 4, linear or lanceolate, K-1 ft. long : stems J-.-l ft. long, simple nr branched, bearing low down 2-3 small Ivs., often with bnlhils in the axils; fls, solitary or few in a spike, yellow; ).erianth-tube % in. long. B.M. 545 (Ixin hiill,if,ni }. To this species Baker refers S. alhitlora. Eckl., with lis. whitish inside, and S. rio- lacea, Eckl., with dark purple fls. grandifldra, Ker. Habit, corm, Ivs. and spathe just as in S. bulbifera but the fls. larger, the limb 1 iii. or 1694 SPAKAXIS more long, usually yellow or purple, and larger anthers. B.M. 779 Ifls. primrose inside, flamed purple outside). B.R. 3:2.58 (fls. white inside, midyeiu on the back purple). B.M. 541 (Iria griindiflora. Fls. rich purple, margined lighter).— According to Baker, the principal named forms are: atropurpurea, dark purple ; anemonaefldra, pale yellow ; Lili^go, white, flushed with claret-purple out- side; and stelliris, dark purple, the segments narrower than the type, oblanceolate and acute rather than oblong. tricolor, Ker Fig 2358 Dif ftrs from >S (/ntndiflota only in the culjr of the flowers, which ar \ n X 1 1 M 1 ut al wijb h n I I I t \ II tluoat md oft. 11 I I I 1 I I the Iti.ituiih lJ^^ the „n itest va nety of colors and markings In the works cited the floral segments range from nearly white through rose, brick red, carmine, crimson and light pur- ple to dark purple, excluding blue and yellow, which latter color usually appears in the throat. -nr. Jf. SPARGANIUM (Greek, filh-f; referring to the ribbon-like Ivs. ) TyphAceae. Bur-keed. Bur- reeds are marsh herbs closely allied to cat-tails but with fls. in globular heads instead of ob- {,<|,,',). long spikes. Three hardy per- ennial kinds are advertised by collectors of native plants and one or two are procurable from specialists in aquatics. Bur-reeds are desirable only in bog gardens or in wild gardening operations. The beauty of these plants often lies in each species being massed alone, as well as in the mixing with other plants. Spflr"MT(iHTn^ Iirivf cref'jiinu'" rootstocks and fibrous ro..t^. v,,i,i, ,1.. iK.^.rniL' |.l:ints. Stems branched or iiui : !\ ; I . , I : . I I iM , vl I, Hilling at the base: fls. iii'iiiM r I-. , :. 1m ;mN. tin- staniinate uppermost: fr. K.--1I. 1 I" .iiHii 1. ii. iiic.sily 1-loculed and nut-like. A. Inflorescence itnbranched. simplex, lluils. Stems weak and slender, lK-2 ft. high, uiibiiiiii-bed: Ivs. more or less triquetrous : stanii- nate beads 4-(l: pistillate 2-6, .5-8 lines in diani. : fr. stalked. June-Aug. N. Amer. B.B. 1:64. AA. Inflorescence branched. B. Meight S-S ft. euryoftrpum, Engelni. Stems stout, 3-8 ft. high, branching: Ivs. linear, flat, slightly keeled beneath: staminate heads numerous, pistillate 2-4 on a stem or branch. 10-10 lines in diam. : fr. sessile. Mav-Aug. N. Amer. B.B. 1:6:!. BB. Heidht 2-3 ft. ramosum, Curt, r.vs. flat: heads 5-0, disposed in ax- illary :n, .late lii;i particul: iipted spikes, the lowest one hers wholly staminate: pistil- iam. July. Southern U. S., '"gs. w. M. SPARMANNIA (after Andreas Sparmann, who visited the Cape with Thunberg). Tilii'icew. About 5 species of African shrubs or trees with cordate, dentate or lobed leaves and white flowers in lerminal, umbelliforni cymes: sejials 4; petals 4, naked at the base; .stamens several, fr staminodia S. A frirn peraturc n. •ing the II -m1.- globose or ovoid, spiny. [I . I n-atinent under glass in a lem- , ■ 1 iliaii ;;j°, with plenty of air and arc benefited by being plunged in the g.ird.ri iliiiiiiLj III.' summer and syringed during dry w.athrr. riant ^ vhnuld be potted early in spring. The tips cf y.niiiL: shoots root readily with 60° of heat. A. Lvs. deeply 5~7-lohed. palmAta, E. Mey. A slender shrub much smaller in all its parts than S. Africana: branches half herba- ceous: lvs. on long petioles, the lobes Ions ar-iiiiiinate. incisely sinuate and unequally tootli.-,]. i.roniiii.iitly .VT- nerved below: fls. white or (.niplisli. di n-, 1\ arrantrcd on the subterminal pedunchs: ra|.-ul.' 1 iall,.l. Cult. in S. Calif. AA. I/vs. not lobed. Africina, Linn. A large shrub or tree, 10-20 ft. high : lvs. cordate-acuminate, 5-7-angled, unequally toothed, 5-6 in. long, 7-9-ribbed below: fls. white, on long, many- fld. peduncles: capsule 5-celled. B.M.516. G.M. 37:23:!. B.H. 18.58, p. 105. «n. 45:967.-A useful greenhouse plant. Var. Uore pleno is also grown. G.C. II. 19:477. P. W. Barclay. Sparmannia Africana is not common in S. California, but is highly esteemed. One in Singleton Court, 25 years old, is 12 ft. high and 10 ft. through, and consists of about fifty trunks %-i inches in diameter. It was in full bloom in January and February and one of the fin- est sights imaginable. It was literally covered with snowballs of 4 inches diameter, and admired by num- bers of people. The blooms were so heavy that the ends of iIh- l.raii.h. s loii.'hed the ground, necessitating se- vir.' |ii iMiiiiL' as soon as blooms were past beauty. No vilannnni, liMhani;ca or Other shrub can compare with ers, the l.'a\ ' !■! i.r 1 ■ . 1 ' i-^ a- , , ' : n .i ]i. ,, . . •■ iih those of tin- I'll I ,,'■,,., I . I . ,,i' broad leaxcs an.l a...;, ■ , i, ; an , 1 This isono ot ll.ollu. ,l V.I.IU llo..vra,l sh.ula, ,„■ u.as in cultivation. The double variety is nut as desirable as the single. Eknest Bral'nton. SPARROW-GRASS. Provincialism for Asparagus. SPARTlNA (Greek, spartine, a cord ; on the tough leaves). Oraminete. Species 7. Perennial marsh plants of various parts of the world, most or all of which are found in the United States. Culms rigid and reed-like: lvs. coarse and rough, usually becoming rolled inwards: spikelets 1-fld., in rows on two sides of the triangular rachis; spikes 2-several in a raceme. cynosuroldes, WilM. Fkksh-wm-ei! ( 'okii-.ikass. In till- West klaivMl as "Slou-li-rass," A ronnil. ill coarse fresli-wal.a- marsh i;rass, o.aan riii- anoss tli,- c.Mltinent in tlic iLirtbriii stalls. Ki-roii,iuiiiil,.l for cultivation along the margins of ponds ai curable from collectors. ial lakes. Pro- i. Hitchcock. SPARTITIM (Gr« plant). Syu., Spii il shrub, with long an. sparse foliage, an.l ]-li|i|.i li ial\\: lvs. ^ini|.li-: fls. in terminal, loose ra- ccnn - ; ial\\ s[.lii a t.o\ i . licnce 1-lipped, tip with 5 mi- niit.' iiiili; kill inriirvi.l, acuminate: pod linear, com- pressed, niany-seede.l; seeds with callose appendage at the base like in Genista. The slender branches yield SPARTIUM fiber, which is used in S. France and Spain for making ropes, cords and cloths. Many species of Cytisus and Genista were formerly referred to this genus. For Spartium JEtnense, Biv., S. ferox, Poir., S. monosper- mum, Linn., fT. radialum, Linn, and S. virgafum. Ait., set- Genista; fur .S. purgans, Linn., and .S. xcnparhnii, junceura. Liiiii. [Genista jjiJicen, Lrini. S/HiiiiiirilliKs jiiH.<.". Link.', Spanish Broom. Uprifiht .shrub, 10 ft, li i !i" .' iMlcr, terete, green, rush-like branches s|i r r almost leafless: Ivs. oblanceolate to lin, i . I I ,i~h green and sparingly appressed pu- SPATHOGLOTTIS 1695 fras in. loiii,-, with ample 2-:i in. long, whole year. B.M. 85. Gn. 22, p. 404: 34, p. 2 fld. form. 8ept Rehder. SPATHIPHfLLUM (Greek word, referring to the leaf-like spathes). Ar&cete. About 20 species of nearly stemless plants, mostly from tropical America, with large, oblong or lanceolate, acuniiiiati- m- iiis|,i,late, long-petioled leaves and flowers mi :i lin^ |mi1imm'1n- lnuaihr ami l.m-. i-; label- lum not .spiirriMl, lateral Id, is ^(iin.wliai ci ui \ . 'I ill e. mid- dle lobe clawed : c.luino >l,n,l.a-: p,.lliiiia>. About 10 species in Asia, Australia and tin- .Mal.a> Islands. Spathoglottises grow lasi at tlm waini end of the Cat- tleya or Brazilian house in . a i si. ^haily location. Pot culture suits them best, and the conipnst should consist principally of equal parts peat fiber and sphagnum moss with a little chopped sod added ; about one-half of the pot shopld be devoted to drainage. They all require a liberal amount of water when growing, but only enough to keep them in sound condition when at rest. They are rather hard to increase by division and the supply depends upon new importations. 'fe- ^' 2359. Spathoelottis Vieillardi. (XJ^.) plicftta, Blume. Lvs. 2rA ft. long, finely acuminate, scape 2-3 ft. high, with a raceme 6-12 in. long: fls. 1 in. across, lilac; sepals and petals broad, acute; middle lobe of the labellum long and narrow, cuneately dilated at the tip; calli yellow, villous. .Malay Peninsula. aitrea, Lindl. (S.plirotn. GritT,). Lvs. 12-18 in. high, narrowly lanceolate: si-api- tall ami stimt, 2 ft. high: raceme 6-8 in. long: fls. I'a in. across, golden yellow; sepals broad, obtuse ; middle lobe of the labellum equaling the falcate lateral lobes, narrowly lanceolate. Malay Peninsula. G.C. III. 4:93. -The lip varies, being broad and refuse at the apex. 1696 SPATHOGLOTTIS VieilMrdi, Reichb. f. (S. Aiigustdrum, Reichb. f.,. Fig. 2359. Lvs. long-lanceolate, acuminate, 1-2 ft. long: scape 12-18 in. high, robust: raceme 6 in. long, broad, corymb-like at first: lis. 2 in. hitoss, very pale lilac, nearly white; .sepals and petals ovate-oblong, subacute; labellum as long as the sepals, lateral lobes orange- brown, with orange calli spectvltMl with red, middle l(»be narrow, with a broaden.-d i!|i v urmli!.' m I'.nni. .\.-\v Caledonia. B.M. 70i;i. A.i. 1 ' i :. \.V. i''.:l >'. aureo-Vieilldrdi, Sort , \^ :i lil-n.l licmcn il,i.,iiiii I'h' i-i-est glabrous, and narrower lvs. li M. /i' ■ , Uicholitzii, is advertised by San- I I 11 . '■ .!t)i the segments broader than in IlKiNiiirii Hasselbring and R. M. Grey. SPATHYfiMA (Greek; referring to the spnthe). ArAcem. Skunk Uabbaoe. Skunk Cabbage is an ex- ceptionally interesting plant, hi the East, it is tin- lirst wild flower of the year, th.'ULli n i- .,i i. n. r r, n- m|, ix-d a weed than a flower by i i i ... , ^ i . 1 1 1 contempt for it. Itisah^u.; .. i.ni.d herb which pushes up its i , i. i ' . - m midwinteror evi'ti li. r..i . i : . : '■■• i . ..i-i-d situations. The .sj.,.':. . li, . ,11 _.[-<.w in clumps, and th. . : i, . .i m . . \ cr- failing delight. 'I'h. \ ,i'. i, ' i i i; [ i|.'i '. .i.iwii and greenish yelic.w, iIh i i: i .. !.. coming bright red, the l;iii. . i : , . . to bright yellow. These ^-^ ■ i weeks before the leaves ...i : !..( ' . ::..:. . .i flowers whieli are ,l,-s,.|. !.. i .1. cul. ,Ju,-t when the .si;iink t ,.|).i.:ij ... mi'iei-of niuoh debate; tlir i;mi..ii h . i m i'ebruarv or March. 'I'lir 1 1 i... i. i i .r uionths. In April or I\l:iv ih.'v ■l.-.:n ini.l '.. n.. -r. .wing leaves soon attain a heiglit of 1-:: li. :iii'l .i ln-.n.Mli ..f 1 ft. or larts of the jihiiil ^i\r,.| >t 1..111: . -kiink-like is a picturesque object. Its 1 hi. k, hoi i/...i:t;d rhiznme emits great numbers of strong, flesliy. roy)e-like roots. The presence of the rank foliage of Skunk Cabbage is generally considered a sign of wet, sour soil unfit for gardening. hardy ]»lririi - , ;. ~ ;.i -.. \,\ .. .:' ,.!.,i . Th. r-.. 1 - : nsid- erable d. ■!....■ . i.i ;■..;'. . ■ . ^mil has been .h...k.i...l ;.ri.l h:i- ih.. 111..-1 -ni.i.oi-ters. Skunk Cabbage lj;is niiide a strong impress upon Amer- ican literature. Its hardiness and bravery have been .11 mi celebrated by outdoor writers from Thoreau to the present day. The question of its pollination has been much discussed. It was long supposed to be pollinated by the action of the carrion flies which are attracted by its odor. However, Trelease has shown that the bees . i.lcii, anatropous ovule; berries in 1':- ,1 .1. cl. Only one species. iutida, i.'iii s ti „i pJocdi-pus fdtidus, Nutt.). Skit-'k C.MUi.M^E. Fig. 2:JG0. Lvs. numerous, 1-3 ft. long, 1 ft. wide, ovate, strongly nerved: spathe preceding the lvs., colored as described above: fr. ripe Aug., Sept. Nova Scotia to Minn., south to Kla. and Iowa. B.M. ma (Pothos tcetida): •i22i. V. 23:180. G.W.F. 27. D. 277. A.G. 14:.367. B.B. 1:363.-The Siberian jilant is probably the same species. ^- jj SPATTEB-DOCK. yuphar advena. SPEARMINT. SeeJ/fH«,«. SPEAR-WOOD. Hucalijplii.H doratoxylon. SPEARWORT. Certain species of Ranunculus. SPECULARIA iirovn ,s',„, .„/„,„ r..„.r;,«. meaning Venus' Look in.. ;-l:.^ r ,...,, \ KS. s' l,,„,K- ING-GLASS ( '-. . ■ . :- :i |.irin hllh- hardy aniiii;il .. . '. ' .... .. :. .. iL.iv. r~ ii.ii .,iiitr capsule dehi -.■. : ■ ' . ' ■ -. ! ■ . |.. .:■: ■ I i. : . : I near the eah >,..... 1 ' . 1 i.. . ■ . . t - :.. . 1 .id World herbs. : : . . ;, : . l. . , vate and eiiiii'. , 1 h.. n i.|...i ..i.- - ..>. .-it. -..hi. .i:_ ..i- k-m. .'o- late and nearly etitire, t'alyx-tnbe liiLetir, 1 in. or so long: limb 5-parted, the segments linear and as long as the corolla-lobes; corolla nearly wheel-shaped or broadly bell-shaped; stamens free from corolla: ovary 3-Ioculed : stigma shortly 3-lobed. A. Peduncles about S-thl. Speculum, DC. {Camrdvnia Sp'icuJum. Linn.). Ve- nus'Looking-glass. KiL'. 'j:!!;! F,re,-t. 'I in liitrh; ea- lyx glabrous or pubi.v... i.i 1 h. -i.... . . n-i 1 i i. .i :it the apex; lobes finally f 1' 1 1 1 .indollc-. Europe. B.M. 102. -\ < i;i." ;ni'...r,:- '■-.,: ■ihroMd in addition to white, lik..- :iii.| .[...ii.:. ;..i n. - IMl. Is'.i, . p. 254. AA. Peduncles l-fld. pentagdnia, DC. Calyx pilose, lobes spreading. Asia Minor. B.R. 1:50. — This species is not now advertised in America. Some specimens have narrow lvs. and longer calyx-tube than S. Speculum. An interesting feature of this species (and perhaps others) is the 5- angled flower-buds. w. M. SPEED-WELL. SPELT. See Tnticum. SP£R6ULA (Latin spargere, to scatter; the seeds are said to be expelled). Caryophyllicece. A genus of 3-8 species of annual herbs including Spdrry, which see, a forage plant adapted to poor, dry, sandy soils. It is a common weed in cultivated lauds. It grows about 6 in., has linear lvs. which appear to be whorled, and bears numerous, small, white, 5-petaled fls. In summer. The fls. are about H in. across and borne in terminal panicles. Important generic characters of Spergula are the small, scarious stipules, 5 styles, alternating with the sepals, and capsule - valves opposite the sepals. SPERGULA Some of the species are dichotomously branched, but the following has clusters of branches originating at or near the base. arv^nsis, Linn. Spurey, which see. Annual, 6-18 in. high, branched at or near the base: Ivs. linear, clus- tered at the nodes in 2 opposite sets of 6-8 together, appearing as if verticillate : stipules small, connate. Eu. B.B. 2:36. W. M. SPHAGNUM 1697 Looking-elass — Specularia Speculum iX]4). SFKX'RkLCEtLiQreekwords, globe mallow; referring tothefruit). Malvdcem. Globe Mallow. About25spe- cies of tender herbs, subshrubs and shrubs, mostly native to the warmer parts of America: Ivs. usually angled or lobed : lis. solitary or clustered, axillary, in terminal racemes or spikes, violet, rose, flesh-color or various shades of red : bractlets 3, free or united at the base; calyx 5-cut: locules of the ovary numerous, 2-3- ovuled, arranged in a single whorl. Closely allied to Abutilon but with 3 bractlets instead of none. A. lA'S. 5-7-lobed. B. Fls. in spikes. acerifdlia, Torr. & Gray. Perennial herb, 2-6 ft. high : Ivs. 3-4 in. long, cordate, palmately 5-lobed (sometimes with 2 or more basal lobes), coarsely serrate: fls. rose- color, varying to white, 2 in. across, 15 or more in spi- cate clusters terminating the branches. Rocky Mts. B.M. 5404. BE. Fls. in umbels. umbell&ta, Don. Mexican shrub, 3 ft. or more high, with scarlet, pendulous fls., about IH in. across, and usually 3 in an umbel : Ivs. cordate, 7-lobed, crenate. L.B.C. 3:222 and B.R. 19:1608 (as Malva umbellata).- Var. tricolor, Hort., was said by John Saul to have red- dish purple fls. striped with white and rose. AA. Lrs. S-lobed. B. Fls. scarlet or rose. Muuroftna, Spach. Perennial herb, 1-2 ft. high: Ivs. broad at base, obscurely 3-lobed, crenate, sometimes in- cised: fls. scarlet or rose, 1 in. across, rose-colored: panicles axillary and terminal, numerous. Dry plains, Brit. Col. to Idaho and south. B.M. 3537 and B.R. 16:1306 (both as Malva Munroana). A.G. 11:539. — Advertised in 1890 as the Sunset Plant. E. S. Carman said the same plant was offered in some catalogues as Malva miniata. BB. Fls. brick-red. cispiatina, A. St. Hil. (S. miniAfa, Spach. Mdlra minidta, Cav. M. miniiUa, Jacq. [<]). Tender branch- ing subshrub, 2-4 ft. high, formerly considered desirable for conservatory decoration in October and November, when it produces its brick-red flowers: Ivs. 1-2 in. long, 3-lobed, coarsely and unequally crenate, midlobe longest: fls. 1-1 J^ in. across, in axillary, few-fld. cymose racemes. La Plata. The above description from B.M. 5938.- Miniata means cinnabar - red, the color of red lead. There seems to be no reason why Spharalcea cisplatixa and Munroana should be confused. The Ivs. of Mun- roana are obscurely 3-lobed, the lobes broad, blunt and short; the Ivs. of S. cisplatina arp doeply and sharply cut, acuminate and narrowed towards tlic base, the lobes narrow and acute, the midl"!"- •■v.r twi.c as long as the side lobes. The color of tlir tis. i> vliv distinct and the clusters are branched in S. Jiiiiiniuiid but not in S. cisplatina. w. M. SPHfflB6GYNE (Greek words referring to the glo- bose stigma). Melastomdcea. This genus has been re- ferred to Tococa, which see for A', latifolia. The hand- some foliage plant known to the trade as Sphcerogyne imperialis is mentioned under this head because its fls. and fr. seem to be undescribed, and the place of the plant in the vegetable kingdom is therefore unde- termined. It is a broad-leaved hothouse plant with strong parallel ribs, metallic green above and pur- plish brown beneath. For cultural suggestions, see Miconia. imperialis. Linden. Stem simple or little branched, erect, robust : Ivs. opposite, decussate, oval, with 5 longitudinal ribs running from base to apex and many parallel transverse veins connecting them. Peru. I.H. 24:284. — Native of Peru, and introduced to Europe by Linden in 1871. It is said to be easily grown in a warm house. SPHAGNUM. Sphagnum moss, bog moss or peat moss is found in swamps or bogs and is one of the plants from which peat is formed ; it is much used by gardeners. Its geographical distribution extends to all countries in the north temperate zone. According to Braithwaite's "Sphagnaceae of Europe and North America," there are 19 distinct species to be found in North America, besides numerous varieties. Sphagnum mosses differ from the true mosses so much that they are usually clas pitied in a distinct family, Sphagnacese. Besides some slight differences in the reproductive or- gans, the chief ditterences lie in the larger growth of Sphagnum (which is often a foot or more in height), its soft appearance, pale green color, and the absence of root-hairs. The stems and leaves are inclosed or en- circled by one, two and often four strata of transparent cells connected with each other by small holes, which have the capacity of sucking up and retaining a large amount of water. These cells therefore perform the function of root-hairs, and it is this abundant water-stor- age tissue that makes Sphagnum moss of so much use to gardeners in the cultivation of orchids. Anthurium, etc., and in fact most plants of an epiphytal or swamp-loving character, such as Sarracenia, Darlingtonia, etc. Sphag- num often forms at least one-third of the compost in which pitcher plants and epiphytes are grown. The fresh green tips of Sphagnum are also most useful for surfacing pots of orchids and other plants. Besides giving them a better appearance, the moss acts as an index to the moisture condition of the plant. Sphagnum is also useful in the propagation of many stove plants, such as Cordyline, Nepenthes, etc. ; for starting tropical tuberous - rooted plants, such as fancy caladiums ; for sowing seeds of orchids, Anthuriums, Nepenthes and Sarracenias when fresh and chopped fine ; as a mulch ; as a non-conducting material for plants in pots in ex- posed positions in summer; and in packing plants for transportation, for which purpose it is an ideal material. Owing to its sponge-like character it may be used wet or dry, according to the character of the plants intended for packing. Unless one has an ideal position in which to keep Sphagnum moss after gathering it from its native place, 1698 SPHAGNUM or unless one has conditions very similar to its native habitat, it is difficult to keep it living for any length of time. This does not greatly matter, cxi'i'iit thnt SjiIki^- num use'd for surfacing pots shoiiM nlw.ivs I... IninL- for the sake of appearance. That wln'h i~ n-r.\ n, ],..t- ting and propagating need not ne(M-v~:it il\ !.<■ Ii\iiit< ;i^ long as it is fresh and not decayed, whitr pririi.illy (U-- cayed moss may be used for mulching and packiug. Edward J. Canning. SPHEN6GYNE. See b^rsinia. SPICE BUSH. Consult n.iisniii. SPIDER FLOWER. Cleome. SPIDER LILIES. IliimennniUix and Pancratium. SPIDER PLANT. See Cleomc. SPIDERWORT. Tradnscantia. SPIGfiLIA (after Adrian von der Spigel, physician, looS-lbi;.-.). Lo,t„„i,\rr,v. About H.T species of American annual or perenuial hi rlis. rnrclv s..nie«iiai woody. with opposite, menil)r:iT v, I'.ailor \.inr.l, laiilv IJ-.")- nerved leaves, and l.om »,■ -mall re, I, \ .Ihov ..r jiurpiish curved spikes : calyx .a-lobed; sei^ne i.: n n - . ..rolla tubular; lobes 5, valvate ; stauon- ■ i ii i^ the corolla-tube: ovary 2-loculed: style ,-! i ;. |,le, obtuse or somewhat capitate and sii-hiii.-i n nm suui- mit: capsule flattened, circumscissiie aoove the persis- tent base. MarilAniiica, Linn. Pink Root. A handsome hardy perennial herb, with slender, tufted wtems 1-2 ft. high, opposite, ovate, sessile, thin Ivs. 2-4 in. lonj;, and red, tubular fls. with yellow fln-oais in tenniual, 1-sided spikes. June, July. Woo.N, X. .1. to \\i<. arel s,>uth. B.B. 2:60.5. B.M. 80.-An el.. -nil i.la.ii li.r the liardy border. Shade is not necess:u-y lor its welfare if planted in good, loose, deep loaiu. p, \v. Bahclat. 'v-?^^' SPINACH SPINACH (Spinacia olemcfa, vphich see) is an an- nual crop grown as a pot-herb, or for "greens." Pig. 2:ii;_'. It is a cool-season plant, and therefore it is grown ill fall and spring. It is a plant of easy culture, thriving ill am ei.od garden or field soil, although for quick re- fill- and for tender, succulent foliage, land which has all aliuiidance of available plant-food, and particularly of nitrogen, is most desirable. The plant is hardy, and when the land is well drained, it will ordinarily stand the winter climate as far north as the city of New York, and still farther in somewhat protected places. Spinach is grown both as a fall and spring crop. The fall crop is raised from seed that is sown in August; in eight weeks the leaves may be large enough for eating. The spring crop is grown from seeds sown in the fall, or from those sown during winter in liotlieds or cold- frames, or from those s.iwii direrily in the ^-rcoind as use are to be started in the tail, the sie.is sljonld be weather is expected. Then the plants w 1 1 1, . . m n. d suflicient size and roothold to enable it, : i i ih,- winter. It is advisable to cover the j. I, i ■ -in- 236J. Spinach (XYs). SPIKENARD. Aralia racemoaa. FALSE S. Smila- SPILANTHES (Greek, spotted flower). Compdsitm. This i,'ioius includes the Pani ("ress { Spihhillu'x ohr- heads aii"'e , '■■ ■ " ■ 'ii: ■ 11 seed is ■-.. ■ • .' i pi i-, i :,.• i :; , li i 'n ■ ■ iiirr,.i - in the 111- • I, •:..•. I . •, . , .1 1 i. . , riii i.r..,.|..i inK Piiii'i • ■■'■'- '"""■■ '• ' 'I i' \ • '■"•'• "^ •-iialil- Garden." Spilauthes is a genus of about 20 species found in the warmer regions of the globe. They are mostly annual, rarely perennial, and have opposite, usually dentate Ivs. Some have yellow or white rays and the disk is yellow. S. oleracea has broadly ovate, dentate Ivs. and long- peduncled heads. Gn. 22, p. 295. ^y. M. IS alloM of ary to gro« u,;- la,, -..,.i, -,.r .■ beds that are oia.le l.i i.lo«iim -. .. leaving a dead furrow between tl surface drainage. These beds may he from five to ten feet wide. On these beds, the sie.l-, are >i.wn in rows running lengthwise, the distance between the rows being from 10 to 20 inches, depending upon the methods that are employed for tillage. If hand tillage alone Is to be given, the plants may be placed closer. In the spring the cover is removed from the plants at the earliest op- portunity, for Spinach is most desired very early in the season. Unless the land is in extra good "heart," it is well to make a surface application of a .soluble fer- tilizer early in the spring in order to start the plants into growth. A fertilizer that i.s very rich in nitrogen gives best results: in fact, it is customary In some places to use a solution of nitrate of soda or sulfate of ainmunia, applying the material with a sprinkling cart. From 50 to 75 "pounds of the fertilizer may be used to the acre with very good results, at each of two or more applications. tor hoiue use. Spinach is sometimes carried over the ptaiii- will - hecome green and begin to make new lea\'^, Miilireiii frames may be covered at different tinier as ihi Mason advances, thereby providing a sui>pl\' for liuiiie use. Sometimes the seed is sown in hotbeils that are made late in winter or very early in spring, and the plants are secured in advance of the ordinary season. The growing of Spinach in frames is less frequent than formerly, owing to the fact that the market is now supplied with the product grown in the Middle South. Spring Spinach may be grown from seeds that are sown as soon as the land can be worked in spring. If Hi. I: 111 III 1 II plowed and manured in the fall, 1 ' I IV be secured. Two or three sowings II the home garden for spring use, but I, , r June Spinach is likelv to become , , 1 , ii. Iitth' demand. If Spinach is wanted planted into frames for home use. Care must be taken that the plants do not become checked or stunted, else they will tend to run to seed. If the seed is sown too late in spring, when hot weather is approaching, the root -leaves will be very few and the plant will quickly throw up Hewer-stalks. Spinach is always grown as a SPINACH succession or companion crop, as it occupies the land for a small part of the year. There are very few in- sects and diseases that are generally troublesome. Spinach is usually transported to market in barrels, or crates. Plants are usually cut so that an inch or so of the root is left with them. All dirt is removed, as also all broken and dead leaves. The plants are packed tight. It is essential that the plants be dry before they are .shipped. There are several important varieties of Spinach. The large, broad-leaved varieties are most popular in the markets, such as the Viroflay and the Round-leaved. The prickly Spinach is considered to be the most hardy and is chiefly recommended for fall sowing, l, g_ ij_ SFINACIA (from spina; alluding to the spiny fruit). Chenopodicicen. Spinach. Spinage. According to Volkeus (in Engler & Prantl's Pflanzenfamilien), there are only two species of Spinacia, S. oleracea, Linn., the common Spinach, and S. tetrandra, Stev. The lat- ter is an annual herb of the Asia Minor-Persian region, and is not in cultivation. S. oleracea, the Spinach, is prob.ably native to southwestern Asia, but it is now widely cultivated. It is an annual herb, developing rather large, arrow-shaped root-leaves, and these leaves are eaten for "greens." Later in the season it sends up a branching flower-stem 2-3 ft. high, bearing axillary clusters of seed-like fruits. In one type these fruits are spiny: this is the form once described as .S. sphwsa, Moench, but which is not now considered to be specifi- cally distinct. Whether the round-seeded or the prickly- seeded type is the original form of the Spinach is not known, but as a matter of nomenclature, Linnjeus' S. oleracea, vihich is the oldest name, is held to include all forms. Spinacia belongs to the atriplex tribe. The genus is distinguished from Atriplex in the fact that the pistil- late flowers are bractless, whereas those of Atriplex are inclosed in a pair of enlarging calyx-like bracts. Spinacia is dicecious, bearing the flowers in small axil- lary clusters: stamens 4 or 5, in a 4-5-lobed calyx: ovary 1, with 4-5 styles or stigmas, in a 2-4-toothed calyx, this calyx hardening and inclosing the akene and often becoming horned on the sides and giving rise to "prickly-seeded" Spinach. The cultivated forms have developed much thicker and broader radicil leaves, which are used for greens, often showing little of the halberd or sagittate shape. L, jj_ b_ SPINDLE TEEE. Euonymus. SPIRffiA (ancient Greek name of a plant used for garlands, derived from speira, band, wreath; probably first used for the present genus by Clusius). Roshcece. Ornamental deciduous shrubs, with alternate, estipu- late, simple and rather small Ivs., and small white, pink or almost crimson fls. in showy umbels, corymbs or panicles. Many are hardy north; sume ci' Ihc best of them are Spiraa arynta', ThunJimii. \',t u lln,ilh-i, pubeacens, irilobata, bracteaia, medi'i. h Ihnfnhn . D/hx , Doufflasi, Memiesi, tnmr-ntnxn. Spir^i.t l,l,n,,l,i. ,1a- POH ilbi protection during tli.- "int. its allies, even if kili..! :. duce flowers on si ,, '^|.;i^..ii! ,S,,,nr,i Cantonieusin, BU,u.,.. - / . „ are more tender and tmiI i. . K. .T.cmmended for the North but are har.h ..,■ „ .■mIv hardy in the Middle States. S.prunifi'Hii is hiii r.\\ II. .nil of Boston and is half hardv as far iiorili i.^ i In regard t.. tlir il. ,,:,,_■ ^. : .. .1, III.- S|.ir..as can be divided il.tn ,«-,, _.,,, :: , T . : itains the species o( tl,r -..,ii..:' . ■ : , : l:,i,- flowers in umbels and MM,.i,,,nu n, - -|..iiiu. 1 .|.in to June. The second giouij is .■,.ii,|.....,t-.l i.L ilic ....cli..ns Calospira and Spiraria, with white or pink flowers in corymbs or panicles appearing from June to fall. Some of the most important species, arranged according to their relative floweriDg time, are the following: Early-flowering Spl- spiR.EA itjyy reas — 5. Thunbergi, urguta, hypericifoUa. pritnifoHa, media, Pikowiensis, pubescevs, chamisd'iy folia, irilo- bata. Van Houttei, Cantonensis, bracteata. Late-flow- ering Spireas — S. bella, corymbosa, densiflora, ca- nescens, Japonica, albiflora, salicifoUa, alba, Menziesi, Voitglasi, tomentosa. The species of the second group do not produce their flowers all at once like those of the flrst group, but continue blooming for a longer time. The Spireas are all medium-sized or low shrubs and well adapted for borders of shrubberies, as single speci- mens on the lawn or for rockeries. Especially the spe- cies of the early-flowering group possess a graceful habit and make effective single specimens, except per- haps S. chamcedryfolia and media, which are somewhat stififer and less handsome and produce suckers. Spirata canescens has also the graceful habit of the first group. Spirrea Japonica and its numerous hybrids form mostly low, round bushes and are pretty as single specimens or in the border. Spircpa alba, Douglasi, Memiesi and to- mentosa should be planted in shrubberies only and es- pecially in situations where their sjireading by suckers does no harm; they are simif'tinics used for low ornamental hedges. For rc-liirns S/^inra decumbens, corymbosa, densiflora , hiilhiln. ami s,, me dwarf hybrids of 5. Japonica are to bi- r..c..iiiiiii.it.iii!. The species of thi- s....ii..ii ('li;uii;eilrvon, and also S. canescens and h.lhi. sl,,.nl.l be pruned as little as possible, — only tliinn. (i ..ut ami the weak wood removed, — while those of tbi- x...ti..ii^ Spiraria and Calospira can be pruned more se\'er*-iy if iircessary, since they pro- duce their flowers at the ends of the young shoots. Some of the early-flowering Spireas, especially jS. or- gutn, pninifolia. Van Houttei and S. Bumalda, are sometimes forced. The Spireas grow in almost any moderately moist soil, the Spiraria species being generally more moisture- loving; and S. tomentosa thrives well only in a peaty or sandy soil, while those recommended above for rock- eries require a well -drained soil and sunny situation. Prop, by seeds sown in spring and covered only slightly with soil, or by hardwood or greenwood cuttings. The species of Cham^dryon grow very well from greenwood cuttings under glass, while the Spirarias are usually raised from hardwood cuttings. The Calospiras seem to grow equally well in both ways. The Spirarias are also often prop, by division and by suckers. About 50 species in the temperate regions of the northern hemisphere, in America south to Mexico. Lvs. simple, short -petioled, entire or serrate, sometimes lobed, without stipules: fls. in umbel-like racemes, co- rymbs or panicles, perfect, rarely polygamous; calyx cup-shaped or faniiiannlat-, -.