Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2011 with funding from Boston Library Consortium IVIember Libraries http://www.archive.org/details/cyclopediaofamer04bail4 ^— ' / . B^^i BDSTO GHE5 ff^ CYCLOPEDIA OF AMERICAN HORTICULTURE jrt^^^ Cyclopedia of American Horticulture COMPRISING SUGGESTIONS FOR CULTIVATION OF HORTI- CULTURAL PLANTS, DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SPECIES OF FRUITS, VEGETABLES, FLOWERS AND ORNAMENTAL PLANTS SOLD IN THE UNITED STATES AND CANADA, TOGETHER WITH GEOGRAPHICAL AND BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES BY L. H. BAILEY Professor of Horticulture in Cornell University Assisted by WILHELM MILLER, Ph.D. Associate Editor AND MANY EXPERT CULTIVATORS AND BOTANISTS 3Ilu0tcattti toitf) obec Wvao '^E^ousanD SDtmnal (EnsrafainffS In Four Volumes ~^j^ — p^^ BOSTON C a LLEGr LIBRARY CHESTNUT HILL, MASS. THE MACMILLAN COMPANY LONDON: MACMILLAN & CO., Ltd. 1902 The rights of reproduction and of translation are strictly reserved Copyright, 1902 By the MACMILLAN COMPANY J i3; S^ount ©leasant ©rfos J. Horace IIoFakland Company Harrisburg • Pennsylvania • ..'Astai^ OW THAT THE CYCLOPEDIA OF AMERICAN HORTICULTURE is completed, it is due the reader that some information be given him of the methods by which it has been made and of the resources that have been at command. It is due to the Editor that he be allowed to state his own point of view in respect to the meaning of the work. These remarks are made in no feeling of personal pride, for the writer is keenly aware of the many shortcomings of the book; but they may acquaint the reader with some of the difficulties with which such work is attended, and they may be suggestive to those who may desire to prosecute similar studies. RETROSPECT THE PROJECT The most difficult part of the making of a cyclopedia is to project it. Its scope and point of view must be determined before a stroke of actual work is done. This much done, the remainder is labor rather than difficulty. The lay-out of the enter- prise cannot be made in a day. It is a matter of slow growth. One must have a mental picture of the entire field and must calculate the resources. The plan once perfected, it remains only to work out detail after detail, taking up the tasks as they come, not caring nor even daring to look forward to the work that piles mountain high farther down the alphabet. So far as the Cyclopedia of American Horticulture is concerned, the Editor had resolved and reviewed the enterprise for more than ten years. The first suggestion was a vague idea that a comprehensive work was needed. There were several hundred special works on American horticulture. Some subjects were well worked ; others were untouched. There was no means of determining the extent of our wealth in cultivated plants. There were no suggestions, even, as to what that wealth might be. No survey had been made. Only a full inventory can tell us whether we are rich or poor ; it gives us a scale by which to measure progress. The first tangible result of this desire for some comprehensive view of American horticulture was the publication of "Annals of Horticulture for 1889." Some years before this time an endeavor had been made to interest a publisher in the project, but without success. This annual volume was designed to be "a witness of passing events and a record of progress." Five years these annual volumes were issued, the last one containing a summary sketch of horticulture at the World's Fair, at which was made the greatest single effort to display our horticultural achievements and possibilities. In these annual volumes all the new plants and tools and movements of the year were intended to be recorded. Special investigations were made for some of the volumes. The issue for 1889 contained a list of all the kitchen-garden vegetables sold in North America in that year ; that for 1891 contained a census of all the native plants which had been introduced into cultivation, showing that 2,416 species had become known to the horticulturist in Europe or America, although (v) vi RETROSPECT many of these probably were not then in cultivation; that for 1892 made an annotated inventory of the varieties of apples that had been and were in cultivation in North America, showing that 878 varieties were actually offered for sale by American nur- serymen in that year. But these volumes were isolated; they picked up the work piece by piece. An inventory of the whole field, ci-iticallj' and laboriously made, was needed before mere annals of yearly progress could signifj' much. We needed to know our status; thereafter chronicles would have a meaning. From 1893, attention was given to the larger and comprehensive effort. A gar- den herbarium had to be made, for there was none in the country. The first plant had been put into this herbarium in 1889 ; it was a mere sprig of the greenhouse shrub Boronia megasiigma . There are difficulties in making a garden herbarium : there are no professional collectors and one cannot buy specimens ; manj' cultivated plants are too valuable to allow of specimens to be made. This herbarium now has more than 12,000 mounted specimens. Although small, nevertheless it has been in- valuable. If it does not show nearly all the species, it shows the range of variation in some, and thereby suggests what maj' take place in all. It also shows what is actually cultivated under a given name, whether that name be correct or not. Trial excursions were made into the evolution of various perplexed garden plants. Some of these essays have been published. Out of these efforts grew the volume, "Sketch of the Evolution of Our Native Fruits." The stud3' of garden plants is a different subject from the study of wild plants. Mere descriptions are often of little value. The plant may have been bred away from the description within a decade. Specific descriptions of many of the common garden plants do not exist in books : the plants are not species in the book sense. American horticultural books must be collected, for the comprehensive work, if it came, must contain American advice. One must know the range of New World ex- perience and the occidental point of view. It has been the misfortune of many Ameri- can writings that they have drawn too heavily from the experience of the Old World. Once this was necessary, but now it is time to break away. Fiftj' authors have written on viticulture in America, yet scarcely one has caught the spirit of the American grape- growing. Nearly twenty years of collecting by the Editor has brought together the completest library of Amei-ican horticultural books. The details entering into any comprehensive cyclopedia of horticulture are astonish- ing in number and variety. Consider some of the items: More than 10,000 species of plants in cultivation; almost every important species phenomenallj^ variable, sometimes running into thousands of forms; every species requiring its own soil and treatment, and sometimes even minor varieties differing in these requirements; limitless differences in soils and climates in onr great domain, everj- difference modifying the plants or their requirements; a different ideal in plant-growing and plant-breeding in the mind of everj^ good plant-grower; as many different kinds of experience as there are men; many of these men not facile with the pen, although full of wholesome fact and experience; the species described in books which deal with the four corners of the earth ; very few botanists who have given much attention to the domestic flora. It was desired that the Cyclopedia be new — brand-new from start to finish. The illustrations were to be newly made ; the cultural suggestions written directly for the occasion from American experience, and often presented from more than one point of view ; few of the precedents of former cyclopedias to be followed ; all matters to be worked up by experts and from sources as nearly as possible original. Of course it RETROSPECT ■ vii has been impossible to reach the ideals. There are limitations of expense and time as well as of capability : for it is yet a question whether our new country is ready for such a laborious work. In America there has been but one cyclopedic work on horticulture, Henderson's "Handbook of Plants," 1881; second edition, 1890. This is in one volume. The most complete similar recent work in the English language is Nicholson's "Illustrated Dic- tionary of Gardening," four volumes, 1881-87. It is the work of the talented ex-Curator of the Royal Botanic Gardens at Kew, England. Mottet's French edition of Nicholson, five volumes, 1892-99, is the largest modern cyclopedia of horticulture, and the only one which excels in size the present American venture. Another popular English work in one volume is Wright & Dewar's revision of "Johnson's Gardener's Dictionary," 1894. Another recent French work, also in one volume, is Bois' "Dictionnaire d' Horticulture," 1893-99, with colored pictures printed in the text. In German is Rumpler's "Illus- triertes Gartenbau-Lexikon," in one volume, with a recent new edition; also Siebert & Voss' "Vilmorin's Blumengartnere," one volume of text and one of plates, 1896, the most critical of all similar works. In judging the American work, the reader must bear in mind that there is really no critical horticultural -botanical writing in this coun- try back of the present decade. The present Cyclopedia reflects the imperfection of our literature as well as the shortcomings of the Editor. //. THE OFFICE DETAILS Before the actual writing was begun, other cyclopedias were searched for sugges- tions of subjects to be inserted. Also, a card index was made to portraits of plants in the leading horticultural and botanical serials, to descriptions of plants in current publi- cations, to monographs, and to the names of leading horticultural varieties in some of the lai-ger groups. This card index grew during the progress of the work, and it now comprises about 35,000 cards. The "trade lists" were also made. These lists were intended to afford a record of the plants actually in cultivation in North America north of Mexico. Catalogues of more than one hundred leading seedsmen, florists, and nnrserymen were cut up, and all the information respecting the various genera pasted on yellow sheets of standard letter- paper size. Thus, on one sheet, or one set of sheets, would be all the entries on Abies, Bocconia, Saxifraga, and the like. On these "trade lists" were made notes respecting pei'sons who are skilled in the culture of the particular plants, together with extracts from letters, items of experience, and other incidental information. The name of the catalogue from which the cuttings were made was preserved, in order that doubtful questions might be traced. In special groups, it has been impossible to determine just what species ai-e in cultivation because they are not all recorded in printed cata- logues and they are known chiefly to a few fanciers or collectors. This limitation is particularly apparent in orchids; also in such large special genera as Acacia and Eu- calyptus. In such cases it is practically impossible to make complete lists, and it is probably scarcely worth while to make the effort; but all the species that are generally known are almost sure to have been recorded. Since the Cyclopedia is designed as a permanent work of reference, mere horticultural varieties have been omitted, as a rule; but an effort has been made to indicate the dominant t.vpes or I'aces, the evolution of garden favorites, the good and bad "points" of important variations, and to sug- gest possible lines of progress. viii RETROSPECT These trade lists were "standardized " in order to determine tlie proper nomenclature for the various entries; for Virgilia had to be brought forward to Cladrastis and Amian- thium placed with Zj-gadeuiis. This preliminary work had to be done with care. It necessitated, also, the adoption of some one work as a standard ; and the only work which covered the field and answered other requirements is Index Kewensis. This work has been followed in the main, although every contributor has been free to express his own ideas of genera and species, and the recent monographs have been followed for special groups. The work for a whole letter — as the letter A — was laid out in advance. The gen- eral theory was to assign every article to an authoritative writer. Articles that could not be assigned, or for which no person would hold himself responsible, fell to the editors. It therefore happened that many of the most critical puzzles fell to the office. On very important subjects, two to six persons were asked to contribute. If these persons wrote from experience, no effort was made to cause their statements to be uniform, although it was desired that they should harmonize whenever possible. It was desired that the work have personality, for this is vitality. In horticultural matters there is no final opinion. The articles have been written bj- busy men. Serious delays have resulted in securing the manuscripts; and yet the Editor must express his gratification with the general promptness of the contributors. With scarcely an exception, the collaborators have seemed to feel a personal responsibility in the success of the undertaking. The manuscripts have been much edited, yet they have not been copied. Not a single par- cel is known to have been lost in the express or mails. The Cyclopedia has had a patient printer. On all kinds and sizes of paper, and in every style of script, with cabalistic editorial marks in pencil and^in inks of various colors, these manuscripts have gone to the compositor. Returning from the printer, they have been sorted and filed, and finally tied in bundles, in which condition they now constitute a part of the archives of the Cyclopedia. Usually the printer received copy for one letter at a time. In large letters, as C, P, S, one section — as Ca, Po, St — comprised one sending, for it has been impossible to keep far ahead of the compositors. When all the manuscript was received from the various writers, es'clopedie works were consulted to see that no entries were omitted. The titles of all entries were copied when the manuscripts went to the printer, and the entries were checked off when they appeared in galleys and pages. Failui-e to check up entries in the letter A resulted in the loss of the article "Aubrietia," and the plate had to be recast in order to insert it. The type-matter was first seen in "galleys" on green paper, with the cuts separate, known in the office as "the long gi'een." Six proofs were received by the Editor, who sent four or five of them to specialists on the various subjects. Every line in the work has been read in the proof by experts. It requires from a week to ten days to get back the proofs from the various readers. The matter is then made up into pages, and read again. It is then cast, and the final proofs are placed on file. The galley proofs are gone over several times by the Editor, aside from the regular reading, each time for a specific purpose: once for alphabetic order of the entries; once for spelling of names; once for accent marks; once for signatures to the articles; once for references to the cuts; once for legends to the cuts; once for general style. A full page of the C.vclopedia contains 14,000 pieces of metal. The reader will be lenient when he finds a misplaced letter. A clerk was employed to verify all references by hunting up the references themselves. RETROSPECT ix In the "make-up" it is an inviolable rnle that wherever the book opens, an en- graving will be seen. Adherence to this rule has made trouble in some cases. In one instance it was necessary to have a new cut made after the forms were made up, and to renumber the legends of more than one hundred pictures. The mechanical make-up was in the hands of I. B. Kraybill, foreman of the composing-room of the Mt. Pleasant Press, who gave the work loving and thoughtful care until, in the letter T, he was called to lay down his labors. The Editor hopes that the reader will regard his memory whenever the arrangement of the pictures is a source of satisfaction and pleasure. The Cyclopedia has been edited in a room eighteen feet square, kindly allowed for this use by Cornell University. In this room were two long tables, which allowed of the disposition of manuscripts and pictures in delightful abandon; the garden herbarium of Cornell University; and a large collection of books, mostly loaned from the Library of Cornell University. Aside from monographs, botanical manuals, local floras, horticultural handbooks, dictionaries, the following works were on the shelves: Index Kewensis (intended to contain all species of flowering plants down to 1885 — about 125,000 names) ; Beutham and Hooker's Genera Plantarum ; Eugler and Prantl's Natiirlichen Pflanzenfamilien ; DeCandoIle's Prodromus (17 vol- umes), and his Monographite Phanerogamarum (9 volumes thus far); the Kew List of new species introduced into cultivation between 1876 and 1896. Next in import- ance were the periodicals, containing perhaps 50,000 pictures of plants, many of them colored and mostly authentic. First rank must be accorded the peerless Curtis' Bo- tanical Magazine, with its 125 volumes, containing over 7,600 colored plates. Edwards' Botanical Register, Loddiges' Botanical Cabinet, L'Ulustration Horticole, Flore des Serres, Paxton's Magazine, Revue Horticole and The Garden are extensive works provided with colored plates, for details of which the reader maj" consult Vol. I, pp. xvii and xviii. Less extended periodicals containing colored plates have been used, as The Botanist by Maund, The Florist and Pomologist, Knowles & Westcott's Floral Cabinet, Meehan's Monthly and an incomplete set of Gartenflora and Revue d'Horticulture Beige. Of horticultural periodicals not containing colored plates, the Gardeners' Chronicle is a great store of botanical knowledge, being published since 1841. It is full of botanical monographs of garden genera, and is a rich repository of description of new species. A complete set of the Journal of Horticulture has been available and all the pictures in its third series have been indexed. Of American periodicals, Garden and Forest, American Gardening, American Florist, Florists' Exchange, Florists' Review and Gardening have been very helpful. The three most useful bibliographical works on botany have been Pritzel's Thesau- rus, Jackson's Guide to the Literature of Botany, and the Catalogue of the Kew Library. About two dozen cyclopedic works were thoi'oughh' examined and kept at hand for various periods, as those of Nicholson, Mottet, Siebert and Voss; the Bois' Diction- naire d'Horticulture, Johnson's Gardener's Dictionarj^ Paxton's Botanical Dictionary, Riirapler's Illustriertes Gartenbau - Lexikon, Loudon's Encyclopffidia of Gardening, Lindley and Moore's Treasury of Botany and various editions of the prototype of all such undertakings, — Philip Miller's Gardener's Dictionary. The floras of foreign countries have been as indispensable as those of America. Flora Capensis (4 vols, thus far), Flora Australiensis (7 vols.) and the Flora of British India (7 vols.), have been used the most. On European plants, Koch's Synopsis Florte Germanicse et Helveticaa, Grenier & Gordon's Flore de France, Ledebour's Flora Rossica, and Bentham's Illustrated Handbook of the British Flora, and others, have been constantly at hand. X RETROSPECT On Asiatic plants the following have been studied: Boissier's Flora Orientalis, Post's Flora of Syria, Palestine and Sinai, Siebold and Zuccarini's Flora Japoniea, Franchet & Savatier's Enumeratio Plantarum Japonicarum, Maximowiez's Diagnoses Plantarum Asiaticarum and Diagnoses Plantarum JaponicEe, Bentham's Flora Hong- kongensis, Forbes & Hemsley's Flora of China in vol. 23 of the Journal of the Linnean Soc., Blanco's sumptuous Flora de Filipinas, Baker's Flora of Mauritius and the Sey- chelles, and Hooker's Flora of British India. The office force consisted of the Editor and Associate Editor, the latter giving all his time to the work for four years. For a time, Alfred Rehder was employed at the Ar- nold Arboretum, near Boston, to work on the hardy trees and shrubs. For two months F. W. Barclay, a former student at the Massachusetts Agricultural College and now gardener for C. A. Griscom, Haverford, Pennsylvania, joined the office at Ithaca, giving most of his attention to herbaceous plants. Heinrich Hasselbring, graduate of Cornell University and trained as a florist, joined the office force for a time, devoting his attention mostly to orchids. No other writers have been emplo.yed otherwise than as contributors. The Associate Editor has had particular charge of indexes, trade lists, bibliographical matters, and editing of manuscripts. Aside from constructive and ad- ministrative mattei's, the Editor has had special charge of illustrations, proof-reading, arrangements with contributors and the make-up of the galleys into pages. He has read every line of the work, much of it several times over. The Editor desires to express his appreciation of the aid which the Associate Editor, Wilhelm Miller, has rendered to him and to the Cyclopedia. With unbounded zeal, persistent industry and painstaking thoroughness, he has given his best effort to the work from start to finish. The pictures have been made by a score and more of artists. With the exception of the fifty half-tone full-page plates, they are all line drawings. The greater part of these drawings have been made from the living plants or other objects. Many have been drawn from photographs, of which a large collection was made. Some have been composed from combined suggestions of authoritative prints, botanical specimens, and other information. Some of the pictures are from the American Garden, having been made for that journal in the j^ears 1890 to 1893, under the supervision of the present Editor. These engravings passed into the hands of the J. Horace McFarland Company, and by this company have been used for the present publishers. A number of the cuts have been borrowed from the Cornell University Experiment Station. Some of the illustrations are those used in the books in which the Editor is interested and which are published by The Macmillan Company. The pictures are intended to represent the average excellence of the plants, and, therefore, they are not idealized. The artists who have made the largest number of illustrations directly for the Cyclopedia are: Charles W. Furlong and W. C. Baker, Instructors in Drawing in Cornell University; E. N. Fischer and C. H. L. Gebfert, Jamaica Plain, Mass., who had access to the Arnold Arboretum; Miss H. A. Wood, Kingston, Jamaica, West Indies, who has drawn tropical economic plants; G. R. ChamberlaiD, who has drawn manj' plants, particularly annuals, in the gardens of Cornell University; Miss R. M. Huntington, who had access to the gardens at Smith College, Northampton, Mass.; Mrs. K. C. Davis and Miss Marie L. Robertson (now Mrs. B. M. Duggar) , then at Ithaca, N. Y. The artistic work has been aided at almost every point by the personal interest of J. Horace McFai-laud, proprietor of the Mt. Pleasant Press, Harrisburg, Pa., where the type-setting and presswork have been done. Himself an expert photographer, RETROSPECT xi Mr. McFai'land lias given freely of photographs and advice; and he has also overseen the mechanical construction of the Cyclopedia with rare devotion and skill. ///. BOir A GEAWS IS WRITTEN UP The method of writing up a genus differs with the various writers. The Editor can speak only for himself, but the frequency with which persons ask for a specific method of procedure suggests that a brief narrative may be useful to students. The first question that arises when a new genus is to be written up is the num- ber of species to be accounted for. The "trade list" and the card index are con- sulted, and a list is made of all the species that are to be included in the account. The writer first standardizes the names with Index Kewensis as a working basis, and then consults some analytic account of the genus itself, as Bentham and Hooker's Genera Plantarum, and Engler and Prantl's Natiirlicheu Pflanzenfamilien. Herbarium specimens are examined. A characterization is made of the genus. All available works are consulted for suggestions as to its horticultural and economic importance. Then follows the really important part of the undertaking — the accounting for all the species. All monographs of the genus are consulted ; herbarium specimens are studied in detail; horticultural cyclopedias and handbooks are searched for descrip- tive notes of the species. Every effort is made to understand the species as a whole before any one species is actuallj' described, for in this cyclopedia the species are com- pared and contrasted, not arranged alphabetically. A key to all the species must be outlined before the work of description can be undertaken. This means that every species must be studied and properly classified. This making of the key or classifi- cation comprises more than half the average work of writing up the various genera. Cultivated plants come from many parts of the world. In many cases no single account of the genus contains all the species. One or two species from outlying i-egions may not fit into any scheme of classification made in the books. The desci-iptions of them may be inadequate. Often a whole day will be spent in the endeavor to find characters that will allow these outlying species to be included in a common key. Moreover, botanical keys are often too minute and technical to be used in a horticultural work. The key-scheme once made, the description of the species is drawn from every available source; — from specimens and persoual experience when possible; from authoritative monographs; from horticultural journals and treatises; from notes sent by correspond- ents; from the information contained in trade catalogues. On doubtful points corre- spondence is opened with persons who know the plants, particularly with those who advertise the given kinds. The fulness of the descriptions will depend on how difficult the plants are to distinguish anC. how important the group is to the cultivator. It has been the custom with the Editor to work mostly with bare outlines at first, afterwards filling in the matters of secondary and incidental importance from subsequent reading and investigation. It has been the custom of the Associate Editor to devour and digest all the incidentals, as well as the fundamentals, before beginning the writing. In the editing of manuscripts, the first effort is to determine whether the author has accounted for all the names in the trade. Too often the troublesome names have been omitted, although he worked from lists sent from the Cyclopedia office. These omitted names must be inserted, often necessitating the entire reconstruction of the classificatory scheme. The second attention is given to the scheme itself, to see that it xii • PROSPECT is properly coordinated or balanced; for a scheme is of no value unless the coordinate parts are contrasts of similar characters. Yet the failure to coordinate the keys was coininon, particularly in the earlier part of the work. For example, there ia no service in the key that runs A. Lvs. long-lanceolate, entire AA. Fls. blue, in long i-acemes and yet it has been constantly necessary to eliminate examples of this type. The third effort in the editing of manuscripts is the revision of nomenclature, for uniformity in this matter is of the utmost editorial importance. The fourth effort is to look up and insert all references to portraits of the plants. Beyond these efforts, the editing of the manuscripts had to do chieflj' with matters of literary form. To the looker-on, the actual writing of the articles may appear to be the larger part of the work. As a matter of fact, however, it has i-equired more labor to secure articles from correspondents than it would have required to have written them ourselves. This is not because correspondents have been negligent, but because of the inherent difficulties of doing work at long range. The value of the material, however, is vastly improved and broadened because of the number of persons who have been engaged in preparing it. It is probable that two -thirds of the labor in preparing the Cyclo- pedia has been of a character that is not directly productive of written articles, — as correspondence, keeping of accounts, filing of material, securing illustrations, proof- reading. PROSPECT The Editor hopes that this Cyclopedia will never be i-evised. If new issues are called for, mere errors should be corrected; but beyond this, the plates should be left as they are, for it is the purpose of the book to make a record of North American horti- culture as it exists at the opening of the twentieth century. It is hoped that subsequent progress may be recorded in annual supplemental volumes. It is planned to issue each year a supplement of say 75 to 100 pages, in the same size of page as the present book, with cumulative index, in paper covers; every five years these supplements may be com- pleted into a volume. They should record the introductions of new plants and methods, contain revisions of important genera, encourage historical studies, and make reviews of the tendencies of plant culture in North America. The manuscript for the first two proposed supplements is already prepared. The first is a complete key to all the fami- lies and genera in the Cyclopedia, designed to enable the student to run down any species that he may have in hand. It was hoped that this key could be printed as a supplement to Volume IV, but the size of the volume forbids it. The second manu- script is a bibliography of the North American book writings on horticulture. These supplements are not definitely promised, but they will be made if there is sufficient demand for them. It may not be out of place for the Editor to indicate what he conceives to be the most important features of the general plan of the Cyclopedia. (1) The book repi-esents a living horticulture. It has attempted to account for the species that are actually in cultivation in the country, rather than those that chance to have been described or pictured in other cyclopedias or in periodical publications. The best way of determining what plants are actually in cultivation is to make a list of PROSPECT xiii those that are offered for sale within a space of ten or fifteen years, supplemented witli lists submitted bj' actual cultivators. It is not the fact that these plants are bought and sold that is important, but the fact that they are in cultivation at the pi-esent time in this country. These lists give us a census of our horticultural resources. A species- name which occurs in trade lists must be run down and inserted. Not knowingly has any been omitted. (2) The species are compared and contrasted, as well as described. In all genera containing several species, kej's or classificatory schemes have been devised. This makes it incumbent upon the writer that he understand each species, not merely copy a description of it. It enables the reader to name the species he has in hand. It is an analytic rather than a compilatory method. The reader will be surprised to know how much labor the mere introduction of keys has added to the making of the book. It has certainly more than doubled the labor. The Editor believes that he could make the entire Cyclopedia in two years' time if all the species were to be arranged alphabetically under the genus and without introductoi-y keys. (3) The leading articles are signed with the name of the writer. Thereby is responsibilitj' fixed and due credit given. The chief value of the signed article, how- ever, is the fact that it gives personality to the writings and presents a wide range of experience and achievement. It is singularly gratifying that horticulturists and botan- ists have responded with the greatest good will to the i-epeated calls for help. Their inspiration has saved the book. The botany of large and difficult groups has been placed bodily in the hands of specialists. The number of contributors is large and has grown with each volume. More than 450 persons have aided in the making of the Cyclopedia. The great number of signed articles gives the work a somewhat hetero- geneous character, and this maj' be considered by some persons to be a disadvantage; but the Editor has not accepted the current idea that a cyclopedia must necessarily be uniform and consistent in its treatment of various and unlike, subjects. (4) The book is primarily a cyclopedia of horticulture, rather than of gardening. It has endeavored to catch the large-area and commercial spirit of North Americau plant culture, while still holding to the many and varied amateur interests. Not all the entries are names of plants. (5) It has attempted to represent plants as living and growing things that are still undergoing evolution. It has tried to indicate the range and extent of variation, rather than to treat plant-names as representing entities in nature. Whenever possible it has been the purpose to suggest the general lines of evolution in the important groups. This has introduced the historical method of treatment. Of course only the merest touch can be had with these subjects, because knowledge of them is yet to come; but it is hoped that the sympathetic reader will feel the drift of an evolutionary motive. Other points of view that seem to the Editor to be important are: The effort to present a new set of horticultural pictures; to give biographies of persons who have had an important influence on the trend of American horticultui-e ; to present geo- graphical and historical subjects; to give special attention to tropical and subtropical economic plants ; to cite freely references to literature. It must be admitted that the foregoing categories are ideals. At all points, it is feared, the accomplishment has fallen far short of the purpose. The Editor would like to do the work all over again, so many are the improvements that might be made. One must make a book in oi-der to learn how to make it. The work has grown as it xiv PROSPECT has progressed. At first it was intended to make a three-volume cyclopedia, but before the first volume was half written it was found that a fourth volume must be added in order to present the subject adequately. The observant reader will discover that the letter A is treated on the three-volume basis. The article "Apple" is wholly inade- quate, but partial penance is done under "Pomology." The article "Asparagus" is the first that began to feel the fuller and larger treatment. Whatever usefulness the Cyclopedia may have has been rendered possible by the liberal policy of the publishers with whom it has been a joy and an inspiration to work. The actual writing on the Cyclopedia was begun in January, 1899. A year had then been spent in making indexes and collecting data. The proof of the letter Z was received December 31, 1901. On the 8th of January, 1902, the Cyclopedia office was vacated. It was a sad parting. The pleasantest associations of a pleasant life had come to a finish. We knew that it was a turning-point. Hundreds of books had be- come familiar friends. We would never see them all together again. Like a child, the Cyclopedia had grown. Like the mature youth, it had left us. It was no longer ours. L. H. BAILEY. Ithaca, New York, January 11, 1902. STATISTICS I. The Number of Articles. Total number of entries or articles, including cross-references : Volume 1 1270 Volume II 1263 Volume III 659 Volume IV 1165 4357 II. The Number of Plants. The number of genera described : Volume 1 820 Volume II 623 VoUime in 351 Volume IV 461 Total number of synonyms (in Italic type) : Volume 1 2440 Volume II 2104 Volume III 1243 Volume IV 1089 7482 Total number of species in supplementary lists (in Italic type) : Volume 1 2.351 Volume II 864 Volume III 576 Volume IV 733 4524 Total number of Latin binomial and trinomial plant names accounted for (approximate) 24434 Total number of species fully described (in black-faced type) : Volume 1 2924 Volume II 2675 Volume III 1405 Volume IV 1789 8793 Total number of varieties (of species) of all grades: Volume 1 1187 Volume II 982 Volume III 628 Volume IV 838 3635 III. The Number of Species (in black -faced type) Native to North America north OF Mexico: Volume I n08 Volume II 631 Volume III 416 Volume IV 704 2419 IV. The Dates of Publication: Volume I February 14, 1900 Volume II Julv 18, 1900 Volume III April 23, 1901 Volume IV Febriiiiry 26, 1902 (xv) COLLABORATORS /. LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS TO THE CYCLOPEDIA *The asterisk designates the contributors to the fourth volume. Many md in other ways. of the eontrihiitors hare also assisted in reading proofs *Adams, Geo. E., Asst. Hoi-tioulturist, E. I. Exp. Sta,., Kingston, B. I. (Rhode Island. Blmliarh.) *Adams, J. W., Nurseryman, Springfield, Mass. ( Stephanandra. Viburnum . ) ^Allen, C. L., Author of "Bulbs and Tuberous- rooted Plants," Floral Park, N. Y. (Tiilipa.) Ames, Oakes, Asst. Dir. Botanic Garden, and Instructor in Botany in Harvard Univ., Cam- bridge, Mass. {Several genera of orchids.) Andrews, D. M., Nurseryman, Boulder, Colo. {(Enotliera. Opuntia. Help on native western plants, especially hardy cacti.) Archdeacon & Co., Commission merchants. New York, N. Y. {Mushroom.) Arnold, Jr., Geo., Gai-dener (formerly grower of aster seed), Kochester, N. Y. (China Aster.) Atkins, F. L., Florist, Rutherford, N. J. {Platij- cerium.) Atkinson, Geo. F., Prof, of Botany, Cornell Univ., Ithaca, N. Y. (Mushroom.) "Bal.mer, Prof. J. A., formerly Horticulturist, Wash. Exp. Sta. [JTashington.) *Barclay, F. W., Gardener, Haverford, Pa. (Herhaceous Perennials, Rhcxia, Sanguinaria, Silphium, Sisyrinchiutn, Sniilacina, Statice, and many others, mostly hardy herhs.) *Barker, Michael, Editor of "Gardening" and "American Florist," Chicago, 111. {Solandra. Vallota. Many suggestions.) *Barnes, Charles R., Prof, of Plant Physiology, Univ. of Chicago, Chicago, 111. {Fertilization. Flower. Teratology. Has read jn-oofs of physio- logical subjects . ) Barnes, William H., Secretary Kans. State Hort. Soc, Topeka, Kans. (Kansas.) *Bakron, Leonard, Editor "American Garden- ing," New York, N. Y. (7fo.se. ) Bayersdorfer, H., Dealer in florists' supplies, Philadelphia, Pa. (Eoerlasting Flowers.) *Beach, Prof. S. A., Horticulturist, N. Y. Exp. Sta., Geneva, N. Y. (Corn. Thinning Fruit .) Beadle, C. D., Botanist and horticulturist, Bilt- more, N. C. (Bamboo.) (xvi: Beal, W. J., Prof, of Botany. Mich. Agric. Col- lege, Agricultural College, Mich. (Grass. Has read proofs of many genera of grasses.) Beckert, Theo. F., Florist, Allegheny City, Pa. (Bougainvillwa.) ■■''Berckmans, p. J., Pomologist and nurseryman, Augusta, Ga. (Laicns for the South . Magnolia. Melia. Michelia. Persimmon. Pomegranate. Trees. Vines. Has read proof of many groups of importance in the South.) *Besset, Charles E., Prof, of Botany, Univ of Nebr., Lincoln, Nebr. (Plant. Trees for the Plains. Has read several articles on grasses and native plants.) Blair, Prof. J. C, Horticulturist, 111. Exp. Sta., Champaign, 111. (Greenhouse Glass. Illi- nois . ) *Brandegee, Mrs. Katharine, Botanist, editor of Zoe, San Diego, Calif. (Several genera of cacti, as Mammillaria, Melocactus, Pelecyphora, Pereskia, Phyllocactus, Pilocercus, Rhipsalis.) Brandegee, T. S., Botanist, San Diego, Calif. (Nolina.) *Braunton, Ernest, Landscape gardener, and editor of "California Floriculturist," Los Angeles, Calif. (Nerium, Palms, Phceni.x, Pittosporum, Bichardia, Rose, Schinus, Trees, Vines, and other plants cultivated in southern California.) *Bruckner, Nichol N., Dreer's Nursery, River ton, N. J. (Ttie article "Fern." Many groups of tender ferns. Selaginella.) *BuDD, J. L., Prof. Emeritus of Horticultui'c, Iowa Agric. Coll., Ames, la. (Roses for the Prairie States. Has read proof of Iowa and of articles on important fruits.) *BuFFUM, Prof. B. C, Horticulturist, Wyo. Exp. Sta., Laramie, Wyo. (Wyoming.) BuRBANK, Luther, Plant-breeder, Santa Rosn, Calif. (Nicotunia. Has read proofs of Gladi- olus, etc.) Burnette, Prof. P. H., Horticulturist, La. Exp. Sta., Baton Rouge, La. (Louisiana.) Burrill, T. J., Prof, of Botany and Horticulture, Univ. of 111., Urbana, 111. (Protoplasm.) \) XVIU COLLABORATORS BuTZ, Prof. Geo. C, Horticulturist, Pa. Exp. Sta., State College, Pa. {Carnation. Peim- syloania.) *Cameron, Robert, Gardener, Botanic Garden of Harvard Univ., Cambridge, Mass. (Various articles and much help on rare plants. Alpinia, Campanula, Echinocactus, Nemopliilu, Primula, Bamonda, Urceolina, etc. ) *Canning, Edward J., Gardener, Smith College, Botanic Gardens, Northampton, Mass. (Many articles and much help on rare and difficult plants. Antlmrium. Echinocactus. Epiphyllum. Gloxinia. Peat. Pmja. Soil. Stocks. Stove Plants. Vines. Zingiber.) *Card, Prof. Fred W., Horticulturist, R. I. Exp. Sta. Kingston, R. I. (Nebraska. Botany and culture of hush-fruits, as Amelanchier , Berberis, Blackberry, Bujfalo Berry, Ciirrant, Loganberry, Raspberry, Bibes. ) Clinkaberry, Henry T., Gardener, Trenton, N. J. (Certain orchids, as Lwlia.) *Clinton, L. a., Asst. Agriculturist, Cornell Exp. Sta., Ithaca, N. Y. (Soy Bean. Sjjurry.) *Close, C. p.. Horticulturist, Del. Exp. Sta. (for- merly Horticulturist Utah Exp. Sta.), Newark, Del. (Utah.) Coates, Leonard, Fruit-grower, Napa, Calif. (Olive. Orange. Mas helped on other fruits.) CocKERELL, T. D. A., Entomologist, East Las Vegas, N. M. (Neio Mexico.) Collins, John S., Fruit-grower, Moorestown, N.J. (Pear.) *Conard, Henry S., Senior Fellow in Botany, Univ. of Pa., Philadelphia, Pa. (Nympjhcea. Victoria.) Cook, O. F., Botanist in charge of investigations in Tropical Agriculture, Div. of Botany, U. S. Dept. Agric, Washington, D. C. (Coffee. Pa- ritium. Help on Porto Bico, Sechium, Zingiber, and tropical plants.) *Corbett, Prof. L. C, Horticulturist, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Dept. Agric, formerlj' Horticulturist, W. Va. Exp. Sta., Morgantown, W. Va. (Storage. West Virginia.) *CouLSTON, Mrs. M. B., Formerly assistant editor of "Garden and Forest," Ithaca, N. Y. (Va- rious native plants. Stiles.) Coulter, John M., Professor and Head of the Dept. of Botany, Univ. of Chicago, "Chicago, 111. (Ecliinocactus .] *CowELL, Prof. John F., Dir. Buffalo Botanic Gar- den, West Seneca, N. Y. (Odontoglossuni. Phormium. Bhus. Robiniu. Sambucus. Syni- phoricarpos. Tilia.) *CowEN, J. H., formerly Assistant in Horticulture, Colo. Exp. Sta., died 1900. (Certain Golorada plants, as Lepachys, Leucocrinum . Verbena.) See personal note under "Verbena." '^'Craig, John, Prof, of Extension Teaching in Ag- ric, Cornell Univ., Ithaca, N. Y. (Canada. Gooseberry. Kale. Kohlrabi. Pomology. Quince. Rape. Spraying. Thinning Fruit.) Craig, Robert, Florist, Philadelphia, Pa. (Aran- caria. Ardisia. Godicemn.) Craig, W. N., Gardener, North Easton, Mass. (Muslirooni.) Crandall, Prof. C. S., Div. of Forestry, U. S. Dept. Agric, Washington, D. C. (Colo- rado.) *Cropp, Carl, Seedsman, Vaughan's Seed Store, Chicago, 111. (Stocks.) Culbeetson, H., El Cajon Packing Company, El Cajon, Calif. (Peach.) Cushman, E. H., Gladiolus specialist, Sylvania, Ohio. (Gladiolus.) *Darlington, E. D., Superintendent of Trials, Fordhook Experimental Farm, Doylestown, Pa. (Sweet Pea. Helped on Pea.) Darlington, H. D. , Wholesale florist, specialist in heaths and hard-wooded plants. Flushing, N. Y. (Epacris. Leptosp>ermum. Pimelea. Has read proof of many articles on hard-ivooded plants ) *Davis, K. C, Horticulturist, W. Va. Exp. Sta., Morgantown, W^. Va. (All genera in Banuncu- lacecE, e. g., Clematis, Nigella, Pceonia, Banun- culus. Help on West Virginia. ) *Davt, J. BuRTT, Asst. Botanist, Univ. of Calif. Exp. Sta., Berkeley, Calif. (Trees and Vines of Galifornia, various Myrtacece, and many importan t suhtropical subjects, as Acacia, CalUstemon, Eu- genia, Eucalyptus, Maytemis, Pittosporum, Psid- ium, Bomneya, Scltinus, Sollya, Streptosolen , Tristania, Umbellularia, Washingtonia, Wind- breaks, and others.) *Dawson, Jackson, Gardener, Arnold Arboretum, Jamaica Plain, Mass. (Base. ) Dean, James, Florist, Bay Ridge, N. Y. (Nephrol- epis. ) Deane, Walter, Botanist, Cambridge, Mass. (Herbarium. Has read many piroofs and helped on various botanical problems. ) Dewey, Lyster H., OfB.ce of Botanical Investiga- tions, U. S. Dept. Agric, Washington, D. C. (Mentha. Phytolacca.) DoRNER, Fred, Carnation specialist, Lafayette, Ind. (Carnation.) *DoRSETT,P. H., Associate Physiologist and Pathol- ogist, U. S. Dept. Agric, Washington, D. C. ( Violet ) Douglas, Thos. H., of R. Douglas' Sons, nursery- men and specialists in conifers, Waukegan, III. (Larix. Picea. Psejidotsuga.) Drew, E. P., Manager Rocky River Nursery, Clif- ton, Park, O. (Picea.) COLLABORATORS XIX DUQGAE, B. M., Div. Veg. Phys. & Path., U. S Dept.Agrie., Washington, D. C. {Photosi/nthe- sis. Physiology of Plants. Pollen.) Dunning, D. M., Amateui', Auburn, N. Y. {Grapes under Glass.) DuPUY, Louis, Wholesale florist and specialist in hard-wooded plants, Whitestone, N. Y. {Erica. Has read other articles on heath -lil'O plants.) *Eaele, Prof. P. S., Botanist at N. Y., Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, N. Y., formerly Horticul- turist, Ala. Polytechnic Institute, Auburn, Ala. {Alabama. Pacliiig. Storage.) Eakle, Parker, Horticulturist, Roswell, N. M. {New Mexico.) *Egan, W. C, Amateur, Highland Park, 111. {Ere- murus. Rose. Budheckia. Winter Protection. Has helped on hardy plants.) ElSELE, Jacob D., Manager of Dreer's Nursery, Biverton, N. J. {Cordyline. Pandanus. Has read proofs of several important suhjects ) Elliott, William H., Florist, Brighton, Mass. {Aspiaragus plumosus. ) Emery, S. M.,Dir. Mont. Exp. Sta., Manhattan, Mont. {Montana.) Endicott, John, Bulb - grower, Canton, Mass {Littonia.) Endicott, W. E., Teacher, Canton, Mass. {Achim- enes. Acidantkera. Ixia. Has made important corrections in many articles on, tulhs.) *EvANS, J. C, Pres. Olden Fruit Co., Kansas City, Mo. {Storage.) Evans, Walter H., Office of Exp. Stations, U. S. Dept. Agric, Washington, D. C. {Alaska.) *Falconer, William, Supt. Bureau of Parks, Pitts- burg, Pa. {Eomneya.) *Fawcett, Wm., Director Dept. Public Gardens and Plantations, Kingston, Jamaica. {The article "Tropical Fruits;" also Cherimoya, Cin- chona, Marmalade Plum, Egg Fruit, Mango, Mangosteen, and others. Fernow, Prof. B. E., Director College of Fores- try, Cornell Univ., Ithaca, N. Y. {Conifers. Forestry. Pine.) Finlayson, Kenneth, Gardener, Brookline, Mass. {Uiosma.) Fletcher, Prof. S. W. , Horticulturist, Wash Exp. Sta., Pullman, Wash. (Ipomcea and va- rious other Convolvulacew. Helianthus and re- lated genera. Nemophila. Nieremhergia. Nolana. PolUnaHon. ) Foord, J. A., Asst. in Dairy Husbandry, Cornell Univ., Ithaca, N. Y. (New Hampshire.) Pranceschi, Dr. F , Manager S. Calif. Acclima- tizing Ass'n, Santa Barbara, Calif. {Bare plants grown in S. Calif., as DasyUrion, Fla- courtia, Fouqniera, Fiircrwa, Ha^ardia, Park- insonia, etc. Has corrected many jiroofs. Galloway, B. T,, Dir. of Bureau of Plant Indus- try, U. S. Dept. Agric, Washington, D. C. {Floriculture. Has read various important articles, including Violet. ) Gannett, Frank E., Editor, "The News," Ithaca, N. Y. ; formerly Sec'y to President of 1he U. S. Philippine Commission. {Pliilippine Islands. ) Garcia, Prof. Fabian, Horticulturist New Mex. Exp. Sta., Mesilla Park, N. M. {Neio Mexico). Garfield, Chas. W., Horticulturist, Grand Rap- ids, Mich. {Michigan. ) Gerard, J. N., Amateur, Elizabeth, N. J. {Various articles, especially on bulbous plants, as Crocus, Iris, Muscari, Narcissus.) Gillett, Edward, Nurseryman, Southwiek, Mass. {Hardy Ferns. Liparis. Has read numeroKS proofs on native plants, especially hardy orchids.) *Gopp, Prof. E. S., Horticulturist, Wis. Exp. Sta., Madison, Wis. {Wisconsin.) *GooD, Jessie M., Organizer, American League for Civic Improvement, Springfield, O. ( Village Improvement.) Gould, H. P., Div. of Pomology, U. S. Dept. ^ Agric, Washington, D. C. {Brussels Sprouts. Celeriac.) Gould, Mrs. Thos., Petunia specialist, Ventura, Calif. {Petunia.) Green, Prof. S. B., Horticulturist, Minnesota, Exp. Sta., St. Anthony Park, Minn. {Minne- sota.) Green, Wm. J. Horticulturist, Ohio Exp. Sta., Wooster, Ohio. {Ohio. Greenliouse sub-irriga- tion.) Greene, Edward L., Prof, of Botany, Catholic Univ. of America, Washington, D. C. {Dodc- catheon. Help on Viola.) Greenlee, Miss Lennie, Bulb - grower. Garden City, N. C. {Ixia.) *Greinee, T., Specialist in Vegetables, La Salle, N. Y. {Garden vegetables, as Artichoke, Aspara- gus, Bean, Cress, Corn Salad, Kohlrabi, Lettuce, Onion, Parsley, Parsnip, Rhubarb.), *-Geey, Robert M., Gardener, North Easton, Mass. {Numerous important orchid groups, as Cypripe- diuni, Epidendrum, Lycaste, Maxillaria, Masde- vallia, Odontoglossom, Oncidium, Orchid, Phalce- nopsis, Saccolabium, Stanhopea, Zygopetalum.) Groff, H. H., Gladiolus specialist, Simeoe, Ont. ( Gladiolus .) GuRNEY, James, Gardener, Mo. Botanical Garden, St. Louis, Mo. {Cacti.) *Hale, J. H., Nurseryman and pomologist, South Glastonbury, Conn. (Connecticut. Peach. Storage.) Halstbd, Prof. B. D., N. J. Exp. Sta., New Brunswick, N. J. {Diseases. Fungus.) XX COLLABORATORS Hansen, Geo., Landscape Architect and botanist, Berkeley, Calif. (Epidendruni.) *Hansen, Prof. N. E., Horticulturist, S. Dak. Exp. Sta., Brookings, S. Dak. [South Da- kola. ) Harris, Frederick L., Gardener, Wellesley, Mass. (Lisianthus. MediniUa.) *Hakris, W., Supt. of Hope Gardens, Kingston, Jamaica. (Certain tropical fruits, as Mammee Apple, Persea, Pomelo, Tamarind, etc.) Harris, W. K., Florist, Philadelphia, Pa. [Ficus elastica. Help on Lilinin Harrisii.) Harbison, C. S., Pres. Park and Forest Soe. of Neb., York, Neb. (Psendotsuga.) *Harshberger, J. W., Instructor in Botany, Univ. of Penn., Philadelphia, Pa. {Bust. Sapro- phyte. Scilla. Smut. Symbiosis.) *Hart, J. H., Supt. Botanical Department, Trini- dad, W. I. (Theohroma. Tropical Fruits.) *HasselbrinCt, Heinrich, Asst. Pathologist, 111. Exp. Sta., Urbana, 111. [Iris. The article ^^ Orchids," and botany of most orchid genera from Gongora to Zygopetalum. Several acan- thads, as Sckaueria and Thunbergia. Also Must, and has helj^ed on plant diseases.) Hastings, G. T., formerly Asst. in Botany, Cor- nell Univ., Ithaca, N. Y. ; now Science Teacher, Santiago, Chile. {Some tropical plants, as Ber- ria, BerthoUetia. A feio grasses, as Hierochloc, Holcus, Hordeum.) *Hatfield, T. D., Gardener, Wellesley, Mass. {Numerous and varied contributions, as Gesnera, Gloxinia, Lachenalia, Leea, Macrosamia, (Enoth- era, Oxalis, Pelargonium, Beinwardtia, Bhexia, Bichardia, Rondeletia. Has read many proofs. ) IIedriok, U.P., Asst. Prof, of Horticulture, Agri- cultural College, Mich. (Evaporation of Fruit. Prune. Help on Utah.) *Heinz Co., H. J., Manufacturers of pickles and canned goods, Pittsburg, Pa. (Tom.ato.) Henderson & Co., Peter, Seedsmen, New York, N. Y. {Bulbs. Eccremocarpus. PoUanthes. Much help on proofs and many suggestions.) Henderson, Prof. L. F., Botanist, Idaho Exp. Sta., Moscow, Idaho. {Phacelia.) Herrington, a., Gardener, Florham Farms, Madison, N. J. {Chrysanthemum coccineum. Hollyhock. ) Hews, A. H., Manufacturer of earthenware. North Cambridge, Mass. (Pots.) *Hexamer, Dr. F. M., "American Agriculturist," New York, N. Y. (Several biograx>hical sketches, as Fuller, Harris, Tburber.) *HiCKS, G. H., late of U. S. Dept. Agric, Wash- ington, D. C. (deceased). {Seed-testing.) *HiCKS, Henry, Nurseryman, Westport, L. I. (Li- giistrum . Transplan ting . ) HiGGiNS, J. E., Horticulturist and teacher, Hono- lulu, H. T. (Hawaiian Islands.) Hill, E. G., Florist, Richmond, lud. (Begonia.) *Hitchcock, A. S., Agrostologist, U. S. Dept. Agric, Washington D. C. {Host of the genera of grasses from E to Z.) Hollister, E. J., Celery cultivator, Holley, Colo. {Celery.) Hoopes, Josiah, Nurseryman, West Chester, Pa. (Hedges.) HoRSFORD, Fred H., Nurseryman, and specialist in lilies, Charlotte, Vt. (Alpine Gardens. Liliimi. Has read proof of many articles on native plants and hardy herbaceous peren- nials.) *HiTEY, Robert, Amateur rosarian, Philadelphia, Pa. (Ease.) *HuNN, Charles E., Gardener, Cornell Exp. Sta. Ithaca, N. Y. (Forcing of Vegetables. Mign- onette. Strawberry.) Huntley, Prof. F. A., Horticulturist, Idaho Exp. Sta., Moscow, Idaho. (Idaho.) *Hutchins, Rev. W. T., Sweet Pea specialist, Springfield, Mass. (Sweet Pea.) *IRISH, H. C, Horticulturist, Mo. Botanical Gar- den, St. Louis, Mo. {Capsicum. Lactuca. Pepper. Tetragonia.) *.Ja00b Chas. W., & Allison, Importers, New York, N. Y. {Raffia.) *Jackson & Perkins Co., Nurserymen and spe- cialists in Clematis, Newark, N. Y. {Clem- atis. Bose.) Jaenicke, Adolph, Manager propagating dept., J. L. Childs, Floral Park, N. Y. (Primula.) Jepeers, a.. Editor "Cornucopia," Norfolk, Va. (Kale. Potato.) Jordan, A. T., Asst. Horticulturist, New Bruns- wick, N. J. (New Jersey.) "JuNGHANNS, R. L., San Juan, Porto Kico. (Be- seda. Help on Mignonette.) *Kains, M. G., Horticulturist, School of Practical Agric. and Hort., Briar Cliff Manor, N. Y. (Minor vegetables, as Horse-Badish, Okra and Boguette. The article Siceet Herbs, also Sage, Savory, Scurvy Grass, Tansy, and other sweet, pot or medicinal herbs. Also Chicory, Ginseng and Glycyrrhiza.) Kearney, T. H., Div. of Veg. Phys. and Path., U. S. Dept. Agric, Washington, D. C. (Three orchid genera, Grammangis, Grammatophyllum, Habenaria.) "•'Keller, J. B., Florist, Rochester, N. Y. (Many groups of hardy herbaceous perennials. Article on Herbaceous Perennials. ) Kelsey, Harlan P., Nurseryman, Boston, Mass. ( North Carolina plants, as Galax, Leucothoe and Paronychia. Help on proofs.) COLLABORATORS XXI Kennedy, P. Beveridge, Horticulturist, Nev. Exp. Sta., Eeno, Nev. (Many genera of grasses in Vols. I and II. Begonia.) Kekr, J. W., Nurseryman, Denton, Md. {Mary- land. Help on Plum.) KiFT, Robert, Florist, Philadelphia, Pa. (Cut- flowers.) Kinney, L. F., Horticulturist, Kingston, R. I. (Celery.) Knapp, S. a., Special commissioner U. S. Dept. Agric, Lake Charles, La. (Pliilippine Islands.) Lager & Hurrell, Orchid cultivators. Summit, N. J. (Cattleya.) Lager, John E., Orchid specialist. Summit, N. J. ( Oncidium.) Lake, Prof. E. E., Horticulturist, Ore. Exp. Sta., Coi-vallis, Ore. (Oregon.) Landreth, Burnet, Seedsman, Philadelphia, Pa. (David Landreth.) Lauman, G. N., Instructor in Hort., Cornell Univ., Ithaca, N. Y. {Geranium. Impatiens.) *Lb Moyne, F. J., Amateur in orchids, Chicago, 111. (Sohralia.) Lewers, Ross, Fruit-grower, Franktown, Nev. (Nevada.) *Linton, S. H., Nurseryman, Des Moines, la. {Mlmbarb.) Lonsdale, Edwin, Florist, Wyndmoor, Chestnut Hill, Philadelphia, Pa. (Conservatory.) Lord & Burnham Co., Horticultural architects and builders, Irvington- on -Hudson, N. Y. ( G-reenh ouse Construction . ) LoTHROP & Higgins, Dahlia specialists, East Bridgewater, Mass. {Dahlia.) Lyon, T. T., Pomologist, South Haven, Mich. (Died 1900.) (Pear.) *MacDougal, D. T., Dir. o£ the Laboratories, N. Y. Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, N. Y. {Sap. Transpiration.) Macomber, J. T., Fruit-grower, Grand Isle, Vt. (Peach.) MacPherson, .James, Landscape gardener, Tren- ton, N. J. (Euphorbia. Has read proofs of several orchid genera.) McFarland, J. Horace, Horticultural printer and expert in photography, Harrisburg, Pa. (Bor- der. Photography. Help on Mustrations.) McKay, Prof. A. B., Horticulturist, Miss. Exp. Sta., Agricultural College, Miss. (Potato. Strawberry . ) McMillen, Robert, Wholesale grower of migno- nette, Pearl River, N. Y. (Mignonette.) McWiLLiAM, Geo., Gardener, Whitinsville, Mass. (Dipladenia. Luculia.) *Manning, J. Woodward, Landscape Architert, Boston, Mass. (Pachysandra. Pyrethrum. Bho- dodendron. Hardy herbs. Many proofs.) ^Manning, Wakken H., Landscape Architect, Boston, Mass. (Herbaceous Perennials. Bock Gardens.) Mason, Prof. S. C, Dept. of Horticulture and Forestry, Berea College, Berea, Ky. (Labeling. Layering.) Massey, Prof. W. F., Horticulturist, N. C. Exp. Sta., Raleigh, N. C. (Fig. North Carolina.) Mathews, Pro:. C. W , Horticulturist, Ky. Exp. Sta., Lexington, Ky. (Kentucky.) Mathews, F. Schuyler, Artist, Boston, Mass. (Color.) *Mathews, Wm., Florist and orchid grower, Utiea, N. Y. (Various orchids, as Gongora, Grammato- phyllum, lonopsis, Limatodes, Miltonia, Pholi- dota, Selenipedium, Sophronitis. Has read many proofs on orchids. ) *May, John N., Wholesale florist, Summit, N. J_ (Bose. Help on florists' flowers.) Maynard, Prof. S. T., Horticulturist, Mass. Hatch. Exp. Sta., Amherst, Mass. (Mas- sach-usetts. ) Mead, T. L., Horticulturist, Oviedo, Fla. (Cri- num. Orange. Has helped in matters of southern horticulMire.) *Meehan, Joseph, Nurseryman, Germantown, Philadelphia, Pa. (Idesia. Toxylon.) Meredith, A. P., Gardener, South Lancaster, Mass. (Humea.) *MiLLS, Rt. Rev. Edmund M. , Amateur rosarian, Elmira, N. Y. (Rose.) *MiscHE, Emil, Asst. to Olmsted Bros., Landscape Architects, Brookline, Mass. (Quisc^ualis. Toxy- lon.) Moon, Samuel C, Nurseryman, Morrisville, Pa. (Oak.) Morrill, Roland, Fruit-grower, Benton Harbor, Mich. {Peach.) Morris, O. M., Horticulturist, Okla. Exp. Sta., Stillwater, Okla. (Indian Territory. Okla- homa.) *Mott, Jr., Samuel R., Manager of Genesee Fruit Co.'s Freezing and Cold Storage Dept., Roch- ester, N. Y. (Storage.) *MuNS0N, T. v.. Nurseryman and grape hybridist, Denison, Tex. ( Grape culture in the South . Texas. ) *MrFNS0N, Prof. W. M., Horticulturist, Me. Exp. Sta. , Orono, Me. (Maine. Vaccinium.) *MuRRELL, Geo. E., Fruit-grower, Pontella, Va. ( Virginia.) ■■'Nehrling, H., Milwaukee, Wis. (Phoenix, Sabal, Serencea, Taberncemontana, Tecoma, Thunbergia and other plants cultivated in his garden at Gotha, Fla.) Newbury, H. E., Specialist in tuberose culture, Magnolia, N. C. (Polianthes.) xxu COLLABORATORS Newell, A. J., Gardenei-, Wellesley, Mass. {Certain orchids, e.g., Odontoglossum.) *New3IAN, J. S., Vice Dir. S. C. Exp. Sta., Clemson College, S. C. (South Carolina.) ^Norton, Prof. J. B. S., Pathologist Md. Exp. Sta., College Park, Md. (Genera of Euphor- hiacece. PJiyllauthus. Numerous "botanical pussies.) Ogston, Colin, Gardener, Kimball orehid collec- tion, Rochester, N. Y. ( Dendrobium . ) *OnvEK, G. W., Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Dept. Agric, Washington, D. C. (Many articles on palms, aroids, succidetits and rare plants, and much help on proofs. Alstrosmeria. Amaryllis. Nepentltes. Ochna. Pennisetum. Petrea. Sarracenia.) Olmsted, Jr., F. L., Landscape Architect, Brook- line, Mass. (Parle. Help on Landscape and Railroad Gardening.) O'Maka, Patrick, of Peter Henderson & Co., New York, N. Y. (Potting. Has read various important articles, suggested coyitributors and given other aid.) Orpet, Edward O., Gardener, So. Lancaster, Mass. (Border. Cyclamen. Dlanthus, and certain orchids. ) Parsons, Jr., Samuel, Landscape architect. New York, N. Y. (Lawn. Help on Park.) Peacock, Lawrence K., Dahlia specialist, Atco, N. J. (Dahlia.) Pennock, F. M., Horticulturist, San Juan, Porto Eieo. (Porto Bico.) *Peterson, Wm. a., of the firm of P. S. Peterson & Son, Nurserymen, Chicago, 111. (Pwonia. Transplanting of large trees.) *Pierce, Newton B., Pathologist Pacific Coast Laboratory, Div. of Veg. Phys. and Path., U. S. Dept. Agric, Santa Ana, Calif. ( Walnut.) *Pieters, a. J., Botanist in charge of Seed Labora- tory, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Dept. Agric, Washington, D. C. (Seed Testing.) Powell, Prof. G. Harold, Div. of Pomology, U. S. Dept. Agric. .Washington, D. C. {Cherry. Delaioare. Help on Peach, etc.) Powell, George T., Dir. School of Practical Ag- riculture and Horticulture, Briar Cliff Manor, N. Y. (Pear. Has read proofs of other impor- tant fruits.) *Price, Prof. E. H., Horticulturist, Texas Exp. Sta., College Station, Texas. (Texas.) Prince, L.B., Pres. Board of Regents, New Mexico Agric College, Santa Fe, N. M. (The article "Prince.") *PuRDY, Carl, Specialist in California bulbs, Ukiah, Calif. ( California native plants, as Brodiwa, Calochortus, Erythronium, Fritillaria, Strojjho- Urion. Help on Lilium.) Rane, F. W., Horticulturist and Prof, of Horti- culture, N. H. College, Durham, N. H. (New Hampshire.) Rawson, Grove- p.. Florist, Elmira, N. Y. (Lan- tana.) Rawson, W. W., Seedsman and market-gardener, Boston, Mass. (Cucumber. Lettuce.) *Reasoner, E. N., Nurseryman and horticulturist, Oneco, Fla. (Many articles, and much help on extreme southern horticulture. Ceesalpinia. Co- cos. Guava. Kumquat. Lemon. Lime. Mango. Musa. Orange. Sabal. Tamariiulus .) *Eehder, Alfred, Asst. at the Arnold Arboretum, Jamaica Plain, Mass. [Botany and culture of most of the hardy trees and shrubs. The article "Trees.") Roberts, Prof. I. P., Dir. College of Agric, Cor- nell Univ., Ithaca, N. Y. (Drainage. Fertility. Manure. Potato.) Rolfs, Prof. P. H., Botanist, S. C. Exp. Sta., Clemson College, S. C. (Eggplant. Florida. Okra. Onion. Pineapple.) Rose, J. N., Asst. Curator, U. S. Nat. Herb., Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C. (Agave. Prochnyanthes. ) Rose, N. Jonsson, Landscape Gardener, Dept. of Parks, New York, N. Y. (Various exotics.) Roth, Filibert, Chief of Div. of Forestry, De- partment of the Interior, Washington, D. C. (Fagus.) *Rowlee, Prof. W. W., Asst. Prof, of Bot- any, Cornell Univ., Ithaea, N. Y. (Liatris. Salix.) RoYLE, Mrs. Emily Taplin, Asst. Ed. "Rural New-Yorker," New York, N. Y. (Nepenthes.) *Sandsten, Prof. E. P., Horticulturist Md. Exp. Sta., College Park, Md. (Self -sterility.) Sargent, Prof. C. S., Dir. Arnold Arboretum, Jamaica Plain, Mass. (Abies. Has read proofs of Picea. Prtinus, etc.) *ScoTT, Wm., Florist, Buffalo, N. Y. (Important florists' plants and flotoers, as Acacia, Conval- laria, Cyclamen, Cytisus, Smilax, Metrosideros, Peperomia, Perilla, Piqiieria, Stephanotis, Syringa, Verbena, etc. Also Packing Flowers.) Scott, Wm., Gardener, Tarrytown, N. Y. (Bcr- tolonia and other tender foliage plants.) *SCRIBNER, F. Lamson, Dir. Dept. of Agric, Philippine Islands, formerly Chief Div. of Ag- rostology, U. S. Dept. Agric, Washington, D. C. (Teosinte.) *Sears, Prof. F. C , Dir. Nova Scotia School of Horticulture, Wolfville, N. S., formerly Horti- culturist Utah Exp. Sta. (Utah. Help on Canada.) ■•■'Seavey, Mrs. Frances Copley, Landscape Gar- dener, Chicago, 111. (Railroad Gardening.) COLLABORATORS Semple, James, Specialist in China asters, Bellevue, Pa. {Aster.) Sexton, Joseph, Founder of the pampas grass industry, Goleta, Calif. {Gyneriiiiii.) *Shepard, Charles U., Special agent tJ. S. Dept. Agrio. in charge of experiments in tea culture, Summerville, S. C. (Tea.) *Shinn, Charles H., Inspector of Experiment Stations, Univ. of Calif., Berkeley, Calif. {California, Fig, Loganberry, Sequoia, etc.) *Shoee, Kobert, Gardener, Botanical Dept., Cor- nell Univ., Ithaca, N. Y. ( Various articles, as Acalyplia, Bedding, Dichorisandra, Episcea, Fittonia, Hymenophylliwi, Thyrsacantlms , Tra- clielospermum , Vases.) *Siebrecht, Henry A., Florist and nurseryman. New York and Rose Hill Nurseries, New Eo- chelle, N. Y. {Much help on rare greenhouse plants, particularly orchids and palms. Draccmia. Ficus. Fuchsia. Gardenia. Ixora. Lajjageria. Laurus. Nerium. Nepenthes. Puya. Sonerila. Tococa, and others.) *SiMONDS, O. C, Landscape Gardener, Buena Ave., Chicago, 111. {Landscape Cemeteries. Shruhhery .) Slingerland, Prof. M. V., Entomologist Cornell Exp. Sta., Ithaca, N. Y. {Insecticides. Insects.) Smith, A. W., Grower of cosmos and moonflower seed, Amerieus, Ga. (Cosmos.) Smith, Elmer D., Chrysanthemum specialist, Adrian, Mich. (ChrysantJieinmn.) Smith , Irving C. , Market-gardener, Green Bay, Wis . {Onion. Help on Kohl-Babi and Straioherry .) *Smith, Jared G., Dir. Hawaii Exp. Sta., Hono- lulu, H. Terr. {Nearly all palms, some aroids and various other genera, as Centaurea, Cerastium, Cotyledon. ) *Smith, J. M. (deceased). Fruit-grower and market- gardener. Green Bay, Wis. (Strawberry.) Spencer, John W., Fruit- grower, Westfield, Chau- tauqua Co., N. Y. ( Grapes in. the North. Help on important fruits . ) *Staley, Arthur, Walnut- grower, FuUerton, Calif. ( Walnut.) *Staenes, Hugh N., Prof, of Agriculture and Horticulture, Univ. of Georgia, Athens, Ga. (Georgia. Sweet Potato. Tomato. Watermelon. Steele, E. S., Bureau of Pla'-t Industry, U. S. Dept. Agric, Washington, D. C. {Perfumery Gardening .) *Steele, W. C, Fruit-grower, Switzerland, Fla. (Talinum. Help on floriculture in Florida.) Stinson, Prof, John T., Dir. Mo. Fruit Exp. Sta., Mountain Grove, Mo. {Arkansas.) Strong, Wm. C, Nurseryman, Waban, Mass. (Kenrick.) Stubbs, W. C, Dir. La. Exp. Sta., Baton Rouge, La. (Orange.) "Stubenkaucii, Arnold V., Instructor in Hort., Univ. of 111., LTrbana, 111., formerly Calif. Exp. Sta. {Olive, Plum and Baisin in Calif. Pilo- carpus. Pimclea. Plalycodon. Sequoia. Tulipa.) Taber, G. L., Nurseryman, Glen St. Mary, Fla. (Persimmon.) Taft, Prof. L. R., Horticulturist, Mich. Agrie. College, Agricultural College, Mich. (Green- house htMing. Hotbeds.) *Taplin, W. H., Specialist in palms and ferns, Holmesburg, Philadelphia, Pa. ( Culture of many palms, ferns and foliage plants.) Taylor, Frederic W., Dir. Dept. of Horticul- ture, Pan-American Exposition, Buffalo, N. Y. {Nebraska . ) Taylor, Wm. A., Asst. Pomologist, Div. of Po- mology, U. S. Dept. Agric, Washington, D. C. (Articles on nuts, as Hickory, Pecan.) Thilow, J. Otto, of H. A. Dreer, Inc., Philadel- phia, Pa. {Leek. Muskmelon.) Thompson, C. H., formerly Asst. Botanist, Mo. Botanical Garden, St. Louis, Mo. (Some genera of cacti, as Echinocereus, Epiphyllum.) *Thorburn & Co., J. M., Seedsmen, New York, N. Y. (Hyacinth. Seed Trade. Have read many proofs of bulbs, annuals, vegetables, herbs, etc.) *Toumey, Prof. J. W., Yale Forestry School, New Haven, Mass. {Arizona. Date. Opuntia. Boot-Galls.) Tracy, S. M., Horticulturist, Biloxi, Miss. (Mis- sissippi . ) *Tracy, W. W., Seedsman, D. M. Ferry & Co., Detroit, Mich. (Cabbage. Lettuce. Michi- gan. Pea. Badish. Seedage. Help on many vegetables.) *Teelease, Dr. Wm., Dir. Mo. Botanical Garden, St. Louis, Mo. (Certain desert plants of the lily family, as Aloe, Apicra, Gasteria, Haworthia, Yucca. Shaw. Sturtevant. Oxalis.) *Trickeb, Wm., Specialist in aquatics, Dreer's Nursery, Riverton, N. J. (Aquarium. Aquatics. Most aquatics, as Limnanthemum, Limnocharis, Nymphwa, Nelumbo, Ouvirandra, Victoria.) Teoop, Prof. James, Horticulturist, Ind. Exp. Sta., Lafayette, Ind. (Indiana. Persimmon.) *TucKER, Gilbert M., Publisher and editor of "The Country Gentleman," Albany, N. Y. (J. J. Thomas. Luther Tucker.) Turner, Wm., Gardener, Oceanic, N. J. (Forc- ing of Fruits. Mushroom.) Tuttle, H. B., Cranberry-grower, Valley Junc- tion, Wis. (Cranberry .) *Underwood, Prof. L. M., Columbia University, New York, N. Y. (Botany of all ferns. Selag- inella and some other floiverless plants.) *Van Deman, H. E., Pomologist, Parksley, Va. (Dale. Nut Culture. Strawberry.) COLLABORATORS Vaughan, J. C, Seedsman and florist, Chicago and New York. {Oiristmas Greens.) VlOK, James, D. Landreth's Sons, Philadelphia, Pa. [Malvaviscus. Melotliria.) VooRHEES, Prof. Edward B., Dir. N. J. Exp. Sta., New Brunswick, N. J. (Fertilizers.) Waldron, Prof. C. B., Horticulturist, N. Dak. E.xp. Sta., Fargo, N. Dak. [North Dakota.) *Walker, Prof. Ernest, Horticulturist, Ark. Exp. Sta., Fayetteville, Ark. {Aimuals. Basket tlants. Heliotrope. Watering.) Ward, C. W., Wholesale florist. Queens, L. I. (Pelargonium. Help on Carnation.) *Warder, E. H., Supt. Lincoln Park, Chicago, 111. (Warder.) *Watrous, C. L., Nurseryman and pomologist, Des Moines, lo. (Iowa. Pear. Trees on Plains.) *Watson, B. M., Instructor in Horticulture, Bus- sey Inst., Jamaica Plain, Mass. (Colcliicum. Cuttage. Forcing Hardy Plants. House Plants. Bhododendron. Eose. Winter Protection.) *Watts, E. L., formerly Horticulturist of Tennes- see Exp. Sta., Scalp Level, Pa. (Tennessee.) *Waijgh, Prof. P. A., Horticulturist, Vt. Exp. Sta., Burlington, Vt. (Beet. Carrot. Cucumier. Greens. Lilium. Plum. Salad Plants. Vermont.) *Webbee, Herbert J., In charg;e of Plant Breed- ing Laboratory, Veg. Phys. and Path. Inves- gations, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Dept. Agric., Washington, D. C. (Citrus. Pomelo. Murraya, Triplmsia, and other citrous genera. Plant- Breeding. Help on Zamia.) Wellhouse, Feed, Fruit-grower, Fairmount, Kans. (Kansas.) Wheeler, C. F., Asst. Prof, of Botany, Michigan Agric. College, Mich. (Pyrola.) Wheeler, H. J., Chemist, R. I. Exp. Sta., Kingston, R. I. (Lime.) ^Whitney, Milton, Chief. Div. of Soils, U. S. Dept. Agric, Washington, D. C. (Irrigation. Soils.) Written, Prof. J. C, Horticulturist, Mo. Exp. Sta., Columbia, Mo. (Missouri.) Whyte, E. B., Amateur, Ottawa, Out. (Hemero- callis. Lilium. Narcissus. Papaver. Help on Tagetes, Tulipa, Zinnia, etc.) *WlCKSON, Edward J., Prof, of Agricultural Prac- tice, Univ. of Calif., an^' Horticulturist, Calif. Exp. Sta., Berkeley, Calif. (Almond, Apricot, Cherry, Grape, Lemon, Lime, Nectarine, Pear, Strawberry, Walnut and Vegetable Gardening in California.) *WiEG.\ND, K. M., Instructor in Botany, Cornell Univ., Ithaca, N. Y. (Coreopsis. CordyUne. Cyperus. Dracoena. Juncus. Lysimachia. Musa. Myosotis. Potentilla. Scirpus. Steironema.) *WooDs, Albert F., Chief of Office of Veg. Phys. Investigations, U. S. Dept. Agric, Washing- ton, D. C. (Variegation .) WooLSON, G. C, Nui'seryman, Specialist in hardy herbaceous perennials, Passaic, N. J. (Mer- tensia. Has read numerous proofs.) Wortman, S. W., Mushroom-grower, Iselin, N. J. (Mushroom.) Wright, Charles, Fruit-grower, Seaford, Del. (Peach. Help on Delaware.) *Wyman, A. P., Asst. to Olmsted Bros., Land- scape Architects, Brookline, Mass. (Dirca, Epigcea, Exochorda, Halesia, Hypericum, Kerria, Liquidambar, and other hardy trees and shrubs. Also Lathyrus, Lupinus, Ver- onica . ) *Yeomans, L. T., Fruit-grower, Walworth, N. Y. (Pear. Help on Evaporation of Fruits. Sasji- berry.) Zirngiebel, Denys, Florist, Needham, Mass. [Pansy.) II. LIST OF THOSE WHO HAVE ASSISTED BT BEADING PROOF, AND IN OTHER WATS Abraham, Charles, Nurseryman, San Francisco, Calif. (Trees in Calif.) Allen, E. C, Fruit-grower, Bonita, Calif. (Olive.) Alverson, a. H., Growe. of cacti, San Ber- nardino, Calif. (Cacti.) Apgar, Austin C, Prof, of Botany, N. J. State Normal School, author of "Trees of the North- ern U. S.," Trenton, N. J. (Trees.) Bailey, W. W., Prof, of Botany, Brown Univ., Providence, R. I. (Rhode Island.) Ball, C. D., Wholesale florist, Holmesburg, Phila- delphia, Pa. (Palms and decorative plants.) Barker, Charles, Fruit-grower, Milford, Del. {Peach.) Bassett & Son, Wm. F., Nurserymen, Hammon- ton, N. J. [Native j^lants, as Hibiscus.) Beal, W. H., Office of Experiment Stations, U. S- Dept. Agric, Washington, D. C. (Vigna.) Beeger & Co., H. H., Importers, New Y'ork, N. Y. (Japanese and Calif ornian plants .) Betscher, C, Florist, nurseryman and seeds- man, Canal Dover, Ohio. (Gladiolus.) Blanc, A., Seedsman and plantsman, Philadel- phia, Pa. [Cacti. Canna. Novelties.) BOARDMAN, S. L., Sec. Maine Hort. Soc, Augusta, Me. (Maine.) Brackett, G. B., Pomologist, U. S. Dept. Agric, Washington, D. C. (Hicoria. Hickory. Jug- lans.) COLLABORATORS Bkeck & Sons, Joseph (Corporation), Seeds- men, Boston, Mass. (Portrait of Joseph Brcck.) Breese, J. S., Nurserj'man, Fayetteville, N. C. North Carolina.) Beotherton, Wilfred, Mich. Wild Flower Co., Eoohester, Mieh. [Native hardy herbaceous perennials. ) Brown, O. H., Amateur, Bordentown, N. J. [Aqtiatics.) Budlong & Son Co., J. A., Manufacturers of pickles and vinegar, market-gardeners. Provi- dence, R. I. (Cucumber. Martynia.) Bruggeehof, F. W., Seedsman, Pres. J. M. Thorburn & Co., New York, N. Y. (Seed Trade. Various suggestions. ) Burpee, W. Atlee, Seedsman, Philadelphia, Pa. (Seed Testing.) Bush & Sons, Viticulturists, Bushberg, Mo. ( Grapes.) Caldwell, Geo. C, Prof, of Agrie. Chemistry, Cornell Univ., Ithaca, N. Y. (Fertility. Ferti- li:^ers. Lime.) Chamberlin, John, Journalist, Buffalo, N. Y. (Native plants. Eanunculus . ) Clark, Miss Josephine A., Librarian, U. S. Dept. Agrie., and author of a card index of new species of North American plants, Washington, D. C. (Information as to species after the date of Index Kewensis.) Clark, J. C, Dreer's nursery, Riverton, N. J. (Pansy.) Coville, Frederick V., Botanist, Dept. of Agrie. Washington, D. C. (Juniperus . Suggestions on various matters.) Cranefield, Frederic, Asst. Horticulturist, Wisconsin Exp. Sta., Madison, Wis. (Irri- gation. ) Dailledouze Bros., Wholesale florists, Flatbush, Brooklyn, N. Y. (Mignonette.) Dailey, Charles L., Fruit-grower, Salem, Ore. (Prune.) Danby, Charles E., Prune-grower, Salem, Ore. (Prune.) Dandridge, Mrs. Danske, Amateur, Shepherds- town, W. Va. (Hardy plants.) Davenport, Geo. E., Botanist, specialist in ferns, Medford, Mass. (Several ger^sra of ferns.) Day, Miss Mary A., Librarian, Gray Herbarium of Harvard Univ., Cambridge, Mass. (Eare books.) Devol, W. S., Editor and agriculturist, Redlands, Calif. (Vegetables in California.) Devron, Dr. G., Amateur of bamboos, New Or- leans, La. (Bamboo.) Dock, Miss M. L., Lecturer on plant life, for- estry and village improvement, Harrisburg, Pa. (Bartram. Village Improvement.) DoscH, H. E., See'y. State Board of Hort., Hills- dale, Ore. (Oregon . ) Downer's Sons, J. S., Fruit-growers, Pairport, Ky. (Kentucky .) Dreer, Henry A. (Inc.), Seedsmen and Plants- men, Philadelphia, Pa. (Many and varied ser- vices, especially in aqxiatics, ferns, foliage plants and rare annuals.) Eisen, Gustav, Author of Gov't, bulletins ou figs and raisins, San Francisco, Calif. (Fig. Baisin.) Elliot, J. Wilkinson, Landscape Architect, Pittsburg, Pa. (Kochia, Oak, and some herba- ceous perennials.) Ellwanger & Barry, Nurseryman, Rochester, N. Y. (Hardy plants. ) Emerson, Prof. R. H., Horticulturist, Neb. Exp. Sta., Lincoln, Neb. (Nebraska.) Farnham, J. E. C, Ex-Pres. R. I. Hort. Soc, Providence, R. I. (Rhode Island.) Fernald, M. L., Asst. in Gray Herbarium, Cambridge, Mass. (Salvia.) Fields, John, Dir. Agr. Exp. Sta., Stillwater, Okla. (Oklahoma.) Fisher, Dr. Jabez, Fruit-grower, Fitchburg, Mass . ( Massachusetts . ) Ganong, W. F., Prof, of Botany, Smith College, Northampton, Mass. (Cacti, and many proofs of physiological subjects.) Gifford, JohnC, Asst. Prof, of Forestry, Col- lege of Forestry, Cornell Univ., Ithaca, N. Y. (Poinciana. ) Goodman, L. A., Fruit-grower, Kansas City, Mo. (Missouri. ) Greenman, J. M., University Museum, Cam- bridge, Mass. (Zinnia.) Halliday, Robt. J., Florist, Baltlmoi-e, Md. (Azalea. Camellia.) Harris, J. S., Fruit-grower, La Crescent, Minn. (Minnesota.) Hays, Willet M., Prof, of Agrie, Univ. of Minn., Minneapolis, Minn. (Plant- Breeding.) Heiges, S. B., Pomologist, York, Pa. (Penn- sylvania.) Heiss, J. B., Florist, Dayton, Ohio. (Palms.) Heller, A. A., Botanist, Lancaster, Pa. (Porto Bico.) Herbst, J. L., Fruit-grower, Sparta, Wis. (Strawberry.) Hewson, Wm., Orchid-grower for Wm. Scott, Buffalo, N. Y. (Odontoglossum . Oncidium.) Hicks, D. C, Fruit-grower, No. Clarendon, Vt. ( Vermont. ) Hill, Robert T., U. S. Dept. Agrie., Washing- ton, D. C. (Porto Bico.) Hosmer, A. W., Botanist, Concord, Mass. (Po- lygala, and some other native plants. ) XXVI COLLABORATORS Howard, A. B., Seed-grower, Belehertown, Mass. ( Verhena . Zinnia . ) HuTT, H. L., Prof, of Horticulture, Ont. Agric. College, Guelph, Ont. (Kale. KolilraU.) Jack, Mrs. Annie L., Chateauguay Basin, Prov. Que. {Native Plants.) Jepson, Willis L., Botanical Dept., Univ. Calif., Berkeley, Calif. (A few Californian sub- jects.) Jennings, E. B., Specialist in pansies, South- port, Conn. (Pansy.) JONE.s, Rev. C. J. K., Los Angeles, Calif. ( Vari- ous Californian plants.) Jordan, W. H., Dir. N. Y. Exp. Sta., Geneva, N. Y. (Fertility. Fertilizers.) Katzenstein, Otto, Manager Pinehurst Nurser- ies, Pinehurst, N. C. (Stillingia.) Kedzie, Dr. R. C, Prof, of Chemistry, Mich. Agric. College, Agricultural College, Mich. (Fertility. Fertilizers. Lime.) Kellogg, Geo. J., Pomologist, Lake Mills, Wis. ( Wisconsin.) Kerman, John, Market-gardener, Grimsby, Ont. (Tomato). Kinney, T. L., Fruit-grower, South Hero, Vt. (Vermont.) King, P. H., Div. of Soils, U. S. Uept. Agric, Washington, D. C. (Irrigation, Mulching, etc.) Ladd, E. F., Prof, of Chemistry, N. D. Agric. Coll., Agricultural College, N. D. (North Dakota.) Lake, D. S., Nurseryman, Shenandoah, Iowa. (Trees on Plains. ) Latham, A. W., See. Minn. Hort. Soc, Minne- apolis, Minn. (Minnesota.) Leib, S. F., Prune-grower, San Jose, Calif. (Prune. ) LiNDLEY, J. Van, Nurseryman, Pomona, N. C. (North Carolina.) Luke, Fred K., Gardener, Mo. Botanical Garden, St. Louis, Mo. (South Dakota.) LuPTON, J. M., Market-gardener, Gregory, L. I. ( Cahbage. ) Lyon, Wm. S,, Census Bureau, Washington, D. C. i Palms.) MacDowell, J. A., Nurseryman, City of Mexico, Mex. (Cacti.) MACFARLANE,Prof. J. M., Dir. U. of P. Botanic Garden, Philadelphia, Pa. (Hybridization. Nepenthes. Pinguicida.) Mackenzie, R. R., See. J. M. Thorburn & Co., New York, N. Y. (Many important bulbs, i Makepeace, A. D., Cranberry -grower. West Barnstable, Mass. (Cranberry.) Manda, W. A., Horticultural expert. South Orange, N. J. (Orchid pictures.) Manning, C. H., Sheridan, Wyo. (TTyoming.) Manning, Jacob W., Nurseryman, Reading, Mass. (Dried specimens of herbaceous perennial plants.) Manning, Robert, Sec. Mass. Hort. Soc, Boston, Mass. (Biographical sketches. Horticulture.) Maxwell Bros., Fruit-growers, Geneva, N. Y. ( Quince . ) McDowell, Prof. R. H., Agriculturist and horti- culturist, Nev. Exp. Sta., Reno, Nev. (Ncrada.) McTear, John, Gardener, Monteeito, Calif. (Some plants cult, in Calif.) Mead, Prof. Elwood, Cheyenne, Wyoming. , (Wyoming.) Meehan, Thos., Nurseryman, Germantown, Pa. (deceased). (The article ^^Horticulture.") Meeiam, Dr. Horatio C, Salem, Mass. (Pceonia. Papaver.) Merrill, L. H., Prof, of Chemistry, Me. Agric Coll., Orono, Me. (Maitie.) Miller, E. S., Specialist in Bulbs, Floral Park, L. I. (Many articles on bulbs.) Miller, H. H-, Paw Paw., W. Va. ( West Virginia.) Moon, Wm. H., Nurseryman, Morrisville, Pa. (Pennsylvania.) Moorhead, James R., Grower of Cacti, Cactus Farm, Moorhead, Texas. (Cacti.) Moses, Wallace R., Fruit-grower, West Palm Beach, Fla. (Orange. Pineapple.) MuDGE, W. S., Fruit-grower and melon raiser, Hartland, N. Y. (Muskmelon.) Nanz & Neuner, Florists, seedsmen, and nursery- men, Louisville, Ky. (Kentucky. ) Nash, Geo. V., Gardener, N. Y. Bot. Garden, Bronx Park, N. Y. (Genera of grasses.) Nickels, Miss Anna B., Grower of Cacti, Laredo, Texas. (Certain genera of Cacti.) Ohmer, Nicholas, Fruit-grower, Dayton, Ohio. (Ohio.) OsTERHOUT, W. J. v.. Botanical Dept., Univ. of Calif., Berkeley, Calif. ( Variegation.) Parsons, Samuel B., Nurseryman, Flushing, L. I. (Tlie articles "Horticulture" and "Po- mology." Pendergast, W. W., Pres. Minn. Hort. Soc, Hutchinson, Minn. (Minnesota.) Pennock, C. J., Florist and Gardener, Kennet Square, Pa. (Tomato.) Pericat, Alphonse, Gardener, West Philadel- phia. Pa. (Lmliocattleya.) Pierson, F. R., Nurseryman, Tarrytown-on- Hudson, N. Y. (Bulbs.) Ragan, W. H., Div. of Pomology, U. S. Dept. Agric, Washington, D. C. (Indiana.) Ramsay, F. T., Nurseryman, Austin, Tex. (Texas.) Rea, Frederic J., Nurseryman, Norwood, Mass. (Polemonium.) COLLABORATORS XXVll Eebmann, Jeremiah, Lincoln, Neb. (I'liilipjiinc Islands.) Richardson, E. A., Landscape gardener, Boston and Albany, 40 Austin St., Newtonville, Mass. (Railroad Gardening.) Eider, Prof. A. J., Philadelphia, Pa. {Cran- berry.) Robinson, Prof. B. L., Curator, Gray Herbarium of Harvard Univ., Cambridge, Mass. (f'arioits articles on native plants.) Robinson, Charles Mulford, Author of "The Improvement of Towns and Cities." Roches- ter, N. Y. ( Village Improvement.) Robinson, John, Author of "Perns in their Homes and Ours," Salem, Mass. (Several articles on ferns.) Rock, John, Fruit-grov?er and nurseryman, Niles, Calif. (Plum. Prune.) Rohnert, Waldo, Specialist in sweet peas, Sar- gent, Calif. (Sweet Pea.) Root, A. I., Dealer in bee-keepers' supplies, Medina, Ohio. (Tomato.) Ross, J. J., Fruit-grower, Seaford, Del. (Peach.) ROTHROCK, J. T., Commissioner of Forestry, Westchester, Pa. (Botlirockia.) Ryals, Gr. M., Market-gardener, Savannah, Ga. (Tomato.) Saltpord, Wm. G., Florist and specialist in violets, Poughkeepsie, N. Y. (Violet.) Sander & Co., Nurserymen of St. Albans, Eng. (A. Dimmock, New York agent). (Ueceyit im- portations, particularly orchids and palms.) Sandifoed, Robert, Specialist in pelargoniums, Mansfield, Ohio. (Pelargonium .) ScHNECK, Jacob, Amateur botanist, Mt. Carmel, III. (Vitis.) ScHULTHEis, Anton, Florist, College Point, N. Y. ( Tfoody plants from Australia and the Cape, as Erica.) ScooN, C. K., Fruit-grower, Geneva, N. Y. (Cherry.) Scott, Alex. B., of Robert Seott & Son, Sharon Hill, Pa. (Rose.) Shady Hill Nursery Co., Boston, Mass. (Herha- ceotis perennials . ) Shaw, Thos., Prof, of Animal Husbandry, Univ. of Minn., St. Anthony Park, Minn. (Medicago. Melilotvs.) Shinn, J. C, Fruit-grower, Niles, Calif. (Pear.) SiEVERs, John H., Specialist in pelargoniums, San Francisco, Calif. (Pelargonium.) Simpson, J. H., Botanist, Braidentown, Fla. (Vitis, Zamia and some Florida snhjects.) Slaymaker, a. W., Fruit-grower, Camden, Del. (Delaware.) Small, John K., N. Y. Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, N. Y. (Polygonum.) Smith, Archibald, Manager Joseph Breek & Sons Corporation, Boston, Mass. (Seeds.) Stewart, W. J., See. Soe. American Florists, Boston, Mass. (Syringa.) Soltau, Chris, Grower of pansy seed, Jersey City, N. J. (Pansy.) Stanton, Geo., Ginseng specialist, Apulia Station, N. Y. (Ginseng.) Stockbridge, Prof. H. E., Dir. Fla. E.xp. Sta., Lake City, Fla. (Tomato.) Stores & Harrison, Nurserymen, Painesville, Ohio. ( Various plants. ) Sturtevant, Edmund D., Specialist in aquatics. Station E., Los Angeles, Calif. (Victoria and other aquatics.) Suzuki & Iida, Yokohama Nursery Co., New York, N. Y. (Japanese plants.) Thompson, Mrs. J. S. R., Spartanburg, S. C. (Perfumery Gardening.) Thuelow, T. C, Nurseryman and specialist in peonies. West Newbury, Mass. (Pmonia.) Todd, Frederick G., Landscape Architect. Mon- treal, P. Q. (Hardy trees and shrubs.) Troth, Henry, Photographer of plants and land- scapes, Philadelphia, Pa. (Photography.) Vick's Sons, James, Seedsmen, Rochester, N. Y. ( Various plants .) Watson, H- D., Farmer and fruit-grower, Kearnej', Neb. (Trees for the Plains.) Webb, Prof. Wesley, Dover, Del. (Delaware.) Wedge, Clarence, Fruit-grower, Albert Lea, Minn. (Minnesota.) Whilldin Pottery Co., Philadelphia, Pa. (Pots.) White, J. J., Cranberry-grower, New Lisbon. N. J. (Cranberry .) Willaed, S. D., Nurseryman, Geneva, N. Y. (Important fruits, as Cherry.) Wittbold Co., The Geo., Florists, Chicago, 111. (Palms and ferns. Nephrolepis WHtboldi.) Young, B. M., Specialist in nut culture, Morgan City, La. (Pecan.) ABBREVIATIONS /. OF GENERAL EXPRESSIONS cult cultivated, etc. diam diameter E. ■ east. /( feet. in inches N north. S south. trop. tropics, tropical. n' west. //. OF BOTANICAL TERMS fl flower. fls flowers. fl,d flowered. fr fruit. h height. If. leaf. Ift leaflet. Ivs leaves. St stem. sts stems. syn synonym. var variety. III. OF BOOKS AND PERIODICALS To aid the student in the verification of the work, and to introduce him to the literature of the various subjects, citations are made to the por- traits of plants in the leading periodicals to which the American is most likely to have access. These references to pictures have been verified as far as possible, both in the MS. and in the proof. A uniform method of citation is much to be de- sired, but is extremely difficult, because periodi- cals rarely agree in methods. With great reluc- tance it was decided to omit the year in most cases, because of the pressure for space, but the student who lacks access to the original volumes may generally ascertain the year by consulting the bibliographical notes below. An arbitrary and brief method of citation has been chosen. At the outset it seemed best to indi- cate whether the cited picture is colored or not. This accounts for the two ways of citing certain publications containing both kinds of pictures, as The Garden, Revue Horticole, and Gartenflora. The figures given below explain the method of citation, and incidentally give some hints as to the number of volumes to date, and of the number of pages or plates in one of the latest volumes. A few works of the greatest importance are mentioned elsewhere by way of acknowledgment {p. xv). The standard works on the bibliography of botany are Pritzel's Thesaurus and Jackson's Guide to the Literature of Botany; also, Jackson's Catalogue of the Library of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. A.F. . . . The American Florist. Chicago. A trade paper founded August 15, 1885. The vol- umes end with July. Many pictures re- peated in"Gng." (14:152'l=vol. and page.) A.G. . . . American Gardening. New York. Represents 14 extinct horticultural periodicals, includ- ing The American Garden (1888-1890). Founded 1879(?) (20:896=vol. and page.) B The Botanist. Edited by Maund. No years on title pages. Pounded 1839. 8 vols., 50 colored plates in each vol. (8:400^ vol. and col. plate.) Cumulative index. B.B. . . . Britton & Brown. An illustrated Flora of the Northern U. S., etc. New York. 1896-1898. (3:588=vol. and page.) B.F. . . . See F. B.H. ... La Belgique Horticole. Ghent. 35 vols. (1851-1885.) B.M. . . . Curtis' Botanical Magazine. London, Founded 1787. The oldest current peri- odical devoted to garden plants. The vol. for 1899 is vol. 125 of the whole work. Index to first 107 vohimes by E. Tonks. London. (7690^col. plate.) B.R. . . . Botanical Register (1815-1847). Vols. 1-14 edited by Edwards: vols. 1.5-33 by Lind- ley. In vols. 1-23 the plates are num- bered from 1-2014. In vols. 24-33 they are numbered independently in each vol. There are C88 plates in vols. 24-33. "An Appendix to the First Twenty-three Vol- umes" (bound separately or with the 25th vol.) contains an index to the first 23 vols. An index to vols. 24-31 may be found in vol. 31. (33:70^vol. and col. plate.) D Dana. How to Know the Wild Flowers. New York. 1893. (298=page.) Em. . . . Emerson, G. B. Trees and Shrubs of Mas- sachusetts. Boston. 2 vols. 149 plates. F The Florist. London. 1840-1884. (1884: 192^year and page pp. col. plate. ) Editors and title pages changed many times. Known as the Florist, Florist's Journal and Florist and Pomologist. Sometimes improperly called British Florist. F.C. . . . Floral Cabinet. Knowles & Westcott. Lou- don. 1837-1840. (3:137 vol. and col. plate). (xxix) XXX ABBREVIATIONS F.E. . . . The Florists' Exchange. New York. A trade paper, whose pictures sometimes are repeated in "A.G." Founded Dec. 8, 1888. (ll:1298=vol. and page.) F.J. . . .See F. F.M. . . . Floral Magazine. London. Series I. 1861- 1871, 8vo. Series II. 1872-1881, 4to. (1881:450^year and col. plate.) F.P. . . . See F. F.R. . . . Florists' Review. Chicago. A trade paper. Vol. 1, Dec. 2, 1897, to May 26, 1898. Two vols, a year. (l::660=vol. and page.) F. S. . . .Flore des Serres. Ghent. (1845-1880.) Inconsistent in numbering, but the plate numbers are always found on the plate itself or on the page opposite. Valuable but perplexing indexes in vols. 15 and 19. (23:2481=vol. and col. plate.) G. C. . . . The Gardeners' Chronicle. London. Se- ries I. (1841-1873) is cited by year and page. Series II. or "New Series" (1874- 1886), is cited thus: II. 26:824=series, volume and page. Series III. is cited thus: III. 26:416. Two vols, a year, be- ginning 1874. A select index is scattered through 1879 and 1880. Consult II. 12:viii (1879), and similar places in sub- sequent vols. G. F. . . . Garden and Forest. New York. 1888-1897. (10:518=vol. and page.) G.M. . . . Gardeners" Magazine. London. Ed. by Shirley Hibberd. Founded 1860. Vols. 31-42 are cited. (42:872= vol. and page.) Gn. . . . The Garden. London. Pounded 1871. Two vols, a year. (56:1254^vol. and col. plate. 