-1..1....1 : |...fals 5, rounded; stamens 15-r.n. ii,-.ii. .1 i., n. .,K> and disk; pistils usually 5, distill ■'■ n i.ili.'les dehiscent along the inni r I i rarely two mi- nute, oblong S...U. Mil... .[...I.- |..iiiierly included under Spirjea are now rt-ti-rii il lo other genera; see Physocarpus, Sehizonotus and Sorbaria for shrubby species and Aruncus, Ulmaria and also Astilbe for the herbaceous ones. There is a monograph of Spirfea and the allied genera by Maximowicz in Acta Iloili I'ltr.i- politani, vol. fi, p. 105-261 (1879) and a iii..ii..in a].li ..f the cultivated species, with their nnmiroiis iixl.ii.ls fully described by H. Zabel, Die .strauclii-. ii Spiiii.-n d(.r'dents,-h..n Giirten (189.1). There is niucli lioiticul- tiiral iitti'atiire On Spireas, for the plants are popular ami til.- .-].. Mil s are many. Alfred Rehdeb. 'rill- iianic Spirwn is often spelled Spirea. Whenever the generic and specific name are both used the di- graph should be employed, thus: Spiraea Japonica. Whenever one speaks of "Spireas" in an untechnical way, we spell the name without the digraph, in har- mony with the Editor's writings. The name Spirea should be considered as an English word in common speech just as geranium and chrysanthemum are. In fact, many people speak of plants as " Spireas " which do not belong to the genus. For example, a delightful white-flowered bushy herb which is grown indoors in great quantities, especially at Easter, is properly an Astilbe. Comparable instances are peony, bougainvillea, etc. W. M. Plant a,ii~ fls. poll/ I THE SECTIONS. fjs. in simple or panii-Ied .,:.H.,lI,i 3-seeded. (Bo- nielies :i(_s No cort/mbs or panicles: seals several. Inflorescence a simple umbel-like raceme: '■'■ ''"AM.Kl. '■';" 1^!" -■ies Nos. or pink. ri.iN -1. rAi,..s imnicles ,.,K. iSp,., ■ius Nos. ; Section 5. Spiearia (Species No acuta ■> acutif'olia. 2. cuneiMit.-i\. notha, 39, adiantifolia. 13. decumbeiis, 22. nova. 16. alba, 37, 44. densiflora, 36. oblongifolia, 19. albiflora, 31. Douglasi, 48. obovata, 2. alpina, 8. eximia, 47. ovata. 24. Altaica. 1. expansa, 25. pachystachys, 42. aquilegifolia. 13. flaboUata, 2. paniculata. :)K, 44. Pikowiensis, 10. oriiKSraio, 36. flagellata. 21. argentea, 21. flageUiformis, 21. procumbens. 22. arguta, 4. flexuosa, 20. pruinosa, 37. atnfolia. 20, Pontanaysii, 37. prunifolia, 6. atrosaDguinea, 27. Fontanaysiensis.il. pubeseens, 17, 18, 27 Portunei, 27. pulchella, 25. bella, 24. Foxii, 29. pumiia. 30. Bethlehemensis. 45, glahrata, 27. pyramidata, 40. 47. glabrescens, 10. betulifolia, 35. grandiflora, 43 and Billardii, 47. hyperif'itolia, 2. blanda, 16. rosea, 36. Blumei, 12, 13. intermedia, 41, rotundifolia. 11.21. brachylotrya. 37. Japonica, 27 and bracteata, 11. suppl. rupestrls, li'' bullata, 26. Japonica alba. 31. salicifolia, 43, 44, Bumalda, 30. Japonica panicu- 45. Californica, 47. lata. 38. Sanssouciana. 41. calloia. 27. Eumaonensis. 25. semperflorens, 38. cana, 7. ISBvigata, 1. sericea, 19. Canadensis, 4S. lanceolata. 15, 44. Sibirica, 43. canesceiis, 21. latifolia, 45. superba, 32. Cantoniensis, 15. Lemoinei, 30. syringa^flora, 38. thalictroides, 2. Lenneana, 47. carpinHolia. 45. leucantlia. 31. Thunbergi, 3, chamsedryfolia, 20. longigemmi.s, 23. tomentosa, 49. ChiTiCTsis, 17. lucida, 34. triloba, 13. luxuriosa. 37. tvilobata, 13. .■,>,i:,>s,i' I'l ' macrophylla, 27. triamphan.s, 47. Margarita, 28. media, 11, 19. ulmifolia, 20. Menziesi, 46. multiflora, 5. suppl. Nicoudierti. 10. Van HoHltei. 14. crenifoiia.g. Nipponica. 11. Virginiana, 34. crispifoUa. 26. Section 1. Petrophytum (Species not in cult. ). This section contains a few ratlier rare American spe- cies of wliich none is in cultivation. The best known is S. csespitasa, Xiitt. (ritr-plii/fnm cerspitdsum, Rydb.), a dwarf ■■• i it.. . ,il. In.il., milv n f.v,- uirhes high, with crow.lr,' ,., .i ,.,;., - ., , n .. iiitish fls. in dense, UMi:. i -lalks arising from tlir ii.i i ; ,. ^ ; ., , i, l : i. . . ■.■.■. It is very unlike aiij iiib. i >iiir. u lui.l iii-ji.j r. -mhIiIvs in habit a Saxifraga. It is pfrliMjis hctft-r n-.ir.l.d as a distinct genus like the allied Kdseya unifldrn, Rydb. (Briogynia unifldra, Wats.), and Eriogynia pectinata. Hook. Section 2. Sibir;ea (Species No. 1). 1. laevigata, Linn. {S. AlttVica, Pall. Hibirwa Icevi- gdta, Maxim,). Shrub, .■> ft. high, with stout upright branches : Ivs. cuneate-oblong, bluish green, glabrous, 1K-3K in, long: fls, polygamous, greenish white in terminal panicles, 3-5 in. long, those of the staminate plant somewhat showier. May. Siberia. — Hardy. SPIR^A Section 3. CHAiLfflDRYON (Species ) &. Ji'ls. in sessile umbels, with none or very small Ivs. at the base or only the lower umbels on leafy stalks. B. Foliage entire or crenately den- tate only near the apex, often S-nerved, grayish green 2. BB. Foliage dentate or serrate, usu- ally penninerved, b^'ight green. c. Shape of Ivs. linear-lanceo- late: glabrous :i. CC. Shape of Ivs. ovate to oblong- lanceolate : finely pubes- cent when young. D. Umbels on the lower part of the branches stalked. E. lyvs. oblong 4. EE. Lvs. obovate ,"i. i«i>. Umbels all sessile, SS-fld. ij. \. Fls. in ambel-like racemes on leaf,/ stalks. B. Margin of lvs. entire or crenate or dentate only toward the o. Foliage grayish pubescent on both sides 7. cana cc. Foliage almost glabrous. D. Shape of Ivs. elliptic to oblong-lanceolate. E. Lvs. penninerved: shoots angular 8. alpina EE. Jyvs. all or partly S-nerved. F. Shoots striped: lvs. all S-nerved II. crenata FF. Shoots terete: lvs. partly penninerved , partly S-nerved HI. Pikowiensis Dl). .Shape of lvs. almost or- hiriilar. ■'.,-/ ill. br. obovate, rounded at the ap. \ .1 I It. il \. il liii.ldle. S E. Eu. Var. tnin- cata, /il.. 1 (S thih tiuidti,, Hort., not Pall. I. Lvs. lirnaflh obovate to oblong -obovate, truncate and cre- nately "dentate at the apex. Siberia 1 longer than s below the (J. F. 8:84, , the slender killed by severe 3. Thilnbergii, Sieb. Fig. 2363. Shrub, 5 ft. high, with spreading or arching branches; lvs. sharply serrulate, 1-1% in. long: fls. pure white, abu'- ' " = '~ 3-5-fld. naked umbels; petals ,,Im,v,,i, stamens: follicles with tlir !■ apex. April, May. China, .li: m 85. — A very graceful early-il' -: arching branches clothed huh i. ai foliage, turning late in fall to orange hardy, but tips of branches sometim frost; valuable for seaside planting. 4. aTSita., Zabeli S. Thitnbergii xmultifldra). Similar in habit to the former but higher and more vigorous : lvs. oblong-obovate to oblong-oblanceolate, sharply and sometimes doubly serrate, glabrous at length, l-liJi in. long: fls. pure white, ^s in. across, in many-fld. umbels, mostly with small lvs. at the base; pedicels glabrous; petals" broadly obovate, almost twice as long as stamens. Mav. Of garden origin. G.C. III. 22:3. Gng. 7:291. P.E. 11:160. G.P. 10:443. M.D.G. 1900:16. -The most free-rtowering and showy of the earlier Spireas; quite hardy. 5. multiildra, Zabel (S. crendta x hypericifdlia). Shrub, 5 ft. high, with slender, arching branches: lvs. obovate, cuneate, serrate above the middle, usually 3- nerved, glabrous at length, about 1 in. long: fls. pure white, in many-fld. umbels, sessile on the upper, borne on leafy stalks on the lower part of the branches. May. Of garden origin. — Handsome shrub similar to the former, but blooming a little later. 6. prunifdlia, Sieb. & Zucc. Graceful shrub, 6 ft. high, with upright slender pubescent branches: lvs. ovate to oblong, denticulate, pubescent beneath, 1-2 in. long: fls. pure white, about K in. across, on slender pedicels, in 3-6-fld. umbels; petals obovate, longer than stamens. Mav. China, Japan.— Var. ilore pMno. Fig. 2364. Fls. double, rather large. S.Z. 1:70. F.S. 2:153. Gn. 53, p. 185. A.G. 18:425. F.E. 9:593. Mn. 3, p. 42. Very handsome, early-flowering shrub, with dark green, shining foliage, turning orange in fall. The single-fld. form is less showy and rare in cult. ; its foliage is lighter and not shining. 7. c4na, Waldst. & Kit. Dense, bushy shrub, 3 ft. high: lvs. elliptic to oblong, acute at both ends, usually entire, grayish pubescent on both sides, more densely beneath, Ja-l in. long: fls. H in. across, in dense head- like umbels; petals about as long as stamens; sepals reflexed in fruit. May. S. E. Eu., W. Asia.-Hardy, but not very showy. 8. alplna, Pall. Shrub, 4 ft. high, with upright or arching, angular, reddish brown branches: lvs. oblong- obovate to oblanceolate, acute, usually entire, glabrous, penninerved, %-! in. long: fls. white, rather small, in short-stalked, small glabrous umbels; petals roundish, little shorter than stamens; sepals upright in fr. : folli- cles curving outward. May, June. N. E. Asia. — Hardy shrub, with graceful foliage. 9. crenata, Liun. (S. crenifdlia, C. A. Mey.). Shrub, 3 ft. high, with slender striped branches: lvs. oblong- obovate to 'oblanceolate, acute at both ends, crenately serrate toward the apex, grayish green, puberulous be- neath when young, 3-nerved, V2-IM in. long: fls. white, rather small, in dense almost semi-globose umbels; pet- als roundish obovate, shorter than stamens: sepals up- right in fr. : follicles with erect styles. May. S. E. Eu. to Caucasus and Altai. L.B.C. 13:1252.— Hardy. 10. Fiko-wii-nais, Bess. (S. crenata X nifilui. S.Nicou- dUrti, Hort.). Shrub, 4 ft. high, with terete upright branches : lvs. oblong, cuneate at base, with few sharp teeth at the apex or sometimes entire, penninerved to 3-nerved, almost glabrous, 1-2 in. long: fls. white or greenish white, in many-fld. alin..st t,'labi"us umbels; petals orbicular, shorter than -i:,i,„ii,; x.-pals upright infr.; follicles with the upriu-lit ^inI.> ~..,,i,.wliat below the apex. Mav. -Supposed natural l,\ I.1..I, t.amdwild in Podolia, in Pohm.l. 11. bracteata, Zabel (S. iV^ipjxinicu, Maxim. S. media, var. ,:,i,ni corymb high, with slender, arching branches: Ivs. rhombic- lanceolate, incisely doubly serrate, dark green above, pale bluish green beneath, 1-2^ in. long: fls. over % in. across, in rather dense umbels; sepals upright in fruit: follicles with spreading styles. May, June. China, Japan. B.R. 30:10. A.G. 18:356.- Very handsome shrub, with large pure white fls., but only half-hardy north. Var. fibre pl6no, with double fls. and narrower Ivs., is still more tender. This species and the three foregoing are valuable also for their handsome foliage, which remains fresh and green until late in fall. 16. bWnda, Zabel (S. Cliinhisis x r„nl„»i,-,isi>s. S. BeevesiAnarobtlsta,OTndv(i,'BoTt.). I'priulii shi uh. 11 ft. glabrous above, grayish tomentose ln-nr.itli. l-t'., in. long: fls. rather large, pure white, in pubescent uniljels; sepals ovate-lanceolate, upright in fruit: follicles pu- bescent, with spreading styles. May, June. Of garden origin.- Only half-hardy north. 17. Chin^nBla, Maxim. ( H.jHib^scenx, Lindl.). Upright shrub, 5 ft. hii,'li. witli arclung branches, tomentose when youn^': Ivs. l(.nt,'-l'ctioled, ovate, incisely serrate and sometimes ;j-hihr(i. lincly pubescent above, yellowish tomentose beneath, 1-2 in. long: fls. pure white, about }i in. across, in pubescent umbels ; sepals upright in fruit, ovate-lanceolate, tomentose like the follicles; styles terminal, spreading. May. China. B.R. 33:38.— Handsome, but not hardy north. 18. pub^Bcens, Turcz. Upright shrub, 6 ft. high, with slender, arching branches : Ivs. similar to those of the foregoing species, but more grayish tomentose beneath and somewhat smaller, petioles shorter: fls. }4-i4 in. across, in glabrous umbels; sepals triangular-ovate, upright in fruit: follicles glabrous, with the spreading styles below the apex. May. N.China. G.F. 1:331.- Hardy north, and the large-fld. form as handsome as I'J. mSdia, Srhmidt (S. confUsa, Regel & Koern.). U|iiiKlii slinil., r> ft. high, with terete branches, gla- the has, . in,;.., I, ...-rr;,!,' :,]■■.',,■ Ih, iiil-l.lh-, almost glabrous ••r ,^, i\ : " :i ' i' ■ . in many-fld. rather hn: i,,l licles with the s|.i. ,, , , ,, ,;, , ; , I, .,li;,t below the apex. Maj. ... ].. i.u. u, ,].ii,;iii. \ .ii. yla- br^scens, Zabel. Almo.st glabrous. \'ar. oblougiEolia, Eehd. (5. oblonqlfolia, Waldst. & Kit.). Lvs. elliptic- oblong to oblong-lanceolate, narrowed at both ends, en- tire or with 1-3 teeth at the apex. Var. Bericea, Regel (S. sericea, Turcz.). Lvs. pubescent on both sides. Shrub, 6 ft. high, with lvs. distinctly petioled, md ..ften (loublv serrate. 20. chameedryfdlia, Linn angular, glabrous branche ovate to lanceolate, sharpl; almost glabrous, bluish gnrp ii,i(,:ii!i. _' : 'inmany-Hd. umbels, the I,. i upper ones often almost s'.. , ■ i i upright and terminal. 8. I',. I n. ,,■ .h,] .m. udsa, Maxim. (S. flexuoxn, Kisidi.l. Lesi spreading more or less zigzag branches: Iv sharply serrate above the middle. Siberia SFIR.EA Var. ulmifolia, Maxim. (S. iilmifdlia, Scop.). Upright: Ivs. ovate, incisely or doubly serrate from below the middle: fls. larger, about % in. across, appearing later. L.B.C. 11:1042. B.R. 15:1222. Both vars. are often cult. ; they spread, like the preceding species, by suckers. Sometimes as S. atrifolia or aubifoUa in gardens. Section 4. Calospiea (Species Nos. 21-36). A. Stamens as long as petals: lvs. smalt, li-1 in. long: fls. white. B. Height S-tj, occdsionatly 12 ft.. .21. canescens BB. Height alinut \i ft 22. decumbens B. Ciivjiinbs on lattral branchtett^ along the branche.i of the pre- c. Winter-bttds slender, longer than petioles 23. longigemmis cc. Winter -bnds shorter than petioles, u. Shoots angular: lvs. usu- ally broadly ovate 24. bella DD. Shoots terete : lvs. itsnally ovate-lanceolate 25. expansa BB. Corymbs terminal on upright shoots of the year. c. Inflorescence pubescent , rarely glabrous, very com- pound, besides the terminal corymb lateral ones bloom- ing someii'hat later appear beneath it. only weak bra,. ith Shrub 1 ft. or less high, u-ilt, biiUate lvs. less than 1 ill. Ii,„,i 2i'i. hullata 5. Hi, III. In X Irr.lr. K. J,',jM, f.ii tides di- verging 27. Japonica FF. Bipe follicles upright, straight. G. Fls. pink 28. MargaritSB GG. Fls. whitish or hh,,shed 29. Foxii 5. Branches more or less angiitar, rather stiff, almost glabrous. F. Color of fls. pink, rarely uhitish .30. Bumalda PF. Color of fls. white ... .31. albiflora flnri'srrner usiinltii qla- s. Fls. white. F. Corymb usually pu- bescent .33. corymbosa FF. Corymb usually gla- G. Lvs. usually EE. Fls. pink 36. densiUora 21. canescens, D. Don. Shrub, 6 or sometimes 12 ft. high, with spreading and arching branches: Ivs. Iiroaflly i.val Ui (ihuvute, very short-pejtioled. cr, !i:,i. \\ ,1, ni.ii,, ill.,. v., Ilic middle, grayish green, pulics,, I, i- s,.iiM'iiiiMs almost glabrous at lengtli. ' , n, I i ; tis. while, rather small, in dense, semi-,i;l,,i,,,-, ,r,i\niiis to 2 in. across, appearing very profusely alons ihi^ branches; sepals upright or spreading in fr. : follicles villous, with the ascending styles a little below the SPIR^A apex. July. Hiraal. Gn. 45. p. 49; 49, p. 421; 52, p. 28; 54, p. 48. — Very graceful and handsome shrub, but not hardy north. It occurs under very many different names in the gardens, as S. argintea, cnneAta, cnnei- fdlin, flatjelldtd, flagellifdrviis, rotundifdlia, vaccinifd- lia, and others. 22. decumbens, W. Koch {S. procumbens, Hort.). Dwarf, procumbent shrub, about % ft. high, with as- cending branches, glabrous : Ivs. elliptic to oblong, acute at both ends, crenately serrate above the middle, glabrous, K-1 in. long: fls. white, in small corymbs, about 2 in. across: follicles glabrous, with upright ter- minal styles. June. Tyrol. G.C. II. 11:752. -Pretty shrub for rockeries. 23. longigSmmis, Jlaxim. Shrub, 4 ft. high, with slender torete brunches, glabrous: axillary buds iicumi- nate, longer than the petioles; Ivs. ovate-lanceolate to oblong -lanceolate, inciscly and donlily si-rrate. with glandular-tipped tectii. iumlit u^t ii. L,'l;il>n>u^, P-_.-2^2 in. long: Hs. white, in rath, r I,,,,-,-, ■_■-:: in lir.ia.l. pubescent corymbs; sepals sprc-adinu- in fi-, : f.ilii.l.v almost gla- brous, with terminal spnadiiii: stvlis. .luiie. N. W. China. G.F. 7:345. -Hardy. 24. b61Ia, Sims (S. ovdta, and S. cdccinea, Hort.). Shrub, 3 ft. higli, with slender, spreading branches, an- gular and sparingly pubescent : Ivs. broadly ovate to ovate, sharply and often doubly serrate, almost gla- brous, whitish or bluish green beneath, 1-2 in. long: fls. polygamous, pink, in small corymbs, K-2 in. across; stamens little longer than petals ; sepals retlexed in fr. : follicles pubescent only at the inner suture, with spreading styles. June, July. Himal. B.M. 2426. L.B.C. 13:1268.-Only half-hardy north. 25. exp4nsa, Wall. (S. belln. var. eipansa, Regel. S. Kumaonensis, Hort.). Closely allied to the forego- ing, more vigorous and upright, 6 ft. high, with terete branches tomentose when young: Ivs. ovate-elliptic to ovate -lanceolate, acute at botli ends, sharply serrate from the middle, usuallv pubescent on the veins be- ne;vth, VA-'i in. long : fls. wliin- or pale pink, in 1-4 broad corymbs: follicles iiulirs.-.nt, ilivnying. July. Hinual.-S". pulchSlIa, Kunze ( N. K ,n„.i,-ni. asis, Hort.'), is supposed to be a hybrid cd' this and the foregoing „'^'^?- SPIRxEA 1703 species; it combines the broader corymbs of the with the brighter color of the first species, the handsomer than either parent; sometimes cult. erpiiiisd rubra, but there is also another hybrid 2(1. buimta, Maxim. (S. erispifbU,,. lli.rt.l shrub, with strictly upright brown, \illi'ii- i.i n cisely serrate, thickish and bullate, aliim-.t gl.i grayish green beneath, %-%m. long: fls. deep pink, in small and dense corymbs, l>4-3 in. across. July, Aug. Japan. Gt. 35:1210. 27. JapAnica, Linn. (S. callosa, Thunb. 5. F6rtunei, Planch.). Shrub, 4 ft. high, with upright branches glabrous or puberulous when young: Ivs. ovate to oblong-lanceolate, acute at both ends or acuminate, doubly and incisely serrate, pale bluish green and usu- ally glabrous beneath, 1-4 in. long: fls. small, pale to deep pink, in usually much compound and rather loose corymbs; sepals reflexed in fruit: follicles glabrous. 2366. Spirsea Van Ho :i. No. 14. divergiiii;, with ascending styles. June, July. Japan to Himal. P.S. 9:871. B.H. 8:129. P.F.Q. 2, p. 113.- Handsome shrub, with the young unfolding Ivs. of a pretty purplish color; usually much cult, under the name S. callosa. Var. F6rtimei, Rehd. {S. Fdrtunei, Planch. S. cal- Idsa, Lindl., not Thunb.). Higher, with quite terete branches: Ivs. 2-4 in. long, oblong-lanceolate, acumi- nate, sharply and dotibly serrate, with incurved, callous- tipped teeth, rugose above, bluish white beneath: corymbs verv coiii)K>und, rather loose; disk none or very i ui. Thi^ -.ems to be the Chinese form; the Jajiaii' ! M - li'ss high, has smaller and broader, ci>ai-i Mtale-serrate Ivs., not rugose and less \\li;!i ii I I . iili; the steins are slightly striped by the .I.Tiiiia-iit |i.ii..I,-s and the inflorescence is less conipiMiiid. N'ai-. atrosanguinea, Hcrt. Fls. deep pink, in toiiM iitos,. .-..rviribs. Var. rubSrrima, Hort. Fls. deep pink, in pul.'.i iilous curviiibs. Var. macrophylla, Simon-Louis. Lvs. l.t-ooiniii^' Din. l.mg. bullate: corymbs small. Var. glabrata, Ni.hols. {S. D. Ajjcj- of Ivs. obtuse or acuti.*ih. E. Shape of Ivs. broadly ovate or obovate 3i). notha EE. Shape of Ivs. oblong or oval-oblong 4ii. pyramidata cc. I/vs, pubescent or tomentost- beneath. D. Birsv nf Im. nrnfr 41. Sanssouciana Dn. Ii'tse i,f Irs. ,;>i,,nl,'il VI. Nobleana Panirh-r. , l,.,n,,,l..l . I..,,,;,,- Ih,u, hrna.l. [S,,i, :,,■,„ pr..,,. ..i B. F„li„„. ,il<,l.,„„s ..r „..n-hi sn. .■!3. corymbdsa, Raf. [S. cratmgifdlia, Link.). Low shrub, with usually little-branched stems, rarely to 3 ft. high: l.raTirlH-- P'lrpti-li lirn-v,,: lv«. l.n.:„llv ..v:,l tn I .styles upright. May, ullied to the former: looser and more flat, broader. .Inn. i'. h Brit. Col. and Oregon. The .-il;. ' s \'i . : mi i n.;, Britt., is more brauclipcl and highn-: l>-, ,.l,l,.n- i., ,.i. lanceolate, (initiiif altcvi- the midille or almost entire: infloresi'enre ulaliinus. Va. to N. C. B.B. 2:197. 35. betulifdlia, I'lMI. Low, much-branched shrub: Ivs. oval to ..iH.v.iie ,.!■ .jliovate-oblong, usually cuneate at base and very short-petioled. serrate or crenately ser- rate, obtuse, glabrous or slightly pubescent on the veins beneath, 'A-iyi in. long: corymb usually glabrous, 1-2 ovate, aenti.-li. ciiiii ciallyal-.ue ,l„. „, glabrous, r , n. somewhat e,.ux .-, ., l-l: across; petals (,val June. N. J. to (la. l,.i;.i'. 7 34. lilcida, Don- branches yellowish . l'l.i,rl> Fl .rl'.l,' "" ' 44 alba !',■„> 1, S , //.//.,■.:, IS latifolia / I: ',:: 'i.ii.':' ,ls.'i.',' 4(; Menziesii F 1 '.!>' P ibisceul ur 1 b t llirl, s- glabrous: I W( or irhltish tome to be ,'nth Lrs. Lis. irlllr at hnlh I '/ 47 48 BiUardii Douglasi the fls. pink. 3S. conspicua, Zabel IS. albiftdra ^ r!Um]. Upright S. semperflorens, Zaliel ( ,S'. ,Tiip('iiiir,i ..,,,.,1..;.,,, s'. Japdnicti or Fth'tunei, var. paniculdta, Hnrt.). Hii;lier than the former: Ivs. oblong-lanceolate, usually doubly serrate: fls. pink. R.H. 1860, p. 496, 497. Gn. 4.'), p. 48. SPIRiEA 39. nbtlia, Zabel [S. corymbosa x latifdlia). Shrub. 3 ft. high, with Ijrowu glabrous branches: Ivs. broadly- ovate to obovate, short-petioled, coarsely aiul doubly serrate, almost glabrous, 1-2 in. long: Hs. white to pinkish white, in broad, glabrous panicles: stamens almost twice as long as the orbicular petals. July, Aug. — Of garden origin. 40. pyramidita, Greene {S. li'ieitla x Mhiziesi). Up- right shrub, 3 tt. high- Ivs. oval-oblong to oblong, acutish or obtuse, usuallv doubh senate above the middle, glabrous or nearl\ ^c 1' -' iii long: panicles 1%-S% in. long, rather (1(1]-. | .1 or almost white. Jul}'. lonini \s 1 I ington.- Worthy of cultn.itu.n. l.iii 41. Sanssouciina, C. Koch {H. J><> S. Bet/elidiia, Hort.). Shrub, 4 ft finely tomentose branches : Ivs sharply and usu,ill> doulily serrati beneath, J- i^ . in iciii; Hs pink, in panicles t..lli. b s _r| ,1 ,,,,|^ ^^ ni intermedia, Li-iii(iiii( \ti. tilliifln,,i n< n./l t ii snmhir in habit to '. si/} i}K/(Ptloia but with tlie 1\ s tomentose beneath. 42. Nobleina, Hook. (S. Doiiglasi, var. Nohle&na, Wats. N. Poihilusi X thn.uflora}. Shrub, 4 ft. high, similar to tin Icniin i h s. oblong or narrowly oblong, usually iniunb .1 it tin liase, acute, sharply serrate above tin ninl II _i \isli tomentose beneath. 1-3 m. long: lis li^lii piiik 111 dense broadlv p\r*(uiidal to- mentulosL p.mn h s, ,-Uin. high; pefiKlnlf ,s |,,,iir as stamens; sepals fctlexed in fr. ; st\li- i. i I im 1iiI\ Natural hybrid, found in Calif. H -^l IM - _s(. —A similar form is S. paohystachy- im bohii X Doiiglasi), with broader h- ml i' t i .b r pmk. 43. salioiJdlia, Linn. (S. Siblnea, Raf. S.snheifoha, var. cdrnea, Ait.|. Upright shrub, 5 ft. high, with te- rete yellowish brown branches puberulous when young: 1\ s. dliloiii,' Lull (-olate to lanceolate, sharply and some- curved teeth, IV2-3 in. ris. pinkish and Wash- introduced. is S. ish, the as- cending l.iinitli 111 1 I I I June, Juh 's I I Var. grandiflora, 1 1 with larg( 1 lulu. 11 11 44. 41ba, Hill I s w/ - /, , ^ , lanceoUttii . r...i kli 1 i^ii 1 1 Sweet. Fi.,' _' i.s l |,ii_|ji shni reddish blown bi.iuthLs i,ul)(_iul narrow, oblong to oblanceolate, ai simply serrate, l%-2]4 in. long pyramidal tomentulose panicles, thi ramifications much longer th panwulUa , Alt. ^S'. Meadow .attaining f ft., w ith s when young: vs. reguh lb fls.^wTite^, in le afy be lower spread ing I'l latifdlia, H.. "^.IlithU- Meauow iigh,with doubly serrate, lH-3 in. long: ri- ilim those of S. alba, sonutimes Iigliih iih the stamens and disk more or less | ,. i. , .m. Us quite glabrous, broadly pyramidal, wuli si,i.,i.lin^ .uid elongated ramifications ; stamens longLr th.iu petals. June-Aug. Newfoundland and Canada to N. C. Em. 2:485. B B. 2:19(i.-This and the preceding species have been referred by most American botanists to S. suUeitu- litt. a. alba is chiefly found west, S. Jatifolia east of and in the Alleghanies. 46. M6nziesi, Hook. (S. Douqlasi. var. M(nziesi, Presl.). UiiriKht shrub, 4 ft. high, with lirown. at first green b. m ilb I ' m I 1 _ 11 m .11 | i 1 n, 1 ,thcr narrow, d-s 111 l.iii.i p.um 1. s st.un. ns mi.i. ili.iii twice SPIK^A 1705 as long as the roundish petals; sepals reflexed in fruit. June-Aug. Alaska to Oregon. 47. Billirdii, Hort. (S. Doiiglasi x salicifblla). Shrub, G ft. hiKh.with brown pubescent branches: Ivs. oblong to oblong-lanceolate, acute, sharply and often doubly serrate, except in the lower third, usually grayish tomentose beneath, at least when young, sometimes al- most glabrous at length, 2-3 m. long: fis. bright pink, in 5-8-in. long, tomentose or tomentulose panicles, usu- ally rather narrow and dense. July, Aug. Of garden origin. — S. I/ennedna, Bethlehemhisis rubra, trium- nhans, eximia, Vonstdntiip, Californica, Hort., are very similar and probably of the same parentage. 2368. Spiraea alba ( X >4 ; Douglasi, Hook. Fig. 236it. Shnili, h ft. high, with ■I'l""- '-"'""l •■ n.iitisl, ,1 l„.t Is, ,rnequally It. il.. \, Hi. nil. i. II. .1. 11-. Iv Mini. i..ni,-iitose be- I, r I 111 I. ii_ IN .1. . |. I II 1 11! .1. iisH, rather - twn ( is I, ,11^' lis the oboxate petals; sepals re- il HI tiiiii l.illicles glabrous. Julv, Aug. British inl.iii..i ,Iit F.S. 2:66. R.H. IMlVlOl. P.F.G. 2, I'll. IJ IT,. B.M. 5151. On. 23:3b0. tomentdsa, Linn. Hardhack. Steeplebush. b, 4 ft. high, with upright, brown, tomentose ?hes: Ivs. ovate to oblong-ovate, acute, unequally often doubly serrate, densely yellowish or grayish 1706 SPIR^A tomentose beneath, 1-2J^ in. long: fls. deep pink or pur- ple, in narrow dense panicles, brownish tomentose and 3-8 in. Ions; stamens somewhat longer than the obo- vate petals; sepals reflexed: follicles pube.scant, usu- ally diverging. July-Sept. Nova Scotia to Ga., west to Manitoba and Kansas. B.B. 2:1%. Em. 2:485.-Var. .'""^ 5:149. 2369. Spiraea Dou^: white fls. F.E. 8:833. ( »t spread by suckers like most others aria. Ail the last named species iin- coming shrubs and decorative with !-s ,,f l.n-lit ..r,l,.,p pink fls. They ' 1- 'i' II il,<:ii> .1 ill masses in the closely allied to S.alpina, but not yet introduced; S. and Sorbaria sorbifolia are sometimes cult, under th S. difiuriiiis, Zul.el l.'s. :ill.;i ,<.fi,i-.vriili..s:il. Med stalked umbels i.ai.l Camtscliatica.— .s. t]nt> Don). Low shrub, allii branches: Ivs. small, n middle, quite glabroi corymbs. Him:il, I, Sorbaria gr;uiilin..i a granditlora, — N // -. decumbens, Imi applieil to S )i ;. k. » Exochorda sely allied to S. ? sepals upright in large -S. arice- SPIRAL FLAG. See Costu SPIRANTHES (name Grc.l. pikes). OrchidttceiF. Lmui luding about 40 specic-s .lis|H rring to the twisted :ssEs. A genus in- iroughout the tem- SPIBANTHES perate zone and extending south to Chile, all terrestrial herbs, few of which have any horticultural value. Some of the hardy species are advertised by dealers in native plants and by collectors. Erect herbs with fleshy or tu- berous roots': Ivs. mostly at the base or on the lower part of the stem: raceme teiininal, twisted: fls. spur- less, small or medium-sized; sepals free or more or less united at the top, or united with the petals into ahel- met ; labelluni sessile or clawed, concave, embracing the column and spreading into a crisped, sometimes lobed or toothed blade: poliinia 2, powdery. A. Color of fls. scarlet. colorita, N. E.-Br. (S. colbrans, Hemsl.). Lvs. ellip- tic to elliptic-oblong, undulate, acute, 5-6 in. long: stem 2 ft. high: spike 3 in. long: Hs. and longer bracts scar- let. April. Mexico. B.M. 1374 (as jYco^ia speciosa). AA. Color of fls. ichile or wJiitish. B. Fls. in 3 rows: lvs. persistent at the flowering time. c6mua, Rich. Nodding Ladies' Tresses. Lvs. mostly basal, linear or linear - oblanceolate : stem 6-25 in. high, usually pubescent above, with 2-6 acuminate bracts : fls. white or y.U..\visli, fragrant, nodding or spreading, in a spiki' t-"' in, Iohl': lateral sepals free, the upper arching and .onniv.-ni with the petals; label- luni oblong, roundid ;it il]i> :i|..x. crisp. Aug.-Oct. Nova Scotia to Miun. and suulh to Fla. B.M. 1568 (as Neottiaeernwa); 5211. B.K. 10:823. B.B. 1:471. A.G. 13:407. V. 11:13. EomanzoKiina, Cham. & Schlecht. Lvs. linear to linear-oblanceolate, 3-.S in. lonir: stem 6-15 in. high, leafy below: spike 2-4 hi. Ion-: IN. white or greenish, riugent; sepals and ].■ i:iN l.rojcl at base, connivent into a hood; labellum olih.n- . l.r.i,i-l :ii tlie base, contracted below and dilated at Hm a]M v . nisp. July, Aug. N. Amer. B.B. 1:470. CC. II. In;ir.:,: 20:400. latiJdlia, Torr. Sti m l-l'i in. hiudi, glabrous or pu- bescent, bearing 4-.^ lane, wlai, ..r Ml.lanceolate lvs. near the base: tls. suiali: -.nai, and p.-tals white, lateral what unitial witli ila- prtais; laln-iluiii quadrate-oblong, yellowish alu'V,'. hdi .a.nt i :aiiMl in the middle, wavy- crisp, obtuse or tniiirati.. .hill. -Aug. New Brunswick to Minn, and Va. B.B. 1:470. BB. Fls. alternate, appearing in a single spiral row. c. Ia'S. present at the flowering time. praecox, W.itson (,'^. r/raminrn. v.Tr. Wriltrri. (rrav). LvK. liiH.ar, 4-12 in. lonir. i;ra-.s-lik,. : sP-m pl-:!0 'in. hiiili, Klan.lillar-inila-s.a.nt ai.nv,-, Iralv: ^ink.- L'-,s in. Ion-: llv. whltr .ir ylloNvi^li. ^iirradin-; lajrral s.pals oblong, contracted above and dilated toward the apex. July, Aug. N. Y. to Fla. and La. B.B. 1:471. cc. livs. mostly withered at the flowering time. simplex, Gray. Root a solitary oblong tuber: lvs. basal, ovate to oblong, short, absent at the flowering time: stem very slender, 5-9 in. high: spike about 1 in. long: fls. white: labellum obovate-oblong, eroded and crisp. Aug., Sept. Mass. to Md.. B.B. 1:472. A.G. 13:400. gricilis, Beck. Roots clustered: lvs. basal, obovate to ovate-lanceolate, petioled, mostly dying before the flowering time: stem 8-18 in. high, bearing a slender, many-fld., 1-sided ortwi«ted -ipike: fls. white, fragrant; sepals longer than tin- labclliini, the lateral ones free; labellum oblong, dilatid in Ironr. crenulate or wavy- crisp, thick and gn-cn in iIh- mi. Pile. Aug.-Oct. East- ern N. Amer. B.B. 1:472. A.li. l:i:4()6. Heinkich Hasselbring. SPIKODfiLA. Consult Lemna. SPLEENWOET. Asplenium. SPONDIAS. See page 1804. SPONGE TREE. Acacia Farnesiana. S., Vegeta- ble. Lnffa. SFBAGUEA (after Isaac Sprague, of Cambridge, Mass., botanical artist, collaborator of Asa Gray). Portulacilcew. Probably only a single species, a bien- SPRATING 1707 nial herb 2-12 in. high, with mostly radical, spatulate, fleshy leaves and ephemeral flowers in dense, scorpioid spikes, ninlaliat.'ly clustered on scape-like peduncles: sepals J: p.iaK I; stamens 3: capsule 2-valved; seeds 8-JO. lila.-k, -luny. umbellata, T..ir. May be treated as an annual. Fls. white, tinged with rose, in late summer. Sierra Nevada, at 3,000-10,000 ft. altitude, from the Yosemite valley to the British boundary, usually in sandy dry soils. B.M. 5143. -Var. caudioifera, Gray, is a subalpine form in which the caudex-like branches extend for a year or more (the leaves below dying away) and are at length terminated by scapes an inch or so in length. De- sirable for rockwork and edgings. j,-._ -yp, Barclay. SPRAYING (see Pomology], the art of protecting cul- tivated plants from insect enemies and vegetable para- sites by covering them with a spray which shall have a toxic or physically injurious effect upon the animal or vegetable organism. Historical Sketch. — The history of spraying is inter- esting. The story of its progress in America differs in details from the history of its development in Europe. The main features in e. ..f ili.- iii.ist inju- rious forms came from Europe an. I \vv,- ih. means of directing attention to wholesale m. ili.-.ls .,f .Icstroying them. Some of these enemies, comparatively harmless in their native home, like the currant worm and codiin- moth, have done more to forward spraying methods in the United States than anything else. The lirst iuM-.-ticides u've.l ir; America, as well as in Eur body SUbstan.a-, u he'll l.a.l an iniDraniv , If.-, fusion^ wlii.'ii wrr astl-inyilll, alal .aiii^ti.- Mil. stances which burned the tissues. Tobacco water and alka- line washes have been used for many years. One of the first poisons to be used was white hellebore. The employment of arsenical poisons may be said to belong to America, and even at the present time has small place in the economy of fruit-growing in Europe. The widespread use of arsenical poisons is largely due to the influence of the incursion of the potato bug. We have no reliable records which give us the exact date of the first use of Paris green. It probably oc- curred about 1865 or 1866. However, towards 1870 Paris green was used quite generally throughout the western region where the potato bug first appeared. At this time it was applied almost exclusively in the dry form diluted with gypsum or flour. From potato to cotton, tiiliaceo and Anally to fruit trees, is the development of this poison for destroying leaf -eating insects. So far as records are available, it appears that fruit trees were first sprayed with Paris green between 1873 and 1875. Among pioneer sprayers, we should mention the names of Dr. C. V. Riley, United States entomologist; 1708 SPRAYING LeBarron state entomologist of Illinois- William Saun- ders London Onta o Can J b Woodwa 1 Lock port N Y T ( ^ \. Walwo th N Y Professo A J II lle^e M h Follow ng P I a pu pie and then wh te n d ffe ent (o ms of [ been o np u led fl i 1 1 1 du 1 f equently e 1 L n Ion pu pie ha now been la g 1 1 pped by fru t g owe s ow ng o ts zed cj 1 nder substant al SPRAYING iiless considerable liii 1709 adJed. For compactness: se- r it is inclosed by ml facilitating the vhite ;irsenip i use. They usuallydischargerl the liquid i or a C( y,\r ■se spray diMph nuzzk •s are on tl and e Hit ■ienc V. . ( inucl 1 to be desii but t\: le : ^pra; y car ' and Paragrene are more ■1 when of good quality less agitation. Arsenate 'ithout injnry to six or seven feet from the nozzle. A co; be thrown much farther, but drenche spravs the tree and naturally uses a lar For peaehe; should be adtl Six pounds water, when a of fungi. burn the foliage. F. per will neutralize 1 tw oi three times its weight of lime oi vitli lli mixture The composition of London pun 'e is v; unless good reasons exist for «* apposing that it ( much arsenic ib Fans green use the latter poison. Weighing of copper in 1 1 nve uient Bordeaux mi\tui hours atter being mixed Thei I i i i lux is impiacticihle It is h)Wt-\tr ji t 1 in to li \t st k prepa lationb ot sulfate ot copper md ot lime ready tor mi\ing when requiied L-^ The hme should be slaked in i barrel or bo\ with sufficient wttprt pi \ ent burning but not enough to smother Impor \\ ked must always be eo\ered with water to ex In this manner lime can be kept all summer r water wiU hold m solution all summer uer sulfate To accomplish this the sulfate 1 il n u ] ended at the surface ot the watei in a bag The « iter most lo ided with copper will sink to the bottom and the w Iter least lo ided wiU rise to the surf ice If 50 pounds of sul f ite aie suspended in 2o giUous ot witer on ui evening each 1710 SPRAYING gallon of water will, when stirred the next morning, hold two pounds of sulfate. Three gallons of this solution put in the spray barrel equiil six pounds of copper. Now fill the spray barrel half full of water before adding any lime. This is important, for if the lime is added to so strong a solution of sulfate of copper, a curdling process will follow. Stir the water in the lime SPRAYING Copper Sulfate Solution. Water ...."../''!!'"!!; 1 i!!!! [i! !!'.!!! ! ".15^25 gaUoL )isso]vi. II.. . niip I , I r.irH in the water, when it is ready for •. Tliis ^1 Mill iM , r iM .ii.ulied to foliage but must be used ore tlif 1. Ill l.iL ,1!, Ill peaches and nectarines, use 25 gal- k ""W- nozzle-men than ■ barrel so as to make a dii ;i' it to be dense enough d. the latter condition. Inini' 'i zle. Continue to add to ii. as drops of ferrocyanin'ixim'f. See Cxcitrhita, particularly the note on p. 410. The pictures show some of the forms of these species- Plate XXXVII is the Hubbard Squash, Cucurbita maxima. Fig. 2382 is the Winter or Canada Crookneck, one of the forms of C. moschata. Figs. 2383-88 are forms of the multifari.r iMi-h varieties are u.sually |ii:M,ir,l ,-,- rl,,.,. I, ,,..11, ,.,-,,, In I tVct. On high- priced lalnl ll^■^ :.rr nllri, phnil.cl :;x I Ir.-t. The long- and to this cati-fxmv m.iy ;il-o >•'■ rrLricl. tor i-uitural purposes, the (•oiiiin..n lirl.l |.uiH|ilviii^. 'I'li. ii- is niuch difference between tlio v.-irirtics .is to linijih of vine. On strong soils, some varieties will run L,-M feet, and sometimes even more. These varieties are planted from 8-12 feet apart each way. Sometimes they are planted in corn fields, and they are allowed to occupy the ground after tillage for the corn is completed. For general field conditions, the seeds of Squashes SQUASH roots should fill the pot or box so that the earth is held in a compact ball, and the plant should be fresh, green and stocky. Plants that become stunted and develop one or two flowers when they are in the box are usually of little use. Sometimes seeds are planted directly in the field in forcing hills, and when the plants are es- tablished and the season is settled the protecting box is removed and the plants stand in their permanent posi- tions. A good Squash vine should produce two or thiee first class fruits, if, however, one flower «iets \ er\ eirh in the season the Mne miy de\oti most ot its iiki^hs to the perfe( tion of that biii^l itmi n 1 n i 1 1 \ others or maj set them too i m 1 1 » them to mituie If it is .1 1 11 iIm plants sh ill produce iiKM. tl I 1 i, tious, as luanj is a a single \ ine and 11 exceeded Squash v under general condii i hoe. When the very best results are desired, particularly for the home garden, hills may be prepared by digging out a bushel of .soil and filling the place with rich earth and fine manure. It is expected that not more than three to five of the plants will finally be left to each hill; but there are many contingencies to be considered. The young plants may be taken off by cutworms or by other insects, or they may be caught by frost. If it is necessary to start the plants in advance of the season, the seeds may be planted in pots or boxes in a forcing-house or hotbed about three weeks before it is time to set them in the field. If the seeds are started much earlier than this, the plants are likely to get too large aud to become stunted. When set in the field, the me cases this uuuibei ma} be 1 tend to root at the joints, but 5 this should be pre\ ented, be 2384 Summer Bergen SQuash a form of Cucurbita Pepo cause it tends to prolong the crowing sn^nn of the vine It IS usually well, till I' t 1 t lit* flu 1. mts oi casionally when the hoeiiv ' ' 1 1 1 h tli \ me should not be moved or disi 11 1 1 1 1 mii n ip plies particularly in the sh I tin North, where CM r\ iffortinti 1 i n I 1 . n il I. tin plant to set its fiuit . nU m ili i~on md ti iipletc Its growth befon 1 ill There are se\ei ill II mi ml lis, ises of the Squish Perhaps tbi most s. I n 1 ili 1 1 i| 1 d cucumber beetle, whii h di stii \s 111 1 I I [ilmts This insect IS ill stiiiM il Willi ii lit since It works on .11 as on the upper, the field in order to attract the early crop of bugs, thereby making it possible to destroy them. Prom these early plants the bugs may be hand-picked, or they may SQUASH bf killed with very heavy applications of applications so strong that they may even injure the plants. Sometimes the hills of Squashes are covered with wire gauze or mosquito netting that is held above the earth by means of hoops stuck into the ground. This affords" a good protictioii from insects that arrive from the outside, proyi.liii- tlir .-li:. s are thoroughly covered with earth so tliat iIm- hi-. .-is cannot crawl under; but if the inseots >hc.uM .■-.iih- from the ground beneath the covers thev will ili-stn.y \hv plants, not be- ing able to escape. The Squash bug or stink bug may be handled in the same way as the striped cucumber beetle. This insect, however, remains throughout the season and, in many cases, it is necessary to resort to hand-picking. The ins.M'ts .l.li-Iit to crawl under chips or pieces of board .n iii^'lil, an. I this fact may be utilized in catching them, 'i'hf iinl.l.ws of Squashes may be kept in check witli in.iri- ..r l.-ss certainty by the use of Bordeaux mixture or auijuouiacal carbonate of copper. The varieties of pumpkins and Squashes are numer- ous, and it is difficult to keep them pure if various kinds are grown together. However, the true Squashes {Cucurbita maxima) do not hybridize with the true pumpkin species {Cttcurbita Pepo). There need be no fear, therefore, of mixing between the Crookneck or Scallop Squashes and the varieties of Hubbard or Mar- STACHYS 1713 row types. The summer or bush Squashes are of three general classes : the Crooknecks, the Scallop or Patty- pan varieties, and the Pineapple or oblong-conical va- rieties. All these are forms of O. Pepo. The fall and winter varieties may be thrown into several groups : the true field pumpkin, of which the Connecticut Field is the leading representative, being the one that is com- monly used for stock and for pies ; the Canada Crook- neck or Cushaw types, which are varieties of C. mos- chata; the Marrow and Marblehead types, which are the leading winter Squashes and are varieties of the C. maxima; the Turban Squashes, which have a "Squash within a Squash " and are also varieties of O. maxima. The mammoth pumpkins or Squashes which are some- times grown for exhibition and which may weigh two or three hundred pounds, are forms of C. maxima. Thoroughly sound and mature Squashes can be kept until the holidays, and even longer, if stored in a room that is heated to 20° above freezing. If the Squashes are not carefully handled the inside of the fruit is likely to crack. Squashes that have been shipped by rail seldom keep well. The philosophy of keeping a winter Squash is to prevent the access of germs (avoid all bruises and cracks and allow the end of the stem to dry up), and then to keep the air dry and fairly warm. The fruits are usually stored on shelves in a heated shed or outhouse. The following advice is given for this occa- sion by W. W. Rawson: "Cut the Squashes just before they are thoroughly ripe. Be careful not to start the stem in the Squash. Lay them on the ground one deep and let them dry in the sun two or three days before bringing to the building. Handle very carefully when putting in, and be sure that the wagon in which they are carried has springs. Put them two deep on shelves in a building. This should be done on a cool, dry day. If the weather continues cool and dry, keep them well aired by day; but if damp weather comes build a small fire in the stove in order to dry outthe green stems. Keep the temperature about 50°, and air well in dry weather. The Squashes may need picking over about Christmas if put in the building about October 1 ; handle very carefully when picking over. Fifty tons can be kept in a single building with a small fire. 2387. The Neero Squash. Do not let thera freeze, but One of the wiirly forms of if temperature goes down Ciiciirbita Pepo. to 40° at times it will do no harm: nor should it be allowed to go as high as 70°. The Hubbard Squash keeps best and longest and does not shrink in weight as much as other kinds ; but any of them will shrink 20 per cent if kept uutil January 1." L. H. B. See SQUAW BEKEY. Mitcliella SQUIEKEL COEN. Dicentra Canademis. SQUIETING CUCUMBEB. Echalliiim. Elaterixim. STACHYS (from an old Greek name applied 'by Dios- ooridfs to aiiotlier group of plants, coming from the word for .s;)iA-e). Lahi('itw. Woundwort. A genus of perhaps 150 species distributed mainly in temperate countries: perennial or annual herbs, rarely shrubby, with opposite simple, entire or dentate leaves and mostly small flowers, ranging from purple, red, pale yellow to white, sessile or short-pediceled, in axillary whorls or terminal dense spikes: calyx 5-dentate, teeth equal or the posterior larger; corolla-tube cylindrical, eate, rarely somewhat tl:il; sim.i.iis I, .li.lynamous, the anterior longer, asi-imlin^' un.l. r ih.- iii'l'.r lip and very little exserted, often .l.H.x.-.l all. r aiith.'-is. Very tew of the species are cultiyati-. It I 1 II 1 * / 1 1 I Stangeria paradoxa 1 U ns; the otuis l\ ledson of the •s I ts In all the cthei members of tl of the leaf segments die [.aiallel 11 I 1 one flint the> are all flee and 11 1 1 I 1 t tl p maigin This ) 1 th It the plant II 1 I 1 1 m fact it -n as ii. insignis 7. Devoniensis 8. Shuttleworthii DD. Epich it evidently 3-toothed at the apex 9. tigrina 10. Martiana 11. saccata \. Lnbellum reduced to a saccate ponch 12. ecomuta 1. eburnea, Lindl. (S. grandifldra. Lindl.). Pseudo- bulbs conical, 1% in. long: Ivs. leathery, 8-12 in. long: scapes pendulous, with small tnucts. 2 -3-fld.: fls. 5 in. across, ivory white; sciials Inn:!.!; |. rials narrow; la- bellum 3 in. long, solid, il--^!iy, ,\i-a\aii-d at the base and bearing 2 hooked lioins .i\( r ihi- mciutli, .spotted above with reddish purple; coliiiim pair irrccii. with broad wings toward the apex, iluiana. B.M. 3359. B.R. 18:1.529. I.H. 14:531 (var. s/, .,■/„!, ,1/s] . L.B.C. 15:1414 (as Ceratochihis grandifli,r„s\. H. 4:17ii. 2. W4rdii, Lodd. Pseudobulbs 2 in. long: Ivs. large, broad and leathery: flower-stem 9 in. Imig, bearing 3-9 fls., which are bright yellow to golden orange, spotted with crimson ; lateral sepal round ■ oblong, concave, acute; petals lanceolate, revolute, the cavity in the base of the labellum deep velvety purple. Aug. Mex. and S. B.M. 5289. -Var. atirea, Hort. (S. aiirea, Lodd.). Fls. golden yellow, with 2 dark spots on the hypochil. Fragrant. 3. oculata, Lindl. Lvs. ovate, with a blade 1 ft. long: scape 1 ft. long, clothed with scarious pale brown sheaths, 3-0-fld.: fls. 5 in. across, very fragrant, pale yellow, thickly spotted with purple; sepals 3 in. long, reflexed ; petals one - half as large ; hypochil narrow, white, spotted with crimson and having 2 large dark brown spots near the base. Mexico. B.M. 5300. B.B. 21:1800. L.B.C. 18:1764 (as Ceratochihis oculatus). S.H. 2, p.435. G.C. III. 19:264. Gn. 56:1450.-Distin- guished from S. Bucephalns and S. Wardii by the paler color and long, narrow hypochil. There are sev- eral varieties, differing in color and markings. STANHOPEA 4. Bucephalus, Lindl. (.! indifldra, Reichb. f.). petioled, 9 in. long, ImImii" r:"';i[rr ami spotted outsidi-, the upper part of tlie labellum colored like the sepals. Colombia. Gn. 33:G52. 6. inBigmis, Frost. Figs. 2390, 2391. Pseudobulbs clustered: Iva. broadly lanceolate: scape G in. long, covered with dark brown scales. :2— l-lld.: lis. 5 in. across, dull yellow, spotted with |iim|.|. : s. ].als broad, concave; petals narrow, wavy; h\i hil lHm1m.-,>. almost wholly purple inside, heavily s)i"itiil ..iit^idr, horns! in. long, falcate, middle lobe cordate, keeled. July- Oct. Brazil. B.M. 2948, 2949. B.R. 22:1837. L.B.C. 20:1985. Rng. 2:117 ( from which Fig. 2290is adapted). - Distinguished by the broad wings of the column. 7. Devoni^nsis, Lindl. (X. m, imlns, ,. Know\&s &W.}. Lvs. ahnut :> in.h.i,-: .r:,,i,. |m i,,lii Imis, 2-3-fld. : fls. 5 in. .acniss, |.ali- lirowni-li. \iiiii \iv,:i > < '\ ai < ■-Mmh^-, nbtuse; petals curved, iriiddic IoIm- .. ,; I , • I .1, obscurely 3- Colombia . and pseudobulbs id obiong I hypochi chil qua 12. ecornCita, Lem. Pseudobulbs and lvs. large : scape short, clothed with green bracts, 2-fld. : sepals erect, 2 in. long, ovate, concave, white, petals smaller; la- bellum reduced to a fleshy sac-like hypochil, IK in. long, yellow deepening to orange at the base; column as long as the labellum and of the same color. Cent. Anier. B.M. 4885. P.S. 2:181. G.C. 1850:295. S. Amesiana. Hort. Hugh Low v„ ^,ti^= •,- tiir i,r,r„'r,. M.^ss of which S. ecornuta is a tyi..- m! - ,.,.1....- . ■ ...... ..i s. Lowii. It has large, waxy, fl' I ) I in. across, and a very thick, flesh \ ' ">'_'. Habitat? lihl.NhlLH UA=.>hl.h..lN.,. STANLEYA (Edward Stanley, Earl of Derby. 1779- 1849, ornithologist, once president Linnean Sociptv). Cruclferw. Stnnlejia ph,n,iiifi,h, is „ h:,y.\y ,...reiiiiial herb about 3 ft. high with i)h :iiiii:il .imm 1 1 in. . .,f a Cleome and bright yellow |1' I I!, ,i , i inc the most striking forms among orchids. Var. lut^scens, Hort. Brilliant yellow to orange marked with chocolate. Guatemala. Var. Bupfirba, Hort. Van Houtte. Fls. yel- low, with the sepals and petals heavily blotched with 'ar. atrita, Hort.,is adv. reddi.sh brown. F.S. and loii- ■ ■ ill . , . • |.. : i ■■ ^ . r •. n.^jc charaolcr .: id; stamens ii, n- .n ii i i|u,i. -i i n- imiii , • . i ■ ,:■.-. pinnatifida, .Nun. {S. piiiii'itd . \'.r\f. ., - .i ''.vu- ous: lvs. very variable, commonly (iHi I I ,,i nis lance -oblong or oblanceolate-elliin i i i i ,ir. almost entire; terminal segment lar^:- i iN, ■ [ jiliirii yellow, according to D. M. Andrews. .Ma. .luh. W. Kan. and Neb. to Tex. and S. Calif., in dry cl.ay or alka- line soils. B.B. 2:109. — Procurable from collectors of Colorado wild flowers. ^^ jij_ STAPfiLIA (.J. B. Van Stapel, Dutch physician, died in the early part of the seventeenth century, who wrote on the plants of Theophrastus). AsclepiadAcem. Cab- KiON Flower. Odd fleshy cactus-like plants from South Africa. Schumann, in Engler and Prantl's "Naturpflanzenfamilien," considers that the genus con- tains 70-80 species. Decaisne, in DeCandolle's Pro- dromus, 8 (1844). describes 89 species, and makes references to several more. The Stai"lias are usually grown with greenliiMis.- suriMihiji^, ln.ili fur the great odditT of their turm- :nhl f..r ili. Mii-ular and often large! showy flowtr-. 'I'Im plani- ;ir. I. ariess. The STAPHYLEA 1717 ng strongly rettexed, dul 11 purp: le-red with ■i 1 iivart: .i.'.^in. branches 4- across. with imrple with trans- 1 ,il by Blanc, nd,s. Jaca. iins teeth, 1 i~, yellow In,, 52, p. nil matt ri. Dut 5 iii.aoross.il airv , brown barred with SOi E the segments l.r -purple. B,M. 5692. follicles,.-: 5. gigantea are a foot across. The Stapelias are easy of species demand the treatment Fropagai.Ml ,--!!- The Sta^,. ■ - : tanic gaiM, i 5 names m,. . .r of these belongs Several other spe ciers' collections. likely Echid- A. Corona formed only of the cohering i cylindrica, Hort. This is properly Echldndpsis cerei- firmis. Hook, f., omitted from Vol. II. but known in the trade as a Stapelia: stems cylindrb-al, fnftH.b 1-2 ft. long, becoming recurved or iM-taiulnii^ ,,i i !ir , m! - .in. or less thick, nearly or (|iiir, ~iin| h - <■! u.-l marked by shallow transvci-i il, |,f, ,i ~ ing from furrows in the si.-m, -mali .ii.iiii ', m. habitat 'unknown. B.M. 5930. AA. Corona iciih scahs. B. Fls. pale yellow, abont 1 ft. across. gigantfea, N.E. Br. The largest and finest species yet known, and one of the largest and oddest of fiowers: branches many, usually less than 1 ft, long, obtusely 4- angled: as described bv W. Wats,,,,, -il,,. flowers are a foot in diameter, 1,-aili. i\ likr in i wrinkled and the .-.iImi- nal.^ \,1|, sh ha he surface red-brown silky pur- moist stove from Ap matures and the flo' hung up or placed u; sunny dry position ii BB. Fls. y, "r. wiien tne growl It should then 1 ■ the roof-glass in llou variegfi,ta, Linn. (S. Curtisii, Schult.). About 1 ft. tall, with 4-angled sharply toothed stems; fls. solitary. sulfur-yellow, the 'lobes ovate-acute and transversely spotted with blood-red. B.M. 26. R.H. 1857, p. 43.-An old garden plant, still seen in collections, often under the name 6\ Curtisii. BB. FU grandiflora. :Ma pubescent, tlir l.r: segments, strijied or marked with wliiie, hairy. R.H. 1858, p. 154. -An old garden plant. glabrifdlia, N. E. Br. tS. grandifldra, var. m^nor, Hort.). Fls. somewhat small and not hairy, the seg- H. B. ■1^ 2392, Stapelia gr. STAPHYLfiA ( flowers in spring. Tlu-y are beries, but all except S. Bun bare and unsightly at the bas Prop, by s. tings from Eight spi •:::^ t^-:--: "^^ E5B Not. Orna- , stipulate odd- flowers in ter- 'd bv capsular inlial.itants of liiiiuahla and h-liii-ii is hardy 'intderi and S. ) be in cultiva- ile shrubs with lid pretty white vood ns of the north - 1 striped bark: lerous in termi- about the same usually connate :anous capsule, 1718 STAPHYLEA ibglobose rather !arg A. Lrs. 3-foUohite. B. Middle leaflet short-stalked: panicle sessile. Bumdlda, DC. Shrub, 6 ft. high, with upright and spreading slender branches: Ifts. broadly oval to ovati-. shortly acuminate, crenately serrate, with awned teeth, light green, almost glabrous, 1K-2H in. long: fls. about % in. long, in loose, erect panicles 2-3 in. long; sepals yellowish white, little shorter than the white petals; capsule usually 2-lobed, somewhat compressed, %-l in. long, .June. Japan. S.Z. 1:95. STATICE var. Hessei. Zabel.— S. imodJ, WbU. Shnib or small tree: U't 3, oval to oblong, 2-6 in. long: fls. in peduncled, pendulous, r ceme-like panicles: fr. '2-'i in. long. Himalayas. Alfred Rehder. STAR APPLE. Sff Clnijsophijtlum. STARFISH FLOWER. SIcij, STAR FLOWER. .I.W./-. T, STAR GRASS is Chlori.-: tni„r„ STAR OF BETHLEHEM. Or STAR THISTLE ( I STAR TULIP / ; I STARWORT I / STATICE (from a Creek na ne 1 ) PI } to 0 ue herb) PI ,A N EK About 1 0 spec es well I III iimhflln- mean ng astr ngent, a ece Sea 1 about the ■BB M dll I fl t 1 1 II I J ! t Ikel t tnfdha L nn V B der Nut F g 239J 1 Up git 1 rub 1 1 1 cl e 6 15 ft h gh Ifts o altoo a I d 1 arply serrate 1 slightly pubesce 1 1 o 1 1 1 long fl abo t n 1 {, n 11 i 1 bel 1 ke racen e sepal green 1 1 1 1 capsule uch nflate I usually i 1 1 1 Apr 1 M y el ec to Ontar o 1 1 1 1 1 (■ 1 M p 9 -Var pane Jldra Z 1 1 L 1 .•,,,1 1 Ift snail r Ir de glalrous at late 1 po t ons than t r n \ ng I.i 1 1 t 3 8 fli ra e e r, 1 1 fr often 'lobed Man of the spec e are u eful for c for m i ng w th other flower AA Lft f lolate 0 li 0 ca pa cl 6 stalked 0 all J 3 f lolat ustral s 8 b 88 a 0 0 11 NDEX F 8 In 10 B. Pa« cle ra 11 V n 1 d lo s fl t> ds Bond ell oil na 11 H f 4 el 1 1 14 pinnita Ln I n g lo ft some I times tree 1 ke 1 1 g long acum nate flor 11 pi 11 4 sharply and fl I 1 gl ce ent be A H I B S; / B S/ / AA Fls II III: neath •> 3 n 1 | 1 1 I 1 n le about 2 n Ion | 1 11 1 1 the ' ' base red! h at 1 i 1 lit. ' petals cap ul II 1 1 1 III about 1 n lon{, "^1 1 \ \ W \. u ^'V 1 34, p 280 / / BB Pa cle broad o at 1 ll dd 1 fl 1 111 t 11 D / / Cblchic 1 ng 1 ft c / C 1 / / nil Ifts sharp] tl J u ( 1 1 1 II long 1 1 1 0 pe BB B 1 Fl J /■I t ill duncle 1 pread ng yellow sh wh ap 1 1 tl 1 obovate nuch 1 T e Ca cas BM 111 M 183 E / P. 18 ) p 1 1 ! 10 in A.& IH 4 1 1 -\a Coulombier / 1 1 tf nore vigoro 1 lar er an 1 longer 11 11 lal rou . , capsule -4 1 [1 / / I ts ^ fit S BMand n A G y 1 It 1 0 il 1 A lets 1 fid oval or aln ost o 1 1 I 1 e sorted t 2A lo K 1 Intermed ate be ween ind pp a s Zalel b dof b p 1 Snw6rowi 1 lat 1 I el A tall annu e cro ate b-H nataandColoh a Ift u ally p le -y 1 ge nd no 1 ding A very free flowe ng r ety witli p nk sh t nged fl t e or s nuate capes everal stn sspe- eadiug ale- on the Is of a ranged dense, colored readily Arme- s nuata nacrophylla spec osa rad cal ob- argins en- I tu elj angled, STATICE buarins: 1 Ion:? termiual spike and several distant, ses- sile lateral ones 4-6 in. long, nearly K in. through: tls. rose, small, nearly sessile, crowded. June, July. Western Turkestan. B.M. C959. — A handsome annual, suitable for growing in masses and useful for out blooms. 2. sup^rba, Kegel. A hardy annual resembling S. iiiiiroroiri, but with the spikes densely crowded into a pyramidal panicle. Asia. —According to Wm. Falconer in (t.F. 1:2SH, this species is not as handsome nor as ■vigorous as S. Suworowi. Var. Slore-albo, Benary, is also offered. 3. sinud,ta, Linn. A biennial plant which may be treated as an annual, about I ft hiirb, "f a v|,rf;i,Iiiig growth: Ivs. lyrate-pinnatitld. till' 1..Ih ~ nl iIm ui- miiial bearing a bristle: sca|"^-'\'i m.' 4. macroph;^lla, Brouss. {S. SdlfordT. Hort.. is a gar- en form of this species). A tender, somewhat shrubby fatal. Propagation is effected by cuttings of the side shoots placed in a cool propagating bed, or better by layering, which is well accomplished in summer by making a notch in each of the side branches and then burying the plant in ordinary garden soil below the in- cisions." From the Canaries. " .'i. specidsa, Linn. A hardy perennial, about 1 ft. high: Ivs. obovate, attenuate on the petiole, stiffly and shortly mucronate tipped, often purplish underneath: scape somewhat angled: branches angled and winged, recurved, not crowded, bearing unilateral, seorpioidly capitate, densely imbricate short spikes: calyx per- sistent, crowned with a silvery white funnel-shaped border; corolla purple, very deciduous. Midsummer. Siberia. B.M. 656. 6. Tatirica, Linn. (S. hiedva, var. hyhrida, Hort. S. BesseriUna, Schult. ). A hardy perennial, 1-2 ft. high: Ivs. tufted, obovate to oblong-spatulate, 4-6 in. long, narrowed into the petiole: scape widely branched: branches triangular, slender, narrowly H-winged, some- what recurved: spikelets 1-2-fld., in usually lax, simple or branched spikes: fls. 2 lines long, typically red, with several garden varieties. Caucasus. B.M. GS.ST.-Var. nina, Hort. (S. iucana , var. nana), is a dwarf form. 7. Bondu^Ui, Lestib. Fig. 2394. A tender annual or biennial plant, about 18 in. high: Ivs. radical, spatulate, sinuately lyrate, hairy, subulate-pointed at the apex; il larger; scapes several from iiii-iics :ii):ili'(l, dichotomously fvino.,.; Hitnii^iir i.ran.-hlris m1, pyramidal, 3-winged, foi-kr.lat 111.- :i|.ix: lis. yi'll'Av. inili vidually large for the ginus, chistiTcil in the fork ut the branehlets or pe- duncles; bracts scarious. the inner furnished with sharp spines. Summer. Algeria. B.H. 1885:276. B.M. 5158. F.S. 20:2129. 8. auatraiis, Spreng. {S. FMmii, Lindl.). A hardy perennial, about 1 ft. high: Ivs. oblong or somewhat spatulate, in arosette: scape rigid, paniculate: branches angular, brachiate, glabrous: spikelets 4-5-fld., in dense, short, one-sided spikes: fls. yellow, .small. Late sum- mer. China. B.R. 31:63. 9. limdnium, Linn. {S. mnritima, Lara., in part). A hardy perennial, about 1 ft. high : Ivs. ovate to oblong, entire, 2-6 in. long, attenuate on the long petiole: scape , the ter the s:, STATISTICS 1719 nearly terete, repeatedly forked, forming a corymbose panicle: spikelets l-:i-tld.. in short, dense, 1-sided spikes: fls. bhiish ])urj'le. Seacoast of Europe, N. Africa, etc. — — itc, very shortly •' i'>n , angled above. fs usually 2-fld., tls. blue. Late . ^. riitiia, Privald). A - lanceolate to lanceolate 11 the petiole: .scape co- > (I- the base, the branches si.ikelets 1-fld.. in dense, sjiikes: fls. rose. South- I Eur 12. eximla, ^r \ li;inly perennial 1-2 ft. high: Ivs. ub"\.ili .ir ..1.1. .ill;, attenuate on the petiole, mucro- u.ate ti|.|.. .1. Ill irmiis whitish: scape erect: branches not fuiili.r .In 1.1. .1. terete, pubescent: spikes ovate, crowili'il. s.,iii,-\\liiit unilateral: spikelets 4-fld. : calyx green; corolla lilac -rose. August. Songoria. B.R. 33:2. 13. el4ta, Pisch. A hardy perennial about 2 ft. high: h s. large, obovate, very obtuse, usually recurved at 1] . . .11.1 Miui-ronate, long - attenuate on the petiole: III I h branched above: branches spreading, re- '\ triangular: spikelets 2-fld., in ovate, . ■. .1. .. ated spikes: fls. blue. July, Aug. South- 14. latifdlia, Sm. A hardy deep-rooting perennial about 2 ft. high: ivs. large, oblong-elliptical, obtuse, at- tenuate on the petiole: scape very much branched: branches terete or angled : panicle large, spreading: spikelets 1-fld., rarely 2-fld., in lax, narrow spikes: fls. blue. Midsummer. Russia. — A handsome plant. Should be given a very deep soil in a sunny position and left undisturbed. g ArmMa. Linn., i s Am leria n ,„^jf:„ a.-,?, grandi flbra. Hort .=Armeri a latifoli purpu. rm. Ko cli = Armeria elon- gata. -.S-. Pseu do-armer ia. Pa ,x.=.Vr, neriii latifolia.— .S. i imdn- lata. Bory & Chaub.=A rmeri: I argjr. i...iepba la. F. W. Barclay. STATISTICS concerning horticulture are very imper- fect, widely scattered and not always available. The United States Department of Agriculture has published statistics of horticulture in various publications. The Synoptical Index of the Reports of the Statistician, 1863 to 1894, is a document of 238 pages published in 1897. The Section of Foreign Markets has issued many statistical pamphlets of great interest to importers and exporters of horticultural products. Market-gardening, 1720 STATISTICS flor cult re eed ra s ng the nursery bus ness ai vit ultu e were ubje t ot pe 1 reports m the El enth Census 1890 In th s Cy loped a stat st os a pear under su h large top cs as Hort culture Cut fl ers Flo ulture and the var ou at le on tat spec e a 1 tl e bea tiMl J p a luabl additions to the garden flora of our southern states. H. Nehkling ST. BERNARD'S LILY. A„fherici•'') - Var 2395 gtella a med a (fl X ^ aiJrea Hort OtOLDEN on nones of bT T HW RT has pale yel ^^^ , ^ ug nea ly low leave an 1 lower e e y mon h the yea and n ore matted n growth 'W ell a lapted for andy bank wl ere gas does not grow well BB. I/es. ovate. media, Linn. Chickweed. Pig. 2.390. A low, decum- bent annual weed common in all rich, moist, cultivated soils, especially troublesome during the cooler months STELLARIA of the growing seasou and in frames, etc., during winter. Lvs. 2 lines to 1% in. long, the lower petioled, the upper sessile: fls. axillary or in terminal leafy cymes; sepals longer than the petals. Eu., Asia. B.B. 2:21. — It is considered to be a good fall and winter cover- plant in orchards and vineyards, but is never cultivated. It is an indication of good soil. f. W. Barclay. STENACTIS. See Hiigeron. STENANDEIUM (Greek, narrow anthers). Acan- tMcem. About 25 species of tropical or subtropical American herbs, with or without short stems, and usu- ally variegated leaves which are radical or crowded at the base of the plant. Fls. usually small, solitary in the axils of bracts on a scape-like peduncled spike, which is either dense and has broad imbricated bracts or is in- terrupted and has smaller bracts; calyx .')-parted; corolla-tube slender, enlarged at the top, 5-lobed; sta- mens 4; anthers 1-celled ; style shortly 2-lobed: capsule 4-seeded, or by abortion fewer-seeded. Lindeni, N. E. Br. A low-growing, compact plant, with broadly elliptical lvs. rounded at the apex and long-attenuate on the petiole, velvety in appearance, of a dark green with a feathering of white or yellow along the veins, somewhat purplish underneath: Hs. not showy, about % in. long, yellow: bracts ovate, acute, serrate, green: spikes 2-3 in. long, narrowly cylindrical. I.H. 38:1.S6; 40:173 (4). -Tender foliage plant offered 1893-1895 by John Saul and Pitcher & Manda. F. W. Barclay. STENANTHITTM {Greek, narrow flower; referring to perianth-segments). Lili&cew. Stenanthiumoccidentale is a rare, hardy, summer -blooming bulb from the Pacific coast, with nodding, greenish purple, 6-lobed, bell-shaped fls. about K across, borne in a slender pani- cle. Generic characters: fls. polygamous; perianth nar- rowly or broadly bell-shaped, persistent; segments con- nate at the base into a very short tube, narrow or lanceo- late, 3-7-nerved: seeds 4 in each looule. About 5 species; one native to the island of Sachaline, another Mexican, the rest west American. occident41e, Gray. Stem slender, 1-2 ft. high: lvs. linear to oblanceolate : raceme simple or branched at base: bracts shorter than pedicels. Oregon to British Columbia. W. M. STENOCAKPUS {Greek, narrow fruit; referring to the follicles, which are long and narrow). Proteicew. About 14 species, of which 11 are New Caledonian and 3 are endemic to Australia. Trees with alternate or scattered lvs. entire or with a few deep lobes and red or yellow flowers in pedunculate, terminal or axillary, sometimes clustered umbels: perianth somewhat irregu- lar, the tube open along the lower side, the limb nearly globular; anthers broad, sessile: ovary stipitate, with a long, tapering style dilated at the top; seed winged at the base. salignus, R. Br. A medium-sized tree, with willow- like, ovate-lanceolate lvs. 2-4 in. long, with short peti- oles: fls. usually less than H in. long, greenish white, in umbels of 10-20 fls.: peduncles shorter than the lvs. B.R. e:441.