56, p. 458=vol. and page contain- ing black figure.) An Index of the first 20 vols, was separately published. Com- plete Index of Colored Plates to end of 1897 in vol. 54, p. 334. Gng. . . . Gardening. Chicago. Pounded Sept. 15, 1892. Vols, end Sept. 1. (7:384=vol. and page.) Gt Gartenflora. Berlin. Pounded 1852. (Gt. 48:1470=vol. and col. plate. Gt. 48, p. 670=vol. and page containing black figure.) G.W.F. . . Goodale's Wild Flowers of America. Bos- ton, 188C. (50=col. plate.) HBK. . . Humboldt, Bonpland & Kunth. Nova Genera et Species, etc. 7 vols. Polio. Paris 1815- I.H. J.H. L'lUustrationHorticole. Ghent. (1854-1896.) (43: 72= vol. and col. plate.) The volumes were numbered continuously, but there were 6 series. Series I.=18,'i4-03. Se- ries II. =1864-69. Series III. = 1870-80. Series IV. = 1881-86. Series V. = 1887- 93. Series VI. =1894-96. The plates were numbered continuously in the first 16 vols, from 1 to 614: in vols. 17-33 they run from 1 to 619: in series V. from 1 to 190: in Series VI. they begin anew with each vol. Valuable indexes in vols. 10 and 20. Series V. in 4to, the rest 8vo. . Journal of Horticulture. London. Pounded in 1848 as The Cottage Gardener. Series HI. only is cited, beginning 1880. (III. 39:504=series, vol., page.) K.W. . . .See P. C. L In vol. 1 of this work, sometimes means Lindenia, sometimes Lowe's Beautiful Leaved Plants. See"Lind." and "Lowe." L.B.C. . . The Botanical Cabinet. Loddiges. 1817- 33. 100 plates in each vol. Complete index in last vol. (20:2000=vol. and col. plate. ) Lind. . . . Lindenia, Ghent. Pounded 1885. Folio. Devoted to orchids. Lowe . . . Beautiful Leaved Plants. E. J. Lowe and Howard. London. 1864. {60^col. plate. ^ M A. B. Freeman-Mitford. The Bamboo Gar- den. London. 1896. (224=page.) M.D.G. . . Holler's Deutsche Gartner-Zeitung. Erfurt. Founded 1886. (1897:425=year and page. ) Mn. . . . Meehan's Monthly. Germantown, Phila- delphia. Founded 1891. (9:192 = vol. and page opposite col. plate.) N Nicholson. Dictionary of Gardening. Vols. 1-4 (1884-1887). Vol. 5 in preparation. P.F.G. . . Lindley & Paxton. Flower Garden. Lon- don. 1851-53. 3 vols. 4to. P.G. . . . Popular Gardening. Buffalo. 1885-90. (5:270=vol. and page.) P.M. . . . Paxton's Magazine of Botany. London. 1834-49. ! (10:376 = vol. and page oppo- site col. plate.) Vol. 15 has index of first 15 vols. R Reichenbachia. Ed. by Fred. Sander. Lon- don. Founded 1886. Folio. R.B. . . . Revue de I'HorticuIture Beige et Etrangfere Ghent. Pounded 1875? (23:288= vol. and page opposite col. plate. ) In the first vol. of the Cyclopedia "R.B." sometimes means Belgique Horticole, but the confusion is corrected in later vols., where Belgique Horticole is abbreviated to "B.H." R.H. . . . Revue Horticole. Dates from 1826, but is now considered to have been founded in 1829. ( 1899 :596=y ear and page opposite col. plate. 1899, p. 596=year and page opposite black figure.) S Schneider. The Book of Choice Ferns. London. In 3 vols. Vol. 1, 1892. Vol.2, 1893. S.B.P.G. . Sweet British Flower Garden. London. Series I., 1823-29, 3 vols. Series II., 1831-38, 4 vols. S.H. . . . Semaine Horticole. Ghent. Pounded 1897. (3:548=year and page.) S.M. . . . Semaine Horticole. Erroneously cited in this fashion a few times in first vol. S S ... Sargent. The Silva of North America. 13 vols. Vol. 1, 1891. Vol. 12, 1898. (12:620=vol. and plate, not colored.) S.Z. . . . Siebold & Zuccarini. Flora Japonica. Vol. 1, 1835-44. Vol. 2 by Miquel, 1870. (2:150=vol. and plate.) V. or V. M. Viok's Magazine. Roche.ster, N. Y. Founded 1878. Vols. numbered continuously through the 3 series. Vols, begin with Nov. (23:250=vol. and page.) Some- times cited as "Vick." ,% Additional abbreviations and. explanations icill be found in the introductory pages of Vol. I. Cyclopedia of American Horticulture S&DISH (Jfaphamts safiru.'^]. Plate XXXI. The Radish is one of the most popuhir of g:ardeu vegetables. It is of quick growth, and the product is secured at the time of the year when fresh vegetables are in demand. In order that Radishes may be of tne best quality, they should have made a rapid growth. The soil should be rich, light and loose, — one that drains readily and does not bake with heavy rain.s. Radishes tit for the table may be had in thi-ee to six weeks from the sowing, de- pending on the variety and the "quickness" of the soil. They are often grown as a catch-crop with other vege- tables. They may be sown in the rows with early beets, peas or other crops, and they are usually mature enough for use before they seriously interfere with the main crop. Sometimes seeds of Radishes are sown in the rows of slow-germinating things, like carrots and par- snips, in order that the seedlings may mark the row and thereby facilitate tillage. Many of the Radishes may be allowed to remain long enough to produce au edible tuber. Aside from the root-m.aggot, the Radish is rela- tively free from insects and diseases. When the root- maggot appears in any place, it is usually best to discon- tinue the growing of Radishes in that area for two or three j'ears, until the insects have been starved out. The maggots may be killed by an iniection of bisulfide of carbon into the earth about the plants; but this is usually more expense than the product is worth. Early Radishes may be grown in hotbeds or coldframes with the greatest ease, and in these places they are usually less subject to the attacks of the cabl)age maggot, since the crop is matured in advance of the maggot season. Radishes are readily forced in the winter months. It is necessary that the house be light. The soil should be a sandy loam, free from silt and clay. It is best to grow Radishes in solid beds rather than on benches. They thrive best iu a low temperature. The temperature during the day should not exceed 65° to 15° in the shade, and at night it may drop to 45° to 50°. If the tempera- ture is too high, and particularly if the plants are given bottom heat, the plants tend to run to top rather than to root. The seed is usually sown in rows from 5-8 inches apart, and they are thinned in the row until they staud 2 or 3 inches apart. In order that the crop shall be uni- form and mature simultaneously, it is advisable either to sift the seed or to transplant the young Radishes. Galloway has found by experiment that Radish seeds mens. In a certain experiment, he secured from two pounds of commercial seed 19K ounces of large seed, lO-'a ounces small seed, the remainder being bits of gravel, sticks and other impurities The chief value of this sorting lies in the gieatei uniformitv of the crop. 2060. Long Scarlet Radish (X J/;,). two-twenty-fifths of an inch in diameter are too small to give a satisfactory and uniform crop. He therefore advises that seeds be run through sieves with a mesh of that diameter in order to separate the small speci- 2061. A dainty bunch of Radishes (X M). Almost every ]ilant can then be relied upon to reach maturity. It is the practice in some houses to trans- plant the young Radishes. The seed may be sown in flats or in beds at one end of the house, and when the Radishes have made two or three leaves, they are trans- planted into permanent quarters. In this operation, all the small and weak plants are discarded and the crop is therefore more uniform. It is supposed by some grow- ers, also, that the breaking of the tap-root in the process of transplanting tends to make the tuber shorter and thicker and to induce an earlier maturity. By means of transplanting, the use of the house may be economized. Whilst one crop is growing, another may be started in a seed-bed or in fiats. As soon as the first crop is re- moved, the ground may be thoroughly raked, fertilized, and the new plants piit in. In some cases the new crop is transplanted between the rows of the old crop a few days before the latter is removed; biit, unless the soil is rich and in good condition, it is better to wait until the crop is removed in order that the land may be thoroughly fitted for the new plants. Rad- ishes are often forced in connection with let- tuce, and they thrive well in the same tem- perature. The varieties most used for forc- ing, as also for the early spring crop in the garden, are the globular or half-long kinds. With these varieties, a depth of soil of 4 inches is sufficient for good results. The Radish is variable in size, shape, color and consistency of root and in season of ma- turity. Varieties may be classified as spring, summer and winter Radishes; or as globu- lar, half-long and long Radishes; or as red, white, gray and black Radishes. Figs. 20G0- 2062 show some of tlie forms. The origin and nativity of the Radish are questions of dispute. For geographical rea- sons, it is supposed that the Radish is wild in temper- ate Asia, probably in the oriental part, although truly indigenous Radishes are not yet known. Not infre- qTiently the Radish runs wild about gardens, and in 94 (HSv: 1488 RADISH RADISH 2062. French Breakfast and Olive-shaped Radishes, two of the early or spring Rad- ish class iXH). that case the root soon deteriorates into a small, slen- der, woody and more or less fibrous member. It has been thought by some that the Radish is only a modi- fied form of the wild charlock, or Raphantis Maphanistruni. In fact, experiments ^yere made on the charlock by Carri^re, who was able in a few years to prodiice edible Radishes from the wild plant. While these investigations seem to be con- clusive that the Radish can be produced from the charlock, they nevertheless do not prove that sxich was the actual origin of the garden Radish. DeCan- dolle, whilst accepting Car- riere's experiments, was unable to understand how the Rad- ishes of India, China and Japan could have originated from the charlock, since that plant is un- known in those countries and the Ratlish has been grown there for centtxries. It is pos- sible that the Radish was car- ried eastward from western Asia and Europe, but such has not been the general course of the migration ot plants. It is possible that the Radishes of the Orient are a different species from those in Europe, although they are generally regarded as the same spe- cies. See Btvphanus. The experiments of E. A. Carrifere with the wild Rad- ish (.lonrn. d'Agric. Prat., 18()9, also separately printed) form a classical example of the possibilities of plant- breeding. In five years by means of cultivation and selection alone he was able to produce from a trouble- some weed pi-actically all the important type-forms of Radish in cultivation. Carriere began by gathering seeds of the wild Eaphanus MiiphuiiUtrvm (Fig. 2003), which he collected as far as possible away from all cultivated plants of the same family. Duplicate sowings were made in light, dry soil at Paris and in strong clay soil in the country. The roots at Paris were mostly white or rose and the long form dominated; in the country all the colors and all possible forms were obtained. The roots of the wild plant were very slender, dry, fibrous, always the same shape, always white, hard, woody and inedible. The roots of the same species after four gen- erations of seed were large, various in form and color, fleshy, the flesh white, yellowish, rosy or violet, succu- lent,"and good to eat. Figs. 2004, 2065. Carrii-re gives three pictures of the wild type with which he began, and eight pictures of various types produced after five years of intelligent cultivation and selection. The original root was about 7 inches long, but it was half an inch thick for a distance of barely an inch and a half. Taking extreme cases, the length of root was increased from lK-10 inches, the thickness from K-5 inches, the weight from 22 to G51 grams. In terms of percentage the length was increased 6GG per cent, the thickness 1,000 per cent, the weight .338 per cent. Among the forms pictured b^' C'arriei'e were the common long, the carrot shape, the turnip shape, the beet shape and others, — in all 8 types, the length and diameter of which are given in every instance. All these roots had the characteristic flavor of the Radish well developed. There were others which in flavor ap- proached turnips and other root crops of the mustard family. The Rat-tail Radish, Fig. 20C6, is grown for its much- developed soft pods, which may be used as Radishes are and in the making of pickles. It is rarely grown in American gardens, although it is well worth raising as a curiosity. It is annual, and its cultivation presents no difficulties. L. H. B. Garden Notes on Radish.— A very small area will furnish an abtiudance of Radishes for a family. Rad- ishes are of easy culture, and as they are at their best when not more than an hour out of the ground they make one of the most desirable vegetables for the homo garden. In order to secure high cjuality it is essential to use well-bred seed, secure a quick growth, and use the product when in prime condition. Spring Jiadiskes. — 'rhe earlier quick- growing sorts will reach a usable size in 20-40 days from planting, and become pithy and worthless within 10-12 days later. Therefore repeated sowings are necessary to insure a continuous supply. The plant is very hardy, and the first sowing should be made as soon as the ground can be worked. The richer and more friable the soil can be made the better, and there is little danger of over-ma- nuring provided that the manure is fine; and the older and better decomposed it is the more satisfactory will be the results. Having mixed the fertilizer with the soil and made it as fine and smooth as possible, form drills about 1 in. deep and 10-18 in. apart, and drop 15-30 seeds to the foot, covering with about >o in. of soil well firmed down with the hand or hoe. From 2 to 4 feet of drill will furnish an abundant supply for one person during the time those from a single sowing are usable, and sowings should be repeated once in 10 or 12 days. Early Radishes are often ruined by "maggots." We know of no certain preventive other than covering the soil .just after planting with a heavy dressing of un- leached wood ashes. A still thicker dressing of tobacco dust will often enable one to get good roots when other- wise the crop would be a failure. Market-gardeners 2063. Root of the wild Radish, with which Carriere beEan his experiments (X V2). often scatter a few seeds of early Radish in their rows of onions and beets. The Ralaiitiug is established — features that require cousi(leral>le expenditure, a good knowledge of trees and of shrubs, and a large amount of taste in the designer at the outset, but after being established, like the island gardens of Paris, "the hand of man might be withheld for half a century without their suffering in the least." RiiUfOud Gardening Literature. — "Seven Lamps of Architecture," by Rus'kin. "Landscape Gardening," by Samuel Parsons, Jr. " Ornamental Gardening for Ameri- cans," Ijy Elias A. Long. "Der Stiidtebau" (Vol. 9 of Part 4 of "Handbuoh der Architektur "). Press of Bergstrasser, Darmstadt, 1890, by J. Stiibben. Bul- letins of the U. S. Dept. of Agric, Division of Forestrv, especially No. 1 (1887) and No. 7 (1893). "Garden and Forest," Jan. 16, 1889; Mar. 13, 1889; Apr. 3, 1889; May 1, 1889; Oct. 4, 1893; Oct. 23, 1895. "Railroad Gazette." June 2. 1882; Mav 9, 1884; Oct. 7, 1887; Oct. 21, 1887; Mar. 10, 1893; Apr. 7, 1899; Nov. 3, 1899; Feb. 16, 1900. "Railway and Engineering Review," Oct. 25, 1890; Oct. 23, 1897; Sept. 9, 1899; Sept. 23, 1899; Apr. 14, 1900; Sept. 29, 1900. "Railway Age," Sept. 28, 1900. "Railway World," Apr. 7, 1877. "Park and Cemetery," July, 1899. "Park and Cemetery and Landscape Gardening," March, 1900; May, 1900. "'Couutry Gentleman," Aug. 23, 1900; Aug. 30, 1900. Frances Copley Sea VET. KAIN-BERRY. RJiamnus cathartica. RAINBOW FLOWER. Iris. RAISIN. Fig. 2071. Up to about 30 years ago, practi- cally the entire Raisin industry of the world w'as con- fined to the Mediterranean districts of Europe and Asia. While it is true that Raisin vines were planted in other widely distant countries at a much earlier date, e.g.— Chile, where it is said they were known 200 years ago — it was not until the early 70's that the Chilean Raisins, as well as those of the newer districts of California and Australia, were actually found in the markets of the world. Since that time, however, the development of the industry in these new districts has been most rapid, and it has been shown that even higher quality and flavor are possible. In California the growth of the Raisin industry has been enormous, the output now reaching about 100,000,- 000 pounds annually, or more than the entire yearly consumption of the United States a few years ago. In 1894, the growers found tliemselves face to face with what was then thought to be a serious problem of over- production. The price of Raisins fell below the cost of production. Lack of system in marketing has since been shown to have been the cause, for by cooperative meth- ods in grading, packing and marketing, the industry has again been placed on a sound and fairlj' remunerative basis. Tlie first importation and planting of the vines were made in 1851, but it was not until 18G3 that the first California cured Raisins were exhibited at the State Pair, and it was not until 10 years later that the first large-scale vineyards (one at Davisville, Solano county, and another at Woodland, Yolo county) came into full bearing. One hundred and twenty thousand pounds were produced that year, nearly all by these two vineyards. Planting in various parts of the state followed. Fresno, Riverside, El Cajon valley in San Diego county, Los Angeles and Orange counties soon became important centers of the industry; but the production of citrons fruits has now largely superseded Raisin-growing in all the last mentioned except the Fresno district, where at present three-fourths of the entire output of the state is produced. The acreage is now about 50,000, with nearly 45,000 of these in the Fresno district, including Tulare, Merced and Kern counties. The climate of this region is eminently suitable for Raisin culture, Tlie summers are hot and dry and the winter rains scanty and late, thus insuring a high saccharine content of the grapes and ample opportunity for sun-curing, by which means alone, it is thought, Raisins of high quality can be produced. As the system in vogue in all districts is essentially the same as that in Fresno, a short resume of the practices of that region will suffice. Alluvial soils and deep upland loams of the plains are considered the best. Irrigation is absolutely necessary. At first flooding and furrow irrigation wei-e practiced, but since the placing of the ditches the water has escaped into and completely filled the loose soils (in some cases originally 60 ft. deep) from below% thus producing a system of "snbirrigation," as it is called there; and it is in this way that most of the vineyards are supplied with water at present. Indeed, in some localities, it is no longer a question of how^ to bring the water to the land, but more how to keep it out. Serious damage has resulted in some of the lower vineyards, where the seep- age water has completely swamjied the land. "Tight" canals and ditches at the start would have avoided this trouble, but it was not realizetl until too late. The vines are ail headed low, six inches being the favorite height for the stump. With the exception of the "Seedless Sultanas" and the "Thompson Seedless," which require long pruning, the canes are cut back to 2 or 3 eyes; the number of canes left varies from 5 to 15, according to the age and size of the stump. Summer pruning is seldom practiced. Clean, thorough tillage is maintained until the vines cover the ground and obstruct operations. The grapes ripen about Sep- tember 1, and are allowed to become thoroughly ripe before they are gathered. When the sugar percentage has reached 23 or 24 per cent, the fruits are considered ripe. The bunches are then cut with small shears (care being taken not to rub off the bloom), placed on wooden trays and exposed to the sun. The time required for full curing ranges from 10-12 days for the earlier grapes to as long as three weeks for the later ones. When the juice has reached about the consistency of jelly the Raisins are placed in " sweat boxes" to undergo the "sweating" process, in order to equalize the moisture -con tent throughout the whole mass. The Raisins are then ready for grading and packing. A great many brands and grades have been packed, desig- nated at first much the same as the imported ones, but lately, the Association has endeav- ored to establish and maintain distinctly Cali- fornian brands. "6- Crown Imperial Clus- ters," "5 -Crown De- hesas," "4-Crown Clus- ters," "3 -Crown" and "2-Crown London Lay- ers " are some of the principal brands. The loose or detaclied berries are, of course, always marketed separately as distinct grades. A great many have lately been " seeded " by means of a specially designed machine, put up in 1-pound and %-pound packages, and marketed for cook- 2071. and Table or cluster Raisins " loose cooking " Rai- (XM). 1496 RAISIN KAMPION ing purposes. Some "blenched" Seedless Sultana and Thompson Seedless are prepared, and commaud a higher price for no other reason than that they are con- sidered more pleasing to the eye. The delicious flavor and aroma are entirely destroyed in the bleaching with sulfur, and all possible efforts should be made to dis- courage the practice. Few, if any, "dipped " Raisins are now prepared. The varieties planted are: White Muscat of Alexan- dria, the Muscatel Gordo Blanco and Malaga; and for seedless Raisins, the Seedless Sultana and Thompson Seedless. It is safe to say that the first two are the prevalent varieties and produce the finest Raisins. The Gordo Blanco is the favorite with some on account of its large uniform berries and full, even symmetrical clusters. The seedless varieties are both small. "Cur- rants" (which, by the way. are not "currants" at all, but the ciired fruit of the Zante or Corinth grape-vine) are only partially successfiil, and as they command a lower price, are not considered profitable in Cali- fornia. The Raisin vines are subject to the same diseases and insect pests as are the wine and table varieties of the Iritis vinifera type, and these are combated by the usual methods. Downy mildew is unknown in Califor- nia, and up to the season of 1900 no phylloxera had made its appearance in the Fresno vineyards. In the fall of that year, however, it was discovered in the district, and to what extent it will reduce the acreage, will, of course, depend upon the vigilance of the growers and prompt- ness with which replantings with resistant stocks are made. Of late years high assertions have been made for the Salt river and Gila valleys of Arizona as Raisin regions. It is said the grapes ripen earlier and have that advantage over the California districts, as well as that of being nearer to market. How far these advantages will count against the California Raisin in the competition remains as yet to be seen. For a complete and detailed account of Raisin-grow- ing and curing, as well as a bibliography of the subject, see "The Raisin Industry," by Gustav Eisen; also, "California Fruits, and How to Grow Them," by E. J. Wickson. Arnold V. Stubenrauch. KAISIN-TREE, JAPANESE. Honnua dulcis. RAMONDA (L. F. E. von Ramond de Carbonnitn-es, French botanist and traveler, 17o3-18'27). Often spelled Ramondia, but originally written Ramonda, Gesncraccfp. Ramondia Ptfrenaica is one of the choicest and most popular alpine plants. Few, if any, inhabitants of rock gardens have been so often pictured. It is a small, tufted, hardy perennial herb, like most alpine plants, and its scapes bear one or few fls. in spring. These are an inch or so across, and normally purple or violet, but there is a pure white variety which is in great favor. The Ramondas vary in the number of their petals, or rather corolla-lobes. For example, P. NatluiUa' often has 4-lobed and 5-lobed fls. on the same plant. The floral parts in the genus are in 4's, 5's or G's. These plants are rare and local in Europe and are interesting as being among the few alpine survivors of a family that is now essentially tropical. A genus of about .3 species: corolla with scarcely any tube, rotate or broadly bell-shaped: perfect stamens as many as the corolla-lobes, affixed at the base of the co- rolla: ovary superior: capsule oblong: seeds minus. Ramondas are woolly or villous plants with soft, wrinkled leaves. The plants require perfect drainage. Although three Ramondas are in the trade, only one is well known. This is R. Pyrenaica, wliich is hardy in the eastern states. It is a beautiful, dwarf, alpine plant well adapted for the rock garden. It is rather hard to establish but can be easily grown from seed. If seeds are sown in the spring, and the small plants grown along in pots for the first summer and kept in a cool shady position, they will make neat little plants by the end of autumn. They should be kept in a coldf rame for the winter. These one-year-old plants grown in pots are much easier to establish than younger plants. They can be planted in small pockets in the rockery in a slightly shaded and elevated position, and given good, deep, peaty soil. When the plants get established they will blossom freely, and if allowed to ripen their seed they will sow themselves freely amongst the rocks. Old plants can also be increased by division. They ought to 20/2. Ramonda Pyrenaica (X i^). be covered in winter with some hay or dry leaves so that they will not be heaved out of the ground by the alter- nate thawing and freezing. A. Color of fls. purple or white, B, Corolla 5-parted, rotate. Pyrenaica, Rich. Fig. 2072. Sometimes called Ro- sette Mullein. Well-grown specimens may have G-12 scapes, each bearing 3— t fls. \% in. across. Native of Pyrenees. Many inferior forms have been sent out in the name of var. alba. Gn. 26, p. 129 (repeated in 27, p. 197); 29. p. 343 (repeated in 44, p. 55.5); 27, p. 197; 37:735 and p. 31; 51, p. 205; 56, p. 228. G.C. III. 12:vii. J.H. III. 34:187. R.H. 1866:330. B.M. 236 ( Verhascum Myconi). BB. CornVa 4-parted, more concave, short bell-shaped to funnelform. H^ldreichi, Janka {Janctpa, or Janlaa'a, H4ldreichi, Boiss.). Lvs. ovate, entire, obtuse, silky white above, rusty -woolly below: scapes 1-2-fld. : fls. violet. Ac- cording to Boissier it normally has a 5-parted cal5rx, 4- lobed corolla and 4 stamens. Thessaly. Gn. 55, p. 394. AA. Color of fls. yellow. Serbica, Pane. This is said to be distinguished by its blue anthers; also the fls. are said to be normally 5- lobed. Servia. — i?. Nathdlhe seems to be a variety that is more commonh' 4-lobed than the type. S.H. 1:161. Robert Cameron and W. M. RAMONDIA. See Ramonda, above. RAMPION {Campanula Rapunculas) is a vegetable sometimes cultivated for winter salads. The roots are chiefly used, generally in a raw state, but the leaves may also be used as a salad. The roots are white, a foot or so long, and spindle-shaped, like a long radish. They are ready for use in Oct. or Nov. and may be used all through the winter. According to Vilmorin's" Vegetable Garden," the seeds of Rampion are the smallest of all kitchen-garden seeds, and their germinating power lasts five years. The seed may be sown in the open ground, either broadcast or in drills. The precaiitions usually taken with minute seeds must be observed. In order not to sow the seed too thickly it is well to mix it ivith sand. The seed should not be covered, merely firmed into the soil. Frequent and careful waterings are necessarj' un- til the plants become established. Thinning is an Impor- tant operation. Every plant allowed to remain should have at least 4 inches each way for development. The plants like a light, rich soil, partial shade and water during the hot season. Although Rampion is a biennial plant it sometimes runs to seed the first year, especially if the seed be sown early. It is, therefore, sometimes advisable to postpone seed -sowing imtil June. For botanical description, see Campanula. RAMPION RANUNCULUS U97 RAMFION, HORNED. Pliijteitma. RAM'S HEAD. Cijpripecliiim arielhium. RAMSTED. Linaria vultjaris. RANDIA (Isaac Rand, author of an index of plants cult, at Botanical Gardens of the Society of Apothe- caries at Chelsea, published 1730 and 1739). Jiiibidcein. A genus of about 100 species of tropical shrubs, trees, and woody climbers. Plants often spiny: Ivs. opposite, obovate - oblong to lanceolate, frecjuently coriaceous; stipules between the petioles and stem, short, and usu- ally joined together; lis. white, yellow or reddish, small or large, axillary or rarely terminal, solitary, corym- bose, or fascicled : fr. a berry, globose or ovoid, 2-locuIed, many-seeded. For distinctions from Mitriostigma and Gardenia, see Gardenia. A. Shrubs liaviu(j spines. dumetorum, Lam. [R. floribihida., DC). A small tree or rigid shrub with stout, straight, often long spines: Ivs. i-2 in. long, short-petioled: lis. white or greenish yellow, fragrant, not large, solitary or rarely 2-3 on a peduncle; corolla }4-% in. across: berry globose or ovoid, %-W in. long, yellow. Tropical Asia. Cult, in S. Pla. AA. Shrubs or trees wiilioiU spines. B. Corolla-tube M in. long. Fitzilani, P. Muell. A glabrous tree : Ivs. often over 6 in. long, shining, obovate-oblong or elliptical, obtuse; petiole rather long: fls. about 1 in. across, in loose, few- fld. cymes or the fertile fls. solitary: fr. globular, IK in. thick or ovoid and longer, hard. Australia. Cult, in Pla. BB. Corolla-tube 4r-10 in. long. c. Lobes of corolla obtuse. maculS,ta, DC. {Gardenia StanJeijana, Hook.). A nnn-h-l)ranc'hed shrub 10-15 ft. high: Ivs. elliptical or obovate-ol)Iong, lK-5 in. long, %-2\^ in. wide, charta- ceous, acuminate, narrowed at base ; petiole usually with glands near its union with the midrib: fls. usually purple with white lobes, solitary, terminal or at ends of short lateral branches, sessile: fr. oval, oblong or glo- bose, pointed, lH-'i in. long. Tropical Africa. R.H. 1894:G0. B.R. 31:47. B.M. 418.5. Gn. 38:773. cc. Lobes of corolla acute. Ruiziana, DC. A tender shrub with dark green, lan- ceolate, acute Ivs., and white or pale yellow fls. termi- nal, solitary, sessile: corolla-tube somewhat h.airy; lobes spreading: fr. cylindrical, yellow, 10-nerved. ISrazil, Peru. p_ y;. Barclay. RANfiVEA (auagrani of Buvenea, and now first pub- lished). LiaiU'iiea of Bouch^. Palmacew. One species of palm allied to Hyophorbe, from which it differs, among other things, in its dwarfer habit, tisnally dioe- cious flowers, and in the flowers being arranged alter- nately on the short branches of the spadix. Bouche's generic name Mavenea dates from 1878. It appears in Bentham & Hooker (3:883) as Ravcnia. In spelling it is so similar to Ravenia of Vellozo, 1825, that the two cannot be distinguished by pronunciation. In the inter- est of perspicuity, therefore, the name is here changed to Ranevea, since both this plant and Ravenia occur in the American trade. Hildebrandtii (Bavmea Eildebrandtii, Bouch(5). Becoming 8-12 ft. high, but flowering under cultivation when half that height, spineless, erect: Ivs. elliptic-ob- long or ovate-oblong iu outline, long-stalked, pinnate, the pinuffi 20 or more pairs and narrow-lanceolate-acute : spadix long-stalked, the stamiuate recurved and with short densely flowered spreading branches, the pistillate erect with filiform strict branches thickened at the base: fls. pale straw-color, the calyx 3-lobed, the petals 3 and joined at the base, the stamens 6: fr. black. Co- moro Islands (east of Africa). l.H. 27:403. B.M. 6776. G.P. 4:259. — An excellent dwarf palm, described by W. Watson to he "as elegant as Geonnma gracilis and as sturdy as a Kentia. It deserves to take a prominent place among garden palms, its small size, free habit, elegance, good constitution, being all in its favor, while in the freedom with which it flowers and produces seed we have an exceptional character among dwarf j:)alms." Perfect flowers are sometimes produced, although the plant is habitually dioecious. Ranevea is one of the most valuable Palms of recent introduction, l^ fi -q RANtJNCDLUS (Latin diminutive for frog; many of the species grow in wet places). Rununciiliicew. iii'T- TERCUP. Crowfoot. The genus is by far the largest in the family, comprising fully 200 species. Ninety of these are native or naturalized in North America. Most members of the genus are naturally hardy, being found in mountainous regions and in cold and temperate parts of the globe. Generic description: Perennial (rarely annual) lierbs: Ivs. alternate, simple, entire, lobed, dissected ordivided: fls. yellow, white or red; sepals usually 5, deciduous or mareescent, persistent; petals 5 or more, conspicuotts or minute, nectar pit and scale at base; carpels many, 1-ovuled ; akenes generally flattened, smooth, papillose or spiny, borne in a head or spike ; styles minute or elon- gated. For .structure of the flower and fruits, see Figs. 1874, 2073, 2074. Por the botany of the species native to Amer- ica, see the Syn- optical Flora of North America, vol. 1, part 1, fasc. 1. pages 20-39. The writ- 2073. Flower of Buttercup er of the present 2C74. Head of —Ranunculus acris. article has treat- a k e n e s of Natural size. ed the wild and Buttercup, cultivated spe- cies of America in Minnesota Botanical Studies, series 2, part 4, pages 459-508 (1900). The cultivated forms of R. Asiaticus are constantly increasing in nttmber. They are of two main types: (1) the florists' section, called Persian Ranunculi, or true R. Asiaticus. These require more care than the others. They are quite variable in form and color, and are the most highly cultivated members of the genus. (2) The gardeners' section, called Turban Ranunculi, or var. Afrieanus. Compared with the first section, these have larger, broader, 3-parted Ivs., not so much cut: fls. larger and broader, with many crisp petals, not flat and spreading but erect and curved inward, forming a spherical flower, as in the double peonies. See No. 7. k. C. Davis. Culture of the Asiatic Ranunculuses. — The cul- ture of Ranunculuses in gardens and by florists has been confined chiefly to the Persian and Turban Ranun- culus, R. Asiaticus, since the Asiatic species is far more attractive than the European. In England and in other European gardens, R. Asiaticus has been in cul- tivation a very long time. Parkinson mentions it in his Paradisus, published in 1629. He termed it "the double-red crowfoot of Asia." Since his time R. Asiat- icus and its varieties have been greatly improved, both in size of flowers and variety of colors. The flowers are very double, almost globular iu outline, and often ex- ceed 2 inches in diameter, while the colors now embrace almost every shade except blue, and some are striped and variegated. A well-grown mass of these charming flowers when in full blossom is a sight not soon for- gotten. They are not as well known in American gardens as in those of England or at least not in the eastern states, since the writer has rarely met with them or seldom seen any reference to them in the horti- cultural periodicals. They are not adapted to either spring or summer bedding. Their season of blossoming in this country is about the last week in May and the first week in .June, which is too late for spring bedding, while the season of blossoming is too short for summer bedding. Therefore a position should be given them in the herbaceous border where they will receive some shade during the warmer parts of the day, or a level place in a rock garden with a northern aspect. The roots are tuberous, being like mini.nture dahlia roots. 1498 RANUNCULUS RANUNCULUS They are not liarily, at least not in any of the northern states. The tubers should be carefi^lly lifted after the foliage has all "ripened off" (which occurs usually toward the end of August), and stored until the follow- 2075. Ranunculus amplexicaulis (X %). ing spring in some cool shed where they will not freeze. They should be planted as soon as the frost is well out of the ground in spring, about 2 inches in depth and about 6 inches apart, making the soil very sandy on top so that the leaves will push through readily without heaving the soil. Like their congeners the European Ranunciili, they like plenty of moisture at the roots dur- ing the growing season, and if they can be shaded from the sun when in flower their blossoming period will be materially lengthened. They may also be grown for flowering in the greenhouse. The writer usually grows a few pans each year, planting the roots in pans of light soil towards the end of January and placing them in the coolest greenhouse, where they will blossom towards the middle of April. The writer also prefers the Tur- ban varieties, since they are stronger-growing and rather larger than the Persian. The .species may be propa- gated by seeds, but this process is not worth while for most people because the bulbs may be procured so cheaply. Of the native and European species of Ranunculus, those of the Batrachinm section, such as i?. aqKufilis and its varieties, are interesting aquatic plants, while i?. repeals, var. Hore pleno, and i?. amplexUutulh are useful as subjects for the bog garden. For herbaceous borders or moist corners in the rock garden R. aeonitifoliys, var. flore pleiio, R. cortuscefo- Uus, R. anemonoides, R. parnaa^^ifoliiifi and R. Ficaria are the only species worth growing. These are readily propagated from seeds or by division of the plants in sP"iig- Edward J. Canning. INDEX. (See also the supplementary list.) KEY TO SPECIES. Lvs. entire: hlades of siew-Jvs. anijilexicaul: fls. ivhlte 1. Li's. someivhaf lohed or divided. B. Flfs. yelloic [eo'cept in some double forms of R. Asiativus). C. Foliage much lobed a n d parted into linear segments. 2. Foliage with rather hro a d lobes or divisions. D. Riant spre((ding hij runners or rootsfocks. IE. A k e n e s compressed, margined- 3. EE. Akenes turgid 4. DD. Plant not spreading by run- ners nor rootstocks. E. Roots decidedly hnlhons . . 5. EE. Roots not bulbous. F. Plants very loir and glabrous G. FF. Plants usually much taller and more or less hairy. G. Fruitborneinaspike. 7. Ct i> . Frit it bo r ne in a globose or oval head H. Reak of akene as long as the body, straight 8. HH. Beak of akene nearly as long as the body, but re- curved 9. HHH. Beak of akene very short. I. Upper stem - Ivs wanting: petals normally 6-15. .10, II. Upper stem - Ivs. present : petals normally only 5.11 white {except in some amplexicaulis adoneus repens montanus hulbosus Suksdorfii Asiaticus orthorhynchus cortuseefolius Calilomicus acris acomtiSoIius 1. amplexicatilis, Linn. Fig. 2075. Stems erect, 5-10 inches high, with 2-.'J flowering branches, glabrous: Ivs. entire, ovate to lanceolate, amplexicaul. acuminate, BE Fls double forms). .12. aeonitifoUus, 12. af^ris, 11. adoneus, 2. amplexicauHs, 1. Asiitticus, 7. bulbosus, 5. Califomieus, 10. Carpaticus, 4. cortusfiei'olius, 9. dentatns, 4. flore-pleno. 11, 12. hiteus-plenus, 12. ma.riiiius, H. montanus. 4. orthorhynchus, 8. platyphyllus, 8. plen}(S, 12. repens, 3. speeiosus, 5. Suksdorfii, 6. superhissimus, 7. 2076. Ranunculus repens. Double-flowered (X J^). Tip of a decumbent plant, which roots at the joints. RANUNCULUS RANUNCULUS 1499 glabrous or at first with hairy edges soon becoming glabrous, glaucous: fls. 3-6, either terminal or axillary, pure white, with yellow stamens; sepals pointed; pet- als much larger, obtuse. Mts. of S. E. En. B.M. 2(iC (poor). L.B.C. 16:1593. J.H. HI. 35:.3-1.5. G.C. II. 19:788. 2. addneus, Gray. Plant shaggy-hairy, 4-12 in. high, sometimes becoming decumbent: root slender-fibrous: Ivs. usually 2-3-times 3-parted and lobed ; lobes all nar- row-linear, acute ; primary divisions of Ivs. sessile or nearly so; petioles of basal Ivs. membranous in lower part; stem-lvs. sessile or on a sheathing base, usually borne opposite, resembling an involucre: petals 5 (or 6 to 8), large, yellow, rounded outwardly, cuneate at base, much exceeding the lanceolate sepals which are hairy beneath: akenes somewhat compressed, acutish; style long, straight, subulate : head globular to oblong. Sum- mer. Rockies of Colo., altitude 10,000 ft. - Int. 1881. Procurable from dealers in Colorado plants. 3. ripens, Linn. Plant more or less hairy, spreading byrunuers: roots fibrous: fl. -stems often ascending 0- 12 in.: Ivs. petioled, 3-divided; middle 1ft. or all Ifts. stalked, often again 3 - lobed or cleft, and somewhat coarse-toothed, bases cuneate or truncate: petals obo- vate, 5-6 lines long ; sepals much shorter, spreading, hairy below: akenes compressed, margined; beak short, stout, slightly bent: head globose. Maj'-July. Low places, from Nova Scotia and Newfoundland to Va. and westward; also Eu. and Asia. — A double-flowered form ( var. flore plena), Fig. 2076, is not uncommon in gardens. 4. montanus, Willd. Mount.^in Buttercup. Plant 6 in. high, pubescent, with soft appressed or spreading hairs, especially toward the top : rootstock creeping, 1-3 in. high, J^ in. thick: radical Ivs. few, petiolate, smooth, orbicular in outline, 3-parted, and lobed into blunt-toothed segments; stem-lvs. sessile or nearly so, clasping the stem, 3-5-parted into narrow somewhat toothed or entire lobes: fls. solitary, terminating the simple or once-branched stem, 1 in. across or larger; sepals concave, acute, yellowish green, slightly hairy; petals 5, large, broadly obovoid, bright yellow, with small scale and pore at base: akenes turgid, glabrous; beak strongly hooked, puberulent. May -.July. Eu. B.M. 3022. L.B.C. 17:1610. Var. dent&tus, Baumg. (iJ. Carpdticus, Herbich). Lvs. much more toothed than in the type: plant much taller: fls. larger. B.M. 7266. Gn. 52:il38. 5. bulbdsus, Linn. {H. specidsus, Sort.). Plant from a true bulb, erect, about 1 ft. high, hairy: lvs. petioled, ,3-5-parted, the divisions sometimes stalked; segments lobed : fls. terminating the branches, bright yellow, large ; petals large, obovate, shining above ; sepals much smaller, often reflexed: akenes compressed, with short beak, and borne in a globose head. Spring and summer. Persia, Eii., N. Africa. — The double form is perhaps best suited for cultivation. 6. S{lksdoTfii, Gray. Roots fibrous: stems slender, 3-6 in. high, glabrous, radical and lowest stem-lvs. small, about 6-8 lines long, subreniforra to broadly fla- belliform, with truncate base, deeply 3-5 -cleft or parted ; divisions cuneate, again 2-5-cleft or incised; upper stem-lvs. with linear divisions: fls. 1-3, deep yel- low; petals round-obovate, refuse: akenes turgid-len- ticular, sharp-edged, glabrous; style persistent for a time, slender, % line long, equaling the akene body: head of fruit globular. July, Aug. Damp places, 6, 000- 8,000 ft. altitude; Mts. of Wash., Oreg. and Mont. -This rare species was offered by F. H. Horsford in 1889. 7. AsiAticus, Linn. Fig. 2077. Plant erect, either simple or branched, K-1 ft. high: roots fleshy: lvs. petiolate, becoming sessile upwardly, ternate or biter- nate; segments toothed or deeply 3-lobed: fls. termi- nating the stems and branches, variable in color among the cultivated forms; calyx spreading, becoming re- flexed ; petals large, obovate, blunt : fr. in a spike. May, June. Asia Minor. F.S. 16:1679 (fl. pi. ). R.B. 16:133 (var. sitperbisshtDis). —Highiy bred double fls. of many kinds are in cult. Roots are sold as "bulbs." The Persian and Turban Ranunculuses belong here. 8. orthorhynchus. Hook. Plant 10-18 in. high, erect, branched, hirsute to nearly glabrous: root thick, fibrous: lvs. oblong in outline, pinnately compound; Ifts. 5-7, cleft and incised, quite variable; upper Ifts. often con- fluent and sessile or nearly so, lower ones well stalked : petals 7-16, yellow, rarely purple beneath, obovate; se- pals much shorter, pubescent beneath, reflexed, decidu- ous : akenes glabrous, obliquely ovoid, compressed, margined; style ot same length, straight, rigid, persist- 2077. Persian Ranunculus— R. Asiaticus (X K)- ent: head globose. May-July. Wet places, Brit. Col. to Ore. and Mont. — Var. platyphyllus, Gray (B. mdxi- niua, Greene). Often 3 ft. or more high: lvs. larger, 2-4 in. across; Ifts. often 3 in. long, andlaciniately cut: petals often larger than the tj^pe. 9. cortusaeSdlius, Willd. Root of thick, fleshy, fascic- ulated fibers: plant velvety hairy, 1-3 ft. high; lower lvs. long-petioled, roundish to reniform, incised, and with cut and toothed lobes; stem-lvs. divided into 3-5 narrow lobes; upper ones sessile: fls. several or many, terminal and axillary, rather paniculate; sepals 5, ovate to lanceolate, green with pale margins; petals 5, large, broadly obovate, glossy yellow : akenes compressed , hairy on sides, tapering into recurved styles nearly their own length; head of fruit short-oval. May. Island of Ten- eriffe, Canary group. Int. 1893. Gn. 45:944. B.M. 4625. — Not very hardy and needs protection in winter and early spring. It is well suited for pot culture. It is in- creased by division of the roots in autumn. 1500 RANUNCULUS RAPHANUS 10. Califdrnicus, Bentli. Plant rather weak, M-2 ft. higli, usually pubescent or hirsute, branching and with- out leaves in upper part: roots tibrous: Ivs. ternately divided or parted, or palmately 5-divided into linear or narrow, often 2-3-parted divisions: petals G-15, glossy yellow, oblong or narrowly obovate : akenes flat, slightly margined, beak very short. Rather dry places, W. Calif, and adjacent Ore. 11. &,cris, Linn. Figs. 1874, 2074, 2075, 2078. Plant hairy up to the sepals, erect, 3^-3 ft. high, often branched: radical Ivs. on long, slender petioles; others with shorter petioles sheathing the stem or nearly ses- sile; Ivs. 3-parted nearly to the base, the divisions ovoid-cuneate, 2-3-lobed and coarsely toothed or cut: bracts linear, lobed or entire: fls. yellow, 9-12 lines across, several, on rather short peduncles; sepals hairy beneath, ovate, shorter than the petals; petals 5, gla- brous, obovoid, obtuse, bearing a prominent scale at base: akenes compressed, coriaceous on margins; style very short: head globose. May-Sept. Newfoundland, Canada, eastern states. Said to be naturalized from Eu- rope.—Var. flore-pleno, Hort., is more coinmon in cult. The best forms are deep, glossy, golden yellow and very double. Called Bachelor's Buttons. B.M. 215. 12. aconitifolius, Linn. Plant pubescent, 3^-3 ft. high, branched; Ivs. palmately 3-5-parted, parts cut-toothed, upper ones sessile and with oblong to linear-lanceolate lobes: fls. white, several on a stem; sepals flat, pubes- cent; petals oblong, cuueate to orbicular. May, June. Mountains of middle Europe. — Var. flore-pleno, Hort. {Yiiv. pJtmis), called White Bachelor's Button and Fair Maids of France, has very ornamental, double, white, globose flowers. Gn. 45, p. 29, and 48, p. 506. Var. liiteus-plenns, Hort. Fls. much doubled but of a golden yellow color. The type and varieties are suited to borders and half wild places 2078. Buttercups— Ranunculus acris. Natural size. Ii.ane)nonoldes,ZA\il. 6in.: fls.wliite or tinged rose. Austria. Gu. 22:354.-72. aqudtilis, Linn., sometimes called Lode wort, Ram's Foot, etc., is an interesting aqiiatic plant coinmon in temperate regions, the floating Ivs. often broad and 3-lobed, while the submerged Ivs. are cut up into nnmerous tliread-like segments.— i2. huJldtus, Linn., is a yellow-fld. spefdes offered in single and double forms by Dutch bulb dealers. Mediterranean region.— iS. cardiophyllus , Hook., offered in Oolo.in 1900, is con- sidered by Gray as R. affinis, var. validus. It is an Ameriean species pictured in B.M. 2999 with yellow fls. 1^ in. across.— R. fasciculdns, Muhl. Height 1 ft. June. N. Am. Mn. 2:1.— R. Ficdria, Linn., called Lesser Celandine or Pilewort in Eng- land, is a native of Europe and the Caucasus region. It has yel- low fls. about 1 in. across. A double form is procurable from Dutch bulb dealers.— i?. lanuginosus, Linn., is a European spe- cies of which a double form is advertised by Krelage. of Haar- lem, Holland.— i^. Li/allu, Hook, f., the New Zealand Water Lily, grows '2-4 ft. high, has peltate Ivs. and waxy white tis. 4 in. across, borne in many -flowered panicles. In Europe it 2079. Dwarf Essex Rape kX 1-12). is considered a cool greenhouse plant. It is a gorgeous spe- cies and ought to succeed somewhere in North America. G.C. II. 15:724; 23:371.— i2. parnassifblius, Linn., is a white -fld. European mountain plant 6 in. high, procurable from Dutch bulb dealers. J.H. HI. 30:37. L.B.C. 3:245. BM.Z&Q.~R. peddtus, Waldst. & Kit., a native of the Hungarian Alps, has yellow fls. nearly an inch across.— -fi. rvtcefbliits^ Linn., a native of the higher Alps, has yellow fls.: petals 8-10; claw orange Offered by Dutch dealers. — i2. scptentrlondlis, Poir., is advertised. It is a native plant allied to R. repens.— K. spicdtiis, Desf., is figured in B.M. 4585, with showy 5-petaled yellow fls. fully 3 in. across. It is an Algerian species bxit is said to be perfectly hardy in England and of easy culture in any good garden soil. — R. svpei'Mssimus, Hort., is used in some catalogues for the double Freneli Ranun- culi, known also as R. Asiaticus, var. superbissimus.— _R. i>in- diflorvs, Hort. VanTuhergen, is a scarlet and green-fld. variety of the Turban class of R. Asiaticus. g q_ Davis RAPE (Brassica Napus). Fig. 2079. In recent years this has become an important forage plant. The name Rape includes several varieties which are grown for two purposes: (1) for seed from which oil is expressed; ■(2) for the purpose of furnishing animals with succu- lent feed during late summer and autumn, when pas- tures become bare. Varieties used for the latter pur- pose usually do not produce seed in this climate the same season, though they are usuallj' classed with annuals. Dwarf Esses is an example of the kind used for soiling (green feeding) purposes. Rape is of considerable im- portance to the fruit grower as a cover-crop. The seed germinates readily, will often grow where a clover catch is impossible, and furnishes excellent sheep pasturage late in the season. When grown strictly as a soiling plant the tops are cut and hauled to the feed-lot or stable. Dwarf Essex Rape much resembles a ruta- baga turnip at first. It is like a rutabaga with an exag- gerated leafy top and without a swollen fleshy root. Rape is a cool weather plant and may be grown in al- most any part of the United States by sowing it at the proper time. As a cover-crop in the orchard in the East it may be sown as late as September 15 with good I'e- sults. It is an excellent pioneer plant in the work of renewing humus in worn-out lands. In the Middle West, where shade is needed. Rape is used as a nurse plant for clover when the latter is sown in orchards in midsummer. Turnips may be used for the same purpose. John Craig. RAPHANUS (classical name, from the Greek). Cru- cifercp. Radi.sh. Charlock. Annual or biennial branch- ing herbs, of about G species in Europe and temperate Asia, of which one, B. sativna, is the Radish (which see). They bear small but rather showy slender-pedi- celled flowers in rose-lilac or white, or in some species yellow, in open terminal racemes. Leaves various and variable, the radical and sometimes the cauline lyrate- pinnatifid. Stamens fi, free. Sepals erect, the lateral ones somewhat saccate or pouch-like at base. Pod a ■S M p. 'o a " » 3 M ■g 2 f^ pa ■a 3 « J3 =" S Oi B S >* I, w = K ^ 3 o a !5 a «•§ KAPHANUS RASPBERRY 1501 long cylintlrical fleshy or soft-corky silique, with spongy tissue between the globose seeds, iudeiiiscent. The genus is divided into two natund groups, one (Rupliau- istrum) witli tlie pod longitudinally grooved antl con- stricted between the seeds, the other (Kaiihanus proper) with tlie pod uot grooved nor prominently constricted. To the former group belongs E. Kaphanistrum, Linn., the Jointed or White Cliarlock (siinictnncs, but erro- neously, known as Rape). It is au (_)U1 World annual weed, now naturalized in fields and waste places in the easternmost states. It is an erect, sparsely hairy herb, with slender tap-root and radish-like Ivs., growing 2-3^ ft. high: lis. rather showy, yellowish, turning white or purplish; silique 1-3 in. long, few-seeded, with a long beak. It is from this species that C'arriere pro- duced Radishes by means of plant-breeilinir (see li'iujisli). To the second section belongs K. sativus, Linn., the Radish, generally considered to be native to Europe and Asia, but unknown in an aboriginal wild state. It is usually an annual, although commonly spoken of as bien- nial, because the roots can be kept over winter and planted the following spring. The winter Radishes are truly biennial in northern climates. Radish has pink-lilac or nearly white fls., and short, thick, spongy, taper- pointed pods. Sometimes it runs wild in waste places, and then bears a long, hard tap-root like that of R. Baphanistriiiii-. The Radish is extensively culti- vated for its thick roots, which have been developed into many shapes and colors. There are Chinese types of Radish that have a hard root little more than 1 in. in diani., and sometimes becoming nearly 1 ft. long. Some forms are scarcely distinguishable from short turnips. The Madras Radish (India) is grown for its soft, tender pods, which are eaten raw or in pickles. The Rat-tailed or Serpent Radish, var. caudatus (E. emidti1n>s, Linn.), has enormously long pods (see Fig. 20G6), which are eaten either pickled, or raw as Rad- ish roots are. Frequently the pods are 1 ft. long. The root is slender and hard. This is a cultural variety, coming true from seed. l. H. B. KAPHIA. See Eaffia. KAPHID6PH0RA. See EliupJiiOopliot-a. RAPHIOLEPIS (Greek, ra- phis, needle, and lepis, scale; referring to the subulate bracts). Sometimes spelled Mhaphio lep i s. Rosdcew. Ornamental evergreen shrubs, with alternate or obscurely whorled, ustially serrate Ivs., white or slightly pinkish fls. nal racemes or panicles and small pea- sized black fruits. None of the species are hardy north, btit all are handsome broad-leaved evergreens for cultivation in the southern states and California. They will thrive in any good, well- drained soil, and if cultivated in pots, a compost of sandy loam and leaf -mold or peat will suit them. Prop, by seeds or by cuttings of ripened wood under glass late in summer; also by layers, and soiuetimes grafted on hawthorn. Two species in southern Japan and China, allied to Sorbus and Photinia, but fls. in racemes or panicles, with deciduous calyx; stamens 1.5-20: styles 2-3. connate below: fr. small, bluish or purplish black, bloomy, with one globular seed. Japfinica, Sieb. & Zuce. (B. ovdta, Briot). Shrub, to 12 ft., with stout, upright branches: Ivs. short -petioled, broadly oval or obovate, obtuse or acutish, narrowed at the base, crenate-serrate, dark green and lustrous above, pale beneath, floccose-tomentose when young, thick, l>2-3 in. long: fls. white, % m. across, fragrant, in dense, tomentose panicles or racemes; petals obovate, obtuse: fr. to K in. across. May, June. S. Japan and adjacent islands. S.Z. 1:85. R.H. 1870, p. 348. Gn. 22. p. 43; 32, p. 20; 34, p. 1.08. -Var. integ^rrima, Hook. Lvs. entile or nearly so, to ',i^^ in. long. B.M. 5510. tndica, Lindl. [H.rithru, Lindl. Cratwgit.^ IndicUf Linn.). Indian Hawthokn. .Shrub, to 5 ft., with slender, spreading branches; lvs. obovate to oblong- lanceolate, acute or acuminate, gradually narrowed at the base, serrate, glabrous or slightly pubescent when unfolding, VA-iyi in. long: fls. white or pinkish, about H in. across, in glabrous or somewhat tomentose, rather loose panicles; sepals lanceolate, acute, usually red like the filaments; petals acute: fr. 34-H in. across. May, June. S.China. B.M. 1720. B.R. 6:468; 17:1400. — A very variable species; several forms have been de- scribed as distinct species, as B. PJueostemoii, rubra and aalU'i folia, Lindl. The last named, which is var. salici- f611a, Nichols., is the most ornamental: lvs. oblong- lanceolate, acuminate: panicles rather large and many- fld.; stamens white or purplish, shorter than sepals. B.R. 8:6.52. R. H. 1874:270. Gn. 9:26. B. rubra, ad- vertised by the S. Calif. Acclim. Asso., is Pi/racantha cmnulata , which see. A hybrid between the two species is B. Deiacoiirii, Andr^, forming a compact shrub with rather large panicles of blushed (Is. and the foliage in- termediate between the two parents. R.H. 1900:698. Alfred Rehder. RASPBERRY is a name applied to those brambles in which the fruit separates from the receptacle when ripe. Plate XXXIII. Three species are of importance in American fruit-growing. Bubas Idceits, the European Raspberry, has been longest in cultivation and is least important now in this country. Though brought to America by our forefathers among their earliest fruits, and the parent of many varieties here produced, the species has never fully adapted itself to the American climate. Owing to this fact. the work of Brinckle and others, in improving It, in the early part of the century, proved of ttle permanent value. The fruit is of superior quality and con- tinues to ripen through a long period, but the plants are deficient in hardiness and productiveness. Bubus strigosiis, the American red Raspberry, is very like its Euro- pean congener. Though slightly in- ferior in quality of fruit, its greater liardiness and productiveness have sufficed to confine the commercial growing of red Raspberries in America almost wholly to this spe- cies. It has been under domestica- tion only within the last half of the century. Cuthbert, the leading va- riety, IS shown in Figs. 2080, 2081. Bifbas 0 c c ident all s, the black Raspberry, is commercially the most important Raspberry in the United States at the present time. It lends itself read- ily to cultural methods, the plant is hardy and produc- tive and the fruit is better able to meet the exigencies of market demands, though relished less by most per- sons, than that of the reds. The growing of black-caps in field culture for evaporating has added greatly to the importance of the species. This can be done where 2080, Cuthbert Rasp- berry (XM). To show halsif of fruit bearing. 1502 RASPBERRY RASPBERRY conditions would not warrant the growing of fruit to be sold fresh. Hybrids of B. strigosiis and i?. occlden- ^«7is — known as B. nef/lecttia — h^ve given the purple- cane class, of which Shaffer {Fig. 2082) is a leading example. For further notes on species of Ra^spberrj', see liitbus. Raspberries are extensively grown in the northeastern states. They thrive best in deep, moist soil. The lighter loams are preferable for reds and the heavier loams for blacks. The prime essential is that the land shall be able to withstand drought well; but it must not be over- wet. Much may be done to improve the drought-resist- ing quality of soils. If the sub.soil is hard and impervi- ous it may be improved by underdraining or subsoil ing. This will provide a deeper reservoir for the storage of moisture. Still more important is the proportion of vegetable matter. A soil rich in humus admits water more readily and in larger quantities, retains it longer Box of Cuthbert Raspberries (X and therefore resists di'ought better than one that is de- ficient in humus. Humus may be increased by the ap- plication of stable manure and by plowing under green crops, but the process must be gradual. Undecayed vegetable matter is not humus, and its addition in large quantities may augment the difficulty which the increase in humus is designed to correct. Thorough soil preparation must therefore begin several years pre- vious to planting, if the land has been improperly handled theretofore. Other important offices of humus are the holding of nitrogen to prevent its loss, and the unlocking of mineral elements from the soil. The well- known fact that brambles thrive so well in virgin soil, is, no doubt, largely due to the abundance of humus which such soil contains. Stable manure is permissible as a fertilizer, except forred Raspberries when growing on moist, ricli soil, in which case it forces growth too much. Leguminous ci'ops may furnish all the nitrogen needed. Floats, ground bone or basic slag will supply phosphoric acid, and potash may be obtained from wood ashes or muriate of potash. Upon the soil of the Rhode Island Experi- ment Station, which is a light sandy loam with gravelly subsoil, the addition of nitrogen does not increase the yield, although the soil is not naturally fertile and ni- trogen has been applied annually for a series of years. Other crops have been upon the land until recently. Even plots from which mineral elements have also been omitted do not fall far behind those which have been liberally dressed with the three essential fertilizing ele- ments for a series of years, judging from the first crop only. No one can tell the grower how to fertilize his plants; the question must be settled upon his own farm. Cover-crops have not been extensively used, but are likely to receive more attention. Where crimson clover will thrive it is well adapted to the purpose, although somewhat difficult to uproot in spring. Planting may be done in fall or spring, but spring is to be preferred for black-caps. Plants secured from young plantations are preferable, since they possess gr<^att_-i- viu:or and are less likely to carry disease. The imiividuulity of the parent-plant, while generally dis- regarded, may be a determining factor in the profitable- ness of the offspring. Black-cap plants are obtained by burying the tips of the growing canes, late in summer, when they begin to thicken and throw out roots. When thoroughly rooted, the layer is severed and the "tip" (Fig. 2083) is used for planting. Reds throw up numer- ous suckers from the roots and these are oftenest used in planting, though root-cuttings are available. For near-by planting the young suckers, moved in early '•ummer, may be used. Plants are preferably set iii check-rows, six or seven feet apart, with plants four to six feet apart in the row. Cross-cultivation in early spring and after fruiting will materially aid in keeping a plantation in good condition. Without it the reds quickly form thick hedge-rows. With intensive methods 1 crops may be grown between the row^s the year of ()!;inTing; with common farm methods they are better omitted. Thorough tillage should be given till midsummer, when a coA'^er-crop should be sown. In especially dry climates, as upon the Plains, tillage should be continued throughout the season. Plow- ing between the rows in spring is undesir- able and is unnecessary if tillage has been good the previous year. With reds some form of cultiviitor with square-pointed teeth or cutting-blades is advantageous in de- ,blong-pear- shaped, 1 in. long, 5-angled. China. B.M. 4199. B.R. 15:123U.-Cult. in S. Calif. y. W. Barclay. EEINfiCKIA (J. Reinecke, a German gardener). JJHiUceee. A genus of a single species from China and Japan, a tender perennial herb, with attractive foliage in tufts 1-1/^ ft. high from a thick, creeping rootstock. Lvs. rather long, channeled: scapes leafless: fls. sessile, in a loose spike; perianth -tube cylindrical; lobes re- curved, spreading: ovary 3-loculed, with a few seeds to each cell : berry globular, usually with one seed to each cell. The following is procurable from Dutch bulb- growers. c&mea, Kunth. Fls. dull flesh or pink; bracts rather large, tinted red : fr. red, 3— t lines in diani. B.M. 739. -Var. varlegata is also offered. I.H. 9:323. REIN ORCHIS. Habenaria. REINWARDTIA (Kaspar Georg Karl Reinwardt, 1773-1822, scientist of Leyden; traveled in East Indies 181.5-1822). Lind.ce(e. A genus of two species of sub- shrubs from India with handsome yellow, 5-petaled fls. borne in midwinter. They are old favorites in conser- vatories. They require warmhouse treatment. The genus is closely allied to the flax (Linum), and Seinwardtia trigyna is known to this day as Linum trigyntnn by the gardeners, who usually accent trigynum on the second syllable instead of the first. Reinwardtiais distinguished from Linum by the yellow fls., 3-4 styles and unequal or deficient glands; Linum has mostly blue, rosy or white fls., 5 styles, and equal glands. Other generic characters: sepals 5; jietals 5, contorted, fugacious; stamens 5, alternating with as tnany staminodes; glands 2-3, ad- nate to the starainal ring: ovary .3-5-loculed. Reinwardtias are showy subshrubs about a foot high with bright yellow flowers. They are useful for the dec- oration of the conservatory in winter time, at a season when yellow is scarce. To have presentable plants, it is necessary to give them a good deal of attention. It is difficult sometimes to get suitable cuttings; the strong growths which start away from the base when the plants are cut down make the best plants. Top-shoots will grow, but seldom make good plants, as they are liable to go to bloom prematurely. Sandy loam is the best compost. Plants that have been grown in pots for a season may be planted out in the early summer, and these will make good plants and furnish cuttings. They will have to be topped frequently and carefully lifted. Young stock is better kept in pots, as the plants do not lift well. Sunshine is essential during the winter season to get the best development of Reinwardtias. They thrive best in a temperature of 55-C0°. A. Iivs. entire: styles S. trigyna, Planch. Fig. 2085. Lvs. elliptic-obovate, entire or minutely toothed, tip rounded or subacute. B.M. 1100. Gn. 29, p. 279. -Grows 2-3 ft. high in the wild. AA. IfVS. toothed: styles 4 or 3. tetrdgyna. Planch. Lvs. elliptic-lanceolate, acumi- nate, crenate-serrate. B.M. 7130. G.C. III. 16:721. K.H. 1867:291. x. D. Hatfield and W. M. 2085. Reinwardtia trigyna (X >^). RENANTHSRA (named from the reniform anther). Orchidacea/. Tall, climbing epiphytes, with branched stems sometimes 12-14 ft. high: lvs. distichous on the stem: fls. in large, drooping racemes or panicles; sepals and petals spreading, similar or the lateral sepals often larger and of a ditferent color; labellum small, movably joined to the column, spurred or spurless, often with small, erect, lateral lolaes. Culture is similar to that of brides and Vanda. coccinea, Lour. Stems 8-10 ft. high, branched, climb- ing by means of white fleshy roots: lvs. in 2 rows, ob- long, notched at the end, 4—5 in. long: fls. open, 2-3 in. across, in loose, branching racemes 2-3 ft. long, very brilliant; petals and dorsal sepal linear-spatulate, deep red, blotched with orange; lateral sepals larger, oblong, broader toward the apex, undulate, deep crimson, with paler transverse lines; labellum small. Autumn. Cochin China. B.M. 2997, 2998. B.R. 14:1131. P.M. 4:49. F.S. 7, p. 163. G.C. 1845:491. -Does not flower readily in cultivation, but is very showy. RENANTHERA RESEDA 1505 Stdriei, Reichb. f. Stem slender, climbing, 10-12 ft. high: Ivs. alternate, oblong to linear-oblong: panicle about 1 ft. long and nearly as broad: Hs. 2%-3 in. long; petals and dorsal sepal erect, linear-spatulate, orange- red, mottled with crimson; lateral sepals pendulous, obovate-spatulate, nndulate, crimson with large blood- red blotches; labellum very small. Philippines. B.M. 7537. Gn. 53, p. 119. G.M. 39:G59. Ldwei, Reichb. f. ( Voiula Lbxvei, Lindh). Fig. 2086. Stems very long, climbing, somewhat branched: Its. rather crowded, strap-shaped, 2-3 ft. long: racemes from the upper axils, 6-12 ft. long, bearing 40-50 fls. : fls. of two kinds, the lowest pair tawny yellow with crimson spots, the others larger, pale yellowish green, irregularly blotched with reddish brown; sepals and petals lanceolate, acute, undulate, on the lowest pair shorter, blunter and more fleshy. Borneo. B.M. 5475. I. H. 11:417. R.H. 1868:110; 1884, p. 343. F.S. 21:2256. Gt. 37, pp. 108, 109. Gn. 11, p. 524; 16, p. 354, 355; 32, p. 197. G.C. 11. 20;657; III. 27:3. -A very remarkable orchid. Heinrich Hasselbbinq. RESflDA {from the Latin to calm ; said to allude to supposed sedative properties). Besed^cem. Migno- nette. The family Resedaceae includes between 60 and 70 species of small, not showy plants, mostly herbs, widely distributed in warm -temperate regions. These species fall into 6 genera, of which only Reseda is cul- tivated to any extent. This genus contains 53 species (MuUer, DC. Prodr. 16, pt. 2), most of which are native to the Mediterranean basin, Arabia and Persia. They are herbs (sometimes partially woody at the base) with alternate, simple or compound Ivs., and terminal spikes of inconspicuous perfect flowers. The flowers have 4-7 small greenish toothed or cleft petals and 8-40 small stamens; pistil 1, ripening into a 3-G-horned capsule that opens at the top at maturity {Fig. 2087), and con- tains several to many seeds. Only one species, the common Mignonette (.Z?. odorata), is generally known, but two or three other species are sometimes grown. Two other species are occasional weeds in the East,— R. Lnteolaj Linn., the Dyer*s Weed, 1-2 ft. tall, with entire Ivs., 4 or 5 greenish petals of which the lowest one is entire; and J?, liiiea , Linn., with pinnatifid Ivs. and petals usually 6. A. Lifs. entire or only 7iotched. odor&,ta, Linn. Common Mignonette. Figs. 1401, Vol. II, 2087. Branching annual herb, at first upright but becoming wide-spreading and more or less decum- bent: Ivs. spatulate or oblanceolate, mostly obtuse, usu- ally entire but sometimes notched: fls. yellowish white, in spicate racemes that become loose and open with age, very fragrant. N. Africa, Syria. B.M. 29. Gn. 55, p. 409. — Much grown for its strong and agreeable fra- grance. It has been greatly modified under domestica- tion. The following garden names seem to belong to this species: ameliorata, compacta, exiniia, gigantea, grandiflora, midtiflora, 2;?/»)i7a. Var. BllSfruticdBa, Edw., is woody at the base. B.R. 3:227. Forty to 50 named varieties of M. odorata are in the trade. See Mignonette. glafica, Linn. Glabrous and some- what glaucous perennial, less than 1 ft. tall, with many spreading stems : Ivs, narrow -linear, entire, or 2- toothed near the base: petals 5 or 6, the upper ones 3-lobed ; stamens about 14. Pyrenees. — Recommended for dry places, as a border plant. See p. 737. AA. I/vs, usually prominently lobed or pinnatifid. Alba, Linn. ( B.suffruticdsa, Loef . ) . 2087 Pod of Reseda White Upright Mignonette. Fig. odorata (X 2). 2088, Straight -growing erect gla- brous annual or biennial plant, 1-3 ft., weedy: Ivs. nu- merous, long-stalked, deeply and irregularly pinnatifid, the segments usually linear and sometimes toothed: t\s. white, in a very long, slender spike. S. Eu. G.C. III. 20:45. — A good plant for growing as an ornamental sub- ject in the flower border with other plants. It bears many spikes on tall branches, making it a conspicuous plant. Treated as a half-hardy annual. Odor not pleasing. crystallina, Webb. Glabrous, sparingly branched, somewhat glaucous annual: Ivs, usually 3-parted, or the lowest ones entire: fls. deep yellow, in racemes. Canary Islands. — Has been offered as a garden annual. L. H. B. Notes on Reseda odorata. — In the improvement of the Mignonette less attention has been paid to the individ- ual flower than to the spike as a whole. What the florist has desired is as large a spike as possible. The color and form of the flower and habit of the plant were sec- ondary in impartance when compared to size and abun- dance of spikes. Under such circumstances we can ex- pect comparatively little change to have taken place in the individual flower. In fact, we find that all the floral parts, with the exception of the color and size of the anthers, have changed little. In the double-flowering varieties, the character of the flower has been changed by the replacement of the stamens with petal-like organs. In some cases traces of the anthers still remain. These double varieties are usually characterized by the sraall- ness of their spikes, the pungency of their odor {being in some cases even unpleasant), and the tendency of the flowers to produce monstrosities. In the more improved varieties, and especially in those plants that have been highly fed, the size of the flowers is sometimes con- siderably larger than in the average specimen. The average size of the individual flowers is undoubtedly larger in improved varieties than in the unimproved va- rieties ; this increase in size is no peculiarity of the petals alone, but is shared by all parts of the plant alike. The peculiar and characteristic fragrance for which the Mignonette is chiefly cultivated has undergone marked changes during the improvement. It is stated by some writers that the odor of the old garden form was sweeter than that of the more improved forms. This seems to be true. All questions of odor, however, must be left to the discrimination of the individual ob- server. The old garden form has a sweet, pleasant odor, which is not so strong as that of the improved varieties but has a more penetrating and yet a light and agree- able quality. It reminds one somewhat of the wild sweet-scented blue violets. Philip Miller compared it to the odor of ripe raspberries. The odor of such im- proved varieties as Allen Defiance, White Diamond, Urania, etc., is heavy, strong and less delicate than 1506 RESEDA RESTREPIA '^^^ 2088. Reseda alba. that of the old forms. It reminds one, when the flowers are fresh, more of the fragrance of ripe nectarines or apricots than of violets. It is only after the spikes have been picked and begin to wilt that one recognizes the sweet violet-like scent. The modern improved varieties are likely to have very little scent when forced or fed high, and in cases of excessive forcing they become nearly or quite scentless. But if we let them wilt slightly, or on sunny days after the moisture has dried up, the powerful odor becomes very apparent. The old forms seem to have the power of volatilizing the ethereal oils freely un- der normal conditions, while the more highly bred only attain this power, to its fullest extent, when the root pres- sure is reduced. Gardeners frequently assert that Mign- onette if grown in given kinds of soil will be less fragrant than when grown in certain other soils. ^^Thus Henderson, in his ^' " Handbook of Plants," states that "Mignonette should always be grown in light, sandy soils, if possible; as when grown in a rich loam it loses its fragrance." To test this matter, a number of plants of the same variety (Im- proved Victoria) were grown in soils varying in proportion of sand and clay and amount of ma- nure as follows: Soil 1. .3 parts sand, % loam, K dung, M mortar; Soil 2. 2 sand, lloam, /^dung; Soil 3. 1 sand, 2 loara, 1 leaf- mold; Soil 4. 1 sand, 2 loam, 1 mortar, 1 dung; Soil 5. 2 loam, 1 mortar, % dung; Soil 6. Clay loam with some dissolved bone, NaNOa and charcoal; Soil 7. Loam, clay and K2SO4 (NH*)2 SO4, P2O5 and char- coal. The plants varied considerably in the rapidity and amount of their growth. The difference in fragrance was difficult to estimate on account of the difference in the state of maturity of the various spikes. By making independent estimates on different days as long as all the plants were in bloom and trying to strike an aver- age, the conclusion was reached that the plants grown in the lighter soils had a stronger and more pronounced fragrance than those grown in the heavy clay soils. The amount of fragrance given by wilting flowers on the heavy clav soils is very perceptibly less than that given off by flowers from the lighter soils. In plants grown in a heavy clay loara richly manured, the fra- grance was hardly perceptible and very faint even on wilting. The influence of the diffei'ent proportions of manure and soil used was not measurable, as the differ- ence, if any, in the strength of the odor given off by the different spikes was too slight to measure. Heavy manuring seems to have a deleterious effect on the fragrance of Mignonette. Two plots of the same number of plants growing in a solid bed were taken. One was manured weekly with liquid manure; the other was left nnmanured. The manured plants made more growth and produced less but larger flowers than the nnmanured plants. As long as the manuring was con- tinued, the nnmanured plot was the most fragrant. After discontinuing manuring for two weeks, the difference became imperceptible and ultimately the plot which had been manured became more fragrant than the un- manured plot. The plants in the nnmanured plot were first to bloom. It has been asserted that Mignonette is most fragrant when grown at a low temperature, it being a plant which loves a cool atmosphere. In order to test the effect of temperature on the fragrance of Mignonette, plants of the same varieties were grown in houses whose mean temperature was 50° F., 05° P. and 75° F. The plants had the same soil. Those in the house whose temperature was 50° were grown in flats and benches, while those in the other two houses were grown in 5-inch pots. All were sown November 16. Those in house of 75° germinated two days ahead of those in house of 65° and three days ahead of house of 50°. In relative amounts of growth the plants stood as follows (May 15) : Hot house, first; cold house, second; medium, third. But in fragrance they stood as fol- lows: Medium house, first; hot, second; cold, third,— until the outside temperature became high enough to raise the temperature of the cool house to that of the medium house (steam being off), when the plants in the cool house began to equal if not surpass those of the medium house in fragrance. At certain stages of the spike-development, the fragrance seemed stronger in the hot house than in the medium house, but did not last nearly as long as in the medium house. The cool house surpassed both in lasting power of the fragrance, due to the spike lasting longer and not volatilizing its ethereal oils so fast. The fact that the plants grown in the cool house were less fragrant at first than those grown in the warmer houses brought up the question whether this difference in fragrance was permanent or temporary and dependent on the temperature in which the plant was blooming at the time. Plants were taken from the cool house to the temperate (05*^) house and left there for some time, with the result that after a time no difference in the fragrance between the cool house plants and those grown in the medium house could be detected, although there was a difference at first. Plants taken from the temperate house into the cool house, on the other hand, apparently did not lose their fragrance until the old spikes had been replaced by new ones. From these two results it would appear that the iufliience of temperature is not permanent either as far as the flowers that came immediately under the temperature influence is concerned or those flowers that are not yet developed. But the temporary influence of temperature is of longer duration in the case of flowers taken from a warm house into a cool house than from a cool house into a warm house. The differ- ence in odor between plants grown in a warm and a cool house is probably due to the more ready volatiliza- tion of the ethereal oils in a warm temperature. This volatilization, when once set up, is probably less easily checked or accelerated above a normal rate, whatever that rate may be; hence the tardiness of the plants to react with the cooler temperature. R. L. JUNGHANNS. REST HARROW. Ononis rofundifoUa. KESTRfiPIA (Joseph Emanuel Restrep, a student of natural history in the tropics). Orchldacem. A genus of very interesting little plants, allied to Masdavallia and not unlike that genus in habit and appearance. The stems are tufted on creeping rhizomes, each bear- ing a single leaf and clothed below with scales. The flower-stems appear from the axil of the leaves. They are perennial, producing flowers for several years in succession. Dorsal sepal free, ending in a filiform, clavate tail; lateral sepals united into a broad blade, bifid only at the apex; petals like the dorsal sepal, but smaller; labellum oblong or ovate, often with 2 small teeth near the base. About 12 species, few of which are cultivated for their curious flowers. They are easily grown at a temperature suited for cool Odontoglossums (40-55°). They thrive well planted in a mixture of peat and sphagnum in baskets, which are usually suspended near the glass. They have no definite resting period, but do not require as large a quantity of water in win- ter as during their most active growth. Pot moder- ately firm, and rest in a cool house. antennifera, HBK. Stems slender, clustered, 4-6 in. high, clotlied with limbricated scales, and bearing one (rarely more) ovate cordate petioled leaf : peduncle from the axil of the leaf, slender, 1-fld. : dorsal sepal 1% in. long, lanceolate, tapering into a slender clavate tail, yellow, with purple lines and a purple tip; lateral sepals united into an oblong blade 2-lobed at the tip, yellow, marked with red-purple dots; petals small, an- tenna-like, purple at the tip. Nov. -Feb. Colombia, Venezuela. B.M. 6288. Ml. 16:601. A.F. 6:031. RESTREPIA RESURRECTION PLANTS 1507 2089. Rose of Jericho in tile dry state. Day^na, Reiclib. f. A small phiiit growing in dense tufts: Ivs. roundish, acute, cordate: dorsal sepal and petals tiliform, clavate, shining, violet-brown ; lower sepals united into a broad, bifid blade, yellow and brown. Costa Rica. ilegans, ICarst. Tufted, epiphytic, 2-3 in. high: Ivs. 1-1>2 in. long, elliptic: peduncles usually in pairs: lis. IK-2 in. long ; dorsal sepal erect, lanceolate, white, streaked purple, with a tail as long as itself, which is clubbed at the tip and yellow; lateral sepals connate into an oblong, emarginate, concave blade, yellow, spotted purple; petals like the dor- sal sepal, but spreading and only half the size; lip half the size of the connate lateral sepals and of tlio same color but edged with red. Venezuela. B.M. 51166. F.S. 7:743. Heinrich Hasselbring. KESUERECTION PLANTS are great curiosities, because they seem to "come to life " after being- appar- ently dead. The commonest ones, shown in Figs. 2089-92, are mem- bers of the mustard family and the club moss family. Others are As- teriscus, a composite, and Mesem- bryauthemum, of the fig-marigold family. These are described below. 1. The Rose of Jericho is properly Anastdtica Siero- clmntica, Linn., which name means "Resurrection Plant from Jericho." The pLant is a native of the sandy deserts from Arabia and Syria to Algeria. It is an annual and grows about 6 inches high. Soon after flowering the leaves fall off and the branches become woody and roll up into a ball, reminding one of wicker-W'Ork or lattice. Inside the ball are the seeds, or, in botanical language, the fruits, which are borne in a protected position near the tips of the inrolled branches. The plants are then uprooted by the winds and are blown about on the deserts. These balls were thought by many to be " the rolling thing before the whirlwind " mentioned in Isaiah, .and were brought to Europe by the crusaders. The shape of these balls might be fancifully compared to that of an unopened rose. When the winter rains descend or when the balls are blown into the Mediter- ranean the branches at once open back and stretch out straight, the fruits open, and the seeds germinate very quickly, "often in the fruit," according to Warming. The dead plants do not, of course, "come to life," but they retain their hygroscopic properties fomiany years. They may be dried and wetted alternately many times. The vitality of the seed is doubtless considerable, but it is a question whether there is any good scientific record on this point. The balls are often sold by fakirs and dealers in novelties and attempts are often made to grow the plants at home. Botanically, Anastatica is highly distinct by reason of its short and broad fruit or silicle, which has 2 ear-like appendages at the top. The silicle is divided by a transverse partition into 2 cells, each of which contains a seed. There is only one species. The genus belongs to the Arabis tribe of the Cruciferse, but is exceptional in not having a long, slender silicle. The growing plant has obovate Ivs., the lower ones entire, upper ones 2090. Rose of Jericho as it opens after being moistened. toothed, and the fls. are small, white and borne in spikes in midsummer. Excellent pictures of Resur- rection Plants may be found in Kemer and Oliver's "Natural History of Plants," together with reliable accounts of the behavior of the various kinds. See also B.M, 4400. G.C. 1872:1068. Gn.4,p.lll. These plants have much folk-lore. 2. The Bird's-nest Moss, Selarjinella lepidopliylla, is a native of Mexico and reaches into western Texas. .-.~^^W€ 2091. Bird's Nest Moss dried into a tight ball. Many Selaginellas "will curl up if allowed to diy, and several of the Mexican species do so in their native places during the dry season, but this species is said to make a tighter mass than any other. When placed in lukewarm water the fronds loosen and roll back into a flat position. The plant may become green and grow, and it is also said that it may be dried and revived an in- definite number of times. Selaginellas are beautiful moss -like plants. What appear to be the leaves are really the branches, and the true leaves are scale-like. See Gn. 17, p. 400. F. 1871, p. 144. 3. Asteriscus pt/fpticeus, a member of the composite family, is also called Rose of Jericho, has the same range as No. 1, and was also brought to Europe by the crusaders. The branches do not roll up, but the in- MH'^h , \,m 2092. Bird's Nest Moss, as it opens out flat soon after being moistened. volucre closes over the head of fruit during the dry sea- son, and is loosened by moisture when the seeds escape. The genus is referred by Bentham and Hooker to Odon- tospermuni. See Pig- 2093. 