-Cult. in Calif. p. w. Barclay. STENOLdMA (Greek, narrow -frim,ed]. Polypodi- ctcea. A genus of ferns formerly included withOavallia; characterized by the decompound lvs. with cuneate ulti- mate segments, and the compressed suborbicular or cup-shaped indusiuni which is attached at its sides and open only at the top. For culture, see Fern. tenuifdlia, Fee. Lvs. 12-18 in. long, G-9 in. wide, quadripinuatifld, on polished dark brown stalks which rise from stout creeping fibrillose rootstocks ; ultimate divisions with toothed cuneate lobes; sori terminal, usually solitary. Tropical Asia and Aus-Polynesia. — Var. strlcta, Hort.,has a more upright habit and nar- rower leaves. L. jl. Underwood. STENOMfiSSON (Greek, small and middle; alluding to the corulhi-tube, which is usually contracted near the middle). AmarylUdhcem. About 19 species of tropical STEPHANANDRA 1721 linear to bro.idly strap- yellow or yellow flowers, bel: perianth-tube long, ort, erect or spreading: V :\ membrane: capsule :: l,HM,l...l: .,.,-,ls black. at rest compar;iti\ ._■ lr, im -- i- n... .-i.i). Tin- offsets should be removed from the ol.l bulbs before growth commences. The plants continue in bloom a number of weeks. a. Style shorter than the perianth. incam^tum, Baker [('••hn r,ii,i iiir.inictta, Sw.). A tender plant: bulb c.vai., L' :: in. ihiv.ugh: lvs. thick, glaucous, obtuse, aliout r li. I.hil'. -^trap-shaped: scape 2 ft. high: fls. 4-5 in. I..ii^'. f.w t„ many in an umbel, variable in color but typically crimson, with a green spot on each segment. August. Peru. I.H. 38:123 (perianth-limb light yellow). Gn. 50:1076. AA. Style longer than the perianth. fiavnm, Herb. A tender plant: bulb somewhat glo- bose, 1 in. through: lvs. about 1 ft. long, obscurely petioled, at first compressed on the margin : scape 1 ft. high: Hs. yellow, about 2 in. long, usually few in an umbel. B.M.2G41. B.R. 10:778 (as Chrysiphiala flava). F. W. Barclay. STENOTAPHRTJM (Greek, stenos, narrow, and taph- ros, a trench; the spikelets being partially embedded in the rachis). Graminew. About 3 species of tropical regions, one of which is found along the Gulf coast, especially in Floriila, where it is utilized as a lawn grass. In this respect it is similar to Bermuda grass, being naturally adapted to a san.lv ^nil, whiih it binds by its rhizomes and creeping lial.it a- .1 tliai u'las-. Spikelets 2-fld., the lower stannnair ..,• ,m nlial .'-l in a short spike, which is emhr.l.l.-cl in tin. alternate notches of the broad rachis, thus forniiTii; a sj. ike-like panicle. Creeping grasses with compressed miliiis and flat, divergent leaves. Ameiic^num, Schrank. (S. secundtttiiin. Kuntze. .S. glclbrum, Trin.). St. Augustine Grass. Flowerius; branches erect, 6-12 in. high. Var. variegatum has leaves striped with white, and is used as a basket plant. A. S. Hitchcock. The introduced form of St. Augustine Grass is one of the most valuable lawn grasses for the extreme South. It will grow on almost any soil and thrives even in shade. The leaves are rather broad, never over 6 in. high and r.-.tnire littlr mowing. This grass does not beconii ar^. . ,In, s }ii,t In. Id dew or rain, and is par- ticularly t.'..c.d fc.r li..n^.- |..ts and lawns. It does not need :is min/li wat. i- as ['..rmuda or St. Lucie grass. It is mostly propagated by cuttings. E. N. Reasoner. STEPHANANDRA (Greek, Stephanos, crown, and aner, andros,ma\e stamen; alluding to the persistent crown of stamens ) . /-,'.. "r->,-.-,-r < irnnmnitril «mall d.i-i.l- uous shrubs with alt.-.''- ..,,.;i,i, i.i..,! i.- ..id with small white tl-- i, , , plants, with handsmn. , _ , , . , ' so. Well adapted for r.ii.i.i- ..i ini.l.i .-r i,.- , banks on account of their grai'cful hal.ii and Imnd-. m.- foliage. Prop, easily by greenwood cuttiim-; iind.a- irla--; and by seeds; probably also by hard w I .uttiii^s. Four species in China and Japan, all unil.-rshrnl.s with slender more or less zigzag branches: fls. slender- pediceled, small, with cup-shaped calyx- tube; sepals and petals 5; stamens 10-20: carpel 1; pod with 1 or 2 shining seeds, dehiscent only at the base. Closely allied to Neillia and distinguished chiefly by the cup-shaped calyx-tube and the incompletely dehiscent 1-2-seeded pod. flexudsa, Sieb. & Zucc. f.S Zabel). Shrub, 1722 STEPHANANDBA suallj 3 green, %-iyi in. long: fls. white, about % in. across, ii terminal short, 8-12-Hd., usually panioled racemes; sta mens 10. June. Japan, Korea. Un. 55, p. 141. Taniks, Franch. & Sar. Fig. 2397. Shrub, 5 ft. high almost glabrous hs triangular ovate slightly cordati at the base il r iptly an 1 long acum lobed and doubly serrate or lobulate pubescent onl\ on tl e \ cii s beneath IH S in long fls II teim panicles slei ier pedicele 1 \LFI ED P StepJanandia flexuosa is closelj Spirsea and has the fepiraja t,t\le It grows It 1 1 i 1 1 branche 1 I terwov growth STERCULIA Iloribiinda, Brongn. Fig. 2.398. Glabrous, 8-15 ft.: Its. elliptic, with a short point, thick and shining green, entire: Hs. 1-2 in. long, of waxy consistency, white or cream color, very fragrant, in many umbels, ihe ca- lyx one fourth or less the length of the corolla-tube- fr 3-4 in long ellipsoid glabrous fleshy containing rioef ill altho igb lies very f herba I rubs Its 1 in early J398 Stephanot s (lonbunda (X H) melon like see is wl ich are provided "^ thicklj set 1 ranches is el stephanophVsum stephanotis 1 1 i 1 0 R H \\ 4 b 4JJ -This IS a *^ 1 I e twmei bloom r In winter it M 1 a t at a ten ( ij 50 60°) I ropagate 1 1 in spring Hrge 1 I a\ Is 1 form tl ba e a I mo th 1 adnate t inflexed tip ous fls from the r salver lol es 5 crown free at the apex and the anthers with an fle hy fol lb 2397. Stephanand sepals about one thir 1 the length ot the corolla tube L H B StepI ot s floi lundi is one of the handsomest of oir n ui 1 1 e climbers blooming in spring ajd sum mer In the days when short blooms were used in I ouq It it was one of the mo t valuable flowers that tl e Hor t ha 1 its large vaw 1 1 els hi\ t g i lelicious 0 lor It si U I 1 1 1 1 t 1 I winter \ ith less \ t r I 1 111 tl e tern 1 erat ire f r w I I I I 1 yring g Wl I t, en t I ws very ipai t a 1 1 1 1 t tl Ih refore a t 1 r 1 1 1 t roots ate icstricted is better th a 1 1 t 1 Ire s 1 ^ of good n anure Its great t p \ tl I e Iv 1 ug wl ch if allowed to get a 1 i I 1 I t tit Seed pods are II 1 I isily propagated I r s growth and tl one of the most 1 I I I ts When grown a 1 1 1 1 t r t In ned on a balloon trellis It makes splendii specimens and is often seen it o ir horticultural exhibitions and when in 1 loom there is nothing finer for the conservatory. -Wm. Scott. STEBCtTLIA (StercuUus of Roman mythology, from sli-rnis. manure; applied to these plants because of the odor of the leaves and fruits of some species). Ster- riilii)cra'. 8ome 50 or 60 .species of tropical trees or slirul>s, most .abundant in Asia, a few of which are planted in the southern states and California. Fls. mostly polygamous, apetalous, the calyx tubular, 4-5- ok'ft, otliii' colored; stamens united in a column which bears a head of 10-15 sessile anthers; pistil of as many carpels as calyx-lobes and opposite them, each carpel 2- to many-ovuled, the stigmas free and radiating: fr. STEBCULIA follicular, each carpel distinct and either woody or membranaceous and sometimes opening and spreading into a leaf -like body long before maturity (Fig. 2399); seeds 1-many, sometimes arillate or winged, sometimes hairy. Sterculias have very various foliage, the leaves of different species being simple, palmately lobed or digitate. The flowers are mostly in panicles or large clusters, sometimes large and showy, varying from greenish to dull red and scarlet. The species are grown mostly for street and lawn trees. The only kinds that are generally known in this country are .S. plalanifoUa, S. diversifolia and S. acerifolia, the last two known in California as Brachychitons. All are easily grown from seeds. Sterculiaceous plants are allied to the Malvaceie. STEREOSPERMUM 1723 of the branchlets, of 5-11 elliptic, oblong or lanceolate, entire, pointed, thick leaflets: fls. large, dull red, in simple or branched racemes, appearing with the Ivs.: fr. large and woody follicles, glabrous outside, often 3 in. or more in diam. and containing black seeds the size of a hazelnut. Tropical Africa and Asia to Aus- tralia.—Grown in southern Florida. In its native coun- tries, the seeds are said to be roasted and eaten. BB. Lvs. Htire . c. Follicles pubescent outside and corky inside. al&ta, Roxbr. Large tree, the young parts yellow- pubescent, the bark ash-colored: lvs. large, cordate- ovate, acute, 7-nerved: fls. about 1 in. across, in few- fld. panicles shorter than the lvs., and which arise from the leafless axils, the calyx tomentose and the segments linear-lanceolate: follicles 5 in. in diara., globose, with wide-winged seeds. India. — Introd. into S. Florida. cc. Follicles glabrous on the outside, usually villous within. (Bia,7ni,h,tuH acerifdtium, F. I I TuLE. Evergreen lvs. long III lobes oblong 1 shmmg: fls. bril- i.iiig, in large, shOT^y long-stalked. Aus- i bloom, and planted I Th lives m either UH.R.: acerifdlia, A. Cunn Muell.) Brai.h\(hm li tree, reaching a hei.l petioled, large, d< i | I lanceolate to rhomlmi'i liant scarlet, the cah \ ii«mi 4111 trusses, tolhcles laigc, glabious, tralia. — A most showy tree when 11 on streets and lawns 111 Californi; drj or fairly moist places. diversiJdlia, G Don ( /.'- »< h ii> Inl , Bkach\chit(in 1 ill 111 I ^hiiii 1- i\i|t the fls. h s ver> \arnius. iim^tU ii\ iii 1 \ iii i in< eolate in outline, often 1 iitiii s n . tiiii - \ li.n l\ 1 lobed on the same tin. ill j.iii^ m iinini iii tN iimii ntuse when 5oung, bell sh i|,i (1 ^< imshiiil m.lwhiti iii>tllowish white, in a\ili II \ |i (1111 I ^ li llu li ^ 1 ' - in Imig. ovoid, glalirous, st.ilkii! \u^ti ili t - I'l mti d in ( .ilifornia, and commonei than the last. Var. occidentaiis, Benth. [BiacliyclMon Origoiii, F Muell tS'. Gn uiaturtty into leaf-like h.Hh, . :i„ .,„„ Ih suds. plataniJolia, 1,11111 1 1/ 1 1, 1 m 1 plitnni Im selnut round III ail. il til I ..t 111. .Imiiii si/, « iih public schools, surveyor on tin political articles, secretary of 11 actuary of a life insurance com New Y..rk .■ustum li-ms.-. Iiin ness all-l .■illn-.sl t-.Ial l-llli.lli- - knowl.-il^T ..r i-laiil-lilr U- and this -av.- inipuN.- l.nva. broader lines. He brought t choice species of plants, and 1 ments on the farm. Love of dominant force with him. II press of New York nn tlio vaii life attracted wi-lr ait.nii-Mi. a; as an editorial n\ rii- i- --I ili. \ tion which ctm) inn- .1 ili n>iiL-ti-- Iie became agncnliiiral . -in-.r - Keenly inten-si.-.l in in- and improved nn 1I1--1 ;, - lished relation^ \-, hh il - . - , 1 and at home, an-l nn.-l-- lii~ . His niaslrrly ,-''-inl,i', Illy on ■xperi- furth a daily rmntry itment a rela- ■ II'.' i' - ' ' ii ■-'liveries I- '"' "' .' I.' - , Im estab- il'- ' ' ;■■;-.',, 1 I , abroad :,'l-' lii^ -l-';",rln.- nl a n-.-ful and the l.rst kuowl.-il-,. o( the time. of the page during the next five ears s.-t a liii;li ^laiidard for journalism in this field, nd est:tlilisli*-ii ills reputation as a specialist in agri- ulture and cognate subjects. On the founding of Garden and Forest" in 1888, William A. Stilea was avited to be the managing editor. For nearly ten fur ts, paper £ N w a 1 h V, 11 u uuQ n wn n n 1 ea M B Co lston STILLlNGIA (aft D B nj St 11 ngfl t an En lish botanist). jLuphorhiart^ie. About la species of herbs or shrubs from North and South America with alternate, stipulate leaves anil small, moncecious, apeta- lous flowers in terminal spikes. The genus is closely allied to Sapium, but differs mainly iu the fruit, which in Stillingia is of 2-3 dry 1-seedeil carpels with no cen- tral axis remaining after dehiscence but with a large, persistent, ,3-horned receptacle, while in Sapium the fruit dehisces by splitting down the back of each carpel, leaving a 3-winged central axis to which the seed is for a long time persistent: the large receptacle is also wanting in Sapium. sylvitica, Linn. Queen's Delight. A half-hardy perennial herb with a woody root: stems clustered, 2-3 ft. high: Ivs. numerous, very short-petioled or sessile, linear-lanceolate to obovate, obtusely serrate: fis. yel- lowish, in terminal spikes. Spring to fall. Southern states. According to Mueller's "Select Extra Tropical Plants," the root is extensively used for its emetic and purgative properties. C. D. Beadle reports that the plant has stood a temperature of —9° at Biltmore, N. C. The plant gr w 1 ly f d 1 t 1 t bear t an plant ng w 11 F \\ I sp4rtea, Trin. Pokcupine Grass. Culms 2-3 ft., in bunches : panicles contracted ; empty glumes broad, nerved, about IK in., tapering to a slender point; fl.- glunie nearly 1 in. ; awn usually about (J in. long, the lower half erect, pubescent and strongly twisted, the upper half bent to one side, rough. Illinois to Cali- fornia. capiUata, Linn. Similar to S. sparlea: flowers more numerous but smaller in every way: fl. -glume about ^ in. long; lower part of awn only minutely pubescent, and the upper or bent portion sinuous. Plains, Europe. A. S. Hitchcock. ST. JOHN'S WOKT. Hypericum. STOBfflA (after D. Stob»us, a Swedish patron of Linnaeus). Compdsitce. This genus is included by Bentbam and Hooker under Berkheya. About 70 spe- cies of South African herbs or somewhat shrubby plants, commonly with aspect of thistles as to the foli- age. Lvs. usually decurrent, dentate, pinnatilid or pin- natisect, the lobes dentate and spiny: heads small to large, solitary or somewhat corymbose; rays usually yellow. purptirea, DC. {Berkheya purpurea, Benth. & Hook.). A half-hardy, probably biennial plant 2-3 ft. high: lower lvs. about 1 ft. long, irregularly lobed, spiny on the margins, cottony beneath, dark green above: stem- Ivs. smaller, long-decurrent : ii. -heads 3 in. across, pur- ple to white, resemblinga single dahlia. G.C. 1872:1261. — To be recommended for growing with half-hardy al- pines. It can be wintered in a coldframe. Prop, by seed and division. p^ ^ Barclay. STOCKS (for botany, see Matthiola. Fig. 2401; also compare Figs. 424, 1377 and 2402) are divided into two groups. Summer and Winter Stocks. The former are annuals and therefore bloom in the first summer; the latter are biennials and bloom in the second year, or, if sown very i aiiy, lali- in the fall or the winter of the first year. Fall >•!■ inti rmediate Stocks are between these two groups; thev blooin profusely in the autumn. Th d ( tl ■ SI a tl J a m n ly 11 d T n W k t k w f the d f !< b J u t 1 Ap 1 tly n a 1 k wa m h t bdlhnti Iwll IClln STiPA (C k t, t II 1 ii 1 1 1 1 awns f n f th g 1 1 ] large g n f ab ut 100 I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 except th Id p t ■Tl 5 1 1 1 1 1 1 teristi f tl Pl 1 11 Th 1 1 1 sharp-p t d aw f J 11 m t 1 fl lly tl even d n t t k r 11 h p n nt d y If th of the t 1 1 1 1 1 1 t 1 the vit 1 1 1 1 II lute lea glume glume fl stout p 1 ^ 1 ri 1 glume £ 11 r. nam Tne p nt n lud n d m t t here m d It at 1 af th 11 the m k f 1 y b qu t wth a 1 lb 1 pennata L Fe h r r 3 ft 1 h II bunch rvL 1 1 f t t Th lly F n p t a more 1 ng 1 w ! t n 1 1 1 tl pp S ' t d by t It d w Th atl f d 1 ng h t 1 uld b g n n t n ght If the sun d If the d s to go d w 11 mat d ery; g th k n f h gb w th f tl d '51 mental ]] n St pi f F i On. 9, p 199 \ 3 47 R H lb90 p 4b9 elegantissima, LabiU. Stems 2-3 feet, erect from a horizontal rhizome : lvs. narrow and erect: panicle very loose, 6-8 in. long, very plumose: spikelets 4-6 lines long; awn 1% in. long. Thrives in sandy soil. Australia. tenacissima, Linn. Esparto Grass. Culms 2-3 ft., in bunches: lvs. narrow, smooth, cylindrical, elongated: panicles contracted, 2-cleft: fl. -glume awned between 1-2 in. Spain and North Africa. The lvs. teeth; d ne m tly I | 1 t th b nn ng w th a fi I II I p ut f th w at ng p t Aft I I n th t p f th 1 the spray is discontiinnd and tlie pots are watered with the pipe of the can. This watering is done at night dur- ing warm weather and in the morning when the weather is cold. Very little watering is done in continuously cloudy or rainy weather. The watering of the Stocks is the most particular and important part in the cultiva- tion in pots, for if due care is not exercised a white maggot will make its appearance while the plants are in bud and destroy the roots. The common flea-beetle 1726 2401. Double Stock, Matthiola is another of flip eiiemica of Stocks; this often appears in large numhers and eats the leaves of the young plants Frequent syringing with water is the only remedj found so far against these pests when they infest Stocks After the pi n t 1 1 f i lue time the double ttowerii i 1 the water ing IS contm I I I I I ods which form on the sii I jf ripening which IS in Oct 1 i I i I i ii ll en pulled and tied in bundles which aie 1 in j, up m dr\ sheds until the middle or the latter part of November and Decern ber, in which time the seed fuUv matuies m the pods Now comes the most imi rt iiit i u t of seed saving of Stocks The bui 11 t i I i t 1 en down the roots and part t 1 I tlie stalks are taken in hand 1 | 1 rt them for common seed an 1 I I I I I 1 he j Is ii dicate by their sha] c s I 111 1 contained therein will i I ill double flowers the foil I I I done with caie The s I i II 1 il can be vastly impro\ ed Ij I he i em \ tl 1 11)1 which contain seeds that pioduce nothing but single flowers The seeds are removed by hand flora the pods, mostly by womeu and children T^rl Cropp m\ flnillj the flower to flower, The flowers i and early spring months They are known m the trade m this country as Boston Florists Stock Princess Alice Cut and come again. East Lothian and Brompton Stocks Though they are as readilj propa gated from seed as the "Ten Weeks Stocks,' they leq 111 a im li I n cr jcii 1 ct t ine to grow, there t 1 1 flowering should 1 i tor spring flower 1 t Angust Fill a 1 and plant about till lose shaded flame till 1 i nience to grow re 1 lit The> must n t } time or 111 It not bf I 1 to larger I I soil best I \ n as the 1 lants si \ I t tl iii^tl \ le^r itl\ I enefited cow or sheep lid be grown 1 wl 11 th \ The double flc wer ed varieties var a iiHiia commonlv known "bumi iier Flowei ing Stocks aic grant x'nv'/' ' f 11 11 11 1 f 1 about tl few 1 1 abun 1 , towar 1 s ll gardci choosi Qgadull The \ ariPti outside u should 1 intended inginthes,rc il i ir ^ i il j t t tl . ft 1 < t green and black flv they should therefore be funii gited at least once m two weeks or should have tobacco s 1 nd M in ana is ii j ite 1 fi II Erfurt and Quell 1 ii^ \1 I I lown for seed will mII in 1 (,ardener sChrrni 1 isu p 4 1 1 ) ^l I M isters \ egetable 1 i it I j^y Appendix) Edward J CANvraa (is md Mutthiula STOCK STOCK TEN WEEKS See STOCK VIRGINIAN Malio. STOKES' ASTEK bee i>t-iMi Mild hilow the ice rooms. See plan of such an an-aii-iiu.rit in Fii;-. 'J Ins and side elevation in Fig. 2409. •rii. ,,t(.iir wall iriu-i have a lining in order to pro- vidi- a .lad air -pac-c I., tween it and the storage room. This can h.- Mcurcil by placing 2x4 studding against the stone wall, covering this with a durable waterproof paper, placing 1-inch strips outside of this and covering all with flooring. This will give two small air spaces four arge windows. Tin We have thrO' of building in west side, ne> with paper b. The f.,ll!.u, the stone or . 'i M -I" I-. See Fig. 2409, <■!■•■- - r iliambers should i\'. Ill- "r storeroom. Tii- ■ . i. li . ight feetwillinci. a- .,-. M, |M, V.1-. The floors in thi.i r.. ill ni.tal overlaid with 2x4's set II a. 1 ■... arranged as to allow a free tin- i.i- chamber into the storage naturally falls the slat floor in tli room will give direct circiiiaii.jn i room, and both be cooled in i structure must be strong inn I ,. i ! the heavy load placed upon it. 11. wall ^^^di^w:^ The floor s to carry ,' carrying the secotid-story room should be built so as to make it as near a non-conduc- tor of heat as possible. Dead-air spaces are the cheapest and most easily con- structed non-conductors. This is essen- tial in the ceiling, as it has the double hit > i.r |i. rform of holding the cold in .11.1 I.. . [.iiiff the heat out. A large, Li. C. Corbett: "In localities where field stone plentiful, a satisfactory, durable and moderate- house can be built i 1 the forn of a bank cells these .stntle ill e.ni ■III, lliaki ,..• a "riiut wii wall cau l,.-.-..n-tn ■;.ai I.V 11 iskilie.l w..rkni erly laid .ei ■ ...-iniiili- The plati t.. of the"desired e. nil ..> I,, ... " ■ i.,,'!,.., I .,i,, 1 1,, , h,.', lay the dry st'.h. . .' . ': ' '.■ .i. i ■ 1 1 !,,■■•., but if small th. > ,.i,i ■,, n n, ••■, -Ii-i . ;. r.. in alaver 6 to h. •■ • ■ ■ .• ' , ih. ,, i„,,.i :i, ih,,, ,i.,,riai- composed of r.....' .h. ■ , n.; . . . ,i i il , h. h,,-.. i.^ lilh-.l sufficiently to iii.t. . ih i i;. ;.. ai il [..ration, moving the plai.i th.' ii...M;ir -. i - until a wall of desire. I !.■ i h' I.,, ii-ii hmh. Sil,. walls have been built in fli. i i ■ I. ■. . i . JJ feet tall, and were as solid a- i. . , i t.n.' -when completed. The mortar niii-i h, i .m, ..mI n 1. in lime or cement. Lime will answ. .. i , -, . i i.. s.t than cement, and for that reas.iii 1. .-,- ... -n ,ihle. .Such a wall can be built for about one-half the cost of the ordinary rubble wall, and will answer in every way as well. "Ample means of ventilation must be provided in order that nature may be turned to assistance in reduc- ing the temperature of the house as much as possible. Sewer pipes leading for some distance under ground and provided with proper stops or dampers can be very effectively used to assist in reducing the temperature during frosty nights. In addition to this the second story of the house should be provided with one or two ice rooms, according to the width of the house. The writer is inclined to favor two narrow ice rooms, one use the ice chambers as ice houses for storin!; ice; they are merely ice chests to be used to cool the wareroiims and fruit as it comes from the orchard. Consequently tliey can be made much smaller than would be neces- sai-\' were they to serve the double purpose of cold ehainl.er and ice house." :\lanv small storage houses, located near railway sta- ining, are now to be seen in the fruit sections of the ...iini.w. One of these is shown in Fig. 2410. In store- 11 . apples are usually stored in barrels that are I i. 1 1. their sides. Fig. 2411. It is a common practice h. li s..rt apples in storage. Fig. 2412. L H B Retrigeratlon or cold storage is the name given to the preservation of perishable products, such as fruits and other organic foodstuffs, at a temperature so low as to arrest the action of ferments and mould, and yet not low enough to destroy the flavor or cellular structure of the material so stored. pres nncps has perfeete.l, \ aia.n- |., i n.' l |.l. - l.av. h. . ,, , n i |.l. .x .al in the deveh.l.ni. lit ..I' tins ma. -11111. ry, l.nt all liavn in- volved the fillelam. nial i.l.a .-t' ill n.l.-n^inL' ..f a U'JIS and the heatim;- ..f it .ui a-ain ex|.alnlill^', when it takes expansion takes place. For this purpose carbon anhy- drate and ammonia anhydrate have chiefly been em- ployed. After the cooling has been effected by artificial STORAGE means or by ice, cold storage can onh lie accomplished by maintdining a de sired temperature over a long period In order to secure this the compart ments in which the products foi storage are to be held must be as perfectlj m sulated from outside heat as possible Successful experimental refrigeration by mechanical means was accomplished as early as the middle of the eighteenth century, but no successful commercial application of cold storage was made uu til after the invention of Low e s cii lionic acid" machine m 1807 although the present growth of the mdustiy i due to the Invention of the ammoiii i compression machine by Piofesboi ( ill Linde in 1875. The process was flist exteusneh q plied to the preservation of ni t li li etc., but as early as 1881 thr M li mi il Refrigerating Company of B i i i n 1 a cold storage warehouse \\)ii li i i ul the beginning of mi-' I ni i I i i tion as applied to li-ur t Other companies wr, until now there ar.- n ating plants in tin- I i i I ^i i 1 which about 600 are used in tl\ 1 i horticultural products Foreign coun tries are now following the example of the United States, and London, Lneij I ( 1 1 „< w V n\ and other European cities off» i ! 'i I i t mi i h products. In the United ^r ' ir center for fruit storage, sin.l 100,000 barrels a year. Ap| I i i i fruit, good winter sorts hoi liii^ ih ii I i u 1 i u 1 flavor better than any other Lommcreial liuit «h(_u htld for long periods in cold stoiage Another reason wh\ the apple is a favorite in cold stoiage is that people usi it continuously over a long ptiiod A good apple is always a relish. The apple too is the fruit which best pays' the producer to hold m cold storage From the nature of the case mechanical ref rigei ation will usually be confined to transoceanic trade, and to cities and towns whcu the principal business of the a406 Apple storehouse m Vermont refrigerating machinery will be the production for commeitMl and domestic use the cold s \\ iiehou e being a side issui t i in ikiii^ truit grower ^ho \\i h< s to a\ ill Iiini II t t the It 2407. Structural details of buildine shown in Fig. 2406, i\ dildble his most on to use it If in plant or purchase E\i.i. I th 1 1)11 III II 111 1 i il 1 true hut liet 11 staitiii^ thi m on their louini ^, it is safest for the grower to haie a suflicient supi K ot ice to fill the pockets of the cat To hold apples from har\ est time until the over supply of the season shall have been removeil, requires storage rooms artificially cooled t.. ;i t.iii|.. i;,iiire suffi- ciently low to check the process ■•( i i|i. iiim.'. which is in reality the conversion of the ~i:inli ,,( the imma- ture fruit into sugar. As long :is tlie stanli remains as such, fermentation and decay cannot act, but as soon as sufficient water and heat are added to convert the starch into sugar, riiiening proceeds until fer- mentation and decay complete the work. The object of cold storage, then, is to check the rij^ening process, or, if the fruit is ripe, to maintain a temperature sufficiently low to check fermentation. Theoretically, then, green or immature fruits will keep better than ripe ones. Green fruits should keep as well at 36° as a ripe fruit at 32°, and this is in ac- cord with experience. To successfully hold fruit in cold stor- age, three conditions are essential: (1) a low temperature; (2) an even tempera- ture, and (.3) sufficient moisture to pre- vent shrinkage, thus keeping the fruits plump and crisp. Even in storage rooms in which the humidity of the air remains saturated, as indicated by the ordinary wet- and dry-bulb thermome- ter, considerable loss of moisture will take place from fruits stored in crates or open bins, while much less is lost by those stored in tight receptacles. Indi- vidual Baldwin apples under observation in a room at 32° F., from January 4 to 17c STORAGE April 20, showed losses as follows: Open shelves, 5.3(14 grams; in sealed cans, .G02 grams; or a difference of 4.7(i2 grams in favor of the sealed cans. This at least suggests the possibility of checking loss in weight by the use of non-porous storage receptacles. Barrels do not have any marked effect In checking this loss, as fruits stored in headed and open barrels differed only one-half pound in amount of loss during a period of 147 days, the total loss being i}4 pounds on a barrel of 139>^ pounds weight when placed in storage. The efficiency of a cold storage house depends more upon the construction of the walls than any other single feature. Perfect insulation is the ideal mark at which to aim. The more perfect the house in this respect, the less wear upon the machinery when refrigerating appa- ratus is used, and the greater the economy in ice when Ice is used. To accomplish this, non-conductors of heat to 1900, reports ished in Month. Nov. 1 Deo. 1 Jan. 1 2.00to 2.75 Feb. 1 3.00to 3.50 March 1 2.50 to 3.50 Aprill 3.50to 4.25 3.00 to 3.80 4.00 to 4.50 2.50 to 4.50 $1.25 to $1.50 2 00 to 2.50 2.75 to 3.00 1.75 to 3.25 2.25 to 3.50 a't.^n /3cj.eminr ^ ?;;v Sr.rye should be used as far as possible in the details of con- struction. For this purpose brick is superior to stone, and wood is a bett.r non i-diiductor than either. For permanence, howt\ tr. cillcji'Ti.'y in this respect must be sacrificed. But as ilin.-.l :iir maybe better than an arti- ficial substance, by iiiultiiilymg the layers or partitions in a wall "dead-air spaces" can be increased and nearly perfect insulation secured. For the practical orchardist, however, cost must be considered, and if wood and pa- per can be made to take the place of brick at a suffi- ciently less co.st, permanence may be overlooked. This can be done, and with these cheap materials very satis- factory results obtained. After proper insulation comes ventilation. With ice-cooled houses advantage should be taken of all assistance which nature can lend. With proper ventilating shafts for carrying off heat and mois- ture and ample subterranean pipes arranged to admit chilled air from naturally cool places such as ravines, the temperature of the house can be greatly lowered during frosty nights, and the store of ice husbanded to that extent. During the winter months outside cold can be admitted and housed up to maintain a low tempera- ture far into the summer. The cold storage of apples has now grown to be such an important factor in the markets that reports are made from time to time to give an idea of the quantity of fruit available, and to be used as rational basis for fixing the selling price of apples at any given season. The following figures, as reported by the National Apple Shippers' Association, will serve to show, not only the method, but the magnitude of the storage busi- ness as well: Ben Davis ranged higher at the close of the storage season, but as it was dififtcult to secure consecutive re- ports of that apple the Baldwin was chosen instead. This indicates the margin of profit there is for the producer in holding his fruit in cold storage. The aver- age is $2.37M per barrel, which gives the aggregate of $2,899,375 on the apples in «old storage during the year 1900. The apple, grape and pear are important cold storage fruits in eastern United States. The great profit of cold storage to the grower has come through enabling him to withhold high-grade fruits, and even varieties which keep poorly in common .storage, from the market at harvest time. Desirable sorts which are normally out of market by Thanksgiving time can be held much longer in cold storage and the profit from them greatly increased. The idea that summer sorts can be made to do duty as winter sorts through the agency of cold storage cannot be realized. For the best results only the choicest specimens of the winter sorts should be allowed to go into storage outside the farm warehouse. Besides the great revolution and keepers. Grapes an ; : 'i ." : , Imtild always beshipi"! i I I'll I I I ■ ri-i-rator cars, and in ni.in. r.i - ^ ili. mu i li ..iiuli ■, \,v profitable even with .i|.|.li ... .\ v.. ,1, .il v..uiii a^ ;i;li.r after apples are gatliered and wliilu they are in transit will inevi- tably so stimulate the ripening processes as to greatly impair their subsequent ki-eping quality, especially their ability to stand up and make a good showing after com- ing out of storage. Then, too, the exposure for even a few days to warm conditions after picking is sure to stimulate the growth of fungi anil bacteria, thus start- ing many spots of incipient decay that cannot Ite en- tirely checked by subsequent refri-'i J in. II ilirnli- ably safe to say that the keeping <|i: :i\en lot of apples depends as much on ii- | ■ , j tlie period from the time of picking till II u i- - i -i.iage as upon any other factor. ^|_ ;s. Kaki.e. Management, Temperatures and Prices.— The rapid advancement of tlie cold sl.n-ai,'!