4. Several species of Mesembryanthemum are known to be hygroscopic. According to Kerner and Oliver, "the capsular fruits of these plants remain closed in dry weather; but the moment they are moistened the valves covering the ventral sutures of the fruit-loculi open back, dehiscence takes place along the ventral sutures, and the seeds, hitherto retained in a double shroud, are washed out of the loculi by the rain." It is doubtful whether these capsules are offered in the trade. W. M. Anastatica is occasionally grown for curiosity or for botanical purposes, but the plant is anything but orna- mental. The undersigned has often grown it for classes in botany, sowing the seed in February in pots and keeping the plants in pots all summer. Bottom heat is not necessary at any stage, at least in America. The 1508 RESURRECTION PLANTS RETINISPORA plant could be grown in a window-garden. For his spe- cial purpose the writer has been accustomed to sow seeds in Feb. in 4-inch pots, using a light, sandy soil, in a house with a temp, of 60° F. As soon as the seed- lings are large enough they are transplanted into other 4-inch pots, 3 plants to a pot. As to the vitality of the seed the writer can only say that the seeds of Crucifer£e, being mealy, not oily, often retain their vitality for five years or more. Selaginella lepidophijUa is a perennial plant. It is rarely cultivated in greenhouses for ornament, like the evergreen kinds. It is chiefly cult, in botanic gardens or by fanciers of ferns and selaginellas, as it is by no means the most beautiful member of the genus. The writer grew a plant of it for four years, and once saw at one of the botanical gardens a plant which through long cultivation had developed a stem almost a foot high. It looked like a miniature tree-fern, except of course that the fronds were arranged in a dense rosette, which gave the fronds a flat rather than a pendulous appearance. Whether the plants received directly from Texas have a crop of spores on them is a question. The spores do not discharge when the plants are wetted. Many extravagant statements are made about the Bird's-nest Moss. The dried plants offered by the trade will turn green and grow unless they are too old or have been kept dry too long. They would probably not grow if kept over more than one season. They cannot be dried again and again indefinitely. If a plant has been grown in a pot for three or four years and is then dried off it will die. Most people who grow these plants as curiosities place them in a bowl of water with perhaps a little sand and a few pebbles. The water causes them to turn green and they will grow for a time. Then if taken out of the water they may be kept dry for a time and the process repeated, but each time the plant loses its lower or outer circles of fronds much faster than new ones are made and at about the third time the plant is used up. The writer has a fern which could just as truly be called a Resurrection Plant. The fern is Polypodiuni incanmn. It is a native of the southern states, where it grows up the trunks of trees and over rocks and stones. At certain times it is dried up 2093. Another " Rose of and parched, but as soon as moisture conditions are restored it looks as fresh as ever. The plants are growing on the branch of a tree in a coolhouse and it has been tested several times. It seems that Selaginella lepidophylla is a little outside the region in which Selaginellasaremost at bomeand tliat it has learned to adapt itself to different conditions. In warm, dry countries there are ferns of various genera that dry up and then are resurrected quickly when wet weather comes. Edward J. Canning. RETARDING is the opposite of forcing, and consists in keeping plants in cold storage, thereby preventing them from growing during their natural season. Its object is to supplement natural methods and forcing in order to produce the same thing the year round. At present the lily-of-the-valley is the only plant of the first importance which is retarded in commercial estab- lishments. There is sufficient demand for these flowers all the year round to justify the expense of cold storage. Lily-of-the-valley "pips "maybe taken from cold storage and forced into bloom in three weeks. Plants that have been retarded need very little heat when they are al- lowed to grow; they are eager to start, and a temp, of 45° to 50° is sufficient. Lilium speeiosum^ lonrfiflorum and aurafum will bloom in 10-12 weeks from cold storage; Azalea mollis in 3-4 weeks; spireas in about 5 weeks. Seakale and lilacs have also been retarded with profit. Goldenrod has been kept in an ice-house Jericho"— Asteriscus. The bracts roll out and make a fiat, star-shaped figure. all summer and flowered for Christmas with happy re- sults. The art of retarding plants is making great prog- ress at present, and with the growth of popular taste for flowers the list of retarded plants may be greatly extended in the future. See A.F. 16:654, 655 (190U). RETINlSPORA. Often but not originally spelled Bet- iiiospora. A genus of conifers founded originally by Siebold and Zuccarini on the two Japanese species of Chamsecyparis, chiefly distinguished from the Ameri- can species by the resinous canals of the seeds {from Greek retine, resin, and spora, seed). Afterwards the genus was united with Chamsecyparis, but in horticul- tural nomenclature the name is applied to a number of juvenile forms of Thuya aud Chamsecyparis chiefly in- troduced from Japan. As these juvenile forms all resem- ble each other very much, indeed much more than they do the typical forms to which they belong, it is not strange that they should have been considered to be dis- tinct species and even to belong to a separate genus. Even botanists failed to recognize the true relation of these forms and went as far as to place one of them in the genus Juniperus. With the exception of Metinispora ericoirfes, which C. Koch recognized as the juvenile form of Thuya occidentalis , the origin of these juvenile forms remained doubtful until L. Beissner, after having care- fully studied the subject for years, disclosed the rela- tionship of the various forms. He showed by experi- ment that it is possible to raise the same form by making cuttings from seedlings which have still retained their primordial foliage, and he also published cases in which larger plants of these doubtful forms had been observed accidentally to develop branches with the foli- age of the typical form. See, also, Gt. 1879, pp. 109 and 172; 1881, pp. 210 and 299, and 1882, p. 152. There are 4 of these juvenile forms generally in culti- vation, each of them with an intermediate form showing either a kind of foliage approaching that of the type or two different kinds of foliage on the same plant. There seems to be no doubt that all these forms have been se- cured by propagating branches of young seedling plants. All seedlings of Chamsecyparis, Thuya and other genera of the Cupressineje produce in their juvenile state a kind of primordial foliage very different in appearance from that of the adult plants. The flrst leaves are always lin- ear and spreading, passing gradually into acicular and at last scale-like leaves. In some plants, especially if they have not suffi.cient nourishment, the primordial foliage is retained longer than usual and these have probably been selected for perpetuating the juvenile state, by means of cuttings. By continuing through many generations the propagation of those branches which show the juvenile state most distinctly, these forms have become well-fixed varieties and even some- times bear seeds without changing the foliage on the fruiting branches. These seeds, however, produce plants of the typical form and only a few of them retain the primordial foliage somewhat longer than usual. The juvenile forms very much resemble some species of Juniperus in habit and foliage. They bear linear spreading leaves in pairs, changing in winter to a brown, reddish, violet or steel color, and do not show the regular frond-like branching of the typical forms. The leaves, howeA'er, are much softer and not sharply and acutely pointed as in Juniperus; they are mostly marked with whitish or grayish green lines beneath, which is never the case in Juniperus. Only Thuya orientalls , var. decussata and sorue intermediate forms, with acicular snberect leaves, show whitish marks on the iipper side of the leaves like Juniperus. Though these Retinispora-forms are described under the genera and species to which they belong, where also references to illustrations are cited, descriptions may be given here to affoi'd a closer comparison of these similar and much confounded forms. The two forms of foliage in the common red cedar are well shown in Fig. 1203. Vol. n. For other pictures of Retinispora forms, see Chariucci/paris and Thuya. Chamsecyparis pisifera, var. squarrdsa, Beissn. & Hochst. {Betht'iapont .sguarrosa, Sieb. & Zucc). Fig. 419. A dense, pyramidal or round-headed bush or some- times small tree, with light bluish green foliage almost silvery white when young, usually coloring violet in BETINISPORA BHAMNUS 1509 winter : tips of branchlets nodding : Ivs. crowded, spreading, very soft, bluish green above, silvery white below. The most ornamental and graceful and the best known of these Juvenile forms. The intermediate form var. plumdsa, Beissn. »&Hochst. {ffetittispora plumosa) , has smaller, subulate and subereet Ivs., and is much planted, especially in its golden variegated form. See Fig. 418, Vol. I. Chamaecyparis sphseroidea, var. ericoldes, Beissn. & Hochst. {lietiiiispora ericoldes, Zucc). Fig. 2094. Dense shrub, of stiff, pyramidal oralmost columnar habit, with upright branches and bright green foliage, changing to violet-red or brownish red in winter: Ivs. bright green above, with 2 bluish lines below. This form is very dis- tinct with its stiff, columnar habit, but is less common in cultivation. The intermediate foi-m var. Andelyensis, Carr. {Metin'ispora Jeptdclada, Hort.), shows al^o a stiff, pyramidal habit and bears chiefly small, subereet or almost scale - like Ivs., and occasionally branchlets with spreading linear leaves. Fig. 2094. Thtiya occidentalis, var. ericoides, Beissn. & Hochst. (Refinispora erico'ideti, Hort. M. duhia, Carr.}. Dense broadly pyramidal or round-headed bush, with upright branches and dull green foliage, changing to brownish green in winter: Ivs. linear, soft grayish green beneath. The intermediate form, var. Ellwan^eri^na, Beissn. {Rttinispora Ellwangerlclna, Hort.}, has usually two kinds of Ivs., but the linear Ivs. are smaller than those of the preceding form. Thiiya orientalis, var. decus3&.ta, Beissn. & Hochst. {L'< ti itisporn juiiipcnndes, CdTT. ii*. decussata , Hort. i?. squarrdiof , Hort.). Fig. 2094. Dense, round-headed bush, with bluish green foliage changing to violet or steel color in winter: Ivs. rather rigid, bluish green, spreading, concave and with a whitish line above. But I'arelycult. and not quite hardy north. The intermediate form, var. Meld6nsis, Laws. [Eetinispora MehUnsis, Hort.), has mostly acicular subereet Ivs. of the same color as in the pre3eding var. Andelyefisis. Of Chamaecyparis obttlisa no juvenile form seems to be in cultivation, liut it is highly probable that the re- cently introduced Juniperus Sanderi belongs here. In a list of Japanese conifers from Yokohama, the same form is called Cluimcecy parts obtasa, var. ericoides. It is a dwarf and dense, globose bush, with bluish green spreading linear, obtuse leaves. M.D.G. 1900, 1:489. Chamwcyparis obtusa, var. leptoclada, Hort,, is a form of C. sphceroidea. These juvenile forms are valuable for formal garden- ing, for rockeries, small gardens and wherever slow- growing and dwarf conifers are desired. They are short-lived and iisnally become unsightly when older. They are all readily prop, by cuttings. See also Cham- (vcyparis and Thuya. R. decussata, Hort.^Thuya orientalis, var. decussata.— J2. diibia, Carr.=Thuya oct-identalis. var. ericoides. — R. Ellwan- (jeridna, Hort.=Thuya occidentalis, var. Ellwangeriana. — J2. ericoides, Znce. =^Cham£eeyparis sphseroidea, var. ericoides. — R. firicoifies, Hort. ^Thaiya occidentalis, var. ericoides. —jR.fiiicoides, Hort. =Chama3cyp£.ris obtusa, var. brev-iramea. — R. fllifera, Stand.^Chamiecyparis pisifera, var. QlifeTa..—R. junipei'oldes, Carr.=Thuya orientalis. var. decussata. ~jB. leptoclada, Zucc. ^Chamaecyparis pisifera, var. squarrosa.— ^. leptdclada, Hort. =Chamaecyparis sphnsroides, var. Andelyensis.— J2. lycopod- ioides, Gord.=Chamfeeyparis obtusa, var. lycopodioides.— i^. Meldensis, Hort.^Thuya orientalis, var. Meldensis.— i^. obtusa, Sieb. & Zticc. = Chamsecyparis obtusa. — i2. pisifera, Sieb. & Zuee.=Chamaecyparis pisifera. —i?. rigida, Carr.^Thuya orien- talis, var. decussata.—^. Si&boldi,B.ovt.=ThMya, orientalis, var. decussata.— iJ. squarrbsa, Sieb. & Zucc.=Chamjecyparis pisif- era, var. squarrosa.— J?, squarrbsa, Hort. = Thuya orientalis, var. decussata. Alfred Rehder. REYNOSIA (Dr. Alvaro Reynoso, 1830-1888, Cuban agricultural chemist and inventor of a machine for in- creasing the yield of sugar). Bhamncieece. Three spe- cies of tender shrubs or small trees, all native to the West Indies. One of them is also native to Miami and the Florida Keys, and was offered by Reasoner Bros, presumably for its edible fruits. The fls. are minute and devoid of petals, but the berries are half an inch long, oval and purple or nearly black in color. Generic characters: fls. perfect; calyx 5-lobed, the lobes decid- uous: ovary 2-3-loculed; ovules solitary, erect: fr. a 1-seeded drupe, with ruminate albumen. This genus is not in Bentham and Hooker's Genera Plantarum, but technical accounts may be found in the Synoptical Flora of North America, Sargent's Silva and Chapman's Flora of the Southern United States. latifdlia, Griseb. Red Ironwood. Darling Plum. Slender tree, 20-25 ft. high: Ivs. oval, oblong or subro- tund, usually emarginate, 1-13^ in. long, leathery; mar- gins revolute: fls. in axillary nmbels, borne in May: fr. ripens in November or the following spring. S.S. 2:5G. W. M. 2094. Retinisporas (X3^) The specimen on the left is Thuya orientalis, var. decussata ; middle, Chamaecyparis spha^roidea, var. ericoides; right, C. sphseroidea, var. Andelyensis. BHAMNUS ( its ancient Greek name ) . Including Frangnla. h'hamndcea;. Buckthorn. Ornamental de- ciduous or evergreen, sometimes spiny shrubs or rarely small trees, with alternate or opposite simple vs., in- conspicuous greenish fls. in axillary clusters appearing in spring shortly after the Ivs., and berry-like usually black, rarely red, fruits. The Buckthorns, except R. catharfica, are but rarely cult., and the hardiness of several of the species is therefore not yet fully estab- lished; but i?. cathartica, Dnhurica, alpina, FratigtiJa and alnifolia can be depended upon as hardy, while the northern deciduous forms of R.PursMana and B. Janeeo- lata are hardy at least as far north as Mass. E.Libanotiea and Caroliniana are somewhat more tender. The hand- somest in foliage are R. alphta and Libanoiiea. R. Purshiana, Caroliniana, alnifolia Dahurica and Frati- gula are also noteworthy on account of pretty foliage. Of the evergreen species which are not hardy north, R. crocea is to be recommended for its ornamental bright red fruits. Buckthorns are useful for planting in shrubberies; they like a rather moist soil, especially R. lanceolata, alnifolia, Caroliniana and Frang^ila , and grow well in shaded or partly shaded situations, but R. cathartica and its allies prefer dry soil. R. cathartica is a valuable hedge plant, though it is now not used a.s extensively as in the past. The species are propagated by seeds stratified or sown in fall, and by layers. Some, as R. lanceolata, alpina and alnifolia, are also prop, by cuttings. The evergreen species are prop, by cuttings of ripened wood under glass. Rarer kinds are some- times grafted, those of the Frangula groups usually on R. Frangnla and the true Buckthorns on R. cathartica. or allied species Rhamnus is a genus of more than 60 species, native chiefly to the temperate regions of the northern hemi- sphere. A few species are found in the tropics and as far south as Brazil and S. Africa. Lvs. with small decid- uous stipiiles: fls. small, in axillary clusters, umbels or racemes, perfect, polygamous or dioecious; sepals, pet- als and stamens 4-5, petals sometimes wanting; style usually undivided: ovary 2^-loculed: fr. a globiilar or oblong 2-4-seeded drupe. Several species yield yellow or green dyes and the fruits and bark of some are used medicinally. The wood of R. Frangula is made into charcoal valued for the manufacture of gunpowder. 1510 RHAMNUS RHAMNUS INDEX. Alatemus, 8, Caroliuiana, 10. lanceolata, 6. aluifoUa. 5. castanecefolia, 4. Libauotica, 4 alpina, 3, 4. eathartica, 1. occidentalis, 9. angustit" 'lia, 8. Colchica, i. oleifoU.us,Q. anonsefolia, 9. croeea, 7. Purshiana, 9. asplenifolia, 11. Daliiirica, 2. rubra, 9. betuUfolia, 9. FrangiiJa, 9, 11. tomentella. 9. Calii'ornica, 9. gramhfolia, 4. Wicklia. 1. lineretina. 4. A. Winter-buds scaly: petals usually 4, somethnes 5 or wanting; seeds {not the outer coating of the nutlet) sul- cate or concave on the back, with thin cotyledons recurved at the mar- gins: fls. imperfectly dicEcious. B. Juvs. opposite: plants usually spiny shrubs 1. eathartica 2. Dahurica BB. IjVS. alternate : jilants unarmed shritbs. c. Foliage deciduoxis. D. Pairs of veins 10-ZO 3. alpina 4. Libanotica DD. Pairs of veins 4-9 5. alnifolia (J. lanceolata cc. Foliage evergreen 7. croeea 8. Alaternus AA. Winler-buds naked: petals 5: seeds convex at the back, not grooved, ivith flat and fleshy cotyledons : un- armed sJirubs with alternate Ivs. — Frangula. E. Fls. in peduncled umbels 9. Purshiana 10. Caroliniana BE. Fls. in Z-6-fld. clusters 11. Frangula 1. eathartica, Linn. (P. Wicklia, B-ort.). Buckthorn. Hakt's-thokn. Waythokn. Rhineeerrt. Pig. 2095. Shrub or .small tree, attaining 12 ft., usually thorny; Ivs. oval to elliptic or ovate, usually rounded at the base or cordate, obtuse or acute, crenulate-serrate, glabrous or pubescent beneath, liH-3 in. long: lis. in 2-5-fid. clusters, with 4 petals: fr. black, about M in- across. Europe, W. Asia and N. Asia; often escaped from cult, in the eastern U. S. B.B. 2:40.5. Gng. 9:2. 2095. Rhamnus eathartica ( X K) . 2. Dahiirica, Pall. {P. cathdrtica, var. Pahurica, Maxim.). Large, spreading shrxib, with stout thorny branches: branchlets glabrous: Ivs. oblong or some- times elliptic, narrowed at the base, acuminate, crenu- late-serrate, glabrous, somewhat coriaceous at maturity, 2-4 in. long: fls. and fr. similar to those of the preced- ing species, but fr. somewhat larger. Dahuria to Amur- land and N. China, probably also Japan. G.F. 9:425 (as P. cre?ia/.a. ). — ,Sometimes cult, under the name of P. crenata. See, also, supplementary list. It sometimes becomes a tree 30 ft. tall. 3. alpina, Liuu. Shrub, attaining (i ft., with stout, upright, glabrous brauches: Ivs. oval to elliptic-ovate, cordate or rounded at the base, abruptly acuminate, crenulate-serrate. darii green above, pale green and glabrous or nearly so beneath, 2-5 >2 in. long: tls. in few- fld. clusters; petals 4: fr. globose, blacis, M in. across or less. Mountains of S. and M. Eu. L. B.C. 11:1077.— This and the following species are the handsomest of the deciduous-leaved Buckthorns. 4. Liban6tica, Boiss. {P. Imeretina, Koehne. P. castancefdlia, Hort. P. granclifdlia, Hort. P. alp'ina, var. Cdlchica, Kusn. P. alphia, var, grandifolia, Regel). Closely allied to the preceding, but larger in every part: shrub, attaining 10 ft.: branchlets and petioles pubescent: Ivs. larger and longer, to 9 in. long, pubescent beneath and often bronze-colored at maturity. Caucasus, W.Asia. B.M. 6721. 5. alnifolia, L'Herit. Low, wide-spreading shrub, at- taining 4 ft , with puberulous branchlets: Ivs. ovate to oval, obtuse or acuminate, usually narrowed at the base, crenately serrate, glabrous, \)4,--i in. long: fls. in few- fld. clusters, 5-merous, without petals: fr. globose, black, with 3 nutlets. New Brunswick and N. J. to British Columbia and Calif. B.B. 2:406. 6. lanceolata, Pursh. Tall, upright shrub, with pu- berulous i:)ranchlets: Ivs. ovate-lanceolate to oblong- lanceolate, acuminate or obtusish, finely serrulate, glabrous or somewhat pubescent beneath, 1-3K in. long: fls. in few-fld. clusters, with 4 petals: fr. with 2 nutlets. Pa. to Ala., Tex. and Neb. B.B. 2:405. 7. croeea, Nutt. Shrub or small tree, attaining 20 ft., with pubescent young branchlets: Ivs. orbicular to ob- long-obovate, dentate-serrate, dark green and lustrous above, bronze- or copper-colored and glabrous or slightly pubescent beneath, H-IH in. long: fls. in few-fld. clus- ters. 4-merous, apetalous: fr. bright red, about 34 in. acros.s^, edible. Calif. S.S. 2:59, 60.' 8. Alatemus, Linn. Shrub or small tree, attaining 20 ft., with glabrous branches: Ivs. oval or ovate to ovate-lanceolate, acute, serrate or abnost entire, glossy and dark green above, pale or yellowish green beneath, glabrous, %-2 in. long: fls. in short racemes, with 5 petals: fr. bluish black. S. Eu. — Var. angustiSolia, DC. {P. angustifolia, Hort.), has narrower, oblong lanceolate Ivs. There are also varieties with variegated foliage. 9. Purshiana, DC. Tall shrub to medium-sized tree, occasionally attaining 40 ft.: young branchlets pubes- cent or tomentose: Ivs. elliptic to ovate-oblong, acute or obtuse, usually denticulate, with often wavy margin, dark green above, glabrous or pubescent beneath, 1-7 in. long : peduncles longer than petioles : fr. globose, changing from red to black, about % in. across, with 2-3 nutlets. Brit. Col. to Mex., west to Mont, and Texas. S.S. 2:62, 63.— A very variable species. Var. Caliiomica, Rehd. {P. Calif6rnica, Eschsch. P. oleifblvus,lioo^.). Usually shrubby, evergreen or half -evergreen : Ivs. smaller and narrower, 1-4 in. long, often almost entire. Calif, to Ariz, and New Mex. R'.H. 1874, p. 354. Var. tomentella, Sarg. {Frangula Oalifornica, var. tomen- tella. Gray). Allied to the preceding var., but Ivs. densely white-tomentose beueath. R.H. 1858, p. 658; 1872, p. 194 (as P. incana). P. anoncefolia, betulifdlin and riibra, Greene, and P. occidentAlis, Howell (see G.P. 10:285) also belong here. 10. Caroliniana, Walt. Indian Cherry. Shrub or small tree, attaining 30 ft. : young branches puberulous : Ivs. elliptic to oblong, acute or acuminate, obscurely ser- rulate or almost entire, lustrous and dark green above, glabrous or nearly so, somewhat leathery at length, 2-6 in. long:- peduncles shorter than petioles: fr. globose, about ^'^ in. across, red changiog to black, sweet, with 3 nutlets. N. Y. to Fla., west to Neb. and Tex. S.S. 2:61. B.B. 2:406. 11. FrdngTila, Linn. {Frangula Ainu.-, Mill.). Shrub or small tree, attaining 12 ft. : Ivs. broadly obovate to ob- ovate-oblong, acute, entire, dark green above, glabrous, 1-2^^ in. long: fr. red, changing to black, with 2 nutlets. Eu., N. Afr., W. Asia and Siber. ; escaped from cultiva- tion in some localities in the eastern states. Gng. 8:3. B.B. 2:406.- Var. aspleniifolia, Dipp. Lvs. linear, un- RHAMNUS RHAPIS 1511 dulate; an interesting form of very distinct appearance with its feathery foliage. H. Framjula is a handsome lawn shrub with shining foliage and attractive berries. R. arguta, Maxim. Unarmed glabrous shnib. allied to R. cathartiea : Ivs. orbieulav-ovtito, atiumiuate, sharply seu'ate, with bristly pointed teeth. Amurland. Probably hardy. ~ii. BUldrdi, Hort. = R. hybrida, vtw. — Ji. chloruphora. Decne. Closely allied to R. tiiictoria and probably only a viir.: Ivs. larger, becoming 3 in. long: pedicels slenderer. China. Gn. 14, p. 29. Not Qviite hardy.— J2. crendta, Sieb. & Zucc. Unarmed shrub, 4-10 I't., allied to R. Caroliniana: Ivs. ovate to ovate-ob- long, acute, rusty pubescent beneath when young. Japan. Has been confounded -with R. Dahurica, which is easily distin- guished even without Ivs. by its scaly winter-hnds. Seems not Quite hardy.— i2. Enfthroxylon, Pall. Unarmed shnib, allied to R. cathartiea: Ivs. alternate, oblong-lanceolate to linear. Cau- casus to Mongolia and Siberia. Hardy. — R. hyhri.da, L'H6rit. (R. AlaternusXalpin^^s). Half -evergreen shrub, with alternate, oval-oblong, glossy Ivs. Var. Billardi, Lav. Lvs. narrower, more remotely serrate. Half-hardy shrub, with handsome glossy foliage.— Ji'. Jap&iiica, Ma?din. Spiny shrub, attaining 10 ft., allied to R. Dahurica: lvs. obovate or elliptic-obovate: fls. with the style almost divided to the base. Japan. Hardy. Very similar in habit to R. Dahurica, which may he distin- guished in winter by its dull gray hranchlets and its ovate, obtuse, slightly spreading winter-buds, while R. Dahurica has glossy light yellowish brown hranchlets and slender acute winter -buds closely appressed to the branch.— iJ. laiifblla, L'Herit. Allied to R. Frangula : lvs. larger, elliptic-oblong, with 12-15 pairs of veins, becoming 5 in. long. Azores. B.M. 26G3. Not hardy.— i2.j5H?m7«., Linn. Low, sometimes procum- bent shrub, allied to R. alpinus, with smaller and shorter lvs., usually narrowed at the base. Europe, Alps. Hardy.— i2. ru- pestris, Scop. Low, often procumbent shrub, about 3 ft. high, allied to R. Caroliniana: lvs. ovate to oblong-obovate, thin, 1-3 in. long: umbels 1-3-fld. Alps of eastern Eu.— i2. saxdUUs, Linn. Low and dense, very spiny shrab, about 3 ft. high, allied to R. cathartiea: lvs. opposite or alternate, oval or obovate, glahrous, about 1 in. long. Mts. of M. and S. Eu., W. Asia. Hardy.— -B. tinctbria, Waldst. & Kit. Closely allied to the pre- ceding, but lvs. pubescent. Mts. of M. and S. Eu., W. Asia. Alfred Rehder. RHAPHID6PH0RA (Greek forneecUe-bearhuj; allud- ing to needle-like hairs). Ardcece. About 20 species of the East Indies, allied to Pothos, but distinguished from the Pothos tribe by the presence of odd hairs in the in- tercellular spaces and by the 2-loculed rather than 3- loculed ovary. See Pothos. It is probable that the gar- den plant Pothos aureus is of this genus. Bhaphido- phoras are climbing aroids, to be treated like Philoden- dron and Pothos, It is not known that any species of Rhaphidophora are in the American trade. H. pertitsn, Schott (i?. pin- nd.ta, Schott. Scinddpsus pertiisus, Schott), has large raonstera-like lvs., with long and narrow side lobes and numerous holes in the blade. R.H. 1883, p. 501. i2. de- curslva, Schott, is a gigantic climber, with large pin- nate lvs., the segments or Ifts, oblong-lanceolate-acti- minate and strongly nerved; spathe yellowish. B.M. 7282. 7?. Peepla, Schott, has entire oblong or elliptic- oblong lvs., with roundish or subcordate base; spathe yellowish. RHAPIDOPH'S'LLUM (Greek, probably means Bhapis- leaved). Pali/idcete. Blue Palmetto. A genus of one species ranging from South Carolina to Florida. It is a dwarf fan-palm with erect or creeping trunk 2-3 ft. long, and long-stalked lvs. with about 15 segments. The genus is closely allied to Chamrerops and is distin- guished by having the albumen not ruminate and by the bracts at the base of the branches of the si^adix being few or none. Other generic characters: spadices short-peduncled: spathes 2-5, entii'e, tubular, compressed, bifid, woolly: fls minute, orange: fr. small, ovoid or obovate, woolly. The plant is said to produce .suckers freely, like Rhapis, an unusual circurastance among palms. Hystrix, H. Wendl. & Drude [Chamm-ops Rystrix, Fras.). Fig. 2096. Stem 2-3 ft., erect or creeping, pro- liferous, clothed with the fibrous remains of leaf -sheaths intermingled with long, erect spines: lvs. 3-4 ft., some- what glaucous, circular in outline, with numerous 2-4- toothed segments; petiole triangular, rough on the mar- gins: sheaths of oblique fibers interwoven with numer- ous strong, erect spines; spadix 6-12 in. long, short- peduncled: drupe 54-1 in. long. S.C.toFla. I. H. 30:486. Jared G. Smith. RhapidopJiyllum Ui/sfri.r, the Blue Palmetto or Needle Palmetto, is the most beautiful and elegant of our native dwarf palms. It is very local in its distribution, beintr found in rich, low soil both in Georgia and Florida, but it is everywhere rather rare. Its most striking char- acteristics are the long, sharp, black spine.s projecting in evei-y direction from the dark fibers which cover the trunk. These spines, which are often a foot long, seem to protect the inflorescence, which before opening resembles a large white egg and which is imbedded among the spines. This palm bears staminate and pistillate flowers on separate plants. The woolly clusters of fruit or seeds are borne on short stems also surrounded b}'" the sharp spines. This palmetto is easily transplanted. The lvs. are dark shiny green, relieved by a pale silvery gray on the under surface. It is a very beautiful plant, and groups of it are striking. The stem is 2 to 3 feet high and the leaves rise to a height of 3 to 4 feet. H. Nehrling. RHAPIOLEPIS. See Bapliiolepis. RHAPIS (Greek, needle; alluding to the shape of the lvs. or perhaps the awns of the corolla). Palmdvea'. A genus of 5 species of fan-palms of very distinct habit, natives of China and Japan. They are among the few palms that produce suckers at the base, thereby forming bushy clumps. Low pahns, with leafy, densely cespitose reed}'" stems clothed with remains of the reticulate leaf- sheaths : lvs. alternate and terminal, sub-membranaceous, connate or semi- orbicular, irregularly and digitately 3- to many-parted; segments linear, cuneate, or elliptical truncate, entire, dentate or lobed: nerves 3 to many; transverse veins conspicuous; rachis none; ligule very short, semi-circular; petiole slen der, biconvex, smooth or serrulate on the margins; sheath long, loosely fringed on the margin; spadices shorter than the lvs., slender-peduucled : rachis sheathed by deciduous bracts: branches s^^read- ing: spathes 2-3, incomplete, membra- nous: fls. yellow. This genus is distin- guished from its near allies (for a list of which see Licuala) by the fls. being dioecious; corolla 3-toothed; anthers de- hiscing extrorsely. The name Rhapis Is commonly spelled and pronounced Ra- phis, but this is incorrect. A. Ste7ns 1%^ ft. high. B. Lvs. with 5-7 segments. flabellifdrmis, L'Herit. {R. Kivaniw6r- tsik, H. Wendl.). Pig. 1623, Vol. III. Stems lH-4 ft. high: lvs. 5-7-parted; segments linear, subplicate, ciliate-spin- ulose along the margins and midveins, truncate, erose at the apex: petioles ser- rulate along the margins. China, Japan. B.M. 1371." R.H. 1872, p. 230. A.G. 13:261. I.H. 34:13. — Var. intermedia, Hort., according to Siebrecht, has lvs. horizontal instead of somewhat erect. Var. var- ieg^ta, Hort., has been offered. BE. -Lvs. ivith 7-10 or more segments. hUmilis, Blume. Fig. 2097. Lvs. semi-circular; basal lobes directed backward; segments rarely more than 10, spreading; petioles unarmed. China. A.F. 7:405. A A. Stems becoming 8 ft. high. Cochinchin^nsis, Mart. {Cha^ncerops Cochinchin^nsis, Lour.). Leaf -segments much plaited; petioles short, straight and prickly. Cochin China. Int. by Franceschi, 1900. Jared G. Smith and W. M. 2096. Young: leaf of Blue Pal- metto, not vet unfolded (XHJ. 1512 RHEUM RHEUM EHfiUM {Mlia was the old Greek name for rhubarb). Polijtjoiicii'ece. Rhubarb. Twenty species of robust perennial herbs, according to Meisner (DC. Prodr. 14, pp. 32-37), natives of Asia and Russia. Lvs. mostly radical, "very large, entire or divided, on stout, thick ^m\ x^ «\» m\ ■^S r' I 2097. Rhapis humilis. (See page 1511.) petioles: fls. perfect, small, greenish or whitish, pedicel- late, in numerous panicled fascicles or racemes, the in- florescence elevated above the lvs. on stout, mostly hol- low scape-like stems, which are provided with sheath- ing stipules or ocreiB (Fig. 2098) ; the perianth 6-parted and spreading; stamens 9 or 6: ovary 3-angled and bearing 3 styles, ripening into a winged or sometimes nearly succulent akene. Aside from the common Rhubarb, JHheimi Bhapon- ticum, which is grown for the edible leaf-stalks, the species are little known in general cultivation. Few plants are more useful, however, for bold and striking foliage effects; and these effects are heightened by the towering flower-panicles. Most of the species are hardy and easy to grow, but they profit by a liberal winter mulch. Rheums are usually seen to best advantage against a heavy background of foliage or of rock (Fig. 1045. p. 733). Even the common Rhubarb is a useful ornamental subject when well placed. In order to se- cure large and fine foliage, the soil should be rich and moist. The species are propagated by dividing the roots, preferably in spring, leaving as much root as possible with each strong bud. The dried rhizomes of Rhubarb are used medicinally. Several species afford the officinal product. It is now believed, however, that the larger part of the dried Rhubarb imported from the Orient is made from the crown or short stem (not the fiow^er-stem) of J2. offic- inale. R. Rhaponficum is sometimes grown for its roots. A. Foliage undivided, tlie martjins of tJie lvs. near}}] or quite entire. B. Lrs. (at least on tJte flower stalks) acute or acuminate. Bhapdnticum, Linn, (i.e., Pontic Blta, "Rhubarb of Pontus,"a province of Asia Minor). Rhubarb. Pie- Plant (in the U. S.). Wine-Plant. Fig 2098. Strong perennial, with thick clustered roots: petioles senii- cylindric, plane above: If. -blades suborbicular, deeply cordate at base, undulate, about 5-ribbed, glabrous and shining above, pubescent on the veins beneath : panicles tall and narrow, somewhat leafy, densely flowered, the pedicels jointed below the middle, the fls. whitish: akene oblong-oval. In deserts and subalpine parts of southern Siberia. — Nearly everywhere gi'own in this country for the succulent acid petioles, which are used in early spring for pies and sauces. Wine is sometimes made from the juice. In Prance, known usually as an ornamental plant. There are several garden varieties. See lihltharh. undulitum, Linn. Petioles semi-terete, lightly chan- neled above, the leaf-blades ovate-cordate and strongly undulate (basal sinus not so deep as in the last), 5-7- ribbed, glabrous above aud puberulent beneath, the upper ones long: panicle narrow and leafy below^ the pedicels jointed near the base: akene ovate or oval. Siberia. — Small plant, earlier than R. Bhapo^iticum, bb. ii's. oMuse. Emddi, Wall. Stem tall and leafy: petioles semi- terete, somewhat concave above, the margins obtuse: leaf-blades large, ovate, cordate, obtuse, somewhat un- dulate, 5-7-ribbed, the under surface and the margin pubescent: panicles fastigiately branched, the fls. dark purple, pedicels jointed below the middle: akene large, ovate or oblong-oval. Himalaya, in alpine and subal- pine regions. B.M. 3508 (this figure is questioned by Meisner, who thinks it may represent -B. australe).— Foliage has a coppery hue. AA. Foliage more or less lotted, the ^nargins of tlie lvs. or segments usually toothed or notched. B. Lvs. shalloivly or obscurely lohed. compictum, Linn. Stem tall: petioles sulcate, plane above : leaf -blades thickish, broad-ovate, cordate, un- dulate and obscurely lobed, very obtuse, glabrous and shining above, the margin strongly toothed, the veins very prominent: panicle with drooping branches: akene large, dark -colored. Siberia to China. bb. Lvs. deeply lohed or evenly divided. palmatum, Linn. (i?. sangnineuni, Hort.). Stem tall and leafy: petioles subcylindrical, the margin rounded: leaf-blades broad, suborbicular and cordate, 3-5-ribbed, scabrous, deeply palmately lobed; the lobes ovate-ob- long or lanceolate, acute, entire, dentate or pinnatifid: panicle leafy, with pubescent branches, the pedicels scarcely longer than the fls. : akene oblong-oval and subcordate. Northeastern Asia. Var. Tanghiiticum, Hort. (B. Tanghitticnm, Hort.). Lvs. more elongated and not so deeply lobed. hjbridum, Murr. Petiole long, canaliculate above and sulcate beneath : leaf-blades ovate, 3-5- ribbed, the base cuneate or scarcely cordate, incise-dentate, puberulent beneath : panicle lax, leafy: akene large, ovate. — Seems to be unknown wild. Perhaps a hybrid series between B. palma- tum and B. Bhaponticnm. Per- haps B. officinale is concerned in it. This name does not occur in the American trade, but it is not unlikely that the plant is in cult, in this country. Collinianum, Baill. Probably one of the B. hyhridum series, with much-cut broad lobes that extend half the depth of the leaf- blade: fis. red. China. ofSicinMe, Baill. Figs. 1045, 2090. Robust, w-ith a short branching stem or crown 4-10 in. high : lvs. very large, 1-3 ft. across, round-oval, more or less pointed or acuminate, hairy, 3-7-Iobed, the lobes extending one-third or one-half the depth of the blade and sharply angled-notched : flower-stems 3-5 ft., much bi-anched. 2098. Ocrea or stipular sheath of Rhubarb. (XK.) RHEUM RHIPSALIS 1513 bearing numerous greenish Hs. tliat give a feathery ef- fect to the panicle: akene red, winged. Tliibet and W. China, on high table-hmds. B.M. G135. R.H. 1874, p. 95. Gn 3.>, p. 243; 48, pp. 199, 208. -Probably the best plant of the genus for general cultivation, making a most striking foliage plant. It is from tlie short, thick, branching stem or caudex of this pUxnt that most of the true officinal Rhubarb is derived. Although known to the Chinese for centuries and the product long imported into Europe, the plant was not described botanically until 1872. Fig. 2099 is adapted from The Garden. R. acuminatum, Hook. f. & Thorn. "Probably only a small form of R. Emodi, with acTimiuate Ivs., but the fls. are consid- erably larger, and though long under cultivation it does not at- tain half the size of that plant, or vai-y in its character."— Hooker. Himalayas. B.M. 4877.— J^. nohile, Hook. f. & Thorn. Stem simple and densely clothed with imbricated downward- pointing bracts that conceal the short axillary peduncles: Ivs. ovate-oblong or rounded, entire. When the fruit is ripe, the shingled bracts are torn away by tlie winds, leaving the long panicle exposed. 3tt. Himalayas. R.H. 1S7G. p. 200. I. H. 22:209. G.C. II. 13:793. A remarkable alpine plant.— 7i'. Ribes, Linn. 3-5 ft.: Ivs. 1 ft. across, cordate to reuiform, tlie margins crisped or undulate, the blade puckered or blistered: fls. green, drooping: frs. about 1 in. long, oblong-cordate, narrow- winged, blood-red, showy. Asia Minor to Persia. B.M. 7591. "Rivas " or "Ribes" is its Arabic name. — R. spicif6rme, Royle. Dwarf: Ivs. thick, orbicular or broadly ovate: fls. white, in a dense spike rising about 2 ft. Western Himalaya. L. H. B. KHEUMATISM ROOT. Jeffersonia Unata. BHfiXIA (Greek, rupture; referring to its supposed properties of healing). MeUistomdcew. Meadow Beauty. A genus of about 10 species of N. American perennial herbs, with opposite sessile or short-petioled, 3-5-nerved Ivs. and showy flowers borne in late summer. Fls. terminal, solitary or in cymes; calyx-tube urn- to bell-shaped, narrowed at the neck, 4-lobed; petals 4, obovate; stamens 8, equal, the connective being thick- ened at the base, with or without a spur at the back. Rhexia Virginica is found wild in company with side-saddle plants {Sarraeenia purpurea) and cranber- ries in the low meadows of Massachusetts. It is what we should call a bog plant. It is a pretty, low-grow- ing, tuberous -rooted plant blooming in summer and chiefly interesting as being one of few^ species of a genus belonging to a family almost wholly composed of shrubby plants from tropical countries, such as Centradenia. Pleroma and Medinella. It increases by means of tubers and seeds, and under suitable condi- y;.' }!'' 2099. Rheum officinale. Si, 41'^/ tions soon makes large clumps, Tiibers potted in the autumn and kept in a coldframe force nicely in spring- time. A. Stem cylindrical. Mariana, Linn. A slender, erect, usually simple- stemmed plant with reddish purple fls. aboiit 1 in. across, in loose cymes: Ivs. short-petioled, oblong to linear oblong, I-IH in. long, 2-.'3 lines wide, 3-nerved; anthers minutely spurred at the back. June-Sept. Pine barrens, N. J. to Pla., west to Ky. B.B. 2:474.— Grows in drier places than R. Virginica. AA. Stem angled. B. Petals yelloiv. li!ltea, Walt. Stem becoming much branched, 1 ft. high: Ivs. smooth, serrulate, the lower obovate and ob- tuse, the upper lanceolate and acute: fls. small, in nu- merous cymes. July, Aug. Pine- barren swamps, N. C. to Fla. and j.v-^\ west. BB. Petals not yellow. C. Lvs. 6-10 lines long. cilidsa, Michx. Stem nearly simple, 1-2 ft. high: Ivs. ovate, sessile or very short-petioled, 3- nerved: fls. violet-purple, 1-1 in. across, short - pedicelled, in few - fld. cymes ; anthers not curved and not spurred at the back. June-Aug. Swamps, Ind. to Fla., west to La. cc. Lvs. 1-3 in. long. Virginica, Linn. Fig. 2100, Roots tuber-bearing: stems about 1 ft. high, branched above and usually clustered, forming a com- pact, bushy plant : lvs. sessile, ovate, acute, rounded or rarely narrowed at the base, 1-2 in. by %-! in., usually 5-nerved : fls, rosy, 1-1/^ in. across, in cymes; petals rounded or slightly refuse; anthers minutely spurred on the back. July-Sept. Sunny swamps. Me. to Fla., west to Mo. B.B. 2: 474. B.M. 968. -This is one of the prettiest of the small wild flowers. When transplanted, it seems to thrive as well in good clay loam as in peaty soils, although it sometimes grows in the latter. F. W. Barclay and T. D. Hatfield. EHINE-BERRY. Rham- nus cafhartica. RHIPIDODENDRON. See Aloe. RHIPID6PTERIS is un- der Acrosiichum. 2100. Rhcxia Virginica. RHiPSALIS (Greek, Wups, wickerwork), Cacthcece. A mixed assemblage of lengthened epiphytic forms, brought together by a common character of small fls., with the tube short or wanting; here including Hariota, Lepismium and Pfeiftera. Fls. white or greenisli white, except R. cereiformis, rosy, and R. salicornioides, R. pachyptera and R. rJwmbea, yellow. Fruit without spines or wool, except in R. cereiformis. For culture, see Cactus. alata, 14. brachiata, 2. Cassytha, 5.^ cereiformis,!. commune, 11. funalis, 4. grandiflora, 4. Houlletiana, 15. INDEX. Houlletii, 15. ianthothele, 7. mesembi'ianthe- moides, 3. myosiu'us, 12. pachyptera, 14. paradoxa, 9. pentaptera, 10. rhomhea, 13. SagJionis, 2. salicornioides, 1. squamnlosa, 11. Swartziana, 13. trigona. 8. virgata, 6. . Branches round or nearly so in cross-sec- tion: fls. white except in the first species : berry small, white, i'ound. B. The branches of two kinds 1. salicomoides 2. Saglionis 3. mesembrianthemoides 1514 RHIPSALIS EHIPSALIS BB. The bra n che s alike all AA. JBranches angular: fls. and fr, not immersed. AAA. Brandies angular, often n e a, r I y covered with roots: areolcehollowedj the ft. and fr. im- mersed, with copious bristles 11. 12. A.AAA. Branches flat, rarely triangular, crenate or serrate, with middle- and usually side-ribs; rarely setnlose: fls. yellow or yelloivish. . .13. U. 15. grandiilora Cassytha virgata ianthothele trigona paradoxa pentaptera squamulosa myosurus rhombea pachyptera Houlletiana 1. salicomioides, Haw. (Haribta salieornioules, DC). Plant upright, reaching a height of 18 in., richly branched ; areolce hardly setulose or lanate : stems cereiform, with cylindric or oblong-elliptic joints : ma- ture or fruiting branches with verticillate, club- or tlask- shuped joints, with slender base, all apparently, as well as the fls. and fr. growing from the tops of joints: fls. yellow, funnelform, K in. long: berry small, whitish. Brazil. B.M. 2461. 2. Saglidnis, Otto {B. brachi&ta. Hook. Haribta Saglidnis, Lam.). Fig. 2101. Reachingaheight of 2ft.. 3. mesembrianthemoides, Haw.(irffridfff viesenibrian- themoldes, Lem.). Upright, the ends drooping, richly branched : long branches 4—8 in. long, 1 line in diam. ; fruiting branches 3-5 lines long, not more than 2 lines in diam., spirally attached, thickly crowded : areolaB sparsely woolly, with 1-2 bristles which project from the ends of the branches : fls. near the top of the joint, about 5 lines in diam., formed of 10 white with yellow midstriped le.aves: berry white. Brazil. B.M. 3078.— Hardly more than a slender variety of the preceding. 4. grandifldra, Haw. (iJ. /iinfUi's, Salra.). Branching, cylindrical, rather stout, the branches reaching a height of 3 ft., with a diameter of more than % in.; ultimate branchlets short, often verticillate: areolas depressed, bordered by a red line, sometimes in old branches bear- ing a bristle: fls. wheel-shaped, lateral on the branches, nearly 1 in. in diam. Brazil. B.M. 2740. 5. Cassytha, Gaertn. Richly branching, pendulous, sometimes 10 ft. long; branches rarely 2 ft. long, 1-lK lines in diam., pale green; ultimate branchlets spirally attached : areolce with sparse woolly hairs and fre- quently 1-2 minute bristles: fls. lateral on the terminal joints, 2-3 lines in diam. : berry like that of the mistle- toe, 1-2 lines in diam. Widely dispersed in Central and S. America, West Indies, Mex., Mauritius, Ceylon and Africa. B.M. 3080. 6. virga,ta, Web. Richly branching, pendulous, be- coming a yard long; terminal branchlets hardly more than a line thick, spirally attached : areoliB bearing sparse woolly hairs, with an occasional bristle: fls. lat- eral, 3-4 lines in diam.: berry only 1% lines in diam. Brazil.— Very much like the preceding. 7. ianthothkle, 'Vi'ub. (Pfelffera ianthotheluSjWeh. B. cereif6rniis, Porst. Pfelffera cereifdrniis, Salm.). Stems pendeiit, 1-2 ft. long, branching, less than 1 in. in diam., 4-. rarely 3-angled; ribs tuberculate; areolae at summit of tubercles short- woolly, soon na- ked, bearing 6-7 short bristles: fls. with very short tube, but the fl. bell-shaped, pur- ple-red without, pure white with- in, ne arly 1 in. long, little more than half as much wide: fr. the size of a cherry, rose- red, with bristles like those of the stem. Argentina. 2101. Rhipsalis Saglionis (XM)■ richIybranched: long or cereiform branches %-l ft. long; secondary or fruiting branches oblong-elliptic or short- cylindric, rounded at the ends, spirally or rarely verti- cillately arranged, sometimes weakly grooved, not more than K in. long: areoli© with very scanty wool and 2-4 short bristles, which on the end branches project as a little brush : fls. near the tops of the short branches, flat, % in. in diam., with 12 white leaves with yellow- ish midstripe: berry white. Uruguav and Argentina. B.t,l. iOyj {B.brachiata). 8. trigona, Pteiff. Richly branched, becom- ing a yard long: branches Kto nearly 1 in. in diam., 3-angIed: areolj© sparsely woolly and brist- ly, the blooming areolj© much more copiously so: fls. greenish outside, white within, 4 or 5 lines long. Bra- zil. 9. parad6xa, Salm. Sparingly branched, 1-2 ft. long ; branchlets 1-2 in. long and ^-1 in. in diam., twisted at the joints, so that the angles alternate with the sides: fls. % in. long, white. Brazil. 10. pentaptera, Pfeift. Richly branched, 1-2 ft. long, 4-5 lines in diam. : branchlets 2-5 in. long, 5-6-angled or almost winged : areolaa in crenatures of the angles with scanty wool and an occasional bristle: fls. greenish white, 3^ lines long: fr. w'hite, bright rose-red above crowned by the withered flower. South Brazil, Uruguay, Argentina. RHIPSALIS RHODE ISLAND 1515 11. squainul6sa,Schuin.(i>^;pi5/»ii»H( co)iimune,PteiS.). SomewlKit lir:inclied, reaching a length of 2 ft. : branches very uuBqiuil hi length, %-l In. thick, triangular, the angles winged: lis. 1-2, from tlie deep areolae, 5 lines long, greenish without, yellowish within. Brazil, Ar- gentina. B.M. 3763. 12. myosilrug, Salmm. {Lepismium myosHrus, Pfeiff. ). Somewhat branched, a yard long: branches 3-6 lines thick, 3^-augled, the angles not winged, the terminal branchlets generally acuminate, often tipped by a pencil of bristles: fls. solitary in the deep areola?, 4-5 lines long, rosy white: fr. red. Brazil. B.M. 3755. 13. rMmbea, Pfeiff. (i?. Swartziclna (?), Pfeiff.). Branching, reaching a yard in length; joints green, leaf- like, crenate - oblong or rhomhic, 1-5 in. long, K-2 in. broad: fls. yellow, about 5 lines long. Brazil. 14. pachyptera, Pfeiff. {B. aldta, Steud.). Erect, branching, reaching a height of nearly 1 yard; joints flat, rarely 3-winged, rather thick, usually somewhat concavo-convex, 3-8 in. long, blunt, 2-5 in. broail, often purple-red: fls. about 8 lines long, yellow with reddish tips. Brazil. B.U. 2S20 (Cactus alatiis). 15. HoulIeti5.na, Lem. (jR*. EoulUtli, Lem.). Stem richly branched, becoming 3 ft. or more long, 1-lJ^ in. broad, often tapering to the round midrib for a consider- able distance, then becoming again broad and leaflike: fls. 8-9 lines long, yellowish white to yellow: berry red. Brazil. B.M. 0089. Katharine Bbandegee. EHIZ6PH0RA is discussed under Mangrove. The plant is now ottered for sale in S. Calif. EHODANTHE. See Relipterum. EHdDEA. See BolicUa. RHODE ISLAND, HORTICULTURE IN. Figs. 2102, 2103. Rhode Island, the most thickly populated state in the Union, is distinctly a manufacturing center. This condition of things, which brings the larger portion of the population together into the cities and villages, to- gether with the steadily increasing popularity of its famous summer resorts and the rapid transportation both by rail and water which place the New York and Boston markets within easy reach, affords opportunities for horticultural developments which are equaled by few and excelled by none of the eastern states. At present the growing of vegetables, both in the field and under glass, is the most highly developed horticul- tural industry. Tlie towns of Cranston and Warwick are the center of this industry, where tiae soils are light sandy loams which are capable, under the skilful man- agement they receive, of producing large crops of excel- lent quality. The following figures, which are taken from the State Census for 1895, give some idea as to the extent of the market-garden industry for that year: Green corn, 1,138,983 doz,; tomatoes, 106,259 bushels; cucumbers, 66,268 bushels; lettuce, 2,852,204 heads; beans, string, 40,706 bushels; peas, green, 53,458 bushels; celery, 579,016 heads; melons, 624,980. The greater proportion of the lettuce grown is of the hard -heading type, which is produced during the months from October to May. Over$100,000 is invested in glass for the production of this crop within a radius of five miles of the city of Providence. The greater portion of the muskmelon crop is produced upon tlie sandy plains of Warwick. The early crop is grown from plants which are either started in pots in the glass-houses and trans- planted to the field or planted under sash in the field. The early varieties used for the crop are of the small Gem type, which always finds a ready sale at fancy prices, while the main crop, which is planted the last of May, is largely shipped in car-lots to Boston. For the main crop the large oblong type of melon is the most popular. Besides the large market-gardeners who are located near the cities, many of the farmers who live within a short distance of the manufacturing villages find there a ready and profitable market for the many vegetables which they produce, as the people found in these villages are good buyers who consume large quan- tities of vegetables when they have work. During the past decade the floriculture of the state has been developing rapidly, not so ranch, however, in the number of establishments as in the area of glass. Where ten years ago the figures were given in hun- dreds, to-day they are increased to thousands of square feet. Tills development is especially noticeable in the towns which have a population of from 2,000 to 3,000. The carnation is still the most popular flower, although many fine roses are grown, with a steadily increasing demand for rare flowers, as orchids and forced stock, during the winter months. There are in the state nine local nurseries. The greater part of the business is the growing of specimen plants for use in localities where immediate effects are O C .E A JV^ 2102. County map of Rhode Island. desired, rather than the propagation and sale of young nursery stock. The fruit-growing industry is but poorly developed, only a very small proportion of the fruit consumed be- ing produced within the state limits. Apples are grown more than any other fruit, the largest orchards being located in the northern part of the state, the fruit being more highly colored than that grown in the orchards along the coast. Baldwin, Rhode Island Greening, Rox- bury Russet and Spy are planted more than other va- rieties. Many of the old orchards are past their prime, and there are excellent opportunities offered for the planting of profitable orchards upon the hilly and de- serted farms. Among the enemies of fruit, the follow- ing are the most troublesome: apple scab, codlin-moth, curculio and maggot. The original Rhode Island Green- ing apple tree, still standing in the town of Foster, is shown in Fig. 2103, as it looked in 1900. Peaches are receiving much attention at present. From orchards which are favorably located, crops are obtained two out of three years; the average for the state is about three out of five. Aside from the winter- killing of the buds, the most serious trouble is the rot- ting of the fruit. This trouble causes much greater losses in the towns bordering upon the salt water. 1516 RHODE ISLAND RHODODENDRON 2103 Original tree of Rhode Island Greening apple as It looked in 1900. Pears are found growing in abundance all over the state, nearly every village lot having a few trees of the more popular varieties. There are several small com- mercial orchards, the principal varieties produced being the Bartlett, Bosc, Clapp, Lawrence and Sheldon. Strawberries are produced in abundance in those towns bordering upon the eastern shore of Narragansett Bay, where they are the principal horticultural crop. The majority of the growers use the wide matted row. Some, however, use a very narrow row, or the hill sys- tem. This is a profitable crop to grow, as, according to the 1895 State Census, the average price received was 9% cents per quart. Currants, gooseberries and raspberries are grown in limited quantities, mostly for home consumption. The dcinaud for tht-se fruits is always greater than the sup- ply, so tliat the prices obtained are always remunerative. In Providence and Washington counties considerable attention is given to the growing of cranberries. Upon many farms are found wild bogs, to which the only care given is an occasional cutting of the wild growth to prevent its encroachment upon the bog. These bogs are usually found upon lowlands which are naturally overflowed by streams during the winter months. The most profitable bogs, however, are those which are care- fully cared for and have a water supply which may be controlled at will, thus often preventing damage from late spring and early fall frosts. At the present time excellent opportunities are of- fered for the growing of all kinds of fruits, to those persons who are willing to invest their capital and con- duct the work upon a practical and scientific basis, as there are a number of markets which are never sup- plied with home-grown fruit in sufficient quantities. While it is true that fruit-growing, as an industry, is not largely developed within the state, yet it is a pleasant fact to note that excellent horticultural results are obtained by the amateur. Numerous home gardens, of small area, about many of the homes in the cities and larger villages of the state are beautiful and attrac- tive with their artistic flower beds, varied shrubs, and fine fruit trees. (j. g. Adams. RHODE ISLAND BENT GRASS. AijrostU eunina. RHODOCHiTON (Greek, red cloak; alluding to the large rosy red calyx). Scrophnlariacew. A genus of a single species, a free-flowering, graceful vine from Mexico. Lvs. cordate, acuminate, sparsely and acutely dentate : fls. solitary, pendulous, axillary, long-pedun- cled; calyx conspicuous, large, membranous, broad bell-shaped, 5-cleft; corolla-tube cylindrical, the throat not personate, 5-lobed; lobes oblong, nearly equal; capsule dehiscent by irregular perforations. volilbile, Zucc. Purple Bells. A vine with habit of Maurandia, to which it is allied, but more vigorous and having curious, distinct purplish red fls. over 2 in. long on red peduncles: lvs. about 3 in. long. B.M. 3367. B.R. 21:1755. I.H. 42:31. -Blooms the first season from seed and may be treated as a tender annual. F. W. Barclay. RHODODENDRON (Greek, rliodon and dendron, rose- tree; alluding to the beautiful flowers and the habit; the Rhododendron of the ancient writers is Nerium). Ericacem. Highly ornamental evergreen shrubs or trees, with alternate petioled, entire lvs. and terminal clusters of large, showy fls., varying in all shades of purple, scarlet, pink orange, yellow and white. None of the evergreen shrubs suitable for cultivation in colder climates are more effective in bloom than the Rhododendrons. The large clusters of showy flowers often nearly cover the entire plant, while the handsome foliage is attractive at every season (Fig. 2104). Hardiness of the Various S^^ecies. — Although mostof the species are hardy only in warm temperate regions, there are many which are hardy at least as far north as Massachusetts. They are Jt*. 7naxintvvi, Catawbiense, CaKvasicum, braehtjearpuni, Metternichi, Sniimoivi, ynueronnlatum, Daliuricum, Lapponieum, fermginettm, hirsutmn, punetatuw, and probably also chrysantMim, Przeivalski, canipainilaium , Californiatni^ (Jiigerni, and Carpaiicum. Somewhat more tender are R. Ponticum, viveitm, Hodgsoni, Thomsoni, Anthopogon. South of Philadelphia such species as jB. cinnabarinum, glanctim, eiiiatum, Fortitnei, Jepidotnm, Colletiavu7n, and the Yunnan species, as i?. decorum, irroratitm and racenxo- sum are probabij' hardy; sdso S. arbore^lm, barbafvTn, Falcoyieri, Keysi, frifloruni and Wrig7tti in very shel- tered positions. Species like 7?. DalJionsia, JSdge- ivorthi, Griffitliianum, fornwsttm, Maddeni, Nntlalli and pendulum stand only a few degrees of frost. The Javanese species, as M. Javauicum, jasminifjornvtj Brookeannm and Lobhi grow and bloom continually and stand no frost at all. Variation in Height, — 'Mo^i of the species are shrubby; a few only, and these mostly Himalayan species, grow into small or medium-sized trees, attaining 60 ft. in the case of i?. barbatum, 40 ft. in i?. yrande and arboreum, 30 ft. in Falconeri and majimitm . A number of north- ern and alpine species always remain dwarf, as M. fer- rugineum, Jiirsutum, Iiapponicum, virgatvm, lepido turn, racemosum, and others. A few Himalayan and Malayan species are often epiphytal and grow on branches of large trees like orchids; e.g., i?. Dat- hovsi(e, pendulum, NuttaUi and most of the Malayan species. TJieir Place in Ornamental Planting. — 'Rhododen- drons are equally effective and desirable for single specimens on the lawn or when massed in large groups, and are especially showy when backed by the dark green foliage of conifers, which at the same time afford a most advantageous shelter. The dwarf species, which are mostly small-leaved and flower at a different time, should not be grouped with the large-leaved ones, as they do not harmonize with them ; however, they are exceed- ingly charming plants for rockeries or in groups with other smaller evergreens. It is certainly true that the Rhododendrons have not yet received the attention they deserve. They are still far from being as popular as they are in England. The beautiful Himalayan species and their numerous hybrids especially are still almost unknown in this country, although without doubt they could be grown as well outdoors in the middle and southern Atlantic States as they are in England, if the right situation were selected. Formerly it was con- sidered impossible to grow the beautiful hardy hybrids in the New England states, but now it has been shown by such splendid collections as those of Mr. H. H. Hunnewell at Wellesley, Mass. (see A. F. 13:24-31 and Gng. 5:375-377), that, even in a trying climate, they can be grown to perfection if the right situations are se- lected and the right way of cultivation is followed. Outdoor Cultivation. — The selection of a suitable situation is of foremost importance. If possible the beds should be sheltered against drying winds and the burning sun by tall conifers, but the shelter should be always light and natural, as too much shelter by dense hedges or walls close to the plants is worse than no shelter at all. Any open, well-drained soil which does RHODODENDRON RHODODENDRON 1517 not contain limestone or heavy clay and lias a moist and fx-esh subsoil will prove satisfactory. Where limestone or heavy clay prevails, beds must be specially prepared and filled vfith suitable soil. They should be at least 2 to 3 ft. deep, or deeper where the subsoil is not porous, and in this case the bottom should be filled in about 1-2 ft. high with gravel or broken stones for drainage. A mixture of leaf-mold or peat and sandy loam will make a suitable soil. In dry spells during the summer, watering is necessary if the subsoil is not very moist; it is most essential that the soil never become really dry. In the fall the ground should be covered with leaves, pine needles, hay or other material to protect from frost. This mulch should be allowed to remain during the summer, especially where the plants are not large enough to shade the ground. An occasional top- dressing of well-decayed stable or cow manure will prove of much advantage. The ground should never be disturbed, as the roots are very near the surface. After flowering, the young seed-vessels should be removed. The Rhododendrons are easily transplanted either in spring or in fall, esjjecially if they grow in peat or turfy loam, and a good ball of earth can be preserved in mov- ing. They should be planted firmly, especially in porous, peaty soil, and thoroughly watered after plant- ing. If they are carefully handled they are not much affected by transplanting, and tender kinds may be dug in fall, heeled-in in a frost-proof pit, and planted out again in spring. Potted and well-budded plants trans- ferred in January into a temperature not exceeding 60° will develop in about six to eight weeks into very attrac- tive and showy specimens for decoration. Hardy Varieties , — ThPt following varieties have proved hardy in the vicinity of Boston and may be recommended for planting in similar climates and for experimental trial farther north. They are mostly hybrids of R. Ca- tawbiense with M. maximum, Ponticum, Caue-asicum and with some infusion of B.. arhorenvi and perhaps a few other species. As in most of them the parentage of J?. Catawbiense is the most predominant, they are all usually called "Catawbiense Hybrids." Choice kinds are: Album elegans, blush, changing to white; Album grandiflorum, blush, changing to white: fls. larger, less spotted; Alexander Dancer, bright rose, paler in center; Atrosanquinemn, rich blood-red; August V^an Geert, bright carmine, spotted dark purple; Bacchus, crimson, large fls. ; Bieolor, purplish pink, spotted ; Blandlanum., rosy crimson; Crt)*rtcMc((S, deep crimson; Charles Bag- ley, cherry-red ; Charles Bichens, dark red, spotted brown, one of the most striking red ones; Oeerulescens, pale lilac; Coriaeeum, white, spotted yellow, dwarf and • free-blooming; C?'oicZ:ms, dark scarlet; C. S. Sargent, bright scarlet, fine truss; Ccendesceiis, blush; Coriaceum, white; Delicatissimum, white, pink edge; Ed%v, S. Hand, scarlet ; Everestianum, rosy lilac, fringed, one of the best; F. D. Godman, crimson, fine bloteh; F. L. Ames; Glenyanum ; Giganteum, bright rose; trt(ido, deep crimson ; Hannibal, rose, late; HenHetta Sargent, pink; H. H. Rumie- ivell, dark crimson, fine truss; H. W. Sargent, crimson; Jas. Bateman, rosy scarlet; Jas. Macintosh, rosy scarlet; Kettle- drum, purplish crimson ; King of Purples, fine habit ; Lady Armstrong, jtiile rose, beautiful; JOady Grey Egerton. silvery blush, -splendid truss, extra; Marion; M. H. Sutton, seavlet, fine: Maximxim WellsianuTn, blush, late; M. T. Masters, rosy crimson; Melton, rich piurple; Miss Mary Ames, fine habit, crimson; Mrs.A.Hunneiveil.p]!!]^.; Mrs. Ch as. Sargent, xnnk; Mrs. H. Ingersoll, rosy lilac; Mrs. 2[ilner, crimson; Nortna; J'lirpureiim. elegans: Purpureum grandiflontm ; Palph San- '''■rs, purple-crimson; Poseum elegans; P.S.Field,sca.vlet; Sef- ^';^, dark maroon, extra. -q ^ WatsON Rhododendrons near Boston.— In the vicinity of Boston there are many notable instances of the suc- cessful use of Rhododendrons in greater or less quantity. The estate of the late Francis B. Hayes, of Lexington, Mass., and that of H. H. Hunnewell, at Wellesley, Mass., are perhaps as notable examples as any, although other examples could be cited by the score of fine estates in which plantings of Rhododendrons have been prominent features. The success that has attended these plantings has been brought about very largely through most expensive experi- ment whereby a great number of named varieties have been originally imported on the basis of experiment with a view to proving what the hardy kinds might be. The hybrids of Wio- dodendron Catawbiense and M. Ponticuni are the principal va- rieties that have been planted, and extensive trials with their consequent numerous failures have established the fact that the following eighteen varieties can well be stated to be the hardy varieties for the climatic conditions peculiar to this vi- cinity: Album elegans, Albxim grandiflorum, Atrosanguineum, Caractacus, Charles B a g 1 e y, Charles Dickens, Delicatis- 3. simura, Everestianum, Gigan- teura, Hannibal, H. H. Hunne- well, James Bateman, Lady Armstrong, Lee's Purple, Old Port. Purpureum, Pur- pureum grandiflorum, Roseum elegans. The list noted above constitutes the iron-clad varie- ties for the vicinity of Boston, The expression "iron- clad " does not, however, indicate that these varieties can be promiscuously planted without proper attention to their requirements. That Rhododendrons do suc- ceed under conditions of comparatively poor soil and exposure is not an indication that they are happy under such conditions. Rhododendrons must have the proper conditions of soil, exposure and moisture in order to give the most satisfactory returns in growth and flower. Soil conditions do not necessarily involve an extended outlay iu preparation, provided the original soil is of a good, ordinary composition such as would maintain common garden products to good advantage, but it is desirable to add 25 per cent of well-rotted leaf-mold, thus providing that peculiar humus that the Rhododen- dron seems best to thrive in. On the other hand, care must be taken that this percentage is not largely in- creased, as frequent instances arise where beds have been prepared with too large a percentage of leaf -mold, with the result that where the beds have once dried out the texture of the soil becomes like that of a very dry sponge. When the soil is in such condition it is impos- sible to wet it down artificially in a satisfactory manner. The exposure need not necessarily be confined to shel- RHODODENDRON RHODODENDRON 1521 tered locations, provided soil conditions are suffieieutly favorable to maintain a vigorous and healthy growth. Fertilizers can be applied to Rhododendrons to increase the after-growth, although it is not desirable that they be applied directly to the roots. Stable manure should perhaps never be worked through the soil until it has been allowed to thoroughly weather by being first ap- plied as a mulch on the surface of the ground. Here, again, it is essential that care be taken in working in such fertilizer that it be done in such a manner that the fine, fibrous roots of the Rhododendron which are so close to the surface of the soil be not seriously dis- turbed. It is perhaps better to leave the fertilizer as a mulch on the surface of the ground without attempting to work it generally into the soil. During the winter months a raking of leaves should be worked through the beds to a depth of six inches to a foot, and it is better that the gardener be not over-particular in raking away these leaves in the spring, leaving the bare sur- face of the ground exposed, with the consequent injury to the surface roots of the Rhododendron through drought conditions. Where it is possible to provide a somewhat shaded location with an eastern or northern exposure the Rhododendron will succeed better than under conditions of southern or western exposure. A southern exposure necessitates careful shading of the plants throughout the winter in order to prevent injury from alternate freezing and thawing in the late winter months or by blasting of the flower-buds through too early growth with its consequent injury from late spring frosts. When massed against a background of evergreens the Rhododendron perhaps shows to its best advantage, but with the use of the taller-growing varie- ties they make tall, showy banks of Rhododendrons alone. The greatest cause for disappointment in the use of the imported Rhododendron occurs through lack of discrimination in the selection of varieties and also in the manner of propagation of these varieties. Rho- dodendrons grafted on BJiododendron Ponticnm, a native of southern Europe and Asia Minor, cannot be depended on for best success, as no matter how hardy the top of the plant may be, unless the junctions of the graft are below the surface of the soil so that the stalk itself is protected, nothing but disappointment can result, since the roots of the plant are killed and there is nothing from which the top can draw nourishment. So far as possible varieties must be selected that are either grown from layers or worked on some perfectly hardy stock, such as Rhododendron maximum or R. Cataivh tense. R. Catawhiense and its various forms have constituted the main part of the plants that have been imported, while the i?. maximum has until lately been practically lost sight of, though the fact remains that for many years R. maximum has con- tributed to the establishment of a class of hardy forms such as the variety Delicatissimum, in which one finds the vigor of growth and size of foliage indica- tive of the Maximum parentage, while the abundance of bloom and color can be traced to that other parent, R. Cataivhiense. Some other varieties are in commerce that have had similar hardy parentage, and some seed- lings are known in this country which combine great merits but which up to the present time have not been offered or propagated largely. Among these could be mentioned the variety "James Comley," a seedling originated by James Comley on the estate of Francis B. Hayes, of Lexington, for which the Massachusetts Horticultural Society awarded a silver medal in 1898. The great objection to the use of Hybrid Rhododendrons has been their cost and the length of time that was necessary to wait for the smaller plants to make satis- factory height for producing landscape effects. Con- sequently, the landscape architects of recent years have sought a variety of Rhododendron that would combine vigor of growth, blooming quality and perfect hardi- ness. Experiments made with collected plants of R. maximum taken from various localities have proved that this plant is practical for such purposes; and the outcome of such experiments has been that such large private estates as those of William Rockefeller, W. L. Elkins, Mrs. Eliot F. Shepard, and others, have very largely been stocked with collected plants of R. maxi- mum., supplied in car-load lots and in sizes ranging from 8-foot bushy specimens down to small plants that could be grown on for future flower and foliage effects. These plants are taken from localities where the plants are growing either in the open or under moderate shade conditions and have been pruned by the natural process of fire, resulting in a vigorous growth of a more or less bushy and compact nature and ^-^mwing in soil of suffi- cient richness to assure tlicir digging with a large amount of clinging earth. With proper care in traus- poi'tation and after-cultivation the results show a sur- prisingly small loss of plants. Plants collected under these ideal conditions give entirely satisfactory results, but so far as these conditions of careful digging, pack- ing, transportation and after-culture are violated, the results are correspondingly less satisfactory. The areas from which the plants can be collected under the conditions mentioned above are very re- stricted and soon become exhausted of the plants. There seems to be no limit to the size of the plants that can be transplanted with success, as broad masses 12 feet high and as much in diameter frequently are moved and show practically no set-back in the trans- planting, j^ Woodward Manning. INDEX. For many other names, see supplementary list. Eeruginosum, 10. fragrans, 5. ovatuin, 16, album, 3, 4, 6, 12, Hantmondi, 15. Ponticum, 4. 14 and suppl. hirsutnm. 13. prsecox, 20. arbutifolium, 15. jasminifloi-um, 11. panctatum, 14. arboreum, 6. Keiskei, 17. puniceus, 6. atrovirens, 19. Kingianum, 6. purpiireura, 3. azaleoides, 5. limbatum, 6. Purshii, 3. Batemani, 10. maximum, 3, 5. i-oseo-album, 7. brachycarpum, 8. Metterniehi, 9. roseum. 3. Californiciim, 1. minus, 14. sempervirens, 10. campanulatum, 10. mucronulatum, 18. splendens, 7. Catawbiense, 2. myrtifoliuiQ, 16 and stramineum, 7. Caucasicura, 7. suppl. Wallichi, 10. clnnamomeiim, 6. Nilagiricum, 6. Washiugtonianum, Dahuricum, 19. odoratum, 5. 1. daphnoides, 15. olecefolium, 15. Wilsoni, 15. ferrngineum, 12. ovalifolium, 16. Windsorii, 6. flavidum, 7. A. Foliage and ovary not lepidote: bnds with many imbricate scales. FJurhododendron, B. Lvs. glabrous beneath or only pubescent when young. c. Plants with coriaceous, per- sistent lvs. D. Pedicels glabrous 1, Califomicum DD. Pedicels pube s cent or glandular. E. Under side of lvs. whitish. F. Calyx -lobes much shorter than ovary. 2. Catawbiense PF. Calyx-lobes about as long as ovary 3. maximum EE. Under side of lvs. pale green 4. Ponticum cc. Plants with lvs. rather thin, falling off the second spring, 2-314 in. long 5. azaleoides BB. Z/vs. tomentose or pubescent beneath. c. young branches and ovary tomentose. D. Shrub attaining 25 ft. in height, or tree becoming 40 ft.: plant half-hardy. 6. arboreum DD. Shrub, 2-4 ft. high, rarely 10 ft. high: plant hardy, E. Corolla 5-lobed, sj^otied greenish. F. The lvs. acute at both ends 7. Caucasicum FP. The lvs. obtuse at both ends 8. brachycarpum 9. Mettemichi EE. Corolla 5-7-lohed, spot- ted purple. cc. Young branches , pedicels and ovary glabrous 10. campanulatum 1522 RHODODENDRON RHODODENDRON AA. Foliage lepidote or glandular^ rai-'/tf more than 3 in. long: ov'i rji IrjiiJiifc. I^epidorhodiicnt. B. Ci'f'jUa icith eylindric tube, thrice as long as lobes 11. jasminiilorum BB. Corolla campanulate or funnel- form; lobes as long or twice as long as tube. c. Irvs. persistent; corolla lepi- dote ontside. D. Style hardly twice as long as ovary, shorter than stamens: Ivs. often slightly crenulafe. E. The Ivs. without hairs.Vl. ferruifineum EE. The Ivs. ciliate 13. hirsutum DD. Style at least thrice as long as ovary. E. Fls. pink or white 14. punctatum 15. artutifolium 16. myrtifolium EE. Fls. pale yellow 17. Keiskei cc. Lvs. deciduous or semi-per- sistent: corolla not lepi- dote outside: fls. very early in spring front, lateral 1-fld. buds at the ends of branches 18. mucronulatum 19. Dahuricum 20. praecox 1. Calif6rnioum, Hook. Shrub, 8 ft. high, sometimes to 20 ft., glabrous: lvs. ohloug, shortly acuminate, pale green beneath, 3-6 in. long, sometimes crowded beneath the fis. : clusters many-fld. : calyx minute; corolla broadly campanulate, with oval crisped lobes, rosy pur- ple or pink, paler towards the center, spotted yellow within, about 2 in. across, rich carmine in bud; sta- mens 10, with purple anthers: ovary with appressed silky hairs. May, .June. Calif, to Ore. B.M. 4863.- Var. Washingtonianum, Zabel (E. Washingtonianiitn and probably Ti*. Californicuni, var. maximum, Hort.), is not much different, but has yellow anthers; it has proved as hardy as R. Catawbiense. 2. Catawbiense, Pursh. Figs. 2109, 2110. Shrub, 6 ft. high, rarely 20 ft.: lvs. rounded at base, oval to oblong, usually obtuse and mucronulate, glaucous beneath, 3-5 in. long: clusters many-fld. ; pedicels rusty pubescent: corolla broadly campanulate, with broad roundish lobes, lilac-purple, about 1% in. across : ovary rusty tomen- tose. June. Va. to Ga., in the mts. B.M. 1671. L.B.C. 12:1176. — One of the most beautiful of native shrubs, covering extensive tracts of land in the southern Alle- ghanies. Hardy as far north as New England. 3. maximum, Linn. Great Laurel. Fig. 2111. Shrub or small tree, attaining 35 ft.: lvs. mostly acute at base, narrow-oblong or lanceolate-oblong, acute or shortly acumi- nate, whitish beneath, 4-10 in. long: clus- ters many-fld. ; pedicels viscid: calyx-lobes oval, as long as ovary; corolla campanulate, deeply 5-lobed with oval lobes, usually rose- colored, spotted greenish within, about 13^ in. across : ovary glandular. June, July- N. S. and Ont. to Ga. B.M. 951.. Em. 2:435. Mn. 1:1 and 3, p. 22. D. 16. -This is one of the hardiest species, being hardy as far north as Quebec and Ontario. Three vars. have been distinguished : var. Alburn, Pursh (7?. Piirshii, Don), with white fls.; var. purptireum, Pursh (H. piirpurenm, Don), with purple fls., and var. rdseum, Pursh, with pink flowers. This species and the former are now often extensively used in park-planting and taken by the car-loads from the woods. If properly handled and taken from a turfy soil with a sufficient ball of earth around the roots, they are usually successfully trans- planted. 4. P6nticum, Linn. Shrub, 10 ft. high: lvs. elliptic to oblong, acute, pale green beneath, 3-5 in. long: clus- ters many-fld. ; pedicels longer than fls.: calyx-lobes as long as ovary, the lower ones half as long; corolla cam- panulate with oval lobes, purple, spotted brownish with- in, about 2 in. across: ovary glandular. May, June. Spain, Portugal, Asia Minor. B.M. 650. — This species is less hardy than the t\vo preceding and now rarely found iu cultivation in its typical form. Var. dlbum, Hort., has white flowers. There are also vars. with va- riegated and one with purplish leaves. 5. azaleoides, Desf. (ii". f)-:5G0. Var. stramin- eum, Hook., is similar, l)ut with fulvous spots. B.M. 3422. Var. roseo-album, i^riot, with blush tls., changing? to white, and vnr. spl6ndens, Briot, with deep pink Hs., are said to bloom very early and may be hybrids. R.H. 1868:311. 8. brachycdrpum, Don. Shrub. 4 ft. high, sometimes 10 ft.: Ivs. oval to oblong, rounded at both ends, niu- cronulate at the apex, bright green above, whitish or ferrugineous-tomentulose beneath, 2^-0 in. long: lis. in dense clusters, short-pedicelled; calyx-lobes short; corolla campanulate, creamy white, spotted greenish within, lK-2 in. across. June. Japan. G.P. 1:293.— Has proved quite hardy, but is yet rare in cultivation. 9. Mettemichi, Sieb. & Zucc. Shrub, 4 tt. high: Ivs. oblong or oblong -lanceolate, narrowed at both ends, acute or obtuse, ferrugineons-tomentose beneath, 3-0 in. long: clusters 8-15-fld.; calyx minute; corolla cara- panulate, 5-7-lobed, rose-colored, spotted purple within, 1)^-2 in. across; stamens 10-14. May, June. Japan. S.Z. 1:9. — Like the preceding hardy, bnt rare in cultiva- tion. 10. campanulitum, Don. Shrub, attaining IG ft. : Ivs. elliptic to elliptic-oblong, usually rounded at both ends, ferrugineons-tomentose beneath, 3-6 in. long: clusters many-tld.; pedicels short: calyx -lobes short; corolla campanulate, pale purple or pale lilac or almost white, with few purple spots, 2 in. across. June. Himalaya. B.M. 3759. L. B.C. 20:1944. S.B.F.G. II. 3:241. Gn. 48, p. 108.— This is one of the hardiest of the flimalayan species. Var. aerugindsum, Nichols. (M. ceruginosum Hook. f. ). Lvs. with verdi*ris-colored tomentura be neath. Var. Batemani, Nichols, (i?. Bdfemani, Hook.). Of more robust habit and with larger flowers. B.M. 5387. Var. Wd-Uichii, Hook. Lvs. with lax, often cadu- cous tomentum, and with densely woolly petioles: co- rolla more highly colored. B.M. 4928. 11. jasmmiflorum, Hook. Small shrub: lvs. subver- ticillate, obovate to oblong, acute, glabrous, lepidote be- neath, lK-3 in. long: clusters many-fld.; pedicels short: calyx minute; corolla almost salver-shaped, with the tube 2 in. long and spreading limb, fragrant, white, blushed outside below the limb, the anthers forming a red eye; style shorter than stamens, included. Winter. Java, Malacca. B.M. 4524. I.H. 6:203.- A distinct spe- cies, very unlike other Rhododendrons ; it requires a warm greenhouse. 12. ferrugineum, Linn. Shrub, 2 ft. high, glabrous: lvs. elliptic to oblong-lanceolate, acute, densely lepidote beneath, 1-2 in. long: clusters many-fld.: calyx-lobes short; corolla funnelform -campanulate, with the tube about twice as long as limb, pink or carmine, about K in. across. June-Ang. Mts. of middle Eu. L.B.C. 1:65. Gn. 29, p. 358. — Dwarf, hardy shrub, handsome for rockeries. Var. dlbum, Sweet, has white flowers. S.B.F.G. 11.3:258. 13. hirsiltum, Linn. Shrub, 3 ft. high, with hirsute branches: lvs. oval to oblong, oiliate, light green and glandular -lepidote beneath, 3^-1 in. long: clusters many-fld.; calyx-lobes as long as ovary ; corolla similar to that of the preceding, lobes shorter. June, July Alps. L.B.C. 5:479. B.M. 1853. -Much like the preced- ing, but usually thrives better in cultivation and does not dislike limestone soil. 14. punctatum, Andr. (M, m)nus, Michx.), Shrub, 6 ft. high, with slender spreading or recurving branches: lvs. oval- or oval - lanceolate, acute at both ends, gla- brous above, glandular -lepidote beneath, 2-5 in. long: clusters rather few-fld. : calyx short; corolla broadly funnelform, with obovate rounded and slightly undu- late lobes, usually pale rose and spotted greenish with- in, about 1 in. across. June-Aug. N. C. to Ga. B.M. 2285. B.R. 1:37. Hardy.- Var. dlbum, Hort. Fls. white. 15. arbutifolium, Hort. {i?. daphno)des, Hdmmnndi, and olecffbJhtm, Hort. R. Wilsoni, Hort., not Nutt.). A hybrid of JR. femtginetnn and punctatum. Dense shrub, 4 ft. high: lvs. elliptic to elliptic -lanceolate, acute at both ends, 13^-3 in. long: fls. similar to those of R. ferruqineuni, but larger. June, July.- Of garden origin. Handsome hardy shrub, perhaps best known under the name R. Wilsoni ; this name, however, had been given previously to another hybrid between two Himalayan species and should not be used for this form. 16. myrtifdlium, Lodd. {R. ovalifblium, Hort. 7?. ot'iitum, Hort., not Hook.). Hybrid between R. puncta- tum and hirsutuin, much like the preceding, but lvs. generally smaller and broader, less densely lepidote be- neath, 1-23^ in. long, sometimes sparingly ciUate when young: fls. longer pedicelled and calyx-lobes narrower and longer. June, July. L.B.C. 10:908. — Originated in the nursery of Loddiges. 2110. Rhododendron Catawbiense [X%). 17. Keiskei, Miq. Low, sometimes procumbent shrub: lvs. elliptic to lanceolate, acute, dull green above, lepi- dote beneath, 13^-3 in. long: clusters 2-5-fld.; calyx minute; corolla broadly funnelform, divided to the mid- dle into rounded lobes, pale yellow, 1% in. across; sta- mens much exserted. May. Japan. — Hardiness not yet determined. 18. mucronulitum, Turcz. {R. Dahivricxtm, var. mu- cronuldtum, Maxim.). Upright shrub attaining 6 ft.: lvs. elliptic to oblong, acute at both ends, slightly crenu- late, sparingly lepidote on both sides, bright green above, pale beneath: fls. 3-6, short-pedicelled; corolla funnel- form, almost without tube, divided to the middle into oval rounded lobes, rose-colored, 1-lM in. across. March, April. Dahuria, N. China, Japan. G.F. 9:65. — Hardy shrub valuable for its very early fls. fit is the earliest of all hardy Rhododendrons), and for its handsome scarlet fall coloring. 19. Dahtlricum, Turcz. {A^hlea Dahnrica, C. Koch). Closely allied to the preceding but lvs. smaller, oval to oval-oblong, obtuse at both ends, revolute at the margin and ferrugineous beneath: fls. 1-3. March, April. Siber., Dahur., Camschatka. B.M. 17:636. L.B.C. 7:605. G.C. II. 17:295; III. 12:701. -Var. semp6rvlrens, Sims (var. atrovirens, Edw.). Lvs. dark green, almost persistent: fls. violet-purple. B.M. 1888. B.R. 3:194. L.B.C. 16:1584. 20. pruBCOX, Carr. Hybrid between R. ciUatuni and Dahurieum. Low shrub with persistent, elliptic or oval lvs., sparingly ciliate or glabrous, ferrugineous-Iepidote beneath, 1-2 in. long: clusters few-fld.: calj'x-lobes ovate, ciliate; corolla broadly funnelform, pale purple or lilac, IK in. across. March, April. Of garden origin. R.H. 1868:210. Gn..38:761. G.C II. 17:295; III. 12:77L Less hardy than the preceding species but handsomer. Here belongs also Early Gem, with larger pale-lilac fls. and the lvs. somewhat more ciliate. G.C. II. 9:336. Great numbers of names of Rliododendrons are to be found in current literature, but the plants may be uTiknown in the American trade. The following list will explain most of these names. Some of them belong to Azalea, although they may not be accounted for under that genus in this work. R. Afghdnieum, not Aiteh. & Hemsl. = R. Collettianum.— JR. albiflbrum. Hook. = Azalea albirtora.— JK. album, Blume. Small shrub: lvs. oblong-lanceolate, ferrugineous-Iepidote be- neath, 3-4 in. long: fls. rather small, campanulate, yellowish white. Java. B.M. 4972. Tender.—^. Altaclarense, Lindl. Hybrid of R. arboreum with R. Catawbiense X Pontlcum. ITIs. 1524 RHODODENDRON RHODODENDRON briffht crimson in dense heads. B.R. 17:1414.— i^. amcenum. Planch. = Azalea amoeua.—i^. A}ithopdgon,I>. Don. Lowshi-ub: Ivs. elliptic-oblong, ferrugineoiis-lepidote beneath, Ij^ in. long: fls. small, fuunelt'orm, yellowish white, }4 in. long; stamens 5, included. Himalayas. B.M. 3947. Almost hardy.— i2. arbores- cens, Torr. = Azalea arborescens. — M. argenteum, f . Hook. = R. grande. — R. Auckla7idi, Hook. f. = R. Griffithianum, var. Aucklandi.— -K. halsaininceflbrum, Hort. Hybrids of the Java- nese group, with double pink, yellow and white fls, G.C. II. 18:230 and III. 12:769. Gt. 37, p. 2G5. The name has also been used for a double form of Azalea ludica, see A. Indica, var. rosifloi'a.— i?. barbdtum. Wall. Ti-ee, attaining 60 ft.: Ivs. with setose petioles, elliptic-oblanceolate, glabrous and pale beneath, 5-7 in. Ions: lis. deep red, campannlate, l%iii. across, in dense clusters. Himal. F.S. 5:469-472. Var. Smitbii, Clarke. Lvs. fermgineously subtomentose beneath. B.M. 5120.—^. bicolor, Don = Azalea nuditiora.— i2. bla7idfordicefld)-um, Hook. Slen- der shinib, 8 ft. high, allied to R. cinnabarinum: lvs. oblong- lanceolate, feri-ugineous-lepidote beneath, 2-3 in. long: fls. funnelform, with cylindrie tube, brick- or orange-red, yellow within. 2^ in. long. Himal. B.M. 4930. F.S. 11:1173. I.H. 3:112. B.H. 7, p. 47. G.C. 1856:548 and 1871:236. Gn. 15:169 (as R. cinnabarinum).— -B. Boothii, Nutt. Shnib, 6 ft. high, often epiphytal: lvs. ovate-oblong, or oblong- lanceolate, hirsute above when young, minutely lepidote beneath, 4-5 in. long: fls. in dense clusters, campanulate, yellow, l^in. across. Himal. B.M. 7149. I.H. 5:174.— /i. Brookednum. Low shrub, often epiphytal, with glabrous purple branches; lvs. oblong-lanceo- late, pale beneath, 6-9 in. long: fls. funnelform-campanulate, orange- or golden yellow, 2% in. across. Borneo. B.M. 4935. F.S. 5, p. 477 and 12:1238-30. G.C. III. 9:621.— i2. calendu- 2111. Rhododendron maximum (X K). Idceiim, Torr. = Azalea (r.ilend\i[a,Qea.—I£.calophyllum, Nutt. Shrub, 3 ft. high: lvs. oblong-ovate or elliptic, glossy above, lepidote beneath, 3-5 in. long: fls. 4-5, tubular-campauulate, white, slightly tinged yellowish green, 3 in. across. Himal. B.M. 5002. F.S. 22:2340. -i2. camellicefldrum. Hook. f. Shrub. 6 ft. high, often epiphytal: lvs. elliptic-lanceolate, fermgineous- lepidote beneath, 2-3 in. long: fls. 1-2, short-pedicelled, bi'oadly campanulate, white or slightly tinged rose, IK in. across; sta- mens 16. Himal. B.M. 4032. — S. campylocdrpum, Hook. f. Shrub, 6 ft. high: lvs. elliptic, obtuse, mucronulate, glabrous and glaucous beneath, 2-3^^ in. long: fls. several, campanulate, yellow, fragrant, to 2}4in. across. Himal. B.M. 4068. Gn. 54:1186. G.C. II. 21:833; III. 11:501 and 12:699.- iJ. Canadense, Dipp.=Azalea Canadensis, described on p. 122, Vol. I.— It. Cavrbni, Andre. Hybrid of R. formosum and Veitchi. Fls. white, tisiially slightly tinged I'ose, fragrant, 33^ in. across. R.H. 1885:60.-72. Chdvipio7ia;, Hook. = Azalea Cbampionee, O. Ktze. It seems not yet introduced. B.M. 4600. — R. chrys- dntkum. Pall. Low shi"ub, 2 ft. high: lvs. elliptic-oblong, acute, 1-2 in. long, ferrugineous beneath: fls. few, slender-pediceled, broadly campanulate, yellow, 1% in. across. Siberia, Kams- chatka. Hardy. — E. cilidtum, Hook, f. Small shrub, 2-4 ft.: lvs. elliptic, acuminate, pilose above, ciliate, pale and lepidote beneath, 2 in. long: fls. several, campanulate, pale purple, 1/4 in. across. Himal. P.F.G. 3:83. Var. roseo albam, Hook. Fls. larger, white, tinged rose. B.M. 4648. F.S. 8:766. Gt. 16:563.— R. ciliicdb/x, Francb. Small shnib: lvs. elliptie-obovate, shortly acuminate, ciliate, pale and lepidote beneath: fls. 7-10. campanulate, white, 2 in. aci'oss. Yunnan. R.H. 1899:36. — E, cinnabarlmim, Hook, f. Slender-branched shrub: lvs. elliptic to elliptic-lanceolate, lepidote beneath, 2-3 in. long: fls. many, nodding, tubular-campanulato, rose-orange or briek-red, 1/^ in. long. Himal. Var, pallidum, Hook. Lvs. glaucous beneath: fls. pale rose, spotted red within. B.M. 4788. Var. Roylei, Hook. Lvs. ferrugineous beneath: fls, larger, of brighter color. Gn, 44:940. G.C. II. 21:765 and III. 1:2709.— ii^. clividnum. Hook. Hybrid of R. arboreum album and Catawbiense. Fls. white, blushed and spotted carmine. B.M. 4478.— J?, citrlnum, Hassk. Small shnib: lvs. elliptic-oblong, obtuse, lepidote and pale beneath, 13^-2 in. long: fls. several, nodding, campanulate, pale yellow, %in. long, fragrant. Java. B.M. 4797. Tender. — E. Collettidnwin, Aitch & Herasl. Shrub, 10 ft. high; lvs. ellip- tic-lanceolate, brownish lepidote beneath, l3^-3 in. long; fls. short-pedicelled, funnelform, white, 1 in. long. Afghan. B.&I. 7019. G.C. III. 4:297.-i?. Cdnuinghami, Hort. Hybrid of R. arboreum. var. cinnamomeum and R. maximum, var. album. Fls. white, spotted purple. Moore, Gard. Mag. Bot. 1851;121. Not to be confounded with R. Cunningham's White, a variety or hybrid of R. Caiie;isieum, which is a dwarf and hardy shrub, much used in Germany as a stock for grafting hardy varieties. Jt. Ddlhousice, Hook. f. Straggling shrub, attaining 8 ft., often epiphytal: lvs. elliptic, rusty-lepidote beneath, 4-5 in. long: fls. 3-5, campanulate, yellow, changing to white, fragrant, 4Xiu. across. Himal. B.M. 4718. Gn. 28:511. F.S. 5:466-68. Gn. 48, p. 108. Remarkable for the large, lily-like fragrant fls. A double-fld. variety is figured in Gn. 13, p. 517. R. Dalhousiae hybridum (B.M. 5322) is a hybrid with R. formosum and R. Dalhousias Victorianum (F.S. 23:2406), a hybrid with R. Nuttallii. — E. Daciesi, Hort. Hybrid of R. Javanicnm and re- tusum, with tubular orange-red fls. F.M. 20:474. Not to be confounded mth Azalea Daviesi, see Vol. I, p. 120.