- industry should be of great interest to (In- li.ni imilt ll|•i^t. It is now possible I" at alio submerged in brine. Tlie n i i ., ticni a liquid to a gaseous c«'?mIii: r i Irmu the liquid in which the pii" - m -iiinii uii. In this manner it can be brought to a temperature i)f zero, or lower. This cold liquid (brine) is circulated through pipes placed in the room or rooms that are to be re- frigerated. The ammonia, after absorbing its quota of heat, is again compressed to a liqiiid condition by me- chanical means and used over and over without limit. Any liquid that boils at a very low temperature can be substituted for ammonia, but at the present, viewed from an economical and practical standpoint, ammonia is given the preference. The temperature of a storage room is controlled by the volume and temperature of the brine circulated. STORAGE out to be placed on the market. They with a minimum amount of decay, oris].. and in condition to "stand up" much li.in; ried at a higher temperature. Barth ii while greeii and as soon as the stem wil the twig, at a temperature of 32°-3:i'', months to ten weeks. Ventilated barrels i Isfc^vrc 2412. Re-sorting apples ; used, but slatted bushel crates are preferable. Winter or late varieties of pears will carry much longer. Peaches and other stone fruits will take a temperature of 36° and are not, as a rule, carried suci-essti ly to ex- ceed two weeks. They are very deceiiiivc-: the nntsi.lii will appear satisfactory, but the fruit will be ia^icle.s>. and around the pit it will be black and in a >eiin de- cayed condition. Berries, one week to ten settled what is the pr i ire to be used in keeping the van 1 Ics Keepeis of cold storage plii 1 this point and it is probable th i i degree too low for most of our prid 1 believes the temperature most suit we must use one for all products) It not important what kind of a building is used, whether woo 1 stone or br ck but t ery de rable that t should be d V led nto n any rooms so tl at eacl product avle stored a separate roo n and where lar-e i t t e of aiples are tore 1 each var et sho U I a pa ^te o a d the keeper shoul 1 w . f t tol fe h a Iknowtlereiur 1 e f r e h ai col 1 storage deg e Whe cess Refrigerator Cars -The of the f ' tant f ' 1 1 levelop uent III' yJj^Nv. ^ STORAGE 1733 w with refrigerator cars of strawberries coming in PI 11 1 1 ill P 1 1 1 iiT an 1 along up the coast till II 1 tl 1 t tr 1 riPs come in from I 1 \ 'i I I s ]ust about as I ] I t be seen in all I t hve months II t 1 1 1 in like man ";, „hel tl in Ti.Ms to n itl ru Wis, onsin and J ' 111 1 . , M X It in the in st ti^ lall seasins The ictngtutoi c ir is really a great ice chest on wheels Most ot these cars are constiucted with icehunkeis at each end of the car, opacity of 4 to 0 tons 2413 Pig tyle ha son e two feet of the whole top of car ee bunker ad s one of tl e best of ars if kept ■ed all tl p wh le n tra t Ba Iroad people till f 1 ng top heavj and de to anotl er 1 gral oal of c rs an 1 the e bl e r own c ng p wh h ow n tl ey attend t al po nts and rantee refr g tl e ost expen si p tl ca the Iroa 1 refr gerators an I lo h s 11 e no go I re o vl 5 the lea 1 anuot e tal 1 h c nf t t on a 1 re < r charg ng the es-pense along on the fr ght b 11 In load ng a refr gerator car care s taken that an ■ u tj s prov de 1 for a r c re lat on aro n 1 each I e th s IS a«corapl bed by properly spac ng the row of packages then by str pp g across the t tl ese two t I I 1 luare tack g a 1 down th I to ea 1 package rpi g J place and tl e ,tr I e ot packaK s t J. r pace of PI 1 tl hte ^^?^ G owe s Exp I miles 1 ly arrived in 1i:hI '■:■'''.■ r isfactory to both dealrr :it, i the first few early shi] was only at the ripeniiii; "i that for two or three week, aio torily supplied, and the public readily paid t three times the price they would (or "shipped ries " a few weeks earlier. very unsat- . except for erv low. It r t 0 ell 0 t tl e top t ers tirst for tie botto t e f u t ke p 1 t v,\ le often ca e of fru t 1 1 1 1 tl to "T P I how p lest 1 t red 0 t of tl e car ft 1 (or sale Tl e 1 fnger 11 if, Ml ator ear service ai at least twehe h „ is quicklj done by 1 11 111, tl " rawberries " as satisfac- ber- TIh- wiit. r'- own plan, when fruit is abundant, is not to start loM.liii" a car till he has fruit enough packed to fill it: then^with a gang in each end of the carlo properly space the packages and.do.the," stripping' and nailing, open the doors and rush in all the middle of 1734 STORAGE the car will hold, then close the doors, and, by lantern- light, work j;oes on inside till all these packages are placed, when more are handed in and the car quickly filled. In this way a car an hour is often loaded all day long in the Georgia peach orchard. Where small lots are put in by many different growers and the car is one or two days loading and opened many times, the fruit is not so quickly cooled down and, even with the same attention en route, never arrives in market iu as sound condition as when the car is quickly loaded. Another very important point is the flr.st re-icing. When 400 to 700 warm packages of fruit are put into a refrigerator car, ice begins to melt very rapidly and in a few hours one-half or more of the ice has melted away, the upper part of the car inside is a steaming sweat-box, and it is of vital importance that ice-boxes be promptly refilled solid to the top, so that the whole in.side of the car be brought to a low temperature as quickly as possible. Once get all the heat out of the fruit packages and the ice-boxes then full, and a car may go a long time without re-icing and yet carry fruit in good order. But neglect the first re-icing twelve to fifteen hours, and there is always danger, while for best service from start to finish the ice-boxes should be kept full all the time. The most ice will be consumed in fruit-loading and in the first twelve hours there- after. When well re-iced en route refrigerator cars arrive at destination with bunkers nearly full of ice, and in many of the smaller markets, where a car-load of high-priced fruit cannot be sold in a day, dealers often use the cars for storage purposes, re-icing when necessary. Peaches from Georgia handle ' ' ' ' in ix- isted were heati-d \- ■ ■ :,:'■..■: ■ .i. ut bricks. Such stru.- -.. ui,,, -; .,rs or stoves, and the pl.mL, f;ruviii in ilu m .-.i.m pl.iut.-s." (A "greenhouse" was iu those days au uuheated glass- house in which plants were merely kept alive over winter.) These terms still exist in England, but are applied to strictly tropical plants or those requiring a warm temperature for their successful culture in glass- houses. In this country such plants are spoken of as warmhouse or tropical plants. In England, at the jiresent lime, more distinction is made in the nam(^s ;L['|>li(*d t "seeds t ih '-n \i I fails t.. 1 ^ 1 I or imp. It till 111 II I: Nubbins are usii ,lh m , t ilmii I iiit I it, in t fruiting season when the pollen supplj small and ^nhen the plants aie relatneh f haustcd cleaning up the old plant ition fli i u i fruiting Short quick and 1 i culture do much to keep all the fungous enemies are I i t ase by spraying with Bord i i The American book writing t u il K a Pardee \ Complete M luuxl of I The .r t f 1 ,11 an n,r ff Strawlifi ries u„l 1 1,1.1. . , 111 Oswc 1 t the lead ing Sii i th \,Hh) IS ap proxini It h , 1 1 RentotUnd t«oxeais Plowing and fitting Plants Setting plants Cultivation Straw for winter and fniitii,_ tii i Labor— hoeing pulling weed t $11 no 1 1 1 1,11 1,1 nil Total cost m Many growers raise b in few exceed this sum i | large town wheie lent i i for one about to tnga).c in ^ i close to this t tal \ idc li mil / " 1 l' 1 ,'i "^^flf ^mWn\ \sid fiom the tiexted in variou fruit m general books lUioti Culture ',t T JI oJ Strawberries - fTht f 11 3417. Heavy mulchi. La \ md thrive m all paits of u\ fiuitwiU grow and yet II III \oung readers tfty years 11, h known except as a wild fiuit The no recollection of ever seeing more than one it Strawberries cultivated before he was 25 In boyhood he often accompanied his father STRAWBERRY irket STRAWBERRY 1737 to the New \ bti an berries in that mark weie probabh a few befoi that there aie now more s. \ork everj fair daj during 1 1 I i liad ever been seen m that citj luiin^ its tutir< previous to 1810 The introduction of Hovey Seedling about 18')o and ot the Jersey or <■ iltn ated «at ush there goo 1 robable plai 1 to New ing It truit m in eultivati u 1 ti transport »ti u m seemed to be pert tion to all these | tivp S oi after il numbers f.ieitlv e\ This progress has and each suctet ■ brought to noti e fruit was not rn ■ the close t beyond Is historj th m lr^ : t tl 1 e i 11 it as Straw bei ries will grow m aim t 1 1 it be dry sand ot an unuramed 1 e 1 f 1 \ 1 that will glow a gcod crop of corn or I t 1 a fair ii p of Mr wberues Tins reniaik -nill m ly thro igh It the li ted St ites ml not inly that but ill grow in s rae plates where the nights too the ripen Hen short for to the IS not xlwa^b a nei_essit\ but and no land should be set with 1 aied that it can be thoioughly I t SI If the land is at all m- II 1 n Hell tt hue It thorraghly 1 It Iraining I 1 1 1 1 e w riter li 1 el lie well e 1 1 V ] n 1 ei I ut has n about twenty fair sized two- I r acre and plow It m then top- ore hne well rotted manure and ih If huf n nure cannot be ob- 2421 Candy Strawberry ( tamed it would 1 e be t til 11 tl „ , „ under, as coaise manure on t 1 1 11 t re sea- s n Wh tl er the m i ] 1 1 11 1 t ll\ J lowed 111 1 1 tl e I md must be made hne an i null, w before , tf tl ilauts s / 1 fl J lant-. The plauts should be taken from 1 1 tl t 1 set the pie vinus sea n if ] ossible Use I oiun n \ t 1 1 1 Ht 1 1 t 1 1 1 trf the joungjlant 1 1 f the previous fall 1 t king off all the ell light colored i 1 1 ibout ( lie third of tl 1 1 1 414 1 t 1 net to let the sun 1 1 1 f r an^ length of time. During som 1 1 1 ,^ d,>s of our sprmg weithtr e^e, i 1 11 t the sun would damv <1 1 1 1 1 11 1 rlh 1 It risk sett 1 1 V 1 111 t\ 0 feet apart 1 1 1 k r le lust 1^ v^'li l^x Witl tl 1111 1 It daj. i-yjv r,^ and 1 1 1 Ittl ^ 1 1 t 1 1 II 1 vt as V It ishkeU to le if it IS nl \ s il k t a m m fef ahead with a hoe and strike it into the earth \here the plant is 1^ to be set and loosen it so thrt it will 1 e perfectly mel- 1 low A 1 f II with the i rcpared plants and drops h^fi^ m one t 1 11 il He is followed by the !^^ f sett 1 1 1 1 H tw 0 tc work to best 1^* ad% 1 1 cs 1 etweeu two rows, 7 pick 1 ! 1 lit ni 1 at the same ^ra i," time 1 I tl 1 1 fl B roots <^P'\ ' intr all h ic wh le with 1 1 light Strawberry (X 1 11 1 the grcund is opened sutl 1 fan- shaped re ts of the plant to g 1 1 ular 1 t 1 1 1 1 1 longitude manner into the earth thtnbr 1 lound 1 1 1 lence the the plant and d ul ling ij 1 1 1 earth firmly arc und tl i 1 1 1 d wnthe \ ^ 1 1 The crown of 1 1 t I h roughly the plant when set si i 1 i 1 1 1 lower than the 1 ernes do surrounding earth b r 1 1 i 1 ive the crown 1 s m 1 n i til hllfd with coverelwith eaith as that w nl nge It \11 tl IS 1738 STRAWBERRY STRAWBERRY can be done by men with a little experience in a small of the ground is a little raised from its natural position, part of the time talien to write it out, but one must re- and the plants are lifted up and their roots broken off member that the doing of this work well or ill will make in the frozen earth beneath. To avoid this danger, the difference between success and partial failure. The leave the cover upon the plants until all freezing nights writer has several men who will set half an acre a day, are over. Some growers recommend leaving the cover and do it easily and well. If the weather is dry and on and allowing the plants to work their way through warm, it will greatly aid the young plants if half a pint it. The writer has tried this plan, but the crop was of water is put around each one. only half of that obtained when the cover had been When the beds are filled with plants, run through taken off and the ground kept cultivated. Better take them with a hand-cultivator before they come into the cover oft', haul it away and stack it for another win- bloom. This may not be . ter's use. necessary, but in most cases Ijij. Some growers recommend that the mulch be re- it will be. If the plants | M tained in order to keep the berries from being soiled, start nicely, they will soon / IB If the plants grew last season as they should have done, be in full bloom, but they / Jill they have by this time nearly or quite covered the must not be allowed to bear / ifjffl ground, and the leaves and fruit-stems will so support fruit this summer. Go ' 9 W e.ich other that there will be very few berries in the through the beds and pinch / / H ''""' "nl<^*3 it rains almost constantly. When there are off all the blossoms, and see j. / | l| open spaces ot any size, and the fruit is likely to get that there are no stray ^ I M into the diit iii . rt[ i,, |,ut back a little of the mulch plants among them of a dif- iS"-k»^ after the tl i i i"ii of the spring is done. erent variety. The beds / / ' .'^SSH(M|^ For the s|,i i n i.l ashes are to be preferred. must be kept clean, free / \"#jR>^S^HH&s» If unleacln M n -li-iHi Im ;,i, plied at the rate of not fl I'ljO JHM£ "^^ '' -^ '" '" "" '"•■^''"■'■' to tlie acre. Twice that ^^Y"^ jffiSa^j|^\SBjU^^^^L amount should be used if the ashes have been /fjL \ vHISJSBSSs^^^^^ leached. If ashes are not to be had, put on fy^W r VNWjSV^^** -.''.'- j well-rotted stable manure at the rate of about ^~^.{ ' m\. i'^^Sl!^ / j''''''»'S 2(1 wagon-loads per acre. The spring cultiva- ,'ip^y'^ y' / ^l^>;5^-^wfi^^^^^*s. "^li'ViX, ^'"" "consists of pulling out by hand all the ''^^ - ^.Il'j ^L-M," ^^'^^tS^JIm!^^ '^-•^^T^S^T weeds that can be found among I'^TST" ~*^#^^^Wj™'; 1 ^^^tmUf^^^ ^^ "° ^^'^t^^^ " ^^^ plants and then hoeing over <^ ^^P i ^ 'W^ ill'WjL*-^tmSl^^SM 'IaO '^^D-'^'^^i^ ^iV a'l ^^^ 0P^° spaces large enough '■''f/t^^ ''inh'J^^rMWj^'. '^B^®^0^^'^6*^SS»\%'i".v'« *° accommodate a common broad /^W* ^ «#yMl»oiMir<^''*J|« '^®- Uo not work the ground /i^ '^^ ■:^'^MMrlJtM^Sy^l^^^^!im^M^y^ ^^^^^^^^^^^^M^^^^^^^^ more than half an inch deep, for Ss''^^kii^.,:1imMa^B^^^-^^^jSMtnJ^i*'^^^/i^SI^^SSBiML. ' -"^^v-^ t*!^ roots have much work to do liSwM ^jmMmSS!^^' ' ^y^^Wm£^m.^wB^Bm^ ' <^'^ «i^ within the next few weeks. V^msBMMSSiSSSSKt! ^•"'^i S '''■^MMmuJWvMOTraHHBl^BKfr ^'ifcT'W'iS*^ -^"^ 't "^ *'™^ *" begin to count 'ra»ffl«Kramfii?M^ \ i;'r^ '^}^ I I \ ^'''vbHhh "^ to picking time. H^^|j|m|PJ%^ -{}> ^\ > ' 'f iMf iWBHS Interest and taxes $15 00 ' ."S|Wft|ffli[Mi^^ 'X ' ^-^ iffn M^fflHP^ Plowing, harrowing and ^i^^^^lt^^ml^KK^WKmSIM'j^^M^^^^' /^^^ l^ltwU fcaffiP'^^ Value of 11,000 plants at '$."> 1^ '^ J., ' Total $101 00 2422. Haverland Strawberry. ' !1,'P|V '' In a very drv and unpropitious (X=3) 'Hljl I i year, the yield on the writer's ' place was 7,136 quarts, or 223 from weeds, anil well cultivated as often as thev re- bushels per acre; the gross receipts in cash were a few quire It. In .lulv the runners will start. Before the cents over $.-)00 per acre. In the year 1886 the yield was runners take root they should be trained around the over 8,000 ([uarts, or something over 250 bushels per parent plant like the spokes of a wheel, having the acre; and the gross receipts $633 per acre. These were parent plant for its center. Simply lay them out in both hard vears for Strawberries. In 1875 exactly one- equal distances around the parent plant and throw suffi- quarter of an acre yielded 3, .571 quarts, or lllM bushels, cient earth upon them to hold them. Otherwise the of marketable fruit. The average price was 12 cents per runners are likely to come out on one siile and make al- quart. In 1876 one-fourth of an acre yielded a fraction most a solid mass of roots on that side and few or none less than 100 bushels. These were both favorable sea- on the other, the result being that the crop the following sons for berries. But we will take the first mentioned season will not be as large or of as good quality as when crop for our estimate, as it was the poorest of the four, they have been properly tended. This is about all there The boxes, and crates cost a fraction less than $7 per is to be done until the ground freezes for winter, when 1,000 quarts; picking, packing and carrying to the depot the plants should be covered with marsh hay. Straw is not to exceed $15 per 1,000: as good, provided it is free from weeds and grass seed, - , i, but it is sometimes impossible to obtain such straw. In The story of an acre of Strawberries m on unfavorable season. covering the plants, merely hide them from sight. Gross receipts $500 00 There are two objects in view: first, to protect the Cost of growing the crop. ..... $161 00 plants from the many sudden changes in our winter Picking, crating and marketing (, .1.16 ^^_ ^^ weather, and, second, for spring protection. During the " '^ 318 oo thawing days and freezing nights in the early spring, the ground is likely to become " honeycombed." The top Net profits above expenses $1H'J oo STRAWBERRY eceipts aie h\ no means the onlj ones frcm the lie tv^o jeais For nnnj \eirs past the wnter in the hdbit of plantius: other earh irjps be ' rows of Strawbeirtes after they aie stt For in the spring a plot of h% e i les is stt with M I k I / - \ h me m'jrket is the hesi h i\H it tlth u^-h It IS a well known f irt t Sti awbei lies aie citen m the neighl il are grown Along the Gulf coast Sti ripenmFebruar-v and consumpti m continues until 46°north I hence tl c necessity of a variety that 1 1 If we all 1 1 1 cooling houses for heme tor cars t ship the fruit m almost an\ \ ■ bear nioie or le s transportation but as m ha\e neitl er tie 1 ernes must be ; icked as soon ah before th f ilh ol 1 1 Pet re the writer had ! nii, h 1 t he the tl'>jr of a general packing house and then place 1 ice al ng upon the floor between the cases This did fairly well but not as well as the present cooling house which IS a very plain cheap huildmg 12 \ 14 ft and about 12 ft hi>,h The sides are covered with comni m sht tl ing i aj tr ai d 1 cai 1 with an air haral li f £ ui in hes The one corner, where a pipe as the ice melts, and carries it from the building. It has an open space of nearly 12 inches all around the building which lets the cold air pass below, where the fruit i ~- ■ of shelves, one above the other all around the room below. Upon the floor above the ice is placed, and on the shelves below are the cases of fruit. About 50° is the best temperature to keep the fruit if much lower than this, it is found that the fruit will not keep so long after being removed from the cooler. It is best not to throw fruit on the market, but to try to have it so good that it recommends it- self. Endeavor to have it engaged to the retail grocers in ad Then there is but one profit between the con- sumer and the grower. J. M. Smith. Strawberry Cul- ture in the South. - If any fruit is at home the Str^i STRAWBERRY 1739 nd tending planting and cultnation the enoi mens possible from well selected soils prcierh tit ite( the fact that aside from being the hrst fiuit to ripen It seldom if e\ er fails to leward the pamstakm, grower with an arable ha f 1 attention bestow 1 While good le lit I 1 hadficn settii H runners almo t t year N 1 t f one can t 1 ut few mtt ^^^ i i 1 1 tl % usuilh 1 n 1 least u 1 In n e tl ns e 1 eciallv i the Gulf planti ngs ire frepientlj n ale fruil times it holds the pi; importance. the many things that commend the Straw- berry favorably to southern land -owners who would grow fruit for home use or for market parative freedom from disease and insect enemies the ease with which it adapts itself to different soil and varied conditions of climate; the small cost at 2423 Bomba Strawberry ire the following: its cor early fall J IS neither a diflicult expensive ; plants with earth adher- ing to the roots to nicely pre- pared soil near the old beds, l^rom good stands on newly prepared beds secured as early in the season as August 'September, and with a long fall ■ favor- 11]^ \i„ ■ lis pl:int growth and de- M-\ ] nil lit jf fruit-buds, the grower ni i\ le IS inably expect the following spring one-half to two-thirds of a crop Being a water-loving plant and a liberal feeder, especially during fruit- ing season the Strawberry plishes Its best work in a soil capa- ble of taking in the largest quantity of water and of holding during pro- tracted drought the greatest amount of moisture within easy reach of the plant This ideal Strawberry soil is ih natural size found in the rather compact deep clay loams over the well-drained clay subsoils so abundant in most of the South Atlantic and the Gulf states. As to fertilizers, much depends on the kind of soil and treatment. Where the cereals are benefited by the 1740 STRAWBERRY use of certain fertilizers, such plant-food may be safely and profitably used for Strawberries. It is better to fertilize heavily the crop that precedes Strawberries than to apply in large quantities to land occupied by this plant. In no case should heavy applications of strongly nitrogenous fertilizers be made just before the blooming period nor during the hot summer months. In the first instance, an over-vigorous vine growth at the expense of fruit will be the result; in the second, the plant is rendered too tender and too sappy to resist tlie STRAWBERRY nothing is better than cottonseed hulls. It fact worthy of note that son lengthens. Florid sections near the Gull January or early in I berries for four or i jf fi- south the picking sea- hern Louisiana and other iiil\ iM^-in shipping late in I Miitinue to market In latitude 32° the -ill- 111 the past tweuty- ni-s iriini about April 1 to 'icking season rarely lasts ride iiade of grower and consuiiM ' , ■. i distributing fruits ,i i _ ii'h ii i reaching all classes .il r,:ii-iiiH. r- m il — all these things havi- made southeri ries common in almost every city, to more northern latitudes. To the foregoing advice may be some of the rotation practices in Gem of rotation exist : the annual, bienu what ma)' be termed the perennial or | These terms are frequently, though ij confused, and some trn.H.rs while- ciiUy, a biennial rotaii .all i. am establish a new plat aninialU . aliln'U! plowed under or destr.i\ . ,1. i- uvi. \ r. To illustrate: A iiI:h i! :i i. -i in In tember makes a, K'""'- the isotherm of tin i ,i , n ( , summer planting an. n,. ■ i , are almost exclushi. i,. ii..,i vu and village i: A. B. McKay. the liter 2425. Shuster Gem Strawberry long and sometimes hot and dry summers The south ern cow pea is possibly the best crop to precede the Strawbeiry This leasts tlu gi nil le m mellow and in the veiy best conditi I I t follows The soil IS usually pi | 1 vattd rows or beds 3' 2-4 fett bioa 1 1 r and earlj fall pHnt n„s -vMth th large yield the t II 1 I I I s r 10 inches ap irt 1 1 1 1 I, 1 1 1 L U tance in the row t ranges flora 12-30 inches depeu 1 \ of varieties set to multiplj 1 11 tl ,1 , ih iiatted iiwis best I 1 tl 1 1 , 1 1 1 t 1 11 1 5- Michts hst mtf.oi 1 1 1 of Ih H m hes al in„ tl till occupiel with 1 t t tl hand of thee il tl 1. ..iteitsuc cess in set nil 1 Wheie ungating facilities aie t 1 1 lesults may he ob tamed witl c tlob steff Its on the part of 1 t 1 1 M hel Downi Ih. 1 h place 1 1 1 1 I 1 llj p 1 il\ tl 1 1 n tU ihtnt of C< 1 t ll«Hdll er W ith SI ring se ttmg cultivation begins shortly after pi Hit n s ill 1 th( mil imiit s"^ ie The plow culln t r i 1 hoe are nost used mil [1 1 in ■ ■ultn 1, 1 ft n enough to 1 . i 1 1 od tilth ml fit fr na.lj 1, the f ill \irwo Is 1 1 the pi per de\eloi 1 t t , 1 t me until the end < I 1 11 1 off with sharp 1 Veiv little wii I 1 I II t delaj mulchii gill I tl rt has been sufli i it lit li t ii 1 1 wintti quarters On cla-* s ils inclined t lieuc during frosty weather a thm cohering ot birin ir 1 litter or of short straw (pine striw is txtellent) plated aiound and be tween rather than over plants is of advantage Foi keeping fruit clean and, at the same time, adding al most, if not quite, its purchase ^ alue m plant food. hear a second crop the next s; to reset a succession plat and cess would be a biennial ] be nothing less, nothing would it be to call tin- r>> been planted in Nn\ !• i September — cultiv at. and carried into tin. i ■ 2426. Leaf-blieht of Strawberry nnder the head of biennial even when the plat is set out as late as February or March, cultivated through the summer following and fruited the next spring. The biennial rotation (though often under the errone- ous title of annual) is much the most common, and is almost universally employed, except on the coast, where the light, sandy soil, the humid climate and more STRAWBERRY regular rainfall render summer planting on a large scale an economic i.,i.si),iht> . Tins, tlu- stiff cUi\ s„il of the interior, the ill 1. 1 ii ili.n m 1 un iiu i m fall of early autumn ' I more economical u> i especially as its coni| i - i i ditioni tend to proiluL^ .i m^oluu, .1. w I..j n., ui ..i ilu summer- or fall-planted plat Ijj tliu tollowiug spiiug. But, while the biennial rotation is recommended for the interior of the state, it must not be understood that a iipw 1)1. it is tn lif est.ililisbed only every two years. Th. I I 111! hi I I t s, ..sons, It is true, but a new Ii IS commenced in 1899 under aliiMiniili Mil I mil I . planting effected in Novem- ber of tdi-li year, tin- toUnwing diagram would illustrate the necessary succession of plats : STRAWBERRY 1741 Xo. 1, fruited main crop, spring, 1901: plowed under No her. 1001, after resetting No. ;i. No. 2, fruited lightly spring, 1901; cultivated through se of 1901. No. 3, planted November. 1901, from runners of No. 1 2 3 -4 No. 2, fruited main crop, spring. 1902; plowed uudei \o\em ber, 1902, after resetting No. 4. No. 3, fruited lightly, spring, 1902, and cultivated through season. No. 4, planted November, 1902, from runners of No. 2. And so on, indefinitely. In this way, while each plat runs two years, that is, biennially, a new plat is reset every year, that is, annually; yet the rotation must of necessity be termed biennial, though only one market- 1 le croi re uit And this would be equally true foi a similar rotation where the planting was done n Feb 1 lary or March instea 1 of November although no crop — not e\eii a light one — coull be obtained the same prmg Of coui e if t ] I t eived for re etting iftei it 1 lb 1 on e I st 1 e culti\ ated more or 1 —at 1 I g— to prevent it fiom becoming to I nd uramer but the process of thi I leful cultnation necessir-( f r a cr i e i I ke a ^ aymg ret iin m fr lit ire el mi natei TI e triei n al i titiou lb followed when two main or one croi are sec ire 1 fr n a pHt lefore ts il an ion tl 1 r 1 1 e the I lit IS suffer 1 1 1 1 The 1 test of p t ol c 1 profltal le ulv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 t 1 Under ordinary circumst ances it cannot resist the oiucial te t of a prolonged di »gM H. N. Starmes. Strawberry Culture on the Plains. — The fact that lie Strawberry has been growing wild from time out of mill 111 lilt |iiairie regions of North America suggests h It It III i\ III- cultivated there with success, and the I >ii- II 1 -■ 1 I'.ir-loads of lielicious berries annually pro- .n..liiiili IS, ii-u-iDusarepositiveproof of it. The Straw- ., ii\ dill 11. .t ^i..w,i itin-ilh in ill sH.-ti..i,s ,,rsnils. but chittly the margi along of thi the grow tliot \ 1 mill' South; turn. si i I 111. Ill snt., gii.« more thrifty uiil I I t Texas. Under cultiva- 111.11 n - hut suh.iect to the same .ou.liii .1 n- n- n iturally, but the principle lit cuiisi i\ .itKiii (It iiiiiisture liv tillage has enabled man to do much that nature could not, in growing Straw- berries. Water is most essential in the culture of this fruit. The soil should not he wot, but it must be moist or the plants will not thrive: i,„r will tli.-v Leur fruit abundantly or of good si ,. :,i,,i ,.,,,:,. ,, h, :, i.ieager supply of water. DurinL re is a heavy draft upon the phii h to fill the berries to their projiir -i. .■. i u . i m... i ..f ih. Plains region there is a sufficient amount of rainfall to produce good crops of Strawberries in ordinary seasons, pro- vided proper care be given to tillage. Nearly all the failures to grow reasonably good crops are due to ne- glect of this all-important matter. The drier the cli- mate or the season the more heed should be given to tillage. The mere settiim ..f |. hints mid giving them ordinary care is not sulli.i. i.r f..r il..- |.r...luction of a really profit- able Strawberr\- .-f..!. in the ..].eii prairie country. It may suffice where tiie rainfall is not only abundant but regu- lar; but where the rains are fitful and often very scant, especially in the latter part of the summer, this will not do. The tillage should not be deep, but very frequent. Once each week during the growing season will he .suffi- cient. The finer the surface soil is pulverized, the less water will escape from the subsoil, and this is the prin- cipal point to be attained so far as the purposes of til- lage are concerned. Rich soil is beyond doubt one of the prime requisites of Strawberry culture. This is not difficult to find in most parts of the prairie regions. Some of it lies too Hat for the best results and some is too steep, but very little is either too stiff or too sandy. The Strawberry is especially adapted to field culture. As the Plains country slopes up to the Rocky Mountains the climate becomes drier until there is so very little rain that nothing but a scant native vegetation will grow without irrigation. The soil is for the most part rich enough for Strawberries, and where water is applied in proper quantity as fine berries can be grown as in any part of the humid regions. As a matter of fact, there 1742 STRAWBERRY seems to be more certainty in growing Strawberries un- der such conditions than in regions where the crop must depend upon rniiifrill. Sonip varictifs that an- usually a failun- li. ■.•,.,,,<.■ •■{ \\„-u- .lriiri,.,ii r,,,,! -^vst.-m. su.-h as STRAWBERRY tinned popularity of Longworth Prolific, Sharpless, Monarch of the West, Wilson Albany, etc. Long- be igh dautiy rewarded. ][, c, Vax Deman. The Strawberry on the Pacific Coast. - California contlitious include both those most favorable and most trying for the growth of Slrawbervies. There are situations wlun-. tlmMiuli l..ral tn|„,i,'i-apliy an.l proximity to tht^ (Mr.in, winlit- Irmpir-al ntr^ air \ri\ plants and wlli-i-c. Iiy Mirmii.T ii-ii-ali"n l" mainlain this continuous activity of the- plani-. it i~ |.c.--ilil.- i.. gather fruit every month in the yiar. 'I'liU Ian i^ n.-i, however, made of much comnicrciai ar,.,iiiii, nni- is it widely true that one can have Straw 1m rnrs all iln- year round in the open air. It is triir, howcvir, that eveii ou the lowlaiiils, wh.iT III.' .