— R. decorum, Franch. Shrub: lvs. oblong-ovate, glabrous, glaucous beneath: fls. broadly campanulate, white or pink, to 2 in. across; sta- mens 16. Thibet, Yunnan.— i^. i>e;reyct?/i, Franch. Tree: lvs. oblong-lanceolate, rufous-tomentulose beneath: fls. in large, dense heads, deep red, broadly campanulate, 1 in. across. Yunnan.— iS. Edgeworthii, Hook. f. Straggling shrub, often epiphytal: lvs. ovate-lanceolate, blackish green and reticulate above, fermgineous-tomentose below, 3-4 in. long: fls. few. broadly campanulate, white, tinged rose, with broad, waved lobes. 4>^in. across. Himal. B.M. 4936. F.S. 8:797-98.— i?. eximium, Nutt. = R. Falconed, var. eximium.— i?. Fdlconcri, Hook. f. Shrub or tree, attaining 30 ft.: lvs. elliptic or obo- vate, rusty-tomentose beneath, 8-10 in. long: fls. many, cam- panulate. 8-10-lobed, white, with a dark purple blotch within, 1-2 in. across. Himal. B.M. 4924. F.S. 5:477-80; 11:1166-67. Gt. 19:658. Gn. 48, p. 103; 49, p. 441. G.C. III. 20:749. Remarkable for its very large lvs.. sometimes to 1/2 ft. long. Var. eximium. Hook. Fls. rose-colored and not spotted.— i?. fastubsum, var. flore pleno, Vanhoutte. Hybrid of R. Catawbiense and R. Pon- ticum. Fls. lilac-purple, semi-double. F.S. 2:143. Almost hardy. — E. Fdrrerce, T:ite = Azalea Farrerge.- i?. fldvum, Don = A. Pontica.— i2. Fordii, Hemsl. Shrub: lvs. lanceolate, glabrous, 2-3 in. long: fls. few, pure white, iMin. across. S. China.— i?. formosum., Wall. (R. Gibsoni, Paxt.). Slender shrub, 8 ft. high: lvs. oblong-obovate, ciliate, pilose above, glaucous and lepidote beneath, 1-2^2 in. long: fls. few, funnel- form-campanulate, white, tinged pink, l/^-2 in. long: fls. few, broadly campanulate, white, about lin. across. Himal. F.S. 7:662. G.C. II. 17:429.-72. PrzewdlsHl, Maxim. Allied to R. brachycarpiim, but lvs. glabrous and pale green beneath: fls. white, spotted purple within. China. "B.a.rdy.—R. pulcherrvmum., Lindl. Hybrid of R. arborexim and Caucasicum. Fls. pink, paler in center, spotted. B.R. 21:1820. —72. racembsum. Franch. Small upright slirub: lvs. elliptic, glaucous and lepidote beneath, '%-\]<2Ui. long: fls. from a.\iilary buds, crowded toward the end of branches, campanulate, light pink, '%-l in. across, slightly fragrant. Yunnan. B.M. 7301. Gn. 42:878. G.C. III. 12:63.-/2. retumm, Bennett. Shrub. 2 ft. high: lvs. obovate to obovate-oblong, glabrous, lepidote be- neath, 2-2/^n. long. Java. B.M. 4859. F.S. 10:1044. l.U. 2:70. Tender. — jR. Rhbdora, Don = Azalea Canadensis. —72. rhOmhicum, Miq. = Azalea rhombica.— 72. Rdllissoni, Past. Small tree, 30 ft. high, allied to R. arboreum and probably va- riety: lvs. oblong, wrinkled above, tawuy-tomentose beneath: fls. in a dense head, campanulate, deep blood-red. Ceylon. P.F.G. 1:7. B.R. 29:25.— 72. 72oye^/.a, Leroy. Hybrid of R. ar- boreum and Dahuricum. Fls. rich crimson. R.H. 1868:190.— 72. Roylei, Hook. ^ R. cinnabarinum, var, Roylei.— .K. liusselll- dnunb. Sweet. Hybrid of R. arboreum and Catawbiense. Fls. rosy crimson. S.B.F.G. II. 1:91. — R. rubiginbsum, Franch. Rigid shrub, 3 ft. high: lvs. oval to oblong-lanceolate, densely feri-ugineous lepidote beneath, 2-3 in. long: fls. few, broadly funnelform, bright rose-red, 1/^in. across. Yunnan. B.M. 7621. —72. saliffnmn. Hook. = R. lepidotum, var. chloranthum. — R. scabrifbliui/i, Franch. Small rigid shrub, hispid: lvs. oblong- lanceolate, ciliate, hisTJid above, pale an2-2 in. long: fl. -heads resembling a semi-double Camellia, 1% in. across, bright pink, each head surrounded by several rows of imbricate bracts: petals 15-20 to each fl.-head. China. B.M. 4509. -Cult, in S. Calif. F. W. Barclay. 15-26 EHODOMYETUS BHCEO EHODOMYKTUS (Greek, rose-myrtle; from the rose- colored fls. of some species and the myrtle-like foliage). MyrtdceCE. Five species of tender trees or shrubs, oue of which is a promising fruit-plant known in the South as Downy Myrtle, and in India as the Hill Gooseberry. This is a handsome evergreen shrub growing 6 ft. or more high and covered with broad, glossy Ivs. of great beauty. The pink, 5-petaled fls. are borne through sev- eral weeks in greatest abundance, and are larger than those of the peach. They resemble small single roses. The fruits are as big as cherries and taste like rasp- 2112. Rhododendron arboreum (XK). No. 6. (See page biSi.) berries. The color of the berries is dark purple and the flesh is sweet and aromatic. The fruits are produced in quantity and ripen for weeks, beginning in late summer. They are eaten rawormade into.iam. The Downy Myrtle is recommended as a fruit-plant for Florida by the Ameri- can Pomological Society and it is being tried in S. Calif. In the South it is generally known as Myrtiis totnentosa. The distinction between Rhodomyrtus and Myrtus rests in the number of locules of the ovary. Myrtus is normally 2-3-IocuIed, with many ovules in each; Rhodomyrtus lias 1-3 locules with spurious partitions, making the ovary appear 2-6-loculed, or it is divided into numerous 1-ovuled, superposed locules. Myrtles have feather- veined foliage; the Downy Myrtle has 3-nerved Ivs. The Downy Myrtle is a native of India, Malaya and China; the four other species of Rhodomyrtu.s are Australian and not in cult. Other generic characters : Lvs. oppo- site, 5- or 3-nerved: fls. axillary; calyx-lobes persistent; petals 5, rarely 4; stamens numerous, free; berry glo- bose or ovoid, with few or many seeds. tomentdsa. Wight (Myrtus tomenlbsa, Ait.). Downy Myrtle. Branches downy above: Ivs. elliptic or olio- vate, short -stalked, hoary below: peduncles sliorter than the lvs., 1-3-fld.: berry 3-celled : seeds com- pressed, forming 2 rows in each cell. B.M. 250. E. N. Re.JlSONER and W. M. RHODOBA. See Azalea Canadensis. EHODORHiZA (Greek, rose root; the root and wood furnisli the fragrant powder known as hois de 7-ose). Convolvuldeexe. li. florida is a tender subshrub, 6-9 ft. liigh, which bears white fls. something like a morning- glory. The blossoms are about an inch across and last only a day, but a succession is maintained (in southern France) from early June till August. A striking fea ture of the plant is its terminal, panicled inflorescence. These panicles are often a foot high, 10 inches wide at the base and contain at one time as many as 20 full- blown flowers and 100 buds. It is a native of Teneriffe, and has been introduced into southern California in 1901. Rhodorhiza is a group of about 7 species, all from the Canary Islands, which Bentham and Hooker regard as a section of the genus Convolvulus. The Rhodorhizas differ from typical Convolvulus in having the capsule by abortion usually 1-seeded, and rupturing irregularly at the base instead of dehiscing l)y 4 valves. They are prostrate or climbing herbs or erect subshrubs, some- times spiuescent: lvs. entire, dentate, undulate or lobed: corolla broadly or narrowly bell-shaped; limb 5-angled or 5-lobed: ovary 2-loculed, 4-ovuled. florida, Webb, (perhaps more properly Gonvdlvulus rtdrjfjiis, Linn.). Erect subshrub: lvs. persistent, alter- nate, lanceolate, stalked, entire: fls. long-peduncled, funnel-shaped, white, sometimes pinkish white. R.H. 1892:156. -^^ jj, EHODOTHAffiNUS {Greek, rhodon, rose, and tliam- nos, shrub; small shrub, with rose-colored flowers). JSriecicea. Dwarf evergreen shrub, with alternate, small, entire lvs. and rather large pink fls., usually soli- tary at the ends of the branchlets. Charming little al- pine shrub, hardy north, but somewhat difficult to culti- vate. It thrives best in peaty, porous soil of constant, moderate moisture in a partly shaded situation, and is best sriited for rockeries. Prop, by seeds or layers, also by cuttings of ripened wood under glass. Monotypic genus, allied to Kalmia, but anthers not in pouches: lvs. alternate; sepals 5, half as long as corolla: corolla rotate, deeply 5-lobed; stamens 10, slightly longer than corolla: fr. a 5-celled, many- seeded dehiscent capsule. Chamaecistus, Reichb. (Bhododindron Cham(vcisfus, Linn. Adodendron Cham- (Bcistus, 0. Kuntze). Diffusely branched shrub, to 1 ft.: lvs. cuneate-oblong, acute, setosely ciliate, K-K in long: fls. on slen- der, glandular-hirsute pedicels, solitary, rarely 2 or 3 at the end of the branchlets, light purplish pink, to 1 in. across. May. Alps of Eastern Eu. B.M. 488. L.B.C. F.S. 19:1962 Alfred Rehder. 15:1491. RHODOT'S'POS (Greek, rhodon, rose, and, typos, type; alluding to the resemblance of the flowers to those of a single rose.). Hosdceoe. Ornamental deciduous shrub, with opposite serrate lvs. and large white fls. solitary at the end of branchlets, followed by black and shining berry -like drupes persistent during the winter. A hand- some and distinct shrub, hardy as far north as Mass., with bright green foliage, conspicuous by its white fls. in spring and by its shining black fr. in autumn and winter. It thrives well in any good soil. Prop, by seeds and by greenwood cuttings under glass early in sum- mer, also by hardwood cuttings. Monotypic genus, al- lied to Kerria: lvs. stipulate, opposite: fls. solitary, short-pedicelled; sepals large, half as long as petals, outside with 4 small alternate bracts; petals 4, orbicu- lar; stamens mmierous; carpels usually 4, developing into black, dry, one-seeded drupes, surrounded by the large persistent calyx. kerrioides, Sieb. & Zucc. Much-branched shrub, usu- ally 3-6 ft. high (in Japan 15 ft.): lvs. ovate to ovate- oblong, acuminate, sharply and doubly serrate, silky- pubescent beneath when young, lK-3 in. long: fls. pure white, IK in. across. May, June. S.Z.1:99. B.M. 5805. Gt. 15:505. R.H. 1866, p. 430. Gn. 6, p. 229; 34, p. 159; 43, p. 138. Alfred Rehder. EHffiO (name unexplained). Commelindcece. One species, from Mexico and the West Indies, E. discolor, Hance, known also as Tradescantia discolor, L'Her., T. spathaeea, Swartz, and JSphemerum bicolor, Moench. B.M. 1192. From Tradescantia the genus is distin- guished by having 1 ovule (rather than 2) in each locule EPICEO RHUBARB 1527 of the ovary. Ii'. di.scofor is a short-stemmed erect- growing long-leaved plant, not unlike a broad-leaved small Pandanus in, habit. Fls. white, small and many in a boat-shaped spathe-like structure arising from the axil of the leaf and which is sessile or nearly so; sepals 3, free, more or less petal-like ; petals 3, soon withering; stamens 6. Var. vitt^ta, Hook. (Tra descant la discolor, var. vitiata, Miq. T. discolor, var. varicgiiid, Hook. T. variegdta, Hort. ), is the common form in cult. The Ivs. are 8-12 in. long, dark purple beneath and longitudinally striped above with pale yellow. A striking plant for the wannhouse, or for the open in the South. B.M. 5079. F.S. 11:1109-70. Cult, as for warmhouse Tra- descantias. L. H. B. RHOPALA. See Boupala. RH0PAL6STYLIS (name refers to the club-shaped spadix). Piihnacece. Two species of pinnate palms, both of which are favorite conservatory palms and nearly always sold as species of Areca or Kentia. How- ever, Rhopalostylis belongs to the large group in which the ovule is borne on the side and is more or less pen- dulous, while in Areca and Kentia the ovule is at the base and erect. From the 5 cultivated genera listed under Hedyseepe (which see) Rhopalostylis differs as follows; sepals of stamiuate fls. awl-shaped to lanceo- late, not imbricated: stamens 6-12: pistillate lis. with short petals, valvate at the apes. The two species are spineless palms with medium ringed caudices: Ivs. ter- minal, equally pinnatisect; segments equidistant, numer- ous, narrowly sword-shaped, acuminate, the margins not thickened, recurved at the base, the midveins promi- nent, with 1-3 nerves on each side ; rachis concave above, scurfy; petiole very short; sheath elongated: spadices short, spreading, with a very short, thick peduncle, and fringed, rather thick, densely-fld. branches: spathes 2, symmetrical, oblong, flattened, the lower 2-winged: bracts adnate to the flower-bearing areas, subulate at the apex: bractlets scaly: fls. medium: fr. small or medium, ellipsoidal, smooth. s^pida, H. Wendl. & Drude {Areca sdpida, Soland. Kentia sdpida, Mast.). Stem 6-10 ft. high, 6-8 in. in diara., cylindrical, green: Ivs. 4-6 ft. long, pinnate: segments very narrow, linear ; margin replicate ; nerves, midrib and petiole covered with minute scales; fls. pale pinkish: fr. brown. New Zealand. B.M. 5139. Baileri, H. Wendl. & Drude [Areca Baueri, Hook. Kentia Baheri, Seem. Seafdrtliia rohxlsta, Hort.). Stouter and taller than R. sapida: Ivs. larger and broader; segments linear-lanceolate, acuminate; nerves, midrib and petiole sparsely scaly: fls. white; fr. more globose, scarlet. Norfolk Isl. l.H. 15:575. B.M. 5735 Jared G. Smith. RHUBARB, or Pie-plant (see Rhenm)^ is com- monly grown by division of the roots, and this is the only method by which a particular type can be in- creased. Propagation from seed, however, often proves satisfactory, and always interesting, as the seedlings vary greatly. The seed germinates easily, and if started early the plants become fairly large and strong the same season. Although the crop is so easily pro- duced, and so certain and regular after a plantation has once been started, it is one of the most profitable of market-garden crops, even in small places and neigh- borhoods. A large number of home gardeners are still without it on their prem'ises, although everybody seems to want Rhubarb pie as soon as spring opens, this plant giving the first available material in the year for pies. Rhubarb delights in extremely rich soil. Very large and brittle leaf stalks cannot be secured except from soil that is really "filled with manure to overflowing." The seedlings, however, may be started in any good clean garden soil. Sow seed in early spring, in rows a foot apart and not over an inch deep. Thin the plants promptly to stand a few inches apart in the rows, and give the same thorough cultivation allowed to other garden crops. In the following fall or spring take the seedlings up, and set them in the well-prepared perma- nent patch, not less than iowv feet apart eachway, and cultivate frequently during the entire season. Ten to twenty plants will supply the demands of one house- hold, possibly with some to spare for the neighbors. In spring of the next year the stalks may be pulled freely. When soil fertility forces a rampant growth, the stalks will be large and brittle enough without the aid of boxes or kegs (bottomless and coverless) placed over the plants. The beds should be renewed every 4 or 5 years at the least, as the clumps of roots grow so large, and have so many eyes, that the stalks soon be- come more numerous than desirable, and riin down in size. Take up the entire roots and cut them to pieces, leaving only one strong eye to the piece, and plant the pieces in a newly-prepared bed {or even in the old one if properly enriched and prepared) four feet apart each way as before. Seed-stalks are produced freely during the entire season. These should be promptly pulled up, unless seed is wanted. A few may be left to mature the seed crop. Rhubarb can be forced in coldframes, under the greenhouse benches, or even in an ordinary house cellar. The plants need warmth (even that of a lantern set among them will do), but require no light. Take up good strong roots (2-year seedlings being best) in autumn; leave them out until after exposure to freez- ing, then crowd them together in boxes with a little soil between and under them, and set them under the green- house bench, or wherever wanted, or plant them out on the cellar bottom. T. Greiner. Rhubarb is a hardy plant and will withstand consider- able neglect, but, like most cultivated vegetables, it responds readily to proper care and good treatment. The large fleshy stems desired in culinary use are produced in part by the great store of plant-food held in reserve by the many big roots of the vegetable. Everything should be done to increase this supply of reserve food. Tillage and fertilizing, therefore, are fun- damentals. In the selection of a site the writer prefers a southern exposure, with sufficient slope to the south to give good drainage. Plow the ground 6-8 in. deep, draw furrows 5 ft. apart, set the plants 3 ft. apart, with the buds one inch below the level of the ground. If the soil lacks in fertility mix compost with the dirt that is placed about the roots; never put fresh manure next to the roots. As soon after planting as possible start the cultivator, and give a thorough stirring at intervals of 6-8 days up to the middle or last of August. After the ground is frozen cover the rows 3^ in. deep with manure that is as free as possible from weed and grass seed. As early in the spring as the ground can be worked to advantage, start the cultivator and work the manure into the soil. Each alternate season the sur- face of the soil should have a good dressing of manure. The third or fourth year after planting the hills should be divided. Remove the earth from one side of the hill and with a sharp spade cut through the crown, leaving 3-4 buds in the hill undisturbed. This work should be done in the fall or early in the spring. As a forced vegetable, Rhubarb is growing in popu- larity. The plant has no choice as to whether it is grown in light or darkness. Blanching improves the flavor and reduces the acid, lessening the quantity of sugar needed in cooking. Divided roots, with 1-3 buds, which have been grown in highly fertilized, well-tilled soil will give the best results. Plow out the plants any time after killing frosts, divide the roots and place them in single layers on top of the ground, covering with earth sufficiently to protect the roots from the air. Leave them in this condition until the roots have been slightly frozen, and then place the roots either in a root cellar, a frame heated by pipes, a hotbed, mushroom house or under benches in a green- house. Pack the roots close together, filling in and packing closely with good rich soil. The crowns should be covered 4-G in. Keep the soil moist and maintain a genial temperature of 55-60°. Avoid over-watering. The roots may be packed in a family cellar without any bad effect to other things, as there is no odor from the plants. Judgment must be exercised in pulling the stems. The work should always be done by an experi- enced person. The writer has grown seedlings for ten successive years. Fully 75 per cent of all the seedlings showed a tendency to degenerate, and 25 per cent were almost as coarse as burdocks in appearance. Half of one's seed- 1528 RHUBARB RHUS lings are likely to be of weak vitality. Not more than 15 per cent can be counted on to be fairly true to the varietal type. In the writer's experiments 4 ounces of seed was sown each season. The seed was selected from ideal plants that had been propagated by division. As to varieties, the writer has had best results with Linnaeus and Victoria. S. H. Linton. Forcing of Rhubarb. — The forcing of Rhubarb has now become quite a profitable industry in the vicinity of many of the large cities. It may be forced either in the field where the roots are growing or lifteil and placed in hotbp.. r^K^/^-M 2119. Ribes speciosum, the Fuchsia-flowered Goosieberry (X M) BB. Fls. greenish or d^ill inirplish, small, 5-parted: stamens little or not at all exserted. c. Berry smooth. 2. rotundlEoIium, Michx. Thorns mostly single, very short: Ivs. wedge-shaped, smooth or slightly downy, 2120. Ribes oxyaeanthoides (X M). Parent of the American garden Gooseberries. long, sometimes nearly wanting : Ivs. thin, roundish, cuneate to cordate, finely pubescent, glossy when grow- ing: calyx greenish white, smooth or pubescent with- out; lobes oblong or obovate, thin and petal-like, equal- ing or exceeding the stamens; petals broadly ovate or spatulate, reaching half way to the anthers: ovary gla- brous: berry round, perfectly smooth, but with delicate bloom, sinall or medium, red. Swamps and low grounds, eastern United States. B.M. 6892. B.R. 15:1237 (as R. setositm). — Parent of the representative American Gooseberries of gardens. CC. Berry rough-hairy or prickly. 4. Grossularia, Linn. (i?. Uva-crispa, Linn.). Euro- pean Gooseberry. Figs. 922-5, Vol. II. Bush stocky, rigid: branches thick: thorns mostly triple, heavy and thick at base, the central one %.-% in. long: Ivs. thick, very glossy, pubescent: calyx strongly pubescent; lobes broadly ovate, thickish, leaf-like, longer than the sta- mens ; petals obovate, reaching to base of anthers : ovary pubescent or glandular: berry generally oval, large, green, yellow- ish green or red, mi- nutely but roughly pubescent, often with glandular hairs or prickles. Eu., north- ern Africa and west- ern Asia. 5. Cyn6sbati, Linn. Fig. 2121. Thorns commonly single, slender, fine-pointed: petioles and pedun- cles pubescent and glandular; peduncles long, filiform: calyx- lobes narrow, oblong, acute, half as long as tube: ovary glandu- lar - hispid : berry large, prickly or rare- ly smooth, reddish purple. Eastern North America.— Fruit edible, varia- ble; sometimes cult, for its fruit, and worthy the atten- tion of the plant-breeder. 6. laciistre, Poir. Swamp Gooseberry. Upright shrub, with many slender and straight prickles, and weak solitary or whorled thorns: Ivs. cordate, with 3-5 1532 EIBES 2132. Ribes Lobbii. Natural size. deeply cut or notched lobes, the stalks glandular: pe- duncles long and filiform: fis. small, reddish, open and the tube nearly wanting; berry small and bristly. Cold bogs, N. Eng. to Calif. B.M. 6492. L.B.C. 9:884. -Of- fered by dealers as a bog shrub. Intermediate between Currants and Gooseberries. Fls. in short racemes. 7. L61)bii, Gray. Pig. 2122. Upright shrub, to 5 ft., the yoimg shoots glandular-pubescent, without x^rickles, but provided with slender, mostly triple thorns: Ivs. small (rarely 1 in. across), round-cordate, 3-5-cleft and notched, glandular on both surfaces : peduncles droop- ing, 1-2-fld. : fls. showy, with purple tube and reilexed lobes, the small, erect petals white, the anthers ex- serted: berry glandular-hairy. N. Calif, to B. C. B.M. 4931 (as B. subvestitum). G.C. II. 19:11. -Showy. AA. Stems thornless and prickleless. (Currants.) B. Fls. small, wide ojien, ffreenisJi white or yellowish. c. Iji^s. iclthout resinous dots: fr. red. 8. multifldrum, Kit. Younger parts pubescent, bear- ing glandular-tipped hairs : Ivs. glabrous above, whit- 2121. Ribes Cynosbati (X %). ened downy beneath: racemes long, dense, pendulous: fls. green or reddish green : fr. dark red, large as a pea. Southeastern Europe. B.M. 2368. L.B.C. 14:1331.- Grown for ornament. 9. prostritum, L'Her. Fetid Cukrant. Stems trail- ing and rooting, bearing erect branches: Ivs. cordate, o-7-lobed, the stalks long and slender: racemes erect, bearing flatfish greenish white or greenish purple fls. : fr. glandular hispid, red, fetid. Cold swamps, eastern United States and Canada. — Offered as a bog and rock- work plant. Lvs. bright colored in the fall. 10. rilbrum, Linn. Garden Cuekant. Fig. 2123; also Pig. 610, Vol. I. Branches thick and stocky: lvs. pu- bescent when young, becoming glabrous : racemes droop- ing : fls. small, yellowish green or purplish ; calyx saucer- shaped: fr. thin-skinned, shining, bright red, yellowish white or striped. Eu., Asia and N. Amer. R.H. 1861: 191. — Parent of all thedomestic red and white Currants, 11. alpinum, Linn. (li. saxatile, Hort., not Pall.). Mountain Currant. Branches upright, whitish: lvs. slightly hairy above: fls. yellowish green, dioecious, staminate clusters 20-30-fld., pistillate clusters 5-10-fld. : peduncles glandular-hairy: bracts longer than pedicel and flower: calyx flat : fr. smooth, scarlet, insipid or sweetish. Mount.ains of Europe and the Orient. L.B.C. 15:1486. Var. aureum, Hort., has yellow foliage. GC. Lvs. hearivtj resinous dots on the under surface: fr. black. 12. fasciculitum, Sieb. & Zuec. Very like B. alpinum. Plant reaching 4 ft. : fls. all green, often imperfect, the male fls. somewhat larger than the female by reason of the longer sepals : lvs. firmer than those of B. alpinum, bright green, the lobes and serratures more obtuse, the younger ones pubescent below and on the nerves but be- coming glabrate: fr. sweetish musky, scarlet. Japan.— Var. Chin^nse, Maxim., from N. China, with lvs. soft- pubescent, is offered by Pranceschi. S. Calif. M.D.G. 1899:571. 13. bractedsum, Dougl. California Black Currant. Strong, erect bush, often several feet high, glabrous or nearly so, the young growths resinous-dotted: lvs. large (sometimes 9 in. across, 5-7-cleft, coarsely and doubly serrate, hairy and resinous : racemes erect or ascending, 4-8 in. long, many-fld. : fls. small, greenish or purplish: berry Js in. in diam., black and resinous-dotted, edible. N. Calif, to Alaska. B.M. 7419. 14. nigrum, Linn. European Black Currant. Fig. 611, Vol. I. Stem upright: branches thick, grayish: lvs. sprinkled with minute bright yellow resinous dots be- neath: racemes drooping, 5-10-fld. : fls. greenish white; cal}^-tube broadly urn-shaped; lobes small, thick and greenish : ovary and calyx pubescent and resinous- dotted: fr. black, mawkish. Eu. and Asia. — Parent of the domestic Black Currants. 15. Americinum, Mill. ( R. fUridum, L'Her.). Ameri- can Black Currant. Fig. 612, Vol. I. Bush spreading: branches slightly angular: lvs. bearing bright yellow resinous dots, few above, many below: racemes long, pendulous, many-fld.: fls. greenish white or yellow, }4~% in. long ; calyx-tube bell-shaped, not resinous- dotted; lobes large, petal-like: ovary smooth: fr. black, resembling B. nigrum in flavor. Nova Scotia to Vir- ginia, westward to Colorado and Manitoba. RIBES RIBES 1533 BB. Fl:i. large, tubular, red or ijeUow. c. Racemes leafless. 16. sanguineum, Pursh. Red -flowered Currant. Fig. 2124. BraiK'lies red, siiiooth ; young parts pu- bescent or glandular-hairy: Ivs. 2-4 in. broad, round- cordate: racemes long, pendulous: bracts obovate, mem- branous, as long as the pedicel: fis. pui-ple-red or rose- colored; calyx, ovary and peduncles beset with short, glandular-tipped hairs: fr. bluish black, rough, glandu- lar-hairy, dry and bitterish. British Columbia, through California and Mexico to South America. B.M. 3335. B.R. 10:1349. Gu. 51:1110. Var. variegELtum, "Watson. Bush low: racemes short and dense, ascending, barely glandular: Ivs. thicker, downy beneath. Var. albidum, Hort. [JS. alHdum, Hort.), is a form with whitish, dirtv vellow or yellowish red flowers and light-colored fruit'. ' R.H. 1843:419. Gn. 51:1110 (as R. album). Var. atrbrubens, Hort., one with dark, blood- red flowers. Var. fldre pleno, Hort., has dark, clear double flowers. R.H. 1845:245. G.C. U. 14:144. All the forms of this species are worthy ornamental plants. 17. Gordonianum, Lem. A hj^brid between R. san- guinenm and R. aure.am, intermediate in character: fls. resemble R. sanfjuineum, but lighter: bush resembles R. aureum, but generally fruitless. F.S. 2:165 and plate. Gn. 51:1110 (as R. hybridum).— Of English origin. Hardy and useful. cc. Racemes leafy. 18. aiireum, Pursh. Missouri, Flowering, Golden or Buffalo Currant. Fig. 2125; also Fig. 613, Vol. I. Plant free-growing, sprouting from root: Ivs. cuneate or truncate, smooth, shining, when very young densely cov- ered with brown or yellow resinous beads, which disappear with age: peduncles short, few-fld.; bracts large, leaf- like: fls. spicy-scented, yellow and showy; calys-tube %-'!4 in. long; petals red : fr. dark brown or black, with bluish bloom. Mississippi valley to Rocky Mts. B.R. 2:125. — Much grown for Its yellow fragrant flowers. It has given rise to the Crandall and some other fruit-bear- ing sorts. Var. tenuiEldrum, Torrey. Leaves light green, broadly 3-5-lobed: fls. usually scentless: berries amber-colored, approaching a pale cherry-red, acidulous, without aroma. The Pacific coast, eastward beyond the Rocky Mts. B.R. 15:1274. 19. cereum, Dougl. Fig. 2126. Upright branching shrub, reaching 3-4 ft., the young parts minutely pu- bescent and more or less glutinous : Ivs. nearly orbicu- lar to reniform, rather small (seldom more than 1 in. across) , 3-5-lobed and crenate-toothed, waxy-dotted : racemes short and drooping, glandular-hairy: fls. ?^2 in. or less long, narrow tubular, white or pinkish: fr. bright red, rather small, sometimes glandular, sweet but mawkish. Rocky Mts. and west. B.M. 3008. B.R. 15:1263; 17:1471 (as R. ineftnani*). — Sometimes grown for ornament, 20. viscosissimum, Pursh. Branchy, upright, to 6 ft., the young growths viscid: Ivs. round-cordate, 3 in, or less wide, 3-5-lobed with obtuse doubly crenate some- what out divisions: racemes erect, viscid: fl,s. large, fragrant, yellowish or whitish green, the calyx -lobes not 2123. Ribes rubrum. the common Currant. Natural size. reflexed, the petals small and white: berry black, mostly glandular-hairy, scarcely edible. Rocky Bits, and west. R. acerifolium, Hort.^nibrum. — iJ. amictum, Greene. Fls. large, showy, pui-ple. Related to Califomieum. Califoruia. —Ji. Beatonii, Hort. ^Gordonianum. —Ji. Califoi'nicutn, Hook. & Am. Branches zigzag: fls. show^': fr. very prickly. Calif.— R. cogndtum, Greene. Related to leptanthum. Ore.— iJ. cur- vdtum.. Small. Related to gracile. Ga. — R. erythrocdrpum , Co- ■^dlle & Leiberg. Trailing: related to prostratum. Ore. G.F. 10:184.-7?. frdgrans, Lodd. = R. aureum. — R. glutinbsinn, Benth. Related to R.sangiiineum: blooms earlier: fr. large as a Gooseberry. Pacific Coast.— i2. gracile, Michx. Fls. fragile, finely divided: fr. good. The Gooseberry of the Phiins. Mis- sissippi Basin.— i?. fi'wrfso7iia7iw7n. Rich. Resembles R. nignim in fruit and odor. Hudson Bay region and northward.— 7?. leptanthum, Gray. Sturdy, rigid shiiib: Ivs. and fls. small: berry smooth. Rocky Mts., westward.— i2. Loiuloni, Hort.=R. Gordonianum.— 72. malvdceum^ Smith. Resembles R. sanguin- 2124. Ribes sanguineum. (XK). 2125. Yellow-flowering Currant— Ribes aureum (X K). 15^4 RIBES EICHARDIA eum, but less ornamental. Calif. Card. p. 480.— J?. Jkfenziesii, Pursh. Extremely prickly both in plant and fruit. Calif, and Ox'e. B.R. 33:56. —7i. Missourieyise, Hort.=R. Amerieauum.— J?. Mogolldnicuni, Greene. Perhaps the western representative of R. Amerieanum. New Mex.— ^. odordtum, Hort.=R. aureum. —R. subvestitum, Hook. & Arn. Related to R. Menziesii : fr. densely glandular-hispid. Coast Ranges of Calif.— i?. viburni- fdlium. Gray. Lvs. scarcely lobed, resinous-dotted with pecu- liar pebbled, leathery appearance. Lower Calif.— 72. Watsonid- num, Koehne. The western representative of R. Cyuosbati. Washington. y'reb W. Card. 2125. Ribes cereum (X %. RtCCIA {P. F. Ricci, Italian nobleman, patron of the botanist Micheli). Rlccldcem. JRiccia fluitans, Linn., is one of the few flowerless or eryptogamous plants in cultivation aside from the ferns, mushrooms and se- laginellas. It is cultivated by one specialist in aquatics presumably for the benefit of students of botany. It is not generally advertised among aquarium plants. In this family of plants the plant-body is a thallus (i. e., a green, flatfish body not differentiated into root, stem and leaves). The thallus of Riccia spreads out in green patches which are at first radiately divided, and the center of the plant often decays quickly. R, fluitans is distinguished from other species by the linear, dichot- omous, floating thallus, with the capsule protubei'aut from the lower surface. For full de.scription, see Gray's Manual. RICE. See Oryza. RICE FLOWER. PlmeHa. RICE, MOUNTAIN. Oryzopsis. RICE PAPER. The Chinese rice paper is made from Fat.^ia Japonicit , which seA. RICHARDIA (L. C. Richard, 1754-1821, French botanist). Ardceie. Calla Lily. Perennial herbs with many long-petioled leaves from a thick rhizome: peduncles appearing with the leaves: petioles spongy, often bristly below ; blade sagittate or lanceolate, the numerous primary and secondary nerves es- ciirreut: peduncle as long or longer than the leaves; spathe large, open, with a flaring, pointed, recurved tip: spadix staminate above and pistillate below (Fig. 2127). Differs from Peltaudra in floral characters. So. Africa. Species 10-12. See Gn. 46:4-46; R.B. 23:13. Engler, DC. Monogr. Phaner, vol. 2. The true Calla is not of this genus; see Calla. For the Black Calla, see Ar^im. When grown for the flowers only, Richardias may be planted out permanently'' on a bench, using very rich soil and giving an abundance of water while growing. They may be kept growing continually or given a sea- son of rest as desired. Plants in pots are usually started late in summer from dry tubers. The species having yellow and pink spathes seem to do best when grown without a resting period. A. Leaves lanceolate. Rehmanni, Engler. Pink or Rose Calla. Dwarf perennial: lvs. lanceolate: spathes about 4 in. long, erect, trumpet-shaped, with a caudate tip 1 inch long. B.M. 74.36. — In Natal the spathes are said to be dull rose without, rose-purple within, with a dark crimson blotch at the base inside. In cultivation the spathes are white, with a faint rose tinge to tlie back and margins. AA. -Leaves sagittate or cordate. B. Foliage spotted. albo-maculata. Hook. Spotted Calla. Fig. 2128. Petioles short ; bUide 12-18 in. long, white-spotted all over, hastate, three to four times longer than broad, acute, the basal lobes widely spreading, triangular, ob- tuse or acute, .3-4 in. long: spathe trumpet-shaped, 4-5 in. long, 2 in. wide, dull creamy yellow with a blotch of crimson at the base. B.M. 1540. I.H. 7:255. F.S. 21:2258. -Will stand intheopen with good protection for the roots. Not of much value ex- cept in botanical collections. N61soni, Hort. Allied to i?. albo ■ inaculata : very vigorous and floriferous, reaching 3-4 ft., the scape overtopping the foli- age: lvs. sagittate, bright green, sprinkled with pellucid dots or spots, as in J?. ElUottiana : spathe scarcely spreading, the limb short, very pale yellow with a purple blotch at the bot- tom.—One of the most recent species, melanoleilca, Hook. f. Black- throated Calla. Scape and petioles bristly below: lvs. 6-12 in. long, hastate-ovate-acuminate, the basal lobes obtuse, marked all over with oblong, white, trans- lucent spots: spathe pale straw-colored, widely flaring and open from the base, the margins and cuspidate tip recurving, with an ample black-purple spot at the base within. Natal, 1868. B.M. 5765. EUiottiana, Knight [Calla ElUottidna, Hort.). Gol- den Calla. Petiole mottled; blade light green, with a few white or translucent spots, broadly sagittate, with undulate margins, about as large as those of i?. Afri- cana : spathe a rich lustrous yellow, lasting about two weeks, becoming greenish with age. Tuber proliferous. S.Africa, 1890. Gn. 46:989. BB. Foliage ■wltJiout spots. c. Base of the leaf-blade cordate. Afric&nat Kunth {Cdlla ^thiopica, Linn. R. u^tliib- pica, Hort.). CojruON Calla. Lily-of-the-Nile. Fig 2127. Common Calla Lily— Richardia Africana (X 3^). Left-hand specimen shows the spadix, the spathe being removed. RICHARDIA BIGHAKDIA 1535 2127. Blade about twice as long us wide, cuspidate at the apex, cordate-sagittate at the base, both leaves ami spathes varying greatly in size: spathe li-lO in. long, white, creamy inside at the base, flaring outwards and narrowing to a cuspidate tip. S. Africa. B.M. 8H2. Gn. 33:054. — Fragrant. Sports with double and triple spathes often occur. A.F. b:S'^. Gu. 4G, p. U7. See Fig. 2129. Var. n&na comp6,cta, Hort. (_ff. nrtna compdcta, Hort.). Little Gem. Fig. 2130. Like the type, but only 12-16 in. high: spathes 3-4 in. long. Var. Devoni- ^nsis, Hort. (R. Vcvoni^nsis, Hort.). Dwarf; freer bloomer than Little Gem, and more fragrant. There are many forms of the Calla Lily in cultivation, a number of which have received Latin names. Some of these horticultural names are: candidissima, spathe large, pure white; g"igant6a, plant very large; Gode- freyS-na, dwarf, white; grandiflora, spathe large. F6ntlandii, Whyte. Erect perennial: Ivs. ovate-cor- date, acuminate -caudate, with an open sinus, basal lobes rounded: midrib thick: spathe golden yellow, broadly trumpet-shaped, its lower margins convolute one third, flaring above, the subulate tip abruptly re- curved, margins recurved, slightly warty and with a black-purple blotch at the base within. Basutoland, S. Afr. B.M. 7397. -Hooker writes (in B.M. 7397) that "jB. Pentlaudli is much the largest-leaved species, and is the only one with a deeply gamboge yellow spathe within, which is much the largest and broadest of any." First flowered in 1892 by R. Whyte, Pentland House (Lee, England). cc. Base of the leaf-Wade hastate. hast&ta, Hook. f. [JR. I/ufwychei, N. E. Br.). Pride OF THE Congo. Yellow Calla. Petioles bristly below: blades dull green, hastate-ovate, twice longer than wide, rather flaccid, 8-16 in. long, cuspidate at the apex, basal lobes separated by a narrow sinus: spathe cup-shaped, 5 in. long (with a tail 1 in. long), greenish yellow, the tate, bright Kreen, and somewhat exceeding the scape; spathe short anti rather open, oreaniy white with a black or purple throat. S, Afr. Distributed by Mjix Leiehtlin (Germ;my) in 1898. There lire hybrids of this and R. EUiottiana. — R. anaiisti- loba, Schott. Leaf-blade hastate, narrow, the basal lobes one- 2128. Richardia albo-maculata (X 1-5). tip erect, black-purple at the base within, the lateral nerves usually rather prominent above. B.M. 5176. Gn. 18:262. li. A(}lami, Hort. Leichtlin. Strong-growing, with Ivs. Siigit- 97 2129. Calla with double spathe (X %). fourth the length of the apical one. 20 in. long, 3 in. wide at the base: peduncle 4-4% ft. long. Angola. — R. aurata, Hort., said to be a hybrid of hastata and albo-maculata, but better regarded as a variety of hastata: leaves spotted; spathes large, yellow. Said to be a hybrid of R. albo-maculata and R. hastata.— "i^. sxiffusa. A distinct dwarf-habited plant with a creamy white spathe, the base in the inside of a rich violet-purple shade. It is apparently a plant of good constitution." Gn. 55, p. 317. Jared G. Smith. Culture of C a lias. — Richardia Africana has been known for generations as the Calla Lily. Though often grown as a window plant, it is very unsuitable and sel- dom blooms under house treatment. When grown for winter flowers, it is customary to give the roots a rest during summer time. They may be dried and stored if necessary. It is in this condition that we get Cali- fornian Callas. It is the opinion of the writer that summer-resting would be the best treatment for those grown as house plants, as well-grown dried roots are more likely to bloom. But rest must be enforced, for Callas will grow all the year round, increasing in size and numbers when planted out. We always get the largest blooms from summer-grown plants. They are taken up in the autumn, given good loam and plenty ojf root-room, with a liberal allowance of liquid fertilizer when well established. They thrive best under good light, and in a minimum temperattire of 55°. There are several varieties, all differing only in size, from those which grow six feet to "Little Gem"— one foot. Some are said to be more odorous than others, though all are fragrant. Besides being invaluable pot- plants, they can be used with good effect in indoor winter gardens, growing luxuriantly when partly sub- merged; and also in "bog" gardens, and on the margins of ponds, to give subtropical effects. B. ElUoftiana, although introduced to cultivation about ten years ago, is yet rare. It is undoubtedly an acquisition. It is a South African species, aboiit which we know comparatively little. From what scraps of in- formation we have gathered regarding it from time to time, we conclude it is rather an upland species, and our experience with it would indicate that frost may occasionally visit its habitat, or at least that it will endure a lower temperature than Richardia Africana and succeed. When introduced, we thought it diffi- cult to grow. It was first grown in this country by William Robinson, gardener to F. L. Ames, North Easton, Mass., Mr. Harris, gardener to H. H. Hunne- well, Wellesley, Mass., and Mr. Joseph Tailby, of Wellesley. The last named is a commercial grower, who looked upon his importation as an investment. Tlie Imlbs (corms or roots) wei'e expensive, — a guinea 1536 RICHARDIA RICINUS or thereabouts — and about as big as marbles. Mr. Tailby now has bushels of them, and some as large as turnips, — anyway, four inches in diameter. Tailby's experience is interesting and it may be valuable to the reader. He came near losing his whole stock b}^ cutting out the eyes, with the object of getting separate plants. There bad been no sign of natural division, nor has there since; though Mr. Tailby is still of the opinion that by proper manipulation thej' may be increased by division, as we now do potatoes, but the wounds must be given time to heal over. The roots are kept over in a cellar at a temperature of 45° F., or thereabouts, until April, when they will show signs of starting. They should be potted then, but kept rather dry until the roots develop. The pots will be fairly well filled with roots before much growth shows, and we can keep them under benches in a cool house, or even in the cellar, for two weeks after potting. With the roots well started, they come along quickly, coming into bloom in 10-12 weeks. A good bright, intermediate house suits them best, and some liquid fertilizer will help them when the flo^ve^- stems appear. The blooms last a long time, opening greenish yellow, turning to pure orange-yellow, and finally green when aging. Seeds are formed plenti- fully; and by these, though slow, is yet the suicst and quickest method of propagation. During the ripening period of seeds, they must have the very best attention. They usually do not become thor- oughly ri pened until August. Pot-grown plants are better stored in pots. The whole culture is easy when we know it. Seeds germinate quickly. Those sown in November come up strong, but the plantlets are difficnlt to handle and liable to go off when very young. It is the safest way to let them stay in the seed -boxes, ripen there, and plant them farther apart next sea- son. This is what we have been doing and we cannot complain of the results. Tailby has sown seeds outdoors with very gratifying results. Al- most a year is gained in this way. as the roots (or bulbs) are considerably larger than box-grown seedlings. Older roots held over until settled weather, and, planted like potatoes, bloomed freely all summer, making fine roots; they were green when cut by frost in October, but hardly ripening seeds. To do this takes a longer sea- son, and the plants must be started indoors. T. D. Hatfield. 'The Bichardia in California. — la considering the Calla in California, it is necessary to treat it under two general heads: first, as an ornament; and second, as an article of commerce. The popular and growing demand for Calla bulbs (or tubers) speaks much for the plant as an ornamental. Many, indeed, are the uses to which it is put. It is, perhaps, most commonly used as a belt along fences, and not infrequently as a hedge between two properties; or nearly as often is found along one side of a house in a long, narrow bed. For effective planting it is much in demand for group- ing around hydrants and unsightly ob.iects in damp places, at watersides; sometimes as a border around a fish or lily pond, oftentimes growing in bunches or masses in the water itself; or massed on a slope near water; mixed with other tropical vegetation; or as a border to tropical jungles; and very effective, indeed, is it in the lower tiers of basins around a large fountain with Myriophyllum hanging down from the base of the Callas. For all of these purposes the foliage is of even more importance than the flowers. As it grows luxu- riantly here in almost any location, it is very seldom 2130. Richardia Africana, Little Gem (XK). seen as a pot-plant either in the dwelling or on sale at the nurseries. In the most favored places only is it en- tirely secure from the frost, though the damage to it from this source is not serious in or around Los Angeles. Though doing fairly well in the full sun, our summer climate is too dry for it to attain its greatest beauty and luxuriance wholly without protection, and it may therefore only be seen in perfection when grown in par- tial shade. A good supply of water and manure is also an important factor in its proper development. The spathe is subject to many variations in form, both in size and shape, some being long, rather narrow, and pointed, ending in a decidedly recurved awn, while oth- ers are nearly circular, with the sharp point almost want- ing and standing upright the same as the balance of spathe. It frequently happens that the spathe is double and even triple, sometimes in its entirety but often only partially so. In the latter case it often assumes some very strange forms. The spadix is not so variable and seldom departs from the type, though an occasional double or abnormal spadix is found. Other species or varieties than i2. Africana are found, but sparsely in California gardens, the most common ones being the spotted-leaved and the dwarf form known as the Little Gem. Commercially, the growing of the bulbs for eastern and foreign markets is a sure source of revenue, and is carried on extensively throughout southern California. The local market for the so-called flowers is of course limited, but if grown in a practically frostless belt, the blooms will more than pay for the cultivation of the Avinter field, as in that season of the year flowers of all kinds are scarce. The average retail price for good blooms in midwinter is 50 cents per dozen; the whole- sale price about $1 per 100. Bulbs at retail cost about one-half, or even less, what they do in the East. Our commercial growers get at present (January, 1901), $25 to $60 per 1,000, according to size, the market calling for tubers 114 to 3)4 inches in diameter. Larger sizes are quoted as "fancy" and command extra prices. Though they can be grown in almost any soil with some success, a free, cool, blackish loam is best, and they do not thrive in a hot, gravelly or stony soil. The lands near the coast, where swept by the cooling sea breeze, are productive of the best results, both in bloom and tuber. Land containing suiHcient alkali to prevent the growth of many common crops will produce good Callas if other requirements are present. In field plant- ing it is much better to put in small bulbs about 4 inches apart than to sow the offsets promiscuously in the row; when the sets are thus sown, they should be taken up the following year and the small bulbs properly planted. Offsets sown as above and left 4-G years (the usual time for a good crop) have never produced satis- factory results. No pest seriously attacks foliage or bloom, but in dry years more especially, the common sow-bug eats into the tubers very seriously and receives considerable assistance from millipedes. Both these pests are quite a nuisance to the California nurseryman and gardener. The much-photographed "Acres of Callas in Bloom," so familiar to visitors and much used to illustrate articles on California, fancy stationery, etc., was grown by Capt. M. E. Walker, of Los Angeles, to whom the writer is indebted for many of the leading facts in this article regarding the culture of the Calla for the gene- ral market. Ernest Braunton. KIClNTJS (Latin name, from the resemblance of the seeds to certain insects). Ji]uphorhi(tct(p. Herbaceous or becoming tree- like in the tropics, glabrous; Ivs. large, alternate, peltate, palmate- ly 7- to many-lobed, the lobes serrate, monoecious: fls. without petals or disk, in terminal and ap- parently lateral racemes, large for the order: the upper short- pedicelled or sessile and stami- nate; calyx 3-5-parted, valvate; stamens manv, erect in the bud. 2131. Fruit of Castor Bean, showinE the seeds inside. Natural size. RICINUS ROBINIA 1537 filaments much branched, each with very many anthers; rudiment of pistil none: the lower tls. Iong:er pedicelled, pistillate; sepals very deciduous; styles 3, plumose: cap- sule 3-loculed, '5-seeded, explosively separating into 2- valved coccae when ripe: seeds ovoid, with a large ca- coty- 2132. Ricinus communis. runcle, crustaceous testa and fleshy, oily albumen ledons broad. A great many forms are known, many of which have been distinguished as species by some, but most botan- ists follow Miiller (DeCaudoUe's Prodromus, vol. 15, part 2:1061, 1866), in referring them all to varieties of the one species, J?, commioiis, Linn., in which the fol- lowing, listed as species in the American trade, may doubtless be placed: i2. Africd,nus, Borhonihisis, Cam- bodg^nsis, co&riileiis, Gibsoni, giganteiis. macrocdrjnis, ■inacrophyllus, Obermanni, Philippinensis , sanguineus, spectdbilis, tricolor^ Zanzibar^nsis. See Vilmorin, Blu- mengartnerei, p. 903 (1896). communis, Linn. Castor Bean. Castor Oil Plant. Palma Christi. Pigs. 2131-3. Half-hardy annual, 3-15 ft. high in the central United States, 30-40 ft. in the tropics. The large handsome leaves (6 in. -23^ ft.) and stems bright green to dark red: capsules prickly or smooth. July to frost. Probably originally from Africa or In- dia, now scattered widely and naturalized in all tropical lands. B.M. 2209. -Cultivated in most tropical and temperate countries from the earliest times, for the oil of the seeds (castor oil, Oleum Hicini) used in medicine and in the arts, and in some places as a food- dressing oil. The seeds contain a poisonous /V stems nearly black. Var. Gibsoni, Hort. Dwarf, 5 ft., Ivs. bronzy purplish. Var. lividus, Jacq. (It. sanguin- eus, Hort. R. Obermanni, Hort.) Slender; stem and fruit blood-red, 8 ft. R.H. 7:182,183. Var. Borbom§iisls, liort. Fifteen feet, Ivs. large, shining, green or reddish. Var. Zanzlbar^nsis, Hort. A recent introduction of large size with enormous various colored Ivs. and very large flat seeds. A.G. 16:383. l.H. 41:100, J. B. S. Norton. KIGIDfiLLA (Latin, somewhat rigid; referring to the pedicels, which after the petals fall become erect and stiff). Iridctcem. A genus of 3 species of Mexican half- hardy bulbous plants allied to the well-known Tigridias and distinguished by the inner perianth - segments; these are inconspicuous in Rigidella, being very small, ovate and erect, while in Tigridia they are larger, fiddle- shaped and spreading. Lvs. broad, plicate, with chan- neled petiole; fls. fugitive, bi-ightred, pedicelled; peri- anth-tube none; segments very unequal, outer oblong, eonnivent in a cup in the lower third, then spreading or reflesed; inner very small, erect, ovate, with a narrow claw. Baker's Iridese, Baker, p. 70. immaculata, Herb. Stem 2-3 ft. long, forked: lower lvs. l>o-2 in. long including petiole: fls. bright crim- son, not marked with black. B.R. 27:68. F.S. 5:502; 21:2215 (fls. brick-red). p_ -^^ Barclay. RIVINA (A. Q. Rivinus, professor of botany, etc., at Liepzig, 1691-1725). Phytolaccacem. A genus of 2 or 3 species of shrubs with herbaceous branches bearing usually axillary racemes of small flowers, followed by red berries the size of peas. Lvs. ovate, ovate-lanceo- late or cordate-ovate: perianth-segments 4, small, equal; stamens 4-8; style short; stigma capitate. The species are natives of tropical America. The following makes a good pot-plant for a warm greenhouse, and it is also useful for growing as a summer annual in the open. Mmilis, Linn. Rouge Plant. Fig. 2134. Stem with spreading branches, M-2 ft. high: lvs. 1-3 in. long: racemes slender, pendulous, many-fld., as long as the lvs.: fls. white, 1-134 lines long: calyx pale rose: fr. 1-lJ^ lines long; S. Florida. B.M. 1781. V. 5:75. S.H. 2:111. Gn. 22, p. 68 (as JR. Icevis). F. W. Barclay. ROAN or ROWAN. Sorhus Aueujjaria. ROBfNIA (in honor of the two early French botanists Robin). Leguminbs^'>X S'e- ■'^" % (^ #^ >. ^^ 2133. Clump of Ricinus communis. 1538 ROBINIA ROCHEA beauty of H. Psendacacla was early recognized and it was extensively planted, but the attacks of the borer have caused great loss and checked the planting of a beautiful tree. 2134. Rivina humilis (X H)- (See page 1537.) Pseudacacia, Linn. Locust. False Acacia. Black Locust. Fig. 21^5. This species is the largest of the genus, growing to a height of 80 ft. Lfts. short-stalked, 9-19, 1-2 in. long, oval or ovate, smooth, often emargi- nate or mucronate: bark on young wood l)rown and glandular; stipules glandular, enlarging witli age and becoming strong thorns on the 2-year-old wood : tls. white and fragrant, in drooping racemes: fr. a broad, brown, many-seeded pod or legume. May, June. East- ern N. A. — Wood very lasting, and adapted to many uses. Many varieties of this species are in cultivation, the following being sold in this country: atirea, Hort. , has pale yellow Ivs.; bella-rosea, Hort., rose-colored fls., and is probably a hybrid of S. Pnendacaoia and R. vis- cosa; var. inlrmis, DC'., is a thornless variety, with large dark foliage; bullata, Hort., is much like Bessoni- ana (below), but more compact; Decaisneana, Carr., is a form with handsome rose-tinted fls, R.H. 180:1:1.51. F.S. 19:2027. I.H. 12:427. Gn. 34, p. 174; spectabilis, Du Mont Cour., is a strong-growing thornless var.; mono- phylla, Pelz. & Kirchn., is the ISingle-leaf Locust, and of this there is a slightly pendulous sub-var.; pendula, Loud., is a form with broad, spreading, somewhat drooping br.anches ; semperJIorens, Hort., is said to flower throughout the suunner; vars. gl6bula, stricta and mimossefolia are horticultural forms, which are suf- ficiently described by their names; pyramidilis, Pelz. ife Kirchn., is a distinct narrow-growing form; umbra- culifera, DC. Umbrella Locust. Thornless, the gla- brous branches densely crowded : lfts. ovate. Vars. rubra, stricta and Bessotnana are forms of this. Very distinct. hispida, Linn. Rose Acacia. Fig. 21.3G. A shrub 2- 8 ft. high, all parts of the plant except the fls. bristly or hairy: lfts. 9-13: racemes loose: fls. on long pedi- cels, rose color. May, June. Va. to Ga., in mountains. B.M. 311. Gn. .34, p. 17.5. —Like the next species, it spreads from the root and should be planted wliere it will not interfere with other plants. Seldom matures seed. viscdsa, Vent. Clammy Locust. A small tree, rarely growing to the height of 30—40 ft.: shoots, petioles and seed -pods covered with viscid -glandular hairs; lfts. 11-25; fls. in a short and usually rather erect ra- ceme, rose color. June. Va. to Ga., in mountains. S.S. 3:115. B.M. 560. -The var. bella-rosea.Nich., is i?.J'seHd- arftcia, var. beUa-rosea. Neo-Mexicana, Gray. A shrub 5 or C ft. high, with stout stipular prickles : peduncle, raceme and calyx glandular-hairv : fls. in drooping axillary racemes, rose color. Southwestern N. Amer. S.S. 3:114. Gt. 41:1385. li. Kclseyi is "a new species discovered and iutrodneed in 1901. by Harlan P. Kelsey. The bark much resembles R. Psend- acicia.Jand the plant is sparingly pubescent. It is a comp.act shi-ub of distinct liabit." John F. Cowell. KOBIN'S PLANTAIN, Eriyeron helUdifolms. KOCAMBOLE {Allium Scorodoprastim, Linn.), is a humble member of the onion tribe, the underground bulbs of wliich are used abroad like garlic, known in America amongst the Canadian French. The plant is a hardy perennial, with a stem that is twisted spirally above and bears at the top an umbel of flowers, some or all of which are changed to bulblets. The presence of these bulblets distinguishes the pl.-mt from garlic. The spe- cies can be propagated by the bulblets, but quicker re- sults are secured from the cloves of the underground bulbs. In mild climates, the bulbs should be planted in autumn or not later than February ; in cold climates, plant in spring. In the autumn when the leaves decaj^ the bulbs are lifted, dried in the sun, and stored. Rocambole is a native of Europe, the Caucasus region and Syria. It has flat or keeled leaves, short spathe, bell-shaped, 6-parted perianth, and the 3 inner stamens broader than the rest, 3-cleft, and not longer than the perianth. It is a perennial plant. Good seeds are rarely produced. ROCCAKDIA. Consult Eelipterum. ROCHEA (de la Roche, French botanist). Crassu- Idcefp. A genus of 4 species of succulent plants from S. Africa, with opposite, oblong-ovate or lanceolate Ivs. and fls. in terminal, few-to many-fld. heads. For generic characters, see Cnissula. The best species is i?. coc- cinea. The following points concerning its culture are condensed from Gn. 46, p. 3G0: This species en,"ioys an abundance of light and sun-heat, and needs to have its wood thoroughly ripened in the autumn to insure a dis- play of bloom. If small plants can be procured they should be nipped about February 1. If a few leaves are removed, after the top is pinched out, shoots wuU start more evenly. After pinching, the plants are put into considerably larger pots, a peaty .soil being generally used and good drainage given. They should be given a night temperature of 50°, day temperature of 75-80° in sunshine, with plenty of atmospheric moisture until the new growths are freely produced, when they should 2135. Robinia Pseudacacia (X %). be inured to more air. A shading of the glass may be necessary in summer, or the plants may be placed in a sheltered position outside. About August, when the plants have made as much growth as can be ripened that season, they may be placed in a warm, dry, sunny ROCHEA ROCK GARDENS 1539 place to induce perfect and early maturity. Dnring winter tlie plants may be kept in a sunny frame or cool, light greenhouse, with only sufficient water to prevent shriveling. A. Clusters usually 2-nowered. jasmlnea, DC. {Crdssula jas'mhiea,'KeY-(ji&^\), Stem herbaceous, 4-12 in. high, decumbent, branched, flower- ing part erect: Ivs. fleshy, oblong-oval, K-M in. long, 2136. Rose Acacia — Robinia hisptda (XH.) 1-2 lines wide: fls. white, tinted with, crimson, sessile, not fragrant, 1% in. long. B.M. 2178. -Hybrids with R. coccinea are figured in A.F. 5:433. AA. Clusters many -flowered. coccinea, DC. (Kalosdnthes coccinea,'H.aw. Crdssula coccinea, Linu.). Plant robust, shrubby, 1-2 ft. high: Ivs. very closely imbricated, 1-1>2 in. x %-l in.: fls. bright scarlet, lK-2 in. long, fragrant, borne in sum- mer. Cape. Gn. 46, p. 300. B.M. 495. 11. falcdia, DC. See Crassiila falcata. p^ y^^ Barclay. KOCE-BKAKE. See Cryptogram ma. ROCE-CRESS. Arahis. ROCE GARDENS. Figs. 2137-40. Nature in time will make a garden even on the unbroken surface of a rock, by clothing it with lichens, algte and mosses of many exquisite forms having much variety and often striking brilliancy in coloring. If there are soil-filled cracks and pockets then ferns and flowering plants will find a place. At low elevations, however, these flowering rock-plants are comparatively few, for soil accumulates rapidly and strong-growing herbs, shrubs and trees, aided by favor- able climatic conditions, soon cover the rock surface or furnish so dense a shade that only mosses, lichens and ferns will thrive. The ideal rock or alpine gardens are within that region on mountain summits between the limits of tree growth and the edge of perpetual snow, and in the cori'espond- ing regions toward the poles, where the plants are pro- tected from the rigors of a long winter by blankets of snow and are quickened into a short period of rapid growth by a comparatively low summer temperature. Here, where there are deep, cool, moist rock crevices and pockets filled with fragments of broken stone and porous decayed vegetable matter, are the favorable con- ditions wherein the real alpine plants can multiply their neat and dainty cushions, tufts and rosettes of dense and matted foliage and their abundance of exquisitely formed and brilliantly colored flowers. A successfully grown collection of these plants in contrast with ordi- nary garden flowers would be like a collection of cut gems as compared with one of rough minerals and rocks, for they have an exquisiteness of finish and depth of coloring that gives them as unique a place in the vegetable kingdom as they have in the plan of na- ture. Surely there are men and women who, if they knew these plants well, would be fired with an ambition to excel in their cultivation; and in so doing they may enter a comparatively untrodden path if they will liinit their work chiefly to tbe alpines of this continent. They are represented in the New England mountain region by such species as Arena) ia GranhnnJicd , Loi.sricifria procunibeits, Sileue acaulis, l>iii/irn.'hL >^ -""i-^iV- < .1 2139. An isolated rockery under a tree, Southern California. tractive by the planting of a large variety of alpine and other plants. The meaningless mounds of stones too often seen in gardens, planted with siimmer-bed- ding plants or vines, do not represent the true concep- tion of a rockery. A rockery must of necessity often be artificial in the sense of made by man, because few gardens contain a natural bank or slope upon which one might be constructed. In any case, it should be characterized by simplicity and naturalness. In fact, in no part of a garden has the gardener more opportunity to give expression to his natural taste than in the con- struction and planting of a rockery. If a garden does 2140. A picturesque rockwork, for the wilder parts of the grounds (European). contain a natural bank or slope, the position or aspect may not be an ideal one. A southern slope, unless within the shade of tall trees, is not as good an aspect as a northern one, owing to the soil becoming too hot and dry, just the opposite conditions for true alpine plants. Some of the best rockeries are what are known as underground rockeries; for instance, the one in the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, London, England, is an underground rockery. Before this rockery was con- structed the ground was perfectly level. A cutting was begun at one entrance, at first shallow, but gradually deepening till a depth of some G or 7 feet was reached, and an average width of about 10 feet at the bottom. All the soil taken out was placed on the top of the slopes, thus still further increasing the height. The cutting was made in a winding manner, not formal or zigzag, but in such a manner that when completed, not only would a variety of aspects be secured to suit the requirements of different plants, but each turn should seem to possess a peculiar charm of its own. The whole cutting is perhaps some 200 yards in length. The rocks are placed in the banks in as natural a man- ner as it would seem possible to place them; now they stand out boldly, almost perpendicular with the edge of the path, then again they recede into hollow recesses. There are not too many rocks, nor yet too few. In one place a cascade falls over the rocks into a small pool which not onlj"" provides a habitat for aquatic and bog plants, but also adds greatly to the beauty of the rockery. For the convenience of the public a broad gravel path runs through the whole rockery. Rhodo- dendrons and other shrubs are planted on top of the banks in groups, and not in straight lines, while behind these for protection and shade are planted pine^ and other conifers, as well as some deciduous trees. The rocks are placed in most cases so as to form "pockets" of good size into which the plants could be planted, and the soil made in the pocket to suit the requirements of the different plants. With such a variety of aspects and conditions this rockery is able to accommodate one of the largest collections of alpine and rock plants in the world. As this rockery was for a time the special charge of the writer while a student at Kew, well does he remember the deep carpets of mossy Saxifrage, Au- brietia, Arabis, Cerastium, Sedum, etc., which hungover projecting ledges of rocks, while in fissures and holes in the rocks were growing those dainty rosette-making saxifrages, S. longifolla, S. Cotyledon, S. Crustacea and S. caesia, as well as the charming androsaces. In the deeper recesses of the rockery were to be found the 1542 ROCK GARDENS RODRIGUEZIA large-leaved saxifrages, such as S. crasslfolia, S. Ilgu- lata, tS. StrarJieyi and S. purpurascens. Quite at home and in suitable positions wnrt- ;ilpiiie jirimulas, auricuhis, and cyclamens. There were I2 in. thick: lvs. 3^-1 ft. long, setaceous: pe- duncle 1-6 in. long, 1-3-fld. : outer spathe 54 iu. long: perianth with a short funnel-shaped tube with a yellow throat and a red-lilac limb, about 1 in. long, the outer segments with 3 faint purple stripes outside. S. Africa. B.M. 1225 (as T. rosenm). F.S. 8:799 (as M. CelsH). Var. speciosa, Baker [T. specidsum, Ker.), has a larger perianth and outer segments, with 3-5 dark purple stripes of which the outer are feathered. B.M. 1470. A. Fls. yellow or white. Clusiana, Baker (Triconema Clusichia, Lange). Fls. bright yellow, tipped with lilac. Spain. A white var. has been int. by Barr, of England. p_ y^ Barclay. RONDELfiTIA (Rondelet, 1507-1500, physician and naturalist of Montpellier, France). JRiibiacem. About GO species of tropical American shrubs and trees, with small 5- or 4-lobed, salver-shaped fls. of red, yellow or white, generally borne in showy terminal corymbs. The whole family is noted as furnishing numerous desirable stove plants, and Rondeletia is a highly esteemed genus. The following species are shiubs growing 4 ft. or more high. The flowers are generally fragrant, and the clus- ters 4 in. or more across. In the favorite species {R. odoraia) the flowers number 10-30 in a cluster, each flower being fully an inch across; in the other species the flowers may number 150-200 to a cluster, each flower being less than K in. across. Known also as Rogiera. Generic characters: calyx-lobes short or long, equal: corolla-tube usually slender,* swelled or not, throat gla- brous or bearded, mouth with or without a ring; limb 5-lobed (in some species 4-lobed); stamens inserted in the throat, included: ovary 2-loculed: capsule loculicidal. R. anomala is the only species described below that does not have opposite lvs. R. cordata is often said to have a 4-lobed flower, a mistake that dates back half a century to a typographical error. w_ jj^ Rondeletia anomala is a half-shrubby plant, stool- ing out when given root -room, but when confined to a pot it makes a compact mass of shoots, about two feet high, which bloom in the winter time, in termi- nal, flat-topped clusters of rosy purple flowers. It is not pi'ofuseat any time, but continues in bloom for two or three months. An additional good featiu-e is handsome foliage, so that it is always presentable. Cuttings root RONDELETIA ROOT -GALLS 1545 easily at any time, and these may be grown in pots for a season. Barring the tendency to stooling, they do well planted out. Sandy loam and leaf-soil is tlie best compost, and a warm greenhouse, with sunshine, fur- nishes the best conditions. x. D. Hatfield. A. Fl s a 3 ROSA regard to the foliage the handsomest of the hardy Roses, with its darli green leathery and glossy leaves. Most of the species are hardy or almost hardy north, as R. rH(/o.sa, netic/cra, Carolina^ Vtrfiiniana, IncuJa, huniilis, i-tinhm, rithiffhiosa , s/iino-^i^i^iiii.a . alphnt, ar- vensis and nmltifUtrn . Sonic species. :is //. l)'/r/i/c;va- ana, sempcrfiiriis, scricea, niifrophijUn , i'Jiinrti.si.s and JSqlanteria, require protection north. Others, as B. Bauksla, bracteata, Icevigata and (/iriaiitea, are hardy only south. With few exceptions the Roses are of easy cultivation and grow in almost any kind of soil, except in a loose and very s.indy one. They are readily transplanted. The Wild Roses need little pruning; they should only be thinned out and the weak and old wood be removed; long and vigorous shoots should not be shortened, es- pecially in the climbing varieties, as these shoots are the most floriferous. All true species can be propagated by seeds. The hips should be gathered as soon as ripe, the seeds washed out and sown at once or stratified and sown in spring. They germinate the first year, but if kept in the hips during the winter and allowed to become dry, they usually do not germinate until tlie second year. Mice are very fond of the seeds. Almost all species grow readily from cuttings of nearly ripened wood in summer under glass. Many species, especially the climbing Roses, can be propagated by hardwood cut- tings taken in fall and planted in spring. Layering is less often practiced, except with a few species, like -K. lutea and R. hemisphcerica, which do not grow readily from cuttings. Some species, especially those of the groups of Cinnamomese, Carolinas and Gallicie, can be increased by root -cuttings ; the roots are taken up in fall, stored during the winter in sphagnum or sand in a frost-proof room, and .sown in spring in drills and covered about 2 inches deep. The species of the last- named groups and some others are also often increased by suckers and division. Budding and grafting is less often done with the Wild Roses and should be avoided for Roses in shrubberies where the individual plants cannot be carefully watched; the stock usually throws up suckers and outgrows the cion, often in a short time. ROSA 1547 r^ 2146. A 5-foliolate Rose leal. Rosa is a widespread genus, easily distinguished by well-marked characters from allied genera, but in the limits of the genus itself the characters are exceedingly variable and it is very difdcult to group into sections and species the innumerable forms which often pass gradually into each other. In no other genus, perhaps, are the opinions of botanists so much at variance in regard to the number of species. While some, as Bentham and Hooker, estimate the number at about 30, 2147. A 9-foIiolate Rose leaf. the French botanist Gandoger actually describes from Europe and western Asia alone 4,2t)G species. The majority of botanists recognize over 100 species. The Roses are almost equally distributed through the colder and temperate regions of the northern hemisphere, in America extending to North Me.Kico, in Africa to Abys- sinia, and in Asia to India. They are all shrubs of upright habit, or climbing or sarmentose, with usually prickly stems: Ivs. stipulate, alternate, odd-pinnate, with 3 to many Ifts. (Figs. 214G, 2147), rarely simple: the fls. are mostly large and showy, pink, purple, white or yellow, and appear usually solitary or corymbose at the end of short liraiiclilcts; petals and sepals 5, rarely i; stamens numerous; pistils numerous, rarely few, in- closed in an urn-shaped receptacle, whicli becomes fleshy and berry-like at maturity, containing several or many bony akenes, usually erroneously called seeds; the fr. itself is called a "hip." Pig. 2148, 2149. The fls. show a remarkable tendency to become double, and such forms have been knowm and cultivated from time im- memorial. These innumerable garden forms, increas- ing every year, are almost exclusively of hybrid origin and are therefore omitted in the botanical classification of the genus. Many attempts have been ]nade to subdivide the genus with more or less satisfactory results; the more important are those by A. DeCandolle, Lindley, Regel and Baker. Nowadays the arrangement proposed by Cr6pin is considered the most natural and satisfactory and has been followed in the account given beloAV. No good general monograph has been published since Lindley 's Monographia Rosarum (1820), except a rather short one by Regel in 1877. Of the more recent publi- cations the most important are those of Crepin, espe- cially his " Primitiffl Monographiae Rosarum." In con- sulting his pulilications one has to bear in mind that the author changed his opinion somewhat respecting the value of the species during his studies of the genus. In his later publications he takes a broader view in regard to the specific value of the Rose forms and unites under one species many forms which he for- merly considered as distinct species. An illustrated monograph valuable for the knowledge of the older garden forms and species is Thory and Bedout^'s "Les 1548 ROSA ROSA Roses," with 160 colored plates (1817-1820). It is quoted, below as Red. Ros. As the first edition in folio is found in only very few libraries, the smaller edition is cited in parenthesis by volume, groups and the sequence of the plates, neither pages nor plates being numbered contimiously in this edition. The economic properties of the Rose are of little im- portance. The most vahiable product is attar of Roses, a highly fragrant essential oil. It is chiefly manu- factured in southeast Europe and western Asia from JRosci alba and _K. Damascena, and of late this industry has been successfully transplanted to Germany. See Perfumery Gardening, Vol. III. The fruits of some species, especially of JR. villosa and R. canina, are made into preserves. For general notes on culture, see Mose. Abyssinica, 8. acicularis, 40. Agatha, 16. alba. 18, 41. alba-plena, 14, 41. alpina, 36. Altaica, 42. Andrece, 41. Arkansana, 39. arvensis, 7. AustHaca, 16. Banksise, 14. Bengaloisis, 11. berbeHfolia, 1. bicolor, A'6. bifera, 17. hlanda, 38. 39. blanda setigera, 39. Borbonica, 13. Bourgeauiana, 40. Boursaulti, 37. bracteata, 5, 48. Brunoni, 8. Burgundiaca, 16. calendarwm, 17. Califoruica, 33. calocarpa, 41. CaTnellia, 49. cauiua, 22. capreolata. 7. caniea, 2. Carolina, 24. centifolia, 16. Cherokensis, 49. Chinensis, 11. cinnamomea, 35. corymbosa, 24. eristata, 16. Damascena, 17. Dawsoniaua. 2. Devoniensis, 11. Dijoneusis, 16. Eglauteria, 21, 43. Engelmanni, 40. Fendleri, 31. ferox, 41 and suppi. fermginea, 23. florida, 2. fcecnndissima, 35. foliolosa, 28. Fortuneana, 15. fragrans, 11. Frctncofurtana, 19. fraxinifoUa, 38. IKDEX. Galliea, 16. gigantea, 10. glaucophylla, 44. gra7idiflora, 42. gyinnocarpa, 29. Hardii, 1. Harisoni, 44. hemispheric a, 44. Hibernica, 42. hispida, 34, 42. humilis, 25, 26. incarnata, 16. Indica, 11 and suppl. inermis, 42. intermedia, 2. Iwara, 2. Kamschatiea, 41. hBvigiita, 49. Liiirri'm-iaiia, 11. Lesehenaultii, 8. longifoHa, 11. Luei». 5 and suppl. lucida, 25. Intea. 43. lutea-plena, 14. httesceiis, 42. Lyoni, 26. Macartnea, 48. maerantha, IG. Manetti, 11. microphylla, 50. minima, 11. minutifolia, 46. mitissiraa, 42. mollis, 20. mollissima, 20, niosehata, 8. ninltiflora, 2. museosa, 16. niyriaeantha, 42. Nipponensis, 40. nitlda. 27. Noisettiana, 12. Nutkaua, 34. Nuttalliana, 24. odoratissima, 11. officinalis, 16. pahistris, 24. ■parviflora. 26. parvifolia, 16. pendnlina. 36. Pennsylvanica, 24. Persica, 1. pimpinellifolia, 42. pisocarpa, 30. Pissardii, 8. platyphylla, 2. polyantha, 2, 11. pomifera, 20. pomponia, 16. pratincola, 39. prostrata, 6. provincialis, 16. puleliella, 16. pumila, 11 and 16. pnnicea, 43. Pyrenaica, 36. Rapa, 25. EapinI, 44. reclinata, 37. Reijellana. 41- repens, 7. reversa, 42. rosea, 41. rubella, 42. rubiginosa, 21. rubifolia, 4. rubra, 5, 41. rubra-plena, 41. rubri. folia, 23. i-ugosa. 41. Sayi. 40. scande7is, 6. semperrtoreus, 11 sempervirens, 6. sericea, 45. setigera, 4 and 39. silvestris, 7. simplicifolia, 1. Sinica, 49. spinosissima, 42. stellata, 47. stylosa, 9. sulphurea, 44. ternata, 49. tetrapetala, 45. Thunbergiana.2, 41. tomentosa, 4. trigintipetala, 17. turbinata, 19. villosa, 20, 26. Virginiana, 38. viridiflora, 11. vulgaris, 11. Watsoniana, 3. Wichiira^, 2. Wichuraiana, 5. Woodsii, 32. KEY TO THE GROUPS. (For a hortienltnral elassifieation of Roses, fonnded prima- rily on garden values, see the article Rose.) A. Lvs. simple^ withonf sfipnjes: fis. yellow ... Subgenus Hulthemia (Species No. 1) AA. Z>vs. pinnate, sfipitlafe Subgenus Eurosa {Species Nos. 2-50) B. Styles exserted beyond the moxttli of the re- ceptacle. c. Wxserted afiiles connate into a column. (See Fig.'2150 right.) Climbinq or creeping: style about as long as stamens Section I. Systyl^ (Species Nos. 2-8) Upright, with arching branches: styles shorter than stamens Section II. Stylosje (Species No. 9) cc. Exserted styles free. Lfts. usually S-5: j^etals 5 or more Section III. Indict (Species Nos. 10-13) Lfts. usually 7-9, small: petals usually 4, white.. Section XI. Sericea (Species No. 45) BE. Styles reaching only the mouth of the re- ceptacle and stigmas forming a sessile head over it (see Fig. 2150). c. Stipules free or almost free: sarmentose or climbing ahrubs: fls. white or yellow. D. Branches glabrous: lfts. S-5, stipules small, entire. Fls. small, umbellate, yellow or white: pedicels and recej^tacle smooth Section IV. Banksj^ (Species Nos. 14,15) JFls. large, solitary, white: pedicels and recep- tacle prickly Section XIV. L.^vigat^ (Species No. 49) DD. Branches tomentose or pubescent: lfts. 7-9; stijniles pectinate: fls. I or few, ivhite, with large bracts at the base of the short pedicel: receptacle to- mentose Section XIII. Bracteat.vs, of floivering branchlets usu- ally 9, glahroiis 5. Wichuraiana BBB. Lvs. of flowering branchlets 5-7- foliolate. c. Sepals ovate, abruptly acumi- nate: fl.-buds broadly ovate, abruptly pointed : corymbs usually feiv-fld 6. sempervirens 7. arvensis cc. Sepals lanceolate, gradually acuminate : fl. - buds elon- gated: corymbs usually many-fid 8. moschata 2. multiilora, Thunb. {B. polydntha, Sieb. & Zucc. R. intermedia, Carr. JR. WichurcB, Koch). Deciduous shrub, with vigorous, long, recurving or climbing branches: Ifts. usually 9, obovate to oblong, acute or obtuse, serrate, pubescent, 5^-1/3 in. long: fls. in many- fld. pyramidal corymbs, usually white, ^i in. across or more; sepals ovate, abruptly acuminate ; styles glabrous: fr. small, globular. June. Japan, China. B.M. 7119. G.F.3:405; 4:535; 6:316. 317. A.G.18:677. A.F.6:1003. Gn. 49. p. 368 (as B.microcarpa); 55:432. Gng. 5:120, 121.— Var. Thunb ergi ana, Thory, is the typical form, with small white single fls. Var. cornea, Thory (var. plena, Dipp. B. florida, Poir.). "With double light pink fls. B.M. 1059. B.R. 5:425. Var. platyphylla, Thory, with larger lvs. and larger double, deep pink fls., is per- haps a hybrid. B.R. 16:1372. Many other hybrids have originated in cultivation; they usually show their par- entage by the pectinate stipules. A hybrid with B. rugosa is B. Iwdra, Sieb., with single, rather small fls. R. polydntha, Hort., not Sieb. & Zucc, is a trade 2150. Section of Rose flowers (XK). To show two forms of styles. name for hybrids with B. Chinensis. Gn. 29:530. The Dawson Rose, or B. Dawsonidna, is a hybrid with General Jacqueminot. A very beautiful hybrid and one of the best climbing Roses is Crimson Rambler (Fig. 2151), a vigorous grower, with large corymbs of bright 1550 ROSA ROSA crimson fis. A.G. 16:233. Hybrids with R. setigera and 7?. Wichut-aiaua have also beeu raised. 3. Watsoniana, Cr^p. Deciduous shrub, with sarmen- tose or recurving branches: Ifts. 3-5, linear-lanceolate, with entire wavy margin, pubescent beneath, 1-2/^ in. long: fls. in many-fld. pyramidal corymbs, H in. across or less, white; style glabrous: fr. small. June, July. R.B. U, p. 183. G.F. 3:477. -A very curious Rose of unknown origin, supposed to have been introduced from .Japan, but not known in a wild state. Not quite hardy north. 4. setigera, Michx. Prairie Hose. Figs. 2152-4. Shrub with prickly branches attaining 6 ft., with long and slender recurving or climbing branches: Ifts. 3-5, oblong-ovate to lanceolate, shortly aciiminate, serrate, tomentose beneath, 1-3 in. long: fls. in rather few- tid. corymbs, deep rose, fading to whitish, about 2 in. across, almost scentless : pedicels and receptacle glandu- lar-hispid; style glabrous: fr. globular, % in. across. June, Jiily. From Ontario and Wis. to Tex. and Fla. Mn. 8:05. G.F. 10:323. A.G. 13:190, 197; 10:229. Gng. 1:325. M.D.G. 1900:423. -Var. tomentosa, Gray (i?. ruhi folia, R. Br.). Lvs. more tomentose beneath: corymbs with more, but smaller fls. A valuable hardy climbing Rose. Several varieties with double fls. are in cultivation; some are probably hybrids with ^. arvensis, mtilti flora, and other species. 5. "Wichurai^na, Crepin (J?, bracteafa, Hort., not Wendl.). Memorial Rose. Fig. 2155. Half -evergreen shrub with prostrate and creeping branches : Ifts. roundish or broadly obovate, \isually obtuse, serrate, glabrous, shining above, %~% in. long: corymbs few- fld. or many-fld., pyramidal: fls. white, fragrant, lM-2 in. across; styles pubescent; pedicels slightly glandu- lar-hispid: fr. ovoid, to H in. high. July-Sept. Japan. BM. 7i21 i'ds B. Lucia'). G.F. 4:569; 6:337. G.C. III. 22:99. R.H. 1898:105, 106. M.D.G. 1898:580-585. -A handsome Rose for covering banks and rockeries. A number of hybrids, especially with Hybrid Tea Roses, have been raised. G.F. 6:337. Mn. 8, p. 27, 156. Gng. 6:353-355. Var. rubra, Andr6, with single carmine fls., lK-2 in. across, and the lvs. with 5-7, somewhat larger Ifts., is a hybrid of 7?. Widiuralana and B. m-ulfi flora, var. Crimson Rambler. R.H. 1901, p. 20. 6. sempervirens, Linn. Evergreen shrub with long and slender sarmentose, somewhat reddish branches: Ifts. 5-7, ovate - lanceolate, acuminate, serrulate, gla- brous, shining above, %-2 in. long: fls. in few-fld. corymbs, sometimes 2 in. across, slightly fragrant ; -^^^ -r .A*J*«-* 2151. Crimson Rambler Rose. See No. 2. 2152. Rosa setigera (X nearly }4)- See No. 4. pedicels glandular-hispid; style usually pubescent: fr. .subglobose or ovoid, orange-red. June, July. S. Eu- rope, N. Afr. B.R. 6:465. -Var. prostrita, Nichols. (B. prostrdta, L,\iid\.). Lfts. smaller, oval, acute: fr. ovoid. Var. scandens, Nichols. {B. scdndens. Mill.). Lfts. ob- long or oval, obtuse: fr. subglobose. There are some double-fld. garden forms, probably hybrids "with other climbing Roses. Less hardy than the preceding and the following. 7. arvensis, Huds. {B. ripens. Scop. J?. silvSstris, Herrm.). Deciduous shrubs, "with sarmentose or creep- ing stems : lfts. usually 7, ovate to ovate - elliptic, acute, serrate, dull above, glabrous or slightly pubes- cent beneath, rather thin, M-IJ^ in. long: fls. in few-fld. corymbs, sometimes solitary, white, scentless, lK-2 in. across; style glabrous: fr. ovoid. June, July. Europe. B.M. 2054. Var. capreolata, Neill. Ayrshire Rose. Lfts. usu- ally 5, larger: tls. double, white to deep pink. It may be a hybrid with B. Gallica. Hardy. 8. moBchata, Mill. (B. Bnmdiii, Lindl.). Musk Rose. Deciduous shrub with sarmentose or climbing branches: lfts. 5-7, oval or oblong, mostly acuminate, serrulate, usually pubescent beneath, 1-2K iu. long: lis. white, fragrant with the odor of musk, lH-2 in. across, single or double; styles pubescent: fr. ovate, small. Jul}', S. Asia, Abyssiiiia. B.R. 10.829. P.S. 4:366-.367. B.M. 4030. — Naturalized iu some localities in Ala. in a form with rather broad, acute or obtusish lvs. Var. Abyssln- ica, Crep. (iJ. ^fiySA'fiiJca, Lindl.). More prickly: flow- ering branchlets shorter; inflorescence more compact; sepals with smaller lobes. Var. Leschenaiiltii, Crep. (,ff. LeschenauUii, Wight & Am.). Fls. larger, in few-fld. corymbs; pedicels and receptacle glandiilar-hispid. B. PUsdrdii, Carr., a vigoruus-i^rowing Rose with numer- ous wliite fls., figured in R.H. 1880, p. 314, 315, is also a form of the Musk Rose. Several hybrids are known; the most important is B. NoUettiana (See No. 12). The Musk Rose is a handsome free-flowering climbing Rose, but is not hardy nortli. ROSA ROSA 1551 Section 11. Stylos^. Contains only one European tipecic'i, with thf appviiranca of a hijhrid between R. arvensis and R. r^ in. long : fls. usually few or solitary, crim- son, pink, white or yellowish, sometimes 3 in. across, fra- grant: fr. usually obovate. Flowering all summer and fall. China. From this species and R. Gallica and its forms most of the Garden Roses have orig- inated. Several vars. are known. Var. DevonUnsis, Hort., is probably a hybrid: it is of vigorous growth, almost climbing, and has large, yel- lowish white, double flowers. P.M. 8:169. Var. frd-grans, Thory {R. Indica, var. odoratissima , Linn.). Tea-scented or Tea Rose. Similar to the fol- lowing but fls. more fnigrant, salmon-pink or light rose: fr. ovate. B.R. 10:804. More tender than the utlier vars. var. tndica, Koehne {R. ludica, var. viilgiiris, Liudl.). Monthly Rose. Stems rather stout, 3-5 ft. high, glaucous green, with brownish red prickles: fls. pink to whitish, with glandular pedicels : fr. obo- vate. Var. longifdlia, Thory (R. longifdlia,Wi\\d.). Lfts. lanceolate: fis. single, deep pink. Red. Ros. (3:25, 8). Var. minima, Curt. (R. Laivrencidna. Hort. R. In- dica,Tar. pianila, Thory). Dwarf shrub, usually not over 1 ft. high, with small rose-red fls. about 1% in. across; petals often pointed. There are single- and double-fid. forms. The Fairy Roses belong to this variety. B.M. 1702. Red. Ros. (3:25, 6, 7). Var. semperfldrens, Nichols. (R. semper fUrems. Curt. R. BenguUnsi.s, Pers.). Crimson Chinese Rose. Low shrub, with slender, prickly or almost unarmed, dark 98 green branches: Ifts. rather Ihin. mostly stained with purple: fls. usually solitary on slender i>edicels, crim- son or deep pink. B.M. 284. Var. viridifldra, Dipp. Green Rose. With mon- strous green Ms. ; the petals are transformed into small, narrow green Ivs. F.S. 11:1136. Var. Man6tti, Dipp. (R. Man&tti, Hort.). Fig. 2150. Of vigorous growth, upright; pedicels hispid-glandular: fls. deep pink, single or semi-double. This variety has 3153, Rosa Betigera, or Prairie Rose. 2'-fld. umljels, yellow and single in the typical form, about 1 in. across, slightly fragrant. May. June. S.China. B.M. 7171.— Var. alba-plena has double white fls. B.M. 1954. B.R. 5:397. Var. lutea-plena has the fls. double yellow. B.R. 13:1105. 15. Fortune^na, Lindl., is a hybrid of ii'. JSatiksia^ and JR. Uevigata. Climbing shrub, with sparingly prickly stems: Ifts. 3-5: fls. large, double, white, on hispid pedicels. P.F.G. 2, p. 71. Section V. Gallics. Contains only one very variable species, native of Europe and W. Asia. Low, upright shrub; the stems with usually hooked prickles mixed with bristles: fls. few and often with narrow bracts or solitary on a usually bractless pedicel: sepals reflexed after flowering, caducous, the outer ones pinnate; upper stipules not dilated. A. Lfts. doubly and glandular serrate. .IQ. Gallica JlA.. Lfts. simply ser^'ate, not glandular. Supposed hybrids of B. Gallica .. .11. Damascena 18. alba 19. turbinata IG. G&Uica, Linn. Upright shruh, rarely attaining 5 ft. high: lfts. 3-5, broadly oval or ovate, rounded at base, usually doubly serrate with glandular teeth, ru- gose above, pubescent beneath, deflexed, 1-2 in. long; rachis glandular-pubescent and often prickly: fls. on rather stout, upright, glandular-hispid and bristly pedi- cels, deep pink to crimson, 2-3 in. across; receptacle glandular-hispid : fr. subglobose or ovate, brick-red. June. M. and S. En., W. Asia. — The following are the most important forms: Var. Agatha, Thory. With rather small, very double purple fls., the outer petals spreading, the inner ones concave. Red. Ros. (2:17, 17-21). Var. incamata, Voss (B. incarndta. Mill.). Lfts. narrower, elliptic-ovate: rachis not prickly : flow- ering br.anches unarmed: fls. large, pale crimson, soli- tary: fr. ovoid. B.M. 7035. Var. macrdntha, Hort., sim- ilar to the preceding, but fls. pale pink. Gn. 52:1148. Var. oflicinalis, Thory (B. proi'inciitlis. Mill. Var. plena, Regel), is the typical form but with double_|fls. Var. pdmila, .Jacq. {B.Austriaca, Crantz). Dwarf form, with creeping rootstock: fls. red, single. Red. Ros. (2:17, 2). Var. centifolia, Regel {B. centifdliu, Linn.). Cabbage Rose. Lfts. iisuallj' 5, pubescent on both sides or only beueath, larger and thinner; rachis not prickly: fls. on longer and more slender pedicels, nod- ding, fragrant; petals indexed. June, July. This Rose has been usiially considered as a distinct species, but is without doubt only a form of B. Gallica, originated in cultivation. It has not been found wild, except with double fls., probably escaped from gardens. The follow- ing are forms of the Cabbage Rose: Var. muscosa, S^r. (B. muscosa. Ait.). Moss Rose. Fig. 2157. fls. rose or white, with peduncles and calyx glandular-mossy. B.R. 2:102. B.M. 09. Gn. 18:242. Var. cristata. Curt., is similar, hut the sepals are doubly and incisely lobed: ris. rose-colored, large. B.M. 3475. Var. pomponia, Xouv. Duh. (B. pomponia, DC). Dwarf form, with small Ivs. and small double fls., about 1J< in. across, varying from white to red. B. Burgundlaca , Pers., B. Dijonensis, Roessig, B. pulchella, Willd., and B. par- vifdlia, Ehrh., belong here. From B. Gallica, with its varieties, and B. Damascena, the Hybrid Perpetual or Remontant Roses have originated by hybridizing with B. Cliinensis and its forms. 