•oiiMiMicial crops are chiefly grown, thr Hinin i, SM mil, I ihat Strawberries begin to ripen in slji|.piii\' i|iianiiiiis as i-arly as March and by proper c-ultivation and ini-atiun the fruiting is con- tinued until late in the autumn, and the grower has therefore a very short closed season. The trying condi- tion for the Strawberry is found in the long, dry sum- mer, which enforces dormancy as early as June on light loams in the more arid localities of the interior. Such soils become dry and hot to a depth of several inches in spite of surface cultivation and cause the dwindling and death of a shallow-rooting plant like the Strawberry, unless frequent irrigation is begun in time. This trouble is less acute ou more retentive soils in regions of lower summer temperature and greater rainfall, and plants in such situations may survive the summer dormancy, but it is true that everywhere in California and even in the more humid states on the north that Strawberry-grow- ing without irrigation results either In failure or only partial satisfaction and the venture is seldom to be commended. It is, however, so easy, usually, to secure the small amount of water necessary for home produc- tion, and the plant when fairly treated is so highly pro- ductive, that a general exhortation to Strawberry-grow- ing on an irrigation basis is fully wa \v^-,_,^ 2438. A prolific row of Strawberries, the fruit restine on There are several species of Strawberries indigenous to California, and they are of both littoral and alpine types. Some interest has been shown in development of cultural varieties from these .sources, but no com- mercial significance has as yet attached to them. The varieties chiefly grown are different from those popular at the East. New varieties from the eastern states and from Europe are freely tried, but few are successful and they retain local popularity after abandonment in their birthplaces. A striking instance of this fact is the con- 2429. Strawberry field in W successfully, though it does well near the coast. The Arizona Everbearing is par excellence drought- and heat-resistant and is constantly iii< riasiii^' its area in interior situations. It has en.iincM m ^jlr.i which has actually compassed the death n( dli. r \ an. tics. The Australian Crimson is a popular iiiarki-t variety in southern California, of which the tirst plants came from the southern hemisphere, but it has some appearances of being a re-named American variety. The growth of Strawberries is almost wholly in matted rows, the rows usuajly occupying low ridges only sufiiciently elevated to allow the slightly depressed in- tervals to serve as irrigation ditches and as walks dur- ing picking. The slight elevation of the plants also assists in surface drainage, when heavy rains fall during the early part of the fruiting season, and this promotes early growth and fruiting of the plants. Where the soil is too coarse to permit free rise of water from the de- pressed ditches the conditions are reversed and low levees are made to inclose blocks of plants which are irrigated by flooding the inclosures. In the chief com- mercial regions a fine loam is used and irrigation from the small ditches on both sides of the ridges, which are about 2 feet wide, is the ruling method. Nearly level land is selected and grading ^ is done before planting to reduce dry y ^^ knolls and fill low places so that the water will flow slowly and will evenly moisten the whole field. Subirrigation by tile has been often advocated but never has been employed to any extent. One of the chief Strawberry-shipping districts in central California is charac- terized by a shallow loam underlaid by an impervious indurated clay or hard pan, which prevents the percolation of the ir- rigation water and enables growers to maintain a large acreage by means of the small water supply secured by windmills. In this case water is applied very fre- quently, even oftcner than once a week in some cases, but the total amount for the season is small. Quite in contrast to this is the growth on light, deep loams where water sinks so rapidly that the mulch. plants suffer, although water is almost con- stantly running in the ditches. In such cases mulching and sprinkling are the price of success, and these are tooco.stly except on a small scale for home supply. The largest producing districts have soils mid- way between the extremes above noted; viz., deep, re- tentive loams, situated rather low in the valleys and with irrigation available either by ditch system or by wells both flowing and pumped. The pump wells re- quire usually only a short lift, and abundant water is secured cheaply by the use of modem pumps and STRAWBERRY STRAWBERRY ■all outlet for tilt fruit all through the region west of the Missouri river. Southeru California supplies the south- ern portiou of this district, while the growers in central California, chiefly near Florin in Sacramento county, make large shipments eastward as far as Colorado and 1743 erous 2- or S-inch pots fllled with good ed to the rim along the Strawberry row. re trained to these pots, and a small stone ;';ich runner to keep it from growing be- When the pot is filled with roots the cur from the parent sto,-k, the pots lifted ^^iiis'^;i;;:x',l: and one of gooi soil should have dissolved rock 8 to two bushels should be givei ripening the croi period a large qua sharp sand. This potting nixed with it bone-fiour or the rate of about one pint of soil. Ample drainage as through the season of is and the following forcing itity of water must be given u t te than any oth r j rt of 1 e til 1 atl er an 1 e abu iant n o t e g e b 1 g a o tl n that of Cal forn a 1 t tl e n 1 tl e h 1 1 h rter becau e of the lo t at I a y n no t place for cont n 1 n 1 1 um ner The most famou d t t H 1 I on vhere ar 1 cond t on ea t of L d re od fle i by we e n nfl h ch 11 h tl e p n he e mo nt ns 1 e the C I 1 r fl n 1 rou h 1 r gat o s an earl er pe 1 o 1 n the pot at le that th f f the ball t and none should be allowed to stand around The pots should then be plunged to near the rim in some coarse material, preferably coal ashes, which, if deep enough to extend from four to six inches below the plunged pots, will prevent the earthworms from en- tering the pots. The use of a frame in which to plunge the pots is recommended for protection against heavy rains or early frosts. Attention to watering is all that will be necessary through the growing season. Late in September or early in October the pots will he filled with roots and the plants • H tlnir full growth. At this own w 11 be had by gand s b equent ge than by water ng w ther Tl e dry II f II seaso and I I tl e cron a I I 1 weathe the I I It ery d I 1 I I f e fre z n.' 11 ha er of break The per od e I ougl t feht 1 ft Tl H al prod unt 1 h 1 ug t I 1 week The t ne U II d t ons of heat and sunl i W I 1 gl t n tl plants should 1 e cleane 1 II i 1 I a 11 The pot hould be pi u 1 t u th on e ma er al that w 11 reta n no t e e g tan ba k o coal ashes The benches or shelve should be as near the glass as conven ent A thoro gh spray ng w th o th vestern t te E J ^\ The Forcing of Strawberries for a Winter Crop t as jet beco e f auy grea 1 e n N rth A. u a S ne 1 t elpl Qt fo therChr t na o 1 f St a 1 p t o pla ted out tl e one ne all> . e o s for th c of the roots n n the fall end es The f ) ed There a e if wh h are fi t t nd the ab 1 tj t i the o t ol of fe i I 1 1 anu fo th the p „ n several h es a one t e o tr ^ht from a coolhouse into heat; and fifth, the opportunity to sup- ply particular demand of the potted plants or their fruits. The first expense of the pot method is consid- eralily more than when the plants are grown in the lii-uches, but after the pots are once purchased the cost of each method should be about the same. The pot method as practiced at Cornell University is about as follows: As early in the spring as possible large plants are set in well - enriched soil. The first strong runners made by these plants are secured and 110 er fungicide should be made at once. For the first few days the house should be held at about 35°, with little if any rise through the day. After a week a rise of 10° may be given. At the end of the second week 50° at night, with a rise of 10- 15° through the day, will be about right. 1744 STRAWBERRY Strict attention must be given to syringing the foliage every pleasant day. Keep the walks wet until the time of blossoming. This moisture keeps down the red spider. At blossoming time the house should be al- lowed to dry out and a free circulation of air should be maintained through the mid lie t the 1 1\ in ( rder to ripen the polk II I ' I I I ilowi-r by hand. Th. i I I'll.- "f the day whik tl \ I luiir brush is useful III i I \ I illf /■.....'' ii'/('>-.78i, Morr,, is de- vri-il,...! 11 I.. . .1 . I . I -iometimes as ^£'cA- ,„,.( /.'..,. , M I . ,', V iiii.). It is a .stemless l.iiii.a|ii.l.--lil..- plii'ii. 'AiHi '■'■" 1" ri-'iS. ptih/antha, which may be taken as the type oi" a group that has one leaf lying on the ground and from the mid- STKEPTOCARPUS rib of which arise successive several-flowered scapes. The introduction of this curious plant seems to have re- vived the interest in Streptocarpuses, an interest that has been liept alive bv the frequent introduction of other species. The chief stimulus to the systematic breeding STREPTOOARPUS 1745 2433. Streptocaipus Wendland of these plants seems to have been the introduction of S. Diinnii, said by J. D. Hoolter to be "quite the mon- arch of its beautiful genus" (but now excelled by S. Wendhindii). Seeds of this species were sent to Kew in 188-t bv E. G. Dunn, of Cape Town. It is one of the monophyilous section to which S. pohjantha belongs. In the meantime, S. parviflora, a species allied to S. Bexii, had been introduced from the Cape region. With the three species, S. Jfexii, S.parviflora&TidS.Dtinnn, W. Watson, of the Royal Gardens, Kew, set to work systematically to breed a new race of Streptocarpus, and his efforts met with unqualified success. When the hybrids came to notice in 1887, the Gardener's Chroni- cle made the following comment on the value of the work : "The results are very striking, and we can hardly doubt that Mr. Watson has set the foundation of a new race of plants, parallel in importance to the Achimenes and Tyda»as." Several hybrid races have now been pro- duced and several interesting species have been intro- duced from the wild, so that Streptocarpus seems to be destined to become a very important and popular garden genus. Benthara and Hooker's treatment divides the Gesnera- cese into two great tribes: Gesnerete, with ovary more or less inferior and fruit a capsule; Cyrtandrese, with ovary superior and fruit sometimes a berry. The latter tribe, the species of which have been monographed by C. B. Clarke in vol. 5 of DeCandoUe's "Monographiae Phanerogaraarum," contains the genera Streptocar- pus, Episcea, Cyrtandra, iEschynanthus, Ramonda, and others. The Streptocarpuses are stemless or nearly steniless herbs, bearing 1 or more tubular nodding fls. on short scapes that arise either from the crown of the plant or from the midrib of a flat prostrate leaf: co- rolla-tube cylindric, the limb 5-lobed and somewhat 2- lipped; perfect stamens 2, included; pistils with ovary linear, usually hairy, with style as long as or shorter than the ovary, and stigma capitate or indistinctly 2- lobed : fr. a linear 2-valved capsule, the valves twisting. The flowers are usually showy, blue or lilac, rarely yel- low. The species are of three groups: the stemless monophyilous species, with one prostrate leaf from the midrib of which the scapes arise (this leaf is really an enlarged cotyledon, the other cotyledon not enlarging) ; the stemless species, with several or many radical more or less primula-like leaves (whence the English name "Cape Primrose"); the stem-bearing species, with op- posite cauline leaves. The cultivated species chiefly represent the first two sections. In the American trade, only four specific names occur, S. Mexii, S. Galpini, S. Dutxnii, and S. Wendlandii; but since the hybrids repre- sent several other species, these additional species are inserted in the following account. Streptocarpus is an African genus. The stem-bearing section is confined to central Africa and Madagascar, and the others to South Africa. Clarke's Monograph, 1883, describes 19 species, but H. Duniiii, S. Wendlandii. S. Galpini and others have since been discovered. There are 25-30 known Streptocarpuses are not difficult plants to grow. They are usually raised from seeds, the seedlings blooming in 8 to 15 months from starting. The .seeds are very small, and care must be taken not to cover them too deep. Give an open sunny place in an intermediate tempera- ture. They are not stove or warmhouse plants. Of the new hybrid forms, seeds sown in February or March should produce plants that will bloom the following fall and winter; after blooming, the plants may be discarded, for better results are usually secured from new plants than from those more than one season old. The sea- son of most profuse bloom is summer, but the bloom continues until winter. The monophyilous species can be propagated also by cuttings of the leaf. Some fan- ciers of Cape Primroses advise propagating select types by leaf cuttings or by division. Strepto irpns specii tlio introduced from the ild. B. Leaf one. prostrate ou the r/rnioid, n.iually very lanje. C. Fls. red. Dunnii, Hook. f. Soft-hairy: leaf becoming 3 ft. or even more in length and 16 in. wide, thick-nerved, red- dish tomentose beneath, rounded at base, obtuse at apex, coarsely toothed : scapes several to many, in a row beginning at the base of the leaf, erect, 1-3 ft. tall, many-fld.: corolla long-tubular, curved, \}C in. long, the limb narrow, bright rose-red. Transvaal. B.M. 6903. G.F. 3:609.— A very floriferous species, one plant some- times bearing more than 100 flowers. cc. Fls. bill lilae. Saiindersii, Hook. Hairy: leaf 1 ft. by 9 in., cordate, obtuse, coarsely serrate, yellowish green above and pur- ple-rose beneath: scapes 10-16 in. tall, bearing a com- 2434 Streptocarpus R< pound cyme of large drooping blossoms: corolla 1-lK in. long, funnelform, the limb broad but not equaling the nearly straight tube, light blue, with 2 purple spots in the throat. Natal. B.M. 5251. F.S. 17:1802.-Named for W. Wilson Saunders, through whom it was intro- duced. 1746 STBEPTOCARPUS polyintha, Hook. Hairy: as compared with S. Smtn- dersii, tlie leaf is smaller and the fls. bluer and borne in a compound racemose panicle: corolla-tube curved, shorter than the large, wide-spreading toothed pale blue limb. Natal, Orange Colony. B.M. 4850. G&Ipini, Hook. f. Hairy: leaf ovate-oblong, obtuse, entire : scapes several to many, glandular-pubescent: fls. short and broad, being nearly or quite bell-shaped, the limb broad and subequal, rich mauve, with a white eye. Transvaal. B.M. 72:!0. G.C. HI. ll:139.-Named for Ernest E. liali.iir, win. .h-.-overed the plant. W6ndlandii, lia.nnii.ri. li-. 2433. Hairy, usually beariiiu: ii iMs.ti.' d \rr\ -iniill Ivs. at the base of the radical oiH': l,af l.i-.i^,!. /.li.., I oraing 24x30 in., some- times narrower, rounded at both ends, crenate-nndu- late, red-purple beneath: scapes several, forking, bear- ing paniculate racemes: corolla-tube about 1 in. long, curved, pubescent, the limb large and oblique, with broad entire lobes, the whole effect violet-blue and whitish. Transvaal, Natal. B.M. 7447 (part of which is copied in Pig. 2433). G.C. HI. 22:275. Gn. 45, p5n, 50, p. .394. J.H. HI. 28:223. — Probably the finest species yet introduced. BB. Leaves several, rising from the crown. Rexii, Lindl. Fig. 2434. Hairy: Ivs. ovate-oblong 6-9 in. long, short-stalked, obtuse, crenate: scapes sev eral, ,3-8 in. tall, l-f1d. or rarely 2-fld. : fls. 2 in. long 2-3 in. wide, the tube downy and nearly white, the 1 irge spreading limb pale blue to purple. S. Afr. B R 14:1173. B.M. 3005. L. B.C. 14:1305. parviflAra, E. Mey. Soft-hairy all over except the co roUa: Ivs. ovate, obtuse, sessile or nearly .so. crenate, appressed to the ground: scapes several, 6-10 in tall reddish, bearing corymbose racemes: fls. small, the co rolla-tube about % in. long and purplish and curved the spreading broad limb nearly white and with orbicu lar lobes. Cape. B.M. 70 ^c-,--^"* STREPTOSOLEN bright green leaves, which, however, do not attain such large dimensions as in S. Dinmil: tlowi-r-sicnis numer- ous, and 6-8-fld., forming a i.,i, imMv art mass of fls.; corolla about 2 in. Ioiil^ .m : : : i mi n each scape, mauve blue, with whitish Mil tl r It S bifl ' ' I 1 'inly m horticultural literature ind peili II It IS ot the S poly mthi tspe with sf\ I !l n pnhianthuft DiKh is a hy 2435 Streptocarpus sepir it I I (I I rathii tl 1 tl tl 1 ' ents of the hj brid i ind elongate oblong Ilowish, the corolla-lobes flv broader. Transvaal. - 1 erhaps only a form of s were confused until t ippears that this plant, I I I was one of the par- ! (see W Watson, G.F. 3, SIrepfocarptcs hybrids, of garden origin. (For col- ored pictures of modern hybrid types, see Gn. 29:545; 41:843; 50:1092.) Kewensis ( .S. 7iV.r/ix pollen of S. Dunnii). Fig. 2435. 'It ha two three large oblong or elongate-ovate STEfiPTOPUS (Greek, tu isfed ifall referringto the peduncles) ZiliAcete Twisted Stilk \ „enus of 3 or 4 species of pcitnnial herbs, from the tempri ite regions ot I ii \ i i mil N Amer with aspect ot Polv gonatuiii li iiiwliiliu liffers in having a 3 cleft s xlo and periiiitli iii | nit. segments Woodland pi ints "''''.!",,' ' 'I'l' "i"i~"m'"Ml I ^ l' IK rither 1 1 dt d Ih 1 1 \ I III I I l\ t I'l porum has tiimiual dowels while tl.o e 1 ^u p i t' iie axillaiy \ Jf?s puiple 0) lose rftseus, Michx Rootstock short stout stem 1-2 ft high Ivs sessile 2-4 in long peduncles less th in 1 in long mostly 1 fld fls about % in long lirriv red K m thick May-luly Moist, rich woods in the north ;es B B 1 433 AA. Fls. greenish white. amplexifdiius, DC. Rootstock short, stout: stem usu- ally taller thtm S. roseits: Ivs. clasping, 3-6 in. long: peduncles 1-2 in. long, usually 2-fld.: fls. about K in. long: berry red. May-July. Moist rich woods, north- ern U. S. and Canada south to N. C. and New Mex. B.B. 1:432. P.W.Barclay. STREPT0S6LEN (Greek, streptos, twisted, solen, tube, with reference to the form of the corolla- tube). SolnnAcew. Lvs. on long petioles, ovate, acute at both ends, entire, bullate-rugose: fls. rich orange-colored, pedicellate, in terminal corymbose panicles; calyx tubular. ■,iiii|iiiu[. Ill . -Iniitlv 5-cleft; corolla-tube elon- gated,wi. I inially twisted below; petals 5, broad; i" i t. A monotypic genus from theUniteil stai. - i.l ("l.imbia. STREPTOSOLEN J&mesonii, Miers (Browdllia J&mesonii, Hort., & Benth.?). Fig. 2436. Handsome evergreen scabrous- pubescent shrub, 4-6 ft. high, hardy and much culti- vated in California as far north as San Francisco. June. (i.e. II. 21:71)7. Gn. 26:447. R.H. 1883:36. B.M. 460.5. F.S, .5:436. P.M. 16:6. G.M. 39:200. V. 7:298; 9:147. — An old favorite in northern greenhouses. J. B0RTT Davy. STRYPHNODENDRON 1747 4^^- 2436. Streptosolen Jameson STROBILANTHES (Greek, cone and flower, refer- ring to the inflorescence). AcanthAcece. A large genus containing about 130 species inhabiting the warm re- gions of Asia and the Malay Islands to Madagascar. They are mostly erect, half-shrubby plants cultivated for their flowers and foliage. Only young, well-grown plants are attractive, the older ones becoming weedy and unattractive. Some species are grown as ornamen- tal foliage bedding plants, but they are not as desirable for general use as the coleus, the slightest cool weather changing the color of their leaves to a very undesirable shade. In the greenhouse they make fine decorative foliage plants but require at all times a high temperature and an abundance of moisture and much syringing. Under unfavorable conditions they lose their leaves and become unsightly. Lvs. opposite or rarely scattered, entire or toothed : fls. blue, violet, white or yellow, in terminal or axillary spikes or heads, or in loose cymes, mostly large; calyx deeply 5-parted, with linear lobes; corolla-tube narrow at base, straight or curved, enlarged above, limb of 5 spreading ovate or rotund equal lobes, or the dorsal pair united; stamens 4, perfect, or only the 2 lower per- fect and the upper pair sterile and aborted, included; anthers with 2 parallel cells ; capsule oblong or linear, slightly contracted at the base, 2-loculed; ovules 2 (rarely 3 or 4) in each locule. Dyerid.nus, Masters. An erect, branching, soft-wooded stove shrub: stem hirsute: lvs. opposite, 6-8 in. long, elliptic-lanceolate, serrulate, cordate at base, sessile, variegated with iridescent tints of blue and lilac, rose- purple beneath: fls. in erect spikes, 1% in. long, pale violet; calyx unequally 5-lobed, lobes linear, obtuse; corolla-tube curved, ventricose, limb of 5 short, broad, revolute lobes. Burma. B.M. 7574. R.B. 20:133. J.H. 111.26:359. A. G. 17:297. V. 19:67.-Used for bedding. calldsus, Nees. Shrub, 6-8 ft. high: lvs. elliptic-lanceo- late, acuminate, puberulous, narrowed into a long, slen- der petiole which is winged to the middle: fls. in short, oblong spikes, large, pale violet-blue; corolla-tube very short, dilated into a subcampanulate throat and expand- ing into a limb 2 in. across; lobes orbicular, undulate. B.M. 7538. — A native of western India, where it forms a shrub 6-8 ft. high; said to flower in its third year. isopli:^llu8, T. Anders. [Goldfilssia isophylla, Nees). A low, much-branched, bushy shrub, 2-3 ft. high, swollen at the joints: lvs. short-petioled, opposite, nar- rowly lanceolate, distantly serrulate or entire: peduncles axillary, shorter than the lvs., bearing several fls.: corolla 1 in. long, funnel-shaped, blue and white; limb 5-lobed; lobes eraarginate. India. B.M 4363. B. 5:244. — Used either for bedding or for pots. Blooms pro- fusely either in winter or summer, according to treat- ment. anisophyllns, T. Anders. (GoJdh'issia anisophylla, Nees). Branches somewhat zigzag: lvs. broadly lanceo- late, acuminate, serrulate, opposite but one of each pair much smaller than the other: fls. purplish and white; corolla funnel-shaped, very broad at the mouth, with a somewhat irregular 5-lobed limb. India. B.M. 3404. B.R. 11:955 (as RuelHa persicifolia). Similar to the preceding in habit and use. Heinrich Hasselbking. STROMANTHE (couch and flower; said to allude to form of inflorescence). Scit(n>iiii&ce(v. Five tropical American plants (according to Petersen in Engler & Prantl's Naturpflanzenfamilien), closely allied to Cal- athea, Maranta, Plirynium and Thalia. It agrees with Maranta and Thalia in having a 1-loculed capsule, and thereby differs from Calathea and Phrynium, which have 3 locules. From Maranta it differs in having a very short perianth-tube and the segments not stand- ing opposite each other. From Thalia it differs, as does Maranta, in having 2 side staminodia rather than one. For culture, see remarks under Calathea. Porte&na, Griseb. (Mardnta Portedna, Horan.). Two to 4 ft. high, with maranta-like lvs., the blades long-elliptic or ovate-lanceolate, varying from acumi- nate to almost obtuse, purple beneath, bright green above with transverse stripes or bars of silvery white: fls. solitary or twin on the rachis, blood-red, the in- florescence simple or compound. Brazil. IjOwe 26. sangulnea, Bonder {Mardnta sangnlnea, Hort.). Leaf-blades about 1 ft. long, oblong-acuminate, purple beneath and green above: scape 12-20 in. tall, red to- wards the top, bearing a panicle of bright red and red- bracted fls. Probably Brazilian. B.M. 4646. F.S. 8:785. — An old garden plant. Thrives in an intermediate house and frequently attains a height of 5 ft. when planted in a border. l_ g_ g_ . STROPHOLlRION (Greek for twisted rope and lily, referring to the twining stem). lAlidcece. Very like Brodisea, and sometimes referred to that genus, but differing in always having 3 stamens and a perianth which is contracted at the throat and saccate at the base. The only species is S. Califbmicum, Torr. IBrodiJca voliMlis, Baker). In many ways it resem- bles Brodicea coccinea, except that the scape is climb- ing to a height of 3 or 4 feet, and bearing an umbel of delicate rosy pink flowers. The scape twines readily about any stick or bush that stands near it. Lvs. 1 ft. or more long, keeled, % in. or less broad: corm about 1 in. in diam. Central Calif. B.M. 6123. G.C. III. 20:687. -Culture as for Brodicea coccinea. Carl Purdt. STRTPHNODfiNDRON is a genus of tropical Ameri- can unarmed trees belonging to the legume family. Ten species are known, one of which is a native of Guiana, the others of Brazil. They are usually small 1748 STRYPHNODENDRON ! foliage, numerous leaflets, and small ,ry, cylindrical spikes. Pis. sessile, fill] connate to the middle, valvate; ' j'od linear, compressed, thick. niH. use and *'. floribundum, both of L^ Acacia.s, the latter as A. ptilrher- :m>, is known to be cult, in America. STUAHTIA (in honor of John Stuart, Earl of Bute, a patron of botany; ]7i:!-1702). 8i imctimes spelled Stew- artiri. Tr-r>:!!lr'riniai;-rr, (l,-„:,„; or trpi-^, \Mili :, 11. ■,•„,■. T.., -1...,' ■ ' '■"■■■ A -.ri-;it,- l.-:ivrs ■ M -,i s -t slallis in the axil- ..[ ili.' Ir.n, - ■ ■ '. . ni.s,,!;,,- fr,iits. S.peHln.jn,,., ami .s /' ■ ' ),,,,.!■, ,,s f„i- north as Jlas^,. 1 ' 1 ,.,.!., north of Wash,,, , 1 , , , ornamental pi,,,,, : which turns d, . ; , fall, and they „,. ■ ■ ,1.: ' .' <'.■ r «',Ill their white cup .1.. '■ i I,,inllv surpassed by „,,;.'' . '•■'-l.',- I -. The Stua thr least in more northern refjions, u Prop, by seeds and layers; als ripened or almost ripened wood Five species occur in N. Aimr. trees, with smooth flaky 1,,,, I. ,1 nal, with 1 or 2 bracts t,, !■ i- als 5 or sometimes G, tl,, Li ular, usually concave, wi,!, . ,. , at the base with eacli (.tl,. , „,,,1 , hirsute capsul,', l<..',ili.'i.l,,ll\- .l.> seeds 1-4 in eacli l..i.,ik-. .-..nipn- winged. |..al all. I I., am, and, at ksanu, sunny position, by cuttings of half- nder jrlass. '^'•ally rrowly A. Styles united: petals always 5. B. Stamens purple, spreading : capsule subglobose. Malachod^ndron, Linn. (S. Virginica, Cav. ). Shrub -12 ft. high : Ivs. oval to oval-oblong, acute at botl 2437. Stuartia pentagyna (X K). ends, serrulate, light green, pubescent beneath, 2'A-4 in. long: fls. 2K-3 in. across, with obovate spreading petals : seeds wingless, shining. May, June (July and STURTEVANT August in the North). Va. and Ark. to Fla. and La. Gn. 14:136; 18, p. 628; 34, p. 280. G.C. II. 8:43;!.- This species has the largest and showiest flowers. ^fev 2438. Stylophorum diphyllum (X M). BB. Stamens with whitish filaments, incurved: cap- sule ovate, pointed. c. Bracts beneath the calyx large and leaf-like. monadfilpha, Sieb. & Zucc. Shrub or small tree: Ivs. oval to oval-oblong, acute at both enils, ,-. ,. I\ -. ,,,i- late, slightly pubescent beneath, ligbi l' , < ■ n I ' ,,,. long: fls. white, I J^ in. across, with II;, .li,,- vate petals; anthers violet. Japan. S/.. I ;„- l,,,-,s the least desirable species and probably as teiMicr as the preceding; it is doubtful whether it is in cultivation. Specimens recently introduced seen by the writer proved to be the following species. cc. Bracts small, shorter than calyx. PseMo- Camellia, Maxim. {S. grandifUra, Briot. S. Jap6)iica, var. grandifldra, Hort. ). Shrub, with up- right branches, ortree attaining fiO ft. or ni.ire in .lapan ; trunk with smooth red bark, p,, li,,L' ..n' i,, i.',, ;,, iliin flakes: Ivs. elliptic to ellipi !.■ 1, , ' - , i ili ends, or often acuminate at il . :. ', ' , hi grern. glabrous or nearly -" i I : ,,. ,.',iu': H- I,, mispherical, 2-2J^ in. a,-, : ,, . I iii.,~i, .., l,,.-- ,,l , ,,. i\e, silky-pubescci,, ■ , - . i ■ , s orantre- I , I -. eds 2-4 in each .■■ i: i,,Lred, dull. 1,1 \ ,,' Japan. B.M. Ti'l' i. !! I - , ' i:;n. G.C. Ill 1 IS? Gn. 43:899. G.F.'.i:,::.. \l, 1 1, ,. l:iilii:480. AA. Styles 5, distinct: petals often 6. pentigyna, L'Herit. (Malachodindron ov&tum, Cav.). Fig. 2437. Shrub, 6-1.-, ft. high: Ivs. ovate- to ..l.L.iig- o%-ate, acuminate, ii-,,:,ll\ ,,.1, .1 ,,, l.,, .■. ,■.■ i.ly serrate, sparingh |,,,i ' , , i . , ', , , • : i . , . ,, !,, 2K-5 in. long. 'lis. . ■: ,. ■ , , U obovate, with wa\">- .■, . ,,i,i;ii ,■ ,,,:,, -,,,. -i;,,,,.,,- .■,,iii.-, with orange-yellow aiill,.-i>: lapmUe .>\ale, pi.inleil, sharply 5-angied; seeds narrowly winged. July, Aug. N. C. and Ga. to Tenn. and Fla. B.M. :«)18. B.R. 13:1104. M.D.G. 1900:479. Alfred Rehder. STURTEVANT, EDWARD LEWIS, agricultural ex- perimenter and writer, was born in Boston. Mass., Janu- ary 23, 1842, and died at South Framingham, Mass., July STURTEVANT 30 1898 Though holding the degree of M D fro ^ tl . »anj fit tacenei, I 6 Z 10 iH. long. theHarvarl Mel 1 s 1 ool D St rt at e er i ra B in jb > chlet 1 t > I ic 1 ijraijish ticelthei f t 1 1 1 t 1 1 1 t to agricult 1 1 ,1 \ 1 ip grandifdha At M t 1 1 1 Ivs. oval to then 0 1 \\ 1 1 1 11 ol ovate shortly c 1 rro ved toward (New L\ 1 U 1 1 1 pi 1 u 1 J iu 1 e ordb a cur n om e t on n th these tu 1 es Dr to"-etl ei d r re collect on of book tl e 1 1 I ] 1 ibrous above, 1 i 1 11 11 i 1 /iS in. long: 1 or sometimes ith spreading. ,'a' ( ' " , 11 he 1 before the t i e of L 1 1 tb his ndex card 1 he ol 1 S \ t 1 nL 11 1 1 U a ross. May. B B 2:599. bar u B 1 1 at the M •> o ir Botan cal BB To Jl lit / et nies ! 1 7 cenies soon Garde i 1 gi bro 4 A b I ; ^ ,^-^V I ,\^'-''°' Obdssia S el t Z o =;irib or small tree, 30 ft. at (_ ene L s h f 1 0 1 g 1 11 an 1 ) et ole 0 tred with a wl ch the e 1 t 1 V 1 1 1 bee 1 COD 1 t 1 i h 1 1 1 1 r^ els tor 1 J e tlv 0 n\ his career ge tive ot wo tbj degree A 1 oo- apl c sketcl and a 1 t of 1 i r ] wr t ngs are I r te 1 i the Tenth Repo t of tl M Botani al C ar len VVm Treleise STYL6PH0EUM (Greek, style and bearint), in reference to the persistent style). Papaverctcae. A genus of prob- ably 3 species of perennial herbs, one American and the others from southeast- ern Asia and Japan. Herbs with stout rootstocks and yellow sap: Ivs. lobed or .•111 : il-. M li'iv Ml rrd, rather si I. ••■ : II i or ,-lustered ; ! ■_' : I I I . Il- niiincrous; placentae 2- I ; ~iii - 1 ; >ti-nia 2-4-lobed, railiiiif . i-iip^iile linear or ovoid, dehis- cent to the base. diph^Uum, Nutt. {Papdver Styld- phorum. Hort.). Celandine Poppy. Pig. 2438. A hardy perennial about 1 ft. high, forming large clumps: stem with 2 Ivs. at the summit: Ivs. light green, pinnately parted : fls. yellow, 2 in. across, in clusters of 3-5. May, June. Moist shade, W. I'm, to Wis. and Tenn. B.B. 2:1(12. .1.11. 111. :i4:475. -An attrac- tive plant •■( r;isy culture in any rich, rather loose, uku^^i >.u1 in either shade or t erably in partial shade. ST'JEiX (ancient Greek name of Styrax oflicinalis). Styraciceie. Storas. Ornamental deciduous or ever- green trees or shrubs, with alternate, simple, serrate or entire leaves and white often pendnliuis riowcrs iu ax- illary clusters or terminal racemes, full.. we. 1 by ilru- paceous dry or fleshy fruits. ,S'. Ohus.-a in. long, al- most glabrou.s. with ,s|.icailiiiK or reflexed, lanceolate- oblong petals; calyx-teeth minute, acute. ApriWune. Va. to Fla., west to Ark. and La. B.M. 921. L.B.C. 10:900. B.R. Il:il52 (as Balesia parciflora). 1750 STYRAX oc. Pedicels %-l in. long, ylaliroii.s. Jap6nica, Sieb. & Zucc. Fig. 2439. Shrub or small tree, becoming 30 ft. high, with slender spreading branches: young hranchlets and Irs. with stellate pu- bescence, which soon disappears : Ivs. broadly elliptic to elliptic-lanceolate, acute at both ends, often acuminate, crenately serrulate, pilulirnus. l-i; in. loiitr: fls. pf-ndn- lous, in 3-6-fld. (ihil.rous r:.r.i„,.v: ,-,,r"ll:i ahmit '. in. long.withslightly S|>ri.;i.lill^'.rlll|.lir, l,,nirntlll..^r ].f.l:Lls ; iially ;. (it. 17;jS3. B.M. ':i9:229, 230. i\ to S. Japonica: Ivs. U and calyx. Malay SUCCORY. for Ch Alfred Rehder. SUCCULENTS are desert plants that live on a min mum of moisture. Kitchen vegetables are said to 1 "succulent" when they are tender, sappy, full of juic — as lettuce or cucumbers. In ornamental gardenir "Succulents" are such tough and dry plants as cac and century plants. The cacti are typical Succulent as they represent a liotjuilial iMinily crciifi-d by ni^i of desert life. Kv.'li in ll-^^.■|■ ,iii.l fruit th.- cacti ill much removed from "ihcr hMianical i■alllilic^. ami the structure of tlnir vci;cial.lc [.aris tlicy an- liiijh specialized to accord with desert conditions. Near cacti, botanically, are supposed to be the ficoidese, ( which the large genus Mosembryanthemum is most in portant. The family Crassulacefe cont or succulent plants, tbe m<"^t imjioctan are mentioned under ( ',,, .»/,/ i iiImc i ly fleshy appearance and liain ' i ^ i iiiiil\ . i. ;;. . Agave and Aloe; lie- - j.ii' ■-. I'.i i : i ! . c :• , , I jipln.rliia ; the milkweed faniil> , c -., Siai.dia ; i!,c imr-laiic family, e. g., Portiilaca, ami anionic cniicisifi-^ ccrlaiii species of Senecio, Kli inia and llcriia. Iviiiiipl. i'^ l>ic Sukkulenten, Berlin, Is'.IJ, is an illustrated l.i.ui; uf liii:! pages covering the above ground, mostly from the bo- tanical side. Nearly all the good cultural books on cacti notice the succulent plants of other families. In this work consult Cacti and the various genera indicated above. See also special books published in Europe. There is no sjiecial American book literature, ^x. M. SUGAR APPLE. Anona squamosa. SUGAR BERRY. CUis ocritlentalis. SUGAR BUSH. In some English books this name refers to Pnttr,: mi'llif, i;i , a plant not cult, in America. In the U. S., Sugar Hush, or Sugar Orchard, refers to a grove of sugar maples. SUGAR CANE. Sec Sarcl,ai;i„i. SUESD6RFIA vlolicea, Cras, ami Sulliviintia Ore- gAna, S. Watson, arc Iwo small |.e,ciii,ial herbs of the saxifrage family iiaiive to i In- c.iliimliia river re^'i.ui. They were once otl'ered l.y \sesicrii c,,ll,-ct..rs but are not known to be in cullivaliiuj. 'I'luv are fully described in Proc. Am. Acad. Arts. Sei.. the former in 1.5:41. the latter 14:292. SUMACH. See Jihxs. SUNDEW. Pmsera. SWAIXSONA grown fur ornament, and the seeds (fruits) are also uscil as poultry food. Sunflower oil, produced in Rus- sia, is used in salads. See Bull. 60, Div. of Chemi.stry, U. S. Dept. of Agric, by Harvey W.Wiley, on "The Sun- flower Plant, its Cultivation, Composition and Uses," 1901. SUN ROSE, neiianlhemnm. SURINAM CHERRY. Eugenia Michelii. SUTHERLANDIA (.Tames Sutherland, one of the earliest su|Miiiiieiidents of the Edinburgh Botanic Gar- dens, aiitlicir "f 'Ilurtus .