17. Damascena, Mill. (if. bifera, Pers. B. calenda- rnni, Borkh.). Damask Rose. Attaining 5 ft.: stems usually with numerous stout and hooked prickles, some- times mixed with glandular bristles: lfts. usually 5, sometimes 7, ovate-oblong, serrate, more or less pubes- cent beneath, 1-25^ in. long; stipules sometimes pecti- nate; petioles prickly: fls. u.sually corymbose, double, red, pink or white, sometimes striped; pedicels and re- ceptacles glandular-hispid : fr. obovate. June, July, and again in autumn. Origin unknown; introduced to Europe from Asia Minor in the sixteenthcentury, — Var. trigintip^tala, Dieck, with semi-double red fls., is con- sidered to be the Rose chiefly cultivated in southeast Europe for the manufacturing of attar. Gt. 38, p. 129. G.C. III. 7:45. 3155. Rosa Wichuraiana (X K). See No. 5. 18. Alba, Linn. Upright shrub, becoming 6 ft. high : stems with scattered hooked prickles and sometimes with bristles: lfts. usually 5, broadly ovate, serrate, pubescent beneath, 1-2 in. long; upper stipules dilated: ROSA ROSA 1553 fls. single or double, solitary or several, white or blush, fragrant; pedicels glandular-hispid; receptacle usually smooth: tr. oblong, scarlet. June. Probably hybrid of i?. Gallica and H. canina. 19. turbinita, Ait. {li. Francofnrtdna, Borkh.). Up- right shrub, attaining 0 ft.: stems with straight or hooked prickles: flowering branches almost unarmed: Ifts. 5-7, oval, serrate, pubescent beneath; upper stip- ules much dilated : fls. l-:i, single or double, purple, 2-3 in. across, slightly fragrant; pedicels and receptacle glandular-hispid only at the base; sepals erect after flowering, entire or nearly so: fr. turbinate. June. Supposed hybrid of S. Gallica and B. cinnamomea. Red. Ros. (3:23, 1). Section VI. Canin-b. Many species in Europe, JV. Africa and W. Asia. Upright shrubs, with scattered usually hooked and numerous prickles: upper stipules dilated: corymb usually many - fid,, with dilated bracts: outer sepals pinnate, reflexed. after flotvering and eadiicous or erect and piersisient. A. Foliage pubescent on both sides or densely glandular 20. villosa 21. rubiginosa AA. Foliage glabrous or nearly so 22. canina 23. ferruginea 20. villdsa, Linn. {B. pomifera, Herrm.). Upright shrub, .attaining 8 ft., with almost straight spines: Ifts. 5-7, oval to ovate-obloug. acute or obtuse, doubly glandu- lar-serrate, grayish green, pubescent above, tomentose beneath, %-2 in. long: fls. 1-3, pink, lJ.2'-2 in. across on prickly pedicels: fr. scarlet, ovoid or subglobose, to 1 inch across, hispid, with persistent erect sepals. June, July. Eu.. AV. Asia. — Hardy Rose, with large orna- mental fruit. Var. moUissima, Roth {M. mollis, Sm.). Lower, with shorter prickles, smaller, silky-pubescent Ifts.: fr. smaller, less hispid. 21. rubigindsa, Linn. (if. Fglanteria, Mill., not Linn.). SwEETBEiER. EGLANTINE. Deuse shrub, attainiug 6 ft., with hooked prickles often mixed with bristles: Ifts. 5-7, orbicular to oval, doubly glandular-serrate, dark green above and glabrous, pale beneath and often pu- bescent, glandular on both sides, H-l in. long: fls. 1-3, on hispid short pedicels, bright pink, l><-2 in. across; receptacle usually glandular-hispid : fr. subglobose or ovoid, orange-red to scarlet, with upright-spreading, usually caducous sepals. June. Europe ; naturalized in some localities in the East. B.B.2.232.— A handsome hardy Rose of compact habit, with bright green foliage exhaling a very agreeable aromatic odor. There are some double forms and hybrids with other species. glabrous or slightly pubescent or somewhat glandular beneath, '%-\]4 in. long: Us. 1-3, light pink, on usually glabrous pedicels; sepals reflexed, caducous: fr. ovate, orange-red or scarlet, glabrous. June. Eu., N. Afr., W. Asia; naturalized in some localities. — Much used as a stock for grafting. *>*? 2156. The Manetti Rose (X Va). Much used as a stock. See No. 11. 22. canina, Linn. Dog Rose. Upright shrub, attain- ing 10 ft., with often recurving branches: prickles stout, hooked: Ifts. 5-7, oval or elliptic, doubly serrate. 2157. Moss Rose. See No. 16. 23. ferruginea, Vill. (B. rubrifdlia, VilL). Upright shrub, attaining 6 ft., with slender, purplish branches covered with glaucous bloom: prickles few, hooked or straight: Ifts. 7-9, elliptic to ovate-lanceolate, simply serrate, bluish green and more or less tinged with red, %-l}4 in. long: fls. 1-3 or more, pink, IH in. across, on usually hispid-glandular pedicels; sepals long, with dilated apex, upright spreading, tardily caducous: fr. subglobose. scarlet. June. Mountains of M. and S. Eu. B.R. 5:430. -Effective by its reddish foliage: fls. less conspicuous. Hardy. Section VIL Caeolin.s;. Contains only American species. Upright, mostly low shrubs: stems slender, with usually straight prickles, placed in pairs and often mixed ivith bristles: tipper stipules usually narrow: corymbs generally few-fid.: sepals spread- ing after flowering, caducous, the outer ones entire or with few erect lobes: akenes inserted exclusively at the bottom of the usually depressed-globose receptacle. A. Pedicels rather long: Ifts. 5-9 B. lifts, finely many-toothed : prickles usually hooked: stipules coYtvolute,2i. Garolma BB. Lfts. coarsely toothed: prickles tisu- ally straight and slender; stijjules flat 25. lucida 26. humilis 27. nitida AA. Pedicels very short: lfts. 7-11, small and narrow 28. foliolosa 24. Carolina, Linn. {B. palistris, Marsh. B. corym- bosa, Ehrh. B. Pennsylvdnica, Michx.). Pig. 2158. Upright shrub, attaining 8 ft., with slender stems: lfts. usually 7, elliptic to narrow-oblong, acute at both ends, usually pubescent beneath, %-2 in. long; stipules nar- row: fls usually corymbose, pink, about 2 in. across: fr. depressed -globose, glandular -hispid, about Kin. high, like those of the following species. June-Aug. Nova Scotia to Minn., south to Pla. and Miss., prefer- ring swampy and moist ground. G.W.F. .35. Em. 2:488. Mn. 1, p. 86. — Var. Nuttallii,na, Hort., has larger fls. appearing later and continuing until September. 1554 KOSA ROSA 25. lilcida, Ehrh. (J?, huviilis, var. lucida, Best). Shrub, G ft. high, with few or no suckers; pricliles sometimes hooked: Ifts. 7-9, elliptic to obovate-elliptic, dark green and shining above, thickish, often sliglitly pubescent beneath, ^4-1% in. long; stipules somewhat dilated: fls. usually few or solitary, aboiit 2 in. across; sepals usually entire: fr. like that of the preceding. June, July. Newfoundland to N. Y. and Pa. B.B. 2:231. Gn. 55, p. 428. -Well adapted for borders of shrubberies, handsome in summer witli its shining foli- age and bright pink flowers: ornamental in winter with the brownish red stems and red fruits, remaining plump until the following spring. Var. alba, Hort., has white fls. and green stems. A. F. 12:1098. Gng. 5:30G. Var. plena, Hort. With double fls. i?. Bdpa, Bosc, is also supposed to be a double-fld. var. or perhaps hybrid of this species. 26. hftmilis, Marsh. {E. parvifldra, Ehrh. E. Lifoni, Pursh). Pig. 2148 c. Shrub, 3 ft. or sometimes 6 ft. high, spreading by means of numerous suckers, with slender prickles and usually numerous bristles: Ifts. 5-7, resembling those of the former but narrower, thin- ner, not shining, usually pubescent beneath : fls. often solitary; outer .sepals lobed. June. Maine to Ga., west to Wis. and Ind. Terr. Much resembling the preceding, which is often considered a var. of this species. — Var. villbsa, Best. Lvs. villous-pubescent beneath, thickish. v-^: 215S. Rosa Carolina (X K)- See No. 24. 27. nitida, Willd, Low upright shrub, IH ft. high: branches covered with straight prickles and numerous bristles: Ifts. 7-9, narrowly oblong, acute at both ends, bright green and shining above, glabrous, ?^^-l in. long: fls. usually solitary, 1-2 in. across, on slender glandular- hispid pedicels; sepals entire. June, July. Newfound- land to Mass. B.B. 2:231. 28. folioldsa, Nutt. Low shrub, !}{ ft. high: stems with rather few slender prickles, sometimes almost un- armed: Ifts. 7-9, narrow or linear-oblong, bright green and shining above, glabrous or pubescent on the midrib beneath, %~\ in. long: fls. solitary or fe%v, pink, about \% in. across; pedicels and receptacle smooth or spar- ingly glandular -hispid: fr. globose, with rather few akenes. May, June. Ark. and Ind. Terr, to Tex. G.P. 3:101. — Like the preceding, a handsome dwarf shrub with graceful foliage. Section VIII. Cinnamome^. Many American, Asiatic and £Juropean species. Erect shrubs, with iisuaUt) straight prickles, in pairs or scattered, and often with numerous bristles: Ifts. 5-9: upper stipules dilated: corymbs usually many -fid., with dilated bracts: sepals generally entire, upright after floiverlng and persis- tent, rarely deciduous; receptacle usually smooth. A. Prickles in pairs at the base of petioles : branches glabrous. B. Sepals deciduous: fr. about 34 in. across, with very few akenes...'!^. gymnocarpa BB. Sepals persistent, erect a fter flowering. c. Stipules fiat. D. Fls. in usually many-fid. corymbs, usually X}4 iu. across ( larger and some- times solitary in Nos. 31 and 32): fr. about H in. across: stipules usually entire and narrow. E. Fr. globose, with no or very short neck, about K In- high (sometimes ovate in No.. 31). F. Sepals quite entire ISO. pisocarpa 31. Fendleri FF. Sepals with few lobes on the outer margins 32. Woodsii EE. Fr. globose - ovate, with prominent neck, % in. high 33. Californica DD. Fls, usually solitary, 2 in. across or more: fr. Y^ in. across: stipules dilated, glandular-ciliate 34. Nutkana cc. Stipules convolute, dilated 35. cinnamomea AA. Prickles scattered, sometimes in pairs in No. 41. B. Stems and branches almost un- armed, uithout bristles 30. pendulina 37. reclinata 38. Virginiana BB. Stems and branches with numer- ous prickles and bristles. c. Branches and prickles gla- brous. D. Fls. corymbose : fr. with spreading sepals 39. Arkansana DD. Fls. solitary: fr. with erect sepals 40. acicularis cc. Branches and prickles tonien- tose or pubescent 41. rugosa 29. gymnocdrpa, Nutt. Stems slender, attaining 10 ft., with straight slender prickles and bristles: Ifts. 5-9, broadly elliptic to oblong, doubly glandular-serrate, usually gUibrous, %-l in. long: fis. solitary or few, pale pink, about 1 in. across; sepals short: fr. orange- red. June, July. Brit. Col. to Calif., east to Mont. 30. pisocArpa, Gray. Stems slender, with slender, straight or ascending prickles, without bristles, some- times unarmed: Ifts. 5-7, oblong to oblong-obovate, simply serrate, pubescent beneath, y^-\%, in. long: fls. pink, about 1 in. across, on short usually smooth pedi- cels: fr. globose, with a very short neck. June to Aug. Brit. Col. to Ore. B.M. 6857. 31. F6ndleri, Cr^p. Stems 8 ft. high, with slender or recurved prickles, sometimes unarmed: Ifts. 5-7, oblong to oblong-obovate, cuneate at the base, simply serrate, usually glaucous, finely pubescent beneath or glabrous, sometimes glandular, }4-l}4 in. long: fls. sometimes solitary, pink; pedicels short, smooth: fr. globose, sometimes ovate, bright red, with little or no neck. June, July. Brit. Col. to W. Tex. and New Mex. B.B. 2:230 fas P. Woodsii). — Very decorative in fruit, which remains during the whole winter. 32. Woddsii, Lindl. Stems 3 ft. high, with slender, straight or recurved prickles, often bristly: Ifts. 5-7, obovate to oblong, simply or doubly glandular-serrate, pubescent or glabrous beneath, M-IK in. long: fls. often solitary, pink, lM-2 in. across, on very short smooth pedicels: fr. globose, with short neck. June, July. Saskatchewan to Colo, and Mo. B.R. 12:976.— The two preceding species may be only vars. of P. Woodsii. 33. Cali£6rmca, Cham. & Schlecht. Stems 8 ft. high, with stout, hooked or straight prickles, often bristly: Ifts. 5-7, broadly elliptic to oblong-obovate, simply or ROSA ROSA 1555 doubly glandular-serrate, pubescent beneath or on both sides, often glandular, rarely glabrous, J^-1^ In. long: fls. on slender, usually smooth pedicels, over 1 in. across. June-Aug. Brit. Col. to Calif. 2159. Rosa cinnamomea (X ^p,). One of the oUT-i'nshioned liardy Roses. No. 35. 34. Nutkina, Presl. Steins stout, 5 ft. high, with usually straight pricliles and sometimes bristly: Ifts. 5-7, broadly elliptic to oblong-lanceolate, generally rounded at the base, usually doubly glandular-serrate, almost glabrous, often glandular beneath, ^-2 in, long. June, July. Alaska to Ore. and Utah. 6. P. 1:449. — Has the largest fls. of the western species. Var. hispida, Fernald, has the receptacle glandular-hispid. 35. cinnamdmea, Linn. Cinnamon Rose. Figs. 2159, 2160. Stems slender, 6 ft. high, with hooked prickles, flowering branches sometimes unarmed: Ifts. 5-7, some- times 3 on Ivs. of flowering branchlets, oblong, simply serrate, dull green, densely pubescent beneath, >^-lJ^ in. long: fls. solitary or few, purple, about 2 in. across, on short, naked pedicels: fr. depressed-globular, scar- let. May, June. Eiuope, N. and W. Asia. A. G. 13:343. —Var. foecundissima, Voss {Ji'. fn i-ifvdissima, Muench). With double fls. Sometimes escaped from cultivation in the East. 36. pendulina, Linn. (B. alpina, Linn.). Pig. 21486. Stems slender, 3 ft. high: Ifts. 7-9, oblong-ovate or ob- long-elliptic, obtuse, doubly glaiididar-serrate, usually glabrous, H-IH in. long: fls. pink, usually solitary or 2-5, to 2 in. across; pedicels and receptacle usually smooth: fr. usually nodding, oblong or ovate, with elongated neck, scarlet. May, .June. Mts. of Europe. B.R. 5:424. — Handsome free-flowering shrub. Var. Pyrenaica, W. D. Koch (i2. Pijrendica, Gouan.). Dwarf, with the pedicels and usually also the receptacles glandular-his- pid. B.M. 6724. Gn. 27:496. 37. reclinita, Thory (B. Bonrsatilti, Hort.). Sup- posed hybrid of jK. pendiiUna and JS. GJiinensis. Climbing to 12 ft., with slender, sparingly prickly branches: Ifts. 3-7, oblong -ovate, glabrous: fls. in corymbs, purple, double or semi-double, nodding: fr. subglobose, smooth. Red. Ros. (3:26, 3). — Varying with lighter and deeper colored and more or less double fls. 38. Virginlina, Mill. {B. hldnda, Ait. E. fraxinifblia, Borkh.). Stems slender, 5 ft. high, with few slender prickles or unarmed: Ifts. 5-7, elliptic to obovate-ob- long, usually acute, simply serrate, glabrous or pubes- cent beneath, V-i-iyi in. long; stipules dilated: fls. usu- ally several, pink, 2-2H in. across, on smooth pedun- cles: fr. globular, sometimes elongated. May, June. Newfoundland to N. Y., west to Wis. and 111. B.B. 2:229. 39. ArkanSElna, Porter (if. blrinda.Tav. setigera, Cr(5p., and var. Arkansdna, Best). Stems low, sometimes 6 ft. high; Ifts. 7-9, broadly elliptic to obovate, usually cu- neate at the base, simply serrate, more or less pubes- cent beneath, yi-2 in. long; stipules usually entire: fls. corymbose, rarely solitary, pink, sometimes white, lK-2 in. across; outer sepals with one or few lobes. June, July. Minn, and Brit. Col. to New Mexico. B.B. 2:230. Mn 3:116.— Adapted for covering dry slopes and barren places. According to E. L. Greene, the true li. Arlcan- sana is restricted to Colorado and perhaps New Mexico, while the form common in the regions north and west of these localities is a different species, for which he proposes the name H. pratincola; this form is described above. The true M. Arkatisana, Porter, differs by its glabrous foliage, glandular and bristly stipules anil re- flexed sepals. At the same place (Pittonia, 4:10-14) Greene describes four other new species belonging to this section. 40. aciculirig, Lindl. Stems low, densely prickly: Ifts. 3-7, broadly elliptic to narrowly oblong, rounded at base, simply or doubly serrate, pubescent beneath, K-2 in. long: fls. solitary, deep rose, l}^-2 in. across, fragrant; sepals entire and nearly glabrous: fr. globu- lar to oblong, K-1 in. long. May, June. Alaska to On- tario and Colo., N. En., N. Asia, Jap. — A very variable species. Var. S4yi, Rehd. {B. acieulclris, var. BourqeauiUna, Cr^p., partly). Pig. 2161. Lfts. glandular and pubescent beneath, usually somewhat doubly glandular-serrate : fls. larger, often 2]4 in. across : fr. usually globular. Ontario to Brit. Col. and Colo. B.B. 2:1967. Var. Engel- manni, Cri5p. in herb. [B. Eiu/eImanni,Wats.} Similar to the preceding: lfts. distinctly doubly glandular-ser- rate : fr. oblong, to 1 in. long. Colo, to Brit. Col. G.F. 2:377. Var. NipponSnsis, Hook. f. Lfts. smaller, %-% in. long; petioles bristly : branchlets and pedicels glan- dular-hispid: fls. VA in. across. Japan. B.M. 7646. 2160. Rosa cinnainomea. See No. 35. 41. rugdsa, Thunb. Figs. 2148(j, 2162-4. Upright shrub, attaining (i ft., with stout stems densely beset with prickles and bristles: Ifts. 5-9, oval to obovate-oval, rugose, shining and dark green above, glaucescent and 1556 ROSA pubescent beneath, thick and firm, %-2 in. long; peti- oles tomentose und bristly; stipules dilated: fis. soli- tary or few, purple or white, 2%-3K in. across: bracts large ; pedicels prickly ; receptacle smooth : fr. de- pressed-globose, brick-red, to 1 in. across. May-Sept. N. China, Corea, Jap. — Very variable species. Vars. Krox, C. A. Mey. (var. TJiimber/jiAna, C. A. Mey. J?. ferojc, Lawr. Jf. Reqeli&na, Andre & Lind. If. Andrhn, Lange). Stout and densely armed: Ivs. thick, very rugose and shining: fls. large, 3!^ in. across: fr. 1 in. across. S.Z. 1:28. B.R. 5:420. trt. .S0:1049; 42, p. 537. G.C. II. 14:372. Gn. 46, p. 324; 52:1144; 55, p. 434. I. H. 18:47. Gng. 1:7; 5:339. A. G. 13:342, 344; 18:567. Var. KamscMtica, Regel {R. Katnsclidtica, Vent.). Less densely armed: Its. thinner, less rugose: fls. and fr. smaller. B.K. 5:419. B.M. 3149. Besides these the following forms are often cultivated: Var. ^Iba, with large white fls. 6u. 9:20; var. alba plena, with double white fls.; var. rdsea, with pink fls.; var. rubra, with purple fls. ; var. rubra pl^na, with double purple fls. Gt. 24:846. M. riujosa is one of the most ornamental Single Roses, especially for shrubberies; itis very hand- some on account of its dark green shining foliage, large fis. appearing during the whole summer, bright red con- spicuous fruits, and its beautiful orange and scarlet fall coloring. It is also attractive in winter by reason of its stout, densely armed stems. Large numbers of hybrids have been raised. By crossing with double-fld. Garden Roses R. rugosa has given rise to a new race of hybrid Roses remarkable for their hardiness and long blooming season; one of the best known is Mme. George Bruant (Fig. 2165), with double white fls., a cross of R. ritgosa and the Tea Rose Sombreuil. Another cross with a form of R. Chinensis is R, riiqosa, var. caJocarpa , Bruant, with single rose-colored fls. and handsome fr. prodticed very abundantly. Gn. 40, p. 548; 52, p. 384. R.H. 1S95, p. 446, 447. I.H. 42, p. 15. Hybrids are also known with R. multifloro , R. ctvnaniomea, i?. niicropliylla, R, spinosissinia , R. Wichuraiana and R. humilis, and there are probably others. Section IX. Pimpinellifoli^. Few Old World species. Upright shrubs, usually low; prickles straight, scat- tered, usually numerous and mixed with bristles: Ifts. very small, usually 9; stipules narrow, with di- vergent and dilated auricles: fls. solitary, without bracts; sepals entire, erect and persistent. 42. spinosissima, Linn. (R. pimpinellifblia, Linn.). Scotch Rose. Low shrub, with upright recurving or ROSA ROSA 1557 spreading branches, 3 or 4 ft. bigli, usually ilensely beset with slender prickles and bristles: Ifts. 5-11, usually 9, orbicular to oblong-ovate, simply or doubly serrate, gla- brous, sometimes glandular beneath, M-% in. long; fls. solitary, but usually very numerous along tlie stems, pink, white or yellowish, l}i-2 in. across; pedicel.s smooth or glaudular-hi.spid: t'r. globular, black. May, June. Eu., W. Asia to China. Gn. 55, p. 425. — Very variable. Var. Altaica, Thory (B. Altilioa, Willd. i?. gravdifl!>m, Lindl.). More vigorous: fls. large, white; pedicels smooth. B.R. 11:888. Gn. 53:1159. A. F. 12:1099. Gng. 5:307. Var. hispida, Koehne (U. Jiispida, Sims. JS. liitescens, Pursh). Taller: Ifts. simply serrate, pedicels sniooth: fls. yellowish, rather large. B.M. 1570. Gn. 5(5:1249. Var. mitissima, W. D. Koch (var. inermis, Thory. M. mitissima, Gmelin). Branches almost unarmed: fls. pink. Var. myriac^ntha, W. D. Koch {E. myriacanthu, DC. ). Branches very prickly: Ivs. doubly glandular-serrate, very small: fls. small, white, blushed. Red. Ros.{l:6,7). There are also vars. with double or semi-double, pink, white or yellow fls. (Gn. 29:544). Several hybrids are known. J?. Hibi^rnica, Smith, a low shrub with glaucous green foliage and small pale pink fls., is a hybrid with ji. caniiia. JR, riib^Ua, Smith, with dark green foliage, red fls. and scarlet, pendulous ovate-oblong fruits, is a hybrid with S. pendnlma. JR. rerersa, Waldst. & Kit., is similar and probably of the same parentage. B.M. 1077. Gn. 53. p. 23: 55, p. 425. Var. plfina, Hort. With double fls. Gn. 53:1152. See No. 21. 44. hemisphEerica, Herrm. (Jt. ylaucoplii'illa, Ehrh. R. snlphuretij A\i. iiJ. 7t*a/)^ni, Boiss. & Bal. ). Closely allied to the preceding : stems slender, with hooke^ ft. high, sparingly branched: lfts. doubly glandular-serrate: fls. usually solitary. Calif.— 72. tomentdsa. Smith (VI). Allied to R. villosa. Stems slender, often arching: prickles often slightly curved: lfts. smaller, grayish green: fls. pale rose, on longer pedicels: fr. smaller, with the sepals up- right-spreading, caducous at maturity. Eu.— 7?. Webbiana, Wall. (VIII). Erect shrub, with prickly stems: Uts. 5-9, very small, orbicular or oblong, usually glabrous: fls. mostly soli- tary, pink, large: fr. ovoid. Himal. to Afghan, and Turkestan. -72. xanthina, Lindl. (XI). Rigid shrub to 4 ft., with stout, straight prickles: lfts. very small. 5-9, glandular beneath: fls. solitary, golden yellow, 1 in. across. Afghan, to N. China. B.M. 7666. Alfred Rehder. ROSANOWIA. See Slnningia. B0SCH£]RIA (name imexplained). Paimdcece. A genus of one species, a palm from Seychelles allied to Hyophorbe, which ste for differences. It is slender, erect, spiny at the nodes: Ivs. terminal, long-petioled, at first 2-fid, later unequally pinnatisect; segments nu- merous, linear-lanceolate, 2-fld at the apex, the numer- ous nerves scaly beneath; petiole spineless, somewhat 3-sided, concave above; sheath long, prickly; spadix 2-6 ft. long : peduncle long, slender, compressed ; branches slender, rather simple, divaricate: spathes many, entire, narrowed, compressed, naked, the 2 lower ones persistent, the upper deciduous: fls. pale: fr. fusi- form, small, black. melanochoetes, Wendl. (Verschaff^ltia melanocJi(£tes, Wendl.). Trunk 15-25 ft. high, 2-3 in. in diam., with many aerial roots, and when young with a ring of spines below each leaf -scar: Ivs. 4H-7 ft. long; petiole 1>2-2K ft. long, smooth, with a pale band running from the top of the sheath down the back of the petiole; sheath 1K-2K ft. long, with a few fine black spines; leaf -blade pale green, 3-5 ft. long, 2-3 ft. broad, entire when young, unequally pinnate; segments 1-1 K ft. long, 2-fid at the apex, clothed beneath with peltate scales. Seychelles. 1-H. 18:54. Jaeed G. Smith. EOSCOEA (Wm. Roscoe, founder of the Liverpool Botanic Garden). Scita')nindce-ai. A genus of 6 species of half-hardy perennial herbs from the Himalayas, with 2157. Rosa lEcvigata. Run wild in the South and knovra as Cherokee Rose. No. 49. 1560 ROSCOEA ROSE purple, blue or yellow fls. terminating the leafy stems. Lvs. lanceolate or oblong: Hs. in terminal, usually few- fid, spikes; bracts persistent, l-Hd.; calyx long-tubular, slit down one side; corolla-tube slender, as long as calyx or longer; lateral segments spreading; lateral starainodes ohlanceolate, petaloid; lip large, cuneate, defiexed, 2-cleft or emarginate. purpurea, Sm. Stem %-l ft. high, with 5-6 sessile, lanceolate, sheathing ivs. about 6 in. long: fls. few, pur- ple, rarely lilac or white, in a sessile spike, appearing one at a time in midsummer. B.R. 27:61. B.M. 4630. L.B.C. 15:1404. G.C III. 8:191. -The most hardy spe- cies of the genus. Var. Sikkimensis, Hort. Elwes (J?. Sikkim4nsis, Van Tubergen), is said to differ in having the epiphytic habit and more numerous fls. of a different shade. Consult G.C. III. 8:221. p_ ^^ Barclay. ROSE ( see also Hosa ) . The article Rose will probably be consulted oftener than any other in this Cyclopedia. Therefore, the subject is presented from many points of view, even at the risk of repetition. Every pains has been taken to procure reliable information and ad- vice from specialists in the different parts of the sub- ject. It has been said that the garden Rose does not thrive in North America as it does in Europe; but how- ever true this may have been, it scarcely holds to-day. The success of the Rose in this country is very largely a question of the selection of adaptable varieties. These varieties are mostly the couipounds of various types and species. In most garden Roses it is now impossible to trace the original species with accuracy. For horticul- tural purposes, a purely botanical classification is of minor consequence, although, in the main, the leading garden-groups follow old specific lines. For a garden classification that follows botanical lines closely, see Baker in Gardener's Chronicle, li. 24, p. 199 (1885). The leading contemporaneous American text on the Rose is EUwanger's. American Rose books are: "The Rose Manual," Robert Buist. Philadelphia, 1844, and later editions; "Manual of Roses," William Robert Prince, New York, 1846; "The Rose," Samuel Parsons, New York, 1847, and later editions; "American Rose Culturist," New York, 1856; "Book of Roses," Francis Parkraan, Boston, 1860; "The Rose," Henry Shaw, St. Louis, 1882; "The Rose," H. B. Ellwauger, New York, 1882, 2d ed. 1892; "Secrets of Rose Culture," W. J. Hattou, Huntington, N. Y., 1891. For a list of Rose books in all languages, see "Bibliografia de la Rosa," by Vergara. Madrid, 1892. Following are the equivalents of some of the common names of Roses : Ayrshire J^. arvensls, var. capreolata' Banks Rose .ff. Bankske. Bengal B. CJiiuensis, Bourbon H. Borhonica, Champney i?. Noiseitiana. Cherokee R. Icevigata. Cinnamon B. cinnaniomea. Damask R. Damascena, Dog R. canina. Eglantine R. rabiginosa. Memorial R. WieJntraiana. Moss R. GalUca. var. muscosa. Musk R. moscJiata. Noisette R. I^oisettiana. Prairie R. setiqera. Provence R. GalUca. Scotch R. spinoalssima, Sweetbrier R. riihiginosa. Tea 7?. Chinensis, var. fragrans. L. H. B. Horticultural Classiiication of Roses. — The garden classification of Roses presents considerable difficulty, as the several groups have been so much mixed that the original characteristics of each overlap at nearly all points. This is particularly true of the Perpetuals, of ■which any close classification is impossible. The diffi- culties increase as one advances. Certain clear-cut characters may be taken to mark certain distinct groups in the summer Roses, with which the horticulturist has not busied himself so much. Nearly all of these char- acters are reproduced in the Perpetuals, and, being blended together, give rise to endless confusion; thus the following scheme is merely suggestive and should be studied in comparison with the botanical classifi- cation (see page 1548). American Rose culture, so far as garden varieties are concerned, can hardly be said to have found itself as yet. Our growers are to-day striving to overcome the short-lived character of the blooms, so as to import into our gardens something of the Rose beauty of Europe. The Wichuraiana, Rugosa, and Mnltiflora Roses, com- bined with our native species and blended again with the best representatives of the garden groups already grown, seem to offer the solution. The beginning has already been made. The hot sun and trying climatic conditions of our summers are fatal to the full beauties of the Roses of Prance and England. The flower is developed so quickly that it has no opportunity to "build" itself; and once developed it fades as rapidly. What has been done for other florists' flowers remains yet to be accom- plished for the Rose, and the American Rose of the future will have to lie developed to suit the circum- stances in tlie same way that the American carnation has been produced. A special society has been formed to foster this work and is now in its third year of exis- tence. Class I. Summer-flowering Roses, blooming once only. Large-flowered (double). B. Growth branching or p e ndu lous : leaf wrinkled 1. BB. Groivth firm and ro- bust : leaf downy . . BBB. G-rowth free: leaf w h itish abo v e , spineless AA. Small flowered {single and double). B. Groivth cllmhiug: fls. prodxfcd singly ... . BB. Groivth short 'jointed, generally, except in Alpine Provence Moss Pompon Sulphurea , Damask and Froich Hybrid French Hybrid Provence Hybrid Bourbon Hybrid China 3. Alba BEB. Growth climbing: fls. in clusters 6. BBBB. Groivth free: foliage persistent {more or less, shiny 4. Ayrshire Briers Austrian Scotch Sweet Penzance Prairie Alpine Multiflora Polyantha BBBBB. Growth free ; foliage wrinkled 7. -Evergreen Sempervirens Wiclmraiana Cherokee Bauksian 8. Po7npon Class II. Summer- and autumn-flowering Roses, bloom- ing more or less continuously. i. Large-flowered . B. Foliage very rough . . 9. Hybrid Perpetual 10. Hybrid Tea 11. Moss BB. Foliage rough 12. Bourbon 13. Bourbon Perpetual BBB. Foliage smooth 14. China Tea Lawrenceana (Fairy) Plate XXXV A Tea Rose. — Bridesmaid ROSE AA. Smaller flowered. B. Folliiijt' deeidttouii. c. Habit eliinbin(j 15. Musk Noisette 16. Ayrshire 17. Poljjantka VVlcburaiana Hybrids OC. Sabit dwarf, Imsliy. IS. Perpetual Briers Rugosa Lucida Microphylla Berberidifolia Scotch BB. Foliage more or less persistent 19. JSvergreen Macartney Wicliuraiana Garden-group 1. Provence. Fragrant: brandling or pendulous: fls. generally globular: foliage bold, broad, wrinkled, deeply serrate: prickles uncertain; sometimes fine and straight, sometimes coarse and hooked. Rich soil. Prune closely unless very vigorous. Types are Moss Rose, a crested form of the Provence (Pig. 2157). Pompon, a dwarf group; cupped flowers. See also No. 8. Sulphurea, an undesirable yellow fonn of difficult cultivation. Garden-group 2. The Damask and French. Damask Roses are fragrant: growth robust; spinous: Ivs. light green, downy, coriaceous. Hardy: free -flowering; scent destroyed on drying. French Roses : Fragrant ( moderately) : more upright and compact in growth than the Provence : prickles smaller and fewer: fls. generally flat. Very hardy, growing in any soil; petals bleach in strong sunlight; makes abundance of wood, which should be thinned out; perfume develops in the dried petals. Hybrid French or Hybrid Provence, a less robust group with smoother, short-jointed wood and gener- ally light-colored flowers. Type Princess Clementine. Other subdivisions include hybrids with nearly all of the Perpetual group. Madame Plantier is a Hybrid Noisette. Coupe d'Hebe is a Hybrid Bourbon. Hybrid China (China x French and Provence, par- taking more of those parents). Growth more diffuse than the French Rose; foliage smooth, shining and remains on the bush late in the year; thorns nu- merous and strong. Vigorous of growth; very hardy, and generally well adapted to poor soil; requires but little pruning. Garden-group 3. Alha, or White Roses. A very distinct group; all light-colored flowers of moderate ROSE 1561 ^s3»-N .'■■■- 2168. American Beauty Rose {X%). Probably the most t'riiiious Rose now cultivated in America. One of the Hybrid Perpetual class. size: leaf whitish above, deep green below: spineless (some hybrids with other groups are very thorny), of free growth; prune closely. Type, Felecite Panuentier and Maiden's Blush. Garden-group 4. AyrsJii7'e, Climbing Roses; very hardy: slender shoots suitable for trellises and trunks of trees: Hs. produced singly. Useful for pot cultiva- tion when trained over a frame; fis. vary from white to 2169. Paul Neyron (X %). A popular rose-colored variety of the Hybrid Perpetual type. Jeep crimson. Type, Queen of the Belgians, Dundee Rambler. Ruga is a hybrid between this group and one of the Teas; fragrant. Garden-group 5. Briers. Under this heading may be grouped most of the weU-define^). This picture was made from the White La France. The origi- nal La France is pink. known in cultivation under the general term of Ram- bler Roses. The Polyantha section has given a fairly hardy variety in Crimson Rambler. Useful as pillar and trellis Roses and respond to high cuUivation. In pruning remove only the old canes, leaving the young new growth to carry flowers next year. Some cluster Roses of the ludica or Tea alliance popularly called Polyanthas do not belong here. Garden-group 7. JSrergreen. The so-called Evergreen Roses hold their foliage until very late in the year and in hybridization appear likely to yield varieties which are practically evergreen. Sempervirens, useful as pillar Roses, producing flowers in corymbs: very hardy: vigorous gro^vth: free bloomer: requires considerable thinning in prun- ing. Types, Felicite perpetuella. Wichuraiana (Fig. 21o.t). most popular of all the rampant Roses: very hardy: growing in any soil: this promises to be the liasis of a very valuable race of American Roses: flowers in the type white. Hy- brids have been raised from Hybrid Perpetual and Tea varieties giving large flowers, scented; such are Gardenia and Jersey Beauty. Several hybridists are now working on this species, and he next few years promise remarkable developments. W. A. Manda in New Jersey, M. H. Walsh in Massachusetts and M. Horvath in Ohio are thus engaged. Cherokee {H. hevigataj of the southern states can be grown satisfactorily away from its native regions only in a greenhouse. Figs. 2152-4. The Banksian IB. Banksice). Two varieties of this are known, the yellow and the white. Requires greenhouse treatment: evergreen: needs very little pruning, merely shortening the shoots that have bloomed. Yellow variety scentless, white variety pos- sessing the odor of violets: flowers are produced in graceful drooping clusters. Garden-group 8. Pompon. A small-flowered Provence Rose. See No. 1. Garden-group 9. Hybrid Perpetual, or Hybrid lie- montant. A large and comprehensive group of much- mixed origin. The mixture with other groups has be- come so involved as to render separation practically impossible. The characteristics may be described as stiff, upright growth, sometimes inclined to pendulous: fls. of all types: foliage dull green, wrinkled, not shiny: embracing generally the characteristics of the Provence, Damask, French and the Chinese groups: fls. large, in- clined to flat, generally of dark colors. By far the largest and most comprehensive division. Figs. 2168-9. Garden-group 10. Hybrid Teas form a section of the Hybrid Perpetual group crossed back on to the Tea- scented China, gradually losiug all identity. They dif- fer from the pure Hybrid Perpetuals by having foliage of a deeper green and less wrinkled. Some of the best forcing Roses are in this group, which promises the greatest development for American rosarians; Robert Scott is a type of this class and is raised from Mer- veille de Lyon, H. P., and Belle Siebrecht Hybrid Tea. The La France type belongs here. Fig. 2170, Garden-group 11. 3Ioss. A perpetual flowering group of the Provence. See Summer Roses and Fig, 2157. Garden-group 12. Bourbon. Dwarf and compact growth, with rounded, more or less shining leaflets: very floriferous: brilliant colors: good outline: in per- fection late in the season: requires close pruning. Type, Hermosa (or Armosa). Garden-group 13. Bourbon Perpetual. Very flor- iferous: flowers moderate-sized, well formed, in clus- ters. Type, Madame Isaac Pereire. Garden- group 14. China. The China or Monthly Rose is characterized by its positively perpetual man- ner of flower. Its blooms become much darkened in color from the action of the sun's rays: fls. small and irregular in shape. Somewhat tender. Chiefly interest- ing as the parent of the true Teas. The Tea-scented China or Tea Rose. Fig. 2171. Large, thick petals, with the characteristic tea scent; flowers generally light colored, pink and creamy yel- low: growth free; the best for forcing. The group has been hybridized with all other sections and the Tea influence is seen throughout the Ro.se family. Some of the varieties are climbing. Type, Bon Silene and Homer. Lawrenciana. Dwarf forms, requiring the same treatment as the Teas. Commonly known as the Fairy Rose. Garden group 15. The Musk. Very fragrant: rather tender: derived from Bosa moschata : fls. of pale color. This group has been much hybridized with others, and its identity is lost as a garden plant in that of its deriv- atives, especially the Noisette. The flower buds are elongated and the flowers produced in clusters. Noisette. Fig. 2172. Larger flowered than the true Musk Roses: flowering very late: free growth: more hardy. The group bears a certain superficial resem- blance to the Teas and requires moderate pruning; will grow in any soil. This sub-group has been largely blended with the Teas and with a loss of har- diness. In consequence it has fallen into disiise. Garden-group IG. Ayrshire. Perpetual forms of the Ayrshire. For characters, See Summer Roses. EOSE ROSE 1563 Garden-group 17. Polyantha. Perpetual - flowering' varieties of the Multitiora group. The term in gardens is taken to include a large number of small cluster-flow- ered, climbing Roses, and is particularly important in American Rose culture, as the basis of a new section of hybrids with the Teas and (erroneously) including hy- brids of Wichuraiaua and Teas. M. H. Walsh in Mas- sachusetts, M. Horvatk in Ohio, and Jackson Daw- son in Massachusetts have accomplished important work in this field. Some of Walsh's recent introduc- tions, as Debutante and Sweetheart, not as yet fairly tried, and the Dawson Rose may be classed here. They are valuable as trellis and pillar Roses for garden deco- ration. Garden-group 18. Perpetual Briers. Of this group there are ahout five important types. Rugosa or Japan Rose, a low-growing bush: hardy: useful as a hedge plant, and specially adapted for ex- posed situations near the seashore. Figs. 2162^. Hybrids have been made with other Perpetual groups, especially Teas and H. P's. Mme. Georges Bruant is a type. The Rugosa blood is strongly seen in all cases. Lucida, a small insignificant group, having some connection with the Macartney. Microphylla has minute leaflets. Berberidifolia has leaves somewhat resembling bar- berry. Perpetual Scotch, a perpetual -flowering form of JRosa spinosisslma, probably a hybrid from the Dam- ask. Garden-group 19. Evergreen. Two types, as follows: Macartney, slender: sweetly scented and very florif- erous throughout the season. Is derived from jB. hracteafa. Wichuraiana. The Wichuraiana hybrids already re- ferred to in the Polyantha group may dubiously be included here. They have not yet been siifficiently *^^^'^^ Leonard Barron. Rose Gardens for Rose Lovers. — The Hybrid Per- petual or Hybrid Remontant Rose (hybrids of Rosa Damasceiia, Borhonica, etc.) is the largest and most im- portant group of hardy Roses. The common varieties are crosses of Provence and Damask Roses upon Bour- bons, Bengals and Teas, and vice versa. Of all Roses, Hybrid Perpetuals, in regions of severe winters, offer the amateur the greatest promise of success. A warm sunny spot shielded from strong or bleak winds should be chosen for the Rose garden. A piece of woods or a hedge olfer good protection if they are far enough away from the bushes so that they do not shade them or rob them of nourishment. Dean Hole says, "The Rose garden must not be in an exposed situation. It must have shelter, but it must not have shade. No boughs may darken, no drip may saturate, no roots may rob the Rose." A hillside is less exposed to late frosts than valley and is therefore better. The ground must be well drained. If nature has not pro- vided such a spot the Rose-grower must make one. The ideal soil for the Hybrid Perpetual Rose is a strong rich clay or loam. Though Tea Roses sometimes do well in gravel or sandy soil. Hybrid Perpetuals never do. The ground should be spaded up to a good depth and all stones, grass and roots carefully removed. Late autumn is the best time for setting out hardy Roses. The writer has set out over a hundred Hybrid Perpetuals and Hybrid Teas when he was compelled to shovel away several inches of snow and break up the frozen crust of the earth with crow-bar and pick-ax before he could dig the trench in which he planted them, and yet he did not lose one of them. Put out late in the fall with the earth well firmed around them and properly protected, hardy and half-hardy Roses are almost sure to come through the winter all right and make a good bloom the first summer. In no other way can Roses be set out so quickly and so well as in a trench dug the proper depth and width. Budded plants should be set so that the joints will be three inches under the surface of the ground. This is the only way to secure immunity from suckers growing from the root into which the bush has been budded. The best fertilizer for Roses is rotted cow manure. The next in value is the manure from the pig-sty. Nearly all of the Hybrid Perpetiials and Mosses will stand the severe winters in the northern states without protection, but it is best tc protect them. Ah Bourbon, Hybrid Noisette, Hybrid China and Hybrid Teas in the northern, and in some of the middle states, must be protected; "excelsior" tied around the bushes to the height of 12 or 15 inches gives sufficient protection. When the leaves are out and the buds well formed a mixture composed of three parts of wheat flour and one of white hellebore sprinkled on the foliage when wet after a rain or dew disjx.ses of the most dangerous foes of the Hybrid Perpetual. The dew and flour make a paste that holds tlie hellebore on till its work is done. A tea made of tobacco stems will destroy the insects most troublesome in July and August. Trimming should be done in the spring before the sap begins to flow. The following embrace the best of the Hybrid Per- petuals: Alfred Colomb, Anne de Diesbach, Baron de Bonstetten, Baroness Rothschild, Clio, Earl of Dufferin. 2171. Yellow Tea Rose. Madame Honore Defresne. popular in the South (X /a). Fisher Holmes, Francois Michelon, Gloire de Margottin. Gen. Jacqueminot, Gustave Piganeau. Heinrich Schul- theis, Jean Liabaud, Jeannie Dickson, Jubilee, La Rosiere, Louis Van Houtte, Mabel Morrison, Mme. Ga- briel Luizet, Marchioness of Lome, Margaret Dickson, Marie Baumann, Marshall P. Wilder, Mrs. John Laing, Pierre Netting, Prince Camilie de Rohan, Queen of Queens, Xavier Olibo. Paul Neyron, Ulrich Bruiiner. The Moss Rose {Rosa GaUlca, var. muscosa) is a universal favorite. The best varieties are Crested, Gra- cilis and Common Moss. Fig. 2157. Seven leaflets are found on most of them. They must be closely pruned. The Perpetual Moss Rose [Rosa GalJica^ var. mus- cosa): These are like the Moss Roses except that they are autumnal bearers. Mme. Edward Ory, Salet and Soupert-et-Notting are the best of this class. The best results can be secured only by close pruning. Sweetbrier {Rosa riihUjinosa) : Eglantine is a name given to a Rose found in a wild state in various coun- tries. One variety known as Common Sweetbrier, a native of England, is prized wherever known. It owes its populai'ity not to its flower but to the perfume of its foliage. The attempts made to develop the flower and still retain the fragrance of its foliage have not yet been successful. No better Rose can be found for hedge- making. Austrian Brier {Rosa Bglanteria) : This Rose has 7 or 9 1564 ROSE ROSE leaflets and single flowers of a coppery yeU'ow color. It is so hardy that it can brave the most rigorous climate where man tills the soil. Persian Yellow, Harisonii and Copper are the most valuable varieties. They should be pruned sparingly. Hybrid Climbing Koses. These are especially useful as pillar Roses. The most valuable are Climbiug Jules Margottin (See Fig. 2179, page 1567) and Glory of Ches- hunt. The Prairie Rose (Jlosa sefigera) is the hardiest of climbers. This quality, with the rapidity and vigor of growth, has given them a wider popularity than any other climbers. The Gem of the Prairie is the only fra- grant Prairie Rose. Baltimore Belle (Pig. 21.54) is the least hardy but most beautiful. Other valuable varie- ties are: Queen of the Prairie, Anna Marie and Trium- phant. The pruning knife should be used sparingly. Hybrid China Rose {Bona Chiiiensis forms): Many Roses catalogued as Hybrid Perpetuals properly be- long here. If EUwanger's suggestion that all French, Provence, Damask and Hybrid Bourbon be grouped un- der the Hybrid Chinas is adopted, Rose classification will be much simplified and little will be lost in accuracy. Madame Piantier is the best known and most valuable of all the group. Half-hardy Roses: Bourbon Rose {Sosa BoKrbon- iea) : This group for the most part is composed of au- tumnal bloomers. They are popular as garden Roses. Hermosa is the freest bloomer. Appoline is the most beautiful. George Peabody and Malmaison are also de- servedly popular. The moderate growers of this group shoiild be closely pruned. The Hybrid Noisette (Bona Noisettiana, var. hybridu ) has made several contributions to the rosarian. The least hardy but the most beautiful members of this group are Madame Neman, Mile. Bounaire and Eliza Boelle. Rivals in beauty and more hardy are Co- quette des Alpes, Coquette des Blanches. The pruning knife should not be spared with this class. The Hybrid Tea Rose (Bosa Chinensis, various forms) is more hardy than the Tea Rose and less hardy than the Hybrid Remoiitauts. It is a group destined to have many Euiditions in the not distant future. La France, Captain Christy, Kaiserin Au- guste Victoria, Caroline Testout and Liberty are the best of this class. Some persons like to train Roses to a few canes and tie them to stakes (Fig. 2173). I Another practice is to bud them ' ' high on brier stocks and to grow^ them as standards. Most Americans prefer the free-growing bush, blooming from near the ground (Fig. 2174). Edmund M. Mills. Another View of Gar- den Rose- Growing. Roses may be success- fully grown in any soil that will produce fair crops of grain, vegeta- bles or grass. Certainly the best results will be obtained in the more favorable soils and sit- uations, but every one who loves a Rose and possesses a few feet of ground with plenty of sunshine can have his own Rose garden and find pleasure and health in cultivating the queen of flowers. Of course the ideal soil is a rich, deep loam, but a good Rose bed can be made in claj', sand or gravel at little expense and labor. Even the city resident, whoso house has been erected on the site of an exhausted brick-yard, can at a small expense secure sufficient good soil from the outskirts and manure 2172. Marechal Niel Rose tX K). One of the most popiilar of the Noisettes. Color yellow. from tlie adjacent stables to make a Rose garden that will grow as good plants and flowers as those of his more favored friends who have acres at their disposal, provided always that the sunlight can reach the beds for at least half of the day. The preparation of the ground is the first step of importance. Roses abhor wet feet, and if the soil is wet it must be thoroughly drained. This can be accom- plished by digging out the bed to a depth of three feet and filling in one foot with broken stone, bricks, cinders or anything that will allow a free passage of tlie water through the soil. If this is not sufficient and the water is not carried away, provision must be made for this by tile-draining; but, except in very extreme cases, the drainage before mentioned vrill be found amply sufficient. The composition of the soil should depend ou the class of Roses to be grown, for the Hybrid Remoutants do best in a heavy soil containing clay, while those having Tea blood prefer a lighter, warmer soil. The beds may be made of any desired shape, but a width of 4 ft. will usually be found the most satis- factory, as a double row can be planted at intervals of 2% ft., which will be all that is necessai'y for the strongest growing varieties, and the blooms can be gathered from each side without the necessity of tramp- ling on the soil. Space may be economized by planting as in the following diagram: C- The plants will then be 1 ft. from the edge and 30 in. apart, and each plant will be fully exposed to the light and air and will not interfere with its neighbors. In preparing a bed on a lawn, the sod and soil should first be entirely re- moved and placed apart; then the best of the subsoil may be taken out and placed on the other side of the trench, and, lastly, the portion to be discarded, making in all a depth of at least 2 feet. The floor is then loosened to the full depth of a pick-head, the good .subsoil replaced and mixed with a generous dress- ing of well-decomposed stable manure; lastly the surface soil and sod well broken up and also thoroughly en- riched with manure, and the bed filled to the level of the ad- joining surface with enough good soil added to replace the dis- _ carded earth. When '^=z::=^ the bed has settled the surface should be at least one inch below that of the adjoining sod, in order that all the rainfall be re- tained. The writes be- ieves it to be a serious mistake to make any flower bed higher than the adjacent surface, as in hot weather the soil dries out and the plants suffer for want of moisture. If the bed is intended for the hardy Hybrid Perpetual or Remontant class, it should contain a fair propoi'tion of clay well mixed with the soil. A suf- ficient amount is always present in what is known as a heavy loam. If ROSE ROSE 1565 the soil does not contain tliis naturally, it should be added and thoroughly incoi'porated with the other in- gredients. It the bed is intended for Hybrid Teas, Teas, Boiirhons or Noisettes, the soil should be lighter, and if naturally heavy should have added to it a proper amount of .sand or leaf-mold, and be thoroughly mixed as before. Roses ai-e rank feeders; therefore be liberal with manure for every class. Garden Roses can be obtained from the dealers grown in two ways: on their own roots, and budded on the Manetti or briar stock. Figs. 215(J, 2175. There is much difference of opinion as to the relative value of the two sorts, and it must be admitted that some of the stronger varieties will do equally well either way; but the opinion of the writer, based upon the experience of nearly a quarter of a century, is that all of tlie less vigorous varieties are far better budded than on their own roots, and some are utterly worth- less unless budded : notably, Reine Marie Henriette and Vis- countess Folkestone, both charming Roses when well grown. The biidded plants are tnostly grown in Eu- rope, taken up as soon IS the wood is ripened in the autumn, and ^-^i^^^^^g^^^ ^// shipped to us in the */^.,^SraS8^^^^ '^ dormant state in time for planting in the lati- tude of Philadelphia before the ground is frozen. They are usu- ally received in such excellent condition that rarely one in a hundred of the hardy sorts fails to make a good growth and a fair bloom in the following season. With the tender sorts, dormant plant- ing out of doors in late autumn is attended with much risk, be- cause of the inability of these plants to en- dure the rigors of onr winters before becom- ing established. Con- sequently they need much more protection than the hardy varie- ties. It is really much better to have the planting deferred until the early spring, if the plants can be safely housed throughout the winter. After they have become successfully established their safety is assured, and they will repay in vigor and excellence the extra work expended upon them. Few amateurs, however, have the convenieuces for caring for a niimber of plants under cover throughout the winter. Therefore they must take the risk of planting in the antumn or culti- vate plants grown on their own roots. The best budded stock the writer has yet found was obtained from nur- series in Ireland, and it has been the uniform testimony of all who have examined them that they had not seen finer out-of-door Roses grown in this section. (For fur- ther discussions of budded and grafted Roses, see page 157-4.) Planting Budded Roses. — Holes at least 1 ft. in depth and 15 in. wide should be made for each plant, the collar or point where the bud was inserted and from which the new growth starts placed 2 in. beneath the surface of the soil, the roots spread out and downwards (care being taken that no roots cross each other) and all roots covered with fine soil free from lumps of manure. Pig. 2170. Manure should never be placed in actual contact with the roots, but near at hand, where the new feeding roots can easily reach when growth begins. 2173. Rose trained to a few shoots. See p. 1564. The remaining soil should then be packed in firmly, the surface leveled and covered witli about IJ intdn-s of coarse litter and maimre, and tlie long wood cut back to about 18 inches to prevent the plant being whipped and loosened by high winds. This extra wood is left to encourage root action in the spring and should be cut back to three or four eyes as soon as they can be detected when pushing out. Always cut above and close to a strong outside bud, without in- juring it, to develop an open and free head, thus admitting light and air. If the uppermost bud is on the inside surface of the shoot, the new growth will be directed inward, dwarfing and hampering the plant and preventing proper development. The deep planting above de- scribed is necessary to pre- vent suckers from being- thrown out by the roots, as these will speedily choke and kill the less vigorous wood which we are endeavoring to de- velop. From the writer's point of view tne oniy ob- 2174. A Rose bush for the corner of the garden. jection to budded plants is this danger of snck- ering from the roots ; therefore no one should attempt to cultivate budded Roses who cannot distinguish the brier should it appear, or who is too careless or indifferent to dig down at once and cut the wild shoot clean off at the root, rubbing it smooth to prevent its starting again. Do this just as soou as you discover it. A very little experience will enable any one to dis- tinguish the brier. The canes are covered with minute thorns and bear seven leaflets, instead of the usual number of five. Should any doubt remain, follow the shoot down through the ground and if it starts below the collar, it is a brier. Remove it. These wild shoots usually appear a few inches outside of the regular growth, rarely inside; consequently there is little diffi- culty in detecting and removing them. Planting looses from Pots. — Should Roses grown on their own roots be preferred, they should be planted as soon as the spring weather has fairly settled and all danger of frost is over, that the plants may be fi^rmly established before the heat of summer. Roses planted late in the season never do well, as they cannot attain sufficient vigor to withstand the burning heat of our summer suu. The holes need only be made a little larger than the pot in which the plant is growing. Choose a cloudy day, or the time just before a rain, or late in the afternoon, and, after making the hole, knock the pot off by inverting the plant and striking the edge sharply on a firm siibstance (the handle of asp a d e which has been firmly placed in the ground in an upright position 2175. Flower of the Manetti Rose, will answer nicely). used as a stock. Press the ball of earth firmly between the hands to loosen the earth without injuring the roots, fill the hole with water, insert the plant a very little deeper than it stood in the pot, fill in with soil and pack the earth around firmly. Pot- 1366 ROSE ROSE grown plants will always require staking if the varie- ties are of upright growth. Tea i?ose.s. — Where the climate is too cold to winter out Tea Roses successfully, a charming effect can be obtained by planting in a bed 6 ft. in width, the rows one foot from the edge and 2 ft. apart, and the bed of any desired length or any multiple of 3 ft. A sectional frame made from tongued and grooved white pine fenc- ing, 2% ft. in height at the back and 2 ft. in front, fac- ing east or southeast and fastened together with hooks and eyes or screws, the whole covered with ordinary coldframe sash {6x3 ft.), will preserve the tender va- rieties through a severe winter. The sash should be freely opened when the temperature is above 30° F. and air admitted during the day when it is 10 or 15° lower. Always close before sunset and open as soon as the sun shines each morning. Opening the sash to keep the plants cool and prevent growtli is just as essential as covering to protect from cold, if abundance of flowers is desired. A few days' neglect in opening the sash when the temperature is above 30° will destroy most of the buds for the coming June, as they will be forced out, and one cold night will kill them. Protect from rains or snows, and do not water. Sufficient moisture reaches the roots from the outside to keep the plants in a healthy condition. The writer has a num- ber of Teas that have been grown successfully in such a bed for many years. They give hundreds of fine blooms from May until November and remain so vigorous that many of the new shoots are half an inch in diameter. 2176. A typical dormant Rose GUnihing Boses.-Th.G^Q as it should be planted. make a very effective back- A. point where bud was inserted. g>^0""'^' -^^d if trained on a high wire fence give a beautiful display. The strong-growing varieties should be planted 8 ft. apart and will each easily fill a trellis 9 ft. high. They also look well trained on the house porch, but are much more likely to be attacked by insect enemies tliere than when planted in the open, where the birds have free access to them, with no fear of disturbance. The birds will not do good work where they are in constant danger of interruption, so Roses grown on porches are usually attacked by aphides and slugs, the leaves becoming riddled and skeletonized, which rarely occurs when they are planted in the open. If Roses are wanted around porches the Microphyllae, white and pink, and the Crimson Rambler can be safely planted, as they are not attacked by the slug, but the blooms do not compare favorably with many other Roses of their habit. The other varieties can also he grown around porches, provided that they can be planted where the drippings from the roof will not fall upon them and they are kept free from slugs. This can be accomplished by free syringing with the hellebore in- fusion to be described lati-,r on. Only a few of the climbing Teas can be grown suc- cessfully in the latitude of Philadelphia. Many of the finer varieties are worthless here, in spite of all the pro- tection that can be given them, unless they are covered with glass. Lamarque, Bouquet d'Or, Cloth of Gold, Triomphe de Rennes, Mar^chal Niel and Reve d'Or have, in the writer's experience, all perished in the first winter, but Reine Marie Henriette, Gloire de Dijon, William Allen Richardson and Celine Forestier will do well and yield satisfactory results. The finest climbing Tea for this latitude is Reine Mai'ie Henriette. It blooms finely and makes a magnificent growth, as may be seen in Fig. 2177. The trellis is 10 ft. wide and S) ft. high. These varieties should be pruned sparingly by simply shortening-in the too vigorous shoots and cutting the laterals back to two ej'es. Tie all to the trellis in a fan shape, dividing the space as evenly as possible. Fig. 2178 shows the same Reine Marie Henriette pruned and trained on trellis. These continue in flower until November, the early bloom in June being the finest, but many good Roses may be gathered throughout the summer and autumn. With the hardy June-flowering varieties the writer has not had much experience and 2177. Reine Marie Henriette. the finest climbing Tea Rose for the latitude of Philadelphia. This shows the vigorous growth, the trellis being 10 feet wide and 9 feet high. can only recommend Crimson Rambler and Cheshunt Hybrid from actual observation. Both of these are effective in their masses of bloom for about three weeks in each year. Space has been so precious in the garden from which these notes were made that only the most satisfactory varieties were cultivated, and such kinds as Baltimore Belle and Prairie Queen do not compare favorably with others that occupy no more room and give much more gratifying results. Syhrid Sweetbriers. — The recent introduction of the Marquis of Penzance Hybrid Sweetbriers is a val- uable addition to our collection. All of t'he 16 varie- ties given in the accompanying list are desirable. The . foliage is abundant, healthy, vigorous and fragrant, and the exquisite shading of each variety forms a beautiful contrast with the others. It would be difficult to choose among them, for all are worthy of a place in any garden where there is sufftcient space for them to revel. They should have a high trellis and be planted fully 8 ft. apart. The only pruning necessary is to shorten back over-vigorous growth and occasionally remove some of the oldest shoots to prevent overcrowding. Pruning the dwarf -growing Hybrid Perpefuals may be commenced late in March and can be regulated by the quantity or quality of the blooms desired. If the ef- fect of large masses be wanted, 4 or 5 canes may be left 3 ft. in height and all very old or weak growth entirely removed. This will give a large number of flowers, effec- tive in the mass but small and with short, weak foot- stalks scarcely able to support the weight of the heads and not effective as cut-flowers, as this sort of pruning is entirely for outside show. After the bloom is entirely over, the long shoots should be shortened back, that the plant may make good and vigorous wood for the next season of bloom. But if quality be desired, all weak growth should be removed, every remaining healthy cane retained and cut back to 6 or 8 inches. Always cut just above an outside bud, to make an open head tliat will admit light and air freely. After the first season's growth, there maybe about three canes to be retained, but with . good care and cultivation the number will increase yearly, until after 15 or 20 years there will he at least as many canes to be utilized. The writer 2178. lUustratinff the pruning of ^^^ 'i- H^^l ?'^e»* ?^ ^'J^^^ the Rose shown in Fig. 2177. ^^'<^'^ planting, m which each plant, after close pruning, will measure from 15-18 inches in diameter, each cane throwing up from four to sis shoots 1 or 2 ft. in length and sufficiently vigorous in most varieties to hold up the largest flowers and to give magnificent speci- men flowers for cutting. Roses grown in this way do not ROSE ROSE 1567 need stakes. They are suflicientl^- strong and vigorou?^ to hold erect any weight they may he called upon to bear; but late in the autumn, before the high gales of November arrive, they shouhl be cut back to about 2 ft. to prevent their being whipped by the winds, tor this would loosen the plant and break the newly-formed feeding roots. The plant should not be cut back to the point suggested for spring pruning, as in the hot Indian summer the upper eyes will surely be forced out aud the promised blooms for the ensuing season destroyed; so in pruning for protection from November blasts, enough wood should be left to avoid all danger of the lower buds being forced out. The upper buds always develop earliest. Some varieties will not produce large footstalks under any method of treatment, notably Prince Camille de Rohan, La Rosarie and Rosiei'iste Jacobs; but almost all the other kinds do better under this method than any other, if quality is desired. Pruning Divarf-groiving Tea i^ose.s. — Tea Roses will not endure such vigorous cutting back as the Hybrid Remontants. All good strong shoots should be retained unless they form a very close head, when it is better to remove a few from the center. The caues should be shortened about one-third of their length, the branches cut back to 1 or 2 eyes, and after each period of bloom the longest shoots should be trimmed back sparingly. Bourbons need even less trimming. Souvenir de Mal- maison, Mrs. Paul and others of this class should have only the weak ends of each shoot removed, aud no more wood cut away than is necessary to remove weak and unhealthy portions; otherwise very few flowers will be produced. Cultivation.—^uBt before growth commences in the spring, the surplus rough manure should be removed from the beds and all the remaining fine particles forked in. Deep cultivation is not desirable, as the roots are likely to be injured or broken. Three inches in depth is quite suffiicient to cultivate a bed that has not been trampled upon, and this should be done with a 4- tined digging-fork, which is less likely to cause injury to roots than a spade. The beds should then be neatly edged and the surface raked off smooth and even. Fre- quent stirring of the surface with a sharp rake is all that is necessary afterwards, until the buds begin to develop. Then half a gallon of weak liquid manure ap- plied around the roots of each plant just before a shower will be eagerly appreciated and assimilated. The manure water should be prepared beforehand, and as soon as a good promise of rain appears, all hands should be called into service and every plant given a full ration. One person should dig a shallow trench with a garden trowel around each plant, the next follow and fill with the liquid manure, being careful to avoid be- smirching the leaves; afterwards the bed can be raked over level and the rain will wash the dainty food to the eager roots, and thrift and glory will result. This feed- ing may be repeated with benefit every week until the season of bloom is over, after which stimulation should cease and the plants be permitted to perfect the new wood for the nest season's growth. Little pruning is necessary with "cut-backs." So much wood has been removed in gathering the blooms that but little more is left than is needed to keep the plants vigorous and healthy. There is another advantage from the system of close pruning: all growths are so strong aud vigor- ous that they are better able to resist any inroads either of insects or disease. The greenfly seldom ap- pears, but when detected may be readily kept down by repeated syringing with tobacco-water or Quassia infusion. The belief that Roses exhaust the soil in a few years and require to be changed into new ground is generally accepted, and is true in most cases; but when beds are formed as previously described and budded Roses planted, the vigorous feeding roots fl^nd suflicient nutri- ment in their far-reaching growth to support a healthy development of wood aud flowers for many years, espe- cially if a generous top-dressing of manure be applied each autumn and liquid manure supplied liberally dur- ing the development of the buds. A top-dressing of wood ashes after the first spring cultivation will restore the potash to the soil and materially increase the vigor of the wood and flowers. 99 Insect Mnemies. — The most formidable is the Rose beetle, which revels in the petals and buds of our choicest plants, usually selecting the light-colored varieties and working havoc and ruin wherever he appears. Hand-picking is the only effective remedy, and a quart can half filled with kerosene oil is a good place into which to drop the ofCender. He is easily caught when discovered, as he may readily be upon examination of each bud and flower. The aphis or greenfly is found on the extreme ends of the shoots and young buds. This is the cow of the ants and is tended and milked by them. The aphis in- creases with enormous rapidity, and unless destroyed robs the plant of its vitality by sucking out the sap. A decoction of tobacco stems is made by half filling a barrel with refuse stems from a tobacco factory and filling the barrel with water. After this has been macerated, syringe the plants everyday with the decoc- tion until the enemy is defeated. In extreme cases, where the aphis has become firmly established, the remedy proposed by Mr. B. R. Cant, an English rosarian, may be required. He says: "Take four ounces of Quassia chips and boil them ten minutes in a gallon of soft water; strain it and while cooling dissolve in it four ounces of soft soap (orwhale-oil soap). To this may be added another gallon or two of water. The plants should be syringed with this and all badly infested shoots dipped into it. Pure water should follow the next day to cleanse the shoots." If, at the first appear- ance of these pests, the finger and thumb are used to rub them off and destroy them, much subsequent trouble will be saved. Slugs are usually found on the under side of the leaves and vaeLj be discovered by the skeletonized appearance of the leaf. To destroy them, make a decoction of powdered white hellebore, with one heap- ing tablespoonful to a pail (about four gallons) of boil- 2179. Climbing Jules Margottin { X K)- One of the Hybrid Climbing Roses. See p. 1564. ing water. After cooling, apply with a syringe or, better, with a whisk broom. Push the top of the plant away with the left hand and, with the broom dipped in the solution, throw the drug up and against the leaves. One thorough application will usually suffice, but if the slug has appeared in previous years, anticipate his com- 1568 ROSE ROSE iug and apply the hellebore solution before any mischief has been done and repeat later, should any evidences of his presence be detected. This aggressive offender is the larva of a small winged moth, and the presence of any insect of this sort in the vicinity of a Rose should always be regarded with suspicion. The bark louse, or white scale, survives the winters and is usually found on old wood. It can best be treated before the growth begins in the spring. A solution of fifteen grains of corrosive sublimate to one pint of water, brushed over the stalks wherever the lice harbor, will speedily destroy all. As corrosive sublimate is a very powerful poison, great care should be taken in its use. List of Roses that have been tested by the writer and can be recommended for gardens: Hybrid Perpetual Hoses. — Alfred Golomb, Alfred K. Williams, Annie Wood. Baroness Rothschild; Captain Hayward, Caroline d'Arden, Charles Lefebvre, Clio, Countess of Oxford, Diusmore, Dr. Andry, Duke of Edinburgh, Duke of Teck, Etienue Levet, Eugenie Verdier, Fisher Holmes, Francois jMichelon, General Jacqueminot, Giant of Battles, Heinrieh Schultheis, Her Majesty, James Browulow, Jeannie Dickson, John Hopper, James D. Paul, Lady Helen Stewart, Mabel Morrison, Madame Gabriel Luizet, Magna Charta, Marchioness of Lome, Margaret Dickson, Marie Bau- mann, Marie Verdier, Merveille de Lyon, Mrs. John La- ing, Mrs. R. G. Sharraan Crawford, Paul Neyron (Fig. 21G9), Pride of Waltham, Prince Arthur, Prince Camille de Rohan, Rosslyn, Rev. J. B. M. Camui, Suzanne Mario Rodocanachi, Ulrich Brunner, Xavier Olibo. Hijltrid jTe'?. — Augustine Guiuoiseau, Captain Christy, Caroline Testout, Gloire Lyonuaise, Kaiserin Augusta Victoria, Madame Josejjh Combet, Miss Ethel Richard- son, Souvenir du President Carnol:, Souvenir de Madame Eugenie Verdier, Viscountess Folkestone. Mr. Alexander B. Scott recommends the following additional H. T. varieties: Antoine Rivoire, Baldwin, Bessie Brown, Gruss an Teplitz, Killarney, Lady Clan- morris, Madame Jules Grolez. Tea-scented ii^o.ses. — Alphonse Karr, CoratesseRiza du Pare, Duchesse de Brabant, Etoile de Lyon, Fraucisca Kruger, Innocente Pirola, Isabella Sprunt, Madame Lamhard, Madame Moreau, Maman Cochet, Madame Josei.)h Schwartz, Marie van Houtte, Papa Gontier, Sa- frano. Souvenir d'un Ami, The Queen, White Maman Cochet. 3I0SS Bases. — Covate&se de Murinais, Blanche Moreau, Crimson Globe, Laneii, Princess Adelaide. Climbing iJose-s.— Crimson Rambler, Cheshunt Hy- brid, Gloire de Dijon, Celine Forestier, Reine Marie 2180. The old-fashioned yellow upright Rose (X %)■ Ilenriette, Pink Microphylla, White Microphylla, Madame Alfred Carriere. Hybrid Siveetbrlers.— Amy Robsart, Annie of Geier- stcin, Brenda, Catherine Seyton, Edith Bellenden, Flora Mclvor, Green Mantle, .Jeannie Deans, -Julie Mannering, Lady Penzance, Lord Penzance, Lucy Ashton, Lucy Bertram, Meg Merrilies, Minna, Rose Bradwardine. The Hybrid Wichuraianas look promising, but have not been tested by the writer. It Is not intended that this list is by any means com- plete. There must be many good Roses that will do well under favorable conditions of which the writer has no personal knowledge. The collection is sufficiently large. I'-fey' \'''^l 2181. Rosa ruEOsa (X>^). ',// K| however, for a beginning, and any one V who has the time, energy and means may add to it, if he can bear disappointment cheerfully If one in a dozen of the highly lauded va- rieties in the dealers' cataloKues prove satisfactory, the experimenter should he well satisfied. He can dig out and throw awaj' the other eleven and try it again, in the hope that he may find a new queen worthy of his hom- age. Much of the charm of growing Roses is derived from the accurate knowledge of each variety by name. Yet few amateurs ever accomplish this, chietly because the labels have been lost or misplaced, and not infrequently a plant becomes known to the cultivator by a name be- longing to a neighboring specimen whose label has been misplaced, and replaced on the wrong plant. To obviate this a record should be made in a book kept for the pur- pose, with a chart for each bed. This should he done at once after the plants are set out and before the labels have become detached. Many vexatious mistakes might be prevented by some such plan as the following: 1 to 6. Her Majesty, 7 to 12. Margaret Dickson, 8 to 15. Gloire LyoTinaise, 16 to 20. White Baroness. Robert Huey. Garden Eoses near Chicago. — Climatic conditions surrounding the bluff lands bordering Lake Michi- gan, some twenty miles north of Chicago, are not congenial to the successful cultivation of outdoor Roses as a class, and only those possessing the most robust constitution among the Hybrid Perpetuals should be grown. Ample winter protection must be given along the lines imlicatcd in the article in this work entitled Winter Protect in it. The soil is all that could be de- sired, being a rich yellow clay loam. The trouble seems to be in the severity of the winters, where heavy falls of snow are infrequent, and the springs late and fickle, warm winds from the southwestern prairies alternating with chilling moisture-laden breezes from the lake. The beds are excavated to a depth of 2 ft., good drainage given, and then filled with a compost of rotted Plate XXXVI. Rose. American Beauty. ROSE ROSE 1569 sod and cow niainire. Each spring following, some ma- nure and bone meal is forked into the surface. Liquid manure is given in June when the Boses are in full bloom, and a few times thereafter. The Roses are thoroughly spra5'ed with Bordeaux mixture when the leafage is fairly out, and once every three or four weeks 2182. Russian form of Rosa rugosa (X Kl- afterwards. Hand-picking seems the best method of destroying the worms affecting the buds, and frequent drenchings with the hose abolish the other enemies. In the fall the canes are bent down and fastened to the base of their neighbors, and remain procumbent until the spring cutting-in, which is delayed as late as possi- ble in order not to incite too early a start and to force the buds to "break" low down. After the leaves used in the winter protection have been removed, and the board roof also, the sides of the "box" are allowed to remain a short time in order to shield from the winds. The winter of 1898-9 was \inusually severe and did more damage to the Roses and other material than any other winter which the writer has experienced at Highland Park. Following is a list of the so-called Hy- brid Remontants (H. R. ) that wintered then — under pro- tection—and came out in good condition. These varie- ties may therefore be considered the most suitable for this and kindred climates: Prince Camille de Rohan, H. R. ; Magna Charta, H. Ch. ; Mrs. R. Or. Sharman Craw- ford, H. R. ; General Jacqueminot (Rousselet). H. R. ; Captain Christy, H. T. (Hybrid Tea); La Rosiere, H. E.; Captain Hayward, H. R.; Mrs. Paul, Bour. ; Gar- den Favorite, H. R. ; Louis Van Houtte, H. R. ; Paul Neyron, H. R. (Fig. 2109); John Hopper, H. R. The following dozen were in fair condition after the winter and recovered their form during the season : Mme. Victor Verdier, H. B. ; Pierre Netting, H. R. ; Anne de Diesbach, H. R. ; Ulrich Brunner, H. R. ; Bar- onne Prevost, H. R. ; Eugene Furst, H. R. ; Prince of Wales, H. R. ; Alfred Colomb, H. R. ; Lyonnaise, H. R. ; Mme. Gabriel Luizet, H. R. ; Countess of Oxford, H. R. The list of those that winter-killed is too numerous to give, but it is a singular fact that the first list contains forms classed among the Teas and Bourbons. Of the climbing forms that were unprotected, Sosa setigera and its offspring, Prairie Queen, were somewhat injured ; but Greville (Seven Sisters), Crimson Rambler, Thalia, Paul's Carmine Pillar, Multiflora and the Dawson Rose were in fairly good condition when wintered under protection. The failures even when protected were Aglaia, Alister Stella Gray, Euphrosyne, Russell's Cottage, Baltimore Belle, Tennessee Belle. The typical Sweetbriers proved hardy unprotected, but the hybrids of them were killed. Protected J?. Wichuraiana and its hybrids killed back to the roots ; B, rur/osa and most of its hybrids, especially those of Jackson Daw- son and Prof. J. L. Budd, unprotected, were all right; Mme. Georges Bruant (Pig. 2Ui!)), protected, was killed. Most of the Moss Roses stood well unprotected, espe- cially Cnslcil Mr)ss. Clothilile S()U]iert and Hermosa are the best bedders for permanent planting when protected, and the so- called Fairy Roses stand fairly well, especially Mile. C'ecile Brunner. Papa Gontier and Kaiserin Augusta Victoria are among the best of the more tender class that require the protection of a pit in winter. They seem to stand the biennial root disturbance well. La France browns in the bud under our sun, and, strange to relate, the writer cannot grow that splendid Rose Mrs. -John Laing successfully, either on its own roots or budded. I^. ruhrifolia (or femiginea), J?., apinosis- shna, var. Alfaica, R. nitida, 7i*. lucida and li. hnmilis were hardy without protection. ^fJ _ q Egan. Future Eoses for the Prairie States.— West of Lake Michigan, and north of the 42<1 parallel, the fine Eoses grown in the open air in the eastern and southern states can be grown only by systematic pruning and winter covering. Of well-known old varieties hardy enough to winter without protection, the list is short. Madame Plantier, White Harison, and Eosa rugosa with some of its hybrids, are hardy between the 40th and 4ith parallel, and still farther north the East Eu- ropean B. rugosa and such of its hybrids as Snow- light^ Empress of the North and JRosa majalis fl . pi., are grown successfully. Pigs. 2181 and 2182 show forms of Sosa rugosa; also Figs. 2162-G4. Of the newer hybrids of R. rugosa now quite widely tested, the most desirable are L A. 0. (Fig. 2183), Ames, Madame Georges Bruant (Pig. 2184), Madame Charles Frederick Worth, and Thusnelda. Kaiserin (Fig. 2185) is also to be commended. It is suggestive that these have come from crossed seeds of what is known in Europe as Rosa rugosa,var. Reg&liana (p. 1556), and which w^e know as the Russian Rosa rtigosa. The first two named came from seeds of Rosa Regeliaua introduced by the writer in 1883 crossed with pollen of General Jacqueminot, and the last three were developed from seeds of R. Regeliana in Germany as stated by L. Spath, of Eixdorf near Berlin. They are all fine double Eoses of the class shown in Fig. 2183, of the two produced at Ames, and all have retained to a large extent the foliage and habit of blooming of R. rugosa. The Russian R. rugosa as introduced from Russia by the writer is divided into two very distinct classes. The one from the Amur valley in 2183. The I. A. C. Rose (X ^). One of the best hybrids of liosa rugosa for the prairie states. (I. A. C.=lowa Agvioultural College.) North Central Asia is a very strong, upright grower with lighter colored bark, stronger thorns, thicker and more rugose leaves, and larger flowers than the Japan type, but its hips are smaller. The one from Russia in Europe is spreading and pendent in habit. When 4 ft. in height it has a spread of top of fully 6 ft. Its leaves 1570 KOSE ROSE also have a darker shade of green than the Japanese type, and its buds are longer, more pointed, and show between the narrow folded petals shades of rich red and crimson. Its clusters of flowers also differ, as it has four to five flower-buds together, while the Jai:)anese type has only two to three. In addition, we now know by trial that lioth these Russian types may be gi'owu suc- cessfully two degrees farther north than the Japanese H. rugosa. The work of crossing the Russian i?. rugosa began at the Iowa Agricultural College in June, 1892. The pollen of over a dozen of the best garden varieties was used, but that of General Jacqueminot was used most exten- sively, as it produces pollen most freely. The final result was quite unexpected, as no double variety with I'ugose leaves was produced when the pollen of any variety was used except that of General Jacqueminot. From 497 flowers of i2. rugosa fertilized with pollen from General Jacqueminot, we grew 255 plants. From these we were able to select over 20 varieties with double flowers ranging in number of petals froin 15 to 150, with handsome rugosa foliage and surprising vigor of growth. Nearly all showed the crimson color of petals of the male parent. At the same time we pollinated the blossoms of our native species I^osa blanda and Sosa Arkansana with pollen of General Jacqueminot and other Hybrid Per- petuals, but wholly without valuable results, as the crosses seemed too violent. Most of the hybrids showed modified foliage and habit of growth, but all except three bore single flowers. The three double varieties developed blossom-buds freely, but in no cases have the blossoms expanded into perfect flowers. Wben appar- ently ready to expand they began to turn black in the center and drop ofi". It is also well to state that the pollen of White and Yellow Harison used on Mosa rugosa, var. Hegeliana, developed remai*kably vigorous hybrids which gave clusters of promising buds, but up to the present not a single flower-bud has fully ex- panded. The late E. S. Carman, however, reported better results with this cross of Harison's Yellow and rugosa (A. G. 1890, p. ii6d), and a picture of one of his hybrids is shown in Fig. 2180. As in Europe, our marked success has been with the pollen of General Jacqueminot, which seems to show a near afliuity to all the types of M. rugosa. With increased experience other cultivated varieties will be discovered that will cross in a profitable way with JR. rtigosa. and still others will be found that will ci'oss profitably with our native species. At present, how- ever, the east European B. rugosa seems to be the most promising progenitor of the future Roses of the North- west. We already have fine double varieties with 60 petals, such as the I. A. C, with the rich color of General Jacqueminot and the fine leaves of J?, rugosa. The main trouble at present is in propagation. As with the type, the best hybrids of R, rugosa are difficult to grow from cuttings. We find that they can be budded readily on strong seedlings of our native species. It may be in the near future that the seeds of the large-growing Wild Roses of the Black Hills will be used by propagators for stock-growing. When that time comes we already have varieties hardy enough for the North that compare favorably with the best varieties of more equable climates. Sti-ong-growing stocks are advised, as the vigor of some of the hybrids is remark- able. On the writer's la'mi is a bush of the Ames variety three years old that stands 7 ft. high, with several stems three-fourths of an inch in diameter. J. L. BUDD. Roses in Southern Caliiornia. — In many localities in southern California the Queen of Flowers attains a per- fection probably found nowhere else. That this perfec- tion is not general throughout southern California is partially owing to adverse conditions, such as great range of temperature during each twenty-four hours, heavy fogs at critical periods, etc., but as a rule, failure in whole or in part is due to the lack of intelligent treat- ment. The chief obstacle to successful culture is the attempt to produce blooms every day of the year. Although this practice is quite an impossibility with any Rose, the evil is still persisted in by ninety-nine in every hundred possessors of a garden. While Roses are grown in great profusion in Los Angeles, few, if any, do as well here as in Pasadena, which, although only nine miles distant, has the advantage of being several hundred feet higher than Los Angeles, and therefore less subject to fog or great range in daily temperature. In some places a certain few Roses will produce an astonishingly fine crop of bloom, when but a mile or two distant, with no change of soil and very slight difference in altitude, they will be utterly ■worth- less; while a like number of other varieties will give as good returns as those first mentioned. Consequently the common inquii'y at a nursery as to "What are the best dozen Roses I can grow?" is usually met by the equally pertinent query: "In what part of the city do yoii live?'' Many Roses do fairly well everywhere, and among these Duchesse de Brabant more nearly produces a con- tinuous crop of blossoms than any other. For this reason it stands in a class by itself and is not consid- ered in the appended list of the best dozen Roses for southern California, though every one should grow at least one bush of this variety. Along with the Duchesse might well be placed the Polyantha Madame Cecil Brunner, and the climbers Cherokee, Banksia, Ophire (or Gold of Opbir), Beaiity of Glazenwood or Fortune's Double Yellow. All these produce most wonderful crops, but none more so than tbe last mentioned, which iu favored regions produces a wealth of flowers simply dazzling to behold. Many well-known Californian writers assert that Gold of Ophir and Beauty of Glazen- wood are one and the same Rose, but this is by no means the case and the writer can furnish satisfactory ocular proof to any who choose to doubt this statement. Gold of Ophir was here for many years before the other made its appearance, and some of the original plants are still growing on many of the old homesteads of Los Angeles and vicinity. All the Roses named thus far are worthy of a place in any garden. One of the chief causes ol failure by the average amateur is the lack of an intelligent knowledge of the plant's first requirement— recurring periods of absolute rest. These necessary resting periods are best secured by the witbholding of the water supply. Most amateurs, and a majority of self-styled "gardeners," persist, against all rules of common sense, in planting Roses either in the lawn or in mixed borders with other plants. In either case, all but the Roses require a con- stant watering. Having planted in this fashion, the grower has cast away all chances of first-class results. Rose beds should never be made a feature in landscape gardening, as the plants when dormant and judiciously pruned are unsightlj' objects at best. The most obscure spot obtainable with the proper exposure is the place to grow flowers. To obtain the best results the Rose requires tbe same amount of rest here that it secures where the winter season leaves the grower no alterna- tive. But the same amount of rest may here be given semi-annually, with equally as good and perhaps better results than is possible with one long annual period of inactivity. The writer firmly believes that with a proper exercise of intelligence in the selection of varieties and subse- quent care of plants, better results can be obtained in California than in any other state in the Union. Though some few localities must be excepted, they form but a very small area and may be passed with a mere men- tion of their existence. Climate is the all-important feature of Rose culture in this section, and if that be satisfactory the character of the soil makes little dif- ference. Our dry summer air is a serious drawback to the growth of many Roses, there being few places wbeie Moss Roses thrive, and these miist be grown in whole or partial shade. Niphetos and Marechal Neil are good examples of Roses requiring partial shade if good re- sults are desired. Many localities cannot grow the two last mentioned, or such as Perle des Jardins, Meteor, Catherine Mermet, Francisca Kruger, Reine Marie Henriette, and many others, on account of mildew. Even among varieties whose buds are immune, it is often impossible to get foliage unafl^ected. Injudicious watering is more largely to blame for these unfavorable conditions than any other agency. Laurette is a Rose which often produces the only perfect flowers to be ROSE fouud among a miiidred varieties, aud this is particu- larly the case in places visited by heavy frosts, Ijati- rette remaining unseathed, while all others are more or less blasted. The great Rose of the eastern United States, American Beauty, is almost a complete failure here and is not worth growing except in a very few, well-favored gardeus, and even there it is far from being perfect. Many Roses, too, are of little value here unless budded or grafted. Of this class Marechal Niel is the most striking example. Instances may be found where this Rose has thrived unusually on its own roots, bnt such cases are marked exceptions. Some few peo pie maintain that all Roses are best on their own roots, but such -opinions are easily refuted by con- sulting any of our veteran rosarians. The undersigned does not advise the purchase of any such stock, no matter how much is claimed for it, or how widely advertised it may be. The best Roses he has ever seen were root- grafted, but of course this procedure is too expensive for the general nurseryman, and the bulk of our local ROSE 1571 winter and spring. La Prance for many years was the leading Rose in California and grow well, budded or on its own roots, in almost any locality, but is now rapidly becoming a thing of the past, though it can never be wholly disc XT led for it is still, in a few gardens, the queen ot the tamily. Its involuntary retirement from oui Rose gudens is due entirely to a "die back" (an- thiacnose), which affects many other plants than the Rose but seems to have a special liking for La France. Thus tai no cuie has been touud. 2184. Full-blown flower of Madame Georges Bruant Rose. Natural size stock is budded on Manetti or Maiden's Blush, though the Dog Rose {Sosa canina) and even the Banksia are often used. Those Roses grown on their own roots are usually propagated from hardwood cuttings, grown out of doors, and December is usually the best month, though the writer has successfully rooted them from October to March, according to the variety. Rust bothers us but little; likewise scale, though in many neglected gardens the bush and climbers alike may be found covered with both the rose scale and the red scale of the orange. Fuller's rose beetle is a nuisance only in small areas, but green aphis is quite a pest in Below will be found a list of the best dozen bush and half dozen climbing Roses for southern Cali- fornia, compiled from lists furnished the writer by the best six nurserymen and growers in Los Angeles. An increasing demand for Maman Cochet is quite marked, and the few White Maman Cochet yet grown here seems to mark it as the coming white Ruse for this section. The following lists place the varieties in the order of their desirability for either florist or fancier, when grown out of doors : Bush Bases. — Marie Van Houtte, Madame Lambard, Maman Cochet, Papa Gontier, Kaiserin Augusta Vic- toria, Laurette, The Bride, Catherine Mermet, Meteor, Perle des Jardins, Caroline Testout, Elise Sauvage. C//»i?)er.s. — Lamarque, Marechal Niel, Climbing Sou- venir de Wootton, R6ve d' Or, Reine Marie Henriette, Gloire de Dijon. This list will be found to be the best for Los Angeles and vicinity in general. The intelli- gent nurseryman or careful purchaser should be able to make the slight changes required by peculiar condi- tions. To Mr. Frank Huston, nurseryman of Los Angeles, the writer is indebted for many valuable points con- tained in this article; also to Mr. W'm. S. Lyon, whose little booklet, "Gardening in California," contains the best practical treatise on Rose-growtng ever published on this coast. Ernest Braunton. 1572 KOSE ROSE Some Eecent Kose Hybrids [Sosa muititcora, B. rti- gosa and H. Wichuraiana crossed with various types). — It is now about sixteen years since the undersigned Oecame interested in liybridizing Roses, especially ^ . 2185. Rosa rugosa. var. Kaiserin (X y^). R. multiflora (the Japanese type), -S. rugosa and M, Wichuraiana. The earliest experiments were made with H. multiflora, the object being first to obtain colored flowers and afterwards to get double ones, but always to keep the hardiness and habits of growth of M. multiflora. There are few pillar or half-pillar Roses that will stand our New England climate without pro- tection, and therefore this type was chosen as the hardiest, and effort was made to retain its strong constitution and later to get other improvements. How far the writer has been successful may be judged by his exhibits at the Massachusetts Horti- cultural shows and by a visit to the Arboretum. This work, started by some others as well as the undersigned, has been the means of having these new types of Roses taken up by the growers, 9,nd there are many possibilities for improvement. There seems to be no reason why they should not be as fine for use in the garden as the Hybrid Per- petuals are for flowers. The first cross made by the writer was with General Jacqueminot, R. tnnltiflora being the female pai'ent, and the result was anything hut satisfactory. At last a break was made. All sorts of forms were secured, some resembling both parents in flower aud foliage, but most of them were worthless. Two were saved, one with large clusters of double purplish Roses, fully as large as Jacqueminot, with a big stem closely set with heavy spines, a long, rampant growth unlike either parent, the foliage of a Hybrid Perpetual and flowers in clusters of 10 to 20. The other, the widely known Dawson Rose (silver medal Mass. Hort. Soc. 1894) has large clusters of bright rose flowers, 20 to 40 on a stem, bright shiny foliage and a strong growth, sometimes runniug up 15 feet or more in height. The writer again crossed JR. multiflora with Madame G. Luizet and obtained a half-climbing plaut with large, single white flowers in clusters. An attempt was then made to cross these three crosses with other choice Roses for still further improvement, but no perfect seeds were made except on the Dawson. By crossing the Dawson with other Roses several fine forms have been secured, beautiful types of cluster Roses, single, semi-double and double, all more or less with the habit of li. multiflora in the truss aud with white, peach, salmon, red and purple flowers. Attempts have been made in crossing the Yellow Harison Rose with the Dawson and B.. multiflora, but so far with no encour- aging results. The writer now has about 500 hybrids, three years old, made with differing varieties of Hybrid Teas and Yellow Harison on the Dawson, with results still to be determined. All these were crossed out of doors with every precaution possible, but the results are not so likely to be as good as when the work is done imder the more perfect control of the greenhouse. A cross between the Dawson aud Crimson Rambler has so far resulted in a single deep pink flower borne in clusters. In crossing M. rugosa with Jacqueminot every con- ceivable form was obtained, some with narrow pointed petals, some semi-double aud others single, dark and light colors. One had a deep rich crimson flower, darker if anything than Jacqueminot, very fragrant, with strong, heavy foliage, showing the influence of both parents. This seemed like a promising foundation for a fine race of hardy Roses, but for five years all efforts to get a single hip to mature when fertilized with others have been in vain. This is the Arnold Rose and received the silver medal of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society in 1893. In this batch of seedlings was one that was very double aud in color like Magna Charta, but unfor- tunately some one else wanted it and one day it disap- peared from the nursery. The writer has also crossed lib. rugosa with Yellow Harison, but as yet has obtained no yellow Roses of the Rugosa type. On the contrary, they are the biggest lot of mongrels one ever saw, in both foliage and flower. The Rugosa foliage is com- pletely obliterated, and the Harison retained, while the flowers are small aud generally a dirty salmon color. The writer was so disgusted with the lot that he threw them all away after working more than four years on them. Attention was next given to i?. Wichuraiana. The possibilities of crossing this seem to be unlimited. No Rose that the undersigned has ever tried yields so readily to hybridizing. The first attempt was with Jacqueminot, always using JR. Wichuraiana as the mother plant. Tiie results were excellent. While some plants were nearly i2. Wichuraiana they were entirely different in sha e and color; they had the clusters. 2186. A Rugosa hybrid— Hanson's Yellow X R. rueosa (X %). ROSE ROSE 1573 but the habit was hulf-scandent instead of prostrate. The tirst to bloom was single, delicate rose with a nearly white center, a rampant grower, attaining 0-8 feet in a season; foliage fine, somewhat resembling the Bour- bons, but also retaining the gloss of B. Wichuraiana. So far it has produced no seeds. Another was of medium growth, with bright shiny leaves and clusters of double purplish pink flowers, fading to lilac. The best of the lot has been named W. C Egan, and received the silver medal of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society in 1896. This is, without doubt, one of the finest hybrids of R. Wicharaiana at present. The flowers are in large clusters and very double, of a delicate flesh color, resembling Souvenir de la Malmaisou almost exactly, but somewhat smaller; the foliage is also like Malmai- son but brighter. It is perfectly hardy in the nursery and elsewhere without protection. Ne.Kt M. Wicharaiana was fertilized with pollen from B. setUjera, and while decided crosses were ob- tained the results were not altogether satisfactory. One of the best was saved for future use. The flowers are in color near R. setigera, aud the growth prostrate as in B. l'Ktc7ri(ratajia, but shorter jointed. The plant is very hardy. B. Wichuraiana was next crossed with B. rugosa, with more than pleasant results; Lady Dun- can, silver medal from the Massachusetts Horticultural Society in 1900, having the prostrate, long, rampant growth of the mother, while the Rugosa blood shows in the foliage spines and flowers, these last being a warm, lively pink and making a delightful contrast to the yel- low stamens. Another is somewhat deeper in color but of less vigorous growth. A curious fact concerning these extreme crosses is that not one of the Wichuraiana hybrids described above will set seed, no matter how treated. From B. Widiuralana impregnated by Crim- son Rambler has been obtained thus far only single, pale pink bloom and foliage intermediate between the two, but with the creeping habit of the mother. B. Wichuraiana fertilized by Belle Siebrecht loses its character except to a slight degree in the foliage; the habit is erect, strong and with stout spines; the flowers are single, rosy pink. This plant, if it will set seeds, may produce an entirely new strain. B, Wichuraiana crossed with Clothilde Soupert makes plants less vigor- ous than itself; the foliage recalls both parents aud the double flowers are in color like Soupert. B. Wich- uraiana crossed with B. Indica, var. carnea has pro- duced one with rich crimson flowers, single, with foli- age neither as glossy nor as strong as its mother, but with the same creeping habit: unnamed silver medal, Massachusetts Horticultural Society, 1899; this bids fair to be the forerunner of a fine race. B. Wichuraiana crossed with Trioinphe de Luxembourg (hyb. China) has given several distinct forms, one with double rosy purple flowers in clusters and creeping habit; another is double, light pink with shining leaves. B. Wich- uraiana crossed by Bardon Job has given a single-clus- ter Rose similar to Carmine Pillar, and the writer has many other crosses between B. Wichuraiana and dif- ferent Tea Roses and B. repens (arcensis) with double and single flowers ranging in color from white to rosy pink and salmon; there are few of these seedlings which do not have some merit, and all can probably be improved. The crosses between B. Wichuraiana, Jacqueminot, B. rui/osa and Belle Siebrecht will not bear seeds, but those with varieties of B, Indica bear seeds freely. Attempts will now be made to cross those of satisfactory color with the Hybrid Perpetuals and Hybrid Teas. Several seedlings of crosses between Crimson Rambler and Wichuraiana have recently flowered. The result was extraordinary, no two being alike and each individual was a different shade of color, ranging from a pale rose to a deep rosy purple and from single to double. The best of this cross is a very double Rose, larger than Crimson Rambler. Compared with the carnations Melba and Marquis, the fresh flowers are nearer to Melba, while the flowers of a week old are nearer to Marquis. They are so near the color of these two carnations that put in the midst of the two flowers it is almost impos- sible to tell the difference between the two carnations and the Rose. The habit is of Wichuraiana, and the foliage is more brilliant. The plant grows 5 to 6 feet iti a season, lying close to the ground. There is no doubt that this is oue of the best hybrids of Wichuraiana yet known regarding color, foliage and flower. In summing up the experiments of these hybrids, it is well to say that possibly more highly colored Roses might have been produced, but it would have been at the expense of their hardiness. In making these crosses the writer has always care- fully removed the stamens before there were any signs of anthers opening, cutting through the petals while in bud. A gauze covering was placed over the flowers both before aud after impregnation, to guard against insects. To keep the record, names and date on a small wooden tally were attached to the cluster. Sometimes the yield in seeds is poor enough, only one in a hip and many times none. The writer is always doubtful of the cross when the fruit is too full of seeds. As B. Wichuraiana opens after the other Roses have passed, it is a good plan to pot up a few and bring them into the green- house in March; they will then bloom at the same time the Hybrids, and others, are in flower out of doors. All Roses can be prepared and pollinated in the greenhouse more easily and with better results than in the open air. When the plants are protected from bad weather there is less danger that rain or dew will interfere with one's labors. A sharp knife, a pair of forceps, some fine gauze and a good hand-lens are sufficient tools for the work. Always examine the stigma to see if it is ripe, and, after applying the pollen, look again to see that there is plenty and in the right place. If the flowers which are to furnish the pollen are gathered early in the morning and then placed on a pane of glass in a warm greenhouse, the anthers can be opened much easier than if ief t longer on the plant. Moreover, there is less risk of the pollen having been contaminated by insects. Jackson Dawson. Propagation oi Roses. — The Rose is propagated by seed.'s, cuttintrs, grafting or budding, by layers and by division. The genus is so large and diversified and our requirements are so many that the whole art of the propagator is needed to satisfy the claims of the Queen of Flowers. Seeds. — Roses are grown from seeds not only to ob- tain new varieties but also because many true species are economically procured in this way, e. g., B. canina, B. muUiftora, B. hrrnginea, B. rugosa, B. rubiginosa, etc. The seeds should be gathered in autumn and at once stratified with moist sand or allowed to ferment in tubs, with a little water and kept in a fairly warm place. When well rotted they can be easily rubbed and washed clean and should be planted at once, either in carefully prepared and well-manured beds out of doors or in pans or flats in a cool greenhouse. It is sometimes advised that the hips should first be dried and then rubbed clean, but this method often causes delay in germination, a matter siifficiently troublesome without additional complications. Whether they are planted un- der glass or in the garden it is difficult to forecast their coming up. It may be within a few weeks, e. g., B. niultiflora under glass; or at the beginning of the sec- ond growing season after planting, e. g., Sweetbrier seed, planted out of doors in November, 1898, may be expected to germinate in the spring of 1900, while B. rugosa sown at the same time may come up the follow- ing spring, i. e., in 1899, or, a season intervening, it will appear with the Sweetbrier in 1900. Stratifying or fermenting the seeds tends to secure uniform germina- tion within a reasonable time. It has also been sug- gested, and many things confirm the idea, that early gathering helps to hasten germination; in other words, do not wait for excessive ripeness, but pick the hips as soon as the seeds harden, some time before the fruit is deep red. Until these matters are better understood, all Rose seed sown out of doors, either in autumn or spring, should be mulched 2 in. deep with pine needles or other litter. Frequent examinations should be made in spring and the covering at once removed when the seedlings appear; if they do not appear let the mulch remain to keep down weeds and retain moisture in the seed-bed. Pans or flats in which seed has been planted should be kept at least IS months before discarding, with the soil always moist. Notwithstanding the difficulties of ger- 1574 ROSE ROSE mination, the young seedlings make most satisfactory growth and can generally be transplanted into nursery rows when one year old. When two years old they are fit for permanent planting. A winter protection of pine boughs is helpful to the young plants. Some seedling Roses are extremely precocious, blooming before they are one year old, e. g., some Hybrid Perpetuals and Polv- antha Roses. The first flowers of seedling Roses do not always indicate their real character; in hybridizing it is well to wait for the second or third season before discarding. Cuttings. — These are a common means of propaga- tion, both under glass and out of dooi's. Under glass short cuttings 2-3 in. long can be made in November and December from wood of the current year's growth. They should be planted in sand, in flats or pans, and kept in a cool greenhouse. Tliey root in February or March, and can either be potted in thumb-pots or kept on in flats until May or June, when they should be planted out in rich beds; salable plants are obtained in October. This is a good way to strike i?. sefigera and its varieties. Crimson Rambler and its allies, li. multi- flora, R. poJyaniha, and their offspring, B. Wiclnirai- ana, Madame Plantier and doubtless many others. Rosa Indica, in all its forms, all tender species and many Hybrid Perpetual Roses are propagated by cut- tings of hardened wood grown under glass; Peter Hen- derson says the wood is in the best condition when the bud is "just open enough to show color." Blind eyes can also be used, and the smaller wood is better than the strong rampant growths. Plant in sand in a warm house; bottom heat and a close frame are often used but are not necessary. The cuttings are from 13^-2 in. long; single eyes strike readilj'. In the open air cuttings of ripened wood can be planted in spring in V-shaped trenches in carefully prepared and well-manured ground. They make strong plants in autumn. Wood of the season's growth is gathered be- fore severe frost, cut into 6-iu. lengths, tied in bundles, and stored througli the win- ter by burying in sand. When planted, one eye only should show above ground. This method is recommended for the hardy varieties named above for propagating from short cuttings under glass. u, ru[ 2187. Short hardwood cuttings of Rasa setieera. A single cutting is shown at the left. but will not give such a Large percentage of rooted plants. It is highly probable that some Moss Roses, li. lucida, B. Caroiina, H. spinosissima, etc., Roses which sucker, could be propagated by cuttings of root or rootstock, but no systenuitic attempt has been made in this direction. Budding and Grafting. — These are old and well-es- tablished methods of propagation. Budding in foreign nurseries is practiced in the open air in June and July, with us in July or August. A dormant shiekl bud is employed. The stock is if. Manetti, B. canina, or any good brier, or Ti". multiflora; in Holland B. Carolina is esteemed. In European nurseries J?, canina is used for standard, B. Manetti for dwarf stocks. Under glass Roses are budded also, with a shield-bud, at any season when the bark slips, using for stock a vigorous variety. About Boston the yellow and white Banksian Roses once had high local repute for stock for Tea and other tender kinds. Grafting Roses in the open air in this country is not often employed, but in the South Hybrid Perpetual and other hardy Roses are said to be root-grafted in winter (very much as apples are root-grafted), tied in bundles, stored in sand and planted otit in early spring, the worked portion being set well below the surface. Root- grafting is an easy and convenient method of propa- gation under glass. Jackson Dawson's practice is to use the whip- or splice-graft, but the veneer-graft is also employed, with bits of B. muttiflora root 2-3 in. long for the stock, the cion being somewhat longer but of equal diameter. They are firmly tied with raflia and waxed; made into bunches they are covered with moist moss in an open frame in a coolhouse and left until united. They are then potted off and grown on until they can l^e hardened off and planted out in May or June, the point of union being well below the surface. A specimen of Mr. Dawson's work is shown in Fig. 2188, the stock being a bit of B. multiHora root; its age is about three months. Bosa. multiflora is an ex- cellent stock for garden Roses, since it does not sucker; this great advantage, too, is also obtained by using the root-graft as above described. Some of the commercial florists use Manetti stock planted in thumb-pots. Cut back to the root, this is splice-grafted and kept in a warm, close frame until united; they are afterwards grown on in pots until large enough to plant out in the beds, in which they will flower the following winter. There is some difference of opinion among gardeners as to the respective merits of own -root and grafted plants; just now many of the foremost growers prefer the lat- ter for forcing. It is a perplexing question and could only be settled by a series of exact experiments costing much time and money. It is also quite possible that matters of temperature, soil, moisture and food are equally important factors. Layering. — This method is employed only when few plants are required; it is cumbersome and wasteful. Layer in spring, using wood of the last year's growth where possible; the bark of the buried portion should be abraded. Division. — This is an easy means of increasing B. lucida, B. nitida, B. Carolina, B. spino.sissitna, ^ Crimson Moss and many other varieties which / sucker. Plant thickly in good soil, allow them to grow from three to four years, then lift and tear apart. It will be found that the increase is large and that plants so obtained are salable after one 5'ear's growth in the nursery. The year in the nur- sery may be omitted with the quicker - growing kinds which are to form new plantations on the same estate ^ jj, Watson. Budded Roses vs. Eoses on their own Roots.— For the average amateur Rose planter, we cannot too strongly recommend the desirability of own -root plants. Scarcely one planter in a thousand is ob- serving enough to notice the difference between "suckers" or sprouts from the stock of a budded Rose and the variety that is budded in. Indeed, upon some varieties the growth is so similar as not to be readily noticed even by those familiar with Rose-growing. In consequence many purchasers of budded Roses allow these suckers or sprouts from the roots to grow up and, being usually of much more vigorous habit than the variety budded in, they in a short "time quite run out the bud, and the purchaser is left with nothing upon his hands but a natural Rose of whatever variety the stock may have been. For flor- ists' use iu forcing and also for the use of planters, who are thoroughlj' familiar with such things, budded Roses answer equally well and in some varieties are perhaps superior; in that they will produce a larger quantity of flowers and force more easily. The stock most used in western New York for budding Roses is Bo.^a Manetti, and that seems to be about the best adapted for the purpose, ii'osn multiflora de la Griffwrie is also used more or less, but is generally considered not so desir- ROSE ROSE 1575 able, since it i.s not as hardy as the Manetti and is still more likely to throw up suckers ft'oni the roots, in which respect the Manetti is bad enough. li'osa canina (Dog Rose) and Mosa polyanfJia are larji:ely used in Europe as stocks upon which to graft Koses. They have never been largely used in this country, the Ma- netti seeming to be the favorite here. All of these stocks are grown more extensively in France than any- where else. The Bosa Manetti and Ii'osa mnltiflora de la Griffarie are grown from cuttings in France, and are ^shipped from there at the end of the first season; when received here they are trimmed back closely, botli as to the roots and the branches, and planted the following spring. They are budded the following suniiUer, usually the latter part of June or early part of July, whenever the stocks are in such condition that the bark peels read- ily. The bud, of course, remains dormant during that season, but the spring follow- ing the top of the stock is cut off just above the bud, and it is allowed to grow. With a good season, the buds usually make suffi- cient growth to be salable the following fall. The foregoing is written solely in ^ connection with the outdoor growing of ^^sr Roses. Except to provide good ricb deep soil of fairly heavy quality, there are no special cultural directions that the writer cares to insist upon. Rose plants are not often attacked by any fun- gous disease, save perhaps mildew, which occasionally makes Its appearance consequent to sudden climatic changes, such as occur toward fall, when the tem- perature may be at 80-90° one daj' and 40-45° the nest. An application of Bordeaux mixture is of value in checking mildew. The greater proportion of Roses handled by the undersigned are propagated from ciittings. and conse- quently are on their own roots. In growing Roses in this way, it Is customary to take into the greenhouses about the first of December the best and strongest plants that are in stock; then cut them back so as to leave only two or three eyes upon each shoot, pot them and place them in a cool house, where they are allowed to stand two or three weeks without a great deal of heat. They soon begin to make roots; and when the white roots show through the soil about the edge of the pot, they are given a little more heat and brought on more rapidly. They are then forced until just ready to flower, and before the wood has become too hard the plants are cut back and the severed wood made up into one-eye cuttings, which are placed in propagating beds of sand and given gentle bottom heat, where they take root in the course of two to four weeks, accord- ing to variety and the condition of the wood. After thoroughly rooted, they are potted into 2- or 2J^-inch pots and grown on until late in the spring or earlj'^ summer, when it is safe to plant them out in the fields. There they will remain two seasons, usually, and by that time attain sufficient size to be dug and marketed. Jackson & Perkins Co. Rose Forcing. — There is no branch of floriculture in this country that in anyway approaches Rose forcing in importance, when commercial and private practice are considered. The large number of private greenhouses erected for the cultivation of the Rose by wealthy people in this country within the last decade cannot be adequately estimated. But the great demand for choice Roses among all classes of buyers throughout the coun- try has produced an enormous increase in commercial greenhouses specially erected for growing and forcing Roses, and each year sees some improvement in the style of construction as well as in methods of cultiva- tion. The general principles of Rose-growing are pi'ac- tically the same now as they were twenty years ago, but the details or small items, as many are pleased to term them, are constantly being improved. To make the method of successful cultivation quite plain to every one, the undersigned will endeavor to detail closely each operation, from the cutting to the full bearing plant. Types of forcing Roses are shown in Figs. 2189 and 2190. We shall presume that a propagating house is to be prepared for. starting the young^stock. This is a green- house in which a bottom heat of not less than 00° can be maintained as long as the cuttings are in the sanlus, 35. Mfiizi.^sii, 11. ]\Ji<.-lii(,',iiK-nsis. 32. iviicroiilivllus, 8. Millsp'iuiihii. 21. tiwiitanus, 23. morifolius, 10. negleetus, 17. nigrobaccus, 22. Nntkamis, 7. obovalis, 30. occidentalis, 18. odoratus, 6. pallidus, IS. palmatus. 8. parviflorus, 7. 13. phoenicolasius. poriiponius, 19, Potanini, 3. Randii, 27. roribaccus, 32. rosceflbrus, 12. rosiefolius, 12. sativus, 22. Savatieri, 10. sevipervirens, .30. setosus. 29. Sinensis, 12. sorbifolius, 12. spectabilis, 11, 19. strigosus, 16. suberectus, 25, 29, trifidus, 4. trifloms, 2. trivialis, 34. ursinns, 35. villosus, 22. 32. vitifolius, 35. xanthocarpus, 3. Section 1. Chasl^moeus, 1. Chamsembrus, Linn. Cloudberry. Bake- apple-Berry. Yellow Berry, Fig. 2192 (after Card). Creeping: branches her- baceous, covering the ground, pubescent or almost glabrous: Ivs. round - cordate or reniform, 2192. Cloudberry- shallowly 3- to 5 -lobed, finely Rubus Chamsemorus. dentate: fls. large and white, on Natural size. solitary terminal peduncles: fr. large, globular, red or yellowi.sh, composed of few soft drupelets, edible. Entirely across the continent in high northern regions, and reaching as far south, in the East, as the high land of Maine and N. H.; also in Eu. and Asia. — The Cloudberry is an inhabi- tant of peat bogs. It grows within the arctic zone. It is much prized for its fruit, which is gathered from the wild in large quantities. It is sometimes planted farther south as a rock garden plant. JR. areticus, Linn., a pink-fld. species with trifoliolate Ivs., occurs in nearly the same range, and produces small edible berries. This species belongs to Section 2. Section 2. Cylactis. 2. trindrus, Rich. {R. Americdmts, Britt. ). Stems slender and trailing, 1-2 ft. long, herbaceous, without 1580 RUBUS RUBUS 2193. Rubus deliciosus, from the Rocky Mountains. prickles, glabrous or nearly so: Its. thin and soft, ligbt green, with 3 or 5 ovate or rhorabic-ovate, coarsely ser- rate Ifts.: fls. 1-3 on each peduncle, small and white, the calyx reflexed : fr. small, reddish. Cold swamps, N. J. west !ind north. — Offered as a rock garden plant for moist places. 3. xanthoc4rpu3, Bur. & Franchet (iJ. Potanini, Regel). Trailing, the stems dying back every year, the stems pilose and weak-spiny; Ivs. pinnately '3-foliolate, the leaflets ovate, acute or obtuse, strongly and un- equally dentate, the terminal one twice larger than the others: fls. solitary or twin in the axils of the upper Ivs., the peduncle and calyx weak-prickly, the petals white: fr. large, ovate, bright yellow, fragrant and palatable, the calyx persistent China; discovered in 1885 in the Province of Kansu, 40° north latitude, and later found in provinces Sze-Chuen and Ytm-nan. — Int. into the U. S. in 1898 by the Dept. of Agric. through Professor N. E. Hansen, to be tried for its edible raspberry-like fruit. At Brookings, S. Dakota, the plants suffered from tlie phenomenal winter of 1898-9, but mulched plants have subsequently endured the winters well. Section 3. Anoplobatus. A. Lvs. mostly 7-lohecl. 4. triJidus, Thunb. Fire Raspberry. Strong-grow- ing and erect, 7-10 ft. tall: lvs. large, palmately ribbed, 3-0- or even 7-eleft, serrate: fls. subsolitary, the pe- duncles villous : berry of medium size, scarlet, with pointed drupelets. Japan. — Sparingly introduced, and prized for its bright autumn foliage (whence the name "Fire Raspberry"). AA. Lvs. 5- or less-lobed. B. Peduncles mostly 1-fUl. 5. deliciosus, James. Rocky Mountain Flowering Raspberry. Pig. 2193. Compact, bushy grower, reach- ing 5 ft.: lvs. large, orbicular or reniform, shallowly 3-5-lobed, unequally serrate, somewhat glandular: fls. borne in great profusion, pure white, 1-2 in. across, in early summer and continuing for a long season; berry hemispherical, purplish or wine-color, with large, soft drupelets like those of a red Raspberry, edible but not esteemed for eating. Rocky Mountains, reaching 8,000 ft. elevation. B.M. G062. G.C. II. 15:537. R.H. 1882, p. 35C. P. 8.23:2404. Gn. 18:2.53; 29, p. 3.36; 34, p. 231; 45, p. 74; 46, p. 293. Gt. 47:1451. Gng. 3:325. G.M. 41:508. — One of the finest of native flowering Raspberries, and deserving to be known. Hardy in Mass. The fls. re- semble single roses. BB. Peduyicles several- to many-fid. 6. odoratus, Linn. Flowering Raspberry. Mul- berry'(erroneously). Fig. 2194. Strong-growing plant, with the shreddy canes reaching 3-6 ft. : lvs. very large, pubescent beneath, .3-5-lobed, the lobes pointed, mar- gins serrate: fls. 1-2 in. across, rose-purple, several to many in the cluster, the sepals with a long point, the peduncles and pedicels glandular-pubescent: berry flat- tish and broad (% in. across), rather dry, light red, edible but not valued. Nova Scotia to Mich, and Georgia (Pla. ?). Gn. 34, p. 230. B.M. 323. J.H 111.31:133.- Prefers rich shady woods and banks. It makes a bold subject in a foliage mass, and its fls. are nearly as large as single roses, although the color is less bright. It spreads rapidly from the root and overtops weaker plants. 7. parvifl6rus, Nutt. {E. iVutlcclnus, Mo?.). Differs from the last in having white fls. in few-fld. clusters and less glandular peduncles. N. Mich, to the Paciflc coast and southward in the Rockies : the western rep- resentative of B. odoratus. B.M. 3453. B.R. 16:1368. Gn. 45, p. 75. Section 4. Batothamnus. A. Lvs. simple, hut more or less loied. 8. microphyllus, Linn. f. {B. palmcitiis, Thunb.). Spreading, often slender-stemmed plant growing 4 or 5 ft. tall, with many short, but stout nearly straight spines: lvs. rather small, 2-3 in. long as a rule, narrow- ovate-acuminate or sometimes nearly triangular-ovate- acuminate, rather deeply 3-5-lobed and the middle lobe long and acuminate, the margins very sharp-serrate: fls. white, nearly or quite % in. across, with broadly ovate petals: fr. small (red ?), of little value. Japan.— Sparingly introduced as an ornamental plant, but little known here. The "Mayberry," introd. by Luther Bur- bank, is said to be a hybrid between this species and the Cuthbert Raspberry (B. strigosus). The Mayberry is described as producing a large yellow edible berry, ripening in advance of the Strawberry. 9. crataegifdlius, Bunge. Fig. 2195 (after Card). Strong, erect or diffuse much - spreading plant (3-5 ft.), with terete reddish glabrous canes that bear few and small straight spines: lvs. oblong-ovate to cordate-ovate, acu- minate, 3-5-lobed, and the margin coarsely serrate and notched: fls. white, in small clusters terminating slen- der leafy shoots, about >o in. across; fr. small, orange- red, of no value. Japan. —An excellent plant for hold- ing banks and for covering waste places, and giving fine deep reds in the fall. Perfectly hardy in central New York. Burbank's "Primus" is hybrid of this and B. vitifolins, the latter furnishing the seed. 10. Savatieri {B. morifblius, Sieb., Pranch. & Savat. Enum. PI. Jap. (1875), not Muell. 1858). Differs from -ffi. cratmgifolius by its more numerous and stronger prickles, the leaves villous beneath and deeply cordate at base, shorter petioles and shorter and thicker pedi- cels. Southern Japan. — Offered by dealers in Japanese plants, who speak of its pretty fruit ripening in July. 2194. Rubus odoratus. (Flower XK.) AA. Lvs. 3-foliolate. 11. spectibilis, Pursh. Salmonberky. Fig. 60, Vol. I. Strong - growing, reaching 5-15 ft., glabrous, the spines few or often none, weak: lvs. of 3 ovate-acumi- nate Ifts., which are doubly serrate toothed and some- KUBUS RUBUS 1581 timos indistinctly lobed, long-stallied, thin, glabrous or becoming so beneath: lis. solitary or in 2's, large, red or purple; I'r. large, somewhat conical, salmon-color or wine-red, edible, the drupelets bearing the persistent styles. Calif, to Alaska. B.R. 17:1424. L.B.C. 17:1602. F.S. 21:2200. Mn. 4, p. .57. -Sometimes cult, for its showy flowers and fruits. Canes perennial. Var. Menziesii, Wats., has tonientose leaves. Section .5. Id-eobatus, or Raspberries. A. IfVs. long-pinnaie, with 3 or -more pairs of narrow leaflets. 12. r0S8e!61ius, Smith (S. florihunda and R. Sinensis, Hort. R.roso'Jldrus, Roxbg.). Strawbekky-Raspberky, Figs. 2196, 2197. Krect and tall-growing, evergreen in warm countries, glabrous or somewhat pubescent-hir- sute; Ivs. odd-pinnate, the lateral leaflets 2-7 pairs, all the Ifts. ovate-lanceolate or lance-oblong, acuminate, strongly many-veined and very sharp-serrate, more or less silky-hairy beneath; fls. solitary or in few-fld. clusters, white, lK-2 in. across, showy: fr. erect, bright red, long thimble-shaped, usually about 1-1 % in. high, very showy, edible but insipid. Var. sorbifblius {R. sorhifdli us, Maxiixi.) is a very hairj' and hispid form. Var. coronarius, Sims (R. grancUfldriis, Hort.), is a double form, sometimes cult, as the "Brier Rose" and "Bridal Rose" (B.M. 1733. G.C. II. 11:77). -Widely distributed in tropical countries, but native to the Him- alayan region and eastward to China and Japan. B.M. 6970. F.S. 17:1714. A.G. 20:82, 87. A beautiful plant and worthy of general culture. In the North it usually kills to the ground each winter, but it throws up shoots 2-4 ft., and these bloom from summer until frost, usu- ally ripening fruit at the same time. The fruit has some value for eating, but it is probable that it will never be greatly developed in this direction. The dou- ble-flowered form is often grown under glass aud in pots. AA. Lvs. pedately 3-5-foliolate. B. Plant profusely red-hairy. 13. phoenicoiasius, Maxim. Wineberky. Fig. 2198. Canes inTig imd recurving, furnished with straight weak prickles and densely clothed with red-brown glan- dular hairs, propagating by "tips": Ifts. usually 3, broad-ovate to round-ovate, apiculate-toothed and some- times indistinctly lobed at top, white-tonientose beneath : fls. in dense, small shaggy-haired clusters which spring from the uppermost axils and form a large, loose, leafy panicle ; petals shorter than the long, bristly calyx- lobes, the latter enlarging after flowering and inclosing the growing fruits in a bur but spreading apart as the fruit matures: fr. usually small and soft, cherry-red, acid or usually insipid. Japan and China. B.M. 6479. G.C. II. 26:365; 111.11:269; 28:137. J.H. 111,29:210. A.G. 12:20.-); 15:43,5. Gng. 3:263. -Interesting as an ornamental plant, and also recommended for its fruit. 2t96. Rubus ros^folius. One of the best of the flowering Kubuses. 2195. Rubus crat^Eifolius. (X J^). See No. 9. In the North it often kills to the ground, but the strong young recurving canes and white-bottomed foliage make it a handsome plant. 14. ellipticus, Smith (R. fUvus, Ham.). Fig. 2199. Tall and erect or nearly so (6-10 ft.), the canes stout and densely beset with straight red-brown hairs and bearing a few stout, short, nearly straight prickles; Ifts. 3, the terminal one much the largest, ovate to orbicular- ovate, not lobed, evenly doubly serrate, thickish, soft pubescent and strongly veined and prickly on the mid- rib beneath' fls. white, 3^ in. or less across, in small, raany-fld. clusters : berry the size of a common Rasp- berry, yellow, of good quality. Himalayas.— Grown in southern Fla., where it is said to be the only Raspberry that perfects its fruit. BB. Plant not red-hairy all over. c. Red Raspberries. 15. IdEEUS, Linn. European Raspberry. An erect, mostly stiff grower, propagating by suckers, the canes light -colored and bearing nearly straight slender prickles; Ifts. ovate, white beneath, irregularly toothed and notched, usually somewhat plicate or wrinkled: flower-clusters mostly long and interrupted, most of the peduncles dividing into two or three pedicels, the pedi- cels, as also the flowering shoots, petioles and midribs, finely pubescent, but not glandular, and sparsely fur- nished with firm recurved prickles: fls. small, white; calyx pubescent: fruit oblong or conical, dark red, yel- low or whitish, produced more or less continuously throughout the season. Europe and Asia. — Named for Mt. Ida, in Greece. Early introduced into this country, but now nearly driven from cultivation by the hardier native species. The Antwerps, Fontenay, and Fastolf belong here. Rubus Ida'us itself is not known to be native to N. Amer. , but a most interesting form of it (var. atiotnalas, Arrh.) has been discovered recently in Vermont. See Fernald, Rhodora, 2, p. 195, with figure. 1582 KUBUS RUBUS 16. strigosus, Michx. {S. Idteus, Limi., var. sfrigdsus, Maxim.). Red Raspberrv. Fig. 2080. Mucli like the last, but distiuj.ruishe(-l by a more .slender and open habit, stiif prickles on the bearing bristly canes, which are brown and somewhat glaucous, thinner leaves, and gland-tipped hairs or bristles upon the flowering shoots, petioles and calyx, the latter less pubescent or hirsute: flower-clusters more open or scattered : fruit bright light red, or rarely yellow or whitish, not produced con- tinuously. Widely spread in the northern states as far west as Missouri, also in the mountains to Arizona and northward to Alaska, extending farther north than the Blackcap; also in Asia. — Under cultivation the glandu- lar hairs usually disappear. The light red garden ber- ries, like Cuthbert, belong here. Var. albus, Fuller, has amber-white fruits. 17. neglectus, Peck. Fl'kple-Cane Raspberries. Figs. 2082,2200. A large and variable race of hybrids between 1^. strigosus and H.occidentalls occurs Ijoth naturally (JRubus neffleetns. Peck, 22d Rep. Beg. N. Y. State Univ. 53, 1869) and in the garden (Bailey, Amer. Gard. 11:721, 1890). These plants propagate either by "tips" or suckers, usually by the latter. The flower- clusters are open and straggling, and the fruit ranges in color from yellow to purple. As a rule, the fruit is aggregated at the end of the cluster but is scattering below. The Purple Cane type of Raspberry belongs here. Prominent varieties are Shaffer, Philadelphia (now nearly out of cultivation), Gladstone, and prob- ably Caroline. CC. ISlack ^Raspberries {yeUow-fruifecl forms are known). 18. occidentalis, Linn. Common Blackcap. Pigs. 2201, 2202. Strong, erect bush, the canes finally re- curving and rooting at the tips, furnished with straight spines, glaucous, not bristly; Ifts. broadly ovate, dull green above and white beneath, finely and sharply ser- rate, and notched, the petioles usually bearing short prickles: fls. in small, dense, prickly clusters with sometimes a few scattering pedicels, the petals shorter than the long-pointed whitish woolly sepals : fr. rather small, hemispherical, firm or even hard, black or occa- sionally amber-white, dry and sweet. Plentiful in fields and clearings in the northern-eastern states to Oregon and Brit. ColumlDia and southward to Ga. in the motm- tains, and to Mo. — In cultivation, known in many forms, 2198. Rubus phanicolasius iX%). No. 13. 2197. Rubus rosEcfolius (X K). Sometimes known as Strawberry-raspberry. as Ohio, Gregg, etc. Var. pallidus has amber-yellow fr. ; soiuetimes found in the wild. Var. leucodermis, Card (i2. leueodirmis Dough). Lfts. more coarsely dentate-serrate, sometimes nearly incise-serrate, the prickles strong and more hooked: fr. reddish black or black. Rocky Mts. and W. Section 6. Eubatus, ov Blackberries and Dewberries. The botany of the American Blackberries and Dew- berries is interminably' confusing. If the kind of spe- cies-making that has been applied to the European Rubi were applied to the American, the number of species would straightway be quadrupled or trebled at the least. There is no difficulty in finding forms that are distinct enough to be described as species. The difficulty lies iu the endless series of intermedi- ate forms, that confound all efforts at limitation and make printed descriptions of no avail. This difficulty is greatly increased from the fact that the foliage often differs widely between the verdurous and iiower- ing shoots of the same plant. There seems to be little utility in separating forms that cannot be distin- guished in at least a fair proportion of the specimens that come to one's hand, however well marked they may be in their extremes. It is to be expected, how- ever, that long-sustained studies in the field, as well as in the herbarium, will discover means of separat- ing some of the forms that are now confused, but it is doubtful if there are any species in this section of Rubus, as the term species is commonly understood. The best one can do is to throw them into groups. For a historj"^ of nomenclatorial difficulties in Ameri- can Rubi, see "Evolution of Our Native Fruits." A. Blackberries : Plant usually erect or essentially so {strong canes often recurving). Group 1. Exotic Blackberries, with mostly perennial canes and floivers usually home on the ends of the main shoots. 19. fruticdsus, Linn. ''^Iuropean Bramble. Strong- growing, mostly pubescmt or hairy on the young parts, usually with strong recurved prickles, the canes often RUBUS BUBUS 1583 many feet long and recurving or half climbing but sometimes erect: Ifts. 3-5, ovate or rhomb -ovate, coarsely toothed, thickish, pubescent to white -downy beneath; petioles and usually the midribs beneath bear- ing prickles: fls. in terminal panicles, white or pink, showy, the buds white-pubescent: fr. black or dull red. 2199. Rubus ellipticus (XM)- A yellow-fruited species from the Himalayas. N"o. 14. the calyx reflesed, edible but little prized. Europe, where it is common in fields and hedges. As a cult plant, known chiefly in the double-fld. form (as li. pom pdnius). Gn. 34, p. 234. Sometimes known as ii!. spec- tabilis in gardens. 20. laciniatus, Willd. (R. fruUcdsns, var. lacini&his , Hort.). Cut-leaved or Evergreen Blackbekrt. Pig. 2203. A tall, straggling bush with permanent or peren- nial canes in mild climates, and leaves more or less evergreen, the stems provided with recurved prickles : Ifts. 3, broadly ovate in general oxitline, cut into several or many oblong or almost linear sharply toothed divi- sions, the ribs prickly below and the petioles strongly 2200. Rubus neglectus. (--s,\3.) The Caroline Raspberry. No. 17. so; fls. in terminal panicles, white or blush, the calyx and pedicels pubescent or even tomentose: fr. usually thimble-shaped, late, black, oi.en excellent. Gn. 21, p. 57; 45, p. 78. — This Blackberry is probably native to Europe, where it has been long known in gardens. It is 100 apparently only a cut-leaved form of the common Euro- pean Etibus fruticosus. It is now widely scattered, and seems to thrive particularly well in Hawaii and other Pacitic islands and on tlie Pacific slope. By some it is supposed to be native to the South Sea Islands (see Bull. 64, Utah Exp. Sta. ). It is probable that the plant has been introduced into the West from those sources, but such fact does not prove its original nativity. It has aroused considerable attention in Oregon and other parts of the West, and is often known as the Oregon Everbearing Blackberry. In mild climates the lower parts of the canes often live from year to year until they become as thick as one's wrist; and in such cli- mates the leaves persist for the greater part of the winter. The plant has long been grown for ornament in the eastern states, but it has not attracted attention as a fruit-plant in this region. The fruits are of fair size and quality, and ripen from midsummer or late summer to October. The plant is a good ornamental subject, although it is likely to cause trouble by sprouting at the root. Group 2. TJiornless Blackber- ries, with tall, nearly un- armed furrowisd biennial canes, and loug, open flower- clusters. 21. Canadtosis,Linn.(J?.il/(7?- spanghii, Britt. j. Thornless Blackberry. Very tall and ro- bust (sometimes reaching 10-1? ft. high), the canes nearly or quite spine- less : Ifts. narrow- ovate to ovate-lance- olate, long -acumi- nate, sharply and nearly evenly ser- rate; stipules usually prominent, narrow : large, white, in long, open, raceme- like, nearly glabrous clusters, on slender spreading pedicels : fr. black, almost globular to short-oblong, usually juicy and good. Eastern Canada, through the high lands of New England, New York and Michigan to mountains of North Carolina.— Not in cultivation, except in botanic gardens and amateurs' collections. Group S. Glandular Blackberries, ivith stoiit, thorny biennial canes and prominently glandular-ptibescent inflorescence. 22. nigT0b4ccu3, Bailey (iS. J)!7(ds!(s, Authors, not Ait.). Common High-eush Blackberry of the North. Figs. 2204-6. Canes tall, recurving at the ends, furrowed, the young parts promi- nently glandular-pubescent, the spines usually large and more or less hooked: Ifts. 3-5, ovate- acuminate or sometimes lance -ovate, long- stalked (at least in the largest Ivs.), the ter- minal one often heart-shaped at base, the mar- gins nearly regularly strong-serrate, the under surface glandular-pubescent: fls. white, showy, the petals narrow, borne in a long, open ra- ceme-like cluster of which the termin.al flower is usually the old- est, each pedicel standing at nearly right angles to the rachis : fr. black, oblong (varying to nearly globular), usually not very juicy, sweet and aromatic. Every- where in old fields and clearings in the northeastern states, at common elevations, extending south to North Carolina and west to Iowa, Kansas and Missouri.— Known in cultivation in the "Long-cluster Blackber- ries "as Taylor and Ancient Briton. Var. albinus, Bailey, the "White Blackberry," is a state in wiiich the fruits are amber-colored and the bark yellowish green ; occa- sionally as far west as Michigan, and probably farther. 2201. Rubus occidentalis (X h)- The original of the cultivated Black Raspberries. No. 18. 1584 RUBUS RUBUS Var. sativus, Bailey (72. satlvus, Brainerd) . Fig. 2207; also Fig. 237, Vol. I. Generally lower and the canes more erect: Ifts. broader (or at least shorter) and less prominently pointed: fl. -clusters shorter (usually from the elongation of the lower pedicels or the upper ones remaining short): fr. rounder, and the drupelets usually relatively larger and juicier. Dry, open fields. 2203. Rubus laciniatus (X M). No. 20. — Distinct in its extreme forms, but running into the species by all manner of intermediate gradations. From this plant the common "Short-cluster Blackberries" of the garden appear to be derived, as Snyder, Kittatinny, Erie, etc. 23. Allegheni6nsis, Porter {B. vlUdsiis, var. nion- iclnits and H. montdnus. Porter, not Wirtg. ). Very like R. nigrohaccus, and perhaps only a mountain state of a cosmopolitan type : plant smaller, usually less prickly : branches and leaf -stalks usually reddish, and all 3'^oung growths very glandular-pubescent: Ivs. mostly smaller, very long-pointed, closer-toothed: fl. -clusters usually smaller: fr. small, long and narrow, tapering towards the top, the drupelets many and small, not very juicy but of good flavor. In mountains and highlands. Ontario to Virginia. — Common on the higher elevations, afford- ing much edible fruit. In its typical form, as seen in the wild, it is very distinct from R. nigrobaccus, par- ticularly in its fruit. 24. heterophyllus, Willd. Fig. 238, Vol. I. R. nigro- hacetisxR. villosns, in many forms both wild and culti- vated. In cultivation this hybrid class is represented by the "Loose-cluster Blackberries," as Wilson, Wilson Jr., and Rathbun. The plants are usually half-erect, thorny, mostly more or less glandular-pubescent on the young growths: Ifts. broad and jagged: fl. -clusters small and usually forking, with long pedi eels: fr. rather loose-grained with large drupelets. The plant is not infrequent in regions lu which both R. nigrobaccus and R. villosvs grow. It is usuallj easily distinguished by the half erect habit and irregularly toothed and jagged Ifts. which are not long - acuminate. In some cases, the bushes natur ally stand 3-4 ft. high. Group 4. Leafy-cluster Blac\ berries, tvith little or no glan dular pubescence and slwit flower - clusters that hate more or less small Ivs. into mixed. 25. arg-iitus, Link {R. frondo- sus, Bigel. R. villdsus, var. fronddsus, Torr. R. suhei-^ctus. Hook.). Fig. 2208. Very like R. nigrobaccus in habit, but usually stiff er in growth, the young parts and under sur- faces of Ivs. only rarely ghindular though usually pubes- cent, the canes gent-rally very thorny: Ivs. often smaller and stiffer, the Ifts. sh^-2 in. long, in terminal, nearly naked p.anicles; stigma single: capsule 12-16-seeded. Southwestern U. S. ; cult, in Pla. BE. Fls. red. C. Peditncles nmcli hranched, amcena, Nees {Stephannphysum longifblinm-^ Pohl). A half-hardy perennial, about IK ft. high: Ivs. oblong- lanceolate or oblong, narrowed at both ends; margins r<'pand-denticulate or simply repand: fls. bright red, in axillary sprays in summer. Brazil. P.M. 1880:419. CC. Peduncles hut little branched. !orm6sa, Andr. Pig. 2219. A low-growing, tender, herbaceous perennial: Ivs. ovate, rounded at the base. hairy on both sides: fls. on straight, axillary peduncles; corolla scarlet, showy, 1>^ in. long, the upper 2 lobes joined for half their length. Summer. Brazil. B.M. 1400. — Cult, in California. J?, variaiis, Veut. See Dcedalacanthus nervosus. P. W. Barclay. ETTLlNGIA (after J. Ph. Ruling, a botanist of Gottin- gen). UtercuUucea'.. This includes two plants cult, in S. Calif. R. purciflora is highly recommended as a rock plant by Ernest Braunton, of Los Angeles, who grows it in quantity for its trailing habit and myriads of small pink fls. borne in spring. Pranceschi says that M. pannosa is odd and pretty by reason of the fleecy coating of the leaves. A genus of about 15 species of shrubs or uudershi'ubs from Australia, except one a native of Madagascar. Lvs. various in size, entire, toothed or lobed: fls. mostly white, small, in cymes; calyx 5-lobed; petals 5, broad and concave or convo- lute at the base, with a small, broad or linear ligula at the top; stamens shortly or scarcely .ioined at the base, 5 without anthers, petal-like, 5 perfect, short: ovary sessile, 5-celled; ovules 1-3 in each cell. Flora Austra- lien-sis 1:237. A. Lvs. IS in. long. panndsa, R. Br. Eventually a shrub, several ft. high, but flowering freely at a young age: lvs. scabrous-pu- bescent above, densely velvety hirsute below, on older plants ovate-lanceolate to lanceolate, on young plants broader and often 3-4-lobed: cymes shortly peduncU' late: fls. white. B.M. 2191. -The plant offered in Calif, as Pomaderris upetala is said to belong here. AA. Lvs. usually less than 1 in. long. parviflora, Endl. A low shrub, with branches K-IH ft. long, ascending or prostrate: lvs. ovate or ovate-lan- ceolate, ^.'l)t^lse, deeply crenate, mostly lobed: fls. pink- ish, in shortly pedunculate cymes. ji_ -^ ^ Barclay. BtlMEX (the Latin name). Polygondcece. Dock. .Sorrel. Herbs, mostly perennial, with strong roots, of more than 100 species in many parts of the world. Most 2219. Ruellia formosa (X >2). of the species are weedy plants, but some of them afford leaves for "greens " and others are useful for ornament. All are of the easiest culture. Prop, mostly by seeds. BUMEX BUSH 1591 As a genus, Ruraex is closely allied to Fagopyrura, the buckwlR-ats, Rheum, the rhubarbs, and Polygonum, the iointwccils. They are mostly leafy-stemmed plants, with small dowers in panicles, the pedicels mostly in whorls and jointed: lis. perfect or imperfect, with C-parted calyx, the 3 inner lobes larger and generally one or all of them bearing a grain or tubercle near the center; stamens 6; stigmas 3: fr. a 3-sided often margined or winged akene. In the larger species the stems are grooved and hollow. Most of them are erect-growing plants. See Dock and Sorrel. A. Docks: Ivs. not hastate: fls. perfect, or at least not diaeciov.s. B. Wings of calyx not tuhercle-liearincj . venosus, Pursh. Perennial, IJ^ ft. or less tall, gla- brous, branched: Ivs. oblong-ovate or ovate-lanceolate, usually tapering at both ends, entirl, the stipular sheaths (ocrese) funnelforra and prominent: wings of fr. large and thin, entire, 1 in. or more across, red- veined and showy, the pedicels hanging in fruit. Mo., west. —Recently offered as an ornamental plant, because of the very showy wide-winged fruiting calices. hymenosepalus, Torr. (B.. Sdxei, Kellogg). C.iS.iiGKE. Raiz Colorada. Erect. reaching 3 ft., glabrous, the root of clustered fusi- form tubers: Ivs. oblong-lanceolate, some- times 1 ft. long, narrow at either end. short-petioled, en- tire, gray-green, somewhat mot- tled beneath: fls. perfect, large, in crowded panicles, green : fruiting calyx-lobes % in. across, brown, en- tire, veiny, the pedicels drooping. Indian Terr, and Tex. to Calif. B.M. 7433. -"Leaf- stalks used as rhubarb, for which reason it is known also as pie-plant in California." Fran- cesclii. The plant has some ornamental value, but is of great economic importance as a tannin- producing plant. The tannin is secured from the dahlia- like roots. For literature on the economic uses of the plant, consult reports of experiment stations in Ariz., Calif., and elsewhere. occideutalis, Wats. Stout perennial, reaching 3 ft., glabrous: Ivs. lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, more or less wavy-margined, obtuse or nearly so, the base siib- cordate, long-stalked: wings of the fr. subtriangular, somewhat toothed, veiny, brown, % in. across. Labrador across the continent, descending along the Rocky Mts. and reaching Texas. — Once introduced as an ornamental subject, because of its profuse and somewhat showy fruiting calices. EB. Wings of calyx hearing one or more tubercles. Pati^ntia, Linn. Herb Patience. Spixage Dock. Tall, strong, erect, nearly simple plant, reaching 5 ft. when in flower, glabrous : root-lvs. (Pig. 728, Vol. I) elliptic-ovate, tapering both ways, the margins undulate, the blade 8-12 in. long; stera-lvs. ovate-lanceolate, long- acuminate, more or less rounded at the base: inflores- cence long and compound (often 2 ft. long), dense in fr. : wings cordate, about M in. across, veiny, entire, one of them bearing a small tubercle near the base. Eu- rope, but naturalized in many places. — An excellent plant for greens, the .strong root-lvs. being used in early spring. Perennial. crispus, Linn. Cuelt Dock. Tall, often 3-3J< ft.: Ivs. long -lanceolate, wavy-margined, rounded at the base: wings entire, the tubercles usually 3, the inflores- cence not leafy. Naturalized from Europe, and now one of the common Docks aljout yards and in old fields. —Not cult., but the Ivs. sometimes used for greens. obtusiidlius, Linn. Bitter Dock. Also a common weed: Ivs. much broader, very obtuse or even cordate at base, obtuse at apex, not wavy-margined: wings long- toothed, the tubercle usually 1, the inflorescence some- what leafy below. Eu. aa. Sorrels: Ivs. mostly (at least the radical ones) hastate or sagittate: fls. imperfect, the plants sometimes clicecious. B. Plant perennial {R. Acetosella sometimes annual). Acetdsa, Linn. Garden Soreel. Stem strong and erect (3 ft. or more tall in fr. ), furrowed, the plant gla- brous : root-lvs. thin and light green, oblong and obtuse, with sharp auricles at the base (Fig. 72!), Vol. I), the petioles slender; stem-lvs. relatively narrow, acumi- nate: inflorescence large and ample, the larger part of the tls. sterile (plant sometimes dicecious) : wings en- tire or vei'y nearly so, not over Vs in. .across, cordate- ovate, each with a callosity near the base, the outer small scales reflexed. Eu. and Asia, and naturalized in some places in this country. — Useful for early spring greens, but later in foliage than K. Putientia. scutatus, Linn. French Sorrel. Lower, with many branching prostrate or ascending stems, glaucous: Ivs. somewhat fleshy, the radical ones long-stalked and cor- date-ovate-obtuse, the stem-lvs. short-stalked and has- tate-fiddleform and acute or sometimes 3-lobed: M'ings thin, cordate, without callosities. Eu., Asia. — Grown in several varieties in Europe, and sometimes cult, in this country for greens. It is a summer Sorrel. 2220. Russelia iuncea (X K). (See page 1592.) Acetosella, Linn. Cojdion Field or Sheep Sorrel. Common in all old fields, where it indicates sterile soil: Ivs. oblong, from a hastate-lobed base: fls. reddish, in erect racemes. Not cult., but the sour root-leaves are sometimes used for greens. Eu. BB. Plant annual. rdseus, Linn. One to 2 ft., with .spreading and branched stems, glabrous and somewhat glaucous : Ivs. small, deltoid-ovate, entire, short-pointed, truncate-cu- neate or almost cordate at base: racemes short and leaf- less or nearly so, the pedicels drooping in fr. : wings cordate-orbicular, h^-% in. across, thin, rosy -veined, without callosities. Egypt to Persia. — Rarely cult, as an ornamental for its sliowy fruiting calices. L. H. B. RUPTUEE-"WORT. Eerniaria. ECSCUS (an old Latin name). Liliflcece. Butcher's Beoom. a genus of possibly 3 species scattered over Europe. Erect shrubs, with minute bract-like Ivs. and branches (phyllodia) simulating leathery, per- sistent, veined, sessile, leaf -like bodies: fls. small, springing from the midrib of the lower surface of the phyllodium. aculeatus, Linn. Shrub, 1X-3K ft. high: phyllodia ovate-lanceolate, ?^-lK in. long, tapering into a spiny point: fls. 1-2, short-pedicelled: berry red, /^ in. thick. Spring. Gn. .34, p. 231. R.H. 1894, p. 545. -Cult, in Fla. and S. Calif. According to A. Blanc, J?. Hirpoglossum. Linn., has been highly commended lately in Gerni.any as a decorative snbjeet. This species and R. Hypophyllum, Linn., are both natives of southern Europe, where they have been studied by varioTis botanists, some of whom distinguish them by various char- acters, while others unite them into a single species. -J. Ci. Baker considers R. Hypoglossura a variety of R. Hj-pophyllum, differing in having the costa under the chister of fls. in the form of a largo leafy bract lacking entirely the texture of the phylloeladium. In B.M. 2049 R. Hypophyllnm is shown with minute white fls. and handsome red berries nearly /-^ in. thick. F. W. Baeolay. RUSH. Juncus. Flowering Rush is Butomus. Rush Lily. See Sisi/ri-nehium. 1592 RUSSELIA RYE RUSSflLIA (Alexander Russell, English physician and author of "Natural History of Aleppo," 1856). ScrophuJariacece. About a dozen species of Mexican shrubby plants with angular, usually slender, often pendulous branches : Ivs. usually small, becoming scale- like on the branches, opposite or verticillate: tls. bright red, in dense or loose corymbs or of a single flower; calyx o-parted; corolla - tube cylindrical, the lobes spreading and nearly equal; staminodia very short or wanting; stamens 4: capsule subglobose, 2-celled: seeds numerous, very small, winged. A recent synop- sis of Russelia by Dr. B. L. Robinson, with a key to the species, will be found in Proc. Am. Acad. Arts & Sci., vol. 35, No. 16, March, 1900. Russelias are of easy cultivation. R, juncea and its varieties make excellent basket plants, being almost continuously in bloom. Propagated by cuttings. A. Peduncles l-S-flowered. jiincea, Zucc. (li. scopdria, Hort.). Coral Plant. Fig. 2220. Atender shrubby plant, with smooth, somewhat rush-like branches, nodding or pendulous at the top: Ivs. linear-lanceolate or ovate, small, becoming minute bracts on the branches: raceme very loose, remotely flowered: peduncleselongated. B.R.21:1773. P.M. 4:79. — Vars. Lem6inei and elegantissima are garden hybrids of jB. juncea and H. sarmentosa. They are more florif- erous, especially during the winter, than the type. AA. Peduncles many-flotvered. sarmentdsa, Jacq. {M. multlflbra, Sims). A tender slirub, becoming 4-6 ft. high: Ivs. opposite, ovate, acu- minate, serrately crenate: fls. verticillate, many in a terminal raceme. B.M. 1528. P.M. 16:163. R.H. 1852:281. F. W. Barclay. ETTSSIAN CACTUS. Same as Russian Thistle. RUSSIAN FRUITS. See !Sa(sola. See Pomology. R. THISTLE. RUST. A name for a class of fungi which produce disease in plants. Rusts are of the class Uredine^e. The mycelium branches among the tissues of the host and produces several kinds of spores, either upon the one host ( autcecious ) , or upon different hosts (heteroecious). These spores, as shown typically in the disease of the wheat, are called respectively uredospores, teleutospores, fecidiospores, etc. Recent researches by Eriksson and Henning in Sweden show that the three common rusts which affect the grains, namely : Puccinia graminis (Figs. 2221-2), P. rubigO'Vera and P. coronafa, can be split up into seven species, characterized by their cultural reactions with a large series of plants, and that Puccinia graminis has besides six specialized 2221. Colonies of Rust on the stem of wheat. 2222. The cluster - cup stag e of the wheat Rust fun- gus growing on a barberry leaf. forms, delimited by differences in the marked capacity of the uredo- or teleutospores to inociilate on different hosts. Several rusts are common on cultivated plants, causing disease; viz., beet rust ( Cfromyces Pe^'o'), broad bean rust [Uromyces Fahce), white pine rust [Cron- artium ribicolum), asparagus rust {Puccinia Asparagi), chrysanthemum rust {Puccinia SCieracii), black, or wheat rust {Puccinia graminis), hollyhock rust {Puc- cinia malvacearum), etc. John W. Harshberger. The rusts are fungi constituting a very large and economically important class known as XJredineae. They are all obligatory parasites, attacking a vast num- ber of native and cultivated plants. The mycelium of 2223. Ruta graveolens. Flowers shghtly enlarged. the rust fungi exists entirely within the tissues of the host. The spores are formed in masses or sori just be- neath the epidermis. When ripe they break through the epidermis, forming brown patches and spots from which they are scattered. Many of the rusts produce several spore-forms, which often occur in regular succes- sion either on the same host or on different hosts. For example, the wheat rust produces uredospores and teleu- tospores on the wheat and aecidiospores on the barberry. Rusts rarely kill the plants which they affect, and hence in many cases the damage done is not as appar- ent as in many other diseases. In all cases, however, the plants are weakened, and often much disfigured. Thej^ are among the most difficult fungous diseases to combat. Spraying has been tried in many instances, but has proved, at most, only partially successful. The most profitable course for overcoming these diseases seems to be the selection of resistant varieties. Heinrich Hasselbring. RtTTA (classical name of rue). Rut&cece. About 40 species from the Mediterranean region of Europe and from Asia. Perennial herbs, often woody at the base, glandular, punctate: Ivs. simple to much pinnate, odor- ous : fls. yellow or greenish, in terminal corymbs or panicles, hermaphrodite, usually 4-merous; petals 4-5, free, often dentate or ciliate; stamens 8-10: ovary ses- sile: capsule 4-5-lobed, indehiscent or dehiscent at apex. graveolens, Linn. Rue. Herb of Grace. Fig. 2223. A hardy perennial, woody at the base, lK-2 ft. high : Ivs. fragrant, much divided; lobes oblong, the terminal ob- ovate: fls. yellow. July. Prop, by division and seeds. Patavina, Linn. (Saplop7iffllu7u Patai'^um, Hort.). A hardy perennial herb 4-6 in. high: Ivs. glabrous, the lower obloug-spatulate, narrowed at the base, the others trisected and laciniate: corymb dense; pedicels some- what longer than the fls. : fls. golden yellow. June, July. F. W. Barclay. RUTABAGA, or SWEDISH TURNIP. Consult Sras- sica canijirstris, page 177; also Turnip. RUTLAND BEAUTY is Convolvulus Sepium. RYE. See 5ecff/e. RYE, Wild. See JsJlymus. SABAL (possibly a native name in Soiitli America, but the author of the genus does not explain). Pal- ■mdcece. Spineless palms, low, tall or almost stemless, the robust, ringed trunk obliquely ascending at the base, clothed above with dead leaf -sheaths: Ivs. termi- nal, orbicular or cuueate at the base, tlabellately multi- fid; segments linear, bifid, filamentous on the margins, induplicate in the bud; rachis short or long; ligule short, adnate to the rachis; petiole concave above, the jnargins smooth, acute; sheath short: spadices large, elongated, decompound, at first erect, the branches and branchlets slender, recurving, pendent; spathes sheath- ing the branches and peduncles tubular, oblique at the throat: bracts and bractlets minute: lis. small, gla- brous, white or green : fruits small, globose, black, the short style basal. Species 6, Florida to Venezuela, and one in Sonora. Some botanists make the species names all feminine; others neuter. Jared G. SmTH, The Cabbage Palmetto {Sahal Palmetto) grows in groups of a few epeeimens to several hundreds or even thousands in the rich black soil on the banks of the St. Johns and Ocklawaha rivers of Florida, forming a glori- ous sight; and even the tourist who is blind to most of the charms of nature cannot help being overwhelmed by the beauty and grandeur of these palms. They are found northward to South Carolina, but they attain their fuliest development in Florida, where they always form an important feature of the landscape. Generally they grow in dense groups, but they are more beautiful in all their parts ^yJlere they have room enough to spread. In southern Florida the undersigned has often found underneath the crown of leaves a dense wreath of ferns {Polypodium aureum), which heightens the charm of these palms considerablj*. On the St. Johns the trunk is often covered with the trumpet creeper {Tecoma radlcans), or it is hidden by the dense foliage of the cross-vine {Bignonia capreolata), both of which form a beautiful ornament, especially when in flower. These suggestions of nature are often followed by planters who have a feeling for nature-like landscape ef- fects. The Cabbage Palmetto thrives even in the poor sandy soil, and it is greatly improved by cultivation. Even good-sized trees are not difficult to transplant if the whole stem is carefully dug out aud all of the roots and leaves are cut off. If the stem has been set at least three feet deep and the soil is kept well watered after planting, the Palmetto is almost sure to live. In addition to the Palmetto, all of the Sabals mentioned in this work are cultivated by the undersigned on high pine land in southern Florida. Un- der these conditions the Sabals have proved a great success, as also all species of Phoenix and all Cocos of the australis type, while the species of Washingtonia, Erythea, Livistona and Trachycarpus have been an entire failure. S. Blaclcharnianum. is, in the judgment of the undersigned, the finest of all the fan- leaved palms that can be grown in Florida. All the species that form trunks are objects of great beauty when well grown. They need to be well fertilized, or the lower leaves will suffer aud finally die, thus detracting much from the elegance of the specimen. They all grow naturally in rich black soil, but they all thrive ex- ceedingly well in the sandy pine woods soil if well fertil- ized and watered ; in fact, they can hardly be fertilized too much, and the more nitrogenous manure and water they get the faster they grow. When transplanted they must be set deep. In planting palms the writer always makes a hollow about 6 ft. in diameter and about 2 ft. deep in the center. This center, which receives the plant, is the deepest point, while the ground all around is slightly sloping. Caremust be taken to remove the sand after heavy rains or the crown will soon be buried and the little plant dies. As the plant first forms the trunk in the soil and as the growth is rather rapid, this precaution is not necessary after the plant has attained a few feet in ^^^®' H. Nehrling. The Cabbage Palmetto {Sahal Palmetto) is rich in his torical associations. It is also noted for its imperish- ability under water. The trunks make good piles for wharves, as they resist the attacks of the borer in sea water. The leaves make the best of thatching. Until the tree reaches a height of 10-20 ft. the bases of the leaf-stalks remain upon the trunk, forming a unique chevaux de frise, which adds much to its picturesque- ness. This palm, when pot-grown, is valuable for greenhouse culture at the North. The Dwarf Palmetto can resist as low a temperature as 10-17° F. The graceful flower-spike rises above the leaves to a height of G or 7 feet. S. longipedunculatum somewhat resembles the Cab- bage Palmetto, and its flower-spikes extend far above the leaves. g, ]sj, Reasoner. INDEX. Adansoni, 1. Hoogeudorpi, s. l. minor, 1. Blackburnianum, 4. Javaiilcum, s. l. minus, 1. cieiTilescens, s. L. longifolium, s. l. Mocijii, 3. dealbatum, s. L. longipeduuculatuui, Palmetto, 3. Ghiesbreghtii, S.L. s. l. priuceps, S. l. glaucum. s. L. mauritiseforme, 2. innhraculiferum, 4. glavcescens, 2. Mexicanum, 5. Uresana, S. L. Havauensis, S. l. A. Leaf-blade longer than petiole. B. Trunk none 1. Adansoni BB. Trunk finally 60 ft 2. mauritiseforme AA. Leaf-Made shorter tha^i petiole. B. Shape of Made cordate 3. Palmetto BB. Shape of Made orbicular. c. Lobes rather rigid 4. Blackburnianum cc. Lobes pendent 5. Mexicanum 1 3224. The Palmetto in Florida— Sabal Palmetto. 1. Adansoni, Guerns. {S. minus or minor, Pers. Coriiplia j«l»!Oi', Jacq. not Linn.)- Dwakf Palmetto. Blue Palm. Stem short, buried in tlie earth : ivs. 2-3 ft. louiic; blade circular in its outline, .somewhat longer than the petiole, glaucous ; segments .slightly cleft at the apex: spadis erect, much longer than the Ivs., 3-6 ft.; drupe Yz in. thick, black. Southern states. B.M. 1434. (1593) 1594 SABAL SACCOLABIUiM 2. mauritiaefbrme, Griseb. & Wendl. Also spelled mauritiifonnis, etc. Trunk middle-sized, but occasion- ally attaining 00-80 ft.: Ivs. tinally 12 ft. across; blade suborbicular, longer than the petiole, glaucous beneath, multilid to the middle, with loose fibers between the bifid lobes. West Indies. — The name maxiriticeforme does not appear in the American trade, but rt., is cult, by Nehriing. — .S'. Javdnicum, Hoi-t., Pitcher & Manda, is possibly meant for !S. Havanensis, since Sabal is an Ameri- can genus and is not known in Java.— S. longifdlium, Hort., according to Nehriing "has very numerous, long and slender lvs. which are bright green above and silvery below." — S. lon- tjipedunculdtuni, 'H.ort., aQQOvding to Nehriing, "is a stemless plant with smaller lvs. than those of S. Mocini and very long and slender stalks." Reasoner adds that the lvs. are glaucous green. — S. princeps, Hort., according to Nehriing, "is very similar to S. umhi-aculifera. — S. TTresdna, Trelease. Trunk 15(Or 35 ft. high and upwards of 1 ft. in diam.: lvs. glabrous, very glaucous; petiole stout, concavo-convex, unarmed, about 40 in. long, nearly 1 in. wide and nearly 2-5 in. thick: blade about 40 in. long and wide, multifid, with coarse straw-colored fibers from the sinuses, the center areuately recurved: fr. of a single developed carpel, depressed globose, % in. or less in diam., edible, green, or when dry dingy brown and somewhat glossy, the mesoeai'p then cottony: endocarp whitish straw- color, glossy "within; seed polished, dark chestnut-brown, labyrinthifoi'm-rugose, much depressed. Sonora, Mexico, in the vicinity of Ures. Described and figured in vol. 12 (1901) of Kept- Mo. Bot. Gard. " From the two arboreous palmettos of the United States, S. Uresana differs naai'kedly in its pale, very glaucous foliage, and in the size of its fruit, which is of thrice the diameter of that of S. Palmetto, and usually a third larger than in S. Mexicana, with the former of which species it agrees in having but one of the three carpels developed and fertile, while inS. Mexicana two or even all three are not in- frequently developed. Considering the extent to which this section of Mexico has been visited by collectors of seeds it would be remarkable if this attractive plant should uot prove to be already in cultivation in European gardens." Possibly already in cult, in this country. ^ ^^^ SABBATIA (Liberatus Sabbati, Italian botanist of the eighteenth century). Gentiandcece. About 13 species of Atlantic North American annuals or biennials with showy ,rose-pink or white fis. in summer or autumn. Fls. 5-12-merous, in cymes or terminating the branches; calyx 5-12-cleft; corolla rotate, usually with a yellow eye, the lobes convolute in the bud; filaments rather short, filiform; anthers linear or elongate oblong, ar- cuate, recurved or revolute; style 2-cleft or parted: capsule globose or ovoid, thick-coriaceous or at first fleshy: seeds small, numerous. Sabbatias require a light, sweet soil. Seed may be sown in fall or early spring. The plants ai*e easily transplanted. A. Pis. 5-parted, rarely 6-7-parted. B. Ifvs. narrow -olilaneeola.te to linear. c. Color of fls. rose to white: lvs. obtuse. hrachi&ta, Ell. Stem but slightly angled, 1-2 ft. high: lvs. mostly obtuse, obscurely 3-nerved at the base: fls. showy, light rose to white, 1-13^ in. across, in thyrsiform panicles, the lateral peduncles bearing usu- ally 3-fld. cymes; calyx-lobes narrowly linear, shorter or nearly equaling the corolla. May-Sept. Ind. to N. C. and south. B.B. 2:609. cc. Color of fls. white, fading yelloicish: lvs. acute. lanceolata, Torr. & Gray. Stem simple, 1-3 ft. high: lvs. about 1 in. long, shorter than iuternodes, acute, 3-5-nerved, the floral reduced to subulate bracts: fls. about 1 in. across, white, fading yellowish; calyx-lobe more than half the length of the corolla. May-Sept. Wet pine barrens, N. J. to Fla. B.B. 2:609. BB. Lvs. ivider, cordate-ovate, clasping. angularis, Pursh. Stem sharply angled, l>^-2 ft. high: lvs. 3-5-nerved: fls. fragrant, showy, light rose to white, 1-2 in. across, in much-branched pyi*amidal or somewhat corymbose cymes; calj-s-lobes linear, much shorter than the corolla. Rich, light soil in open fields. W. Canada to Fla. B.B. 2:610. AA. Pis. S-12-parted. chloroides, Pursh. Stem truly biennial, 1-2 ft. high, often decumbent, loosely and sparingly branched above: lvs. oblong-lanceolate or the lower oblong-spatulate: fls. rose-purple, occasionally white, 2 in. across, showy, solitary on naked, somewhat paniculate peduncles; calyx-lobes subulate-linear, about half the length of the spatulate-obovate lobes of the corolla. Margins of pine barren swamps along the coast. Mass., Fla. B.B. 2:612. F. W. Barclay. SACCHAKTJM (saccharon, old Greek name for sugar) GraynlnecF. Species 12, in tropical regions, niostlj^ of the Old World. Tall grasses with stout culm and ample panicles, the branches of which are many-jointed; the small, slender spikelets 1-fld., surrounded bj" long silky hairs. Differs from Erianthus in having the spikelets awnless. The most important species is the Sugar Cane, which is extensively cultivated in tropical and subtropi- cal countries for the production of sugar. Propagated by cuttings of the stem. Native country unknown, but pi'obably east Asia. Cultivated from time immemorial, for which i*eason many varieties have lost the power to produce bloom or at least to produce fertile seed. Rum is produced from the fermented molasses. oHicin^rum, Linn. Sugar Cane. Stem 8-20 ft. high, 1-2 in. thick, third empty glume wanting. A. S, Hitchcock. SACCOLABITJM (name referring to the saccate label- lum). Orchiddceas. Epiphytic herbs with erect leafy stems increasing in length by continued growth at the apex: lvs. distichous, leathery and fleshy, usually chan- neled; inflorescence lateral, in the cultivated species a long, denselj'-fld. cylindrical raceme: fls. medium or SACCOLABIUM SAFFRON THISTLE 1595 small; sepals subequal, free, spreading, the lateral pair not decurreut on the base of the colunni; petals similar, sometimes wider; labellum united with the base of the column, spurred, the mouth of the spur open; pollinia on a filiform stipe. About 20 species. Can be propa- gated by ottsets and by cut-backs. Fresh stock is con- stantly imported. Heinrich Hasselbring. This interesting genus embraces a number of pretty and distinct species from Borneo, Cochin China, India, Java and Manila. Tliey are closely allied to the genera Aerides, Phalfe.nopsis and Vanda, and require somewhat similar treatment, but do not always acclimatize them- selves as readily to artificial cultivation unless given a location with more or less natural surroundings, though some of the more free-growing species, like S. ampul- laceuiii, S. cnrvlfoUum, S. cceleste and S. Hendersoiii- anum, can usually be grown successfully in the Cattleya or Cypripedium department. The large-growing species with thick, succulent leaves require a warm, moist atmos- phere where the winter temperature can be retained at 65° to 70° F. by night and about 75° during the day, and in the summer or growing season 10 degrees in advance of this. All succeed best when suspended from the roof in pans, baskets or on blocks where they can have free circulation of air about them at all times, receive indi- rect benefit of the sun's influence, which will harden their tissue, and where the compost may readily and frequently dry out, during the resting period especially. Grown otherwise the more succulent species, such as S. giffanfeiim (a Vanda), make soft, weak tissue, which is susceptible to wet spot, a usually fatal disease. Clean, chopped sphagnum, freely interspersed with broken pieces of charcoal, is the most satisfactory growing ma- terial, and this should not be pressed in so finnly as to entirely exclude access of air to the roots, but the plants must always be firmly secured with pieces of charcoal, potsherds or other similar material, or securely fastened with copper wire to keep them in position, otherwise being more or less top-heavy they are liable to work loose, under which conditions they cannot become prop- erly established. Shading should be applied to the glass from February until November to break the sun's direct rays, but dur- ing the balance of the year when the solar light is weak its direct influence will be found beneficial. In bright weather during the growing season the plants need a liberal supply of water, both at the roots and over the foliage, but during the resting period and in wet, in- clement weather, water and syringing must be carefully and sparingly administered. Judgment in this respect is very essential to the successful culture of these plants. The supply of Saccolabiums is kept up by fresh importation. These cultural directions apply also to the genus Ehynchostylis. Robert M. Grey. A. Fls. rose-colored. Hendersonitaum, Eeichb. f. Dwarf: Ivs. 4-6 in. long, strap-shaped, subacute, distichous on the stems, but spreading in various directions : raceme upright, about as long as the Ivs.: fls. forming a cylindrical mass, bright rose, % in. across ; dorsal sepals orbicular, con- cave, lateral ones larger, obovate-oblong ; petals obo- vate; labellum a blunt, straight spur with 3 teeth at the mouth, white. Borneo. B.M. 6222. ampullaceum, Lindl. Fig. 2225. Dwarf: stem 6-8 in. high, with 2 rows of Ivs.: Ivs. strap-shaped, channeled, apex truncate and dentate: racemes nearly erect, 4-6 in. high: fls. deep rose color; sepals and petals ovate, veined, spreading out flat; labellum linear-falcate, one- half as long as the petals; spur slender, straight. May, June. N. India. B.M. 5.595. P.M. 13:49. J.H. HI. 32:463.— Var. Moulmeintose, Hort., is a geographical variety with stronger growth and larger fls. AA. Fls, orange or scarlet-orange. curvifdlium, Lindl. Stems short: Ivs. linear, 8-10 in. long, 2-toothed at the apex: racemes somewhat droop- ing, 6 in. long, dense: fls. 1 in. across, bright orange scarlet; sepals and petals ovate to obovate, spreading; labellum orange, blade linear, truncate, spur obtuse. May, June. Burma. Java. B.M. 5326 (as /S. »u)ua<)nH ). I.H. 13:493. cerlnum, Reichb. f. Stem short, thick: Ivs. strap- shaped, obtusely 2-lobed: raceme dense, half drooping: fls. orange, with a paler spur; sepals oblong; petals ovate. Sunda Islands. AAA. Fls. white, spotted with blue. cceleste, Reichb. f. Plant rarely 1 ft. high, with de- curved Ivs. and erect, densely fld. racemes 6-9 in. long: Hs. white, with the front of the lip and the tips of the segments sky-blue; sepals and petals cuneate, oblong, obtuse; labellum rliomboid, spur compressed, curved. July, Aug. Siam. J.H. III. 28:87. S. Blumei. Lindl. = Ehynchostylis retusa.— ,?. gigantt'um, Lindl. =Van(Iji densiflora. — S. gtittdtuni, Lindl. =Rhynchostylis retusa. — S. RarrisonlanuDl, Hook. = Rhynchostylis violacea. 2225. Saccolabium ampullaceum (X ^s). var. Harrisonianum. — S.illustre, Hort., probably^Vanda den- siflora. var. illustre. — S. prce.m6rsum. Lindl. =Rhyiichostylis retusa. — S. retftsum. Voiert^Rhynchostylis retusa. — S. JRhe^dii, Wight = Rhynchostylis retusa. — A', violaceuin, Reichb. f . ^ Rhynchostylis violacea. HeinricH HasSELERING. SACKED BEAN of Egypt. Nymphcea Lotus. SACKED BEAN of India. NelumM nueifera. . SADDLE TREE. Rare name for Tulip-tree, Zfirio- dendron. SAFFLOWER. Cartliainus. SAFFRON. Crocus sativus. SAFFRON, FALSE. Carthamus tinctorius. SAFFRON, MEADOW. See Colchicmn. SAFFRON THISTLE. Carthamus tinctorius. 