■\Ie,licus K.liuburgensis," 1083). Le(JiliinH..S'r. Siilln'rl.nnl>:l frnl,.r,,ix. the BLADDER Senna ef llie ('a|ic, miciit he ron -lily described as a red- Hiiwcrcii Swain-oiia. It is a tender shrub said to grow ; II. Ill I. i^ HI South Africa. Each leaf is com- i . I II , 11 pairs of leaflets and an odd one. it va- pea- lons-. witti rcHexpfi sides; amiard. ami tlic wings are All inie,e-i,,,- fei'itureof like pud, which sometimes described 9 and 1: pod many At the Siiilicrlandia is very imperfectly nnder- aie at most 5 species, or «S'. frtdescens may he only one. Generic characters: fls. as ve; calyx campanulate, 5-toothed; stamens ry stalked, nianyovuled; style bearded: 'ded, indehiscent: seeds reniform. e S. fn■• 1 1 1, l.u-er red tls. (var. ffrajirfi- fl<'ni ), winch in France at least does not flower until the s nd year. (3) A white-fld. form,which is probably one of two .liiVerent things cultivated under the name of S. linrii, 111,^1, 1 , but which is here called S. fnifesceiis, var. Siiilierlaiidias are highly esteemed by French connois- seurs, I li,.y are propagated by seeds and are said to be readily raised by Cuttings. Seeds of the typical form are sown ill March or April under glass and the plants bloom the same summer for several months. They seem to be iisually kept in pots for the decoration of verandas, terraces, etc., but could probably be grown in the open border during summer. The seeds of var. grandifloru are generally sown in .lune or July, and the plants wintered in a greenhouse. They bloom toward the end of May. which is earlier than 'the typical forms. For winter treatment, the French advise very moderate water- ing and as much air and light as possible. lu America the Sutherlandias seem to be known only in California, though an eastern dealer has recently offered one under the name of "Scarlet Bush." The var. tiraiidi flora is worthy of trial by northern florists. Flora Capensis 2:212. The species is hardy at San Francisco. frut^scens, R. Br. Bladder Senna of the Cape. Tender South African red-fld. shrub described above. Harvey calls the typical form var. communis; it has Ifts, glabrous above, elliptical or oblong: ovaries and ,iods -lal.roiis. B.M. 181 (as Colulen fruteseevs). R.H. is;it;. II, jno. Var. tomentdsa, Harv. Lfts. shorter and broader, obovate or obcordate, silvery white on both sides: ovaries and pods hispid. Var. grandifldra, Hort. (S. floribilnda, Carr., not Vilm.), has large red fls. and does not bloom until the second year. R.H. 1871:610. Var. Alba (S. florll»hida,Ynm., not Carr.) has white fls. Ernest Braunton. of Los Angeles, received in 1900 a plant called S. spectabilis, of which little is known, w. M, SUWAREO. Cereus giganUus. SWAINSdNA (Isaac Swainson, an English horti- culturist of the latter part of the eighteenth century). Often spelled Sirainsoniti. Leguniindsir. About 25 SWAINSONA Australian undershrubs and herbs, differing from Colutea chiefly in smaller stature and the large lateral stigma. Flowers pea-like, in axillary racemes, purple, blue, red, yellow or white, often showy; standard or vexillum large and showy, orbicular; wings oblong, twisted or falcate ; stamens U and 1 : fr. a turgid or inflated pod, which is sometimes divided by a partition and sometimes with the upper suture depressed; seeds small and kidney-shaped: Ivs. unequally pinnate, usu- ally with several or many small leaflets. Now and then various species are seen in the collections of amateurs or botanic gardens, and S species are offered by one German dialer. I.nt l.v far the most popular kind is S. galegifoliii, \ar. i.iona galegifdiia is an old-time garden plant, blooming freely in a cool or intermediate house along with carnations and roses. It thrives well either as a pot-plant or in beds. It is hardy at San Francisco. It is a nearly con- tinuous bloomer. Cuttings taken in late winter bloom in summer; these plants may then be transferred to the house for winter bloom, altliousjli maiden plants are to be preferred. By cutting bark nld i.hmt-.. new bloom may be secured. Cuttings i;n.w readilv. The plant is easy to manage. The original fnrni cf Swainsona is little known in cultivation, but the advent of the white form has brought the species to the fore. Var. albifldra, Lindl. (var. n'/bn, Hort. S.nlbifldra, G.Don). Fig. 2440. Flowers pure white. B.R. 12:994. L.B.C. 17:1642. A.F. 8:1173; 10:611; 11:1180. Gng. 5:18.5. -In North America this is now one of the most popular of white florists' flowers for use in winter dec- orations. It has been called the "Winter Sweet Pea" because of the shape of the flowers, but it has no fra- grance. The delicate bright green foliage affords an excellent contrast with the pure white flowers. This variety is often grown at the end of a rose or carnation house, or trained on a trellis. It likes abundant sun- light, rich soil and liquid manure. When allowed too much root room the plants become very large and are- slow to bloom, wherefore a large pot or tub is prefer- able to the border. Var. vioiacea, Hort.. has rr.sc. violet fls., and is some- what dwarf . S. rayiiilhi f.,h„ , Sallsb., probably repre- sents this form or s.,n,.thin- v.-ry like it. B.M. 1725. S. coronillafoUa is an "Mnr name than S. galegifolia, and if the two names are considered to represent the same species the former should be used. Var. rdsea, Hort., has pink flowers. S. Ferrandi, Hort., is called a " garden variety " by Kew au- thorities. Var. alba is described in R.H. 1886, p. 562. and var. carminea is in the American trade. L. H. B. SWALLOW THORN. HippophaH rhamnoides. SWAN KIVER DAISY is Brachycome iberidifolia . SWEET ALYSSUM. See Ahjssum maHtimum. SWEET BASIL. See Basil. SWEET HERBS 1751 Laurus vobili; SWEET BEIER. SWEET CICELY, or SWEET-SCENTED CHERVIL {Mfii-rhis odorita, Scop., which see), indigenous to Europe upon the banks of streams, is a graceful, hardy perennial 3 ft. tall, with very large, downy, grayish green, much-divided leaves, hairy stems and leaf-stalks, small, fragrant white flowers, and large brown seeds of transient vitality. The leaves, which have an aromatic, anise-like, sweetish flavor and odor, characteristic of the whole plant, are still occasionally employed in fla- voring soups and salads, though their use as a culi- nary adjunct, even in Europe, is steadily declining. In American cookery, the plant is almost confined to our unassimilated, distinctly foreign population. Though easily propagated by division, best results are obtained from seed sown in the autumn either spontaneously or artificially; the seedlings, which appear in the follow- *' O^S^V; 2440. Swainsona ealegifolia var. albiflora (X }i) ing spring, are set 2 ft. apart each way in almost any ordinary garden soil. Spring-sown seed frequently fails to germinate. When once established common care will be sufllcient. jj. G. Kains. SWEET CLOVER. Melilolux alba. SWEET FERN. M,/rica Gale. SWEET FLAG. Acorus Calamus. SWEET GALE. Mi/rica Gale. SWEET GUM. Liqnidambar. SWEET HERBS. The term " Sweet Herbs " has long been applied to the fragrant and aromatic plants used in cookery to add zest to various culinary preparations, principal among which are dressings, soups, stews and salads. At the commencement of the nineteenth cen- tury many were to be found in gardens and kitchens that now have been dropped entirely or have but very limited use. Perhaps no group of garden plants dur- ing this time has been marked by so little improve- ment. Except in parsley, very few distinctly new or valuable varieties have been produced or disseminated. This is mainly due to the prevailing ignorance of their good qualities, to which ignorance may be charged the improper handling, not only by the grower, but by the seller and often by the flnal purchaser. With the public 1752 SWEET HERBS duly awakened to tlie uses of lierlis improvements in growing handling and in the plants themt,el\es will naturallj follow, to the pleasure and profit of all In this country the herbs best known and appreciated are parsley sage thjme savorj marioiani spearmint, dill feniul liui„..i iMlni ui.l ImsiI „,,,i„ed qpicM more i i 1 i i 'I ih i garden i I t ill excepl httle w.Mih II, ,1 searcelv sec n dutsKh there they ha\ e oul stncted mamlj to tl restaurints ind bote In min% mul. t _ from til III II packe< plied „ro\ier and sold dunng 1 one half the quantities ire disposed of in the robably more tlia used thioughout the country latter m iniiir As a inle, the herbs are grown as annuals and are propagated from seed sown in early spring, though cuttage, layerage and division of the perennials are in favor for home practice and to a certain extent also in the market-garden. Coniini-r''i:illy tbry ni-p most coni- bage, peas, beets, etc. In iIh' Ih'iih' u-ii'Iiii i1m\- jire frequently confined to a .-..i m > . :i il.> i„r, -mI.Ii t.. the Chen the eral, herbs should be planted m, of fine texture, kept clean by gathered on a dry day after the si.il Coriaiulri. Ihll. l-;„„rl. Ih,r,l,.>uu,l. l/,is..„i.. gold, M.ujo,;,,,,. Mini. /:i,.-.l.,i. l;i,i„ni,iHl, Samphire, Savory, Tarrayon, Thiittti.'. M. (i. K SWEET LIME. See Lime. SWEET MARJORAM. See Origanum. SWEET PEA (Lnlhiirns nflnrnlnx. See Litlln, botanical account. For strm-ture of the Hew Legume). Figs, -111-11, h'.,,- iis l„.;,iii v rin.Mni the Sweet Pea is tln' iiu.rn .ir ili, li.r-.' L'.nn^ i it belongs. Loni,^ .'i r-niin-n ir.nili n ,iiinit:il, \\ i cent years it has l.rni lii-i,n:jlil in a lii-li .I.' development, until it ranks with the most popu den favorites. It is also grown for high -class exh and floriciiltural competition. Its early botanical history has been traced 1650. The whole liistory .if llic S«.! ]ini^'ment gives no encouragement to the si.,allr,l M.iul.l.-" Sweet Pea, the grandiflora highest form of developim n' " i ' is first in bringing the sjtu flora size and form, and li of flowers on the stem. '11 takes on 4 blossom- ti. :i ~i. m i.. 5 blossoms to a trii.- .^in-N- -'' m length and diaim-ii r i.t rJM -i, in determining merit. Siim- I ally exhibited, aii-l the t) • high culture unhss tlir -i 1 inches in length. TlnMiii. - ■ has a standard wlii.li wh. n j ,. ■ circular and will cciver a >il\. exhibition stock will now shov measure 1% in. across. Now that this flower is grown for the highest com- petitive test of skill, the rules tor .iudging an exhibit are of importance. Although no scale of points has received general recognition, yet, allowing that each variety must be .judged according to the correct indi- vidual type under which it was introduced, size of blossom, color, form, substance, number of blosso The ,marly blossoms that the of stem, are the essential points. The retrograde of stock is easilv shown by the loss of full rounded outline, reflexed standard and deterior- stance. De- terms have g., blossoms take the 1 common form, or are mi -expanded, boldly hed, shell-shaped, or blossoms on the stem is also a point aimed at by the specialist. A good degree of suc- cess is now reported from ordinary gardens every- where in the growing of r. Yet since it has been brought to its present highly hybrid- ized and developed stage some of its hardy habits that formerly made it easy to grow have been reduced. Closer attention must 2442. Gaiety Sweet Pea. now bo paid to such rules of culture as have been found neiessary. T.iler.ably rich soil inclining to a clay loam is best, (iv.r-eiiriehing will be likely to cause an excess of vim- gruwtli at the expense of bloom. In all light soil, firming the ground by treading or rolling it will be found a preventive of the early blight. The time for planting is as early as possible, the ground having SWEET PEA 1753 been prepared in the fall, and the seed going in as soon as the frost is out. This first planting should be covered one inch, the place where the row comes being hollowed out about three inches to hold moisture. A later plant- ing needs to be covered with three inches of soil. Slow 2443. Red Riding Hood Sweet Pea. germination and almost a standstill condition through the month of May is better than any forcing process. Only the thinnest top-soil should be disturbed in hoeing and no soil filled in earlier than June, if at all. Cut- worms must be shown no quarter. A light mulch is excellent for shading the ground. Whatever support is given the vines must be strong and six feet high. A wire trellis answers well, but gooil birches give the vines a chance to ramble and they are cooler and more airy. Rows should run north and south. All the strength of the vines should be conserved by keeping the pods removed. ^f. T. HtTCHiNS. California's Contributions to the Sweet Pea — The pink and white Sweet Pe i or, as it was popul irly known the Painted Ldd\ is an old time garden favorite which was greath esteemed b\ flower lo\ ers for Its beautiful c( I 1111^ 11 1 1 ligltful frigrance This t>pe with til 11 I 1 I t n 1 kii d and a few sraill flowcn 1 I ] II 1 t tive color ing, constituted f 1 1 I soitment of varieties know 1 t I \\ I 1 \ ne spoke of the Sweet Pextl I I 1 iilistood m the sirae way that 1 1 se the faioiite Safi mo was the v 1 1 to In the pnst tweh e J eirs all tl 1 I 1 y the w onderful impro%enients mi 1 I the de\ elopment of this flower and it '11 ul irity Our list of varieties of the t 11 w i 1 lunning type now numbers over 180 -i 11 t This greit ii ij x 1 I ] 1 iih t th. ^^ ik of Henrv Fill 1 1 the Swell I 1 sent cut t 1754 SWEET PEA years after Mr. Eckford's introduction of a new variety our seedsmen are able to offer the seed at a price within the reach of every gardener. For a small outlay these novelties can be planted in masses unthought of by European gardeners. California has done much more than this for the Sweet Pea, however. The Sweet Pea likes a cool soil and climate, the vines shriveling up during midsummer and succumbing to the red spider during the hot, dry weather which prevails over a very large portion of our country. To a certain extent, therefore, the popularity of this flower has been confined to the cooler northern states. In the effort of nature to adapt the plant to changed conditions, an entirely distinct type of growth soonappeared in the California fields, h:ivins a low, compact, spreading habit. The densf, .l.<-iv ■-! n f.'li- age lying closely to the soil, serves t\] 1 -n.wih, many of which originated directly frwin ilir lail \ ari.-ties, and not from sports of the original i'u|.i.l. This Cupid Sweet Pea succeeds excellently in hot, dry weather, and exposed dry locations where success with the tall varieties is exceptional. Conversely, the Cupid type does not suc- 2444. Three varieties of Sweet Pea, about half size, indicatine: the progress in size of flower. The figure on the left shows a variety of the last generation ; that on the risht an average flower of to- day. The middle flower is the grandiftora type, re- duced from a flower IK in. across. Larger flowers ean Tje secured, but it is a question whether they are desirable. ceed in cool, moist locations where the tall sorts do best, as the dense foliage does not dry out readily and is inclined to mildew. Two other distinct types have been originated in this country, the Bush Sweet Pea, which stands half-way between the Cupid and tall Sweet Peas in growth, needing no trellis or support but with the foliage held well above the soil and the flower-stems of greater length than in the compact Cupids. This type is also especially adapted to hot weather and dry .soils, having a splendidly developed system of fine fibrous roots. The second type is the result of breeding and selection, exe npl fied in B rpee Earl e t of All wl ch 1 as tl e true ne 1 ke or r n ng growth b t grows only 18 hes 1 gh and co es to f 11 flower greatlv n a 1 ance of the taller vir eties of Sweet Peas w tho t a saor fice of s ze n tl e flower r of length n tl e t W tl tl ar et 1 i e I I 1 t ng a treat 1 V of H r n 1 e 1 1 n tl e 1 rn t te It e rly fl lit k t tl t 1 r lie of all V t e t f, 1 t,I f t r H SWEET POTATO r, r I It f r 1 t 1 a c t \ I I 1 I r ze 1 n Nortl A ill ill tie thern sta I I II Nortl The Swe t 1 I II- n r ng glorj fam ly Tl e 1 1 t t tl e 1 t The ed 1 le t hers F g '445 are home close together under the crown and unlike the common potato they ' i^h runners. A -ive from 3,000 off twice. An -.^ I.-. 200-400 bushels these are sometimes SWEET POTATO do not bear definite "eyes." The varieties differ greatly in length of vine and the "vineless" Sweet Potato has a bushy habit. Good commercial varieties that are well cared for rarely bloom, and even then the flow- ers may not produce seed. The plant is tender to frost. The species is widely distributed in tropical regions but is supposed to be of American origin. It has been cultivated from prehistoric times by the aborigines. The plant is exceedingly variable in its leaves (Fig. 2446), and the varieties are sometimes classifli-d on the foliar characters. In the southeast- ern sian 111. ■.'1.1 "potato" usually means sweet potat'.. i ..r the North being known as "Iri^li.' I I . I .1 ■ \s bite " potato. The .-. . . i r.i, rop amounts to fifty million busheU .uiiiuailj. i^iuge quantities are grown in the Caroliuas, (ieorgia, Texas, Alabama, Mississippi, Vir- ginia and New Jersey, the last state being the farthest point north where the crop is raised on a large scale. In California the yield is also large, particularly in the interior valleys and in places removed from the influ- ence of the coast climates. The Sweet Potato is propa- gated by means of its tubers, usually from the slips or cuttings which arise when tlie tubers are planted in beds or frames. It is al~.. i.r.i|.aL'.Mr,l l,y means of cut- tings or slips taken fn.iM ^ bushel of ordinary Swe. I r to .5,000 plants, if the >|m - a, average good yield of Swcei. r..ia per acre. Yields twice as high 1 secured. In the northern states amateurs occasionally grow Sweet Potatoes of the southern types in a small way on ridges in the garden, but it is usually for the pleasure of the experience rather than for profit. A warm, sunny climate, long season, loose warm soil, liberal supply of moisture in the growing season and a less supply when the tubers are maturing — these are some of the requirements of a good Sweet Potato crop. The crop should be gathered immediately after the first frost. In the South a soft and sugary Sweet Potato is desired. In the North a firm, dry, mealy tuber is the prevalent type. Certain varieties of Sweet Potatoes are called "yams " in the South, but this name belongs historically to a very different kind of plant, for an account of There are two special American books on Sweet Pota- toes, by Fitz and Price. For history, see Sturtevant in Anier. Nat., Aug., 1891, pp. 698, 699. Some of the most important bulletins are Farmers' Bull. 26, U. S. Dept. Agric. and (ia. 2.5 by Hugh N. Starnes. Md. 59 and CO deal with the insects and diseases. L. H. g. Commercial Ccltivation op the Sweet Potato. — The cultivation of the Sweet Potato as a staple crop is confined almost exclusively to the southern states. While it is true that the Sweet Potato occupies large areas in New Jersey and is also planted more or less extensively throughout portions of Illinois, Indiana and Ohio, by far the greater bulk of the crop is to be found below the 38th parallel of latitude. Hence the cultural details here given, as well as the memoranda on dis- eases, are compiled from a strictly southern standpoint. Methods vary but little. Local environment enters less as a factor into Sweet Potato culture than into any other horticultural industry of the country. For this very reason it is remarkable that tliere should occur such extraordinary variations in t\ i . a- an . \ . 1 ywhere noted, and for which local eiivii 1 . itliing, should be held re.sponsible. Soiiiai. : .. ii. .varia- tions that without apparent cau^. ai. ; ■ :. lariety" so-called-more correctly, perliap-. -. . . 1 1. n "-will develop, when tran.sferred a few hini.lr. .1 mil. - I'r-.im its place of origin, after a few years ..f euli iv ai uni in the hands of half a dozen different i;i-..Aei>. Just that many distinct types, each differing mateiially frum the original in its more important characteristics — produc- tiveness, maturity, quality and habit of growth. This difference extends, sometimes, even to a change in the form of the leaf itself from possibly an ovate shape with margin entire and with no more trace of a lobe than an apple leaf has, to a sagittate or halberd form or even to one deeply cleft or indented. See Fig. 2416. SWEET POTAPO Propagation is effected altogether by means of shootb, mostly those from tht lont \\ hih lilcoiiis ai< often found on the vim i I i i \ii -- iili — they are nearh liop from the pedicel i ic the remarkable m 1 1 r i i i 1 1 i i i i i . i \ able in the Sweet Pot ito mu-.i l>e hhhiuiI ( imi. I\ to an active and persistent teudeutj m the plant to bud \aiia tion — in effecting which it must be admitted to be a veritable kaleidoscope. Propagation. — "Draws," or dcvelopf^d sprouts from root-buds, supply the readicsi aii.l. imlcHd. the only practicable means of propau-ai h.ii. I'uli.i- of the last season's crop are "bedded " for this jMiiposi.-; that is. an outdoor hotbed i.s constrtirtod in ^\ lin-h tlio tubers are plarrd ill a single layer, close together, atid covered with -. \i r.tl iiM-lies of soil early in spriiii^. In a few of tlo- liiai lioni the fermenting manure, will have sprouted, and liy the time all danger from frost has passed a dense growth of "draws," or "slips " will cover the bed. These are removed from the tubers, set by hand in the field in rows four feet apart— the plants eighteen inches, generally, in the row. The size of the bedded tubers does not affect the crop. As good results are obtained from small as from large potatoes. Even the smallest tubers or "strings" consistently planted from year to year, produce as heavily as the choicest selections This is but logical if we remember th t th Sw t P t t ly 1 1 al fi by t a 1 h y I I i t 1 1 uld p nd at F 1 SWEET POTATO l(Oi> premature planting Against this tendencj earnest piotest should be entLitd It is the cause of much loss When an eail\ iniik. t ci .p is not th. , 1 i, < t there is no need fui li im. hi ]iitiin^ . iit tli. .1, us since the eison is il in 1 iiiil\ I i _ I i I i in l\ | I mt ing e% en in June iti i o nl «h it n 1, im i d It planted in Mn i . iiliei uilh iIr 1 nt, uthein seison the crop is likely to matuie beloie the appioach 2145. Sweet Potato, s. of cold weather permits the proper housing. The con- sequent and usual result is a " second growth," which predisposes the tubers to the inroads of the "soft rot," which causes great loss. A deep mellow soil bed with an extended season un- 1 t n bly w 11 p d e n 11 1 lat t 1 bhall w p p t w U J 1 1 1 I I t 11 w that tl d 1 th 1 tl a 1 th plant ng n y b ff t d P at -W e t po bl to s fully and p n ly p e th u 1 th w ut tl Sw t P tat p nth n ag Itu \\ 1 1 1 ] a t Uj lut 1 L nd apal 1 t i I a 1 1 f t n tl y $40 w 11 II I i tO I h 1 f I t t at h If the 1 1 th a 1 I h $ n Tl 1 1 1 II gladl t k 1 1 I at anj p ^ I t n f Th n to b p 1 h b nf u C tt n f abl t d th f p du t t t b g A njl u y f m tl 1 npl d Sw t Potato culture would occupy too much space. They are, moreover, too familiar to require repetition. Yet it is desirable to call especial attention to certain points which have been insufficiently discussed in previous publications. First among these is the practice of I 1 lut e h g nat ad at t be f nd that w 11 ff tually 111 1 1 f 1 k t ff n sot 01 hi 1 1 t wl h I 1 1 I t t h p 1 I f t 1 d f 1 1 1 y p 11 1 1 wtl 1 t 1 tl 1 11 1 II y b t f 1 If the f b a d to 1 1 t ly°l a y - A f f th m t n f 1 tp -th f n n t h f tl 1 xp 1 n aft mpt t nt h p-w 11 1 n t i n th p bal le d f their importance: (a) Soft Sot {Rhisnpns nigricans): This is the most common form of rot, and the one that produces the most damage. It is due to a fungus or mold on abraded places, chiefly of the tuber, especially when the potatoes 1756 SWEET POTATO are stored in large bulk, without sufficient opportunity to dry out. It is periiaps the main cause of loss with stored potatoes, developing rapidly and immediately, under favoring conditions, and reducing, some- veeks, the of a bin or hill (■. n i.n!..v „.:,-- of cor- ruption, I'M! IN I,,.. -1 ,1 -'m-odor. A few si,,,;-. ,.■:..:,, , . • •,,,-, will greatly r..l , . !■ ., , i-,-: (1) Dig only «lirii ^,.ii i^ ,iri i j i Dig be- fore tubers lu'conu- saj)!)}' froni a "second growth." (3) Remove all affected tubers before storing. (4) Use padded baskets in handling to avoid abrasion. (5) Store in small bulk and keep dry and well ven- tilated. (6) Black RotiCerulocjistis fimbriaia): The fungus producing this affection does epen I of moisture and abr;isi. however, all through the wint.-r and ■ ften completing the destruction the ..tli. r has Im .jun. It is all the more to be .liv .l.'.l lierause it is not so immediately iimIii ■aMe. ai,.l tubers containing its genus a. ■ ,„..,- likely to be housed. The bl.hk Ml ,{.„-. ,„,t pro- duce a pulpy mass, iIm.u jli .MT.rinallv de- stroying the entire tiili ■■. II l,,.,,„ently makes its appearance .,„ ilie \..inig draws at "setting-out time." veiiieily: careful selection — 1st, of sound tul)ers for bed- ding; 2d, of perfectly healthy draws for setting; 3d, where these conditions can- not be fully complied Willi, I, V |.l.-iiitingthe bulk of the crop wuli niMn. - Iimiii the vines, thus minimi i: ! ■, . The use of copper sulfai. , .1 . -i Mm stand- ard fungicides, cilli. r a, a |.ia\ i.r for soaking the tubers, is not advisaiile; for, since the mycelium of most of the fungi causing decay in the Sweet Potato is lodged in and protected by the interior cells of the tuber, surface treatment would prove more or less futile. (c) Soil lint (Aeroci/xtis Bntalas): This fungus, as its aame implies, is a resident of the soil rather than of the tuber, and hence cannot be readily guarded against. It is responsible for most of the decay observed in the crevices or cracks of split tubers. Sudden expansion of vegetable tissue due to a resumption of rapid growth when wet weather follows a period of drought, particularly when the soil is a stiff cl.av, produces the primary "crack- 1 "• an 1 tl e spores of the fungus fir d ng a r ady 1 Ign it st it tl e process of de ca-\ Asf rrei el 1 a\y appl citions ot If r to tl p s 1 1 I ci f 1 1 to 1 1 r It this the lie I II true for an\ inl ill r t - i t i The same areas should ne\ er Ic j lai ted in potatoes two jears in s ic e s n n r h I 1 tl I ot be used t ice for a 1 1 1 iws even at tl e cobt e in estibhshmg the Several otherfungi are H t the Sweet Potato as the sten r f wliterot dry rot potato scurf leaf 1 1 ght etc but their ravages will not compare with the damage produced by the first three— soft rot, black rot and As for the first three, it matters little of Sweet Potato. to the practical grower whether or not he Georgia Experimei^ Station. SWEET POTATO is able to distinguish one from another. After the conditions favoring the spreail of one of them have been iiennitted i,, develop and the resultint; .1. ,a\ ..nr. ap pears, it is usually too hit. i.. pm nm. dial measures into effect, licine.ly. in tl.is case, must piecede manifestatiuii of dis- ease. Every possible precaution should be observed at one and the same time against them all. Proper preventive effort during harvesting will be found a surer guarantee against loss from decay than the most elaborate structure or the most carefully detailed method of housing yet devised, and when thoroughly enforced little apprehension need be felt as to re- sults, no matter what plan of preserva- tion is adopted. To this end the following summary of procedure will be found serviceable: a. Rotate the crop. Never plant twice in succession on the same land. b. Rotate the bed. Never use old soil or old manure a second season. c. Dig only when the soil is dry. d. Dig before tubers are rendered moist and sappy by a "second growth," and to this end never plant too early in spring. e. Use padded baskets in handling to prevent bruising and abrasion. f. Handle with scrupulous care. g. Reject all affected tubers before stor- ing. h. Store dry, in small bulk; if in bins erect bulkheads and use flues for ventila- tion. i. Use only perfect tubers for bedding, rejecting any showing symptoms of decay. ,j. Use only healthy and unaffected draws for setting out. Ic. When draws in bed are affected with diseased roots {black rot) and cannot be thrown away, plant in a separate plat and take cuttings from their vines later for the main crop. Varieties. — Since new varieties of the Sweet Potato can originate only by bud variation, it is a marvel where and how all of the different types arise. The writer has personally cultivated and tested some fifty odd kinds, and there doubtless exist, in all, 75 or 80 — the num- ber still increasiiicr. B'lt ..no uniform method of classili' iii.,,. ,,,^i. - tliat by the "leaf" into tn nl.r the three heads, "l,. a < ,, "Leaves shouldered or Inli. d ai-'l I,, av.s cleft" - commonly t e r in e d " round - leafed," "shouldered" and "split-leafed," respec- tively. Of these the second type is the most numerous, containing probably two- thirds of the entire list. As for the best variety, 'the "all-round" potato has not yet been found, nor is it likely to be, since such a type should be a tremendous yielder, of first quality, a safe keeper and free from disease. No potato embodies, superlatively, - all of these characteristics. AH of the heaviest vielilers l.el.iiiEr. unfortunately, to the ■ i:ii.'i . Ml i inpentine" group— as Nor- 1 , il -Miitliern Queen, White St. |i ' I liolden, etc.,— and their ^ a; ['\ MMii.|.i,n('y prevents them from kei'ping well, while their qnaliiy is nni formly poor. Regarding qualii . . Iim\vm\ rr. tastes differ. The northern niarkMi piMt. is a dry, mealy potato, repres.nie.l hy tlie Jersey or Nansemond strain. The southern market, on the other hand, demands a rich, sugary potato, like the Georgia or Yellow Yam, which is generally considered SWEET POTATO to be the standard of excellence, and is a good keeper though yielding very lightly. The market it is intended to supply should, therefore, be specially planted for. If for northern shipment, the Jersey Sweet is preferable. For early local sale Orleans Red ("Nigger-killer"), Early Golden or Bermuda Red, head the list. For winter storage and local market in spring it is best to rely on the good old popular standard — the Georgia Yara-despite its light yield, or rein- force it with Vineless, which closely approaches it in quality and is a much heavier cropper. Hugh N. Starnes. SWEET SCABIOUS, See Scahiosn. SWEET-SCENTED SHKUB. See CahicanlliK.s. SWEET-SOP. A,w,ia squamosa. SWEET SULTAN. See Centaurea moschafa. SWEET VEENAL GRASS. See Anthoxanlhnm. SWEET WILLIAM i nthus barbatus. SWERTIA (after Emanuel Swert, a bulb cultivator of Holland and author of Florilegmm. VSVl). Gentiand- cew. About 40 species, widely scattered about the world but mainly from S. Asia of annual or perenn al herb with simple leaves, mainly radical m tl e i erennnl spe cies and yellow, blue or white flowers m loose or rather dense corymbs. Calyx 4-5-parted: corolla rotate witl a very short at the tube and glandu 4-5, overlapping to tl e r "ht dehiscing by 2 valves at tl e s diltlta, Benth. & Hook ( ^| tender perennial about 1 t I gled, branching from n ovate-lanceolate, 3-nerve 1 the base, short-petioled 1 fastigiate umbel; coroll I apex and bearing at the 1 ous pit destitute of a fr perSnnis, Linn. A barly lower Ivs. oblong- ellipt al ovate - oblong, obtuse fl i white, in a thyrse; coroll lo) bearing at the base 2 orl I with a fringe. Colo 1 1 1 alpine regions of E i an alpine bog plant an 1 1 moist soil. SWIETfiNIA (Gerard van cian to Empress Mar 1 1 r This genus contains I I importance in the fii offered by nurseryni i 'Of < 5 n 1 1 ft h gh mg pet ole 1 stem 1 stly 5 merous bl le t ell 1 1 cal obi n"- a te F V, Bar la\ ' eten 1 00 1 i 1 v \ enna) Uel a tree a t ee of 1 * II o ngtree 1 s Cal t \ tr I cal 3f 2 . vith obi aall fl a\ liar or 11 o parted hape 1 10 le 5 loculed th hard ^tc pinnate leaves long-acurainate leaflets ■ somewhat terminal pal cles cal petals 5, spreading Stan nal t toothed; disk annular o arj ovo capsule about 3 in. through Mah4goni, Jaeq. MAHOrANV A large tree dark red wood of well known val le for furn tu Lfts. 6-10: fls. green h jellow Trop cal reg North and South An er ca West Ind es a i S Flor d — According to Mueller s Select Extra trof al Plants the degree of endurance of the tree is not ufhc ent ascertained. In .Jama ca it hardly reaches an elevat f of 2,000 ft. It requires r ch so 1 Accord ng to Rea om Bros., the trtee will bloom at small s ze when " own Po's- P. W. Barclay. SWISS CHARD. See Beta, Greens, SaJad Plants. SWORD LILY. Gladiolus. SYMPHORICARPOS llOl SYCAMORE in Europe is Acer Pseudo-platanus; ir Vnierica Platanus occidentalis. The Sycamore of the mcients was a kind of flg ki „tiq,, ■ better /•■ > Fig. Sij- SYMBIOSIS is the intimate :,sx,,riai i..,, ,,t two or lore distinct organisms, with iM-ntiit t" t-nt- only, or to isalism; consortisni; copartnership. In h organism is called a symbiont. According to the character of the union, several kinds of symbiosis have been recognized: (1) Mutual antago- nisth- vvniliioM- ' hiiilual parasitism), when two organ- ism^ : ! . : li <.ther, as certain bacteria and ani- ninN. ;i i : ' . iiig a "natural resistance;"also the synir. :.i-.ii . I ..:, i ,,, lichens with lichens. (2) Antago- nistic - . iiii'j''-i- liiiie parasitism), when the host is partlv ■•r i |i|n(|y killed by the parasite, as the po- tato aiiM til.