1596 SAGE SAGITTAEIA SAGE {Salvia officinalis). For at least three cen- turies this tshrubby, fibrous-rooted perennial from southern Europe has been widely cultivated in kitchen gardens for its aromatic, whitish green, wrinkled, oval leaves. These are arranged oppositely on ascending or decumbent branching stems which seldom exceed 18 in. in height. In early summer the upper parts of these bear generally blue, though sometimes pink or white flowers, followed by almost black spheroidal seeds borne in the open cups. The name Salvia is derived from salvo, to save, in reference to the plant's use in ancient medicine; the name sage, from its supposed power to make people wise by strengthening the memory. In modern medicine it is but little used. In domestic practice it is, however, credited with tonic, sudorific, carminative, anthelmintic and stomachic properties, and is frequently used as a gargle for aphthous affec- tions of the mouth and pharynx. Its pleasant, though powerful-smelling, bitterish leaves are used for flavor- ing sausages and some kinds of cheese, for seasoning soups and stews, but mainly for dressings with lus- cious, strong meats such as pork, goose and duck. Among culinary herbs it ranks first in America, being more widely cultivated than any other except parsley, which is more largely employed for garnishing than as a flavoring agent. When possible the young leaves should be used fresh, for unless carefully dried they lose much of their aroma, which is due to a volatile oil and which even with careful ciiring rapidly dissi- pates. For best results the shoots should be gathered before flower-stems develop, because they are then richer and because later cuttings may be made. For drying upon a commercial scale, since this plan is thought to involve too much labor, the plants are cut in August if seed has been sown early, and the stumps, if not too short, produce again in late autumn; or if grown as a secondary crop, which is the common way, they are cut only once — namely, in autumn. Plants grown from cuttings (see below) will often produce three crops in a season. Upon a small scale a warm, airy room is best for drying, the plants being either laid loosely upon racks or the floor, or hung from the ceiling and walls. Upon a larger scale a fruit evaporator with a steady current of warm air at about 100'^ F. may be used. After drying, the leaves are rubbed to a powder and stored in air-tight vessels. Sage does best in an open, sunny aspect and a well- drained, mellow loam of medium texture, rich in humus and nitrogenous matter. Stable manure or a fertilizer containing potash, phosphoric acid and nitrogen should be applied before the plowing, if done in the spring. Fall plowing is generally preferred where Sage alone is to occupy the land. In each case plowing should be as deep as the surface soil will profitably permit. Thorough fining of the soil must precede, and clean cultivation follow planting, the plants being set in drills about 15 in. apart and 10 in. asunder for manual cultivation or 18-21 in. apart and 10 in. asunder for power cultivation. The former method is, as a rule, more profitable though more laborious. After harvesting (see above) if the bed is to be permanent, northern plantations should be mulched with marsh hay or other material free from weed seeds. For garden practice it is common to divide the clumps biennially, since the plants become straggling if left longer. Upon a commercial scale, however, it is better to rely upon cuttings or seedlings. Propagation may be effected by seed, cuttings, layers or division. Seed, the vitality of which lasts three years, may be drilled thinly in flats in greenhouse, hotbed or cold- frame in early spring; or out of doors, as soon as the ground becomes dry enough, in specially prepared beds of fine soil, covering them about ^ in. deep. In the former case the plants must be pricked out and hard- ened off to render them stocky and hardy before trans- planting; in the latter, they are taken directly to the field. This operation may be performed from mid-June until late July, the plants being not less than 2-3 in. tall. The former method, which is considered the better, is the common commercial practice. Cuttings may be of mature or of immature wood. With each, shade and moisture are essential to success. Mature wood cuttings, made in early spring, should be ready for the field in less than six we^ks; immature, taken from outside shoots just before they would form blossom heads, are left in the cutting bed until the fol- lowing year. Such plants are usually more prolific than those grown from mature wood or from spring seedlings, and are, therefore, best when Sage alone is to occupy the laud. But when it is to follow some early vegetable, mature wood cuttings or seedling plants will probably be foimd best, though little or nothing can be cut before September. As practiced by market-garden- ers in the vicinity of New York each of the above methods has its advocates, but practically all agree upon the plowing and harrowing of the ground in June or July after harvesting an early crop, such as beets, cab- bage or peas. About twice in the three weeks after setting the plants the field is raked to destroy sprouting weeds and to keep the surface loose, after which, if well done, bi;t slight hoeing is necessary. In Septem- ber, when the plants crowd each other, each alternate plant or row of plants is cut for sale and the remainder allowed to till the space. At the first cutting each plant should make about two marketable bunches; at the second at least three. This practice not only insures plants full of leaves at each cutting but at least double the qiiantity in the end. In America the green, broad-leaved varieties are in far greater demand than the colored and the narrow- leaved kinds. The best variety known to the writer is Holt Mammoth, which is exceptionally prolific of large leaves. It is said to produce no seed, -^i q_ EIains. SAGE BRUSH. Species of Artemisia. SAGE, JERUSALEM. See Plilomis. SAGfiNIA (derivation unknoTiTi). Polypodihcem. A genus uf ferns, mostly of large and coarse habit, with superior reniform or heart-shaped indusia fixed by the sinus, as in Dryopteris, but with veins uniting freely to form areoles with free included veinlets. About 25 species are known, largely from the East Indies, a few from tropical America. decurrens, Presl. Leaf-stalks narrowly winged from a creeping rootstock: Ivs. 2-4 ft. long, 1 ft. or more wide, cut down to a winged rachis and with 4-8 pairs of pinn» 6-12 in. long, 1-2 in. wide: sori large, in two regular rows between the principal veins. India to Polynesia. l. m. Underavood. SAGINA (Latin, fatness; perhaps alluding to the forage value. CarijophylldcecE . Pearlwort. About 8 species of annual or perennial tufted herbs, mostly from the temperate regions of the world. Lvs. awl -shaped: fls. small, usually comparatively long- stemmed; sepals 4-5; petals 4-5, entire or slightly eniarginate, minute or none; stamens equal in number to the sepals or twice as many: ovary 1-loculed, many- seeded: styles of the same number as the sepals and alternate with them. subul&,ta, Wiram. [S. pilifera, Hort. Spirgula pil- ifera, Hort. Spirgula suhuJida, Sw.). Pearlwort. An evergreen, hardy, densely tufted little plant, cov- ering the ground like a sheet of moss: lvs. very small, stiff, aristate on the margin, linear: stems branching and creeping: fls. white, studded all over the plant on long, very slender peduncles. Julv-Sept. Corsica. R.H. 189G, p. 435. K.B. 20:153. -Var. aiirea has lvs. marked with yellow. A good rock-plaut in shady places. Cult, similar to Arenaria. Prop, by division. F. W. Barclay. SAGITTARIA {Sagitta is Latin for arrow). Alis- mdcew. Arrowhead. A small genus of very variable aquatic plants, the number of species depending on the point of view of eacli author. Nearly or quite 100 spe- cific names occur in the genus, but Micheli, the latest monographer (DC. Monogr. Phaner. 3) reduces the species to 13, four of which are doubtful. In his mono- graph of the American forms (6th Rep. Mo. Bot. Gard.) Jared G. Smith admits 21 species. The present ten- dency amongst American writers is to recognize several rather than few species. In common with most aquatic plants, they are widely distributed. They occur in many parts of the world, in both temperate and tropical SAGITTARIA SAINTPAULIA 1597 regions. Blost of the species htive arrow-shaped leaves, whence the name. They are useful for foliage effects in bogs and shallow ponds, and also for their white buttercup-like flowers, which are borne in successive small whorls on an erect scape. They are mostly used for colonizing in the open, but S. Montevidensis — now the most popular species — is grown in indoor aquaria or 2226. Common Arrowhead— Sagittaria latifolia (X M). Comraonly known as S. variabilis. plunged in open ponds in the summer. The arrowheads are perennials of easy culture, although likely to be infested with aphis. Prop, by division, or sometimes by seeds. Plants of mostly erect habit, the Ivs. and scapes aris- ing from more or less tuberous or knotted rootstocks: Its. typically arrow-shaped, with long basal lobes, but sometimes long and linear: fls. imperfect, monoecious (staminate fls. usually in the uppermost whorls) or di- oecious, with 3 white broad petals and 3 small greenish sepals, the stamens and pistils numerous, the latter ripening into small akenes: inflorescence composed of successive whorls of 3-stalked fls. Sometimes the Ivs. are floating. A. Sepals of pistillate fls. {itsually in the loiver ivJiorls) erect after flowerivg, and the pedicels of these fls, thick: carpels not glandular. Montevid^nsiSt Cham. & Schlecht. Giant Arrow- head. Very large, sometimes growing G ft. tall, with leaf-blades 1-2 ft. long: Ivs. arrow-shaped, with long, diverging, sharp basal lobes: fls. very large (2 to nearly 3 in. across), the rounded petals white with a purple blotch at the base. Argentina to Brazil. Chile and Peru. B.M. 6755. Gn. 27:473. I.H. 31:543. -First known as a cult, plant from seeds sent to England in 1883 from Buenos Ayres by John Ball. It is now a popular plant for aquaria and lily ponds. Tender to frost. It is spar- ingly naturalized in the southern parts of the U. S., on both the Atlantic and Pacific sides. AA. Sepals of pistillate fls, reflexed after floiverlng: pedicels of these fls. slender: carpels somewhat glandular. B. Bracts at base of whorls united, as if only 1. pusilla, Nutt. {S. ntltans, in part. S. suhnlMa, Buch.). Slender and simple, usually only a few inches high: Ivs. linear or narrowly oblanceolate, rigid: fls. few, usually in 1 whorl, white, y2~%_ in. across, the filaments l)road. N. Y. to Ala., along the coast. — Offered by dealers in native plants. BB. Bracts 5, at base of the whorls. c. Zivs. usually distinctly sagittate. latifdlia, Willd. {S. varidhilis, Engelm. *S'. sagittcB- folia, var. varidhilis, Michx.). Pig. 2226. Very variable in stature and shape of Ivs., ranging from a few inches to 3^ ft. tall: Ivs. mostly broad-sagittate with long basal lobes, but I'unning into very narrow forms: fls. clear white, about 1 in. across, usually nioncecious, the filaments slender: akeue winged, with a lateral or ob- lique beak. Common everywhere in margins of ponds and lakes, and offered by dealers in native plants for colonizing in bog gardens and in lily ponds. sagittseiolia, Linn. Old World Arrowhead. Rhizome thick and tubei'ous, stolon-bearing: Ivs. broad and sagittate, very variable in form and size: scapes erect, simple or branched, overtopping the Ivs.: bracts narrow-ovate, free or slightly connate at base, shorter than the pedicels: petals large, white; filaments gla- brous: akene nearly or quite orbicular and in this re- spect differing from the allied American species. Throughout Europe and Asia. — By some authors the American S. latifolia and others are considered to be con-specitic. There is a form with double fls, (var. flore- pleno, Hort. S. Japonica , Hort.). S. Chinettsis of most trade lists is apparently one of the many forms of this species. There appears to be another S. Chiveusis in the trade, with lanceolate Ivs., the botanical position of which is undetermined. CC. J/VS. usually ohloug or linear and not sagittate. D. Filaments slender, tajiering iipward, cohivehhy. lancifolia, Linn. Erect and somewhat rigid, glabrous, the scape sometimes reaching 5 ft. : Ivs. lanceolate to narrow-oblong to nearly linear, nerved from the thick midrib: fls. white, in several whorls. Swamps, Del. to the tropics. DD. Filaments abruptly broadened, pubescent. graminea, Michs. Erect and simple, glabrous, 2 ft. or less high: Ivs. reduced to phyllodia, flat, broad-linear to lance-elliptic, pointed: fls. small, white, in 2 or 3 whorls. L. H. B. SAGO PALM. Consult Cycas. SAINFOIN, or SAINTFOIN. Onobrychis vicimfolia. ST. ANDREW'S CROSS. Ascyrum Grux-Andrece. ST. DABEOC'S HEATH, ^qq Dabcecia. ST. GEORGE'S HERB. Valeriana officinalis, ST. JOHN'S BREAD. Ceratonia Siliqua. See Hyjyericum ; also Sym- ST. JOHN'S-WORT. phoricarpus. ST. PATRICK'S CABBAGE. Saxifraga umbrosa. ST. PETER'S-WORT. Ascyrum. stans. Also applied to species of Hypericum, Primula and Symphoricarpus. SAINTPAtTLIA (from the discoverer of the plant. Baron Walter von Saint Paul). Gesnerdcece. Usambara Violet. A monotypic genus from eastern tropical Africa, where it was found growing in wooded places in fissures of limestone and granite rocks, in rich, light soil. It is a stemless hairy perennial herb with short- petioled ovate or oblong-cordate Ivs. 1-2 in. long and nodding blue fls. 1 in. across, borne in stout peduncled 1598 SAINTPADLIA SALIX few-fld. cymes: sepals 5-7, linear, obtuse, erect, green; corolla sub-rotate, the tube shorter than the sepals; limb 2-lipped, the upper lip 2-lobe(l, and much the smaller, the lower spreading, all lobes rounded, con- cave, ciliolate; stamens 2, inserted in the contracted mouth of the tube; filaments short, stout; ovary ovoid, hirsute; style filiform; stigma purple: seeds many, very minute. One of the choicest of blue winter-flower- ing plants. First bloomed in cult, in 189.3. •''< -f ^-/-^ 2227 Saintpaulia ionax.tha(XK). A young plant just coming into bloom. iondntha, Herra. & Weudl. African Violet. Usam- BABA Violet. Fig. 2227. B.M. 7408. Gn. 47:1002. A.G. 16:369. R.B. 20:109. K.H. 1893, p. 321. G.M. 37: 62. G.C. III. 13:08.5. Century Book of Gardening, 311. — Of its propagation and culture G. W. Oliver says: "The end of March is a good time to propagate, when the ripened leaves should be cut off with about an inch of the stalk attached, and inserted in the sand bed, cov- ering only a small part of the leaf -blade. The sand should not be kept too wet during the process of root- ing. Their propagation from seed and general culture is similar to that of GIo,xinia. The plants may be flow- ered the entire year or given a period of rest by partly withholding water." F. W. Barclay. SALAD PLANTS. The principal salad plant in America is the lettuce, which is used exclusively, but not always e.xpertly, tor salads. For full directions for growing lettuce in the garden and under glass, see Lettuce. Next to lettuce the best known salad plant in this country is probably endive, which is excellent, especially when well-blanched plants are to be had in the winter, t'hicory is much like endive, a.s regards its treatment either in the garden or in the salad dish. Like endive, it is frequently seen in the larger city markets. The common dandelion should be mentioned in this category. When forced and blanched it makes a salad fit for the most cultivated epicure. For ordinary home cultivation and use, however, the common garden cress [Lepidium sativnm, not water cress, nor upland cress) ranks nest to lettuce in value. Its rapid growth and high flavor equally recommend it. This plant is said to be a great favorite in English gardens and forcing houses, where it is grown in mixture with white mustard and is pulled very young and eaten roots and all. Corn salad is another plant sometimes grown in gardens and used for salad-making. It is most acceptable to those who do not relish the pungency of mustard and cress. Gives is used by many people as an ingredient of let- tuce and other salads; also young onions. Many other plants are used in various places and by various per- sons for salads. Besides the salad plants proper, many vegetables are used in a cooked or raw condition for salads. Such are cabbage, cauliflower, brussels sprouts, potatoes, lima beans, beets, Jerusalem artichoke, etc. With salad plants may also be included pot-herbs, or "greens." The plants especially to be mentioned in this cate- gory are Swiss chard, beet tops, spinach, kale, endive, and mustard. Many other plants find occasional or local favor. See Greens. The only general cultural directions which can be given for salad plants are that blanching is often desir- able and a quick unchecked growth is always a requisite. An abundance of rapidly available fertilizer and plenty of water are therefore to be insisted on. A warm, light soil, in the best mechanical condition, is nec- essary for the same reasons. y. A. Wadgh. SALICdRNIA (Latin, salt and liorn; saline plants with horn-like branches). CJienopodiacea'. Glass- wort. Marsh Samphire. A genus of about 8 widely scattered species of leafless seashore herbs, hardy or tender, annual or perennial. This and other chenopods which grow in large quantities in the Mediterranean re- gion were formerly used in making soap and glass, as they yield a large percentage of soda. The ashes of such plants were known to the trade as barilla. The species have probably never been in cultivation and have no horticultural interest. SALISBTJKIA. See Giiihgo. SALIX (ancient Latin name of widow). SalicAeece. Willow. A genus of trees and shrubs characterized by simple Ivs.: bads with a single bud-scale: Ivs. in lax scaly spikes (anients) : the fls. subtended by a single entire scale and nearly or quite destitute of perianth; the staminate fl. with 1, 2, or 3-6 stamens; the pistil- late fl. of a single pistil composed of 2 carpels and 2 more or less divided stigmas; at maturity the pistil dehisces, setting free the small appendaged seeds. The wood is light, soft and diffuse porous. For the staminate and pistillate flowers of Willow, see Figs. 831 and 833, Vol. II. The catkins or "pussies" are also shown in Figs. 2228 and 2229 herewith. The role that the Willow plays in the north temper- ate regions is to a certain extent analogous to that of the Eucalyptus in subtropical regions in that it flourishes in wet ground and absorbs and transpires immense quantities of water. It has been used to plant around cesspools for sanitary effect. But while most of the species occur spontaneously in wet ground or along stream banks, the Willows may be cultivated in various situations. The White Willow (S. alba) has been used very effectively to fix stream banks against erosion. Figs. 2230, 2231. Its root system is very extensive and when well established withstands the effect of heavy rapid streams as well as wave action. All species are readily propagated by cuttings. It has been suggested that the brittleness at base of twigs of some species, notably f4ie Black Willow (S. nigra), 2228. Staminate catkin of Salix discolor. Natural size. 2229. Pistillate cat- kin of Salix dis- color. Natural size. is an adaptation to facilitate naturally the distribution of the species. Certain it is that twigs broken from the tree by the wind are carried down streams and, be- coming anchored in the muddy banks, grow there. It is one of the most aggressive trees in occupying such places. SALIX SALIS 1599 2230. White Willow on a stream, holding the bank from washine. See Ko. 6. The genus is represented by species in both conti- nents. It is, however, much more abundant in north temperate regions than in south. In the frigid regions are several species. Salix arctlca and several allied species are among the few woody plants extending into extreme arctic regions. The arctic species are among the most diminutive of woody plants. As one goes south the species increase in size. Some of the species of north temperate, tropical and south temperate zones are large trees. The arborescent species all form wood very rapidly. Specimens of White Willow which may not be of great age look venerable from their great thickness. The wood is light in weight and color, finely and evenly porous. The wood has been extensively used in the mauufacture of gunpowder. It has also been used for many other purposes. Certain species have for many years been extensively cultivated in Eu- rope for materials with which to manufacture baskets. S. viminalis appears to be the favorite species for this purpose. Basket Willow is now extensively cultivated in central New York, and considerable manufacturing of this material is done there. As ornamental trees the Willows present little variety. The bright yellow catkins of some species are attractive in spring. They are considerably used as "nurse trees" for slower growing trees that require partial shade while young. The red and yellow branches of certain Willows are very bright and cheering in winter. The weeping forms are very popular, but they are often planted with little sense of fitness. The cultural re- marks under Populus will apply to Willows. Willows are rarely propagated from seed. The seeds are very small and contain a green and short-lived embryo. A very short exposure of the seeds to the air will so dry them out that they will not germinate. The safest way to secure seedlings is to plant the seeds as soon as the capsule opens. Many hj^brids have been described based on specimens found in nature that presented characters intermediate between recognized species. Artificial hybrids have also been made between many species. The dioecious habit of the species seems to facilitate cross-pollination, and it seems probable that the intermediate forms so frequently met with and designated in the monographs as varieties are natural hybrids. Upwards of one hundred hybrid Willows have been described as growing in Europe. Althougli as many or even more species occur in America, fewer hybrids have been detected here. The hybrids de- scribed as growing in America are for the most part be- tween native species and those introduced from Europe. 101 2231. Same tree as in 2230, in summer dress. alba, 6. amygdaloides, 2. annularis, 8. argentea, 6. argophylla, 11. aitrantiaca, 7. aurea, 'J, 8. Babylonica, 8. Eebbiana, 14. blanda, 7. Britzensis, 7. Candida, 20. Caprea, 12. cordata, 22. decipiens, 5. discolor, 13. dolorosa. 8. elegantissima, 9. Euphratiea, falcata, 1. Forhyana, 25. INDEX. fluviatilis, 10. fragilis, 5. Hindsiana, 11. humilis, 15. incana, 24. interior, 10. irrorata, 23. Japouiea. 8. Kilmaruock, 12. laurifolia, 4. lo)iffi.folia, 10. hicida, 3. multinervis, 12. myrtilloides, 21. nigra, 1. palmcefolia, 12. pendula, 1, 7, 8, 12 22, 25. peutandra, 4. petiolaris, 18, 24. pui-purea, 25. regalis, 6. rigida, 22. rosmainnifolia, 24. rostrata, 14. rubra, 10. Russelliana, 5. Salanaonii, 8. sericea, 17. Sieboldii, 9. Sitchensis, 26. splendens, 6, Thurlow's, 9. tricolor, 12. tristis, 16. viminalis, 19. viridis, 5. vitellina, 7. Wisconsin Weep- ing, 8. . Scales of anient green, deciduoiis. Mostly trees. B. Stamens more than S. c. Buds small I. nigra 2. amygdaloides CC. Buds large: Ivs. very shiny above 3. lueida 4. pentandra =---.---j.„---,iii-:i,,r 2232. Old roadside trees of Salix alba. 1600 SALIX SALIX BB. Stamens 2 or S c. Large trees. . 5. iragilis 6. alba 7. vitellina 8 Babylonica 9. elegantissima cc. Shrubs .10. interior 11. argophylla A. Scales of ament Ua 'k aliove, per sis ten t. Mostly shruhs. B. -Stamens 2. c. Capsules ha rtj. .12. Caprea V.i. discolor 14. Bebbiana 1.5. humilis 16. tristis 17. sericea 18. petiolaris 19. viininalis 20. Candida cc. Capstiles glabrous. 21. myrtilloides 22. cordata 23. irrorata 24. incana BB. Stamen 1 25. purpurea 2G. Sitcbensis 1. nigra, Marshall. Black Willow. Fig. 2233. Tree, 30-40 ft. high: bark flaky, often becoming shaggy : twigs brittle at base ; buds small: Ivs. lanceolate, green, both sides finely and evenly serrate : aments 1-2 in. long; scales oblong, deciduous; stamens 3-6: ovary ovate-conical, glabrous; style short but dis- tinct. E. N. Amer. Var. Salcita, Pursh. Ijvs. elongated, narrow and falcate. Var. p6ndula is cult. 2. amygdaloldes, Andersson. Peach-leaf WiLLCiw. Tree, 30-40 ft. high: bark longi- tudinally furrowed, less inclined to be flaky: Ivs. broader, glaucous beneath, on rather long, compressed petioles : aments loosely fld. : ovary lanceolate-conical ; style very short. Central and western N. Amer. 3. Idcida, Muhl. Shrub or low, bushy tree, 6-15 ft. high: branches yellowisti brown and highly polished : Ijuds large, flattened and recurved at the apex: Ivs. large, broadly lan- ceolate-acuminate, serrate, dark green, shin- ing above: aments large, appearing with the Ivs.; scale pale green, deciduotis ; stamens 4-5: ovary pedicelled, rather obtuse, glabrous. E. N. Amer. — A beautiful plant, deserving of more extensive cultivation. 4. pent&ndra, Linn. (S. laurifdlia, Hort. ). Bay -leaf or Laurel-Leaf Willow. .Shrub or small tree, 8-20 ft. high: branches chest- nut color: Ivs. large, elliptic to broadly ob- lanceolate, acuminate, shining and dark green above, paler beneath; aments appearing after many of the Ivs. are fully developed, not conspicuous. Europe and Asia. 5. fr4gilis, Linn. (S. HnVZi's, Fries. S.Bus- sellidna, Sm.). Brittle Willow. Pig. 2233. Tree, 50-60 ft. high, excurrent in habit and of very rapid growth: branches brown, ob- liquely ascending: buds medium size, pointed: Ivs. large, lanceolate, acuminate, glabrous or slightly hairy when young, scarcely paler be- neath, glandular serrate : aments appearing with the Ivs. (the stammate ti-ee rare in America), seldom bearing good seed, slender; scales deciduous. Eu., N. Asia. Gn. 19, p. 517; 55, p. 89. — Frequently cultivated and also growing spontaneously in many places. A company of promoters induced many Amer- ican farmers to plant hedges of this Willow some fifty years ago. Many of these occur now throughout the country, the trees being 40-50 feet high. A stake cut from a tree and driven in tlie ground will soon establish it- W 2233. Leaves of Wil- lows (X K). 1. Salix petiolaris: 2. Candida; 3. purpurea; 4. myrtilloides; 5. nigra ; 6. fragilis. self and grow into a tree. Var. decipiens> Hoffm. Twigs yellow: buds black in winter: Ivs. smaller and brighter green. Probably a hybrid with another species. 6. Alba, Linn. White Willow. Pig. 2234; also 2230-2. Large tree, with short and thick trunk, not excurrent in habit : branches yel- lowish brown : Ivs. ashy gray and silky throughout, giving a white appearance to the whole tree, 2-4 in. long, elliptical. Eu. Gn. 55, p. 87. — Heretofore associated with the next species, from which it differs in color of twigs and vesture and color of Ivs., as also in its general habit. It is only occasionally seen in America and has been known as 6". alba, var. argentea. 8. splendens, Bray, and S. regalis, Hort. These forms, not easily distinguishable from one another, can be readily distinguished from the following spe- cies. 7. vitellina, Linn. (S. bldnda, Anderss.). Yellow Willow. Becoming a very large and venerable appearing tree, the rather short trunk often 4 ft. or more in diam. It is often pollarded. The crown is deliquescent and rounded in outline. Branches yellow: Ivs. silky-hairy when young, glabrous when ma- ture, glaucous beneath, the whiteness inten- sified after the Ivs. fall. Aments appearing with the leaves. Abundant in E. N. Amer. Mn. 8, p. 2i (erroneously as S. a?ia). — Dis- playing many variations, the most obvious of which are: Var. atirea, Salisb. (var. anran- t'laeu, Hoit.), branches golden j'ellow, espe- cially just bcfiire flic leaves appear in spring. Var. Britzensis, Hurt., bark red. These as well as other choice varieties are grafted. Var. ptodula. S.H. 2:361, 371. Gn. 55, pp. 15, 22. 8. Babyldnica, Linn. {S. pendiila, Moeneh). Napoleon's Willow. Fig. 2234. A tree of weeping habit, 30-40 ft. higli, with long, slen- der, olive-green branches ; buds small, acute: Ivs. 2-0 in. long, attenuate at base and apex: aments appearing with the Ivs., slender, the pistillate green: capsule small, 1 in. long. Gaucasus. Gn. 1, p. 371; 34, p. 527; 39, p. 72; 55, p. 92. S.H. 1:261. -Long known in cultivation and often grown in cemeteries. Several forms recognized, some of which may be hybrids: Var. afirea, Hort., branches golden yellow. Var. annularis, Forbes, Ivs. twisted back so as to form a sort of ring. Var. dolorosa, Rowen. Wisconsin Weeping Willow. Lvs. glaucous beneath; hardy far- tlier north. Var. Salamonii, Hort., more vigor- ous and upright in habit, a form originating in France. Gn. 55, p. 19. S.H. 2:373. S. Salmouii of one catalogue is perhaps an error for this. Var. Jap6nlca, Thunb., Ivs. more decidedly toothed ; aments longer and looser. 9. elegantissima, Koch. Thurlow's Weep- ing Willow. Tree with more spreading habit and larger crown than -S'. Babylonica: branches long and pendent, yellowish green, sometimes blotched with brown: appears to be more hardy than S. Babylonica. Japan. Gn. 55, p.24. S.H. 2:363. B. Sieboldii,Hovt., is this species or is closely related. 10. interior, Rowlee {S. rubra. Rich, not Huds. .S'. longifblia, Muhl., not Lam. S. fluvidtiUs, Sargent and other recent authors in part). Fig. 2234. Varying in stature from a low shrub to a small tree, usually growing along streams and lake shores: twigs smooth and brown to densely tomentose and gray: buds piano - convex, with an obtuse and rounded apes, very small : lvs. nearly or quite smooth, sparsely canescent to extremely ca- nescent, sessile, linear-elliptical, remotely den- tate, the teeth narrow, sometimes quite spin- ulose: stipules conspicuous, ear-shaped, ob- scurely denticulate, deciduous : aments of SALIX late spring on short lateral peduncles, which bear 4-(> Ivs., those borne later in tlie season on much longer leafy branches, very loosely fld. : lis. fascicled in clusters of 2-5 on the axis, a distinct interval between the fascicles, first appearing in May and often bearing a second set of aments in early summer; scales usually glabrous or somewhat hairy toward the base, narrowly oblong, yellowish, decid- uous after flowering : filaments crisp hairy below, smooth above : capsules sessile, clothed when young with appressed silvery hairs, becoming nearly smooth at maturity; stigmas short, sessile. Central N. America.— The pistillate ament, lax at anthesis, becomes more so as the capsules mature, and by this character the species can easily be distin- guished from related species. 11. argophylla, Nuttall {S. longifdlia, var. argophylla, Anderss. S. fluvldtilis, var. ar- gophylla, Sargent. 6'. i/^incisidwa, Bentham). Tree or large shrub, 12-18 ft. high, forming dense thicliets but not growing in clumps: branches nearly glabrous and exceedingly tough : barls turning from brown to bright yellow or orange ,iu.st before blooming, mak- ing a thicket of it a most conspicuous ob- ject: Ivs. narrowly lanceolate, closely sessile, entirely or rarely minutely and remotelj' denticulate, clothed equally on both sides with an appressed , silky pubescence, which more or less conceals the veins ; stipules obsolete : scales oblong and obtuse in the staminate aiuent, narrower and more acute in the pistillate ; lower half of the filament densely crispy hairy: capsule lanceolate, cov- ered with straight appressed silky hairs, closely sessile: stigmas sessile; mature cap- sule often nearly glabrous. — Occasionally the leaves remain upon the plant over winter, the young shoots appearing in their axils in spring. Ament surpassed in length by its leafy peduncles; appearing in May in Ore- gon and northern California and flowering in- termittently all summer. This species is dis- tinguished by its narrowly lanceolate, entire leaves, obsolete stipules, small and rather narrow aments, erose scales and hairy cap- sules. S. argophj/Ua occurs on the Pacific slope from southern California to British Columbia. It is a western representative of the long-leaved Willows. Not advertised, but a beautiful species common along streams and irrigation ditches. 12. Caprea, Linn. Goat Willow. Fig. 22.35. A small tree, 12-25 ft. high, with up- right branches: Ivs. large, 2-5 in. long, 1-3 in. wide, rounded or subcordate at base, ru- gose, very variable : aments appearing before the Ivs., large and showy, especially the stam- inate ones. Eu. Asia. —The typical form often occurs in yards where it has sprouted from the stock upon which the more popular but scarcely more ornamental variety, pend- ula, has been grafted. Var. p^ndula, Hort. Kilmarnock Willow. Dwarfed form, grafted on stock about 4 ft. high, and forming a weeping shrub. Often planted in yards. S'. leuc.antha, the corolla and calyx are of different colors. The bracts range from minute and deciduous to a larger size and more attractive color than the tis. There are usually about 6 fls. in a whorl, some- times 2, sometimes many. In spite of these and many other wide variations, few attempts have been made to split lip Salvia into many genera, presumably from the feeling that the structure of the stamens makes the Salvias a natural, not an artificial group. Three Salvias are cultivated for their leaves, which are used in seasoning and also in medicine. These are the Common Sage, S. officinalis-^ Clary, S. Sclarea; and S. Hormimim. For the commercial cultivatiou of Sage, see Sage. Clary is a perennial plant, but is cultivated as an annual or biennial. The plants run to seed the second year, after which it is better to pull up the old plants. The seed may be sown in spring, in drills 12-20 in. apart or in a seed bed, from which the seedlings are pricked out in May. In August the first leaves may be gathered and the plants will continue to yield until June or July of the following year. Clary '{5. Sclarea) and its near relative. Salvia Hcr- Tyiinuni, are plants of exceptional interest. They are cultivated for their culinary and medicinal value and also for ornament, but their ornamental value lies not dens {X 1). Showing struc ture of stamens in the fls. {which are usually insignificant) but in the colored bracts or floral Ivs. at the tops of the branches. The various varieties are known as the Purple-top Clary, Red-top Clary or White-top Clary; also Red Sage and Purple Sage. The two ^species {S. Sclarea and Hormitiiim) seem to be much confused in our cata- logues, but the plants may be separated by the follow- ing characters: the upper lip of the calyx is 3-toothed in 6'. Sclarea, and truncate in Horminum\ the upper lip of the corolla is sickle-shaped and compressed in Sclarea, but straightish and concave in Hormitvum. Ac- cording to DeCandolle both of these species have large and showy floral leaves. It is to be inferred from Voss' treatment of the two species (in Vilmorin's Blu- mengiirtnerei) that A', fformitinm is the species chiefly cult, for the showy floral leaves, while the name " Clary " should be restricted to .S\ Sclarea. There is another odd feature about the floral leaves of both species. The red, white or purple tops seem to be composed of sterile Ivs., i. e., they do not inclose any whorls of flowers, while the large bracts under the whorls of flowers are green. However, DeCandolle refers to *S'. Sclarea two pictures in B.M. and B.R. where the situation is re- versed, i. e., the showy colored parts are the bracts un- der the whorls of flowers and there are no sterile bracts at the top. Moreover, the flowers in the cases just cited are anything but insignificant, being fully an inch long. Among the Salvias cultivated for ornament there are two large cultural groups, the hardy and the tender. The hardy species are mostly border plants, blooming in spring and early summer. The tender species are generally used for summer bedding, sometimes for con- servatory decoration in winter. Many of them bloom in summer and late fall, especially when thej' are treated as half-hardy annuals. As regards color of flowers there are also two impor- . taut groups, the scarlet-flowered, and the kinds with blue, purple, violet, white or variegated flowers. Of the scarlet kinds S. splevclens is the most called for; of the blue-flowered kinds, S. patens is the most popular of the bedding class, and S. pratensis the most popular of the hardy class. S. patens probably has the largest fls. of any of the blue-fld. kinds in cultivation. The most widely used of all Salvias cultivated for ornament is Salvia splendens, or Scarlet Sage. This is one of the most brilliant red-flowered bedding plants in cultivation. It is generally grown in large masses. It does best in full sunshine, but may be used in shady places to light up dark woody recesses. It should have a dark background of some kind by way of contrast. A well-managed mass of Scarlet Sage may be main- tained in full splendor from the middle of July to frost. It is propagated by either cuttings or seed. It is rather troublesome to keep cuttings or plants over winter, as they are particularly liable to attacks of aphis and red spider. It is, therefore, important to get seed of an early-blooming variety of compact liabit, and to sow the seed early indoors or in a frame in time to get good plants to set outdoors in May. A good raceme is over a foot long, with 30 or more fls. in a raceme, and 2-6 fis. in a whorl, each flower being 2 in. or more long. Some varieties have erect racemes, others pendulous, and there are white varieties, together with some inter- mediate colors. A poorly managed bed of Scarlet Sage gives a few flowers in September and is cut off in a short time by frost. Wet seasons delay the bloom, and if the soil is too rich in nitrogen the plants will make too much growth and the fls. will be late and rela- tively few. The same principles of cultivation apply to other tender Salvias used for bedding. Florists some- times lift a few plants of Scarlet Sage before frost, pot them and find that they make attractive plants imder glass for a month or two. One advantage that Salvia splendens has over many other red-fid. Salvias is that its calyx is as brilliant scarlet as the corolla. Special attention is called to the supplementary list, nearly every species of which is distinct at first sight and seems worthy of cultivation. There are many showy, bright red-flowered Salvias which seem to be not cult, in America. The following are amongst the most desirable and are described in the supplementary list. SALVIA SALVIA 1605 S. Boliviana, con ferti flora, ehfjans, f/esn&nefoUa, leon- uroides, rnhescens, strictiflora. Salvia was monographed iu 1848 by Bentham in DC. Prod, vol. 12. and an index to the 407 species therein described is found in Buek's "Genera, Species et Synonyma," etc., pars iii. In 1876, Hemsley gave an account in The Garden {!l:4liU~4;U) of Go species which had been in cultivation up to that time. See also "A Synopsis of the Mexican and Central American Species of Salvia,'' by M. L. Fernald (Proc. Am. Acad. Arts Sei., vol. 3.5, "1900, and Contrib. Gray Herb. Harvard Univ. N. S. No. 19). In the work just cited 209 species are described and there is an elaborate key. 2242. Salvia splendcns (X /o)- No. 2. SUMMARY OF SUBGENERA AND SECTIONS. Subgenus I. Salvia Proper. Corolla ivitli a hairy ring inside: anterior portion of the connective di- rected oufivards, bearing an anther cell which is rarely pollen-hearing. All Old World species. Section 1. Ehspliace. Shrubs or subshrubs, rarely herbs. Teeth of the calyx scarcely enlarged iu fruit: posterior lip of the corolla erect, straightish, concave. Includes officinalis. Section 2, Mymendsphace. Like Section 1, but the lobes of the calyx enlarged in fruit, membranaceous and veiny; posterior lip of tlie corolht straiglit in the ori- ental species, sickle-shaped in the South African. No species cult, in America. Section 3. Drytndsphace, Herbs, usually tall and glutinous: teeth of calyx scarcely enlarged in fniit: posterior lip of the corolla falcate, compressed. In- cludes hians. Subgenus II. Sclarea. Corolla with no hairy ring inside: anterior portion of the connective deflexed, abruptly dilated, connected at the callous extremity. All Old World, herbaceous species. Section 4. Hormlnum. Posterior lip of calyx trun- cate, the teeth small and remote: postei'ior lip of corolla straight, concave. Includes Horminum. Section 5. JEtliidpsis, Posterior lip of calyx 3- toothed: posterior lip of corolla falcate, compressed. Includes argentea and Sclarea. Section 6. PlethiSspJiace. Calyx ovoid (instead of bell-shaped or tubular, as in the two preceding sections) : posterior lip of calyx concave, 2-grooved, teeth 3, very short and connivent: posterior lip of corolla straight or falcate, concave or compressed. Includes bicolor, pra- tensis aud sylvestris. Subgenus III. Calosphace. Corolla, with no hairy ring inside hut sometimes with 2 teeth near the base: anterior portion of the connective deflexed, linear^ longitudinally connate or closely app7'oximate, often somewhat dilated, rarely bearing an abortive anther cell. All American species. Section 7. Cal6sphace, By far the largest section, characterized as above, and within these limits, im- mensely variable. Over 250 species, including azurea, cacaliaefolia, coccinea, farinacea, fulgens. involucrata, lanceolata, leucantha, patens, Sessei and splendens. Subgenus IV". Leonia. Corolla with a hairy ring in- side: anterior portion of connective sometimes di- rected outivard and bearing either a fertile or sterile anther cell, sometimes deflexed and acute, rarely reduced to a short tooth. Section 8, JSchindspliace, Bracts imbricated, spi- nescent: posterior lip of calyx 3-toothed: connective bearing a perfect anther cell on the posterior side. Includes carduacea. Section 9. PycnSsphace. Bracts imbricated, not spinescent. Otherwise as stated in Section S. Includes Columbarise. Section 10. Heter6sphace. Bracts deciduous: pos- terior lip of calyx truncate: connective bearing a per- fect anther cell on posterior side. Includes lyrata. Section 11, Notidspliace. Bracts small or minute: posterior lip of coi'olla entire or with 3 minute conni- vent teeth. Includes no species cult, iu America. Section 12, Semisphace. Bracts small: posterior lip of calyx 3-toothed : connective somewhat continuous with the "filament and produced into a very short tooth. Includes verticillata. alba, 15, 24. 27. albiflora, 10, 24. argentea, 18. atroviolacea, 24. aurea, 10. azTu-ea. 22. Bethelli. 20. bieolor, 19. Bluebeard, 15. Bruauti, 2. cacaliEet'olia, 28. carduacea, 8. coccinea, 5. ColumbariEe, 9. corapacta, 2. crispa, 10. Descliampsiana, ' fariuacea, 16. fulgens,4. grandiflora, 2, 22. Greggii, 1. INDEX. hians, 13. Horminum, 1,5. Hoveyi, 21. i:mthina, 21. icterina, 10. Issanehoii, 2. involucrata, 20. lactea, 5, lanceolata, 26. latifolia, 10. leucantha, 17. lyrata, 12. Milled, 10. officinalis, 10. patens, 27. Pitcheri, 22. porphyrantha, 6. porphyrata, 6. pratensis, 24. Pseudocoeeinea. 5. piirpurascen.s, 10. Rcemeriana, G. Roezli, 7. mbiciinda. 24. rubra, 15. rutilans, 3. salicifoha, 10. Sclarea, 14. Sessei, 7. Soucheti, 2. spelmina, 25. Spiehnanni, 25. splendens, 2. sturnina, 10. sylvestris, 23. tenuior, 10. tricolor, 10. variegata, 24. Verbeuaea, 25. verticillata, 11. \iolacea, 15. vulgaris, 15. 1606 SALVIA SALVIA KEY TO SPECIES. (Based on garden characters.) A. Color of corolla vivid red,ivithont a trace of purple. B. Tube of corolla neutral colored: lower lip showy 1. Greggii BB. Tube of corolla as bright as the lips. c. Upper lip eonspieuoitsly lonqer than the lower. D. Base of Ivs. not cordate. E. Calyx vivid red 2. splendens KE. Calyx green 3. rutilans DD. Base of Ivs. cordate 4. iulgena CC. Cpper lip much or little shorter. D. Base of Ivs. cordate: bracts usually found at base of whorls. E. Lower lip twice as long as upper 5. coccinea EE. Bower lip a trifle lo)t(/er than upper 6. Eoemeriana DD. Base of ivs. not cordate: bracts minute, deciduous 7. Sessei AA. Color of corolla blue, violet, purple or white. B. Corolla with a hairy ring inside, c. Foliage thistle -like, prickly: fls. fringed 8. carduacea CC. Foliage not thistle-like: fls. not fringed. D. Length of corolla scarcely greater than that of calyx.. . 9. ColumbaTise DD. Length of corolla conspicu- ously greater than that of calyx. E. Wliorls 10-iO-fld. F. Lvs. entire 10. officinalis PF. Lvs. lyrate ] 1, verticillata EE. Whorls about 6-fld. F. Lvs. lyrate 12. lyrata FF. Lvs. sagittate 13. Mans BB. Corolla without a hai^'if ring inside. c. Branches often topped with showy-colored floral lvs. D. Upper lip of calyx S-toothed: upper lip of corolla falcate, compressed 14. Sclarea DD. Upper lip of calyx truncate: upper lip of corolla slraight- ish, concave 1.5. Horminum CC. Branches not topped with showy - colored floral lvs. D. Whorls many-fid. {about IS) .16. farinacea DD. Whorls about 6-fld. (in jYos. IS and '2S sometimes 10-fld.). E. Color of calyx purple, of corolla white 17. leucantha EE. Color of calyx and corolla not as in b. F. Upperlip of corolla differ- ent in color from lower, G. The upper lip white ...18. argentea GG. The xipper lip blue 19. bicolor PF. Upper lip of corolla not different in color from lower, G. Fls. bright purplish red 20. involucrata GG. Fls. notbright purplish red. H. Calyx purple 21. ianthina HH. Calyx green. I. Bracts awl-shaped .22. azurea 11. Bracts ovate or wider. 3. Stem i>anicled above 23. sylvestris 1 J. Stem sparingly branched. K. Boot often tuber- ous 24. pratensis KK. Root not tuber- ous 2,5. Verbenaca DDD. Whorls ahnut '2-fld. E. Duration uunnal 20. lanceolata EE. Duration perennial. F. Lvs. entire 27. patens FF. Lvs. crenate 2s. cacaliaeJolia 1. Grtggii, Graj-. Eeadily di.stinguished from the common red-fld. kinds bj- the fact that only the lower lip is showy. This is carmine, and the rest of the co- rolla dull purplish. The foliage also makes it highly distinct. Though a native of Texas and Mexico it is offered by several dealers in hardy border plants. John Saul considered it "nearly hardy " at Washington, D.C. Shrub, 3 ft. high: lvs. linear-oblong, obtuse, narrowed at base: racemes 2-3 in. long, 0-8-fld. : upper lip short; lower lip witli the large middle lobe 2-lobed and 2 small, roundish lateral lobes. B.M. 6812. — Section 7. 2. splendens, Ker-Gawl. Scarlet Sage. Figs. 2241, 2242. The most popular of all red-fld. Salvias. Tender perennial herb from Brazil, 2-3 ft. high, with scarlet fls. 2 in. or more long, borne in terminal pyramidal ra- cemes 6 in. or more long, with 2-6 fls. in a whorl and 30 or more fls. iu a raceme. Lvs. ovate, acuminate, serrate: calyx scarlet, large, loose, plaited; corolla tubular; up- per lip undivided; lower lip 3-Iobed. the lateral lobes much narrower and reflexed. B.R. 8 :687. — Var. Bni&nti, Hort., int. before 1880, was an improvement over pre- vious forms in having dwarfer and more compact habit, with brighter and more numerous flowers. G.C. II. 14:781; III. 6:653. Gn. 21:336 (good picture). A.F. 5:331. Other trade names are vars. compacta, comp&cta er6cta, grandiflora, grandiflora erecta and grandiilora p6ndula. Also a form with golden foliage is cult, and one or more spotted with yellow. iS'. ijrundiflbra and nana are true botanical species which are probably no- where in cult., and these names in the trade mostly refer to varieties of S. splendens. Var. Souch^ti, Planch. {S. Souche'ti, Hort.), introduced about 1856, was considered to differ from the type in having more com- pact habit and fls. more numerous, more erect and more brilliant. F.S. 11:1154. The prevalent idea that this name is referable to S. Bcezli is probably due to a hasty reading of F.S. 14, p. 32. A white-fld. form is known to the trade as S. Soucheti alba. For *S'. Hoveyi, consult iS. ianthina. Var. Issdnchou, Hort., has rosy w^hite co- rolla, calices veined red, and red anthers. l.H. 28:432 (as S. Brasilihisis, var. Issanchou), v^here the calyx is bright yellow, striped red. Gn. 21:336. There are about a dozen varieties with personal names. Section 7. 3. rttilans, Carr. A plant of unknown habitat which is probably a horticultural form of S. splendens, differ- ing in having a small green calyx, whorls nearly always 2-fld., and inflorescence axillary as well as ter- minal and panicled instead of merely racemose. R.H. 1873:250. -The plant figured in G.C. II. 15:117 as S. ru- tilans has an unbranched raceme, with 6-fld. whorls and small calyx. Offered as late as 1893 by John Saul. 4. fiilgens, Cav. Cardinal Salvia. Mexican Red Salvia. Dili'ers from S. splendens in the darker red of the fls., the cordate lvs., and the calyx, wbicli is dull colored and conspicuously striate but hardly "colored"; also the 3 lobes of the lower lip seem to be all about the same size and lying in the same plane instead of hav- ing the lateral ones reflexed. Jlexican shrub or herb, 3 ft. high: lvs. ovate, cordate, somewhat acute, not acu- minate. B.R. 16:1356.— This name seems not to be ad- vertised in America to-day, but in 1886 Gray stated that S. splendens and S. fulgens were the two common red- fld. kinds in cult. Section 7. 5. coccinea, Linn. This name is said to be loosely used in trade catalogues for ,§. splendens, and it is doubtful whether the true *S. coccinea is in cult. Per- ennial or annual, 2 ft. high: lvs. cordate: fls. deep scar- let, 1 in. or less long; calyx slightly reddish, lower lip twice as long as upper, the middle lobe very large and 2-lobed. Trop. America; also S. C. to Pla. and Tex. Var. Mctea, Hort., is advertised. Section 7. Var. Pseudo - coccinea, Gray (S. Pseudo-coccinea, Jacq.),is a fall variety which is hirsute on stem and petioles, instead of glabrate. B.M. 2864. 6. Kcemeriana, Scheele (S. porphyrdntha, Decaisne. S.porphyrflta.Hook.). Perennial, 1-2 ft. high: lvs. cor- SALVIA SALVIA 1607 date: fls. scarlet, 1 in. or more long'; calyx purplish or reddish towards tips; lower lip a triHe longer than the upper, the middle lobe large and 2-cIeft. Tex., Mex. R. H. 1854:301. B.M. 4939. F.S. 11:1080. - Considered hardy by Thorburn. Section 10. 7. S6ssei, Benth. {S. Bmzlii, Sclieidw.). Fig. 2243. Remarkable for its large fls. (2 in. long), with boldly deflexed lower lip, which is not 3-lobed but merely 2- cut at apex; also remarkable for the large, loose calyx, flushed with brick-red towards apex. Mexican sub- shrub: h's. ovate, serrate, not cordate. F.S. 14:1407. 8. carduicea, Benth. Fig. 2243. Unique among Salvias for its thistle -like foliage and fringed fls. The Ivs. and the large conspicuoits bracts are very prickly and the lilac- colored fls. much cut, the fringes of the lower lip being more numerous and deeper. Tender perennial from Calif., 1-1}.^ ft. high, very woolly: Ivs. all radical, densely woolly be- neath. B. M. 4874. G. C. II. 19:56.-Ofl:ered by Calif, collec- tors and lately by eastern seeds- men. Section 8. 9. C olumbS,riaB, Benth. A common Californian annual hardly worth cult, for ornament, the blue fls. being about % in. across and not as long as the bracts. Height 9 in.-2 ft. : Ivs. few, wrinkled, radical ones long- stalked, oblong, pinnatifid or bipinnatifld ; divisions obtuse. B.M. 6595 (fls. lilac).- Offered by Orcutt. 10. officinalis, Linn. Sage. Woolly white, south European subshrub, varying greatly in breadth and wooUiuess of Ivs.: fls. purple, blue or white, large or small : whorls few, dense, 10-20-fld. — The form commonly cultivated as a kitchen herb is var. tentiior, Alef., with blue fls. and Ivs. 3-4 tijnes as long as broad. Other forms are: var. albiJldra, Alef., with white fls. and Ivs. 3^ times as long as broad; var. salicifdlia, Alef., with Ivs. 4-7 times as long as broad; var. lati- Idlia, Alef., with Ivs. twice as long as broad; var. crispa, Alef., with crisped and variegated foliage; var. sturnlna, Alef., Ivs. green and white; var. ieterina, Alef., Ivs. green and gold; var. purpurascens, Alef., with somewhat reddish foliage which is said to have the strongest and pleasantest taste, and is preferred in England for kitchen use; var. Milleri, Alef., with Ivs. somewhat red and spotted; var. aurea, Hort., with golden yellow foliage and compact habit; var. tricolor, Vilraorin [S. tricolor^ Hort., not Lem.), with Ivs. of three colors, gray-green, yellowish white and pink, be- coming rosy or deep red. Section 1. 11. vertioill5,ta, Linn. Perennial herb from southern Europe and western Asia, with Ivs. like a dandelion : Ivs. lyrate, cordate at base, apical lobe largest, ovate- rotund: w^horls globose, 20^0-fld. : fls. blue; corollas twice as long as calyx. — Section 12. 12. lyrita, Linn. Hardy perennial herb, with some- what tuberous root and scape-like stems : fls. 1 in. long, blue or violet. N. J. to 111., south Fla. to Tex. — Once offered by Bassett, of Hammonton, N. J. Section 10. 13. hiana, Royle. Fig. 2243. Handsome hardy per- ennial herb from the Himalayas, with large blue or purple fls., the lower lip often white, prettily speckled with blue or purple: plant villous, 2-3 ft. high: Ivs. 3-5 in. long, deltoid-ovate, base truncate or hastate; petiole 4-8 in. long: raceme 8-12 in. long: fls. l-\% in. long; upper lip 2-lobed, lower lip with large obcordate midlobe and broad revolute side lobes. B.M. 6517. B.R. 27:.39. R.H. 1845: 145. -Section 3. 14. SclS.rea, Linn. Claky. Biennial (according to DeOandoUe): Ivs, broadly ovate, cordate at the base, the largest 8-9 in. long, 4-5 in. wide: fls. pale purple or bluish. Discussed above. B.R. 12:1003 {8. Simsiana). B.M. 2.320 (as iS'. 6r«c*ea^rt). — Bracts pink: fls. blue, with a white under lip in both plates. Section 5. 15. Horminum, Linn. Annual: Ivs. oval-oblong, rounded or wedge-shaped at the base: fls. reddish vio- let. Discussed above. Voss calls the varieties with colored floral Ivs.: vars. vulgiris, light violet; violacea {S. Bluebeard, Hort.), light violet -blue; rdbra and ilba. — Section 4. IG. SarinS,cea, Benth. Figs. 2244, 2245. Charming and popular plant, with violet or purple corollas set off by 27,43. Types of Salvia. (All X 'A.) At the left, S. carduacea; unique for its fringed flowers. Next is S. leiicantha, example of kinds in which the flower does not gape widely. The two at the right, S. Mans and Sessei, are interesting for the size and lobing of the middle lobe of the lower lip. the light blue mealy calyx. Botanically close to alvia. Peren- nial herb : stem pilose, 1-2 ft. high: lvs. petio- late, ovate-deltoid, cre- nate, hastate at the base or the xippermost lvs. rounded at the base, his- pid on both sides: bracts lanceolate-linear, spread- ing, few, remote: whorls 2-ad.: fls. 2 in. long or more, blue; calyx villous. Mts. of Mex. B.M. 3808. B. 3:109. F. 1840:222. Var. alba, Hort., is ad- vertised in Europe. Sec- tion 7. 28. eacaIi£ES61ia,Benth. Tender blue-fld. peren- nial herb with triangular, mostly basal lvs. and glutinous- villous blossoms, which are swollen at the throat; lvs. undulate, villous beneath: inflorescence generally a pan- icle of 1 central and 2 lateral racemes: whorls 2-fld. Mex. B.M. 5274. F.S. 22:2318. Gn. 21:336. -Section 7. S. acuminata, Ruiz & Pav. Pei-uvian blue-fld. subshnib, the lower Up of corolla white toward the base. R.H. 1843:493.- 5. ania'na, Sims, is a synonym of S. lamiifolia.— S. angusti- folia, Cav. Mexican blue-fld. perennial herb, the lower lip longer than the upper and more or less white towards the base. B.R. 18:l.wt. Section 7.— .S. asperate, Falc. Himalayan plant, with yellowish white fls. and very large bracts which are lined with greenish white. B.M. 4884. Section 5. — .S. aiirea, Linn. Very remark.able South African shmb. -witli large bronzy yellow fls. Lvs. white-woolly, petioled, ovate or round- ish: calyx exceptionally l.irge and leafy, loose, bell-shaped and blunt. B.M. 182. G.C. II. 20:745.— S. Austrlaca. Linn. A per- ennial from southeastern Eu., with yellowish fls., the upper lip spotted red. B.R. 12:1019. Section a.—S. Boliviana. Pl.anch. One of the most desirable Salvias not cult, in America. It is a splendid red-fld. subshrub found in the Boli\dan Andes at 10,000-12,000 ft., and has a remarkably dense raceme of tubidar fls.. each 2 in. or more long. It is close to S. i-utilans, but, as Hooker s.ays, ""the panicles of S. Bolivi.ana are much denser- flowered, tlie caliees larger, with longer lips, and the corolla twice as long and straighter. with a smaller lower lip." B.M. 6714. P.S. 11:1148. Section 7.— S. Candrlabrnm, Boks.. is re- markable from the fact that the fls. are dull and pale except tor the large purple underlip. Mexican subshrub, found 2,500- 2246. Salvia pratensis ( X J4) . SALVIA SAMBUCUS 1G09 3.000 ft. above sea. B.M. 5017. Ga. 27, p. li:i. Section l.S. ceratophi'illa, Liun., is a yellow-fld. biennial from Asia Minor, remarkable for its bipiunatifid foliage. The Us. are less tliau 1 in. long, but they perliaps represent the nearest approach to a good yellow that Salvia affords. F.O. 1:5. Section b.—S. chamcedrio'tdes, Cav., is a hlue-lid. Mexican snbshrub, the lower lip longer than tlie upper and the fls. marked with white on both lips toward the throat. Also found in Mex. B.M. 808. Section 7.—S. coiiferUfldi-a, Pohl, is a unique and most desira- ble species. The raeerae is extremely long (2 ft.), with about 2 dozen distant whorls of rts.; whorls inauy-flcl.: lis. small, club-shaped, not widely gaping, wliito at base, bright, soft red at apex. A charming subslirub, found in the Organ Mts. in Brazil. B.M. 3899. Section 7.-5. (Z^cArcJa, Hook., is perhaps a botaniiial var. of S. bicolor. Its fls. are blue, except the raid- lobe of the lower lip, which is white. It is a native of the At- las Mts. in Morocco, probably a tender perennial herb. Root- Ivs. oblong, acute at base, while those of S. bicolor are deeply cordate. B.M. 6004. Section 6.—^. elegans, Vahl. Red-fld. Mexican herb, slender, 2-4 ft. high: whorls 6-lld.: fls. scarlet, more than 1 in. long. B.M. 6448 (fls. purplish crimson). Sec- tion 7. — S. eriocdlyx, Bertero, is a shrub found in Jamaica be- longing to a group remarkable for their densely woolly caliees, It is figured in R.H. 1844:1 with white corollas and purple caliees. Section 7.—S. Forskbhlei, Linn., is a hardy perennial from Asia Minor. If it is worth cultivating it is for the nov- elty of the variegated fls., which are curiously marked with violet, blue and white, the filaments red and the anthers blue. B.M. 988. Section 'i.—S. gesnerceflora, Lindl. & Paxt., is a red- fid. Colombian snbshrub, that should be in cult. The fls. are large, brilliant, of very uncommon shape, being swollen at the middle and constricted at the throat; the lower hangs down and is barely 2-eut at apex. I.H. 1:32. F.S. 20:2131. F. 1851:145.-5. Qordonidna, a trade name in America, seems xin- known to botanists. Possibly a form of some common species. —S. Qrdhavii, Benth. The showiest part of the fl. in this spe- cies is the midlobe of the lower lip, which is large and obcor- date. Mexican snbshrub, which bears deep crimson and pur- ple fls. at the same time, the latter being the older ones. The species is also remarkable for 2 small white spots, one on each half of the midlobe of the lower lip. B.R. 16:1370. Section 7.— S. Hehrii, Kegel. Peruvian subshmb, 3-5 ft. high, with scarlet fls., lately offered in S. Calif., and formerly by John Saul, of Washington, D. C. Lvs. petioled, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, cordate at base, toothed, pale green above, whitish below, 4 in. long, 1 in. wide: whoi'ls 2-fld.: fls. 54 in. long or moi'e, later striped white; corolla not hairy inside. Probably Section 7.— S. Hispdnica, Linn., is included in many modern works, but is probably not worth cultivating. It is an annual with small blue fls. scarcely longer than the calyx. Trop. Amer. B.R. 5:359. S. Hispauiea of some authors, a native of Spain and Italy, is S. officinalis. Section l.—S. Indica, Linn., is said by the Flora of British India to be a native of Syria, not of India. It is a hardy perennial with variegated fls.; upper lip violet; lower lip shorter, white, speckled with violet and bordered with yellow. B.M. 395. — S. interrwpta, Schousb. Hardy sub- shrub from Morocco, with pinnatisect foliage and large, white- throated fls. which are described in B.M. 5860 as dark ^^olet- purple, but shown as blue in the plate. Section 2.—S. lamiifd- lia, Jacq. (S. amoena, Sims). Blue- or violet-fld. West Indian shrub, 6-8 ft. high. B.M. 1294. B.R. 6:446. L.B.C. 4:377. Sec- tion 7.—S. lavenduloldes, HBK. (S. lavendnliformis, Neu- mann), is an azure-blue-fld. Mexican perennial herb: whorls about 10-fld. Very attractive. R.H. 1845:445. Section 7.— -S'. leonuroldes. Gloxin. (S. formosa, L'Herit.), belongs to a small group of scarlet-fld. shrubs from Peru and Brazil, which are remarkable for their axillary inflorescence. Upper lip red- hairy. Pern. B.M. 376. Section 7. —S.lojigifldra, 'Ruiz ibVav., has probably the longest fls. -of the geniis. It is a Peruvian shrub, with nodding racemes of red fls., each 4-5 in. long. Sec- tion 7.—S. macrostdehya, HBK., is a shrubby plant, found in Ecuador and Colombia at 10,000 feet. It grows 6 ft. high and has large pale bine fls. which are overshadowed by the too con- spicuous green, persistent bracts. B.M. 7372. Section 7.—S. tnarmordta Hort., is said to be "white, striped scarlet," doubt- less referring to the fls. Presumably a variety ol" S. splendens. —S.nigresceiis was advertised by John Saul about 1893 and seems unknown to botanists. Possibly a form of some com- mon species. "Fls. blackish violet; calyp lavender." — S. nu- tans, Linn., is given in many modern works, but is scarcely worth cult, unless for tlie unusual circumstance that the in- florescence is nodding. The fls. are violet and less than '% in. long. Hardy pei'ennial herb from western En. B.M. 2436. Sec- tion 6.— iS'. rhoniblfblia, Rniz & Pav. Peruvian blue-fld. annual, the lower lip larger and lined with white at the throat. B.R. 17:1439 (as S. foliosa, Benth.). — S. ruMscens, HBK. Charming shrub from Andes of Ecuador, with brilliant red corollas set off by purple caliees. Inflorescence panicled: fls. tubular, 1 in. long, lower lip larger. B.M. 5947. Section 7. Very desirable. — S. scabiosmfdlia, Lam. (S.Habliziana, Willd.). One of the most attractive white-fld. Salvias, and said to be hardy. Per- ennial herb form Taxiria, with large white fls. more or less speckled with pink. B.M. 1429 and 5209. Section l.—S. scapi- fdrmis, Hanee. The habit of this plant is all b\it iinique and singularly attractive. It has the alpine habit, lvs. all radical and the slender leafless scapes rising 6-10 in., with a dozen or more 6-fld. distant whorls of small amethystine flowers. For- mosa. B.M. 6980. Section 11. — S. Schimperi, Benth., has whit© fls. 2 in. long and is one of the few desirable plants from Abys- sinia. It is a mountain plant, presumably a tender perennial herb, with prominent bracts which are white, bordered green. B.M. 6300. Section 5.—S. stricti.fldra, Hook., is exceptionally interesting by reason of its stiffly erect, tubular fls., the lower lip being not at all reflexed. Red-fld. Peruvian shrub. B.M, 3135. Section 7. — S. taraxicifdlia, Cosson & Bal. Morocco sub- shrub, with variegated fls. and lower lvs. like those of a dande- lion. Fls. purple, with a yellow stripe on each half of the mid- lobe of the lower lip near the throat. B.M. 5991. Grows at 2,000-3,000 ft., but presumably tender north. Section 1.— ,S. tricolor, Lem. not Hort.. has white fls. tipped with purple on the upper lip, and beautifully suffused with red at the apex of the midlobe of the lower lip. I.H.4:120. F.S. 12:1237. Section 7. W. M. SALVlNIA (Antonio Maria Salvini, 1633-1729, Italian scientist). Mar ^ Hide ece. Salvinia is an interesting plant for the small home aquarium. It is a floating- plant with slender stems bearing 2-ranked, oblong lvs. 4-0 lines or even I in. long. The upper surface of the lvs. is covered with papillae or minute warts; the lower is densely matted with brown, pellucid hairs. The plant is supposed to have no true roots. What look like roots are believed to be finely dissected leaves. Many aquatic plants have these two types of foliage, e. g., the Water Buttercup, Manuncalus aquatilis. The plant is of easy culture in summer, but many persons have lost it over winter by not understanding its habits. It is an annual and often dies in the winter after ripening a crop of spores. Get a broad pan, fill it half full of loam and then fill the pan with water. After the water has cleared place the Salvinias on the surface. In the winter watch for the formation of the spore capsules. These grow in masses near the top of the clusters of root-like leaves. After the plants die the sporo capsules will remain in the soil. The plant often passes the winter in greenhouses in a grow- ing condition, producing no spores. Salvinia is not a flowering plant. It is a cryptogam and has two kinds of spores, large ones and minute ones. The "spore capsules" mentioned above are technically sporocarps. Of each cluster of sporocarps, 1 or 2 con- tain 10 or more sessile macrosporangia, each of which contains a solitary macrospore. The other sporocarps in the cluster contain numerous pedicelled microsporan- gia, leach of which contains numerous microspores. For a fuller and illustrated description see Britton and Brown's Illustrated Flora. Salvinia is variously estimated to have 1-13 species. Aquatic plants are noted for their wide geographical range. The variations incident to wide range are not considered worthy the rank of species by many botan- ists. .Salvinia natans, Linn., is the common Eu- ropean and Asian species and possibly the only one. S. Braziliensis is another trade name. Its lvs. are said to have a "delicate hairy surface." -w". M. SAMB^CTIS (old Latin name of the Elder, perhaps derived from Greek sambuke, a musical instrument said to be made of Elder wood) . Capri foHdcece. Elder. About 20 species of trees or shrubs (rarely perennial herbs) with opposite, pinnate lvs., Ifts. serrate or la- ciniate, and numerous small white fls. in compound cymes: fr. a juicy drupe or berry, red, black, white or green. A vahiable genus for the planter, of which the golden forms are too much used and the American spe- cies, S. Canadensis and pubens, too little. Either massed or single they are very effective. A hint for the effective use of S. Canadensis and pubens may be had from natural plantations when the two species are in- termingled, the white flowers of the former contrasting strongly with the red fruit of the latter. Readily propa- gated by cuttings either of wood or root. S. Canadensis is one of our minor fruit plants. Elderberry wine is a common home product. The Brainard Elderberry in- troduced in 1890 by Brandt has fruits fully three times as large as the wild berries. Botanically, Sarabucus is closely allied to Viburnum, being essentially distinguished by the 3-5-loculed ovary, that of Viburnum being usually 1-loculed. Other generic characters: calyx 3-5-lobed or toothed; corolla rotate, 3-5-parted, lobes generally imbricate: stamens 5; disk none or convex: style 3-parted: ovule solitary, pendu- lous from apex: drupe 3-5-stoned: stones 1-seeded. 1610 SAMBUCUS SAMPHIEE A. Color of fruit black or blacTcish. B. Fruit not glaucoua. c. Height 12-25 ft. when full grown, nigra, Linn. Comsion European Elder. A large shrub or small tree, 12-25 tt. high, with rough bark; old wood hard, yellow, fine-grained: Ifts. 5-9: fls. in 2247. Common Elder, blooming in summer— Sambucus Canadensis (X J^). flat 5-rayed cymes: fr. black or dark green. — May, June. The following horticultural vars. are sufficiently distin- guished by their names: arg^ntea, aurea, heterophylla, lacini^ta, pulverul6nta, pyramidalis, rotuudifolia, varie- gata. Of these var. aurea is distinct by reason of its yellow foliage; laciniata and heterophylla by reason of variously cut Ifts., making them very effective in mass planting. Var. variegata is not constant in its variegation. S. heterophylla, laciniata., variegata, etc., of trade catalogues, are presumably varieties of S. n igra . CO. Eeight 5-12 ft. Canadensis, Liun. Common American or Sweet Elder. Fig. 2247. Shrubby, 5-12 ft. high; wood with white pith occupying the greater part of the stem: Ivs. pinnate- Ifts. 5-11, smooth: fls. white, in a flat cyme: fr. black. June, July. Fruit ripe Aug., Sept. Var. aurea has yel- low foliage. Var. variegata has yellowish white mark- ings. Var. laciniata has the Ifts. vari- ously cut and indented. Var. glauca has whitish hairs on the leaves. Gng. 6:88. Gu.55, p. 385. B.B. 3:228. -This is the common Elder, blooming in mid- summer, and one of the choicest of native shrubs although seldom appre- ciated. The flowers are fragrant. BB. Fruit glancous, i.e., strongly ivhitetied with a mealy hloom. glaiica, Nutt. Arborescent, 6-18 ft. high, glabrous throughout: Ifts. 5-9, ovate to narrowly oblong. Pacific coast east to Idaho and Nev. Seed offered 1901 in S. Calif. Gn. 53, p. 68. AA. Color of fruit red. B. Petioles glabrous. racemdsa, Linn. Lfts. oblong-acu- minate, unequal at the base: fls. pani- culate. Native of Eu. -Asia and closely resembles the next ; perhaps a little taller and the twigs usually 4-angled. Vars. in the trade are plumosa, plu- mbaa aiirea and laciniata, which are not equal in value to similar forms of S. nigra, var. plumosus. Var. a^rea, which is being sent out in 1901, seems to belong to this species. BE. Petioles pubescent. pilbens, Michx. Red-berried Elder. Height 5-7 ft.; wood thicker than in S. Canadensis, pith brown ; bark warty: lfts. 5-7: fls. in pyramidal paniculate cymes: fr. red, April, May. Fruit ripening in June, while S. Can- adensis is still in flower. N. Amer. B.B, 3 :228. — The American representa- tive of S. racemosa, and by many considered to be identical with that species. jojjn F. Cowell. SAMPHIRE { C'>-if7pw?( Hi 7naritimum) is the name corrupted from sampier, itself a corruption of the French Saint Pierre (St. Peter), given to a succu- lent-stemmed, half - hardy perennial, well known upon rocky coasts above high tide in Great Britain as sea-fen- nel, parsley-pert, and St. Peter's herb. It belongs to the family Um belli ferce. The plants, which attain a height of from 1-2 ft., have somewhat linear, glaucoiis-green, fleshy leaves, K in. long, small, white or yellowish flowers, which appear in umbels during July, and oblong, yellowish, fennel -like, smallish seeds of light weight, which ripen in early autumn and lose their germinating power within a year. For more than tbree centuries the crisp and aromatic leaves and young stems gath- |ered in August or September have been used in salads and vinegar pickles. Samphire rarely reaches perfection in gardens far from the sea- coast, unless grown upon sandy or gravelly soil, and watered frequently and plentifully with weak salt and soda solutions. It may be propagated by root division, but better by sowing the seed as soon as ripe, the plants being thinned to stand from 1-1 J^ ft. asunder in rows 2-2M ft. apart. Golden Samphire (Inula crithmi folia), a native of the marshes and sea-coast of Great Britain, is an erect hardy perennial, l-l}4 ft. tall, with small, fleshy leaves SAMPHIRE and yellow flowers in smuU, umbel-like clusters. Though gro\i-n and used like true Samphire, for which it is often sold, it lacks the pleasing, aromatic taste of the genuine. It belongs to the family Composites. For Marsh Samphiie, see Salicornia. jj. (j. Kains. SANCHfiZlA (after Jos. Sanches, professor of bot- any at Cadiz). Acantlidcea;. Strong, erect herbs or half-shrubby plants : Ivs. large, opposite, entire or slightly toothed: Hs. orange, red or purple, united into heads or spikes at the ends of the branches, or rarely paniculate; calyx deeply 5-parted, segments oblong; tube of the corolla long, cylindrical, somewhat ventri- cose above the middle, limb of 5 equal, short, rotund lobes ; perfect stamens 2, inserted below the middle of the tube, with 2 aborted stamens between them; anther 2-ceIled, the cells mucronate in front; style long, with one division small, spurlike : ovary on a thick disk, 2-loouled. with 4 ovules in each cell. About 8 spe- cies in Peru, Colombia and Brazil. n6bilis, Hook. Plants stout, erect, smooth, except the inflorescence: stem 4-angled: Ivs. 3-9 in. long, oblong- ovate to oblong-lanceolate, obtusely toothed, narrowed into winged petioles, connate: fls. 2 in. long, yellow, in heads subtended by bright red bracts, the heads form- ing a panicle. Ecuador. B.M. 5.594. P. S. 23:2437. Var. glaucophylla, Lem. (var. variegata, Hort.). Lvs. varie- gated with pale yellow or white along the veins. F. 1867, p. lo4. I.H.'l4:528(asS.«o6i;j.v); 10:580. -A hot- house plant which is very attractive when well grown, but which becomes straggling and weedy if neglected. Grown mostly for its foliage. Heinrioh Hasselbring. SANDAL-WOOD. See Adenanthera. SAND-BUE. See Genchms. SANDEKSONIA (John Sanderson, discoverer of S. auraiifiaca). LiUCicece. A genus of 1 or 2 species from Natal; tuberous plants growing 1-1 H ft. high, slender, with many sessile stem-leaves and yellow or purple glob- ular bell-shaped flowers, pendulous from a number of the upper leaf-axils, the segments with pointed nectaries at the base. Perianth gamophyllous, urceolate: seg- ments deltoid or lanceolate: stamens 6; filaments fili- form; anthers linear-oblong, ovary 3-loculed. Glass- house x^lants, to be treated like Gloriosas. aurantlaca, Hook. Lvs. 3^ x %-% in. : pedicels ^-1 in. lung: perianth orange-colored, '^i-\ in. long. Nov. B.M. 4716. R.H. 1868, p. 311. p. -VV. Barclay. SAND MYRTLE. Leiopliyllum. SAND PEAR. Pyrus Sinensis. SAND VERBENA. See Abronia. SANDWORT is an English name for Arenaria. SANGUINARIA (Latin, Mood; referring to the yel- lowish red juice of the plant). Papaverdeece. Blood- root. A single species common in w^oods of eastern North America. Rootstock several inches long, about /^ in. thick, horizontal: lvs. radical, cordate or reniform, usually only 1 from each root bud, on petioles about 8 in. long: fls. white, often tinged with pink, 1-3 in. across, mostly solitary, on scapes about 8 in. long, ap- pearing just preceding the full grown leaves; sepals 2, fugacious ; petals 8-12, in 2 or 3 rows, oblong or obovate, early deciduous: capsule 1 in. long, oblong, 2-valved. The Bloodroot is a showy spring flower usually found in woodland, but not a true shade-loving plant, since its growtli is, to a great extent, made before the foliage of the trees expands. In cultivation it prefers a rather light soil, but will grow anywhere. It will do as well in sunlight as in shade and will even grow amongst grass, if care be taken not to mow down the leaves until it has perfected the root growth and buds for the follow- ing season. The roots are best transplanted after the leaves have ripened, until the autumn root growth com- mences, but they may be moved when the plants are in SANICULA 1611 flower. The roots are offered at such low prices by col- lectors that the plant sliould be used to a much greater extent for spring gardening. Canadensis, Linn. Bloodroot. Red Pucooon. Fig. 2248. Described above. April-May. B.M. 162. G.W.F. 33. G.F. 8:215. Var. plena has more numerous nar- rower petals. F. W. Barclay. " S ^> S- J* ^W 2243. Bloodroot— Sanguinaria Canadensis (X V'l). SANGDIS6RBA (Latin name referring to reputed me- dicinal properties, connected with sanguis, ''blood"). Bosaciicv. About 30 species of upright mostly perennial herbs, with compound leaves and greenish, small flow- ers in heads: flowers usually perfect (sometimes part of them imperfect), the stamens numerous (rarely 2 or 4), the pistils mostly 1 or 2, the petals none, the un- colored calyx inclosing the mature akene. The Sanguis- orbas are natives of the north temperate zone. Two species are sparingly cultivated in this country. See Poterinm. minor, Scop. (-Poicrjum Sangiiis6rba , Linn.). Burnet. Perennial, growing in clumps, glabrous or sparsely hairy: lvs. long, odd-pinnate, narrow, the small Ifts. 6-10 pairs and orbicular to oblong and deep-toothed: stems l-2}i ft. tall, terminating in small globular or oblong heads: lower fls. in the head staraiuate, the others perfect, the stigmas purple, tufted and exserted. Eu., Asia, and naturalized in this country. — Sometimes grown in the herb garden for the fresh young leaves, which are used in salads. It is also an interesting plant for the hardy border. Also recommended as a pasture plant, particularly for sheep. It thrives in dry, poor soils. Canadensis, Linn. Taller, larger in every way than the above: Ifts. oblong to almost triangular-oblong, truncate or cordate at the base, long-stalked, obtuse, sharp-toothed: fl. -heads cylindrical, 2-6 in. long, the fls. all perfect, whitish. Low grounds, Mich, east and south. — An interesting plant, worthy a place in the hardy border, and sometimes sold for that purpose. It produces much foliage. Grows 5-6 ft. tall, "l, jj, b_ SANICULA (Latin, to heal). IJmielHferce. Sanicle. Black SN.iKEROOT. About 20 species, nearly all Ameri- can, mostly perennial, glabrous herbs with alternate, palmately divided lvs. and small yellow, white or pur- plish fls. in compound, usually few-rayed umbels: fr. nearly globular, small, covered with hooked bristles. Woodland plants with insignificant fls. Useful occasion- ally as a ground cover in waste shaded places. The following species have been offered by collectors. 161: 9 SANICULA SAP A. Fls. yellow. M6nziesii, Hook. & Arn. Stem solitary, \-2% ft. high, branching: Ivs. round-cordate, 2-3 in. across. very deeply 3-5-lobed: fr. about 1 line long, becoming distinctly pedi- cellate. Calif. AA. FU. purple {rarely yellowish). bipinn'tifida, Dougl. About 1 ft. high, with a pair of opposite Ivs. at the base and 1-3 above, long-petloled, triangular to oblong in outline, 2-3 in. long, pinnately 3-5-lobed. fr. sessile. Calif. AAA. Fls. greenisJi tcliite. Maryldndica, Linn. Stem stout, IM^ ft. high: Ivs. bluish green, the basal lung-petioled, the upper sessile, 5-7-parted: fr. sessile. Atlantic to Rocky Mts. Com- anon in woods. SAWSEVlllRIA (after Raimond de Sangro, Prince of Sanseviero, boi-n at Naples 1710. The spelling Sanse- viera is not the earliest). Scemodordcece. Bow-string Hemp. A genus of about 10 species from Africa and the East Indies, of essentially tender foliage plants, al- though beautiful in flower: rhizome short, fleshy, some- times stoloniferous: Ivs. radical, in clusters or rosettes, fleshy, firm, often long, nearly flat or terete, the interior fibrous; scape simple, long, stout: fls. white, clustered, in often dense racemes ; perianth-tube narrow, often long: ovary free, 3-loculed, attached with a broad base. Sausevierias are easilj' propagated by division or they may be raised fx'om leaf cuttings about 3 in. long. These cuttings form roots in sandy soil after about one month, after which a long stolon-like bud is formed, which produces the new plant at some distance from the cutting. Sausevierias are of easy culture and are well adapted to house decoration, since they do not re- quire much sunlight. A rather heavy soil suits them best. A. I/vs. flat. Guine6nsis, Willd. Lvs. 1-3 ft. long, 3-6 in a cluster, oblanceolate, radical, dark green with lighter transverse markings : scape with inflorescence as long as the leaves ; bracts 3— i: fls. greenish white, about 1%. in. long, fra- grant. B.M. 1179. G.C. III. 4:73. AA. I/i's. concave. Zeyl&nica, Willd. Lvs. 1-3 ft. long, 8-15 iu a cluster, sword - shaped, subterete, variegated with transverse markings of a grayish white : scape longer than the lvs.; bracts many: fls. whitish green, IM iu- long. B.R. 2:160. — Rarely blooms in cult. AAA. Lvs. cylindrical. cylindrica, Boj. Lvs. often 3-4 ft. long, S-10 in a tuft, terete, solid witiiin, dark green, often banded with paler lines, acuminate, occasionally furrowed : scape with florescence shorter than the leaves; raceme about 1 ft. long: fls. creamy white, tinged with pink. B.M. 5093. G.C. III. 16:222. R.H. 1861,''p. 448, 450. F. W. Barclay. SANTOLlNA (derivation of name doubtful). Com- posike. About 8 species of shrubs or rarely herbs, na- tives of Europe and Asia, mostly in the Mediterranean region. Lvs. alternate, aromatic; margins tubercu- lously dentate or pinnately lobed : fl. -heads yellow or rarely white, of disk fls. only, many-fld.: involucre mostly campanulate, squarrose, imbricated, appressed. Santolina is valuable for its distinct foliage and is used for large specimens in shrubberies or as a carpet bedding plant. Cuttings for the latter purpose are usu- ally taken in the spring from plants wintered in a frame but may be taken before frost in the fall. They are easily rooted in sand. Chamaecyparissus, Linn. (S. inci))ia, Lam.). jLaven* DER Cotton. A hardy half-shrubby, much-branched plant, ly^-2 ft. high, with small evergreen, silvery gray Ivs. and small globular heads of yellow fls., borne in summer: branches and lvs. canescent. Var. incana differs but little from the type: involucre pubescent. S. alp\na, Linn., is Anthemis montana. Linn., whioti inakes a pretty ground cover and has yellow tls., but appears not to be in the trade. p. "^. Bakclay. SANVITALIA (after a noble Italian family), Com- pSsitcE. A genus of about 4 species, natives of the southwestern United States and Mexico. Annual, usu- ally low, much-branched herbs, with opposite, petioled, mostly entire leaves and small solitary heads of fls. with yellow or sometimes white rays: involucre short and broad, of dry or partly herbaceous bracts: recep- tacle from flat to subulate-conical, at least in fruit; its chaify bracts concave or partly conduplicate: akenes all or only the outer ones thick-walled, those of the rays usually 3-augled, with the angles produced into rigid, spreading awns or horns, those of the disk often flat and winged, procumbens. Lam. A hardy floriferous annual, grow- ing about 0 iu.high, trailing in habit: lvs. ovate, about 1 in. long: fl. -heads with dark purple disk and yellow rays, resembling small Rudbeckias, less than 1 in. across, numerous: akenes of the disk flattened and often winged and 1-2 aristellate. Summer to very late autumn. Mexico. B.R. 9:707. R.H. 1860, p. 127.- Var. Slore-pleno, Hort. A double-fld. variety coming true from seed, and as vigorous as the type. R.H. 1866, p. 70. Sanvitalias are of easy culture but prefer a light or sandy soil in full sunlight. y, W, Barclay SAP. The term sap is applied to the juices of the living plant. Sap is composed of water containing min- eral salts absorbed from the soil and organic substances constructed within the living cells. The water taken from the oil by the roots or other absorbing organs may contain potassium, sodium, magnesium, calcium, iron, and nitrates, phosphates, sulfates, and chlorids. As the fluid passes from cell to cell in the living tissues some of the mineral salts are withdrawn and used, and the water takes up some of the organic com- pounds which have been formed by protoplasm. As a consequence of this action the sap of diiierent parts of the plant is unlike in composition, and the sap of any organ varies with the change of season. The water or sap of a plant may comprise as much as 90 or even 96 per cent of its weight. The mineral substances enumerated above may be found in nearly all saps ; however, the limits of this note do not permit even an enumeration of the thousands of organic substances which occur in the sap of various species. The more important ones may be grouped under the acids, sugars, or carboliydrates, and asparagin, or perhaps some of the prott-ids or albumens. Many plants have become valuable commercially because of the large proportion of some useful substance which they contain. Among these may be mentioned the sugar maple, the sap of which contains over 3.5 per cent of sugar, and the sugar beet and sugar cane, in which the proportion is very miich higher. Sap is forced from the living tissues into the woody cells and vessels, and these serve as conduits in conduct- ing the sap rapidly from one part of the plant to an- other. The constant transpiration of water from the leaves demands an enormous sujiply of water from the roots. The upward passage of this supply would be too slow if conducted through the living cells. The water taken in by the living cells of the roots is forced into the dead cells of the roots and is drawn upward through the wood (see Transpiration). The exudation pressure by which water or sap is forced from the living cells is exhibited in the bleeding which ensues when stems and branches are cut away. The pressure which produces bleeding is often called root-pressure, although it is exerted by any part of the plant. Bleeding is exhibited by a large number of trees at the beginning of the growing season, and is also es- pecially noticeable in the vine, dahlia, castor-oil plant, calla, uicotiana and corn. The amount of sap exuded in the process of bleeding is very great and may be equal to the total volume of the plant in some instances. A specimen of Betula papyracea gave off over 63 lbs. of water in 24 hours; Agave Americana, 12.5 lbs. in 24 hours. A vine may bleed from one to two pints daily, while the cucurbits also exhibit very vigorous bleeding. A half gallon of sap has been known to exude from a tropical liana in eleven hours. It is to be noted that the flow of sap from the sugar SAP SAPONARIA 1613 maplo and other trees in the early spring, before the soil has thawed and while it is yet too cold for the liring matter of the plant to show any great activity, is not due to the bleeding pressure, but to the expansion of the gases and liquids in the trunlv and branches of the tree due to the direct wanning action of the sun's rays. During the daytime the bubbles of air in the wood cells become heated and expand, driving the sap from the ■wood cells into the auger hole whicli has been bored into the tree. At night the trunk of the tree cools slowly and the flow ceases, to be begun again next day. The amount of bleeding exhibited by any plant may be found if the stem is cut and bent over in such man- ner that the end is thrust into a tumbler or small ves- sel, which will serve to collect the escaping sap. The ordinary upward movement of sap takes place through the most recently formed wood cells at a rate that varies from a few inches to a yard an hour. The force which lifts the sap is ultimately derived from the sun. The cells in the leaf contain many substances which attract water, and the sun shines on these cells,' evaporating some of the fluid; the loss is replaced from the nearest cells below by osmotic attraction and the pull thus exerted may serve to draw water from the roots to the leaves even in the tallest trees, although it is to be said that not all of the question of the ascent of sap may be satisfactorily explained by the facts at hand. See Phjjsiology of I'lants. D. T. MacDougal. SAPlNDUS (Latin words meaning so«p and Indian; alluding to the use of the fruit in India). Sapind(lce(e, Soapberry. A genus of about 12 species of trees, shrubs or woody vines inhabiting the tropical regions of the whole world. Wood yellow: Ivs. alternate, ex- stipitate, abruptly pinnate: lis. white, small, in lateral or terminal racemes or panicles; sepals 5, obtuse, rarely petaloid; petals more or less pubescent and bearing just above the short claw a villous or ciliated comb or appendage; disk annular, usually crenate, bearing 8-10 stamens: seeds with long testa and no aril, black or nearly so. The fruit has an alkaline principle known as saponin which makes it useful for cleansing purposes. The fruit was much used in eastern countries before the in- troduction of soap and is still preferred for washing the hair and cleansing delicate fabrics like silk. A. Lfls. 4-7. Saponaria, Linn. A small tree with rough grayish bark: Ifts. oblong-lanceolate and acute to elliptic-ovate and somewhat obtuse, opposite or alternate, entire, gla- brous, veiny and lucid above, tomeutulose beneath: rachis usuallv winged: fr. lucid, G-8 lines in diam. S. Pla.,W. India' and S. Amer. Cult, in S. Pla. and S. Calif. AA. Lfts. 7-lS. marginatus, Willd. A tree reaching ultimately 60 ft. in height: lfts. 7-13, lance-oblong, acuminate, glabrous above, paler beneath and somewhat pubescent on the midnerve, 2-5 in. long, the upper nearly opposite, the lower alternate; rachis wingless, narrowly margined or marginless : fls. white, sometimes tinged with red in pyramidal panicles; petals ciliate and bearing near the base a 2-lobed villous scale; filaments villous: fr. yel- low, about 8 lines long. May, .June. Kan. to Tex., Ariz, and N. Mexico, B.B. 2:i02.