- r.it fuiiLTUS {Phytophthora infestans): or galls iliiiiiriirophi. s) produced on the host as in the black knot ..( plums; and in higher plants, which live at the expense of others, as the mistletoe (i^rnnl and the dodder (chlorophylless). (.IIMutual syml.i.i^is.wlu n there is often reciprocal advantage; I'M iinl li.i-ni, when one symbiont nourishes the other witlniut ;i]i- parently receiving any return, as the mycorrbiza and the roots of forest trees; (b) mutualism, when a mu- tual benefit results from the union of two organisms capable of living separately, as the bacteroid and the roots of the Leguminosfe; (c) individualism, when the syn 1 lont are so intimately con ecte 1 1 ^tl as to suggest as ngle nlv lual a tl e t 1 \ f ang IS to form a 1 chen (4) Prototropl 1 e relat onsh p as in the 1 che T I wh ch event ally gets ts n 1 of a lodger a d fiferent 1 chen { ] 1 os s when one svmb ont 1 ves n I 1 er for shelter as Nosf c the t t II i I emna Cycas Gunnera an 1 Anal oe \z 11 John W Har hberger Svmpho SYMPHORICARPOS re 1 I t r e 1 ff a d one s] ec es r III easons thej are pleasing all I I 1 i_e Of easj propagation A / I 7 te B Sta t ens a 1 1 stjle cl 7 I racemflsus, Michx. Snowberry. Waxberrv. Fig. 2447. A shrub, 2-6 ft. high: Ivs. smooth, entire or sometimes repand or even lobed : fls. rose color, in a loose and often leafy raceme; stamens and style in- cluded : fr. globose, white, persistent. July, Aug. 1758 SYMPHORICABPOS Eastern N. A. B.B. 3:235. -A smooth shrub with s der branches usually bending under its load of ben Var. pauoifldrus, Robbins, is of smaller growth has fewer fruits. Mu. 2, p. 10. B.B. 3:236. BE. Stanien.f and slijlc exserted. occidentaiis, R-. Br. Wni.FnrKKT. This inay be i the tha speci the two previously descri of it.s ahundaut persisteiii iegatus, Hort., has the ie; and is thi AA. Fruit nil. vulgaris, Michx. In- dian Currant. Coral Berry. Fig. 2448. Lvs. ovate : tls. in dense axillary and terminal spikes; style and sta- luded : fr. dark red. July. Along rivers and rocKy places N.J. to Dakotas, south to Ga. and Te.v. Mn. 1, p. 84. i;n.34, p. 280. -A rather iiiMii' .■,.iii|.:ict bush than M lii s. \ ;ilu:il)le because i (..!.:.i;v. Var. var- uaiki-.l white and yellow s var. ftiliU riirieiidlin. Var. glomer- form with longer terminal spikes. John P. Cowell. symphyAndra <.»! together). I is a hardy s bell-shaped Ik-suy roots, dry po , genus of about 7 species of peren- n tlie region of Asia Minor. Its rih i.si lii's in the fact that the :;. iIh r ini" :i tube, which character ill I Mill ii'ii l.rtween the Campanula s. ()iliiiwise the genus is much cters: caudex thick: lvs. broad, usually ■; radical lvs. long-stalked; stera-lvs. s. white or yellowish, usually nodding, -. Iv ].;iiiii'lfd: inflorescence centrifugal: ' I |iliirii-iil or fop-shaped, with or liLc^ I lit ween the lobes; corolla Hoimanili, i'aiit. .Mnrh IriiMlr-l, i.;in--r.- lirntn-ties calyx with large, leafy. :.. ' " i>li' il- eal tube and no appeiid.i_. i,...i imii, .n^iile. Bosnia. B.M. 7298. Gn. :,7. |.. ::■':;. ' ,.' . 11 1 . 1 : 7i;i , - This desirable bellflower has been cult, by aiiKiteiirs in the East. It sometimes spreads rapidly in half-shaded rockeries and sows itself. W. M. S'S'MPHYTUM (Greek, to grow together, in reference to the supposed healing virtues). BorraginAcew. CoMFKEY. About 16 species of perennial herbs from SYMPLOCOS Europe, Asia and N. Africa, with usually tuberous roots: lvs. simple, often decurrent, and with rather sm;in yellow, lilue or purplish flowers pediceled in ter- niiiiil .iiM!.i. ..I i.riiiiched cymes: calyx 5-cut or parted, l.iii. l!;i tubular, lobes very short and ne:ii lis 5, attached to the middle of the cun.llii ml" . iiM lii.iiil: nutlets4; seeds nearly globular. Of easy eulture in any good soil. The shade of over- hanging trees is not objectionable. When grown for the beauty of the variegated foliage the flowering stems may be removed with advantage. A. Lvs. decurrent on the stem. ofSicinUe, Linn. A hardy branching perennial, about 3 ft. high: root thick: lower lvs. large, broadly lanceo- late: upper lvs. narrower: fls. small, pale yellow or l.iir|.lisli. in drooping cymes. June, July. Eu., Asia. Var. variegitum, Hort., has leaves widely margined with i-rcaniy white. A beautiful variegated plant es- pecially attractive in spring, when the coloring of the leaves is brightest and the large rosettes have not yet sent up any flower-stems. F.S. 18:1901-1902. AA. Zrvs. not derm-rent on the stem. aspfirrimum, Doim. I'ki. i.i , c ^hm , . r;-. 2449. A hardy perennial, nil >!■ "i/^c, often 5 ft.'high: lvs. ovair I I .1. i : ■ '.itli sides: fls. reddish in the ImuLih. ,,•:■ -iiu., -Miiiiir than in S. officinale. June, .lul>. Cuiua.-u- 1;..M . :(2y.-Var. variegi.tum, Hort., has leaves distiuctly margined with yellow. J. B. Keller and P. W. Barclay. SYMPLOCAEPUS. See Spathyema. S'^HPLOCOS (Greek, symploco-H, entwined or con- nected, the stamens being connate at the base). In- cluding Sopea and Lodhra. Styrac&ceoe. Ornamental deciduous or evergreen trees or shrubs, with alternate, entire or serrate lvs. and usually white fls. in racemes or panicles, rarely solitary, followed by berry-like, black, red or blue fruits. Only the deciduous S. cratip- goides is hardy north; it is a shrub with abundant white fls. in spring and bright blue fruits in autumn. It thrives in well-drained soil and sunny position. The half - evergreen i'. tinetoria, which seems not hardy north of its natural habitat, prefers moist soil and shady Mtii.iiii>n. 'I'lie evergreen :iri- all tender a few outside the trop- ics. Mostly trees : fls. in terminal or axillary racemes or panicles. drupe, witli l-fi 1 -seeded stcines. Several species have medical properties; 5. tinctoria yields a yel- low dye. cratsegoides, Buch.-Ham. (S. panicnlAta, Wall. Lddhra crati lui-, is ,1 tiitt. d plant bearing a few scapes about a t....t hi.li '1 li. inflorescence is a raceme about 5 in. loni;»itli il.o.it 41) purple-blue fls. each Vs of an inch a.ioss in 1 tj.;l.ind this plant is considered a winter blo..ti.. 1 , 11 i1..\mis there in Feb- ruary or March, occasn.n .Ih N..\i mb.-r. Synthyris is nearly r* 1 .t- .i t.. \\ ult. ma of southeast- ern Europe and the linn .1 .x .- I.m tin .iifi.ei -cells are not confluent and th. s .11. their na- tive region they are sin .1 I nil small purplish or flesh-col. .1 'generic characters: Plants yliin.... .1 |ii ili .1.1. thick: radical l\s ].. tioL.l. oy.ite or oblong and crenate or incise. I |. mil .ti-. . 1 . ,dyx 4-parted; corolla-tube very short, 1. i . s I (.1 n ,]h . stamens 2; style entire at apex: capsul. . ..iii|.i. s.. .1 remformis, n. nth l.n.;. 1 .111. 1 stout, r plant than the next, with iiioi. 1 Ml. I\ .III 1. .ih.iy lvs., longer anil stontt 1 s. n . n .1 i .. . m. sh. 1 1. i j.edicels, narrow sepals .111.1 I ..1..II I l.il.. s. , j^l,,l.,.s, . ..i,.lla-tube and more seeds in the cells, llie. To Wash. Introduced by Wool- son, Passaic, N. J. rotundifolia, Gray. Smaller, with weak, slender scape .■)-4 in. high, shorter than the membranous, broadly crenate lvs., a small tew-fld. raceme, broader sepals and corolla-lobes, fewer seeds in the cells and capsule di- varicately 2-lobed instead of merely eniarginate. Shady coniferous woods of Oregon. Offered in 1881 by Edward Gillett. w. M. SYKtNGA (of doubtful meaning; probably from stjrmx, pipe, because pipes are easily made from the straight stems of Philadelphus by removing the pith, and the name Sywiiga had been origiiiall> applii .1 to Philadelphus, but was transfo-red att, iw.i.N 1.. ih, Lilac). Olei'ierif. Lilac. Ornamental .b . i.liions sin nl.s or rarely trees, with lilu tls upright paiii.-l. 'I h. I il 1. s .1. m ..1 _ ...ir most popular anil 01 n mi. ni,.l il.\\.iin^ -Imil. m.l hardly griinci of th. .. .111111011 Lilai- is \ei\ sweet, as also of Siti Hi 1,1 ' s ainoi j. m Fru II r I I md TheN are on the n irket from tl f 1 1 1 f s 1 1 ii 1 1 r until they bloom outdor rs C harles X is considered one of the very best for foriing Marhensis Mane Legra\e AW t I > il LiIm '--path and other varieties are I I Of the double fld \arieties 111 I 1 adapted for forcing Mad I nie Lemoine, Charles Baltet 1 ( hinensis duplex and others L 1 I lants on thei>" own rxtsare Used I 1 well but grafted Lilacs can be gi U set with flower luds and suite 1 or three J ears while plants grow I I re four to six } ears Marly ensis I tsown roots and prop cither 1 y see I I i ion Special attention must be given t I I r to ha^e well branched plants of go 1 I 1 t (see Fig 8)1 Vol II p dOO) The Lilie has n tliiii^ like the commercial importance After bk 1 1 1 ence should be remo-i ed for forcing in America that it has in Europe but the If possible ai 1 1 1 1 ne as far as necessar^ appreciation of it for winter bl lom IS on tlie increase m Prlining in ^ 1 lid destro) a laige pan this countr\ of the flowei 1 111 ng season Lil ics grow Lilacs are generally forced in pots being potted usu in almost ai \ 1 11 1 1 t a rich md m lerateh ally m July or m the forepart of August that they may moist one i II 1 1 Tlu^ ir eisih tr.ns hll the pots, with new roots before winter Some grow planted at ii and Its nun the ni st popular of the Lilacs on i II 1 ml pi of use bl iniing their sweet f 1 i A 11 let v of col rs langing ;s^ fromduk , 1 11 1 1 il d white The d ul le i »v. flow ered v J, T^w panicles ar 1 asprot.seh dwarfer ai 1 fls do not f 11 I'l ^^k 1^^. gnesthefl II 1 iL lie 1 lei ^^^^^^ panicles are i word of wan because of tl W s lit suggests 4 1 1 tl eir own roots 1 II 1 tl e bad habit ot ^^fc suckenng in 1 ^?^*5s^^^»j^^^^^^^« ^^^^Kj^^pi 1 St single flcweit 1 ■> ars are the f 11 w •= '■ J seed ^hich is sown m spring This method is usu illy piactited only with the more common typical species The ninny varieties and rarer kinds are u&ualh prop by greenwood cuttings under glass in June (oi in earlj spring from forced plants) by hardwood cuttings by grafting and also by suckers and division espetiallj in the case of S thmensis, Peisica and luhjnn^ IgiDii, IS mostly used and sometimes Ligustrum 5 Japonica will probably prove to be a good stock 5 villoma though readily growing from seed and of \ igorous habit is not to be recommended Budding in July and August is the most extensnely practiced method CTrifting is done either m Apiil or May in the open or m Pebru iry oi Manh in the green house on potted stock \lniost »n\ kind of grafting maybe emplo%ed as the Lilac unites rcadih Crown grafting is to be prefern d in r i li r t n nid the trouble some suckers Plants mti ti I It i f n ing but deficient in flower buds are sim inn i tt 1 in October or €ail\ 111 \ \ ml I \Mth branches __ -ntll t u.tl, tl. wer buds and •lid m I iniim oi later \bout 11 species from southeast 1 E u I o p e to Himilay is and pan Li s exstipulate deciduous rgreen only in jS •^einpen liens fls in panicles calyx small cam panulate 4 toothed corolla salver with cylindrical tube and 4 lobed limb sta 2 ovary 2 loculed fr a leathery oblong or apsule loculicidally dehiscent with 2 wmged rather dry in fall so that the wooil may ripen • and early When the leaves have tallen oft the plants are stored away m convenient places n here the\ are sheltered from severe frost bometinies the Lil » especially Marlyensis is forced from balls ot earth which are not potted but this does not alway s gn e satisfactory results About three to four weeks is required to force the plants into bloom with the temperature recommended below. The first days after bringing the plants into the forcing room, a temperature of 55-60° may be given, gradually raising to 78-88° and maintained as equally as possible until the panicles are fully developed and the first flowers begin to expand; then the temperature is lowered to 60-66°, and when the panicles are about half open the plants are transferred to a cool greenhouse. Hardening-oif is essential to ensure good keeping quali- ties of the flowers. The red-flowered varieties are often forced in darkened rooms in order to have the flowers blanched or only slightly colored. The shade of color depends entirely on the time when full light is given and also on the temperature. Show plants in pots should be grown in full light to have the foliage well developed. While the temperature is higher than 76°, frequent syringing is necessary. It is, of course, pos- sible to force Lilacs in a lower temperature, and this will be even advisable if the longer time required does not count. Full advice for commercial Lilac forcing is given by Fr. Harms in "Flieder und Asparagus," a book devoted almost exclusively to Lilac forcing. Interesting experiments recently conducted have shown that the Lilac is more readily forced when the plants are subjected to the influence of ether during forty-eight hours shortly before forcing. An account of these experiments by W. Johannsen is entitled " Das yEtherverfahren beiin Friihtreiben mit besonderer Beriickrichtigung des Flieders." That the ether has a particular effect on the metamorphosis and regeneration ot yet introduced) tlie capsule is fltshi one seeded and drupe like Alfred Rehdek Fotcitiq Lihns —Most ot the Lilacs used by American commercial flor ists for forcing are im ported Care should al ways be taken to procure pot grown plants that i Pla' ^ grown m pots the prevK u summer The florist v h wishes to grow his own plants should lift them m the field in April or before the growth starts and pot them without losing much root. Plunge them out-of- doors during summer and give them plenty of water. This treatment will insure a good growth and the In S stmperii 1762 SYRINGA check the plants receive from lifting will induce them to form new flower- buds. These plants will force with the greatest certainty. It is well to allow five weeks for the earliest forcing. A strong heat is nefpssary. he- ginning at 60° for th" fi^-t t.-w .l;nv iui.l iii.Ti-Hsiiiu- to 7'.° or 80°. with a ch.ii- ,mmi,_ I - im,^-i,_- mI After lisoonti the nue l'"- .'," 'ni ter rei 1..- II II '"1" -,l^ M.irch and April, less heat is 11 II fcirce in any ordinary house inur.. is about 110° ?\ The Per- ,,'r „:; .„■ .(11 |ii. pl'.Mlu i.iit till- .• flowers, inst useful ilK-ll till 1- HI jiit'i slgl„-.l 1,1. IV U^f ,i l.ir t,.i rcing. Wm. Scott. INDEX. iis'.' 10. ,11. riegiita .Tosikwa, 1 lai-iniata. h ligustriiia. 1(1 Mandshiinni. .Marlyens,.. 1,. 10. ptrrklif imbesci rosea, 'i Rnlhnin nlia.S. ■ns.3. ngensis, 7. ^rulea. 6. ovnUfntin.?,. Sougeana. (. ihki. 7. Iiallid.-l. 1 Stmirniiisii. 8. n.le.x, 7. Pekinpiisis, 9. Varina. 7. iinMli. 2. pendula, 9. villosa, 2, 3. 'irifiihii. K. Persica, 8. violacea, 6. .•acinthiliora. .'i. pinnata, 8. vulgaris, 6. UioniiM. 11. plena, 5, 6. \. Tube of corolla much loiuje.r than calyx: anthers sessile, not ex- B. Panicles on Ualy hranehes. iiiithlh oi III, till, r I. JoaikaBa CO. Slilii<.iix i„s,l-l,,l llrur ihr iiiniiii, ,,i III, i,ii„ L'. villosa BB. P«»(V/.N /,,„„ /„/.,„/ h„,ls. iri/h.',il !rs.: I,rn,ii,,l! Iiinl of hiiliirh, s .vM/,,.ir.s..;,./. c. U)iilir siile of Irs. ,ir,niisl, (jreen, pubescent at Iti*' iiiiil- rib when young 3. pubescens CO. Underside of Ivs. green. iitiile glabrous. D. Lvs. truncate or cordate at base. E. Shape of Ins. roundisli or broadly ovale 4. oblata .".. hyacinthiflora EE. Shape of lvs. or;is. B.R. ."il :«. R. Tlii-r.' .ir- :il ..\:ii .■iiM ■,!:-'.', h -. I v:ir. aurea, Sini.- |,(,iiiv, ,,im| ,.,iii, ., , , ;,, i.-;iir.l hs. (var. aureo- variegata, Ib.ii.,. Il.l.n.i,- wiih .s'. ruljiaris and tS. .lo.sikiii, have been raised at the Botanic Garden at Paris. H. pubescens, Turcz. (S. xnlldsa, Decne., not Vahl. S. villosa, var. ovalifolia. DC). Shrub, f. ft. high, with slender, somewhat quadrangular branches: lvs. round- ish ovate to rhombic-ovate or ovate, shortly acuminate, ciliate, dark green above, 1-3 in. long: fls. pale lilac, fragrant, sbort-pcdii-c.b-il, in ovate, not very large, but not 'I'l .'I'lniiL' 111- iiMiinl'i. M.ix. .\ cii'li'iii. 11,1'.' 1:415; oblata, Lindl. Shrub nr small tree, 12 ft. high: i"iiimIi-1l ovate or reniform, often broader than .■..nhii.-, short-acuminate, bright green, 2K-4H in. s : lis. purple-lilac or purple-violet, in rather loose, miilal panicles, .'l-G in. long; pedicels about as long SYRINGA 17C3 •alyx. May. N.China. G.F. 1:221. A.G. 22: 183.- earliest of all to bloom aufl handsome, -■"' vinous retl fol _ flowers. hyacinthifldra, Hi mediate betw turning fall. Var. Alba, Hort.. has white {S. oblata x vnUjaris). Inter- cuts, with broadly ovate Ivs., (iiilv known in the double :M:iny or perhaps most of ,1 vurs. have originated by ^.,r.. ..fS. vulnuris. • rnrid -Var. dlba, Loud, (t form, var. plena. l,.iiii.iiM the newer dciil'I'-ll-iu-.T, .1 recrossing this tonn "iili \ ^c 6. vulgaris, Linn. Ki- Ji':, Jlit- I pnirlit shrui. or small tree, 20 ft. hiyli: ' ~ ■ '' ^ '"'";■'''■ "',,|.'; eordate, acuminate, lin:; I: ■ - ''" '"V," ;. ^ ,„;,',' blue, purplish or whiti'. in l.u-- 1""'',."; ;■ .'-,„,,e eastern Europe to Cauc-asus and At^'hauisiau . times escaped from gardens in the eastern states. B.M. 183. Gn. 53, p. 150. M.D.G. 1899:205.-The most im- portant of the older original vars. are the following: Var. 41ba, Dietr., branches yellowish gray: Hs. wbite. buds yellowish green; blooms a week earlier than the other vars. A.F. 12:1081. Var. csrtlea, Dietr. Fls. blue, in rather loose panicles. Var. purpurea, U(_ . ( yar. rubra, Loud.). Fls. purplish red in lai-ge^"'' JiL''^/ dense panicles. Here belong also yar. Marlyinsis, Hort., knd Charles X. Var. vioUcea, Dietr. Fls violet- lilac in rather loose panicles. Var. pl*na, Hort. With double fls. There are several vars. with variegated Ivs., but these are har.Uy w,.rtl. .■nltivating. 7. Chinfinsis, Will. 1. I N. /'.«icaxOT(7garis. S.dubia. Pers S /.■"'/ 1./.".-'.-. I'oud- S. Varlna. Dum.- Cours. ) Shrub, M.uu.i,,. 12 it., with slender, often arch- ing branches: Ivs, (.v:it' lai long: fls. purple-lilac, n .1 . panicles. May. OriKiiKiir., m ■■ B.H. 188.'i, p. 80, F, l.s;:;, p, ." cis .s / ":'■'';• \.' > free-flowcriiig. Var, alba, l.ow.l., with white lis. wi. Mototiais Sim -Lniiis will pa e purplish ns. var. "ugeana, iZl (v:u', ,.,W„v,,' Lodd.), with deep pur- plish ivdiis, Var,diiplex, Lemoine, with double purplish lilac H.)wi-rs. 8. Persica, Linn. Fig. 24.55. Shrub attaining 5-10 ft , with slender, arching branches: Ivs. lanceolate, acumi- late lVi-3 im long: fls. pale lilac or whitish, in rather loose, broad panicles, about 3^ in. long; pedicels as long as or longer than calyx. May. June. Caucasus to Afghanistan. criitisii Hort. I. ns. wuilc. *^i. »»«*»»*—«-, . --- ,~- pt.ridifdUa, filicifdlia and pinnAta, Hort ). With pin- nately lobed or pinnatifidlvs;., of dwarferhabit and with smaller panicles, R.H. 1878, p. 4.52, ia.i; 1883, p. 80, 1901. pp. 40, 41. [I. Pekinensis, Rnpr. i rj>pf^-tri,w Amurhisis. var. J>r,„',is,s Mixiiii Li.iii. bescent when young, 3-7 m. loni; i in very large panicles often 1 ft. •■! i' ' little longer than limb. .June, .Tniv : ■ (as S. 4 m »reii.s is). G.C. IL-.^iil ' D.G.M. 1899:424. Gt. :ti:'JI,, Ahi. 4, ] R.H. 1894, p. 325.-Very .l.Mialil.' tr. .■ and quite hardy north. Var, argentea, I Ivs. variegated with silvery whitr, Alfi 7534 2456. Syrinea Japonica TABEBUlA ( Brazilian i BignoniAcece. Orna- less to transplant in November, the time when most cverjire.-iiK anil i.th.-r ]. hints ;irc in..st Mu-c'sstully set "iif 'I'll, i-L'tiit ,,t tliK -.,,-.,11 l,,r-. ,,., Til,,.- to become tuliag.: y.T. MM hi. I.. 1. |.„ v.lii.i; -.. / ,•. Ieuc6xyla, DC. ^Biynditia lrur,:,iil., . V,ll. /;. /»,V. lida, LincU.). Evergreen tree or slinil.: Iv>. . Iliptk- oblong to obovate-oblong, obtuse or ^,,1,,, tim..- .niargi- nate at the apex, glabrous, dark ^;rp.n witli .li-tinct pale midrib, 4-7 in. long: fls. in few-fld. terminal ra- cemes; corolla funnel-shaped, about 2 in. long, with yellow tube and pale lilac limb. Brazil. B.R. 12:90.5. Alfred Kehder. TABERNffiMONTANA (J. T. Tabern»montanus of Heidelbi Ti,', |ilivsii-i.ui and botanist, author of Krauter- buchmit Kunstli.lnii Figuren; died 1590). ApocijnAcem. A genus of muru than 100 species of trees or shrubs widely scattered in tropical regions. Lvs. opposite, penni'-nerved : fls. white or yellow, in terminal or some- times apparently but not truly axillary cymes; calyx usu- ally short 5-lobedor partei 1 1 1 1 l.< 1 I / ,,„(, in liavinff downv ^s ,I„iig tluH 1 tllhi , n,l.,r ,.t H. and anstate sepals. BB. Brucis be luath the flow i-mnri <„■ te^-< „>,ited. 0. 7 ..ifh'h, - .I,,., ,iu.l . ./»M manicata, Jn- ruii. V, , 1,1 \\ - 1 I.I. 1.1 n\ ll, til or- bicular-ovate in untliiM il.MU -1 ni obtuse serrate 1. th. lit .1.11. .ll 111. hlade: fl. 4 in. across, briglit scarlet; tuhi ' III ],,||_; iiitlated and ribbed at th J ba.se: corona (luuhl, 111. ,m"ii 1 st-ries composed of blue hairs. Colon) hi 1 iii.l 1'. Ill B.M. 6129.-P igyiea, Hort., is a for n ..1 ll 1- Spl. 1. s ^, . /., »/ l.,h,.-, 1 '".'/ "<■' te. mixta, Jus.«. ;ialii-"ii^ or X, mewhat pubescent: lvs. orbicular-ovatf. to the middle, the lobes long-acute and s •rrali' : ll. .1 1 11. aero ss, rose-pink, the oblong sepals n .1 rijUahli- ll) • s;reei scarcely saccate tube; corona a s M.n llU.lli|.lr ■iiii or lisk. Andes. mollissima, H •.K. Pul.r.r,., t : lvs cordate-ovate in outline, very p Ii,~rrnt l.,.l,r; 111. tin lobes .-xti-nding nearly to the t.u ■ ■ ..r tl,,- MaM vat.-lal ilate in shape and serra '■■ !'"■ Sli|.ulr. lacini I.: ll. ah.iiit 3 in. across, rose-coh l.r rxc HI- ih.i sepals and swollen at tin- has",.: .■,„•. la a si ...1 111,1. Andes. B.M.-tl87. B.R :i2:ll. F.S. 2 18. — .S' /»(„;/.„„, offered in California, is said to be Sim lar to this, but of deeper shade. Pirritse, Mast. Lvs. deeply 3-lobed, glabrous above and pilose beneath, the lobes narrow and entire; stipules entire, subulate-acuminate: tl. with a long and slender tube, glabrous, swollen at the base: sepals winged and with points, rosy-orange; petals oblong and Hat, shorter than the sepals', orange; corona double, the outer row of tooth-like pro.iections. Colombia. (.i.C. II. l.H. 3.^:41. — Named for Senor Parra, through ' was introduced. AA. Fls. scarlet or rose-colored. p Bracts beneath the flower not united c Lvs simple or not lobed insignis Mast Pilose lvs ovate lanceola cordate dentate rugose or blistered abov downv beneath the stipules dissected fl about (1 in across violet rt , i iini n Smythiina, Hort. Seedling of T. mollissima or hy- brid with it, with very brilliant orange-scarlet or rosy- crimson fls. G.C. III. 12:704. T. Buchdnani. Lem. See Passiflora vitifoHa, p. 1222. l.H. 14:519.— T. HoHbuiida was once advertised in the American trade, bnt it was probably not the T. floribunda, Masters, of Colombia.— r. pinnatistipula, Juss. Resembles T. mollissima, but the bracts are free: stipules pinnatisect: fls. rose-colored. Chile. B.M. 4062. B.K. 18:1.536. l_ jj ibe . indr epils about twice lon^tr tli tn ili lul Ian, e oblong sjiurred at the enil 1 1 1 iK mn Kr in shape obtuse corona of one series ( f short threads blue ami white Probably leruMan &C 1S7 1113 FS 20 2083-4 B M (,009 (( iis hbtd 0) diiidtd Van V61xemu Hook Fig 24'i7 Stems in Colombia B I\I ■obabh the be t but less show 2458 Tacsonia Exoniensis ( 1766 TAGETES TAGfiTES (Tiiijus, an Etruscan god). Compihitif. Makioold. a genus of some 20 species of tropical American herbs. Lvs. opposite, pinnately cut or rarely simply serrate: lis. of various sizes, yellow or orange, marked in some spe- plants. Good garden forms are ■•i' ^ . • n li'j'i :inil bushy, compact growth, with a 111:1- -1 ' ' Iih^'b and well-colored flowers appearing; ' 1 : "'in June until frost. In raising plants, li i~ im ,. 1 . Ii Ic grow them in pots, as this practice scum lu i li.-. ;» tlif plants sufficiently to cause them to bloom at a small size and more plentifully during the early summer months than if they were raised with unlimited root room. They should be planted about 1 ft. apart. This species also makes attractive specimens in small pots in a few weeks from seed. Mixed seed of the double sorts will give a large percentage of good double fltnv- ers, while the seed of special named double sorts is re- markably fine. Some of the single forms are very finely colored. The African Marigolds, T. erecta, are not well suited to bedding purposes, the growth being too open, but for the mixed border or shrulibery they are excellent late- blooming subjects. This species should be grown with plenty of root room, air and rich soil from start to finish if the largest and most double flowers are de- sired. The African Marigolds are very useful as cut- flowers except under circumstances where their odor is objectionable. For Pot Marigolds, see Calendula. A. Fls. generally marked with red. patula, Linn, French MARUiOLD. Fig. 2459. A hardy annual, usually about 1 ft. high and much branched from near the base, forming a compact, bushy plant: lvs. darker green than in 7'. frf't-i. iiinnniMlv divided: lobes linear-lanceolate, sirriii. il- hkiII' 1 ilmn in 7'. erecta and borne on propMi ,■■ ,i,.I.>. B.M. 150; 38.'!0(a3 T.eorn... ! i.i.l double forms are grown. Tin -pr^n - i-, \ri\ \:iii;ilil.' as to the color markings of the flowers, which range from almost pure yellow to nearly pure red. AA. FU. not marked with red. B. Lva. pitiuafelif divided, ■ erficta, Linn. Akkican Markjold. Fig. 2460. A hardy annual growing about 2 ft. high, erect, branched: lvs. pinnately divided, segments lanceolate-serrate : fls. 2-4 times as large as in T. patula and of one soliil color, the typical color, according to DeCandolle, being a lemon-yellow. — The rays are sometimes rather two- lipped and in one of the garden forms they are quilled. TALAL'MA The color ranges from a light sulfur-yellow to a deep orange, many of the light yellow shatles being rare amongst flower colors. This is the common marigold of old gardens in America. Foliage very strong-scented, cc. Rays few, usually !>. si^&ta, Bartl. An annual branching species: lvs. pinnately divided into usually 12 oblong, linear, sharply serrate segments, the lower teeth awned: rays 5, yel- low, roundish -obovate. Var. pikmila, Hort., a dwarf, bushy form, usually less than 1 ft. high, seems to be the only "form in the trade. The flowers are bright yellow and small but numerous. — The species is suited for massing or for borders. R.H. 189.5, p. !505. BB. Lvs. lanceolate, simply serrate. lioida, Cav. Sweet-scented Marigold. A tender perennial plant, entirely distinct from the foregoing annuals in the sessile, lanceolate !v- :in.i i-:iriiit: .1. profusion of yellow flowers home in winter. SiHull lilaiits flower well in pots. See G.P. 9:67. F, vr. Barclay. TALAOUA (South American name). ifac/noliAcem. Talauma Hodgsotti is an excellent, magnolia-like, tender evergreen tree with cup-shaped flowers fully 6 inches across and 4 inches deep. It blooms in April. The flowers have a spicy odor, hard, thick, fleshy texture, and the glaucous purplish blue of the sepals contrasts TALAUMA fiuely with the ivory white of the petals. This species is a native of the Himalavas, a regiou which is perhaps richer in handsome niaKiiolia-like trees than any other area of equal size in the world. Hooker ranks this species second in beauty only to Maijiiolia CampheUi. T. Hodgsoni grows at an elevation of 5,000 to 6,000 feet. This fine tree has been flowered at Kew and perhaps elsewhere in Europe, but never in America, so far as is known. Time and time a^'aiii s,-.-.ls were received at Kew from India, linl tli. , i,. . i _, i mii, ,h d, the reason being the rapid .1' ■ '. " .:| vin- that of the embryo. Tin , , ., , , m I :urn|ic have been derived fr Wardian cases at f.jii.^i.l Talauma is closely alllt are indehiscent and decii dehisce dorsallyand are i of about 15 species of tre of the tropics of eastern As I . irom Imlia in .. ;n,.; risk. Iki, liut the carpels r iliMse of Magnolia Trilaiimais a genus ,.:.., mostly natives >nth America; also Japan. Leaves, inflorescence and seeds as in Magnolia: sepals .3; petals 6 or more in 2 or more whorls: .stamens ovuled, .spiked or capitate; carpels woody, sep.araTing from the woody axis at the ventral suture and leaviui; the seeds suspended from the latter by an elastic cord. H6dg30ni, Hook. & Thom. Tender, evergreen tree, 50-60 ft. high, producing Ivs. and fls. at the same time: Ivs. 8-20x4-9 in., obovate-oblong, cuspidate or ol)tuse, leathery, glabrous: fls. solitary, terminal: sepals 3-5, purple outside: petals about 6: fr. 4-6 in. long. Hima- layas. B.M. 7392. -^^ jl. TALINTTM (possibly a native name in Senegal). Por- tithi. ulin-,. il,,. iianicle begins: lvs. mostly oppo.sit'. .nal. nLrupily laiiningat the base: panicle terminal, 1"Iil'. 1. ail.-^. iMarini; di- chotomous cymes: Hs. .•armiTi.' ; pclal^ :; lin.-^ long; stamens S. Amer {"Tollin, Hort. ),is th.- plant des.TilMMl as fSwect Malabar Vine in Vol. 1, page 133, of this work. -^7 jj trianguUre, Willd. Lvs. alternate, obovate-lanceo- late: cvmes corymbiferous: pedicels 3-cornered (in T. jmtfiix' thev are filiform): fls. red or white. West Indies. Urazil. Peru. Var. crassifolium, H.irf. (7'. list of variegatun rgei , ofte jrreenhouse shrub, with foliage marked white and some- times also pink. Tlie young stems are pink and succu- lent, but they become woody with age. The plant is allied to Portulaca and will endure much heat and drought, hut is very impatient of ovt-rwaterin;; .and lack of drainage. The plants i,i,,Mni fria-lv, thr lis. I,,- ing small, light pink and f,.llMW.-,l i,v sn.ali. v.'l.nv rai- sules filled with an indetinjt- ininil..T ..f littl,- l.n.wii spfds. Some prefer to retain the sprays of Idossom. lint t.. make the best show of foliage the flower-shoots sh'Mild I,,- cut otf as soon as they appear. Talinuni is a s:,iisfart.n V house plant. It should be placed in a window with a northern exposure or in some other shady position. Talinum may also be planted out dur- ing the summer. -^ C Steele. TALIPOT PALM. See Corypha nmbraciilifem. TALLOW SHKUB. Myrlca eerifera . TALLOW TREE, Chinese, Siipium sebiferum. TALLOW WOOD. Enealyptus microcorijs. TAMARINDUS Tamarindus. TAMARACK. TAMARIND. TAMARlNDUS (From Arabic, meaning" Indian date"). Lefjuiiiinbsw. The Tamarind, Fig. 24G1, is an exception- ally beautiful and useful tropical tree. It attains a great height, ha.s acacia-like foliage and yellow flowers about an inch across in clusters of 8 or lU. The Tamarind is cultivated everywhere in the tropics but its native country is uncertain, probably either Africa or India. As an ornamental shade tree it is considered by trav- elers as one of the noblest in the tropics. Hooker ^n Short-podded or West Ind has well described its ''vast, dense and bushy head of branches, thickly clothed with light and feathery foli- age." The Tamarind is grown out of doors in southern Fla. and Calif, and young plants are said to be desir- able for the decoration of windows and conservatories in northern countries. The p..ds of th.- Tamarind, which are thick, linear and :!-(! in. hni^. .a.ntaiii a i>leasant acid pulp much used tliri'uu'hmtt rhi- tr'.|,i<-s as the basis of a cooling diink. Till- pnl|. is als,. iis.d in medicine, being rich in fitniiir and inityri.- acnis. It is laxative and refrigerant, and is als,. \i~(d t., pnii.ar. a ^'artrle for sore throat. Tlie j.nlp ..r 111.- Taniarin.l is -i-nerally called the ienof i the 'r'''i ■Iv dri.-.l islam! to Tl 1 th loth e'snm urM.l i n salt. In the West 1 -v rem oving th e s hell ami ]. lit am d sugar - the ma: in 'm c^ad'yi 1768 TAMARINDUS elds a handsome furniture ellowish wliite. sometimes with red d close-grained; heart-wood dark pur- very aci.l, U |r,„,n .1 "ir an. I a ii.l i^ added. Alsc that an i-\.'.i l.ni |.r.-r r\-. i- nn|i.Ti..: from Cura<;oa, which i^ mad.' liMin III.- ii!iia|i.' p.i.l- [nTserved in su- gar with ili.- a.l.liiiun 1.1 ~|.i.a-. 11... i;a~i Indian Tama rind has U,un (.oU»; the \\\;.,i liidiau shurt ones. The Tamarind wood. It is streaks, hard Botanically, the flower of the Tamarind is rather dif- ficult to understand. It is far reniovi^d from the sweet pea type, which is the one a northerner commonly thinks of as typical of the h'^-inne family. At first glance il i~ a |...l.' 1.1I..H I1..-1-. .I'.i.iii ail 'ill. -Ii aiT