-Cult. for ornament in S. Fla. iltilis, Trab. A species from S. China which is not distinguishable from S. viarginatus, Willd., by descrip- tions. Lfts. 12-14, acute, glabrous; fr. glabrous, nearly globose, strongly keeled. E.H. 1895, p. 304. — According to Franceschi this tree is cult, in Algeria, where it comes into bearing in 8-10 years. "The berries contain 38 per cent of saponin. Trees have been known to yield $10 to $20 worth of berries every year. The trees prefer dry, rocky soil." p. w. Barclay. SAPITJM (old Latin name used by Pliny for a resin- iferous pine). JiJuphorbidcece. About 25 species of milky-juiced tropical trees or shrubs. Lvs. opposite, petioled; petioles and scale-like bracts biglandular: fls. in terminal spikes, the pistillate single below, the staminate in 3's above, all apetalous ; sepals imbricated. united below; stamens 2-3; filaments free; capsule with 2-3 1-seeded locules, more or less fleshy, a 3-winged cen- tral column remaining after dehiscence. sebiSerum, Roxb. (Exccec/iria sebifem, Muell. Sfil- Hngia scbifera, Miehx.). Tallow Tree. Lvs. 1-2 in. long, ovate, acuminate, long-petioled, glabrous: cap- sules }4 in. in diameter; seeds covered with a waxy coat- ing which is used in the native land, eastern Asia, for making candles. Now cultivated in many warm regions. Naturalized in southern United .States. J. B. S. Norton. • SAPODILLA, or NASEBEKKY is a common name of Achras Sapota, Linn. {Sai>dta Achras, Mill.), a tree of the West Indies, Central America and northern South America, cultivated as far north as Lake Worth, Fla., for its fruits. Fig. 2240. It is one of the Sapotaceae. It 2249. Sapodilla. the fruit of Achras Sapota (X K). is an evergreen tree, the thick, lance-oblong, entire, shining lvs. clustered at the ends of the branches. The fls. are borne on the rusty-pubescent growths of the season; they are small and perfect; calyx with 6 lobes in 2 series; corolla 6-lobed, whitish, scarcely exceeding the rusty calyx; stamens 6. Fruit size and color of a small russet apple, very firm, with 10-12 compartments containing large black seeds, the juice milky, flavor sweet and pear-like. The fruit is much prized in warm countries. Prom the juice, large quantities of chewing gum are made. As ordinarily seen in the South and in the West ladies, it is a bushy tree 10-20 ft. high, mak- ing a handsome subject. It is said to bear well in pots. L. H. B. SAPONAEIA (Latin for soap; the roots can be used like soap for washing). CaryopJiylldcece. Soapwort. A genus of about 25 species of annual or perennial herbs, natives of Europe and Asia, allied to Silene and Gypsophila. Calyx ovoid or oblong-tubular, 5-toothed, obscurely nerved: petals 5, narrowly clawed, limb en- tire or emarginate; scaly at the base or naked; stamens 10: ovary many-seeded : style 2, rarely 3: capsule ovoid or oblong, rarely nearly globose. Saponarias are readily established in any soil and re- quire but little care. S. ocymoides is an attractive plant for the rockery or for edging. Propagated by seed or division. a. Slem stout, erect. officinalis, Linn. Bouncing Bet. Fig. 2250. A per- ennial: stems \'^-2% ft. high, leafy, simple, clustered, glabrous: lvs. mostly oblong-lanceolate, 3-nerved: fls. light pink (nearly white in shady situations), in com- pact, corymbose, paniculate cymes ; calyx glabrous, the teeth triangularly acuminate; petal lobes obovate. en- tire, notched at apex. July, Aug. Europe.— Var. tlore- pleno is quite double-flowered. 8. Oaucdsica, Hort., is said to be a deeper-colored double form. aa. Stern slender, decumbent. B. Jyvs. obtuse: plants annual. Calabrica, Guss. A low-growing annual, with pink' fls. : lvs. oblong-spatulate, obtuse, about 1-nerved : fls. 1614 SAPONARIA SARRACENIA 2250. Saponaria officinalis (X 3^). in a loose corymbose panicle; calyx-teeth ovate, obtuse, niembranous-margined. Spring. Italy, Greece. R.H. 1851:281. — Var. alba is also in the trade. Seed should be sown in the fall for spring bloom or in April for su'mmer flowering. BE. Lvs. acute: plant perennial. ocymoides, Linn. Stems much branclied, 6-9 in. high, half-trail- ing : lvs. ovate-lanceo- late, about 1-nerved, small, a(^ute: fls. bright pink, in loose, broad cymes. Summer. Eu- rope.—Several varieties are in cultivation, includ- ing var. alba. S. Japonica, Hort. John Saul, seems to be unknown to botauists. J. B. Keller and F. W. Barclay SAPEOPHYTE(Greek, rotten, and plant, i. e., living on dead organic matter). A plant (wheth- er bacterium, fungus or higher plant) subsisting upon the humus of the soil, or dead or decaying organic materials. The customary classification which includes under the term "saprophyte" all bacteria that do not sub- sist on living plants or animals no longer corre- ' sponds with facts. The integrity of the classification has been destroyed by the discovery of certain bacteria in the soil, as the nitrify- ing bacteria, which are able, even without sunlight, to appropriate the carbon dioxid of the atmosphere. Among the fungi we class as saprophytes all plants which live upon a dead or decaying organic substratum. Such are the baker's yeast {Saccharomyces cerec/sifc), the mush- room (Agaricus campestris) and the stinkhorn {Phallus impudiciis). Most mushrooms and toadstools are sap- rophytes (Fig. 2251). Some of the fliowering plants pos- sessing ectotrophic mycorhiza (Indian pipe, Monotropa uniflora) and endotrophic mj^corhiza {Neottia nidus- avis, Corallorhiza innata, JfJpipngum apliyllum, snow plant, Sarcodes sangiiinea and Thismia Aseroe) are also classed as saprophytes. john W. Harshberger. SARACA (from Sarac, the name of the genus in ludia). Leguminbs(p. About 6 species of tropical Asiatic trees, with glabrous, rigid-coriaceous, abruptly pinnate lvs. and yellow, rose or red fls. in dense, sessile, axillary, corymbose panicles with somewhat pet -like, reddish bractlets : calyx cylin- drical, with a disk at its sum- ~ mit; limb 4-lobed ; lobes ob- long, unequal, petal-like; co- rolla wanting; stamens 3-S, esserted ; filaments filiform ; anthers versatile, opening longitudinally : fr. a coria- ceous flat pod. tndica, Linn. A medium- sized tree : Ifts. 6-12, ovate- lan-ceolate, acuminate, 4-6 in. long, entire, short - petioled : fls. orange-red, fragrant, col- lected in compact, roundish -__. . ,..■,. panicles which are shorter ^^^^^ ^ ^^^T^^'^ P^^"'" than the lvs.; stamens usu- Mushroom. ally 6 or 7, inserted on the fleshy annular ring at the summit of the calyx-tube; style long, curved: bracts red, appearing as a calyx; pod 4-10 in. long, 4-8-seeded; seeds oblong, compressed, \M in. long. B.M. 3018. — It has flowered well with greenhouse treatment at height of 4 ft. It is suitable for outdoor planting only in tropi- cal regions. Procurable from southern Florida. F. W. Barclay. SARCANTHUS (name from Greek words signifying flesh and flower, in allusion to the fleshy nature of the blossom). Orchiddcece. A small genus related to Vanda. Owing to the smallness of the flowers they are rarely cultivated. Sepals and petals similar: labellum firmly united with the base of the column, spurred, witli 2 small lateral lobes and a longer concave middle lobe. Foliage and habit of Vanda. Give plenty of water in the growing season. They should have basket culture, with fern root, and a tem- perature of 65° to 85°. When at rest, give very little water and reduce the tem- perature to 55°. Culture practically as for Vanda. teretifollus, Lindl. ( Luisia teres, Lindl.). Stem 1 ft. high, with cylindrical lvs. 2— i in. long: raceme bearing 7-8 inconspicuoiis fls.: sepals and petals oblong, dull green, with red disk; labellum slipper - shaped, white, lateral lobes edged with red. Sept. China. B. M. 3571. Heinrich Hasselbring and Wm. Mathews. SARCOBODIUM Lobbli, Beer, in BulbophyUiini Lob- hii. SARC0C6CCA {fleshy berry). JEi(phorbid.cecB. To this genus is to be referred Pachy Sandra c o r i ace a , Hook., a small shrub from India, sometimes cultivated in Europe but not known to be in the American trade. It has simple plum-like lvs. and short, axillary racemes of small yellowish fls., and a small purple plum-like fruit. Its proper name is S. prunifdrmis, Lindl. {S. saligna, Muell. *S'. salici- fdlia, Baill. S. coridcea, Sweet). It is treated as a cool greenhouse plant. B.R. 12:1012. SARCODES (Greek, flesh-like). Erlcaceee, S arc ode s sanguinea, Torr. (Fig. 2252), is the Snow Plant of the Sierra Nevadas. It is a low and fleshy plant growing 3-12 in. high and entirely devoid of green leaves. It belongs to that strange group of the heath fam- ily which comprises the 2252. Snow plant-Sarcodessan- fleshy and parasitic eumea. Natiu-al size, plants, of which our In- dian pipe or corpse-plant is an example. Few species are known in this suborder, and they are all local or rare. The Snow Plant derives its popular name from its habit of shooting up and blossoming as soon as the snow melts away in the spring. The specific name san- guinea refers to the blood-red color of the entire plant. The Snow Plant grows at an altitude of 4,000 to 9,000 feet. It is the only species of the genus, and is not known to be in cultivation. SARRAC£]NIA (Dr. Jean Antoine Sarrazin, an early botanist of Quebec, who sent S. purpurea to Tourne- foi-t). Sarracenidcece, Pitcher Plant. Side-saddle SABRACENIA SARRACENIA 1615 Flower. Three small genera and 8 or 10 species com- prise the family Sftrraceniacea'. All the plants are American. The six or eight species of Sarracenia in- habit swamps and low grounds in the Atlantic states; VarihuitoHia Californica, grows in mountain bogs in California and southern Oregon; Jleliainpliora mitaiit: grows on Mt. Roraima in British Guiana. They are all perennial acaulescent bog plants, with hollow pitcher- like leaves, and nodding flowers single or several on short scapes. The pitchers „ateh organic matter and entrap insects, and the plants often utilize these ma- terials for food. In som" species there are contrivances of form, hairs, and lines of color that appear to have special relation to the capture of insects and other creeping things. See Barlingtonia. The plants are prized as horticultural subjects because of their oddity and the botanical interest that attaches to them. The Sarracenias have been much hybridized, giving rise to distinct and interesting intermediate forms, but these hybrids are known only to specialists and fanciers. Heliamphora is not in the American trade, but all the other species are. They are considered to be difficult to maintain in perfect condition under cultivation, and, whenever possible, plants are frequently renewed from the wild. They are best treated as semi-aquatic plants. Give plenty of moisture at growing season. Keep par- tially dormant in winter. The botanical position of the SarraceniaoeiB is not settled. Ordinarily it is placed nearthe Papaverace» and Oruciferas. Others associate it more intimately with the DroseraceiB. The fls. are perfect, the parts mostly free and distinct; sepals and petals each 5; stamens many; carpels 3-5, united into a compound pistil, bearing many ovules on a.\ile placentje. In Sarracenia itself, the flower is large and solitary, nodding from the top of a rather stiff scape; petals colored, ovate to more or less fiddle-shaped, incurved ; sepals thick and persis- tent; 3 bracts beneath the calyx; the top Of the pistil dilated into a broad, thin, umbrella-like structure on the margin of which the stigmatic surfaces are borne; fr. a 5-valved capsule. See Gray, Syn. PI. 1, p. 79. Masters, , G.C. II. 15:817; 16:11, 40. For an .account of hybrid Sarracenias, see also Gn. 28, p. 217, and 48, p. 202. L. H. B. All of the species comprising those which are indig- enous to the southern states only, including S. flava, S. psittacina, S. rubra, ^'. varlolaris, and S. Druni- 7nondii, are hardy in the botanic garden at Washington. However, they do not grow equally well out of doors. 5. flava, .S. rubra, and ii. variolaris succeed best. S. psittacina. and k>'. Drummondil do poorly. They are planted in a raised bed, the sides of which are made of rocks cemented together so as to be capable of being flooded with water. Provision is made for drainage by means of a pipe in the bottom, which is opened or closed as occasion requires. The compost is made up of chopped fern roots, moss, sand, charcoal and potsherds, and when planted a top-dressing of live moss is given. In this bed other insectivorous plants are grown, as Dio- nsea, Darlingtouia, Drosera and Piuguicula. 8. flava and S. purpurea are sometimes well grown on margins of lily ponds, if given compost of the above description. For pot culture in northern greenhouses S. Dium- mondii is the most attractive species. It produces two crops of leaves each year. Those developed in spring, while more numerous, are not so beautifully marked as those which make their appearance during the fall months. S. flava comes next in importance as a pot- plant. Out of a large number of hybrids, those having as parents S. rubra, S. purpurea and S. variolaris take on high coloring in the leaves. Propagation should be effected by division of the rhi- zome at the time of repotting; this should be done be- fore growth begins. New forms are raised from seed. All of the species intercross readily. Sarracenias thrive best in a substance through which water will pass readily. During the growing period they need an abundant supply of moisture. They are best grown in a sunny coolhouse. Greenfly and thrips are the most troublesome pests. Greenfly is most abundant during the earlier stages of the leaves, the thrips appearing later. G. -Vr, Oliver. 102 acuminata, 6. alba, 5. Atkiusoiiiaua, 7. atrosanguinea, 4. CatesbaH, 4. Chelsoiii, 8. Coui'tii, 9. crispata, 4. Drummondil, 5. erytbropus, 4. Fildesi. 4. INDEX. flava, 4. limbata. 4. Maddisoniana, 10. J Mandaiana, 11. maxima. 4. melanorhoda, 12. Mexicana, 5. minima, 4. minor, 6. Mitchelliana, 13. ornata, 4. I. Specific Types. picta. 4. pun)urea. 2. psittacina, 1. rubr:i, 5. 6. Ruiielii, 4. Swaniana. 14. Sweetii. 6. Tindulata, 5. v.ariolaris, 3. Williamsii, 1.9. Wrigleyana, 16. J\\ A. Pitchers spreading liorizoulaUi/ or obliquely. E. Hood concave and covering the orifice. 1. psittacina, Michx. Pitchers small (not exceeding 6 in. long), cylindrical, reclined, broad-winged, green be- low but purple-veined about the middle and purple with white spots on the top and hood, densely and retrorsely hairy within : -«r'^^^5^ petals purplish, }i in. long. Pine r*^^ / ff barren swamps, Georgia, Alabama, Florida. G.C. II. 15:816. F. S. 20:2063. F. 1877, p. 254. BB. Hood flatfish, erect or soon becoming so. 2. purpiirea, Linn. Common Pitcher Plant of the North, and the one on which the genus was founded. Side-Saddle Flower. Fig. 2253. Pitchers ascending, rela- tively short and thick, 8-12 in. long, enlarging upwards, more or less purple-veined, broad-winged, the large, round-cordate hood hairy and purple-veined within: scapes 1-2 ft. tall, bearing a flower 2 in. across, with lurid purple petals. Sphagnum bogs, Labrador to Florida, and west in Canada to the Rocky Mts. B.M. 849. L.B.C. 4:308. G.C. XL 15:821. F.S. 10:1076. Mn. 1:81. G.W.F. 50.- Variable. In some forms the fls. are yellowish and the Ivs. are not purple-veined. According to Loddiges, writing in 1823, this species was "culti- vated before the year 1640, by Tradescant, who was gardener to King Charles the First." AA. Pitchers erect, long and slender. B. Sood concave, .standing over the orifice. 3. variolaris, Michx. Fig. 2254. Pitchers narrow, sometimes ly, ft. long, either broadly or narrowly winged, more or less variegated and 2253. veined with purple (the under color Sarracenia purpurea, yellowish white), the cucuUate hood (X }^.) covering the orifice and purple- veined within: petals 1 in. or more long, yellow or yel- lowish green. Low grounds, N. Car. to Fla. B.M. 1710. L.B.C. 9:803. Mn.4:l. Gn. 48, p. 203. BB. Hood expanded, erect or soon becoming so. C. Base of hood much contracted or recurved at the sides. 4. fliva, Linn. Tall, the narrow, trumpet-like pitchers 2 ft. long, which are yellowish green and not spotted, the wing very narrow, the hood ovate and soon becom- ing erect and hairy and purple-spotted within: petals 1% in. long, but enlarging to nearly or quite twice that length, oblong and drooping, light yellow. Bogs and swamps, N.Car.(Va.?) to Fla. B.M. 780. L.B.C. 20:1957. R.H. 18.52:121. F.S. 10:1068-9. Gn. 30, p. 367; 48:1031; 57, p. 326. Mn. 2:113. — This seems to be the most vari- able of the Sarracenias, and some of the forms referred to it may be distinct species. Var. atrosanguinea, Bull. {S. atrosanguinea, Hort. ). Small: lid or hood ovate- acute, deeply stained with red. G.C. 11. 16:13. I.H. 27, 1616 SARRACENIA SASSAFRAS p. 86 bis. Var. criapita, Hort. (jS. cWsyjate, Hort.). Dif- fers from the species "in the deeper wing to tlie pitcher, the strongly reflected margins of the sepals, the wliite petals, the blunter, less conical ovary and the shorter and blunter lobes to the disk of the style." Pitchers about 2 ft. long. G.C. II. 15:033; 16;9. I.H. 41, p. 301. Said by some to be a hybrid of S. rubra and S, flava, but Masters does "not see any grounds for the sugges- tion." Var. erythropus, Bull (i'-Jfii- gelii, Shuttl. ) . Large, the lid or hood blotched with crimson at the base. Var. limbata, Bull. Large, limb of the lid or hood bordered with baud of brownish crimson 34 in. wide. Var. maxima, Hort. Pitchers large, with green lids. Var. minima, Hort. Small in all its parts. Var. ornata, Bull. Pitchers large, green, red- veiny, the inner face of the long- stalked lid bearing a network of red veins; fls. said to be 8 in. across, canary yellow. G.C. II. 15:629, 633; 16:12. Var. picta, Bull (S. Cateshai, Ell. S. fldTO, var. Ji'iMes!, Williams. S. Fildesi, Hort.). Pitchers very large, red-veiny, with flat roundish wing. CC. Base of hood broad, or only moderately contracted. D. Lid or hood suhorhieular. 5. Drummondii, Croom. Pitchers large and erect, 2-3 ft. long in well- grown specimens, funnel-shaped, green and prominently nerved, the upper part of the pitcher richly va- riegated with purple reticulations and creamy white inter-spaces, the wing narrow; lid roundish, the base some- what contracted, 13attish or with recurved mostly wavy margins, be- coming erect, hispid on the inner face : fls. 4 in. across, red-brown. Pine barrens, S. W. Ga. and adjacent Fla. G.C. II. 15:633; 16:8. F.S. 6:560; 10:1071-2. I.H. 41, p. 303.-A very striking species, with its tall pitchers strongly variegated at the top. Var. rilhra, Hort., has pitchers with deep red markings. Var. &lba, Hort., has paler variegations and flowers. Var. undulata (S. unduldta, Decne. ) has stouter less elongated pitchers, and strongly undulated lid. S. Mexicana, Hort., Is said to be a small form of this species. DD. Lid ovate-pointed or acuminate. 6. rilbra, Walt. Pitchers erect and narrow, 10-15 in. long and 1 in. or less across at the orifice, green with reddish veins above, the wing broad: lid or hood ovate, short-acute (or nearly obtuse) to acuiniuate, becoming erect and concave, veined and tinted with red, the inner face somewhat pubescent: fl. 3 in. across, the pendu- lous petals whitish at the base and red-brown above. Swamps, N. Car. to Ala. — Said to hybridize in the wild with S. purpurea. Var. acuminata, DC. Lid long-acu- minate. B.M. 3515. L.B.C. 12:1163. Var. Sweetii, Mast. (S. minor, Sweet, not Walt. S. Sweetii, DC). Smaller: pitchers cylindrical, with a narrow wing: lid ovate-acuminate. F.S. 10:1074. II. Hybrid Types. 7. Atkinsoni&,na. S. flava,vav. maxima x S. purpurea: More like S. flava; pitchers long and slender, green, with red reticulations : lid broad, cordate, red-veined. 8. Ch^lsoni. S. rubra fertilized by S. purpurea : "The pitchers in direction are midway between the erect pitchers of rubra and the somewhat spreading tubes of purpurea, in length they resemble those of rubra, in form they are intermediate between those of rubra and purpurea, and the lid is almost the same as 2254. Sarracenia variolaris. that of the last species." Masters. Raised by Veitch. G.C. II. 13:725; 15:817. I.H. 27:388. S.H. 1:189. 9. Courtii. 8. purpurea x S. psittacina: "It has de- cumbent pitchers about 8 in. long and colored a rich deep crimson, their form being intermediate between that of the two parents." Raised by Mr. Court, at Veitch's. S.H. 1:177. 10. Maddisoniana. S. psittacina crossed with S. va- riolaris: compact and dwarf : pitchers short and broad, incurving, ascending, green with dull red veins: lid large, ovate and undulate, deep purple-veined. 11. Mandaiana. S. flai'a,v£ir. rubra x S.Drummondi; Described as follows in Pitcher & Manda's Novelty Catalogue of 1893: "A few plants of this rare and beau- tiful plant has been collected, growing in company with S. flava and .S. Drummondi, of which it is no doubt a natural hybrid, being intermediate between the two above-named species. The pitchers grow about two feet in height, are trumpet-shaped and broad at the opening; color light green with slight white mottlings. The lid is large and broad, slightly incurving, undulated at the edges, dark green shaded with red and blotched with white." 12. melanorhoda. S. purpurea x S. Stevensii, the latter a hybrid of 6'. jmrpurea and 5. flava : "In habit it is like i in. across, in several -fld. racemes, umbellate when unfolding, afterward at the base of the young branchlets: fr. 3^ in. high. April, May. Mass. to Ont. and Mich,, south to Fla. and Tex. S.S. 7:304-305. Em. 2:360. G.F. 7:215. Gn. 31, p. 449. Alfred Rehder. SATIN FLOWER. See Sisyrincliium. SATTJREIA, or SATUREJA. See Savory. SATTNDERS, WILLIAM (Plate XL VI), horticulturist and landscape gardener, was born at St. Andrews, Scotland, in 1822; emigrated to America in 1848; was appointed botanist and superintendent of propagating gardens, U. S. Department of Agriculture in 18G2, and died at Washington, D. C, Sept. 11, 1900. When Mr. Saunders first came to America he served as gardener in a number of places, first at New Haven, Conn., and later near Germantown, Pa. He was instrumental at this time in the improvement of a number of import- ant private and public properties, such as Clifton Park in Baltimore, an estate of 400 acres; Fairmount and Hunting Parks in Philadelphia, and cemeteries at Ara- boy and Rahway, New Jersey. Mr. Saunders' most im- portant piece of work in landscape gardening was in connection with the planting and laying out of the Gettysburg Cemetery. Soon after finishing this work, he took lip his duties as superintendent of the gardens and grounds of the U. S. Department of Agriculture. Through his efforts much was done towards beautify- ing the streets of Washington in the planting of trees and the improvement of the parks. The grounds of the U. S. Department of Agriculture were laid out and planted by Mr. Saunders, and for a number of years after the work was inaugui-ated he was actively en- gaged in introducing plants from all over the world, testing the same and making distributions wherever it was thought they might succeed. One of the most im- portant of his introductions was the navel orange, which was first called to his attention by a woman from Bahia, Brazil, about 1869. Mr. Saunders secured about a dozen budded trees and planted them in the green- houses at Washington. Soon after some of the bud wood was distributed in California, and these few trees formed the nucleus for the large plantings of the navel oranges now at Riverside and elsewhere. While Mr. Saunders had been kno\vn best as a horticulturist, he was prominently identified with many other important movements looking toward the advancement of agricul- ture in this country. As early as 1855 he was actively engaged in an effort to organize an association of farm- ers, and this work eventually resulted in the forma- tion of the Grange, of which he is often called the father. His sturdy character, sympathetic nature and kindly disposition endeared him to all who came in contact with him. 3^ t. Galloway. SAUROMATTJM {saura, lizard; referring to the spotted llower). AracfAii. Perennial herbs, with uni- sexual naked lis. Tubers bearing a single pedate leaf one year, the next year Ivs. and tis. : petioles cylindrical, spotted below; blade pedately parted; peduncle short: spathe soon withering, its tube oblong, swollen at the base, more or less connate, its blade or banner long- lanceolate, black-purple, variously spotted. Species G. India, Java and Trop. Africa. DC. Mon. Phaner. vol. 2. The following are hardy bulbous plants, with large and curious flowers. The fls. are produced from Jan. until June, and the bulbs have kept well in a dry state for a year^ There is little danger of the bulbs shrivel- ing or rotting. Plant them 6 in. deep in pots or in the garden. Easily managed by the amateur. gruttatum, Schott. Petioles 3 ft. long, not spotted; leaf - segments 0-8 in. long, 2-3 in. wide, the lateral smaller: spathe-tube green on the back, 4 in. long, the upper third narrowed; blade 12 in. long, 2 in. wide be- low, gradually narrowing above, olive - green on the back, yellowish green within, with dense, irregular black-purple spots. Himalayas. B.R. 12:1017 (as Arum venositm). vendsum, Schott. {S. SimUnse, Schott.). Petioles spotted, 3/^ ft. long; leaf-segments 8-10 in. long, 4 in. wide, the lateral smaller : spathe-tube 3-4 in. long, purple on the back: blade 14-16 in. long, 3 in. wide be- low, about 1 in. wide from the middle to the apex, pur- ple on the back, yellow within and with crowded oblong purple or black spots. Himalayas. B.M. 4465 and F.S. 13:1334 (both erroneously as 6'. guttaUi-m). Jared G. Smith. SATJRtRITS (Greek, lizard's tail; referring to the curve of the spike of fls.). Piperdcecp. The Lizard's Tail is a hardy perennial herb suitable for the bog gar- den. It has been offered by several dealers in native plants. It grows in swamps, has heart-shaped leaves, and bears, from June to Aug., small white fragrant flowers in a dense terminal spike, the upper part of which arches or nods gracefully. Herbs with jointed stems, alternate, entire Ivs. and perfect fls. in spikes, entirely destitute of floral envelopes and with 3^ ovaries: sta- mens mostly 6 or 7: fr. somewhat fleshy, wrinkled; carpels 3- 4, indehiscent, united at base. c6rnuus, Linn. Liz- ard's Tail. Pig. 2257. Height 2-5 ft. : Ivs. petioled.ribs con- verging. Conn, to Ont., Minn., Mo. and southward. B.B. 1:482. w. M. SAVIN. Junipe- 7-iis Sahina and J. rirgiuiana. SAVORY. Sum- mer Savory is Sat- 2256, Sassafras officinale (X ^g)- ureia hortensis , Linn. Lahiaia^. Cultivated in kitchen gardens for its aromatic green parts, which are gathered in midsummer for flav- oring meat, dressings and other culinary preparations. The slender, errect, branching, herbaceous stems. 10-12 in. tall, bear soft, narrow, green leaves and clusters of pink, purplish or white flowers in summer, which are fol- lowed by brown ovoid seeds whose vitality lasts three years. Propagation is by means of seed, which is sown in drills 12-18 in apart in April or May in light, mellow, well- drained loam of moderate richness. When 2-3 in. tall the plants are thinned to 5 or 6 in. asunder, or for early crop they may he transplanted from hotbeds sown in March. Winter Savory {S. vwnfana, Linn.) is a hardy Euro- pean perennial species, having much the qualities of 1618 SAVORY SAXIFRAGA the annual. It may be managed like thyme- It has woody, slender, very branching stems 12-16 in. tall, narrow, very acute leaves, white, pink or lilac flowers and brown seeds, whose average vitality is three j'ears. M. G. Kalns. SAVOY is a kind of cabbage. SAW PALMETTO. Serencsa serrulata. 2257 Saururus cernuus \ a ^3) (bee page 1617.) SAXiFRAGA (Latin, rock and to break; said by some to refer to tlie fact tliat many of the species grow in the clefts of rock, by others to the supposition that certain species would cure stone in the bladder). Saxi- fragclcew. Saxifrage. Rockfoil. As outlined below (including Megasea), the genus contains upwards of 175 species, widely distributed in the north temperate zone, many of them alpine and boreal. In the southern hemisphere they seem to be known only iu South Amer- ica. The Saxifrages are herbs, mostly perennial, with perfect small white, yellow or purplish flowers in pani- cles or corymbs; calyx with 5 lobes; petals 5, usually equal; stamens mostly 10, in some species only 5; styles 2; fr. a 2-beaked or 2-divided capsule, or some- times the capsules nearly or quite separate at maturity, with numerous seeds. See Engler, "Monographie der Gattuug Saxifraga," 1872. Saxifrages are various in habit and stature, but they are mostly low and spreading with rosulate or tufted root-leaves. Most of the species iu cultivation are grown as rock-garden plants, although the large-leaved mem- bers of the Megasea or Bergenia section are sometimes used as border plants. Owing to the small attention given to rock and alpine gardening in America, the Sax- ifrages are little known to our horticulturists. Most of them are abundantly hardy as to frost, but are likely to suffer from the dryness and heat of the American sum- mer. Partial shade in summer is essential for the best results with most of the species. In winter the stools should be given ample covering of leaves. The most useful kinds for this country are the species of the Megasea section. These are low plants of bold habit, and are admirably adapted for rockwork and for spring forcing under glass. Fig. 1047, Vol. II, shows a clump of these plants in the lower left-hand corner. The alpine species are mostly dwarf plants with more or less persistent foliage. Some of them, as ;S'. opposit- ifolia, make dense moss-like mats; others, of which S. Aizoon may be taken as a cultural type, produce a dense rosette of leaves at the surface of the ground, from which arises a flower-scape. Some of these forms are very interesting because of the vari-colored or sil- very effect produced by natural incrustations of lime on the leaves, particularly on the leaf-edges. Give shade. Most Saxifrages make stolons and offshoots freely, and by these the plants are easily propagated; they are also increased by division. Some make bulblets. The number of species of Saxifrage worthy of culti- vation in rockeries and in borders is large, but the fol- lowing account comprises those known to be in the trade in North America. Verj'" few of the species have been modified to any extent under domestication. There are a number of important hybrids, two of which are in the American trade: S. Andrewsli, hybrid of -S. Geum and S. Aizoon, is somewhat like the latter parent; fls. pale white with purple dots; Ivs. spatulate to ligulate, very obtuse, crenulate-dentate; stem erect, few-leaved, glan- dular-hairy, 6-8 in. tall. S. hybrlda splendens is per- haps a hybrid of S.Geum by S. rotundlfolia. aphylla, 30. azoides, 26. Aizoon. 12. brouchialis, 27. bryophora, 20. CEe spites a. 29. Camposii, 28. eherlerioides, 27. Cki7ie7iSLS, 33. chi-ysantha, 16. ciliata, 1. cordifolia, 5. Cotyledon, 11. crassifolia, 4. cuneifolia, 4. Forttmei, 33. Geum, 32. graniilata, 13. hu-suta, 32. Hostii. 10. INDEX. Huetiaua, 7. integrifolia, 25. Japonica, 33. Lautoscaua, 9. leptophylla, 30. 1 e u c a n themif olia, 21. ligalata^ 1. lingulata, 9. Mertensiana. 19. Michauxii, 21. Milesii. 3. nivalis, 23. oppositifolia, 8. peltata, 15. Pennsylvanica, 22. piuictata, 18. purpurea, 5. purpuraseens, 6. pyramidalis, 11. Pyrenaica, 8. recta, 12. rivularis, 14. rosularis, 12. rotundlfolia, 17. rubra, 1. sarmentosa, 33. Schmidt ii, 1. Sibirica, 4. speciosa, 1. Stracheyi, 2. sitperha, 8, 33. Taygetea, 17. tricolor, 33. unguiculata, 2. umbrosa, 31. variegata, 31. Virginiensis, 24. Wallaceana, 28. *A. Z/vs. with many small punctate glands or dots on the surface. ttsuaUy large a.nd thick and the pt'tioJe sheathed at the base: plant acatdesccnf, with a thick rootstock. Bergenia or Me- gasea. B. Margin of leaf conspicuously ciliate or apiculate -toothed. c. Base of leaf distinctly cor- date, aUhongh narroiv CC. Base of leaf usually nar- rowed to the petiole BB. Margin of leaf not ciliate but ■more or less undulate or ere- nate: Ivs. not pubescent. c. Scape and inflorescence gla- brous CC. Scape and inflorescence jru- bescent AA. Lvs. without punctate dots or glands {sometimes pitted) on the face, usually not large nor ivith sheaths at base : root- stocks {if any) slender or short. Saxifrage proper. B. Seeds spherical {Cymba- laria) BB. Seeds fiisiform or oblong-obo- vate. C. Apex and margin of leaves bearing a few distinct pores or impressed dots. D. Arrangement of h's. oppo- site DD. Arrangement of lvs. alter- nate (best seen on flower- ing stems). E, Leaf -margins re flexed, crenulate or nearly en- tire, more or less crus- tate with lime 1. ligulata 2. Stracheyi 3. Milesii 4. crassifolia 5. cordifolia 6. purpurascens 7. Huetiana 8. oppositifolia 0. liugT-ilata 10. Hostii SAXIPRAGA SAXIFRAGA 1619 EE. Leaf - margins spread- ing, serrate, sometimes both margins and up- per face crustate 11. Cotyledon 12. Aizoon CO, Apex and margin of leaves without pores. D. T^nie stem all subter- ranean. E. Plant propagating hy means of subterranean bulblets produced on the very short- jointed caudex 13. granulata 14. rivularis EE. Plant propagating by non-biilbiferoiis shoots. F. Foliage peltate, lai-ge.lb. peltata FF. Foliage not peltate, usiiaUy not large. G. Petals yellow IG. chrysantha GG. Petals white (some- times spotted). H. Lowerlvs. orbicu- lar 17. rotundifolia 15. punctata 19. Mertensiana HH. Lower Ivs . cu - neate, ohovate or spatulate {ovate in No. 25). I. Shape of petals lanceolate- acute, or nar- rower 20. bryophora 21. leucanthemifolia 22. Pennsylvanica II, Shape of petals 0 b ov a t e or orbicular 23. nivalis 24. Virginiensis 25. integrifolia DD. True stem above ground, the plant propagating by evident stolons or offsets. E. Petals all equal. F. Pistil more or less ad- nate to the calyx-tube at its base. G. Foliage stiff and withering r a t h e r tlian failing, not divided, the mar- gin usually setose.2Q. azoides 27. bronchialis GG. Foliage herbaceous, undivided or lobed.2S. Camposii 29. caespitosa 30. aphylla F. Pistil free from the calyx-tube 31. umbrosa .32. Geum EE. Petals unequal, the two lower ones much larger than the others 33. sarmentosa 1. liffulata, Wall. {S. Schmidtii, Regel). Strong- growing plant, with large radical Its. 3-8 in. across and orbicular or obovate in outline and cordate at base, the margin scarcely undulate but ciliate: scape becoming about 1 ft. tall, this and the pedicels and calices gla- brous: fls. white to light purple, orbicular and clawed: fr. subglobose, drooping. Himalayan region. B.M. 3406, "the sepals too acute and the leaves too undulate," according to Hooker. L.B.C. 8:747. R.H. 1868:271. — Not perfectly hardy at Boston. By error, the name is sometimes written S. lingulata, a name which properly belongs to a very different species (No. 9). Var. rtibra, Hort., is aform with red-purple fls. Var. specidsa, Hort., has showy blush or rose-white lis. Var. cili^ta, Hook. {S. ciliafa, Royle), has Ivs. hir- siite on both sides and the margins strongly ciliate. B.M. 4915. G.C. HI. 5:305. 2. Str&cheyi, Hook. f. &: Thom. (S. unguiculata, Hort., not Engl.). Pig. 2258. Habit of S. ligulata: Ivs. glabrous on both sides, obovate, usually not at all cordate at base, the margin ciliate and from crenate- serrate to nearly entire: pedicels and calices pubescent. 2258. Saxifraga Stracheyi (X H)- As the flowers are uppeuring In earliest spring. the scape becoming 1 ft. or more tall: fls. white or rose (sometimes yellow?), the calyx-teeth oblong and often wider above their base: fr. ovate-lanceolate, usually erect. Kashmir, 8,000-14,000 ft. B.M. 5967?. B.R.29:65 {as S.ciliata). G.M. 39:233. J.H. III. 32:281. 3. Milesii, Leichtl. {S. Strdcheyi,va,T. 3rilesii,Kort.). From S. Stracheyi it differs in having longer Ivs. (9-12 in. long and 4-5 in. broad), white fls., oblong calyx-lobes, the petals distinctly clawed: corymb dense. Himalaya. 4. crassifolia, Linn. (S. cnneifolia, Hort., not Linn. S. Sihirica, Hort., not Linn.). Fig. 2259. Strong-grow- ing species with woody rhizome: Ivs. obovate to long- obovate, narrowed at the base, undulate-crenate: scape and inflorescence glabrous: fls. lilac or purplish, nu- merous on the inclined or drooping branches of the elevated panicle (scape 10-16 in. tall). Altai to Mon- golia. B.M. 190. G.M. 34:67. Mn. 10, p. 74. 5. cordifolia, Haw. Very like the above and probably only a form of it; differs in having broader, round-ob- long, and more or less cordate Ivs. Altai. Var. pur- purea, Hort.. has purple fls. 6. purpur^scens, Hook. f. & Thom. Lvs. broad-obo- vate to short-oblong, the margins entire or slightly undulate, somewhat cordate at base: scape 12 in. or less high, bright purple, hairy: fls. deep purple, nodding, the calyx-lobes very obtuse: fr. elliptic-lanceolate, erect. Sikkim (India), 10,000 to 15,000 ft. altitude. B.M. 5066. — Very handsome because of its purple scape and flowers. 7. Huetiana, Boiss. Annual or biennial, but grown from seed as a hardy garden anniial and used for edg- ings and borders of small beds: dwarf, about 0 in. high, compact in growth: lvs. reniform and shallowly 5-7- lobed, the lobes obtuse or short-apiculate, long-petioled, bright green in color: fls. small but very numerous, long stalked in the axils, bright yellow, the petals ovate or oblong: seeds small, tuberculate. Asia Minor. — Very effective little plant. 8. oppositifblla, Liim. Stem or cau- dex perennial and leafy, the branches rising 6 in. high and bearing many small persistent thick se- dum-like lvs., and giving a moss -like aspect to the plant; sterile shoots with lvs. imbricated in four series: fls. soli- tary on the ends of the annual leafy shoots, lilac or white, the obovate petals exceeding the stamens. Rocks, alpine and boreal parts of Europe and North America, extending into northern Vermont. L.B.C. 9:869.— An excellent little rock plant, making a sednm-like mat, the foliage of a purplish cast. There are several cul- tivated forms, as var. alba, fls. white; var. major, fls. 2259 Saxifraga cras&ifoha. 1620 SAXIFRAGA SAXIFEAGA large, lilac; var. PyrenUca (or superba), fls. very large, rose-purple. S. oppositifoUa is evergreen. It makes a good carpet under other plants. 9. lingul&ta, Bell. Radical h's. in a rosette, numer- ous, linear-spatulate and soinewhat acute, sulcate above, the margin erose-crenulate and somewhat ciliate and crustate with lime; stem-lvs. shorter, the margin carti- laginous and less crustate: scape rising 1-2 ft., erect or flexuose, and bearing a thyrsoid panicle of small white fls. witli obovate or oblong - obovate 3-nerved petals. Apennines and Alps. Var. Lantoscana, Engler (5. Lantoso&na, Boiss. & Rent.). Lvs. short, more or less attenuate below, but not at the apex, the margin thin. Maritime Alps. G.C. II. 15:109. 10. Hostii, Tausch. Radical or basal lvs. many, some- what erect, flat above and the apex obtuse, ciliate at the base; stem-lvs. oblong and nearly or quite obtuse, cre- nate-serrate: corymb 5-9-fld., the fls. white or the ob- long petals somewhat purple-spotted. Apennines and Alps. 11. Cotyledon, Linn. Tufted, the basal lvs. forming attractive silvery rosettes, and sending up long panicles to a height of 1-2 ft.: basal lvs. lingulate to long-obo- vate, short-apiculate, plane, margin cartilaginous and dentate and bearing many pores; stem-lvs. Ungulate- lanceolate : fls. numerous, white, the petals cuneate- obovate and 3-5-nerved and the middle nerve usually bifid, the calyx glandular. Mountains of En. Var. pyramidalis, DC, is a robust form, with a large, many-tid. panicle. 12. Aizoon, Jacq. (S. rosuldris, Schleich. S.rMa, Uap.). Fig. 22G0. Much tufted alpine plant, forming small dense rosettes and sending up a clammy-pubescent, many-fld. scape 5-12 in. high: basal lvs. spatulate, incurved, thick and persistent, the margins white and cartilaginous and porose; stem-lvs. smaller, spatulate or cnneate, serrate towards the apex: fls, small and many, cream color to nearly white, the petals obovate to elliptic and 3-5-nerved, and some- times spotted at the base. Alpine and boreal parts of Europe, Asia and N. Amer. , coming as far south, in our eastern country, as northern Vt. and Lake Superior. —Very variable. 13 granulata, Linn. Meadow S AXIFR \GE. Plant erect and branched when in bloom, 6-20 in. tall : radical lvs. reniform, incise- lobed, the lobes entire or ere- nate, pilose, stalked ; stem-lvs. few, nearly sessile, cuneate : fls. white, somewhat bell- shaped, more or less drooping, about 1 in. across, the petals ob- ovate - oblong and much contracted at the base and 3- nerved. En., N. Afr., Asia. — This is a com- mon Meadow Saxi- frage of Europe, blooming early in May. It is an attrac- tive plant. A full double form is in cultivation, being prized for planting in moist shady borders. Not hardy at Boston. 14. rivularis, Linn. Matted little plant, with stems ascending 1-3 in. high: lower lvs. round -reniform, prominently 3-5-lobed, long-stalked; stem-lvs. narrow- ovate to lanceolate, entire: fls. 3-5. white, the pet,als ovate. Eu., Asia, N. Amer., in this country occurring as far south as the White Mts. and Colo. 15. peltata, Torr. Umbrella Plant. Strong plant, sending up large peltate leaf-blades or petioles 1-3 ft. 2260. Saxilraga Aizoon (X J™). long, the many pinkish or white fls. borne on long hairy scapes overtopping the young foliage: rootstock stout, horizontal: lvs. orbicular, much lobed or cut, almost centrally peltate : fis. ^s in. across, the petals elliptic and obtuse. Margins of streams, Calif. B.M. 6074. F. S. 23:2441. G.C. 111. 27:1.39. Gn. 20, p. 545; 55, p. 6. Gng. 7:307. — One of the largest of all Saxifrages, and the only one with peltate lvs. The If. -blade often meas- ures 1 ft. across, and the rhizome 2-3 in. thick. The fls. appear in advance of tlie lvs. in early spring. Hardy in Mass., with slight protection, and a most desirable plant when bold effects are desired. 10. chrysintha, Gray. Dwarf cespitose plant with creeping shoots and rosulate, imbricated oblong-ovate, glabrous and fleshy lvs.: flowering stems 1-2 in. tall, filiform, glandular-pubescent, 1-3-fld., the oval petals yellow. Mts. of Colo. — Has been offered by dealers in native plants. 17. rotundiJdlia, Linn. Root-lvs. thick, cordate-orbic- ular, dentate-lobed, long-stalked, clustered, but not rosulate; stem-lvs. nearly sessile, often narrower: fl.- stems 1 ft. tall, erect and somewhat branched, hairy: fls. white, the oblong-elliptic petals spotted with purple. Eu. and Asia. B.M. 424. — A very pretty plant for moist places. Var. Taygetea, Engler (S. TaygeUa, Boiss. & Heldr.). Basal lvs. very long-stalked, reniform or nearly orbic- ular, 5-9-lobed : fls. only 1-2 on the ends of the branches (several in S. rotundifolia itself). Greece. 18. punctata, Linn. Plant 1 ft. or more high when in flower, more or less pubescent, the scape leafless: lvs. at first pubescent but becoming glabroiis, reniform, equally and strongly dentate or crenate: fls. white, not punctate, the petals obovate or oblong ; the sepals acutish. Asia and boreal N. Amer. 19. Mertensiana, Bong. Very like S. punctata, but the lvs. incise-lobed and the lobes 3-toothed: sepals ob- tuse. Alaska. 20. bry6phora, Gray. Dwarf, the scapes about 3 in. high and brandling: lvs. 1 in. or less long, oblanceolate to narrow-oblong, entire and ciliate, usually rosulate: scape leafless, the branches 1-fld. : petals lance-ovate, white, 2-spotred at the base. Mt. Dana. — Once offered by dealers in native plants. 21. leucanthemiSdlia, Miehx. {S. Micliauxii. Britt.). Viscid plant 5-20 in. tall, much branched, bearing many small star-like white fls. and long-spatulate toothed lvs. : petals lanceolate, unequal, the 3 larger ones cordate at the base and with a pair of yellow spots. Va. to Ga., in the mountains. 22. Pennsylvinica, Linn. Tall stout herb, sometimes 3 ft. and more high, viscid pubescent, nearly or quite simple: basal lvs. sometimes nearly 1 ft. long, oblan- ceolate, obscurely toothed, much narrowed below, the scape nearly naked: panicle long and becoming open: fls. numerous and small, greenish, the petals linear- lanceolate. Swamps, eastern U. S., south as far as Va. — Recommended as a bog plant. 23. nivalis, Linn. Dwarf, the flowering branches ris- ing 3-6 in.: lvs. ovate or obovate, thickish, crenate, narrowed into a petiole: fls. capitate on a naked scape, the head sometimes branched, white, the oblong or obo- vate petals persistent. Alpine and ai'ctic regions of Eu., Asia and N. Amer. In the Rocky Mts. it occurs as far south as Arizona. 24. Virginiensis, Michx. Low, viscid pubescent plant, 1 ft. or less tall, from a rosette of obovate or spatulate, crenate-tootbed thickish lvs., which are narrowed into a petiole: cyme small and close at first but becoming loose and open : fls. small but many, dull white, the petals oblong-obtuse. On rocks and in woods, eastern U. S. as far south as Va. and Tenn.— A pretty spring flower, and sometimes planted. There is a double-fld. form. 25. integriJdlia, Hook. Plant a foot or less tall, vis- cid pubescent, leafless except at the base, the short cau- dex somewhat woody: lvs. ovate and very obtuse, entire or very nearly so: fls. white, small, in a more or less loose panicle, the petals obovate and twice the length of the spreading-reflexed calyx-lobes. Calif, northward.— Once offered amongst native plants. SAXIPBAGA SCABIOSA ]621 26. azoides, Linn. Tufted plant, 6 in. or less tall, gla- brous except fertile sparingly setose leaf-margins: Ivs. linear-lanceolate, somewhat fleshy, scattered along the stem: lis. solitary on axillary pedicels near the top of stem, yellow and more or less spotted with orange, the petals oblong. Eu., Asia, N. Amer., in the U. S. occurring in northern New England, northern New York, northern Mich., Kocky Mts.. etc. 27. bronchialis, Linn. Dwarf and cespitose, the scape a few inches high and nearly leafless but leafy at the base: Ivs. linear to linear-lanceolate, mncronulate at the apex, ciliate or spiuulose on the margin, stiflish: fls. solitary or corymbose, on long and weak peduncles, yellowish white with orange-red dots, the petals obovate-oblong. Asia and arctic N. W. America and Rocky Mts. Only var. cherlerioides, Engler (S. cJierlerioldes, Don), has appeared in the Amer. trade: very dwarf, only 2 or 3 in. high, densely ces- pitose, few-flowered, the Ivs. short and some- what spatulate. Asia and Alaska. 28. Camposii, Boiss. & Rent. {S. Wallace- dna, Hort. ). Tufted and bright green, with reddish fl. -stems, hairy and somewhat glan- dular: Ivs. spatulate, with an abruptly en- larging end, 3-5-lobed, and sometimes again toothed : fl. -stems branching. 3-4 in. high, erect: fls. % in. across, white, somewhat bell-shaped, the broad petals much exceeding the calyx. Spain. B.M. 6040. Gn. 35, p. 392. A.F. 4:493. — Once introduced here, but does not endure the hot climate well. An attrac- tive species. 29. casspitosa, Linn. Exceedingly variable species: dwarf and cespitose the fl stems erect and nearly leafless and somewhat glandular-pilose (3-4 m high) : Ivs. usually cuneatebut some times nearly linear, usually 3-fld and some- times 5-fid, the lobes linear and obtuse and 'nearly parallel: fls. few, white, 1-10 in a raceme or panicle, campanulate, the pet- als spreading, oblong and obtuse, 3-nerved. Eu. 30. aphy'la, Sternb. fS. leptoplt!)Ua,Frce\.). Small, loosely cespi- tose species, producing many or several rosettes at the surface of the ground, and sending up short, almost leafless, 1-fld. or 2-fld. glandular scapes: Ivs. thinnish, entire or 3-5-lobed: fls. light yellow, the petals linear and acute and about as long as the calyx-lobes. Eu. 31. umbrosa, Linn. London Pkide. St. Patrick's Cabbage. Erect -growing plant, the nearly leafless branching fl. -stems reaching 6-12 in. high and spring- ing from a dense rosette of Ivs. 6-12 in. across: Ivs. thick and mostly glabrous, obovate, crenate -dentate, the stalk-like base ciliate: -fls. small, pink, with darker spots, in a loose panicle, the petals ovate or oblong and spreading. Eu., in shady places. — A very neat and at- tractive plant, frequent in European gardens, but rai'ely seen here. There is a var. variegata, Hort. 32. Geum, Linn. (S. hirsuta, Linn.). Differs from S. umbrosa in being hairy, in having orbicular Ivs. that are cordate or notched at the base and on long stalks. Range of last, and said to occur in Newfoundland. 33. sarmentbsa, Linn. {S. Japdnica, Hort. S. Chi- n^nsis, Lour.). Strawberry Geranium. In England known as Mother of Thousands, a name also applied to Linaria Cymbahiria. Old Man's Beard. Fig. 22G1. True stem or caudex scarcely rising above the ground, but the fl. -stems rising 1-2 ft. and much branched, whole plant sparsely hairy : stolons many, long and rooting freely at the joints after the manner of a straw- berry: Ivs. nearly orbicular, shallowly crenate - lobed, the lobes apiculate, all radical and long-stalked : fls. nuiuy, white, the 2 lower hanging petals lanceolate pointed or lance-ovate, the 3 upper ones small and in- conspicuous and pinkish and spotted. Japan and China. B.M. 92. (_T.C. IlL 7:237 (showing irritability of plant to light). Gn.30, p. 3G3; 32, p. 37. R.H. 1870, p. 427.- An old-time greenhouse plant, and also one of the com- monest window-garden subjects. Of easiest culture. Var. tricolor, Sieb. (>S'. tricolor superha, Hort.), has Ivs. handsomely marked with creamy white and red varie- gations. P.S. 21:2227-8 (as S. Fortnnei tricolor). !S. Fortunei, Hook. (B.M. 5377), is a closely allied species, but is less (if any) sarmentose, the Ivs. are more sharply toothed, the fls. are white and the lower petals are dentate. L H B SAXIFRAGE. See Saxlfraga. ^ SCABlOSA (Latin, itch ; referring to medi- cinal use). Blptiacdcece. Scabious. Mourn- ing Bride. About .52 species (from Eu., Asia and Afr. ) of annual or perennial herbs. j^ . often somewhat woody at the base, with en- IaJ\ ' tire, lobed, or dissected Ivs. and blue, rose, yellow or white fls. in mostly long-pedun- cled globular or ovoid-conic heads. Bracts of the involucre in 1 or 2 rows, foliaceous, ,^^ mostly free: scales of the receptacle small, y^^ narrow or none : corolla 4-5-cleft: stamens ^ 4, rarely 2, all perfect. For a related plant, see Cephalaria . In any moderately good garden soil a succession of flowers is produced from June until frost. The flowers are very service- able for cutting purposes. Propagated by seed or division. Many of the peren- %e^ nial species act like biennials in culti- vation, and often flower the first year from seed. S. atropur- purea is a common gar- / den annual. INDEX. alba, 3, 7. arvensis, 2. atropurpurea, 4. brachiata, 6, candidissima, 4. Caucasica, 7. 22d1. Saxifraga sarmentosa (X /'a)- coccinea, 4. Columbaria, 3. compacta, 4. graminifolia, 8. major, 4. nana, 4. ochroleuca, 1. perfecta, 7. pumila, 4. stellata. 5. varia, 2. Webbiana, 1. Badical leaves dentate or lobed. B. Fls. yellow. . 1. ochroleuca BB. Fls. dark purple, bhte or white. c. Calyx-limb sessile ornearly so. d. Lvs. sessile 2. arvensis DD. I/vs. petioled 3. Columbaria 00. Galyx-ll^nb pedicellate. D. Plant S ft. high 4. atropurpurea DD. Plant 6-18 in. high 5. stellata AA. Radical lvs. entire. B. Lvs. ovate-oblong 0. brachiata BB. Lvs, lance-linear to linear. c. Heads 3 in. across 7. Caucasica CO. Meads smaller 8. graminifolia 1. ochroleiica, Linn. A hardy perennial herb about 18 in. high: stem branching and somewhat hairy: lvs. whitish pubescent, the radical crenate or lyrately pin- natifid, tapering to a petiole, pubescent on both sides; those of the stem 1-2-pinnately divided or cleft into ob- long or linear lobes: peduncles long, slender: lvs. of the involucre shorter than the fls. June to autumn. Eu. and Asia. Var. Webbi&,na [S. Webbitina, D. Donl. Height 6-10 in. : lower lvs- canescent-villous, the iipper glabrous. Resembles the type but is smaller in all its parts. B.R. 9:717. 2. arvensis, Linn. [S. vctria, Gilib.). A hardy per- ennial 2-4 ft. high: stem hispid: lvs. villous-hirsute, the radical unequally pinnately parted, the lobes lanceo- 1622 SCABIOSA SCAPHOSEPALUM late; those of the stem pinnately divided with linear lobes, the upper linear-lanceolate: involueral bracts ob- tuse: fls. lilac or blue, 1-2 in. across. Jxine-Aug. Not known to be in the trade, S. varia, Hort., being presum- ably mixed varieties of S. atropurpnren. ^M 2262. Scabiosa atropurpurea (X /^). 3. Columbiria, Linn. A hardy perennial quite variable in character, 2 ft. high: stem branching, glabrous or nearly so: radical Ivs. ovate-obtuse, crenate, membra- nous, pubescent on both sides; stem-lvs. glabrous, pin- nately parted, the segments linear, entire or slightly Incised: fls. blue, in ovate-globular heads on long pu- bescent peduncles. June-Sept. Eu., Asia, Afr. — Var. diba is cult. 4. atropurptirea, Linn. (S. nicijor, Hort.). Sweet Scabious. Fig. 2262. An annual branching plant about 2 ft. high: radical Ivs. lanceolate-ovate, lyrate, coarsely dentate; stem-lvs. pinnately parted, the lobes oblong, dentate or cut: fls. dark purple, rose or white, in long- peduncled heads, becoming ovate or oblong in fr. July-Oct. S.Eu. Gn. 21, p. 118. B.M.247. F. 8.12:1203. — Vars. candidissima, coccinea, compacta, mijor, nana and pAmila are often offered as if they were distinct species, as S. nana, etc. 5. stellata, Linn. An annual plant, hairy, simple or somewhat branched, G-18 in. high : Ivs. cut or somewhat lyrate, the terminal lobe large, obovate, dentate, the upper ones often pinnately parted : fls. blue, in long- peduncled heads ; corolla 5-cleft, the lobes radiate. June and later. S. Eu. C. brachiata, Sibth. & Sra. An annual species about 1 ft. high: lower Ivs. ovate-oblong, the upper pinnately cut, lyrate; the lower lobes decurrent, the terminal large, obovate, oblong: fls. light blue. June and later. Eu., Asia. 7. Cauc^sica, Bieb. A hardy perennial 18 in. high: Its. glaucous or whitish, the lower lanceolate-linear, acute, the upper cut and divided: heads flattish: fls. light blue. June-Oct. Caucasus Mts. Gn. 35, p. 121. — Vars. Alba and perfecta are also offered. G.M. 38:839. 8. graminifolia, Linn. A perennial herb, somewhat woody at the base, about 1 ft. high: Ivs. linear, silvery: fls. pale blue. June-Oct. Eu. "B.R. 10:83.5. J. B. Keller and F. W. Barclay. SCABIOUS. For Common Scabious, see Scabiosa. For .Shepherd's or Sheep Scabious, see Jasione peren- nis. SCALLION, a name for the Shallot; also used for onions that do not make good bulbs but remain with thick necl^s, but generally pronounced and written scie?- lion in this country. The word is connected with Asca- lonicnm [AUitfni Ascalonicum). SCANDIX (Greek, to sting: in reference to the rough- ness of the fruit). Umbelliferw. About 10 species of annual herbs mostly natives of Europe: Its. pinnately decompound, the segments small and narrow: lis. white, polygamous, often radiate, usually in few -rayed com- pound or simple umbels: fr. oblong-linear, long-beaked, the ridges obtuse, prominent. Pfecten-Veneris, Linn. Fig. 22C3. A hardy garden an- nual 6-12 in. high, with finely cut Ivs. aud small white fls. in simple umbels. Eu. — Little grown here. S. cerefdliuvi, Linn. See Chervil. p^ -^y^ BakcLAY. SCAPHOSfiPALUM (Greek, boat and sepal; alluding to the form of the lower sepal). Orchiddcew. A genus recently separated from Masdevallia upon the character of the lateral sepals, which are united into a boat- shaped organ. In habit the plants resemble Masdeval- lia, except that the parts of the rhizome are longer, thus making the tufts leas compact, and the racemes assume climbing habits, becoming very long and bearing fls. for mouths in succession. The dorsal sepal is free or nearly so: labellum and sepal small. The genus con- tains about 10 species. Grow in a coolhouse well protected from the sun. Keep the summer temperature as low as possible. Give plenty of water when growing. When at rest, water sparingly but do not allow the plants to become entirely dry. Use as small a pan as possible. The culture is like that for Masdevallia. gibberdsum, Rolfe (llasdevdllia gibberdsa, Reichb. f. ). Lvs. 3-5 in. long, oblong-obovate or lanceolate, ob- tuse: peduncle 0-10 in. long, warty, bearing a loose ra- ceme of 4-8 fls. : dorsal sepal boat-shaped, with a long tail, dull red. with strong, greenish ribs; lateral sepals partly connate in a concave lamina, then snreading 2263. Scandix Pecten-Veneris (X %). horizontally, yellow, spotted with red and ending in yellowish tails. Colombia. B.M. 6990. punctatum, Rolfe (MasdevdUia punetclfo., Eolfe). Densely tufted: lvs. elliptic-lanceolate, subacute, 3-5 in. long: peduncles pendulous: fls. small, dull yellow- SCAPHOSEPALUM SCHINUS 1623 ish, thickly speckled with crimson ; dorsal sepal broadly ovate, concave, strongly 5-ribbed, ending in a stiff incurved tail; lateral sepals spreading horizontally, falcately incurved, with a filiform process near the tip. Colombia. B.M. 7165. Heineich Hasselbring and Wji. Mathews. SCAKBOEOUGH LILY. Vallota jmrpurea. SCARLET BUSH. ITameUa. SCARLET LIGHTNING. Lychnis Clialcedonica. SCARLET PLUME. Etiphorbia fulgens. SCARLET RUNNER. A red-flowered variety of Phaseolus mult if tor us. SCENTED VERBENA. A name found in some books for the Lemon Verbena. See Lippki. SCHAUfiRIA (after J. C. Schauer, professor at Oreifswald, 1813-1848). Acanthdcea;. Erect, half- shrubby herbs, with entire Ivs.: fls. yellow or red, in a terminal thyrse or spike; calj'x 5-parted, segments linear or setaceous; corolla-tube long, gradually broad- ened upward; limb 2-lipped, the upper lip interior nar- row, entire or emarginate, erect, lower lip cut into 3 subequal, recurved segments; stamens 2 each, with 2 parallel anthers, about as long as the upper lip; aborted stamens wanting; style filiform: ovary seated on a disk, 2-loculed, with 2 seeds in each locule. About 8 species from Brazil. Closely related to Jacobinia, from which it differs by the equal parallel anther cells. It is distinguished from Anisaeanthus by its setaceous cal}'x- lobes, and from Fittonia by its habit. flavicoma, N. E. Brown {Jvsticia fldi^a, Hort., not Kurz.). Fig. 22()4. Half-shrubby plants, with erect, branched stems, up to 4 ft. high: Ivs. opposite, petio- late, ovate to ovate-lanceolate, shining green, undulate: fls. light yellow, IHin. long, borne in erect, feathery panicles; calyx-lobes long, subulate, glandular-hairy, persistent after the corolla has fallen. Autumn. Brazil. B.M. 2816 (as Justicia calycotricha). B.R. 12:1027 (as J'usticia flavicoma). L.B.C. 20:1921 (as Justicia calli- tt-icha). — This plant has been confused with S. caly- cdtrieJia, Nees, and has long been cultivated under that name. S. calycotricha, Nees, has a smooth calyx and broader ovate Ivs. which are very obtuse or subcordate /at the base. Heinrich Hasselbring. SCHEfiLEA (after Scheele, distinguished German chemist) . Palmdcefe. About 10 species of pinnate palms from tropical South America. They are spineless, tall or dwarf: leaf -segments arranged in regular series or grouped, linear, in young plants imequally and obtusely 2-cut at the apex: fls. yellowish, dicecious or monoecious, the males very numerous in the upper part of the branches, the females few or solitary in the lower part and sometimes peduncled; petals of the males long- club-shaped or cylindrical; stamens 6, shorter than the petals: fr. 1-3-seeded. hutyracea, Karst. This species is cult, in S. Calif. Franceschi remarks that it comes from Venezuela and is a magnificent palm with the habit of AttaJea. H. A. Siebrecht writes that it is rare in cultivation and that it is more interesting than beautiful. On account of its large stem base or crown, it requires so large a pot or tub for the size of the plant that it does not make a very ornamental sub.ject. -^^ jj^ SCHEilRIA (Frederick Scheer presented the original species to the Royal Botanic Gardens at Kew, he hav- ing received them in 18.50, through J. Potts, from Chi- huahua, Mexico). Gesnerdcea'. A name proposed for four Mexican and tropical American herbs which are now referred to Achimenes (which see). From Achi- menes, Seeman, its founder, distinguished it "by its truly infundibuliform, not bilobed, stigma." In habit, the genus suggests Achimenes hirsuta, A. pedu)iculafa and A. miUtiflora (see p. 18, Vol. I). In the American trade one species is offered, S. Ilexic^na, Seem, {S. cce- rulesceits, Hort. ), now more properly known as Achi- menes Scheeriij Hemsl. Stem erect, hairy; Ivs. ovate, hairy, dentate, stout-stalked, opposite: fls. solitary in the axils, stalked, the corolla 2-2J^ in. long, the tube inclined or drooping and curved, the wide-spreading 5- lobed limb blue-Durple. Lvs, with a metallic luster. B.M. 4743. L. H. B. 2264. Schaueria flavicoma (X >3). Chiefly known to the trade under the name of Justicia llava. SCEIMA (said to be an Arabian name). TernstrSmi- dcece. About 9 species of tender evergreen trees and shrubs, with S-jietaled white fls. about IK in. across. Here belongs a neat little tea-like shrub about 2 ft. high, known to the trade as Gordonia Javanica. Schi- ma and Gordonia are closely related genera, distin- guished by Bentham and Hooker as follows: Schima has inferior radicles, sepals scarcely unequal, ovules few in each locule and laterally affixed; Gordonia has supe- rior radicles, sepals markedly unequal, ovules numerous in each locule and pendulous. Other generic characters of Schima: peduncles 1-fld., usually erect: fls. solitary, in the axils or the upper ones crowded in a short raceme ; petals connate at the base, imbricate, concave; stamens numerous: ovary 5-celIed (rarely 4- or 6-celled) ; stigmas broad and spreading: capsule woody: seeds flat, kidney-shaped. Noronhse, Reinw. [Gordonia Javanica, 'Roll.) . Tender evergreen shrub, 2 ft. high or perhaps more, branched, glabrous: lvs. alternate, elliptic-lanceolate, coriaceous, entire: fls. solitary in the axils, white, \}/i in. across, shorter than the lvs. ; petals obovate. Java. B.M. 4539. —A good pot-plant for the warmhouse. Readily in- creased by cuttings. y^^ jyi^ SCHINUS (Greek name for the Mastic-tree, Pi.5toci« Lentiscus; applied to this genus on account of the resi- nous, mastic-like juice of some species). Anacardidcece. Resinous, dicecious trees, with alternate, pinnate lvs., sessile Ifts., axillary and terminal bracteate panicles, small whitish fls. with short, 5-lobed calyx, 5 imbricated petals, broad annular disk, and 10 stamens: fr. a glo- bose drupe. About 17 species, all South American ex- cept one in the Sandwich Islands, one in Jamaica and one in St. Helena. Only two are cultivated; they are semi-tropical and grown in the warmhouse at the East and in north Europe, in the open at the South and in Calif, as far north as the San Francisco Bay region. MoUe, the old generic name, is from MuUi, the Peru- 1624 SCHINUS SCHISMATOGLOTTIS vian name of S. Molle, and not, as sometimes supposed, Latin nioUe, soft, "which, would not be applicable in this case. M611e, Linn. Peruvian Mastic-tree. Californian Pepper-tree. Figs. 2265, 2266. Everg:reen tree, 20 ft. and more, with rounded outline and graceful, pendulous branchlets when not trimmed: Ivs. 9 in. or more long, glabrous, of many alternate, linear-lanceolate Ifts. 1?^- 2 in. long: fls. in conical pauicles, yellowish white; ripe fruits the size of peppercorns (whence the popular, but misleading, Californian name), of a beautiful rose- color. Peru. G.P. 8:505. R.H. 1889, p. 225. G.C. III. 17:588,589. Gn. 25, p. 418. B.M. 3339. -In southern and middle California more extensively cultivated than any other ornamental tree except, perhaps, the Blue Gum (Eucalyptus globulus), and thriving best in the warm interior valleys, though hardy on the coast at San Fran- cisco. Valued as a lawn and avenue tree; often planted as a street tree, for which, however, it is un- suited, being too spreading and branching ^ .-.^ too low. Molle was a generic name used hy Tournefort, and placed in apposition with Schinus by Linna?us (explained above). terehinthiJEoUus, Raddi, with racemose fls. and Ivs. composed of seven broader, somewhat serrated Ifts., is sparingly met with in ctilt. in S. Calif., and proves hardy in San Francisco. Brazil. dependens, Ortega {Duvaiia dep^ndeus, DC.), is a shrub or small tree, with more or less drooping branches: Ivs. K-1 in. long, oblong or obovate: fls. yellow, 1 line long, produced in great numbers in ra- cemes about as long as the leaves. West- ernS.Amer. B.M. 7406. B.H. 19 :156S (Buvana ovata) ; 19:1573 {B. dependens); 29:59 {D. long I folia).- The genus Duvaua was distinguished from Schinus chiefly by its simple foliage, but it is now considered a sub- genus of Schinus. j^g, burtt Davy. ScJmius Molle is everywhere present in southern California, where it attains a height of 50 ft, and sows itself. It was a great thing for this region in years past before the water systems had reached their present effi- ciency. Now the poor Pepper-tree is under a ban, and .■justly so. Next to au oleander the black scale loves a Pepper-tree. Hence the Pepper-trees, being large and numerous, have been indirectly a serious menace to the orchards of citrous fruits. Thousands of old trees, 2-3 ft. in diameter, have been cut during the past year be- cause of their proximity to orange orchards. At least one nurseryman has actually refused to sell Pepper- trees to people who ordered them. Los Angeles boasts some magnificent avenues of them. S. terebinthifolhis is but little known in this region, the tallest tree being only 15 ft. as yet, but it is likely to be extensively planted in the near future. Ernest Braunton. SCHISMATOGLCTTIS (GTee^^, falling tongue: refer- ring to the fact that the limb of the spatbe soon falls off). Ardcece. The plants which bear this uncomfor- table name are amongst the finest variegated foliage plants in the Arum family, and hardly if at all inferior in beauty and ease of culture to the popular Dieffen- bachias, which they closely resemble. They are tender plants used for the decoration of warm conservatories, but they have been successfully grown by skilled ama- teurs in living houses, where a day temperature of 70^ could be maintained throughout the winter. The genus contains about 15 species, mostly natives of the Malay Archipelago. They have stoloniferous rhizomes and the caudex lies on the ground. The leaves are large, ovate or lanceolate, banded or blotched with white or pale yellow. The brightness of the colors in variegated plants largely depends upon culture. Fls. unisexual; fertile males with 2-3 short stamens, truncate at the apex; sterile males witli staminodes destitute of pollen: female fls. with 2^ pistils: ovary 1-loculed; ovules ana- tropous : berries oblong, green, yellowish or scarlet. Engler in DC. Monog. Phaner. vol. 2, 1879. For culture, see DieffenbacMa, See also Pkilodeiidron, to which the genus is somewhat closely allied, INDEX. (S. L. refers to supplcmeiitarj' list.) crispata, 3. decora, 6. immaciilata,, 1. Lansbergiana, ]. Lavalleei, 1. Neoguineensis. 5. pieta, 4. pulehr;!., 6. purpurea, 1. lioebelmii, s. l. Seemanii, s. L. SiaTneiisis, s. l. VMriegata, 'A, 5. Wittvianiana, 6. »ttv«!i'li' ''^%'j'k 't "^^ii^S^o^-, ■=:-fe 'iv:^C'^&i-ilS '^ 2265, Schinus Molle, the California Pepper-tree- A. Lvs. lanceolate -oblong, base not heart-shaped. B. Petiole longer than blade 1. Lavalleei BB. Petiole shorter than blade 2. variegata AA. I/iKS. ovate, base heatt-shaped. B. Foliage banded with ivhite. c. Petiole ahont as lo-ng as blade.. S. crispata cc. Petiole twice as long as blade.. 4. picta BB. Foliage blotched with white. c. More green than white 5. Neoguineensis cc. More white than green 6. pulchra 1. Lavalleei, Linden. Lvs. lanceolate or lanceolate -ob- long, rounded or narrowed at the base but not cordate, blotched with silvery white, some of the blotches much larger than others ; petiole 6-8 in. lone:; blade 5-7 x 1H-2K in.; sheath reddish. Malaya. l.H. 28:4-18.- Var. immaculata (var. Lansbergiaua, Linden) differs in having purple sheaths and leaf-stalks, and foliage green above, dark wiue-purple below. Var. purpilrea is a Sumatran form with foliage blotched gray above and dark wine-purple beneath. 2. variegata, Hook. Lvs. oblong-lanceolate, obtuse or rounded at the base, long- cuspidate at apex, dark green above, marked whitish along the midrib; petiole 3-4 in. long or less than half the length of the blade. Borneo. This has been confused in the trade" with S. Neoguineensis . 3. crispita, Hook. Lvs, 5-7 in. long, leathery, ovate- cordate, with rounded basal lobes, dull green above with 2 whitish, irregular, nearly parallel bands extending from base to apex and about half-way between midrib and margin. Borneo. B.M, 6576. 4. picta, Schott. Lvs. ovate-cordate, the basal lobes short, but the sinus deep, dark green above, marked with lacerated glaucous spots at the middle, on each side of the midrib and between the nerves; petiole 8-16 in. long; blade 6-7 in. long. Java. 5. Neoguineensis, N. E. Br. [S. variegdfa, Hort.. not Hook.}. Lvs. ovate-cordate, bright green, irregularly blotched with pale yellowish green, the total mass of green being greater than the variegation; petiole 9-12 in. long; blade 8-9 x 5-5M in. New Guinea. I.H. 27:380 as Oalocasia NeoguiHcensis, the variegation be- ing a bright creamy white. 6. pulchra, N. E. Br. (5. decora. Bull.). Lvs. ovate, obliquely cordate, irregularly blotched with silvery SCHISMATOGLOTTIS SCHIZANTHUS 1625 white, the total mass of green being less than the varie- gation; petiole 3-4K in. long; blade 4-5 x 1%~214 in. Borneo. I.H. :J1:520. G.C. II. 24:301. -6\ f?ecor«, var. Wittmanid.na, was oifered in 1893 by John Saul, Wash- ington, D. C. S. Roehelinll, Pitcher & Manda, 1895, p. 138. " Lvs. beauti- fully marked with silvery white in a broad feathery varieiir:i- tion. Only the center and edge of the leaves are plain light green. The plant is compact, free-growing, with thick leaves as enduring as those of a rubber tree. A fine house plant.'" This plant is imperfectly known. It is figured in Pitcher & Manda's catalogue 1895:141 as S. Roebelinii, and thesame thing is used in A.G-. 19:589 (1898) as S. picta and in V. M. 23:71 (1899) as S. crispata. The plant so pictured is distinct from any species described above. There is more white than green in the leaf, only the edges and midriu portion being green. Some growers believe it to be a sport of S. crispata.— S. Sehnanii, Kort. Bull., was advertised by the U. S. Nursery Co. 1895, but seems unknown to botanists. — S. Siamensis, Hort. Bull, still in cultivation, but imperfectly known to botany. Possibly a species of Aglaonema. ^7. M. SCHIZiEA (Greek, to split). Schizced.cecv . A genus of small ferns with twisted grass-like lvs. and sedge- like sporophylls formed of a cluster of closely com- pacted pinnae, each with two rows of sporangia, which in common with the family are pear-shaped, with an apical ring, opening by a vertical fissure. pusilla, Pursh. Our only native species, growing in sand barrens mainly in New Jersey. Lvs. an inch long, grass-like: sporophylls 2-3 in. long, with 6-8 closely compacted divisions, forming a spike at the apex. Known locally as Curly-grass. The prothallus only re- cently studied is found to resemble protonema, being filamentous rather than thallose as in ordinary ferns. L. M. Underwood. 2266. Foliage and fruit of California Pepper-tree— Schinus MoUe (X M). SCHIZAlfDRA (Greek, schizein, to cleave, and aner, andros, man, stamen; referring to the cleft or separate anther-cells). Including Sphcerdstenia and Maximo- wiczia, Magnolideeie. Ornamental deciduous twining shrubs, with alternate, simple lvs., white, yellowish or red, not very conspicuous tls. on slender, drooping pedi- cels and showy scarlet or black, berry-like fr, in droop- ing racemes. The Asiatic IS. Chinenais is hardy north, while the native S. coccinea can only be grown south. They may be used for covering rocks, trees, shrubs or fences, and seem to thrive best in partly shaded and somewhat moist places in a porous, sandy loam. Prop. by seeds, by greenwood cuttings under glass, root- cuttings or layers, and also by suckers. Six or 7 spe- cies, chiefly in E. Asia, from India to N. China and Japan, 1 species in N. America. Lvs. exstipulate, usually ovate: lis. slender-stalked, in few-fid. axillary clusters, dioecious or monoecious; sepals and petals 9-12, not dif- fering; stamens 5-15, more or less connate; carpels numerous, imbricated in the fl., developing into berries disposed on the elongated filiform receptacle, forming a drooping raceme. The fruits of the Asiatic species are eaten in their native countries. coccinea, Michx. High climbing shrub: lvs. slender- petioled, ovate or oval, acuminate, entire or obscurely denticulate, glabrous, 2-3y^ in. long: fls. monoecious, crimson purplish, %-% in. across; stamens 5, connate into a 5-lobed disk with the anther-cells widely sepa- rated: berries scarlet, forming a loose raceme 2-3 in. long. June. S. C. to E. Tex. B.M. 1413. Chin6nsis, Baill. {Maximoiviezia Sinhisis, Rupr, ). Climbing to 25 ft. : lvs. broadly oval or ovate, acute or acuminate, remotely denticulate, dark green and shin- ing above, glabrous except at the veins beneath, 2-4 in. long; petiole %-li4 in. long: fls. dioecious, pinkish white, }4 in. across, fragrant; stamens 5, divided at the apex: berries scarlet, forming a rather dense raceme 1-4 in. long. May, June. Japan, N. China, Amurland. Gt. 12:382. F.S. 15:1594. Gn. 6, p. 583. M.D.G. 1899:568. — The very showy fruit ripens end of Atigust; to secure it both sexes must be planted together. S. nigra, Maxim. Similar to the preceding: lvs. smaller, quite glabrous: ds. white: fr. bluish black. Japan. Seems more tender than S. Chinensis.— i". proplnqua, Hook.f. & Thom. ( Sphjerostema propinquum, Blume). Lvs. ovate to ovate-lanceolate, about 4 in. long on M-in. long petioles: fls. pale yellowish; fr. scarlet, forming racemes to G in. long. Himalayas. B.M. 4614. For cult, in subtropical regions or in the warm greenhouse. Alfred Rehder. SCHIZANTHUS (Greek, split and flower; from the incised corolla). Solandcea:. Butterfly Flower. About 6 species of annual herbs from Chile, with mostly finely cut leaves and terminal open cymes of variously and highly colored fls. : calyx 5-cleft, the lobes linear, corolla tubular; limb wide-spreading, oblique, plicate, somewhat 2-lipped, laciniate; stamens 2, exserted: seeds numerous, small. These dainty plants are of easy culture in any good garden soil. They are also useful as pot-plants for spring flowering, the seed being sown in early fall and the plants kept in a light house and given plenty of root room as they need it. A. Corolla-tube as long as tJie calyx: stamens short- ex serted. E. The middle segment of the anterior lip of the corolla notched at summit. retilsus, Hook. Stem 2 ft. high: lvs. pinnatisect, with the segments entire, dentate or pinnatifid: fls. in the type deep rose, with the large middle segment of the upper lip orange except at the tip: the lateral segments of the posterior lip falcate, acute, linear, longer than the middle segment. B.M. 3045. B.R. 18:1544. -The portions of the flower which are rose-colored in the type are white in var. Alba. BE. The middle segment of the anterior lij) not notched at apex. Grahami, Gill. Lvs. 1-2-pinnatisect; segments entire or dentately pinnatifid: fls. typically lilac or rose, with the middle half of the middle segment of the anterior lip yellow or orange; the lateral segments of the pos- terior lip falcate, linear, acute, shorter than the middle segment. B.M. 3044. R.H. 1843:529. AA. Corolla-tube shorter than the calyx: stamens long- exserted. pinnELtuSf Ruiz and Pav. {S. pdrrigens, Grab. S. Priestii, Paxt. ). Fig. 2267. The most variable of the species, with many horticultural forms distinguished 1626 SCHIZANTHUS SCHIZONOTUS ty height of stem and color markings of the ils. Typically 2 ft. high: Ivs. 1-2-pinnatisect; the segments entire, dentate or incisely pianatifid: fls. varying in depth of color, the lower lip usually violet or lilac; the upper paler, its middle section with a yellow blotch at its base and spotted with purple or violet. B.M. 2404, 2521 (as S. porrigens). B.R. 9:725; 18: 1562 (as var. liiimilis).—\aY. nana, somewhat lower • growing. Var. niveus, Hort., has pure white tls. Var. oculS,tus, Hort., has a purplish black blotch surrounded with yellow at the base of the middle segment of the upper lip or with the typical yellow portion dotted with small dark pur- ple spots. B.H. 1802: 451. Var. papilio- naceus, Hort., has a central coloring somewhat as var. ocnlatn s, with the general color of the tlower marbled in various shades. Var. tigridioides, Hort., is also cultivated. F.W. Barclay schizocOdon (Greek, cat bell ; re- ferring to the fringed corolla). Diapensi- Heem. Schizocodou soldaneUoides is a pretty alpine plant from Japan with rosy flowers fringed like the well-known Soldan'=:llas of the Alps. It may be readily distinguished from Soklanella (which is a member of the primrose family) by the leaves being toothed, and the stamens 4 instead of 5. The name " Fringed Soklanella " has been proposed for Schizocodon, but all Soldanellas are fringed. "Fringed Galax" would be better, as Galax is the nearest relative, Schizocodon being, in fact, the Japanese representative of the American Galax. The leaves of Schizocodon are sometimes more or less bronzy, like those of Galax, but their form is not so pleasing.' The plant is only a few inches high, and the fls. are borne to the number of 4-6 on a scape. The scapes are numerous and the fls. about 1 in. across. Since 1892 this plant has excited an amount of interest comparable to that caused by the introduc- tion of Shortia, in 1889. Schizocodou is distinguished from allied genera by the following characters: corolla funnel-shaped, 5-loWed, the lobes fimbriate; stamens affixed between the lobes of the corolla, and separate from the staminodes, which are long and linear. Other characters : ovary 3-loculed : capsule globose, 3-cornered, loeulicidally 3-valved: seeds numerous. soldaneUoides, Sieb. & Zucc. Fringed Galax. Fig. 220S. Harily, tufted, alpine plant a few in. high: Ivs. leathery, evergreen, long-stalked, the blade roundish, wedge - shaped or subcordate at the base, coarsely toothed, the teeth apiculate: fls. nodding; sepals 5, oblong, obtuse; corolla deep rose in center passing into blush or white at the edges; staminodes linear. Japan. B.M. 7316. Gn. 44:934. G.C. III. 13:415. G.M. 36:206. J.H. III. 34:323. V. 20:119;-This is probably the only species in the genus, as 6'. nniflorus is Shortia and S. ilicifolius is thought to be a variety of Schizocodon soldaneUoides, with more variable Ivs. and fls. ranging from red to white. Offered by many Europe.an dealers, and by one or two Americans; little known here. W. M. 2267. Scliizanthus pinnatus (X ) SCHIZOLOBIUM (Greek, fo cleave and hull; alluding to the manner of dehiscence). Leguminosie. About 2 species of South American trees, with large bipinnate leaves, with numerous small leaflets, and fls. in axillary racemes or terminal panicles. Calyx obliquely turbi- nate; segments imbricated, reflexed; petals 5, clawed, ovate or roundish, imbricated ; stamens 10, free; fila- ments somewhat scabrous at the base: ovary adnate to the tube of the calyx : pod 1-seeded. The following has been introduced into S. Calif, by Franceschi, who writes that it has not yet proved a success. exc^lsum, Vog. A large Brazilian tree, with fern-like bipinnate leaves about 4% ft. long, with the ultimate Ifts. about IM in. long: fls. yellow, in large panicles. R.H. 1874, p. 113. F. ^l, Barclay. SCHIZONOTUS( Greek, sc/iizo, to split, and Hofos, back: the capsules were thought to split on the back, which, however, is not the case). Hosdcece {Syn. Molodiscus)^ The name Holodiscus (meaning an entire disk) may be recommended for this genus instead of Schlzonotiis, to avoid confusion, since the latter name has been used for two other genera. Ornamental free-flowering deciduous shrnb, with alternate, pinnately lobed, petioled Ivs. and small, whitish fls. in ample showy panicles: fruit insig- nificant. Very graceful plants, with their drooping feathery panicles of creamy white fls., and well adapted for borders of shrubberies or for single specimens on the lawn, but not quite hardy north. They grow in al- most any well-drained soil, and do best in a sunny posi- tion. Prop, by seeds usually sown in boxes in fall and only slightly covered with soil, or by layers; sometimes also increased by greenwood cuttings under glass taken with a heel, but usually only a small percentage of them take root. Two or perhaps only one species from Oregon to Columbia. Lvs. without stipules: calyx 5- cleft, almost rotate ; petals 5 ; stamens about 20: ovaries 5, surrounded by an entire disk, developing into 5 distinct pubescent 1-seeded akenes. Formerly usually referred to Spiraea, but it shows closer affinity to Cer- cocarpus and other genera of the Potentilleae group. If all forms of this genus are united in one species it must bear the name Schizoiiotus nrgenfeiis, Kuntze. By some the genus is still retained with Spirfea. .,,1", 226S. Schizocodon soldaneUoides (X ^). discolor, '&3X. (Holodiscus discolor, Maxim. ). Pig. 2269. Shrub, 20 ft., hardy with protection in Mass. : lvs. ovate or oblong, truncate or narrowed at the base, pinnately lobed, usually glabrous above, pubescent or tomentose beneath, ^-3 in. long: fls. creamy white, sm.all, in ample panicles. July. Oregon to Guatem., east to Colo. Gn. 45, p. 56; "47, p. 188; 49, p. 104; 50, p. 278. SCHIZONOTUS SCHOMBURGKIA 1627 6.C. III. 25:21.— A very variable .species, of which the following are perhaps the most important forms: Var. ariaeiolius, J. U. Jack {Spiraa aria'fdlia, Sm.}. Large shrub, with arching branches: Ivs. usually truncate at the base, ovate, with dentate or entire lobes, pale green and pubescent beneath: panicle drooping, ample to 10 in. long. B.R. 16:130.5. G.P. 4:G17. Var. Purshianus, Rehd. {Sp. discolor, Pursh). Similar to tlie former, but Ivs. whitish-tomento.se beneath. Var. Jissus, Kelid. (Sp. tissa, Lindl., and probably Holodisctis austrdlis, Heller). Similar to var. arUefoUus in habit, but smaller: Ivs. crenate at the base, narrower, with entire lobes, whitish-tonientose beneath ; panicle drooping, loose, to 5 in. long. Var. dumosus, Dippel (Sp. clii- mdxa, Nutt. Sp. Boursieri, Ca,vr.). Erect shrub, 8 ft. high: Ivs. cuneate, coarsely toothed, pubescent above, whitish-tomentose beneath, H-l in. long: panicle erect, rather small and dense. R.H. 1859, p. 519. This last form is the least desirable as an ornamental plant. S. prtrpurdscens. Gray, is Solanoa piirpurascens Greene, a Californian Asclepiad, not iu cult. It is a perennial with as- cending stems 1 ft. high, cordate-ovate Ivs.. and small red-pur- ple lis. in compact umbels.—*!?, tomentbsus, Lindl. =Sorbarla Lindleyana ALFRED Rehdek. SCHIZOPETALON (Greek, cut and petal; in refer- ence to the pinnately cut petals). Crucifer(K, A genus of possibly 5 species of annual herbs from Chile, with alternate, sinuate, dentate or pinnatifid leaves and pur- ple or white flowers in terminal racemes. The main ge- neric character lies in tlie shape of the petals, which are flat and pinnately cut into regular segments. Waikeri, Sims. Plant 1-2 ft. high : Ivs. sessile, sinu- ate, dentate, the upper linear : fls. white, fragrant. B.M. 2.379. R.H. 1880, p. 355. -A very pretty annual of quick growth P -yp. Barclay. SCHIZOPHEAGMA (Greek, scliiaein, to cleave, and phriiyiiia, wall: the inner layer of the wall of the valves is cleft into fascicled fibers). Saxifragdcete. Ornamen- tal climbing deciduous shrub with opposite, long-peti- oled, rather large, dentate leaves, and loose terminal cymes of small white flowers with enlarged sterile ones at the margin. It has beautiful bright green foliage and attractive flowers. The plant is useful for covering walls and trunks of trees. It clings firmly by means of aerial rootlets. Hardj' north as far as New York city. It thrives best in rich, moderately moist soil and partial shade, but also does well in full sun. Prop, by seeds or greenwood cuttings under glass; also by layers. Like Hydranqea pctiolaris, young plants produce small Ivs. and make little growth if unsupported and suffered to trail on the ground. One species in Japan and an- other in China, allied to Hydrangea and Decumaria: fls. in loose cymes; sepals and petals 4-5; stamens 10; style 1: ovary 4-5-loculed: marginal sterile fls. consist only of one large white sepal, terminating the brauchlets of the inflorescence: fr. a small, 10-ribbed capsule. hydrangeoides, Sieb. & Zuec. Climbing Hydrangea. Climbing to 30 ft. and more : Ivs. on petioles 2-3-in. long, reddish, orbicular or broadly ovate, shortly acumi- nate,rounded or cordate at the base, remotely and coarsely dentate, bright green above, pale beneath, almost gla- brous, 2-4 iu. long: cymes peduncled, 8 in. broad; marginal fls. pedicelled, consisting of an oval to broadly ovate white sepal about \]4 in. long. July. Japan. S. Z. 1:26, ino. Gn. 15, p. .301; 34, p. 281. -The species is often confounded with JTydranf/ea petiolaris, which is easily distinguished by its marginal fls. having 4 sepals. It has been once introduced under the name Cornidia interjerrima, which is a Chilean plant with entire ever- green leaves. The plant usually thrives best in a shady exposure. Alfred Rehder. SCHIZCSTYLIS (Greek, to cut, anislyle: alluding to the Hliform segments of the style). Iriddcem. Two species of South African perennial herbs with tufted, sometimes fleshy roots, narrow equitant leaves and a slender scape bearing G-12,red sessile flowers in a dis- tichous spike. Perianth with a cylindrical tube and bell-shaped limb divided into 6 nearly equal oblong seg- ments : stamens inserted on the throat of tube : capsule obovoid-oblong, obtuse. coccinea, Backh. & Harv. Crimson Flag. A winter- blooming tender plant: stem 1-2 ft. high, bearing 2-3 Ivs.: basal Ivs. 2-3, about IJ^ ft. long: fls. bright red, about 2 in. across. B.M. 5422. P.S. 16:1037. — The fol- lowing cultural notes are taken from Garden and Forest 9:16: "The species blooms from Oct. to late Dec. and is useful for cut-flowers at this season. It is perfectly hardy in England iMit of little use here except for indoor use. The roots should be planted out in rich soil in spring about 8 in. apart, and encouraged to make a strong growth. In the fall the plants may be lifted, potted and placed in a cool greenhouse, where they will flower. After flowering they may be stored in a frame until spring, when the fleshy roots will need to be separated (leaving 3-5 buds to each root), and planted out as I'efo'^e-" F. W. Barclay. 2269. Schizonolui, aiscolor (X /'s). SCHOMBtJKGKIA (named for Dr. Schoraburgk, nat- uralist and geographer, who explored British Guiana). Orchid(lce(e. This genus contains about 12 species, in- habiting tropical America. They have the habit of Cattleyas or Ltelias, except that they are less compact. Pseudobulbs long, fusiform, bearing several brown scales and 2-3 leathery Ivs. at the summit: fl. -stems from the top of the pseudobulbs, sometimes very long, bearing a terminal raceme or panicle of showy fls. The fls. are like those of La?lia except that the sepals and petals are narrow and undulate and the labellum does not completely envelope the column. The labellum is always evidently 3-lobed. Give Schomburgkias plenty of heat and a light place near the glass, which should be slightly shaded during the hot summer months. Give freely of water in the growing season. Rest them in a temperature of 55°. S. tihlcinis and 5. Lyonaii are to be classed amongst the showy easily grown orchids, resembling Leelias. tibicinis, Batem. [Epidhidruni tibieinis, Batem.). Fig. 2270. Pseudobulbs 1-1}4 ft. long, taperingupwards: Ivs. 2-3, oblong, leathery: raceme 4-8 ft. high, bearing 1628 SCHOMBURGKIA SCIADOPITYS nunieroiis fls. each 3K in. across : sepals and petals ob- long, undulate, crisp : lateral lobes of the labellum large, cucuUate, middle lobe small, emarginate : fls. deep pink, speckled with white on the outside, rich chocolate-red within; labellum white within, deep rose color at the sides, with a short chocolate-red middle lobe. Summer. Honduras, Cuba. G.C. III. 4:212; 9:G51. — Var. grandifldra, Lindl. Fls. larger and paler, with more yellow in the lip. B.B. 31:30. B.M. 4476. F.S. 1:54. *5. tihicinis requires less compost than the other species. 2270. Schomburgkia tibicinis (X ^). LJonsii, Lindl. Pseudobulbs about 1 ft. high, with 2-3 linear-oblong Ivs. at the top : racemes erect, 9 in. long, bearing 12-25 fls., each subtended by a reflesed bract about 3 in. long: fls. 2 in. across; sepals and petals ovate to ovate-lanceolate, undulate, white with several rows of purple spots; labellum larger, recurved, acute, white, with a yellowish brown crisp margin; anther 2- horned. Aug. Jamaica. B.M. 5172. F.S. 20:2130. G.C. m. 26:203. rosea, Linden. Related to